\ PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 1861-5 - FIRST REGIMENT EXCHANGE ,, u*i-;ffe$". HISTORY Sixty-firft Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers 1861-1865 UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE REGIMENTAL ASSOCIATION The Spirits of all ages after their sun is set, are gathered into one firmament, to shed their unquenchable light upon us all. A. T. BREWER HISTORIAN This book is dedicated to the patriotic and self-sacrificing people of Pennsylvania, through whose generosity it has been produced. ILLUSTRATIONS. PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN COL. OLIVER H. RIPPEY . . COL. GEORGE C. SPEAR . . LIEUT. -CoL. JOHN W. CROSBY COL. ROBERT L. ORR . Frontispiece Opposite Page 17 Opposite Page 50 Opposite Page 130 Opposite Page 154 1911 ART ENGRAVING & PRINTING CO. PITTSBURGH, PA. He is a SLAVE who FEARS to SPEAK For the FALLEN and WEAK ; He is a SLAVE who FEARS TO BE, Though in the RIGHT, Counted with TWO or THREE. - Lowell 239274 PREFACE. The Sixty-first Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers began its brilliant career in August, 1861, and ended it June 28, 1865. The men, coming from four different sections of the state, widely separated, had little opportunity to perpetuate their ac quaintance, and, having no regimental association they gradually merged into the communities whence they came. Now, after the lapse of nearly half a century, stimu lated by a generous law of the state, the survivors are presenting this history. Fortunately, the regiment, in all its experience, served with troops in the region where the most tremendous operations were conducted of which ample official records exist; besides, innumerable accounts have been published, many written by the men conspicuous in the services described. From these reliable sources of information, supplemented by recollection, by diaries kept during the war, and by various newspaper accounts and other publications, it has been comparatively easy to write a history of the regiment as an organization composing a part of certain brigades, divisions, corps and armies. Such a history is of vast importance to the people of the state and of priceless value to the survivors of the regiment, and would richly deserve publication in a convenient and accessible form if it went no further. But the regiment, from the first to last, had 1987 men, whose heroic deeds gave it the fame of which the state is so justly proud. The individual record, the roster as it is called, of these men is of great interest and importance to them and their descendants. And if the general, regimental and line officers had kept books and records, had made reports and statements as required by military regulations, there would be no diffi culty in giving a complete account of the services of each man. But the officers generally high and low, upon whom the responsibility rested, paid little attention to what they called red tape, and the Government itself shared the indifference, ignoring statutes as well as regulations. In fact, the struggle was so great and the number so vast that only current, obvious and absolute essentials received official attention. The Sixty-first suffered in common with other organizations, leaving the service at the end of the war with an imperfect record. Under these conditions, the Govern ment itself not having made a correct record, it is not reasonable to expect the sur vivors to do so after the lapse of over forty years, especially when, for historic purposes, the nation is compelled to deny access to its own meager records as improved and supplemented since the war closed. Working under the difficulties incident to such a situation, the rosters have been prepared and are presented herewith, practically com plete as to field and staff and companies A and D, but defective in greater or less degree as to the other companies. In preparing the narrative in this volume the historian has reread all the good works on the subject with which he is familiar, such as the memoirs of Generals Grant and Sheridan. The books of Generals McClellan, Doubleday, Humphreys, Webb, Keifer and Horace Porter. The excellent histories by Dr. George T. Stevens, George E- Pond, F. W. Palfrey, John C. Ropes, the Count of Paris, and others on the Union side; on the Confederate, the works of Generals Longstreet, Johnston and Gordon. Besides, much aid has been derived from the material prepared and left by Col. Robert L. Orr. The valuable diary of James M. Walker of Company A has been constantly used and found reliable in every particular. Major Parsons, Capt. Glenn, Secretary Blair, and other members of the regiment, have furnished valuable assistance. Bates History of Pennsylvania Volunteers has been freely used for the roster data and has been drawn upon for facts appearing nowhere else. Many references are made to these works and frequent quotations therefrom have been made by permission of the publishers. But 4 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT above all, the historian has found the most valuable help in the "Rebellion Records, a stupendous work published by the United States, containing official orders, reports and correspondence of the Confederate as well as the vast Union Army. The pictures of Colonels Rippey, Spear and Orr, and of Lieutenant-Colonel Crosby are all taken from small war-time photographs, faded and dimmed by the flight of time. But the record of these brave officers as shown in the rosters is still vivid, and will remain unclouded so long as the deeds of heroic patriots are cherished among men This history, with many imperfections of which the author is conscious and doubt less many more of which he is not aware, is now submitted in the hope that it will furnish in permanent shape a reliable record for the State of Pennsylvania of the regi mental organization and service; and bring to the members of the Sixty-first regiment, and their families, a welcome chronicle of valiant service in a great cause through a period of depression and triumph, of defeat and victory, to a fame as durable as the mountains of the Keystone State. THE SIXTY-FIRST PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEER ASSOCIATION *H. O. C. Oehmler, President. fW. J. Glenn, Treasurer. O. A. Parsons, Vice-President. F. L. Blair, Secretary. A. T. Brewer, Historian. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Co. A Wm. L. Buchanan Co. F Geo. B. McKee Co. B Alex. Thompson Co. G John A. Lepley Co. C Andrew Bingham Co. H H. K. Tyler Co. D Thomas R. Conner Co. I A. G. Pratt Co. E Geo. A. Cassidy Co. K Jos. A. Espy fDied August 27, 1908 Succeeded by Geo. A. Cassidy. *Died August 19, 1910. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PREPARATION. The 61st regiment was authorized July 24, 1861, when Gov. Curtin issued com mission to Rippey appointing him colonel Mexican War Other military experience The three months quota for Pennsylvania 61st raised in thirty days Leaving Pittsburg September 1, 61 Arrival in Washington Gen. Scott Armed with old muskets Uniforms Equipment First march Washington to Alexandria Camp Advance near Fort Lyon Drill and dis cipline Affection for 63d and 105th P. V. Good foundation for a great career Fatalities in the month of May New flag presented Brilliant address of Col. Rippey March to Mt. Vernon Orders on dress parade con cerning Forts Henry and Donelson Brigadier with the suggestive initials U. S. February 19, 1862, left Camp Advance Consolidation with 23d P. V. Readjustment of Field and Line officers Arrangement satisfactory to both regiments A representative organization Lincoln s War order Army advance Regiment in Graham s brigade, Couch s division Keye s 4th Corps March to Prospect Hill.Va. Retirement of the rebels from Manassas Monitor and Merrimac Regiment returned to Washington Army to go to the Peninsula Description of that region 11-19 FAIR OAKS. CHAPTER II. Move to Hampton Roads by water Waning glory of old Navy The Monitor Strength of the army Move up the Peninsula Impressive scenes Warwick Court House and river Yorktown Siege operations First under artillery fire Enemy retreat Battle of Williamsburg Fighters come to the front Slow pursuit of the rebels Reach and cross the Chickahominy Advance to Fair Oaks Battle at that place Hard knocks for the 61st A great record made for bravery Rippey killed All other field officers killed or wounded Most line officers among the killed, wounded or missing Coolness of Gen. Couch The struggle described Deadly fight over the flag It goes home with Rippey s body Night of May 31st June 1st The killed and wounded Bravery of general officers Loss of the 61st more than any other regiment List of officers killed Regiment took into battle 574 men No just complaint for leaving the regiment unsupported Number Union and Confederates hit in every 1000 Union loss Meagerness of official reports Incidents of -the battle Bravery and suffering 20-30 CHAPTER III. MALVERN HILL ANTIETAM Wounded of Fair Oaks taken to White House, then north in hospital steamers- Astonishing patriotism and generosity of Philadelphia Loving care of the wounded After the battle of Fair Oaks army occupies same position until SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT June 27, 1862 The seven days battle Hard fighting Mechanicsville Gaines Mill Savage Station Allen s Farm, Peach Orchard, White Oak Swamp Frazier s Farm Glendale Malvern Hill Night Marches Hot weather Great, trials Rebels defeated Loss of the 61st Army moved to Harrison s Landing Visited by Lincoln Company elections to fill vacan cies Move down the Peninsula to Yorktown Sail for Alexandria March out to Fairfax to support Pope September 6 move to Maryland March to Antietam In that battle opposite Dunker Church Horrors of that bloody battle Loss of the 61st Total Union loss Number mortally wounded Served in Couch s division Gen. Franklin s command Cases of rigor mortis Pursuing the rebels Loss at Williamsport, Md. Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation Some supplies A suggestive list March up to Hancock, Md, First campaign with the 6th Corps "Only take the top rail" Removal of Gen. McClellan Sentiment in the army Details to bring recruits from Harrisburg . ... 31-44 CHAPTER IV. FREDERICKSBURG. Gen. Burnside succeeds McClellan Army has confidence in Lincoln Move to Rappahannock River below Fredericksburg Snowstorm at Belle Plains Cold Weather Cross Dec. 12 Battle on the 13th Bloody repulse Heavy Union loss in battle Army recrosses the river going into camp The Mud March Burnside fails Blames subordinates The Light Division Gen. Hooker supersedes Burnside Lincoln s letter to the new commander The army is satisfied with Hooker Lincoln reviews the troops 45-50 CHAPTER V. MARYE S HEIGHTS. Hooker has 124,500 men Plans aggressive campaign Cavalry to operate on Lee s communications Hooker to concentrate at Chancellorsville 6th Corps to take Marye s Heights Movements begin April 28, 1863 61st moves after dark Helps to make pontoon bridge Crossing the river in face of the enemy Brave and quick work First bridge laid in 45 minutes number of bridges laid in the campaign 61st crosses May 1st Then recrosses In the evening crosses again Sunday morning May 3d Waiting for the fog to rise Marye s Heights to be assaulted Ominous preparation 61st to lead the corps The regiment strips for the work Plan of the charge Cooperative movements Column to move 300 yards crossing a bridge The regiment moves, Col. Spear leading He is killed Brave support of Gen. Shaler and his troops The Heights are taken Heavy loss Gen. Sedgwick follows the enemy after some hours delay Fight at Salem Church Hot work May 4th in getting back over the river 6th corps in great peril Gen. Sedgwick praises the 61st Hooker s fight at Chancellorsville He is defeated Partly through famous flank movement of Jackson Rebels concentrate on the 6th corps Lively movements of that corps Rebels are severely punished -Artillerists mistake Loss of the 61st Soldiers opinion of Hooker His prestige gone The 6th corps badge Abolition of the Light Division. , ... ..! . 51-58 PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS i CHAPTER VI. GETTSYBURG. Composition of the 6th corps Another move across the Rappahannock A diver sion which does not divert June 14, 1863, started for Pennsylvania Route and march described July 1st, 6th corps is at Manchester Its famous march to Gettysburg Appearance on that field July 2d Various positions on the field Fight at Little Round Top Hard experiences of the army July 1st Coffin s description of 6th corps arrival Pickett s charge Union vic tory Places made memorable on the field Sad fate of Jennie Wade, the Union bread-maker Description of the field Losses of the 61st Total loss of the army Following the enemy Hurrying over the mountain passes Lee retreats into Virginia, July 12 59-69 CHAPTER VII. RAPPAHANNOCK STATION-MINE RUN Army moved from Funktown to Berlin where Potomac was crossed March resumed through the Old Dominion toward Warrenton Objectionable train guard duty Vermont brigade went to New York and on return get an ova tion Habit of sending 6th corps on special missions Movement to Culpepper State election Battle of Chickamauga Detachment llth and 12th corps Advance to the Rapidan Retirement to Centerville Bristoe Station fight Charge at Rappahannock Station Quick and brilliant work Results Mine Run movement Advance to Robertson s Tavern, crossing Rapidan at Jacob s Ford Cold weather Strip for a charge Return to Brandy Station Winter quarters Cavalry raid Christian commission Religious interest Gen. Grant Description of Virginia Culpepper to Richmond Grant s headquarters with the Army of the Potomac 70-78 CHAPTER VIII. WILDERNESS SPOTTSYLVANIA. Lincoln s promise to sustain Grant Strength of the Union Army May 1,1864 Gen. Meade retained Position of the Union and rebel armies Order to advance Its significant provisions The 6th corps Its composition March into the Wilderness Incidents Position on the field Bloody work Impene trable forests Men of the 61st fired 100 rounds Woods in flames Smoke Fighting under Hancock Advance and retreat 61st under destructive artillery fire Heavy loss Hancock s battle the second day Flank attack on the right of the 6th corps Capture of Gen. Shaler Heroic resistance Rebels driven back Neill s brigade on the right Night attack Repulsed Loss of the 61st Gen. Grant on certain features Signal Service Telegraph Night of May 7 army moved to Spottsylvania Night fight on the 8th Death of Adjutant Wilson 61st suffers from heavy artillery fire Death of Gen. Sedgwick Other major generals killed in battle Gen. Wright com mands 6th corps Brave charge of Gen. Upton Deadly work every day Grant s letter proposing to fight it out "on that line" Battle of May 12th The Bloody Angle A long hard fight Big tree cut off Rebels retreat des cription of this fight by general officers Movements after the 12th New troops Grant under fire Fighting by day and marching by night Losses of the 61st Of the army In the month 61st lost over 290 79-98 8 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT CHAPTER IX. COLD HARBOR-FORT STEVENS. Two minie balls met Grim determination of the Union Army Move to Noi th Anna Peculiar sound effect of artillery fire Advance toward the Pamunkey 61st at Hanover Court House At Cold Harbor Bloody encounters Rebels are well fortified Union loss 61st loss Work of the cavalry Sheridan s campaigns Movement to the James River Long pontoon bridge Rapid work 61st at Petersburg March to relief of Gen. Wilson His cavalry raid 6th corps goes to Washington Meets the President Marches to Fort Stevens Fight at that place July 12th Distinguished spectators Rebels are driven away Hot pursuit Heavy loss of the 61st and other commands Graphic descriptions of the battle Names of killed and wounded in the 61st .99-109 CHAPTER X. SHENANDOAH VALLEY. Marches and countermarches of the 6th Corps in Virginia and Maryland Ap parently aimless Great hardships with no advantages Gen. Sheridan assigned to command His character The Shenandoah Valley Strength and composition of Sheridan s army Rebel army Movements up and down the Valley in August Fight on the 21st at Flowing Spring Loss of the 61st Expiration of three years term and departure for home of those not rein- listing Regiment reduced to a battalion Changes in officers Camp near Berryville Battle of Opequon March at midnight Cavalry advance Heroic charge of 2d O. V. C. Position of the 6th corps Hard fighting and plenty of it Death of Gen. Russell Rebels driven off the field Heavy loss of the 61st and of the army Pursuit the next day to Fisher s Hill Rebels demoralized Brilliant flank movement routs the rebels and results in Union victory Prisoners and guns captured Loss of the 61st Honors for Capt. Rhodes of Co. D The enemy is pushed up the Valley to Harrisonburg De struction of rebel sources of supply Sheridan moves back, smoke and flames on every side Cavalry fight at Tom s Brook Rebels badly defeated Posi tion of the army at Cedar Creek October 14th Sheridan ordered to Wash ingtonRebels attack early October 19th Surprise and disperse left of the Union Army Great fight of the 6th corps for five hours Sheridan s ride His reception by the troops Rebels attacked and defeated Nearly annihi lated Their loss Union loss The 61st in the battle Its loss Incidents of the remarkable battle 6th corps divisions fought separately part of the time Sheridan s ride along the infantry line Force of Sheridan for the last move Sheridan s Ride poem 110-129 CHAPTER XL PETERSBURG-APPOMATTOX. The 61st advance to Strasburg after Cedar Creek fight -Where two companies of recruits came Line officers and organization at that time Lincoln reelected December 9th 61st started back to Petersburg, arriving the 16th Position and work at Petersburg More recruits March 2d, 1865, making full regi ment Fight on March 25th, 1865 Loss of the 61st Size of the Confederacy in the spring of 1865 Union and Confederate armies Grant s principal PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 9 generals Lee s lieutenants Sheridan s return from the Valley His battle at Five Forks Rebel works attacked April 2d Charge of the 6th corps- Rebel lines broken Beginning of the end Gallant work of the 6th corps The 61st had an honorable part Its losses Description of its part in the charge by Col. Orr Honors for men of the 61st and promotions Death of Col. Crosby Loss of the 6th corps Retreat of the rebels and capture of Richmond Fights in the pursuit of Lee Sailors Creek Appotmattox Lee s surrender 61st presents captured rebel flags Address of Gen. Meade Grant on his deathbed praises Army of the Potomac 61st moves to Dan ville Returns by rail to Richmond Marches to Washington Is reviewed and mustered out June 28th, 1865 . 130-145 CHAPTER XII. PEACE. 61st awakes to find itself famous Facts about the regiment in Fox s "Regimental Losses" Most officers killed in action Other honors List of officers killed while commanding the regiment List of all officers killed Officers wounded Tables of losses by Company In each battle Meager historical informa tion Fair Oaks reunion Reception in Richmond Address of Gen. Keyes List of some men present Gen. Sedgwick s memorial at Spottsylvania Court House Warm welcome at Fredericksburg Interesting program May llth, 1887 Dedication May 12th Scenes on the memorable field The big tree The Bloody Angle Generals Wright and Getty present Fox s graphic des cription of the 6th corps Meeting at Gettysburg and dedication of the regi mental monument Description Its inscriptions Honors to members of the 61st Pittsburg reunion January, 1908 Arrangements for regimental history Officers of the association Work on the history Death of Col. Glenn Loss to the organization Col. Glenn was to write account of flags Work incomplete Description of flags from Bates History furnished by Col. Orr. . 146-158 Roster 159-225 Index . . 226 COLONEL O. H. RIPPEY Killed at Battle of Fair Oaks, May 31st, 1862 HISTORY SIXTY- FIRST REGIMENT PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS CHAPTER I. PREPARATION. "Whenever my country calls upon me, I am ready to take my musket on my shoulder." 1774. George Washington. The Sixty-first regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers originated July 24th, 1861, when Andrew G. Curtin, the War Governor of the State, com missioned Oliver H. Rippey, of Pittsburgh, its first Colonel, and Frank P. Robinson, of Allegheny City, its first Lieutenant-Colonel. The former had been lieutenant - colonel of the Seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers in the three months service, going to the front April 23rd. 1861, and re turning from Gen. Patterson s Shenandoah Valley Campaign the 23rd of July, the day preceding the date of their new commissions for service in the three years regiment, whose number, then written for the first time, was destined to appear on every page of important history in the Army of the Potomac, until the war was triumphantly ended. Col. Rippey had served in the Mexican War, going out in December, 1846 as a private in Col. Francis M. Wynkoop s First Pennsylvania In fantry, participating in the siege of Vera Cruz, and taking part in General Scott s hard fights and signal victories at Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Cheu- rubusco, Molina Del Rey, Chapultepec and Mexico City, returning in December, 1848. With experience in the field equal to any one of his age in 1861, Colonel Rippey had all the elements of a good soldier, joined to patriotic zeal as a citizen. A trained jurist, he was also a brilliant orator with a sympathetic temperament and a strong sense of justice and fair play. He answered the timid apprehensions and irresolute demands for peace, because of the Bull Run defeat, by promptly re-enlisting for three years before the weary victims of that disaster had time to return to their former positions around the National Capital. His regiment was for immediate service in the field, and the recruiting offices, opened in Pittsburgh and Allegheny, were soon thronged with enthusiastic volunteers. 12 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT The quota for Pennsylvania in the three months service was 12,500 men, but before enlistments could be stopped, the State had rushed in 20,175, far surpassing any other state and furnishing more than one-fifth of all the three months volunteers. Of the 500,000 men called by the Pre sident for three years and authorized by Congress in July and August, 1861, the number asked of the Keystone State was 82,525; the generous response gave the Nation 85,160, including the 61st regiment. Under date of August 1st, 1861, the new colonel enrolled about 500 men, subsequently composing Companies B, C, E, F and K. In the meantime, Jacob Creps and John Pollock recruited over one hundred men in Indiana County, who were assigned to the 61st, as Company A, with Jacob Creps as captian and John Pollock as first lieutenant. At this point, when 600 men had enlisted, the regiment was ordered to the front to meet the imperative demand for troops, and immediately prepared to obey the command, although the organization was incomplete as to field staff and line officers, and the men had neither uniforms, arms or camp equipment. The regiment left Pittsburgh, September 1st, 1861, going over the Pennsylvania Railroad to Harrisburg, where a stop of two days occurred, some of the men being supplied with uniforms. The command then pro ceeded to the National Capital, passing through Baltimore in the night, yelling defiance at that unfortunate city, still suffering from the hostility created by the attack April 19th, 1861, on the 6th Massachusetts, while that famous regiment was hurrying to the seat of government, then in great peril. On arriving in Washington, the 61st camped on Capitol Hill, where the Congressional Library now stands. Here the men were armed with old smooth-bore muskets, used in the Mexican War, changed for percussion caps, the cartridge consisting of one round ball the diameter of the bore, three small buckshot, securely wrapped with the powder in tough Manila paper, the whole charge making a roll an inch and a half long, with the paper neatly folded over the powder end and pressed down along the side, ready to be torn off when loading. These guns were carried fifteen months and then exchanged for muzzle-loading Springfield rifles. While in camp on Capitol Hill, discipline was not strict and the new soldiers of the 61st swarmed into the galleries of the Senate and House to see and hear the congressional celebrities, gazed in breathless admira tion on the historic paintings in the rotunda, and scanned with respect ful curiosity, such members of the Supreme Court as made their appear ance. Some of the 61st seeing General Scott in a carriage, showed their profound respect by removing their hats, wondering if they really beheld the hero of Lundy s Lane, the fearless and picturesque Indian fighter, the companion in arms of Zachary Taylor, William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson, the masterly conqueror of Mexico, the man who for thirteen years was contemporary of Washington and probably saw the Father of His Country many times. The fresh volunteers of the 61st PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 13 also invaded the various departments, roaming through the White House, hoping for a glimse of Father Abraham. This pleasure, however, was soon ended, and the regiment prepared for its first march with all the equipment of real soldiers; each man with a gun, a cartridge and a cap-box, a canteen, a haversack and a knapsack. The start was made from Capitol E[ill f the route through the city to Long Bridge, across the Potomac and down on the Virginia side to Alex andria. The September day was hot, the roads dusty, the distance in terminable, the new shoes intolerable, except in a few instances where they happened to fit. The first Virginia camp was near Fairfax cemetery, an ancient burying ground, whose interments were soon outnumbered by Union soldiers, who, unable to stand the change of climate, with the rigors of camp life, answered the last roll call before meeting the armed enemy. In a couple of days the regiment moved below Alexandria, taking position on the high ridge near the road leading to Mount Vernon, overlooking the Potomac about a mile south of the point where Fort Lyon was subsequently built. This location was called Camp Advance, being further to the front than any other position held by Union troops in that region. The place was well watered, the land undulating and the natural woods nearby, afforded a bountiful supply of fuel for the autumn and winter, while timber was sufficient for necessary regimental structures and for huts which the soldiers soon learned to build with the A camp tent for a roof. Here the regiment remained from early October, 1861, until February 19th, 1862, a period of five months, in which the command received the discipline so necessary to make real soldiers effective in the presence of the enemy and able to endure the hardships of campaigning without losing health or martial spirit. Before describing this period of strenuous preparation, wherein the true American soldier was evolved from the citizen, it is necessary to have a closer view of the regiment as it then existed. The active field officers then in service were: Colonel, Oliver H. Rippey; Lieutenant Colonel, Frank P. Robinson; Adjutant, W. Gibson Miller; Quarter-Master, Ben jamin W. Baldwin; Surgeon, Robert M. Tindel; Assistant Surgeon, Ambrose I. Hew. According to a published order under date of October 15th, 1861, five Pennsylvania regiments, the 32nd, 45th, 61st, 63rd and 105th, were to constitute the 3rd brigade of Heintzelman s division, but the 45th was detained elsewhere, and the 32nd was detailed for garrison duty, so that the brigade was actually composed of the other three regiments and was commanded by Brigadier General Charles D. Jamison, an ideal soldier, who soon gained the confidence of his men. The regimental commanders were Col. O. H. Rippey, 61st; Col. Alexander Hays, 63d; and Col. A. A. McKnight, 105th. The work of seasoning the raw material began at once in real earnest. In the forenoon details worked on Fort Lyon, 14 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT gaining a knowledge of fortifications, while those remaining in camp were engaged in squad and company drill, including exercise in the manual of arms. In the afternoon batallion and regimental drills alternated with brigade evolutions, including a great variety of field manoeuvers, in which the several regiments moved to the front in line of battle and in mass, marched by the flank, made charges, formed squares, deployed, rallied, advanced, retreated, wheeled, obliqued, encountering obstacles, sweeping over fields, crossing ravines, rushing through woods, returning to camp in the evening tired and hungry. In the meantime the field, staff and line officers were schooled in their respective duties, and the non-commissioned officers were carefully taught how to do their work. The surgeons and hospital stewards were also systematically instructed in their service and the men were thoroughly educated in the preparation of food, the care of their clothing, and the principles of hygiene. Five months of this experience produced three regiments of unsur passed efficiency in campaigning, and in battles their intrepidity was displayed on every important field in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsyl vania, all three organizations standing high on the official roll of honor, published in 1889. Only 13 regiments out of the whole 2,000 composing the Union army stand higher in the per cent of killed in action than the 63rd, and only 8 regiments had more killed in action than the 105th, while the 61st surpassed all other regiments in the number of its officers killed in action, and has other special honors of which more will be said later. Official figures show these three regiments had 668 men killed in battle, saying nothing in this connection about the wounded or those dying of disease. It appears of record that hard fighting regiments had the smallest proportion of losses from sickness, which is confirmed by the history of these three Pennsylvania regiments. Three reasons exist for this com parative exemption from fatal disease. First: They were drilled in the best methods of taking care of them selves and warding off disease. Second: The good discipline of the men extended to quarter masters and commissaries, who, in spite of all perils managed to furnish the soldiers even on the fighting line, with coffee, bacon and hard tack. Third: The qualities which made them famous as fighters, enabled them to resist attacks of disease, instead of tamely giving up and lying down to die. The month of May seemed a fatal one for these three regiments. Col. O. H. Rippey of the 61st was killed May 31st, 1862, at Fair Oaks. Col. McKnight of the 105th was killed May, 1863, at Chancellors ville, and Col. Hays of the 63rd, having reached the rank of brigadier-general, was killed in the Wilderness in May, 1864. While the 105th was losing its colonel in a charge May 3rd, 1863 at Chancellorsville, the 61st lost Spear, PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 15 its second colonel the same day in a charge on Marye s Heights, at Freder- icksburg. These stalwart regiments were separated in the spring of 1862, the 63rd and 105th serving thereafter in the famous 3rd Corps, until it was consolidated early in 1864 with the still more famous 2nd Corps, and then, with that renowned command, under Hancock and others, until the war ended; while the 61st went with the 4th Corps to the Peninsula and, from the organization of the army under Gen l. McClellan, for over two years composed a part of the "Old 6th, "as it was affectionately called. Still the friendship of the three regiments continued throughout the war and each had a warm affection for, and pride in the other, rejoicing in its glory and grieving over its losses with all the devotion and tenderness of first lovers. About December 1st, 1861, a new flag was sent to the 61st from Harrisburg and presented by Congressman Wright of Philadelphia. The regiment was formed in a hollow square and faced inward. Mr. Wright made a patriotic address and then handed the flag to Col. Rippey, who accepted it in a burst of thrilling eloquence, still remembered by the hearers. Drawing the silk emblem close to him and fondly looking at its red and white stripes, its blue field and bright stars, and talking to it, he made vows of eternal fidelity, and at the close, with his eyes lifted heaven ward, he exclaimed, "If I forget thee, let my right hand forget her cunning; if I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth," and then with deep solemnity he declared, "And this pledge is for every soldier of the 61st regiment." This promise was sacredly kept, as that particular flag, torn and riddled with bullets, its staff shattered to splinters, was returned to Harrisburg, where it still exists. The same is true of the three other flags entrusted to the 61st. One incident of Camp Advance should be mentioned. Late in the autumn of 1861, the 61st started early in the morning, marched to Mount Vernon, the home of Washington, returning the same day, a distance for the round trip, of 16 miles. It was a most impressive experience for new soldiers to see the home of the man who was "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen." The premises were decaying for want of attention, but the old mansion was yet dignified anl stately, commanding a grand view of the peaceful Potomac, and in the northeasterly direction the dome of the Capitol rose in majesty and stood out, basking in the soft autumnal air. Referring to Mt. Vernon and its illustrious owner, the Count of Paris makes this interesting observation: "By a strange coincidence the resi dence of the great citizen whose name both parties were invoking, and whose memory each was anxious to appropriate, was situated between the two lines of out-posts, as if he had hesitated between them, and was still endeavoring to reconcile them." One of the last events of Camp Advance to make an indelible im pression, occurred at dress parade on the evening of February 17th, 1862, 16 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT when Adjutant Miller, in his mangnificent style, read a general order, announcing the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson with over 15,000 prisoners and 172 guns, by the troops under "Brig. Gen. U. S. Grant." It was our introduction to the Galena tanner with the suggestive initials which stood for "unconditional surrender," for "Uncle Sam" and for "United States." We liked him, but never supposed he would be in Virginia in two years, hurling us against Lee in the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania, and proposing to "fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." Under date of February 6th, 1862, the Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac made a report of the number and physical condition of all regiments in which he gave the "mean strength" of the 61st at 579, its "total sick" at 26, the "percentage" being 4.49, the lowest rate in the brigade and only a little over half the average. On February 19, 1862, the 61st was detached from Jamison s brigade and marched to Washington across Long Bridge, camping on Queens Farm near Bladensburg, under command, temporarily, of General Don Carlos Buell. The 61st was greatly disturbed at this time because of an order that all regiments having less than 800 men should be disbanded and distributed to other organizations, but this humiliation for the 61st was avoided by an arrangement which proved fortunate for the Service and satisfactory to the men. The 23rd Pennsylvania, Col. D. B. Birney, had fifteen companies, and a plan was negotiated by which four of these companies were transferred to the 61st, raising its strength to the legal requirement and leaving the 23rd all the men it could lawfully muster for pay. The consolidation was highly gratifying to the 61st, and the trans ferred companies, after getting acquainted, were entirely satisfied. Rippey retained his rank as Colonel; Major George C. Spear of the 23rd, became Lieutenant-colonel of the 61st, Robinson having resigned, and Captain George F. Smith Major of the 61st. The other .field officers of the 61st remained as before. In the consolidated regiment, the original 61st men still composed Companies A, B, C, E, F and K, while the men from the 23rd formed Companies D, G, H and I, no changes being made in the company organizations. Company D was recruited in Luzerne County, the other three companies coming from Philadelphia. The regiment thus formed represented the Keystone State, Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, the two leading cities of the east and the west, contributing eight companies ; Luzerne County, the anthracite coal region, furnished Company D; while Indiana County, the lumber and bituminous coal section, gave Company A. The companies from the 23rd had been well drilled in all military requirements and the officers and men were good soldiers, fully worthy of their comrades from the western slope of the Allegheny Mountains. On March 8th, 1862, President Lincoln issued "War Order No. 2," directing that the troops around Washington be divided into five corps of three divisions each, and naming the corps commanders, In com- PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 17 pliance with this instruction, Gen. George B. McClellan commanding the Army of the Potomac, on March 13th, 1862, issued an order, forming the five corps as follows : First, McDowell ; second, Sumner ; third, Heintzel- man; fourth, Keyes; fifth, Banks. The fourth corps was composed of the divisions of Couch, W. F. Smith, and Casey; the 61st being assigned to Graham s Brigade of Couch s division. This brigade consisted of the following regiments, 65th and 67th New York, 23rd, 31st and 61st Penn sylvania. Couch s division had four batteries of artillery of four guns each. It had fourteen regiments of infantry; two brigades, having five regiments each, and the other four. The Army of the Potomac is now to begin its three year period of unfaltering struggle, of ceaseless carnage, of fadeless glory. Its marches, sieges, battles in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, are to repel inva sion, destroy the armed enemy and save the Union. To this greatest National army the loyal north looks with confidence and stands ready to aid it with more men and money. The soldiers are prepared and wait impatiently the order to advance, being weary of daily reports in the morning papers, "All quiet on the Potomac," and such items as, "General McClellan rode out to Fairfax Court House and back to-day," and "An intelligent contraband reports rebel activity on the Rappahannock," Two important events now stirred the people north and south, in and out of the armies. The rebel forces had successfully retired across the Rappahannock on March 8th, 1862. The next day, March 9th, the famous naval battle was fought at Hampton Roads, between the Monitor and the Merrimac, the Union ships Congress, Cumberland, and Minnesota being destroyed. The day following, March 10th, the Army of the Potomac advanced, Gen. McClellan moving his headquarters to Fairfax Court House. On that day the 61st broke camp near Bladensburg in the morning and marched through Georgetown, over the Chain Bridge and along the Leesburg and Georgetown turnpike to Prospect Hill, a distance of sixteen miles. Here, and in camp nearby, the regiment re mained for five days in a severe rain storm, in which the new equipment was severely tested, and the soldiers found out how sticky was Virginia clay when tramped into mortar, and how perverse camp fires were in damp weather, always managing, regardless of wind, to send the smoke into the men s faces. On this occasion a ration of whiskey was issued, rarely, if ever, to be repeated in the army. Many of the men then tasted liquor for the first time. Whiskey became quite common in the army because of its extensive use in the hospitals. The 61st returned to its old camp near Bladensburg on March 17th, after an absence of a week, in which, toward the end, rations ran short, and hungry soldiers were ready to pay excessive prices for mince pies, without inquiry as to age or lineage. While the 61st was at Prospect Hill, Gen. McClellan, at Fairfax Court House, on March 13, aided by a council of war, decided to move his army to Fortress Monroe and then up the Peninsula to Richmond, with the 18 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT York River on his right, as base for supplies. The President approved the plan, and 400 vessels of all kinds soon appeared at Alexandria, to transport the army to its new field of operations. As the Peninsula campaign is to be memorable in the annals of the 61st, a brief description of the country is necessary. Fortress Monroe, the base of the new movement, is 240 miles from Washington and 92 miles by way of York town from Richmond. The lower end of the Peninsula is bounded southerly by Hampton Roads, and the James River estuary, and southeasterly by Chesapeake Bay and the York River estuary, the two lower points of land, about three miles apart, being Newport News at the mouth of the James, and Old Point Comfort, near Fortress Monroe. The Virginia Peninsula is the land between the James and the York Rivers, both rivers being real arms of the sea the James to City Point, and the York to West Point, the tide and salt water extending to those points. York River begins at West Point, where it is formed by the union of the Mattapony from the north and the Pamunkey from the northwest. The Peninsula proper, ends with a line drawn across from City Point to West Point, although the country above, between the James and the Pamunky Rivers, including Richmond, is called the Upper Peninsula, while below the line, the region is called the Lower Peninsula. This part is flat, and both sandy and marshy, intersected by countless bays, thickly wooded and thinly peopled, while the upper is richer soil, heavier timber, the land more undulating, and the population denser. The width of the Penin sula is from six miles at Yorktown to twenty miles at West Point, and about sixteen miles at Richmond. The Chickahominy River, made famous by the adventures of Capt. John Smith and the Indian maid Pocahontas, divides the upper Peninsula longitudinally. This river, at ordinary stages, is unimportant, flowing sluggishly through wooded swamps, impenetrable thickets, alternating with groves of tall white oaks. After rain storms, the river overflows its banks, forming a sheet of water half a mile wide at many points. The York and Pamunky Rivers are navigable up to White House Landing, a plantation formerly owned by Mrs. Wash ington, and in war times by General Lee. Gloucester Point, opposite Yorktown, was fortified by the rebels so as to obstruct navigation on the York River. There was only one railroad on the Peninsula, which ran from Richmond by way of White House to West Point. Warwick Creek, a swampy stream, taking its rise two miles above Yorktown, runs across the Peninsula to the James, entering the latter river perpendicular to its course. Yorktown, where Lord Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington, is twenty miles from Fortress Monroe and eleven from Williamsburg, a former capital of the Virginia Colony, and the seat of William and Mary College, the oldest university in America, except Harvard, founded during the reign of William and Mary in 1693. The original buildings were designed by Sir Christopher Wren. Thomas Jeffer son, James Monroe, John Marshall, John Tyler and Gen. Winneld Scott PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 19 were graduates of this old university, of which Gen. Washington was chancellor from 1788 to 1799. The red brick college buildings in war times looked ancient to young soldiers. The first structures, however, had nearly all been destroyed by fire and rebuilt. They were seriously damaged during the war of the Rebellion but Congress appropriated money to repair the buildings during the administration of Benjamin Harrison, whose great grandfather lived in Virginia and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The institution, after getting the Federal support, continued its honorable career. CHAPTER II. FAIR OAKS. "The 61st Pennsylvania mourn the loss of all their field officers, the colonel killed, lieutenant- colonel and major wounded and missing. No field officer of that regiment being left to make out its report, I simply attach a statement of casualties at Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, May 31st and June 1st, 1862." John J. Abercrombie. Brig. General, commanding brigade in his official report dated Camp near Fair Oaks Station, Va., June 5th, 1862. On March 26, 1862, the 61st moved again, embarking on the leaky steamer "Wilson Small" bound for Fortress Monroe. The vessel was overloaded and her officers expecting trouble, distributed the soldiers so as to trim the boat properly, and stationed watchmen to see that the passengers kept still. Fortunately, the weather was good and the trip ended in twenty-four hours, the regiment landing at Hampton Roads, March 27th, the boat going to the bottom the next day. On the morning of March 28th, the scene from Hampton was impres sive. Most of the ancient town had recently been burned and the clouds of ascending smoke indicated that the fires were not yet extinguished. Half a mile from shore out in the harbor, the wreck of the Cumberland, sunk by the Merrimac, was visible, the masts and tangled rigging, above the waves, presenting melancholy evidence of the waning glory of the old wooden navy. To the left toward Fortress Monroe and out a little further, a strange craft appeared. On a flat surface about 200 feet long, sharpened at each end, stood a circular structure which seemed to be 20 feet high and 30 feet in diameter. It resembled an oil tank and was afterwards appropriately called a cheese box. On it stood a man with a telescope, pointing across the Roads toward Norfolk, whence had come the Merri mac on March 8th and 9th, and on the latter day, after a four hours fight, with the strange craft called the Monitor, the terrible confederate ram, retired to appear no more as a fighter. The Army of the Potomac now present for duty at Hampton numbered 102,896. Of this number, 32,924 belonged to the 4th corps; the 61st, as before stated, being in Graham s brigade, Couch s division of that corps. This corps, soon after landing moved over to a point back of Newport News. On April 4, 1862, the army advanced on Yorktown, Couch s PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 21 and Smith s divisions on the left, marching ten miles and camping for the night at Young s Mills near the James River. The 61st was in fine con dition and could have marched ten miles further. The natural scenery along the route was enchanting, as the leaves were half out and the blossoms were bursting forth with all the brilliant hues and tints in that climate of marshy regions, bordering the fresh and salt water. The next morning, April 5th, the troops were on the move by six o clock, although the rain came down in torrents, continuing all day. The destination that day was Warwick Court House, five miles ahead, where the 61st remained that night, except a detachment sent down the Warwick river on picket, along with other details from the brigade. This old Court House, being the first one, is distinctly remem bered. The building was brick, about twenty-five feet wide and thirty- five feet long, one story high. Inside were some old benches, a desk for the judge, and a witness box, both elevated about two feet. Near the Court House was a brick jail about twelve feet square, with iron bars across the door and the one window. No residences were near, and the whole county seat seemed to consist of this Court House and jail. Where the records of deeds and of judicial and other proceedings incident to local government were kept, we did not learn. This old Warwick seat of justice may be taken as an example of Virginia Court Houses, so often seen by the Union armies during the war, frequently, as at Spottsylvania, furnishing the name for great battles. On April 6th, the 61st, with other troops, moved near Warwick River, toward Lees Mill, where rebel fortifications were encountered and active resistance began. At this time the 61st was short of rations for a few days, owing to the bad roads back to Hampton, but the men made little complaint, believing such experiences unavoidable. The whole army was now stopped by the rebel fortifications, which began at York- town and extended along the Warwick River to the James, a distance of twelve miles. The rebel Gen. J. B. Magruder, an Ex. U. S. officer was in command. Warwick River, so-called, was a small creek, starting two miles above Yorktown and flowing across the Peninsula to the James. Toward the mouth, the stream was broad and deep, having no perceptible current except as affected by the tide. At Lees Mill there was a dam, and another at Winns Mill farther up. The rebels put in three other dams, making the Warwick a slack water stream about fifty feet wide for nearly its entire length, and batteries were placed to protect the dams and pre vent the Union army from crossing. Facing these obstructions for ten days, the 61st, with other regiments aided in building roads and in keeping a close watch along the front, expecting daily to move foward. Mean time batteries were placed in position to bear on the rebel works. On April 16th, the Union guns from Yorktown to Lees Mill were opened as preliminary to a reconnaissance across the Warwick at dam No. 1 in front of Smith s division, 4th Corps, half way between Lees and Winns 22 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT Mills, and half a mile to the right of the position held by the 61st. The movement was made by 200 men from the 3rd Vermont and was successful, the men rushing through the water waist deep and capturing a rebel fort. Not being promptly supported, they fell back, losing half their number. In this movement the Vermonters established a reputation for gallantry, which was to be confirmed on many a bloody field. General Smith, the division commander and veteran of the Mexican War referring to the conduct of the Vermonters, said they showed "more individual acts of heroism" than he had ever before seen or read of. Following this affair, the army settled down to a regular siege by means of ditches and parallels, a hundred heavy Parrott guns, mortars and howitzers being established opposite Yorktown and along the War wick River. The 4th Corps, Gen. Keyes, was on the left, Sumner s second corps in the center, and Heintzelman s third corps on the right, extending to the York River. During this period the 61st was in front, doing picket duty, much of the time along the Warwick. On one occasion a detail was out several days, holding an advanced position near the river, but screened by dense foliage. The orders were to make no fires, and for a day or two the direction was observed. But about the third day, no rebels being in sight the desire for hot coffee obscured the danger and weakened the force of military orders. A fire was kindled under a large elm tree with spreading branches, the limbs drooping near the ground, so as to form a cozy bower with a screen excluding all rebel gaze, even with the aid of field glasses. The coffee reached the boiling point, its grateful fragrance suggesting how foolish it was to impose such a long fast when there was no danger. But the smoke had ascended through the foliage informing the rebels that Yankees were under that tree, and the natural consequence ensued. Suddenly a rebel battery, across the narrow stream, opened and sent its missiles crashing through the tree, one shell before long bursting in the branches, sending down a shower of brush and debris into the boiling coffee. The fires were extinguished and a good lesson was learned as to the necessity of obeying orders, even when they seem un necessary. This was the first experience under artillery fire and satis fied the soldiers that such an entertainment should always be declined. The shells, bursting into ragged fragments, differing in size and shape, made a hideous noise as they flew through the air, and the ease with which limbs were cut off, told plainly what would occur if human bodies were struck. Gen. Sherman has truly said that before going under artillery fire, one should have his accounts settled with heaven and earth. The siege went on without special incident to the 61st until the morning of May 4th, when it was discovered the enemy had retreated. The 61st, with other troops of the 4th corps, crossed at Lees Mills and general pursuit was made at once, which resulted in a heavy skirmish that evening at Williamsburg. On the next day, at that place, May 5th, a battle was fought, in which the Union loss was 2,228, and the rebel PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 23 1,560, the enemy retiring in the night toward Richmond. The 61st moved on the 5th to the front line, but was not seriously engaged. The rebels were fortified and merely fought for time to effect removal of their stores further up the Peninsula, while the pursuers hoped to gain decisive advantage by crushing the enemy and capturing guns and material. General McClellan was not present until the fighting ended, when he galloped along the lines, being received with great cheers by the tired soldiers. One feature of this battle, in the light of history is worth men tioning. The real fighters of the army were discovered; Hooker, Han cock and Kearney, the latter to lose his life at Chantilly in the following September. On the rebel side; Gen. Longstreet was the hero, while the two Hills and R. H. Anderson were prominent. This battle was the first ordeal for most of the troops engaged on both sides. It showed great improvement over Bull Run and was actually the beginning of the long struggle between the Army of the Potomac and that of Northern Virginia, in which the latter, after unparalleled sacrifices, was annihilated. The town of Williamsburg was full of rebel wounded. The spacious halls of the College, temporarily converted into a hospital, presented painful sights for uninitiated soldiers, and the dead, swollen and distorted, were gazed upon with horror. The union army was elated, believing a great victory had been won. This battle of Williamsburg was fought within five miles of the historic site of Jamestown, where the first permanent English settlement in the United States had been made in 1607, and the first cargo of slaves landed in 1619. On May 8th, 1862, Keyes corps advanced up the Penin sula, leading the land forces, about half the army going up the York River in transports to West Point. The 61st marched on the old mail route through Barhamsville, going by Ropers Church and New Kent Court House to Bottom s Bridge. By May 20th, the right of the Union army at New Bridge was within seven miles of Richmond, and its left below Bottom s Bridge on the Chickahominy River was only twelve miles from the rebel capital. The 61st was among the first troops -to reach the Chickahominy, and Companies A and H, Captains Creps and Orr, were the first troops across that river, the enemy retiring before them. By May 24th, Keyes corps was over the Chickahominy and on the 25th took a position at Seven Pines, on the main turnpike leading to Richmond, and nine miles from that city. The 3rd Corps, Heintzelman s, also crossed; Hooker s division going southward to guard White Oak Swamp, while Kearny s remained in front of Savage s Station. These two corps were on the right bank of the river, the other three corps of Sumner s, Franklin s and Porter s were on the left bank at Gaines Mill. The con solidated returns of the army show an aggregate of 126,089 officers and men present with 280 pieces of field artillery. The two corps in advance, over the river, consisted of four divisions of 6,000 to 8,000 each, with 60 pieces of artillery. The rebels under Gen. J. E. Johnston were very 24 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT active, and skirmishing was going on constantly in front. The place called Seven Pines is at the junction of the Williamsburg and Richmond road with the Nine Mile road, the former road here inclining to the left, going toward the James River, while the latter goes to the right, crossing the Richmond and York River Railroad at Fair Oaks Station, one and a half miles from Seven Pines. Three stations of this railroad were fre quently mentioned. Dispatch, near the Chickahominy bridge, next, Savage, farther on, and then Fair Oaks, nearest to Richmond. The country was marshy and soft after rains. About half the land was cleared and the other half covered with timber and thick underbrush. Obscure country roads leading from one farm to another constituted an inex tricable labyrinth for those not familiar with the locality. Casey s division of the 4th Corps started some fortifications in front of Seven Pines, meantime, on May 30th, Couch s division advanced to Fair Oaks Station, the 61st camping at the little depot building, and that evening Companies G and H, Captains Crosby and Orr, were sent to the front on picket. During the night May 30th-31st, in profound darkness, heavy rains fell, rendering the roads nearly impassable and the fields so soft that artillery wagons sunk to the axles. The rain converted the sluggish Chickahominy into a broad and swift current, overflowing the banks, cutting off approach to the bridges and forming a perilous barrier between the two wings of the Union army. This was the situation May 31, 1862, when the battle of Fair Oaks began. General Johnston s plan was to capture or destroy the four advanced Union divisions of twenty-five thousand men before re-inforcements could reach them from the left bank of the swollen river. The rebels, advancing. along the Williamsburg road, first assailed Casey s division in overwhelming force, driving it back, capturing the new earthworks with some guns. Shortly after noon the hard fighting extended along the entire line to the right, as well as the left of Fair Oaks Station. The 61st stood in line awaiting orders. About noon, an aid of Gen. Couch, the division commander, came to the regiment on horseback. By direc tion of Gen. Couch, the 61st now moved forward toward the left at double quick, taking the road toward Richmond and after going some distance was turned back, passing the 1st Long Island Regiment, entering the woods to its right. As the Regiment entered the woods, Gen. Couch met it and said to Col. Rippey, "This is a forlorn hope. Hold the enemy back at all hazards." The Colonel saluting, said, "I have the men in my Regiment for such work." Gen. Couch was perfectly cool. The coolness of Gen. Couch and the confidence he seemed to have in the 61st, had a good effect on the men, now to engage in their first and bloodiest battle. As the regiment advanced to the front, marching by the flank in fours, the rebels could be seen on the left, driving back Casey s division, through the open fields. Before proceeding far from Fair Oaks Station, the starting point, while the 61st was moving through the woods, a rebel PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 25 column approached from the opposite direction, also moving by the flank. When the heads of these columns were about fifty yards apart, Gen. Couch directed Col. Rippey to file right, move the length of the regiment, then face to the front and attack the advancing rebels, and the General then rode off toward the left. The Colonel, promptly obey ing the order, turned the head of the column to the right, and at the same time the rebel commander, in a clear, strong voice, gave the command "left by file into line" and his troops immediately began the movement. When the 61st had moved its length to the right, it halted and faced to the front, and the rebels continuing their movement formed a line parallel to the 61st, facing it about twenty yards distant therefrom. Between the two lines there was some underbrush, but not enough to afford any protection to either side. The rebel column consisted of more than one regiment, as its line of battle, when formed, extended far beyond the right of the 61st. In this position, in obedience to orders from the Colonel, the 61st opened fire on the rebels, which they immediately returned and a terrific struggle began. Early in the fight Col. Rippey was killed; Lieut-Col. Spear was wounded and Major Smith was captured. Ad jutant Miller, having been sent for Companies G and H, was not present, leaving the regiment without any field officers, and most of the line officers, were either killed or wounded. Still the men, with incredible bravery, kept up the fight, disregarding repeated requests to retire of Col. Neill of the 23rd Pennsylvania, whose regiment, to the left of the 61st, had moved back to avoid being flanked. After the retirement of that regiment on the left, the rebels marched by advancing toward Seven Pines. In the meantime, the rebel line, extending to the right of the 61st, outflanked and enveloped that wing of the regiment, sending a column along the rear, demanding that the 61st surrender. Finally, when the regiment had exhausted its ammunition, an order went along the line to fall back, and most of the uninjured started toward the rear, only to run into the rebel line. Instantly a fierce hand-to-hand fight ensued, officers using their swords and revolvers and the men their empty guns as clubs. The con test was necessarily short, as the rebel line in front came rushing over the abandoned position, yelling like fiends and ordering men of the 61st to throw down their arms and surrender. But this demand was unheeded, the rebels in the rear were brushed out of the way, except thirty-five of them, who were swept into the Union line as prisoners. A few of the 61st men were captured because they did not hear the order to retire. Sergeant Oliver A. Parsons of Company D, afterwards Major of the regiment, was one of these. He, with some others, hearing no orders, kept up the fight until they were completely hemmed in on all sides, and their companions no longer in sight. They were disarmed and marched off as prisoners to Richmond. The men who cut their way out, after getting a fresh supply of ammunition, were in line again near Gen. Keyes head quarters, joining Companies G and H, under Captains Creps and Orr, 26 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT and aided the re-inforcements under Gen. Sumner in repelling the rebel attack on the Union left and staying the enemy s progress for the day. As the 61st moved back, a deadly struggle took place over the flag. Three color bearers had been shot, the last one falling with the flag while the line was moving back, pressed hard toward the right by the oncoming rebels. Private David H. Ford of Company K, seeing the flag go down, ran and picked it up and bore it to the rear, surrounded by about fifty determined men of the regiment, each ready to take the colors if necessary to prevent capture. When Ford grabbed the flag he saw it had been riddled by rebel bullets, the staff also being shattered; still he held the colors up defiantly as he proceeded, the enemy s bullets knocking splinters off the staff and making further rents in the flag, which as a silent witness of a bloody struggle was sent back to Pittsburgh with the body of Col. Rippey. Ford was promoted to color sergeant and received a disabling wound while carrying the flag at Marye s Heights charge, May 3rd, 1863. The severely wounded of the 61st were left on the battlefield for two days with the dead, the other wounded still on the field who could be moved without stretchers, were taken to the rebel field hospitals and enrolled as prisoners. Among the wounded officers of the 61st, taken by the rebels, were Lieut. Col. George C. Spear and Maj. George F. Smith. The helpless wounded remaining on the field were in a most perilous situa tion. The Union troops soon turned on their pursuers and sent a shower of minie balls singing through the woods, endangering and actually hitting many of the wounded, and in not a few instances, putting an end to their suffering. Shells and solid shot also crashed through the timber, one cannon ball cutting a tall pine tree half off about fifty feet from the ground, and after the debris had cleared away, it was observed that the top of the tree leaned over toward the wounded, liable to fall on them at any time. The Union troops that offered this strong resistance in the new line, included those that had been fighting over four hours, sustaining losses so heavy that many of the organizations were broken into frag ments, but the men were game to the end, both infantry and artillery. Gen. Webb in his "The Peninsula," page 107, referring to these soldiers says: "The line was formed of companies, regiments and parts of regiments, fragments of divisions and brigades, which had lost their integrity in the fierce fight of the afternoon. Casey, Couch, Kearney, Birney were all represented, and the men stood firm, shoulder to shoulder in the fading light." This ended the first day at Fair Oaks, a battle fought by two-fifths of the army, with Gen. McClellan, the commander-in-chief, back at Gaines Mill on the north side of the Chickahominy, with the other three-fifths, except one division under Gen. Sumner. On June 1st, the rebels were PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 27 driven back and the Union troops took substantially the position they held before the fight began. The 61st had little part in the fight on the second day, but resumed a position near Fair Oaks Station, not far from that occupied by it in the morning of May 31st. The losses of the 61st, as officially reported by Gen. E. D. Keyes, the Corps commander, under date of June 13, 1862, were as follows: Officers killed, 5; wounded, 9; missing, 4. Men killed, 65; wounded, 143; missing, 39; total 263. Three of the officers and 21 of the men were mortally wounded and soon died. The actual loss therefore, was, killed 92, wounded 132 , of whom four were captured; missing 39, total 263. The officers killed were, Col. Oliver H. Rippey, Capt. Joseph Gerard, Company K; First Lieutenants John Pollock, Company A; William Scott, Company B; and Alfred Moylan, Company I. In "Regimental Losses in the American Civil War" by Col. Wm. F. Fox, published in 1889, the author furnishes statistics of vast importance concerning casualties in individual regiments of infantry, artillery and cavalry. This work has always been regarded as semi-official, for the author had access to all government records and other sources of authentic information. On page 37 Col. Fox says; the 61st took into the battle of Fair Oaks 574 men and the loss was 55.4 per cent. On page 274 he says, the total loss was 263, and that the killed numbered 92. These figures indicate some error, as 55.4 per cent of 574 would show a loss of 317 instead of 263, a discrepancy of 54. This may be accounted for to some extent by the fact that only eight companies of the regiment were in the fight where the Colonel was killed; the other two companies, G and H, having been on picket the night before, were detained for ser vice on other parts of the field, especially at the new line mentioned by Gen. Webb. Apparently the loss of the regiment, as given by Gen. Keyes, of 263, did not include losses if any, sustained by Companies G and H. In Vol. II Bates History, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 408, the author says, the 61st loss at Fair Oaks was "11 officers and 269 men," total 280, whereas the actual loss in officers was 16, counting killed, wounded and missing. Obviously, these figures are irreconcilable; even the official statistics when thoroughly sifted, may leave doubt as to the losses of the 61st at Fair Oaks. How many of the 39 missing were wounded and died of their injuries, and how many came back as exchanged prisoners, does not appear in any available publication. James M. Walker of Company A, kept a diary during the three years of his services and a synopsis of his notes was published in 1880 in a book called "History of Indiana County, Pa." This history, and the diary Mr. Walker has kindly turned over to the historian. The information is valuable in the highest degree, and the facts are accurately and clearly stated, as shown where verification has been practicable. Mr. Walker says the 61st lost at Fair Oaks all its field officers and all the line officers except twelve were killed, wounded, or prisoners. 