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LIBRARY 
 
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FOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROC 1C K: I : 
 
 THE USE OE THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 
 
 COMPARED WITH THE USE OF THE 
 
 INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK 
 
 i 
 
 CHI 
 [E UNI 
 
 1907 
 
Ube 'dnfv>ersfts of 
 
 FOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 
 
 THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 
 
 COMPARED WITH THE USE OF THE 
 
 INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL GREEK 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS 
 AND LITERATURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE 
 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 (DEPARTMENT OF BIBLICAL AND PATRISTIC GREEK) 
 
 BY 
 HAMILTON FORD ALLEN 
 
 t IWVERSVTY 
 
 ' 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 1907 
 
COPTKIGHT 1907 BY 
 THE UNIVBKBITY OF CHICAGO 
 
 Published August 1907 
 
 Composed and Printed By 
 
 The University of Chicago Press 
 
 Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION - . 7 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY - - g 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS - 15 
 
 I Uses of the Anarthrous Infinitive in Polybius - 17 
 
 II Uses of the Articular Infinitive in Polybius " - 29 
 
 III Uses of the Infinitive Characteristic of Polybius - 45 
 
 IV Tables of the Uses of the Infinitive in Polybius and in Biblical 
 
 Greek . . 46 
 
 V Comparison of the Uses of the Infinitive in Polybius and in 
 
 Biblical Greek - -51 
 
 VI Uses of the Infinitive Found in Biblical Greek but Not in 
 
 Polybius - - 52 
 
 VII Causes of the Peculiarities in the Use of the Infinitive in the 
 
 Biblical Books - - . , . - 54 
 
 VIII Conclusion - - 59 
 
 161424 
 
ITY 
 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE purpose of this study is to make a thorough investigation 
 of Polybius' use of the infinitive and compare the results thus 
 obtained with the use of the infinitive in biblical Greek, and yet 
 not with the whole of biblical Greek as represented in the Old 
 Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament, but with certain 
 selected books. 
 
 Polybius, a native Greek who lived during the second century 
 B. c., wrote his history in forty books in the common dialect, 
 which was then the language, not only of Greece, but of all the 
 East. And he wrote, not in a highly refined style, but as an 
 educated man of affairs might write of events in which he was 
 interested from personal experience. 
 
 It was just because of the widespread use of Greek in the East 
 that it became necessary to have a translation of the Hebrew 
 sacred writings into Greek for the use of the Hellenistic Jews, 
 and that new writings were composed in that language and not 
 in Hebrew. 
 
 The purpose, then, is to compare the use of the infinitive in 
 Polybius with its use in two books (Genesis and Wisdom of 
 Sirach) which were translated from Hebrew, and in two books 
 (II and IV Maccabees) which were originally written in Greek. 
 
 "The Use of the Infinitive in Biblical Greek" has already 
 been investigated and the results published by Professor Clyde 
 W. Votaw, of the University of Chicago. He also very kindly 
 provided me with unpublished material on the same subject. 
 
 All of my work on Polybius was done before I discovered that 
 "The Articular Infinitive in Polybius" had been studied and the 
 results of the study published by E. G. W. Hewlett in the eleventh 
 volume of the American Journal of Philology. When the discovery 
 of this admirable piece of work was made, along with the disap- 
 pointment there was some satisfaction in the fact that my results 
 coincided so exactly with those of Hewlett. 
 295] 7 
 
8 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 The texts used in this study were, for Polybius the edition of 
 Hultsch, the first eight books in the second edition, and for 
 biblical Greek, Swete's edition (Vols. I and II) in the second 
 edition, 1895-96; Vol. Ill, 1894). 
 
 I wish to express my great indebtedness to Professor Ernest 
 D. Burton for his assistance and interest in the matter of this 
 study, but especially for the inspiration received in past years of 
 association with him. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 I. LEXICONS, EDITIONS, GRAMMARS, AND SYNTAX. 
 
 Schiueighaeuser, Joannes. Lexicon Polybianum ab Is. et Merico Casaubonis 
 olim adumbratim inde ab lo. Aug. Ernesti elaboratum nunc ab Joanne 
 Schweighaeusero passim emendatum plurimisque partibus auctum. 
 Oxonii excudebat W. Baxter, impensis G. et W. B. Whittaker, Londini; 
 et J. Parker, Oxonii, MDCCCXXII. 
 
 Hultsch, Fridericus Otto. Polybii Historiae. Vols. I, II, editio altera, 1888- 
 
 92; Vols. Ill, IV, editio prima, 1870-72. Berlin. 
 Sivete, Henry Barclay. The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septua- 
 
 gint. Vols. I, II, 2ded., 1895-96; Vol. Ill, ist ed., 1894. Cambridge. 
 
 Blass, Friedrich. Grammar of New Testament Greek. Transl. by H. S. 
 
 Thackery. London, 1898. 
 
 Brugmann,i.Y.Chr. Griechische Grammatik. 3te Aufl. Miinchen, 1900. 
 Buttmann, Alexander. A Grammar of the Greek New Testament. Transl. 
 
 by J. H. Thayer. Andover, 1895. 
 Kruger, K. W. Griechische Sprachlehre fur Schulen. $te Aufl. Leipzig, 
 
 1875- 
 Kiihner, Raphael. Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der griech. Sprache. 4 vols. 
 
 3te Aufl. Leipzig, 1890-1904. 
 
 Meyer, Gustav. Griech. Grammatik. 3te Aufl. Leipzig, 1896. 
 Winer, G. B. A Treatise on the Grammar of New Testament Greek. Transl. 
 
 by W. F. Moulton. 3d ed. Edinburgh, 1882. 
 
 Burton, Ernest DeWitt. Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testa- 
 ment Greek. 3d ed. Chicago, 1898. 
 
 Delbriick, Berthold. Vergleichende Syntax der indogerm. Sprachen. Drei 
 Teile. Strassburg, 1893-1900. 
 
 Goodwin, William Watson. Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek 
 Verb. Boston, 1890. 
 
 II. DISSERTATIONS, PROGRAMMES, MONOGRAPHS AND PERIODICALS. 
 
 Albrecht, Carolus. De accusativi cum infinitive conjunct! origine et usu 
 Homerico. Leipziger Studien, Bd. IV, pp. 1-58. Leipzig, 1871. 
 
 Amelung, Ricardus. De Polybii enuntiatis finalibus. Diss., Halle, 1901. 
 
 A merican Journal of Philology. Baltimore. (Abbreviated A ././>.) 
 
 Anz, Henricus. Subsidia ad cognoscendum Graecorum sermonem vulgarem 
 et pentateuchi versione Alexandrina repetita. Diss., Halle, 1894. 
 
 297] 9 
 
10 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 Bellermann. De graeca verborum limendi structura. Prg., Berlin, 1833. 
 van Benten, Jacobus Marie. Observationes criticae in Polybium. Diss., 
 
 Lugduni-Batavorum, 1878. 
 Berdolt, Wendelin. Zur Entwickelungsgesch. der Konstruktionen mit tfcrre. 
 
 Eichstatt, 1894. 
 Birke, Otto. De parti cularum /J et otf usu Polybiano, Dionysiaco, Diodoreo, 
 
 Straboniano. Diss., Lipsiae, 1897. 
 Birklein, Franz. Entwickelungsgesch. des substantivierten Infinitivs. Schanz s 
 
 Beitrage, Heft 7. Wurzburg, 1888. 
 Blackert, Augustus. De praepositionum apud oratores Atticos usu quaesti- 
 
 ones selectae. Diss., Marpurgi Cattorum, 1884. 
 Brief, Siegmund. Die Conjunctionen bei Polybius; I, II, III, Prg., Wien, 
 
 1891, 1892, 1894. 
 Campe, ]. F. C. Quaestionum Polybianarum specimen. I, Prg:, Neu Ruppin, 
 
 1849; II, Prg., Greiffenberg, 1855. 
 
 Delbriick, Bertholdus. De infinitive Graeco. Diss., Halle, 1863. 
 Diet, Henricus. De enuntiatis finalibus apud Graecarum rerum scriptores 
 
 posterioris aetatis. Diss., Monachii, 1894. 
 Eberhard, Alfred. Observationum Polybianarum particula. Diss., Berolini, 
 
 1862. 
 
 Eichner, Uber die Partikel <&<rre. Prg., Gleiwitz, 1882. 
 Englich, Gustavus. De infinitive Homerico. Diss., Vratislaviae, 1867; also 
 
 Prg., Schrimm, 1868. 
 Fassbaender, Franz. Quaestiones grammaticae ad Polybium pertinentes. 
 
 Prg., Crefeld, 1889. 
 Fellmann, Maximilianus. De ws, &<rre particulis consecutivis earumque trag. 
 
 Grace, poet, vi et usu. Diss., Vratislaviae, 1883. 
 Fleischer, C. H. De primordiis Graeci accusativi cum infinitive ac peculiar! 
 
 eius usu Homerico. Diss., Lipsiae, 1870. 
 Forrsmann, Theodorus. De infinitivi temporum usu Thucydideo. Leipziger 
 
 Studien, Bd. VI, Heft i. Leipzig, 1873. 
 Gildersleeve, Basil L. Contributions to the History of the Articular Infinitive. 
 
 Trans. Am. Phil. Ass., 1878. 
 
 The Articular Inf. in Xenophon and Plato. A.J.P., Vol. Ill, pp. 193-205. 
 The Articular Inf. Again. A./.P., Vol. VIII, pp. 329-37. 
 Note on Some Various Constructions in the LXX. A.J.P., Vol. XXVII, 
 
 pp. 105, 106. 
 Encroachments of rf on otf in Later Greek. A.J.P., Vol. I, p. 50, n. I ; 
 
 p. 53, n. i; p. 54, p. 57- 
 Glaser, Otto. De ratione, quae intercedit inter sermonem Polybii et eum, 
 
 qui in titulis saeculi III, II, I apparet. Diss., Gissae, 1894. 
 Goetzeler, Ludovicus. De Polybii elocutione. Diss., Wurzburg, 1887. 
 Graef, Hermannus. De coniunctionis ws origine et usu. Prg., Memel, 1874. 
 
 298 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 11 
 
 Griinewald, L. Der freie formelhafte Infinitiv der Limitation im Griech. 
 
 Schanz's Beitrdge, Bd. II, Heft 3. Wurzburg, 1888. 
 Gulick, Charles Burton. On the Greek Infinitive after Verbs of Fearing. 
 
 Harvard Studies in Classical Philol., Vol. XII, 1901. 
 Hentze, C. Der Accusativ cum infinitive bei Htfmer. Zeitschr. filr das 
 
 Gymnasium. Berlin, 1866. 
 
 Herbst, Ludwig. tJber &v beim Futur in Thukydides. Prg., Hamburg, 1867. 
 Hertlein, F. K. Conjecturen zu griech. Prosaikern. Prg., Wertheim, 1873. 
 
 Zu Polybios. Fleckeiserfs Jahrb., Bd. CXV (1877) PP- 33~39- 
 Herivig, G. L. C. De particularum conjunctione quae est ^ ofl. Diss. 
 
 Marburg, 1875. 
 Herzog, Ernst. Die Syntax des Infinitivs. Fleckeisen's Jahrb., Bd. CVII 
 
 (1873). PP. 1-33. 
 Hewlett, E. G. W. On the Articular Inf. in Polybius. A.T.P., Vol. XI, 
 
 pp. 267-90, 440-70. 
 Hoehne, Adolphus. De infinitivi apud Graecos classicae aetatis poetas usu 
 
 qui ferturpro imperative. Diss., Vratislaviae, 1867. 
 Hultsch, Fridericus. Quaestiones Polybianae. I, Prg., Zwickau, 1858; II, 
 
 Prg., Dresden, 1869. 
 Anzeige v. Polybii historia ed. L. Dindorf, Vols. I, II. Fleckeiserfs Jahrb., 
 
 Bd. XCV(i867), PP- 289 ff. 
 Der absolute genitiv des Infinitivs. Fleckeiserfs Jahrb., Bd. CXXIX (1884), 
 
 pp. 742 ff. 
 
 Ober den Hiatus bei Polybius. Philologus, Bd. XIV, 1859, pp. 288-319. 
 Zu Polybios. Fleckeisen's Jahrb., Bd. LXXV, pp. 832 ff.; Bd. LXXVII, 
 pp. 813 ff.; Bd. XCV, pp. 564-66, 624, 676; Bd. XCVII, p. 392; Bd. 
 XCIX, p. 456; Bd. CI, pp. 728, 735-36. 
 
 Die erzahlenden Zeitformen bei Polybius: Ein Beitrag zur Syntax der 
 gemeingriech. Sprache. Abhandl. des philol.-hist. Klasse der kgl. 
 sdchsischen Gesellsch. d. Wiss., Bd. XXII, Nos. I u. 4, I. Teil, 1891, pp. 
 1-210; II. Teil, 1892, pp. 350-467. 
 
 Pappus, in indice graecitatis suae s. v. /*ij, ^Sa/xwj, ni)dt, J^TC. 
 Jacobv, C. Die griechischen historiker der spateren zeit: Polybius. Erster 
 abschnitt, Die litteratur von 1846-1866. Philologus, Bd. XLV (1886), 
 pp. 321-68. 
 Jerusalem, W. Die Inschrift von Sestos und Polybius. Wiener Studien t Bd. 
 
 I (1879), pp. 32-58. 
 Jolly, Julius. Geschichte des Infinitivs im Indogermanischen. Miinchen, 
 
 Kaelker, Friedrich. Quaestiones de elocutione Polybiana. Leipziger Studien 
 zur klass. PhiloL, Bd. Ill, pp. 217-302. Also Diss., Lipsiae, 1889. 
 
 Kaiser, Bruno. Quaestiones de elocutione Demosthenica, Pars Prior. Dis- 
 sertationes Philologiae Halenses, Bd. XIII, 1897. 
 
12 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 Kampe, J. F. C. Griechische historiker: Polybius. Philologus, Jahrg. II, 
 
 PP- 383-54. 
 
 Karassek, Joseph. Der Infinitiv bei Herodot. Prg., Saaz, 1883. 
 Kersten, Theobaldus. De coniunctis particulis HTJ otf. Diss., Gottingae, 1875. 
 Kirchoff, A. Zu Polybios. Hermes, Bd. II, p. 471. 
 Kobylanski, J. De enuntiatorum consecutivorum apud tragicos Graecos usu ac 
 
 ratione. Prg. 2, Kolomyi, 1894. 
 Krapp, Franz. Der substantivierte Infinitiv abhangig von Praepositionen 
 
 und Praepositionsadverbien in der historischen Gracitat. Diss., Heidel- 
 berg, 1892. 
 Krebs, Franz. Die Prapositionen bei Polybius. Schanz's Beitrdge, Heft I. 
 
 Wurzburg, 1882. 
 
 Die prapositionsartigen Adverbia bei Polybius. Prg., Regensburg, 1882. 
 Die Prapositionsadverbien in der spateren historischen Gracitat. Zwei 
 
 Teile. Prg., Munchen, 1884/85. 
 Jahresbericht iiber die spateren griech. Geschichtsschreiber, 1885-93. 
 
 Jahresbericht iiber d. Fortschritte d. class. Altertumswiss., Erste AbteiL, 
 
 pp. 52-70, 1894. 
 Kuhring, W. F. A. De praepositionum graecarum in chartis Aegyptis usu 
 
 quaestiones selectae. Diss., Bonnae, 1906. 
 Lammert, Edmund. Zu Polybius. Fleckeiserfs Jahrb. t Vol. CXXVII (1888), 
 
 pp. 617-32. 
 Leipziger Studien = Studien zur griech. u. latein. Grammatik, herausgegeb. 
 
 von Georg Curtius. Leipzig. 
 Lutz, Leonhard. Die Casus-Adverbien bei den attischen Rednern. Prg., 
 
 Wurzburg, 1891. 
 
 Allgemeine Beobachtungen iiber die Prapositionen bei den attischen Red- 
 nern. Diss., Wurzburg, 1883. 
 Madvig, J. N. Bemerkungen iiber einige Punkte d. griech. Wortfiigungs- 
 
 lehre. Philologus^zhxg. U, Supplementheft. 
 Merguet, Hugo. De accusativi cum infinitive usu syntactico. Prg., Regi- 
 
 monti, 1863. 
 
 Meyer, Leo. Der Infinitiv der homerischen Sprache. Diss., Gottingen, 1856. 
 Miklosich, F. t)ber den accusativ cum infinitive. Sitzungsber. der philol.- 
 
 hist. Classe d. kais. Akad. d. Wissenschaft, Bd. LX. Wien, 1868. 
 Schanz's Beitrage = Beitrage zur historischen Syntax d. griech. Sprache, 
 
 herausgegeb. von Martin Schanz. Wurzburg. 
 Schenkel, Karl. Jahresber. iiber die spateren griech. Geschichtsschreiber: 
 
 Polybius. Jahresber. iiber die Fortschritte d. klass. Altertumswiss., Jahrg. 
 
 XII, Erste Abteil., 1884, pp. 227-50. 
 Schmidt, Gulielmus. De Flavii Josephi elocutione observationes criticae. 
 
 Fleckeisen 's Jahrb. N. F., Suppl.-Bd. 20, pp. 341-550. 
 Schmidt, Max. Uber den Infinitiv. Diss., Ratibor, 1826. 
 
 300 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 18 
 
 Schdmann, Georg Friedrich. Die Lehre von den Redetheilen nach den Alten. 
 
 Berlin, 1862. 
 Zur Lehre vom Infinitiv. Fleckeiserfs Jahrb., Bd. XCIX (1869), pp. 
 
 209-39. 
 Anzeige von F. Miklosich liber den Accusativ cum infinitive. Fleckeiserfs 
 
 Jahrb., Bd. C (1870), pp. 187-92. 
 Schulze, Ernst. Beitrage zu Polybius. Rhein. Mus., N. F. Jahrg. XXIII 
 
 (1868), pp. 427-3 1 - 
 Schulze, Ricardus. Quaestiunculae grammaticae ad oratores Atticos spec- 
 
 tantes. Prg., Bautzen, 1889. 
 Seume, Hermannus. De sententiis consecutivis Graecis. Diss., Gottingen, 
 
 1883. 
 Spieker, Edward H. The Genitive Absolute in the Attic Orators. A.J.P., 
 
 Vol. VI, pp. 310-43. 
 
