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 p GIFT OF 
 
A SUPPLEMENTARY 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION 
 
 BY 
 
 H. C. NUTTING, Ph.D. 
 
 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION 
 
 ALLYN AND BACON 
 
 Boston antJ Cljicago 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1901 and 1905. 
 BY H. C. NUTTING. 
 
 ODD 
 

 PREFACE. 
 
 The purpose of this enlarged and revised edition of 
 the "Supplementary Composition" is in part the same 
 as that of the original volume; namely, to provide a 
 series of concise and systematic grammatical tests for 
 students who have completed the work of some stand- 
 ard composition book. The Grammatical Introduction 
 and Part I (Isolated Sentences) are designed to meet 
 this need. 
 
 The division of Part I into exercises is one of con- 
 venience merely. The real units are the six sections 
 into which the exercises are grouped, the student 
 being given in each section an opportunity to illus- 
 trate, at least once, all the points outlined in the 
 Grammatical Introduction. The six sections, there- 
 fore, provide six separate and complete examinations 
 on the essential principles of Latin syntax. The 
 order in which the principles occur varies from sec- 
 tion to section, as does also the guise in which they 
 appear, the aim being to throw the student upon his 
 0T\Ti responsibility as much as possible, and to lead 
 him to recognize the constructions when and wherever 
 found. If, as he finishes one section, he be required 
 to master the points on which he has failed, the quality 
 of his work should improve in the succeeding sections. 
 
 ill 
 
 28>''4(^i. 
 
iv Preface. 
 
 The sentences which make up the exercises of Part I 
 are in general based closely upon the orations and 
 philosophical works of Cicero. Where it has seemed 
 necessary, a reference to the Grammatical Introduc- 
 tion has been given. The suggestions of the footnotes 
 on points of vocabulary should be followed, for the 
 principle to be illustrated sometimes turns upon the 
 use of the word suggested. 
 
 Part II, which contains forty exercises in con- 
 nected discourse, is the distinctly new feature of the 
 present volume. These exercises are so arranged as 
 to give a coherent account of the life of Catiline, 
 beginning with his birth in 108 and running on to his 
 death in 62. The writer has observed that the aver- 
 age student brings to college very hazy and incorrect 
 notions regarding the conspiracy of Catiline, and it 
 is hoped that Part II will, among other things, help 
 to remedy this state of affairs. The account of Cati- 
 line's life here given is drawn from the various original 
 sources, and is therefore not based upon any particular 
 author or text. At the same time, the vocabulary is 
 largely the old familiar one of Cicero's orations. 
 
 In their grammatical content the exercises of Part II 
 are designed to provide a helpful preparation for the 
 composition work offered in the larger colleges and 
 universities during the freshman year. This general 
 plan has found instant favor with the Latin teachers 
 to whom it has been broached, and it is hoped that 
 it may prove equally acceptable to those to whom it 
 is now for the first time presented. 
 
 With the addition of these exercises in continuous 
 
Preface. v 
 
 narrative, this manual will meet a variety of needs. 
 If a strict grammatical review is all that is desired, 
 the six sections of Part I may be used. On the other 
 hand, a class strong in grammar might with profit 
 confine its attention to the continuous discourse of 
 Part II. Or again, since each section of Part I is 
 complete in itself, one or two sections may be used as 
 a rapid grammatical review, the rest of the year being 
 spent on the work of Part II. 
 
 I would here again express my obligation to Pro- 
 fessor C. E. Bennett of Cornell for his suggestions 
 regarding the Grammatical Introduction made when 
 the book first appeared. In the work of revision I 
 have found very helpful the suggestions of friends 
 who have used the earlier edition, and for these grate- 
 ful acknowledgment is here made. 
 
 H. C. NUTTING. 
 Berkeley, California. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 »o* 
 
 PA6K 
 
 Grammatical Introduction 1 
 
 Part I. ISOLATED SENTENCES: 
 
 Section I 21 
 
 Section II 27 
 
 Section III ... 33 
 
 Section IV 38 
 
 Section V ^ 43 
 
 Section VI .... , 43 
 
 Part II. CONNECTED DISCOURSE : 
 
 The Story of Catiline 55 
 
 Vocabulary . . 95 
 
 List of Verbs 130 
 
 List of Adjectives and Adverbs 1,35 
 
 Vll 
 
In grammatical references the following abbreviations are 
 used : — 
 
 B. Bennett's Latin Grammar. 
 A. Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar. 
 G. Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar. 
 H. Harkness' Complete Latin Grammar. 
 
 vni 
 
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION. 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE CASES. 
 
 [In the Exercises, reference is made to the Grammatical Intro- 
 duction according to the marginal figures at the right.] 
 
 I. Accusative Case. 
 
 1. Extent of Time and Space. (1 
 
 This construction occurs also with the participle 
 7idtus in stating a person's age. 
 
 B. 181 ; A. 423-425 ; G. 334 ff.; H. 417. 
 
 2. Double Accusative. (2 
 
 With verbs of teaching (docere), asking and de- 
 manding Q'ogdre, poscere), and concealing (ce- 
 Idre). In the passive, the accusative of the per- 
 son becomes the subject, and the accusative of 
 the thing is retained. Note, however, that in- 
 stead of a second accusative, pefere takes ah, and 
 quaere re ciIk de, o r ex, and the ablative ot tKeperson. 
 This prepositional construction occurs also with 
 poscere, postulCire, and JIdr/ildre. 
 
 B. 178 ; A. 396 ; G. 339 ; H. 411. 
 
 3. Accusative of Eesult Produced (in its use as Cog- 
 
 nate Accusative). (3 
 
 Here there are two important varieties ; the 
 accusative may repeat the verb idea, e.g. tutam 
 vitam vlcere, or it may be a colorless pronoun or 
 adjective which gains its specific meaning from 
 
 1 
 
Latin Composition — Introduction. 
 
 the verb, e.g. multa errare, 'to make many mis- 
 takes.' 
 
 B. 176. 2 and 4; A. 390 and c; G. 333; 
 
 H. 409. 
 
 4. Accusative of Exclamation. (4 
 
 B. 183 ; A. 397. d ; G. 343. 1 ; H. 421. 
 
 II. Dative Case. 
 
 1. Indirect Object. 
 
 (a) With transitive verbs. (5 
 
 B. 187. I; A. 362; G. 345; H. 424. 
 
 (h) AVith intransitive verbs. (6 
 
 Such as are translated 'to favor, help, please,' 
 etc. But some verbs so translated take the ac- 
 cusative, notably iuvdre, adiuvare, laedere, and 
 delectdre. 
 
 B. 187. II. a and n. ; A. 367 ; G. 346 and n. 
 3 ; H. 426. 
 
 (a) Impersonal construction in the passive, and 
 dative retained. (7 
 
 B. 187. II. 6; A. 372; G. 346. r. 1 ; H. 426. 3. 
 
 (c) With verbs compounded with ad, unte, con, 
 
 etc. (8 
 
 These may be either transitive (as anteponere) , 
 or intransitive (as subvenire). Xote, however, 
 that some such compounds (as conservdre) can- 
 not take an indirect object; to apply the rule 
 correctly it is necessary to know the verbs indi- 
 vidually. 
 
 B. 187. Ill ; A. 370 and b ; G. 347, and cf. 
 
 331 ; H. 429. 
 
Syntax of the Cases. 
 
 2. Dative of Reference. (9 
 
 B. 188. I ; A. 376 ; G. 350 ff. ; H. 425. 2. 
 
 (a) With verbs expressing separation. (10 
 
 T he da tive re^ ulavly refers to a person rat her 
 
 B. 188. 2. d; A. 381; G. 347. r. 5; H. 429. 2. 
 
 3. Dative of Possessor. (11 
 
 B. 190; A. 373; G. 349; H. 430. 
 
 4. Dative of the Agent. (12 
 
 Used regularly with the gerundive; sometimes 
 with the compound tenses of the passive voice. 
 
 B. 189; A. 374-375; G. 354-355; H. 431. 
 
 (a) Direct agency expressed also by the abla- 
 tive with ab. (13 
 B. 216 ; A. 405 ; G. 401 ; H. 468. 
 
 (h) Interniediat£_agency expressed by the accu- 
 sative witli £er, or by a genitive or posses- 
 sive with opera. (1^ 
 
 A. 405. h ; G. 401 ; H. 468. 3. 
 
 5. Dative of Service and Purpose. (15 
 
 This dative is usually the singular of an abstract 
 noun, and is often accompanied by a dative of 
 the person. 
 
 B. 191 ; A. 382 ; G. 356 ; H. 433. 
 
 6. Dative with adjectives denoting fitness, nearness, like- 
 
 ness, etc. (1" 
 
 B. 192 ; A. 384 ; G. 359 ; H. 434. 
 
Latin Composition — Introduction. 
 
 III. Genitive Case. 
 
 1. Genitive with Nouns. 
 
 (a) Possessive Genitive. 
 
 (a) Mens, tuus, etc., used instead of the posses- 
 sive genitive of personal and reflexive pronouns. (17 
 
 A. 343. a; G. 362. r. 1 ; H. 440. 1. n. 2. 
 
 (/?) Possessive genitive in the predicate when 
 the subject of the sentence is an infinitive. (18 
 
 B. 198. 3 ; A. 343. c ; G. 366. r. 2 ; H. 439. 5. 
 
 (b) Genitive of Quality or Characteristic. (19 
 
 Requires a modifier, and may stand in the predi- 
 cate. It usually denotes permanent and es- 
 sential characteristics, and is used always in 
 referencgs_tonumber, measure ^ime, and space. 
 
 B. 203. 1 and 2 ; A. 345 ; G. 365 ; H. 440. 3. 
 
 (c) Genitive of the Whole (Partitive Genitive). (20 
 
 B. 201; A. 346; G. 367; H. 441. 
 
 (a) Nostrum and vestrum, genitives of the whole ; 
 nostri and vestri, met, tui, sul, objective genitives. (21 
 
 B. 242. 2 ; A. 143. & and c ; G. 364. r. and 
 
 N.2; H. 175. 2. 
 
 2. Genitive with Adjectives. (22 
 
 Mostly objective ; sometimes of reference (speci- 
 fication) . 
 
 B. 204; A. 349; G. 374; H. 450. 
 
Syntax of the Cases. 
 
 (a) AVitli si mil is. (23 
 
 Genitive used commonly when the reference is 
 to living objects; both genitive and datiye__Qi. 
 inanimate thing s. 
 
 B. 204. 3; A. 385. c. 2; G. 359. x. 4; H. 435. 
 4. X. 
 
 G-enitive with Verbs. 
 
 (a) Genitive of Value and Price. (24 
 
 With verbs of buying the use is restricted to tantl, 
 quantl, pluris, and minoris. Other expressions of 
 price are in the ablative. Bu Vsvith verbs of valu- 
 in g more genitives are used, as p arvi, mdgni, etc. 
 
 B. 203. 3 and 4; A. 417 and c; G. 379; 
 H. 448. 1. 
 
 (6) With verbs of remembering and forgetting. (25 
 
 (a) Pers onal a ndreflexive pr onouns r egularly inV^ 
 genitive. 
 
 (^) Other references to persons in genitive with 
 ohhvisci ; in the accusative with meminissej ex^c&^t 
 when used in the sense ' be mindful of.' 
 
 (y) References to things in either genitive or 
 accusative ; but TjRiit|gjj^jtfjymm ins rp (yiil?^ .rlj p ^i thel^ 
 accusative. 
 
 B. 206 ; A. 350 ; G. 376 ; H. 454. 
 
 (c) With verbs of judicial action. (26 
 
 The ablative, too, is used of the penalty ; regu- 
 larly when this is a fine of definite amount. 
 
 B. 208 ; A. 352, 353. 1 ; G. 378 ; H. 456. 
 
Latin Composition — Introduction. 
 
 (c?) With impersonal verbs (miseret, etc.). " (27 
 
 B. 209; A. 354. 6; G. 377; H. 457. 
 
 (e) With interest (and refert). (28 
 
 i Referring to the first or second person, either 
 1 verb is used with mea, tud, etc. So also with the 
 reflexi ve suM ; but in other references to the third 
 person m^erggjja_used^with the genitive. 
 
 B. 211; A. 355; G. 381; H. 449. 
 
 IV. Ablative Case. 
 
 1. Ablative of Separation. (29 
 
 (a) Verbs of freeing, depriving, or lacking, 
 usually without a preposition. 
 
 (13) Other verbs may be used with a&, de, or ex ; 
 regularly so when the ablative denotes a person, 
 and often when the verb is compounded with 
 ab, de, dit^-, ex, or se-. 
 
 B. 214; A. 400-402; G. 390; H. 461. 
 
 2. Ablative of Source. (30 
 
 B. 215; A. 403; cf. G. 395; H. 467. 
 
 3. Ablative with a comparative. (3] 
 
 Allowed when the first term of the comparison 
 is a nominative or accusative, and required in 
 sweeping ^ negatio ns and questions equivalent 
 fHereto. Wi th other cases th ai uthe nom iii ati ve 
 ^nd accusativ ethe qumn;:£im2i>niii^ri must be 
 us^. "~- ^ 
 
 B. 217; A. 406; G. 398; H. 471. 
 
Syntax of the Cases. 
 
 4. Ablative of Accompaniment. (32 
 
 Cum is regularly used -with this ablative, but may 
 be omitted in military phrases when the noun is 
 modified by some adjective other than a numeral. 
 
 B. 222; A. 413; G. 392; H. 473. 1. 
 
 5. Ablative of Quality or Characteristic. (33 
 
 Requires a modifier. Often not to be distin- 
 gmshed in meaning from the corresponding use 
 of the genitive ; but employed regularly in ref- 
 erences to b odily cha racterjsticir'and preferred 
 when the modifie r is par or any adjec t ive in -is, , 
 
 B. 224; A. 415; G. 400; H. 473. 2. 
 
 6. Ablative of Manner and of Attendant Circumstance. (34 
 
 Cum is required if the noun has no attribute ; 
 otherwise it is optional^ 'Manner' is differenti- 
 ated from ' Attendant Circumstance ' by the fact 
 that it is regularly restricted to abstract words, 
 e.g. celeritdte, virtute. etc. ^^ 
 
 B. 220-221; A. 412; G. 399; H. 473. 3. 
 
 7. Ablative of Cause. (35 
 
 B. 219; A. 404; G. 408; H. 475. 
 (a) With gaudere, laetari, maerere, etc. (36 
 
 B. 219. 1) A. 431; G. 408; H. 475. 
 
 8. Ablative of Means. (37 
 
 B. 218; A. 409; G. 401; H. 476. 
 (a) With utor, fruor, etc. (38 
 
 B. 218. 1; A. 410 andx.; G. 407; H. 477. I. 
 
8 Latin Composition — Introduction. 
 
 (h) With opus (rarely usus). (39 
 
 B. 218. 2; A. 411; G. 406; H. 477. III. 
 
 (c) With verbs of abounding and filling, and 
 
 with adjectives of plenty. (40 
 
 ^ut jMnus more often takes the genitive. 
 
 B. 218. 8; A. 409. a; G. 405; H. 477. II. 
 
 (d) Ablative of Price. (41 
 
 . Under this heading are included mCignv, plu- 
 rimo, parvo, and minimo, which express Indefinite 
 Price. 
 
 B. 225; A. 416; G. 404; H. 478. 
 
 (e) AVith contentus, fretus, and 2^raeditus. (42 
 B. 218. 3; A. 431. «; G. 401. n. 6; H. 476. 1. 
 
 9. Ablative of Degree of Difference. (43 
 
 B. 223; A. 414; G. 403; H. 479. 
 
 10. Ablative of Specification. (44 
 
 B. 226; A. 418; G. 397; H. 480. 
 (a) With dignus and indignus. (45 
 
 B. 226. 2; A. 418. 6; G. 397. n. 2; H. 481. 
 (6) Supines in -ft. (46 
 
 B. 340. 2; A. 510; G. 436; H. 635. 
 
 11. Ablative of Place Where. (47 
 
 Prp pnsitinp _isnot re guired when the noun is 
 modi fied by such adjectives as totus, omnis, etc., 
 
Syntax of the Cases. 
 
 an d ill certain.- set exp ressions, as terra marig ue ; 
 so also loco and parte, especi ally when modified. 
 
 B. 228 ; A. 426-429. 2 j G. 385-388 ; H. 483, 
 485. 1 and 2. 
 
 (a) Locative. (48 
 
 Regularly of names of towns and small islands; 
 so domi, ruri, and hinrii. 
 
 B. 232 ; A. 427. 3 ; G. 411 ; H. 482 ff. 
 
 12. Ablative of Time When and WitMn Which. (49 
 B. 230-231; A. 423; G. 393; H. 486. 
 
 (a) Dating. (50 
 
 If the English date coincides with the Calends, 
 Nones, or Ides, the Ablative of Time When is 
 used. If it falls on the da y before any of _ th£aa, 
 p ridie ( pr.) _is p refixed tothe_accusative. Other 
 dates are reckoned as ' so many days before the 
 Calends,' etc., and are commonly written in an 
 abbreviated form; e.g. VIII Kal. Oct. After 
 finding the real number of days between the 
 date in question and the Calends, Nones, or 
 Ides, it is necessary to add one day, for the 
 Romans counted the day at both ends of a period 
 of time. It should be noted also that the Cal- 
 ends are the first day of the month following 
 that in which the date falls ; i.e. for purposes of 
 dating, June 1, for instance, is May 32. 
 
 B. 371 ; A. 631 ; G. Appendix ; H. 754. 
 
 13. Ablative Absolute. (51 
 B. 227; A. 419; G. 409; H. 489. 
 
10 Latin Composition — Introduction. 
 
 V. Motion to and from tovsrns and small 
 islands; also domus and rus. 
 
 1. Limit of Motion. (52 
 
 ' Into the neighborhood of ' may be expressed 
 by ad and the accusative. 
 
 B. 182; A. 427. 2, 428. a; G. 337; H. 
 
 418-419. 
 
 2. Motion From. (53 
 
 B. 229. 1 ; A. 427. 1 ; G. 391 ; H. 462 and 4. 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 
 
 I. Subjunctive in Independent Sentences. 
 
 1. Non-interrogative. 
 
 (a) Volitive Subjunctive (in its hortatory, jus- 
 sive, and concessive uses). (54 
 B. 274-275 ; A. 439 ; G. 263 ; H. 559. 
 
 (5) Optative Subjunctive. (55 
 
 The present tense refers to the future ; the im- 
 perfect expresses a regret that something is or 
 is not, the pluperfect, that it ivas or icas not ; the 
 latter tenses require utinam. 
 
 B. 279 ; A. 441 ; G. 260-261 ; H. 558. 
 
 (c) Potential Subjunctive. (56 
 
 Note especially this use in verbs of perception 
 whose subject is the indefinite second singular. 
 
 B. 280 ; A. 445 ff. ; G. 257-258 ; H. 552-556. 
 
Syntax of the Verb. 11 
 
 2. Interrogative. 
 
 (a) In deliberative questions. 
 
 B. 277; A. 444; G. 265; H. 559. 4. 
 
 (h) In repudiating or rejecting questions.* 
 
 These reject the will or thought of another con- 
 cerning the speaker's action; less often the 
 speaker rejects such Nvill or thought directed 
 upon some one else. 
 
 B. 277 ; A. 444. a ; G. 259, 558 ; H. 559. 5. 
 
 II. Prohibitions. (59 
 
 (a) noli and nolite with infinitive. 
 (^) cave (ne) and subjunctive. 
 B. 276; A. 450; G. 271; H. 561. 
 
 III. Substantive Clauses. 
 
 1. OfEesult. (60 
 
 With verbs of bringing to pass, happening, and 
 following. 
 
 B. 297; A. 568; G. 553; H. 571. 
 
 2. Developed from the Volitive. 
 
 (a) With verbs of hindering, preventing, etc. (61 
 
 The conjunctions are quln, (luOminus, and ^ 
 Quin is_ji£ed onl;y- after__neg;ativ_e ^ntences or 
 questions equivalent thereto. 
 
 B. 295. ^ A. 558 and b-, G. 549, 554-555; 
 
 H. 568. 8, 595. 2, 596. 2. 
 
 * Some grammars make 58 a subordinate class of 57. 
 
12 Latin Coynposition — Introduction. 
 
 (h) With verbs of aclmoiiislnng, commanding, 
 
 etc. (Substantive Purpose). (62 a 
 
 B. 295; A, 563; G. 546; H. mo, 
 3. Developed from the Optative. 
 
 (a) With verbs of wishing and desiring (Sub- 
 stantive Purpose). (62 6 
 B. 296. 1; A. 563; G. 546; H. m5. 
 (h) With verbs of fearing. (63 
 
 Ne non (rather than ut) is used after negative 
 expressions and questions equivalent thereto. 
 
 B. 296. 2; A. 564; G. 550; H. 567. 
 
 IV. Purpose and Result. 
 1. Purpose. 
 
 (a) Ut, ne, quo, and qui with the subjunctive. (64 
 
 Quoi sto becj iQgen when there is a comparative 
 in the purpose c^aruse. The present and the im- 
 perfect are the tenses regularly employed in 
 purpose clauses. 
 
 B. 282; A. 529-531; G. 543. 3, 545; H. 568. 
 
 (b) Supine in -um with verbs of motion. (65 
 B, 340. 1; A. 509; G. 435; H. 633. 
 
 (c) Gerundive and Gerund.- (66 
 
 Accusative with ad, and the genitive with causa 
 or gratia. The gerundive of transitive verbs 
 should be used, the gerund of intransitive. 
 
 B. 338-339; A. 533; G. 544. r. 2; H. 626. 3, 
 
 628. 
 
Syntax of the Verb. 13 
 
 2. Result. (67 
 
 Ut, ut non, and qui with the subjunctive. 
 B. 284; A. 536-537; G. 552; H. 570. 
 
 V. Conditional Sentences. 
 
 1. Nothing impHed as to the reality of the supposed 
 
 case (Simijle or Logical Conditions). (68 
 
 B.302; A. 515-516; G. 595; H. 574. 
 (a) Subjunctive of the present or perfect in 
 protasis when the subject of the verb is the 
 indefinite second singular. (69 
 
 B. 302. 2; A. 518. a; G. 595. r. 3; H. 578. 2. 
 
 2. Supposed case represented as contingent (Less 
 
 Vivid Future or Ideal Conditions). (70 
 
 These differ from those under (1) as 'If I 
 should do' differs from 'If I^^shall) do' in 
 English. 
 
 B. 303; A. 516. 2; G. 596; H. 576. 
 
 3. Supposed case represented as contrary to fact (Un- 
 
 real Conditions). (<^ 
 
 B. 304 ; A. 517 ; G. 597 ; H. 579. 
 
 VI. Concessive Clauses. 
 1. Conceding a fact. 
 
 (a) Quamqucm^^ets^^LQ^ (72 
 
 B. 309. 2; A. 527. c and c/; G. 604-605; 
 H. 586. I. 
 
14 
 
 Latin Composition — Introduction. 
 
 (Ij) Cum with^siibjiirictive, (73 
 
 B. 309. 3 ; A. 549 ; G. 587 ; H. 598. 
 
 2. Conceding a_£ossibility. 
 
 (a) Quamvis, li cet, ut, a jiAnejwith subjun ctive. (74 
 
 B. 309. 1 and 4; A. 527. a and b; G. 606- 
 608 ; H. 5S6. II. 
 
 VII. Causal Constructions. 
 
 1. Cum with, subjunctive. 
 
 B. 286. 2; A. 549; G. 586; H. 598. 
 
 (75 
 
 2. Quod, quia, and quoniam with indicative and 
 
 subjunctive. (76 
 
 The ind icative ^sh ould be use d when the speaker 
 is willing t o vouch for th e reason, whatever 
 the sourcB'OThis information. If he wishes to 
 disclaim responsibility for the truth of the 
 statement, the subjunctive is to be used. The 
 subjunctive clause may be represented in English 
 by ' because, as he said,' ' because, as it was said,' 
 etc. 
 
 B. 286. 1 ; A. 540 ; G. 539 £f. ; H. 588. 1 and II. 
 
 VIII. Time Relations. 
 
 1. Postquain^_ _ubi, and ut with indicative. (77 
 
 Note that in this group a ntecedenc e of^,ai<t. iou is 
 not as c arefully indicated as in some other Latin 
 constructions. 
 
 B. 287; A. 543; G. 561-563; H. 602. 
 
Syntax of the Verb. 15 
 
 2. Cum. with indicative and subjunctiifL. (78 
 
 Theoretically, in references to the past, the in- 
 dicative is to be used when the temporal clause 
 defines the time of the action of the verb of the 
 main clause, e.g. ' (It was) when I was walking 
 down the street (that) I met him,' the subjunc- 
 tive, on the other hand, being used in clauses 
 that merely describe the circumstances of the 
 action of the main clause. But in practice the 
 subrJim^&tive ds the prevailing j ornij and it Ts oflen 
 used where there is little descriptive force. 
 
 B. 288 ; A. 545-546 ; G. 580, 585 ; H. 600. 
 
 3. Antequam and priusquam with indicative and 
 
 subjunctive. ' " (79 
 
 The use of the subjunctive indicates suspense on 
 the part of the subject of the verb of the main 
 clause ; e.g. effugere cOnatus est, priusquam Ro- 
 mdni venlrent. The indicative is used of events 
 regarded by the narrator as historical, or certain 
 to come to pass ; accordingly, the substitution of 
 veneriint for venlrent in the above sentence would 
 alter the meaning to ' before the Romans arrived, 
 he made an effort to escape.' 
 
 B. 291 ff. ; A. 550-551 ; G. 574-577; H. 605. 
 
 4. Duin, donee, and quoad with subjunctive. (80 
 
 This mood is used when suspense or design is JU-^ 
 
 involved... "" ^^ 'puuv^^ t^ A^Ai 
 
 B. 293. III. 2 ; A. 553 ; G. 572 ; H. 603. II. 2.^- ""^^ 
 
 IX. Indirect Discourse. 
 1. Infinitive and subject accusative. (81 
 
 B. 314 ; A. 580 ; G. 650 ; H. 642. 
 
16 
 
 Latin Composition — Introduction. 
 
 2. Tenses of the infinitive. (82 
 
 B. 270; A. 584; G. 530; H. 617 ff. 
 
 3. Subjunctive in subordinate clauses. (83 
 
 B. 314 ; A. 580 ; G. 650 ; H. 643. 
 
 4. Conditional sentences in indirect discourse. (84 
 
 In the apodoses of contrary to _fact, conditional 
 sentences the imj3erffict_aj]Ld^th.^_£l;i£^'fect sub- 
 jnnctive alike are represented by the form-^:L^ 
 fuisse. 
 
 B. 319 ff.; A. 589; G. 656 £f.; H. 646-648. 
 
 X. Miscellaneous. 
 
 1. Conditional Clauses of Com^ari^on. (85 
 
 Introduced by qunsi^ta inguam (.s7), etc. Though 
 the conditions are usually contrary to fact, Latin 
 generally chooses the presentajidperfeat^STib- 
 junctive w hen the segue nceisj^i^gary. 
 
 B. 307 ; A. 524 ; G. 602 ; H. 584. 
 
 2. Proviso with dum, dumiiiodo, and mode (86 
 
 B. 310; A. 528; G. 573; H. 587. 
 
 3. Quin with subjunctive after various negative ex- 
 
 pressions and questions equivalent thereto. (87 
 
 (a) In characteristic and result cl auses. 
 (/3) With non duUta re (in the sense_^fJ_doiibt '). 
 
 B. 283. 4, 284. ^, 298; A. 558. a, 559 ; G. ^^5. 
 2, 556, 632 ; H. 595. 
 
Syntax of the Verb. 17 
 
 4. Subjunctive of Characteristic. (88 
 (a) In clauses expressing tendency. 
 
 (^) After general expressions of existence and «■ 
 
 no n-exist ence. 
 