28 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT The loss of the 61st at Fair Oaks was greater than any other regiment in that battle and only ten other regiments in the whole war had greater losses in single battles. The total losses at Fair Oaks were, killed, 790; wounded, 3,594; missing, 647; total 5,031. More than 11 per cent, of the killed were in the 61st. It is interesting to note that in the entire battle, for every one killed, more than four were wounded, about the usual proportion; while in the 61st, the killed numbered 92 and the wounded only 132, a startling mortality, which is accounted for in part by the short range, the absence of all protection between the lines, the fact that wounded were killed by fire from the new Union position in the rear, but the high death rate is due chiefly to the sturdy determination of the 61st to stay and fight it out to the last man. If the killed and wounded in the 61st had been on the usual basis, as above indicated, the figures would be, killed 92, wounded, 368; missing, 39; total, 499; being over 80 per cent, of the men engaged. In a book entitled, "Numbers and Losses in the Civil War" pub lished by Houghton, Mifflin & Company in 1900, interesting statistics are given and suggestive comparisons are made. On pages 81 and 140, it is said the Union force actually engaged at Fair Oaks, numbered 41,797, and the rebel force numbered 41,816, that the Union killed and wounded numbered 4,384 and the rebel 5,729, that out of every 1000 in the Union army, 105 were hit, and out of every 1000 in the rebel army, 137 were hit. It is not necessary to pursue further the subject of losses of the 61st at Fair Oaks, but it is proper to state the reasons why a single regiment was placed in such an exposed position and there apparently abandoned by the officers in command and allowed to be cut to pieces by superior forces of the enemy in front, on both flanks and later in the rear. Though hard on the regiment, the movement was undoubtedly justified by the exigencies of the battle and was good generalship on the part of the dis tinguished division commander, General Couch, for whom every member of the 61st always cherished the warmest affection. On the left, Casey s division, after hard fighting, had retired, and the heroic Kearney with his division was in peril from the oncoming victorious rebels, threatening to push the whole Union left into the Chickahominy. On the Union right a heavy force of rebels were advancing and no troops in sight to offer any resistance. In the meantime, the brave old Sumner, was forc ing his first division under Sedgwick, over the unstable bridge and through the deep mud toward the sound of battle. If Sumner could get on to the field and the second Union line could be formed, the rebels might be stopped and the army saved. But time was necessary and it must be exacted of the enemy at any cost. A crisis existed requiring prompt decision and instant action. The Union leaders were equal to the demand. Instead of going back, they advanced with the 61st and other troops into the woods to meet the foe, and when the PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 29 struggle was on, no officers or orderlies could get near the scene of con flict with fresh orders. There was only one course possible, and that was to let the soldiers fight it out while the officers arranged strong opposition in the rear through a new position and re-inforcements. This was good tactics, and the brave officers did not leave the field, but gallantly faced the enemy in the second line. Keyes, Heintzelman, Casey, Couch, Kerney, Birney, Abercrombie, the brigade commander, and others, swords in hand, encouraged the men to hold the new position whether they had ammunition or not. Fragments of the 61st as before stated, joined this line after their terrific struggle, and saw the dashing rebels sullenly retire out of range, as darkness put an end to the furious conflict. Official reports of the Corps, division and brigade commanders, speak in high terms of the 61st. Gen, Keyes in his report, referring to the 23rd P. V. and the 61st, said, "These two regiments assailed a vastly superior force of the enemy and fought with extraordinary bravery." The casualties in the 61st amounted to 263 and are heavier than in any other regiment in Couch s division. Gen. Abercrombie commanding the brigade, referring to the fight near Fair Oaks Station, said in his report dated June 5th, 1862, "The dead of the enemy on the portion of the battle-field occupied by the 1st Long Island, 23rd and 61st Pennsylvania, are the proofs I have of the gallantry displayed by those regiments." A discussion of the rebel losses at Fair Oaks would be interesting, but the reader is referred to general histories for that, except a quotation from "Reminiscences of the Civil War" by Gen. John B. Gordon, who attacked the Union lines on May 31st, and tells on page 58 how roughly he was handled: "The losses were appalling, all the field officers, except myself, had been killed, of 44 officers of the line, but 13 were left for duty. Nearly two- thirds of the entire command were killed or wounded. My young brother, who had been shot through the lungs, was carried back with the wounded. My horse and all others in the regiment were killed." Referring to the termination of the battle of Fair Oaks, Gen. Webb in his book, already referred to, says on page 116: "The attempt of the rebels to drive the left wing into the Chickahominy, and cut McClellan s line of supply from White House, which opened with every prospect of success, was turned first into failure and then into disaster, which sent them back to Richmond in a panic on the night of June 1st." The authentic acts of heroism and other thrilling personal incidents of this great struggle, which established a high record for the 61st, would fill a volume, but then, perhaps the most interesting would go unmen- tioned for lack of definite information. The following particulars are to be taken as representative of hundreds of others quite as important, of which the historian is not informed. Sergeant Major W. J. Glenn, after- 30 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT wards one of the five different captains of Company E, later Colonel in the Spanish-American War, was near Col. Rippey when that brave officer gave his last command, starting the bloody battle, as follows: "Ready, aim, fire." It was not long until the colonel was shot and fell to the ground. His body was not recovered until Monday, June 2nd, when he was sent home with the colors. The regiment seemed to melt away and the fire slackened, as men were killed and disabled. Col. Rippey s last command was a peculiarly fitting termination for the career of the brave officer. Glenn, himself, was soon shot through the right leg, but did not leave the field until the regiment retired. He then hobbled back through the enclosing rebel line, growing weaker from loss of blood. His gait was accelerated, after reaching the open, by seeing a strong column of rebels marching down the Nine Mile road, their guns at "right shoulder shift, route step," as if the Yankees had all vanished. Before proceeding far, he saw a heavy Union line of battle which after firing one shot, charged the rebel troops with a great cheer and drove them back. These were Gen. Sumner s soldiers who had bravely crossed the Chickahominy on a floating bridge that afternoon and hastened through mud and swamps to the support of the hard pressed fighters of the 3rd and 4th Corps. Sergeant-Major Glenn, stopped in an old barn to have his wound dressed, one of his fellow sufferers being Gen. O. O. Howard, who had lost an arm. Praise of the 61st regiment, for its part in the battle of Fair Oaks would be quite superfluous. One might as well commend the "embattled farmers" who stood at Concord and "fired the shot heard around the world." If the history of the 61st regiment ended with June 2, 1862, it would stand high on the roll of honor, and its fame would be cherished by the Nation and the State as a precious heritage, affording distinction for all time to the descendants of the men who fought in the swamp and valiantly held back a triumphant foe until assistance arrived. Yet the battle of Fair Oaks was only the beginning of a career to end at Appo- mattox when an iron band was drawn tight around the rebellion, exting uishing its life. After the battle of Fair Oaks, by order of Gen. Abercrombie, Lieut- Col. Frank Vallee was assigned temporarily to the command of the 61st, which then had no field officers present for duty. By direction of this new regimental commander, Companies C and I were distributed to other companies for the reason that these two companies were left without any commissioned officers and had suffered severely in the loss of non-com missioned officers and privates. CHAPTER III. MALVERN HILL ANTIETAM "The sun of September 18th, 1862, at Antietam rose to light up one of those scenes of suffering and anguish which humbled the pride of man by the exhibition of his weakness and cruelty. Twenty thousand men killed or wounded the day before were lying on that narrow battlefield. Their com rades were exhausted by the struggle, by fatigue and by the want of both sleep and food." Comte De Paris. Many of the soldiers wounded at Fair Oaks were sent north in hospital steamers from the White House on the Pamunkey River; to this point they were transported from the battlefield in box cars at the rate of about a thousand each day. On the afternoon of June 6th some of the 61st wounded with many others, were put on board the hospital steamer Louisiana at White House Landing, bound for Philadelphia. The steamer, with its precious load of sufferers, started the next day but made slow progress, getting out of the narrow stream into the York River and then by Old Point up around through the Chesapeake Bay, ascending the Delaware River to the City of Brotherly Love, where it arrived on June 12th. Such a vast number of wounded as this steamer contained had never before landed in the city at one time, and being advised in advance of the progress of the vessel, the people made ample, even lavish preparation to receive the wounded soldiers. Having but few ambulances, a notice was published in the papers asking owners of vehicles to be on hand and help move the disabled men to the various hospitals. As the steamer came in sight, down the river, bells rang all over the city giving the prearranged signal, and thereupon ambulances, carriages, express wagons, moving vans and even drays and carts hastened to the dock and stood ready for any required service. These people filled up all the space along the dock and extended up into the lower end of the streets, the drivers quietly gazing at the steamer as she slowly swung into place. Thousands of anxious people crowded around as near as they could approach the steamer, removing their hats as the wounded were carried by. Many of the people were looking for friends and scanned with deep solicitude each soldier as he was borne along. One member of the 61st in a perfectly helpless condition was carried to an express wagon whose bed proved to be too short. A longer and more suitable wagon was 32 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT obtained, to which he was removed, with apologies for not getting a proper conveyance at once. Two men besides the driver went along to South and 24th Street Hospital, one of the men on the way obtaining information for a beautiful and sympathetic letter to the soldier s mother, which is still treasured as a memento. Arriving at the hospital, this member of the 61st received every possible attention from the doctors and nurses. After his clothes were changed and nourishing food provided, including strawberries and cream, a lady came around with a portfolio and writing materials to take messages for home. This woman, bright and cheery, intelligent and versatile, was none other than Mrs. Henry Gary Baird, whose husband was then a most distinguished citizen with a national reputation as an author and publisher. The kindness shown this member of the 61st was extended to thousands of others from all parts of the country and it was kept up until the war ended. The people also showed their patriotism by raising vast sums for the Sanitary and Christian Commissions, by subscribing for millions of government bonds in the darkest days of the Rebellion and establishing the first national bank in the United States. Phila delphia deserves the measureless gratitude of every Union soldier during the war and of every American citizen from that day on to the end of time. After the battle of Fair Oaks the Union Army occupied the field and fortified a position extending from Goldings on the right, near Duane s Bridge, to White Oak Swamp on the left, a distance as the line ran of about five miles. Franklin s corps held the right, Sumner s the center and Heintzelman s the left, Keyes corps being in reserve near Savage Station; Porter s corps with McCall s division remained on the left bank of the Chickahominy, covering the region from Mechanicsville to a point below Gaines Mill. The base of supplies was still at White House on the Pamun- key River, the Richmond and York River Railroad connecting that point with the front. The weather until about June 20th was extremely unfavorable for military operations, the Chickahominy overflowed its banks to an un paralleled extent, sweeping away all the bridges but the railroad, whose frail scaffolding trembled over the turbulent flood. The ground, com posed of alternate layers of clay and quicksand, was really a vast swamp. Vehicles, especially artillery, could be moved with the greatest difficulty, the wheels sinking deep in the mire and soon stalling any number of will ing horses. In the morning the sun came out hot, filling the air with poisonous exhalations from the dead bodies of men and animals. The heat became suffocating. While the army was thus condemned to inactivity in movements, the men were not idle. Each day details worked on the fortifications, made roads, repaired bridges, while strong, aggressive picket lines ex tended from right to left of the entire line, keeping up a ceaseless and PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 33 resounding fusillade. Three weeks of this life made sad havoc among the men, who in vast numbers were taken with swamp and typhoid fever, many dying, while others required hospital treatment. However, the expectation of taking Richmond and ending the war kept the men hope ful and ever ready for any service. The 61st camped near Savage Station under command of Lieut. Col. Vallee assigned to this command from the 82nd Pa. Vol. of the same brigade, doing its share of picket and other duty, but suffering a great deal from sickness owing in part to the close proximity of the great White Oak Swamp, whose northerly borders were near its camp. The regiment was still in the same brigade, commanded by Gen. Abercrombie, Gen. Couch having the division and Gen. Keyes the 4th corps, Gen. Peck succeeding to the command of Casey s division. The vSeven Days Battle, so called, began June 25th, 1862, with a reconnaissance along the Williamsburg Road in front of Seven Pines to Oak Grove, four miles from Richmond. The next day, the 26th, the fight was at Mechanicsville on the extreme right; then followed on the 27th the great Battle of Gaines Mill; the 28th had little beyond heavy skir mishing; the 29th saw two engagements, one at Savage Station and the other at Allen s Farm, otherwise known as Peach Orchard. In these engagements on the 29th the rebel general Magruder used a heavy long- range noisy cannon, mounted on a flat car. This contrivance the rebels called the Land Merrimac, and strange to relate, like the great water prototype, after appearing twice it retired to that peaceful bourne whence no traveller returns by land or water. The 30th there was heavy fighting on Frazier s Farm, at White Oak Swamp, the battle including bloody struggles at Glendale and the various cross-roads at that place and extending clear over to Turkey Bend on the James River. The last battle was at Malvern Hill July 1st, after which the army moved down the James seven miles to Harrison s Landing, where it remained until the middle of August. When the seven days fight began, the army numbered 92,500 of all arms. This general state ment is made that the services of the 61st may be better understood in the operations referred to. In these movements, which carried the army from the Chickahominy, seven miles from Richmond, to Harrison s Landing on the James River, twenty miles from the rebel capital, and changed the base of operations from the White House to Harrison s Landing, Keyes corps took an important and perilous part, in protecting the movement through White Oak Swamp. The entire army, with 4,000 wagons, 500 ambulances, 350 pieces of artillery and 2,500 head of cattle, moved southerly through this swamp on the way to the James River. The great marsh known as White Oak Swamp, on the left of the Union army, was over five miles wide, extending as before stated, from the Chickahominy toward Richmond to a point in advance of Seven Pines. It was covered with tangled under brush and had no paths up and down. One road crossed it from the 34 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT Williamsburg turnpike, starting near Bottom s Bridge, and Gen. Keyes discovered another old and obscure pathway leading across from Savage Station on the railroad. Both of these roads ended in the clearings called Frazier s Farm, after crossing a bridge spanning the stream which drained the marsh emptying into the Chickahominy at Turner s Bridge. This stream is itself called White Oak Swamp. About two miles toward the James from Frazier s Farm is Charles City Crossroads, where many highways join; one coming from White Oak Swamp is continued as the Quaker Road to Malvern Hill. The Charles City, the Central and New market roads come in from Richmond, the latter two uniting three miles away. Numerous other roads are here leading toward the Chickahominy and the James. Toward Richmond from the Charles City Crossroads is a vast open section consisting of several cultivated farms, called Glendale, where the main battle was fought June 30th. Near the James River at Turkey Bend, two miles away, is Malvern Hill, made memorable by the engagement of July 1st. During the night of June 27th, after the Union defeat at Gaines Mill, Keyes was ordered to move his corps through White Oak Swamp toward the James, protecting the right flank of the army from rebel attack. On the same day, while the fight was in progress at Gaines Mill, Companies A and H of the 61st were sent forward in advance and to the left of Seven Pines in consequence of rebel activity at that point. The companies were deployed as skirmishers and before proceeding far met a rebel line of battle which forced them back, one man in Company A being wounded. The colonel of the 55th N. Y., assuming the skirmish line had retreated too easily, advanced with his whole regiment, receiving a bloody repulse, when a whole brigade was found necessary to stop the bold rebel attack. The movement of Keyes corps began at once and by the morning of June 29th the 61st, in a dense bank of fog, was at Frazier s Farm across the White Oak Swamp, and the corps, after driving away some rebel cavalry at Charles City Crossroads, camped near there at Nelson s farm for the night. Pickets and scouts were kept well out toward Richmond on all the roads. Meanwhile the trains of the entire army moved through the swamp on the main road nearest the Chickahominy, while most of the troops marched along the old and more exposed road starting near Savage vStation, which road was cleared of fallen trees and other obstructions by Keyes men as they advanced. The weather was stifling and for most of the way the column moved through a cloud of dust. The roar of battle was constantly heard in the rear, with occasionally explosions of large quantities of ammunition, which could not be moved from Savage Station. The trains were in motion all night, and when some teams stopped to feed, others were pressed forward, going two to three abreast when space permitted. During the night of the 29th, Keyes corps, on. being relieved at Glen- PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 35 dale by Porter s, moved toward the James River at Haxall s Landing, arriving on the 30th, in the morning. The sight of this majestic river to the weary dust-covered soldiers, emerging from a dreary hot swamp, was enchanting; many rushed into the sparkling water to refresh themselves and make sure they were not the victims of a delusive mirage. In a short time, on the arrival of other troops, Keyes corps moved out toward Malvern Hill and occupied the space between the James River at Turkey Bend on the left and Malvern Hill on the right. This was the left of the Union line at the battle of Glendale, the right being at Frazier s Farm at the crossing of the White Oak Swamp. The line was a large arc of a circle, with the convexity toward Richmond. The rebel general Jackson had followed the Union army through White Oak Swamp, but his attack on Gen. Franklin s corps at that point was easily repulsed. Meantime Longstreet and Hill came down the Charles City, the Central and the Newmarket roads, and attacked at Glendale and farther over to ward the James. The struggle was fierce, lasting until after dark, but the rebels were repulsed at all points and by four o clock in the afternoon the last wagons of the long train had reached Malvern Hill. That night the Union army moved back to Malvern Hill and got ready for the closing encounter of the Seven Days battles. This bloody conflict of June 30th 1862, has many names because of the different places on the field where combats occurred, as Frazier s Farm, White Oak Swamp, Charles City Crossroads, Nelson s Farm and Glendale, the latter being the more com prehensive and appropriate designation for the engagement. Before daybreak on July 1st, the Union army was concentrated around the approaches to Malvern Hill in a defensive position, admirably adapted for the use of artillery. This hill was two miles long and a mile wide. The army was formed as follows: at the extreme left Porter s corps guarded the direct approaches from Richmond to Haxall s Land ing; Couch s division, including the 61st, came next, having been detached from the 4th Corps. This division was deployed midway between the summit of Malvern Hill and the woods bordering its base, the right resting upon a deep wooded ravine separating the Union left from the center. Over the ravine, farther to the right, was Heintzelman s corps, which extended across the Quaker Road; then farther toward the right was Sumner s corps, with Franklin on its right, and Keyes with the other two divisions held the extreme right. More than sixty pieces of artillery were placed on the line held by Porter and Couch, with ten siege guns at the Crewe House commanding a large portion of the battlefield, other guns being in good positions on the line. The artillery was commanded by Col. Henry J. Hunt, an officer of great merit, as subsequently demon strated on many a battlefield. The Army of the Potomac, fully con centrated, was to fight its first battle with all the corps present. Its line, in a half circle, stretched from Turkey Bridge over Western Run on the left above Malvern Hill, around to Haxall s Landing below, each flank 36 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT covering the approaches to the James River. The navy was represented in the river behind the battle line, and the gunboat Galena was used by Gen. McClellan for a reconnaissance during part of the day. The vessels took position so as to support the field artillery, and several took part by throwing hundred-pound shells into the rebel position, causing conster nation by the terrific explosions. The rebel army was also concentrated and Jefferson Davis came down from Richmond to see the Union army crushed, remaining through out the conflict. At break of day Jackson crossed the White Oak Swamp bridge, the scene of his unsuccessful battle of the day before, passed over the battlefield of Glendale and reached Malvern Hill on the Turkey road. Magruder and Huger proceeded against the Union left, while Hill and Longstreet were in easy supporting distance. Little fighting, except with artillery, occurred until the afternoon, when the rebels attacked the right of Couch s division, seeking to break the Union line at the wooded ravine. This attack was repulsed with heavy loss to the rebels, and Couch advanced part of his line nearly half a mile. The 61st, near the Crewe House, supporting Griffin s batteries, was under heavy artillery fire in the forenoon, a shell killing one man and wounding two. Later the regiment took position in the rear of the Union batteries, in a road, slightly sunken, which afforded some pro tection. Still later in the afternoon the regiment, with other troops, advanced down the ravine on its right, waded through a marshy bog and crept into position on the flank of the rebels as they came forward against the Union batteries. The rebels, taken by surprise, were thrown into confusion and suffered fearful carnage before they could get back out of range. The 61st then went back near the Crewe House in advance of the Union batteries, to keep down rebel sharpshooters. The men lay flat on the ground while the artillery fired over them at the rebels beyond. At times the batteries ceased and the regiment rose and fired, frequently advancing to dislodge bold rebels seeking to pick off the Union gunners. It was at this point, according to a rebel account, that their men were most reluctant to advance on the Union position. A rebel colonel, urging his men forward toward evening, after several bloody repulses, shouted, "Come on, come on, my men! Do you want to live forever?" In this position the 61st remained until the field was cleared of the enemy and the regiment was out of ammunition, having fired sixty rounds. Bearing in mind that the 61st was in Abercrombie s brigade, Couch s division defending the main position held by Griffin s batteries near the Crewe House, with a magnificent view for three-quarters of a mile in front, one can understand the part taken by the men from Pittsburg, Philadelphia, Indiana and Luzerne counties in the closing four hours of this great battle. Gen. Couch, in his official report of the battle says: The enemy were now massing large columns on our front. At 4:30 P. M., after an incessant cannonade, they boldly pushed forward a PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 37 large column from their right in the open field to carry Griffin s position. The fire of the three batteries was concentrated upon them. Kingsbury s battery having been withdrawn for ammunition, was relieved by three guns of Battery C Rhode Island artillery, and two guns, Allen s 5th Massachusetts, under Capt. Weeden. The attacking column kept on, continually reinforced, until within range of Griffin s rifles, when it stopped and formed line. From this time until 8 P. M., there was enacted one of the sublimest sights ever presented in war, resulting in a glorious victory to our arms. "But the action now being general, I assumed command of the whole line for the time, ordered up the reserves on the left, placed in position regiments falling back, and halted those bravely moving forward, many of the regiments having already masked the fire of our artillery. Upon seeing the rebels advance on the left, Abercrombie and Palmer pushed forward their brigades in front of the artillery, in order to drive back the foe. The enemy continually reinforced their column of attack, besides advancing heavy reserves in support. Abercrombie and Palmer became engaged to the left and right. Gen. Colwell, of Richardson s division, having been sent to my support by Gen. Sumner, now went into action, joining my brave division fiercely engaged. The enemy were making desperate efforts to drive in my right. Gen. Heintzelman sent me Seeley s battery, which, under De Russy, chief of his artillery, and with the advice of Gen. Howe, was established on the ground held by this latter officer. It did its duty well. "Gen. Porter came upon the ground about 6 P. M. ; later Gen. Sickles, of Hooker s division, reported to me with three regiments, leading his men directly into action, relieving some of my division whose ammunition was exhausted. At about 7 P. M., Gen. Meagher, with his brigade, re ported to me from Sumner, and was pushed to the left of Griffin s battery. Night closed upon us still fighting, the opposing forces only known by their lines of fire, that of the rebels gradually slackening until 8:30 P. M., after which an occasional cannon shot from our batteries only broke the stillness that pervaded this bloody field. Thus ended the Battle of Mal- vern Hill, which caused great carnage and demoralization among the best divisions of the enemy, with comparatively small loss on our side. General, Abercrombie and Palmer formed a line with their brigades that not a private retreated from." Gen. Abercrombie, referring to his brigade at Malvern Hill and mentioning the 61st, says, " All acquitted themselves in a highly com mendable manner." He says his brigade was "under fire from early morning until dark." The burden of this battle fell on Porter s corps and Couch s division on the Union left. The rebels assailed this position three different times advancing with great resolution and persisting until cut to pieces by our artillery and infantry fire. Finally, after dark, the 38 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT battle ceased along the entire line, the rebels having failed at every point to break through the Union lines. From the position of the 61st, in advance of the batteries, the rebels could be seen plainly as they came forward, facing the smashing dis charges of the Union guns, urged on by the officers until the Union infantry began to fire, when the lines wavered and broke. The Count of Paris, in describing the latter part of this battle, in which the 1 61st took part, says: "More than once the Federal lines have seemed on the point of being charged and broken, so great is the impetuosity of the assailants, but .at the last moment the latter are always checked and compelled to rede- scend those fatal slopes already covered with the dead bodies of their comrades. The last rays of the setting sun, gilding the tree- tops and the smoking heights of Malvern, light up this bloody scene. In the center D. H. Hill has given up the contest, but Magruder, loath to resign himself to this cruel reverse, persists in continuing the fight. It is only toward nine o clock that the booming of cannon gradually dies away along the entire line, and the silence of the night succeeds at last, unbroken, to the noise of battle." Referring to the hardships of the Seven Days Battle, the same author says: "All the farmhouses, all the huts, were converted into hospitals where the victims of the battles of Savage Station, Frazier s Farm and Glen- dale were huddled. There was scarcely a sufficient number of surgeons to attend to their most pressing wants, and most of the wounded felt the painful certainty of being left at night in the hands of the enemy. The stifling heat of a Virginia summer, the want of sleep, the long marches, the combats incessantly renewed, the excitement and the anxiety of every description triumphed over the most robust constitutions and prostrated those whom the terrible swamp fever had yet spared." The loss of the 61st at what Gen. Couch called our glorious victory of Malvern Hill, was two officers wounded, four men killed and fifteen wounded; total, twenty-one. The total loss of the Union army in the Seven Days battles, as officially given, was 15,249, of whom 1,582 were killed, 7,700 wounded and 5,958 missing. To this number should be added at least 6,000 sick or lame who had gone to the hospital in con sequence of the excessive fatigues of the preceding seven days. The rebel loss was 20,000 in the various actions, to which at least 5,000 should be added for those rendered unfit for duty by the same causes that affected the Union army. The rebel army was therefore reduced by 25,000 men. Volumes have been written about the Seven Days battles, in which the generalship of the Union and Confederate commanders has been discussed, as well as all the facts of each engagement. Details cannot be examined here, but it is safe to say the soldiers in both armies acquitted themselves with the greatest credit. The Union army had the most PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 39 discouraging experience as it moved back after every battle, leaving the field to the enemy, with many wounded as prisoners, including in the aggregate 50 pieces of artillery and other trophies of victory. But the rebel army was in worse condition than the Union. Magruder s corps was almost destroyed, those of D. H. Hill and Huger had suffered cruelly, while those of Longstreet and A. P. Hill had not yet recovered from the effects of the Battle of Glendale, where they were so roughly handled. After Malvern Hill both armies retired, the Union because that was a part of its plan before the battle, and the rebel because it was utterly exhausted and must travel towards Richmond to meet its much needed supplies. The 61st left Malvern Hill battlefield at 2 A. M., July 2d, arriving at Harrison s Landing in a state of complete exhaustion. The drenching rain, while it laid the dust, increased the difficulty of marching in the mud with wet clothing. A ration of whiskey was that morning issued, and its stimulation had a good effect on tired soldiers who had but little rest during the preceding week. Six days after the Battle of Malvern Hill, a steamer from Fortress Monroe landed a passenger at Harrison s Landing whose dress, as simple as his manner, did not at first attract attention, but in whom the army soon recognized President Lincoln. He had come, he said, to see the boys and consult with Gen. McClellan. The grave situation then existing incident to the withdrawal of the Union army, and the peril to which Washington would soon be exposed, filled the great Executive with appre hension. The President then found an army of 80,000 men in good condition with confidence in the commander-in-chief undiminished by the hard experiences of the Seven Days battles. Soon after settling in camp at Harrison s Landing, some companies of the 61st held an election to fill vacancies created by deaths and resig nations up to that time. In Company A, 1st Sergeant F. M. Brown was elected 1st Lieut., to take the place of 1st Lieut. Pollock, killed at Fair Oaks; and Corporal Isaac N. Price was elected 2nd Lieut., to take the place of Lieut. Brady, resigned. Brown and Price made excellent officers, and both died from hostile bullets, the former in the Wilderness, May 6th, 1864, and the latter at Charlestown, Aug. 21st, 1864. Price was not only a good officer, but he was a most fearless and aggressive fighter, the kind of person Gen. Sheridan would have delighted to honor. At Harrison s Landing, a plantation formerly owned by President Wm. Henry Harrison, the 61st had a pleasant camp on the Union left in a wooded region, after great hardships on the night of July 1st moving down from Malvern Hill. The regiment aided in building forts, cutting trees and constructing the various defenses which General McClellan con sidered necessary to protect the army from any sudden attack of the enemy. The regiment participated in picket duty and in a reconnaissance back to Malvern Hill battlefield. Fresh clothing was furnished the 40 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT soldiers. They were paid, and soon recovered from the ill effects of the Chickahominy and the last taxing campaign, and Companies C and I, by order of the Secretary of War, returned to their former organization in the regiment. By Aug. 10th it was understood the army was to move in co-operation with troops then defending Washington under the redoubtable Gen. John Pope, whose headquarters, according to his general order assuming command, were always in the saddle. On the llth of August the knap sacks of the 61st were put on board a transport, whose destination was not announced. The regiment waited in hourly expectation of orders until the 16th, when the march began toward the Chickahominy at Bar- nett s Ferry, where the broad stream was crossed on a pontoon bridge about one thousand feet long. The route took the regiment by Charles City court house down to Williamsburg and then over to Yorktown on the road used by the army in May in its hopeful advance on Richmond. On Aug. 17th the regiment marched 25 miles; the other marches were easy and Yorktown was reached on the 20th, and on the 24th the knap sacks were received, having been sent down the James and up the York. The regiment remained at Yorktown a week camped, part of the time, near the old earth -works made by Cornwallis in his fruitless effort to defend his army against Washington. This was a pleasant week, aside from the general apprehension then in the air concerning the national situation. Oyster, lobster and clam fishing brought diversion and a welcome change of diet, but not without certain disagreeable incidents to those who went in bathing and came out with a general odor of discarded naval stores, their bodies covered with a coat of tar, made doubly sticky and relentless by long immersion in salt water. At this time many of the men wounded and temporarily disabled at Fair Oaks and in other engage ments, returned, resuming their duties, others having joined the regi ment at Harrison s Landing. On Thursday, Aug. 28th, the 61st boarded the bark Metropolis, in tow of the steamer City of Richmond, bound for Washington, as then understood. On the 29th, in a severe gale in the Chesapeake Bay, the steamer let go of the barge to avoid being rammed, hitching on later after the regiment had experienced a good shaking up on a powerless vessel. Aug. 30th, off Occoquan Creek, orders came to proceed to Alexandria and disembark. On the 31st the regiment marched from Alexandria toward Fairfax court house, occupying the night on the road, then encumbered with the wreck of Pope s defeated army. Sept 1st the regiment was at Fairfax and moved to Chantilly in the afternoon to meet the rebel attack at that point, but did not become engaged, as the rebels were repulsed before the 61st reached the front line. The 61st then, on Sept. 2d, with the whole of Couch s division, moved back toward Alexandria, acting as rear guard for part of the army. At three different times during the day the division halted and formed line of battle, but the rebels did not attack, their desire evidently being to PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 41 cause delay in order to favor other movements then in progress. Reach ing Alexandria Sept. 3d, the regiment immediately embarked on the steamer Kingston, landing in Georgetown. At this time great agitation existed in official circles in Washington and throughout the northern states, and not without good cause. Gen. McClellan, in his Peninsula Campaign, had lost, in killed, wounded, missing and sick, over thirty thousand men. Gen. Pope had lost at least twenty thousand, to say nothing of ten thousand at Harper s Ferry soon to be prisoners. All these losses for the year 1862 to be added to the Bull Run and Balls Bluff disasters of 1861, were enough to daunt the stoutest hearts, but the worst feature was the lack of confidence in the Union generals in command of the unsuccessful armies. The President was in doubt as to what he ought to do in an emergency demanding prompt decision and swift execution. Finding the Army of the Potomac still had faith in Gen. McClellan, that officer was entrusted with command of the forces to resist the first great invasion of the north, and the veterans of the Peninsula are to grapple for supremacy on the soil of Maryland with the victorious columns of Lee, Jackson and Longstreet, each army having the same commander-in- chief under whom it struggled in the fierce encounters at the gates of Richmond. On Sept. 5th, the 61st moved through Tenallytown towards Pooles- ville, Md., camping Sept. 6th nearly opposite Great Falls on the Potomac. In this neighborhood the regiment remained with another regiment, two pieces of artillery and a squadron of cavalry, guarding the Potomac cross ings, doing picket and provost duty, until the morning of Sept. 14th, when it marched with the division through Rockville over Sugar Loaf Mountain through Jefferson and Burkittsville, passing over the South Mountain battlefield and reaching the bloody field of Antietam on Sept. 17th. On the morning of the 18th the 61st, with Gen. John Cochrane s brigade of Couch s division, crossing the Antietam Creek on the Sharps- burg turnpike bridge, went into the front line in the field opposite the Little Bunker Church to the left of Slocum s division, the line running parallel with the Hagerstown turnpike, about 200 yards northwest of the sunken road afterwards called the "Bloody Lane." In this position, which had been fiercely contested the day before, the ground still strewn with the killed of both armies, the 61st remained all day and the follow ing night, suffering from rebel sharpshooters concealed in trees behind the church. Aside from the picket fire, which the regiment could not effectively return, not being able to locate the enemy, the 61st was not molested. The regiment lost one man killed, one officer and four men wounded; total, six. The Union loss at Antietam was 2,010 killed, 9,416 wounded, 1,043 missing; total, 12,469. Of the wounded, 2,661 must have died on the field after the battle, as the interments in the National Ceme tery at Antietam number 4,671. 42 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT Referring to Cochrane s brigade, including the 61st, Gen. Franklin, commanding the left wing, in his official report of the battle says: ".In this position, suffering severe cannonading at intervals, which they bore like the veterans they are, remaining until daylight Sept. 19th, when an advance was made showing the enemy had retreated." The regiment at Antietam was commanded by Lieut. -Col. F. Vallee of the 82d Pa. Vols. Col. Geo. C. Spear joined the command near Williamsport about Sept. 22nd, having been exchanged as a prisoner, wounded and taken at Fair Oaks. In the Antietam campaign, Gen. Couch s division, having been detach ed from the 4th Corps, formed a part of the left wing under Gen. Franklin; Gen. John Cochrane, succeeding Gen. Abercrombie, commanded the brigade, which included the 61st. On Sept. 26th, 1862, Couch s division was assigned to the 6th Corps, and from that time until the war ended formed a part of that famous organization, first as the 3rd division, then the Light division, and later the 2d division, remaining in the latter division until the regiment was mustered out June 28th, 1865. In front of the 61st at Antietam, across the road from the Bunker Church, there was a rebel soldier in the act of climbing over the stone fence, toward the Union line; his gun firmly held in the left hand toward the muzzle, the butt resting on the ground, steadying him, his right leg thrown over the fence, his right hand resting on top of the fence, his head erect and his whole appearance indicating alertness. Seeing this bold advance, several shots were fired by members of the 61st, but the rebel held to the same position, and after the battle it was found that the man was dead, having been instantly killed on the 17th, when the great struggle occurred for that position. A short distance in the rear of the 61st, a Union soldier, killed at that place, lay on his back, his gun held in his left hand, the butt between his feet, the ramrod in his right hand, the end of it near the muzzle of his gun to force down a cartridge he had pushed into the bore. These were instances of ri^or mojtis, where death occurred instantly, the victims becoming rigid and retaining the exact position they were in when hit. On Sept. 19th, in the morning, the 61st, with the brigade, advanced through Sharpsburg nearly to the Potomac, finding the rebels had dis appeared across the river, leaving the severely wounded behind with dis abled guns and other material. As the regiment moved forward over the battlefield, the historic Bloody Lane, silent and ghastly, was observed on its left with the sunken road still filled with the dead bodies of its defenders. All the houses in and about Sharpsburg were rebel hospitals, where the wounded were soon to receive kind treatment from Union surgeons and from volunteer doctors and nurses from the north, whose generous sym pathy brought them to the field of carnage. The next day, Sept. 20th, the 61st marched to Williamsport, Md., dispersing the rebel cavalry at that place and sustaining a loss of two PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 43 killed and seven wounded. On the 23rd, the regiment moved to Downs- ville, Md., where it remained until Oct. 18th. The same day, Sept. 23d, information came to the army that President Lincoln, the day before, had issued the now famous Emancipation Proclamation freeing the slaves in rebellious territory January 1st, 1863, under certain conditions. On Oct. 3d President Lincoln visited the army and reviewed some of the boys, as he affectionately called the soldiers. While at Downsville the 61st received supplies of clothing, of which the men stood very much in need, especially the new shoes, after 200 miles of hard marching. In the list of articles supplied for the Army of the Potomac at that time, the following appears: 33,840 pairs of boots, 61,000 pairs of shoes, and 97,700 pairs of drawers. On Oct. 18th, 1862, the regiment, with the 6th Corps, moved up the Potomac to Clear Springs. The next day, in order to head off the rebel cavalry raid in Pennsylvania, the regiment marched 28 miles to Hancock, Md., returning by easy marches, it reached its former camp at Downsville on Oct. 29th. This was the first expedition as a part of the 6th Corps, whose fortunes and fame the 61st was to share until the war ended. A characteristic incident of those days is recalled. While on the expedition to Hancock, the command camped one dreary, damp evening, after a hard march in a farming section, where no firewood was available. Gen. Couch, riding among the men, who had stacked arms and were look ing for fuel and water, said gravely, "Only take the top rail." This order, afterwards familiar as an army joke, was then new to the 6th Corps and was highly appreciated. The Maryland fences disappeared as by magic the soldiers using only the top rail, each rail being the top one after the one over it had been removed. At daybreak, Oct. 31st, 1862, the 61st left Downsville and marched by way of Keedysville, Roherville, South Mountain, Burkittsville and Berlin, crossing the Potomac at Lovettsville near Harper s Ferry on a pontoon bridge, bivouacing Nov. 3d near Wheatland, Va. ; thence through Philamon, Union and Upperville to White Plains, serving as train guard Nov. 6th and 7th, the latter day in a snow-storm, camping on the 8th near Thoroughfare Gap. Upon the 9th the 61st moved to New Baltimore, where on the 10th Gen. McClellan, having been removed on the 7th, made his farewell visit to the various corps headquarters. The removal of Gen. McClellan was not looked upon with favor in the army, where he was still regarded with affection by the soldiers. They knew he had been unsuccessful or at least disappointing as a commander-in- chief, but they believed he was superior to any officer in the Army of the Potomac, and they still expected great things of him in the near future. Besides, he was their first love, their "little corporal," as Bonaparte s soldiers called their leader after the Battle of Lodi Bridge. McClellan, as the soldiers believed, knew all about military science, having been in the Mexican War, achieving distinction as a young lieutenant, and then 44 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT he was sent as a commissioner to the Crimean War and wrote a report about that famous struggle which was published by the government in book form. No one else, they thought, had so many elements of great ness, and his early renown in the Civil War was believed to rest on a solid foundation, as shown by real generalship on the Peninsula and in the Antietam campaign. Still, the soldiers were loyal and their opinions and impressions did not interefere in the least degree with their fidelity or their discipline. On they moved, confident and imperturbed, with the sound of battle on their right, at the various gaps in the Blue Ridge, as the outposts came in contact, toward that region in Virginia where the mighty conflicts of the war were yet to take place between the giants on both sides of the bloody struggle. By an order originating at the War Department, a detail was made on Nov. 8th, 1862, from the 61st, consisting of Adjutant W. Gibson Miller, and Sergeants Brewer of Company A and Ryan of Company H, to proceed to Harrisburg to bring recruits for the regiment to the front. This detail proceeded by rail from Warrenton to Washington, arriving in the latter city a few hours ahead of Gen. McClellan, who was proceeding to Trenton, N. J., where he was ordered to report. He was greeted every where with the greatest enthusiasm, crowds thronging every movement and waiting impatiently his arrival at each station where a glimpse could be obtained of the famous deposed Union general. COLONEL GEORGE C. SPEER Killed in Charge of Marye s Heights, May 3rd, 1863 CHAPTER IV. FREDERICKSBURG. "It would be too much to say that there are no sadder stories in military history than that of the Army of the Potomac, but its story is sad enough. It fought through to the end, it did its work, and gained its crown, but its path was long and rough and seldom cheered, and one of its saddest and sharpest experiences was its brave, hopeless effort at Fredericksburg." Gen. F. W. Palfrey. The same order which relieved Gen. McClellan appointed Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside his successor. Of the qualifications of this officer for such a command, the army knew nothing, but as he was an educated soldier it was assumed the authorities at Washington knew what they were about. At all events, the army had implicit confidence in the honesty and patriotism of the President and if errors occurred they were charged to his advisers, with the understanding he would correct a mistake when discovered, regardless of politics or mere personal influence. In this spirit the whole army moved forward. On Nov. 16th, 1862, the 61st moved by Catletts Station to Cedar Run. The 17th and 18th, guarding supply trains, the regiment moved to Stafford court house, where it remained two weeks. On Dec. 5th the 61st advanced to Belle Plains, Va., crossing the Acquia Creek on the railroad bridge, camping for the night in a severe snowstorm, which continued two days, the ground freezing hard and the snow drifting before a strong wind. That night it was hard to keep warm under blankets that had been wet and then frozen stiff, except the part in contact with the body. On Dec. 9th, 1862, the 61st, with other troops, were ordered to pre pare three days cooked rations and be ready to move the next day, each soldier having sixty rounds of ammunition. On the 1 1th the 61st moved to the Rappahannock River at Franklin s Crossing below Fredericksburg, and the day following crossed the river on a pontoon bridge, advancing toward the Union left under heavy artillery fire, part of the time on the open plateau without shelter, and in the latter part of the afternoon pro tected by a ravine near the river. The next day, Saturday, Dec. 13th, the sanguinary and discouraging Battle of Fredericksburg was fought. The rebel line of battle, in a semi-circle 11,500 feet long, commanded the Rappahannock River above and below the town of Fredericksburg; it occupied the crest of a series of hills, the principal of which, half a mile 46 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT in rear of the town, guarding the roads leading westerly and southerly, was called Marye s Heights, where, behind stone walls, in rifle pits and sunken ways, the rebel infantry was well protected and the artillery had embrasures for over a hundred guns. According to reliable authority, the enemy had on an average six men for every yard of their line, being one-fifth more than was necessary to defend such a position. The rebel force numbered 78,000, commanded by Gen. Lee, whose principal lieuten ants present were Longstreet, Jackson, the two Hills, the two Andersons, and Gen. Stuart, with nine regiments of Virginia cavalry. The Union army present numbered 113,000, divided into three grand divisions of two corps each, under Sumner on the right, Hooker in the center, and Franklin on the left. The 61st was in Franklin s grand division, Smith s 6th Corps, Newton s 3d Division, Cochrane s 1st Brigade, which latter consisted of the 23d, 61st and 82d Pa., 65th, 67th and 122d N. Y. The 6th Corps was next to the town on Franklin s right, the 1st and 2d divisions being in the front line in the morning, with the 3d division, Newton s, in the second line. The 61st, with other troops of the brigade and division, during the day moved from place to place over the vast plain between the river and the enemy s position, subject to artillery fire, sometimes in range of the rebel infantry, but taking no other part in the battle and having no opportunity to assail the foe. Meantime the severe fight at Marye s Heights could be heard, and on the left Pennsylvania troops under Generals Meade and Reynolds had a bloody and useless engagement. Toward evening the 61st moved into the front line near the Union left, but darkness coming on, the regiment was not seriously engaged. The day is remembered by the survivors of the 61st as one of general anxiety, as a large part of the army in sight was doing nothing except trying to dodge the enemy s shells while the roar of battle was nearly continuous, at places, to the right and left. That evening the Union Army occupied the field and the men gradually learned what had happened during the day. On the left, in hearing and sometimes in sight, a hard and unsuccessful battle had been fought by about one- third of the Union troops, the others being mere spectators. Isolated rebel positions, skillfully fortified, had been assailed and carried at great loss and later abandoned for lack of support. The 61st lost 2 killed, 3 wounded and one captured; total, 6 at Freder- icksburg. The total loss of the army was 1,180 killed, 9,029 wounded, 2,145 missing; total, 12,354. A large proportion of the wounded lay two days on the field without any attention. The rebel loss was 5,309. A remarkable feature of this battle was that the right and center grand divisions sustained a loss of 8,630 in the town and at Marye s Heights inflicting loss on the enemy of only 1,894, while the left grand division sustained loss of 3,415. This illustrates the advantage of a good position like Marye s Heights, protected by abatis and a heavy stone wall, well defended, where for every rebel lost the Union Army sacrificed more PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 47 than four men. On the left, where the rebels had less shelter and fought without any, part of the time, the loss on both sides was nearly equal. On Dec. 14th and 15th the armies faced each other, the 