 Stick, Joannes. De Polybii dicendi genere. Diss., Erlangen, 1880. 
 Thiemann, Maximilianus. Quaestiones Polybianae. Diss., Halle, 1882. 
 Thumb, Albert. Die griechische Sprache im Zeitalter des Hellenismus: 
 
 Beitrage zur Geschichte und Beurteilung der KotjoJ. Strassburg, 1901. 
 Viehoff, Peter. Uber die Construction der Pronomina ofos und &ros und dem 
 
 Partikel wore mit dem Infinitiv. Prg., Emmerich, 1841/42. 
 Votaw, Clyde Weber. The Use of the Infinitive in Biblical Greek. Diss., 
 
 Chicago, 1896. 
 Wagner, Richard. De infinitive apud oratores Atticos cum articulo con- 
 
 iuncto. Prg., Schwerin, 1885. 
 Weiske, G. A. Der Gebrauch des substantivierten Infinitivs im Griechischen. 
 
 Fleckeiscn's Jahrb., Bd. CXXVI, pp. 494-504, 529-42. 
 Wentzel, Eduard. Uber die sogenannte absolute Participialconstruction d. 
 
 griech. Sprache. Prg., Glogau, 1857. 
 
 De genitivis et dativis absolutis. Diss., Vratislaviae (without date). 
 Nachtrag zu der Lehre liber ^ oi> mit dem Participium und liber ^ ofl mit 
 
 dem Infinitiv. Prg., Glogau, 1843. 
 Wiener Studien, Zeitschrift fur class. Philol, Supplement der Zeitschr. f. 
 
 bsterreich. Gymnasium, Band I, 1879. 
 
 Wilde, Titus. De particula &<rrc commentatio. Prg., Gorlitz, 1861. 
 Wunderer, Carolus. Conjecturae Polybianae. Diss., Erlangen, 1885. 
 
 301 
 
SYNOPSIS OF THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE IN 
 
 POLYBIUS. 
 I. THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE. 
 
 1. Verbal Subject. 
 
 1) Of Impersonal Verbs in general =a. 
 
 2) Of Impersonal Verbs which take Indirect Discourse=M. 
 
 2. Verbal Object. 
 
 1) Of Verbs in general=b. 
 
 2) Of Verbs introducing Indirect Discourse= 3 i. 
 
 3) Of Verbs of Hindering and the like=v. 
 
 a) Followed by the Simple Infinitive. 
 
 b) Followed by the Simple Infinitive with /M). 
 
 3. Apposition = c. 
 
 4. Result. 
 
 1) Actual or Hypothetical. 
 
 a) With <SnrTe (<!*) =f. 
 
 b) With <&<rre(wt) d*=5f. 
 
 c) With Sxrrf in Indirect Discourse= 7 f. 
 
 2) Epexegetic or Explanatory. 
 
 a) Without Attendant Particle=s. 
 
 b) With ArTe(J;j)= I s. 
 
 5. Stipulation. 
 
 1) With <&<rTe=*f. 
 
 2) Withty' v, W (5re=m. 
 
 6. Limiting Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, and Pronouns. 
 
 1) Nouns. 
 
 a) Simple Infinitive=h. 
 
 b) Infinitive with w= x h. 
 
 2) Adjectives=g. 
 
 3) Adverbs^'g. 
 
 4) Pronouns=q. 
 
 7. Prepositional Object (after irXi^)=k. 
 
 8. Purpose. 
 
 1) a} Distinct and Specific without Attendant Particle=d. 
 b) Distinct and Specific with &rre=e. 
 
 2) Modified and General without Attendant Particle=o. 
 
 9. Parenthetic Absolute Infinitive=r. 
 10. Predicate Infinitive=u. 
 
 303] 15 
 
16 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 11. With irpLv, irpiv 77, irpdrepov ^=x. 
 
 12. Infinitive with Genitive Absolute- \v. 
 
 13. Infinitive with Accusative Absolute=z. 
 
 II. THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. 
 
 1. Verbal Subject. Infinitive with r& as Subject=fl. 
 
 2. Verbal Object. 
 
 1) a} With r6 as Object=. 
 
 b) With TOU as Objeci=bb. 
 
 c] With T$ as Object=<^. 
 
 2) With Verbs of Hindering, etc.=z/. 
 
 a) With r6 as Object. 
 
 b) With TOG as Object. 
 
 <:) With roO ^ as Object. 
 
 3. Apposition=r. 
 
 a) With r6. 
 
 b) With TOW. 
 <:) With TV. 
 
 4. Purpose. 
 Infinitive with roC=<?. 
 
 5. Limiting Nouns and Adjectives. 
 
 a) Infinitive with rou Limiting Nouns=^. 
 
 b) Infinitive with roO Limiting Adjectives g t 
 
 6. Prepositional Object=>. 
 
 1) With TOU after Prepositions taking the Genitive. 
 
 2) With r after Prepositions taking the Dative. 
 
 3) With T& after Prepositions taking the Accusative. 
 
 7. Infinitive with r indicating Cause, Manner, Means, or Instrument=r. 
 
 1) a) Cause. 
 
 fr) Ground of Emotion. 
 
 c) Point of Difference. 
 
 2) Means. 
 
 8. Infinitive with roO after Comparatives. 
 
 a) The Infinitive with rov=t. 
 
 b) ws with the Infinitive with TOU= Z / 
 
 9. Infinitive with r6 as Predicate^**. 
 
 10. Infinitive with roO in Genitive Absolute=o/. 
 
 11. Infinitive with Accusative Absolute =2. 
 
 12. Infinitive with TO as Accusative of Relation=#. 
 
 13. Infinitive with TOU as Genitive of Price^^r. 
 
 304 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS. 
 
 I. VERBAL SUBJECT. 
 
 1) Of impersonal verbs in general (=a)." 37 * The infininitive, 
 with or without a subject accusative, is used as the subject of an 
 impersonal verb, finite or infinite. Goodwin, Moods and Tenses, 
 745; Kiihner, Grammatik, 472, a). 1 
 
 I. I. I TrapaXeXttyOai (rvve'/Jcuvc TOV ITTCUVOV. I. 67. 6; 1.75. 4. 
 I. 2. 8 c^eorat Karavoetv. 
 I. 3. 7 fS ypa^ctv. 
 
 I. 3. 8 dvay/catov VTreAa/Jo/xev emu o - vvTaao'0ai. 
 I. 14. 5 xp?) cvAoyeu/. 
 I. 14. 9 CTKOTreii/ wdpeo-Tiv. 
 I. 15. 9 o-vvaSav ovSayaw? Swarat. 
 I. 30. 3 !8oev ftorjOtiv. 
 I. 38. 6 Tucrrevoxu pa'Siov. 
 I. 56. II ovx olov TC aTroSovvai. 
 I. 65. 9 Xprj(ri.iJ,6v fcm Trapcurnyoxu. 
 
 I. 62. 8 ?rt TOurSe <$>i\iav eivat Kap^Sovtbis Kat 'Pw/xeu'ois. 3. 22. 4, 24. 3; 
 9. 40, 5 2 . Cf. G. MT. 750; .O/fc. 474 and b. 
 
 There is one case of this infinitive with av, the infinitive 
 having the potential force of the corresponding indicative or 
 optative. G. MT. 211. 
 
 I. 75. 6 e oil/ crvve'/Scuve TOVS Kap^r/Sovt'ovg /XT) otov crrparoTreSw TT/S X^P - 1 * 
 7rt^8atVeiv, aAAa /XT/Sc TOVS KUT' tStiav OeXoP ras SiaTrecreti/ pa3i(os av Svvacr^at 
 Xa^etv TOVS VTrcvavTtovs. 
 
 2) (9/ impersonal verbs which take a subject infinitive in indirect 
 discourse (= x i). 109 The infinitive in indirect discourse is used as 
 the subject of passive verbs of saying or thinking, or of such verbs 
 as (fxiiverai or So/cet. Polybius uses So/eel almost to the exclusion 
 of any other verb. G. MT. 751. 
 
 * Superior figures indicate the number of instances of each use of the infinitive. 
 1 Hereafter cited as G. MT. and Kiih. 
 305] 17 
 
18 HISTOKICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 1.1.2 a.v 8oat KaOrJKtiv. 1. IO. 3. 
 
 1.4. IO VO/UOTeOV O-V[JL/3a.\\<T6ai. 
 
 2. 14. I 8o*eT //.oi xpr/cri/xov elvai. 
 
 2. 21. 8 r/i/ (pareov apxyyov y(vio~6ai. 
 
 3. 30. 4 Travrws o/xoAoy^reov evAdyws TreTroAe^/ceVai TOV TroAe/xov 
 
 2. VERBAL OBJECT. The infinitive in Greek is used as the 
 object of many verbs which require an infinitive to complete their 
 meaning. The infinitive is the accusative object of the verb, or 
 is an accusative of kindred meaning. G. MT. 747; Kilh. 473. 
 
 I ) Object of verbs in general ( = b ) . 3533 
 
 . I. 4 TrpoyprjiJieda ypd<f>e.iv. 
 .2.6 ov8' 7re/?aAovro a/j,<f>i(T/3r)Teiv. 
 . 3. 6 eOdppirjo-av e/creiWiv. 
 . 5 2 oiaj3a,iviv wp/xrycrav. 
 . 9. 2 /JouAo/xei/os a7roAi7reu>. 
 . II. 12 CKpive Sia/avSweveiv. 
 . 19. 2 Trapayyet'Aas irpOTropevecrOai. 
 . 40. 7 TrpocrTa^as xpfj&Oai. 
 54-6 7rerav ^>vyeiv. 
 
 . 43. 7 Trapa fj.iK.pov r)\6ov a,7roAe(rat ra Tr/my^ara; cf. 12. 2O. 7. 
 33. I. 4 Trap' oAtyov ^A$ov aTroAvtrat roiis 
 
 The infinitive as object of verbs of commanding has not been 
 placed under a separate head in this study. The infinitive after 
 verbs of bidding in salutations does not occur in Polybius, but 
 does occur in biblical Greek. 
 
 jj for /Jia\\ov r) after /SouAofuu, Kilh. 540, A. 2. 
 
 13. 5. 3 TTOV yap /3ov\r)OijvaL TOV QiXiinrov ava8eao-@ai r) Karat^avrj 
 PoSibts T>)V ev Tovrot? avrov irpoa.ipf.o~iv. 
 
 2) Object of verbs introducing indirect discourse ( = 2 i). 2 ^ 1 
 "The infinitive is said to stand in indirect discourse, and its tenses 
 correspond to those of the indicative or optative, when it depends 
 on a verb implying thought or the expression of thought (one of 
 the class of verba sentiendietdeclarandi), and when also the thought, 
 as originally conceived, would have been expressed by some 
 tense of the indicative (with or without av) or optative (with 
 
 306 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 19 
 
 az>), so that it can be transferred without change of tense to the 
 infinitive." G. MT. 684. 
 
 I. 3. 8 avayKcuov V7reA.a/3o//,ev emu. 
 
 I. 21. IO a/covcras rov ordAov arvveyyvs etvat. 
 
 I. 23. 2 7rv0d/xevos TropOtlv. 
 
 I. 25. 5 vo/xtovTes TTCTTOIT/CT&U. 
 
 I. 29. 4 TreTraoTxeVoi Trot^creo-^ai. 
 
 I. 49. 3 $17 KaLpov elvat. 
 
 8. 13. 8 ov/c av oT/xat Svv^^vat Adyov avrov cbroSovvai. 
 
 28. 23. 4 <>; pr) KwXu'av. . MT. 685. 
 
 I. 4. 7 o'oKOVO'lV Tt 7Ta(7^tV. 
 
 1. 1 6. II ovros OOKCI a7roA.eA.avKvai T/)S iSt'as ev^SovXtas. 
 
 2. 17. 12 09 av TrXctcTTOvs X av & OK fj- J - J 3' 9> J 4- T j 3- 7- 2 > IJ 6. 7J 
 
 4. 2. 3. 
 
 I. 32. 7 TTCTreto'/xei'Ovs /xr/Sev av Tra^ctv 8vov. 1. 68. 7. 
 I. 59. 3 v7roXa/A/?avovTs /xdva>s av OVTODS Trcpas C7ri0ewu TO) TToXe/u-o). I. 70. 5; 
 
 2. 13. 6,40. 5. 
 
 Future infinitive with av. . MT. 208; Kith. 398. I, d). 
 
 8. 30. 8 TOVS 8< vo/xiVavras av oiKr}<Ttiv OVTODS apt(7Ta Kara TOV xprjtrfjiov. 
 
 Infinitive in an indirect-discourse clause introduced by cm, 
 <w9, etc., three times. Kith. 550, A. 3. 
 
 1 2. 23. 7 /xot SoKcT 7Tt(r^vat TY/uuos a)?, Kav avro? d^iw^vac. 7. 15. 4. 
 31. 20. 4 VTreScucvvev avra7 StoTt KaAAtorov cu/ai Katpov C7ri<^av^vat rots 
 
 Also 15. 2. 8, if &>? is retained in the text. Vide Schweig- 
 haeuser, Lexicon Polybianum, under article &>?. 
 
 This infinitive also occurs in relative clauses depending on an 
 indirect quotation which has been introduced by an infinitive. 
 Cf. G. MT. 755; Kiih. 594, 5. 
 
 5. 67. 6 %<j>7) KvpiwroVas eTvat Kai Si/caiOTara? KTT/crets, Ka^' a? avrot? Ka.6rfKf.LV 
 
 TO. Kara. KotXryv S^piav. 
 21. 31. 8 (t^ty) cv TOVTO) 8c Sta/xapraveiv r^v orvy/cATyTOV, cv <S T^V opyrjv 
 
 <f>fptiv 7rt TOVS TroXXovs. Also ii. 34. 5; 12. 5. 8% 9. 45 1 8. 3. 8. 
 I 8. 38. 8 ei TC Kat /xevctv Irt T^V crv/A/Aa^iav, 8etv avrov? KO/xi'^ecr^at K.T.X. 
 
 In 34. 8. I the infinitive occurs in a relative clause which de- 
 pends on a cm-clause: 
 
 <j>r]crlv on fidXavoi ctcrt ev TJJ avroOi BaXdrrrj 7rc<^)VTCv/x,vat, wv TOV /capTrov 
 TOVS ^vvvovs 7riatvecr0at. 
 307 
 
20 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 The infinitive with av occurs twice in indirect discourse after 
 w? of comparison: 10. 38. 2; 34. 5. 4. 
 
 3) Object of verbs of hindering, separation, etc. (=v). 4 The 
 infinitive is used as the object of verbs of hindering, separation, 
 denial, doubt, mistrust, contradiction, opposition, etc. verbs 
 which contain a negative in themselves. They may take either 
 (a) the simple infinitive, or (b) the infinitive with fjuj, which 
 merely repeats the negation inherent in the verbs. G. MT. 807- 
 10; Kiih. 514, 2, 3, 4, 5, and notes. 
 
 a) Simple infiinitive. 33 
 
 2. 7- 5 T6/l? ^ K w cvXajSi/fleiiy TOVTOIS ey^etptVat TroAtv. 2. 32. 8; 8. 12. 
 
 s; 9- 36. 10. 
 
 2. 52. 8 a7rei7rov avru) Trope vecr&u. 
 
 3. 69. I3 2 Stw/cetv Kat (TU//,7rA.Kecr0ai TOIS TroAe/u'ots e/oAvo-e. 3. 79. 7; 3. 
 
 98. 5 and n others. 
 
 4. 1 8. 8 ots r}iri<TTr)<rav X etv - 
 
 14. I. 4 ov yap (ZTreytvoxrKe avrov Kopov *X LV ' 5. 72. 7; cf. 7. 15. 4. 
 
 8. 13. 5 ovSets av eTrecr^e crw Kaipta TTOLtja-acrOaL /xcraySaortv. 9. I. 6. 
 
 9. 6. 8 ov;j( oXws aTreXTrt^ovres at/37/cretv TT)V 'Pw/xryv. 15. 25. 295 16. 30. 5. 
 12. 5. 4 2 ov/c S)Kvrj(ra. KOL Xeyeti/ Kat ypa^>etv. 16. 20. 5; 18. 55. 9; 
 
 21. 23. 12. 
 
 ) Infinitive with ^. 7 AT^. 514. E. 
 
 1. 78. 15 SuyTreiAiytraTO firjOtva <epeiv oTrAov. 
 
 2. 55. 9 ov CIKOTWS e^apvovvrat /xi) <J>vvai Trapa (T<}>Lcri. 
 
 4. 2O. II apvrjOfjvai n fMj ytvwcrKetv ovSev ator^pov ^yorvrat. 
 
 15. 13. 9 CKooXvore /x^ TrapaSt^ao-Oai. 22. II. 3. 
 1 8. 47. 2 Trpor/yo/oevov /AT) Sta^Saivetv. 
 
 29. 24. 2 aTreuraTO /XT) ^petW e^etv. 
 
 There are thus thirty-three cases, after eight different verbs 
 of the simple infinitive without ^77, to seven cases, after six verbs, 
 of the infinitive with ^77. /ctoXutw, which has the infinitive seven- 
 teen times, has ft?} but twice. Cf. below "Verbs of hindering," 
 etc., with the infinitive with rou and roO fitj. 
 
 3. APPOSITION (=c). Sl The infinitive may stand in apposi- 
 tion with a noun or pronoun. G. MT, 745; Kiih. 472, c. 
 
 I. 85. 4 6/AO\oyias eTroojcraTO rotavras, e^eTvat Kapx^ovt'ots fK\cacr9ai 8e/ca, 
 TOVS AOITTOVS a<tevcu. 
 
 308 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 21 
 
 3. 103. 7 aiptiTiv avTw TrpovYeive Totavrrjv, 17 Kara /ze/oos ap^civ 17 
 
 rots (7^>T/ooi5 Kara r^v avrov Trpoai'peo-iv. 4. 15. I ff. 7 J 5- 9 1 - ^ 2 , I4 
 
 ii 3 , 109. 2; 8. 19. io 2 ; 12. 6. 3 2 ; 12. 25 b . i 3 ; etc. 
 