 (y) In clauses with a coloring of cause or con- 
 cession.^ C^Ui^i ^ ~ 
 
 B. 283 ; A. 535 ; G. 
 592, 593. 2. 
 
 Q a coloring of cause or con- / ^ 
 
 't. 631, 633-634; H. 59 W ^ 
 
 5. Subjunctive in indirect questions. (89 
 
 B. 300 ; A. 573-575 ; G. 467 ; H. 649. II. 
 
 6. Subjunctive by attraction. (90 
 
 B. 324 ; A. 593 ; G. 663 ; H. 652. 
 
 7. Impersonal use of intransitive verbs in gerundive con- 
 
 struction.- (91 
 
 B. 339. 4 ; A. 500. 3 ; G. 427. x. 4 ; H. 621. 2. 
 
 8. Gerund and Gerundive in noun constructions^ (92 
 
 Use the gerundive of transitive verbs. 
 
 B. 338-339; A. 501-502; G. 425-427; H. 
 625. 
 
PART 1 
 ISOLATED SENTENCES 
 
SECTION I. 
 
 EXERCISE 1. 
 
 1. Youths enjoy these pleasures. 2. He is aging' 
 in body, but not in mind. 3. It will be agreeable to 
 both of us. 4. May the immortal gods avert this ! 
 5. Caesar left his " home with jo}^''^ 6. The cause of 
 SuUa does not appeal to him as much'* as to me. 
 
 7. If some one should grant "^ it to me, I should refuse. 
 
 8. He remembers to whom he is in debt.^ 9. I am 
 afraid that he will come. 10. Old age takes us away 
 from business.'' 11. He was associated^ with Cati- 
 line. 12. There will be a slaughter of good men at 
 Rome on September 10. 13. Do not think that I 
 shall be here. 14. Tiberius Gracchus reigned a few 
 months. 15. Cease to think of ^ fire and slaughter. 
 
 1 Lit. is old. ^ coniunctus. Introd. 32. 
 
 2 Omit. (Reference is made to the 
 ^ laetus. Grammatical Introduction ac- 
 * Lit. is not so pleasing, etc. cording to tiie numbers at the 
 ^ largiri. right margin.) 
 
 6 debere. ^ ohlivisci. 
 
 ■^ res gerendae. 
 
 21 
 
22 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 2. 
 
 1. Though {mm) he was augur, he ventured to say 
 this. 2. Within a few days he will be made high 
 priest. 3. He waged war when he was an old man. 
 4. Before I commence to speak of ^ the state, I shall 
 say a few words about Antonius. 5. They said 
 they were bearing a load heavier than a mountain. 
 6. Very pleasant is the old age of those who are 
 cherished by the young. 7. He was summoned to 
 court ^ by his sons, that there might be an investiga- 
 tion. 8. Old age does not prevent us from retain- 
 ing^ a love of the country. 9. I never subscribed'* 
 to that sentiment. 10. He thought so highly^ of 
 Cicero that he wished to go with him into exile. 
 11. Exercise had preserved a measure ^ of the Gaul's 
 strength. 12. He rules over people who are unwill- 
 ing to obey their officers.^ 13. He is a man of great 
 strength. 14. Atticus bought the books for 90,000 
 sesterces. 15. You understand already, although I 
 have not told you all. 16. He advanced, relying on 
 the power of the senate. 
 
 1 de. ^ Forms of facere and tan- 
 
 2 Use in ludicium vocdre. tus ; Introd. 24. 
 
 8 Introd. 61. ^ Lit. something. 
 
 * assentlri. "^ praepositus. 
 
Exercises — Section I. 23 
 
 EXERCISE 3. 
 
 1. Eashness is characteristic ^ of youth, prudence of 
 old age. 2. Caesar accomplished much- greater and 
 better results.^ 3. I beg you to remain in this town. 
 4 Are you waiting for ^ us to cast you out ? 5. With 
 the legions he returned victorious from Thessaly to 
 Brundisium. 6. Then the old man is said to have 
 written a book. 7. He says he would not have 
 reached the gate, if he had stopped at Brundisium. 
 8. Good men should be counted^ happy, even though 
 their strength may have^ failed. 9. There is no one 
 from whom ' I may learn. 10. I should prefer to 
 be upright and poor, rather than wicked and rich. 
 
 11. With what valor did Fabius retake Tarentum ! 
 
 12. He does not wish his death to be marked by ^ 
 lamentation. 13. If you are disgusted with such 
 citizens, show it.^ 14. This must be endured with 
 resignation « by the wise. 15. Nothing is so like 
 death as sleep. 
 
 1 Omit. ® Study Introd. 72-74. 
 
 2 Introd. 43. ^ unde. 
 
 3 Use dum. ' Lit. abound in. 
 
 4 Use putdre. ^ Use aequus animus. 
 
24 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 4. 
 
 1. Death is easy for the old. 2. Peace was con- 
 firmed through his agency ^ and that ^ of his children. 
 3. Philo never exalted^ himself over friends of lower 
 rank. 4. They thought it to their interest ^ to appear 
 grateful. 5. Sulla was in a part of Italy that is 
 most free from storms. 6. A few days before his 
 death he spoke on immortality, just as though he knew 
 that he would soon die. 7. Let us look into^ these 
 matters. 8. They led up an old man to take a seat.^ 
 9. Albinus used to mourn because, as he said, he had 
 no friends to help him. 10. It is a thing - most dread- 
 ful to hear. 11. When (iihi) this had been heard, they 
 raised a cry. 12. If our fleet is not great, where will 
 be the name and dignity of the state ? 13. Every 
 man has" enough of his own troubles. 14. To me, 
 friendship seems to spring from likeness of character. 
 15. Your father was the first to subdue the Cartha- 
 ginians with a fleet. 
 
 & 
 
 1 Introd. 14. ^ cogitdre de. 
 
 2 Omit. 6 introd. 65. 
 ^ anteponere. "^ Introd. 11. 
 * Introd. 28. 
 
Exercises — Section I. 25 
 
 EXERCISE 5. 
 
 1. Youths delight in the precepts of old men. 
 2. He demanded of ^ the parents a price for ^ the burial 
 of their children. 3. They are enduring servitude.^ 
 
 4. I am concerned^ as to^ what sort of man^ he is. 
 
 5. He secured fame, not by his own merits, but by 
 those ^ of the state. 6. Why should I fear,*^ if I am 
 to be happy after death ? 7. If one ' cannot become 
 an orator himself, still he can help a Scipio or a 
 Laelius. 8. With regard to this matter^ there is 
 no need^ of many words. 9. I do not wish this 
 blessing taken from^ me. 10. Since (cum) the mind 
 is eternal, it will have no end of motion. 11. No one 
 is so old as (qui) not to think that he can live a year. 
 12. glorious day when I shall proceed to that divine 
 assembly! 13. Before the praetor Gains Caesar,^^ 
 Rufus was judged guilty of wrong. 14. This came 
 to pass because of" the injustice of the praetor. 
 
 1 Introd. 2. '' Translate by the second 
 
 2 pro. person. 
 
 3 Lit. are serving out (ser- ^ non opus esse, 
 vire) a slavery. ^ Introd. 10. 
 
 * Use a case-form of cura. ^^ Ablative absolute. 
 
 5 Omit. ^^ Case-form. 
 
 6 Introd. 58. 
 
26 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 6. 
 
 1. Nothing is done in their absence.-' 2. If you 
 had not lost the city, I should not have retaken it. 
 
 3. I made - you understand what these thought of you. 
 
 4. I never doubted that our souls were a part of the 
 universal mind. 5. I sent the soldier to get ^ water. 
 
 6. This season is suited "* to the reaping of fruit. 
 
 7. The onset of^ old age must be resisted. 8. He 
 said that there were two crimes to which the lust for 
 power would drive Catiline. 9. Happiness is as- 
 sured, if only health remains. 10. What shall I say 
 of Caesar's acts ? 11. Murena's style ^ was unworthy 
 a philosopher. 12. It is perhaps hard for those who 
 like^ such things to be without them.^ 13. I could 
 never be persuaded that* our souls die when they 
 leave these bodies. 14. You ask that I send you the 
 writings which I have completed since your departure. 
 
 1 Introd. 51. 6 Qmit. 
 
 2 Introd. 60. 6 consuetudo scribendi. 
 8 Introd. 66. - Lit. are desirous of. 
 
 * accomoddtus. s introd. 81. 
 
SECTION II. 
 
 EXERCISE 7. 
 
 1. The work is heavy ^ and abounds in difficulties. 
 2. Who would deny that he is a good man ? 3. :N'one 
 have 2 a just excuse ^ for ^ taking up arms. 4. To-day 
 is August 13. 5. There is no one who does not like 
 to use ^ a horse. 6. Virtue rises above ® love of self. 
 7. The foolish fellow' fixed its value at a very low 
 figure.^ 8. What, pray, is Hortensius to do ? 9. The 
 body, too, must be cared for.« 10. With what en- 
 thusiasm he used to speak ! 11. He came at early 
 dawn to greet ^ the consul. 12. I yield the army to 
 you. 13. A friend begged him to kill some one of 
 those who were in chains. 14. Provided that there 
 be^^ moderation, strength will endure. 
 
 1 Lit. great. ^ Lit- is free from. 
 
 2 Case-form. "^ Omit. 
 
 3 causa. ^ suhvenire (gerundive). 
 
 4 Lit. of. ^ ^ote the verb of motion 
 
 5 Lit. but uses gladly (li- in the main clause. 
 bens). ^° ^^^- ^® present. 
 
 27 
 
28 Latin Coinpositioyi — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 8. 
 
 1. I am afraid that I shall not increase the glory 
 of the consuls. 2. He withdrew from Mutina and 
 ceased to besiege Brutus. 3. Therefore let them 
 withdraw, let them separate themselves from the good. 
 4. He praises the book as though he wished to imitate 
 it. 5. They think more highly of the Romans than 
 of the Sabines. 6. Your children were a pleasure 
 to you and an advantage ^ to the state. 7. Both con- 
 suls and people regret- this law. 8. I remember, 
 and never ^ shall forget, that night. 9. Those meas- 
 ures must be taken'' which you judge to be to the 
 interest of the state. 10. The praetor hastened to 
 cut off Catiline before he should escape into Gaul. 
 11. There is need not only of natural endowment,^ but 
 also of training. 12. And so, after {jyostquam) he had 
 spoken to Junius, he left the house. 13. Do not wait 
 until I set forth the wrongs of the allies. 14. One 
 could see ^ couches spread in the servants' rooms.'' 
 
 1 Use usus. 
 
 ^ ingenium. 
 
 2 Lit. repent of. 
 
 6 In trod. 56, 
 
 2 neque umquam. 
 
 7 cella. 
 
 4 Lit. those things must be 
 
 
 done. 
 
 "«> 
 
Exercises — Section II. 
 
 29 
 
 EXERCISE 9. 
 
 1. Unless you buy oil, your lamp goes out. 2. The 
 nearer ^ I am, the better I seem to see. 3. We cannot 
 at times drive out error by reasoning. 4. Day would 
 fail me,- if I should attempt to say all that might be 
 said. 5. These men would seem bold to you, if they 
 were not soldiers. 6. Belying upon the sanctity of 
 the tribunate, since (cum) it armed him with the law,^ 
 he came into the city. 7. Unless Caesar had helped 
 us, we should now be without a state "* as a result of ^ 
 Antonius' deeds.^ 8. In friendship the chief feature ^ 
 is the fact - that the greater is on a level ' with the 
 lower in rank.^ 9. Atticus bought the lands at as 
 high a price ^ as Cicero wished. 10. There is no un- 
 failing rule for ^ living well. 11. It is the part - of a 
 wise man to avoid trouble.^*^ 12. Plato called pleas- 
 ure an evil, because, as he said, it harmed men. 
 
 1 See Introd. 43. 
 
 2 Omit. 
 
 3 Plural. 
 
 * Lit. have no state. 
 5 Translate by the use of a 
 case-form. 
 
 ^/acinus. 
 ■^ par. 
 ^ inferior. 
 9 Lit. of. 
 10 res adversae. 
 
30 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 10. 
 
 1. I do not think that immortality should be dis- 
 dained by a mortal. 2. Not so many are possessed 
 of ^ virtue as wish to seem so.^ 3. Mild though the 
 speech may be, it will aid some. 4. These considera- 
 tions ought to be of as much importance^ in Greece 
 as at Eome. 5. We see that Tiberius Gracchus was 
 deserted by his friends. 6. More know how these 
 things are done than how they are to be resisted. 
 7. I hear that you grieved after (postquam) Quintus 
 Metellus was taken away. . 8. If I say anything 
 against his life, I shall not refuse to allow him to* 
 speak in his own behalf. 9. Virtue is so fair^ that 
 we admire it even^ in an enemy. 10. The consuls 
 were driven from Italy, and with them their friends. 
 11. He led forth a colony to Casilinum, whither Caesar 
 had before gone. 12. Not even for the good is 
 poverty a^ light burden.^ 
 
 1 Lit, endowed with. * Lit. refuse but that he. 
 
 2 Omit. 5 Lit. so great. 
 
 3 Lit. of as great weight. ^ vel. 
 
Exercises — Section II. 31 
 
 EXERCISE 11. 
 
 1. Old age has taken from me the desire ^ for food 
 and drink. 2. We do many things for the sake of 
 our friends that we would not do for our own. 3. It 
 is not easy to find out- who did it. 4. There are 
 four reasons Avhy old age is wretched. 5. Tablets 
 were fastened up over ^ all the Capitoline Hill. 6. I 
 would that he had held* the same sentiments as I. 
 7. On the contrary, he ought to grieve over a wrong 
 and take pleasure in correction. 8. I urge you so to 
 esteem^ friendship, that, excepting virtue, you think 
 nothing preferable ^ to it. 9. This I have said that 
 my words' might seem to have measured up to^ the 
 duty of a consul. 10. Through your efforts ^ he is pre- 
 vented from following Caesar to his grave.^*^ 11. Do 
 not prefer any one to Cato, even ^^ Socrates. 12. Con- 
 suls exceedingly mild in disposition ^ have waged 
 war for many years. 
 
 ^ aviditds. ' Lit. voice. 
 
 2 Introd. 46. ^ fungi. 
 
 3 Construction of Place ^ Lit. you. 
 Wliere. lo rogus. 
 
 * Subjunctive without ut. ^^ ne . . . quidem. 
 
 5 locdre. ^^ Lit. of tlie greatest mild- 
 
 ^ praestdhilior. ness of disposition {animus). 
 
32 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 12. 
 
 1. The Romans sent men^ to {qui) teach him laws. 
 2. You have less strength^ than either of us. 3. Many 
 are like Caesar, though {cum) they are lower in fame 
 and fortune. 4. Would that they were worthy of 
 your opinion ! 5. wretched the old man who has 
 not realized^ that death is no evil. 6. Even though 
 he has come from Caesar to'* interview the senators, 
 no one is vrilling to see him. 7. Every one, when he 
 is old, has many cares. 8. I cannot persuade him to 
 trust me. 9. AVhile^ general he freed Greece from 
 slavery within a few months. 10. We do not sus- 
 pect that any of these did wrong. 11. He said that 
 there would be infinite slaughter at Syracuse, if we 
 should resist, 12. To gain the favor of the people, 
 he prevailed upon^ his brother to kill an innocent 
 man who had been convicted of a capital offence.'^ 
 
 1 is. ^ Omit. 
 
 2 Introd. 20, ^ exordre. 
 
 3 videre. "^ res capitdlis. 
 * ad. 
 
SECTION IIL 
 
 EXERCISE 13. 
 
 1. Caelius was waiting anxiously until Cicero 
 should be recalled from exile. 2. He did what^ 
 Coriolanus had done among us twenty years before. 
 3. Are we to wait to see^ what the witnesses from 
 Sicily say ? ^ 4. Do you know that such a statue is 
 sold for four hundred thousand sesterces ? 5. Let 
 them be prepared^ to answer the questions* which 
 they will be asked. 6. Moderate exercise must be 
 taken.^ 7. It is said' that we are very negligent in 
 the matter of^ helping our friends. 8. I thought 
 that I ought* to remain at home on guard.^ 9. Kone 
 are so eager for praise as the boastful. 10. I am 
 watching to see- that he takes no more than he gives. 
 11. We were afraid that something would happen to 
 him. 12. They so live that their lives ^"^ are approved. 
 13. My son is a great care to me. 
 
 1 Lit. the same things ^ ^^^ respondere. 
 which. 6 Lit^ i3g used. 
 
 2 Omit. "> Personal construction. 
 
 3 The answer "no" is im- ^ Gerundive, 
 plied. Introd. 58. ^ {fi rigilid. 
 
 * pardtus. lo Singular. 
 
 33 
 
34 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 14. 
 
 1. He has the advantage^ in this, that (quod) he is 
 less envied. 2. It is the duty^ of a good man to 
 forget injury. 3. A splendid answer and worthy of 
 a learned man ! 4. Since (cu7n) this is so, the soul 
 cannot be injured. 5. How wealthy '"^ he was! 
 6. What was I to do, gentlemen of the jury ? ^ 
 Whither was I to turn ? 7. I am well supplied 
 with money. 8. They asked me how you were 
 bearing the death of Africanus. 9. You charged an 
 innocent man with a vile deed. 10. Through my 
 efforts he was allowed to recall Cicero from exile. 
 11. The day of departure was^ March 31. 12. He 
 delighted in the bringing^ of accusations. 13. I 
 did not hinder him from being friendly to you. 
 14. He withdrew, burning with hatred toward'' you, ^ 
 and stained with the blood of Roman citizens whom 
 he had killed at Antium. 
 
 1 Lit. is superior. ^ Lit. departure was made on. 
 
 2 Omit. 6 inferre. 
 8 Lit. of how great wealth. "^ Lit. of. 
 * indices. ^ Plural. 
 
Exercises — Section III. 35 
 
 EXERCISE 15. 
 
 1. When, setting out thence to Rome, lie came into 
 the neighborhood of Aquinum, a great multitude met^ 
 him. 2. He said that Caesar had become rich, not 
 by his own, but by his father's influence. 3. If you^ 
 want to be old a long time, guard^ your health. 
 4. Regarding this manner of death it is hard to 
 speak. 5. I thought that, if he had been unwilling, 
 he would have said so.-* 6. Not even this do I refuse, 
 provided only we do what Caesar demands. 7. Would 
 that you may come to old age, so that you may know 
 what I have said is true ! 8. Though old age may 
 not be a heavy burden, it takes away strength. 9. It 
 is impossible^ that a man<^ be at the same time both 
 joyful and sad. 10. Old age has such great influence 
 that it is worth more^ than all the pleasures of youth. 
 11. Who does not know that he came many miles to 
 salute yon ? 12. If that advice had carried the day,« 
 the state would now be standing, and you would have 
 fallen by reason of your many crimes. 13. The 
 senate, putting on mourning,^ came together into the 
 temple of Concord. 
 
 1 ohviam se ferre. « I^it- the same man. 
 
 2 Indefinite second person. ^ Forms of esse and phis. 
 
 3 conservdre. valere. 
 
 4 Omit. ^ Lit. changing its garments 
 
 5 Lit. it can in no wise (resf^s, singular). 
 happen. 
 
36 Latin Composition — PaH L 
 
 EXERCISE 16. 
 
 1. After {postquam) lie had^returned to Rome, he 
 demanded of her an office that^ he might practice 
 medicine. 2. He answered the king that he had 
 done it through reliance ^ on his old age. 3. Men in- 
 spired by virtue will rule over those desires to which 
 others are enslaved.^ 4. This I shall say, if you 
 regret"* your kindness,^ or Caesar his constancy. 
 
 5. From his tongue speech sweeter than honey flowed. 
 
 6. These have^ in themselves no" resource for living 
 well. 7. In the case of those who are wise and well 
 trained,^ joys increase with age. 8. With all his 
 forces he advanced from Brundisium. 9. I should 
 prefer the saddest day of his consulship to the 
 happiest of a Catiline's. 10. Why should I grieve 
 though (si) in the course of ^ the next^*^ six hundred 
 years a foreign nation shall get possession of our 
 city ? 11. Before I mentioned the distresses of 
 Sicily, I spoke at length ^^ of the high standing ^^ of 
 that province. 12. If any one should wish to accuse ^^ 
 you, you would cry out that it was unjust." 
 
 1 Use gratia. ^ bene institutus. 
 
 2 Lit. relying on. ^ ad. 
 
 ^ servlre. ^° Omit. 
 
 ^ Lit. repent of. ^^ tnulta. 
 
 ^ henevolentia. ^^ dignitas. 
 
 6 Use a case-form. ^^ reiim facere. 
 
 ■^ nihil. 1* Use iniuria (not the adverb). 
 
Exercises — Section III. 37 
 
 EXERCISE 17. 
 
 1. Although he is free from blame, he is not clear 
 of suspicion. 2. If agreeable/ let us compare your 
 return with mine. 3. Do not expect arguments from 
 me, as though the matter were doubtful. 4. Is there 
 any doubt- that there is need of magistrates ? 5. His 
 father, a man of great steadfastness and most devoted^ 
 to the state, aided me, though (cum) he was sick. 
 6. You cannot take from him his power, even though 
 you are willing to forget his good deeds. 7. When 
 Philo arrived, he considered the matter several days. 
 8. This style of speech I should not use at this time, 
 if my interest alone were involved. 9. I saw that 
 the consuls, who should have been* the leaders to 
 arms, were fleeing. 10. Since {quoniam) things hu- 
 man are uncertain,^ some people ^ must be found whom 
 we may love, and by whom we may be cherished, 
 11. If that is so, see to it' that you make no mistake 
 when you meet him. 12. He boasts that he is like 
 Catiline, but it is ^ in crime only that ^ he is equal to 
 him. 13. At this point ^ he asked whether at any 
 time ^ new friends worthy of our ^ friendship were to 
 be preferred to the old. 
 
 1 si placet. 
 
 ^ fragilis. 
 
 2 Lit. is it doubtful. 
 
 6 Omit. 
 
 3 amdns. 
 
 " videre. 
 
 ^ debere and present infini- 
 
 ^ locus. 
 
 e. 
 
 ^ num quando 
 
SECTlOiN IV. 
 
 EXERCISE 18. 
 
 1. What god did you think would help^ you? 
 2. He seems to be remembering me. 3. These men 
 are not ashamed of their misdeeds. 4. A wise man 
 should be content with the time allotted^ to him. 
 5. They complain because, as they say, they are de- 
 prived of pleasures without which they do not care to 
 live. 6. The wretch hastened^ from Tarentum to this 
 city. 7. Shall I mention first * his pride, or his cruelty 
 toward the Romans ? 8. He was condemned for theft, 
 and was not^ allowed to enter the city. 9. So^ may 
 it be allowed me to enjoy this state with you, as^ I am 
 moved by pity in this matter. 10. You would think 
 it was one of the early ^ Romans. 11. In purpose they 
 are opposed® to us, just as though they were enemies^ 
 by race and nature. 12. Who is there to whose in- 
 terest it is not that this law have force ? 13. There 
 was no one who showed greater ^*^ filial respect.^^ 
 
 1 Lit. be an aid to. ' priscus. 
 
 2 Lit. given. ^ Use dissidere ah and abla- 
 8 advoldre. tive. 
 
 * prius. ^ Use disiunctus. 
 
 5 ' and . . . not,' neque. ^° Lit. was more eminent 
 
 ^ ita . . . ut. {praestdns) in. ^^pietds. 
 
 38 
 
Exercises — Section IV. 39 
 
 EXERCISE 19. 
 
 1. The life he was then living was bad. 2. Then 
 it was evident^ how poor in friends each of them was. 
 
 3. He takes great pains ^ in preparing the ships. 
 
 4. Pretence is the enemy of'^ friendship. 5. You 
 would say this all the more,"* if ^ you had been present 
 in the gardens of Scipio. 6. Anything can be 
 bought, if you*^ pay enough.^ 7. And so no one has 
 wished to see me to whom I have been "engaged."^ 
 8. What is the difference between a man and a tree 
 trunk, excepting^ the action of the mind? 9. When 
 he came to me to beg off,^'^ he gave this excuse. 
 10. And since (cuin) the nature of the soul is sim- 
 ple, it cannot be divided. 11. If he should meet 
 you, he would have much to say.^^ 12. When I was 
 consul, I heard nothing about this matter. 13. A 
 quiet style of speaking is suited^ to an old man. 
 
 14. Led on by false 'hope, I said that, if I should 
 be restored to my country, I would thank ^^ you. 
 
 15. Brutus at Mutina was trying to finish the fortifica- 
 tions before the enemy should arrive. 
 
 1 Lit. was seen. "^ satis dare. 
 
 2 cur am . . . adhibere. ^ occupdtus. 
 
 3 nocere. ^ Participial construction. 
 * 'all the more,' magis. i'^ deprecdri. 
 
 ^ May be anticipated by turn ^^ Lit. would say many things. 
 in the preceding clause. ^^ decorus. 
 
 ^ Indefinite second singular. i^ grdtids agere. 
 
40 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 20. 
 
 1. What else did you bring to pass on that day, ex- 
 cept that ^ they judged Antonius a public enemy? 
 
 2. He said that my enemy had so worded the things 
 he had written against me that they seemed true. 
 
 3. The senate was freed from fear of danger a few 
 days later. 4. Those know who followed him to 
 Paphos. 5. There were groans throughout^ the 
 whole forum. 6. I was unable to do anything ^ until 
 you should be silent. 7. In public affairs nothing is 
 weightier than the law/ while ^ in private affairs '^ a 
 will ^ is most binding.^ 8. The Eoman people will 
 wrest this from you. 9. Authority should be 
 granted him, so that he may defend the state. 
 10. These wrongs, too, must be resisted. 11. This 
 contention is very like that trial. 12. What bond *' 
 has he to (quod) hold him to^ life? 13. I know 
 surely, and there is no^** need for conjecture. 14. There- 
 fore I fear that to grieve at this happening is more 
 the part ^ of an enemy than of a friend. 15. Though 
 (cu7n) nature by many signs declares what she wishes, 
 we do not heed.^^ 
 
 1 nisi ut. ^ Not a subordinating con- 
 
 2 Construction of Place junction here. 
 
 Where. ^ Omit. ^ f'lrmus. 
 
 3 Lit. was able to do noth- "^ testdmentum. ^ Lit. in. 
 ing. - '^^ Cf. Exercise 18, n. 5. 
 
 * Plural. ^^ audire. 
 
Exercises — Section IV. 41 
 
 EXERCISE 21. 
 
 1. When (ilM) he had learned that, he called 
 Cicero to him. 2. Although you may be wise, you 
 do not know all things. 3. This remark ^ does not 
 deserve ^ a reply. 4. You were sated with the suf- 
 ferings of these men. 5. There is no place in the 
 whole ^ earth where this law is not known."* 6. Al- 
 though it is unjust, he will bear it with resignation,^ 
 if, through your efforts,^ he can keep his good name.^ 
 7. You will free me from great fear, if only a wall be 
 between you and me. 8. This was done by me to 
 prevent^ his being condemned. 9. They came to- 
 gether on the sixth of November because of their love 
 for Catiline. 10. happening shameful not only to 
 see, but even to hear of ! 11. He tried to come to 
 Eome with all his forces to join Caesar. 12. They 
 used to hope that Pyrrhus would be persuaded to be- 
 lieve this, so that he might the more easily ^ be con- 
 quered. 13. He was in such good health at the 
 end ^^ of his life, that he was able to carry a heavy 
 load easily. 
 
 1 vox. ^ Lit. you. 
 
 2 Lit. is unworthy. "^ 'good name,' fdma. 
 
 3 Omit. 8 introd. 61. 
 * Lit, but that in the same ^ Introd. 64. 
 
 place this law is known. ^'^ extremum tempus. 
 