61st shifting position several times under fire, but without loss, and on Monday night, Dec. 16th, in a storm of wind and rain, the army recrossed the river, returning to the camps occupied before the battle, about two miles north of Fredericksburg. Here the 61st remained until Jan. 20th, when it moved with the army on the "Mud March," so-called, in which Gen. Burnside sought to surprise the enemy and cross the Rappahannock River near Banks or United States Ford. James M. Walker, of Company A, in his diary describes the "Mud March" as follows: "We started in fair weather, but had not proceeded far when the rain began to fall in torrents, overflowing beds of all small streams and saturating the soil until it became under our feet a sort of tough paste in which we sank from three to nine inches, in places with much labor per forming each step. The 61st deserves credit for keeping together on the march. Company A had no stragglers and we believe very few in the regiment. On the 21st reached the vicinity of United States Ford and stopped in a thicket of small pines. Tried to dry our clothes some and cook coffee on fires made of green pine tops. We rested on the 23d and then began the backward march again, verily wading back. In one place crossed a slough or bed of small stream by leaping from bank to the body of a nearly submerged mule and from that by another leap to the opposite bank. This was so slow a performance that part of the boys made a detour to the left and found a place where they could cross on some sticks thrown in the marsh." The average distance travelled was not over twenty miles. The pontoon and supply trains w r ere nearly all stalled on the 21st. On the return, during the afternoon of the 23d, after the ravine had been crossed with a dead mule for a pier, some newspaper correspondents rode along the line among the troops as they trudged through the sticky mud. On seeing these valiant knights of the quill, whose papers were always demand ing an immediate advance, a soldier sang out, "Why don t the army move?" This cry was at once taken up by the men, who fired all sorts of other questions at the correspondents, such as, "When did you learn to be a general?" "Does your mother know you re out?" "What do you get apiece for lies?" and many other pointed queries that would not look well in print. Returning to camp from the Mud March, January 24th, the 61st remained in temporary winter quarters until Feb. 3d, 1863, when the Light division of the 6th Corps was formed, including the 61st regiment, which was selected as one of the most reliable and trusty regiments avail able. Then the regiment moved to Belle Plains near the Landing, where 48 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT it remained for the winter, on the side of a hill in comfortable huts, eating "soft bread" made at a new bakery built by the men. The formation of the Light division was an experiment which had little effect except as a distinct honor to the regiments composing it. The idea was to form in each corps a division of experienced, sturdy men who would always be ready to move instantly with a battery of artillery, veteran "minute men" constantly supplied with a hundred rounds of ammunition and eight days rations. It was understood the best regi ments were selected for this service and they were to camp in such places as to render them available for emergencies. The Light division of the 6th Corps, organized Feb. 3d, 1863, was composed as follows: 61st Pa., 31st and 43d N. Y., 6th Me. and 5th Wise., with Harris Light Battery, 3d N. Y. Artillery. The next day, after formation of the Light division, Gen. John Sedg- wick took command of the 6th Corps, superseding Gen. Smith. This was an important event for the new commander, who was to lose his life in fifteen months at Spottsylvania after getting distinction as an able officer and associating his name with the 6th Corps, whose great fame, in part he helped to achieve. In camp at Belle Plains, Col. Spear, using a new blank on parchment, issued formal appointments to all the non-commissioned officers. Some of the documents are still preserved by the men as mementos of an interest ing period. These non-commissioned officers were subject to removal at the pleasure of the colonel, who was the real appointing power. While these various matters were transpiring in camp, the govern ment at Washington was profoundly agitated over the lack of success in the Army of the Potomac. On Jan. 25 th, 1863, by direction of the President, Gen. Burnside at his own request was relieved and Gen. Joseph Hooker was assigned to command the army. On the next day, Jan. 26th, Hooker issued an order assuming command, and the same day, by request, visited the President in Washington. While at the White House Hooker received from the President a confidential letter remarkable for its frankness and most important as a historic document because it shows from the highest source the state of mind in and out of the army concerning leaders and military affairs. This letter will help the reader to understand that the soldiers, while discharging their duties, were living in an atmosphere of doubt and uncertainty, where lack of confidence in officers was a con spicuous feature, and it also shows some reasons for the affectionate esteem in which the President was then held. In view of Hooker s history to that time and what occurred in the next ensuing five months, the letter shows in a striking way how hard pressed the government was for com manders when such an officer was placed at the head of the largest Union army. The letter reads as follows: PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 49 "Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., Jan. 26th, 1863. "Major-General Hooker: "I have placed you at the head of the Army of the Potomac. Of course I have done this upon what appears to me to be sufficient reasons, and yet think it best for you to know that there are some things in regard to which I am not quite satisfied with you. I believe you to be a brave and skillful soldier, which, of course, I like. I also believe you do not mix politics with your profession, in which you are right. You have confidence in yourself, which is a valuable, if not indispensable, quality. You are ambitious, which within reasonable bounds does good rather than harm. But I think that during Gen. Burnside s command of the army you have taken counsel of your ambition and thwarted him as much as you could, in which you did a great wrong to the country and to a most meritorious and honorable brother officer. I have heard in such a way as to believe it of your recently saying that both the army and the govern ment needed a dictator. Of course, it was not for this, but in spite of it, that I have given you the command. Only those generals who gain success can set up dictators. What I now ask of you is military success and I will risk the dictatorship. "The government will support you to the utmost of its ability, which is neither more nor less than it has done and will do for all commanders. I much fear that the spirit which you have aided to infuse into the army, criticizing their commander and withholding confidence from him, will now turn upon you. I will assist you as far as I can to put it down. Neither you nor Napoleon, if he were alive, again, could get any good out of an army while such a spirit prevailed in it, and now beware of rashness, but with energy and sleepless vigilance go forward and give us victories. "Yours very truly, "A. Lincoln." The troops received the new commander with hearty satisfaction, believing he was a real general, capable of great things, and they liked the changes he made in granting more furloughs to deserving men in winter when they could do nothing; also the better system regulating details of picket duty and more promptness in relation to rations. Toward the end of April, 1863, the Army of the Potomac was reviewed by President Lincoln, accompanied by Secretary of State Seward. The day was fine and the army made a splendid appearance. The President, mounted on a horse, wearing a black suit and silk hat well pulled down to his ears, although a good horseman, presented a grotesque appearance compared to Gen. Hooker, an expert rider, in a major-general s uniform. Sec. Seward, apparently a poor rider, was a caricature; his stirrups, having no toe guards, permitted his feet to extend through to the insteps, and his trousers, not being held down by the usual straps around the foot, were pulled up half-way to his knees, revealing white stockings. The Secretary 50 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT of State seemed in constant danger of falling off, especially as the horse changed his gait from a trot to a canter or slowed down to a walk. The President, as he sat on his horse during the second part of the review while the troops marched by, had an indescribably sad expression and his eyes were sunken to an incredible extent. He may have had a presentiment of the bloody slaughter to occur in the next two weeks, as he fondly gazed on the brave men moving along so nobly before him. Possibly the tragic end of his own career within two years was mysteriously oppressing his buoyant spirits. At the time of this review the 61st was in fine condition. With recruited ranks and a full complement of field and line officers, well clothed, adequately equipped and paid up to the preceding month, the regiment was prepared for the service soon to be exacted. The entire army shared the hopeful feeling of the 61st. The dreary experiences on the Peninsula, the disasters of the Pope campaign, the sanguinary struggles at Antietam, the unwelcome retirement of McClellan, the terrible losses at Fredericksburg, and Burnside s futile Mud March, were remembered only as so many severe lessons to guide Gen. Hooker, the new commander- in-chief, while planning fresh movements to suppress rebellion and restore the Union. CHAPTER V. MARYE S HEIGHTS. "A grander spectacle cannot be imagined. There were the hills, enough to fatigue any man to climb them without a load and with no one to oppose. At the foot of the hills were thousands of the enemy, pouring in volleys of musketry, and on the heights were their lines of earthworks, with artillery, from which came grape and canister in a frightful storm. But the boys pushed nobly, stead ily on, the rebels steadily retreating. Thus the heights were won. It was a glorious day for the vSixth Corps. Never was a charge more gallantly made." Storming of Mo rye s Heights. Stevens. In April, 1863, the rebel army, under Gen. Lee, occupied Fred- ericksburg, its flanks extending from Bank s Ford above the town to Port Royal below, commanding all the crossings between the two points. The Union Army, under Gen. Hooker, was posted opposite Fredericksburg among the Stafford hills, controlling all the territory between the Rappa- hannock and the Potomac rivers. Gen. Hooker planned an aggressive campaign having three main features. Gen. Stoneman, with ten thousand cavalry, was to move in rear of the rebel army, cutting communication and operat ing against the source of rebel supplies. Gen. Sedgwick, with the 6th Corps, was to demonstrate toward the Union left and at the proper time cross the river, take Fredericksburg and stand ready to cooperate with the main army, which was to concentrate eight miles away at Chancel- lorsville. To carry out this triple plan, Gen. Hooker had, counting the cavalry and the artillery, 280 guns, 124,500 men, divided into seven corps, 1st, 2d, 3d, 5th, 6th, llth and 12th, the commanders in the order named being Reynolds, Couch, Sickles, Meade, Sedgwick, Howard and Slocum, and the cavalry under Gen. Stoneman. The grand divisions had been abolished in February. On April 28th, 1863, the campaign opened and the 61st left its winter quarters and moved to the bluffs overlooking the Rappahannock River below Fredericksburg, at the point called Franklin s Crossing, where the left wing crossed in December, 1862. After dark the regiment, in several detachments, leaving guns and equipment behind under guard, moved to 52 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT the pontoon train nearby and carried the boats half a mile from the bluffs to the river, quietly depositing them in the water, where they were tem porarily moored. This work began soon after dark and was not completed until 2 o clock the next morning. The service was taxing on the physical resources, to say nothing of the loss of sleep. Forty men were assigned to every boat, ten on each side; and two reliefs. When they got tired they set the boat down and changed reliefs, proceeding noiselessly so as not to attract the vigilant enemy on the opposite shore. When the boats were left in the water, the 61st, after getting guns and equipment, was allowed some hours for recuperation. In the meantime, as day dawned, twenty of the boats, manned by the oarsmen from the engineer corps, were used to ferry over a thousand infantry, twenty in each boat. These brave men deployed up and down the south bank, sweeping away all rebel pickets and taking possession of their first line of rifle pits near the shore, capturing several hundred prisoners. At seven o clock in the morning, in a fog then gradually rising, work began on the two bridges; the first one consisting of 16 boats, making a bridge 420 feet long, exclusive of approaches, was completed in 45 minutes. The infantry, massed in readiness, crowded on and began moving over, while the pioneer corps with shovels graded the approaches for the artillery and trains. An hour and a half was taken for the next bridge, fifty feet away, there being more grading and less need for quick work. The boats, eight feet wide, twenty feet long, in forming the bridges were placed side by side, 26 feet from center to center. Across the boats were placed lines of 3 x 8 stringers, about three feet apart, extending the entire length of the bridge, and across the stringers the bridge floor was laid, of two-inch plank, each 12 inches wide and 12 feet long. Over the floor, near the end of the plank, two other lines of stringers were placed as a guard, leaving a space about 10 feet wide in the center for the passage of men and vehicles. Some conception can be gained of the rapidity of this bridge work by considering what had to be done to form one bridge. The 16 boats were floated in position and held, the 2,000 feet of stringers placed, the 420 plank laid, the top 840 feet of stringers arranged and fastened. All this moving of boats and handling of a thousand pieces of material proceeded systematically, so that the bridge was completed as fast as the boats were floated into place, and when the last one reached its position the infantry already moving as the work progressed, began jumping ashore and climb ing up the bank to pursue the enemy retreating across the meadows before the crashing discharges from a battery of 30 Union guns on the bluffs, firing over the heads of the bridge builders. These pontoon boats were made of wood, others were composed in part of canvas. During this Chancellorsville campaign, 14 bridges at the different fords were laid, five of which were taken up and relaid the second time. Gen. H. W. Benham, engineer in charge of the bridges, submitted interesting reports covering all of his work, which may be found in Rebellion Records, Series PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 53 1, Volume 25, Part I., Pages 204 to 216. He gives the date, hour and place, with a schedule indicating the time consumed in laying each bridge. These details are here given to illustrate the art of bridge building in presence of the enemy. In Harper s History of the Civil War, Volume 2, Pages 490 to 492, there are striking pictures showing the construction of the two bridges by the 6th Corps at Franklin s Crossing while picket firing is in progress on each shore and shells from the Union guns are bursting over the rebel rifle pits and among the retreating "Johnnies" beyond. On May 1st the 61st crossed the river and proceeded to the Union left into the front line, where it remained one day, maneuvering with other troops as a diversion in favor of Hooker s command at Chancel - lorsville. In the afternoon of May 2d the regiment recrossed the river to the north side, and that night, soon after dark, it again crossed to the south side and moved slowly and laboriously into the lower part of Fred- ericksburg. As usual, a heavy fog prevailed at dawn, but the troops proceeded gradually forward through deserted streets, skirmish firing, with occasional shots from cannon, being heard on the left. Finally, toward ten o clock, the sun came out brilliantly, dispelling the fog and introducing a radiant Sunday morning, but the church bells were silent and the worshippers invisible. All was quiet, with an ominous seriousness on the faces of the higher officers as they rode anxiously back and forth in the old streets. Not far from eleven o clock a report started that the 6th Corps was to charge Marye s Heights, with comments on such an enterprise considering that five times the number of the 6th Corps had failed to take these heights in the preceding December. A little later another report more interesting because more personal, became current, and that was that the 61st was to lead the charge. Increased activity among the officers indicated that warm work was at hand. Col. Spear took a precaution unprecedented before or after. He called the Sergeants of the 61st together and told them the rebel works were to be attacked, explained the contemplated movement and then gravely said, "You are dismissed and God bless you." At last, toward noon, the men of the 61st were ordered to strip for a charge, which they did, leaving under guard in Princess Anne street everything but guns and cartridge boxes. Two columns were to charge simultaneously at different points, one to be led by Col. Johns of the 7th Mass., who was a graduate of West Point. He was to lead his own regi ment and the 36th N. Y., supported by the light division, the other column to be led by Col. Spear of the 61st, consisting of the 61st, his own regi ment, and the 43d. N. Y., supported by Shaler s brigade. Gen. Sedgwick himself supervised this movement, assisted by Gen. Newton, the division commander, and by Gen. Warren, who was present representing Gen. Hooker. Up to this time, 11 A. M., the troops to make the assault had 54 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT never seen the famous rebel works. The regiments were massed in streets running parallel to the Heights, out of sight of the enemy. The fortifications to be taken consisted of earthworks with embrasures for cannon, the infantry in rifle pits and behind a stone wall. The distance from where the charging column started to the rebel works was about 300 yards. Midway between the starting point and the rebel works was a mill race, unfordable, spanned by bridges of the ordinary width, one to be crossed by Johns column and the other by Spear s. These bridges, being commanded by the rebel infantry and artillery, were allowed to remain, the enemy considering it impossible for the troops to cross in the face of their fire. The column under Spear was to charge along a street running through the rebel works and connecting with the Chancellors ville plank road. On the enemy s side of the mill race and the left side of the road Spear was to take, was a brick tannery to which the ground descended from the level of the road forming a slight depression between the road and the building about ten feet wide and as long as the building. Beyond the tannery the road ascended toward the rebel works through a cut. The fortifications to be taken extended at right angles to the right and the left of the road along the crest of the ridge. The tactical movement was planned as follows: The 61st to lead by the flank, left in front, and, after passing the tannery, was to file left marching the length of the regiment parallel with the, rebel works and then face to the front toward the enemy and lie down. The 43d N. Y. was to follow, right in front and after passing the tannery, file right, march the length of the regiment and face to the front, when both regiments as one line were to charge the rebel works. Neither regiment was to do any firing, both to rely on the cold steel and move double quick. When all preparations were made the Union bat teries opened wherever they could get a position and the columns with fixed bayonets moved forward, Major Dawson was at the head of the 61st and Col. Spear about the center. Instead of filing left after passing the tannery Dawson rushed on, discovering his mistake only after getting into the cut. He then stopped and undertook to go back and rectify the error. Few men heard his order even at the front and his movement was not understood. Meantime Spear was killed and the enemy ran out artillery and fired grape and canister down the road taking the column in flank and slaughtering many brave men who were helpless and uncertain which way to go, and the rebel infantry poured in a deadly fire from the rifle pits. Some of the 61st took shelter in the depression by the tannery while others ran back over the bridge where Gen. Shaler met them and said, "It is not your fault go back, every man for himself, and take the battery." The 61st men, led by Shaler on horseback started back on a run and accompanied and followed by the 43d N. Y., those by the tan nery joining, and all going over the rebel works in an irresistible rush, taking the battery and capturing or dispersing all the enemy in sight. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 55 Other assaulting columns were also successful and all the heights were taken by the 6th Corps. Many rebels surrendered while thousands fled across the fields, their pace accelerated by missiles from the victorious assailants. On reaching the Heights a gun of the rebel Washington artillery was just starting away when a member of Company K, 61st, shot one of the horses, and the gun was then captured. Gen. Shaler s advance on horse back, as above stated, was a great exhibition of coolness under fire. The road, and especially the bridge, was strewn with killed and wounded. The rider and the horse seemed equally careful to avoid further injury to the prostrate men, the noble animal being permitted, regardless of danger, to pick his steps while slowly advancing amid the din of conflict. Com rades of Gen. Shaler in New York long afterwards presented him with a large oil painting of the scene as he crossed the bridge. The likeness of the general is very good and the other features of the picture are striking and impressive. Prior to the general s death, the painting was at the Union League rooms. Col. Spear was a brave and efficient officer, whose death was sincerely mourned. He had commanded the regiment nearly a year, showing at all times the best soldierly qualities, joined to a considerate kindness and manly personality. In his report, Gen. Sedgwick, referring to the two assaulting columns, said: "These movements were gallantly executed under a most des tructive fire." .After taking the fortifications, the Corps halted several hours to allow Gen. Brooks division back at the river to come up and lead in the pursuit, Gen. Hooker having ordered Sedgwick to come to Chan- cellorsville. When this fresh division came up at 3 P. M., the rebels were followed about four miles to Salem Church, where the enemy, rein forced by troops from Lee s army, had taken a strong position on a range of hills. A terrific fight occurred between the rebels and the advanced division, but night coming on, nothing decisive was accomplished on either side, except that the Union pursuit was stopped and the 6th Corps held the field for the night. In order to understand what occurred to the 6th Corps the next day, it is necessary to state briefly the situation at Chancel- lorsville and what the cavalry had been doing. As to the latter, the cavalry, nothing of any importance was accomplished. Gen. Hooker, with the main army, had concentrated at and near Chancellorsville, occupying part of the region fought over a year later in the Battle of the Wilderness. The Union Army, in effecting the crossing and getting into position, had achieved a noted advantage, because the rebels were compelled to come out from behind their works and fight in the open fields and woods. On May 1st the rebels offered strong resistance, which was being gradually overcome as the army got into position, but when victory was in sight the Union generals were halted and some of the troops ordered back, leaving important positions to be occupied by the enemy. It was after this that the rebel general Jackson, encouraged by Hooker s.. timidity, 56 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT proposed to Gen. Lee a flank movement to the right and rear of the Union Army. Jackson was to take with him his entire corps of 26,000 men, with his artillery and a strong force of cavalry, leaving in front of the Union Army a force not over one-fourth of its number. Early in the morning of May 2d, Jackson started, Gen. Lee making bold movements along the Union line to deceive Hooker. Jackson s column was observed at several points as it hurried along, and the information duly reported, but the impression prevailed that the rebels were retreating, and no adequate provision was made to meet the impending attack. Finally, about five o clock Jackson suddenly burst upon the Union right and rear, taking it by surprise, and in less than one hour practically annihilated the llth Army Corps under Gen. Howard, capturing artillery and many prisoners and compelling the Union Army on the right to move back. As darkness came on to put an end to a hard fight and a rough mixup on both sides, Jackson was mortally wounded and carried from the field. The next morning, May 3d, the fight was renewed, the rebels pressing Hooker s army with tremendous energy and courage, gaining permanent advantage at several points. Hooker was injured by a cannon-ball striking a porch column against which he was leaning. He did not leave the field or turn over the command. About 37,000 of the Union troops present were not put into the fight and never fired a shot. The Chancel- lorsville battle of May 3d gradually subsided about noon, when Gen. Lee heard of the capture of Fredericksburg by the 6th Corps that morn ing. The rebels, by their bold tactics and hard fighting, had intimidated Gen. Hooker, and Lee did not hesitate to send a large part of his army to assail the 6th Corps, which Hooker supinely abandoned to its fate. He neither reinforced the 6th Corps nor ordered it to retire, nor did he make any cooperative movement of his own army for its relief. On the morn ing of May 4th, the 6th Corps faced the enemy it had fought the night before, and stretched its left wing clear back to Fredericksburg to guard the rich prize taken the day before and prevent the rebels from getting in the rear and cutting off" retreat to the river in case of necessity. In the meantime, reinforcements poured down from Lee s army, concentrated against the front and left of the corps, and during the early morning actually retook Marye s Heights. By four o clock in the afternoon the 6th Corps was formed like the letter "U," with its flanks through strong picket lines resting on the river above and below Batik s Ford, the total length of its front being about ten miles. The rebels were on all sides except toward the river. The corps then numbered 18,000 men, with 55 guns and no cavalry. Heavy skirmishing was kept up until about six o clock in the evening, when the combined rebel force under the personal direction of Gen. Lee, advanced, seeking especially to break through the Union left. A lively fight then began all along the line. The front retired from one position to another, the artillery going at full gallop to each new position, every regiment of infantry being engaged, with no PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 57 reserves. At one point, about dusk, the 61st, among its other movements, was rushed into position to resist a rebel advance, and had barely formed in line when a Union battery galloped up and opened on it, supposing the regiment to be a rebel line. The range was short and the regiment suffered severely. Soon, however, the battery was informed of the mistake and shown the rebels advancing out of a strip of woods. The gunners, as if to make amends, assailed the rebel column, uniting with the 61st in driv ing it out of sight with great slaughter. The fighting continued until after dark, and the 61st, with other troops, spent the night, until two o clock in the morning, moving to various threatened points and perfect ing the corps line so as to exclude the rebels, everywhere pressing to get through so as to destroy the bridges. Finally, between two and three A. M., May 5th, the regiment recrossed the Rappahannock River at Bank s Ford on two pontoon bridges, taking position in the woods, where hot coffee was keenly relished. The next day, after the bridges had been removed, the regiment marched back to camp, mingling on the way with the silent and disgusted soldiers from Chancellorsville. The loss of the 61st May 3d and 4th, as given by Gen. Sedgwick, in his official report was, officers killed, 1 ; wounded, 5; men killed, 7; wounded, 59; missing, 16; total, 88. Major Dawson, who took command after Spear s death, reporting for the regiment, said ten men were killed, and Col. Fox, in his list of losses, taken from official sources, says the regiment had 15 killed, the truth being seven of the wounded men died on the field or in Fredericksburg within the next twenty-four hours. The actual loss was, therefore, officers killed, 1; wounded, 5; men killed, 15; wounded, 52; missing, 16; total, 89. The following is a list of the officers lost: Killed, Col. George C. Spear; wounded, Capt. Jacob Creps, Company A; Capt. Wm. W. Ellis, Company D; Capt. George W. Crosby, Company G; Lieut. Eugene C. Koerner, Company B; and Lieut. George F. Harper, Company B, the latter dying from his wounds May 18th, 1863. The loss of the 6th Corps was 4,570, of the entire army, 16,030. In writing the history of the 61st regiment, it is not necessary to describe the whole campaign or attempt any estimate of the merit of commanding generals, but it is desirable that the general situation be understood as bearing on the spirit of the men and the dauntless resolu tion with which they discharged every duty, willingly offering their lives. Including Bull Run and Balls Bluff, the Peninsula Campaign, Pope s operations, maneuvers in the Shenandoah Valley, Harper s Ferry, Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, the Union loss to May 18th, 1863, counting the sick, was not less than 200,000 men; probably the aggregate loss was more than double the number of effective men in the Army of the Potomac at any one time. While the soldiers were highly dissatisfied they retained full faith in the ultimate success of their cause and were to furnish within two months 58 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT the most mangnificent exhibition of steady fortitude, of gallant efficiency, of unconquerable intrepidity. The Army of the Potomac now sounded the depths of humiliation for the last time. It is to be baffled and resisted by the rebels with death less valor. It is to make appalling sacrifices, to fight battles more bloody than any it has yet seen. It is to witness carnage the historian staggers to describe. But it is to leave no battlefield except as a victor. Though its commander is to be changed once more, its defeats have been chronicled for the last time. While its losses will startle the world, its failures will furnish no more glaring headlines. On May 8th, 1863, the 61st camped at White Oak Church, three miles from Fredericksburg, toward the left of the Union Army. The location was pleasant and the regiment rapidly recovered its usual good spirits. On the llth Gen. Sedgwick issued an order terminating the Light division and assigning the regiments to other brigades, the 61st going to the 3d brigade, 2d division, 6th corps, where it remained until mustered out June 28th, 1865, at the close of the war. While in camp at this place, Gen. Hooker also issued definite orders assigning to each corps and division its badge to be worn by the officers and men, and for corps, division and brigade headquarters, and for ambulances, supply and other trains. All the corps had red for the 1st division, white for the 2d and blue for the 3d, the shape of the badge indicating the corps. The 6th Corps badge was a Greek cross, of which in time the men became very proud, as the organization gained more fame in every battle, includ ing the last one at Sailors Creek, April 6th, 1865. The official badges were cut out of woolen cloth and sewed to the caps or hats, while the ensigns used for headquarters were made of bunting large enough to be seen with the naked eye for a quarter of a mile. Many of the officers and soldiers also provided themselves with badges made of tin, of silver, gold and other substances, having the appropriate shape and color, with artistic workmanship. The 61st, composing a part of the 2d division, 6th corps, had a white Greek cross, which many had made of silver and pinned on to the lapel of the coat or used in the buttonhole. This metal was then something of a novelty, having been out of circulation for two years before the badges were adopted. Many of the silver crosses are still preserved by the members of the 61st and their families. It is in teresting to observe that the custom of wearing symbolic buttons and other badges, now so common, originated in the Civil War, when there was a real necessity for ready means of identification. An official list of all army badges, with pictures thereof, may be found in Phisterere s Statistical Record, pages 55 to 60. CHAPTER VI. GETTYSBURG. "What the Battle of Waterloo was to Napo leon, the Battle of Gettysburg proved to the Con federates. Though not resulting in the immediate downfall of their power, Gettysburg was the blow which made it reel and finally totter to its destruc tion. "The persistency in action of the Union Army was largely due to the steadfast purpose of the privates in the ranks. They had come to that ground to gain victory and it was not in their counsels to leave it or be pushed from it until that end was attained." Samuel P. Bates. In the memorable campaign now to be described, the 61st, com manded by Lieut. Col. George F. Smith, as before indicated, belonged to the 3d Brigade, 2d Division, 6th Corps. The brigade was commanded by Brigadier Gen. Thos. H. Neill, the division by Brig. Gen. A. P. Howe, and the corps by Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick. Eight batteries of artillery belonged to the corps. The army had twenty-three batteries of reserve artillery besides the batteries assigned to the several corps, the total number of guns being 300. The 3d Brigade was composed as follows: 7th Me., 43d, 49th, 77th N. Y., and 61st Pa. On the morning of June 5th, 1863, the 6th Corps marched from White Oak Church to the Rappahannock River at Franklin s Crossing below Fredericksburg. That afternoon the pontonniers laid two bridges on which the 61st with the 2d Division crossed the next morning and drove the enemy back to their fortifications on and near the hill where so much fighting occurred at the two previous battles. This movement was both a reconnaissance and a diversion. The 61st was relieved on the evening of the 7th and recrossed to the north side, camping on the bluffs, where it remained until June 14th subject to artillery fire from rebel batteries on the other side until they were silenced by the Union guns of longer range. On June 14th, Sunday, the regiment marched to Potomac Creek, where it halted to allow the corps trains to pass, then marched all night, arriving at Dumfries June 15th at 5 P. M. This night and day march of 32 hours over bad roads was exceedingly taxing and many stragglers were necessarily left behind. Leaving Dumfries at 5 A. M., June 16th, the 60 SIXTY-FIR]S T REGIMENT regiment passed Occoquan Creek at 3 P. M. and halted at Fairfax Station, remaining there until June 18th and then marching to German town near Fairfax Court house, and later the same day to Centerville, where the 2d Division formed line of battle to resist a rebel force in the neighbor hood. On June 20th the 61st marched by Manassas Junction with Howe s 2d Division to Bristoe Station on the Alexandria and Orange Railroad, where the division remained until June 25th and then moved to Center ville. On June 26th, starting at daybreak the 61st with the 6th Corps marched to Dranesville, Va., a distance by the route followed of 35 miles. The next day, June 27th, the 6th Corps crossed the Potomac into Mary land at Edward s Ferry, and that night the 61st camped near Poolesville. The next day, the 28th, the corps marched to Hyattstown by Sugar Loaf Mountain, making 20 miles. On this day Gen. Hooker was relieved from command of the Army of the Potomac and Gen. George G. Meade was appointed his successor. The new commander was from Pennsylvania. No announcement was made at the time of the change of commanders. Gen. Hooker left the army at Frederick, Md., going to Baltimore. On June 29th the 6th Corps moved through Newmarket, Ridgeville, Mount Airey Station, Sams Creek, to New Windsor, 23 miles, the 61st camp ing near Johnsville. On June 30th the 6th Corps moved at 4 A. M. from New Windsor to Manchester by way of Westminster and Downs ville, 23 miles, the 61st aiding to remove obstructions placed along the road by the rebels. July 1st, 1863, 7 P. M., the 6th Corps started on its most celebrated march. The 61st was camped the night before two miles from Manchester, Md., near the road leading to Westminster. At 11 o clock in the evening, when the weary soldiers were adjusting themselves for the night after a hot Maryland day, the familiar order came to "fall in," which in those days meant a move in from two to five minutes. Getting in line, the 61st with the 6th Corps started southwesterly toward Union Mills on the Baltimore Pike. During the night progress was very slow, the road being blocked by trains, and Gen. Sedgwick, the corps commander, seemed to be awaiting more definite orders. Finally near daybreak the Baltimore Pike was reached after a slow march of six hours, in which the corps only made about five miles. All experienced soldiers know that such a march is really more wearisome than a brisk step, as the guns and other equipment always seem heavier on a slow movement, where obstructions interfere causing the men to stand in ranks for long periods, ready to move every moment. Therefore, by 3:30 A. M., July 2d, when glimpses of light appeared in the east, tokens of the end of a sultry night and harbingers of a melt ing day, the men of the 6th Corps were tired and longed to go into camp, where guns could be stacked, knapsacks, haversacks, canteens and cart ridge boxes unloaded, with opportunity for rest and sleep. And as the column turned to the right into the Baltimore Pike, it seemed the camp- PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 61 ing place had at last been reached and the exhausted men began to look for water and wonder which of the beautiful green fields they would occupy. But this stimulating allurement was of short duration. As the column stretched out on the old limestone pike, headed westerly, the step was lengthened and quickened and the dark blue line, reanimated, moved forward in silence, as if each one of the 15,000 realized that his services were needed on the greatest battlefield of the New World and in order to reach his struggling companions not a breath must be wasted in conversation. On and on went the red, white and blue Greek crosses, up and down grades and around curves in a cloud of light gray dust arising from the hard road. It will be interesting to take a birdseye view of the other corps of the Army of the Potomac and its antagonist, the Army of Northern Virginia. The 6th Corps, the right of the Union Army, is hastening to join the other six corps at Gettysburg, where a fierce battle is raging, begun on the morning of July 1st, the day before, and which is to last all of the 2d and 3d. It was opened on the Union side by a division of cavalry, commanded by Gen. John Buford, resisting a superior force of rebel infantry and artillery. Buford s heroic defense held the enemy until the arrival of the 1st Corps under Gen. Reynolds. While this splendid corps was getting into position, its illustrious commander was instantly killed, leaving the battlefield under Gen. Doubleday, the brave artillery officer who helped to defend Fort Sumter. He made the best possible use of every man on the field, inflicting great punishment on the rebels as they concentrated in overwhelming numbers upon him. Then Gen. Howard arrived with the llth Corps, and being superior in rank to Doubleday, took command, and the battle raged until late in the afternoon with disastrous results to the llth Corps and fearful loss to the 1st. The Union Army was forced back south of Gettysburg, taking a position along Cemetery Ridge and on Gulp s Hill, where it was rein forced by the 2d, 3d, 5th and 12th Corps, and where a terrific battle is to be fought. Meanwhile the 6th Corps, is rapidly covering the 20 miles of white limestone pike still separating it from the battlefield, never stopping until the men lay down in the shadow of Little Round Top, which was then sending up fire and smoke like a volcano in active eruption. Respecting this march, Gen. Sedgwick in his report said: " I arrived at Gettysburg at about 2 o clock, having marched 35 miles from 1 1 o clock the previous evening. I received no less than three messages by his, Meade s, aides urging me on." These messages accounted for the cease less movement of the corps toward the battlefield which has been de scribed by the author of this history for publication elsewhere as follows: "When the fighting on July 1st ended after sundown, the 6th Corps 62 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT was at Manchester, Md., thirty-four miles away, where it had camped for the night on its way toward Baltimore to head off the supposed movement of the enemy from York, Pa. After dark we were ordered to "fall in," and started in a few minutes back along the same road on which we had marched during the afternoon. Our supply and ammunition trains were in the way, greatly impeding our progress. None of us knew our desti nation, but we suspected something important would soon occur. After midnight we turned to our right on a fine highway which proved to be the Baltimore Pike leading directly to Gettysburg. At six o clock in the morning we stopped about thirty minutes for coffee and then resumed our march, never halting until we reached Little Round Top on the battle field. "The 6th Corps at that time had 36 regiments of infantry, eight bat teries of artillery and two companies of cavalry, and when stretched along a single road with its ammunition and supply trains the corps was over ten miles long. Such a march as the corps made to reach Gettysburg would have been a great achievement if the weather had been favorable and men unencumbered, considering that they were on their feet sub stantially all the time from eight o clock in the evening until afternoon of the next day, say sixteen hours. But in fact they were heavily encum bered, each had a gun, forty rounds of ammunition, a canteen, a haver sack and either a knapsack or a blanket swung over his shoulder; besides, the night was sultry, the day hot and the air filled with fine white dust created by the long moving column on the white limestone road. Though it may seem strange it is nevertheless true that we suffered for want of water. While each farmhouse had a spring or a well, we could not stop long enough to be supplied, and the quantity was insufficient, the first hundred men always taking the last drop. This is illustrated by an affecting incident which occurred as we neared the battlefield. "A long line of ambulances met us filled with wounded going to the rear, interfering with our movement and causing temporary delay. I saw a chain pump in the front yard of a house and went to it and began vigor ously to turn the crank, but no water came. A woman, her arms akimbo, stood near, with solemn expression and a far-away look, apparently not noticing me. Addressing her I said, "Can you tell me where to get some water?" The woman instantly began to cry as if her heart would break and between sobs she said to me, "No, I can t even give you a cup of cold water." My sympathies were touched, and for a time, at least, I forgot all about my thirst. I wonder if the barren fig tree on the side of Olivet would have been spared if it had burst into tears of regret because it had no fruit for the hungry Galilean." The author of this history delivered the oration when the 61st Monu ment was dedicated at Gettysburg July 24th, 1888, and part of what he then said is here given as follows: "The arrival of the Sixth Corps so soon was a surprise to both friend PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 63 and foe. An incident is related by Charles Carlton Coffin, presenting a striking scene at Gen. Meade s headquarters as the Sixth Corps came in sight. The movement of the column was so fast that it was believed to be cavalry. The author says: I was at Meade s headquarters; the roar of battle was louder and grew nearer ; Hill was threatening the center ; a cloud of dust could be seen down the Baltimore Pike. Had Stuart suddenly gained our rear? There were anxious countenances around the cottage where the flag of the Commander-in-chief was flying. Officers gazed with their field glasses. It is not cavalry, but infantry, said one, there is the flag, it is the Sixth Corps. Faces which a moment before were grave became cheerful. It was an inspiring sight. The corps crossed Rock Creek, filed into the field, threw themselves upon the ground, tossed aside their knapsacks, and wiped the sweat from their sun-burnt cheeks. "The author, after describing some other stirring movements then in progress, continues: At the same time an officer rode down to the Sixth Corps. I saw the tired and weary men rise from the ground and fall into line. They moved off upon the run towards Weed s Hill, Little Round Top, which was all aflame. The dark lines of the Sixth Corps became lost to sight as they moved into the woods crowning the hill. There were quicker volleys, a lighting up of the sky by sudden flashes, followed by a cheer. Longstreet gave up the struggle and fell back. "Stevens, the Sixth Corps historian, describes the same movement, as follows: On receiving orders assigning our position, and the infor mation that our presence was actually needed, the three divisions were moved simultaneously at DOUBLE QUICK, in parallel lines, and arrived on the line of battle at the critical moment, just as the rebels, flushed with victory, were penetrating our lines to the right of Round Top. Owing to the direction in which we approached, little more was necessary than to halt the lines and face to the right to bring three lines of battle facing the enemy s advance, and to close the gap made by the rebel onslaught. The volley from our front line, says Gen. Wright, was perhaps the heaviest I have ever heard, and it had the effect not only of checking the triumphant advance, but of throwing his ranks into the utmost confusion. "The movements of the Sixth. Corps on July 2d, 1863, are such as to challenge the admiration of mankind. Its majestic tread on the battlefield, at the supreme moment, after such a memorable march, will resound through the ages. It was the realization, the embodiment of the sublimest figure of inspired poetry; terrible as an army with banners, became in fact, a terrible army with banners, the Greek cross floating over it, and the Greek fire like that which could not be extinguished at Salamis, burning within it. "The Sixth Corps, after aiding in the repulse at Little Round Top, was separated and used to patch up weak places in the lines, and was moved from place to place, in brigades, regiments and even battalions, during the remainder of the fight. For a long time, during July 3d, one brigade 64 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT of the Sixth Corps, the Vermonters, held the extreme left of the Army at Round Top, and another, the 3d, the extreme right at Wolf s Hill. "The 61st occupied four different places in the lines. First, in the evening of July 2d, to the right of Little Round Top, with the Corps in its first movement against and repulse of Longstreet; second, later in the same evening, after stopping awhile in Hancock s line on Cemetery Ridge, took position in the woods to the right of Gulp s Hill; third, at Wolf s Hill, on the extreme right of the army connecting with the cavalry. Here four companies, under Capt. Creps, w r ere on the picket line all day on the 3d, continually engaged with the enemy, the balance of the regiment being in the front line on the northerly slope of Wolf s Hill; fourth, about noon, and during the lull which preceded the great cannonade, that part of the regiment not on the picket line moved to Cemetery Ridge and took posi tion in front of Meade s headquarters, where it remained until about six o clock. Then, after the repulse of Pickett, and termination of the battle, the 61st marched back again to Wolf s Hill and remained there until the morning of July 5th. "By this description it will be seen that the Sixty-First marched four to six miles after reaching the battlefield on July 2d, which, added to its long march, made nearly forty miles for the day. Besides, a part of the regiment remained on duty all night and began fighting at break of day, July 3d. "It is not possible or necessary to give further details, though the speaker cannot close without referring to the scene on Cemetery Ridge during the artillery firing and the assault which followed. For a few minutes after the 61st formed its line all was silent. Then a Rebel signal gun was fired to the north on Seminary Hill. Instantly the whole line of rebel guns, one hundred and thirty-eight in number, joined in the cannonade. All the guns northeast, north and northwest concentrated their fire on Cemetery Ridge. Every size and form of missile known to gunnery crashed, shrieked, whirled, moaned and whistled along the ridge, splintering trees, bounding from rocks, smashing wagons, disabling guns, tearing through the house at Meade s headquarters and plowing up the ground in all directions. It is said they came six in a second. The roar at first was deafening, but became awful when over a hundred Union guns replied firing from all the hills on the line. The earth shook and it seemed from the sulphureous smoke, flame and thunder that the last day had arrived. At this moment the reserve artillery of the Union Army , eighty guns, came into position along Cemetery Ridge, making the most sublime and exciting spectacle ever witnessed by the speaker. Soon the firing of cannon ceased on the enemy s side, and on came their bold charge accompanied with wild yells extending a mile or more along their serried ranks. The moment was thrilling. It was the high water mark of Rebellion and made an epoch in human destiny. The Union lines were immovable, the assailants were crushed. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 65 "From that moment the Nation was saved and consecrated anew for coming ages. Americans the next day adopted the motto: " All honor to the heroic living, All glory to the gallant dead. " The great feature of the Gettysburg battle was this charge of the rebel General Pickett July 3d on the left center of our position. The Union Army occupied a semicircular line extending from Round Top on the left to Wolf s Hill on the right, about six miles, the field hospi tals, reserve artillery and trains being w r ithin the circle. Opposite the left center of the Union lines was Seminary Ridge which was occupied by the rebels. About noon July 3d, the enemy concentrated his artillery so as to bear on about half a mile of the Union line along Cemetery Ridge with a view of weakening it preparatory to an infantry charge. Counting the supports on either flank of the charging column, over twenty thousand rebels took part in the movement. As soon as the assaulting column, half a mile long, came in sight, nearly a mile away, the Union artillery along the entire front opened on it, first with solid shot, then with shells, then with grape and canister; and when the rebels were within range the infantry opened on them. As the men fell the ranks were closed by press ing toward the center, constantly shortening the assaulting line and breaking its formation. Still the chargers came on, with frenzied yells defying death and crowding closer together as they neared the Union line. The soldiers with fixed bayonets and the officers urging them on with drawn swords. Deadly missiles could not stop them all, and like a wild mob they rushed over the infantry, seized many cannons, bayoneting and clubbing the gunners. But the task was too great; the formation had been shattered and a large portion of the men lay dead or wounded on the field, while the remaining brave men, driven through the Union lines by the great momen tum, were all killed or captured in less than thirty seconds, the Union soldiers, unwearied by any exertion, literally flying upon the intruders with swords, bayonets and the butts of guns, the artillerists assisting with their ramrods and revolvers. Charles Carlton Coffin, in his Boys of 61, further describes the scene as follows: "As soon as the approach of the enemy was perceived every man was on the alert. The cannoneers sprung to their feet. The long lines emerged from the woods and moved rapidly but steadily over the fields towards the Emmittsburg road. Howard s batteries burst into flame, throwing shells with the utmost rapidity. There are gaps in the Confederate ranks, but onward still they come. They reach the Emmittsburg road. Pickett s division appears by Klingel s house. All of Howard s guns are at work now. Pickett turns to the right, moving north, driven in part by the fire rolling in upon his flank from Weed s Hill, Little Round Top, 66 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT and from the Third, Fifth and Sixth Corps batteries. Suddenly he faces east, descends the gentle slope from the road behind Codori s, crosses the meadow, comes in reach of the muskets of the Vermonters. The three regiments rise from their shallow trench. The men beneath the oak trees leap from their low breast-works of rails. There is a ripple, a roll, a deafening roar. Yet the momentum of the Confederate column still carries it on. It is becoming thinner and weaker, but they still advance. The Second Corps is like a thin blue ribbon. Will it withstand the shock? Give them canister Pour it into them shouts Major Charles Howard, running from battery to battery. The Confederate line is almost up to the grove in front of Robinson s. It has reached the clump of scrub oaks. It has drifted past the Vermont boys. Onward still, Break their third line! Smash their supports! cries General Howard, and Osborne and Wainwright send the fire of fifty guns into the column, each piece fired three times a minute. The Cemetery is lost to view, covered with sulphurous clouds, flaming and smoking and thundering like Sinai on the great day of the Lord! The front line of Confederates is melting away, the second is advancing to take its place; but beyond the first and second is the third which reels, and breaks, and flies to the woods from whence it came, unable to withstand the storm. Hancock is wounded, and Gibbon is in command of the Second Corps. Hold your fire, boys; they are not near enough yet, says Gibbon, as Pickett comes on. The first volley staggers, but does not stop them. They move upon the run, up to the breast-works of rails,- so powerful their momentum. Men fire into each other s faces, not five feet apart. There are bayonet thrusts, sabre strokes, pistol shots; cool, deliberate movements on the part of some, hot, passionate, desperate efforts with others; hand to hand contests; recklessness of life; tenacity of purpose; fiery determina tion, oaths, yells, curses, hurrahs, shoutings; men go down on their hands and knees, spinning round like tops, throwing out their arms, gulping up blood, falling, legless, armless, headless. There are ghastly heaps of dead men. Seconds are centuries; minutes, ages; but the thin line does not break. The Confederates have swept past the Vermont regiments. Take them in flank, says General Stannard. The Thirteenth and Six teenth swing out from the trench, turn a right angle to the main line, and face to the north. They move forward a few steps, pour a deadly volley into the ranks of Kemper s troops. With a hurrah they rush on to drive home the bayonet. The Fifteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth Massachu setts and Seventh Michigan, Twentieth New York, Nineteenth Maine, One Hundred and Fifty-first Pennsylvania, and other regiments catch the enthusiasm of the moment, and close upon the foe. The Confederate column has lost its power. The lines waver. The soldiers of the front rank look around for their supports. They are gone fleeing over the field, broken, shattered, thrown into confusion by the remorseless fire from the cemetery and from cannon on the ridge. The lines have dis- PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 67 appeared like straw in a candle s flame. The ground is thick with dead, and the wounded are like the withered leaves of autumn. Thousands of Confederates throw down their arms and give themselves up as prisoners." The amount of hard fighting at Gettysburg can be understood to some extent by merely naming the places on the field made famous by the furious struggles and movements of troops : The Seminary and woods near it where Reynolds was killed the first day; the Town of Gettysburg in whose streets the fight raged, the houses being torn and riddled by cannon balls; the Cemetery where the Union forces rallied the first day; Gulp s Hill where such a deadly infantry fight occurred on the second day; Wolf s Hill, the extreme Union right; Round Top, the extreme left, a high peak occupied by long range artillery; Little Round Top, a high wooded rocky knoll where a most terrific conflict occurred; the Devil s Den, a rocky gorge occupied by swarms of Rebel sharp shooters who shot our cannoneers on Little Round Top and who were dislodged by Union sharp shooters after hours of sanguinary work; the wheat field, about twenty acres fought over back and forth until it was covered with dead and wounded of both armies and strewn with battle wreckage; the Peach Orchard where Gen. Sickles lost a leg and nearly half of his corps was destroyed; the Cemetery Ridge upon which Pickett made his charge; the Kmmettsburg Road across which he came; the Baltimore Pike on which the Sixth Corps arrived; the Taneytown Road running through the center of the battlefield; the Cashtown Road on which the battle began; the Hanover, the York, the Carlisle, the Mummasburg and the Fairfield Roads used by the Con federates in concentrating for the battle. The people of Gettysburg were suddenly caught between the con tending armies with no opportunity to get away. Most of them remained at home, going into cellars and using such other shelter as they could find. Some of the men shouldered their guns and joined the Union ranks, while the more courageous women aided the wounded and furnished provisions to the "Boys in Blue." The story of one poor widow named Wade and her daughter Jennie deserves a place in history for its own sake and as an illustration of home experiences in the midst of belligerent hostilities and bloody encounters. The Wades lived in the center of the town and when the Union troops began to arrive toward evening on June 30, the mother and daughter furnished them some loaves of fresh wheat bread. The grati tude of the soldiers was boundless, and their appetites insatiable. The Wades finding an outlet for their patriotic fervor continued the good work until their scanty resources were exhausted. Next day, July 1, the Union Army was driven back through the town, causing great loss of life and property. The Wades, however, undaunted by reverses and fearless where others quaked, kept on with their bread-making. About noon, while the cannonballs were crashing through the town, defiant cheers of assault and repulse were heard in the streets, and minie 68 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT balls were flying between skirmishers and sharpshooters, Jennie Wade stood at a table in the kitchen kneading bread. She was opposite a closed door leading into the front room, the outside door of which was on a line, so that when the door next to her was open she could see out into the garden without moving. While in this position a minie ball from a Rebel sharpshooter came through the outside door, which was open, pierced the closed door near which Miss Wade stood, and passed through her body, causing instant death. She was buried in the garden of the house, and several years after wards her body was taken by the Women s Relief Corps and interred in the town cemetery, where a monument was erected in her honor with suitable inscriptions, preserving for posterity an account of her death while following the example of another illustrious woman who did "what she could." From the evening of July 3d until the morning of July 5th, the 61st in the front line occupied Wolf s Hill, being still the Union right where the regimental monument now stands. During the night of July 4th, 1863, the rebels retreated leaving the Gettysburg battlefield in possession of the Union Army with many thousand of their wounded. The next morning, July 5th, the 61st with the 6th Corps started in pursuit, passing over the battlefield from the Union right at Wolf s Hill. The route was over the northeasterly slope of Little Round Top near the Devil s Den, diagonally across the Wheatfield, leaving the Peach Orchard to the left ; then up over the ground occupied by the rebel center near Lee s headquarters and on up the side of the mountain, Neill s brigade being in advance with the cavalry. What the eyes beheld passing over that field in the way of death and destruction, Union and Rebel, cannot be described, though something must be said about the Wheatfield. This piece of ground which produced wheat that year for the last time, contained about twenty acres and was near the center of the Union left, nearly half a mile westerly from Little Round Top. The ground had been fought over back and forth by infantry, supported by artillery, and presented a most appalling spectacle. The wounded had nearly all been taken away, but the dead had not been touched. They lay as they fell, in every conceivable position. Sometimes one lay across another as if the top one had stooped to take a dying message and instantly lost his life. The battle wreckage included everything belong ing to soldiers afoot or on horseback, such as caps, hats, shoes, coats, guns, cartridge and cap boxes, belts, canteens, haversacks, blankets, tin cups, horses, saddles and swords. Either in this Wheatfield or nearby we saw where a battery had stood in the midst of a terrific struggle. One gun was dismounted, a caisson had exploded and we noticed one place where three out of four horses belonging to a gun had been killed and lay with their harness on, PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 69 According to official statistics the number killed at Gettysburg was 2,834; while the number of interments in the National Cemetery is 3,575. The wounded numbered 13,709 and the missing 6,643, making a total loss of 23,186. The rebel loss is placed at 31,621, aggregate for both armies of 54,807. The loss in high officers on both sides was unprecedented. On the Union side no less than twenty generals were killed or wounded, counting officers below the rank of general, but holding general s commands of brigades and divisions. The casualties included two major generals in command of corps, Reynolds killed and Sickles wounded, losing a leg; while hundreds of other Union officers of lower rank were killed or wounded. The rebels lost seventeen generals, three were killed, thirteen wounded and one captured. The only loss of the 61st was two, one being wounded and the other taken prisoner. Following Lee s retreating army July 5th over the Blue Ridge Moun tains by the Hamburg and High Knob passes, the 61st came up to the Rebels at close quarters in the afternoon and had a running fight until after dark. On the 6th, the skirmishing was continued and the regi ment, after passing Monterey and Waterloo, camped near Waynesboro, where on the 7th a most agreeable surprise awaited the weary men of the 61st, which is described by J. M. Walker of Company A in his diary as follows : "At Waynesboro the citizens, men, women and children, formed on the sidewalks and handed us bread, sliced and buttered, cooked meats, pies, and almost everything in the eatable line we could take in our hands as we marched by. This was a bright spot to remain fresh in the soldiers memory through life. We camped near the town and the citizens sent to Chambersburg for flour and baked bread, selling to us at the lowest prices, often below the cost of the flour, besides giving us large quantities without pay. All honor to Waynesboro." On the 8th the Rebels, having crossed Antietam Creek, made two unsuccessful efforts to destroy the bridge. On the 9th, 10th and llth the 61st was constantly in contact with the enemy except when sleeping at night. On the llth the regiment, cooperating with some militia, moved to Marsh Creek and later to Leitersburg, receiving on these marches generous and grateful treatment from the citizens. On July 12th the 61st with the 6th Corps was at Funkstown close up to the Rebel fortifications, expecting and actually hoping for an order to attack, as the soldiers then believed they could finish the invading army if given an opportunity. No order for any advance came that day, and the next day was spent in drawing the Union lines closer to the Rebels with a view of assaulting on the following morning, but in the night of July 13th the Rebels recrossed the Potomac into Virginia, thus ending the second great invasion of the north. CHAPTER VII. RAPPAHANNOCK STATION-MINE RUN. "To Major-General Sedgwick, and the officers and men of the Fifth and Sixth Corps participating in the attack, particularly to the storming under Brigadier-General Russell, his thanks are due for the gallantry displayed in the assault on the enemy s intrenched position at Rappahannock Station, re sulting in the capture of four guns, two thousand small arms, eight battle flags, one bridge train, and sixteen hundred prisoners." Major-General Meade s Report, November 9th, 1863. On July 14th, 1863, the 61st, with the army, moved in pursuit of the rebels from its place in line near Funkstown down to Williamsport, but did not become engaged. The next day the regiment moved back through Funkstown to Boonsboro, the heat becoming excessive, and cases of sunstroke were reported. But the heat was not so melting as it was on July 12th at Smith ville, where the 6th corps met the remnants of the 1st Corps and marched with that heroic body of men who had fought so desperately to save the day at Gettysburg. On that day sunstrokes were frequent, until two o clock when a terrific thunderstorm came on such as the army never saw before nor after. Huge black clouds rose from the north, west and south, meeting overhead and sending down incredible volumes of water, until the sunken road on which the troops were moving was filled waist-deep with a raging torrent. July 16th the 61st marched through Middletown, passing in sight of South Mountain battlefield, camping for the night near Berlin, three miles below Harper s Ferry. On the morning of July 19th, while the bands played "Carry Me Back to Old Virginia," the 61st, with the 6th Corps, once more crossed the Potomac into the Old Dominion, marching by Lovettsville to Wheatland, going the next day to Uniontown, and by the 22d reached Upperville, enjoying on the way "miles of blackberries," which proved good medicine for the soldiers, exceeding all the stores of quinine. On July 23d, the 61st was detailed as train guard, camping the first night at White Plains, and on the 24th the regiment was attacked by guerrillas, who soon scampered off when the place began to get hot. Leav ing White Plains at 10 P. M. that evening, the regiment reached New Baltimore at daylight on the 25th, and then proceeded to Warrenton. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 71 This train guard service was not agreeable, as the regiment was scattered in small detachments, with irregular hours for sleep, being constantly disturbed by the braying of hundreds of mules, with frequent brawls among the drivers. The regiment now camped near Warrenton Sulphur Springs, an ante-bellum resort with attractive and interesting surround ings. At this point recruits came to various companies of the 61st, and many disabled men came back prepared for further service. The spirit of hopefulness prevailing in the army at this time was never changed, the soldiers being more and more convinced that the rebels could not hold out long against the mighty forces moving against them from the Gulf States to the Potomac River. Although delays and disappoint ments were to be expected, yet the men felt certain that ultimate victory was already assured and they were not seriously disturbed by outbursts of resentment in the rear, such as the New York riots. On the morning of Aug. 6th, 1863, while near Sulphur Springs, it was learned that after midnight the Vermont brigade, 2nd division, 6th corps, had been ordered to New York to aid in suppressing riots and enforcing the draft, and had already left camp for the metropolis. This was a great surprise and the movement was significant, indicating con fidence in the Vermonters and lack of it, as was supposed, in the New York troops. However, there was in fact no lack of confidence in the New York soldiers in the field, as they were not surpassed in devotion or efficiency by any other troops, but the situation in New York City having become one of national concern, it was considered wiser to take the neces sary force from other states to avoid any local embarrassment. When these Vermont boys returned to the army, September 16th, 1863, with augmented reputation, they received a spontaneous welcome by their companions, some of the regiments turning out and presenting arms as the Green Mountain men filed into camp at Culpeper court house. One thing may be mentioned here about the 6th corps, and that is the number of times it was called upon for special service. In the Chancel- lorsville Campaign the 6th Corps had a separate part at Marye s Heights; it furnished the troops for New York the same year; to repel the rebel General Early in July, 1864, one of its divisions was sent to Baltimore, gaining great distinction at the Battle of Monocacy under Gen. Lew Wallace; later the 6th Corps furnished the troops for the Battle of Fort Stevens in the suburbs of Washington July 12th, 1864, the corps uniting afterwards in going with Sheridan through the Shenandoah Valley Cam paign, July to December, 1864; and at the last the 6th Corps, after Appo- mattox, went to join General Sherman at Danville, missing the grand review in Washington and having a separate one of its own upon its return, after most of the troops had left the National Capital. The 61st remained at and near Sulphur Springs until September 16th, 1863, when the regiment moved, with the corps, to Culpeper court-house, 72 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT a march which sorely taxed the new recruits recently received. Here the regiment remained until the state election was held on September 28th, when nearly all voted for the reelection of Gov. A. G. Curtin, whose triumphant success was hailed with great satisfaction by all those who wanted the war prosecuted vigorously. While the 61st was at Sulphur Springs, the news came of the great battle of Chickamauga, fought Sept. 19th and 20th, 1863, in which the Union Army was repulsed and compelled to move back to Chattanooga on the Tennessee River. On Sept. 23d the llth and 12th corps of the Army of the Potomac, with their artillery, were ordered back to Wash ington, whence they proceeded, under command of Gen. Hooker, to reinforce Gen. Rosecrans at Chattanooga. The force thus detached from Meade s army to the west destined to fight above the clouds on Lookout Mountain, numbered 23,000 men, 15 batteries of artillery, 700 vehicles and 6,000 horses and mules. This entire force, while in transit by train made an average of 300 miles per day, reaching Stevenson, Ala., Oct. 3d, just one week after the troops were put in motion near the Rapidan River in Virginia, a distance of over 1,200 miles. On Oct. 5th, the 61st went on picket to the Rapidan River at the railroad crossing, where neighborly and semi-peaceful relations were established with the rebel pickets on the opposite side of the narrow river and kept up for five days. In the evening the Union bands would play "Yankee Doodle," the rebel bands would reply with "Dixie," then the Union bands would play "Dixie" and the rebel bands "Yankee Doodle." On Oct. ICth the regiment, starting in the night, marched to Culpeper court house, and the next day, with the 6th Corps and the whole army, moved back across the Rappahannock River on the railroad bridge, camp ing half a mile north of that stream. On Oct. 12th the regiment again advanced and recrossed the river with the 6th Corps advancing in support of the cavalry to Brandy Station. At midnight, the enemy opening fire, the 6th Corps fell back, again crossing the Rappahannock, this time on a pontoon bridge, proceeding to Warrenton Junction, halting for the night near Bristoe Station. The regiment, having been on the move three days and nights, was weary on the evening of Oct. 13th, aftes marching 25 miles that day; many of the new recruits, being utterly unable to keep up, were left behind and some were captured. This rapid movement of the army was to meet a flank advance by the enemy toward Washington around the Union right, probably a feint to conceal the fact that one-third of the rebel army had gone to the west and elsewhere. The whole Union Army moved back to Centerville, tak ing position at Bull Run and Chantilly, where so much fighting occurred in 1861-2. On Oct. 14th the 61st marched by Bristoe Station, going over part of the battlefield of Manassas Junction, proceeding toward Leesburg, four "miles from Centerville, where the regiment supported the picket line, not being permitted to make any fires to cook rations. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 73 At Bristoe Station on this day, Oct. 14th, the 2d Corps, under Gen. Warren, acting as rear guard, had a brisk fight with about half of the rebel army, in which the Union commander showed great skill in handl ing his men. The rebels were repulsed, Gen. Warren retiring after dark across Broad Run, marching all night and crossing Bull Run at Black burn s Ford in the morning, having marched 25 miles in 24 hours, fighting a successful battle on the way. The Union loss at Bristoe and Auburn, not far away, was 30 officers, 403 men, killed and wounded, the rebel loss being 782, of whom about 400 were taken prisoners by General Warren s force. On Oct. 15th the regiment, with the 6th Corps, was in line of battle at the junction of the Centerville and Leesburg Road with the road from Fairfax to Aldie, not far from the Chantilly battlefield, and where from elevated points the dome of the Capitol at Washington could be seen. Here the 61st remained with the corps four days, most of the time on picket and all of the time with orders to be ready to move on a moment s notice. On the 19th the 61st moved to Gainesville, the next day going to New Baltimore and the day following to Warrenton, doing picket duty on short rations until some "hard tack" came up, bringing joy to hungry, tired, sleepy men. The regiment moved in the night, going into camp Oct. 22d on some hills south of Warrenton, where a grand view was obtained of the Blue Ridge Mountains and of a beautiful river which, in the state of bewilderment after so many rapid marches in various direc tions by day and night, was not at first recognized as the Rappahannock. The soldiers were dazed, like men tossed up in a blanket and tumbled about until "longitude and latitude were shook out of them." The rebels had retreated behind the Rapidan. In this vicinity the regiment remained over two weeks, having a rigid inspection on Sunday, Nov. 1st, and a review by Gen. Sedgwick on Wednesday, Nov. 4th. Experienced soldiers dislike inspection and re views as much as children hate to have their faces washed. Nov. 7th the 61st, with the 6th Corps, marched from Warrenton to a point near Rappahannock Station in sight of the enemy in a strong entrenched position on the north side of the river at the crossing of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. The rebel force consisted of 1950 men, part of Gen. Early s division, with four pieces of artillery, the whole rebel army being nearby on the south side of the Rappahannock. Gen. Howe s 2d division, 6th Corps, to which the 61st belonged, drove the enemy s skirmishers from the high ground on the right of the rebel works, establishing batteries and opening fire, commanding the river and the rebel pontoon bridges leading to the south side. The same thing was done on the left of the rebel position by a part of the 5th Corps so as to cut off the rebel reinforcements. The place was then vigorously bom barded by the Union artillery, but the garrison lay low, receiving but little injury. Toward evening Gen. Sedgwick, then in command of both 74 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT the 5th and 6th Corps, planned an assault on the rebel works to be made by the 1st division 6th corps, under Gen. David A. Russell, supported by the 2d division on the right and the 5th corps on the left. The 1st division was moved along the railroad up close to the works when definite arrangements were made for the assault. The 5th Wise, and 6th Me. of the 3d brigade formed the main storming column to move against the redoubts, their line being no longer than the rebel works to be taken. The 49th and 119th Pa. supported this storming column. The 5th Me. and 121st N. Y assaulted the rebel rifle pits on the right, being supported by the 95th and 96th Pa. The 5th Wise, and the 6th Me. were com manded by Colonels Ellmaker and Upton. About dark the whole force moved forward, aiding the storming columns. The two regiments from Wisconsin and Maine, the west and the east, led by their gallant colonels, proceeded in magnificent order, never stopping nor hesitating until they swept over the rebel works, capturing all the defenders, with their four pieces of artillery, the supporting regiments, 49th and 119th Pa., being on hand to hold the fort and help take care of the prisoners. The other assaulting force was also successful, carrying the rifle pits and capturing prisoners. This charge was one of the most brilliant feats of the war, reflecting great credit on Gen. Russell and his two brave colonels and the gallant and fearless troops. Gen. Russell says the number of his troops actually engaged was 2,117, these capturing the fortifications defended by 1,950 men, with four cannons. The official report shows the Union troops captured four cannon, 103 officers, 1,200 men, 1,225 stands of small arms and seven battle flags, some of the rebels escaping by swimming the river, while others were drowned. The next day, Nov. 8th, the 61st, with the 6th Corps, advanced again to Brandy Station, the rebel army having retreated across the Rapidan River. On the 9th the 61st moved toward the left and rear in support of the 3d corps, then having a hot time with the rebels, but the 61st saw no fighting and later marched up near Germanna Ford on the Rapidan. Later the 61st, with the 6th Corps, camped near Brandy Station on the plantation of John Minor Botts, a prominent Virginian, who claimed to own 600 miles of fence which, he said, disappeared at the rate of 100 miles a day while the Yankees occupied his premises. His forests disappeared with his fences, leaving a vast stretch of desolation. Gen. Meade now prepared for an advance of his whole army against the rebel right toward Orange court house, through part of the region fought over a year later under Gen. Grant. This movement began on the night of Nov. 26th, the 6th Corps, except the artillery, crossing the Rapidan at Jacob s Ford and going to Robertson s Tavern. On the 27th the regiment moved to the right on obscure roads leading toward Mine Run, being under fire the 28th and 29th. In the night of the 29th the 61st, with the 6th Corps, moved to the extreme right of the army, PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 75 taking pains to make no noise, and by daylight, on the 30th the 6th Corps was massed in column, brigade front, for a charge, after laying aside knap sacks and overcoats where the men had any of the latter. The weather was very cold, the ground frozen and a strong wind prevailed, driving the snow into the men s faces. According to an order of which the soldiers were then ignorant, Gen. Sedgw r ick, with the 5th and 6th Corps, was to assault the left of the enemy s entrenchments on the west side of Mine Run at nine o clock A. M., Nov. 30th, and Gen. Warren, with the 1st and 3d Corps was to assault the enemy s right, the points of attack being nearly five miles apart. The Union artillery was to open at eight o clock. As before stated, the 61st, with the 6th Corps, took position at the point to be attacked stripped for a charge soon after daybreak. At the appointed time the artillery opened and the enemy promptly returned the fire. The men of the 6th Corps stood in line shivering and hoping for an order to move forward; being unable to endure the cold, they preferred to fight rather than freeze. Ten minutes before nine o clock, the time appointed for the attack, the corps was ordered back and the charge was abandoned. General Warren, finding an attack impracticable on the Union left, where he was, suspended operations, sending word to General Meade, who then, in the nick of time, stopped the 6th Corps. These experiences marches and counter-marches, day and night, in rain and snow, especially the long wait in the morning of Nov. 30th, with the thermometer at zero, are among the severest trials of the 61st. While the men were waiting in line, slips of paper were passed to each one, with request that his name, company and regiment, be written thereon as a means of identification in case of death in the forthcoming charge. Some complied, pinning the slips to the lapel of their coats or fastening them on their caps under their badges, while others threw the slips away, saying they did not expect to get killed and if they did Uncle Sam had their records at Washington in a form more durable than a mere pencil memo randum. On the night of Dec. 1st the Union Army recrossed to the north side of the Rapidan, the whole campaign being abandoned. The 61st sustained no loss; the army had a loss of 500 killed, w r ounded and missing, including some men frozen to death at their posts on picket. Returning to the vicinity of Brandy Station, the 61st, with Neill s brigade, to which it belonged, went into winter quarters Dec. 3d, near Welford s Ford, where it remained until May 4th, 1864, except a recon naissance Feb. 27th, to March 2d. During this winter the regiment received many new recruits and men absent through temporary disability returned, bringing up the numerical strength to something like a full regiment. Lieut. Col. George W. Dawson, in April, 1864, resigned, and Major John W. Crosby was made Lieutenant Colonel, Capt. Robt. L. Orr, being later promoted to Major. 76 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT The 61st took part in the movement described by Stevens, the 6th Corps historian, as follows: "The only military movement of the winter was Kilpatrick s great raid upon Richmond, in which the lamented Dahlgren lost his life. "Simultaneous with this great raid, General Custer, with a division of cavalry, made a movement on Charlottesville, and the 6th Corps was ordered to move in that direction as support to the cavalry. On Satur day, February 27th, the corps, leaving its camp and sick in charge of a small guard, marched through Culpepper and proceeded to James City, a Virginia city of two or three houses, where the bivouac for the night was made. Next morning the corps marched slowly to Robertson s River, within three miles of Madison Court House, the New Jersey brigade alone crossing the river and proceeding as far as the latter village. Here the corps lay all the following day, and as the weather was pleasant, the men passed the time in sports and games, but at evening a cold storm of rain set in, continuing all night and the next day, to the great discomfort of all. Custer s cavalry returned at evening of the 1st of March, looking in a sorry plight from their long ride in the mud. Reveille sounded at five o clock on the morning of March 2d, and at seven the corps turned toward the old camp, at which it arrived after a severe march through the mud, at sunset the same day." The army had five months of camp life, in which everything practicable was done to put it in good condition for what yet remained to carry the war to a successful termination. Many men reenlisted "veteranized," as they called it, each getting a furlough of thirty days. These reen listed men were among the very best soldiers in the army, and when the regiment was reduced by losses and expiration of term of enlistment, the veterans became the commissioned and non-commissioned officers, serving with marked fidelity until the end of the war. Referring to the winter of 1863-4 at Brandy Station, the historian Stevens says: "The Christian Commission, among other good things which it did for the soldiers, and, indeed, this was among the best, made arrangements by which it loaned to nearly every brigade in the army, a large canvas, to be used as a roof for a brigade chapel. These chapels were built of logs and covered with the canvas, and were in many cases large enough to hold three hundred people. Here religious services were held, not only on Sunday, but also on week day evenings. A deep religious interest prevailed in many of the brigades, and great numbers of soldiers professed to have met with a change of heart. On New Year s day Wheaton s brigade, of the Third Division, had been sent to Harper s Ferry, to meet an anticipated advance of the enemy through the valley; and about the same time Shaler s brigade, of the same division, was sent to Sandusky, Ohio, to guard prisoners of war. The enemy made no raid to the Ferry and the prisoners maintained the most perfect order. So Wheaton and PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 77 his Pennsylvanians, and Shaler, with his New Yorkers and Pennsyl- vanians, spent a merry winter, in comfortable quarters, with little picket ing, leaving Eustis, with his Massachusetts men and his single Rhode Island regiment, sole representatives of the division. But, as the time for opening the new campaign approached, the two brigades were recalled, except the two Pennsylvania regiments of Shaler s brigade, and once more the corps united. The returning brigades, though somewhat inclined to prefer campaigning in the North to fighting in the South, were, never theless, ready to follow with spirit and zeal such soldiers as Wheaton and Shaler. "Our corps were reviewed by General Grant; by the Russian admiral and suite, who, for the amusement of the soldiers, performed some most ludicrous feats in horsemanship ; and by a body of English soldiers. Never had such general good health prevailed among our corps, and never were the men so well contented or in such good spirits." As the Army of the Potomac is to start now on its last campaign, the most sanguinary and the most celebrated in its history, in which no back ward step is to be taken until Lee surrenders at Appomattox, it is proper to give a brief description of that part of Virginia where the vast operations are to occur. Grant was to go to Appomattox by Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor and Petersburg, the total distance being about 200 miles. Refer ring to the region between Culpeper and Richmond, the Count of Paris says : "The country is undulating, covered with old forests or young pine trees, the only produce that a soil, exhausted by the cultivation of the tobacco plant, is now able to bring forth ; the population is thinly scattered ; the soil, clayey and impermeable, is easily converted by the action of vehicles into mud, both soft and sticky, which was to be one of the most formidable enemies to the armies having to campaign in Virginia; a multitude of water courses wind among the wooded ravines, between hillocks, the highest of which have been for the most part cleared; all these water courses finally form two rivers, the Rappahannock and the York, which run in a parallel course toward the Potomac, and, like the latter, fall into the Chesapeake Bay." There were no turn-pikes and few good roads even in summer. Only two railroads ran from the Potomac to Richmond, one starting at Acquia Creek and passing through Fredericksburg, and the other starting at Alexandria and going by way of Gordonsville. Grant had to cross the Rapidan, the North Anna, the Mattapony, the Pumunkey, the Chicka- hominy, the James, the Appomattox, and many smaller streams, all of which he was compelled to bridge and some he crossed many times in the various operations. The months of June, July and August, 1864, were excessively hot, and from the North Anna, to Petersburg the water was generally bad, coming from marshy pools, sluggish streams and old wells. 78 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT After the victory at Missionary Ridge, Grant was recognized by the government and people as the leading Union general. His career from Belmont, in November, 1861, to Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, in the same month, 1863, had exhibited courage, skill, versatility, energy, loyalty to superiors, firmness of purpose, with ability to acquire and hold the confidence of officers and men. When Congress met in December, 1863, it was understood that a new grade would be provided for Grant, and it was rumored he would become the commander of all the Union armies. On February 29th, 1864, an act was passed reviving the grade of Lieutenant General, and President Lincoln the next day ap pointed Ulysses S. Grant to the office, and the Senate confirmed this appointment the succeeding day. On March ICth, 1864, General Halleck was relieved from duty as General-in-chief and became thereafter Chief- of-Staff of the army. On the same day Grant was assigned by the Presi dent to command all the "armies of the United States," headquarters in Washington, and "with General Grant in the field." Grant established his field headquarters at Culpeper Court House, March 26th, 1864, and remained with the Army of the Potomac until Lee surrendered at Appomattox. The Union Army then numbered, including Burnside s 9th Corps and the cavalry corps, about 140,000 men. Gen. Hancock commanded the 2d Corps, Warren the 5th, Sedgwick the 6th, Burnside the 9th, and Sheridan the Cavalry Corps. CHAPTER VIII. WILDERNESS-SPOTTSYLVANIA. "There were features of the battle of the Wilder ness which have never been matched in the annals of warfare. For two days nearly 200,000 veteran troops had struggled in a death-grapple, confronted at each step with almost every obstacle by which nature could bar their path, and groping their way through a tangled forest the impenetrable gloom of which could be likened only to the shadow of death. The undergrowth stayed their progress, the upper growth shut out the light of heaven. Officers could rarely see their troops for any considerable distance, for smoke clouded the vision, and a heavy sky obscured the sun. Directions were ascertained and lines established by means of the pocket-compass, and a change of position often presented an opera tion more like a problem of ocean navigation than a question of military maneuvers. It was the sense of sound and of touch rather than the sense of sight which guided the movements. It was a battle with the ear, and not with the eye. All circumstances seemed to combine to make the scene one of un utterable horror. At times the wind howled through the treetops, mingling its groans with the groans of the dying, and heavy branches were cut off by the fire of the artillery, and fell crashing upon the heads of the men, adding a new terror to battle. Forest fires raged ; ammunition trains exploded ; the dead were roasted in the conflagration ; the wounded roused by its hot breath, dragged themselves along, with their torn and mangled limbs, in the mad energy of despair, to escape the ravages of the flames; and every bush seemed hung with shreds of blood-stained clothing. It was as though Christian men had turned to fiends, and hell itself had usurped the place of earth." General Horace Porter. In " Campaigning with Grant" 80 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT President Lincoln on March 9th, 1864, in presenting Gen. Grant s commission as Lieutenant General, said: "The nation s appreciation of what you have done and its reliance upon you for what remains to be done in the existing great struggle, are now presented with this com mission constituting you lieutenant general in the armies of the United States. With this high honor devolves upon you a corresponding re sponsibility. As the country herein trusts you, so, under God, it will sustain you." Gen. Grant was then invested with supreme command of all the Union Armies, numbering in the aggregate 533,000 men, present for duty, of whom 116,000 were in the Army of the Potomac, counting the 2d, 5th, 6th and 9th corps of infantry and the cavalry corps of 13,000 men. This army had 49 batteries of field artillery, with 274 guns, also had six 20-pound parrotts and eight 24-pound coehorns, and the army had over 4,000 vehicles of all kinds. While Gen. Grant was to be with the Army of the Potomac and direct its operations, he retained Gen. Meade as a useful subordinate commander of that army, and its movements were made under orders from Meade s headquarters. Among other instructions given to Meade, Gen. Grant said, "Lee s army is to be your objective point; wherever that goes you must go." The rebel army at that time lay behind its intrench- ments on the south side of the Rapidan River, extending from Barnett s Ford about five miles above the Orange and Alexandria Railroad crossing of that river down to the vicinity of Morton s Ford, a distance from Lee s right to left of eighteen miles, with rebel headquarters at Orange Court House, seventy miles from Richmond. History having fully justified the wisdom of Grant s plan of cam paign, it will be interesting to note briefly how the initial movements were effected as bearing on the illustrious record of the 61st, whose ranks were to be thinned at every fight. The campaign was to last eleven months, ending with the surrender of Lee at Appomattox; it was to exhibit the best Union offensive generalship and the best Confederate defensive generalship, both of their kind being as great as can be found in the annals of any war. The official order for the first advance against the rebels was dated at the headquarters of the Army of the Potomac May 2d, 1864. This document of 1,700 words provided among other things for the movement of the cavalry on May 3d and of the infantry and artillery on May 4th, the starting time being fixed for each corps. The paragraph relating to the 6th Corps reads as follows: "4. Major-General Sedgwick, commanding Sixth Corps, will move at 4 A. M. on the 4th inst... by way of Stevensburg and the Germanna plank-road to Germanna Ford, following the Fifth Corps, and after cross ing the Rapidan will bivouac on the heights beyond. The canvas pontoon PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 81 train will be taken up as soon as the troops of the Sixth Corps have crossed, and will follow immediately in rear of the troops of that corps. "So much of the bridge train of the Sixth Corps as may be necessary to bridge the Rapidan at Culpeper Mine Ford will proceed to Richards- ville in rear of the reserve artillery, and as soon as it is ascertained that the reserve artillery are crossing, it will move to Culpeper Mine Ford, where the bridge will be established. "The engineers of this bridge train will at once open a road from Culpeper Mine Ford direct to Richardsville." Another paragraph of the order will be read with interest: "10. The infantry troops will take with them fifty rounds of ammuni tion upon the person, three days full rations in the haversacks, three days bread and small rations in the knapsacks, and three days beef on the hoof." The 6th corps, from ten states, then consisted of 49 regiments, of which Pennsylvania furnished 14, New York 10, New Jersey 7, Vermont 6, Massachusetts 3, Maine 3, Ohio 3, Rhode Island 1, Maryland 1, Wis consin 1. The corps had 1046 officers, 23,117 men and 49 guns. From these figures it appears the regiments on an average were only half full, each having in round numbers 500 officers and men. One reason assigned by Gen. Sheridan for the great efficiency of the 6th corps was the unusual number of regular army officers it contained. Sedgwick, Wright, Getty, Ricketts, Russell, Wheaton, Neill and others were West Point graduates. The number in old regiments, aside from sickness and losses in battle, constantly varied as disabled men returned to duty and new recruits arrived to fill up the depleted ranks. In accordance with the order quoted, the 61st, with the 6th Corps, moved at 4 A. M., May 4th, 1864, from winter quarters near Brandy Station by Stevensburg to Germanna Ford on the Rapidan River where that stream was crossed on pontoon bridges. The head of the corps moved that day three miles into the Wilderness along the Germanna plank-road, making 19 miles, while the rear stopped after crossing the river, having marched 16 miles. This was a hard march after so long a time in camp, and the soldiers were obliged to throw away many articles acquired during the winter, which they could not possibly carry, and there was no way to send them home. The road was, therefore, strewn with military equipment such as blankets, extra clothing, including shoes, hats, books, portfolios and other things, some of which had endearing associations. The 5th corps, under Gen. Warren, was ahead of the 6th corps, and on the morning of May 5th Warren s troops encountered the enemy coming down the Orange turnpike, and at the same time it was reported rebel troops were coming on the Orange plank-road near Parker s store. Thereupon Getty s 2d division of the 6th crops except Neill s brigade, to which the 61st belonged was detached from the 6th corps and sent 82 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT over to Warren s left to the intersection of the Brock Road and the Orange Court House plank-road, the 2d division remaining in that vicinity, under Gen. Hancock, during the entire battle and not at any time operating with the 6th corps. At the same time the 2d division was so detached, the 6th corps, that is Gen. Wright s 1st division and Neill s brigade, the balance of the corps being back guarding the Germanna Ford crossing until relieved by forces from Gen. Burnside s 9th corps, were ordered to form on the right of Warren s 5th corps. In order to reach this position, the 6th corps turned to the right at Spottswood s and proceeded westerly toward the Orange Court House Turnpike, forming the right of the Union line of battle. In this movement through the woods, the 61st was in the front line, receiving the first fire from the rebels when the regiment, with other troops, advanced in line of battle, the enemy gradually retiring. Finally, about 2 o clock in the afternoon, May 5th, the 6th corps got into position, Neill s brigade being on the extreme right of the line until later in the afternoon, when Gen. Seymour s brigade of the 3d division 6th corps, came up and formed on the right of Neill. Soon after the 61st, with Neill s brigade, got into position, the rebels attacked, and the battle raged for two hours, the enemy being repulsed and Neill s brigade captur ing some prisoners. Major Crosby, of the 61st, and Capt. William M. Dawson, Company G, were wounded in this encounter. About three o clock in the afternoon a cannon-ball crashed through the woods and struck Sergeant Joseph Seville of Company F in the face, taking his head off, the body still remaining upright for a perceptible time after the head was gone. The fight was fierce and at close range, the rebels having some artillery in the open ground of a farm, but the 6th corps could use none. About 4:30 P. M. the firing slackened and half an hour later Neill s brigade and Seymour s assaulted the rebel intrenchments in their front, with heavy loss and no real advantage. The rebels, under cover, sustaining little damage themselves, shot down the Union soldiers as they struggled through the brush and over the obstructions, until Gen. Neill ordered the attack to stop, and Seymour soon ordered his men back. After 6 o clock the rebels, being reinforced, made another attack on Neill s brigade, continuing their fire until after dark, but they were repulsed at all points with heavy loss. In this assault Col. J. Warren Keifer, afterwards Briga dier General and commander of a division in the 6th corps, was wounded. The men of the 61st fired about 100 rounds apiece, their Springfield rifles getting too hot to hold where the hand came in contact with the barrel. In this part of the fight Col. George F. Smith displayed great courage, wiping out a slight stain of cowardice which some one had unjustly put upon him. After sending his horse to the rear, he remained with the men on the firing line throughout the day. One feature of this fight was disagreeable in the extreme, and that was in many places the rebels could not be seen, and it was impossible to tell what effect the 61st s fire had on their antagonists; besides, the rebel PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 83 batteries, out of sight, enfiladed Neill s brigade. The underbrush was thick and matted together with vines, through which the rebel bullets came in showers. The woods caught fire nearly all along the line, the smoke and flames adding to the obscurity, but not stopping the fight. The ground was furrowed by deep ravines, with sparkling rivulets all uniting lower down in a small creek called Wilderness Run, which flows toward the Rapidan and is crossed by Germanna plank-road near Wilder ness Tavern. While the battle raged along the line of the 6th corps, the fighting extended to the left nearly five miles, at times reaching over to the un finished railroad, where it crosses the Brock Road. But little artillery was used, the roar of musketry, the rebel yells and Union cheers furnish ing the only sound, which at times rose to sublimity and then sunk to a hoarse mutter as firing lessened or the combatants descended into deep hollows or continued their deadly work Indian fashion along precipitous hillsides or in dark tangled ravines. It was 10 o clock at night before the battle -subsided, and picket firing was kept up at various points all night, bursting into a lively rattle frequently as troops took new positions or men wandered in the dark in search of water or tried to reach some wound ed man whose moans were irresistible. The enemy could be heard all night falling trees, making abatis, constructing fortifications and cutting roads for the movement of artillery. The Union lines were also strength ened and better positions secured. The cartridge boxes and pockets were refilled, guns were examined to see that they were in good order for the next day, when a battle was expected so colossal that the first day s engagement would hardly constitute a respectable prelude. The field hospital was close in rear of the 61st, where the surgeons worked all night with their corps of tireless assistants, doing all skill and experience could accomplish for the wounded; but little coffee was made that night, as fires were generally prohibited and in fact were dangerous, as they always drew spiteful missiles from a most vigilant enemy. The fight, as night closed in, had not been decisive except that Grant s army had successfully crossed the Rapidan with all its trains, was concentrated and ready for offensive or defensive battle the next day. This was really a Union victory in itself, and the army ran no risk of being driven away the next day, as it was under Gen. Hooker in the same vicinity a year before. At the close of the battle of May 5th, orders were issued to attack the enemy all along the Union line the next morning punctually at 5 o clock. When the morning dawned, the rebels took the initiative and attacked at 4:30 o clock. In front of the 6th Corps the rebels charged fearlessly and maintained their assault with great determination. They were supported by artillery which had been skillfully placed during the night. The rebel guns sent showers of grapeshot into the 61st, killing Lieutenant F. M. Brown of Company A, with others, and wounding many. The 6th corps held its lines and at 5 o clock A. M., as ordered, 84 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT advanced against the rebels, driving them back into their rifle pits. A terrific struggle now ensued, when each side exerted superhuman power and a courage which took no account of perils and paid no attention to losses. Volleys of musketry were like peals of thunder and the firing was incessant until 11 o clock, when an order came from headquarters for the 6th corps to cease the assault and fortify its position so the troops could be spared for a movement on the Union left. When so ordered, and not until then, the 6th corps fire slackened, though it did not wholly stop. Its line was fortified with logs and brush and at some points by rifle pits dug by the pioneer corps. This pioneer corps, with axes and shovels, had also cleared and leveled some spaces for Union artillery along the 6th corps lines, where batteries were planted and used with great effect, especially when the enemy attempted any advance from their fortifica tions. This battle lasted over five hours in front of the 6th corps, many charges and counter-charges being made, and at some points the ground was fought over back and forth no less than five times, leaving it literally covered with dead and wounded, friend and foe. On this day the 61st lost Capt. W. O. H. Robinson of Company C and 1st Lieut. F. M. Brown of Company A killed; 1st Lieut. Eugene C. Koerner of Company B wounded and taken prisoner; and Lieutenants Augustus A. Hager of Company K and Samuel Stewart of Company I wounded. Color-Sergeant Hugh Gorman was also killed, the shot passing through the flag-staff, which is now on exhibition at Harrisburg. The 6th corps gained some important positions, but the rebels held on to their main intrenchments ; their ammu nition, like their courage, seemed inexhaustible. We were also very much annoyed at this time by rebel sharpshooters. Among their victims was Corporal Brady of Company C. The sharpshooter killing Brady was however killed by one of Brady s comrades. From 11 A. M. until about 5 P. M., there was little fighting by the 6th corps on the right, the time being occupied in fortifying, but the battle raged all day in the center and was especially severe on the Union left, where Gen. Hancock commanded his own corps, the 2d division of the 6th corps, with part of the 9th corps, having under his personal con trol half of the army, and had some assistance also from a division of Sheridan s cavalry. Hancock had to fight fully half the rebel army, led on at first by Gen. Longstreet, and after he was wounded by Gen. Lee in person. The woods fire, fanned by a breeze from the west, blowing the smoke in the faces of Hancock s men, was quite as trying as the rebel fire and more deadly for the wounded. Hancock fought a great battle, driving the enemy at first over a mile and then retiring in the face of rebel reinforcements, again advancing and being repulsed; at one time part of his line broke and the triumphant rebels came on through his line like a resistless deluge. By his personal presence and magnificent bearing, order was restored and Col. Carroll, 8th Ohio, with his brigade, bravely charged the rebels and retook all the PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 85 lost ground. Hancock s fight ended about 5 o clock, with his forces occupy ing nearly the ground they had in the morning, neither side having gained any substantial advantage in position. Gen. Getty, commanding the 2d division 6th corps, was wounded, and Gen. Wheaton succeeded him. During the afternoon Shaler s brigade of the 6th corps came up from train-guard service and took position on the extreme right of the army. To the left of Shaler was Seymour s brigade, including some new troops, with Neill s. About 6 o clock the rebel general Gordon, a daring and skillful officer, moved around through the woods to the rear of Shaler and Seymour s men, who were engaged in fortifying and rushed upon them throwing them into the greatest confusion during which they threw away there guns and equipment and fled to the left along the line of breastworks. Secretary Blair describes a part of this fight as follows : "When the stampede was noticed by Col. Smith he promptly ordered the regiment by the right flank file right which placed the 61st squarely across the front of the excited troops then in full retreat. He called for us to stop our men in any way shoot them, bayonet them stop them any way you can. But this effort failed and when the mass of our own men had passed through our ranks, the greater portion of our regiment had gone with them including the Colonel, there was left a scattered line of not more than 250 men, the color bearer with the Colors was with us, at this moment Gen. Shaler rode up to our colors, coming up the road that had been made for bringing ammunition to the front. He had lost his hat and was somewhat excited, seeing our line, he shouted these words, For God s sake men make a stand on this road, if you think anything of the army of the Potomac make a stand on this road, if you think anything of your country, for God s sake make a stand on this road, and then he noticed our colors and apparently recognized who we were and asked, "What regiment is this," a number responded, the 61st Penna. The 61st Penna, why sergeant advance with those colors and Pennsylvanians don t you desert them, the rebels were then in full view coming at a double quick we advanced and gave them a solid volley at close range, that caused them to halt and drop back from our immediate front. But there being no other troops to our right we were absolutely alone and of course the rebels to the right of us pressed on some distance when they stopped, noticing the break in their line and here the flank movement came to an end, the ground was later reoccupied by our troops when bullets in showers came from the rear." Lieut. Price, of Company A, supposing the fire came from a Union line, sent Frank L. Blair of Company F to stop it; the mess enger ran into rebel troops and was captured. Shaler was also captured, with many of the brave men who stood too long in the road. Meantime, a short distance back a new Union line was formed, which not only stopped the rebels but drove them away out of sight and hearing through the woods. The 61st in small detachments at various points kept in the fight until the rebels were expelled, and then took its former position. 86 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT During the night of May 6th the right of the 6th corps was moved back and reformed so as to avoid any new surprise, and by the morning of May 7th the position was well fortified. Referring to the attack on the even ing of May 6th on the Union right, when Shaler and Seymour were cap tured, Stevens, the 6th corps historian, says: "When the Sixth Corps reoccupied the breastworks at dark on the 6th, it was desirable that the right flank should be protected by old and reliable troops. Neill s Third brigade was assigned to that position, the Seventy-seventh being upon the extreme right, the Sixty-first Pennsyl vania thrown out at right angles to protect the rear. On the left of the Seventy-seventh was the Forty-ninth New York, the Seventh Maine was next, then the One hundred and Twenty-second, and the Forty- third New York was on the left of the brigade. "All was now quiet. No sound was heard except now and then the suppressed tones of officers in command. The stars shone through the openings among the trees upon a long line of dusky forms lying close be hind the sheltering breastworks, as silent as death but ready at an instant to pour out a storm of destruction. A row of bayonets projected over the breastworks; an abatis of steel awaiting the momentarily expected onset of the enemy. "At ten o clock the low tones of command of the rebel officers were heard as they urged their men against our rear and flank. Colonel Smith of the Sixty-first Pennsylvania, ordered his men to lie down, for they had no breastworks, and to reserve their fire. Nearer and nearer came the the dark line, until within twenty feet of the recumbent Pennsylvanians, but not a sound from them. Still nearer the rebel line approached, to within a distance of ten feet, when the sharp command rang out, "Fire;" and rising, the Pennsylvanians delivered a withering fire into the rebel ranks that sent them reeling back into the darkness from whence they came ; but a line of prostrate forms where the fire from our line had met the advancing column, told of its terrible execution. Twenty minutes after this repulse they advanced silently but in stronger force, directly in front of our breastworks. They advanced slowly and in silence until within a few feet of the Union line, when with wild yells they leaped for ward, some even mounting the breastworks. But a sheet of flame instantly flashed along the whole line of our works; the astonished rebels wavered for a moment and then beat a hasty retreat, relinquishing with this last desperate effort the attempt to drive back the old Sixth corps." On May 7th picket firing was kept up, but no actual battle was fought at any point in the line. Attention was given to the wounded scattered through the woods, and some of the dead were buried, the troops received a fresh supply of ammunition and had opportunity to make coffee and get such rest as experienced soldiers can obtain while keeping a vigilant eye on the enemy, whose entrenchments were obscured onlv bv the dense woods. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 87 The horrors inseparable from a battle in such a region as the Wilder ness are indescribable. The rebels, having been successful in that part of the state at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville and having baffled the Union army in the Mud March and the Mine Run campaign, believed they could conquer again, and they fought with amazing courage and must have been handled with consummate skill by their commanders. Precisely Jiow many men the 61st took into the Wilderness battle does not appear from any published records, so the per cent, of loss cannot be stated. The official report shows the regiment had one officer, 1st Lieut. F. M. Brown, killed, and four wounded, 19 men killed and 109 wounded, one officer and 17 men missing, making a total of 151. Rebel lion Records, Series 1, Volume 36, Part 1, Page 127. One of the wounded officers was Capt. Wm. O. H. Robinson of Co. C, who died on the field from his injuries. In Fox s Regimental Losses, Page 274, it appears the 61st had 34 men killed in the Wilderness, the discrepancy arising from the fact that the author includes the mortally wounded in his list of deaths, and this indicates that 14 of the 61st died of their wounds on the field. Eugene E. Koerner of Company B was the wounded officer missing. The total loss of the army in the Wilderness has been a subject of con troversy ever since the battle, and it will probably never be satisfactorily settled. The best authority at present available is the account of Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys, who at the time of the battle was chief of staff of the Army of the Potomac. In his book entitled The Virginia Cam paign of 1864 and 1865, at page 53, he says the loss in the Wilderness May 5th and 6th, 1864, was 2,265 killed, 10,220 wounded, and 2,902 missing, making a total of 15,387, the killed and wounded together num bering 12,485. Concerning this fight in the Wilderness, Gen. Grant, in his Memoirs, says : "More desperate fighting has not been witnessed on this continent than that of the 5th and 6th of May. Our victory consisted in having successfully crossed a formidable stream, almost in the face of an enemy, and in getting the army together as a unit." Regarding the movements of the army at that time he says two other things which should be preserved in his own language: "First, in every change of position or halt for the night, whether confronting the enemy or not, the moment arms were stacked the men intrenched themselves. For this purpose they would build up piles of logs or rails if they could be found in their front, and dig a ditch, throwing the dirt forward on the timber. Thus the digging they did counted in making a depression to stand in, and increased the elevation in front of them. It was wonderful how quickly they could in this way construct defences of considerable strength. When a halt was made with the view of assaulting the enemy, or in his presence, these would be strengthened or their positions changed under the direction of engineer officers. 88 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT "The second was, the use made of the telegraph and signal corps. Nothing could be more complete than the organization and discipline of this body of brave and intelligent men. Insulated wires insulated so that they would transmit messages in a storm, on the ground or under water were wound upon reels, making about two hundred pounds weight of wire to each reel. Two men and one mule were detailed to each reel. The pack-saddle on which this was carried was provided with a rack like a sawbuck placed crosswise of the saddle, and raised above it so that the reel, with its wire, would revolve freely. There was a wagon, supplied with a telegraph operator, battery and telegraph instruments for each division, each corps, each army, and one for my headquarters. There were wagons, also loaded with light poles, about the size and length of a wall tent pole, supplied with an iron spike in one end, used to hold the wires up when laid, so that wagons and artillery would not run over them. The mules thus loaded were assigned to brigades, and always kept with the command they were assigned to. The operators were also assigned to particular headquarters, and never changed except by special orders. "The moment the troops were put in position to go into camp all the men connected with this branch of service would proceed to put up their wires. A mule loaded with a coil of wire would be led to the rear of the nearest flank of the brigade he belonged to, and would be led in a line parallel thereto, while one man would hold an end of the wire and uncoil it as the mule was led off. When he had walked the length of the wire the whole of it would be on the ground. This would be done in rear of every brigade at the same time. The ends of all the wires would then be joined, making a continuous wire in the rear of the whole army. The men, attached to brigades or divisions, would all commence at once rais ing the wires with their telegraph poles. This was done by making a loop in the wire and putting it over the spike and raising the pole to a per pendicular position. At intervals the wire would be attached to trees, or some other permanent object, so that one pole was sufficient at a place. In the absence of such a support two poles would have to be used, at intervals, placed at an angle so as to hold the wire firm in its place. While this was being done the telegraph wagons would take their positions near where the headquarters they belonged to were to be established, and would connect with the wire. Thus, in a few minutes longer time than it took a mule to walk the length of its coil, telegraphic communication would be effected between all the headquarters of the army. No orders ever had to be given to establish the telegraph." As night approached on May 7th, the army was in line of battle with the 2d corps on the left, the 5th in the center and the 6th on the right, the 9th being at different points. During that afternoon an order was issued to move the army toward Spottsylvania Court House, and the trains began moving at 3 o clock. After dark, Warren, commanding the center, moved in rear of Hancock toward the left, along the Brock Road; PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 89 Sedgwick, following with the 6th corps, moved to Chancellorsville on the Germanna plank-road and the Orange Pike and then by way of Aldrich s and Piney Branch Church, marching all night and arriving on the battle field near Spottsylvania Court House at 2 P. M .on May 8th. This was a hard night s march, though the distance was only 16 miles. The roads were narrow and obstructed most of the way by artillery and ammuni tion trains; the atmosphere was sultry, and toward morning a cloud of dust rose from so many moving men, horses and vehicles. The 8th of May, 1864, was Sunday, of which the 61st was reminded on marching by the silent little Piney Branch Church at about the usual hour for service in the forenoon. Late that Sunday afternoon the 61st, with other regiments of the brigade, after a good deal of shifting about in the woods, stood in front of a deep wooded ravine looking toward Spottsylvania Court House, two and a half miles away. While in this position, ready for an advance against the enemy concealed in the forest beyond the ravine, Gen. Sedgwick rode along in front of the line coming from the left; his clothes were covered with dust; his face, red from exposure to the hot sun, had been scratched by thorns and vines; his felt hat, well pulled down, was crushed and banged from contact with brush. He proceeded slowly of necessity, guiding his horse among the trees, and all the while he kept saying, half to himself, "We ll get through here after while, boys; this won t last always. The enemy has been fearfully punished, so we ll get out into open country and have a better chance." The "boys" cheered "Uncle John," as they called him, little thinking they were greeting him for the last time. A few minutes after Gen. Sedgwick went by, the troops moved forward slowly, descending into the ravine and advancing up the opposite slope in line of battle. Twilight was rapidly deepening into darkness when suddenly a rebel line of battle appeared, close in front, as if dropped from the clouds. A Confederate officer seized the flag of the 61st and demanded instant surrender; the color sergeant held on while the bold rebel was caught by officers of the 61st and made a prisoner. Sergeant Brady of Company A was shot dead by a rebel, who in turn was shot and bayoneted by Jno. E. Allison of Company A. A battle was then commenced so quickly that officers had no time to give commands. Every man in the regiment, as if propelled by machinery, went straight for the rebels in front of him. Officers used their swords and revolvers, while the men, after firing one shot, took their bayonets or used their guns as clubs, dispersing the enemy as police scatter a mob. When the fight ended it was pitch dark, and no Union troops to be found on the right or left. The 61st put out its pickets and lay on its arms until daylight. About midnight Col. Smith sent Adjutant George W. Wilson to find brigade headquarters. The Adjutant proceeded a short distance to the rear and then toward the right. While groping his way through the dark woods a sentinel challenged him, and 90 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT almost immediately fired, instantly killing the adjutant. Other thrilling incidents occurred, but the 61st came out the next morning with little loss and with undiminished intrepidity. Lieut. John Caldwell of Company F was captured. Besides the rebels killed and wounded, the 61st captured two officers and six men. The next day it was learned that Adjutant Wilson was shot by a Union soldier on picket whose mind had suddenly left him under the great pressure of hard service and loss of sleep. He challenged Wilson and then fired before giving him time to advance and give the counter sign. The man belonged to a New York regiment and was taken to the rear the next morning, a raving maniac. On Monday, May 9th, the 6th corps was pressed up close to the enemy, with heavy picket firing all day, the line of battle extending from southwest to southeast, with Hancock s 2d corps on the right, Warren s 5th corps next, then Sedgwick s 6th corps, Burnside s 9th Corps being on the left, reaching two miles southwest of the Fredericksburg road. The Union line was fortified. The 61st, with other troops, was formed in a clearing on the side of a hill, a swamp being in front, and batteries were planted back of the position so as to fire over the men toward the enemy in their breastworks beyond a strip of woods. On this day the 61st was under heavy artillery fire from masked rebel batteries, one shell exploding in Company D and killing five men and wounding others. An enfilading rebel shell came from the right, striking the rear rank in Company D where the men were lying down. Major O. A. Parsons, then a lieutenant in Company D, says: "The shell first struck Thomas R. Conner s knapsack; the missile then took the heads off Thomas E. Ellis and William H. Ward, not injur ing Wm. Coon, who seemed to be in line, but killing John L. Fairchild, J. L. Hays and Crandel A. Wilcox, taking away parts of their heads and shoulders and slightly wounding the next man. Conner, whose knapsack was hit, received a severe shock which disabled him for several weeks." Early in the morning of May 9th, Gen. Sedgwick, with a view of examining the ground in front of his position, went on foot to a picket post near Alsop s Field, where he was shot and instantly killed by a rebel sharpshooter. His loss was a severe one to the army and especially to the 6th corps, whose commander he had been for over a year, endearing himself to the officers and men as a fine soldier, an honest and patriotic man. Only six Major Generals were killed during the entire war, of whom five belonged to the Army of the Potomac, as follows: Philip Kearney and Isaac I. Stevens, killed at Chantilly, Virginia, September 1st, 1862; Hiram G. Berry at Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863; John F. Reynolds, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1, 1863; and John Sedgwick, at Spottsylvania, Virginia, May 9, 1864. The other Major General was James B. McPherson, killed before Atlanta, Georgia, July 22, 1864. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 91 Gen. Horatio G. Wright succeeded to the command of the 6th corps and retained the position until the war ended. By the evening of May 9th it was found the rebels occupied a strong position in front of Spottsylvania Court-house, well protected at all points. Where there was woods in front of them it was slashed; where the ground was open there was abatis, and artillery was skillfully placed so as to have a cross-fire; besides, the rebels had traverses at intervals all along their lines. Gen. Horace Porter, then with Gen. Grant, referring to the Union and rebel situation around Spottsylvania Court-house, said: "The movements of the opposing armies now became one of the most instructive lessons in the art of modern warfare. They showed the closeness of the game played by the two great masters who commanded the contending forces, and illustrated how thoroughly those skilled fencers had carte and tierce at their fingers ends. They demonstrated, also, how far the features of a campaign may be affected by accidents and errors. In the Wilderness the maneuvers had been largely a game of blindman s-buff; they now became more like the play of pussy-wants- a-corner." On May 10th the 6th corps was kept up close to the rebel works, its skirmishers assailing every enemy in sight. Under favor of this strong attack, keeping the rebels down behind their works, Gen. Wright dis covered a weak point in their line and recommended an assault, which was arranged for six o clock that evening and proved to be one of the bravest movements on any battlefield during the war. Emory Upton, colonel 121st New York was selected to lead the charge. He had 12 regiments from the 6th corps, two being from Neill s brigade. His force was formed in four lines of three regiments each, and moved up silently to the edge of a wood 300 yards from the works to be assailed. The 6th corps artillery opened on the works at the point Upton was to strike, and the whole corps stood ready to support the assaulting column. Precisely at the time appointed, Upton s clear voice was heard, "Attention, battalions , forward, double-quick, charge." This command being repeated by each regimental commander, the men swept forward with tremendous cheers, a sheet of flame bursting from the rebel works, with quick firing by their guns, sending grape and canister into the Union lines, but the men in blue ran on, leaping ditches and swarming over the rebels first line; then deploying right and left, they charged and took the second line, holding the position taken until after dark. Cooperative movements not being successful, Upton s force was withdrawn, but he sent back 1000 to 1200 prisoners. Col. Upton, for his gallantry in that charge, was promoted by Gen. Grant to the rank of Brigadier General. On the right of the 6th corps,. Gen. Warren, with the 5th corps, made a gallant though fruit less attack, and the troops under Gen. Hancock did some hard fighting. On May llth the Union and rebel armies were still closer together, and the picket firing was like a continuous battle. That day, May llth, 92 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT at 8:30 A. M., Gen Grant wrote a letter to Washington, destined to be famous in view of the situation at that time. The letter, of which a fac simile may be found in Gen. Horace Porter s book, page 104, is on three pages of notepaper. It refers to the Union losses, mentioning 20,000 as the probable number, including eleven general officers, gives directions about supplies and reinforcements, and says among other things: "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." This was what the soldiers and the government and the people wanted no more grand strategies on new lines, but a fight to the finish. It rained hard during the afternoon of the llth, and the ensuing night was pitch dark. During that afternoon a plan was made to assault the enemy s works at daylight the next morning at a point since become famous as the "angle." This noted place may be indicated briefly as follows: Gen. Lee s lines, five to seven miles long, had the right and left flanks drawn back so as to form part of a vast circle, with Spottsylvania Court House in the rear of the center, but near the middle of his position was a large salient, which projected three-fourths of a mile from the main line northwesterly, in order to get advantage of some woods and clear fields. The salient ended in an obtuse point opposite the Brown House, which house was half a mile inside of the Union lines. This projecting salient was half a mile wide and enclosed the McCool and the Harrison houses. The fortifica tions around the salient were made of logs and dirt; the land in front of the salient was nearly all open, but in the rear was heavy timber, chiefly oak. The point of the salient is known as the "bloody angle." In short, the salient enclosed three sides of an are,a half a mile wide and three-fourths of a mile long, coming to a point, called the apex, at the outer end, with artillery in advantageous positions. Gen. Hancock, with his three divisions of the 2d corps, was to mass his men during the night of May llth in front of the Brown House and assault the angle at daybreak May 12th. Gen. Wright, with two divisions of the 6th corps, Russell s and Wheaton s, the 61st belonging to the latter, was to support Hancock and be close behind him when the charge was made. Other troops to the right and left were to attack the enemy at the same time. In order to secure accuracy of movement, the com pass bearing of the McCool House, inside of the rebel works, from the Brown House, within the Union lines, was ascertained, and Hancock marched by the compass and a dark lantern from the Brown House to the point where his men started on the charge. According to these orders, Gen. Hancock moved his men in rain and black darkness to the designated point, where they stood ready, in perfect silence, for their perilous work. At the same time Gen. Wright moved his 6th corps up near the right and a little to the rear of Hancock s men. Owing to a heavy fog, Gen. Han cock postponed the charge from four o clock, the designated time, to 4:35, when he ordered the advance. The troops, keeping a perfect alignment, moved at a quick step to within about 300 yards of the rebel works; then PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 93 they burst into a cheer and ran forward, disregarding the sharp musketry fire they received, tore away and passed through obstructions, climbed over the intrenchments, capturing 4,000 prisoners, 20 pieces of artillery with their caissons, horses, etc., several thousand stands of small arms and over 30 flags; among the rebel prisoners was Major-General Edward Johnson and Brigadier-General George H. Stewart. Hancock s men, in getting over the rebel works, sweeping in their prisoners and guns, follow ing the enemy through the woods, lost their regular formations, becom ing a mass of eager, brave men, each acting largely on his own judgment. In the meantime the rebels rushed in reinforcements and assailed Han cock s men, driving them at some points back over the works they had captured. At this moment, 6 o clock A. M., the 6th corps came up and took position at the apex of the salient, with lines extending along the west angle, occupying the outside of the rifle pits, while the rebels held the inside. Some of the 2d corps remained in this line, getting fresh supplies of ammunition from the cartridge boxes of the dead and wounded and refusing to go back, even when given permission to do so. In this position a fierce conflict began, and lasted, with little intermission, until three o clock the next morning. The rebels were determined at all hazards and at any cost to retake their works, and the Union men were bound, regard less of sacrifice, to hold them. A short distance to the right of the 61st was a Union battery, firing over the rebel breastworks into their ranks at very short range. In a little while after the 6th corps took position, the guns of this battery, one after another, ceased firing, the gunners hav ing been killed or wounded, and then the rebels, with loud yells, rushed over the breastworks to take the cannon. The 61st faced to the right and the troops on the right of the battery faced to the left, both attack ing the rebels and driving them back with great slaughter. At this time an artillery officer ran along the line of the 61st calling for volunteers to man the guns. He did not call in vain, for men dropped their muskets and followed him and soon the cannons roared again, sending showers of canister into the rebels only a hundred feet away. In Company A one sergeant and four men volunteered, but the new gunners were soon dis abled by the rebel fire, and the cannon were once more silent. The rebels then made another rush for the battery, but were again beaten back, some being killed among the guns. During the day they made two other attempts to break through the Union line at this point, being repulsed each time with severe loss. The rebels could not take the battery nor could it be used by the Union troops. It stood all day a noiseless menace and temptation to the rebels and to the Union men, a silent witness of the destruction of artillerists whose dead bodies were strewn among the guns with the infantry volunteers. Of the volunteers from Company A, Daniel H. Bee returned unhurt; John Stewart came back with five wounds, making him a cripple for life; Calvin Work, Martin Moot and Sergeant B. F. Rowland were killed. Toward the evening, several of the guns 94 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT sunk down, the rebel fire having cut off the spokes of the gun carriage wheels. A sponge bucket hanging under one of the guns had 27 bullet holes in it. As this fight of May 12, 1864, has taken a place among the most wonderful exhibitions of human courage, some quotations from accounts of eye witnesses will be given as illustrating a fearful struggle in which the 61st, with other men, won immortal fame. Gen. Humphreys, in his book already mentioned, from his own per sonal knowledge gained as chief of staff of the Army of the Potomac, on pages 99-100 says: "The contest continued incessantly throughout the day along the whole line, from the right of the Sixth Corps to the left of the Second Corps; occasionally changes in troops were made where it was practicable, in order to replenish ammunition. At the west angle the fighting was literally murderous. One of the participants, Brigadier-General Grant, commanding the Vermont brigade of the Second Division of the Sixth Corps, says of it: " It was not only a desperate struggle but it was literally a hand-to- hand fight. Nothing but the piled up logs or breastworks separated the combatants. Our men would rush over the logs and fire into the faces of the enemy, would stab over the crevices and holes between the logs; men mounted the works, and with muskets rapidly handed them, kept up a continuous fire until they were shot down, when others would take their place and continue the deadly work. Several times during the day the rebels would show a white flag about the works, and when our fire slackened jump over and surrender, and others were crowded down to fill their places. It was there that the somewhat celebrated tree was cut off by bullets, there that the brush and logs were cut to pieces and whipped into basket-stuff; there that the rebel ditches and cross-sections were filled with dead men several deep. I was at the angle the next day. The sight was terrible and sickening, much worse than at Bloody Lane, Antie- tam. There a great many dead men were lying in the road and across the rails of the torn down fences, and out in the cornfield, but they were not piled up several deep and their flesh was not so torn and mangled as at the "angle." "As an indication of the sanguinary character of the conflict of the 10th and 12th, Col. Upton remarks that Capt. Lamont of the Fifth Maine, the only one of seven captains who escaped in the assault of the 10th, was among the killed on the 12th. "General McGowan, of Wilcox s division, Hill s corps, says: Our men lay on one side of the breastwork, the enemy on the other, and in many instances men were pulled over. He believed that he captured as many prisoners as he lost. The trenches, he says, on the right in the bloody angle had to be cleared of the dead more than once. An oak tree, twenty-two inches in diameter, in rear of the brigade was cut down PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 95 by musket-balls and fell about twelve o clock Thursday night, injuring several men in the First South Carolina regiment. "Many others give the same account of the character of the con test at and in the vicinity of the west angle. All the brigades engaged in it lost heavily. Rain fell during the day and heavily toward night." Gen. Horace Porter, then on Gen. Grant s staff, in his book already mentioned, on pages 110-11, says: "The battle near the angle was probably the most desperate engage ment in the history of modern warfare, and presented features which were absolutely appalling. It was chiefly a savage hand-to-hand fight across the breastworks. Rank after rank was riddled by shot and shell and bayonet-thrusts, and finally sank, a mass of torn and mutilated corpses; then fresh troops rushed madly forward to replace the dead, and so the murderous work went on. Guns were run up close to the parapet, and double charges of canister played their part in the bloody work. The fence-rails and logs in the breastworks were shattered into splinters, and trees over a foot and a half in diameter were cut completely in two by the incessant musketry fire. A section of the trunk of a stout oak tree thus severed was afterwards sent to Washington, where it is still on exhibi tion at the National Museum. We had not only shot down an army, but also a forest. "My duties carried me again to the spot the next day, and the appal ling sight presented was harrowing in the extreme. Our own killed were scattered over a large space near the angle, while in front of the captured breastworks the enemy s dead, vastly more numerous than our own, were piled upon each other in some places four layers deep, exhibiting every ghastly phase of mutilation. The place was well named the Bloody Angle. " Surgeon Stevens, historian of the 6th corps, in his book at page 337, says : "And now, as the boys of the Second division took their places in the front, the battle became a hand-to-hand combat. A breastwork of logs separated the combatants. Our men would reach over this partition and discharge their muskets in the face of the enemy, and in return would receive the fire of the rebels at the same close range. Finally, the enemy began to use their muskets as clubs and then rails were used." The largest white oak tree referred to was nearly opposite the line of the 61st. It fell an hour after midnight, its vast trunk, with dense foliage at the top, was found the next morning inside of and parallel to the rebel works. When it went down yells and groans were heard from the members of the 1st South Carolina regiment whom it struck, killing some and wounding others. This particular tree was shot down because its ample trunk at the ground afforded shelter for some of the rebel sharpshooters who silenced the Union battery and later during the day sent destructive bullets into 96 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT the position held by the 6th corps. In response, for hours that white oak tree was aimed at by many Union soldiers bent on stopping the deadly fire from behind it. At three o clock in the morning, May 13th, the rebels gave up the battle and moved back half a mile to a new and well fortified line. Two hours later the 61st, with other troops, crossed the rebel works, moved around the prostrate form of the big tree, with its many limbs, and ad vanced toward the new rebel works, until a fire of artillery and musketry was received, and then fell back to the "Bloody Angle." Later in the day, May 13th, the 61st moved, with the 6th corps, toward the Union left, the region held by Burnside s 9th corps. While on this march many men found it necessary, in order to walk with comfort, to dampen with water their trouser legs, the cloth being stiff with mud from the "Bloody Angle" rifle-pits, where the ground was tramped into mortar during the fight. On May 13th, the next day after the Bloody Angle fight, Gen. Grant recommended Gen. Wright, commander of the 6th corps, for pro motion to the rank of Major-General and that he be assigned as permanent commander of the 6th corps, the promotion and assignment being prompt ly granted. In the fight early in the morning Gen. Wright was wounded, but remained on duty all day. On the night of May 13th an incident occurred which shows how tired and sleepy the men were after so many days of fighting and nights of marching. About dark the 61st camped in an open field. After getting coffee, the soldiers lay down, most of them without any blankets under or covering them. The next morn ing when they woke up a strong breastwork of logs and dirt was in their front, only a few feet away, extending out of sight to the right and left. Most of the 61st men heard no sound of axe or shovel or orders of officers, but slept soundly through it all. That afternoon, May 14th, an amusing event occurred. The brigade to which the 61st belonged, reduced to about the size of one full regiment, was in line of battle in the woods. Toward evening a fresh regiment of heavy artillery came up, formed in front of the brigade and stacked arms. The men, in new uniforms, were weary and hungry and thirsty. They scattered in search of water and material to make fires. Many of the old soldiers proceeded to appropriate the new gum blankets and exchange old rusty guns for bright new ones. After half an hour the rebels opened on the position with artillery, send ing shot and shell crashing through the trees. The new regiment, being called by bugle signal, promptly fell into line, ready for action. In a few minutes the artillery fire ceased and the men again broke ranks. By this time they discovered what had happened. Thereupon the new colonel, politely saluting Gen. Neill, in charge of his brigade, said, "General, many of your men have taken our guns, blankets and other equipment." Gen. Neill, straightening up with imperious dignity and speaking in deep, grave tones, said "Impossible, colonel; my men have no use for your guns or other property." "But," said the colonel, "they have actually PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 97 taken many of our guns," and pointing to various weather-beaten men in dirty garments nearby, the colonel said, "there is a man with one of our guns, and there is another, and beyond I see some of our new blankets." Gen. Neill said, "Oh, no, you are mistaken; it is impossible; when you stacked arms you put a guard over them; you are too good a soldier to leave your property unguarded. Besides, if you need any guns you can pick up on this battlefield ten for every one you have lost." The colonel realized that he had made a great mistake in not putting a guard over his men s equipment, and said nothing more. Most of the old soldiers were inclined to poke fun at these spick and span reinforcements who had been doing garrison duty in Washington, living on "soft bread," but the very first fight those new men got into in a few days they distinguished them selves, and when next seen by Neill s brigade the fresh men were heartily cheered. During these operations the army saw very little of Gen. Grant, but his appearance was always greeted with hearty cheers. On the 15th of May the 61st and other troops were in line of battle not far from Fredericks- burg Road, in the woods, behind slight fortifications made chiefly of logs, there being a picket line only between that line and the enemy, then posted in part along the south side of the Ny River. While in that position, inactive, a verbal order, repeated by field and line officers, came along the line from the right in these words, "Don t cheer." The soldiers un derstood some popular officer was coming whose life might be endangered by cheering, as the noise would reveal the Union position to the enemy. In a few minutes Gen. Grant, on a bay horse, came from the right, pro ceeding toward the left, riding slowly through the brush, keeping his eye on the breastwork. When he came within 200 feet, the soldiers began to throw up their hats and make a noise like cheering, but almost inau dible. This noise grew louder, and before the general passed the 61st the men broke out into a tremendous cheer, which extended back along the line until it died away in the distance, and kept a hundred feet ahead of the hero as he proceeded. At the same instant rebel batteries opened, firing shells, one of which burst over Gen. Grant s head, sending a shower of debris down upon him. His horse crouched and shivered as he pro ceeded, but did not rear or plunge like the other horses of the aides and orderlies. Gen. Grant gave no evidence that he heard the cheering or the firing, but proceeded quietly out of sight and the incident ended, the men liking the general better for not "making a fuss about nothing." On May 17th, in the night, the 6th corps, with other troops, marched back to the salient, taking position at the apex of the angle, and at day light attacked the enemy on the line to which they retreated early on the morning of May 13th, but the rebels, understanding the movement, were ready for the attack and repulsed it. The 6th corps then moved back toward the left. 98 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT In this fight the heavy artillery soldiers showed they were made of good material, and were no longer looked upon as mere soft bread eaters. On the 19th and 20th of May some hard fighting occurred, chiefly by the 2d corps, and this practically ended what is known as the battle of Spottsyl- vania Court-house. Gen. Humphreys chief of staff, in his closing paragraph on Spottsyl- vania, says: "This account of the operations shows in what manner the contest between the two armies was carried on. The marching was done chiefly at night, and the contact was so close as to require constant vigilance day and night, and allow but little time for sleep. The firing was incessant. The fatigue, the loss of sleep, the watchfulness, taxed severely the powers of endurance of both officers and men. Usually, in military opera tions, the opposing armies come together, fight a battle and separate again, the strain lasting only a few days. In a siege it is only a small part of the opposing troops that are close together. But with these two armies it was different. From the 5th of May, 1864, to the 9th of April, 1865, they were in constant close contact, with rare intervals of brief comparative repose." The loss of the 61st at Spottsylvania Court-house, as officially re ported, including the dates May 8th to 21st inclusive, was: killed, officers one, men 30; wounded, officers 6, men 96; missing 6; total, 139. The actual loss, including mortally wounded, as corroborated by Fox, page 274, was: killed, officers 2; men 42; wounded, officers 5, men 84; missing 6; total, 139. The officers killed were: Adjutant George W. Wilson, and Lieut. James W. Prophater of Company C who wounded at this time later died on August 31st. In tables given by Fox it appears the 61st stood 16 in the loss at Spottsylvania Court-house, only 15 regiments in the entire army having greater carnage. The total loss of the army, as given by Gen. Humphreys, was: killed, 3,047; wounded, 12,675; missing, 2,001; total, 17,723. He says the total wounded and missing for the 16 days from May 5th to 21st was 33,110, and counting 4,225 sent to the rear sick, the aggregate loss was 37,335 for the Wilderness and Spottsyl vania to May 21st. Aggregating the 61st losses for the same 16 days, the figures are: in the Wilderness, 151; at Spottsylvania, 139; total, 290; and adding losses from sickness, say 35, a low estimate, the regiment was reduced by at least 325 men, an average of more than 20 for each day. CHAPTER IX. COLD HARBOR-FORT STEVENS. "I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made. No advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained." Gen. U. S. Grant in his Personal Memoirs. "The President evinced remarkable coolness and disregard of danger. He took his position at my side on the parapet, and all my entreaties failed to move him, though in addition to the stray shots which were constantly passing over, the spot was a favorite mark for the sharpshooters. After he left the parapet he would persist in standing up from time to time, thus exposing nearly one-half his tall form to the bullets." Major General H. G. Wright, Commanding 6th Corps at Fort Stevens. In the Military Museum in Washington, beside the cylindrical glass case containing the stump of the big tree cut off at the Bloody Angle by minie balls, is a smaller glass case in which, suspended to a copper wire, is something resembling an autumnal oak leaf. On closer inspection the suspended object is found to be lead, and the inscription says it was picked up at Spottsylvania Court-house at the Angle. Two bullets of the same w r eight and consistency, going in opposite directions with equal velocity, met in the air, and smashing, they spread out like molten metal, the outer edges of each becoming serrated, bending over and clasping the other as if still in mortal strife. This historic piece of lead illustrates the deadly character of the conflict between the Union and rebel armies as they faced each other at Spottsylvania Court-house after the terrible battles. The soldiers on both sides aimed to kill, each being determined to annihilate the other. Never before had the Union army been so unalterably resolved to crush rebellion and wipe the rebel army from the earth. And Union losses only stimulated this grim determination, not for revenge, but through a distinct understanding that no peace could be secured with an effective rebel army in the field. The soldiers realized they were engaged in a mighty conflict that shook the continent, and the depletion of their ranks suggested like or greater decrease in the ranks of the enemy. The brave spirit of Gen. Grant pervaded the .ranks, and the 100 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT men were indeed ready to "fight it out," regardless of time or place. This spirit never changed, but rather intensified until the end. On May 21st, 1864, the army began another left flank movement toward Richmond, the 2d corps, under Hancock, leading. In order to deceive the enemy, the 6th corps was pressed close to the enemy and kept up a sharp picket fire. Then later in the day it retired to a new position at the Gayle House, where a rebel division attacked, but was repulsed. The 61st, with the brigade, then started toward Guinea s Station on the Richmond and Potomac Railroad, reaching that place the next day at 11 A. M. On the 23d, the 6th corps moved near the North Anna River, camping at Harris store, in support of the 5th corps then skirmishing with the enemy across the North Anna River. The next day, May 24th, the 6th corps crossed that stream four miles below Jericho Mills, at the tele graph road, on a pontoon bridge. While moving up along the north side of the North Anna River toward Jericho Mills on the evening of May 23d, near the stream, high banks being on both sides, a Union battery was posted on the north side of the river, firing across over the marching troops at the rebels, then attacking the 5th corps under Gen. Warren. Owing to the conformation of the ground, the roar of the Union guns was astounding and the rever berations seemed louder than the original discharges. Men of the 61st found it necessary to walk on tiptoe and use other precautions to avoid ear ruptures. The air seemed highly charged with electricity and the shocks were startling, but when the column reached a point where the high bluff was only on the south side, the peculiar effect ceased, although the number of guns had been increased. By the time the 6th corps got into position to support Gen. Warren, the enemy had been repulsed and the corps rested all day, many of the men embracing the opportunity to wash their clothes and get rid of part of the Virginia soil accumulated in the preceeding three weeks. On May 25th the 6th corps moved up close to the rebel fortifications, but did not become engaged, beyond a severe skirmish. After dark on the 26th, the army moved back across the North Anna and continued the march by the left flank toward Richmond. The 6th corps, Gen. Russell s 1st division leading, followed the cavalry, Generals Neill and Ricketts, in charge of the 2d and 3d divisions, camping for the night near Chesterfield Station. The country, after leaving Spottsylvania was open and well culti vated, the main obstacles being in the numerous streams to be crossed, with sluggish currents and low marshy banks, overflowing after every considerable rain. During the march from Spottsylvania, the improve ments were not spared, although it seems no orders on the subject were issued. Day and night, as the troops and trains proceeded, flames and smoke arose on every hand, houses, barns, outbuildings, stacks of grain and hay, disappearing in all directions. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 101 In the forenoon of May 28th, the 6th corps crossed the Pamunkey River at Huntley s, four miles above Hanover Town, and formed line of battle, protecting the road to Hawe s Shop, being in the front line next to the cavalry. The Pamunkey River is formed by the union of the North and South Annas. On the 29th, the 6th corps moved to within three miles of Hanover Court-house and camped for the night, the next morning moving to Hanover Court-house, where the corps remained until the evening of May 31st, when it made a night march to Cold Harbor, arriving there at 9 A. M., June 1st, affording timely aid to Sheridan s cavalry, then hotly engaged with a large part of the rebel army. This night march of fifteen miles, past Hawe s Shop and Old Church, was hard on account of the suffocating weather, the dusty roads and poor drinking water. On reaching Cold Harbor, the 6th corps took the front line, pro tecting the roads to New Bridge, Despatch Station and Bethesda Church, fighting all day to keep back the rebel forces trying to recapture the place. That evening at 7 o clock, an attack was made on the rebels, the 6th corps advancing with its right under Gen. Ricketts on the Richmond Road. Next to Ricketts was Russell s division, then Getty s 2d division under Neill, Neill s brigade under Bidwell being on the extreme left and part of the time refused so as to protect the rear. To the right of the 6th corps was the 18th corps under Gen. W. F. Smith, just arrived as reinforce ments from the White House on the Peninsula. A bloody fight ensued, the 6th corps capturing 500 prisoners and driving back the enemy from his main line. In this engagement, which lasted about an hour, the 6th corps lost 1,200 killed and wounded. Both the 6th and 18th corps in trenched the position they gained. In the morning, June 2d, the 2d corps came up on the left of the 6th corps, and Getty s 2d division then moved from the left to the right of the 6th corps, relieving part of the 18th corps. Heavy skirmishing was kept up all day, and an attack ordered for five o clock in the afternoon, but later, on account of the intense heat, the attack was postponed until 4:30 the next morning, June 3d. The rebel position was naturally strong and was well fortified, with open ground in front nearly all along the line. The right rested on the Chickahominy -in a swamp about three miles from the main Richmond defenses, while the left was out of sight in the wooded swamps, the sources of the Totopotomoy and Matadequin Creeks. It being impracticable to assail either flank, Gen Grant decided to assault the rebel center. About five o clock in the afternoon of June 2d, it began to rain and continued nearly all night, to the great relief of the troops. The rebel works were to be assailed by the 2d, 6th and 18th corps promptly at 4:30; the hour fixed for the attack, June 3d, these three corps advanced under heavy artillery and musketry fire and carried the enemy s advance rifle pits, but the resistance now became hotter from a cross-fire of artillery nearly all along the Union line. Still the troops ran up close to the main intrench - ments, maintaining their position in some places within thirty yards of 102 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT the rebel works. The Union loss was enormous, especially in brigade and regimental commanders, who bravely led their men. The fight only lasted about an hour, and in that time the three corps lost over 4,000 men. Including the 5th and 9th corps, cooperating, the total loss was 5,600. The 6th corps made this assault by advancing its entire line, Russell s division on the left, Rickett s in the center, and Getty s com manded by Neill, on the right. The 6th corps had to endure an enfilad ing fire from both right and left, yet it captured and held the rebel works in its front, taking a position within thirty to fifty yards of the main fortifications of the enemy. By direction of Gen. Grant, the order to attack on the morning of June 3d was suspended, and he afterwards said he was sorry the attack was made. The army remained in the advance position it gained that morning until June 12th, when it left for the move ment across the James River. Gen. Humphreys describes the sore trials of the soldiers during the nine days when the lines were so close, as follows: "The daily skirmishing during that time was sharp, and caused severe loss in some divisions; during the nights there was heavy artillery firing, and sometimes heavy musketry. The labor in making the approaches and strengthening the intrenchments was hard. The men in the advanced part of the lines, which were some miles in length, had to lie close in narrow trenches with no water, except a little to drink, and that of the worst kind, being from surface drainage; they were exposed to great heat during the day; they had but little sleep; their cooking was of the rudest character. For over a month the army had no vegetables, and the beef used was from cattle which were exhausted by a long march through country scantily provided with forage. Dead horses and mules and offal were scattered over the country, and between the lines were many dead bodies of both parties unburied in a burning sun. The country was low and marshy in character. The exhausting effect of all this began to show itself, and sickness of malarial character increased largely." After the battle of Cold Harbor, an incident occurred which illust rates the exhausted condition of the soldiers. At the Second Division Sixth Corps Field Hospital was a member of Company A 61st, named Johnston Walker, a superb soldier in every way, who was sick. He was a young man of rather dark complexion, and, of course, bronzed by the sun. Beside him was a sergeant of that company, also sick. Walker said to the sergeant, "I am very sick; I am sure I will not get well unless sent north for treatment." The sergeant tried to comfort him, saying some soup would soon be brought around which would revive him. In a little while the division and brigade surgeons came along with some hospital stewards, making two lists of the disabled, one to remain with the army, including those temporarily ill or slightly wounded, the other of those more seriously disabled, requiring treatment in a general hospital in the north. The sick and wounded were lying side by side in the woods. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 103 The examiners first came to the sergeant and decided he must go north for treatment, and put his name down on that list. They then examined Walker and said his illness was only temporary and that a few days rest and a little nourishing food would put him back in the ranks. He pro tested, saying faintly he was very sick and could not live in that place. The doctors said he was young and would soon get well, declining to make any other disposition. After the surgeons passed, the sergeant tried to console Walker by saying the surgeons knew his condition better than he did and he should be cheered rather than depressed by their assurances he would soon get well. However, he was greatly discouraged, saying the surgeons did not understand his case. The sergeant then, overcome with weakness and fatigue, turned over, away from Walker, and fell asleep; on waking, in one to two hours, he turned back toward Walker and spoke to him. There was no response, and rising on his elbow, the sergeant found that Walker had died. Official figures give the 61st losses at Cold Harbor to June 2d, at 10 wounded and one missing, total 11. On June 5th, Lieut. Price of Com pany A, was wounded, and that heroic officer, when informed he must go to the rear for treatment, actually shed tears, saying he did not want to "leave the boys." Others were wounded of whom there is no official account, and a large number in the regiment were disabled by sickness. The total loss of the army at Cold Harbor, as given by Gen. Humphreys, was 12,970, of whom 1,905 were killed. These figures are very unre liable, as admitted by the author, who says there is no official report on file for the 6th corps or for any of its divisions. While the army was fighting at Spottsylvania and moving down to wards Cold Harbor, Gen. Sheridan was doing great things with the cavalry and was rapidly coming to the front as an all-around commander. In his first general fight with the rebel cavalry, he was victorious at Yellow Tavern May llth, near Richmond, killing the rebel general Stuart. The rebel cavalry was also defeated at Hanover Town, Hawe s Shop and Cold Harbor, in all of which Sheridan showed brilliant talent as a field fighter. On June 9th it was determined to move the army across the James River, and for that purpose a new intrenched line six miles long was prepared in 36 hours, in rear of the line then held by the Union army. One by one the various corps were transferred over the Chickahominy and across the Peninsula so skillfully that the enemy did not know what was going on until it was too late to interfere. The James River was to be crossed at Wilcox Landing, nearly opposite Charles City Court-house, a distance for some of the troops of over 40 miles from Cold Harbor by the road used, and in reaching that point the Chickahominy River had to be bridged and crossed at three places for the 2d and 5th corps at Long Bridge, the 6th and 9th corps lower down at Jones Bridge, and the trains still farther down at Windsor Shade s Land ing. 104 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT The movement began after dark June 12th, the order specifying the roads for each corps and providing when they were on the same road which should have precedence, and where all should stop at night. This order may be found in Gen. Humphrey s book, page 426, and will repay perusal by any one interested in the highest development of military science relat ing to the movement of troops and trains in the face of an active and intelligent enemy. Gen. Washington maneuvered his army in 1781 over much of the same region, but the Father of his Country never dreamed of such an army as Grant had to handle in June, 1864. Immediately after dark, as ordered, Gen. Warren moved his 5th corps to his left toward Long Bridge, followed by Gen. Hancock s 2d corps. The pontoon bridge at Long Bridge was laid at one o clock A .M. June 13th, and both corps crossed as per program, the 2d corps reaching Wilcox Landing the same evening at five o clock. The 6th and 9th corps moved as ordered, crossing the Chickahominy on a pontoon bridge at Jones Bridge, all of the corps concentrating near Charles City Court house by morning, June 14th, and holding the roads to Wilcox Landing on the James River. In this march the 61st broke its Cold Harbor camp at midnight June 12th, having been left as rear guard. The next night the regiment bivouaced six miles from Charles City Court-house. Some of the regiment, having been on picket duty, had no sleep the night of the llth-12th, and therefore found it hard to keep up with the column. That day familiar places were observed, recalling the campaign of 1862. The pontoon bridge across the James River was laid between Wind mill Point and Fort Powhattan, where the river was 2100 feet wide. The depth in mid-channel was from 70 to 100 feet. The tidal current was strong, the rise and fall being four feet. The number of pontoons used was 101, and in the center above and below they were anchored to vessels moored for that purpose. In the middle there was a draw for the passage of boats. The bridge was commenced from each end, successive pontoons and rafts being used. The work of laying the bridge began at four o clock P. M., June 14th, and was finished at midnight, the total time being eight hours. By midnight of the 16th the whole army, with all its trains, was over. On June 15th and 16th, the 61st, with other troops, acted as rear guard, while the troops and trains crossed the James River, some in transports and some on the long pontoon bridge. The line of the 6th corps as rear guard was shortened until only the 2d division remained on the north side, which, after the cavalry had crossed, followed the trains over the pontoon bridge and proceeded to Petersburg on the 17th, taking position near the Appomattox River on the right of the Union army. These marches were extremely trying, but the men believed they would soon end the war and were buoyant in spirit, if weary in body. On June 18th the 61st, with other forces, advanced in support of some colored troops, helping them to hold two small forts and some rifle pits PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 105 they had bravely taken. For three days, picket firing was incessant, every head exposed on either side being in danger. Midnight June 21st the regiment moved six miles to the left near the Jerusalem plank road, later taking position facing the Weldon Railroad, the picket line being on that road, where the 61st remained most of the time for two weeks, doing picket duty and having some time to recuperate, Capt. Rendenbach being still in command of the regiment. On June 29th hard fighting was heard to the left, and the 61st, with other troops, started on a forced march to the left, going to Reams Sta tion on the Weldon and Petersburg Railroad. Here Gen. Wilson, with his cavalry, trying to return after a raid, was roughly handled, losing all his artillery and a large number of his men. His raid had lasted ten days, during which the men were in the saddle nearly all of the time marching over 300 miles and destroying 60 miles of railroad. The 6th corps did not arrive in time to save Wilson, tut buried some of his dead and rescued some of his artillery. The 6th corps returned the next day, June 30th, to its place in the line, where it remained until July 6th, when the 3d division under Gen. Ricketts was sent to Baltimore and took part on the 9th in the battle of Monocacy under Gen. Lew Wallace. In this fight Gen. Ricketts, conspicuous for his gallantry, was wounded. At midnight, July 9th, the other two divisions of the 6th corps marched 14 miles to City Point and embarked for Washington, arriving there on the afternoon of the llth, and marched up Seventh Street toward Fort Stevens as the rebel general Early marched down the same street toward that fort. When the 6th corps landed on the Sixth Street dock, Presi dent Lincoln was there with his black clothes and tall hat. He was much pleased to see the "boys" of the 6th corps, and talked familiarly with many of them. Major Crosby, of the 61st, wounded in the Wilderness, was in a hospital in Washington, and when he heard the 6th corps was coming, applied for leave to join his regiment. His application was re fused on the ground that his wound in the head was not sufficiently healed to permit wearing a hat or going where there was dust, and overheating would be dangerous. Nevertheless, he went to a livery stable, hired a horse and joined the regiment, taking command, as he was the ranking officer. When nearing the regiment at Fort Stevens, having returned his horse, a fellow officer met Crosby, who was then on foot, and begged him to return because of his feeble condition. This he refused to do saying, "I must go to my boys." The column, on leaving the dock, moved past the Smithsonian In stitute, the Patent Office, and the Postoffice, people lining the streets all the way, many remarks being made, "It is the old 6th corps. Those are the men who took Marye s Heights," and other observations about the soldiers and the states from whence they came. Flags and handkerchiefs waved from the windows and house-tops, greeting the men as they "stepped out" with a lively swing .over the cobblestone pavements. The 61st 106 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT camped for the night with the brigade in rear of Fort DeRussey. During the forenoon of July 12th the various Union commanders about the National Capitol got their men into position for resistance, the rebel skirmishers in the meantime advancing within rifle shot of the principal defences arid sending their bullets whizzing over Fort Stevens, keeping the inexperienced troops in a state of nervous excitement and spreading terror among the government officials. Finally, in the afternoon, Gen. Wright, having sifted the wild and conflicting rumors and obtained definite information as to the position of the enemy, made preparation for an attack. Up to that hour the Union forces were all invisible, concealing themselves in the forts and rifle pits. The artillery in the forts was making some noise, but accom plished nothing. About foui o clock, the 3d brigade 2d division 6th corps, under Gen. Bidwell, was ordered to the front, and soon moved for ward in the open ground before Fort Stevens and formed for the attack as follows: First line, 77th N. Y., 7th Maine and 49th N. Y.;second line, 43d N. Y., 61st Pennsylvania, and 122d N. Y. These two lines were each about 1000 feet long and were to move over open fields without any protection. The enemy was about half a mile away, sheltered by buildings and trees, with wire and rail fences to obstruct the Union ad vance. The forts now opened firing over the 6th corps brigade, aiming at some rebel batteries that had concentrated a heavy fire on the troops while they were forming. It was an anxious moment around that locality and excitement ran high, the only cool men being those standing in line of battle, waiting for the order to advance. President Lincoln, then a candidate for re election on a war platform, was in Fort Stevens, gazing at the soldiers about to move. Stevens, the 6th corps historian, stood on the parapet of Fort Stevens and saw it all. On page 378 he describes the fight as follows: "The flag of the Seventy-seventh waved the signal of readiness, the heavy ordnance in the fort sent volley after volley of thirty-two pound shells howling over the heads of our men into the midst of the rebels, and through the house where so many of them had found shelter, and then at the command of Sedgwick s men of iron, the brave fellows started eagerly forward. They reached and passed the skirmishers, and the white puffs of smoke and the sharp crack from their rifles became more and more frequent, first the rattle of an active skirmish, and then the continuous roar of a musketry battle. "In magnificent order and with light steps they ran forward, up the ascent, through the orchard, through the little grove on the right, over the rail fence, up to the road, making straight for the first objective point, the frame house in front. The rebels at first stood their ground, then gave way before the impetuous charge. "The President, the members of his cabinet and the ladies, as well PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 107 as the military officers in the fort, and the crowd of soldiers and citizens, who had gathered about it to witness the fight, watched with breathless interest the gallant advance as our boys pushed forward, keeping their line of battle perfect, except when now and then some regiment having the advantage of ground, in its eagerness got a little in advance of others, until they saw the rebels take to flight. Then the crowd at the fort rent the air with exultant cheers, and as the boys reached the house, the people were wild with excitement, shouting and clapping their hands, leaping and dancing with joy. "But the rebels did not yield without resistance. They met our men bravely, and though forced to seek safety in flight, turned and poured their volleys into the ranks of the pursuers. "Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson, commanding the Forty-ninth, a brave man, who had never shrunk from danger, and who had shared all the varied fortunes of the brigade since its organization, fell mortally wounded. Colonel Visscher, of the Forty-third, who had but lately succeeded the beloved Wilson, was killed. Major Jones, commanding the Seventh Maine, was also among the slain; and Major Crosby, commanding the Sixty-first Pennsylvania, who had but just recovered from the bad wound he received in the Wilderness, was taken to the hospital, where the sur geons removed his left arm from the shoulder. Colonel French, of the Seventy-seventh, was injured, but not seriously. The commanding officer of every regiment in the brigade was either killed or wounded. "While the battle was in progress, President Lincoln stood upon the parapet of the fort watching, with eager interest, the scene before him. Bullets came whistling around, and one severely wounded a surgeon who stood within three feet of the President. Mrs. Lincoln entreated him to leave the fort, but he refused; he, however, accepted the advice of Gen. Wright to descend from the parapet and watch the battle from a less exposed position. "We gathered our dead comrades from the field where they had fallen, and gave them the rude burial of soldiers on the common near Fort Stevens. "But though no concourse of citizens followed the patriots to their humble resting-place, though no bands waited the solemn dirge, and no casket but the earth enclosed their remains, their deeds were not for gotten. Their memory was enshrined in the hearts of the people; and after a few weeks their remains were exhumed from their scattered graves, they were placed together in a little enclosure on the sunny slope in front of the fort, and a beautiful monument tells the story of their noble sacri fice." The enemy was vigorously followed until ten o clock, when the pursuers stopped near Tenallytown for the night. The next day Gen. Wright followed the rebel general Early, camping for the night at Pooles- ville, Maryland, 35 miles from Fort Stevens. The following day, July 108 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT 14th, Early escaped across the Potomac at White s Ford, thus ending the raid on Washington. The battle of Fort Stevens was a bloody conflict for the number engaged, as indicated by the fact that every regimental commander on the Union side was killed or wounded. The 61st, of 200 men in line, lost 6 killed, including Lieut. William Laughlin of Company B, then acting as adjutant, and 25 men wounded, including Major Crosby, who lost an arm. Company A, at Fort Stevens, had two brothers, Aseph and John Ellis, both excellent soldiers; a brother of the two men, in Company A belonged to the 7th Wisconsin, named Horace A. Ellis, who at the time was in Washington recovering from wounds. He left the hospital, got a gun and took his place with Aseph and John, serving with distinguished gallantry. When the fight ended, John was among the killed, the two surviving brothers burying him on the field. Horace then returned to the hospital and later to his regiment, with enhanced reputation as a courageous man, ready to do more than his duty. In his book entitled "The Shenandoah Valley" in the series called "Campaigns of the Civil War," Mr. Geo. E- Pond, referring to Fort vStevens, said: "Rarely did a minor engagement present so clear an opportunity for viewing its progress, and rarely for such a scene was a more memorable group of spectators assembled. On the parapet of Fort Stevens stood the tall form of Abraham Lincoln, by the side of General Wright, who in vain warned the eager President that his position was swept by the bullets of sharpshooters, until an officer was shot down within three feet of him, when he reluctantly stepped below. Sheltered from the line of fire, Cabinet officers and a group of citizens and ladies, breathless with excitement, watched the fortunes of the fight. Strange as was this spectacle at the gates of the national capitol, it would have seemed stranger still to the onlookers, could they have known that in the camp yonder, as if in typical contrast to the figure on the parapet, stood one who four years before had been the Vice- President of the United States. "It was no mock battle that these spectators witnessed. Stretchers soon came from the field by scores, with their ghastly loads; the hospitals in the rear of the fort were astir; and here and there, dotting the meadow, the orchard and the dusty highway, lay many a lad for whom the wild cheers of the crowd fell on deaf ears." In certain proceedings of the Fort Stevens Lincoln Military Memorial Association, the names of the 61st killed July 12th, 1864, are reported as follows: Lieut. Wm. Laughlin, Co. B., Andrew Ashbaugh, Co. H., Philip Bowen and John Ellis, Co. A, Edward Garvin, Co. I, and H. Mc- Intire, whose company has not been ascertained. Alexander Moore of Co. A was mortally wounded and died soon after the battle. First Ser geant Wm. L. Buchanan, Co. A, then in command of that company, was PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 109 wounded, losing an arm. Daniel H. Bee of the same company was, wounded, losing a leg. Wm. H. Stanley, J. Harvey Work, and S. W. McCoy, of the same company were wounded. Walter Sobbee, Co. G, and Henry W. Wise, Co. I, were also among the wounded. A complete list of the wounded, however, cannot be made from available data. After the death of Lieut. Laughlin, of Co. B, who was acting as Adjutant, Lieut. John Caldwell of Co. F assumed the duties of Adjutant and displayed a coolness and efficiency rarely equaled on the battle field. Lieut. Caldwell relates this incident. While the fight was going on and the lines were close , separated only at some points by a cedar hedge fence, he noticed a soldier lying with his gun cocked pointing through the hedge fence at the enemy. The Lieutenant said he was glad to see him doing his duty. Getting no response he tapped his foot, to get his attention, and then discovered that the man was dead, having been shot through the head by a rebel. That dead soldier pointing at the enemy with cocked gun was John Ellis, of Co. A, a man noted for bravery and fidelity. CHAPTER X. SHENANDOAH VALLEY. " Cypher Executive Mansion. Washington, Sept. 20, 1864. "Major General Sheridan, Winchester, Va. "Have just heard of your great victory. God bless you all, officers and men. Strongly inclined to come up and see you." A. Lincoln. "Far down the road from among the crowd of fugitives, where no man on that field cared to look, came a murmur like the breaking of the surf on a far- off shore. Nearer it drew, grew louder, and swelled to a tumult. Cheers, the cheers of the stragglers. As the men instinctively turned toward the sound, they were seized with amazement to see the tide of stragglers setting strongly toward the south. Then out from among them, into the field by the road side, cantered a little man on a black horse, and from the ranks of his own cavalry arose a cry of Sheridan. Through all the ranks the message flashed, and, as if it had been charged by the electric spark, set every man on his feet and made his heart once more beat high within him." Col. Richard B. Irwin, In History of the 19th Army Corps. Published by Putnam s Sons, New York and London. The 6th corps commander, Gen. H. G. Wright, was put in control of all troops in the field pursuing Early s retreating rebels. On July 16th, the 61st, with the corps, waded the Potomac at White s Ford, the water in some places being three feet deep, requiring all equipment to be held up out of water. The next day the regiment passed Leesburg, proceeding later to Snickers Gap, where some resistance was made by part of the rebel army, but was soon brushed away. On July 20th the 6th corps returned through Snickers Gap, making a forced night march toward Washington, continuing on the 21st until the troops, from heat PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 111 and fatigue, were prostrated to the extent of half the command, straggling being the rule instead of the exception. The next day, the 23d, the corps, passing Drainsvillc, crossed the Potomac at Chain Bridge, and camped for the night at Fort Gaines near Washington, where the corps remained two days, awaiting transportation back to Petersburg. But on the 26th owing to another rebel raid into Pennsylvania and Maryland, the 6th corps started from Tenallytown, crossed the Monocacy River at the junction, passing through Frederick, Maryland, crossing the Potomac at Harper s Ferry and going into position at Halltown on the 29th with Gen. Crook s forces, then arriving from Sharpsburg. This march, which lasted four days, covered a hundred miles of dusty roads in the hottest season for that section of country. The very next day, at noon, the 6th corps, with Crook s troops, faced about, recrossed the Potomac at Harper s Ferry and marched to Frederick and then to Emmet ts- burg, holding the passes of the South Mountain against a supposed in vasion by the rebel troops that burned Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, on July 30th. A defensive position was taken on the Monocacy, where the army remained until August 6th, when it moved once more over the Poto mac at Harper s Ferry, taking position again at Halltown. Some of the troops, including the 61st, were transported from Monocacy Junction to Harper s Ferry by rail. These marches and counter-marches caused more real hardships than the 61st had ever before endured. Sunstroke was frequent and heat prostrations were occurring constantly; besides, there was a discouraging element in the fact that the power controlling the troops seemed unsteady, if not irrational, and the various marches were ordered apparently without any consideration for the trials involved, as if the men were so many automatic machines without sensations of any kind ; but a new era dawned on the morning of August 7th, when Major General Philip Henry Sheridan