 4. RESULT. 427 
 
 I ) Actual or hypothetical. 
 
 a) With preceding aVre or a>9 (=f).3 8 3 J n classical Greek the 
 infinitive with VCTTC or o>9 implies no more than that the action or 
 state of the principal verb "is of such a nature as to be followed 
 by another consequence." It seems, however, that in later Greek 
 the distinction between &O-TC with the indicative and wore with 
 the infinitive was obscured, and that wcrre with the infinitive was 
 often used when it was intended to state that the result of the 
 action or state of the principal verb was actually realized. 
 G. MT. 582 ff.; Kiih. 584; Brief I, p. 43 ff-J Gildersleeve A.J.P. 
 VII, 161 ff.; XIV, 240 ff.; Burton 369; Blass 69, 3. 
 
 Actual: 
 I. 20. 15 /uas veo>5 KaTa<paKTOu TrpOTrecrovo-T/s wore CTTOKet'Aao'av 
 
 rots Pu>/uu<ns viro\Lpiov. 
 
 I. 26. 15 7rt /Miiav 7ra/ocKTiVavTC? vavv a>s vTre/orctVetv e^ (Kartpov TOV 
 TOVS Tr/30 eavraiv. 2. 8. 12. 
 
 Hypothetical: 
 
 5- 24. 5 TO X^plOV CTTtVcSoV (TTt O)(TT TOV O-TpttTOTTcScvO-aVTa V avTO) O\>KCIV 
 
 6. 52. II cv Sc prjOtv tKavov o~Tat (rr)fj.ciov rfjs TOV TroXiTev/xaTos O'TTOVO^?, ^i/ 
 TTOicTrat Trcpt TO TOIOVTOVS aTTOTcXetv avSpa? wo'TC Trai/ VTTO/XCVCIV. 
 
 ) a)o-re with the infinitive with av (=sf). 16 The infinitive 
 with av, not in indirect discourse, may follow oWe to express a 
 consequence in potential form, like the potential indicative or 
 optative. G. MT. 592, 211; Kiih. 585, 2. 
 
 I. 37. I T^XIKOVTO) 7repi7reo-ov x t / x ^ vt Ka ' T^XiKavYcus o~u/a<opats oio*T ft 778' 
 
 av ciTTttv d^to)9 Svvacr^at. 
 
 5.97.6 TO) ai^vtSt'a* Kat 7rapa8o^a KaT7rA.^aTO TOVS McXiTateT?, <oo*T paSt'to? 
 
 av Kparija-aL T^S 7roXea>5. I. 63. 7; 5. 104. II ; 6. II. II, 12. 9, 14. 
 
 12, 46. io; 8. 15.3; io. 30.3; 18.46. 9; 29.24. 14; 32.7. 9; 39. 9. 7- 
 
 c) aWre (a>?) with infinitive in indirect discourse (= 7 f). s 
 
 &O-TC is used five times with the infinitive in indirect discourse. 
 
 G. MT. 594, 595, 608; Kiih. 584, 2, f. 
 
 309 
 
22 HISTOEICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 I. 1 5' 3 2 TOV fjiv 'le'pwva <j>r]cn /xera rrjv yevo/xa/vyv o-v/XTrXo/o/v OVTWS 
 
 yevecrOai TOV <ppovLV awrre /xr) /xovov <vyu/ VVKTOS eis TOLS 
 dXXa Kat TO, (ppovpLa Travra KaTaXtTrav. 3. 47. 9*; 21. 31. 10. 
 
 The infinitive in these five cases is aorist and the negative is 
 fjiij. av is used with three infinitives. 
 
 2) Epexegetic or explanatory infinitive?* 
 
 a) Without attendant particle ( s). 14 The infinitive may be 
 used as an addition explanatory of the action or state of the verb 
 which it limits. Kiih. 472, c. 
 
 II. 29. 13 Trpos Se TOV? plrtOVf aKaTaXXa/CTco? Sta/cet/xe^a, /coA.aeiv avrovs 
 
 36. 3. 6* aAAa KaKoiv at/Detreto? /caraXetTro/xevrys, ^ TOV TroXe/xov 
 
 yevvatW 17 StSovat Tr^v einTpOTrrjv TTf.pl TWV /ca^' avTOvs And n. 14. 6 3 . 
 
 In i. 62. 8 s ; 3. 22. 4; 3. 24. 4 3 the simple infinitive is used 
 explanatory of the preceding demonstrative pronoun, eirl rolaBe. 
 Cf. infra after efi $=m. 
 
 b) With axrre (= J s). 8 G. MT. 588 end. 
 
 5. 35' 12 TttVTT^V T^V C7ri/3o\r]V, 0)(TT J K7T/JL7rLV dVTOV ttCTOL ^Op^yttt?. 
 
 I. 18. 10 et? TOVTO o~w>7yoi/TO WCTTC TroXXdtKts jSovAevecr^at rre/ot TOV Xvetv 
 r^v TroAtopKtW. 2. 68. 8; 3. 48. 4, 63. 13, 102. 4 2 ; 25. 4. 5. 
 
 5. STIPULATION. 
 
 i) &CTT with the infinitive (=+f). x 3 The infinitive with wore 
 may express a stipulation, condition, or limitation of the action 
 or state expressed in the principal clause. G. MT. 587, 2; Kiih. 
 584, 2, e. 
 
 5. 2. 8 6 8' 'ATreAAr/s Trot-emu o-vvco/xocrtiai/ OKTT' IxctVoUf e^eAo/ca/ceTv Kat 
 A.v/xatveo-0ai, TOL? TOV ^Sao-tXew? xpeias, avTos Se ^(o/oto-^ets eis XaA/aSa 
 (jjpovTL^tw Tva fj,rjBuifj,66v avTw ^oprjyia TrapaytVvyTat TT^OOS TO.S eTrtySoXas. 
 
 5. 103. 7 /ceXevcras evri TOVTOIS Trporf.LVf.LV rrjv tipyvyv Tots AiTcoXoTs a>o - T > 
 ^ai/ d/x<j!)OTe/3Ovs a vvv c^ovo*tv. 21. 30. 2, 3, 4; 33. 13. 6. 
 
 Cf. "Epexegetic infinitive" and "Infinitive in apposition." 
 2) e^' w and eft wre with the infinitive (=m). 43 'E(/>' o5 and 
 0' o5re, meaning "on condition that, for the purpose of," and 
 correlated with an eVt TOVTO) expressed or understood in the 
 principal clause, may take the infinitive. G. MT. 610; Kiih. 584, 
 A. 3. 
 
 310 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 23 
 
 I. 1 6. 9 TroirjadfJLtvoi Se crw^r/Kas c/>' u> TO, [jitv ai^/xaXwra aTroSowat TOV 
 
 /3a(riA.ea e P<D/Aatots, dpyvptov 8e 7rpoo-0eTvat raAavra TOVTOIS e/carov. 
 7. 9. 13 (rvvOrjo-ofAeOa, l<j>' a> re /U,T) e^etvat avrots apacrOai Trpos 
 
 8. 27. I ISoo-av TrtWet? e?rt Tou'rot?, e</>' (S TapavTiVous eA.ev#epd>o-eiv /cat 
 
 <#>opov? Tr/oa^eo-^at. (Note the future infinitive.) 
 </>' ai re occurs but twice. 7. 9. 4, 13. 
 7Tt Toirra), c^>' tu 5. 67. io 2 . 
 
 7Tt TOVTOtS, </)' (U 5. 76. I O 2 J 8. 27. I. 2 4 . 
 7Tt TOlO-Se, <^>' (S 7. 4. I, 2. 
 
 </>' w with demonstrative omitted, i. 16. 9*; i. 31. 8, 88. 12; 2. 46. 
 3; etc. 
 
 In i. 62. 8 s ; 3. 22. 4, 24. 3 3 , the simple infinitive is found after 
 7rl Tola-Be; vide "Epexegetic infinitive=s." Kuh. 584, A. 4. 
 
 6. INFINITIVE AFTER NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, AND PRO- 
 NOUNS. The infinitive may be used after nouns, adjectives, 
 adverbs, and pronouns denoting ability, fitness, ease, time, need, 
 and their opposites; in fact, all such as express the same rela- 
 tions as verbs which take an infinitive. G. MT. 758; Kuh. 473, 3. 
 
 1) Nouns (=h). 166 
 a) Simple infinitive. 
 
 I. 13. I A-t'yav wpa Trcpi TCOV Trpo/cei/xc'vwv. 
 
 1 . 15. II avdyKrj <rvy\<Dpeiv Tas dp^a? /cat ras V7ro0'<m? emu 
 
 1 . 49 . 3 Kaipov e?vcu irktlv. 
 
 1. 78. 13 /A#' eaurov crvo-Tparevctv cou<ruxv tSw/ce. 
 
 2. 8. IO 'Pto/Atuoi? KoiAAtorov ^o? e(TTt /u,CTa7ropci/(7^at Kai 
 
 2. 25. ii Trpo^etrtv ^ovT5 TroAiopKetv Toi>? crv/>t7r^)evyoTa5. 
 
 3. 86. ii TrapayyeA/w-a Tt ScSo/xevov ^v <j>ovtvtw TOV? V 
 
 3. Il8. 4 p-yaXas 8' ct^oi/ cXTrtSa? r^5 'Pci/ar;? avr^? tcrtvOai 
 
 4. 80. 12 A.a/3ovrcs 8c crvy^oopr;/ia Trot^cracr^ai T^V aTroXvcrtv. 
 
 5. 28. 4 ev ats ^v TrapaKArytrts Oapptiv /cat /xtvetv. 
 
 Also 8vva/xts, Kvpta, op/ar;, evroAry, etc. 
 
 ^) Infinitive with a>? (= x h) 1 . Besides the simple infinitive 
 after nouns, there is one occurrence of <w? with the infinitive in 
 the same construction. . MT. 588, 608; ATwA. 585, 5. 
 
 3. II. 3 cycvero Tts Katpos a>s ?rt Xdyov d^^vat rr/v VTTOLKovpovptvrjv droTTtav 
 cv avTOis; cf. i. 49. 3. 
 
 2) Adjectives (=g). I2 
 
 311 
 
24 HISTOBICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 I. I. 4 LKavov (TTI irpOKa\(ra<TOai Kai Trapopfjifjarai. 
 I. 54. 3 K<f>vyiv Svvaros <av. 
 
 I. 62. I TOt/AOt TToAc/ACtV ^(TttV. 
 
 1. 74. 9 crwrjflet? TTOTC /uev VTro^wpeTv TTOTC 8c 7raA.iv e/c /Aera/SoXi}? 
 
 2. 50. 6 TOVS McyaXoTroXira? TrpoOv/JLOvs eli/ai 
 
 2. 58. IO /xetovo? rv^ctv ^<rav d^tot Tt/xwptas. 
 
 3. IOI. 3 irpoxupos a>v 0-v/xrrXeVco-^at. 
 
 3. IO2. 3 OVTC yap di/Teayeiv d|toxpews ?v ovre 
 
 3. 112. 9 Seivot yap 'Pa>/>tatot Kai ^eovs ^tA.a(rao-^at Kai av0/>a>7rovs. 
 
 4. 8. IO KtvSvvevcrat Sv&xprjarTOi. 
 
 Also 7TtT7y8eios, Kvpios, dya^os, !VO/>KOS, etc. 
 
 3) Adverbs (= T g). 8 
 
 1. 51. 9 8tc/C7rA.tv Kat 7n<f>aiv<rO(u dSwaTws ei)(ov. 
 
 2. 50. 4 ot MeyaAoTroATrai irpoOvfius ecr^ov uvat /cat Trapa/caXetv. 21. 22. I. 
 
 4) Pronouns (olo?, olos re and ocros (=q)/9 
 
 1. 26. 2 ovx otot' T' ^<rav 7rtTp7rctv. 
 ! 36- 3 otot' T' av ava<f>epLV. 
 
 IO. 23. 7 8ei orvvc^t^eti/ CTTI TOCTOVTOV WOTC Sctvw T<O ra^et Trpoo-ayetv, <<' oo-ov 
 crv^vyovvras Kat (rvcrrot^ovvras Sta/aei/eiv. 
 
 39- 14. 5 8ta^)pOtTO 7Tt TO(TOVTOV 0' OCTOV 8tSa(TKtV Kttt Ttf.LQf.IV VTTp T&V 
 d/X <^> KTftvjT O V/A VO) V . 
 
 In 10. 29. i; 29. 8. 4 Hultsch corrects otos to olds re. 
 
 PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT (=k). 2 TT\^, which is used six times 
 as a quasi-preposition with the genitive of the articular infinitive, 
 is twice used as an adverb with the anarthrous infinitive. G. MT. 
 803 b; Kiih. 479. 2. 
 
 6. 32- 6 ovSev fTtpov Set voetv TrA/^v Suo (rrpaTtas o-vvrjpiJioo-Oai. 
 
 8. 37. 4 oWra<(ov ovScv TrX^v erot)u,ovs eTvat Trpos TO TrapayyeXAd/xevov. 
 
 8. PURPOSE. 46 
 
 i) Distinct and specific. 
 
 a) Without attendant particle ( d). 13 The infinitive is used 
 to express the distinct and specific purpose of the action or state 
 of the governing verb. G. MT. 770-75; Kuh. 473, 7 and A. 13. 
 
 2. 8. 12 a)? 7ra7TOO-retXat Ttvas rov Trapp-rjcriacrdfjLevov TWV 7rpr/?ea>v 
 5' 3 - 5 To ^ s $* MaKeSdva? e^/cc o-troXoyetv. 5. 8. 4 3 J 8. 33. 6. 
 
 7. 17. 9. TOVS 8e Sta T^S TrvXry? d^xetg ctpyetv rov? 
 
 312 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 25 
 
 5. 14. II ws av SiaTeray/MeVoi /nev TT/OO? TOV 'ATreAAr/v 7ra<rais e/ATroSietv rats 
 
 eViySoAats avrov. 
 i. 88. 9; 6. 58. 6; 35. 4. 9; 3. 70. 7 (vide Hultsch; Fleckcisen, 1864, p. 447; 
 
 1884, p. 742). 
 
 In Polybius the infinitive is always active or middle, never 
 passive. 
 
 b) With preceding ojo-re (or &)?) (=e). 8 wore with the infini- 
 tive may be used to express a consequence which is aimed at as 
 a purpose. G. MX. 587, 3; Kiih. 584, 2, d. 
 
 3. 92. 6 avriirapriyf. rots TroAe/Aibts, owrre /AT) So/ecu/ rots avroiv 
 
 1 6. 37. 2 e^aWo-TetXe TOVS eViAocTOvs, wore CTrtTpe^av r^v AaKwviKiyv. 3. 43. 
 4; 8. 9. 12*; 10.46. i, 46. 7; 32. 7. 12. 
 
 2) Modified and general without attendant particle (=ro). as 
 "The infinitive is used to express, with diminished purpose force 
 and with a general rather than a specific bearing, that for which, 
 or with reference to which, the action or state of the governing 
 verb is performed or exists." Cf. Burton 368. 
 
 3. 8. 10 rt av CITI-CU/ X oi, and 4. 26. 3; 8. 13. 7; 9. 35. 5; n. 29. 7; 16. 
 
 39- 5; 3- 9- 5; 34-iQ. 7. 
 
 1. 7.9 ov fJiTjv ei^ov ye TTOICIV ovSev, i. 21. 7, 81. i; 3. 10. 3; 16. 2O. 7; 
 
 3- 3- 6. 
 
 2. 12. 8 aTreSe'&n/TO ^CTc'xetv 'Pw/Wovs. 3. 112. 5; 4. 51. 5, 77. 4'; 5. 83. 
 
 4, in. 6; 10, 28.3; 12. 12. 7; 31. 21. 9; 38. 8. 7. 
 Cf. Luke 7:40; 12:4; Acts 4:14. 
 
 9. PARENTHETIC ABSOLUTE INFINITIVE (=r). 34 This use 
 occurs thirty-four times in parenthetic phrases which limit or 
 qualify the whole statement or only some word in the sentence. 
 G. MT. 776-83; Kiih. 585, 3. 
 
 I. I. 2 0)S 7TOS eiTTCU/. 12 
 
 3. 49. 7 ws etTretv. 8 
 
 3. 6. 4 TroAAoO ye 8etv. s 
 5. 52. 13 fUK/oov Setv. 4 
 
 Each of the following occurs once. 
 
 4. 2. 3 
 
 33. 6. 3 d>s e/xot 
 
 313 
 
26 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 I. 2. 6 ICT^Vaj? LTTLV. 
 
 1. 4. 3 ocrov ye Kal fjiAas eiSe'vai. 
 
 21. 20. 5 re'Aos 8' etTretv. (aTrAcos 8' eiTmv 8. ii. 13 in a quotation from 
 Theopompus.) 
 
 10. PREDICATE INFINITIVE ( -u). 28 The infinitive may be 
 used as a predicate nominative or accusative. G. MT. 745; Kiik. 
 472, b. In Polybius, however, it is used only as predicate 
 nominative. 
 
 2. 49. I avrat (evroAas) 8' rjcrav V7ro8eiKvwat Kat 8r;Aovv. 
 
 5. 99. 2 17 yap oXrj 7rpo^e(7ts ^v aura? 7775 (TTpaTet'as e^eAeiv ras rj/3a<s. 
 
 6. 33. 2 6 opKOs ecrriv fj.r)$v fcXfyeiV, oAAa /cav fy>7 rt, TOUT' dvotcrav 7rt 
 
 TOVS x^apxovs. 8. 18. y 2 ; 10. 38. 5; 18. 9. i: 27. 7. n. 
 
 11. n/otV, 3 T/ ^ ^ 23 Tfporepov ij 6 WITH THE INFINITIVE (=x). 32 
 ^. MT. 626-31, 651-54; /&#. 568, I, d. Infinitive with trpiv: 
 9. 43. 2 (perf. inf.); n. 25. 2 (pres. inf.); 16. 22. 4 (aor. inf.). 
 In 9. 43. 2 the 7r/>tV-clause is preceded by a verb compounded 
 with TT/OO. In each the leading sentence is affirmative. 
 