 ^ Use aequus animus. 
 
42 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 22. 
 
 1. He said he had learned this from Africanus in a 
 dream. 2. Give much advice^ to the good, but enact 
 punishment in the case of the bad. 3. Since {quo- 
 niam) you hav^ mentioned friendship, you will do me 
 a great favor ^ if you will tell us what views you hold 
 on that subject.^ 4. This must be done by all in 
 order that the enemy may not escape. 5. But yet I 
 enjoy the recollection of our friendship so much that 
 I do not feel that I have lived in vain, having lived ^ 
 with Scipio. 6. He showed^ me facts of this sort, 
 and, at the same time, the crimes of Sextus Naevius. 
 7. They replied that they would pay the taxes, but 
 that they would not add a ship, even though he buy 
 it at a high price.^ 8. If influence and greatness of 
 soul are of greater value,^ do not desire that which is 
 of less value. ^ 9. Let him use arms for his own 
 defence,^ if it is necessary.^ 10. Should I not admire 
 him, should I not think him to be defended by every 
 means ? ^ 11. I see that the same plan has com- 
 mended itself^ to each of you these many years. 
 
 1 praecipere. 6 x,it. for the sake of de- 
 
 2 Lit. a thing most pleasing fending himself. 
 
 to me. 7 Lit. if it is necessary so. 
 
 3 Omit. 8 Lit. in every way. 
 
 * gitod-clause. ^ Lit. the same thing has 
 
 ^ docere. seemed best. 
 
SECTION V. 
 
 EXERCISE 23. 
 
 1. When Scaevola had mentioned this, he told us 
 the views of Laelius on friendship. 2. I do not fear 
 that the philosophers will not praise me. 3. They 
 are doing this so as not to lose our favor. 4. What 
 good men think is a question ^ of the greatest moment 
 and weight. 5. We pardon the silence of these. 
 6. If you falsely accuse any one, you injure your- 
 self also. 7. Let us not wait until we are asked. 
 8. Though (cum) he had been bought, he did not ven- 
 ture to put in his veto.^ 9. Those must^ be pardoned 
 who did nothing afterward. 10. I am so yielding 
 by nature'* that I cannot withstand his tears and 
 entreaties. 11. Though all dangers should impend, 
 I shall aid and assist him. 12. Before I proceed 
 to my defence, I shall make use of ^ his confession. 
 
 1 Omit. * Lit. am of such mildness 
 
 2 intercedere. of disposition. 
 
 3 Gerundive. ^ utl. 
 
 43 
 
44 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 24. 
 
 1. Truth, relying on this jury/ makes answer to 
 envy. 2. In trading,- Mucianus always remembered 
 his dignity and his rights.^ 3. It behooves^ all who 
 live in the city to flee. 4. I am not merely dis- 
 gusted with your foolishness, but ashamed of it ^ also. 
 5. He promised to take care^ that everything be re- 
 turned to the men. 6. This is a thing most dreadful 
 not only to see but even to hear, that soldiers were 
 stationed in the temple of Concord. 7. These two 
 things it is the duty^ of a good man to do. 8. I 
 assist no one of my friends. 9. In gaining ^ office, 
 toil and anxiety are counted of little importance.^ 
 10. Danger does not deter me from doing what I 
 ought. 11. In the case of one living at Rome the 
 matter is far different.^ 12. remarkable audacity, 
 to dare to write letters against such a youth ! 13. I 
 preferred that my opinion should be praised by all 
 twenty days afterward. 14. It could not be in any 
 way arranged^ that Cleomenes go unpardoned.^^ 
 
 1 indices. ^ Use a case-form of cur a. 
 
 2 ci«n-clause. ^ persequi. 
 
 2 iiis (singular). ^ res se longe aliter habere. 
 
 * Lit. it is to the interest of. ^ fieri. 
 
 s Omit. • ^° Lit. but that C. be spared. 
 
Exercises — Section V. 45 
 
 EXERCISE 25. 
 
 1. Would that the immortal gods had given you 
 this blessing ! 2. He summoned legions from Rome 
 to crush the uprising of the Gauls. 3. This is a 
 contest with an enemy with whom there can be no 
 conditions of peace. 4. Therefore let Gaul remain ^ 
 under the guardianship^ of the man to whom it has 
 already been given. 5. What do you think they 
 would have done if Catiline had been at Faesulae ? 
 6. He said that all we do must be referred to the 
 consuls. 7. The liberators of the fatherland are 
 abundantly supplied with^ honors given by the state 
 which they saved. 8. Cicero makes other mistakes.* 
 9. Thirty-eight years Dionysius was tyrant of Syra- 
 cuse, having begun to reign at twenty-five years of 
 age.^ 10. The place to which he went to make 
 investigation is called Mutina. 11. He would not 
 refuse, if he had confidence in himself. 12. I should 
 like to have some^ time in which to read^ the books 
 of philosophers. 13. If I should claim that I am 
 not ^ stirred by a longing for Scipio, I should certainly 
 lie. 
 
 1 Lit. "be. 5 Use ndtus. 
 
 2 in . . . tuteld. ^ aliqxiid; what part of speech ? 
 
 3 Lit. abound in. "^ Lit. when I might read. 
 
 ^ peccdre. ^ 'claim that . . . not,' negdre. 
 
46 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 EXERCISE 26. 
 
 1. Do you remember that on October 21 1 said ^ that 
 you would be in arms on a certain day ? 2. These 
 men, most devoted to us, took from him the consulship. 
 
 3. Sulla was deprived of a splendid position ^ because 
 of the hatred felf^ toward Autronius, his colleague. 
 
 4. I will tell you from what classes of men his forces 
 are collected.^ 5. After he saw that the life of Sextus 
 Roscius was guarded, he adopted a plan full of wicked- 
 ness and audacity. 6. There are some who think 
 it beneath them^ to come to the aid of^ the weak. 
 7. Although old age avoids immoderate feasts, it can 
 yet enjoy'' moderate banquets. 8. I make much use 
 of Greek literature for the purpose of training my 
 memory. 9. And yet that leader of the Greeks 
 never prayed to have ten like Ajax, but like^ Nestor. 
 10. Caelius was not so crazy as to accuse another of 
 bribery^, when he himself was guilty of ^ the same 
 crime. 11. What therefore was I to answer ? that 
 I was a Roman ? 12. As the king did not know ^° 
 which Orestes was, Pylades said that he was Orestes. 
 
 1 Present tense, by an ex- « suhveiiire. 
 ception to the rule ; A. 584. a. "' Use gaudere. 
 N.; G. 281. 2. N.; H. 618. 2. 8 ambitus. 
 
 2 amplus honor. ^ se commaculdre and abla- 
 
 3 Omit. live. 
 
 4 Passive of compardre. i° Participial construction. 
 
 5 sordidus. 
 
Exercises — Section V. 47 
 
 EXERCISE 27. 
 
 1. As I broke down Catiline by my influence and 
 that ^ of the senate, so you will soon hear that An- 
 tonius has fallen.^ 2. So it happened that we in- 
 quired whether there was need of ships. 3. Confess 
 that you sent to Rome grain bought for three hundred 
 thousand sesterces. 4. Am I to doubt what you did, 
 when I see what you are doing ? 5. While ^ in Greece 
 he demanded money of the Greek officials. 6. If I 
 shall have^ this power without danger to you or me,^ 
 I shall use it. 7. Do not so conduct yourself that a 
 new and much more cruel proscription may seem to 
 have come about through you. 8. And the play 
 need ^ not ^ be acted through by the performer,'' if only 
 he win approval in whatsoever act he may be. 9. As 
 though he had lost his goods through fault of mine, 
 he is now unfriendly to me because (quia) he is poor. 
 10. Who of the Carthaginians was of greater value ^ 
 in counsel or bravery than Hannibal ? 11. He was 
 robbed of the priesthood, which was sold at a high 
 price ^ to Brogitarus, a fellow unworthy of that office, 
 since (cum) he sought it for ^ gain. 
 
 1 Omit. s Gerundive. 
 
 2 Passive of opprimere. ^ 'and . . . not,' neqice. 
 
 3 Case-form. ' histrio. 
 ^ Lit. your or my danger. ^ ob. 
 
SECTION VI. 
 
 EXERCISE 28. 
 
 1. He could not be induced to have his head cov- 
 ered.^ 2. At the banquet of Apronius was a Koman 
 knight ninety years of age. 3. As I read, I am so 
 stirred by his words that I fancy I can ^ hear Cato 
 himself speaking. 4. Do not think therefore that 
 the king did this wrong. 5. As I before said, he 
 was at Naples, in a part of Italy that was most clear ^ 
 of suspicion. 6. He is a man of most honorable and 
 well-known '^ lineage. 7. Nothing prevents his being 
 happy. 8. But an old man has not even anything to 
 {quod) hope for. 9. He sells a modius of grain for a 
 denarius. 10. Perhaps what I am about to say may 
 seem wonderful to relate. )( 11. Was I to reject the 
 helpful advice of those whose very faults good citi- 
 zens should bear ? 12. For we are not sending a 
 message^ to Hannibal to withdraw from Saguntum. 
 13. After {postquam) he had come into Asia, he com- 
 mitted many crimes. 
 
 1 Lit. to be of covered head. ^ maxime carere. 
 
 2 Omit. * iiobilis. 
 
 48 
 
Exercises — Section VI. 49 
 
 ^ EXERCISE 29. 
 
 1. If he were in^ his hundredth year, would he be /y ^,.^si 
 
 dissatisfied- with old age? 2. Itjiias^ when Plato HA 
 was present that^ Archytas was speaking of pleasure. 
 3. Imprudence is a characte risiic ^ of the young rather 
 than of the old. 4. What shall I say of Paulus or 
 Africanus ? 5. They are waiting until the ambas- 
 sadors set out. 6. For I do not fear that he will be 
 persuaded. 7. You would have informed me, if you 
 had thought it to your interest. 8. These men I 
 shall never forget. 9. From all quarters * they came 
 to salute him, but none were admitted. 10. I shall 
 prove you guilt}^, not only of dishonesty, but also of 
 cruelty. 11. Why was he not present in person ? 
 Do you think because of some serious^ matter? 
 12. If you should deprive^ me of this evidence, I 
 would use the testimony of the Gauls. 13. Can this 
 light of day ^ be pleasant to you when {cum) ' you 
 perceive that all know you were in the forum, armed, 
 on December 29 ? 14. Since (cum) you see that a 
 man holding^ this position did not doubt that he 
 should main tain^ th e innocence of Sulla, you ought to 
 admit that Hortensius is equally free to take the case.^^ 
 
 1 Use agere. * Lit. possessed (praeditits) 
 
 2 paenitere. ^ mcignus. of. ^ defend.ere. 
 
 3 Omit. 6 Use eripere. '^^ Lit. that for H. a like en- 
 ^ pars. " Not temporal. trance to (idem aditus ad) the 
 
 case lies open. 
 
50 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 ^y^^ EXERCISE 30. 
 
 1. If yoii go anywhere^ on public business,- boats 
 are always furnished at public expense. 2. Our ^ ^Jl 
 friends must be helped.^ 3. T hough each may (have >/ *^^ 
 the right to)^ say what he pleases, it is not necessary to ^ "1 » 
 believe it."* 4. Euined men, with slaves like t hem- / ^ || 
 selves ^ threaten the temples and buildings of the city. 
 
 5. wretched the day when ^ Catiline was born ! 
 
 6. You know that I was without experience in these 
 matters. 7. Those are worthy of friendship in whom 
 there is a cause for love.^ 8. Some pleasures are 
 given up^ for the sake of gaining greater pleas- 
 ures. 9. Would that the immortal gods might re- 
 serve this trophy for you, Scipio ! 10. You^ can 
 often tell from what quarter the storm is gathering.^ 
 11. Nothing was so secure and hidden that it (quod) 
 was not fully exposed ^*^ to his cupidity. 12. Old 
 men, confident in ^^ their wisdom, delight in conversa- 
 tions with ^^ youths of intelligence.^^ 13. Since it is 
 a question^'* whether he pay the penalty or we be 
 slaves, let us summon all our forces without delay, so 
 that he may be the more readily subdued. , 
 
 1 ' if . . . anywhere,' si quo. ^ se commovere. 
 
 2 publice. ■ * Omit. ^o Superlative of apertus. 
 
 3 suhvenire. ^ Lit. on which. ^^ Lit. relying on. 
 6 Lit. cause why they be i'^ Lit. of. 
 
 loved. '^ Use oniittere. ^^ Lit. endowed with intellect. 
 
 s Indefinite second singular. i* res in id discrimen addiicl. 
 
 ^ 
 
Exercises — Section VI. 51 
 
 EXERCISE 31. 
 
 1. They think they will live their lives ^ more 
 safely^ under my protection. 2. It is worth while ^ 
 for me to incur this ill-will, provided that danger be 
 warded off from you. 3. No one molested* Cicero 
 at Brundisium either^ at that time or^ on December 
 first, or^ fifth, or^ thirteenth. 4. Of how many guards 
 shall I have need,^ if I once allow you to enter my 
 house ? 5. If they should all be brought together 
 into one place, they would not be worthy to be " com- 
 pared with Servius Sulpicius. 6. So it happened 
 that brave men, even though (etsi) they had fought 
 hand to hand against one another, laid aside hatred 
 with their arms. 7. The senate sent word that the 
 province had been decreed to him, before he should 
 seize it by force. 8. He ordered the centurions to 
 come home, and had them killed ^ before his own and 
 his wife's eyes. 9. What is more pleasant than an old 
 age crowned ^ with honors ? 10. He had no reason 
 to fear^" that he would not be heard. 11. I realized 
 that I had lost the friend whom I esteemed most of 
 all.^i 
 
 1 Singular. "^ Translate ' worthy to be ' 
 
 2 Use adjective. by gerundive. 
 
 3 Forms of esse and tantus. ^ iuguldn cogere. 
 ^ Use molestus esse. ^ Use stipdtus. 
 
 5 Lit. neither . . . nor, etc. 1° Gerundive. 
 
 ^ Use opus. 11 unice. 
 
52 Latin Composition — Part I. 
 
 ■ iC^ EXERCISE 32. 
 
 1. As though it were a protection ^ to you, he orders 
 that the house be watched. 2. On that day, if it 
 had been allowed me by ^ my friends to come into the 
 forum, I should have been the first victim of a mas- 
 sacre.^ 3. He asked one of those present the subject 
 under ^ discussion.^ 4. This field was much more 
 valuable^ then than it had been five years earlier. 
 5. The less gifted'' should not grieve that they are 
 surpassed in brilliancy^ by others. 6. I telP the 
 senate what ought to be done. 7. Who of us 
 thought Autronius innocent, or aided any one of 
 them ? 8. In the hearing ^° of the people he said 
 that none would live unless Caesar should be victo- 
 rious." 9. Although it is hard, I can bring myself 
 to forgive ^2 him who accuses Caesar. 10. There is 
 need of haste; if we had had recourse to^^ this be- 
 fore, we should now have no war. 11. But since 
 (quoniam) the state abounds in such examples, let us 
 pass ^^ to other considerations. 
 
 ^^ 
 A salus. ^ ingenium. 
 
 2 Lit. through. ^ praescribere. 
 
 3 Lit. a beginning of slaugh- i° aiidlre. 
 ter would have been made from ^^ vincere. 
 me. 
 
 •* Lit. of. ^ disserere. forgive. 
 
 6 Forms of esse and plus. ^^ liti. 
 
 7 Inferior. ^* venire. 
 
 Lit. I can in some way 
 
PART II 
 CONNECTED DISCOURSE 
 
Summary of the Events of Catiline's Life. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 108. Birth. 
 
 82. Sulla's ofBcer. 
 
 68. Praetor. 
 
 07. Governor of Africa. 
 
 60. Returned to Rome, and desired to stand for the consulship 
 at a special late election. Was prevented from so doing 
 by an impending suit for extortion in Africa. About 
 December o helped to organize a plan (the First Con- 
 spiracy) to murder the successful candidates. 
 
 65. The plan (originally for January 1) was discovered, and 
 postponed to February 5. It miscarried at this later 
 date, and was given up. Catiline desired this year also 
 to stand for the consulship, but was not acquitted on 
 the extortion charge early enough. 
 
 64. Ran for the consulship against Cicero and others. About 
 June 1 began to organize the Second Conspiracy, partly 
 to help toward his election. Was defeated at the polls. 
 
 63. Brought to trial for murder committed under Sulla ; was 
 acquitted. Was again a candidate for the consulship. 
 October 21, the decretum ultimum passed. Catiline 
 was again defeated at the polls. November 6, the meet- 
 ing at Laeca's house, November 8, the first of Cicero's 
 speeches against Catiline, the latter leaving the city that 
 night to join Manlius. Military operations in Etruria. 
 
 62. Death near Pistoria. 
 
 54 
 
THE STORY OF CATILINE. 
 
 EXERCISE 33. 
 
 Lucius Sergius Catiline ^vas born in the year 
 108 B.C./ of a patrician family. While still a young 
 man he was a partisan- of Sulla, and had a hand in^ 
 the proscriptions of that time. It is said,^ too, that 
 he murdered his own^ son, and that he committed 
 many other crimes in private lif e.^ These " stories the 
 two Ciceros, Marcus and Quintus, willingly circulated, 
 and they did not^ hesitate to blacken his character^ as 
 much as possible. Indeed,^^ Quintus took pains to ^^ 
 publish evil reports about Catiline at the time his 
 brother was running for^^ ^j^e consulship, hoping^ 
 that in this way he would aid him and injure Catiline. 
 
 1 The consuls of this year « Unite the negative with 
 were Ser. Snlpicius Galba and the connective ; B. 341. 1. d 
 M. Aurelius Scaurus. If the and 2. d ; A. 328 ; G. 480 ; 
 full names are used, omit H. 656. 4 and 5. 
 connective. ^ mores mfdmes facere ; 
 
 2 satelles. « adhltor esse. infinitive or qu'in-clRnse ? Of. 
 * Use verb personally ; B. Introd. 87. 
 
 332 ; A. 582 ; G. 528 ; H. 611. ^"^ qu'm etiam. 
 
 5 Express ' own ' bv the po- " Use assidne. i^ petere. 
 
 sition of the pronoun. '' The nominative of the 
 
 ^ Use privdtus. present participle is to be 
 
 ^Bec-in the sentence with sparingly used; A. 492. n. ; 
 
 a relative. cf. G. 585. r. ; H. 640. 5. 
 
 55 
 
56 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 34. 
 
 But even Catiline's enemies are forced to admit that 
 he was not altogether bad. He was a good speaker 
 and a person^ of great physical- strength, enduring^ 
 hunger, cold, and* loss of sleep ^ marvelously well.^ 
 Moreover, he knew all the ways of approaching '' men, 
 and was able to retain their friendship ; in fact,^ Cicero 
 himself says that he once thought him a good citizen. 
 Being by nature ambitious,^ Catiline early sought 
 public office. In 68 ^^ he was praetor,^^ and, in the 
 following year, governor of ^- Africa. On returning to 
 Rome in && ^" he learned that ambassadors had pre- 
 ceded him to complain about his actions ^'* in Africa — 
 a thing ^^ which prevented him from standing for^^ the 
 consulship that year. 
 
 1 Omit. 1*^ Consuls were L. Caecilius 
 
 2 Use corpus. Metellus and Q. Marcius Eex. 
 
 3 See Exercise 33, n. 13. '^^ praeturam ingredi. 
 
 4 Three or more coordinate '^^ propraetor ohtinere. 
 words or phrases most often i^ Consuls, M'.AemiliusLe- 
 have simply -que with the last. pidus and L. Volcatius Tullus. 
 
 ^ vigiliae. ^^ Make this a relative 
 
 6 mlrum in modum. clause. 
 
 ■^'way of approaching,' i^ Incorporate the apposi- 
 
 aditus. tive in the relative clause ; B. 
 
 8 qum etiam. 251. 4. & ; A. 307. e ; G. 616. 
 
 ^ gloriae avidus. 2 ; cf. H. 399. 6. 
 
 ^^ petere. 
 
The Story of Catiline. 
 
 EXERCISE 35. 
 
 To be sure, he had arrived too late to ^ be a candi- 
 date^ at the regular election, even had the Africans 
 entered no complaint.^ But the consuls elect, Sulla 
 and Autronius, were convicted of bribery,'* and so a 
 new ^ election was held. It was ^ at this that ^ Catiline 
 hoped to be a candidate. Disappointed in this" hope,^ 
 he made a plan with Autronius, Gnaeus Piso, and^ 
 certain others to murder, on January 1, Torquatus 
 and Cotta, who were declared consuls at this last elec- 
 tion, and who would ^^ enter upon the duties of office ^^ 
 on that date.^^ The conspiracy was discovered, and 
 the plan was postponed until February 5, when not 
 
 only the consuls, but many of the senators were to be 
 killed.i3 
 
 1 Lit. later than that he ^ gee Exercise 33, k. 7. 
 could. 8 gpQ lapsus. 
 
 2 competitor. ^ See Exercise 34, n. 4. 
 ^ nihil queri. lo Active periphrastic. 
 
 * ambitus. n magistrdtum inire. 
 
 ^ Use adverb denuo. i^ dies. 
 
 6 Express by emphatic posi- i^ x,it. they were preparing 
 
 tion of the demonstrative. to kill. 
 
58 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 36. 
 
 Cicero says that on the appointed day the conspira- 
 tors began ^ to gather, but that Catiline gave the signal 
 before everything was ready. There are some, how- 
 ever, who think that Caesar was the one^ appointed""^ to 
 give the signal, and that he would have done so, had 
 he not noticed that Crassus was missing. Whether 
 Catiline gave the signal too soon, or whether Caesar 
 feared to give ^ it ^ because of the absence of Crassus,*^ 
 is very uncertain.^ But at any rate ^ this plau, which ^ 
 Cicero calls ''the earlier conspiracy," was unsuccess- 
 ful. Meanwhile Catiline's trial for extortion had not 
 yet taken place ^" — a circumstance" which prevented 
 his standing for the consulship in 65,^- just^ as it had 
 done ^^ the year before.^* 
 
 iNot the perfect of in- ^ B. 250. 8; A. 306; G. 
 
 cipere ; see Vocabulary. 614. r. 3. & ; H. 396. 2. 
 
 2 Cf. Exercise 35, n. 6. lo Lit. Catiline was still a 
 
 3 \j&Q negotium permUti2iw(i defendant on a charge of ex- 
 dative, tortion (de rehus repetundis 
 
 4 Distinguish between fear- reus). 
 ing to do a thing and fearing ^^ res. 
 
 that it may come to pass. ^^ Consuls, L. Aurelius 
 
 6 Omit. Cotta and L. Manlius Tor- 
 
 6 Ablative absolute. quatus. 
 
 "^ parum constdre. i3 Repeat the verb of the 
 
 8 Lit. howsoever the matter preceding clause. 
 
 stands {se habere). '^^ proximus. 
 
The Story of Catiline. 59 
 
 EXERCISE 37. 
 
 It is worth ^ noting that, though Catiline was beyond 
 doubt guilty, Cicero was undecided^ whether or not^ 
 to undertake his defence ^ on the charge of extortion. 
 Either^ at that time he did not realize what sort of 
 man Catiline was, or he was willing to defend him in 
 order to ^ secure his support ' ; yet it cannot be proved 
 that he did undertake the case.^ However, Catiline 
 was acquitted, and both he and Cicero were candidates 
 for the consulship in the year 64.^ About June 1 
 Catiline began to sound ^" men individually, and a little 
 later brought together all those whom he thought ripe 
 for^^ revolution. When these had assembled, he de- 
 livered a speech^ in which he tried to persuade them 
 that,^^ if he should be elected ^^ consul, he would carry 
 things with a high hand ^^ and confer many benefits 
 upon them. 
 
 1 operae pretium esse. ^ Lit. that the case was so 
 
 2 diibitdre. undertaken. 
 
 3 Xecne in indirect ques- ^ Consuls, Lucius Julius 
 tions, annon in direct. Caesar and Gains Marcius 
 
 * For sequence, see B. 268. Figulus. 
 
 2 ; A. 585. a ; G. 518 ; H. 548. i^ teniptdre. 
 
 5 'either. . . or' may be ^^ pardtiis ad. 
 rendered by sive quod . . . sive ^ ordtionem habere. 
 
 quod, joining with preceding i^ Distinguish from per- 
 
 sentence. suading to do a thing. 
 
 6 eo consilio . . . ut. '^^ fieri. 
 
 '' eius grdtiam sibi concili- ^'^ omnia sud arbitrio facere. 
 
 are. 
 
60 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 38. 
 
 He further assured them that his x^lans would be 
 supported ^ by Gnaeus Piso in Spain and by Publius 
 Sittius Nucerinus in Africa, and that he hoped to 
 have as his colleague Gains Antonius, a man in sympa- 
 thy with 2 his designs and deeply in^ debt. When the 
 speech was finished, they all promised to work hard 
 for^ Catiline's election, and swore that they would 
 not divulge what they had heard; it is even said^ 
 that, in order to make the oath more binding,^ they 
 partook of ^ blood mingled with wine. Quintus Curius, 
 one of the conspirators, could not, however, control 
 his tongue, but^ disclosed all to his mistress, Fulvia. 
 Through her ^ the matter came to Cicero's ears,'*^ and 
 great fear fell upon " all good citizens. 
 
 1 Use adiuvdre. What are themselves more closely (ar- 
 the peculiarities of the future tius). Note the comparative 
 passive infinitive ? in the purpose clause ; In trod. 
 
 2 Use favere. 64. 
 
 3 Use oppressus. "^ degustdre. 
 * mdximam operam dare ^ atque. 
 
 (wi), 9 Cf. Exercise 33, n. 7. 
 
 5 See Exercise 33, n. 4. 1° Lit. v^^as reported to C. 
 
 6 Lit. that they might bind " Passive of inicere. 
 
The Story of Catiline. 61 
 
 EXERCISE 39. 
 
 As a result of^ this report a more stringent^ law 
 against" bribery was proposed,"^ so that Catiline might 
 not dare to buy votes. Shortly before the election, 
 along with others, Cicero advocated^ this law in a 
 speech called In Toga Candida. The greater part of 
 this is lost, but we learn from Asconius, who has pre- 
 served some fragments,^ that in it Cicero assailed 
 Catiline and Antonius bitterly, and that they replied 
 in like strain," calling attention^ to the fact^ that he 
 was a novus homo. The nobles, it is true, for this 
 very reason ^° had little sympathy with Cicero, but 
 they were afraid of Catiline. So, when the election 
 was held, Cicero was declared consul unanimously,^^ 
 his colleague however being Antonius, the above-men- 
 tioned ^- friend of Catiline. 
 
 1 Make ablative absolute by ' Use similis. 
 
 adding divulgdtus ; or use the ^ See Exercise 33, n. 13. 
 
 preposition ex simply. ^ Omit. 
 
 2 acer. ^° oh id ipsiim. 
 
 3 de. ^^ omnibus suffrdgils. 
 
 * ferre. ^^ Lit. whom I have men- 
 
 5 suddere. tioned (d'lcere) above. 
 ^ vestigium. 
 
62 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 40. 
 
 From Catiline's defeat^ we can judge ^ how greatly 
 he was feared; for it is said that both Caesar and 
 Crassus worked hard for his election. And though 
 the conspiracy was for the time being checked, the 
 danger was still imminent,^ because one of the con- 
 suls for the coming year'* was in sympathy with 
 the conspirators. But Antonius was persuaded by 
 Cicero to spare ^ the state on condition that ^ he should 
 have as ^ his ^ province Macedonia, which the lot had 
 assigned*^ to Cicero himself; for Antonius was anxious 
 to gain wealth, and Macedonia was a rich province. 
 In exchange for^ it Cicero received Antonius' prov- 
 ince of Cisalpine Gaul; but even this he did not^^ 
 retain, giving it over subsequently " to Metellus Celer 
 because, as he said/- he did not wish to leave Eome 
 at the end of his consulship. 
 
 ut. 
 
 non. 
 