published an order assuming command of all the troops in that region. As the fame of this celebrated fighter and his heroic soldiers was to fill the nation, a word about Gen. Sheridan is needed in this place. At that time he was of slight build, under the average height, 5 feet, 5 inches, weighing about one hundred and fifteen pounds, with brown hair and whiskers. He possessed a nervous, sanguine temperament, and when riding over battlefields had a habit in times of excitement of extending his legs to a position nearly at right angles with his body; this was an exhibi tion of physical energy properly belonging to a person of great mental activity. In 1864 and until the close of the war he rode a jet-black horse called Rienzi, which was presented to him by Captain A. P. Campbell of the 2d Michigan Cavalry in 1862. This horse had three white feet, was sixteen hands high, strongly built, with great powers of endurance. The animal gained lasting renown by carrying Sheridan from Winchester to the Cedar Creek battle "twenty miles away," as described in the poem of T. Buc- 112 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT hanan Read entitled "Sheridan s Ride." a ride with only one rival in American history, that of Paul Revere. Although Sheridan decided quickly and acted instantly, his head was always clear and his plans bore no trace of undue haste. He had military capacity of the very highest order and was equally at home in handling infantry, cavalry and artillery. Like Napoleon he made plans and moved troops with amazing rapidity and the results always showed that his conclusions were sound. He had the power possessed only by great generals, of inspiring those under him with limitless confidence in his ability, thus securing devotion of men and hearty cooperation on the part of officers. The Shenandoah Valley, starting in the heart of Virginia and extend ing nearly to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, walled on either side by high mountains, with fine roads, fertile fields and numerous streams of pure water, was an inviting highway for military movements from south to north and from north to south. The Shenandoah River running through this valley joins the Potomac at Harper s Ferry where the great east and west Baltimore & Ohio Railroad crosses the latter stream. The Shenandoah Valley was the scene of active military operations from the early part of 1861 until March, 1865. Up to the autumn of 1864 the battles were numerous and bloody, the losses severe, but the results always indecisive except that each campaign shattered the reputation of at least one Union general. For a dozen of them it was the "Valley of Humiliation." In July, 1861, the venerable Gen. Patterson, with half a century of martial renown, lost his reputation by allowing the rebel army to get away from his front near Winchester and help to defeat the Union army at Bull Run. Later Gen. Fremont, the "Pathfinder," candidate for President in 1856, aided in making a great reputation for Stonewall Jackson by retreating from before him in confusion at Cross Keys. Gen. vShields was defeated at Port Republic, Banks at Front Royal, Milroy at Chester Gap; Sigel, with his German reputation gained in the Rebellion of 1848, fell back before the enemy from Newmarket, while Hunter, baffled and chagrined near Lynchburg, marched hundreds of miles through the Kanawha Valley away from the enemy, leaving his department wholly unprotected from invasion. Sheridan now for the first time has an independent command, which he is to exercise in a battle-scarred region in which no Union general ever gained any lasting renown. His army, though made up of detachments and fragments, is thoroughly representative of the best type of American soldier, both as to quality and as to the localities from whence they came. From the Army of the Potomac, Sheridan has the 6th corps, whose badge, the Greek Cross, has been conspicuous on every battle-field of that army. He gets two divisions of the 19th corps fresh from Louisiana, with a brilliant record of achievements in opening the Mississippi River and cutting off Arkansas and Texas from the Confederacy. The Army of PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 113 West Virginia, sometimes called the 8th corps, has joined him in fighting its way to the immediate vicinity of Lynchburg in rear of Lee s left flank and returning by way of the Kanawha Valley and the Ohio River. The Army of the Potomac also furnishes two divisions of cavalry and the Army of West Virginia also brings its two divisions of horsemen. In the cavalry corps is three regiments of regulars, and Sheridan has ten batteries of United States regular artillery. Aside from the regulars credited to no particular place, seventeen states are represented in this consolidated army and share in the glory it achieved. Regiments or batteries were furnished by each of the six New England states, and by New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa. The troops were well officered. Gen. Wright commanded the 6th corps, Gen. Emory the 19th, Gen. Crook the Army of West Virginia, and Gen. Torbert the cavalry. Many subordinate officers in this army are now historic personages of large proportions. Col. Rutherford B. Hayes, commander of a brigade under Crook, consisting of two Ohio and two West Virginia regiments, reached the presidential office in twelve years. Major William McKinley, an aide on Gen. Crook s staff, was made president in thirty- two years. Col. J. Warren Keifer, command ing a brigade in the 3d division, 6th corps, became speaker of the United States House of Representatives in seventeen years. Sheridan himself became commander-in-chief of the whole army in nineteen years, while Custer, Merritt, Wilson and others reached high ranks and enduring fame as military leaders. The rebel army opposed to Sheridan commanded by Gen. Jubal A. Early, included a body of fine soldiers; half of the infantry, all of the artillery, and all of the cavalry but one regiment, were from Virginia, many coming from the Shenandoah Valley. One regiment of cavalry was from Maryland, and the other half of the infantry came from North and South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. As subordinates Early had some good officers such as Generals Gordon, Ramsuer, Fitzhugh Lee, Lomax, Kershaw, Pegram and others. Sheridan had the greater number of men, but the difference was very little and the advantage was always with the rebels in position and in intimate familiarity with the country. The rebels also had the ad vantage of Sheridan in the fact that they knew all his movements through friendly inhabitants and reliable secret channels of information called the "Grape- Vine Route." On August 10th Sheridan s army of 26,000 moved, the 6th corps going through Charlestown and Summit Point to Clifton, occupying the right of the army. On August llth the 6th corps moved to the Perry ville and Winchester Pike, and later took position on the road between Win chester and Front Royal, proceeding the next day to Cedar Creek, remain ing there until the 13th. On August 14th, the 6th corps crossed Cedar 114 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT Creek and occupied the heights near Strasburg. On the 15th the 6th corps started back through Winchester, and by the 18th, after consider able maneuvering, it camped at Flowing Spring, 21-2 miles west of Charles- town, on the Smithfield Pike, remaining there until August 21st. This place is sometimes called Welch s Spring, from the name of a resident near the position of the 6th corps. Company A of the 61st enlisted August 21st, 1861, for three years, and its time was therefore out on August 21st, 1864, for the original men who did not reenlist. On the day last mentioned, the rebels, becoming uneasy as to Sheridan s inten tions, moved against him with a strong force, driving in the Union cavalry pickets on the Opequon and following them so rapidly that the infantry was reached and assailed without notice. The part taken in that battle by the 61st is told in J. M. Walker s Diary, written at the time, as fol lows : "Our last day. We were surprised this morning by the rebels coming down on our pickets on the Pike and driving them back. The 61st chosen from our brigade to go to their support. Regiments followed one after another till three regiments from our brigade were on the line, and the 61st engaged with the enemy. Are losing good many men. Lieut. Price wounded again, we fear mortally. The regiment still remains on the line at noon, and ammunition is being taken to it. We had lost four officers at noon. The regiment is being relieved at dark. Skirmish ing has been brisk all day. Two men of Company A wounded, but not forced to leave the field. Loss of regiment, 4 killed, 18 wounded, 1 miss ing. Lieut. Price, at hospital in Baltimore, died of the wounds received." Capt. Lewis Redenbach of Company B, then in command of the regiment was mortally wounded, he and Lieut. Isaac N. Price both dying from their wounds in the hospital at Baltimore. When Capt. Redenbach was wounded, Capt. W. J. Glenn of Company E took command of the regiment, but received a severe wound within half an hour, when the command was assumed by Capt. Chas. S. Greene of Company I. Lieut. John Caldwell of Company B was also wounded, the report of casualties being, 2 officers killed and 2 wounded, 6 men killed and 15 wounded; total, 25. The total loss in the engagement, mainly in the 2d division 6th corps, "whose conduct," Gen. Wright says, "on this occasion cannot be too highly praised," was 260 killed and wounded. At midnight follow ing the battle, Sheridan again moved back to Halltown, where the 6th corps formed on the right of the army. The retrograde movements of Sheridan were approved by Gen. Grant, as it was understood Early had been largely reinforced, rendering it prudent to act temporarily on the defensive. Gen. Sheridan therefore ended his first series of movements without any general battle, and people at the north, ignorant of the real siua- tion, began to add his name to the melancholy list of Valley incompetents. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 115 Reporting the military operations in that region, Mr. Pond, in his book already referred to, says: "What a story of marchings and countermarchings the soil of the lower valley might tell. What a history is that of its villages from 1861 to 1865 now in Secession and anon in Union keeping; sometimes shelter ing Yanks at dawn, swarming with Rebs at noon, and again sleeping under the stars and stripes at night, We have walked the pike-road so often, writes an Alabama officer, that we know not only every house, fence, spring and shade tree, but very many of the citizens, their wives and children. The Valley turnpike had come to be known as the race course of armies." After various movements and some hard fighting by portions of the cavalry, the army again, on September 3d, moved forward to its Clifton- Berryville position, where an epoch was reached in the history of the 61st regiment. The three years for which the regiment enlisted having expired, on September 3d, the officers and men then present were ordered to the rear to receive their discharges. Exactly how many men were affected by this order does not appear from available data. James M. Walker of Company A, in his diary of September 3d, 1864, says he filled out as clerk thirty discharges for his company, which included those in hospitals, camps, fields and rebel prisons. He says: "About 15 men of Company A and about 70 from the regiment, supplied with ammunition if need be to fight our way back to Harper s Ferry, bid adieu to our old and new comrades near Berryville, Virginia. Fortunately we had no need of our one hundred rounds of ammunition. Soon after dark we fell in with a squadron of cavalry in charge of supply wagons on a road converg ing toward ours. At first, fearing they were of Mosby s gang, we had thrown out skirmishers and, while we moved very quietly, had excited their suspicions, and pickets were thrown out by them. Both soon breathed freer when the true situation was ascertained. They took the advance and we the rear of the trains, until we reached Hall town on the heights approaching Harper s Ferry, when we turned into some old houses and slept a while. From Harper s Ferry September 4th by rail to Balti more ; thence on the 6th to Harrisburg. On the 7th we were mustered out at Camp Curtain, and each squad, as soon as paid off, started for home, sweet home/ The regiment was now reduced to a battalion of five companies, A to E inclusive, and placed under command of Capt. Chas. S. Greene of Company C, then senior officer, Capt. Robt. L. Orr being on Gen. Getty s staff at division headquarters. How many veterans and recruits were left does not appear by any satisfactory data, but Bates, in his history, says the battalion at the Battle of Opequon, sixteen days later, numbered 125. The 61st remained in camp near Berryville until Sept. 13th, when the 2d division 6th corps made a reconnaissance with Merritt s cavalry 116 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT to Gilbert s Ford on the Opequon, where a skirmish resulted in a loss of 12 men wounded, none of them in the 61st so far as the report shows. On September 17th, 1864, Gen. Grant visited Sheridan at Charles- town for a personal conference, with a definite plan of campaign in his pocket, but he found it unnecessary to make any suggestion, simply tell ing the younger commander to "go in." At one o clock A. M., September 19th, 1864, Sheridan s whole army was in motion for his first battle as an independent commander. The day was fine, the plan was good, the troops were confident of success. Every lover of military movements should read the account of this stirring battle in full as given by Pond in his "Shenandoah Valley," by Irwin in his "History of the 19th Corps," by Sheridan himself in his "Memoirs" and by others. Wilson s cavalry before daylight moved across the Opequon at the Berryville Canon, capturing the rebel pickets and then galloping up the canon about two miles to the head of the gorge. They seized the fortified position at that point and began deploying right and left so as to hold the place until the 6th and 19th corps came up as fast as legs could carry them. While advance regiments of cavalry were getting into position in the gray of dawn, an amazing incident took place. Gen. Mc- Intosh, commanding the brigade in front, sat on his horse near the road, his aide, Major A. C. Houghton, beside him, when, gazing to the front in a small valley, they were startled to see a strong infantry force only 300 yards away, about five times their own number, rapidly advancing to recapture the position. At that moment, the second Ohio cavalry mounted, stood in the road waiting to take its place in the line. Mc- Intosh was an experienced soldier, and he realized that the position which was really the key to the whole battlefield would be lost in three minutes unless something desperate was done. The general therefore, through Houghton, ordered the 2d Ohio cavalry to charge the advancing infantry. The regiment then numbered about 500 men and was to charge a body of infantry numbering not far from 3,000. The 2d Ohio drew sabers and moved instantly, first at a trot and then at a gallop, dashing into the rebel infantry with a wild Indian yell the regiment had learned on the western plains. Many saddles were emptied, but the troopers kept on cutting right and left with their swords until the infantry formations were broken up so that it required ten minutes to reform. In the meantime a battery of artillery got into position and, aided by the cavalry already in line, held back the rebel infantry, until the 6th and 19th corps arrived and relieved the cavalry, which then moved to thellnion left, where it operated for the balance of the day. At the gorge Sheridan placed Getty s 2d division 6th corps on the left next to the cavalry facing Winchester, then came Rickett s 3d division of the same corps, and behind these two divisions stood Russell s 1st division in reserve. The 19th corps was to the right of Rickett s, Grover s division in the front line and Dwight s a little to the right and rear, Tho- PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 117 burn s and Duval s divisions of the 8th corps being on the right of the 19th corps. To the right and rear of all the infantry at Stephenson s Depot was Torbert with two divisions of cavalry. This latter force of horsemen attacked early in the morning, Merritt s division on the left and Averell s on the right of the Martinsburg Pike, the enemy, cavalry and infantry, retreating rapidly toward Winchester. About 11 o clock Sheridan, hearing favorable reports from Torbert, pushed forward the entire infantry force, and the battle became general all along the line, artillery and musketry keeping up an unceasing roar. The Union lines steadily advanced for nearly a mile, but in the movements over uneven ground a gap was formed between the 6th and 19th corps into which the rebels sent a strong column, forcing back the right of the 6th corps and the left of the 19th, and taking some prisoners. This was a critical moment, requiring quick decision and immediate action or the day was lost. Sheridan was on the ground and not away in the rear like many other generals. He saw what was needed and was ready to meet the emergency without a moment s delay. Gen. Russell s 1st division of the 6th corps was still in reserve, and Sheridan ordered it into this gap to meet the victorious rebels rushing forward with truimphant cheers. Russell, an educated and experienced soldier, was just the man for such a task, and his division of veterans knew how to move and how to fight, and they "splendidly improved a golden opportunity." The rebels were checked and driven back, and Russell s division stood in line with the other divisions of that corps, but Russell fell in the hour of his great triumph. While supervising the formation of his lines a bullet struck him in the left breast, inflicting a severe wound, of which, however, he never spoke, but kept on fearlessly pressing his men to the front until a fragment of a shell hit him, passing through his heart. Sheridan at this time stopped an hour to straighten his lines and get fresh supplies of ammunition. He had now no reserves, all his forces being in one line. Every soldier, infantry, artillery and cavalry, was in the front line, which extended from Abraham s Creek on the left to Well- town Road on the right. About 3 P. M. the struggle was renewed by the infantry, and the enemy forced back by 5 o clock into their fortifications in the suburbs of Winchester, from which they were soon driven at all points and fled through the town as darkness ended the bloody conflict. Sheridan inflicted a loss on the enemy of 4,000 men, of whom 2,000 were prisoners, and he captured five guns. His own loss was very heavy, amounting to 5,035, of whom 658 were killed, 3,759 wounded and 618 missing. Russell, a brevet major-general, was among the killed, and Mclntosh, the hero of the early morning lost a leg. Early s killed included Generals Rodes and Godwin, and his wounded Generals Fitz Lee, York and Col. Patton. In the battle, the troops, though operating together for the first time, all did well. The 19th corps from the southwest was not surpassed 118 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT by the 6th corps from the Army of the Potomac, and the 8th corps, after its rough experience at Lynchburg, maintained its high reputation for gallantry, while the cavalry left nothing to be desired in point of heroic service. This army in a single day gained confidence in itself and in all its parts, as well as unbounded faith in its new commander-in-chief. In this battle the 61st went in with 3 officers and 125 men, losing 3 killed and 15 wounded, including among the latter Capt. Chas. S. Greene, commanding the regiment, who lost his right eye and had his jaw fractured, the command then devolving on Capt. David J. Taylor. The next day after the battle of the Opequon, at daylight, the enemy was followed up the valley to Fisher s Hill, a precipitous bluff two miles south of Strasburg, where Early stood at bay in a strongly fortified posi tion. Sheridan moved up close all along the line and began a lively skirmish, especially along Tumbling Run, where a hot little fight occurred for the possession of a high point overlooking the enemy s line, which was gained on September 21st. Sheridan now determined to flank the enemy on the right, his works being too strong to attack in the front. In order to deceive the rebels, he fortified and put artillery in position as if for a regular siege. Meantime, with the utmost secrecy, the infantry was shifted to the right, the 8th corps being used as the turning column to get clear around in rear of the rebels. This work was done by Gen. Crook and his veterans in a most admirable manner, marching all day on the 22d through valleys and along hillsides. Finally, just before sundown, having gained the rebel rear and approached near his lines, under cover of woods, Crook s two divisions, under Thoburn and Duval, rushed across the intervening space and captured the entire line before the rebels could recover from their surprise. In a few minutes the 6th and 19th corps descended into the ravine and scrambled up on the other side, joining Crook and sweeping the whole rebel army off the field in utter confusion. Sixteen guns were captured and 1,300 prisoners, with a Union loss of only 400. In this battle Sergeant, afterwards Captain, Sylvester D. Rhodes, Company D, for distinguished gallantry was awarded a medal of honor. He was then in command of the company, and lead it with such bravery that his conduct attracted the attention of the brigade commander, who recommended that the honor be conferred. The next day after the battle of Fisher s Hill, Sheridan followed the retreating enemy and kept up from day to day until he reached Harrison- burg, whence cavalry detachments were sent to other points. At Harrison- burg and about Port Republic, Mount Crawford and Bridgewater, Sheri dan remained until October 6th, 1864. At that time the Union army started back down the valley, the infantry going ahead and the cavalry following stretching from the Blue Ridge to the North Mountain. In obedience to orders from Gen. Grant, the cavalry now proceeded to make that valley untenable for an army so far as supplies were concerned; the PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 119 mills, barns and crops being all given to the flames, producing huge clouds of smoke, filling the valley from one mountain wall to the other. Early, having been reinforced by Kershaw s infantry and Rosser s cavalry, followed Sheridan, increasing in boldness each day until on the 8th of October the attacks on the Union rear guard by the rebel cavalry became unbearable. On the evening of that day Sheridan told Torbert he must give Rosser a "drubbing" next morning or get whipped himself, and that he Sheridan, would ride to Round Top Mountain to see the fight, That night Torbert concentrated his troops for the spectacular battle at Tom s Brook. Merritt and Custer commanded the two Union divisions, while Rosser commanded the rebels, consisting of the divisions of Lomax, Wickham and Pollard. The forces were nearly evenly matched as to numbers, and the infantry on both sides, with the army commanders, were to be spectators. Torbert and his troops were in their saddles at dawn on October 9th, Custer on the right and Merritt on the left. The country was open and both sides fought on horseback, chiefly with the sabre. The rebels were not unwilling for the contest, and they fought heroically, neither side gaining much for two hours. The cavalry batteries on both sides were very active and did not hesitate to plant their guns on the very front lines. Many charges and counter-charges were made, the enemy yield ing first on the flanks, but holding on in the center. Custer and Merritt then went at them in a charge all along the line, when the rebel formations broke and the retreat soon became a total and demoralizing rout. Merritt followed Lomax 26 miles to Mount Jackson, while Custer chased Rosser to Columbia Furnace. Merritt captured five cavalry guns and Custer six, as fair a division as could be made where the total number was uneven. About 300 prisoners were captured. Gen. Sheridan called the engage ment the Battle of Tom s Brook, but the citizens of that region, being disgusted with their cavalry because of its inglorious retreat, baptized the action as the "Woodstock races." It is said some of the captured artillery was new, fresh from the famous Tredegar Works, and that the loss of these guns gave point to the jest that cannon sent from Richmond to the valley were marked, "P. H. Sheridan, care of General Early." After this fight, Sheridan, without any further molestation from his enemy, moved his army back to Cedar Creek into the position substantially which it occupied at the time of the battle, October 19th, 1864. On October 14th, 1864, Gen. Sheridan s army was on the left bank of Cedar Creek just above its junction with the Shenandoah River. Tho- burn s division of the 8th corps was on the extreme left, then came the other division of that corps under Gen. R. B. Hayes and a provisional division under Gen. Kitchings. Each of these divisions occupied a sepa rate position, having elevations well adapted for front defense. To the right of these troops was Grover s division of the 19th corps, and on its right was Dwight s division of the same corps. This infantry line was not straight, but to some extent was made to conform to the windings 120 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT of Cedar Creek, and the various hills and plains affording good positions. As it has been said, the infantry was in echelon, the 8th near the junction of the creek and the river, the 19th at the right and rear of the 8th, and the 6th at the right and rear of the 19th. The 8th and the 19th corps were intrenched; the 6th, being practically in rear of the 19th, was not fortified. Merritt s and Custer s divisions of cavalry were on the right of the 6th corps and Powell s division was on the left of the 8th corps. The artillery, about 60 guns, was at various points along the line. These several positions are distinctly indicated, so that the reader may understand the marvellous conflict here to occur within a week, where the rebels win a brilliant victory by a night march, and a daring morning assault, capturing 24 guns, many prisoners and camp equipage, but sustaining a crushing defeat in the afternoon, losing their captured property and a large part of their own artillery. While the army occupied the positions indicated in this statement, Sheridan was requested by the Secretary of War to go to Washington for consultation, and, leaving Gen. Wright in command, he started on October 16th, arriving in Washington next morning at eight o clock. Before the consultation took place, Sheridan arranged for a special train to leave Washington at 12 o clock noon over the Baltimore & Ohio Road for Martinsburg. Finishing his business at the War Department, Sheridan started back at noon and reached Martinsburg that evening, 28 miles from Winchester. The next morning, October 18th, Sheridan, accompanied by staff officers and an escort of 300 cavalry, proceeded on horseback to Winchester, arriving about 4 P. M. He retired about 10 o clock, after aacertaining that all was quiet along the lines held by the troops. Leaving Sheridan asleep in Winchester, let us see what an experience is preparing for his army, still occupying the positions described. Early, with his forces recuperated and strengthened by 5,000 recruits, was at Fisher s Hill, and upon him Gen. Lee had put the responsible task of pre venting Sheridan from sending any of his troops to reinforce Grant at Petersburg. In order to do this Early made bold attacks on the flanks of Sheridan s army and exercised his ingenuity by getting up a bogus despatch purporting to be from one of the leading Confederate generals, running as follows: To Lieutenant General Early, "Be ready to move as soon as my forces join you and we will crush Sheridan." Longstreet, Lieutenant-General. This message was caught by Union signal officers as it was flagged from a rebel signal station, and reported to Sheridan, who was then start ing for Washington. The subterfuge was suspected, though Sheridan determined to be on the safe side and therefore ordered the cavalry to be more concentrated, and he was confirmed in his resolution to keep all the PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 121 troops he had. Meanwhile Early and his dauntless lieutenants were planning more serious trouble for Sheridan s army. Gen. John B. Gordon, one of the most fearless and accomplished of rebel officers, accompanied by Capt. Hotchkiss, of Early s staff, went to the rebel signal station on Three Top Mountain, where all the Union forces could be plainly seen, as well as the rivers, hills, woods, roads and fords between the two armies. The exact position of all Sheridan s forces was carefully noted, and later in the day a plan was matured for a night march around the Union left and an attack at dawn by all of Early s forces. Gordon was detailed for this enterprise with his own division and those of Ramseur and Pegram, Payne s brigade of cavalry to go along for the express purpose of capturing Gen. Sheridan at his headquarters in the Belle Grove House. Early was to attack in person with the divisions of Kershaw and Wharton and all the artillery, as Gordon, going by cow paths, could take none of it with him. Rosser s cavalry was to attack Custer on the right, while Lomax was to get into the fight on the left. Just at dark, Gordon, with his three divisions, started on their peri lous mission. After crossing the Shenandoah River, they halted at the foot of Three Top Mountain until one o clock in the morning; then, in perfect silence, they proceeded, crossing the river again at Mclntorf s Ford, below the mouth of Cedar Creek, and by four o clock the whole force was on the high ground east of the 8th corps on its left flank and rear. Early sent Kershaw across Cedar Creek at Roberts Ford in front of Thoburn s division, Wharton crossing with the artillery at the bridge. Thus all of the rebel infantry and artillery were ready to attack at day light. A few scattering pickets of the 8th corps were killed or captured and the rebel plans for a surprise were all successful. Kershaw s division opened the battle by firing one volley into Tho burn s camp and then rushing upon it before the infantry could get their arms or the artillery could run to their guns. As Thoburn s men, startled by the roar, came out of their tents, they saw in the dim light the ranks of Kershaw s infantry swarming over the parapets and taking possession of all the artillery. The gallant Thoburn was killed, a few of his brave men surrendered, but most of them ran to the rear, many half clad and a large number without their arms. This finished one division of the 8th corps in less time than it takes to tell the story. Then, before any organized resistance could be made to the rush of Kershaw s men, another surprise was furnished. Still farther to the left and rear, Gordon with his three divisions, suddenly and unheralded, opened a terrific fire on the other small division of the 8th corps under Hayes and the little provisional division of Kitching. These troops, in the darkness just then augmented by an early morning fog, were trying in blind bewilderment to form a line facing toward Kershaw s attack, failing entirely to notice the advance of Gordon from the other direction into their very midst. Unformed as they were, and uncertain as to what had happened, these troops could 122 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT offer no effective resistance, and were soon forced to retire toward their right and rear, which took them pellmell into the 19th corps in a disor ganized condition, having lost all their artillery. Early outnumbered the 8th corps four to one, and he is now to hurl his victorious masses against the 19th corps which he outnumbers at least two to one. Preparatory to his attack on the 19th corps, the rebel com mander united the forces of Gordon and Kershaw and brought up Whar ton s division with 40 pieces of artillery. All these forces, flushed with victory now assailed the 19th corps on its rear and left flank. The troops made heroic but necessarily disjointed resistance, and in a little while the whole line was forced back with a loss of 11 guns and 700 prisoners. In this part of the battle the 19th corps was not only outnumbered, but in the dim light of the morning it maneuvered and fought under many disadvantages, and its retirement was not a rout, each brigade going to the rear under orders, Gen. Emory, the corps commander, with his division commanders, Grover and McMillen, being on hand, doing their full duty. As the 19th corps was falling ack, and before the fog had fully lifted, the 6th corps, in separate divisions, came onto the field and took part in the rough and tumble fight about the Belle Grove House and along the old Furnace Road and later in the cemetery. The 6th corps, not having been surprised, was in its usual condition, minus the stimulation of coffee, which the soldiers had not time to prepare, and they had to be content with nibbling hardtack while not actually loading and firing. Gen. Wright, in command of the army, turned over the 6th corps to Ricketts, who was wounded at seven o clock, and the command of the corps then devolved upon Getty, whose division, the second, was commanded by Gen. L. A. Grant. Col. J. Warren Keifer, commanded the 3d division and Gen. Wheaton the 1st. In the stress of hard fighting, the 6th corps was unable to keep to gether, and each division had a separate battle of its own. At one time Keifer s 3d division was completely isolated, no other troops being within half a mile of it, and the separate brigades changed front repeatedly and faced in different directions to repel rebel attacks. The other divisions had the same experience and at the end of the scuffle, when the rebels were brought to bay and the final position was taken, Grant, with his 2d division, found himself on the left of the army next to the Valley Pike, with Merritt s cavalry on his left; Keifer with the 3d division being out of sight toward the southwest and Wheaton with the 1st division somewhere between. The battle lasted for five hours from the time the 8th corps was attacked on the left. When Early assailed the 19th corps with his whole force, his army faced westerly, but in the end it faced the north with its back to Cedar Creek. In the fighting in the cemetery, about the Belle Grove House, along the Furnace Road, and at other points, the rebels were brought to bay without the assistance of any cavalry except Merritt s division, which PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 123 gallantly aided on the left to drive the rebels out from among our trains. Gen. Wright, now considering the entire situation, decided to move back to a position about three-fourths of a mile north of Middletown, being two miles back for some of the troops and less for others. At ten o clock this movement was nearly completed. Getty s division of the 6th corps, as before stated, was on the left of the new line at the point indicated, and the other two divisions were moving to his right and the 19th corps was forming on the right of the 6th, and the 8th, under Crook s vigorous direction, was rallying in small detachments at several points, one part of it with Gen. Hayes was on the right of Getty s division. It was ordered that the troops, when formed, be resupplied with ammunition, and Wright ordered nearly all of the cavalry to concentrate on the left and told Keifer and other officers that the army would take the offensive at twelve o clock. Gen. Wright was wounded, though he did not leave the field. Many stragglers had gone to the rear with slightly wounded soldiers and, uniting with the usual mob of camp followers, thousands in all, fled toward Win chester along with the scurrying wagon trains, spreading exaggerated reports of the disaster. The Union army had moved back three miles and had lost up to that hour 24 guns and about 1500 prisoners, besides the killed and wounded, with many wagons and other property, includ ing Sheridan s headquarters. But the battle was not ended, the rebels had been roughly handled and their aggressive fighting was now confined to a little artillery firing and some skirmishing. The Union infantry was in fair condition, and the cavalry, numbering 5,000 men, had scarcely been used at all. Returning to Sheridan at Winchester, we find about six o clock that morning, October 19th, the officer on picket informed Sheridan that cannonading was heard toward the front. Sheridan asked whether it was continuous, and on being told it was not he did not rise. In a short time, however, being unable to sleep, he got up, dressed, ordered breakfast and directed that his horse be ready to start in half an hour. After breakfast, at half-past eight o clock, mounted on Rienzi, he started to the front, accompanied by three staff officers, Col. Jas. W. Forsyth, Major Geo. A. Forsyth and Capt. Jos. O Keefe, two engineer officers who had come with him from Washington, Colonels Alexander and Thorn, and a cavalry escort. Sheridan says as he passed through the streets of Winchester on his way, many women appeared at their windows and doors, shaking their skirts at him and otherwise boldly exhibiting the utmost contempt and insolence. From this it was plain that the news of the Union disaster had already spread through the town by the "grape-vine telegraph," as the Confederate spy system was then called. For half a mile after start ing, Sheridan kept his head down toward the pommel of his saddle, listen ing to the sound from the front and trying to interpret it. He concluded 124 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT that it was coming toward him, its increase in volume not being accounted for by the rate of his approach. On reaching an elevated point about five miles from Winchester, the appalling spectacle of a panic burst upon Sheridan and his companions. Hundreds of slightly wounded men and throngs of others, unarmed and unhurt, but utterly demoralized, appeared in the road with baggage and supply wagons by the score, all pressing to the rear in hopeless disorder. Those to whom Sheridan spoke assured him the army was broken up and fled, leaving tents and guns, including his headquarters, in the hands of the enemy. At this point Sheridan took Major Forsyth and Capt. O Keefe, with twenty picked men from the escort, and started on a run for the front, leaving the others to stop the stragglers, spread the news of his arrival and urge the men to return to their commands. As Sheridan and those with him proceeded at a lively gallop over fences, through fields, up hill and down, they shouted to the dispersed troops to hurry back to the front. Sheridan, as he rushed along, kept saying: "We ll sleep in our old quarters to-night. You have gone back far enough. We must recover our camp. If I had been here this would not have happened. Come on to the front, boys. Hurry up, never mind your coffee. Tell all the boys to come to the front instantly. Never mind, boys, we ll whip them yet." and many other short, pithy sentences. As he neared the front he took his hat off, held it in his right hand, and with the two officers, rode ahead of the escort so the men could see him. The effect of this was little less than miraculous. He was received with demonstra tions of joy and enthusiasm. The soldiers who had been surprised in the morning had gone without breakfast, and it was then ten o clock. They left their coffee, shouldered their guns and started for the front, cheering Sheridan every time they saw him. In a few minutes an army of men was running to the front faster than they had gone to the rear five hours before, seeking their commands. Hundreds of staff officers, aides, and orderlies were dashing over the field telling of Sheridan s arrival, directing men where to concentrate, and assuring them of a victory now that their trusted chief was present. At Newtown Sheridan was obliged to make a circuit in order to get by the place which was jammed with trains trying to get back. While going around this town he met Major Wm. McKinley, afterwards Presi dent of the United States, then on Gen. Crook s staff. The Major plunged into the motley crowd, spread the news of Sheridan s arrival, which was greeted with cheers and wild demonstrations of delight. Proceeding to the front, Sheridan found, as he says, the 2d division 6th corps in good order, facing the enemy. The 1st and 3d divisions of that corps were in equally good order and facing the enemy with the 19th corps and remnants of the 8th corps, but Sheridan could not see them from the point where he first saw the left of the 2d division 6th corps. He was hailed with every manifestation of enthusiasm. Riding through the lines to the front where PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 125 the pickets were engaged, he surveyed the region occupied by the enemy. Dr. George T. Stevens, who was with Gen. Wright as surgeon during the battle, in his "Three Years in the Sixth Corps," published by D. Van Nostrand, gives the following stirring account of Sheridan s arrival at the 6th corps position on the Pike: "It was now ten o clock; far away in the rear was heard cheer after cheer. What was the cause? Were reinforcements coming? Yes, Phil. Sheridan was coming, and he was a host. He had ridden from Winchester at amazing speed, and now, as he passed the long trains of ambulances in which were the hundreds of bleeding victims of the morning s work, the wounded men whose shattered limbs or mangled bodies attested that they had not run away, raised themselves and cheered with with enthusi asm the hero of the valley. On he rode, most of his staff left far in the rear, his famous war-horse covered with foam and dirt, cheered at every step by hundreds of men in whom new courage was now kindled. Dashing along the pike, he came upon the line of battle. What troops are these? shouted Sheridan. The Sixth Corps, was the response from a hundred voices. We are all right, said Sheridan, as he swung his old hat and dashed along the line toward the right. Never mind, boys, we ll whip them yet; we ll whip them yet. We shall sleep in our old quarters to night, were the encouraging words of the chief as he rode along, while the men threw their hats high in the air, leaped and danced and cheered in wildest joy." Sheridan established his headquarters in rear of the 6th corps, where he met Gen. Wright, who told him in brief what had happened, where the several parts of the army were and what plans had been formed for taking the offensive. Sheridan fully endorsed Wright s plans and told him to resume command of the 6th corps. At that time, two hours after Sheridan had arrived, the army was in line of battle as follows: The 6th corps now united on the left, Getty s, Keifer s and Wheaton s divisions in the order named, then Grover and McMillen of the 19th corps. Crook s troops of the 8th corps were in column in the second line. Merritt s cavalry was on the left and Custer s on the right. After this infantry line was formed which extended from the Valley Pike on the left to the Middle Marsh Brook on the right, a distance since ascertained of 7,400 feet, one of the most dramatic incidents of the war occurred. Sheridan had been on the field since ten o clock and the soldiers understood he had returned, but most of them had not seen him. The rebels were preparing to attack and the battle, so disastrous up to that time, was soon to be resumed. Major Forsyth, who had accompanied the commander from Winchester that morning and had observed the enthusiasm created among the men by his presence, now suggested that he ride along the line of battle before the enemy attacked. Sheridan, always ready for anything stirring, instantly adopted the suggestion, and he tells the incident in his Memoirs in one short sentence: 126 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT "I started in behind the men, but when a few paces had been taken, I crossed to the front and, hat in hand, passed along the entire length of the infantry line." This line was a mile and a half long, the ground was uneven and many fences had to be crossed. It was indeed an inspiring sight to see the expert rider, as Sheridan was, flying along in front of the battle line, flags waving, officers saluting, and men yelling so loud that it made one continuous roar of greeting to the chief, and defiance to the enemy. Rienzi ran as if he had just come out of the stable after a week s rest. Sheridan wore the full uniform of a major-general, blue coat, two rows of brass buttons in groups of three, gold shoulder-straps with blue fields, enclosing two silver stars in each; his hat was held in his right hand, the bridle reins in his left; he rode alone, his staff joining him in the rear of the line as he returned. No troops greeted Sheridan on that ride more heartily than Crook s 8th corps in the second line, notwithstanding their hard luck in the morn ing. Most of the general officers who saluted Sheridan as he flew by were older men, but they were none the less devoted, and the deeds of such men with the other brave officers in that line, and the unconquerable soldiers, will shine in history as long as unselfish gallantry elicits human admira tion. If we had an accurate picture of that line of battle as it stood there resolutely waiting for Early s attack, we should see toward the left Gen. Wright, wounded, but evidently unconscious of it, chief commander up to that time, who is now in charge of his 6th corps. To his right, but not far off, we would see Gen. Crook ready for any emergency with what there was left of his 8th corps. Further to the right, we find Gen. Emory in charge of the 19th corps. He has had two horses shot under him and sits calmly on the third. The division commanders are Getty, Keifer, Wheaton, Grover and McMillen, the latter superseded later by Dwight, and Hayes. The -other general officers who had fallen were Thoburn, Bidwell, Ricketts and Kitching. This ride along the battle line is represented by the animated gold picture of horse and rider on the outside cover of each volumne of Sheri dan s Memoirs. It is also referred to in Read s poem in the lines: "And, striking his spurs with a terrible oath He dashed down the line mid a storm of huzzas." The effect of this dash along the front was electrifying. It thrilled every soldier and filled him with resistless valor. The attack of the enemy now came, but was easily repulsed, and in a few minutes the bugles sounded advance all along the Union line and the men moved forward in fine order. The rebels resisted valiantly, but were gradually forced back ; their left flank turned, the line of their retreat threatened, their center broken, and towards sundown the whole of Early s army was routed, flying toward the rear. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 127 After the fight was fairly on, Sheridan, finding the 8th corps impatient to do its part, gave it an opportunity, and tells the story as follows: "When I reached the Valley Pike, Crook had reorganized his men, and as I desired that they should take part in the fight, for they were the very same troops that had turned Early s flank at the Opequon and at Fisher s Hill, I ordered them to be pushed forward; and the alacrity and celerity with which they moved on Middletown demonstrated that their illfortune of the morning had not sprung from lack of valor." The number of men in Sheridan s battle line as he galloped along its front can easily be computed. As before stated, the length of the line was 7,400 feet, and allowing, according to army tactics, two men for every eighteen inches as they stand facing the front, and assuming a solid line for the whole distance, the total number was 9866; add the fragment of the 8th corps in reserve, which Gen. Hayes says numbered at least 1,000, and the total of all infantry is 10,866, but this is excessive, because the line was not solid all the way. Many small gaps existed between the right of one organization and the left of another; besides, the artillery occupied some space. No more than 10,000, infantry and artillery included, greeted the commander as he dashed along the line. The cavalry on the flanks, did not exceed 5,000, so that the whole force that advanced against and overthrew Early was no more than 15,000 men. All others had been killed, wounded, captured, dispersed, or con verted temporarily into that odious class called stragglers. A general description of this celebrated battle has been given because a fragmentary account relating only to the 61st or its brigade division or even corps would have no value; besides, men of the 61st and their de scendants have a right to the entire story. Dr. Stevens was present, and his account of the part taken by Bid- well s brigade, which included the 61st, is here given as follows: "The 2d division, on the left, nearest the pike, had received the most severe shock of the attack, while Bidwell s brigade, to which the 61st belonged, which held the extreme left, and the key to the pike, had sus tained the attack of the whole of Kershaw s rebel division, which came up in compact order to within very close range. The gallant brigade received the onset with full volleys, which caused the right of the rebel line to stagger back, and the whole line was, almost at the same moment, repulsed by the corps. The cavalry, on our flank and never braver men than the cavalry of our little army mounted saddles were doing their best to protect the pike leading to Winchester, and it was the great aim of both the cavalry and the single organized corps of infantry to hold this pike; for on this depended the safety of the whole army, and more, of our cause. "The rebels checked, Gen. Bidwell ordered his brigade .to charge. Rising from their places in the little graveyard and the grove, the brigade rushed forward, the rebels breaking and running in confusion down the 128 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT declivity which they had but just ascended with such confidence, and across the little stream. But the rebel artillery sent our men back to their places, to the shelter of the roll of ground. The charge cost us dearly. Major Brower, of the 122d New York, lost his life. Capt. Lennon, of the 77th, was mortally wounded, Lieut. Tabor was killed. Capt. Taylor commanding the 61st Pennsylvania, was also killed, and many other valuable lives were lost, but the most severe blow to the brigade and the corps was the loss of our gallant Gen. Bidwell. He fell, while bravely directing the charge, with a frightful shell wound. He was at once borne to an ambulance. The general sent one of his staff for the writer of these pages. When he reached the general s ambulance, the wounded man said: Doctor, I suppose there is no hope for recovery. When told that there was none he exclaimed, Oh, my poor wife. Then after a moment he said, Doctor, see that my record is right at home. Tell them I died at my post doing my duty. A few hours of intense suffering and the brave man was relieved by death. "The fall of Gen. Bidwell left Col. French, of the 77th, in command of the brigade. The line was quickly reformed in the position from which the charge was made, and again the rebels came on with cheers and yells. They were as bravely met as before, and a second counter-charge sent them again in disorder across the creek, leaving the ground covered with their dead and wounded. The greatest shock of the second charge of the rebels had fallen upon our 3d brigade, and nobly had it been met. A third time Early s forces came on; this time with less spirit. His men now knew the troops they had to contend with. They had been informed that the 6th corps had been sent to Washington, on its way to Petersburg. Now they discovered the mistake, and all of Early s authority was insufficient to bring them up to a spirited charge. We had repulsed them three times with terrible damage to their ranks, as well as sad loss to our own. But now we looked toward the right, and we saw rebels passing around our flank, and the 3d and 1st divisons falling back. We were but twelve thousand. They were thirty thousand, and their line far overlapped ours. When Early could not drive us he went round us. And now it was neces sary to take another position, which should protect the road to Winchester, and Gen. Wright directed Gen. Getty to fall back with his corps, to a more commanding position, unless he saw good reason for desiring to hold his present position. So the order was given to take the new position. "The 6th corps was not driven back. It had thrice repulsed the most desperate charges of the whole rebel army, and now that the rebels were turning our flank, it was necessary to interpose an organized force, and there were no organized troops except the cavalry." After Capt. Taylor was killed, the 61st was commanded by Capt. John Barrett of Company G, until he was killed in that part of the battle which occurred after Sheridan arrived on the field. The command then devolved on 2d Lieut. John W. McClay, Co. C, who was soon wounded, PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 129 when 2d Lieut. Charles H. Bewley, the only remaining commissioned officer, took command. In this battle the 61st, numbering about 100 men, had two officers and four men killed, one officer and ten men wounded and one man missing ; total, 18. At the close of the fight, the 61st, reduced to less than 100 men, had only one commissioned officer and he a Second Lieutenant. The next day after the battle of Cedar Creek, Capt. Charles H. Clausen of Company E, having recovered from his wound at Spottsylvania Court house, returned and took charge of his company and assumed command of the 61st. And 1st Lieut. Oliver A. Parsons returned the same day from detached duty as Quartermaster at Winchester and other points, taking command of Companies B and D, acting also as adjutant. The total loss of Sheridan s army was: killed, 52 officers, 592 men; wounded, 244 officers and 3186 men; missing, 30 officers, 1561 men; total, 5665. This famous battle raised Gen. Sheridan to the rank of Major- General in the regular army, and filled the country with enthusiasm for the commander and his brave soldiers. Thirteen days after the battle, on November 1st, at Pike s Opera House, Cincinnati, the veteran elocu tionist, James E. Murdock, recited to a vast audience, with thrilling effect, T. Buchanan Read s poem entitled "Sheridan s Ride," composed that day. This stirring poetry stimulated the rising tide of Sheridan s popularity, which his subsequent career augmented, until he became the third great Union General, the order being, Grant, Sherman, Sheridan. CHAPTER XI. PETERSBURG-APPOMATTOX. Appomattox Court-house, Va., April 9, 1865. General R. E. Lee, Commanding C. S. A. "I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia on the following terms: The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands." Very respectfully, U. S. GRANT, Lieutenant-General. Headquarters, Army of Northern Virginia. April 9, 1865. "General: I have received your letter of this date containing the terms of the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. They are accepted." Very respectfully, your obedient servant, R. E. LEE, General. Lieutenant-General U. S. Grant, Commanding Armies of U. S. The next day after the battle of Cedar Creek, the 61st, with the 2d division 6th corps, advanced to Strasburg, occupying the front line next to the cavalry pickets. Here the battalion remained for two weeks, many sick and wounded returning, and recruits to the number of 180 being received and organized into two companies, F and G, Lieut. Charles M. Cyphers becoming captain of Company F and Lieut. Charles H. Bewley, captain of Company G, raising the total number of companies in the battalion to seven. While at Strasburg the national election was held and Abraham Lincoln was re-elected by a large majority on a platform favoring a vigorous prosecution of the war. Later the 61st returned with the corps to Kernstown as a more convenient place for getting supplies and answering the general demand for military service in that region. On December 9th, 1864, the 61st with the 6th corps broke camp and marched from Kernstown to Stephenson s Depot, taking cars there for PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 131 Washington and bidding a final adieu to the Shenandoah Valley with all its stirring experiences and imperishable memories. Arriving in the National Capitol December 10th, the command took transport for City Point on the James River, and by December 16th the troops were again before Petersburg, considering the important question of winter quarters. The 6th corps "boys," as President Lincoln loved to call them, being now among the most renowned soldiers in the Union Army, received ovations wherever they went. The Greek cross was a passport to everything good to eat or drink, and stories of Fort Stevens and the Valley were listened to with absorbing interest. Upon returning to Petersburg, the 6th corps, after some changes, was placed in the Union line between Forts Welch and Fisher, a little to the left of Squirrel Level Road and in advance of any other position, the 61st being in the center, the brigade in command of Col. Thomas W. Hyde, the corps still commanded by Gen. Wright, 1st division by Gen. Wheaton, 2d division by Gen. Getty, the 3d by Gen. Seymour. The position of the corps was about 800 yards from the main rebel works, the latter being in front of and about parallel with the Boydton Plank Road. The position of the corps was straightened during the winter, the 61st being occupied in that work and doing picket duty, which was onerous and resulted in almost daily losses. On March 2d, 1865, 300 recruits from Allegheny County were sent to the 61st, forming three new companies, taking the letters H, I and K. These companies were officered and raised the number of companies to ten, making once more a complete regiment for the final campaign. The new recruits were fine men, worthy of their county and of the regiment whose great career they helped to round out. On the morning of the 25th of March, the enemy, under Gen. Gordon, made a sudden attack upon, and succeeded in breaking through the lines of the 9th corps. Gen. Grant immediately ordered an advance along the entire lines, and the 2d division of the 6th corps, to which the 61st belonged, attacked and carried the outer lines of the enemy s fortifications in its front. The 61st in the hottest part of this fight had 4 killed and 14 wound ed. The new troops behaved well. In the spring of 1865 the military and political power of the Con federacy had been reduced to the southern third of Virginia, and the northern third of North Carolina, bounded by the Rapidan and Pamunkey rivers on the north, the Neuse River on the south, the Allegheny mountains on the west, and the Atlantic ocean on the east. This territory, includ ing about 30,000 square miles, was less than four per cent, of the eleven seceded states, but two powerful armies were still in the field. One in North Carolina under Gen. J. E. Johnston, slowly retreating northeast before the victorious columns of Generals Sherman and Schofield, the other under Gen. Lee at Richmond and Petersburg, closely beseiged by the Union Army under the personal direction of Gen. Grant, whose head- 132 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT quarters were at City Point. These two veteran Confederate armies had 125,000 effective men, one-third with Johnston and two-thirds with Lee. The Union armies in Virginia and North Carolina, after deducting necessary guards for captured positions, numbered 225,000. Sherman and Schofield had 100,000 and Grant, after Sheridan joined him, had 125,000 to operate against Lee s 84,000. The Union program was for Sherman and Schofield to crush Johnston, while Grant was to assail Lee and end the war in a short campaign. The Confederate fortifications extended from Hatcher s Run southwest of Petersburg, across the Appo- mattox and the James rivers to the Chickahominy river, southeast of Richmond, a distance of forty miles. On the 26th of March, 1865, Gen. Sheridan ended his triumphant campaign from the Shenandoah Valley, and, with 10,000 cavalry, joined Grant at Petersburg. Through snow, rain and mud, Sheridan had marched from Winchester, annihilating all forces sent against him, damaging the James river canal, wrecking all railroads in the central part of the state, and destroying vast quantities of supplies destined for Lee s army. Grant s lieutenants were Meade, Sheridan, Wright, Warren, Hum phreys, Ord, Miles, Custer and others, distinguished for intelligence and gallantry, while Lee had with him the best Confederate generals, includ ing Longstreet, Hill, Gordon, Ewell, Pickett, Fitz Lee and many other men celebrated for courage and capacity. On the 24th of March, Grant issued orders for a combined attack on the Confederate lines, to begin the 29th. Sheridan was to move with his cavalry, supported by infantry, to the left, and operate on Lee s right and rear, cutting off his communication with the south, while the whole army was to co-operate by pressing up close to the Confederates and pre vent reenforcements being sent to the point of attack. The plan, though simple, required skill, celerity and daring for its successful execution. Sheridan concentrated his cavalry at Dinwiddie Court-house, and, with the 5th corps of infantry under Gen. Warren, moved towards Five Forks, four miles west of Lee s right flank. There was much rain, the roads were almost bottomless and the fields and woods were one vast sea of soft sticky clay. Still the troops pressed on, coming in contact, on March 31st, with Pickett s infantry and Fitz Lee s cavalry, sent