 9. 43. 2 7r/3O/c8a7ravaTat irpiv fKJ3o\r)v ets OdXarrav rrCTrot^u^at. 
 
 Infinitive with irplv ij. In the leading sentence ^Odvco occurs 
 once, I. 66. 3; irpoadev once, 6. 49. 2; irporepov six times, 10. 32. 
 10; 12. 6 b . 9; 14. 2. 6, 7; 29. 27. 2; 31. I. i; verb compounded 
 with TT/DO' once, 12. 5. 7. In every case, except 4. 85. 6 (pres. 
 inf.), frplv tf is used with the aorist infinitive, trplv tf with the 
 infinitive follows a negative clause eleven times: 4. 31. i, 85. 6; 
 6. 49. 2; 10. 45- 45 12. 6 b . 9; 14. 2. 6, 7; 29. 27. 2; 30. 23. 4 2 ; 
 31. i. i. Occurrences not cited above are: i. 20. 12; 4. 85. 5; 
 
 5. 60. 9; 5. 74. i 2 ; 24. 13. 4; 28. 6. 7; 33. ii. 5; 37. i. 12. 
 
 6. 49. 2 JU-T; TrpovQcv Xvcreti/ T^I/ TroAtop/a'av Trpiv 17 eAetv rryv Meorcnyv^v. 
 
 Cf. 7rjoh> ^ with indicative after negative clause. 
 
 39. II. 6 ov Trporepov eX^e irplv r) 8te<0ei/oe TO, /xctpaKia. 
 
 Infinitive with irporepov rj: follows a positive clause four times; 
 
 1. 58. 6; 2. 35. 6; 6. 23. n; 15. 18. i; a negative clause twice: 
 13. i a . i; 18. 35. i. 
 
 2. 35. 6 Trcuras c^eXey^axrt ras (T^eTepas eATrtSas Trporcpov 17 
 
 TIVO5 Toiv dvayKattuv. 
 
 314 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 27 
 
 12. INFINITIVE WITH THE GENITIVE ABSOLUTE (=w). 18 The 
 infinitive is used as the genitive subject of the neuter impersonal 
 participle in the genitive in place of the omitted noun or pro- 
 noun. Kiih. 486, i, A. 2; Spieker pp. 336 f.; Goetzeler p. 26. 
 
 1. 36. 8 2 Trpoo-TrecrdvTO? 8' avroT? eapTveiv TOV crroAov rovs 'Ptuyaatoi;? Kat 
 
 /xeAAetv av#is CTTI TT/V A.ij3vr)v iroieL&Oai TOV TrAovv. 2. 54. 10; 3. 40. 2; 
 5- 46. 5 2 , 55. 4 62. 4 4 ; 7. 3. 7; 10. 42. i. 
 
 2. 70. i TrpocrayyeA^e'vTOs avra) TOVS 'lAAvptovs iropOtiv TTJV ^wpav. 2. 5. 6; O. 
 
 7. 7; cf. 8. 29. i; 10. 41. 4. 
 2. 26. 7 8davTOS 8e (r^t'crt xpr)(ra.crOai rots Trapovcrtv. Cf. 2. 50. 9. 
 
 Cf. Demosthenes (ed. Baiter Kaiser) 17. 28; 23. 169; 23. 143; 24. 80; 
 35. 52; 56. 18; 50. 17; 59. 116. 
 
 Polybius has several other ways in which to express the 
 same thought. 
 
 (i) A noun may be the subject of a finite verb. 
 
 21. 25. 8 7TpO(T7rC<7 </j/U.T7 TTf.pl TT/S KttTtt TT^V 'A(rittl/ 
 
 (2) The infinitive clause may be the subject of an impersonal 
 verb. 
 
 24. 8. IO 7r/oocr7rre 7rapayev<r0ai TOVS Trpco^evTas. 30. 20. IJ 31. 27. 6. 
 
 (3) The fact that a previous event was made known could be 
 expressed by a genitive absolute. 
 
 2. 8. 13 7r/30<77T(7oVTOS TOV yeyOl/OTOS CIS T^V 'PtO/XTJV. I. 62. I. 
 5. 48. 17 TOUTWV TrpOO-TTCO-OVTCUl/. 
 
 IO. 28. 6 eayycA.#'j/Tos avTw. 
 14. 8. I aiv &UL<ra<t>r]OcvT(t)v. 
 
 (4) The statement in the form of a cm-clause may be the 
 subject of an infinitive. 
 
 2t 53- 5 t*/* 01 T 
 
 (5) The ort-clause may be in apposition with the noun of the 
 genitive absolute. 
 
 37. 2. 5 TOt) AdyOV TTpOO-TTiTTTOVTOS OTt VlKtt. 
 
 IO. 49. I yevo[j.cvr)S Se T^9 TrpocrayyeAtia? SIOTI av/x,/?atvct TOV /xcv 
 a TT}S Svva/Aews etvat Trcpt TaTrovptav. 
 
 315 
 
28 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 (6) The genitive absolute may be followed by a clause intro- 
 duced by a relative pronoun. 
 
 5. 6l. 3 TjyxxTTreowTwv Trapa coSorov ypa^arwv h ol<s avrov e/caXct K.T.A.. 
 
 (7) The articular infinitive with rov may stand in the genitive 
 absolute. 
 
 1 . 60. i 7jy>o<r7recrovTos avrots TOV 7re7rA.ev/<erai oroA.a> TOVS 'Po>/u,ai'ovg. 
 
 (8) A clause introduced by on may take the place of the 
 genitive subject of the participle. 
 
 3. 40. 14 rots 8' cv rrj Po>/x^ 7r/oo<T7T(roi/Tos ort TO Tcraprov (TT/oaToVeSov 
 
 7rC/Ot\^jU.^-VOV V7TO TWV Bot'wv TTO\LOpKLTO.L KttTa KpOLTOS. 3. 112. 6. 
 
 13. INFINITIVE WITH ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTE (=z). 8 The par- 
 ticiple of impersonal verbs in the neuter accusative singular is 
 used as an accusative absolute with an infinitive. G. MT. 851- 
 54; Kuh. 487; Spieker^. 336. 
 
 2. 2. 8 Scov a-TpaTTfjyov Tpov atpctcr^at. 7. 16. 7; 23. 10. 13; 32. 13. 5. 
 
 4. 27. 4 Trapov TavavTia. Trotetv. 
 
 9. 24. 3 6v (conjecture) Xafteiv. 
 
 10. 30. 4 a)S yap Scov TOVS TroXc/Atbvs Trotetcr^at T^V avd/3a<Tiv } OVTODS 
 
 io. 43-9 
 
 12. 2O. 7 Svva/Jtevov yivwcr/ceiv r^v Ttuv 7roA.e/uW Trapovcriav. 
 
 316 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS. 
 
 i. VERBAL SUBJECT (=a). a5 The infinitive with TO is used as 
 the subject nominative or accusative of a finite verb or infinitive. 
 It has either the form of a substantivized infinitive with the 
 article, as TO fjv (2. 41. 3; 3. 81. 6), TO VIKOLV (3. 63. ll),or of a 
 substantivized sentence with TO, the whole being used as the sub- 
 ject of a finite verb or infinitive, as (i. 4. 4) vrreXaftov avay/calov 
 elvcu TO fjirj TrapaXnrelv fJLrjo' eaaat, 7rape\6elv aveTTKnaTGbs TO tcd\\i- 
 GTOV afia KOI d)(f)e\ifjL(i)TaTov 7riTr)SevfjLa TT}? TU^T;?. The latter is by 
 far the more common usage. G. MT. 790, 806; Kiih. 478, 4, a. 
 
 I.I.I draymTov rjv TO TrpQTpf.Trf.o~6a.i 
 ! 35- 2 To SiaTTMTTetv Tr) Tv\r) tvapyto-TCLTOv f<f>dvr) TTOUTLV. 
 
 I. 62. 6 TOV yap avrov vo/xto-reov iJyc/Movos ctvai TO SvvavOai ySAeVeiv. I. 83. 3, 
 88. 3; 2. 22.11, 26.8, 29. 5, 50. 6, 51. 6, 63. 5; 3. 21. 9,32. 10. 
 
 2. VERBAL OBJECT. s8 The infinitive with TO', TOU, or TW is 
 used as the object of verbs taking an object in the accusative, 
 genitive, or dative. G. MT. 791, 793, 798, 799; Kiih. 478, 4, b, 
 c, d. 
 
 i) a) With TO as the object of a verb (=)." The infinitive 
 with TO is used as the object of verbs governing the accusative. 
 
 3. 63. 6 TOIS eXo/nevots TO fjv. 
 
 4. 6l. 6 irf.pl TrA-eurrov TTOtov'/xevoi TO Ko/*7ao-0ai rrjv 'A/x,/?paKiav irapa TWV 
 
 AiTwXwv. 10. 28. 5, 37. 4; ii. 28. 8; 16. 10. i conj.; 16. 34. n; 
 23. ii. 3; 31. 23. 8; 39. 10. 8. 
 
 b] With TOV as the object of a verb (=). 32 The infinitive 
 with TOU is used as the object of such verbs as take a genitive 
 object. 
 
 4 19- IO o*To^a^o/u,vot TOV So/cetv /AOVOV. 21. 28. 9. 
 
 4. 82. 8 2 KaTtKpaiTrjcrf. TOV yveo*0ai (TTpaTrjyov ^Trrjparov, TOV 8e Ti/xoevov 
 
 cKTreo-eiv. 28. 13. 13.* 
 317] 29 
 
30 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 3. 32. IO Sta<epco; 3. 71. 4; 12. 25 k . 6 Trpovoe'co ; 5. 100. II 
 
 7. 13. 7 2 eyyevo/xat; 9. 12. 8 TrpoerSeo/xat ; 9. 32. 2 ap^u; IO. 23. 9 
 KpaTew; II. 30. 3 a7raAA.cuTO-a> ; 5. 66. 6; 2O. 10. 16 oAtywpew ; 21. 
 23. 3 2 opeyw; 23. IO. IO crrepc'co; 23. 16. 13 /acre^co ; 28. 9. 4 c<^>t 17/41. 
 
 The following are found for the first time in Polybius: 
 
 1. 45. 14 Trap' ovSev eA$ovTes rot) TraVas aTro/SaXeu/ ras 7rapao-/tevas. 
 
 2. 55. 4 2 Trap' oAtyov r)\6t TOV /x>) /JLOVOV e/CTreo-etv dAAa /cat roTs oAots KtvSv- 
 
 vevo-at. 10. 12. n; 18. 19. 6; 30. i. 5; 33. 3. i. 
 11.7. I on Trapa /tuKpov \OoL TOV \a/3eiv TOV "ArraAov. 
 
 With these cf. i. 43. 7; 12. 20. 7; 33. i. 4. 
 *:) With TO) as the object of a verb (=bbb)* The infinitive with 
 TW is used with such verbs as take an object in the dative case. 
 
 I. 23. 9 7rrrvovT5 Se TO) Tap(wavTcTv. 2. IO. 6. 
 
 22. 1 8. 3* a,<j>op/Arj fjikv xpa)/x,evos Tt p /^^ olov Trapaycyovevat TOV Ovo/xao*rov, 
 
 dXXa /A 778' 7rt rail/ crweyyvs TOTTWV yeyovevat. 
 30. 8. 8 7rpoo-avt;( TW ^v. 
 
 2) Object of verbs of hindering, separation, etc. (=v)? The 
 infinitive is used as the object of verbs of hindering, separation, 
 denial, doubt, mistrust, contradiction, opposition, omission, etc. 
 verbs which contain a negative in themselves. Besides the 
 simple infinitive with or without fitj, these verbs may take (a) the 
 infinitive with TO, or (b) the infinitive with roO or TOV fjirj. The 
 infinitive with TO ^77, TO /it?) ov does not occur in Polybius. 
 G. MT. 807-14; Kilh. 514, 2, 3, 4, 5, A. 9. 
 
 a) Infinitive with To. 24 
 
 I. 44. 4 TO /xcv StttKcoAveiv TOV CTrtTrXovv ctTreyvwo-av. Also I. 48. IO; 2. 65. 
 13'; 3. 21. 6, 74. 5 2 ; 5. i. 5, 70. 2; 8. 36. 2; 14. 10. io 2 ; 31. 23. 8. 
 
 1. 54. 5 2 TO 7rapa/3aA.A.O-#at Kat Trpoo-ayeiv aTrcSo/a/Aao'e. 3. 86. 8, 95. 5; 6. 
 
 38. i 2 ; 9. 20. 6; io. 39. 7; 18. 48. 9; 31. 17- 3- 
 
 2. 63. I TO /mev xop-qyeZv 
 
 2. 6O. 7 OUTW5 KAl7TtV TO ^ 
 
 3. 1 06. IO TO 7T\f.L(j) ypa<eiv 
 
 ^) Infinitive with ToO. 52 
 
 I. 29. 5 TOV /Av 7rapa<j>v\a.TTLV TOV CTrtVAovv aTreyvtoo-av. i. 48. I*; 9. 7. 9. 
 
 I. 31. 5 a?ro-^ov TOV pCTrav Tats yvw/xats. 2. 6. 9% 57. 3; 3. 8. n; 5. 9. 9, 
 74. 7; 6. 58. io; 9. 36. 4; 12. 4 d - 2; 15. 5. 5; 21. 20. 9; 22. 4. io, 
 6. 2; 23. 17. 4 2 ; 24. io. 9; 24. ii. 14; 32. 14. 8, 23. i; 39. 15. 2, 18. 6. 
 
 318 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 31 
 
 1. 39. 7 TOV d0poieiv aTre'o-TT/o-av. i. 87. 2; 3. 2. 5, 19. 4; 4. 71. I*; 10. 
 
 15- 8 ; 14- s- si i6 - 31- 8 - 
 
 2. 68. 3 a<j>lfj,cvoi TOV xp*7o-0ai. 5. 104. 5 2 ; ii. 14. 6; 15. 29. 7*; 16. 6. 7; 
 
 18. 3. 3; 20. 9. 9; 31. 7. 3. 
 
 3.63. 12 Siai/^evSw; 4. ii. 4 aTroSetXtaco ; 10. 17. 12; 12. 18. 5 XetVco ; 
 13. 3. 2 aTraXXoTpioa) ; 15. 10. 7 a7reX7ria> ; 16. 3. 12 d/xapTava). 
 
 <:) Infinitive with TOV fj,ij.* 
 
 2. 14. 6 XeiVa TOV /AT) crvvaTrreiv avTaJ. 
 
 2. 37. II SiaXXaTTav TOV /AT) /Aias rrdXews 8id#eo-iv 
 5. 4. IO SieVpei//av TOV /XT) TeXeo-tovpyrJo' 
 
 21. 25. 7 SOKW f}cr<f>a\i(TOai ra Kara rrjv A.ir<i))tiav TOV /XTySeVa ovvao-Oai 
 KaKOTrotcTv TT)V ^wpav avToiv. Cf. 18. 3. 3. 
 
 This last example is classified by Hewlett as infinitive of pur- 
 pose, but it seems better to explain the sense of the passage to 
 classify it as a genitive objective infinitive. Vide Kilh. 478, 4, c; 
 514, A. 10, o. 
 
 3. APPOSITION (=c). 46 The infinitive with the article TO, TOV, 
 or TO) may stand in apposition with a preceding noun or pronoun. 
 The infinitive with TO may be in apposition with a nominative or 
 accusative. G. MT. 804; Kiih. 478, 5. 
 
 a) Infinitive with TO'. 
 
 3. 4. 9* ov yap Brj TOUT' emu T\o<s VTroXrjTTTeov cv 7rpay/xao-iv, TO VLK-qcrai Kat 
 
 Troirjo-ao-OaL TraWas v</>' eavTovs. 
 3. 4. 12 TOVT' ccTTat TcAeo-ioupyry/Aa, TO yvairai TTJV Ka.Ta.arTa.tr LV Trap' Kao"Tot?. 
 
 3. 7- IJ ^ s TpOTTO? lo-TLV OVTO? O"tUT77pta5, TO (TWC^US KaiVOTTOtctv d TOLS T(UV 
 
 3. 84. 7 2 TOVTO TTOtOV/OtCVOt, TO /AT; <^)CVyCtV /MT/Se XctTTCtV TOLS Ttt^Cl?. 
 
 4. 57- IJ ^TroXa/A^avoi/TC? yap TOVTO Tt'Xos c?vat TOV KaTao-^ctv dXXoTpiav 
 
 7roA.iv, TO yeve'o-^at TWV TrvXoiivwv CI/TOS. 3. 20. 4; 4. 79. 3'; 4. 80. 4 2 , 
 87. 3; 5. ii. 3 2 ; 6. i. 3% i. 6, n a . 16; 7. 8. 3% 8. 9 2 ; 9. 3. 9; 12. 
 5. n, 25 l . 2, 25 k . 7; 18. 14. i333-2,33. 4 2 ; 21. 22. 7 a ; 27. 8.8; 32. 
 n. 2 2 ; 37.5-2. 
 
 ^) Infinitive with TOU. 
 
 2. 35. 8 OVTC av Tt9 airo<TTa.Lr] Try? TeAevTatas 
 
 3. 8. io 3 TTOIOV TTpay/xa TOVTOV StKatoTcpov, TOV e/cSovvat /xcj/ TOV amov TWV 
 
 319 
 
32 HISTOKICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 c) Infinitive with TW. 
 
 4. 29. 4 TO TtoV KXeTTToiv C/>vXoV TOVTO) /AaXtOTtt T(p T/3O7TQ) (r<aAATCU, TO) /X^ 
 
 Trotetv dXX^Xots TO, Strata. 
 
 5. 38. 7 TOVTO) otac^epwv, TO> 7roteur$at T^V otatTav ev //,etovt 8ecryu,a>T?7ptu>. 
 
 30 2. 4 s . 
 
 2. 37. II TovVo) /Aova* StaXXaTTCtv, TO> /u,i) TOV avTov 7rpt/3oXov VTrdp^etv roTs 
 /caTot/covo-tv 
 
 4. PURPOSE (=^). 12 The infinitive with TOU is used to denote 
 purpose. . MT. 798; .&'^. 478, 4, c; Hultsch, Fleckeisen, Vol. 
 CXXIX, pp. 742-44. 
 