 1 repulsa. 
 
 ^ ed lege ... 2 
 
 2 Impersonal ; or see Introd. 
 
 7 Omit. 
 
 56. 
 
 ^ dare. 
 
 3 Lit. there was still plenty 
 
 ^ pro. 
 
 of danger. 
 
 10 Avoid etiam 
 
 * consul designdtus. 
 
 11 posted. 
 
 fi Lit. not to injure. 
 
 12 Introd. 76. 
 
Tlie Story of Catiline. 63 
 
 EXERCISE 41. 
 
 In 63 ^ Catiline's opponents brought him to trial on 
 a charge of mnrder,^ which he was said^ to have com- 
 mitted in the times of Sulla. But he was acquitted, 
 and, being not at all discouraged by previous failures,'^ 
 decided to run for the consulship again this year. If 
 elected, he purposed as^ consul elect to fulfil at once 
 the promises^ made to the conspirators, hoping^ to be 
 able^ to persuade Antonius that it was to his advan- 
 tage 9 to disregard the pledge ^^ given to Cicero and to 
 aid his former friends. But it seems that that consul, 
 now that he had been given Macedonia, had little 
 sympathy ^1 with the conspiracy; so that^^ Catiline's 
 hope was probably ^^ groundless.^* Meanwhile, Cicero 
 was kept informed of all his plans, and protected his 
 own life with a guard of friends and clients. 
 
 1 Consuls, Marcus Tullius » The present infinitive of 
 Cicero and Gains Antonius posse is sufficient. 
 Hybrida. ^ interesse. 
 
 2 reum facere and genitive. ^^ fidem violdre. 
 
 3 Passive of arguere. ^^ minime favere. 
 
 4 repulsa. ^ igitur. 
 
 o Omit. ^^ Use veri simile esse. 
 
 6 promissa absolvere. ^^ vdnus. 
 
 7 See Exercise 33, n. 13. 
 
64 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 42. 
 
 Though Cicero had as yet no direct evidence 
 against^ the conspirators, he thought the danger so 
 grave that he induced the senate to postpone the 
 election, and to meet on that day to consider the situa- 
 tion^ more^ carefully. When the senate was con- 
 vened at that time, Cicero addressed Catiline, bidding 
 him clear'' himself if he could. He, as usual un- 
 abashed,^ proclaimed that he was the leader of the 
 popular party, and that he would not^ fail the people 
 if they needed his services. The senate, though 
 startled, did not pass a severe decree, despite the fact 
 that,^ a few- days before, when Cato threatened Cati- 
 line with a lawsuit,* the latter had declared that they ^ 
 would rue it, if he were in any way ^° injured. 
 
 1 certa indicia de. ® See Exercise 33, n. 8. 
 
 2 de his rebus agere. "^ quamqiiam. 
 
 3 See Exercise 38, n. 6 (end). ^ Accusative. 
 
 * purgdre. ® I.e. the senators. 
 
 ^ ut semper auddx. ^° quid. 
 
Tlie Story of Catiline. Qtb 
 
 EXERCISE 43. 
 
 IMeanwhile Manlius, an ally of Catiline, had gone to 
 Faesulae in Etruria/ and was there gathering an army 
 to aid him. It was now arranged^ that Manlius 
 should make an armed demonstration ^ on October 27, 
 w^hile^ at Rome Catiline should kill his competitors 
 and Cicero on election day,^ in case he was not chosen 
 consul. A rumor about the doings ^ in Etruria became 
 current^ in the city, and many citizens received anony- 
 mous * letters warning them to flee to the country. So 
 w^hen, on October 21, Cicero arose in the senate and 
 announced w^hat would take place ^ in a few days, the 
 decretum ultimum was passed, enjoining it^° upon the 
 consuls to see that the state suffered no injury. 
 
 1 B. 182. 2. 6 ; A. 428. j ; « Make a relative clause. 
 G. 337. R. 6; H. 418. 1. ^ percrebescere. 
 
 2 Use constituere. ^ sine nomine. 
 
 3 arma sumere. ^ A. 575. a ; G. 515 ; H. 649. 
 
 * Not a subordinating con- II. 1. 
 
 junction here. i° Use imperdre. 
 
 * Use in comitiis. 
 
66 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 44. 
 
 On the day of the election,^ Cicero went down to 
 the Campus Martius wearing^ a coat of mail ^ under 
 his toga. This he did, not because ^ he thought that 
 it would protect him, but because he wished all good 
 citizens to realize the danger. Silanus and Murena 
 were elected consuls, and Catiline found it impossible^ 
 to carry out his plan. Manlius, however, made a 
 demonstration on the appointed day, and it was an- 
 nounced that forces were gathering in other parts of 
 Italy, and that slaves were rising.^ The senate, fear- 
 ing^ that the towns of Italy would not be able to 
 check the disorder,** sent officers and forces to various 
 points, promising rewards to those who should give 
 information^ about the conspiracy. 
 
 ^ servitia excitdri. 
 7B. 336. 5; A. 491; G. 
 282. N. ; H. 640. 1. 
 ^ tumnltus. 
 ^ indicia deferre. 
 
 
 1 Relative clause. 
 
 
 
 
 2 gerere. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ lorica. 
 
 
 
 
 *B. 286. 1. & ; A. 
 
 540. 
 
 2. 
 
 N. 
 
 3 ; G. 541. N. 2 ; H. 
 
 s Lit. was not able. 
 
 588. 
 
 2. 
 
The Story of Catiline. 67 
 
 EXERCISE 45. 
 
 But though the conspirators were so many,^ no one 
 could be induced ^ to give information to the senate. 
 Meanwhile Catiline still lingered in the city ; and, in 
 order to lessen suspicion,^ he offered * to take up his 
 residence^ at the house of some prominent citizen, 
 where he could be watched. Cicero refused to receive 
 him, because, as he said,« he did not feeU safe while 
 they were within the same city walls, to say nothing 
 of ^ being ^ in the same house.^° Others also refused, 
 and it is probable that no one would have received 
 him, had he not gone finally to Marcus Marcellus, a 
 good friend" of his. At about this time word arrived 
 that Praeneste had been attacked on November 1, 
 but that the guards stationed by Cicero had pro- 
 tected it. 
 
 1 Lit. the multitude of the ^ See Exercise 40, n. 11. 
 conspirators was so great. "^ Use putdre. 
 
 2 Use persuddere. ^ nUum. 
 
 3 Lit. that suspicion might ^ Omit. 
 
 be less. ^° Avoid the singular of 
 
 4 Lit. said he was willing. aedes. 
 
 6 habitdre. " soddlis. 
 
68 Latin Composition — Part It. 
 
 EXERCISE 46. 
 
 On the night ^ of November 6, Catiline slipped 
 away from^ the house of Marcus Marcellus to meet 
 with the other ^ conspirators at the home of Marcus 
 Laeca. Catiline was almost ready * to leave the city 
 and join Manlius, and so there was much business to 
 be transacted at this meeting ; and, most ^ important 
 of all,^ since Catiline said that he was unwilling to 
 leave the city while Cicero was alive/ two Eoman 
 knights, Gains Cornelius and Lucius Vargunteius, 
 agreed to call upon Cicero at early dawn and, when 
 admitted to greet him, to kill him in his bed. The 
 meeting, it seems,* broke up too late for^ them to 
 carry out the plan that night, and it was accordingly 
 postponed until ^^ the following night. 
 
 1 noctu may be used. ^ Omit. 
 
 2 clam relinquere. "^ Ablative absolute. 
 
 3 aln or ceteri f ^ ut videtur. 
 
 * iam and the active peri- ^ See Exercise 36, n. 1. 
 
 phrastic. ^^ in. 
 
 ^ Lit. that which was most 
 important. 
 
Tlie Story of Catiline. 69 
 
 EXERCISE 47. 
 
 Cicero says that the meeting was hardly dismissed 
 when the news was carried to him. Thinking ^ that 
 the peril was great, he surrounded his house with 
 stronger - guards, and informed many prominent citi- 
 zens what the names of the two conspirators were, and 
 at what time they would come'^ to his house. When the 
 men arrived, they found closed doors ; and, after they 
 had gone away in anger,* Cicero convened^ the senate 
 in^ the temple" of Jupiter Stator. Thither « Catiline 
 ventured to come, though he realized that his plans 
 were discovered, and though Lucius Paulus had threat- 
 ened to bring him to trial ^ for sedition.^<^ 
 
 1 Cf. Exercise 44, x. 7. ^ ^ote the idea of motion in 
 
 2 mdior. convocdre. 
 
 3 See Exercise 43, n. 9. ' Singular or plural of aedes f 
 * irdtus. ^ See Exercise 33, n. 7, 
 '^convocdre, ^reumfacere. 
 
 10 de vi. 
 
70 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 48. 
 
 As ^ he was taking his seat,^ the other senators did 
 not hesitate to show their fear by leaving the nearest 
 benches empty. Then Cicero arose and delivered 
 against him a speech which was afterward written out 
 and preserved. At its close ^ Catiline tried to reply, 
 but the senators shouted " traitor " ^ and " murderer," 
 and he rushed forth from the senate house, leaving 
 the city that very night. As he journeyed^ he sent 
 back letters to influential men, to the effect^ that he 
 was going into exile at Marseilles/ that he had done 
 no wrong,^ and that he would not ^ have gone, had he 
 not feared that the commonwealth would suffer some 
 harm ^^ if he stood his ground." 
 
 1 dura. 6 Omit. 
 
 2 sessum ire. "^ See Exercise 43, n. 1. 
 
 3 Make ablative absolute by ^ Use innocens. 
 adding habitus, and see Exer- ^ See Exercise 33, n. 8. 
 cise 33, N. 7. i'^ Use nocere. 
 
 * hostis. 11 resistere. 
 
 ^ ex itinere. 
 
The Story of Catiline. 71 
 
 EXERCISE 49. 
 
 As soon as Cicero learned that Catiline had left the 
 city, he sent messengers to warn the municipalities 
 that^ the latter had taken up arms. On the next day 
 he assembled the citizens at Rome, telling them that 
 the man they had so greatly feared had departed at 
 last. Though Catiline had written to many promi- 
 nent men that he was going into exile, there was no 
 one who did not doubt the truth of this.- For Quin- 
 tus Catulus read in the senate a letter of very differ- 
 ent purport,^ which he said had been sent to him by 
 Catiline, to the effect^ that he (Catiline) had been 
 forced to take up arms, because he had not been 
 allowed , to have in the state the honors which he 
 deserved.^ 
 
 1 Cf. Exercise 37, n. 13. * Omit. 
 
 2 Lit. that this was true ^ Lit. of which he was 
 {ita res se habere). worthy. 
 
 2 longe diversiLs. 
 
72 Latin Composition — Part 11. 
 
 EXERCISE 50. 
 
 As a matter of fact/ Catiline in a few days reached 
 Manlius at Faesulae, having on the way taken the in- 
 signia of a consul and gathered forces on every hand. 
 The senate thereupon declared Catiline and Manlius 
 enemies of the state,^ and directed Antonius to take 
 the field ^ against them, Cicero being put in charge of 
 the city. At this same time there were unimportant * 
 disturbances in various parts of Italy, but these were 
 checked without difficulty. At Rome, Lentulus and 
 the other conspirators were planning to burn and 
 murder on the Saturnalia — a time^ at which they 
 expected that Catiline would approach the city with 
 an army to help them. 
 
 1 re vera. * minor. 
 
 2 hostis. ^ See Exercise 34, n. 15. 
 * helium inferred 
 
Tlie Story of Catiline. 73 
 
 EXERCISE 51. 
 
 Meanwhile ambassadors of the Allobroges came to 
 town, sent, as they said, because their citizens were 
 being injured by Romans. Thinking^ that these 
 Gauls would be very- useful allies if they could be 
 persuaded to assist the conspirators, Lentulus sent 
 Publius Umbrenus, who was a freedman and had 
 once^ been a trader^ in Gaul, to interview^ them. The 
 Gauls were easily persuaded that it was to their 
 interest to cast in their lot with*^ Lentulus, and Um- 
 brenus then conducted them to the house' of Deciraus 
 Brutus, who happened ^ to be away from the city at 
 that time, and whose wife Sempronia was in sym- 
 pathy with the conspirators. Thither Umbrenus 
 summoned Gabinius, that ^ the ambassadors might 
 have greater confidence. 
 
 1 See Exercise 33, n. 13, and " If domiis is used, distin- 
 Exercise 44, x. 7. guish between the construc- 
 
 2 per-. tions for 'house ' and 'home.' 
 2 quondam. ^ Use forte. 
 
 * Use negotidn. ^ Note the comparative in 
 
 ^ convenire. the clause. 
 
 6 Lit. join with. 
 
74 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 52. 
 
 When the Allobroges heard the names of many 
 prominent citizens whom Gabinius mentioned as^ im- 
 plicated^ in the conspiracy, they promised to help, and 
 were dismissed. But the conspirators made a great 
 mistake^ in^ trusting them; for, after hesitating long 
 whether to do^ what they had promised or to disclose 
 the matter, they finally told all to their patron 
 Quintus Fabius Sanga, and he lost no time ^ in report- 
 ing what he had heard ^ to Cicero. The latter, feeling^ 
 that at last he had the opportunity for which he had 
 long been waiting, urged the Gauls to approach as 
 many as possible,® pretending^" that they were friends, 
 and to secure a sworn statement" from them. In this 
 way he hoped that the conspirators would be taken ^^ 
 off their guard. ■^'^ 
 
 1 Lit. said were. 7 Or lit. these things. 
 
 2 particeps. s rerl. 
 
 3 stultissime facei'e. ^ quam with superlative, 
 
 ^ cum and indicative. lo See again Exercise 33, 
 
 s Do not confuse the delib- n, 13. 
 erative question with the case " ius iurandum. 
 
 referred to Exercise 43, n. 9. 12 gee Exercise 38, n. 1. 
 
 6 Use celeriter. i^ incautus. 
 
Tlie Story of Catiline. 75 
 
 EXERCISE 53. 
 
 Lentulus, Cetliegus, and ^ Statilins were easily per- 
 suaded to give them letters to take back to their own 
 countrymen to the effect- that they^ would perform 
 what they had promised the ambassadors. In the 
 same letters they assured the Gauls that there was 
 plenty of infantry in Italy, and directed them to see 
 to it^ that cavalry be not lacking. It seems that^ 
 Lucius Cassius suspected treachery on the part- of 
 the ambassadors; at any rate^ he declined to give a 
 sworn statement, saying that' he would soon visit ^ 
 their people in Gaul, and left the city a few days 
 before they were ready to start. ^ ^Meanwhile it had 
 been arranged that Titus Yolturcius of Crotona^*' 
 should go with the ambassadors and conduct them to 
 Catiline, so that they might make a compact ^^ with 
 him on the way home.^^ 
 
 1 See Exercise 34, x. 4. by a causal clause ; cf . Introd. 
 
 2 Omit. 76. 
 
 2 I. e. Lentulus and the 
 
 s ire ad. 
 
 others. 
 
 ^ iter face re. 
 
 * curare. 
 
 10 Crotoniensis. 
 
 ^ See Exercise 33, n. 4. 
 
 11 societdtem confirmdre. 
 
 6 certe. 
 
 12 Lit. travelling (profi- 
 
 7 This may be paraphrased 
 
 clsci) home. 
 
Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 54. 
 
 Lentulus entrusted ^ to Volturcius a letter to Cati- 
 line also, urging him to enlist even^ slaves — the very 
 thing which Cicero had hoped he would do. Ac- 
 cordingly the latter ordered that, on the night ^ of 
 December 2, the praetors Lucius Flaccus and Gains 
 Pomptinus should lie in wait^ with armed men near^ 
 the Mulvian bridge. And when the ambassadors and 
 Volturcius began'' to cross, these'' made a sudden 
 attack. The Allobroges, suspecting that it had been 
 done by Cicero's order, at once surrendered; but Vol- 
 turcius wished to fight, until he found himself alone.^ 
 Then he too surrendered, and the letters were seized 
 by the praetors. This happened at about the end of ^ 
 the third watch, and as day was breaking, the men 
 and letters arrived ^^ at Cicero's house. 
 
 1 dare ; with dative of car- ^ ^^^ 
 
 rier and ad with accusative of ^ See Exercise 36, n. 1. 
 
 the person addressed. "^ See Exercise 33, n. 7. 
 
 2 Lit. not to refuse even. ^ Lit. deserted. 
 
 3 Use noctu. ^ Use exdctus. 
 
 * insidids facere. i° Use deducere. 
 
Tlie Story of Catiline., 77 
 
 EXERCISE 55. 
 
 As soon as the men arrived, Cicero summoned 
 to him Gabinius, Statilius, Cethegiis, Lentulus, and 
 Caepariiis. These all, suspecting nothing, came one 
 by one,^ excepting ^ Caeparius. Apparentl}^^ he had 
 heard what had happened, for he tried to escape ; but 
 he was intercepted and brought back. IMeanwhile, 
 as the news spread,^ prominent citizens hastened to 
 Cicero's house and tried to persuade him to open the 
 letters at once, so that he might not call the senate 
 together and' disturb the city unless there were some^ 
 need.' He, however, said that he would not^ break 
 the seals ^ until the senate had convened, well^*^ know- 
 ing what the letters contained. ^^ There are some, 
 however, who think he did this^- in order to make a 
 greater show.^^ 
 
 1 siiigidi. ^ Cf. Exercise 25, x. 8. 
 
 2 Ablative absolute {exci- ^ Use linum incidere. 
 pere). ^° c^rto. 
 
 3 Use videri. ^^ Lit. what was written in 
 * percrehescere. the letters. 
 
 5 neve. ^^ ^ta se gerere. 
 
 6 Omit. ^^ ostentdtio. 
 ■^ opus. 
 
78 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 56. 
 
 While ^ the senate was gathering, Gains Snlpicins 
 was sent by Cicero, on the suggestion ^ of the Ailo- 
 broges, to see whether^ there were any"* weapons in 
 the house of Cethegus. He found a great number 
 there — a thing which made the guilt ^ of the conspir- 
 ators all the clearer. Meanwhile the senate had con- 
 vened in^ the temple of Concord, and thither came 
 Cicero, personally'^ leading Lentulus, because he was 
 still praetor, the other conspirators being brought 
 under guard.^ Volturcius was the first witness brought 
 in; and when he had been allowed to turn state's evi- 
 dence,^ he declared that he had been sent with a letter 
 to Catiline, and that, with the help of the latter,^" the 
 conspirators had hoped to destroy Kome and kill 
 many of the citizens. 
 
 1 dum. * Place Where or To Which? 
 
 2 admonitu. ' ipse. 
 
 3 mim. ^ cum custodihus. 
 
 * B. 252. 1; A. 149. 6; ^ ei fidem puhlicam darl. 
 
 G. 107. 1. R.; H. 186. lo Ablative absolute. 
 
 ^ scelus. 
 
The Story of Catiline. 79 
 
 EXERCISE 57. 
 
 Though the Allobroges had been among ^ the con- 
 spirators but^ a few days, they were able to disclose 
 much, — that Lentulus and the others had hoped 
 that horsemen would be sent from Gaul, that Len- 
 tulus believed that he was the third Cornelius who 
 should rule over the Romans, and that Cethegus had 
 wanted to burn and murder ^ at once, without waiting ^ 
 for the Saturnalia. When the letters were brought 
 out, the conspirators at first attempted to deny all, 
 and Lentulus actually^ asked the ambassadors what 
 business he had ever had ^ with them. But at last 
 they gave it up,'' admitting all that the Gauls charged; 
 and Lentulus acknowledged the seal on the letter to 
 Catiline,^ even though it was anonymous.^ 
 
 1 versari inter. ^ Lit. what there had ever 
 
 2 Implied in pauci. been to him. 
 
 3 Use facer e and accusa- " desistere. 
 tives. 8 Supply datus. 
 
 * Cf. Exercise 33, n. 8. ^ sine nomine. 
 
 * ultro. 
 
80 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 58. 
 
 In order that no one^ might thereafter be able to 
 claim that the evidence was not faithfully^ tran- 
 scribed in ^ the public records, Cicero had arranged 
 that all the words of the witnesses, the questions ^ and 
 answers, should be taken down'' by certain senators, 
 men of known integrity,^ who, because of their mem- 
 ory, knowledge, and speed in'' writing, could most 
 easily follow^ what was said. These public records 
 he later ordered copied, and distributed them over 
 alP Italy, even sending them to every province, be- 
 cause, he says, he desired that no one should fail 
 to know ^^ of this evidence from which salvation had 
 been secured ^^ for the state. He claims that there 
 was no place on earth where the name of Rome was ^^ 
 
 known, to which this evidence did not go.^^ 
 
 * 
 
 1 Cf. Exercise 56, n. 4. 9 Introd. 47. 
 ^falso. 1° expers esse. 
 
 2 referri in and accusative. ^^ Use offerrl. 
 
 * interrogdtum. ^'^ For sequence, see Exer- 
 
 ^ \]&e perscrihere. cise 37, x. 4. 
 ^ fides probata. ^^ Lit. but that this evi- 
 
 ■^ Lit. of. dence went to the same 
 
 8 persequi. place. 
 
The Story of Catiline. 81 
 
 EXERCISE 59. 
 
 After the evidence had been taken down, the senate 
 thanked^ Cicero, Flaccus, and Pomptinus, decreeing 
 that, when Lentuhis had laid down his praetorship,- 
 he and the other conspirators shoukl be put under 
 arrest.^ This decree applied as well to'* several indi- 
 viduals^ who were not present. On this occasion a 
 thanksgiving also was voted in Cicero's name^ — an 
 honor which he says had never before fallen '' to any 
 but a warrior,^ and which he claims had hitherto been 
 granted because the interests of the state had been 
 furthered,^ but now because the state itself had been 
 preserved. When this business was transacted, the 
 senators were dismissed, and Cicero, going outdoors,^° 
 addressed the people, keeping them until evening as 
 he related what had just taken place within. 
 
 1 grdtids agere. ^ Ablative, without prepo 
 
 2 se praeturd ahdicdre. sition. 
 
 3 in custodiam trddi. "^ contingere. . 
 * Lit. the same thing was ^ armdtus. 
 
 decreed against. ^ I'es publica bene geri. 
 
 5 Omit. '^^ fords. 
 
Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 60. 
 
 The senate met again on the following day, and 
 liberal- rewards were given the Allobroges. On re- 
 turning from the senate meeting,^ it seems that Cicero 
 was received at^ the house of a friend, because the 
 rites of the Bona Dea were taking place at his own. 
 And there is a story'* to the effect^ that when the 
 ashes ^ were nearly dead, a sudden flame shot up on^ 
 the altar of the goddess, and that when this occur- 
 rence ^ was reported by Terentia to Cicero, he imme- 
 diately accepted it as a good^ omen. Though the 
 story may not be true, it is nevertheless clear that, 
 now that he had the conspirators in his power, Cicero 
 w^as hesitating what to do next, and that during this 
 night his courage was somehow ^° strengthened. For 
 in the morning he had decided to inflict the severest " 
 penalty. 
 
 1 mdximus. "^ exdrdescere ex. 
 
 2 d sendtu. ^ res. 
 
 3 See Exercise 56, n. 6. ^ secnndiis. 
 
 " * trdditinn est. ^^ nescib quo pacto. 
 
 * Omit. 11 ultimus. 
 
 ^ favilla (singular). 
 
The Story of Catiline. 83 
 
 EXERCISE 61. 
 
 Meanwhile Lentulus and the other conspirators 
 were in the custody of ^ individual senators, and it 
 is worth ^ mentioning that it was'^ Statilius who had 
 been committed to Caesar. It is probable ^ that a dif- 
 ferent arrangement would have been made,^ if Cicero 
 had not suspected that Caesar was in sympathy with 
 the conspiracy. Apparently ^ he was unwilling to put 
 Lentulus or Cethegus in his charge/ fearing that he 
 would not keep guard carefully. At this same time 
 friends of the conspirators tried to gather a band ^ of 
 slaves and workmen to rescue them by force. When 
 Cicero learned of this/ he at once stationed guards 
 — a thing which perhaps he ought to have done^^ 
 beforehand. 
 
 1 Lit. were guarded by. ^ Use videri. 
 
 ^ operae pretium esse. "> Use credere. 
 
 3 Of. Exercise 35, x. 6. ^ manum compardre. 
 
 * veri simile. ^ See Exercise 33, n. 7. 
 
 5 Lit. it would have been lo B. 270. 2 ; A. 486. a ; G. 
 
 done otherwise. 280. 2. & ; H. 618. 2. 
 
84 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 62. 
 
 On December 5 the senate met to consider what 
 punishment was to be inflicted upon the conspirators/ 
 and Decimus Junius Silanus, consul elect, was first^ 
 asked his opinion.^ He declared that he thought 
 the men deserved^ the severest punishment, meaning 
 thereby^ that they ought to be executed. Though 
 many assented to this view,^ Nero urged '^ that no ac- 
 tion be taken ^ on that day, because, as he said, there 
 was not sufficient force at hand^ to carry out the sen- 
 ate's decrees. Then Julius Caesar arose and warned 
 the senators that ^° they could not lawfully " put 
 Roman citizens to death without a trial,^^ as Silanus 
 had proposed, reminding ^^ them that their ancestors 
 had allowed even condemned criminals " to go into 
 exile, if they chose.^^ 
 
 1 Lit, with what punishment ^ Lit. that nothing be done ; 
 the conspirators should be vis- see also Exercise 56, n. 4. 
 ited {affici). ^ Use adesse. 
 
 2 B. 239 ; A. 290 ; G. 325. i« Cf. Exercise 37, n. 13. 
 R. 6 ; H. 497. " iure. 
 
 3 Introd. 2. ^^ causa indictd. 
 * Lit. were worthy of. ^^ commemordre. 
 ^ Lit. by these words. ^^ Omit. 
 
 6 Lit. to him. ^^velle. 
 
 "^ contendere. 
 
Tfie Story of Catiline. 85 
 
 EXERCISE 63. 
 
 He also^ argued that exile was a severer punish- 
 ment than death; for. he said,- death brings an end of 
 misery. Finally, he declared that, if Cicero and the 
 senate should put the conspirators to death without a 
 trial, they would regret it later; that there was no 
 danger while men like Cicero held the consulship, but 
 that at some time, with this precedent,"^ an unprin- 
 cipled consul might '* renew the proscriptions of Sulla. 
 He therefore proposed that^ the goods of the con- 
 spirators be confiscated and that the men should be 
 guarded in various cities throughout ^ Italy. This 
 speech produced a marked effect,' and Silanus tried to 
 explain that by saying^ that the men deserved the 
 severest punishment, he did not mean^ that they 
 should be executed. 
 
 ^ porro. ^ censere and gerundive 
 
 2 Omit. Cbnstruction. 
 
 ^ hoc exeraplo. ^ Use totus. 
 
 * The present of posse is ^ multum valere. 
 
 sufficient. ^ cK?n-clause. 
 
 9 
 
 velle. 
 
86 Latin Compositioyi — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 64. 
 
 Even^ Quintus Cicero began to fear that his brother 
 Marcus might not be able to carry through ^ his plan. 
 And it seems that he was alarmed for his brother's 
 safety; at any rate, when the latter arose, he men- 
 tioned early ^ in his speech the dejection"* of Quintus. 
 Though Cicero tried to speak in such a way that it 
 would be thought that he did not care^ which^ punish- 
 ment the senators chose/ still it is clear ^ that he 
 wished the conspirators to be executed. And it is 
 likely ° that he would have spoken more freely/° if 
 Caesar and others had been in sympathy with his 
 view." The senate was not persuaded by this speech 
 that they ought to execute the conspirators; but after 
 Cato had spoken, they no longer had any^^ doubt ^^ on 
 that point. 
 