by Gen. Lee to Five Forks to meet Sheridan. Heavy skirmishing occurred up to about 4 P. M. April 1st, when a general attack was made by the Union forces. The infantry, under Warren, turned the Confederate left, cutting it off from Lee s main army, while the cavalry attacked in front and on the enemy s right and rear. The Confederates, protected by intrenchments, fought desperately, but were completely overpowered, those not killed or wounded surrendering, except a few disorganized fragments that fled to the South Side Railroad, in the rear of Lee s main lines. The Confederate loss was about 5,000 in killed, wounded and prisoners, an irreparable PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 133 disaster to the Confederates and an inspiring Union victory for the be ginning of the campaign greatly enchancing the reputation of Sheridan as a general. In order to keep Lee from concentrating against Sheridan, Grant, on learning of the victory, ordered an immediate attack on the Confederates around Petersburg, and all night long the artillery through hundreds of guns, proclaimed to friend and foe the last great battle of the giants. It was like an earthquake twenty miles long with perpetual volcanic erup tions. The roar of heavy cannon, the flames from the guns, the bursting of shells, the crashing of missiles, produced an effect which was fairly described by President Lincoln, who was then at City Point, when he wired to Washington that Grant was "smashing things." The next morning, Sunday, April 2d, 1865, at daylight, Lee s forti fications at Petersburg were assailed by the Union forces under Generals Wright, Humphreys, Ord and Parke. The successful charge that morning of the famous 6th corps forms one of the most thrilling chapters in American history, and is also instruc tive to those having a desire to know just how such assaults are planned and made. The corps numbered about 12,000, in three divisions of 4,000 each. It had gained special fame by winning a victory at Fredericksburg, while Hooker was being defeated at Chancellors ville, in May, 1863. It divided honors with the 2d corps at the Bloody Angle at Spottsylvania, May 12th, 1864. It drove the rebel general Early away from Washington, defeating him at Fort Stevens, July 12th, 1864, with President Lincoln as one of the spectators. It held the position on which Sheridan rallied the army after his celebrated twenty-mile ride from Winchester to Cedar Creek, Oct. 19th, 1864. It was the corps Gen. Sheridan especially asked for to accompany him to Five Forks, because he said "it was familiar with his way of righting," and finally, it was the corps Gen. Grant had selected to make this final charge. Gen. Wright, the 6th corps commander, officially reported the assault as follows: "The troops were drawn out of the intrenchments, leaving the smallest garrison possible in the forts and very few men in the connecting lines. The three divisions were formed for the assault just in rear of the picket line; the first division on the right, the second in the center, the third on the left, the center division being in advance of the others. All were formed by brigade with regimental front. Every precaution was taken to insure success. There were pioneers in front, and artillerymen provided with implements so that captured guns might be turned on the enemy. Careful instructions were given to guide the movement of the troops when they captured the works. "There was not light enough to see until 4:40 A. M.; by that time the men could see to step, though nothing could be distinguished at the distance of a few yards. Then the signal, the firing of a gun from Fort 134 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT Fisher, was given. The columns moved promptly at the signal, broke over the enemy s picket line, and poured in masses over the main defence, under musketry fire from the parapets and a heavy artillery fire from the batteries. Abatis were cut away, and through the openings thus made, and through those made by the enemy for his convenience of access to the fort, the works were gained. A brief but sharp conflict occurred, which soon resulted in giving us possession of the whole front of attack. Reform ing the lines, the troops moved down the works to Hatcher s Run, captur ing all the artillery and a very large number of prisoners. About 7 A. M. Harris brigade of Turner s division carried the enemy s line near Hatcher s Run, and met the 6th corps there sweeping everything before it." Stevens in his History of the 6th corps, page 437, gives a diagram of this celebrated charge on April 2d, 1865, showing the rebel works to be taken, the three lines of abatis to be crossed, also the swamp and the ravine. The corps, knapsacks and canteens being left behind, was formed in the shape of a wedge. To the right and rear were the three brigades of the 1st division, to the left and rear the two brigades of the 3d division, while the three brigades of the 2d division, advanced, formed the center. The 3d brigade of the 2d division, Col. Thomas W. Hyde commanding, formed the point of the wedge, the troops being massed with regimental front. That brigade had four battalions and two regiments, and in the formation for the charge two battalions constituted a line and each regi ment a line. As the men, in absolute silence, stood ready to move, wait ing only for enough of daylight, the third brigade had the following forma tion: 1st line, 49th and 77th New York battalions; 2d line, 24 feet back, 1st Maine regiment; 3d line, 48 feet back, 61st Pennsylvania regiment; 4th line, 72 feet back, 122d and 43d New York battalions. Each one of the four lines was about 400 feet long. The 1st brigade, five regiments, under Col. James M. Warner, in five lines, was to the right of the 3d brigade, the front line being about 50 feet back. The 2d brigade, under Brig. Gen. L. A. Grant, six regiments of Vermonters in six lines, was to the left, on a position corresponding to that of the 1st brigade, the whole 17 regiments waiting for the signal to move forward. The other two divisions of the corps, the 1st with 19 regiments and the 3d with 10 regi ments, were In the right and left of the 2d division, as before stated. The total frontage of the corps was not over 1200 feet. In moving the second line waited until the first had gone 100 yards, and in like manner to the rear, the lines keeping 100 yards apart. Col. Hyde, commanding the brigade, in his official report says on account of the darkness he could not tell what regimental colors got over the works first. In this charge the 61st lost 10 killed, 52 wounded. Among the killed was Col. John W. Crosby, who had lost an arm at Fort Stevens; Lieut. Col. Orr and Capt. Parsons were among the wounded. Col. Orr made a statement to the Historian, in substance as follows : At the battle, April 2d, 1865, Sergt. John C. Matthews of Co. A PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 135 carried the blue state flag which in November had been presented to Col. Orr by friends in Philadelphia. When the Color Sergt., Coon, carrying the Regimental flag was wounded, Matthews took the Regimental flag with the blue state flag, carrying both colors for a few minutes, till he met Col. Orr, who asked for one of the flags. The State flag was handed over to him. Then Orr, with Matthews, ran along the line waving the colors, rallying the men for the last rush. At the same time that Col. Crosby was killed, Matthews received a flesh wound in his right arm, which he did not mention until after the fight was over. Later, Col. Orr handed the state flag over to Sergt. Joseph Fisher, whose brave conduct brought him a medal of honor. Lieut. A. B. Davis, formerly of Co. A, then a Lieut, in Co. G was with the colors when they were planted by Matthews over the works, and actually helped Matthews to climb over the wall of the main fort. In his official report of this battle, under date of April 20th, 1865, Gen. Getty, the division commander, made recommendations for promotions and honors in the 61st as follows: Lieut. Col. Robt. L. Orr to be Colonel by brevet, U. S. Vols., he being the first of his regiment in the works and though seriously wounded, did not leave the field; Captain O. A. Parsons to be major by brevet, U. S. Vols., he being wounded while tearing away the abatis. Capt. Chas. H. Bewley Company G to be major by brevet, U. S. Vols., being commended for special bravery throughout the day. Gen. Getty recommended medals to Private Milton Matthews, Company C, who captured colors of the 7th Tennessee rebel regiment; Private Theodore Mitchell, Company C, who captured the battle flag of the Tennessee brigade; 1st Sergt. Israel Highhill, who captured one of the pieces of artillery near Lee s headquarters. The following to have honor able mention: Sergt. J. C. Matthews, Company A, and Sergt. George W. Dawson, Company I, formerly major of the regiment. See Rebellion Records Series I Volume 46 Part I, pages 957, 960-1. These recommendations were all granted although Orr was colonel and Parsons major in the regular line of promotion long before either of them heard of Gen. Getty s recommendations. Harper s History of the Civil War has a picture on page 762 of the fortifications captured that morning by the 6th corps. Col. Robert L. Orr, a few years before he died, wrote for a Philadelphia paper a brilliant account of the charge on April 2d, 1865, showing clearly the honorable part therein taken by the 61st. This article from the commander of the regiment, in the engagement where he won fadeless laurels, is here given in full, as it could not be abbreviated without in justice to the author and the subject: "The assault on Petersburg by the Sixth Army Corps on April 2d, 1865, was prefaced by the rebel attack under General Gordon on the Ninth Corps front, about three miles to our right, on the morning of March 25th. By this attack he secured a mile of the Ninth Corps line, including 136 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT Fort Stedman, a very important work and held it until driven away by General Hartranft, who accomplished the brilliant affair with a division of new Pennsylvania troops, retaking Fort Stedman and all of the lost line, and a number of prisoners and trophies. "Supposing that the enemy s main line might have been weakened to support General Gordon s attack, the Second and Sixth Corps were directed by General Humphries, chief of staff of the Army of the Potomac, with the approval of General Meade, to make strong reconnoissances, and attack the entrenched picket lines in their fronts, with the view of carry ing the enemy s main line if this supposition should be found to be correct. Accordingly, in the early afternoon of the same day, March 25th, the Second Division of the Sixth Corps was ordered to carry the outer or intrenched picket line of the enemy in front of our Fort Fisher. This was done with a rush. A large number of prisoners were taken, and the enemy completely driven away from his line. "The writer was then ordered to hold the positions taken, and place a thick picket line in what had been the rifle pits. This was done promptly with details from all the regiments of the Brigade. In the early morning of the 27th of March, two days later, the enemy quietly approached these outposts by means of a ravine, which cut our line at right angles, and burst suddenly upon our pickets about the center of the captured posts. The advantage gained was slight and temporary. Little loss was inflicted upon our troops. Our bended picket line was soon straightened out, and the enemy brushed away, leaving his dead and wounded in our care. THE ENTERING WEDGE. "Six days after this affair the eventful assault of the 2d of April took place, which opened the operations that virtually closed the war. It was this capture of the intrenched picket line of the enemy says General Humphreys in his Virginia Campaign of 1864 and 1865, that made it practicable for Gen. Wright, commanding the Sixth Corps, to carry the enemy s main line of intrenchments by assault on the morning of the 2d of April. "The assault will be made in column by battalion; echelon by brigade; mounted officers will leave their horses in the rear; the men will not load their pieces; the signal for the assault will be a gun from Fort Fisher. This was part of the verbal order received by the division, brigade and regimental commanders of the Sixth Army Corps, on the night of April 1st, 1865, in camp in front of Petersburg. The Third Brigade of the Second Division, composed of the 43d, 49th, 77 th and 122d New York Regiments, the 1st Maine Veteran Volunteers, formed by the consolida tion of the re-enlisted men of the 5th, 6th and 7th Maine regiments, and the 61st Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers, was ordered to take the head of the echelon, the point of the wedge, to be the first troops to receive the LIEUT.-COLONEL JOHN W. CROSBY Killed at Petersburg, April 2nd, 1865 PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 137 enemy s fire; the point against which all the enemy s resistance would be first directed; the object towards which the eyes of the remaining eight brigades of the Sixth Corps would be turned on Sunday morning, April 2d, at early dawn. "Shortly after 10 o clock P. M., of the 1st the orders came for prepa ration, and for some time those arrangements that soldiers make before going into battle were quietly completed. Short letters were written and messages given to the non-combatants to be sent home in case of acci dents, useless clothing and playing cards were dispensed with, and as little as possible packed into the knapsacks. Some, more careful than others, wrote their names, company and regiment on pieces of paper, and pinned them on their blouses, so as to be identified if killed. Cart ridge boxes and canteens were filled, and muskets carefully examined, rations were packed in haversacks, and the inevitable wooden pipe and tobacco bag were carefully placed where they could be as easily reached as the cartridges. Finally, at midnight the word came to form on the regimental parade ground without noise, to join the brigade, and move out between the enemy s lines and ours in front of Fort Fisher. As our brigade was to lead the assault it was the first to form, but the balance of the division and the rest of the corps soon followed. FORMING IN THE DARK. "While the troops were forming in the deep gloom which precedes daybreak the fire of the enemy became very bitter. He became aware that some unusual movement was being made on our side. In the dark and damp of the early morning the powder smoke which hung like huge clouds near the ground deepened the obscurity and made our movements somewhat slow. The sharp fire of the enemy inflicted much loss on our moving columns in the space between the picket lines before the positions of the different organizations were reached and established or the signal gun from the fort in our rear had been fired. It was by this fire in the dark that Lieutenant Colonel John W. Crosby, of the 61st, an old resi dent of Philadelphia, was mortally wounded. He was carried to the rear as soon as he was stricken down, and died in a few minutes. It was the fourth wound he had received in the service of his country, by one of which, received in front of Washington on July 12th, 1864, he had lost an arm. Gallant, high spirited, generous to a fault, and more than brave, his name was added to the list of officers killed in a regiment that lost more killed in battle than any other regiment in the service of the United States. The 61st Pennsylvania was the third regiment in the leading column. The writer, who was in command, was especially anxious to have his colors first on the rebel works if possible. To that end, both color sergeants one from Pittsburgh and one from Philadelphia, Joseph Fisher as anxious to gain that soldierly distinction, for themselves and 138 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT their regiment as the commander, had removed the covers from the colors and unfurled them and the flags of the nation and our State fluttered heavily in the damp and smoky air. Orders were given these two ser geants and the color guard to dash forward at the word of command plant the flags on the enemy s works in our front and keep them there. The commander was perfectly confident that these men would obey his orders and that the regiment would follow the colors. The wicked fire of the Confederate skirmishers still continued with increased vigor and our men were constantly being hit without an opportunity to retaliate, for their pieces, in obedience to orders, were not loaded. This inability to return the enemy s fire is misery intensified to the soldier. The breath less anxiety of the moment gave way to angry maledictions on the supposed tardiness of the signal gun, muttered between teeth set for desperate deeds. The signal gun at last belched out, every man gathered him self for the rush, and Forward, forward was shouted and echoed by every officer of the Sixth Corps in the wedge. But the command was not needed. It was a great relief, a positive lifting of a load of misery to be at last let at them. Like a missile hurled by fate the Third Brigade tore itself loose, and with a roar of Yankee cheers jumped to its feet and dashed for the woods. "The two New York regiments, the 49th and 77th, which were in front, had slung their pieces to their backs, as their special orders were to quickly reach the abattis in front of the enemy s works and tear it away in order to allow comparatively clear ground for the other regi ments of the brigade to enter. Splendidly did the York State soldiers do their work. Of course, after the signal from Fort Fisher to charge and the cheers from our men were given every Confederate was up and doing. In front of the 61st Pennsylvania the fire from Heth s Tennes- seeans, who were immediately opposed to the point of the wedge, delivered from the time we left the ground of formation until they fired in our faces and we tasted their smoke, was given a frequency and correctness of aim that is regretted to-day by mothers, wives and sisters in the four counties of Pennsylvania from which the 61st was recruited. The enemy s line was pierced and their works taken. Among the killed and wounded were the two brave color sergeants, both shot through the body; one of them, Joseph Fisher, of Philadelphia, is still living; although he fell badly wounded, his orders were carried out by the color guard, and his flag, in fact both flags, were placed on the rebel works and kept there. "I do not know whether the other sergeant is living or dead, nor do I remember his name, as he was one of the new men, but if living he can reflect with great pride on a duty gallantly done, or if dead his name will be held in honored memory by his relatives and friends as a brave man among brave men. "At the time of this battle there were about 300 new men, who had been sent to fill the 61st s depleted ranks after Sheridan s campaign in PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 139 the Shenandoah Valley These, with the veterans, made the number for duty about 500. The rolls showed about 800. The 300 who were lacking were absent in hospital, wounded in the Shenandoah Valley, the Wilder ness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor and in the various skirmishes and affairs that happened in gaining the foothold in front of Petersburg. The writer was especially anxious as to the conduct of the new recruits in this last great battle, but he need not have been. The leaven of the old Potomac veterans had done its work among them; the skirmishes of the 25th and 27th of March had given them a taste of bullets and smell of powder, and there appeared no difference in the fighting qualities of the old and new soldiers. In fact, the latter seemed glad of the opportunity offered them to take part in battle, to be members of an organization whose deeds and works were part of the history of their country, and to be in at the death of the Confederacy, for it was felt by all that this was to be the last great battle between the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia, and so it proved to be. "The smoke, which, as has been said, hugged the ground in the damp, and heavy air, became denser from the rapid fire of the enemy; the ground was somewhat broken as we rapidly neared their line, and many a soldier who fell into an old pit or trench wondered whether he was hit or had stumbled. The writer had such a fall in the ditch near the front of the Confederate Fort Gregg, and it would have been difficult to get out of the abattis tossed there by the New York troops if it had not been for a friendly hand stretched out in the gloom. The ditch was passed, and with the enemy firing in our faces the advancing line pressed over their intrenchments without faltering. The defenders of the enemy s line were brushed away with an emphasis that precluded all ideas of an attempt to re-form in any reasonable time to be made of use in barring our progress. The troops pushed resolutely onwards, and scattered squads reached the Boydton road. Here General Hill following in the rear of his retreating troops, was killed by one of our advanced parties. MORE LINES TO TAKE. "The trophies of the regiment up to this time were two colors, a wagon train with its mules and drivers, 200 prisoners and the works, but our contract was not quite filled. At the word the route toward Petersburg was taken, and determined resistance, met, but by continual push and drive over a bloody track and in the face of continued fire we eventually struck the Mississippi Brigade, Lee s headquarters guard, which with the artillery of the command offered robust resistance and brought us to a halt. Every rifle of the Mississippians and each gun of their battery was in play, and with much loss to us. The halt was short, however. With a rush like that made in the early morning, the enemy s infantry were scattered and four of the guns at Lee s headquarters were captured. 140 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT Sergeant Highill, Company I and Coporal Driver, Company H, were the first to spring into the battery, and with loud and exultant shouts, echoed by the regiment at their heels, declared emphatically that these are the 61st Pennsylvania s guns by - . "The writer having been hurt in the morning assault by falling among the abattis in the ditch had, with the aid of two strong men, been enabled to reach the battery, where a horse was out from the harness, and he was lifted on it much to his own comfort and the relief of the two soldiers. "After the dash into the battery and the driving away of the Miss- issippians the pace was slower and the resistance not so pronounced. Many sharpshooters tried their aim on us, with considerable success, until almost within sight of Petersburg, when a halt was called, and the lines re-formed. At this time two guns of a battery which had escaped our capture at Lee s headquarters opened on us from the elevated ground on the other side of the Appomattox River, on which stream the right of our whole line rested. The aim of these guns was splendid and their shots told on us with much effect. Captain Crawford Allen s First Rhode Island Battery was ordered up at a gallop to engage them and also a full battery which had meanwhile opened on us from in front. Captain Allen turned his left section, two guns, to engage the escaped rebel section across the Appomattox. His movements drawing their attention, their fire was removed from the 61st and delivered upon him, and between the guns in front and those on his flank Allen had his hands full. But he had come to stay, and he stayed, though he lost eighteen men. Our rifle men were thus called to devote their attention to the sharpshooters that were swarming in our front instead of hugging a dry ditch to avoid the enfilading cannon fire of the enemy, which, however, was silenced after a time by the magnificent service of the gallant Rhode Islanders. As this day of rest, it was Sunday, wore on the greater part of the musketry fire ceased and at dark was kept up only between the pickets, whose shots could be heard until late at night. Between midnight and dawn some of the enterprising skirmishers of the regiment anticipating an order to move on the town did so of their own accord and found the enemy leaving. This was reported as soon as they could return. At daylight on the 3d of April the Ninth Corps occupied the town and the Sixth Corps took up the line of march to Sutherland s Station on the South Side Railroad in pursuit of Lee s army, the capture of which, after one more small affair of arms at Sailor s Creek, in which the corps was the only infantry engaged, occurred six days after at Appomattox Court-house. "A few months after Lee s surrender the 61st returned to Pennsyl vania. On the return of the regiment to Pittsburgh, its place of original formation, it was received with the greatest enthusiasm by the mayor, city council and citizens, and was given a banquet by the ladies of the city. Three of its torn and ragged battle flags, carried in the Peninsula, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania campaign, in the Shenandoah Valley PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 141 and at Petersburg, are in the room at Harrisburg where are stored the battle flags of the State. _,,., , , , . 100C ,, Robert. L. Orr. Philadelphia, 1886. The 6th corps in fifteen minutes lost 1,000 men in killed and wounded, nearly 10 per cent, of the entire command. Simultaneously with the charge of the 6th corps, and the 2d corps under Humphreys, the 9th corps under Parke and the army of the James under Ord, made gallant and successful assaults, gaining ground in their respective fronts and driving Lee to his inner works. These attacks were vigorously pressed at all points during the morning, and at ten o clock Gen. Lee sent a de spatch to President Davis telling of the disaster, and saying that Rich mond and Petersburg must be abandoned that evening. The telegram found the Confederate President in his accustomed place in the Episcopal Church participating in the responses of the Litany, near the close of the service. It is said by Gen. Longstreet and others that while Mr. Davis was scanning the dispatch from Lee, the worship continued as follows: Minister. "From all sedition, conspiracy and rebellion Congregation. "Good Lord, deliver us." The President immediately left and the congregation was dismissed with notice that there would be no services in the evening. Two hours later, at 2 P. M., Davis, his cabinet, and others constituting the Con federate government, left Richmond to its fate, seeking safety in flight by rail towards Danville. At 3 o clock in the afternoon Lee issued orders for the retreat to begin that night at 8 o clock. At 4 o clock Gen. Miles attacked the Confederate force at Sutherland Station, capturing some artillery and 1000 prisoners. At 4:40 o clock Gen. Grant, in a dispatch to City Point, said: "The whole captures since the army started out gunning will amount to not less than twelve thousand men, and probably fifty pieces of artil lery." Gen. Lee s army vacated the fortifications so valiantly defended for nine months, and moved up the north side of the Appomattox River full of sadness and desperate resolution. Gen. Longstreet led the retreat, followed by Gordon, Mahone, Ewell, Kershaw, Custis Lee, Anderson and Johnson, with Fitz Lee s cavalry bringing up the rear. Early the next morning, Aprl 3d, the Union troops entered Peters burg and the great race for Appomattox Court-house began. President Lincoln, during the day, went into Petersburg and extended warm con gratulations to Grant and his army. At 8:15 that morning, Richmond surrendered to the Union general Weitzel. Gen. Sheridan, with his cavalry, supported by infantry, moved westerly parallel with Lee s army, and frequently in advance of it, taking trains, capturing guns and gathering in prisoners. The other Union troops followed Lee, assailing at every opportunity. 142 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT The first engagement was at Namozine Church, ten miles out of Petersburg, where Barringer s brigade of Fitz Lee s cavalry was roughly handled by Curtis s Union division. Barringer was captured, and most of his command dispersed. Five miles farther on at Deep Creek, Fitz was found in a strong position, protecting the rear of Lee s army. One of his brigades was commanded by Gen. Henry A. Wise, who as Governor of Virginia, hung old John Brown in 1859. Gen. Merritt s cavalry attacked this Confederate force and a sharp engagement ensued, lasting until after dark. At this point the Union advance remained for the night. The next morning, the 4th, Lee was at Amelia Court-house on the Richmond and Danville Railroad, and the Union troops hastened to Jetters- ville on the same road, eight miles west, so as to compel Lee to fight or leave the railroad. Gen. Lee, on the 5th, moved forward as if to attack, but changed his direction to the north. Meanwhile vSheridan sent Davis brigade of cavalry to the left to reconnoiter. About five miles away, at Paineville, Davies, after driving off the escort, secured five pieces of artillery and captured and burned a wagon train containing Lee s head quarters baggage with his official reports and papers. Longstreet s corps of Lee s army marched all night, arriving at Rice s Station on the Lynchburg Railroad at daylight on April 6th. Ander son s, Ewell s and Gordon s corps were following Longstreet, the line of march extending from Rice s Station back to Deatonsville, a distance of ten miles. During the day Sheridan s cavalry, breaking through this Confederate line of march in the rear of Longstreet and in front of Ander son, played havoc with the trains and compelled Anderson to stop and form a line of battle. About the same time the 6th corps, five miles farther back broke through the Confederate line in rear of Ewell and ahead of Gordon. Longstreet was too far away to render any aid, and Gordon took to his right, marching north to the Appomattox River at High Bridge, closely pursued and frequently attacked by Gen. Hum phreys. A running fight was kept up all afternoon. The artillery moved with the skirmish line and roared from every hilltop. Gen. Humphreys captured 13 flags, 4 guns, 1700 prisoners, and destroyed miles of wagon trains. While this was going on, the 6th corps from the north and east, and the cavalry from the south and west, closed in on the forces of Ewell and Anderson and the fierce battle of Sailor s Creek was fought, the last bloody engagement of the Civil War. The Confederates resisted bravely, but were defeated at all points. Gen. Anderson, with about 2,000 men, escaped through the woods and fields in the twilight towards the Appo mattox River, and the others, about 5,000, surrendered with six Generals, Ewell, Kershaw, Custis Lee, Debose, Hunton and Corse. The credit for this victory was due to Sheridan s brilliant generalship and the confidence the infantry had in him which inspired the troops to march day and night and face any peril. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 143 After dark on the evening of the 6th, Gen. Longstreet slipped away from Rice s Station and crossed to the north side of the Appomattox near Farmville, destroying the bridges behind him. Generals Humphreys and Wright, with the 2d and 6th corps, crossed at High Bridge a few miles below Farmville, and about noon of the 7th caught up with the whole of Lee s army in position on the Lynchburg road. Heavy skirmishing oc curred, but the Confederates held their position until night. Sheridan, finding the bridges destroyed at Farmville, sent most of his cavalry to the northwest in the direction of Prospect Station. Toward evening of the 7th, Gen. Grant arrived at Farmville, and at 5 P. M., from that place, sent his first letter to Lee asking the surrender of his army, in order, as he said, to avoid further effusion of blood. This letter was sent through Humphrey s line and was answered within an hour. Gen. Lee said he reciprocated Grant s desire to avoid the further effusion of blood, but did not think his cause hopeless. He asked what terms would be given. Gen. Lee moved in the night, on the north side of the river, toward Appomattox Station, followed by Humphreys and Wright, at 5:30 on the morning of the 8th. That day Humphreys and Wright marched twenty- six miles, stopping at midnight, three miles behind the Confederate army. During the forenoon of that day, Gen. Grant sent his second letter through Humphreys lines to Lee, stating the terms on which he would accept the Confederate surrender. About dark, at New Store, Humphreys received Lee s answer to Grant s second letter, and sent it back ten miles to Grant at Curds ville. During the same day, on the 8th, Sheridan, with his cavalry, and Ord, with his infantry, moved on the south side of the Appomattox, arriving on the 9th, about daylight,in the vicinity of Appomattox Court-house. Sheridan s cavalry immediately formed across the Lynchburg road ahead of Lee, and during the morning Ord brought up his infantry supporting the cavalry, effectually barring Lee s movements towards Lynchburg. With these troops ahead of him and Humphreys and Wright in his rear, Gen. Lee realized that further resistance was useless. He was beset on the west, the south and the east. The north was open to him, but his army could not move to the flank with such an active enemy in front and rear; besides, a day s march would have landed him at the James River, which was then swollen, and the bridges had all been destroyed by Sheridan in March. Gen. Lee therefore, after unsuccessful efforts to cut his way out to wards Lynchburg, sent a note to Grant requesting an interview, with a view to surrendering. Grant answered Lee s letter at 11:55 A. M., April 9th, from a point west of Walker s Church, saying he would come as soon as possible. He arrived at Appomattox Court-house at one o clock; met Lee at the McLean House, where the surrender occurred and was announced to the army at 4 o clock. 144 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT The surrender was at the same hour at which Davis left Richmond the Sunday before, so the Confederacy lasted precisely seven days after its capital was abandoned. The number of Confederates surrendered, including officers and men, as appears by official reports at Washington, was 28,356. In this campaign of 12 days, the Union forces marched on an average 150 miles, taking along over a thousand vehicles, including artillery, ammunition, and supply trains. As the army advanced, the bad roads were made passable, swollen streams were bridged, and the railroad was repaired. The details of soldiers to make all these improvements and changes, advanced frequently with the skirmish line, and when Lee surrendered, Grant was able to telegraph the glorious news to Washington over new wires, ten miles of which had been put up that morning. Gen. Grant, at Mount McGregor, with death impending, dictated the following statement about the Union Army: "The Army of the Potomac has every reason to be proud of its four years record in the suppression of the rebellion. The army it had to fight was the protection to the capital of a people which was attempting to found a nation upon the territory of the United States. Its loss would be the loss of the cause. Every energy, therefore, was put forth by the Confederacy to protect and maintain their capital. Everything else would go if it went. Lee s army had to be strengthened to enable it to main tain its position, no matter what territory was wrested from the South in another quarter." On April 17th, 1865, the 61st was detailed to present to Gen. Meade at his headquarters at Burkesville, Virginia, the rebel battle flags captured in the campaign by the 6th corps. The flags, a vast number, represented most of the seceded states; nearly all were faded and well worn, many in rags; a few were new and bright. When these colors were presented, Gen. Meade spoke to the soldiers as follows: "Officers and Soldiers of the Sixth Corps: I thank you very much for these numerous proofs of your valor captured during the recent cam paign. I do not wish to make any invidious distinctions between your own and the other corps of this army. They performed with valor and courage the part assigned to them, but candor compels me to say that in my opinion the decisive movement of this campaign which resulted in the capture of the Army of Northern Virginia was the gallant and success ful assault of the 6th corps on the morning of the 2d of April. It was with much pleasure I had received a despatch from your commander, assuring me his confidence in your courage was so great that he felt sure of his ability to break through the enemy s line. I finally ordered the charge to be made at 4 o clock on the morning of the 2d, and it was with still greater satisfaction that a few hours afterward I had the pleasure of trans mitting a despatch to the general-in-chief, telling him the confidence of your brave commander had been fully borne out. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 145 "To you, brave men, I return the thanks of the country and of the army. To each of you a furlough of thirty days will be granted to enable you to present these proofs of your valor to the War Depratment. Let us all hope that the work upon which we have been engaged for nearly four years is over, that the South will return to its allegiance and that our beloved flag will once more float in triumph over a peaceful and un divided country, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico." In II. Bates History, pages 415-10, the later stage of the 61st is correctly given as follows: "After the surrender the regiment returned with a considerable portion of the army to Burkes ville Junction, where, on the 17th, it was honored by being chosen to escort the captured flags of the division to army headquarters. Gen. Johnston, in command of a rebel army in North Carolina, still held out. Grant accordingly put his columns in motion to assure its capture should it continue in hostile attitude. In four days the regiment marched one hundred and sixteen miles, reaching Danville on the 27th, where it was detailed for provost duty. After re maining here until the 21st of May, Johnston having in the meantime laid down his arms and surrendered to Sherman, it moved by rail to Richmond. Marching through the rebel capital on the 24th, it crossed the Pamunkey on the 25th, passed Fredericksburg and Marye s Heights on the 29th, Fairfax June 1st, arriving at Ball s Cross Roads, near Wash ington, on the 2d. On the 8th the corps was reviewed in the National Capitol, which for four years had been menaced, and which, by its opportune arrival, it had preserved in its direst extremity. On the 28th of June the regiment under command of the following field officers: Col. Robert L. Orr, Lieut. Col. Charles S. Greene, and Major Oliver A. Parsons, was mustered out of service, and ordered to Pittsburgh for payment. Upon its arrival there it was publicly received by the Mayor and citizens, and entertained at a grand banquet. Two days thereafter the organization which had been maintained for four years, at length its warfare o er, ceased to exist. While at Burkesville, news came to the 61st of the assassination of President Lincoln, causing universal sadness, mingled with fresh resent ment against the rebels who were supposed to be responsible in some way for the great crime. It was then agreed among the soldiers that the rebels should be punished severely for starving the Union prioners when the guilty persons were discovered, and now an intense hostility sprang up against all persons in any way implicated in the killing of the beloved Lincoln who was then deeply concerned for the welfare of the Southern people, "with malice toward none and charity for all." CHAPTER XII. PEACE. "The toils and duties of our soldier life are over, but its memories remain, Union and Confederate. We will never fight again but together; the West, the South, the East and the North will send the American soldier into the field if a foreign foe threatens or there is any need. "None of us can forget those who went down in the hot hell of battle, for this country is scarred with their graves, but "Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the Judgment Day; We have tears and love for the blue, Love and tears for the gray." Col. Robert L. Orr, Fair Oaks Reunion. Richmond, May 30th, 1884. After the publication of "Childe Harold" Lord Byron said, "I awoke one morning and found myself famous." After the publication in the Century Magazine in May, 1888, of a synopsis of Col. Wm. F. Fox s "Regimental Losses," the 61st had a like pleasure. It awoke one morn ing and found itself famous. The regiment is like the brilliant Englishman in another respect. His sudden fame was found to rest on a sure founda tion which rigid scrutiny only confirmed and established for all time; so with the Gist. Its history has been examined and its honors universally conceded. In his book, after saying he has examined the official record of the two thousand regiments in the Union Army, Col. Fox on page 38 says: "The largest number of officers killed in an infantry regiment in the Union armies is found in the 61st Pennsylvania of the 6th corps, in which 19 officers were killed or mortally wounded during the war. Among the number were three colonels; Col. Rippey was killed at Fair Oaks; Col. Spear fell while leading a successful assault on Marye s Heights; and Col. Crosby, who had lost an arm at Fort Stevens, was killed in the final and victorious assault on Petersburg. The total loss of the 61st in killed and died of wounds was 19 officers, 218 enlisted men; total, 237. It was a gallant regiment and was bravely led, as its losses in officers clearly shows." In the tables made by this author of the 2,000 Union regiments the 61st has the following positions: PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 147 Officers killed or mortally wounded in battle No. 1. Greatest loss in any one battle No. 11. Greatest aggregate killed during the war No. 15. Greatest loss at Spottsylvania No. 16. An astonishing fact about the 61st is that so many of its officers were killed or mortally wounded while leading the regiment in battles. The record shows: 1. Col. Oliver H. Rippey was killed in the hottest part of the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31st, 1862. 2. Col. George C. Spear was killed while leading a charge on Marye s Heights, May 3d, 1863. 3. Capt. Lewis Redenbach was killed while commanding the regi ment August 21st, 1864, at Flowing Springs near Charlestown. 4. Capt. David J. Taylor was killed in command of the regiment while leading a charge at Cedar Creek on the morning of October 19th, 1864. 5. Capt. John Barrett was killed while commanding the regiment in the final advance on the rebel army at Cedar Creek in the afternoon of the same day. 6. Lieut. Col. John W. Crosby was killed while leading the regiment on the morning of April 2d, 1865, in the final charge on the rebel works at Petersburg. 7. Lieut. Col. Spear was wounded while in command, of the regiment after the death of Col. Rippey at Fair Oaks. 8. Major John W. Crosby was wounded, losing an arm, while leading the regiment at Fort Stevens, July 12th, 1864. 9. Capt. W. J. Glenn was wounded while commanding the regiment August 21st, 1864, at Flowing Springs near Charlestown after the death of Capt. Redenbach. 10. Capt. Charles S. Greene was wounded, losing an eye while com manding the regiment at Opequln, September 19th, 1864. 11. Lieut. John W. McClay was wounded at Cedar Creek while in command of the regiment after the death of Capt. Barrett. 12. Major Robert L. Orr was wounded at Petersburg April 2d, 1865, while in command of the regiment after the death of Lieut. Col. Crosby. The extraordinary number of casualties among regimental com manders is accounted for by example of Col. Rippey, whose motto in battle was, "Come on, boys," not "Go on, men," This heroic principle of the first colonel, sealed and ratified by his blood, was adopted by his successors, each taking the place in battle where he could render the greatest service, regardless of danger. The following is a complete list of the officers in the 61st killed or mortally wounded in Virginia battles: 148 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862 Col. Oliver H. Rippey, Capt. Joseph Gerard, Co. K, Lieutenants John Pol lock, Co. A, Alfred Moylan, Co. I, Wm. Scott, Co. B, and Chas. H. Rhodes, Co. C. Fredericksburg, May 3, 1863 Col. George C. Spear, Lieutenants Philip Voelp, Co. B, and George F. Harper, Co. E. Wilderness, May 6, 1864- Capt. Wm. O. H. Robinson, Co. C, Lieut. F. M. Brown, Co. A. Spottsylvania, May 8 to 24, 1864 Adjutant Geo. W. Wilson, Lieut James W. Prophater, Co. C. Fort Stevens, July 12, 1864 Lieut. Wm. Laughlin, Co. B. Flowing Spring, near Charlestown, August 21, 1864 Capt. Lewis Redenbach, Co. B, Lieut. Isaac N. Price, Co. A. Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864 Capt. David J. Taylor, Co. C, Capt. John Barrett, Co. G. Petersburg, April 2, 1865 Lieut. Col. John W. Crosby. The list includes two colonels, one lieutenant colonel, one adjutant, five captains and ten lieutenants; total, nineteen. The number of officers wounded in the 61st has not been accurately ascertained, but the official record shows 32, giving, however, very few names out of the entire number. For this reason it is impossible to furnish a complete list, and a partial one would be unsatisfactory. Col. Fox, on page 23 of his book, says for the number killed and mortally wounded in the Civil W^ar, 21-2 were wounded. Applying this rule to the 61st officers, the number must have been 47. In Fox s history, page 274, there is a table showing losses in killed, wounded and died of disease, indicating the number for each company and exhibiting the total enrollment and killed at each battle, which table is here given as follows: FROM OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C. SIXTY-FIRST PENNvSYLVANIA INFANTRY. NEILL S BRIGADE GETTY S DIVISION SIXTH CORPS. 1. Col. Oliver H. Rippey, killed. 4. Col. George F. Smith. 2. Col. George C. Spear, killed. 5. Col. Robert L. Orr. 3. Col. John W. Crosby, killed. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 140 Killed and Died of Died of Disease, Acci- I wounds. dent, in Prison, etc. Companies. , Uin- cers. Men. Total. Officers. Men. Total. Field and Staff Co. A. B. C. D. E. F. G.. H. I. K. Totals. 1 32 22 22 24 23 23 20 22 14 15 5 35 26 25 25 25 23 20 22 15 16 10 10 13 13 12 10 8 1 10 11 13 13 12 10 19 218 237 100 101 Total Enroll ment. 16 203 194 204 181 209 206 191 202 180 201 1987 237 killed 11.9 per cent. Total killed and wounded, 872; died in Confederate prison, previously included, 19. Killed Fair Oaks 92 Malvern Hill 4 Antietam 1 Williamsport, Md 2 Fredericksburg, 1862,. . . 2 Marye s Heights 15 Wilderness 34 Spottsylvania 44 Cold Harbor 2 Fort Stevens 6 Charlestown, W. Va 8 Opequon, Va 3 Fisher s Hill 2 Cedar Creek 6 Petersburg, March 25, 1865, 4 Fall of Petersburg, April 2, 1865, 10 Siege of Petersburg 2 Total 237 According to the above table, the substantial accuracy of which appears in the narrative, the 61st losses may be summarized as follows: 150 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT Killed and mortally wounded : Officers, 19 Men,. . 218 237 Died of disease, officers, 1 Died in rebel prisons, 19 Died of disease and accidents, men, 81 Total deaths, . . 338 Wounded,. . 635 Total losses, 973 To this aggregate of losses should be added the missing in battle who were never heard from, such as 1st Lieut. Eugene C. Koerner of Company B, at the Wilderness, T. W. Kinter and Aaron Titterington of Company A, the former missing at Fair Oaks and the latter at Cold Harbor. In all such instances beyond any doubt the officers and men lost their lives in some way, and of such there were at least 27, bringing up the total loss m the regiment to ONE THOUSAND. The casualties of officers in the 61st is suggested by the number of commissions issued to that regiment; by official records of Pennsylvania, field and staff commissions were issued to the number of 32 and line officers received 143 commissions, making in all 175; the maximum number of officers in a regiment was 38, so that on an average the 61st officers, field, staff and line, changed every eleven months, and each office had at least four incumbents. In the absence of official information from the United States Adjutant General s office, it is impossible to give further information as to the names of officers and men of the 61st regiment. While the family or heirs of any particular officer or man may obtain information from Washington respect ing legal rights or relations upon giving the name, company and regiment and specifying the facts desired, no department of the United States government will furnish any military information for mere historical purposes. The United States, at a cost of over five million dollars, has published a voluminous work called "Rebellion Records," which contains Union and Confederate orders, reports and correspondence, with an index; as to some battles and campaigns the information is nearly complete, but as to others it is inaccurate and fragmentary. This work contains the names of most officers killed, but does not give the names of those wounded or who died of disease or in prison, and it does not pretend to furnish the names of men killed or wounded in battle. Owing to the fact that the 61st was raised in four different sections of the state, distant from each other, few regimental reunions have been PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 151 held and few opportunities have been afforded to perpetuate memories of field service. The first reunion, 19 years after the war ended, was held Saturday, May 31st, 1884, on the Fair Oaks battlefield, being the same day of the week on which the fight occurred, on its twenty-second anniversary* The visitors left Washington Friday morning, May 30th, and, according to a newspaper account "They arrived at Fredericksburg and participated in the decoration at the soldiers graves at the cemetery, where they met R. E. Lee Conferedate Camp, of Richmond, Va., and Phil Kearney Post, G. A. R., of Richmond, and the 1st Co. of Veteran Corps, the Continentals, of Washington, D. C., and Meade Post, G. A. R., of same place. Pizarro s Veteran Brass Band, of Washington, D. C., and several first class drum corps furnished the music for the occasion. After decoration services the Vets. were escorted to Richmond, Va., by R. E. Lee Camp and Kearney Posts and brass band from Richmond, Va. IN RICHMOND. "Lee Camp determined to give the vets, a warm reception. At 10 o clock, P. M. the train arrived. To the sound of martial music Com pany B. of the First Regiment, commanded by Captain Henry C. Jones, and the Richmond Light Infantry Blues, Captain Andrew Pizzini, marched out from Seventh street and out to Elba station to receive the visitors. They were on hand in good time and when the visitors disembarked from the train the military were in position. Mayor Carrington welcomed them in a brief but cordial speech tendering them the hospitalities of the city. "The scene on Broad street while the veterans were moving down was beautiful. From either side sky-rockets burst in the air, shedding stars of light that dimmed those high in the heavens. Red and blue fire made the scenes as bright as day almost, and the colors reflected on the houses and surroundings were dazzling and picturesque to a degree rarely seen, and certainly delightful to behold. The smoke from the cannon crackers that boomed and bursted from every side gave a sort of battle- look to the soldiers as it wrapped them in its folds, and the sparks that sif tc d down over them by a little stretch of imagination could have been likened to death-dealing missiles. "It was pageantry, it was pomp,, it was pretty. Thank God it was peace! "Amidst the shouts of the people, the playing of the bands, and the glare of the fireworks the veterans .cached Armory Hall and were cordially received and welcomed by the authorities. "They were delighted with all they saw, and surprised at the ovation they received," Col. Orr responded in a fine short address, part of which appears at the head of this chapter. The procession then started for the station and the same account says:- 152 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT "The following from the Richmond "Dispatch" will display their visit to the battle ground; the Sixty-first Regiment Pennsylvania Vet erans, after the grand reception they received Friday night, slept sweetly, and Saturday morning when the last fringe of darkness was swept away by southern sunlight, the richness and brightness whereof had not been seen by the old veterans since the troublous days of war, they aroused the rr selves and prepared to set forth for the battlefield of Fair Oaks, as they call it, but Seven Pines in our mention hereabouts. They went down in private carriages, and in all numbered at least one hundred persons including the Grand Army men from Phila. Kearney Post and the veterans from Lee Camp. They roamed over the field gathering relics in the shape of bullets, buried muskets, battered canteens, buckles, and other things of rr.ilitary life. A meeting was then organized on the identical ground ever which these brave boys in blue more than a score of years ago charged, many of them to death, and others to defeat. MAJOR-GENERAL E. D. KEYES. "This gallant commander of the Fourth army corps at the battle of Seven Pines addressed the veterans. He paid them a high compliment, alluding to the intrepid gallantry of the command, the hard fighting it did, the heavy loss it sustained, and declaring that no braver men ever faced death for the Union. He stated that his command lost at least one-half in killed and wounded at Seven Pines, and that it had achieved imperish able renown by its deeds on the field. Three cheers and a tiger were given for the old Confederates. "A feeling and interesting paper prepared by the adjutant of the regiment, Lieutenant W. Gibson Miller, at the time of the battle of Seven Pines was read. "Among the distinguished gentlemen present were Major-General E. D. Keyes, Colonel Robert L. Orr, Lieutenant Colonel Charles S. Greene, Major O. A. Parsons, Captain Jacob Creps, Captain W. J. Glenn and wife, Lieutenant R. B. McDowell and wife; A. T. Brewer, Esq., Cleveland, O.; Frank L. Blair; Lieutenant W. H. McClelland, Fifth Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery; Colonel J. H. Gray, One Hundred and Fifth Penn sylvania Volunteers; Adjutant George Lacock, of the Fourteenth Regi ment National Guard, Pennsylvania; Major W. J. Ryan, commander of State Fencibles, Philadelphia, Pa., and W. S. Rippey a brother of the old colonel of the Sixty-first alluded to above. "Late in the afternoon the veterans came back to Richmond, delighted with the manner in which the day had been passed." On the battlefield, Gen Keyes delivered a short address, saying among other things that he had attended no reunion since the war but had come from the Pacific coast to meet survivors of the 61st, as that regiment had stood like the immortal Three Hundred under Leonidas at Thermopylae, PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 153 holding back the rebels until other Union troops could get into position, thus helping to avert a great disaster in McClellan s army. The next time members of the 61st had a chance to see each other was on May 12, 1887, at Spottsylvania Court-house, when the memorial to Gen. vSedgwick was dedicated. This was a meeting of survivors of the 6th corps for the unveiling of a modest monument marking the spot where the beloved commander fell on May 9, 1864. Out of the fifty thousand men who served in the 6th corps during its history, about one thousand re turned, with many of their families and friends, to pay honor to the illis- trious dead. On Wednesday evening, May 11, 1887, the 6th corps visitors were tendered a warm reception by the people of Fredericksburg, who, in co-operation with their guests, had arranged a meeting in a large audi torium. The program of this meeting, printed in gold letters, de erves to be preserved and is here given as follows :- First page PROGRAM SEDGWICK MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION, Fredericksburg, Va., May 11, 1887. Comrade William J. Wray, of Philadelphia, Late 23rd Pennsylvania Volunteers, Master of Ceremonies. 2nd Page PROGRAM No. 1. Music by Eagle Cornet Band of Fredericksburg. No. 2. Address by Governor Ormsby, of Vermont. No. 3. George W. Johnson, Chairman Executive Committee, report on Finances and Expenditures. No. 5. Address by Colonel Andrew Cowan, of Louisville, Kentucky. No. 6. Address of Rev. J. P. Smith, of Stonewall Jackson s Staff. No. 7. Address by Adjutant-General Stryker, representing New Jersey. No. 8. Gen. James W. Latta, President of Association, address in words of thanks and humorous remarks. 154 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT 3rd Page No. 9. Comrade Kay, Philadelphia, Comicalities. No. 10. Jubilee Singers of Fredericksburg Plantation style. No. 11. Address of Henry W. Knight, 7th Maine, representing rank and file. No. 12. J. W. Woltz, Esq., of Fredericksburg FREE LANCE, address representing the Press of the South. No. 13. Recitation by Master Harry Schmid, of Philadelphia, brevet comrade, Dutch Regulars, 98th Pennsylvania. No. 14. General Greenleaf, of Vermont, spoke for the Cavalry. No. 15. Jubilee Singers. No. 16. Cheers for Generals Wright, Getty and the Press and People of Fredericksburg. No. 17. Music during the evening by the Eagle Cornet Band, re organized expressly for the visitation. 4th Page 44 WE HAVE DRUNK FROM THE SAME CANTEEN " "We have shared our blankets and tents together; We have marched and fought in all kinds of weather; And hungry and full we have been; We had days of battle and days of rest, But the memory that clings to us best; We have drunk from the same canteen." -MILES O REILY. Compliment of J. W. Woltz, Editor "Free Lance." The next morning, May 12, the visitors, in all kinds of vehicles, on horseback and afoot, started for Spotsylvania Court-house, twelve miles away, toward Richmond. The journey was most impressive, recalling the stirring scenes of 1863-64, and the battlefield, reached about ten o clock, brought deathless memories of a terrific struggle. The dedication cere mony, including reports, addresses and letters from invited guests unable to attend, showed how much real affection the survivors felt for "Uncle John Sedgwick," a true, loyal, brave modest soldier. A picnic dinner in the woods was provided and thoroughly enjoyed by the people from the north; then hours were spent going over the famous battlefield, interest centering in the part occupied by the 6th corps and especially the celebrated "bloody angle," where the site of the oak tree cut down by minie-balls was a pond of water about forty feet in diameter, excavation having been made PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 155 by relic hunters for even roots of the tree. At this place earthworks, built by the rebels and taken by the Union Army, remained unchanged except the settling incident to the lapse of 23 years. Trees of all kinds had grown up through the embankments, and aside from the riflepits and redoubts, all signs of war had disappeared; apparently nature had acceler ated her pace in order to obliterate the evidence of carnage and furnish a sylvan mantle for the field of human conflict. Generals Wright, Getty and others conspicuous in making the great record of the 6th corps, were present and received the heartiest g eeting from men they commanded. The long distance between a major general and a private soldier necessarily existing in war times was not observed on that field in 1887. The general and private were on equal terms of familiarity and cordiality. If the general was more interesting it was because he knew more from better opportunities than the private about the battle. Since the history of the 61st is so closely identified with the 6th corps it is proper to quote in this place as a last reference to that corps a state ment from Col. Fox, page 79, whose admirable work has been so often referred to in this narrative. The 61st had a part in all the experiences mentioned : "The history of the 6th corps, more than any other, is replete with fascinating interest. Its record is invested with more of the romance and brilliancy of war. There was the successful assault on Marye s Heights; the brilliant dash into the rifle pits at Rappahannock Station ; the deadly hand-to-hand fight in the gloomy thickets of Spottsylvania ; the breathless interest which attaches to their long fight at Fort Stevens, where, under the eye of the President, they saved the National Capitol from the hand of the invader; the victories in the Valley, with the dramatic incident at Cedar Creek; and the crowning success at the storming of Petersburg. Over all these scenes the Greek cross waved proudly on the banners of the corps, while its veteran legions wrought deeds which linked that badge with an unfading glory and renown." The next meeting of the 61st was on July 24, 1888, at Gettysburg, where its regimental monument was dedicated on Wolf s Hill. On that occasion many survivors of the 61st were present with their families. The visitors arrived the evening before and went over the field where so much hard fighting occurred on July 1st, 1863. The next day, July 24, the anniversary of the commission issued to Col. Rippey, starting early the company visited various places made memorable by the battle, such as Cemetery Ridge, the Peach Orchard, the Wheat Field, ,he Devil s Den, Little Round Top, Gulp s Hill. Here the monument stood, covered with red, white and blue. At the unveiling, Col. Robt. L. Orr delivered a short and most impressive address, followed by the oration delivered by the author of this history, both address and oration appearing in "Penn sylvania at Gettysburg", Vol. I, beginning on page 339. 