 1. 12. 6 dva8pajU,oi/TS ?TI rots ^povot? rov /AT^Scv a7ropr;/xa KaraAtTrcrv. 
 
 2. 34. I r7rev<rav TOV /x^ <rvyx<Dpr)@fjvai TYJV eiprjvrjv avroT?. 
 
 5. I O2. 6 <TVVV7TOKpL0d<S TOV fJ,r) SoKctv AtttV TOt/AO9 clvat. 5 31- 3> 7- 1 6. 7J 
 
 iS. 35. 3; 28. 8. 6; 29. 9. 12 (?); 4. 18. n (if KCU be omitted); 9. 
 36. i (if ceo? be omitted), 3. 70. 7 (cf. footnote in text). 
 
 All the above have TOV pij. 
 
 12. 28 a . 3 2 avTos yow T^XtKavr^v V7TOjU,e/x,cvr;Kvat SaTrav^v /cat KaKorra^etav TOV 
 o*vvayayetv Ta Trap' 'Ao-Q-vpiW VTrofj,v^fJMTa /cat TroAvTrpay/xoi^aat Ta Atyvcov 
 1^. 
 
 Also 10. 46. 3, if TOZ) be read with Hultsch; 4. 74. 8, if roi) 
 be read instead of the TT/OO? TO of Hultsch. 
 
 5. LIMITING NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. The infinitive with TOV 
 is used as a genitive limiting nouns and adjectives. G. MT. 798; 
 Kiih. 478, 4, c. 
 
 #) Infinitive with roO after nouns (=k). 66 The infinitive with 
 TOV is used as a limiting genitive after nouns. 
 
 I. I. 2 juoviyv StSoV/caXov TOV 8wao~0ai V7roc/>epeiv. 
 
 I. 49. IO Ti}s TC TOV vt/cav eXTrtSos. 
 
 1.22. 2 Trpos 7rapao*/cev^v TOV vav/w,a^etv. 
 
 I. 62. 6 2 TOV TC TOV vi/cav, o/AOtw? 8c /cat TOV TOV Xei7ro-$at /catpov. 
 
 There are are thirty-one nouns used with this limiting genitive: 
 
 o-vv>j0eta, 2. 2O. 8; atTta, 2. 38. 9; apx>7yos, 2. 38. 9; /3/3ata>T>;s, 2. 40. 2; 
 eovo-ta, 3. 29. 7; dc/>op/A>7, 3. 69. 8; Trpo^ao-is, 3. 108. 5; X/ VOS J 3- x I2 - 
 5; Tc'Xos, 4. 57. Ii; C7n(3o\rj, 5. 62. 7; 7rapa8ety/m, 5. III. 7; Kvpta, 
 6. 15. 6 2 ; CTTt/xeXeta, 6. 35. 12; Tretpa, 8. 9. 6; (rvP&gpa, 8. 27. 3; Trpo- 
 vota, II. 2. IO 8 ; ITOS, 12. l6. 12; TrapaTrraKTts, 12. 25 k . IO; evvota, 15. 
 
 320 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 33 
 
 I. I2 2 ; opM, 15. 4- 8; Karap X r), 15. 33. I ; dSwa/xi'a, 15.34. 5; 
 16. 32. 4; Aoyos, 18. 15. 15; e/A7rdSiov, I 8. 22. 4; apx*7> 22. 8. 8; 
 23.13. I. 
 
 b) Infinitive with rov after adjectives (="). l8 The infinitive 
 with roO is used as a limiting genitive after adjectives. 
 
 amos, I. 40. 1 6* atrtos eSoxei yeyove'rat rov TraAiv ava6appfj(Ta.i ra? 7reiKa? 
 Swa/ms KCH K/oar^o-at roiv viratOpw. I. 43. 8, 57. 7"; 9. 3. g*', 13. 4. 8; 
 21. 13. io a ; 23. 14. 6; 24. ii. i 2 ; 27. 15. i 2 . 
 
 21. II. 2 OVK ClAAoT/OlOS ^V TOV KOlVU>Ve?V. 
 
 29. 9. 9 ror) cveyKeTv ravra Kvpios VTnyp^cv. 
 
 39- 9. 12 OLTTClpOS TOV Vctv. 
 
 Of the four adjectives used with this limiting genitive, 
 a\\or/3to?, tcvpios, and a?rt/3o?, are each used but once. 
 
 6. PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT (=)."3 8 The infinitive with the 
 article is used, like a noun, as the object of a preposition, the 
 article being in the case required by the preposition. G. MT. 
 800; Kiih. 478, 4, c; 479, 2. 
 
 The following is a list of the prepositions and quasi -preposi- 
 tions used by Polybius: 
 
 With the genitive: xdpiv? , 7re/n a 9, i/Tre/o 2 ?, eV 2 s, eve/cev or 
 e&>5 8 , 7r\7^ 6 , ^cojOi? 5 , /*e^/3 3 , efo) 2 , avv*. 
 
 With the dative: a/ia 11 *, 7rts% e f i/ 2 S 7r/3o? 10 . 
 
 With the accusative: &as4 ? Trpos* 50 , et? 74 , eVi'39, yuera33, 
 
 The superior numbers refer, not to the number of the occur- 
 rences of the preposition to which they are attached, but to the 
 number of infinitives which are thus used, two or more infinitives 
 sometimes appearing with one preposition. 
 
 Three of these prepositions are used with two cases: irepC with 
 genitive and accusative, eiri and 7jy>o'<? with the dative and 
 accusative. 
 
 i) Prepositions with the genitive* 
 
 Xapiv, for the sake of, is prepositive in Polybius. 
 
 I. 39. 8 f^ 
 
 rots 
 
 3. 42. 4 Tr\rj6o<; rjOpoio-Orj (3apj3dp(DV \o-piv rov /cwAvetv ryv raiv 
 v. 
 
 321 
 
34 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 By allowing the infinitive to take a subject accusative Polybius 
 uses this construction to express purpose. 
 
 8. 28. I CTrevro/aicrTO o-Krjij/w 0)5 dppoxTTwi/, \dpw rov W 0vfiaeiv d/covovTas 
 TOVS 'Pw/x-aiovs. 5. 88. 6; 9. 41. 9, K.T.X. 
 
 Because of the frequent use of this construction the number 
 of cases of tVa, etc., to express purpose (see Fassbaender and Brief) 
 is comparatively small. 
 
 irepi. This is a common classical usage 
 
 a) After verbs of saying, writing, etc., where the preposition 
 is necessary. 
 
 I. 1 8. IO wore 7roXXa/as /?ouXeveo-0at Trepl TOV Xvetv TT)V TroXiop/aav. 
 24. I. 5 rots Se (f>vydo~LV eirrjyyaXaTO ypauj/ew TT/OOS TOVS 'A^atovs irepl TOV 
 KaTeA0e?v avrovs eis r^v oiKeiav. 
 
 b) Where the genitive without vre/ot is admissible and irepi is 
 pleonastic. 
 
 8. 18. 10 7re/ot Se TOV TraptLcreXOeiV TOV 'Apiavov Kat ird\LV d,7re\^etv 
 
 30. 22. 5 TrapaKOucravTes ot 'PoStot Trept TOV Tas <f>povpa<; e^ayayetv. 
 
 V7re/o. Used in the same way as irepL 
 a) Where vnep is necessary to the sense. 
 
 I. 43. I o-vXXaX^oravTes avToT? virep TOV TTJV TTO\LV v$ovva.L Tots ' 
 
 5. 1 8. 6 virkp Of. TOV TO Setvov rj&tv e?rt o~<j>a<i OVTCO? o^ew? ovSe Siti/oetTO 
 
 ) Where the genitive without a preposition is admissibleand 
 is pleonastic. 
 
 3. 87. 5 CTTOIOWTO O^TTOvS^V Kttt TTpOVOLOV V7Tp TOV CTTLKOVpeiV TO?? V ' 
 
 irpdyfjiao'L. Cf. II. 2. io 2 . 
 
 5. 94. 9 eyevcTO Tats T TroXeo-tv eXTris VTrep TOV /A^ /3a/>vi/07Jcreo-0ai Tats elo-<j>O' 
 pats. Cf. I. 49. IOJ I. 62. 4. 
 
 i) From, of departure. 
 
 2. 21. 2 e* TOV ^v tf.\<pt](ra.v. 
 
 23. 16. 13 TOVTOIS 7rerae Trapa^p^/Aa TravTas avTOvs e^ayetv eV TOV 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 35 
 
 2. a) From, by, of source of knowledge. 
 
 22. 13. 3 ST/AOS <v e avTov TOV critoTrav cm Svcrapeo-Tetrai. 
 14. 2. 7 o NO/AO.S 7Tio-#T7 e* TOV <avai TOVS TrpeV/Sets /x,^ TrpoVepov 
 ?rpiv 17 Aa/3eTv ra? 
 
 ) From, of source of advantage or disadvantage. 
 
 3. 17. 4 TToAAa Trpoopw/xevos cv^pr/crra TT/OOS TO /xeAAov ex TOI) Kara /cparos e 
 
 ttVTT^V. 
 
 3. 63. 4 (^>^) eivat 8' CK TOV vtKav aO\ov, CK 8e TOV /u,ap(o/w,vov5 Tt 
 
 or ei/e/ca. Used like %dpLv t for the sake of, and like it, 
 prepositive in Polybius. 
 
 3. 4. IO OVTC yap TroAe/m rots TrcAas ovScts vovv ^a>v eve/cev avrov TOV 
 
 Karaytuvicra(r^ai TOVS dvTiTaTTO/xci/ovs. 
 15. 1 6. 3 3 rov5 Kap^i/Sovtovs ^T;K evcKa TOV 7rpoKAvo-ai, d^pctwcrat, dvay/caorat. 
 
 evercev is used for evetca to avoid hiatus. Cf. Hultsch, "Uber 
 den hiatus bei Polybius," Philologus, Vol. XIV (1859), pp. 288- 
 319. "Aehnlich unterscheiden sich eveica und eve/cev, nur dass 
 letzteres nicht ausschliesslich vor vocalen sonden haufig auch vor 
 consonanten steht. Hiatus macht eW/ca nur 2. 36. I, wo es mit 
 Benseler zu elidiren ist" (p. 290). 
 
 7T/30 Used as a subititute for Trpiv. 
 
 2. 63. 2 Trpo TOV (rvvavai ra TrpoaTreTTTWKOTa ras Svm/xets. 
 
 3. 25. I vvvQrJKas Trotovvrai 'Pw/natot, rrpo TOV (Tvarrr) (Taa Oat TOVS 
 
 TOV 
 
 7, so far as, which was generally expressed by eo>5 ov 
 or ew? with indicative or subjunctive. 
 
 I. 69. IO OvS' (XVTO TOVTO TTCpl/XCtVaVTCS 0>S TOV yVWVCU TTOTCpOV K.T.X. 
 
 5. IO. 3 aAAa /ae^pi TOVTOV TToAe/xaiv Kat ^tXovctKoiv, ews TOV Aa/Jetv d^>op/u,as. 
 
 Ji/, except, same as 
 
 2. 60. 8 ovSevos ITV^C Setvov ?rA^v TOU 
 8- 9 5 ^ovAcvo-avTO Trcta-r;? eATrtSos Trctpav Xa/x,y3avv TrA^v TOV Sta TroAtop- 
 KUXS eAeiv Tag 
 
 Cf. TrA^z/ with anarthrous infinitive. 
 
 323 
 
36 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 d) Without. 
 
 2. 51. 6 j3or)0f]<ra.i \<Dpl<; TOV KO/uVao-#ac TOV 'AKpoKopwOov Kal A.a/3etv 
 
 7.11.5 t />tv x<apl<: TOV 7ra/3acT7rovS^(rat Meao'iyvtovs SvV?; Kpartiv TOV TOTTOV 
 TOVTOV. 
 
 ) Besides, apart from. 
 
 3. 32. 4 X* / ' 5 y**P To ^ TToAAaTrAaortbv? avras VTra/o^etv TWV iy//,T/oG)v vrrofJivrj- 
 /aaTwv, ov8 /caraXa/Jetv e avraiv /8/?ai"a)5 ouSev otov TC TOV? avayivwo-KOVTas. 
 
 6. 46. 6 X^/CHS TOV 7rapa/3Ae7TCti/ TOLS Tr/AiKavYas 8ta<^>o/oa5 ; Kai TroXvv ST; Tiva 
 Xoyov ev 7rt/xT/oa St 
 
 3. 92. 5 4>a/3io5 8e ftexpt TOV crvvdif/at Tots ToVots 
 37. I. 6 TrpOTCpov /icv yap Traa-t TrcTroXc/LtryKeVat /Ac^/ot TOV KpaT^o"at 
 TOV? 
 
 I. 15. 3 TOV fti/ 'Icpwva (^ryo'i OVTWS c^co ycvecrOcu TOV <j>povlv. 
 30. 4. 5 ^o> TOV (frpovtiv ycvo/xcvot. 
 
 efe is used but twice, as cited, in the phrase=/0 fo beside 
 oneself. 
 
 avev, without a common usage which has but one example 
 in Polybius. 
 
 22. 13. 8 dSvvaTOv ctvat TO Kivfjcrai n TWI/ VTTOKet/xevwv avev TOV TrapaftfjvaL 
 KOL TO. Strata Kat Ta oo*ta. 
 
 2) With the dative. 
 
 a/xa, at the same time ivith, together with. A rare construction 
 in classical prose, used very frequently by Polybius, second only 
 to &ia TO. The main verb is often modified by a temporal adverb: 
 et^eW, TrapaxprjfjLa, TrapavTiica. 
 
 a) With the present infinitive used thirty-one times, it repre- 
 sents an action which began just before the action expressed by 
 the main verb, and may continue with it. 
 
 1. 23. 5 OL/JM 8 TO) TT\r)(TL(ieLV CTVV^0>pOVVTS TOV5 KOpaKOLS. 
 
 2. II. 8 a/xa 8c TO) 7rpoo~Xiv KaTe/aa? 6/xov TOL? Svva/xet?, 7rapa\pf)/Jia. Tra 
 
 324 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 37 
 
 b) With the aorist infinitive, used eighty-four times, the action 
 is represented as taking place immediately before the action 
 expressed by the main verb. 
 
 I. 68. 8 ap,a TW o*vyxwp>7O-ai TO. Trepi TWV oi/'wviwi/ avTOis TOVS 
 
 2. 57. 4 a/na yap TW Karao-^etv TT/V TroXiv 'ApaTOs TrapavTiKo. TrapT/yyeXc, K.T.X. 
 
 <:) Present and aorist infinitives may be used in the same 
 sentence. 
 
 I. 76. 7 a/xa 8e TW TOVS tTTTrct? VTroo-r^vat, r>)v 8c XOITTTJV Swa/ottv errayeiv, 
 ev^ew? e^cvyov. 
 
 3. 65. 4 a/u,a TW 7rA.T/(naeiv avrot^ Kat crvvtSctv TOV Kovioprov e^ai/ao/xevov 
 
 cv^ews (Tvi/eraTTOi/ro ?rpos jMai^rjv. 
 
 eVt. Used with the articular infinitive to denote (i) purpose, 
 but chiefly to denote (2) cause. 
 
 (1) Purpose. 
 
 1. 45. II TT' avro) TOVTO* Trap' d/x^otv ra^^evrcs, ot /xtv CTTI TW rpc^ao'^at Toi5 
 
 7Tt TCUV pya)V Ot 8' CTTt TO) /A^ TTpOfOrOcU TttVTa. 
 
 (2) Cause, with verbs expressing emotion. 
 
 2. 4. 6 Trept^ap^s yevo/xevo? CTTI TU> oWetv AtrwXovs vcviK^Kc'vai. 
 
 2. 27. 4 eveXTTts ycvo/xevos CTTI TO) SOKCU/ //.ecrovs Kara Tropciav aTretXry^ei/ai TOVS 
 
 KcA.TOV5. 
 
 2. 41. 5 Svtrapeo-n/cravTCS CTTI TW /x^ vo/X6/x(o$ ap^eiv. 
 
 3. 78. 5 Svcr^cpaiVovra? ore Tip TOV rroXettov Xaft/Saveii/ TT)V Tpi/8ryv. 
 
 The perfect infinitive is used sixteen out of fifty-one times. 
 
 I 5- 5* J 3 o^VX 01 / 3 ^ 5 '""^ T( ? TttVTas VTT^KOOV? TrcTrooJo'&u TOV? irpoTepov 
 
 I. 41. I Trept^apeTs ^av ou^ OVTCD? <7rt T<O TOVS TroXetuov? ^XaTTaio*^ai a>s CTTI 
 T<o TOV? iStovs 
 
 (1) Local sense. 
 
 1 . 51.9 oVep eV TW vav/ta^etv o-Tt 7rpaACTtKa)TaTOv. 
 
 1. 62. 4 Trao-as Tas TOV vi/cav ev T<O TroXe/xctv cXTri'S 
 
 2. 29. 3 a7roKKXci/xvr/s Traces T^S cv TW Xet'Tretr^at 
 
 (2) Temporal. 
 
 6. 53. 2 TOLS eTrtTCTCvy/xo'a? v TW T;V 7rpa|(s. 
 I. 23. 8 v 8e TW <rvvyyiLv 0ea>povvTcs TO o" 
 
 3. 79. 9 /xtav Trape^Ojtxcva ^petav ei/ TW Treo-eTv Tot? 
 
 325 
 
38 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 7T/30?. Nine of the ten occurrences of TT/OO? r&> are with et/u or 
 in the sense of being intent or determined upon, busy with. 
 
 1. 50. I TTpOS TO) VaVfJLa^LV OVTttS. 
 
 2. 32. II TTpckfavTes 8e ravra TT/OOS TO> 8taKtv8vvevetv ^< 
 
 3. 71. I eyiveTO Trpos TU> o-TpaTryyeTv TOVS VTrevavTtovs. 
 
 3. 94. IO MapKO? ?rpos TU> 7rapa/3aXXea0ai Kat TU> 8taKtv8wevetv ^v. 
 