 1 quin etiam. ® constdre. 
 
 2 trdnsigere. i ® veri simile. 
 ^ Use primus. ^^ libere. 
 
 ^ maeror. " sententia. 
 
 ^ Use cura. ^'^ Omit. 
 
 6 I.e. which of the two. ^^ Use duhitdre. 
 ■^ See Exercise 43, n. 9. 
 
The Story of Catiline. 87 
 
 EXERCISE 65. 
 
 Cato warned the senate that the danger was great, 
 and that there was need of energetic action,^ pointing 
 out^ that many citizens had in former days^ been put 
 to death without a trial by their peers.'* So he ad- 
 vised that the extreme punishment be inflicted ■' at 
 once, and the majority^ of the senators assented^ to 
 his view. When the decree had once been passed, 
 Cicero allowed no night to intervene, but conducted 
 the conspirators immediately to the Tullianum, where 
 they were let down one by one and strangled.^ When 
 he came forth he uttered but a single phrase^ to the 
 people, "They have been," meaning thereby that the 
 conspirators were dead. Then there was great re- 
 joicing throughout the whole city because, it was 
 thought, all danger was now dispelled. 
 
 1 agere (gerundive) cum ^ Lit. the greater part, 
 severitdte. "^ Syuesis may be allowed 
 
 2 commemordre. here. 
 
 2 Lit. past ages. ^ Use gulam laqueo fran^ 
 
 * iniussu populi, gere. 
 
 ^ Use sumere. ^ vox. 
 
88 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 66. 
 
 At about this same time a certain Lucius Tarquinius 
 was brought into the senate, claiming^ that he had 
 been sent by Crassus to encourage Catiline, and totelP 
 him not to be downcast^ because the other conspirators 
 had been caught. There were some who thought that 
 Cicero had instigated* Tarquinius to tell this story ,^ 
 in order that Crassus might not dare to defend the ar- 
 rested ® conspirators. Others believed that the whole 
 thing' was devised by Autronius, a friend of Cati- 
 line, that Crassus, being in^ like danger, might more 
 readily help the others who were charged ^ with impli- 
 cation in the conspiracy. Sallust states that Crassus 
 complained in his hearing ^° that it was Cicero who 
 had subjected ^^ him to this insult. 
 
 1 dlcere. ^ Relative clause. 
 
 2 'Tell' means more than "^ 'the . . . thing,' id. 
 ' relate ' here. ^ particeps esse. 
 
 3 (nou) se animo demittere. ^ argin and infinitive. 
 * persuddere. ^° Ablative absolute. 
 
 ^ Omit. 11 Use imponere. 
 
The Story of Catiline. 89 
 
 EXERCISE 67. 
 
 Whether Crassus sent Tarquinius or not^ is uncer- 
 tain, but it seems that many at this time suspected 
 that he was in sympathy with the conspirators. And 
 though he and Caesar reported facts- about the con- 
 spiracy to Cicero, trying in this way to show that they 
 were loyal '^ to the state, it is by no means certain'* 
 that they would not have been glad to^ reap the 
 benefits/ if Catiline's plans had turned out well. 
 Some believed that, by the speech which he delivered'' 
 in the senate, Caesar was trying to help his former 
 allies whom he had deserted. Indeed,^ as he left the 
 temple of Concord on that day, certain knights, who 
 were on guard, threatened him with their swords. 
 
 1 See Exercise .37, n. 3. ^ Use libenter. 
 
 2 indicium deferre. ^ fructiis. 
 ^ amdns. "^ habere. 
 
 * parum constdre. ^ quin etiam. 
 
90 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 68. 
 
 Later Caesar was brought to trial, being accused 
 by Quintus Curius and Lucius Vettius of having 
 been^ in the conspiracy. But he managed- to es- 
 cape ; for Cicero was persuaded to testify ^ that he 
 had brought him information about the conspiracy — 
 a thing which seemed to show that he"* was not a 
 friend of Catiline. At about this time many others 
 were tried, and some of them went into exile. In 
 fact, some years later, when Cicero was himself ex- 
 iled,^ he feared to go to Athens because, as he says, 
 some of these men were still living there. He there- 
 fore proceeded to Thessalonica, where he remained 
 for several months, and then came back to Epirus. 
 
 1 See Exercise %'o, n. 9. * I.e. Caesar. 
 
 "^ facere 2it. ^ Use in exilium pellere. 
 
 3 indicdre. 
 
Hie Story of Catiline. 91 
 
 EXERCISE 69. 
 
 To return^ to Catiline, he had united his forces 
 with those ^ of Manlius, and was adding any others 
 he could secure. Though the army was a small one, 
 still he declined^ to accept slaves, fearing that it 
 might seem that in his choice'^ of soldiers he was not 
 discriminating^ enough. About one-fourth of the men 
 had regular*^ arms, the others being supplied with 
 spears, sharpened stakes, and other similar weapons. 
 With this army he must oppose'' either the consul 
 Antonius, who was now in Etruria, or Metellus Celer 
 the praetor, who was beyond the Apennines. While 
 waiting for news from Rome, he avoided meeting 
 either^ of these; and when he learned what had hap- 
 pened there, his first design was^ to cross the moun- 
 tains and flee into Gaul. 
 
 1 B. 282. 4 ; A. 5.32 ; G. 545. 6 iustus. 
 
 R. 3 ; H. .568. 4. "^ Gerundive ; see Introd. 91. 
 
 2 Lit. the army. ^ Lit. gave opportunity of 
 
 3 nolle. fighting to neither. 
 
 * Not abstract. ^ Lit. he first designed. 
 
 ^ severus. 
 
92 Latin Composition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 70. 
 
 Finding that Metellus Celer had anticipated^ his 
 plan and had encamped at the foot- of the mountains 
 to cut him off, he decided to fight Antonius, thinking 
 that he, being an old ^ ally, would perhaps not try to 
 crush him. But Antonius gave it out^ that he was 
 lame,^ and put in command of his troops Marcus 
 Petreius, a tried ^ soldier. A fierce battle took place ^ 
 near Pistoria; but the result^ was certain from the 
 beginning. When Catiline saw his forces scattered, 
 he plunged in among the thickest of the enemy, and 
 died far from his troops. The latter fought bravely, 
 falling in their places^ with wounds in front ^°; and 
 though we may not approve their designs, still we 
 cannot but^^ admire their courage. 
 
 '^ praesentire. ^ Lit. of what sort the re- 
 
 2 radices. suit would be. 
 
 3 quondam may be used. ^ Lit. where they had taken 
 * simuldre. their stand. 
 
 ^ pedibus aeger. i*^ Use adversus (adjective). 
 
 ® veterdnus. ^^ Lit. we cannot not. 
 
 pugndre (impersonal). 
 
Tlie Story of Catiline. 93 
 
 EXERCISE 71. 
 
 Not only did Catiline's soldiers fight bravely, but 
 there were some who said that out of ^ all his forces 
 no freeborn^ citizen was taken alive.^ And Petreius 
 won his victory * by no means easily ; indeed, it is 
 reported that all the most energetic^ of his soldiers 
 either fell in battle or received serious^ wounds. 
 After the fight was over,' the body of Catiline was 
 found where the strife had been fiercest,^ and there is 
 a story ^ that Antonius had ^° his head cut off and sent 
 it to the officials at Eome. It was in the year 62 ^^ that 
 this battle took place, and with it the war ended ;^ 
 for the remnants of Catiline's forces scattered in 
 various directions, and there was no further armed 
 resistance.-^^ 
 
 1 ex. ^ Use forms of dcriter and 
 
 2 ingenuus. certdre (impersonal). 
 
 3 Omit. ^ See Exercise 60, x. 4. 
 * Lit. victory was won i'' ciirdre. 
 
 (partus) by Petreius. ^^ Consuls, D. Junius Sila- 
 
 ^ Use qidsque and a form nus and L. Licinius Murena. 
 
 oipromptus ; B. 2o^. b. c; A. i^ Lit. this battle taking- 
 
 313. 6 ; G. 318. 2 ; H. 515. 2. place {/actus) . . . brought 
 
 ^ gravis. (aferre) an end to the war. 
 
 ' Use depugndre (imper- ^^ Use ultra and in acie 
 
 sonal. dimicdre. 
 
94 Latin Comx)Osition — Part II. 
 
 EXERCISE 72. 
 
 Meanwhile at Rome, as I have above mentioned, 
 many were charged Avith being implicated^ in the 
 conspiracy, and some of them went into exile. But 
 there still remained - in the city a disorderly element ^ 
 which Cicero regarded^ as in sympathy with Cati- 
 line's plans. In his speeches subsequently ^ delivered 
 he oftens refers to^ them, using'' the same designa- 
 tions^ once applied to Catiline and his allies. As a 
 matter of fact,^ this very element showed hostility ^° 
 to Cicero a little later when Clodius came forward ^^ 
 as its leader. Whether or not ^^ Catiline's conspiracy 
 was very dangerous ^^ is a question ^^ still undecided ^^; 
 but Cicero did not hesitate everywhere ^^ to claim that, 
 in^'' suppressing it, he had saved the state. 
 
 1 See Exercise 66, n. 9, and ^ See Exercise 50, n. 1. 
 omit ' implicated.' i*^ Lit. showed {praebere) 
 
 2 Lit. was. itself hostile. 
 ^ f actio turhulenta. ^^ provenire. 
 
 ^ putdre. 12 See Exercise 37, n. 3. 
 
 5 posted. 1^ mdgnopere timendus. 
 
 ^ designdre. i* Omit. 
 
 ■^ If ablative absolute is i^ sub iudice. 
 
 used, a passive of uti may ^^ omnibus locis. 
 
 be suppli'ed by usurpdri. '^" See Exercise 52, n. 4. 
 
 ^ nomen. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
English words in parentheses, unless in heavy face, are added to 
 limit the range of application of the words defined. 
 
 The principal parts of irregular verbs and the comparison of 
 irregular adjectives and adverbs may be found in the lists follow- 
 ing the vocabulary. 
 
 Superior figures following Exercise numbers (as Exercise 7"^) 
 refer to sentence numbers in the Exercises of Part I. 
 
 abl., ablative. 
 absoL, absolute. 
 aec, accusative. 
 act., active. 
 adj., adjective. 
 adv., adverb, 
 c, common (gender). 
 compar., comparative. 
 conj., conjunction. 
 dat., dative. 
 demon., demonstrative. 
 F., feminine. 
 gen., genitive. 
 impers., impersonal. 
 indecL, indeclinable. 
 infin., infinitive. 
 
 inter., interrogative. 
 M., masculine. 
 N., neuter. 
 n., noun. 
 neut., neuter. 
 part., participle. 
 pass., passive. 
 plu., plural. 
 prep., preposition. 
 pro., pronoun. 
 reflex., reflexive. 
 rel., relative. 
 sing., singular. 
 subj., subjunctive. 
 superL, superlative. 
 v., verb. 
 
 96 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 a, an, usually untranslated; 
 
 rarely, is, ea, id ; quidam, 
 
 quaedam, quoddam. 
 a long time, diu. 
 a single, uiius, -a, -um. 
 able (be), posse. 
 abound, abundare, copiosus 
 
 (-a, -um) esse. 
 about, adv., fere. 
 about, j>rei9., {-concerning), 
 
 de idth abl. ; of time, circi- 
 
 ter icith ace. 
 above, supra, 
 absent, absens, -entis. 
 accept, accipere, recipere. 
 accomplish, efficere. 
 accordingly, itaque. 
 accusation, crimen, -inis, x. 
 accuse, accusare, arguere, reum 
 
 facere. 
 acknowledge, cognSseere. 
 acquit, absolvere. 
 act, w., factum, -i, n. ; of a 
 
 play, actus, -us, m. 
 act, v., agere. 
 
 act through, peragere. 
 
 action, motus, -us, m. 
 actually, ultro. 
 add, addere, adicere. 
 address, contionari ad and ace. ; 
 
 {an individual), appellare. 
 admire, admlrarl. 
 admit, intromittere, admittere ; 
 
 (a thing to be true), con- 
 
 fiteri. 
 adopt a plan, consilium inire. 
 advance, progredi. 
 advantage, usus, -us, m. 
 advice, consilium, -I, n. 
 advise, censere. 
 advocate, suadere. 
 Aemilius, Aemilius, -i, m. 
 affair, res, rel, f. 
 afraid (be), vereri, metuere. 
 Africa. Africa, -ae, r. 
 Africans, Afri, -orum, m. 
 Africanus, Africanus, -i, m. 
 after, conj., postquam, cum. 
 after, prep. , post loith ace. 
 afterward, postea, post. 
 again, denuo. 
 against, in loith ace. 
 against one another, inter se. 
 
 97 
 
age 
 
 98 
 
 apparently 
 
 age, of ma7i, aetas, -atis, f. ; of 
 time in general^ saeculum, 
 -I, N. 
 
 agree (to do a thing), polliceri. 
 
 agreeable, gratus, -a, -um, 
 
 aid, n.f auxilium, -i, n. 
 
 aid, v., adiuvare, auxiliari, suc- 
 currere, opitulari. 
 
 Ajax, Aiax, -acis, m. 
 
 alarmed for (be), timere de 
 and ahl., or timere icith 
 dat. 
 
 Albinus, Albinus, -!, m. 
 
 alive, vivus, -a, -um. 
 
 all, omnis, -e ; totus, -a, -um. 
 all the Qimth compar.)^ tanto. 
 all the more, magis. 
 
 Allobroges, Allobroges, -um, m. 
 
 allow, patl. 
 allow to turn state's evi- 
 dence, (alicul) fidem piib- 
 licam dare, 
 allowed (be), licere. 
 
 ally, socius, -i, m. 
 
 along with, una cum with abl. 
 
 already, iam. 
 
 also, quoque, porro. 
 
 altar, altaria, -ium, n. 
 
 although, etsi, quamquam, 
 tametsi, quamvis, cum ; 
 with all of these tamen rnay 
 he added in the conclnsion. 
 
 altogether, omnlno. 
 
 always, semper. 
 
 ambassador, legatus, -i, m. 
 
 ambitious, gloriae avidus, -a, 
 -um. 
 
 among, apud imth ace. 
 among (be), versari inter 
 and ace. 
 
 ancestors, maiores, -um, m. 
 
 and, et, -que, atque, porro, and 
 often untranslated ;{=how- 
 euer), vero ; ( = moreover), 
 autem, 
 and accordingly, itaque. 
 and never, neque umquam. 
 and not (no), neque (nee). 
 and so, itaque. 
 
 announce, nuntiare ; praedicere 
 (Exercise 43). 
 
 anonymous, sine nomine. 
 
 another, alter, -era, -erum. 
 
 answer, ?z., responsum, -i, n. 
 
 answer, v., respondere. 
 
 anticipate, praesentire. 
 
 Antium, Antium, -T, >-. 
 
 Antonius, Antonius, -i, m. 
 
 anxiety, sollicitudo, -inis, f. 
 
 anxious (be), to do a thing, 
 cupere. 
 
 anxiously, cupide. 
 
 any, adj., (si, ne, num) qui, 
 qua, quod ; omnis, -e 
 (Exercise 69). 
 
 any, n. , anyone, (si, ne, num) 
 quis, (quid) ; in negative 
 clauses, quisquam, (quic- 
 quam). 
 
 anything, omnia, -ium, n. (Ex- 
 ercise 19^). , 
 
 anywhere, (si) quo. 
 
 Apennines, Apenninus, -i, m. 
 
 apparently, use viderL 
 
appear 
 
 99 
 
 at the same time 
 
 appear, videri. 
 apply (a name), imponere. 
 appoint, constituere. 
 appointed, constittitus, -a, 
 -um. 
 approach, adire ; venire ad and 
 
 ace. 
 approve, probare. 
 Apronius, Apronlus, -i, m, 
 Aquinum, Aqulnum, -i, x. 
 Archytas, Archj'tas, -ae, m. 
 argue, disputare. 
 argument, argumentum, -I, n. 
 arise, surgere. 
 arm, armare. 
 armed, cum telo. 
 armed man, armatus, -I, m. 
 arms, arm a, -orum, n. 
 army, exercitus, -us, m. 
 arrange, constituere ; providere 
 (Exercise 58). 
 arranged (be), fieri. 
 arrest, comprehendere. 
 arrive, venire, pervenire, ad- 
 venire, adire. 
 as, cum, dum ; ut, sicut. 
 as a result of, ex with ahl. 
 as ... as possible, quam 
 
 with superl. 
 as great, tantus, -a, -um. 
 as high as, of price., tantus (-a, 
 -um) . . . quantus(-a, -um). 
 as much as, tantus (-a, -um) 
 
 . . . quantus (-a, -um). 
 as much as possible, quan- 
 tum with the proper form 
 of posse. 
 
 as soon as, cum primum. 
 
 as though, quasi. 
 
 as to, ut {result). 
 Asconius, Ascdnius, -i, m. 
 ashamed (be), pudere. 
 ashes, favilla, -ae, f.; use sing. 
 Asia, Asia, -ae, f. 
 ask, rogare, poscere, quaerere. 
 assail, insectari. 
 assemble, act., convocare. 
 assemble, neiit., convenire. 
 assembly, concilium, -i, n. 
 assent, assentiri. 
 assign to, dare and dat. 
 assist, adiuvare, auxiliari. 
 associated, coniiinctus, -a, -um. 
 assure, confirmare with dat. 
 {and infinitive) . 
 
 assured, exploratus, -a, -um. 
 at, in with ahl. ; lohen motion 
 is implied, in loith ace. 
 
 at any rate, certe. 
 
 at any time, (num) quando. 
 
 at early dawn, prima luce. 
 
 at first, primd. 
 
 at hand (be), adesse. 
 
 at last, postrerao, tum de- 
 mum, iam. 
 
 at once, statim. 
 
 at some time, of the future, 
 aliquando. 
 
 at that time, tum. 
 
 at the end of, use exactus, 
 -a, -um. 
 
 at the house of, ad, apud 
 vnth ace. 
 
 at the same time, simul. 
 
at the time 
 
 100 
 
 both . . . and 
 
 at the time (when), cum. 
 
 at this same time, per idem 
 tempus. 
 
 at this time, turn. 
 
 at times, nonnumquam. 
 Athens, Athenae, -arum, f. 
 attack, n., impetus, -us, m. 
 attack, v., oppugnare. 
 attempt, conafi. 
 Atticus, Atticus, -I, m. 
 audacity, audacia, -ae, f. 
 augur, augur, -uris, m. 
 Aurelius, Aurelius, -I, m. 
 authority, auctoritas, -atis, r. 
 Autronius, Autronius, -T, >i. 
 avert, avertere. 
 avoid, vltare, evitare. 
 away from (be), abesse ab and 
 abl. 
 
 B 
 
 bad, malus, -a -um ; improbus, 
 -a, -um. 
 
 banquet, convivium, -i, n. 
 
 battle, proelium, -i, n. ; pugna, 
 -ae, F. 
 battle take place, impers. 
 pass, of pugnare. 
 
 be, esse, fieri. 
 
 bear, ferre, sustinere. 
 
 because, quod, quia, (non) 
 quo ; abl. absol. may some- 
 times be used. 
 
 become, fieri. 
 become current, percrebe- 
 scere. 
 
 bed, lectulus, -i, m. 
 
 before, adv., antea, ante. 
 before, conj., antequam, prius- 
 
 quam. 
 before, prep., ante tvith ace. 
 beforehand, antea. 
 beg, orare ; petere (ab and abl.). 
 
 beg off, deprecarl. 
 begin, incipere ; i7i the perfect 
 
 tenses, coepisse. 
 beginning, initium, -i, n. 
 believe, credere, 
 bench, subsellium, -I, n. 
 benefit, bonum, -I, n. ; fructus, 
 
 -us, M. 
 besiege, obsidere. 
 between, inter loith ace. 
 beyond, trans ivith ace. 
 
 beyond doubt, manifesto. 
 bid, iubere (with infinitive). 
 bind, astringere. 
 binding, firmus, -a, -um. 
 bitterly, acriter. 
 blacken character, mores in- 
 
 faraes facere. 
 blame, culpa, -ae, f. 
 blessing, bonum, -i, n. 
 blood, sanguis, -inis, m. 
 boast, gloriari. 
 boastful, gloriosus, -a, -um. 
 boat, navis, -is, r. 
 body, corpus, -oris, n. 
 bold, audax, -acis. 
 book, liber, -bri, m. 
 born (be), nasci. 
 both, uterque, utraque, utrum- 
 
 que. 
 both . . . and, et . . . et. 
 
bra 
 
 brave, fortis, -e. 
 bravely, fortiter. 
 bravery, virtus, -utis, f. 
 break down, frangere. 
 
 break up, neut., pass, of 
 dimittere. 
 bribery, ambitus, -us, m. 
 bridge, pons, pontis, m. 
 brilliancy, iugeuiuin, -i, x. 
 bring, ducere, afferre ; {accusa- 
 tion)^ inferre ; (informa- 
 tion)^ deferre. 
 bring back, retrahere. 
 bring in (into), introducere. 
 bring out, proferre. 
 bring to pass, perficere. 
 bring to trial, in iudicium 
 
 vocare. reum facere. 
 bring together, conferre, con- 
 vocare. 
 Brogitarus, Brogitarus, -I, m. 
 brother, frater, -tris, m. 
 Brundisium, Brundisium, -i, n. 
 Brutus, Brutus, -i, m. 
 building, tectum, -i, n. 
 burden, onus, -eris, n. 
 burial, sepultura, -ae, f. 
 burn, incendium facere. 
 burning, ardens, -entis. 
 business, res (rerum) gerendae. 
 but, sed, autem, vero, tamen, 
 at; atque (Exercise 65); 
 (= only), tantum ; (= ex- 
 cept), nisi; in subordinate 
 clauses, quin ; sometimes 
 untranslated. 
 but that, quin, quominus. 
 
 carry through 
 
 buy, emere. 
 by, ab vntli ahl. 
 
 by no means, haud. 
 
 by no means certain (be), 
 parum constare. 
 
 by order of, iussu loith gen. 
 
 Caecilius, Caecilios, -I, m. 
 Caelius, Caelius, -i, m. 
 Caeparius, Caeparias, -T, m. 
 Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m. 
 Calends, Kalendae, -arum, f. 
 call, appellare, vocare ; inscrl- 
 bere {Exercise 39). 
 
 call attention to, monstrare. 
 
 call together, cogere. 
 
 call upon, ire ad and ace. 
 Campus Martins, Campus (-i) 
 
 ]\[artius (-ii). 
 can, posse. 
 candidate, competitor, -oris, m. 
 
 candidate for (be a), petere. 
 cannot, nequire. 
 capital, capitalis, -e. 
 Capitoline Hill, Capitolium, -i, n. 
 care, cura, -ae, f. 
 care for, subvenire. 
 carefully, diligenter, accurate, 
 carry, ferre ; {news), deferre. 
 
 carry out, peragere, perficere, 
 transigere. 
 
 carry the day, valere. 
 
 carry things with a high 
 hand, omnia suo arbitrio 
 facere. 
 
 carry through, transigere. 
 
Carthaginians 
 
 102 
 
 commonwealth 
 
 Carthaginians, Carthaginienses, 
 -ium, M. ; Poenl, -orum, m. 
 case, causa, -ae, f. 
 Casilinum, Casillimm, -i, n. 
 Cassius, Cassias, -i, m. 
 cast out, eicere. 
 catch, deprehendere. 
 Catiline, Catillna, -ae, Mo 
 Cato, Cato, -onis, m, 
 Catulus, Catulus, -I, m. 
 cause, causa, -ae, f. 
 cavalry, equitatus, -us, m. 
 cease, desinere. 
 
 cease to think of, obllvisc!. 
 Celer, Celer, -eris, m. 
 centurion, centurio, -onis, m. 
 certain, pro., qnldam, quaedam, 
 
 quoddam. 
 certain, adj., certus, -a, -um ; 
 baud dubius, -a, -um. 
 
 certain (be), constare. 
 certainly, certe. . 
 Cethegus, Cethegus, -i, m. 
 chain, vinculum, -i, n. 
 change, mutare. 
 character, mores, -um, m. 
 charge, insimulare, arguere. 
 check, reprimere. 
 cherish, colere, diligere. 
 chief, maximus, -a, -um. 
 children, liberi, -orum, m. 
 choose, eligere. 
 
 chosen as a consul (be), fieri. 
 Cicero, Cicer5, -onis, m. 
 circulate, disseminare. 
 circumstance, res, rei, f. 
 Cisalpine, Cisalpinus, -a, -um. 
 
 citizen, civis, -is, m. 
 city, urbs, urbis, f. 
 
 city walls, moenia, -ium, y, 
 claim, affirmare, dicere. 
 
 claim that . . . not, negare. 
 class, genus, -eris, n. 
 clear, manifestus, -a, -um. 
 
 clear (be), constare. 
 clear of (be), carere. 
 clear one's self, se purgare. 
 Cleomenes, Cleomenes, -is, m. 
 client, cliens, -entis, 31. 
 Clodius, Ciodius, -i, m. 
 closed, clausus, -a, -um. 
 closely, arte. 
 
 coat of mail, lorTca, -ae, f. 
 cold, frigus, -oris, n. 
 colleague, collega, -ae, m. 
 collect, comparare. 
 colony, colonia, -ae, r. 
 come, venire, pervenire, adire. 
 
 come about, fieri. 
 
 come back, revert! ; active in 
 the perfect tenses, excepting 
 the parto reversas. 
 
 come forth, egredi. 
 
 come to pass, accidere. 
 
 come to the aid of, subvenire. 
 
 come together, convenire. 
 commence, incipere ; in perfect 
 
 tenses, coepisse. 
 commit, facere ; (= entrust)^ 
 tradere, 
 
 commit crime, scelus in s6 
 admittere. 
 commonwealth, rSs (rei) ptib- 
 lica. 
 
compact 
 
 103 
 
 dare 
 
 compact, societas, -atis, f. 
 compare, conferre, comparare. 
 competitor, competitor, -oris, m. 
 complain, queri. 
 complete, perficere. 
 Concord, Concordia, -ae, r. 
 condemn, damnare, condem- 
 
 nare. 
 condemned criminal, con- 
 
 demnatus, -i, m. 
 condition, condicio, -onis, f. 
 conduct, perducere, deducere. 
 
 conduct one's self, se gerere. 
 confer upon, tradere and dat. 
 confess, confiteri, fateri. 
 confession, confessio, -onis, f. 
 confidence, fides, -el, f. 
 confirm, coiifirmare. 
 confiscate. publicare=, 
 conjecture, coniectura, -ae, f. 
 conquer, vincere. 
 consider, agere or cogitare de 
 
 and. ahl. ; quaerere. 
 consideration, argumentum, 
 
 -1, N. 
 
 conspiracy, coniiiratio, -onis, f. 
 conspirator, coniuratus, -I, m. 
 constancy, constantia, -ae, f. 
 consul, consul, -ulis, m. 
 
 consul elect, consul (-ulis) 
 design atus. 
 consulship, consulatus, -us, Mo 
 content, contentus, -a, -um. 
 contention, contentio, -onis, f. 
 contest, certamen, -inis, n. 
 control, moderari. 
 convene, act., convocare, cogere. 
 
 convene, neut.^ convenire^ 
 conversation, colloquium, -i, n : 
 
 sermo, -onis, m. 
 convict, damnare. 
 copy, describere. 
 Coriolanus, Coriolanus, -I, m. 
 correction, correctio, -onis, f. 
 Cotta, Cotta, -ae, m. 
 couch, lectus, -i, m. 
 counsel, consilium, -i, n. 
 count, {= regard as), putare, 
 
 ducere. 
 country, patria, -ae, f. ; as con- 
 trasted with the city, rtis, 
 
 riiris, n. 
 countryman, civis, -is, m. 
 courage, animus, -i, m. ; virtus, 
 
 -litis, F. 
 court, indicium, -i, n. 
 covered, opertus, -a, -um, 
 Crassus, Crassus, -i, m. 
 crazy, amens, -entis. 
 crime, scelus, -eris, n. ; facinus, 
 
 -inoris, n. ; flagitium, -i, n. 
 cross, trausire. 
 cruel, crudelis, -e= 
 cruelty, crudelitas, -atis, f. 
 crush, opprimere. 
 cry out, clamare. 
 cupidity, cupiditas, -atis, f. 
 Curius, Curius, -T, m." 
 cut off, intercipere ; abscidere 
 
 {Exercise 71). 
 
 D 
 
 danger, periculum, -i, n. 
 dare, audere. 
 
day 
 
 104 
 
 discriminating 
 
 day, dies, -el, m. and f. ; pZ?(., m. 
 
 day break, dilucescere. 
 dead, mortuus, -a, -um ; (ashes), 
 
 extinctus, -a, -um. 
 death, mors, mortis, f, 
 debt, aes (aeris) alienum. 
 decide, statuere, constituere ; 
 
 with injin. 
 Decimus, Decimus, -T, m. 
 declare, affirmare, declarare, 
 
 dicere, respondere ; {to he 
 
 something), iddicare. 
 declared consul (be), consul 
 
 (-ulis, M.) renuntiarl. 
 decline, nolle. 
 decree, n., consultum, -i, n. ; 
 
 decretum, -i, n. 
 decree, v., decernere. 
 deed, facinus, -inoris, n. 
 deeply in debt, aere alieno op- 
 
 pressus, -a, -um. 
 defeat, at the polls, repulsa, 
 
 -ae, F, 
 defence, defensio, -onis, f. 
 defend, defenders, tuerl. 
 defendant, reus, -i, m. 
 dejected, animo demisso (esse), 
 delay, mora, -ae, f. 
 delight, gaudere, delectari. 
 deliver speech, orationem ha- 
 bere. 
 demand, postulare, poscere. 
 denarius, denarius, -i, m. 
 deny, negare. 
 depart, abire. 
 departure, discessus, -us, m. ; 
 
 profectio, -onis, f. 
 
 deprive, spoliare. 
 
 deprived (be), carere. 
 desert, deserere, derelinquere. 
 deserted, desertus, -a, -um. 
 deserve, dignus (-a, -um) esse, 
 design, n., consilium, -I, n. ; 
 
 inceptum, -i, n. 
 design, v., constituere with 
 
 injin, 
 desire, w., cupiditas, -atis, f. 
 desire, v., velle, desiderare. 
 desirous, cupidus, -a, -um. 
 despite the fact that, quam- 
 
 quam. 
 destroy, delere. 
 deter, deterrere. 
 devised, machinatus, -a, -um. 
 devoted, amans, -antis. 
 die, mori, emori ; pass, of 
 
 occidere. 
 difference (be the), interesse. 
 difdculty, molestia, -ae, f. 
 dignity, dignitas, -atis, f. 
 Dionysius, Dionysius, -I, m. 
 direct, adj., of evidence, certus, 
 
 -a, -um. 
 direct, v., iubere {with injin.'). 
 direction, pars, partis, f. 
 disappointed in (a) hope, spe 
 
 lapsus, -a, -um. 
 disclose, patefacere, aperire. 
 discouraged, animo demissus, 
 
 -a, -um. 
 discover, detegere. 
 discovered (be), pass, o/pate- 
 
 facere. 
 discriminating, severus, -a, -um. 
 
disdain 
 
 105 
 
 enthusiasm 
 
 disdain, contemnere. 
 disgust, pigere, taedere. 
 dishonesty, fallacia, -ae, f. 
 dismiss, dliiiittere. 
 dispell, depellere. 
 disposition, animus, -i, m, 
 disregard {pledge), violare. 
 dissatisfied (be), paenitere. 
 distress, incommodum, -i, x. 
 distribute, dividere. 
 disturb, turbare. 
 disturbance, tumultus, -us, m. 
 divide, dividere. 
 divine, divinus, -a, -um. 
 divulge, patefacere. 
 do, agere, facere {pass., fieri), 
 
 gerere. 
 do no wrong, innocens (-en- 
 
 tis) esse. 
 do wrong, peccare. 
 doors, fores, -um, f. 
 doubt, dubitare. 
 doubtful, dubius, -a, -um. 
 downcast (be), animo se de- 
 
 mittere. 
 dreadful, taeter, -tra, -trum. 
 dream, somnus (-i, m.), in the 
 
 phrase in somnis. 
 drink, potio, -onis, f. 
 drive, impellere. 
 drive from, expellere ex and 
 
 ahl. 
 drive out, deturbare. 
 duty, ofBcium, -i, x. 
 
 £ 
 
 each, quisque, quaeque,quidque. 
 
 eager, avidus, -a, -um. 
 
 earlier, adj., superior, -ius. 
 
 earlier, adv., ante. 
 
 early, adj., priscus, -a, -um. 
 
 early, adv., matiire. 
 
 earth, orbis (-is, m.) terrarum. 
 
 easily, facile. 
 
 easy, facilis, -e. 
 
 eight, octo, indecl. 
 
 eighth, octavus, -a, -um. 
 
 either, pro., utervis, utravis, 
 utrumvis. 
 
 either ... or, aut . . . aut. 
 
 elect, designatus, -a, -um. 
 elected (be), fieri. 
 
 election, comitia, -orum, n. 
 
 element, factio, -onis, f. 
 
 eminent, praestans, -antis. 
 
 enact punishment, poenas sta- 
 tue re. 
 
 encamp, castra ponere, facere. 
 
 encourage, conflrmare. 
 
 end, finis, -is, 31. ; tempus 
 (-oris) extremum. 
 
 endowed, praeditus, -a, -um. 
 
 endure, act., ferre, perferre. 
 
 endure, neut., permanere. 
 
 enemy, inimicus, -i, m. ; hostis, 
 -is, M. 
 
 engaged^ occupatus, -a, -um. 
 
 enjoin upon, imperare and dat 
 {vnth ut and subj.). 
 
 enjoy, frui, perfrui. 
 
 enough, satis. 
 
 enslaved (be), servire. 
 
 enter, intrare. 
 
 enthusiasm, studium, -i, n. 
 
entrance 
 
 106 
 
 far different 
 
 entrance (to), aditus, -us, m. 
 
 entreaties, pieces, -um, r. 
 
 entrust, dare. 
 
 envy, n., invidia, -ae, f. 
 
 envy, v., invidere. 
 
 Epirus, Epirus, -i, r. 
 
 equal, par, paris. 
 
 error, error, -oris, m. 
 
 escape, effugere, evadere. 
 
 esteem, diligere. 
 
 eternal, aeternus, -a, -um. 
 
 Etruria, Etruria, -ae, f. 
 
 even, adv., etiam, vel, quln 
 etiam ; in negative sen- 
 tences, lie . . . quiderii. 
 even . . . not, ne . . . qui- 
 dem. 
 
 even, conj., etiam si. 
 even though, etsi, quamvis, 
 etiam si. 
 
 evening, vesper, -eris and -eri, 
 
 M. 
 
 ever, umquam. 
 
 every, omnis, -e ; quisque, 
 quaeque, quodque. 
 
 every one, quisque, (quaeque, 
 quidque). 
 everjrthing, omnia, -ium, n. 
 evidence, indicium, -I, n. 
 evil, adj., of reports, famosus, 
 
 -a, -um, 
 evil, n., malum, -i, n. 
 exalt over, anteponere. 
 example, exemplum, -I, n. 
 except, excipere. 
 
 except that, nisi ut. 
 
 excepted (be),pass.o/tollere. 
 
 excepting, exceptus, -a, -um 
 
 (in abl. ahsol.). 
 excuse, causa, -ae, p. 
 execute, interficere, occidere, 
 
 ad mortem tradere, raorte 
 
 multare. 
 exercise, exercitatio, -onis, f, 
 exile, n., exilium, -i, n. 
 exile, V. , in exilium pellere. 
 expect, expectare, sperare. 
 expense, sumptus, -us, 3i. 
 explain, probare. 
 extortion, res (rerum) repetun- 
 
 dae. 
 extreme, ultimus, -a, -um. 
 eye, oculus, -i, m. 
 
 Fabius, Fabius, -I, m. 
 
 fact, res, rei, f. 
 
 Faesulae, Faesulae, -arum, f. 
 
 fail, act., deesse. 
 
 fail, neut., deficere. 
 
 fall, cadere, coucidere ; pass. 
 
 of opprimere. 
 fall to, contingere. 
 fall upon, pass, of inicere 
 
 and dat. 
 false, falsus, -a, -um. 
 falsely, falso. 
 fame, fama, -ae, f. ; gloria, 
 
 -ae, F. 
 family, gens, gentis, f. 
 fancy, existimare. 
 far, longe. 
 
 far different (be), res se 
 
 longe aliter habere. 
 
fasten up 
 
 107 
 
 fourth 
 
 fasten up, defigere. 
 father, pater, -tris, m. 
 fatherland, patria, -ae, f, 
 fault, culpa, -ae, f. ; delictum, 
 
 -I, X. 
 favor, gratia, -ae, f. 
 fear, n., metus, -us, m. 
 fear, r., vereri, timere. metuere. 
 feast, epulae, -arum. f. 
 feel, (sibi) videri ; reri, putare. 
 fellow, homo, -inis, m. 
 few (a), pauci, -ae, -a. 
 field, ager, -gri, m. 
 fiercely, acriter. 
 fifth, of certain months, Nonas, 
 
 -arum, f. 
 fight, certare; ptignare (cum 
 
 and ahl.). 
 Figulus, Figulus, -i, m. 
 filial respect, pietas, -atis, f. 
 finally, postremo. 
 find, invenire, reperire, anqui- 
 
 rere ; (= learn), sentire, 
 
 certior (-oris) lieri. 
 find out, invenire. 
 finish, perficere. 
 finished, of a speech, habitus, 
 
 -a, -um. 
 fire, incendium, -i, x. 
 first, adj., primus, -a, -um ; 
 
 (of the month), Kalendae, 
 
 -arum, f. 
 first, adv., primum, prius. 
 five, quinque. 
 fix value, aestimare. 
 Flaccus, Flaccus, -i, m. 
 flame, ignis, -is, m. 
 
 flee, fugere, perfugere. 
 
 fleet, classis, -is, f. 
 
 flow, fluere. 
 
 follow, persequi, prosequi. 
 
 following, posterns, -a, -um; 
 
 proximus, -a, -um. 
 food, cibus, -i, m. 
 foolish, stultus, -a, -um. 
 foolishness, stultitia, -ae, f. 
 foot, of a 7nountain,Tadix, -icis, 
 
 F. {usually in plu.). 
 for, conj., enim. nam. 
 for, prep., ad, in, ob v:ith ace. ; 
 
 pro with abl. 
 for the purpose (sake) of, 
 
 gratia, causa. 
 for the time being, in prae- 
 
 sentia. 
 for this very reason, ob id 
 
 ipsum. 
 force, 71., (abstract), vis, gen. 
 
 rare, f.; (concrete), manus, 
 
 -lis, F., copiae, -arum, f. 
 forces, copiae, -arum, f. 
 force, v.. cogere, 
 foreign, externus, -a, -um. 
 forget, oblivisci. 
 forgive, ignoscere. 
 former, vetus, -eris ; pristinus, 
 
 -a, -um. 
 fortification, miinitio, -onis, f. 
 fortune, fortiina, -ae, f. 
 forum, forum, -i, n. 
 four, quattuor. 
 four hundred, quadringenti, 
 
 -ae, -a. 
 fourth, quartus, -a, -um. 
 
fragment 
 
 108 
 
 goddess 
 
 fragment, vestigium, -i, n. 
 
 free, liberare. 
 
 free from, expers, -ertis. 
 free from (be), carere, va- 
 care. 
 
 freedman, libertus, -I, m. 
 
 freely, libere. 
 
 friend, amicus, -i, m. ; familia- 
 ris, -is, M. ; socius, -i, m, 
 
 friendly, amicus, -a, -um. 
 
 friendship, amicitia, -ae, f. 
 
 from, ab, de, ex with abl. ; 
 (ivith verbals in -ing), quo- 
 minus, quin. 
 from what quarter, unde. 
 
 fruit, fructus, -us, m. 
 
 fulfil promise, promissum ab- 
 solvere. 
 
 full, plenus, -a, -um. 
 
 Fulvia, Fulvia, -ae, f. 
 
 furnish, praebere, 
 
 further, porro. 
 
 6 
 
 Gabinius, Gablnius, -i, m. 
 
 gain, n., quaestus, -us, m. 
 
 gain, v., adipisci ; (favor), sibi 
 conciliare. 
 gain office, honorem perse- 
 
 qui. 
 gain wealth, dives (-itis) 
 fieri. 
 
 Gaius, Caius, -i, m. ; abbre- 
 viated C. 
 
 Galba, Galba, -ae, m. 
 
 garden, hortus, -I, m. 
 
 garments, vestis, -is, r. 
 
 gate, porta, -ae, f. 
 
 gather, act., cogere ; (armij), 
 
 comparare. 
 gather, ne^lt., convenire ; pass. 
 
 0/ cogere or comparare. 
 Gaul, Gallia, -ae, f. 
 Gaul (a), Gallus, -i, m. 
 Gauls, Galli, -orum, m. 
 general, imperator, -oris, m. 
 gentlemen of the jury, iudices, 
 
 -um, M. 
 get, petere. 
 
 get possession of, potiri. 
 give, dare, 
 give advice, praecipere. 
 give excuse, causam afferre. 
 give information, indicia de- 
 
 ferre (ad and ace). 
 give it out (that), simulare. 
 give over to, permittere and 
 
 dat. 
 give up, act., omittere. 
 give up, neut., desistere. 
 gladly, libens, -entis. 
 glorious, praeclarus, -a, -um. 
 glory, gloria, -ae, f. 
 Gnaeus, Cnaeus, -I, 31. ; abbre- 
 viated Cn. 
 go, ire, proficisci, se conferre, 
 pervenire, progredi, venire ; 
 (ovt), egredi. 
 go away, ablre. 
 go down, descendere. 
 go out, pass, of extinguere 
 (Exercise 9'^). 
 god, deus, -i, m. 
 goddess, dea, -ae, f. 
 
good 
 
 109 
 
 have 
 
 good, bonus, -a, -um ; (omen), 
 
 secundus, -a, -um. 
 good deed, bene factum, 
 
 -I. y. 
 good friend, sodalis, -is, m. 
 good name, fama, -ae, f. 
 good speaker (be), magna 
 
 facundia esse. 
 goods, bona, -orum, x. 
 Gracchus. Gracclius, -i, m. 
 grain, frumentum, -i, n. 
 grant, larglri, tribuere ; 
 
 (honor), habere, 
 grateful, gratus, -a, -um. 
 great, magnus, -a, -um ; singu- 
 
 laris, -e ; maximus, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 greater, superior, -ius ; maxi- 
 
 mus.-a, -um (Exercise 39) ; 
 
 of value, plus, pluris. 
 greatness, magnitudo, -inis, f. 
 Greece, Graecia, -ae, f. 
 Greek. Graecus, -a, -um. 
 
 Greeks, Graecl, -orum, m. 
 greet, salutare. 
 grieve, dolere, maerere. 
 groan, gemitus, -us, m. 
 groundless, of hope, vanus, 
 
 -a, -um. 
 guard, n., ctistos, -odis, m. ; 
 
 (collective), custodiae, 
 
 -arum,- f. 
 guards, custodiae, -arum, f. 
 guard, v., custodire, conser- 
 
 vare. 
 guilt, scelus, -eris, n. 
 guilty, sons, sontis. 
 
 had not, nisi. 
 hand to hand, coraminus. 
 Hannibal, Hannibal, -alls, m. 
 happen, fieri, accidere, evenire ; 
 
 or use forte. 
 happening, eventus, -us, m. ; 
 
 res. rei, f. 
 happiness, felicitas, -atis, f. 
 happy, beatus, -a, -um ; laetus, 
 
 -a, -um. 
 hard, difficilis, -e ; molestus, -a, 
 -um ; miser, -era, -erum 
 (Exercise 32^). 
 hardly, vix. 
 harm, laedere. 
 haste, celeritas, -atis, f. 
 hasten, advolare, or use celeri- 
 ter; (to do a thing) ^ con- 
 tendere vnth infin. 
 hatred, odium, -i, n. 
 have, habere, accipere ; con- 
 sequi (Exercise 4^) ', I^^- 
 trod. 11. 
 have a hand in. adiutor 
 (-oris, M.) esse and gen. 
 have business with, agere 
 
 cum and abl. 
 have confidence, confidere. 
 have doubt, dubitare. 
 have force, valere. 
 have (great) influence, (mul- 
 
 tum) valere. 
 have killed, iugulari co- 
 
 gere. 
 have little sympathy with, 
 minime favere. 
 
he 
 
 110 
 
 if only 
 
 he, hie, (haec, hoc) ; is, (ea, 
 id) ; ille, (-a, -ud) ; iste, 
 (-a, -ud) ; often untrans- 
 lated ; at the beginning 
 of a sentence, qui, (quae, 
 quod) ; 7-eflex., sui, sibi. 
 
 head, caput, -itis, n. 
 
 health, valetiido, -inis, f. 
 
 hear (of), audire. 
 
 heavy, gravis, -e. 
 
 heed, audire. 
 
 help, adiuvare, iuvare, subve- 
 nire. 
 
 helpful, saliitaris, -e. 
 
 here, ibi. 
 
 hesitate, dubitare. 
 
 hidden, reconditus, -a, -um. 
 
 high, of price, magnus, -a, -um. 
 high priest, pontifex (-icis) 
 
 maximus. 
 high standing, dignitas, -atis, 
 p. 
 
 himself, (intensive'), ipse, (-a, 
 -um); (reflex.), sui, sibi. 
 
 hinder, impedire. 
 
 his, eius, illlus, istius ; sor)ie- 
 tinies untranslated; at 
 beginning of a sentence, 
 ciiius; (reflex.), suus, -a, 
 -um, and often untrans- 
 lated. 
 his own, ipsius (Exercise 60). 
 
 hitherto, adhuc. 
 
 hold, tenere. 
 hold consulship, consul 
 
 (-ulis) esse. 
 hold election, comitia habere. 
 
 hold sentiment (view), sen- 
 tire. 
 
 home, domus, -tis, (locative, -i), 
 r. 
 
 honey, mel, mellis, n. 
 
 honor, honor, -oris, m. 
 
 honorable, houoratus, -a, -um. 
 
 hope, spes, -ei, f. 
 
 hope (for), sperare. 
 
 horse, equus, -i, m. 
 
 horseman, eques, -itis, m. 
 
 Hortensius, Hortensius, -i, m. 
 
 hostile, inimicus, -a, -um. 
 
 house, aedes, -ium, f. ; domus, 
 -lis, p. 
 
 how, quo mods, quem ad mo- 
 dum, quonam pacto ; with 
 adjectives, quam. 
 how great, quantus, -a, -um. 
 how greatly, quanto opeie. 
 
 however, autem, tamen, vero, 
 nihilominus. 
 
 howsoever, utcumque. 
 
 human, humanus, -a, -um. 
 
 hundredth, centesimus, -a, -um. 
 
 hunger, fames, -is, f. 
 
 Hybrida, Hybrida, -ae, m. 
 
 I, ego, mei; usually untrans- 
 lated. 
 Ides, Idus, -uum, f.- 
 if, si. 
 
 if agreeable, si placet. 
 
 if anything, si quid. 
 
 if . . . not, nisi, si . . . non. 
 
 if only, dummodo, modo. 
 
ill-will 
 
 111 
 
 integrity 
 
 ill-will, invidia, -ae, f. 
 imitate, imitari. 
 immediately, sine mora, statim. 
 immoderate, immoderatus, -a, 
 
 -urn. 
 immortal, immortalis, -e. 
 immortality, immortalitas, 
 
 -atis, F. 
 impend, impendere. 
 implicated in (be), esse in and 
 
 ahl. ; esse particeps (-cipis) 
 
 and gen. 
 important, magnus, -a, -um. 
 imprudence, imprudentia, -ae, 
 
 F. 
 
 in, in idth ahl. and ace. 
 
 in any way, (si) quid. 
 
 in behalf of, pro loith ahl. 
 
 in case . . . not, nisi. 
 
 in debt (be), debere. 
 
 in exchange for, pro with ahl. 
 
 in fact, quin etiam, immo 
 vero. 
 
 in front, of wounds, adver- 
 sus, -a, -um. 
 
 in no wise, niillo modo. 
 
 in order that no one, ne quis, 
 (quid). 
 
 in order that not. ne. 
 
 in order to, eo consilio . . . 
 ut ; when there is a com- 
 parative in the purpose 
 clause, quo. 
 in person, ipse, -a, -um. 
 in private life, privatus, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 in such a way, ita. 
 
 in sympathy with (be), fa- 
 
 vere . 
 in the morning, mane, 
 in the same place, ibidem, 
 in this way, ita. 
 in vain, frustra. 
 increase, act., augere. 
 increase, neut, crescere. 
 incur, subire. 
 indeed, quin etiam. 
 individual, singuli, -ae, -a. 
 individually, use singuli, -ae, -a. 
 induce, persuadere. 
 infantry, pedites, -um, m. 
 infinite, Infinitus, -a. -um. 
 inflict, afficere {with ace. of the 
 person and ahl. of the 
 thing); {punishment), su- 
 mere. 
 influence, auctoritas, -atis, f. ; 
 
 gratia, -ae, f. 
 influential, summus, -a, -um. 
 inform, narrare and dat. ; cer- 
 
 tiorem facere. 
 information, indicium, -i, x. 
 injure, nocere, laedere. 
 injury, iniuria, -ae, f. 
 injustice, inlquitas, -atis, f. 
 innocence, innocentia, -ae, f. 
 innocent, innocens, -entis ; in- 
 
 sons, -ontis. 
 inquire, quaerere. 
 insignia, insignia, -ium, n. 
 inspire, incitare. 
 instigate, persuadere. 
 insult, contumelia, -ae, f. 
 integrity, tides, -ei, f. 
 
intellect 
 
 112 
 
 lead forth 
 
 intellect, ingenium, -i, n. 
 
 intercept, intercipere. 
 
 interest involved (be), inter- 
 esse. 
 
 intervene, interesse. 
 
 interview, conveiilre. 
 
 into, in with arc. 
 into the neighborhood of, ad 
 loith ace. 
 
 investigation, quaestio, -onis, f. 
 
 it, is, ea, id ; hie, haec, hoc ; llle, 
 -a, -ud ; often untrans- 
 lated ; at the beginning of 
 a sentence, qui, quae, quod. 
 it is true, sane. 
 
 Italy, Italia, -ae, f. 
 
 itself, ipse, -a, -um ; (reflex.), 
 sui, sibi. 
 
 J 
 
 join (with), se coniungere 
 
 cum and ahl, 
 joy, gaudium, -i, n. 
 joyful, laetus, -a, -um. 
 judge, iiidicare, conicere. 
 
 judge guilty, condemnare. 
 Julius, Iiilius, -i, M. 
 Junius, lunius, -i, m.. 
 Jupiter, luppiter, lovis, m. 
 jury, itidices, -um, m. 
 just, adj.., iustus, -a, -um. 
 just, adv., mode. 
 
 just as though, quasi. 
 
 K 
 Kalends, Kalendae, -arum, r. 
 keep, retinere, obtinere. 
 keep guard, custodire. 
 
 kept informed (be), certior 
 
 (-oris) fieri. 
 kill, interticere, necare, seciiri 
 
 ferire, trucidare ; caedem 
 
 facere. 
 kindness, benevolentia, -ae, f. 
 king, rex, regis, m. 
 knight, eques, -itis, m. 
 know, scire, sentire. 
 
 known, notus, -a, -um. 
 knowledge, scientia, -ae, f. 
 
 lacking (be), deesse. 
 Laeca, Laeca, -ae, m. 
 Laelius, Laelius, -i, m. 
 lame, pedibus aeger, -gra, 
 
 -grum. 
 lamentation, lamentum, -i, n. ; 
 
 use plu. 
 lamp, lumen, -inis, n. 
 lands, agri, -orum, m. 
 last, proximus, -a, -um. 
 late, sero. 
 later, postea, post. 
 latter (the), ille, -a, -ud ; hie, 
 
 haec, hoe ; is, ea, id. 
 law, lex, legis, f. 
 lawfully, iure, 
 lawsuit, indicium, -i, n. 
 lay aside, deponere, 
 lay down (office), se abdi- 
 
 care aiid ahl. 
 lead, manii tenere (Exercise 
 
 56). 
 lead forth (a colony), dedu- 
 
 cere. 
 
lead on 
 
 113 
 
 make 
 
 lead on, inducere. 
 lead up, producers. 
 leader, dux, ducis, c. 
 learn, discere, cognoscere, cer- 
 tior (-oris) fieri, compe- 
 rire, audire. 
 learn of, cognoscere. 
 learned, doctus, -a, -urn. 
 leave, egredi, exire, excedere, 
 all icith ex and ahl. ; ablrc 
 ab and ahl. 
 leave empty, vacuefacere. 
 legion, legid, -onis, f. 
 Lentulus, Lentulus, -i, m. 
 Lepidus, Lepidus, -i, m. 
 less, adj., minor, -us. 
 less, adv., minus. 
 let down, demittere. ' 
 letter, litterae, -arum, f. 
 liberal {reward), maximus, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 liberator, liberator, -oris, m. 
 Licinius. Licinius, -i, m. 
 lie, mentiri. 
 lie in wait, insidias facere. 
 
 lie open, patere. 
 life, vita, -ae, f. (sing, trans- 
 lates English pin.); aetas, 
 -litis, F. 
 light, adj., levis, -e. 
 light, n., lux, lucis, f. 
 like, adj., similis, -e ; idem 
 
 eadem, idem. 
 like, v., velle. 
 
 likely (be), veri simile esse, 
 likeness, similitudo, -inis, f. 
 lineage, genus, -eris, n. 
 
 linger, morari. 
 literature, litterae, -arum, f. 
 little, parvus, -a, -um. 
 little later (a), paulo post, 
 live, vivere ; {= dwell), habitare. 
 
 live in, incolere. 
 lives, vita, -ae, f. ; use in sing. 
 load, onus, -eris, n. 
 long, dill. 
 
 longing, desiderium, -i, x. 
 look into (a matter), cogitare 
 de and ahl. 
 
 lose, amittere, perdere. 
 
 lost (be), pass, of desiderare. 
 
 loss of sleep, vigiliae, -arum, f. 
 
 lot, sors, sortis, f. 
 
 love, n., amor, -oris, m. 
 
 love, v., colere, diligere. 
 
 low, inferus, -a, -um ; of value, 
 parvus, -a, -um. 
 
 lower in rank, inferior, -ius. 
 
 loyal, amans, -antis. 
 
 Lucius, Lucius, -i, m. ; abbre- 
 viated L. 
 
 lust, libido, -inis, f. 
 