 In 12. 28. 12, where the text is weak, TT/?O? is used in the 
 ordinary sense, besides: TT/OO? r&> Karetyeva-dai eiceivov. 
 
 3) W^ /^^ accusative* 1 * 
 
 Sid. This is the preposition used most frequently by Polybius, 
 504 infinitives with TO occurring after it. The present infinitive 
 is used 339, perfect infinitive 124, aorist infinitive 39 times, and 
 the future infinitive three times. 
 
 The infinitive generally has a subject accusative, the construc- 
 tion being a much-used substitute for the other constructions 
 expressing cause. 
 
 Present infinitive: 
 
 I. IO. 3 frn-oprjo-av Sia roSo/cetv eo</>0aA.//,ov etvcu T^V dAoytav rfjs 
 I. IO. 8 /xeXXov ras ^vpaKovcras 7rai/eAeV0ai 8ta TO Trao-iys 
 
 1. 41. 6 8ta TO /A^Se/Atiav a^opju/i/v KaTaXetTreo-^at <r<f>i(rw. 
 
 10. 8. 4 av with the present infinitive: aKovwv OTI /xa^t/Aot /xcv 
 
 elr}<rav ets ^iXiov? Sta TO /AiySeva fj,rj8fTroT^ av V7roAa/w,/8avetv OTI 7rivo^o*ct 
 
 K.T.\. 
 
 Aorist infinitive: 
 
 2. 7. 6 e^7reo"ov e/c T^S 1810,5 8ta TO TrapacrTrovSryo-ai TOV? avTwv OIKCI'OVS. 
 
 2. 1 8. 6 OVK To\fjLr)crav avr^ayayuv 'Pw/xatoi TO, o*TpaTo?r8a 8ia TO 
 
 \7]<f>0Y)vai /cat /u,^ KaTaTa^o*ai TO,? Swa/ms. 
 
 3. 3. 31 av with aorist infinitive: t Se /x^Scts av ToX/xiJo-at TOVT' eiT 
 
 av^/oo)7ros wv, 8ia TO, Kav KaTa TO Trapov vrv)(rj, Trjv yc Trept TO 
 
 cXTTtSa fjLr)8liror' av cvXoyws /8cy8aia>o-ao-^at /x^Se'va TCUV vovv e^oWwv, K.T.X. 
 
 With the two cases of ai/ with infinitive present and aorist 
 compare three cases of Bia TO with the future infinitive. 
 
 3. 5. 8 2 7T7ret(r/xat /xev yap, xav Tt (rv/Jif3rj Trf.pl ^/xas dv^pWTrtvov, OVK apyrjcrew 
 TTJV VTToOecrw ovo o.TTOprjcrf.LV dvopwv d^to^pewv 8ta TO Ka/XXous 7roXXoi)s 
 Kat O"7rov8ao"eiv CTTI Tt'Xos dyayetv avT^v. 
 326 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 39 
 
 32. 1 6. 2 /3ov\6fj,tvos TTLO-TW TTapacTKevd^eiv Tots tie'AAouo-i XcyecrOaL Trepi avrov, 
 Trpos TO /X^TC SuxTropeTv TOVS aKOvovras Sta TO 7rapa8oa Ttva 
 roiv o~iyx/?aivdVTa)v /XETO. ravra Trepi avrov. 
 
 Perfect infinitive: 
 
 I. 1 6. 7 Sia TO TroXXrjv eVSeiav ycyoverat TOOV 
 
 1. 2O. IO 8101 TO /UTySe'va Kf^p^a~OaL TOIOVTOIS 
 
 2. 69. I Sia TO Trept TT/S avTwv fXevOepLas crweo-Tavat TOV oAov dyaiva. 
 
 7T/009. - 
 
 (1) After verbs, TT/DO? TO and infinitive signifying the end of 
 motion. 
 
 I. 17. 9 wpfJirjcrav Trpos TO o~tToAoyctv. I. 69. 3. 
 4. 32. 6 fTpd-rrrja-av Trpos TO j3\a.7TTiv avTOvs. 
 32. 14. IO TrporjXOt Trpos TO <iAo8ocu>. 
 
 (2) Purpose. 
 
 ^z) After adjectives and adverbs 
 
 3. iy. II TTpoOvfJLOTtpOVS 7T/OOS TO KlvSwCUClV. 
 
 3. 64. II TravTcov CK^U/ACOS C^OVTCOV Trpo? TO KtvSwevetv. 
 3. 109. I TOVS ap^ovTa? CTOI'/XOVS Trapco'KevaKa/MCV Trpos TO /xei/eiv Kat 
 TWV avTwv dycovwv. 
 
 12. 21. 5 IKaVOV TO7TOV TTpOS TO /X^ TOt? TToAt/XtOlS V 
 
 After nouns. 
 
 3. 63. 6 Sia T^V Trpos TO fjv 
 
 3. 68. 9 ov /x^v ^Tropouv yc <rKrj\l/d)v Trpo? TO /u,>) SOKCIV avTOt? ^TTav etvat TO 
 
 yeyovo?. 
 3. 69. 3 8ay/xa ^SovAottevo? cK^epetv Trpos TO to? SeStoTa? aTreATri^etv. 
 
 <:) After verbs. 
 
 I. 48. 5 Trapeo-KawuTyx^/wv Trpos TO paSt'cos Cfj,7rpr)cr6f)vai. Cf. I. 88. 9. 
 
 I. 62. 5 ovSev KaTeAeiVeTO ?rpo? TO o*<oeiv. 
 
 I. 88. II d^>voj5 8taKi//,evoi Trpo? TO TraAtv <ivaAa/>i)8avctv TT)I> Trpo? 
 
 3. 2. 6 o-vv/2aAeT' avTots ?rpos TO /x,-^ /xoVov dvaKTiyo-ao-^ai, ITI 8e 7rpoo-Aa/3eTv. 
 3. 60. 13 TrpaTTeiv Tt ?rpo? TO Oappfja-ai TOVS /8ovAo/xo/ovs. 
 
 </) In free relation to the whole sentence. 
 
 I. 79- I2 T?/^" eyKparrj yev(r6a.i (nrovBd^ovra Trpos TO /x^ Ttva? dAAa Trd 
 17/xas a/xa Tt/xwp^crao-^ai. 
 
 327 
 
40 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 3. 46. 3 TT/V TrXevpav i7<7<aAiovTO, Trpos TO oa'/w/xei/etv /cat /xi; TrapwOtitrOcu TO 
 oXov epyov. 
 
 (3) With e/*iand ylvopuu, Compare 77/90? TO>. 
 
 I. 26. 3 OJ/TCOV 8e TCOV /xev Trpos ro KwXvetv TCUV Se Trpos TO /?taO~$at. 
 I. 29. 3 eya/ovTO Trpos TO TroXtopKcTv avTirjv. I. 36. 5; I. 55. 5. 
 
 (4) 777)05 TO with the meaning, as regards, as far as .... is 
 concerned, is found but once. 
 
 I. 67. 4 Tpo? jjitv TO JMJ Ta^ews o-vfji<f>povr)o~avTas (XTret^eTv /xr^Se 
 
 KTOUS efvat Tots i^yov/xei/ots op^ais o"To^a^ovTat TTOIOVVTCS CK TroAAoiv yevwi/ TT/V 
 , Trpo? Sc TO Si8aai Kat TrpaOvat Kai /xeTa^ctvat TOVS 
 
 65. - 
 
 (i) After verbs of emotion, indicating the end of motion. 
 
 1. 41. 2 cTreppwo'yo-av eis TO K7re/x,7rctv. 
 
 2. 59. 5 /?ovA.o/xevos Trapao-Trjo~ao~6a.L TOVS dicovoi/Tas cis TO ftaAAov avTu) o"vvaya- 
 
 3. 49. 9 7rio"7r<oju,ej/ov TOV 7rpeo-/8vTpov Kat TrapaKaXovvTOS et? TO o-v/A7rpa^at Kat 
 
 O-V/XTTCptTTOt^O-ai TTJV dp^V ttVTW. 
 
 (2) Purpose. 
 
 ) After adjectives and adverbs. 
 
 2. 46. 3 rrcurav t/cav^v TTOIOV/AG/OVS 7rpo^>ao~iv eis TO TroXc/Ltetv. 
 
 4. 85. 6 fJirjSkv TrapaXtTretv TWV SwaToiv eis TO yi/wvat TYJV dXry^ctav. 
 
 ^ After nouns. 
 
 1. 66. 3 /?ovXo/xei/os avao~Tpo<f>r)v SiSovat eis TO <j>0dvew. 4. 6l. I. 
 
 2. 48. 5 6p/;jv 7rapcrTr]O~. et? TO Trpeo-^Scvctv. 5. 36. 8. 
 
 3. 15. 7 Xa/?ovTe? TT/V eirLTpoTnjv eis TO 8taXvo*at. 
 
 3. 117. 4 Ttyv ftcytoTTryv ^pcaxv cis TO vt/cav. 
 
 4. 49. 2 <^tXovt/ctav 15 TO 8iaXvo-at T^V f.\Bpa.v. 
 
 5 49- 5 ""Otryo-a/Aei/ov o-7rov8i)v ets TO StaXvetv. 5. 67. 2. 
 
 5. 63. 6 ISoo-av a<op/xa? eis TO XaySeTv. 3. 59. 4. 
 
 6. 1 8. I TOiaurrys OVCTTJS T^S Swa/xews eis TO Kat ^Xa?rTetv Kat avvepyetv dXX>;Xots. 
 6. 52. 9 Trape^eTat poirrjv ts TO vtKav. 
 
 c) After verbs. 
 
 4. 48. IO T^S TOJV o^Xwv 6p/u,^s o-vvepyovo-r;? cis TO 8ta8r7fia 
 4. 60. 4. crvv<f>p6vr)O-av dXX^Xots cts TO fMj TeXetv, o-uo'T^crao'^at, 
 
 328 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 41 
 
 d) Independent, limiting the whole expression. 
 
 2. 68. 7 /xevov eirl rwv aKpwi/, a>s avwrarco o-TrevSovres Aa/2etv TOVS vrrevavT/iovs 
 
 eis TO rr/v (frvyrjv 7rt ?roXv /cara^ep^ /cat KprjiJivwSr) yevccr^at rots TroXe/xtbts. 
 
 8. 17. 7 o re ScMTtjSios a/Aa //,/ TrpoeSi'Sov TWJ/ ^p^arwv eis TO /x^Sev eAAetVctv 
 
 CIS TttS 7Tl/?oA.aS' 
 
 (3) Result. 
 
 2. 13. 4 evpdvTes Sc (T(f>a<; e7riKeKOi/A77jU.vous eV ToTs /u,7rpoo-^cv xpovois Kat Trpoct- 
 /xeVov? ei? TO /AeyaXr/v x^P* 1 KaTacrKcvacrao*^at Kap^r;8ovtbvs. 
 
 12. 26 e . 4 TO?? veois TOIOVTOV evTCTOKao*t ^Xov, cts TO TO>V /xev ^IKWV /cat 
 Trpay/xaTtKoiv Xdywv /Ar;8c T^V Tv^oiio-av CTTtVoaxv Troteurftu. 
 
 eVL The infinitive with evrl TO is found after verbs of motion 
 used in a metaphorical sense. Compare TT/JO? and efc. 
 
 1. 2O. 7 wp/AT/o-av 7Tt TO o-vv/x/8aivctv. I. 25. 5, 29. 6, 70. 4, 87. 7; 2. 13. 
 
 3> 34- 2. 
 In the majority of cases eVl TO is used after op^dco. 
 
 1 . 31. 5 OLTT(r\ov TOV permv TCUS yvcu/ttais CTTI TO Trotetv Tt Ttov 
 
 2. 35. IO Trapwp/xT/^r/v CTTI TO 
 3.6. 7 7T6 TO Kpirai 7rap 
 
 II. 2O. 7 rrt TO o~uy^p^o*^at Karrjve\0r]. 29. 5. 3. 
 
 21. 28. 3 KaTryvTTjo-av frrl TO jacToAAcvctv Kat ^prj<rOai TO?S 6pvy/>iao*tv VTTO y^s. 
 
 33. 1 8. II <rvyKa.Tr)vexOr)<ra.v errt TO ypa<^>ctv 8dy/xa TOIOVTOV. 
 
 36. 5. 6 TravTtov ^>cpo/u,o/(ov crrt TO iruSap-^uv TO?S 7rapayycAAo/u,o/ots. 
 
 /iteTa. Of the thirty-three infinitives used with /-teTa TO', twenty- 
 nine are in the aorist tense, the clause expressing the time after 
 which something else occurs. 
 
 3. 4. 12 TTOUX TIS ty fj.tr a TO KarayiavLcrOrjvaL ra o\a KOL Tre&tiv ets T^V TWV 
 
 3. IO. I /ACTOL TO KaraXvcracrOai Kap^r;8ovtbvs T^V TrpoeLprjfJifvrjv rapa^rjv. 
 9.32.7 ci /Av 7riyyov Tt ftCTot TO 6t(T@a.i Trjv crvfj,fw.^uii/ v/xas. 
 
 /LtTa TO' is used, only with the aorist infinitive, as a substitute 
 for an aorist participle in genitive absolute or for a temporal 
 clause with oVe. 
 
 Trepi. Used with yivopai, Trepl TO with the infinitive means to 
 be busied with something. Cf. TT/JO? TO). 
 
 I. 41. 6 Trept TO f3or)6eiv cytVoKro Kat 7rapa/3aAAccr0at /cat rrav VTTO/XO/CCV VTrcp T^5 
 
 I. 66. I eytVeTo TTCpt TO Trcpatovv TOVS o-TpaTiwTas eis TT)V A.i(3vr]v. 
 
 329 
 
42 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 Cf. Trepl TOV with the infinitive. Polybius uses Trepl TO only 
 after <yivopai except (6. 52. n; 22. 4. 4) after CTTTOVO^ and 
 
 Tcapd. Trapa TO with the infinitive occurs but once, and that 
 in a causal sense. 
 
 29. 27. 12 wore ra Kara TT/V 'AXeaV8peiav Trapa TOVTO TraXiv opOwOfjvaL, Trapa TO 
 <J>6dcrai KpiQevra. ra Kara TOV Ilepo-ea Trpay/xaTa. 
 
 7. INFINITIVE WITH T DENOTING CAUSE, MANNER, MEANS, 
 OR INSTRUMENT (=r). 7 * The infinitive with the article TO> is used 
 to indicate the cause, manner, means, or instrument of the action 
 or state of the principal verb. G. MT. 799; Kiih. 478, 4, d. 
 
 i) a) Cause. 
 
 I. 68. 12 SOKOVVTCS ovx r)KL<TTa. oV tKcTvov oAiywpeTcrftu TO> /U,^TC Trpeo-/3evetv Trpos 
 
 1. 79. 7 TO) 8c TroAXovs Kat rroAvv VTTp avT^s TreTTOifjo'Oat. Xoyov OVK avajKalov 
 
 fjyovfJitO' en/at TavToXoyetv. 
 
 2. 39. II OVK -ywTO T<*> fMj Svvao-0aL ^>vvat Trpoo'TaT^v a^tov T^S Trpoatpccrews. 
 
 5. 48. 14 ovSci/ ^vvev TW (j>0d<Tai Atoyej/r;]/ eis avT^v Trapeto r Trco~ovTa. 5. 97. 6, 
 102. 3; 6. 29. 4; 8. 32. I2J 9. 2. 4, 2. 5, 4. 2. 
 
 ) After verbs of emotion, indicating the ground of emotion* 
 
 3. 18. 3 $appowTas TO) SoKeTv avTrjv avd\o)TOV VTrap^eiv. 
 
 3. 68. 9 eevtovTO T<U TO o-v/x^e^Ko? e?vat Trapa T^V Trpoo-So/aav. 
 
 3. 1 06. 4 ev^apaets T<U SoKctv. 5. 56. 5. 
 
 4. 71. 5 SiryTropow TO) 
 
 5 57 ^ 8vo~apCTTOV)U,vai TW 
 
 <:) Point of difference. 
 
 I. 27. II r<3 /ACT/ Ta^wavTcTv TroXv Trep6)}o-av. i. 51. 4. 
 
 See also infinitive with rw in apposition. 
 2) Means. 
 
 I. 46. IO 6 Sc 'PoSios OVTOJS KaTavcoTr? TWV TroXc/xtW Tiy T ToX/x^ Kat T<O 
 
 3. 1 1 8. 9 T^ TOV TToXtTv/xaTOS i8toTr;Tt Kat TO) /SovXevecT^at KaXws 
 
 6. 51. 8. 
 Also 10. 33. 5; 16. 14. 9- 
 
 330 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 43 
 
 8. INFINITIVE WITH TOV AFTER COMPARATIVES. l8 
 
 a) The infinitive with TOV is used after comparatives (=/).' 7 
 G. MT. 798; Kiih. 478, 4, c. 
 
 2. 7. io a ov&v 7rotT/(TavTO TTpovytairepov TOV e/A/SaAetv /cat /caTao-Tr/o-ai. 
 4. 66. 2; 8. 27. 6. 
 
 2. 6l. 3 oi/cctoTepov V7rdp\ov TOV 7rio"rjfJuaivO~Oa.i. 
 
 3. 8l. I /cvptuJTepov eivat TOV yvtovai. 
 
 3. III. 2 TI /Aetov TOV Sta/cpt$7vat. o. 14. 10. 
 
 5. 31. 4 ovSev dray/caioVepov emit TOV /AT) orv/ATrAe'/cetv. 8. 34. 4. 
 
 6. 56. 2 o^Sev ato-^tov TOV 8u>po8oKeur#ai. 
 
 1 8. 53. 3 TO KaAois aTToOavtw TOV tflv aia^po); irepi irXetovos 7rotr;(rd/xevos. 
 
 2. 64. 6 conjecture. 
 30. 7.8. ov yap cAaTToV ecrrt TOV Trapa TO Ka&fjKov <^>(Ao^a>Tv. 
 
 The comparative with rj and roO with the infinitive does not 
 occur in Polybius. 
 
 b) o)9 with the infinitive with TOV (= 1 /). 1 
 
 3. 12. 5 ovSevo? /xoXAov ^povTi^av obs TOV /u,^ Xav^avctv TO.? wpoaipeWs, 
 without a preceding OVTO>S, Kuh. 540, A. 5. 
 