 M 
 
 Macedonia, Macedonia, -ae, f. 
 magistrate, magistratus, -us, m. 
 maintain innocence {of), inno- 
 
 centiam defendere. 
 make, facere {pass., fieri) ; 
 
 efficere {Exercise 56). 
 make answer to, vocem mit- 
 
 tere contra and ace. 
 make armed demonstration, 
 
 arma sumere. 
 
make attack 
 
 114 
 
 more 
 
 make attack, impetum facere. 
 make compact, societatem 
 
 confirmare. 
 make demonstration, arma 
 
 sumere. 
 make investigation, investl- 
 
 gare. 
 make mistakes, peccare. 
 make plan, statuere (and 
 
 infill.). 
 make use of, uti. 
 man, vir, viri, m. ; homo, 
 -inis, c. ; often untrans- 
 lated. 
 man (the), ille, (-a, -ud) ; is, 
 (ea, id). 
 Manius, Manius, -I, m. ; abbre- 
 viated M'. 
 Manlius, Manlius, -i, m. 
 manner, genus, -eris, n. 
 many, multi, -ae, -a. 
 Marcellus, Marcellus, -i, m. 
 Marcius, Marcius, -I, m. 
 Marcus, Marcus, -i, m. 
 Marseilles, Massilia, -ae, r. 
 marvelously well, mirum in 
 
 modum. 
 matter, res, rel, r. ; causa, -ae, 
 
 F. ; often untranslated. 
 may, might, posse. 
 mean, significare ; velle {Exer- 
 cise 63) . 
 meanwhile, interim, 
 meet, convenire ; se obviam 
 ferre ; congredi cum and 
 abl. ; (= assemble), pass, 
 of cogere. 
 
 meet with, convenire. 
 meeting, concilium, -i, n. ; 
 
 conventus, -iis, m. 
 memory, memoria, -ae, r. 
 mention, commemorare, me- 
 
 morare ; dicere ivith ace. 
 
 or loith de and abl. ; men- 
 
 tionem facere with gen. 
 merit, meritum, -i, n. 
 messenger, nuntius, -i, m. 
 Metellus, Metellus, -i, m. 
 might, may, posse. 
 mild, mitis, -e. 
 mildness, mollitia, -ae, r. 
 mile, mllle (indecl.) passtis, 
 
 -uum, M. ; j3Z?i., milia 
 
 (-ium, N.) passuum. 
 mind, animus, -i, m. ; mens, 
 
 mentis, f. 
 mine, meus, -a, -urn. 
 misdeed, facinus, -inoris, n. 
 misery, miseriae, -arum, r. 
 missing (be), abesse. 
 mistress, arnica, -ae, f. 
 mix, miscere. 
 
 moderate, modicus, -a, -um. 
 moderation, moderatio,-onis, f. 
 modius, modius, -i, 31. (gen. 
 
 plu.., medium). 
 molest, molestus (-a, -um) esse 
 
 and dat. 
 moment, momentum, -i, n. 
 money, peciinia, -ae, r. 
 month, mensis, -is, m. 
 more, adj.., plures, -a. 
 more, adv.., plus. 
 more than, magis quam. 
 
moreover 
 
 115 
 
 not 
 
 moreover, quoque. 
 
 mortal, mortalis, -e ; also used 
 as noun. 
 
 most, maxime ; superlative de- 
 gree. 
 most important, maximus, 
 
 -a, -uni. 
 most of all, tinice. 
 most pleasing, pergratus, -a, 
 -um. 
 
 motion^ motus, -us, m. 
 
 mountain, moiis, mentis, m. 
 
 mourn, deplorare. 
 
 move, movere. 
 
 much, adj.., miiltus, -a, -um. 
 
 much, adv.., multum, multa ; 
 with comparative., multo. 
 
 Mucianus, ^Nlucianus, -i, 3i. 
 
 multitude, multitude, -inis, f. 
 
 Mulvian. Mulvius, -a, -um. 
 
 municipality, municipium, -i, n. 
 
 murder, n., caedes, -is, f. 
 
 murder, r., interficere, necare ; 
 caedem facere (Exercises 
 50 and 57). 
 
 murderer, parricida, -ae, c. 
 
 Murena, Murena, -ae, m. 
 
 must, gerundive construction. 
 
 Mutina, Mutina, -ae, f. 
 
 my, meus, -a, -um ; ofteii un- 
 translated. 
 
 N 
 Naevius, Naevius, -I, m. 
 name, nomen, -inis, n. 
 Naples, Xeapolis, -is, f. 
 nation, gens, gentis, f. 
 
 natural endowment, inge- 
 
 nium, -I, X. 
 nature, natura, -ae, f. 
 near, ad icith ace. 
 
 near (be), prope abesse. 
 nearest, proximus, -a, -um. 
 nearly, paene. 
 necessary, necesse. 
 need, gerundive construction. 
 
 need (of, be), opus esse, 
 negligent, neglegens, -entis. 
 neither, neuter, -tra, -trum. 
 neither . . . nor, neque . . . 
 
 neque. 
 Nero, Nero, -onis, m. 
 Nestor, Nestor, oris, m. 
 never, numquam. 
 never . . . any, nemo, (ntil- 
 
 lius), c. {Exercise 59). 
 nevertheless, tamen. 
 new, novus, -a, -um. 
 news, res, rei, f. ; niintius, -i, m. 
 next, adj. , posterus, -a, -um. 
 next, adv.., deinde. 
 night, nox, noctis, f. 
 ninety, nonaginta, indecl. 
 no, nullus, -a, -um ; non ; nihil, 
 
 indecl. 
 no longer, non diutius. 
 no one, nemo, (nulllus), c. 
 nobles, optimates, -um and 
 
 -ium, M. 
 none, nemo, (nullius), c. ; nulli, 
 
 -ae, -a. 
 Nones, Nonae, -arum, f. 
 not, non ; in hortatory seyi' 
 
 tences, ne. 
 
not any 
 
 116 
 
 on a level 
 
 not any, nullus, -a, -urn. 
 not at all, nullo modo. 
 not care, nolle. 
 not . . . enough, parum. 
 not even, ne . . . quidem. 
 not faithfully, f also. 
 not know, ignorare, nesclre. 
 not merely . . . but also 
 (even), non solum . . . 
 sed etiam. 
 not only . . . but (also), non 
 solum (modo) . . . sed 
 etiam (verum). 
 not to, ne. 
 
 not true, falsus, -a, -um. 
 not wish, nolle. 
 nothing, nihil, indecl. 
 notice, animadvertere. 
 now, nunc, iam ; of the past, 
 tum. 
 now that, cum iam. 
 Nucerinus, Nucerlnus, -i, m. 
 number, numerus, -i, m. 
 
 
 
 0, 0. 
 
 oath, ius (itiris) itirandum. 
 obey, parere. 
 
 occasion, tempus, -oris, n. 
 occurrence, res, rei, f. 
 of, ex with ahl. ; {= concern- 
 ing'), de with ahl. 
 
 of a consul, consularis, -e. 
 
 of age, use natus (Introd. T). 
 
 of April, Aprllis, -e. 
 
 of August, Sextllis, -e. 
 
 of 'Crotona, Crotoniensis, -e. 
 
 of December, December, 
 
 -bris, -bre. 
 of February, Februarius, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 of his, reflex., suus, -a, -um. 
 of January, lanuarius, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 of June, Tunius, -a, -um. 
 of mine, mens, -a, -urn. 
 of November, November, 
 
 -bris, -bre. 
 of September, September, 
 
 -bris, -bre. 
 of the popular party, popu- 
 
 laris, -e. 
 of very different purport, 
 
 longe diversus, -a, -um. 
 of what soVt, qualis, -e, 
 off guard, incautus, -a, -um. 
 office, dignitas, -atis, f. ; {place 
 of doing business) , taberna, 
 -ae, F. 
 officer, praepositus, -I, m. ; prae- 
 
 fectus, -i, M. 
 official, magistratus, -us, m. 
 often, saepe. 
 oil, oleum, -i, n. 
 old, vetus, -eris ; senex, senis. 
 old age, senectus, -utis, r. 
 old man, senex, senis, m. 
 omen, 5men, -inis, n. 
 on, in with ahl.; {= concern- 
 ing), de with ahl. ; use gen. 
 {Exercise 57). 
 on a charge of extortion, de 
 
 rebus repetundis. 
 on a level, par, paris. 
 
on condition that 
 
 117 
 
 people 
 
 on condition that, ea lege 
 
 . . . lit. 
 on every hand, undique. 
 on guard, in vigilia. 
 on guard (be), custodias 
 
 agere. 
 on public business, publice. 
 on the contrary, quod contra. 
 on the day before {the 
 Calends, etc.), pridie, 
 abbreviated pr. 
 on the way, in itinere. 
 once, seniel ; of the past ^ quon- 
 dam, 
 one, adj. , unus, -a, -um ; some- 
 times untranslated ; of tiro, 
 alter, -tera, -terum. 
 one by one, singuli, -ae, -a. 
 one fourth, quarta pars 
 (partis) . 
 one, pro., aliquis, (-quid) ; the 
 indefinite second singidar. 
 only, tantum. 
 open, aperire. 
 opinion, sententia, -ae, f. ; 
 
 opinio, -onis, f. 
 opponent, inimlcus, -i, 3r. 
 opportunity, occasio, -onis, f, 
 oppose, resistere. 
 
 opposed to (be), dissidere ab 
 and abl. 
 or, aut, -ve ; in the second, 
 member of a double ques- 
 tion, an. 
 orator, orator, -oris, m. 
 order, iubere (with infin.) ; ini- 
 perare (loith ut and suhj.). 
 
 Orestes, Orestes, -is, m. 
 
 other, alius, -a, -ud. 
 
 other (the), others (the), ce- 
 teri, -ae, -a ; reliqui, -ae, -a. 
 
 otherwise, aliter. 
 
 ought, oportere, debere ; ge- 
 rundive construction. 
 
 our, noster, -tra, -trum ; often 
 untranslated. 
 
 outdoors, foras. 
 
 own, translate by emphatic 
 position of mens, -a, -um, 
 tuus, -a, -um, etc. 
 
 Paphos, Paphos, -i, f. ; name 
 
 of a tQvni. 
 pardon, ignoscere. 
 parent, parens, -entis, c. 
 part, pars, partis, f. 
 partake of, degustare. 
 partisan, satelles, -itis, m. 
 pass (a decree), facere. 
 pass a severe decree, severe 
 decernere. 
 past, superior, -ius. 
 patrician, patricius, -a, -um. 
 patron, patronus, -i, m. 
 Paulus, Paulus. -i, m. 
 pay, dare, pendere. 
 I pay penalty, poenas dare. 
 ' peace,* pax. pacis, f. 
 I penalty, poena, ae, f. ; suppli- 
 
 cium, -i, X. 
 people, populus, -i, m. ; cives, 
 -iuin. M. ; is, ea, id {Exer- 
 cise 2 i--^^ . 
 
perceive 
 
 118 
 
 pride 
 
 perceive, intellegere. 
 perform, facere. 
 performer, liistrio, -onis, m. 
 perhaps, fortasse ; forsitan 
 
 {Exercise 28'^^). 
 peril, discrlmen, -inis, n. 
 personally, ipse, -a, -urn. 
 persuade, persuadere. 
 Petreius, Petreius, -i, m. 
 Philo, Philo, -onis, m. 
 philosopher, philosophus, -i, m. 
 phrase, vox, vocis, r. 
 Piso, Piso, -onis, m. 
 Pistoria, Pistoria, -ae, f. 
 pity, misericordia, -ae, f. 
 place, locus, -i, m. (plu., loca, 
 
 -orum, N.) ; urbs, urbis, r. 
 plan, w., consilium, -i, n. ; in- 
 
 ceptum, -i, n. 
 plan, v., parare. 
 Plato, Plato, -onis, m. 
 play, fabula, -ae, f. 
 pleasant, iucundus, -a, -um. 
 please, libera. 
 pleasing, gratus, -a, -um. 
 pleasure, voluptas, -atis, f. 
 pledge, fides, -ei, f. 
 plenty, satis. 
 plunge in among, incurrere in 
 
 and ace. 
 point, locus, -I, M. ; when nsed 
 
 literally of place, plu. loca, 
 
 -orum, N. 
 point out, commemorare. 
 Pomptinus, Pomptlnus, -i, m. 
 poor, inops, -opis ; pauper, 
 
 -eris. 
 
 position, dignitas, -atis, f. ; 
 
 honor, -oris, m. 
 possessed (o/), praeditus, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 postpone, differre. 
 poverty, inopia, -ae, f. 
 power, (concrete), opes, -um, 
 
 F. ; (abstract), potestas, 
 
 -atis, F. 
 practise medicine, medicinam 
 
 exercere. 
 Praeneste, Praeneste, -is, n. 
 praetor, praetor, -oris, m. 
 praetorship, praetura, -ae, f. 
 praise, n., laus, laudis, f. 
 praise, v., laudare. 
 pray, optare. 
 prayers, preces, -um, f. 
 precede, antecedere. 
 precedent, exemplum, -T, n. 
 precept, praeceptum, -I, n. 
 prefer, anteponere ; malle 
 
 (with infin.). 
 prefer ... to, malle . . . 
 
 quam. 
 preferable, praestabilior, -ius. 
 prepare, parare. 
 
 prepared, paratus, -a, -um. 
 present (be), adesse. 
 preserve, servare, conservare. 
 pretence, simulatio, -onis, f. 
 pretend, simulare. 
 prevail upon, exorare. 
 prevent, impedire, deterrere. 
 previous, superior, -ius. 
 price, pretium, -i, n. 
 pride, superbia, -ae, f. 
 
priesthood 
 
 119 
 
 recollection 
 
 priesthood, sacerdotium, -i, x. 
 
 private, privatus, -a, -um. 
 
 probable (be), veri simile esse. 
 
 proceed, proficisci, progredi, 
 venire. 
 
 proclaim, afflrmare. 
 
 prominent, nobilissimus, -a, 
 -um ; summus, -a, -um. 
 
 promise, «., promissum, -i, x. 
 
 promise, v., polliceri. 
 promise to help, operam 
 polliceri. 
 
 propose, suadere ; (m the sen- 
 ate)^ censere ; (a law), 
 ferre. 
 
 proscription, proscriptio, -onis, 
 
 F. 
 
 protect, mtinire, tegere. 
 protection, tutela, -ae, f. 
 prove, probare. 
 
 prove guilty, convincere. 
 provided only, provided that. 
 
 dummodo, modo. 
 province, provincia, -ae, f. 
 prjdence, priidentia, -ae, f. 
 public, publicus, -a, -um. 
 
 public enemy, hostis, -is, m. 
 
 public office, honores, -um, m. 
 publish, divulgare. 
 Publius, Ptiblius, -i, m.; abbre- 
 viated P. 
 punishment, poena, -ae, f. ; 
 
 supplicium, -i, x. 
 purpose, w., voluntas, -atis, f. 
 purpose, v., parare. 
 put in charge of, praeponere. 
 
 put in command, praeficere. 
 
 put in the charge of, credere 
 
 with dat. 
 put in veto, intercedere. 
 put to death, interficere, 
 
 morte multare. 
 put under arrest, in custo- 
 diam tradere. 
 Pylades, Pylades, -is, m. 
 Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, -I, m. 
 
 quarter, pars, partis, f. 
 question, interrogatum, -i, n. 
 quickly, celeriter. 
 quiet, remissus, -a, -um. 
 Quintus, Quintus, -i, m.; abbre- 
 viated Q. 
 
 R 
 
 race, genus, -eris, n. 
 raise {a force), comparare. 
 
 raise a cry, clam are. 
 rank, ordo, -inis, 3r. 
 rashness, temeritas, -atis, f. 
 rather than, magis quam ; {with 
 
 malle), quam. 
 reach, pervenire ad and ace. 
 read, legere ; {aloud), recitare. 
 readily, facile, libenter. 
 ready, paratus, -a, -um. 
 realize, sentlre, videre. 
 reap, demetiri, percipere. 
 reason, causa, -ae, f. 
 reasoning, ratio, -onis, f. 
 recall {from exile), redticere. 
 receive, accipere, recipere. 
 recollection, recordatio, -onis, f. 
 
records 
 
 120 
 
 Saguntum 
 
 records, tabulae, -arum, f. 
 
 refer, referre. 
 
 refuse, recusare {lolien 7iega- 
 
 tived, may take infinitive 
 
 construction) ; nolle. 
 regarding, de with ahl. 
 regret, paenitere. 
 regular, ordinarius, -a, -uui ; 
 
 of arms, iustus, -a, -um. 
 reign, regiiare. 
 reject, repudiare. 
 rejoicing, laetitiae, -arum, f. 
 relate, narrare, dicere. 
 relying, fretus, -a, -um. 
 remain, manere, morari, per- 
 
 manere. 
 remark, vox, vocis, r. 
 remarkable, admirabilis, -e. 
 remember, meminisse. 
 remind, use commemorare. 
 remnants, reliquiae, -arum, f. 
 renew, renovare. 
 repent, paenitere. 
 reply, n., responsum, -i, n. 
 reply, v., respondere. 
 report, w., rumor, -oris, m.; in 
 
 phi., sermones, -um, m. 
 report, v. , def erre, f erre. 
 report to, certiorem facere de 
 
 and ahl. * 
 
 rescue, jeripere. 
 reserve, reservare. 
 resist, resistere. 
 resource, ops, opis, f. 
 restore to, restituere in and ace. 
 result, exitus, -us, m. 
 retain, retinere, tenere. 
 
 retaks, recipere. 
 return, n.. reditus, -us, m. 
 return, v. act., reddere. 
 return, v. neuL, reverti {active 
 in perfect tenses, excepting 
 the pa7't. TevevsaB); redire. 
 revolution, res (rerum) novae, 
 reward, praemium, -I, n. 
 Rex, Rex, Regis, m. 
 rich, dives, -itis. 
 right, ius, iiiris, n. 
 ripe, paratus, -a, -um. 
 rise, pass, o/excitare. 
 rites, sacra, -orum, n. 
 rob, spoliare. 
 Roman, Romanus, -a, -um. 
 
 Romans, Romani, -orum, m. 
 Rome, Roma, -ae, f. 
 room, cella, -ae, r. 
 Roscius, Roscius, -i, m. 
 rue it, paenitere. 
 Rufus, Rufus, -i, M. 
 ruined, perditus, -a, -urn. 
 rule, ratio, -onis, f. 
 rule over, imperare. 
 rumor, rumor, -oris, m. 
 run for (office), petere. 
 rush forth, erumpere. 
 
 Sabines, SabinI, -orum, m. 
 sad, niaestus, -a, -um ; tristis, -e 
 
 {Exercise 16^), 
 safe, tutus, -a, -um ; use tuto 
 
 {Exercise 45). 
 safety, salus, -utis, f. 
 Saguntum, Saguntum, -I, n. 
 
said 
 
 121 
 
 shout 
 
 said (be), pass, of arguere 
 
 (Exercise 4^)- 
 sake, causa, -ae, f. 
 Sallust, Sallustius, -i, m. 
 salute, salutare. 
 salvation, salus, -utis, f. 
 same. Idem, eaclem, idem, 
 same as, idem (eadem, idem) 
 . . . qui (quae, quod), 
 sanctity, sancitas, -atis, f. 
 Sanga, Sanga, -ae, m. 
 sate, explere. 
 Saturnalia, Saturnalia, -ium 
 
 and -iorum, n. 
 save, servare. 
 
 say, dicere, exponere, loqui, 
 narrare, ostendere. referre. 
 say that . . • not, negare. 
 Scaevola, Scaevola, -ae, m. 
 scatter, act., fundere. 
 scatter, neut.,pccss. o/dissipare. 
 Scaurus, Scaurus, -i, m. 
 Scipio, ScTpio, -onis, m. 
 seal, signum, -i, x. 
 season, tempus, -oris, >-. 
 secure, adj., incolumis, -e. 
 secure, v., assequi, sumere ; 
 (forces), comparare. 
 secure support, gratiam sibi 
 conciliare. 
 see, videre, aspicere, intellegere, 
 sentire, cernere ; (=meet), 
 convenire. 
 see to it, curare, videre. 
 seek, petere, appetere. 
 seem, videri. 
 seize, capere. 
 
 self, sui, sibi. 
 sell, vendere ; see sold. 
 Sempronia, Sempronia, -ae, f. 
 senate, senatus, -us, m. 
 
 senate house, curia, -ae, f. 
 senator , senator, -oris, m. 
 send, mittere ; (letter), dai:e 
 (ad a7id ace) ; (forth), 
 emittere. 
 send back, remittere. 
 sentiment, sententla, -ae, f. 
 separate, secernere. 
 Sergius, Sergius, -i, m. 
 servant, servus, -i, m. 
 serve out, servire. 
 services, opera, -ae, f. 
 Servius, Servius, -i, m. ; abbrevi- 
 ated Ser. 
 sesterce, sestertius, -i, m. (ge^i. 
 
 plu., -ium). 
 set forth, ostendere. 
 set out, proficisci. 
 several, aliquot, indecl. ; ali- 
 
 qui, -ae, -a. 
 severe, acerbus, -a, -um. 
 severest (punishment), ulti- 
 
 mus, -a, -um. 
 Sextus, Sextus, -i, m. ; abbre- 
 viated Sex. 
 shameful, foedus, -a, -um. 
 sharpened, praeacutus, -a, -um. 
 she, see he. 
 ship, navis, -is, f. 
 shortly before, paulo ante. 
 should, debere ; gerundive con- 
 struction. 
 shout, clamare. 
 
show 
 
 122 
 
 splendid 
 
 show, n., ostentatio, -5nis, f. 
 show, v., Qstendere,' docere, 
 
 demonstrare, declarare. 
 Sicily, Sicilia, -ae, r. 
 sick, aeger, -gra, -grum. 
 sign, signal, signum, -i, n. 
 Silanus, Silanus, -i, m. 
 silence, silentium, -i, n. 
 silent (be), tacere. 
 similar, similis, -e. 
 simple, simplex, -icis. 
 since, conj., cum, quoniam. 
 since, prep., post with ace. 
 Sittius, Sittius, -!, m. 
 six hundred, sescenti, -ae, -a. 
 sixth, sextus, -a, -um. 
 slaughter, caedes, -is, r. 
 slave, servus, -i, m. ; plu., 
 
 servitia, -orum, n. 
 slave (be a), servire. 
 slavery, servitus, -utis, f. 
 sleep, somnus, -i, m. 
 slip away from, clam relin- 
 
 quere. 
 small, exiguus, -a, -um. 
 so, sic, ita ; loith adjs. and 
 
 advs., tarn; {= atid so), 
 
 itaque, ita. 
 so . . . as, ita . . . ut ; with 
 
 adjs. and advs., tarn . . . 
 
 quam. 
 so as not to, ne. 
 so grave (danger), tantus, 
 
 -a, -um, 
 so great, tantus, -a, -um. 
 so greatly, tantopere. 
 so much, sic. 
 
 so that, ut ; with comparative 
 
 in purpose clause, quo. 
 so that not, ne. 
 
 Socrates, Socrates, -is, m. 
 
 sold (be), venire ; see sell. 
 
 soldier, miles, -itis, m. 
 
 some, adj., quidam, quaedam, 
 quod dam ; aliqui, -qua, 
 -quod ; with si, ne, num ; 
 qui, qua, quod; (=i some- 
 thing), aliquid {with gen.). 
 
 some, n., quidam, quaedam, 
 quaedam ; aliquT, -ae, -a ; 
 nonntilli, -ae, -a ; pauci, 
 -ae, -a ; omitted ir^ the 
 phrase '•some who."* 
 
 somehow, nescio quo pacto. 
 
 someone, aliquis, (-quid) ; with 
 si, ne, num; quis, (quid). 
 
 something, aliquid, -cuius, n. 
 
 son, filius, -i, m. 
 
 soon, mox, brevi tempore. 
 
 sort, modus, -i, m. 
 
 soul, animus, -i, m. 
 
 sound, temptare. 
 
 Spain, Hispania, -ae, f. 
 
 spare, parcere. 
 
 speak, dicere, loqui, disserere ; 
 (m the senate), sententiam 
 dicere. 
 speak to, loqui cum and 
 abl. 
 
 spear, sparus, -i, m. 
 
 speech, oratio, -onis, f. 
 
 speed, celeritas, -atis, f. 
 
 splendid, praeclarus, -a, -um ; 
 amplus, -a, -um. 
 
spread 
 
 sword 
 
 spread, part. , stratus, -a, -uni. 
 
 spread, v. act., dlvulgare. 
 
 spread, v. neiit., percrebescere. 
 
 spring, oriri. 
 
 stained, cruentus, -a, -um, 
 
 stake, sudis, -is, f. 
 
 stand, stare. 
 
 stand for (office), peters, 
 stand in need, nse opus esse. 
 stand one's ground, resistere. 
 
 start, iter facere. 
 
 startled, commotus, -a, -um. 
 
 state, 71., civitas, -atis, f.; res 
 (rei) ptiblica. 
 
 state, y., referre. 
 
 Statilius, Statilius, -I, m. 
 
 station, collocare, ponere. 
 
 Stator, Stator, -oris, m. 
 
 statue, signum, -i, x, 
 
 steadfastness, c5nstantia, -ae, f. 
 
 still, adhuc; (= nevertheless), 
 tamen, 
 
 stir, movere ; afficere {Exer- 
 cise 28^). 
 
 stop, subsistere. 
 
 storm, tempestas, -atis, f. 
 
 story, rumor, -oris, m. ; fama, 
 -ae, F. 
 
 strangle, gulam laqueo frau- 
 gere. 
 
 strength, vires, -ium, f. 
 
 strengthen, confirmare. 
 
 stringent, acer, -ris, -re. 
 
 stronger (guard), maior, maius. 
 
 style, genus, -eris, x. 
 style of speaking, serrao, 
 -onis, M. 
 
 subdue, devincere, oppriraere. 
 subject to, imponere icith ace. 
 of the thing and dat. of 
 the person. 
 
 such (a), adj., talis, -e. 
 
 such, adv.. tam, 
 
 such great, tautus, -a, -um, 
 
 sudden, subitus, -a, -um. 
 
 suddenly, subito. 
 
 suffer harm. pass, o/nocere. 
 suffer injury, detrimentum 
 accipere. 
 
 suffering, supplicium, -i, x. 
 
 sufficient, satis. 
 
 suggestion, admonitu (rare ex- 
 cepting in abl.). 
 
 suited, accomodatus, -a, -um ; 
 decorus, -a, -um (Exer- 
 cise 19^^). 
 
 Sulla, Sulla, -ae, m. 
 
 Sulpicius, Sulpicius, -i, m. 
 
 summon, arcessere, vocare. 
 
 superior (be), praestare. 
 
 supply (with), iustruere. 
 
 support, n., gratia, -ae, f. 
 
 support, v., adiuvare. 
 
 suppress, opprimere. 
 
 surely, certo. 
 
 surpass, superare. 
 
 surrender, se dedere, se tra- 
 dere. 
 
 surround, , circumdare. 
 
 suspect, suspicari. 
 
 suspicion, suspicio, -onis, r. 
 
 swear, iurare. 
 
 sweet, dulcis, -e. 
 
 sword, gladius, -i, m. 
 
sworn statement 
 
 124 
 
 the 
 
 sworn statement, ius (iuris) 
 
 ifirandum. 
 Syracuse, Syracusae, -arum, f. 
 
 tablet, tabula, -ae, f. 
 take, capere, sumere ; (from), 
 auferre. 
 take away, abstrabere, tol- 
 
 lere, auferre. 
 take back to, ferre ad and ace. 
 take down {in ^vriting), per- 
 
 scribere. 
 take field against, bellum 
 
 Inferre and dat. 
 take from, eripere. 
 take off guard, incautum 
 
 (-os) opprimere. 
 take one's stand, consistere. 
 take pains, operam dare, cu- 
 
 ram adhibere. 
 take place, fieri, esse; of 
 elections, pass. 0/ habere. 
 take pleasure, gaudere. 
 take seat, sedere, ire sessum. 
 take up arms, arma sumere, 
 
 capere. 
 take up residence, liabitare. 
 Tarentum, Tarentum, -i, n. 
 Tarquinius, Tarquinius, -i, m. 
 taxes, vectigalia, -ium, n. 
 teach, docere. 
 tear, lacrima, -ae, f. 
 tell, narrare, exponere, nun- 
 tiare, deferre, dicere ; ( = 
 knoio) , intellegere ; ( = hid) , 
 orare. 
 
 temple, aedes, -is, f. ; tem- 
 pi um, -I, N. 
 
 ten, decem, indecl. 
 