 9. PREDICATE (=u). 15 The infinitive with the article TO is 
 used as a predicate noun. 
 
 2. 43. 8 TOVTO 7]v TO Ma/ceSovas /u,v Kj8aXctv. 
 
 8. 2. 6 Sevrepos ai/ cir; TrAovs TO TWV KaTa Aoyov <#)povTi^ctv. 
 
 8. 4. 4 TOVTO 8' 0-Tt TO V7TO fJiLav dp^v dyayctv. 
 
 11. 17. 2 TOVTO 8' ^v TO fir) Sia<vyeiV TOV Ma^avt&xv. 
 
 10. GENITIVE ABSOLUTE (=w). 9 The infinitive with TOV is 
 used as the genitive subject of the neuter impersonal participle 
 in the genitive in place of the omitted noun or pronoun. G. MT. 
 798; Kiih. 478, 4, c. 
 
 I. 60. I a Trpoo-TrecrovTO? avTots TOV TreTrAevKcVai O"ToAa TOVS 'Pw/xatovs Kat 
 
 TraAiv avTiTTOteto-^ai Trjs ^aAaTT^s. 
 
 6. 24. 7* dS^Aov yap OVTOS /cat TOV TrotT/oxu /cat TOV traOeiv TI TOV ^ye/xova. 
 IO. 36. I 2 /xeyaAov yap OVTO? TOV KaTopOovv ev Trpdy/tao-t /cat 7TptytVco*^at Taiv 
 
 x#po)v ev TaT? CTrtjSoAats. 
 
 12. 6 b . 4 cvAoyov yap OVTOS TOV ?rpo<r7re7rot^o-^at. 
 15. 30. I /ce/cpi/xevov TOV /catvoTO/xeTv Tot? dv8pao-tv. 
 
 1 8. 34. 7 T^S StopoSoKtas CTriTroAa^OTxrr/s /cat TOV (Jirjowa /AryScv Soopeav TrpaTTCtv. 
 
 331 
 
44 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 This construction, which, according to Spieker (p. 326), is 
 "altogether rare in Attic prose," is found six times (nine infini- 
 tives) in Polybius. 
 
 ii. ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTE (=z).* The participle of imper- 
 sonal verbs in the neuter accusative singular is used as an accu- 
 sative absolute, with an infinitive with TO. G. MT. 852; Kiih. 
 478, 4, b; 487, 3. 
 
 2. 6l. 3 ov8e Kara iro<rov Troirj<raTO (JLvr)[Jir)V, axTTrep TO TO,? 
 
 <r6ai TWV 7rpaavT(ov oiKCioVepov inrap^ov T^S tcrropta? TOV ra KaXa KOL Si/cata 
 TWV epywv 
 
 12. ACCUSATIVE OF RELATION (=ri). 7 The infinitive with TO 
 may stand in free relation with a whole sentence. Hewlett p. 278; 
 G. MT. 796; Kith. 479, i end; 412, 3. 
 
 9. 9. 2 6 TO TreipaOfjvaL Xvf.iv rrjv TroXiopKtav, /cat TO CTT' avrrjv 6p/x^crat TT/V 
 e Po>/xr;v, K.T.X. Tts OVK av $au/xao-cu TOV Trpoetpiy/xevov CTTI TOI/TOIS ^ye/xoVa; 
 
 5. 31. 4 TO 8' evTrapaKoXovOrjTOv KOL <ra(f>rj yivevOai TT/V 8t>yy^crtv ovSev arayKaio- 
 Tcpov T^yov/xc^' ea/at TOV to) o-v/XTrXeKav dAA^Aais TOLS Trpa^ecs. 
 
 13. GENITIVE OF PRICE ( *). 4 The infinitive with TOU is 
 used as the genitive of price. Cf. Kiih. 418, 7, b, /8. 
 
 3. 96. 12 Xaftiov Trap' avTaii/ ^pTfjfjuara TOV /x/) TropOfjcrau rrjv \iapav. 
 29. 8. 5 3 o />iv yap EvtieVrys 7yTa TOV /acv i^crv^tav X av Ka ^ ^ 
 7revTa/coo-ta TaXavTa, TOV 8e 8iaXvo-at TOV TroXe/xov ^i' 
 
 332 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 USES OF THE INFINITIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYBIUS. 
 
 SIMPLE INFINITIVE. The simple infinitive is not used by 
 Polybius in any new ways, nor does he employ any of the estab- 
 lished usages to such an exceptional extent as to make them 
 characteristic of his style. 
 
 ARTICULAR INFINITIVE. Polybius uses the articular infinitive, 
 first, in placing the article before a simple infinitive which gives 
 him a noun, TO fjjy, TO vi/cdv; and, second, in placing the article 
 before a whole sentence, which may then be governed by a prepo- 
 sition, thus supplying a new form of clause to indicate time, 
 cause, purpose, etc. This substantivized sentence may become 
 so involved that an infinitive with the article may be used as the 
 subject of another infinitive with the article. 
 
 Polybius uses the articular infinitive very frequently, standing 
 second only to Demosthenes, whose use per page is higher, if 
 only the prepositions (not the number of infinitives) be counted. 
 And yet he has not used the articular infinitive in many ways 
 other than those employed by classical writers. 
 
 Polybius' innovations are (a) the genitive of price; (3) 
 TO) like pera TO'; (<;) Trpo? TO and TT/OO? TO> with ^ivo^ai and 
 and (V) 7T/30? TO in final clauses. 
 
 In regard to frequency of use xdpiv TOV largely takes the place 
 of eve/ca (eVe/cei>) TOV; Sia TO, eVl TO* of cause of emotion, TT/JO? TO' 
 and /UCTO, TO are very frequently used. To express purpose 
 besides TOU with the infinitive, Polybius uses x c *P LV rov > eveica TOV, 
 eVl TO?, et? TO and TT/OO? TO'. 
 
 333] 45 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 TABLES OF THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS AND 
 IN BIBLICAL GREEK. 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 SYMBOLS, DESIGNATING THE VARIOUS USES OF THE ANARTHROUS AND THE 
 ARTICULAR INFINITIVE, AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS.* 
 
 a, # subject anarth., artic. with TO. 
 
 x i = subject of impersonal verb taking infinitive of indirect discourse as sub- 
 ject anarth. 
 
 b, b, bb, bbb object anarth., artic, with TO, TOV, TO> respectively. 
 1 = object, after verbs of bidding anarth. 
 
 *\ = object, after verbs introducing indirect discourse anarth. 
 
 v, v object of verbs of hindering, etc. anarth., artic. 
 
 k, k = object of prepositions anarth., artic. 
 
 d, e, e = purpose, distinct and specific anarth., anarth. with wore, artic. 
 
 o = purpose, modified and general anarth. 
 
 p, f, s f, 7 f, /= result, actual or hypothetical anarth., anarth. with oxrre, 
 
 o>o-T av, wore in indirect discourse, artic. with TOV. 
 
 s, * s, s = epexegetic or explanatory anarth., anarth. with WOTC, artic. with TOV. 
 h, r h, fr = limiting nouns anarth., anarth. with obs, artic. 
 g, g = limiting adjectives anarth., artic. 
 I g = limiting adverbs anarth. 
 q = limiting pronouns anarth. 
 
 c, c in apposition anarth., artic. with TO, TOV, TO>. 
 
 4 f, m = stipulation anarth. with oWe, with e<' <S, e<' O>TC. 
 
 r parenthetic absolute anarth. with and without <J>s. 
 
 r = cause, manner, means = artic. with T<J>. 
 
 /, '/= after comparatives artic. with TOV, artic. with TOV and <us. 
 
 u, u = predicate anarth., artic. with TO. 
 
 w, iv = genitive absolute anarth., artic. with TOV. 
 
 z, z = accusative absolute anarth., artic. with TO. 
 
 x = with TrpiV, Trplv r/, Trporepov r) anarth. 
 
 x genitive of price artic. with TOV. 
 
 n accusative of relation artic. with TO. 
 
 1 Symbols in roman letters refer to the anarthrous infinitive (abbreviated " anarth."); 
 those in italics, to the articular infinitive (abbreviated " artic."). These symbols are 
 the same as those used by Votaw where the use of the infinitive in Polybius is the 
 same as the use in biblical Greek, other symbols being added for uses of the infinitive 
 which are found in Polybius, but not in biblical Greek. 
 
 46 [334 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 
 
 47 
 
 THE second column of figures in the following table shows the 
 average number of infinitives per page, the count being based on 
 Hultsch's edition of Polybius and Swete's edition of the Septua- 
 gint. Since, however, the pages in these editions are unequal in 
 length, these figures require correction to show the actual ratio 
 of frequency, the pages of Genesis and II Maccabees containing 
 about one-fourth more words, the pages of the Wisdom of Sirach 
 about one-fourth fewer, than those of Polybius, and the pages 
 of IV Maccabees about the same as those of Polybius. The 
 third column gives the figures of the second column corrected 
 for these inequalities and reduced to the basis of a page of the 
 length of the Polybius page. 
 
 TABLE II. 
 RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF INFINITIVES IN POLYBIUS AND IN BIBLICAL GREEK. 
 
 
 Average Number to Page 
 
 Polybius, 1412 pages 
 No. of infinitives 
 
 11,265 
 
 9,364 
 1,901 
 
 319 
 187 
 132 
 
 204 
 164 
 
 40 
 
 393 
 360 
 
 33 
 
 187 
 171 
 16 
 
 7-95 
 6.6 
 
 1-35 
 
 3-097 
 I.8I55 
 1.2815 
 
 1.84 
 1.48 
 36 
 
 8-543 
 7.826 
 .717 
 
 5.666 
 5.181 
 .485 
 
 7-95 
 6.6 
 
 1-35 
 
 2.32 
 1.36 
 .96 
 
 2.30 
 1.85 
 45 
 
 6.407 
 5.869 
 .538 
 
 5.666 
 5.181 
 .485 
 
 No. of anarth. inf s 
 
 
 Genesis, 103 pages 
 No. of infinitives .... .... 
 
 No. of anarth. infs 
 
 No. of artic. infs 
 
 Wisdom of Sirach, in pages 
 
 No. of anarth. infs 
 
 No. of artic. infs 
 
 II Maccabees, 46 pages 
 No. of infinitives . 
 
 No. of anarth. infs 
 
 No. of artic. infs 
 
 IV Maccabees, 33 pages 
 
 No. of anarth infs 
 
 No. of artic. infs. . 
 
 
 Table III shows the total number of occurrences of each tense 
 of the infinitive in each of the several uses of the infinitive. 
 For the meaning of the symbols, a, i, b, etc., see Table I. 
 
 Of the whole number of occurrences of the infinitive, 11,265, 
 there are 7,074 presents, 2924 aorists, 726 perfects, and 541 
 futures. The ordinary grammatical distinction between the differ- 
 ent tenses is preserved. The chief use of the future infinitive is 
 in indirect discourse 437 times, mainly after verbs of hoping, 
 
 335 
 
48 
 
 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 TABLE III. 
 THE TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS AND THEIR USES. 
 
 ANARTHROUS 
 
 ARTICULAR 
 
 ARTICULAR 
 
 ~ 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Aor. 
 
 Fut. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Aor. 
 
 Fut. 
 
 Pref. 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Aor. 
 
 Fut. 
 
 Perf 
 
 
 
 670 
 
 J 
 
 IO7 
 
 a 
 
 TJ.C 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 Yapif. . 
 
 OQ 
 
 
 
 
 !}" 
 
 76 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 b 
 
 "TO 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 
 i 
 
 Trepi' . . . 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 b ! 
 
 2J 
 
 2394 
 1399 
 
 1056 
 270 
 
 6 5 
 437 
 
 18 
 365 
 
 bb.... 
 
 666.... 
 
 17 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 12 
 17 
 
 13 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 V 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 
 v 
 
 7 1 
 
 7 
 
 
 I 
 
 ipffcfly. 
 
 4 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 C. 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 
 I 
 
 TTPO.... 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 f. 
 
 260 
 
 IO 5 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ew?. .. . 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5f 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TrAvyi' 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 i 
 
 7f 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X<*>pl's. . 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 ii 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 jne^pi 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 T 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 4f 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 ai/eu.. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a/aa . . 
 
 3 1 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 124 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 h 
 
 47 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 771 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 
 16 
 
 ih 
 
 75 
 
 i 
 43 
 
 2 
 
 
 g 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 
 I 
 
 ev.... 
 
 19 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 ig 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sia..'.' 
 
 338 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 124 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 
 i 
 
 k 
 
 705 
 
 372 
 
 9 
 
 152 
 
 Trpos . . 
 
 98 
 
 38 
 
 Si 
 
 34 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 d 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CTTl .... 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 e. .. . 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 /u.era .. 
 
 3 
 
 2 9 
 
 
 i 
 
 o... . 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trepi' . . . 
 
 ii 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 r . . 
 
 __ 
 
 2O 
 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 60 
 
 3 
 
 
 1C 
 
 TTCtOCt 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 u . . . 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w . . . 
 
 10 
 
 i 
 
 
 7 
 
 IV 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X . . . 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 
 i 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z. .. . 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 5942 
 
 2350 
 
 530 
 
 542 
 
 Total.. 
 
 1132 
 
 574 
 
 II 
 
 184 
 
 Total.. 
 
 70S 
 
 372 
 
 9 
 
 152 
 
 promising, swearing, etc., which allow the object infinitive both 
 in direct and indirect discourse. It is used with the article but 
 II times, 9 of these instances being after prepositions. 
 
 The predominance of the present over the aorist is very 
 marked as compared with the use of these tenses in biblical 
 Greek. In Polybius for every aorist infinitive there are 2.42 
 present infinitives. In biblical Greek, according to Votaw (p. 49) 
 there are in all biblical Greek 8,972 infinitives, of which 3,327 
 are in the present tense and 5,484 in the aorist tense. Therefore 
 in biblical Greek the aorist predominates over the present in the 
 ratio of 1 .65 to I. Biblical Greek does not use the future infini- 
 tive with the article, a use which is found twice in Polybius 
 (3.48.2; 7. 15. 4) after e'XTTt?, and 9 times after prepositions: xdpiv 
 TOV, 4. 9. 5; Trepi roi), 14. 3. 3; vTrep roi), 5. 1 8. 6; 5. 94. 9 (e\7rl? 
 vTrep TOU; 24. II. 14; Bta TO, 3. 5. 8 2 ; 32. 16. 2; et? TO, 9. 8. II. 
 
 If we compare the uses of the infinitive in Polybius with those 
 in biblical Greek (Genesis, Wisdom of Sirach, II and IV Macca- 
 bees), we obtain the following statistics (Table IV): 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 
 
 49 
 
 1 s. 
 
 : 
 
 * 
 
 H"iSS 
 
 w CO M O>vO 
 
 Ijhtai 
 
 U, 
 
 a 
 
 
 00 IN C 
 
 E 1 "" 
 
 rn^c 
 r to >- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i : 
 
 
 
 ?^* 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 11 ? d ^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 ,, yj-art 
 
 <^lvO -s 
 
 m N 
 
 h 
 
 
 11 1J " 
 
 SI : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 5 ?' 
 
 5** 
 
 * 
 
 
 5 ? d* 
 
 S, :" 
 
 m 
 
 
 OOB ?1? 
 
 r 
 
 ~ H 
 
 
 H 3 ?djt 
 
 u 
 
 - 
 
 
 M "? 
 
 efjra 
 
 > ! 
 
 
 11 1 ' ttS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JBp WW 
 
 i? : 
 
 
 
 ,, OJtlp 
 
 
 
 
 i, rtj "? 
 
 M : 
 
 
 
 ,. W fc 
 
 M 
 
 : 
 
 
 ^^.^ 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 SidwX 
 
 irj 
 
 
 
 M 'j'Y* 
 
 VO 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 11 Sm ,? 
 
 00 ro 
 
 
 
 11 ? djt 
 
 W \O 
 
 M M 
 
 H 
 
 
 .. .H.V..11 
 
 U1 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 U1 
 
 N 
 
 M 
 
 
 * 
 
 : 
 
 j 
 
 
 > ? ( '' Jt 
 
 ? H 
 
 M 
 
 
 a3 rfidpX 
 
 8, : 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 li* 
 
 ^ C V 
 
 &&* 
 
 J c 
 
 II 
 
 
 337 
 
50 
 
 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 Again, comparing the uses of the tenses of the infinitive in 
 Polybius and in the whole field of biblical Greek (LXX, Apo- 
 crypha, and New Testament), using Votaw's results, we obtain 
 the following statistics, reckoned absolutely and by percentages: 
 
 TABLE V. 
 
 COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS AND BIBLICAL 
 GREEK, ACCORDING TO TENSES. 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage 
 
 No of 
 
 
 11,265 
 
 
 (i 
 
 
 7,074 
 
 .628 
 
 
 
 
 2 024 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 .064 
 
 
 oerf " " " 
 
 726 
 
 .048 
 
 
 *** 
 
 
 
 No of 
 
 all infs in bib Gk . . 
 
 8,072 
 
 I. 00 
 
 
 pres " " " " 
 
 2 -227 
 
 .3708 
 
 
 
 aor " ... 
 
 ^,484 
 
 .6112 
 
 
 
 fut. " " " " . . 
 
 74 
 
 .0082 
 
 
 
 perf. " " " " 
 
 87 
 
 .0098 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Anarthrous infs. in Pol 
 
 9,364 
 
 I .0000 
 
 < 
 
 " pres. infs. in Pol 
 
 5,942 
 
 .635 
 
 u 
 
 " aor. " " " 
 
 2,350 
 
 .25 
 
 it 
 
 fut. " " " 
 
 53 
 
 .057 
 
 <i 
 
 " perf " " " 
 
 C42 
 
 .058 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Anarthrous infs. in bib. Gk 
 
 6,197 
 
 I. 000 
 
 
 " pres infs in bib Gk 
 
 
 .38 
 
 " " 
 
 aor. " " " " 
 
 3,708 
 
 .60 
 
 < 
 
 perf. " " " " 
 
 74 
 
 58 
 
 .009 
 
 No of 
 
 Articular infs. in Pol. . . 
 
 I QOI 
 
 I .000 
 
 < 
 
 " pres. infs. in Pol. . .... 
 
 I 132 
 
 CQC 
 
 < 
 
 " aor. " " " 
 
 1:74 
 
 302 
 
 < 
 
 fut. " " " 
 
 II 
 
 .006 
 
 <. 
 
 perf. " " " . 
 
 184 
 
 .007 
 
 
 
 
 
 No of 
 
 Articular infs in bib Gk 
 
 2 77^ 
 
 1. 000 
 
 
 
 " pres. infs. in bib. Gk 
 
 Q70 
 
 JC 
 
 x i< 
 
 " aor. ' " " " 
 
 I 776 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 fut. " " " 
 
 o 
 
 .00 
 
 
 
 " perf. " " '" " . 
 
 20 
 
 .01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. 00 
 
 338 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 COMPARISON OF THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 
 AND IN BIBLICAL GREEK. 
 
 IN looking at the foregoing tables of the average use of the 
 infinitive per page in the books under examination, we are struck 
 with the fact that Polybius has the highest average of all, and 
 that there is a large difference between the averages of the trans- 
 lated books (Genesis and Wisdom of Sirach) and the untrans- 
 lated books (II and IV Maccabees). We also see that the aver- 
 ages of II and IV Maccabees stand much nearer to Polybius than 
 they do to Genesis and the Wisdom of Sirach. 
 
 Considering that Polybius does not use the infinitive in any 
 unusual ways, and that there existed usages which he did not 
 employ, the question arises: What causes the low averages in 
 numbers and the comparatively few usages which Genesis and 
 Wisdom of Sirach employ, and what is the reason for the high 
 averages in II and IV Maccabees and for the large difference in 
 the number of occurrences of the infinitive in all four books of 
 biblical Greek? 
 
 Looking at the tables, we find 27 uses of the anarthrous infini- 
 tive: a, M, b, 2 i, v, c, f, 5 f, 7 f, s, 's, 4 f, m, h, 'h, g, l g, q, k, d, e, o, 
 r, u, w, x, z; and 1 8 uses of the articular infinitive: a, b, bb, bbb, 
 v, c, n, f, l t t h, g, k, e, r, u, w, x, z. Of these 45 uses, Genesis 
 employs 20, viz.: a, b, 2 i, c, s, h, g, k, d, e, o, bb, v, c, s t t,h,g,k,e; 
 Wisdom of Sirach employs 18, viz.: a, b, 2 i, v, s, h, g, k, d, o, x, a, 
 bb, v, h, g, k, e; II Maccabees employs 14, viz.: a, b, 2 i, f, s, h, g, 
 d, e, x, a, b, k, e; and IV Maccabees employs 16, viz.: a, b, 2 i, v, 
 f, h, g, d, e, x, a, b, bb, v, h, k. 
 
 339] 51 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 USES OF THE INFINITIVE FOUND IN BIBLICAL GREEK BUT 
 NOT IN POLYBIUS. 
 
 IN Genesis we find the usage s; in Genesis and Wisdom of 
 Sirach, the usage/; in Wisdom of Sirach and II Maccabees, the 
 usage p; in II Maccabees, the usage 1; and in IV Maccabees, 
 airb TOV with the infinitive, none of which is found in Polybius. 
 
 1. THE INFINITIVE AFTER VERBS OF BIDDING ( 1). 
 
 II Mace. 1:10 ot ev rfj 'lovScua Kai 17 yepova-ta /cat 'lovSas ' 
 
 Xaipeiv KOL vyuu'vetv. 
 
 9:19 rots 'lovSatots TroXXa ^ai/oetv KCU vyiaiVeiv /cat ev Trpa.TTC.iv /3acr<Aei>s ' 
 1 1 : 1 6 Avcrtas ra> TrXrjBu raiv 'lovScuW ^at/oetv- 
 
 This use is merely a sub-class of the object infinitive, the verb 
 of which the infinitive is the object being omitted. It is the 
 stereotyped form of address used in letters, and is not confined 
 to biblical Greek, but is found in II Maccabees only because 
 several letters are there quoted. It occurs also in I Esdras and 
 I Maccabees. If Polybius had quoted letters, the usage would 
 have been found in his history. 
 
 2. RESULT. 
 
 i) Actual or hypothetical. 
 
 a] Without attendant particle (=p). This usage, found in 
 Wisdom of Sirach and II Maccabees, does not occur in Polybius 
 nor in Attic Greek. G. MT. 585, 775; Kith. 473, 7; 583, 2. 
 
 Wis. Sir. 5: 5 Trepi e^iXaoyxoO (Mr) a<o/3os ytVov, TrpodBuvai a/xaprtav e<' 
 
 II Mace. 3: 24 KaraTrXayevTas Trjv TOV Oeov Swa/xtv, eis K\VCTLV KCU SetAcav 
 
 12:42 TrapeKaXetre TO TrX^o? cruvr^petv avrovs dva/xaprr/TOUS etrai. 
 
 In the older language (Homer and Hesiod) the simple infini- 
 tive is used to express result. 1 The tendency, however, was to 
 the use of wo-re with the infinitive as being more exact, and this 
 use superseded the former in later Greek, especially Attic. In 
 
 1 Karassek, p. 13; Herodotus i. 176 Kalecrdcu; ii. 7 etvai; iii. 149 voT)<rai', iv. 79 
 fj.alve<r6ai; vii. 194 aTroX&rtfcu after ofrrw. 
 
 52 [340 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 53 
 
 the use in biblical Greek of the simple infinitive to express result, 
 besides the use of &o-re with the infinitive, we have but a partial 
 return to the older construction, which may have been used at 
 least in the language of daily speech even when the recognized 
 literary form was o><rre with the infinitive. 
 
 ) The infinitive with TOV (=/). This usage, found three 
 times in Genesis and twice in Wisdom of Sirach, does not occur 
 in Polybius nor in classic Greek. Kick. 478, 4, c; Blass 71, 3. 
 
 Actual: 
 
 Gen. l6:2 loOV <TVVf.K\U(TfV /U, KvptOS TOV fJLr) TLKTUV. 
 
 Wis. Sir. 44: 8 etcriv avrwv 01 Kare'XtTrov oVo/xa TOV fKOirjyijo'ao'OaL tTrat'vovs. 
 
 Hypothetical: 
 
 Gen. 19: 2O loov -rj TroXts avrrj eyyu? TOV Ka.Ta<pvyiv /u,e /cet. . 
 
 Wis. Sir. 42: I KCU fjirj kd/Srjs TrpooxoTTW TOV d/xapravetv. 
 
 2) Epexegetic or explanatory infinitives with TOV ( = s). The 
 infinitive with TOV is employed "for epexegesis, where the simple 
 infinitive with or without were might have been used, and where 
 the meaning of the genitive has been lost in the mixture of con- 
 sequence and purpose. This is very common in the LXX, b 
 with the infinitive denoting both design and consequence" 
 ( Winer- Moulton, p. 410, b). "We must recognize in this usage an 
 exaggeration of declining (Hellenistic) Greek, unless we prefer 
 to resort to unnatural interpretations. It would seem that the 
 infinitive with TOV had come to be regarded by the Hellenists as 
 the representative of the Hebrew infinitive with b in its mani- 
 fold relations; and, as usually happens in the case of established 
 formulas, the proper signification of the genitive was no longer 
 thought of" (ibid., p. 411) ; cf. Gildersleeve, AJ.P., Vol. XXVII, 
 pp. 105, 106. 
 
 Gen. 3:22 'I8ou 'A8a/A yeyovev ws cl? f ^/AWV, TOV yivwer/ceti/ KaXov Kat irovrjpov. 
 19: 19 o Troias CTT' e/xe TOV f)v TYJV /^X T / v / xov> 3 1: 2O J 47 : 2 9- 
 
 3. PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT ( = &). In IV Maccabees the 
 infinitive is used once with avro TOV to express source or cause 
 where Polybius would have used eV 
 
 IV Mace. 6: 7 Kai TTITTTWV cis TO !8a<o9, airo TOV pr) (frtpav TO o-w/xa TOLS d\yr}- 
 , opOov tx ev Ka ^ aKAivi; Tov 
 
 341 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CAUSES OF THE PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE INFINI- 
 TIVE IN THE BIBLICAL BOOKS. 
 
 WE ask then: 
 
 I. What are the peculiarities of the use of the infinitive in the 
 biblical books under discussion? 
 
 II. What are the causes of these peculiarities? 
 
 Each of the four biblical books must be examined separately, 
 since no two of them were written by the same person, and dif- 
 ferences of style must be taken into consideration, and since two 
 of the books, Genesis and Wisdom of Sirach, were translations 
 from Hebrew into Greek. Translations differ according to the 
 method and purpose of the translator, and his knowledge of the 
 languages with which he has to deal. 
 
 If the purpose is to make an extremely literal translation, 
 reproducing each word and construction of the original, the result 
 will be a translation which will be worthless from a literary point 
 of view one which may even obscure the thought of the original 
 as a result of this literal method. 
 
 If, on the other hand, the purpose be to produce a translation 
 which shall be good from a literary point of view, the translator 
 may change the thought of the original, because of inability to 
 reproduce the thought of the original in the translation. 
 
 Aside from the purpose of the translator, his knowledge of 
 either language will play an important part in the result of the 
 work; for it can be easily seen that, no matter what the transla- 
 tor's ability may be in other directions, if his knowledge of either 
 language is deficient, the resulting translation will be wanting 
 in literary value or in the reproduction of the thought of the 
 original. 
 
 It is well known that the Hebrew people laid great stress on 
 the value of the letter of their sacred writings, so that when it 
 became necessary to translate them it was but natural, from their 
 
 54 [342 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 55 
 
 point of view, to endeavor to present the original as closely as 
 possible in the translation. Moreover, the translation was made 
 for Jews, not for Greeks. The Jews of the Dispersion, for whom 
 the translation was made, had so far forgotten the language of 
 their nation that even the efforts of the interpreter in the syna- 
 gogue, who turned the Scriptures into the spoken Aramaic, were 
 of no aid to them in understanding the lessons. The Jews of the 
 Dispersion above mentioned were descendants of those Jews who 
 had fled or been carried to Egypt and who had grown up under 
 Greek influence, chiefly in Alexandria, where they had been given 
 a part of the city to themselves and had been granted civil rights. 
 The language of these Jews was Greek, and they must have the 
 Law in Greek if they were to understand it. Their Greek, how- 
 ever, was not the Greek of the educated native Greek, but was 
 presumably the language of the Alexandrian streets and markets 
 a composite of the terms of the Egyptian seaport. Alexandria 
 was a thriving city, and, situated as it was, with its population 
 made up of many different peoples, the one language of inter- 
 course between all the inhabitants must certainly feel the effects 
 of the mixture of races which spoke it. The speakers would 
 naturally be affected by their native idiom, and by their manner 
 of life and thought. 
 
 GENESIS. Turning now to the Book of Genesis, fresh from 
 the reading of Polybius, we feel at once that this is not Greek 
 such as a Greek would have written or even have spoken in ordi- 
 nary life. If it was a spoken or written language, it must have 
 been that of persons whose manner of life and thought was very 
 different from that of native Greeks. Not to speak of other non- 
 Greek aspects of the language (for that would lead away from 
 the study of the infinitive) , there is here no balancing of sen- 
 tences, no subordination of part to part in order to make an 
 orderly whole. The narrative is made up of short declarative 
 statements connected in groups by the simple connective. Quo- 
 tations, instead of being given in the subordinate form of indirect 
 discourse, are quoted in the words of the speaker. If Polybius 
 had written in this style, the two great groups of subject and 
 object infinitives would have been reduced to a minimum, and 
 
 343 
 
56 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 the whole average number of simple infinitives used would not 
 have been any higher than in Genesis. Polybius' history would 
 have become as formless as the Greek of Genesis, and would have 
 given no pleasure to the reader. 
 
 Out of 187 simple infinitives, Genesis has used the simple 
 infinitive 77 times to express purpose (d), which Polybius has 
 used very sparingly, only 13 times in his whole work. In Gene- 
 sis there are but 4 occurrences of the infinitive with et? TO, and 
 but 7 of the infinitive with coa-re to express purpose, and we look 
 in vain for the many other ways which Polybius had of express- 
 ing it. We see, therefore, why there is such a large use made 
 of this infinitive. It is because the translator has used it almost 
 to the exclusion of the other ways of expressing purpose. Very 
 likely it was the form used most frequently in the dialect which 
 he employed in everyday life. It certainly was the simplest 
 form he could have used. 
 
 In comparison with its use of the simple infinitive, Genesis 
 makes a very large use of the articular infinitive, but this large 
 proportion is due rather to the infrequent use of the simple 
 infinitive than to an abnormally frequent use of the articular 
 infinitive. Nearly all of the uses of the articular infinitive are 
 with prepositions in clauses to express time, ev ro> while, Trpb TOV 
 before, pera TO after, e&>? TOV until. 
 
 The usage s has been largely affected by Hebraistic influence, 
 though it may not have been due merely to the effort of the 
 translator to reproduce Hebrew b with the infinitive, but may 
 have been used in the speech of the Alexandrian Jews. In 
 whatever way it may be viewed, it is but an extension of the 
 usage f (rov c. infinitive = Result). 
 
 The epexegetical character of the articular infinitive may be 
 seen in the infinitive with TO', TOV, or TO> in apposition with a pre- 
 ceding demonstrative in the accusative, genitive, or dative, the 
 fact that it is used with TOV, when some other case would be 
 expected being due to the influence of the Hebrew particle b. 
 
 WISDOM OF SIRACH. The average of infinitives in Wisdom of 
 Sirach is almost the same as that in Genesis and the causes of 
 this are the same. The translator has shown in his prologue 
 
 344 
 
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS 57 
 
 what he might have done in the way of writing better Greek, if 
 he had not been hampered by the form in which his translation 
 is cast. In the prologue of only 22 lines there are 13 infinitives, 
 used as follows: a, b, i, d, o, k a goodly array for so short a 
 bit. But though the translator could write Greek, he did not 
 'feel at liberty to present the translation in Greek form. He has 
 simply turned the writing of his grandfather into Greek words, 
 clinging to the parallelism of the Hebrew original. 
 
 Of the 31 occurrences of the articular infinitive 24 are with 
 ev TO) denoting time while, 4 with /JLCTOL TO of time after which, 2 
 with et? TO to denote purpose, while the one occurrence of TT/OO? TO 
 is due to the prologue. 
 
 If the translator of Wisdom of Sirach could have brought him- 
 self to throw aside the characteristically Hebrew form of the 
 original and clothe it entirely in a Greek dress, he might have 
 left us a better monument of the Alexandrian dialect. As it 
 is, he employs two uses of the infinitive, one of which, /, he 
 has in common with Genesis, the other, p, in common with 
 II Maccabees. 
 
 II AND IV MACCABEES. Looking at the tables of the uses 
 of the infinitive, when we come to II and IV Maccabees we are 
 prepared for a different state of things. We see that the average 
 of use of the infinitive is high, and the tables tell us the reason. 
 There is large use made of all the uses of the infinitive which 
 these books have in common with Polybius. Subject and object 
 infinitives occur very frequently, the infinitive of purpose drops 
 down, ware with the infinitive appears again, the infinitive of 
 indirect discourse is found more frequently, the uses of the articu- 
 lar infinitive are scattered, and several prepositions are used with 
 the articular infinitive. When we read II and IV Maccabees, we 
 see the reason for this. The sentences are balanced, part being 
 subordinated to part, in the effort to produce a flowing style so 
 that we shall not have a series of statements strung together like 
 beads upon a string, but so that the thought shall be expressed 
 as a united whole, each link in the chain being necessary to the 
 unity of the sentence. The frequent use of the participle in 
 all its significations appears again, while subordinate clauses of 
 
 345 
 
58 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 purpose and result, time and cause, are used, all of which builds 
 up the sequence of thought in orderly style. 
 
 The only uses of the infinitives in these two books, which are 
 not also found in Polybius, as has been stated above, are 1, p, and 
 the use of airo rov with the infinitive. But each of these might 
 have been used by him and do not show Hebraistic influence. 
 
 346 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 FROM the foregoing we conclude: 
 
 1. That the translators of the books of the Old Testament 
 were largely influenced by their desire to keep as close as possible 
 to the form of the language of their sacred books. This influ- 
 ence was responsible for the style and grammar of the transla- 
 tions which they produced. Owing to the simplicity of the 
 Hebrew style, which is retained in the translation, the structure 
 of the Greek is very simple, so that subordinate sentences are 
 few, and the highly developed and varied syntactical structure of 
 the Greek language finds no use here. Still, such grammatical 
 constructions as are used are in the main Greek, though some are 
 found which, while Greek in form, owe their frequency of use to 
 the influence of the Hebrew original. 
 
 2. That the authors of those books which are not translations, 
 but were originally written in Greek, show a much greater free- 
 dom in the use of the language. They are not hampered by the 
 effort to preserve as nearly as possible the form of an original, 
 the very letters of which were sacred, so that, while the thought 
 which they wish to express is foreign to the native Greek and 
 colors somewhat the language in which it is expressed, still the 
 language is a living one, Greek at heart, though tinged by ele- 
 ments which it has absorbed in a foreign land. If the reader will 
 ignore the thought and read the language alone, he will feel and 
 see that he is reading Greek. 
 
 3. That the same is true of the authors of the books of the 
 New Testament, though true of some more than others. Thought 
 will color language, and when the thought is foreign to the people 
 in whose language the thought is expressed, the language will be 
 affected, chiefly, of course, in the new meanings given to words, 
 not necessarily in new syntactical uses. The syntax depends 
 upon the ability, purpose, and linguistic knowledge of the author 
 347] 59 
 
60 HISTOKICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES 
 
 or translator. The syntax of the infinitive in the New Testament 
 is like that of the books of the Apocrypha originally written in 
 Greek. It uses those infinitival constructions (1 5 times, p 12 
 times,/ 3 times, s once) which were found in the four Old Testa- 
 ment and apocryphal books, but not in Polybius; and in addition 
 the imperative infinitive, a true Greek use (G. MT. 784; Kith. 
 474, a) which is found once (Philippians 3: 16). 
 
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