 Terentia, Terentia, -ae, f. 
 
 testify, indicare. 
 
 testimony, testimonium, -i, n. 
 
 than, quam, 
 
 thank, gratias agere. 
 
 thanksgiving, supplicatio, 
 
 -on is, F. 
 
 that, conj. ; purpose., result., sub- 
 stantive, ut; purpose, quo 
 Qwith compar.), gratia, 
 causa; substantive, quod; 
 with verbs of fearing, ne ; 
 tvith non dubitare, etc., 
 quill (Introd. S7) ; often 
 2intrcmslated. 
 that no, ne; ne quis (^qui), 
 
 qua, quid (quod). 
 that not, ne; with verbs of 
 fearing, ut and ne non, 
 the latter after negative 
 expressions. 
 that nothing, ne quid. 
 that some (thing), with verbs 
 of fearing, ne quid. 
 
 thsit, demon, pro., ille, -a, -ud ; 
 is, ea, id ; liic, haec, hoc ; 
 at the beginning of a sen- 
 tence often qui, quae, 
 quod. 
 that which, id quod, ea quae. 
 
 that, rel.pro., qui, quae, quod. 
 
 the, usually untranslated ; hie, 
 haec, hoc ; is, ea, id ; ille, 
 -a, -ud. 
 
the city 
 
 125 
 
 to 
 
 the city, Koma, -ae, f. {Exer- 
 cise 43)- 
 the nearer ... the better, 
 quo propius . . . eo me- 
 lius. 
 the same, idem, eadem, 
 idem. 
 theft, furtum, -i, x. 
 their, often untranslated; 
 eorum ; reflex.^ suiu -a, 
 -um. 
 themselves, ipsi, -ae, -a; re- 
 flex.^ sui, sibi. 
 then, turn, deinde, tunc, 
 thence, inde. 
 there, ibi ; at the beginning of 
 
 a sentence, ubi. 
 there {is, icere, etc.), untrans- 
 lated. 
 there are some, sunt qui, 
 quae, quae, 
 thereafter, postea. 
 thereby, quo verbo (Exercise 
 
 65). 
 therefore, quare, quocirca, 
 
 itaque ; igitur. 
 thereupon, turn denique. 
 these, see this. 
 Thessalonica, Thessalonica, 
 
 -ae, F. 
 Thessaly, Thessalia, -ae, f. 
 they, ei, eae, ea ; illi, -ae, -a ; 
 at the beginning of a sen- 
 tence, qui, quae, quae ; 
 often untranslated ; reflex., 
 sui, sibi. 
 thick, conferti, -ae, -a. 
 
 thing, res, rel, f. ; (is, ea), id ; 
 
 sometimes untranslated. 
 think, putare, arbitrari, reri, 
 iudicare, existimare, sen- 
 tire, credere, 
 think more highly of, forms 
 o/plus (pliiris) and facere. 
 third, tertius, -a, -um. 
 thirty, triginta, indecl. 
 this, hic, haec, hoc ; is, ea, id ; 
 iste,-a, -ud ; ille, -a, -ud ; at 
 the beginning of a sentence 
 often qui, quae, quod. 
 this same, Idem, eadem, 
 idem, 
 thither, eo ; at the beginning 
 
 of a sentence, quo. 
 those, see that. 
 
 though, cum, quamquam, etsi ; 
 
 quamvis, licet, etiam si ; si. 
 
 thousand, mille, indecl. adj.; 
 
 milia, -ium, x. 
 threaten, minari. 
 three hundred, trecenti, -ae, -a. 
 through, per v;ith ace. 
 thus, ita. 
 
 Tiberius, Tiberius, -i, m ; ab- 
 breviated Ti. 
 time, tempus, -oris, x. ; otium, 
 
 -1, X. {Exercise 25 1-) . 
 Titus, Titus, -i, 3r. ; abbre- 
 viated T. 
 to, conj., ut, e5 consilio . . . 
 ut ; ad«»fZ gerundive; rel- 
 ative clause of purpose. 
 to be sure. sanS. 
 to say nothing of, nedum. 
 
to 
 
 126 
 
 unite 
 
 to, pj'cp., ad, in with ace. 
 
 to the advantage of (be), in- 
 teresse. 
 
 to the house of, ad with ace. 
 of personal or reflex, pro. 
 
 to the interest of (be), inter- 
 esse. 
 
 to the same place, eodem. 
 
 to which, quo. 
 to-day, hodie. 
 toga, vestis, -is, r. 
 toil, labor, -oris, m. 
 tongue, lingua, -ae, f. 
 too, quoque. 
 too soon, maturius. 
 Torquatus, Torquatus, -i, m. 
 toward, in loith ace, or objec- 
 tive gen. 
 town, oppidum, -I, n. ; mtini- 
 
 cipium, -1, No 
 trade, negotiari. 
 trader (be a), negotiari. 
 train, exercere. 
 
 trained, institiitus, -a, -um. 
 training, exercitatio, -onis, r. 
 transact, conficere, transigere. 
 travel, proficisci. 
 treachery, fraus, fraudis, f. 
 tree trunk, truncus, -T, m. 
 ^ trial, iudicium, -i, n. 
 
 tribunate, tribunatus, -iis, m. 
 tried {soldier), veteranus, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 troops, copiae, -arum, f. 
 trophy, palma, -ae, r. 
 trouble, labor, -oris, m. 
 
 troubles, res, rerum, f. 
 
 true, verus, -a, -um. 
 
 trust, confidere, fidem habere. 
 
 truth, Veritas, -atis, f. 
 
 try, conari ; (at law), in indi- 
 cium vocare. 
 
 Tullianum, Tullianum, -I, n. 
 
 Tullius, Tullius, -i, m. 
 
 Tullus, Tullus, -1, M. 
 
 turn, se vertere. 
 
 turn out well, feliciter eve- 
 nire. 
 
 twelfth, duodecimus, -a, -um. 
 
 twenty, viginti, indecl. 
 
 two, duo, -ae, -o. 
 
 tyrant, tyrannus, -I, m. 
 
 U 
 
 Umbrenus, Umbrenus, -i, m. 
 unabashed, audax, -acis. 
 unable (be), nequire. 
 unanimously, omnibus suffra- 
 ges. 
 uncertain, incertus, -a, -um. 
 undecided (be), dubitare. 
 under, of rest, sub with ahl. 
 under guard, cum custodi- 
 
 bus. 
 under guardianship (protec- 
 tion), in tutela. 
 understand, intellegere. 
 undertake, suscipere. 
 undertake defence, causara 
 defendere. 
 unfailing, certus, -a, -um. 
 unfriendly, inimicus, -a, -um. 
 unite, coniungere (cum and 
 ahl.). 
 
universal 
 
 127 
 
 what 
 
 universal, universus, -a, -um. 
 unjust, iniquus, -a, -um. 
 unless, nisi. 
 unprincipled, nefarius, -a, -um. 
 unsuccessful, irritus, -a, -um. ^ 
 until, donee, dum ; in, ad with 
 ace. 
 
 unwilling (be), nolle. 
 
 unworthy, indignus, -a, -um. 
 
 upright, probus, -a, -um. 
 
 uprising, tumultus, -us, m. 
 
 urge, hortari, cohortari ; con- 
 tendere {Exercise 62). 
 
 use, ntl. 
 
 used (be), solere. 
 
 utter, edere. 
 
 valor, virtus, -utis, f. 
 Vargunteius, Vargunteius, -i, m 
 various, diversi, -ae, -a. 
 venture, audere. 
 very, adj., ipse, -a, -um. 
 very, adv., magnopere ; com- 
 parative degree. 
 very uncertain (be), parum 
 
 con stare. 
 very useful, pertitilis, -e. 
 Vettius, Vettius, -i, m. 
 victorious, victor, -oris, used as 
 adj. 
 victorious (be), vincere. 
 victory, victoria, -ae, f. 
 view, sententia, -ae, f. ; opinio, 
 
 -onis, F. 
 vile deed, facinus, -inoris, n. 
 virtue, virtus, -utis, f. 
 
 visit, ire ad and ace. 
 
 visit with punishment, af- 
 ficere and ahl. 
 Volcatius, Volcatius, -i, m. 
 Volturcius, Volturcius, -i, m. 
 vote, 71., suffragium, -i, n. 
 vote, v., decernere. 
 
 W 
 
 wage war, bellum gerere. 
 
 wait (for), expectare. 
 
 wall, miirus, -i, m. 
 
 want, velle. 
 
 war, bellum, -i, n. 
 
 ward off, depellere. 
 
 warn, monere, admonere. 
 
 watch, «., vigilia, -ae, f. 
 
 watch, v.,observare; { = guard^ 
 
 custodire. 
 water, aqua, -ae, f. 
 way, ratio, -onis, f. ; modus, 
 
 -1, M. 
 
 way of approaching, aditus, 
 
 -us, M. 
 
 we, nos, nostrum and nostri ; 
 
 often untranslated. 
 weak, mflrmus, -a, -um. 
 wealth, divitiae, -arum, f. 
 weapon, telum, -i, n. 
 wear, gerere. 
 weight, pondus, -eris, n, 
 weighty, gravis, -e. 
 well, bene ; certo {Exercise 55). 
 
 well-known, nobilis, -e. 
 
 well supplied (be), abundare. 
 what, compound rel, ea quae, 
 or quae alone. 
 
what 
 
 128 
 
 word 
 
 what, inter, and exclamatory^ 
 
 qui, quae, quod {adj.) ; 
 
 quis, quae, quid («.)• 
 what pray, quidnam. 
 what sort (of), qualis, -e. 
 whatsoever, quicumque, quae- 
 
 cumque, quodcumque. 
 when {temporal)^ cum, post- 
 
 quam, ubi, ut, quo qui- 
 
 dem tempore ; (conces- 
 sive)., cum. 
 when once, cum iam. 
 where, ubi ; (= whither), quo. 
 whether, num (loith neutral 
 
 force in indirect questions) . 
 whether ... or (whether), 
 
 utrum . . . an. 
 whether ... or not, utrum 
 
 . . . necne (in indirect 
 
 questions). 
 which (of two), inter, pro., 
 
 uter, -tra, -trum. 
 which, rel.pro. , qui, quae, quod. 
 while, cum, dum ; (= so long 
 
 as), donee; adversative, 
 
 autem. 
 whither, quo. 
 who, inter, pro., quis; quae, 
 
 (quid). 
 who, rel. pro., qui, quae, quod, 
 whole, totus, -a, -um. 
 why, ciir, quid, 
 wicked, malus, -a, -um. 
 wickedness, scelus, -eris, n. 
 wife, uxor, -oris, f. 
 will, testamentum, -i, n. 
 willing (be), velle. 
 
 willingly, libenter. 
 win approval, pass, o/probari. 
 wine, vinum, -i, n. 
 wisdom, sapientia, -ae, f. 
 wise (man), sapiens, -entis, m. 
 wish, velle. 
 
 with, cum with abl. ; so pari- 
 ter cum, simul cum, and 
 una cum. 
 with joy, laetus, -a, -um. 
 with regard to, de with abl. 
 with resignation, aequo 
 animo. 
 withdraw, secedere, se reci- 
 
 pere, recedere. 
 within, adv., intus. 
 within, prep., inter with ace. 
 without, sine with abl.; use 
 neque (Exercise 57). 
 without (be), carere. 
 without a trial, causa indicta. 
 without difficulty, facile. 
 without experience, imperi- 
 tus, -a, -um. 
 withstand, resistere. 
 witness, testis, -is, c. ; index, 
 
 -icis, c. 
 wonderful, mirabilis, -e. 
 word, n., verbum, -i, n. ; dic- 
 tum, -i, N. ; sometimes un- 
 translated ; (= message), 
 nuntius, -i, m. 
 word arrive, pass, of niin- 
 
 tiare. 
 words, sententiae, -arum, f. ; 
 v5x, vocis, F. (Exercise 
 11^). 
 
word 
 
 129 
 
 youth 
 
 word, v., scribere. 
 work, n., opus, -eris, n*. 
 work hard (for), operam assi- 
 due dare(i<?i«/i ut and siibj.). 
 workmen, operarii, -orum, m. 
 worth more (be), forms of esse 
 and plus (pltiris). 
 worth while (be), operae 
 pretium esse; forms of 
 esse and tantus, -a, -uiu. 
 worthy, dignus, -a, -ura. 
 would, velle. 
 
 would that, utinam. 
 wound, vulnus, -eris, n. 
 wrest, eripere. 
 wretch, scelestus, -i, m. 
 wretched, miser, -era, -erum. 
 write, scribere. 
 
 write out, perscribere. 
 writing, gerund of scribere. 
 writings, scripta, -orum, y. 
 
 wrong, iniuria, -ae, f.; delic- 
 tum, -i, N. 
 
 year, annus, -i, m. 
 yet, tamen. 
 
 yet . . . not, neque tamen. 
 yield, permittere. 
 you, tu, tui ; v5s, vestrum and 
 
 vestri; often untranslated. 
 young (man), adulescens, -en- 
 
 tis, M. 
 your, tuus, -a, -um ; vester, 
 
 -tra, -trum. 
 yourself, reflex., tui, tibi ; 
 
 vestri, vobis. 
 youth, (concrete), adulescens, 
 
 -entis, 31.; iuvenis, -is, m.; 
 {abstract), adulescentia, 
 
 -ae, F. 
 
LIST OF VERBS. 
 
 Obvious compounds of verbs ui common use are listed under the 
 
 simple verbs.' 
 
 adipiscor, 3, adeptus sum. 
 ago, 3, egl, actus ; so perago. 
 
 exigo, 3, -egl, -actus; so 
 transigo. 
 aperio, 4, aperui, apertus. 
 arcesso, 3, arcessivi, arcessitus. 
 ardeo, 2, arsi, arstirus. 
 
 exardesco, 3, -arsi, -arstirus. 
 argu5, 3, argui. 
 aspicio, 3, aspexi, aspectus. 
 audeo, 2, ausus sum. 
 augeo, 2, auxi, auctus. 
 
 cado, 3, cecidi, casurus. 
 
 accido, 3, -cidi ; so concido, 
 
 incido (incasurus). 
 caedo, 3, cecidi, caesus. 
 
 abscido, 3, -cidi, -cisus; so 
 
 incido, occido. 
 capio, 3, cepi, captus. 
 
 accipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus; so 
 
 excipio, incipio, intercipio, 
 
 percipio, praecipio, recipio, 
 
 suscipio. 
 caveo, 2, cavi, cauturus. 
 cedo, 3, cessi, cessiim (est); so 
 
 antecedo, excedo, inter- 
 
 cedo, recede, secedo. 
 
 censeo, 2, censui, census, 
 cerno, 3, crevi. 
 decerno, 3, -crevi, -cretus ; so 
 
 secerno. 
 claudo, 3, clausi, clausus. 
 coepi, coepisse, coeptus. 
 cogo, 3, coegi, coactus. 
 colo, 3, colui, cultus. 
 
 incolo, 3, -colui. 
 comperio, 4, comperi, comper- 
 
 tus. 
 coutemno, 3, contempsi (-tem- 
 
 si), contemptus. 
 crebesco, 3, crebui ; so percre- 
 
 becso. 
 credo, 3, credidi, creditus. 
 cresco, 3, crevi, cretus. 
 cupio, 3, cupivi, cupitus. 
 curro, 3, cucurri, cursum (est) . 
 incurro, 3, -curri (-cucurri), 
 
 -cursum (est). 
 succurro, 3, -curri, -cursum 
 
 (est). 
 
 defends, 3, defendi, defensus. 
 deleo, 2, delevi, deletus. 
 dico, 3, dixi, dictus ; so prae- 
 dico. 
 
 130 
 
List of Verbs. 
 
 131 
 
 disco, 3, didicl. 
 
 divide, 3, divisi, divisus, 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datus; so cir- 
 
 cumdo. 
 addo, 3, -didi, -ditus; so 
 
 dedo, edo, perdo, reddo, 
 
 trado. 
 doceo, 2, dociii, doctus. 
 dtico, 3, d0.xi, ductus ; so ad- 
 
 diico, deduco, indtico, in- 
 
 trodiico, perduco, prodtico, 
 
 reduco. 
 
 emo, 3, emi, emptus. 
 eo, ire, ivi, itum (est). 
 
 abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum (est) ; 
 
 so exeo, redeo. 
 adeo, -Ire, -il, -itus ; so ineo, 
 subeo, transeo. 
 expleo, 2, explevi, expletus. 
 extinguo, 3, extinxi, extinctus. 
 
 facio, 3, feci, factus ; so pate- 
 facio, vacuefacio ; passive^ 
 fio. 
 aflQcio, 3, -feci, -fectus ; so 
 conficio, deficio, efiQcio, in- 
 terficio, perficio, praeficio. 
 fateor, 2, fassus sum. 
 
 confiteor, 2, -fessus sum. 
 faveo, 2, favi, fauturus. 
 ferio, 4, (percussi, percussus). 
 fero, ferre. tuli, latus ; so de- 
 fero, perfero, profero, re- 
 fero (rettuli). 
 affero, -ferre, attuli, allatus. 
 
 aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ab- 
 latus. 
 
 confero, -ferre, contuli, colla- 
 tus. 
 
 differo, -ferre, distuli, dilatus. 
 
 infero, -ferre, -intuli, illatus. 
 
 offero, -ferre, obtull, oblatus. 
 
 refert, -ferre, -tulit. 
 fido, 3, fisus sum ; so confido. 
 figo, 3, fixi, fixus ; so defigo. 
 fio, fieri, factus sum. 
 fluo, 3, fiuxi, fluxus {as adj.). 
 frango, 3, fregi, fractus. 
 fruor, 3, friictus sum ; so per- 
 
 fruor. 
 fugio, 3, fugi, fugitiinis. 
 
 effugio, 3, -fiigi ; so perfugio. 
 funds, 3, fMi, fusus. 
 fungor, 3, functus sum. 
 
 gaudeo, 2, gavisus sum. 
 gero, 3, gessi, gestus. 
 gradior, 3, gressus sum. 
 
 congredior, 3, -gressus sum ; 
 
 so egredior, ingredior, pro- 
 
 gredior. 
 
 habeo, 2, habui, habitus, 
 adhibeo, 2, -hibui, -hibitus. 
 
 iacio, 3, ieci, iactus. 
 adicio, 3, -ieci, -iectus ; so 
 
 conicio, eicio, inicio. 
 iubeo, 2, iussi, iussus. 
 iungo, 3, iunxi, iunctus ; so 
 
 coniungo, disiungo. 
 iuvo, 1, iuvi, iutus; so adiuvo. 
 
132 
 
 List of Verbs. 
 
 labor, 3, lapsus sum. 
 laedo, 3, laesi, laesus. 
 lego, 3, legl, lectus ; so deligo, 
 eligo. 
 diligo, 3, -lexi, -lectus ; so 
 intellego. 
 licet, 2, licuit (licitum est), 
 linquo, 3, liqui. 
 
 derelinquo, 3, -liqui, -lictus ; 
 so relinquo. 
 loquor, 3, locutus sum. 
 luceo, 2, Kixi. 
 
 dilucesco, 3, -luxi. 
 
 maere5, 2. 
 
 malo, malle, malui. 
 
 maneo, 2, mansi, manstirus ; so 
 
 permaneo. 
 memini, meminisse. 
 mgtior, 4, mensus sum ; so de- 
 
 metior. 
 metuO, 3, metui. 
 misceo, 2, miscui, mixtus. 
 mittO, 3, misi, missus ; so 
 
 amitto, admitto, demitto, 
 
 dimitto, emittO, intromitto, 
 
 omitto, permitto, proraitto, 
 
 remitto. 
 morior, 3, mortuus sum ; so 
 
 emorior. 
 moveo, 2, movi, motus ; so 
 
 commoveO. 
 
 uascor, 3, natus sum. 
 
 noceO, 2, nocui, nocitum (est). 
 
 nolo, nolle, noluT. 
 
 n5sco, 3, novi, notus ; so 
 ignosco (ignoturus). 
 cognosco, 3, -gnovi, -gnitus. 
 
 obliviscor, 3, obiitus sum. 
 operio, 4, operui, opertus. 
 orior, 4, ortus sum. 
 
 parco, 3, peperci (parsi), par- 
 
 surus. 
 pareo, 2, parui, paritiirus. 
 patior, 3, passus sum. 
 pello, 3, pepuli, pulsus. 
 
 depello, 3, -puli, -pulsus ; so 
 
 expello, impello. 
 pendeo, 2, pependi. 
 
 impendeo, 2. 
 pendo, 3, pependi, pensus. 
 pergo, 3, perrexi, perrectum 
 
 (est). 
 peto, 3, petivi (-ii), petltus ; so 
 
 appeto, repeto. 
 placet, 2, placuit (placitum 
 
 est). 
 p5n5, 3, posul, positus ; so 
 
 antepono, depono, expono, 
 
 impon5, praepono. 
 posco, 3, poposci. 
 possum, posse, potui. 
 prehendo, 3, prehendl, pre- 
 
 hensus ; so comprehends, 
 
 deprehendo. 
 prem5, 3, pressi, pressus. 
 opprim5, 3, -pressi, -pressus ; 
 
 so reprimO. 
 proficiscor, 3, profectus sum. 
 
List of Verbs. 
 
 133 
 
 quaero, 3, quaeslvi, quaesitus. 
 
 anquiro, 8, -quisivi, -quisitas. 
 queo, quire, quivi. 
 
 nequeo, -quire, 
 queror, 3, questus sum. 
 
 rapio, 3, rapul, raptus. 
 
 eripio, 3, -ripui, -reptus. 
 reor, "2, ratus sum. 
 reperio, 4, repperl, repertus. 
 rumpo, 3, rupl, ruptus j so 
 erumpo. 
 
 scando, 3, scandi, scansus. 
 descendo, 3, -scendi, -scen- 
 sum (est), 
 scio, 4, scivi, scitus. 
 
 nescio, 4, -scivi or -scii. 
 scribo, 3, scrips!, scriptus ; so 
 describo, inscrlbo, per- 
 scribo, praescribo. 
 sedeo, 2, sedi, sessurus. 
 dissideo, 2, -sedi. 
 obsideo, 2, -sedi, -sessus. 
 sentio, 4, sens!, sensus ; so as- 
 sentior {deponent). 
 praesentio, 4, -sensi, -sensum 
 (est), 
 sequor, 3, sectitus sum ; so as- 
 sequor, consequor, perse- 
 quor. 
 sero, 3. 
 
 deser5, 3, -serui, -sertus. 
 dissero, 3, -serui. 
 sino, 3, sivi, situs. 
 desino, 3, -sii, -situs. 
 
 sisto, 3, , staturus. 
 
 consisto, 3, -stiti ; so desisto, 
 resisto, subsists, 
 soleo, 2, solitus sum. 
 solvo, 3, solvi, solutus ; so ab- 
 solve, 
 spondeo, 2, spopondi, sponsus. 
 respondeo, 2, -spondi, -spon- 
 sus. 
 statuo, 3, statui, statiitus. 
 constituo, 3, -stitui, -stitutus ; 
 so iustituo, restituo. 
 sto, 1, steti, statum (est). 
 
 consto, 1, -stiti ; so praesto. 
 strings, 3, strinxi, strictus ; so 
 
 astringo. 
 struo, 3, struxi, strtictus ; so 
 
 instruo. 
 suadeo, 2, suasi, suasum (est) ; 
 
 so persuade o. 
 sum, esse, fui, f uturus ; so 
 desum, intersum. 
 absum, -esse, afui, afuturus. 
 adsum, -esse, affui, affuturus. 
 sumo, 3, sumpsi, stimptus. 
 surgo, 3, surrexi, surrecturus. 
 
 tango, 3, tetigi, tactus. 
 
 contingo, 3, -tigi, -tactus. 
 tego, 3, texi, tectus ; so detego. 
 tends, 3, tetendi,tensus (tentus). 
 
 contends, 3, -tendi, -tentus. 
 
 ostendS, 3, -tendi, -tensus 
 (-tentus). 
 teneS, 2, tenui. 
 
 obtineS, 2, -tinui, -tentus; 
 so retineo, sustineS. 
 
134 
 
 List of Verbs. 
 
 timeo, 2, timul. 
 
 tolls, 3, (sustull, sublatus). 
 
 traho, 3, traxi, tractus ; so abs- 
 
 traho, retraho. 
 tribuo, 3, tribul, tributus. 
 tueor, 2, tuitus sum. 
 
 utor, 3, usus sum. 
 
 vado, 3. 
 
 evado, 3, -vasT, -vasum (est), 
 valeo, 2, valui, valiturus. 
 veho, 3, vexi, vectus. 
 vendo, 3, -didi, -ditus. 
 veneo, -ire, -ivi (-ii). 
 venio, 4, veni, ventum (est) ; 
 
 so advenio, evenio, per- 
 venio, provenio, subvenio. 
 convenio, 4, -veni, -veiitus ; 
 so invenio. 
 
 verto, 3, verti, versus ; so averto, 
 animadverto, reverter {de- 
 ponent ; hut active in the 
 perfect tenses^ excepting the 
 part, reversus). 
 
 video, 2, vidi, visus ; so pro- 
 video, 
 invideo, 2, -vidi, -visus (as 
 adj.). 
 
 vinco, 3, vici, victus ; so con- 
 vinco, devinco. 
 
 vivo, 3, vixi, victum (est). 
 
 vols, velle, volui. 
 
LIST OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS, 
 
 I. ADJECTIVES. 
 
 acer, acrior, acerrimus. 
 aeger, aegrior, aegerrimus. 
 bonus, melior, optimus. 
 celer, celerior, celerrimus, 
 difficilis, difficilior, difficilli- 
 
 mus. 
 dives, divitior, divitissimus. 
 (exter), exterior, extremus 
 
 (extimus). 
 facilis, facilior, facilliraus. 
 
 falsus, , falsissimus. 
 
 inferus, inferior, infimus and 
 
 imus. 
 iuvenis, iunior, (minimus natti) . 
 magnus, maior, maximus. 
 malus, peior, pessimus. 
 mattirus, maturior, matiirissi- 
 
 mus and maturrimus. 
 miser, miserior, miserrimus. 
 
 multus, plus, plurimus. 
 novus, (recentior), novissimus 
 
 {'last'). 
 parvus, minor, minimus, 
 pauper, pauperior, pauperri- 
 
 mus. 
 posterus, posterior, postremus 
 
 (postumus). 
 (prae), prior, primus, 
 (prope), propior, proximus. 
 salMaris. saliitarior. 
 senex, senior, (maximus natu). 
 similis, similior, simillimus. 
 superus, superior, supremus 
 
 and summus. 
 taeter, taetrior, taeterrimus. 
 (ultra), ulterior, ultimus. 
 vetus, vetustior, veterrimus. 
 
 II. ADVEKBS. 
 
 acriter, acrius, acerrime. 
 bene, melius, optime. 
 celeriter, celerius, celerrime. 
 diu, dilitius, diutissime. 
 facile, facilius, facillime. 
 
 falso, , falsissime. 
 
 libere, liberius, liberrime. 
 magnopere, magis, maxime. 
 
 male, peius, pessime. 
 
 mature, maturius, maturissime 
 
 and matiirrime. 
 multum, plus, plurimum. 
 parum, minus, minime. 
 
 , prius, primum. 
 
 prope, propius, proxime. 
 saepe, saepius, saepissime. 
 135 
 
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