156 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT The monument, Romanesque in design, is of light gray granite, nearly square, and consists of a base in two parts and a shaft with a cap, all about ten feet high. On the upper beveled part of the base is this inscription in raised letters :- "61st Penna. Infantry 3d Brig. 2nd Div. 6th Corps." On the shaft above this inscription is the following: "After a march of 37 miles Reached the field about 4 P. M. July 2nd and moved to support of 12th Corps Occupied this position from morning of July 3d until close of battle." On each face of the cap is a Greek cross, the badge of the 6th corps. The Industrial School News, published at Scotland, Pa., under date of April 9, 1908, contains the names of members of the 61st to whom Con gressional medals of honor, the highest recognition for bravery, have been awarded. The list is here given as printed, with the facts relating to each:- " Colonel Robert L. Orr, 61st Infantry. Two color bearers having been shot, he seized the colors and carried them at the head of the column in the assault at Petersburg, April 2, 1865. "Captain George W. Mindil, I, 61st Infantry. As an aide-de-camp led a charged at Williamsburg, May 5, 1862. "Captain Sylvester D. Rhodes, D, 61st Infantry. Was first to enter breastworks at Fisher s Hill, September 22, 1864, capturing a gun, and turning it upon retreating enemy. "First Lieutenant Charles H. Clausen, H, 61st Infantry; although severely wounded at Spottsylvania, May, 1864 he led his command for ward and saved a battery from capture. "Corporal John Fisher, C, 61st Infantry, carried regimental colors fifty yards in advance of his regiment, and being painfully wounded, attempted to crawl into the enemy s works at Petersburg, April 2, 1865. "Corporal John C. Matthews, A, 61st Infantry. Voluntarily took the colors whose bearer had been disabled, and although wounded him self, carried the same until the enemy s works were taken, at Petersburg, April 2, 1865. "Private Milton Matthews, F, 61st Infantry, in hand-to-hand encount er while capturing a Confederate flag he received two severe wounds at Petersburg, April 2, 1865." At the Mongonahela House, Pittsburg, January 16, 1908, the 61st held its last reunion. About fifty survivors of the regiment were present many of them accompanied by members of their families. A large pro portion of the men had not met since the war, and their greetings were of PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 157 the heartiest kind. Old memories were discussed, and the banquet was thoroughly appreciated. At this meeting, pursuant to previous notice, a veteran regimental organization was formed, with a view of arranging for a history of the regiment. Officers of this new organization were elected as follows : Capt. H. O. C. Oehmler, President. Major O. A. Parsons, Vice President. Col. W. J. Glenn, Treasurer. F. L. Blair, Secretary. A. T. Brewer, Historian. Under the direction of the above officers the historical work was immediately planned and the historian began to collect and arrange the materials. Some of his difficulties are referred to in the preface. On August 27th, Col. Wm. J. Glenn, the treasurer, died after a brief illness. This was an irreparable loss to the historical work, besides taking away one of the most interesting characters among the survivors of the regiment. Col. Glenn was not only a fine soldier, with a brilliant record, but he was a distinguished citizen and an unselfish and lovable friend. His interest in the historic work was intelligent and his efforts to aid the -his torian were tireless and sympathetic. Col. Glenn promised to prepare a history of the flags carried by the regiment during the war, but died before any progress was made in this patriotic labor of love. The following account of the flags, taken partly from a summary in Bates History, prepared by Col. Orr, is believed to be substantially correct: "The regiment received its first colors, an offering from citizens of Pittsburg, before proceeding to the field in 1861. Later, at Camp Advance, another flag was presented, to which reference is made in the first chapter. At the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, this flag was torn to shreds by the enemy s fire, and was sent, with the body of Col. Rippey to Pittsburg, his former home. The second flag was presented on behalf of the State, and was carried in all the rough service of the regiment until September, 1864, when, having become much torn and mutilated, it was sent to Harris- burg, and immediately the regiment received from the Governor a new one to supply its place." These new colors, with a beautiful flag presented in January, 1865, by citizens of Philadelphia, were carried until the war ended. A contemporary newspaper, referring to the latter flag, says: "A number of citizens have had manufactured a magnificent flag for presentation to the 61st regiment. It is made of heavy silk; one side contains an elaborate painting of the coat of arms of Pennsylvania, and the reverse a beautiful representation of an American Eagle. The flag contains the following inscription, PRESENTED BY THE CITIZENS OF PHILADELPHIA TO THE SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT PENNSYL VANIA VOLUNTEERS FOR GALLANT CONDUCT THROUGHOUT THE WAR. The names of the principal battles in which the regiment 158 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT took an active part, arc inscribed on the flag. Among which are Marye s Heights, Fair Oaks, Washington, B.C., Malvern Hill, Winchester, Antic- tarn, Cedar Creek, and Wilderness. This flag is safe from dishonor in the hands of the Sixty-first." FINALLY. The Sixty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers never failed to perform any duty assigned to them. Never lost a color, but captured several. ROSTER OF THE 6 1 ft REGIMENT, PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS FIELD AND STAFF OFFICERS. NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. <n REMARKS. Oliver H. Rippey , George C. Spear. . George F. Smith . John W. Crosby. . . .Col.. . . July 24, 1861J 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Col.. . . Aug. 2, 1801 3 Maj. 23d P. V. Promoted from Lt. Col. to Col. June 1, 1862 Prisoner at Fair Oaks and killed at Marye s Heights, May 3, 1863. .Col.... Aug. 2, 1861J 3 Lt. Col... Sept. 2, 1861 Robert L. Orr. . Frank P. Robinson. Charles S. Greene. . ..Col... Aug. 21, 1861 3 Lt. Col... Lt. Col... Aug. 21, 1861 George W. Dawson .... Major. . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Capt. Co. B, 49th P. V. Promoted from Maj. to Lt. Col., June 1, 1862 to Col., Mar. 21, 1864 mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term re-com. Sept. 29, 1864 disch. by special order, April 20, 1865. Promoted from Co. G. to Maj. April 22, 1864 Wounded at Wilderness May 6, 1864, at Fort Stevens, July 12, 1864; mustered out Dec. 15, 1864. Re-com. Lt. Col. Feb. 22, 1865. Killed at Petersburg, April 2, 1865. Co. O, 23d P. V. Transferred to 61st P. V., Mar 1, 1862. Major Dec. 18, 1864. Lieutenant-Col. May 14, 1865. B re vetted Major. U.S. Vol. Sept. 22, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the battles of Winchester and Fisher Hill, Va. Col. April 21, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser vices in the assault before Peters burg, Va. Awarded a medal of honor, Died Nov. 14, 1894. Never Commissioned. Promoted from Capt. Co. C. to Lt. Col. May 15, 1865. Wounded at Winchester, Va. Sept. 19, 1864 Mus. out with regiment, June 28, 1865. Promoted from Capt. Co. C. to Maj., Dec. 1, 1862; Com. Lt. Col., May 4, 1863; Not Mus. Disch. April 16, 1864. 160 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. REMARKS. Oliver A. Parsons. Major. .Sept. 2, 1861 W. Gibson Miller. .Adj Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st Sgt. to 2d Lt., April 19, 1864; to 1st Lt., Oct. 1, 1864; to Capt., Nov. 30, 1864; to Major, May 14, 1865. Wounded at Spottsylvania May 18, 1864 and at Petersburg, April 2, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Brevetted Major for gallantry at assault on Petersburg, April 2, 1865. Prisoner at Fair Oaks; Veteran. 3 Promoted from 2d. Lt. Co. E. to 1st Lt. and Adjt. Sept. 7, 1861. Discharged Mar. 11, 1863. George W. Wilson.. . . .Adj Sept. 2, 1861 1 3 Promoted from 1st Lt. Co. H. to Adjt. Mar. 11, 1863; killed at Spottsyl vania C. H. May 8, 1864. Augustus R. Seiler. .... .Adj Sept. 4, 1861 Benj. W. Baldwin. Chas. F. Kennedy Robert M. Tindle. Gecrge R. Lewis . . Ambrose J. Herr... Jas. B. Freeland... John W. Riddle . . .Q. M... Aug. 1, 1861 .Q. M. ..Aug. 21, 1861 .Surg.... Sept. 14, 1861 .Surg.... Aug. 1, 1862 A t. Sur..Sept. 7, 1861 A t. Sur.. Sept. 17, 1862 A t. Sur.. Sept. 12, 1862 Jas. A. McFadden, . . . A t. Sur.. April 1, 1863 Wm. W. Kirlin A t. Sur.. Dec. 18, 1864 I Jonathan Fulton Chap n. . Aug. 1, 1862 W. R. Stockton Chap n. .. April 13, 1862 A. G. C. Calhoun Sr. Maj. . Aug. 1, 1861 Israel Gray Sr. Maj. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Promoted from 2d. Lt. Co. F. to 1st Lt. and Adj. April 6, 1865; mus. out with regiment June 28, 1865. 3 Mus. out Sept. 6, 1864 expir. of term. 3 jPromoted from 1st Lt. Co. C. to Q. M. Dec. 18, 1864; Mus. out with regi ment June 28, 1865. 3 ! Resigned Aug. 19, 1863. 3 Promoted from Ass t Surg. 51th P. V., Sept. 18, 1863. Mus. out with Regt. June 28, 1865. 3 Promoted to Surg. 68th P. V., Sept. 13, 1862. 3 Resigned Jan. 11, 1863. 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 Expiration of term. 3 ;Mu. out Sept. 7. 1864. Expiration of term. 3 Mus. out with Regt. June 28, 1865. . . Resigned. 3 Resigned Sept. 26, 1862. 3 Promoted from Sergt. Co. E, Jan. 8, 1865; Mus. out with Regt. June 28, 1865. Veteran. 3 Wounded at Fredericksburg May 3, 1863 and at Spottsylvania, May 1864. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 161 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. David M Clain Sr. Maj. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to 1st Lt. Co. K., Jan. 1, 1863. R. R. Lippincott Sr. Maj. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted to 1st Lt. Co. I., Sept. 1, 1863. William Lathrop Sr. Maj. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Promoted to 2d Lt. Co. D. Jan. 8, 1865; Veteran. Jeremiah H. Murphy. . John Caldwell Sr. Maj. Sr. Maj. Aug. Aug. 21, 1, 1861 1861 3 3 Killed at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864. Veteran. Promoted from Sr. Maj. to 2d. Lt., April 19, 1864; Disch. Oct. 1864, for wounds rec d. July 12, 1864. Robert Dickson Q. M. S. Sept. 2, 1862 3 Promoted to Quartermaster Sergt. Dec. 22d, 1864; Disch. by Gen. Orr. June 20, 1865. George F. Lutz Q. M.S. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Promoted to 1st Lt. Co. G, Dec. 22, 1864; Veteran. John C. Armor C m. Sr. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Promoted from Priv. Co. A, Sept. 4, 1864; Mus. out with Regt. June 28, 1864; Veteran. Jacob. Sanders Com. Sr. vSept. 4, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept 7, 1864; Expir. of term. William Clowes H p. St. Sept. 9, 1861 3 Promoted from Priv. Co. E. 63d. P. V. Mar. 31, 1862; Mus. out with Regt. June 28, 1865. Veteran. Woodman Sample. . . . PI. Muc.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus out with Regt. June 28, 1865. Veteran. William R. Taylor PI. Muc. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept, 7, 1864, Expir. of term. Charles. O Little PI. Muc. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 Expir. of term. Note : Lieut. Col Frank Vallee, 82d. Pennsylvania Vols. to Sept. 22, 1862. commanded the 61st from June 3. 1862 162 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT COMPANY A. RECRUITED IN INDIANA COUNTY. NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. j TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Jacob Crcps, .Capt.... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Exp. of term. Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, and at Banks Ford, May 4, 1863. Robert L. Orr . .Capt... Aug. 21, 1861 3 .Transferred from Co. H, Sept. 1864. Promoted to Maj. Dec. 18, 1864. Davis A. Lukehart. ..... Capt... Aug. 22, 1861 3 A^eteran. Promoted to 2d Lt. Dec. 15, 1864; to 1st Lt. April 5, 1865; to Capt. A ril 19, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Wd. Fair Oaks, Fredericks- burg, Spottsylvania, Cedar Creek. John Pollock. .1st Lt... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Portsmouth, June 13, 1862 of * "o wounds received at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Frank M. Brown .1st. Lt.. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st Sergt. June 15, 1862. Killed at Wilderness, May 6, 1864. Charles H. Clausen. . . . 1st. Lt.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred from Co. H. Wd. at Spott sylvania, May 12, 1864. Promoted to Capt. Co. E. Oct. 1, 1864. George R. Coleman. . . .1st. Lt.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred from Co. H. Promoted I from 1st Sergt. to 1st Lt. Nov. 14, 1864. Mus. out Mar. 14, 1865. George. H. Shanafelt... .1st. Lt.jAug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from Sergt. to 2nd Lt. i April 4, 1865; to 1st Lt. April 19, 1865. Mus. out with Co. June 28, 1865. Veteran. George. W. Brady } . 2d. Lt. . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Resigned July 30, 1862. Wd. at Fair Oaks. Isaac N. Price .2d. Lt.. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Promoted to 2d Lt. Aug. 16, 1862. Died at Charlestown Aug. 21, 1864 from wounds received at Welch s Spring the same day. Joseph H. Clark 2d. Lt.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st Sergt. to 2d. Lt. April 19, 1865. Mus. out with Co. June 28, 1865. Veteran. Wm. L. Buchanan 1st. S rt. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Promoted 1st Sergt. June 13, 1862. Wd. at Ft. Stevens July 12, 1864 losing arm. Discharged Oct. 18, 1864 on surgeon s certificate. James M. Chambers 1st. S rt. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Promoted to 1st Sergt. April 5, 1865. Mus. out with Co. June 28, 1865. Veteran. Frank Donohue Sergt. . . Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Wd. at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. Benj. F. Rowland . Sergt. . . Aug. 22, 1861; 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks Killed at Spottsyl- vania May 12, 1864, while voluntarily helping to man a battery at Bloody Angle. A. T. Brewer . Sergt. . . Aug. 22, 1861 j 3 Mus. out Sept. 10, 1864 exp. of term. Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. j Retd. to Regt Aug. 27, 1862. James M. Ayers . Sergt. . . Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Wd. at Wilderness May, 1864. Wm. G. Smith Sergt. . . Sept. 1, 1862 3 ^us. out by special order June 20, 1865. Wd. at Wilderness. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 163 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Abraham. Davis .Sergt... Aug. 22, 1861 3 Promoted to 2d. Lt. Co. G. Dec. 22, 1864. Veteran. Wd. at Spottsyl- vania. Mus. out June 28, 1865. James H. Stewart .Sergt... Aug. 22, 1861 3 Killed at Petersburg, Va. Mar. 27, 1865. John C. Mathews Sergt. . . . Feb. 13, 1864 3 Wd. at Cedar Creek. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Awarded medal for bravery at Petersburg April 2, 1865, and com mended in Gen. Getty s report. Nathaniel S. Tozer, . . . .Sergt... Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. * Veteran. Wm. H. Mott . Sergt. . . Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. Zach. T. Chambers . . . .Sergt. . Aug. 22, 1861 1 3 Mus. out with Co. June 28, 1865. Veteran. Lemuel Brady .Sergt... Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks and Fredericksburg. Killed at Spottsylvania May 8, 1864. Israel Gray .Sergt... Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fredericksburg May 3, 1863 and at Spottsylvania, May, 1864. Promoted to Sergt. Maj. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Edw. R. Robinson .... Corp Sept. 2, 1862 3 Promoted to Sergt. in Co. F. John T. Warden .Corp.... Sept. 10, 1862 3 Disch. by general order June 20, 1865. Israel D. Spencer, .Corp... . Aug. 22, 1861 3 Disch. on surgeon s certificate May 15, 1865. Veteran. Wd. Fair Oaks, Wilderness and Cedar Creek. Peter W. Dilts .Corp.... Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept 7, 1864. Taken prisoner at Gettysburg. Thos. C. Thompson. . . .Corp.... Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. at Wilder ness. Peter Keel .Corp.... Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. at Fort Stevens. Luther Richards .Corp.... Au?. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. at Fair Oaks and Spottsylvania. Alexander Streams. . . . . Corp... . Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. at Spott sylvania. Acted as volunteer color guard. William Fillmore .Corp....|July 14, 1863 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Isaac Helman . .Corp.. . Feb. 19, 1864 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Wd. at Wilder ness William Stahl ..Corp... Feb. 29, 1864 3 Mus out June 28, 1865 Wd. at Spott sylvania. Sunstroke on march to Fort Stevens July 1864. Wm. Ober .Corp Feb. 25 1864 3 Mus rmt Tiinp 28. 1S65 Peter Fenogina X ~ V - A * * ..Corp... Aug. 2, 1861 3 \Mus. out" 7 June 28, T865. Joseph Rager . .Corp. . . Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Wd. at Fair Oaks and Spottsylvania. Samuel Driver ..Corp... Aug. 21, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. Henry V. Stewart ..Corp... Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862; Pris oner at Banks Ford, May 4, 1863 ; Kill ed at Wilderness, May 5, 1864; In Wilderness burial ground. George Sewel. Corp.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Wd. Aug. 19, 1864. Veteran. Andrew Pearce, ..Corp... .AIA Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, and disch. on account of his injuries. John R. Stumpf ..Corp... Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. Spottsylvania and discharged from hospital. Wm. Weaver . .Corp.. . Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, and 1 died on the field. Thomas H. Brewer.. ... .Corp.. . Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Antietam, Sept. 18, 1862; Disch. Jan. 1863 by reason of his wounds. 164 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. (/} 1 w REMARKS. Alex. S. Work ..Corp... Aug. 22 | 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. John C. Armor C m S t . Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Wd. at Wilder ness. Retd. to Regt. June 6, 1864. Woodman Sample .... Musician Aug. 1, 1861 3 Veteran. Promoted to principal Musi cian Sept. 4, 1864. John Snyder Mndrinn Aus" 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Served vol untarily in seven days battles and was Regt. Mail Carrier. James Miles Walker... Musician Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Served vol untarily in ranks with gun in seven days battles. Wd. twice at Malvern Hill. Samuel. L,yon MnqiHan Aug. 1, 1861 3 Aikens, G. Private. **** Tnlv 14, 1863 3 Killed Spottsvlvania May 12, 1864. Albright, Christian. . . . . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Wd. Sept. 19/1864, Cedar Creek. Allison, Andrew B., . . . .Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Died near Alexandria, Va. Feb. 11, 1862. Body sent home. Allison, Wm. A., .Private. Aug. 22, 1862 3 Promoted to Sergt. Co. F. Nov. 1., 1864. Disch. by general order June 20, 1865. Allison, J. E., . Private, Aug. 22 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks and Wilderness. Mus out Sept. 7, 1864. Killed the rebel who killed Sergt. Brady in night fight May 8, 1864. Alexander, Jamison . . . Private. Sept. 1, 1862 3 Disch. on Surgeon s certificate June 20, 1865. Altebrand, Fulbert. . . .Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fredericksburg and transf. to veteran reserve corps. Anderson Thomas,. . . . .Private. Aug. 22 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks and discharged. Baker, John S .Private. Feb. 16, 1865 1 Disch. by general order June 3, 1865. Bark, Joseph, . Private. July ie! 1863 3 Drafted. Absent, sick, at Mus out. Barnett, Samuel, .Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Wd. at Wilder ness. Barr, Samuel, . Private Autr. 22, 1861 3 Died at Portsmouth Grove, Aug. 23, 1862. Beckley, John H.,. . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Bee, Daniel H., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Was one of five from Co. A. who vol unteered to man a battery at Bloody Angle, Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864 and the only one that returned unhurt. Wd. at Fort Stevens, July 12, 1864, losing leg. Black, James K., . Private. Aug. 22 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. Bowen, Philip, . Private. Feb. 25, 1864j 3 Killed July 12, 1864 at Fort Stevens. Brayman, Silas L.,. . . . . Private. Aug. 2l! 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Brady, Hugh, .Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, then disch. Brady, Isaac V., . Private. Aug. 22 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks. Retd. to Regt. Sept. 1862, Killed at Wilderness, May 6, 1864. Brewer, James E-, . . . . . Private. Aug. 21, 1862 3 Wounded in charge on Marye s Heights, May 3, 1863; Prisoner in Libby from Mar. 30 to Apr. 2. 1865; Disch. by G. O. June 3, 1865. Brewer, Daniel B.,. . . . . Private. Aug. 2 1862 i 3 Mus. out special order June 20, 1865. Brewer, Charles M.,... . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Disch. June 1862, for disability. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 165 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTEK INTO SERVICE. co C* <, W I W IH REMARKS. Brewer, John M., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862 and disch. Reenlisted in 105 P. V. and was 1st Sergt. Co. F. Wd. and disabled at Hatcher s Run, 1864. Brogan, Samuel . Private. Oct. 31, 1864 1 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Brown, John D., . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Brown, John H., . Private. Aug. 2, 1862 3 Mus. out special order June 20, 1865. Wd. at Wilderness. Burton, Joseph N.,... . .Private. July 16, 1863 3 Disch. by general order June 3, 1865. Taken prisoner. Wd. at Spottsyl- vania. Cameron, John C.,. . . . . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Disch. for disability. Campbell, Eli J., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. at Rap- - pahannock Station, Nov. 7, 1863. Received other wounds. Canton, John .Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 Died at City Point, Va. Feb. 1, 1865. Cause, Charles, . Private. April 10, 1865 3 Deserted-date unknown. Cessna, Charles W.,... .Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Coy, George, .Private. Mar. 3, 1864 1 Mus. out June 28, 1865 . Craig, Robert A., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Died near Alexandria, Va. Nov. 1, 1861, and body sent home. Craven, Robert, . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Disch. for disability in 1862. Re-enlist ed and was 1st Sergt. Co. A. 206 P. V. Crawford, A. S., . Private. Aug. 22, 1862 3 Discharged for disability Jan. 1863. Re- inlisted in 205 P. V. and served until war ended. Crawford, James L-. . . . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks and disch. Sub sequently re-inlisted in 205 P. V. of which he became Adjutant. Mus. out with that Regt. Cray ton, EHas . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Curts, Geo. A., . Private. Aug. 21, 1862 3 Disch. on surgeon s certificate April 20, 1865. Custer, Peter F. . Private Feb. 18, 1864 3 Vlus. out June 28, 1865. Davis, David H., . Private. Sept. 4| 1861 3 Promoted to Sergt. Co. F. Nov. 1, 1864. Mus. out Jan. 28, 1865. Davis, Marion M., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks and disch. Daymon, Eben r. C.,.. . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Died near Alexandria, Va., April 1863. Derby, Wm. S., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. at Mal- vern Hill, July, 1862. Dick, Andrew . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, Oct. 19, 1864 by reason of wound in leg at Spottsylvania. Dick, John N., .Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Dickson, R.obert, .Private. vSept. 2, 1862 3 Trans, to Co. B, becoming Q. M. Dec. 22, 1864. Dodson, Joseph S.,. . . . .Private. Sept. 10, 1862 3 Mus. out by general order June 20, 1865. Donahue, James, . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks and disch. Donahue, Wm., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks and died on the field June 2, 1862. Duff, George, . Private. Oct.. 12, 1864 1 Discharged by general order May 30, 1865. Dunn, Milton, . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Died Mar. 30, 1864, buried in Arlington Cemetery, Washington, D. C. Ellis, Aseph A.,. ... Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. Ellis, John, . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Killed at Fort Stevens, July 12, 1864. 166 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Ellis, Orlando A., Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks Prisoner 3 mo. ; Wd. at Fredericksburg, May 3, 1863; Wd. at Wilderness, May 6, 1864, losing arm. Disch. Feb. 9, 1865. Fairbanks, R. W., ....!. Private. Aug. 22, 1861; 3 Killed July 12, 1864 at Fort Stevens and buried in Arlington Cemetery, Wash ington, D. C. Fairbanks, E. W., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861; 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. One of five brothers all in the service. Fries, Hans, .Private. Sept. 1, 1863 3 ;Disch. on surgeon s certificate, May 4, 1865. Gibson. Samuel . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 !Mus. out June 28, 1865. Ginther, George, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 jTrans. from Co. H. Captured in Wilder- ness, May 6, 1864. Never heard from. Veteran. Grim, Isaac, .Private. Feb. 15, 1865 1 |Mus. out June 28, 1865. Hart, Charles, . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 JDied at Alexandria, Va. June 11. 1864. Grave in National Cemetery there; is number 2089. Harman, Alexander,... . Private. Aug. 22. 1861 3 Died at Philadelphia, Pa., May 28, 1864, from wd. at Wilderness. Harper, John, Private. Nov. 26, 1862 3 Wd. at Wilderness, May 5, 1864. Hazlett John Private Mar. 3, 18651 2 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Helman, Daniel, Private. Feb. 2, 1864! 3 Trans, to Veteran Reserve Corps, Dec. 1, 1864. Wd. in thigh at Spottsyl- vania. Helman, Jacob K., Private. Feb. 2, 1864 3 Disch. by general order June 5, 1865. Wd. in Wilderness. Harbison, John, i . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Spottsylvania and then disch. Hewett, Wm .H., . Private. April 4, 1864 3 Mus. out. June 28, 1865. Hill, John H., . Private. April 10, 1864 3 Deserted July 11, 1864. Hill, John I., . Private. Nov. 14, 1864 3 Deserted. Hone, J., . Private. 3 Died at Portsmouth, Va. June 10, 1862, Hoover, Joseph, . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Wd.atWilder- ness. Horn, Perry E., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. in the Wilderness. Afterward was 2d. Lt. Co. B. 74 P. V. Horton, John, . Private. Oct. 24, 1864 1 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Howe, Alexander, . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Mus out June 28, 1865. Wd. at Wilder ness. Huckle, Frederick, . Private. July. 8, 1863 3 Drafted; discharged on surgeon s cer tificate May 13, 1863. Jamison, James T.,.. . . . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Missing at Spottsylvania C. H. May 12, 1864; never heard from. Jamison. Robert, . Private! Aug. 22, 1861 3 Died near Alexandria, Va. Jan. 10, 1862. Johnson, John C., . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Wd. at Spottsylvania May 10, 1864, piece of a shell carrying away left ear part of cheek and most of teeth. He showed extraordinary courage and vitality while suffering in the field and in the hospital. Afterward flesh taken from his arm was made to grow over his cheek covering the bones exposed by the wound. He is still living. Johnson, William . Private Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out from hospital. Justice. Peter S . Private. Aug. 22 1861 3 Wd. at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864 and discharged. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 167 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. j| REMARKS. Kaufman, John L.,... . .Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Died at City Point, Va. April 29, 1865. Keel, John R . Private. Aug. 21, 1862 3 Disch. on surgeon s certificate May 30, 1865. Kinter, Thos. Wilson.. . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, never found or heard from. Probably killed on field after first wound as battle raged over place where he fell. Kurtz, Geo. A . Private. Aug. 21, 1862 3 Wd. severely in leg at Wilderness and disch. on surgeon s certificate. Lemon, Nathan W. . . . .Private. Feb. 23, 1864 3 Died Mar. 8, 1864. Buried at Peters burg, Va. Lemon, Thomas A. ... . Private. Aug. 2, 1861 3 Wd. in foot at Seven Pines, June 27, 1862 ; taken prisoner at Savage Station Va. and paroled. Wd. at Spotts- sylvania, May 10 and 12, 1864, dying from latter at Fredericksburg, Va. Lippincott, Wm . Private. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Trans, from Co. D. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. Lockard, Josiah . Private. Feb. 23, 1864 3 Missing at Spottslyvania, May 12,1864. Loughrey, Daniel . Private. Feb. 15, 1865 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Lutz, Geo. K . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Promoted to Quarter-Master Sergt. Sept. 4, 1864. Lynch, James . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Absent in arrest at Mus. out Veteran. Lydick, Frank L . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Taken prisoner at Banks Ford May 4, 1863. Paroled. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 Lydick, Irwin .Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Disch. by general order May 22, 1865. Wd. in leg at Spottsylvania. and at Petersburg, McCoy, Samuel W.,... .Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. McCullough, David, . . . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Disch. for disability Aug. 1862. McCullough, John,... . .Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Disch. by general order June 9, 1865 by reason of disability. McDonald, John, . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Deserted July 30, 1864. Says he did not desert. McGinty, Wm. C.,. . . . . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Disch. for disability. McKay, David E-, . Private. July 17, 1863 3 Drafted-deserted July 24, 1864. McManus, Samuel, . . . . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Died at Alexandria, Va. June I, 1864, (Grave No. 1987), from wds. received at the Wilderness. McPherson, Joseph,. . . . Private. Sept. 10, 1862 3 Discharged by special order June 20, 1865. Wd. at Spottsylvania and at Cedar Creek, being disabled. McQuown, A. B.,. . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 ! 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. McQuown, W. L., . . . . .Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Disch. for disabilities June, 1862, Mangus, Jacob, .Private. Sept. 2, 1864 1 Drafted; disch. bv general order June 20, 1865. Merus, Joseph, . Private. Sept. 1, 1862 3 Deserted Feb. 25, 1865. Miller., Amos A., . Private. Feb. 21, 1864 3 Wd. at Wilderness, in arm. Mock, Daniel, . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Moore, Alexander, .... . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fort Stevens, July 12, 1864; foot amputated; died and body sent home and buried at Gilgal, Indiana Co Pa., Moot, Martin, . Private. Aug. 21, 1862 3 On May 12, 1864, at Bloody Angle Spottsylvania, he volunteered to help serve a battery whose gunners had all been killed or wd. and was himself killed. 168 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Moore, Thomas M. . . . . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 2 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. at Fair Oaks; retd. to Regt. July 30, 1862. Mott Geo B . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. Fair Oaks. Mav 31. 1Sfi2- kilW at Fredericksburg, May 3, 1863. Myers, Samu 1 L., . . . . . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute; Mus. out June 28, 1865. Neil James Private Miay 17, 1864 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Neil, James S-, Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. May 3, 1863; trans, to Veteran Reserve Corps. Neil, Benjamin, . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Neff, Abram P., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Disch. for disabilities June, 1862. North, N. S., Private. Aug. 21, 1862 3 Wd. at Fredericksburg, May 3, 1863 taken prisoner same day and escaped the next. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Palmer, Daniel, Private. Feb. 15, 1865 1 1 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Patterson, Frank M.,. .Private. July 14, 1863 3 Substitute; promoted to Sergt. Co. G. Nov. 1, 1864. Mus. out. June 28, 1865. Pierce, James T., \ . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. in knee by accident and discharged 1862. Pollock, Hugh S., Private. Aug. 22 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Postlewait, Thos. J.,.. . Private. Aug. 2l , 1862 3 Discharged by special order June 20, 1 1865. Price, David, Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Died at Point Lookout, Md. August, 1862. Replogle, Daniel . Private. Jan 25, 1864 3 Died Nov. 1864. Riddle, David P., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862, and died from effects in hospital. Robb, James, Private. Sept. 9, 1861 3 Prisoner from May 6, 1864, to Feb. 26 1865. Mus. out Mar. 3, 1865. Rodgers, Thomas, . . . . . Private. Sept. 1, 1862 3 Disch. by general order, May 15, 1865. Row, John M Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864; Trans, to Co. B and promoted to Sergt. Sample, Woodman, . . . Private. . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865, as Veteran. Short, James C. . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. In all battles and never wounded. Short, John . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Killed Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Smith, Edward, . Private. April 7, 1864! 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Smith, James S., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Discharged 1862 on the Peninsula. Smith, Wm., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. May 6, 1864 at Wilderness and disch. ; Veteran. Stahl, Jonathan, . Private. Feb. 3, 1864 3 Wd. Wilderness May 5, 1864. Stahl, Wm. B.. . Private. Feb. 25 1864 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Stanley, Wm. H., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. at Fort Stevens; served as Volunteer Color Guard after May 12, 1864. Stewart, John A., . Private. Aug. 21, 1862 3 Wd. May 4, 1863, Banks Ford and prisoner. Was one of five from Co. A. who volunteered at Bloody Angle Spottsylvania May 12, 1864, to man a battery, receiving in that service five wounds, one causing loss of arm and another disabling hand of other arm; disch. March 16, 1865. Shaffer, Wm, . Private. Aujr 22 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, died of typhoid fever &U ***! Nov. 1863, buried at Culpepper, C. H. Va. Stoy, Peter, . Private. Feb. 4, 1864 3 Wd. Oct. 19, 1864 at Cedar Creek. Stuchel, Christopher . . . Private. Oct. 24, 1861 ! 3 Disch. Aug. 62, having become blind. PENNSYL VAN I A VO LUN TERRS 169 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Stuchel, Jackson. S.,.. . Swartswalter, Samuel. .Private. Aug. . Private. July 22, 1861 13, 1863 3 3 Killed at Fredericksburg, May 3, 1863. Wd. at Spottsylvania, and Petersburg, Mar. 27, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Sweringer, Bazil, . Private. July 10 ,1863 2 Drafted; Mus. out June 28, 1865. Sylvis, Henry . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Killed Fredericksburg, May 3, 1863; lived a few minutes and ordered his watch sent to his father. Thomas, John P., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. He was detailed and worked in regimental hospital. Titterington, Aaron. . . .Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Son of John; was taken from Cold Harbor in ambulance, with permit for City Point, being sick, but was never heard from. Titterington, John . Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Taken prisoner at Wilderness; May 6, 1864. Health and mind impaired at Andersonville by starvation. He had previously served in 135 P. V. Torrens, Robert, . Private. Sept. 1, 1864 3 Mus. out by special order June 20, 1865. Tozer, Thomas,. ...... .Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Disch. for disability in fall of 1861. Tresler, Urias, .... .Private. Oct. 24, 1864 1 Substitute, absent sick at Mus. out Walker, Alexander, . . . .Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862 and disch. for disability. Walker, Johnston .... .Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. by accident Aug. 28, 1863. Died at Division hospital May 31, 1864. Webster, John, . Private. Oct. 24, 1861 3 Took leave of absence, Dec. 1862, and never returned. Work, James T., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Work, John A., . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Killed at Williamsport, Md., Sept. 20 1862. Work, John Calvin... . . Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Killed at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864 while one of five volunteers from Co. A. he was helping to man a battery at Bloody Angle Spottsylvania May, 12, 1864. Work, John Harvey. . . . Private. .Aug . 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, and retd. to Regt. July 30, 1862. Wd. at Fort Stevens. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Work, R. N., .Private. Feb. 25, 1864 3 Killed at Wilderness May 5, 1864. Weaver, George F .Private. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd in hand at Spottsylvania, and disch. for disability. Wissinger, Samuel,. . . . . Private, Aug. 22 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wissinger, William, . . . . Private, Aug. 22, 1861 3 Wd. at Malvern Hill, and disch. for disability. Weaver, Simon P.,. . . . .Private. July 14, 1863 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Wigle Simon B. .Private. July 16, 1663 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Note. Co. A. had 22 sets of brothers as follows: 1. Brady, Lemuel and Isaac V. 2. Brewer, T. H. and A. T. 3. Brewer, John M. and D. B. 4. Brewer, Charles M. and J. E. 5. Ch mbers, James M. and Zachariah 6. Fairbanks, Richard W. and Elijah W. 7. Helman, Jacob, Isaac and Daniel, 3 brothers both killed both killed 170 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT 8. Lemon, Thomas A. and Nathan 9. Moor, Alexander and Thomas 10. Mott, George B. and William H. 11. McQuown, Archibald and William J. 12. Short, James C. and John 13. Stuchel, Jackson and Christopher 14. Stewart, John A. nd H. V. 15. Tozer, Thomas and Nathaniel 16. Keel, John A. and Peter. 17. Ellis, John and A. A. 18. Wissinger, Samuel and William 19. Weaver, Simon and George 20. Price, David and Isaac N. 21. Work, John A. and James T. 22. Crawford, Alexander and James L. one killed one killed one killed one killed one killed one killed one killed one killed one killed one killed Fourteen of these brothers were killed including two pairs, the Bradys, and Ellises. COMPANY B. RECRUITED IN ALLEGHENY CITY. NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Lewis Redenback . Capt... . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Baltimore, Md., Sept. 8, 1864, of wounds received at Charlestown, Va., Aug. 21, 1864. Casper Kauffman . Capt... . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Sgt. to 2d. Lt., Nov. 1st, 1864 to 1st. Lt. Dec. 18, 64 to Capt., Jan. 6, 1865 mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865 Vet. W T illiam Scott .1st. Lt.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Eugene C. Koerner. . . .1st. Lt.JAug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded and missing, May 6, 1864. Robert Kennedy .1st. Lt.JAug. 1, 1861! 3 Pr. fr. 1st. Sgt. to 2d. Lt., Dec. 22, 1864 to 1st. Lt., Jan. 6, 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Vet. John H. Brown .2d. Lt.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Dismissed Feb. 22, 1863. Philip Voelp, .2d. Lt... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died date unknown. William Laughlin, .... .2d.Lt... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from Sgt. to 2d Lt., March 22, 1864 killed at Fort Stevens, D. C., July 12, 1864. Frederick Cackins,. . . . .2d. Lt... Aug. 1, 861 3 Promoted from Sergeant to 2d. Lt., Mar. 5, 1865 mus. out with company June 28, 1865 Vet. Wm. Brorrman, IstSrg t. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Pr. from Cor. to 1st. Sgt. Jan. 6, 1865 pris. June 30, 1864 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. James R. Holmes,. . . . .Serg t.. Feb. 10, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. J. H. C. Poorman, .... .Serg t. . Feb. 10, 1864 3 Absent on furlough, at muster out. Vet. William G. Conn, . Serg t . . July 14, 1863 3 Drafted pr. to Cor., Jan. 23, 1865 to Sgt. June 8, 1865 mus out with Co., June 28, 1865. John Brown, .Serg t. . Aug. 15, 1863 3 Substitute pr. to Cor., Feb. 1, 1865 to Sgt., June 8, 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Joseph Hough, . Serg t . . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863 absent at expiration of term. John Bulge, . Serg t. . . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded and missing in action, May 18, 1864. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 171 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. John W. Row .Serg t.-. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Hugh Crurnmcy . Serg t . . Aug 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Cor. to Sgt., Mar. 22, * iL *&. 1864 wounded May 18, 1864 absent at expiration of term. Henry Schmerker, .... .Serg t.. Feb. 29, 1864 3 Killed at Fisher s Hill, Va., Sept. 22, 1864. John C. Myers, .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Newton H. Phillips,.. . . .Corp.. . July 13, 1863 3 Drafted promoted to Corporal, Feb. 1, 1865 mustered out with company. June 28, 1865. Chas. Matzenbacker,.- ..Corp... Jan. 20, 1864 3 Promoted to Corporal, April 1, 1865 mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865. Joseph Klemm, ..Corp... Jan. 30, 1864 3 Promoted to Corporal, June 8, 1865 mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Harvey B. Jones, ..Corp... July 10, 1863 3 Drafted promoted to Corporal, June 8, 1865 mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. George Schultz, ..Corp... Jan. 30, 1864 3 Prisoner from June 30, 1864, to Feb. 28, 1865 promoted to Corporal, June 8, 1865 mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Vet. George Schnaufer, .... ..Corp... Jan. 30, 1864 3 Prisoner from June 30, 1864, to Feb. 28, 28, 1865 promoted to Corporal, June 8, 1865 mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865 Vet. David Miller, ..Corp... July. 21, 1863 3 Drafted promoted to Corporal, June 8, 1865 mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Joseph Murray, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded and prisoner at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864 absent at expira tion of term. James C. Plummer, . . . ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864 absent at expiration of term Samuel A. Leslie, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. William Fulton, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Spottsylvania C. H., May 18, 1864 absent at expiration of term Cyrus Staley .Corp.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira . V^WA JJ. . **"& tion of term. John Kruling .Corp.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Feb. 14, 1865. Wm. H. Stephens, ..Corp... Aug. 13, 1863 3 Substitute tr. to Vet. Res. Corps, March 14, 1865. Jacob Wentz, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Washington, D. C., Oct. 30, 1864 Vet. Matthew Shaw, . .Corp.. . Nov. 26, 1861 3 Died May 8, 1864, of wounds received at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864. Anthony Treps, .Corp.... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. William F. Rawie, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Edw d. Shumacker, . . . ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Leopold Betz, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. John Wambach, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster out-roll. Charles Little, Musician Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. 172 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANfc DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Charles O. Luty Adam Showers, Ames, William Baker, Jacob S., Musician Musician . Private. . Private. Nov. Aug. Aug. July Aug. July July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Oct. July July July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 15, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 14, 1863 14, 1863 10, 1863 20, 1863 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 31, 1861 14, 1863 14, 1863 14, 1863 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mustered out Nov. 14, 1864 expira tion of term. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Substitute wd. June 6, 1864 ab. at mus. out. Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Wounded at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864 absent at expiration of term. Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Mustered out, Oct. 31, 1864 expira tion of term. Drafted deserted returned disch. by General Order, May 9, 1865. Drafted tr. to Vet. Reserve Corps, Sept. 20, 1864. Drafted transferred to Co. F. Nov. 27, 1864. Died at Andersonville, Ga., Sept. 24, 1864. Not on muster-out roll. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., June 9, 1862. Mot on muster-out roll. Mot on muster-out roll. Mot on muster-out roll. Died May 16, 1864 buried in National Cemetery, Arlington, Va., Drafted deserted returned must . out with company, June 28, 1865. Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Vet. Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Clustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Vet. Drafted discharged by G. O., June 24, 1865. Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Mustered out, Oct. 31, 1864 expira tion of term. Drafted disch. on Surg. certificate, April 15, 1865. Bell, John Becker, Henry C., . . . . Bowman, William,.. . . Baker, Thomas, . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. Bougher, Peter, Banford, John E., Black George, Black, Jacob,.. Brasher, Napo n R.,... Bodd, Adam, Bristell, George W.,. . . Bightley, David, Boreland, Geo. W., . . . Burkhardt, Jacob, .... Barr, Robert B., Bartch, Christopher, . . Bentz Jacob Brink, Andrew, Blackley, Hugh, Banks, W., Cockran Geo D July. Feb. July Aug. July Aug. Oct. July 14, 1863 10, 1864 14, 1863 1, 1861 14, 1863 1, 1861 31, 1862 14, 1863 Costlow, Jeremiah,. . . , Creeks, John T., Cash, John Clawson John Christen, Ulrich, Cooper, Andrew, Campbell, John M.,. . . PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 173 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Delker, Christian . Private. Oct. 31, 1861 3 Deserted returned mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Drisdoll, Jeremiah, . Private. Aug. 30, 1863 3 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Dalzell, David, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Denny, John R., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Deitrick, Geo. F., . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted transferred to Veteran Reserv Corps, September 18, 1864. Dickson, Robert, . Private. Sept. 2, 1862 3 Promoted to Q. M. Sgt. December 22, 1864. Emerick, William . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Fate, Philip, . Private. Oct. 31, 1861 3 Captured May 21, 1864 absent at mus ter out. Faber, Frederick, . Private. Feb. 7, 1864 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Nov. 25, 1864. Fry, Benjamin, F.,. . . . .Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 16, 1865. Ferrang, Peter,. ...... . Private. July. 20, 1863 3 Substitute dischargee by G. O., June 16 1865. Faber, Christian . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Foerst, Alphonso, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Francis, Joh n .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 iNot on muster-out roll. Gunn, George, .Private. July 28, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Green, James, . Private. Oct. 27, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Gaul, Beneventura, . . . . Private. July. 14, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 9, 1865. Goldstein, Louis, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. George, Abijah, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. George Thomas, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 |Died March 10, 1862 buried in Mili- tary Asylum Cemetery, D. C., Hill, John . Private. Nov. 5, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Holsinger, Daniel . Private. July 10, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hillman, Arthur, . Private. July 20, 1863 3 Drafted absent, on furlough, at muster out. Hart, Leopold, . Private. July 10, 1863 3 Drafted prisoner from May 6, 1864, to Feb. 8, 1865 mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865. Hartman, Leonard, . . . . Private. Oct. 31, 1861 3 Absent, in arrest at muster out. Hutchinson, Thos, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Hillman, William, . Private. Feb. 16, 1865 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hulbert, Dwight H., . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 g Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Hanchy, Arnold, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Hayne, Andrew,. Private Aug. 1861 1 3 Not on muster-out roll. Hays, George W., ! . Private. Aug. 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Hamilton, Henry, Private. Aug. f 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Hickey, Robinson, Private. Aug. f 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Hay, James M., Private. Aug. 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. 174 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Hurley, William . Private. July 22, 1863 3 Drafted discharged on Surg. certifi cate, Feb. 10, 1865. Hoffman, Alphonso,. . . . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by S. O., June 0, 1865. Jacob, Henry, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Jones, James, . Private. ; Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Jenkins, Kdward, Private Deserted March 6, 1865. Kemm, Conrad . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted returned mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Kelsch, Joseph . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Kreps, Christopher, . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Kimble, George, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Wilderness, May 6, 1864 absent at expiration of term. Kelley, Hiram, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863 absent at expiration of term. Kuntzler, George . Private. July 9, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by G. O., May 26, 1865. Klim, Jacob, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Kimble, David, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 jNot on muster-out roll. Lane, James H., . Private. Feb. 14, 1865 1 ! Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Lape, Henry, . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Lanning, Peter, .Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., . June 28, 1865. Logan, John .Private. July 13, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Leddy, Andrew, . Private. July 13, 1863 3 I Drafted died May 8, 1864, of wounds received at Wilderness, May 6, 1864. Large, Zenas, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll Logan, Baxter, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Luchy, Charles, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Myers, John . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted wounded at Wilderness, May 6, 1864 absent at muster out. Myers, Abraham, . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted deserted returned must. out with company, June 28, 1865. Marker, Jacob, .Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Morrow, Robert, . Private. Jan. 4, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Montgomery, John... . . Private. Oct. 31, 1861 3 Deserted returned mustered with Company, June 28, 1865. Miller, John.. Private A HP- 1, 1861 3 Mnc; rmt. DPP 14. 18(>4 exniration of term. Munaw, George R.,.. . . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted disch. on Surg, cert. Nov. 7, 1864. Miller, John H., .Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted disch. on surg. cert., Apr. 14 1865. Murray, James, . Private. Aug. 12, 1863 3 Sub. disch. Surg. cert. May 15, 1865. Maier, Callus, . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by S. O., June 9, 1865. Masters, Isaac, . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted transferred to V. R. C., Nov. 4, 1864. Millthalcr, Charles, . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mot on muster-out roll. Meyers, Conrad . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 iNot on muster-out roll. Meinhard, Conrad,... . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 175 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. M Kinnelly, J. W., . Private. Feb. 10, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Vet. M Caw, James, . Private. July 23, 1863 3 Drafted mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. M Crea, David, . Private. Aug. 9, 1863 3 Drafted disch. on Surg. certificate, Dec. 26, 1864. M Curdy, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Nagle, Jacob., . Private. July 15, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by G. O., August 14, 1865. Nelson, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Nenyah, Henry, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. O Brien, James, l . Private. Jan. 30, 1865 1 Deserted March 18, 1865. Prophater, John T.,... . Private. Oct. 31, 1861 3 Disch on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 15 1865 Vet. Platt, William, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Pinther, Frederick, . . . . Private. Died at Alexandria, Va., June 13, 1864 grave 2,015. Riley, Hamilton T.,... . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Ray, Samuel, . Private. July 10, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Ruege, Henry, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Spottsylvania, May 10, 1864 absent at expiration of term. Ross, Robert, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Riesner, Christian,. . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died February 11, 1864 buried in Mili tary Asylum Cemetery, D. C., Vet. Rushenberger, H., . . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Sullivan, Bernard, .... . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted captured August, 21, 1864 ab. at mus. out. Schibler, Benj. F.,. . . . . Private. July 15, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Smith, James, .Private. Aug. 8, 1863 3 Drafted captured at Wilderness, May 6, 1864. Absent at muster out. Sarena, Noah, . Private. Tulv 14, 1863 3 rDraffrpH rrmstprpH nut with Co.. Tune j ui .y 28, 1865. Swaner, Henry, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Steel, John Private. July 30, 1863 3 Drafted absent, sick, at muster-out. Stephens, Kinsley, ..... Private. July 30, 1863 3 Substitute transferred to Co. F., Nov. 27, 1864. Schroder, O. H. P., . . . . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted died Aug. 1, 1864, of wounds received at Wilderness, May 6, 1864* buried in National Cemetery, Arling ton, Virginia, Storrner, Adam, . Private. July 13, 1863i 3 Drafted deserted August 6, 1864. Salter, Joseph, Smith, James M., Shaw, Matthew, . Private. Aug. .Private.! Aug. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 1, 1861; 3 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Schroder, George,. i Private Aug. 1, 1861 3 1 Muster ed out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Straub, William . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Shiebel, Charles . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Schultz, John .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Steiglein, John .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Sleiglitz, Valentine, . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861i 3 ! Not on muster-out roll. Shannon, Henry, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Spauggy, Daniel, . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 :Sub. drow d at Fortress Monroe, Va , May 15, 1865. 176 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Taylor, Andrew D.,.. . . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by G. O., July 15, 1865. Taylor, George, . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Thorpe, Abner, . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted wounded at Wilderness, May 6, 1864 absent at muster out. Thompson, Alex . Private. Oct. 18, 1861 3 Mustered out, Oct. 18, 1864 expira tion of term. Tompkins, Wm. B.,. . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. True, Klias,. Private. Au " l f 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Vogetty, Andrew . Private. July 13! 1863 3 Drafted transferred to Co., F., Nov. 27, 1864. Walters, Baltzer, . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Wochele, Jacob, . Private. Feb. 5, 1864 3 Mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865. Werner, Andrew, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Walters, George, . Private. Jan. 28, 1862 3 Mustered but Jan. 28, 1865 expiration of term. Werner, Anglebert, . . . Private. Sept. 22 1862 3 Transferred to Vet. Reserve Corps, Oct. 24, 1864. Wallace, Hugh, . Private. July 10, 1863 3 Drafted killed at Wilderness, May 6, 1864. Walker, George, R.,.. . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Wilderness. Waldmeyer, Wm., .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died October 7,1864 buried in National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia Vet. Zeig, George, .Private. Jan. 28, 1862 3 Mustered out, Jan. 28, 1865 expiration of term. COMPANY C. RECRUITED IN ALLEGHENY COUNTY. NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. REMARKS. George W. Dawson,. W. O. H. Robinson,. Chas. S. Greene, John W. M Clay, . . .Capt.. . Aug. .Capt... Aug. 1, 1861 3 1, 1861: 3 .Capt..J Aug. 21, 1861! 3 I .Capt... Sept. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Major, Dec. 1, 1862. Pr. to 2d. Lt., Oct. 31, 1861 res. Jan. 6, 1862 re-corn. Sept. 29, 1862 pr. to 1st. Lt., Jan. 28, 1863 to Capt., Mar. 20, 1863 killed at Wilderness, May 6, 1864. Transferred fr. Co. I. pr. to Lt. Co.l, May 15. 1865. Promoted fr. 1st. Sgt. to 2d. Lt., Oct. 10, 1864 to 1st. Lt., Dec. 28, 1864. to Capt. May 14, 1865 mus. out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 177 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. I REMARKS. George Dil worth, WilliamS. Gold, . 1st. Lt. . 1st. Lt. Aug. Aug. 1, 1861 1, 186f 3 3 Discharged April 30, 1862. Promoted from 1st. Sgt. ti 1st. Lt., Apr. 30, 1862, commissioned Capt., Dec. 1, 1862 Mustered out Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. H. 0. C. Oehmler, .... .1st. Lt. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Sgt. to 2d. Lt., Jan. 28, 1863 to 1st. Lt., Sept. 12, 1863 com. Capt., May 9, 1864 not mus. mus. out, Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Chas. F. Kennedy,. . . . .1st. Lt.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Promoted from Quarter-master Sergt. to 1st. Lt., Oct. 1, 1864 to Q. M., Dec. 18, 1864 Vet. William Gray, .1st. Lt.. Auer 1, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Sergeant to 2d Lt. * XL4 -fe . Jan. 5, 1865 to 1st Lt. May 14, 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. Charles H. Rhodes, . . . 2d. Lt. . . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from private Co. E. to 2d. Lt., Jan. 23, 1862 died July 25, 1862, of wds. rec. in action. Jas. W. Prophater,.... .2d. Lt.. Aug. 1,. 1861 3 promoted from 1st. Serg t. to 2d. Lieut., Sept. 12, 1863 died Aug. 31, 1864, of wds. rec. in action. Cyrus Adsit, 2d. Lt Aiitr. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Serg t. to 2d. Lieut. May 18, 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. William M Neight.... 1st. Sgt. . Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted from Sergent to 1st. Serg t, May 12, 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. Hugh M Laren, 1st. Sgt. Sept. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Spottsylvania C. H. May 12, 1864 absent at expiration of term. William Alker, .Sergt... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from Corporal to Serg t. Nov. 29, 1864 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. Henry P. Banks, . Serg t . . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from Corporal to Serg t, Jan. 5, 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. Joseph Taylor, . Serg t . . 3 Promoted from Corporal to Serg t, May 18, 1865, mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. i Milton Mathews, . Serg t . . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from Corporal to Serg t. June 18, 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. Awarded Medal for brav ery Petersburg, April. 2, 1865.Capt. colors of the 7th Tenn. Rebel Reg t. Edward Craney, .Sergt .. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expiration oj term. John Thompson, .Serg t.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch. June 13, 1865, for wds. rec. in action. Vet. Francis McBlfresh,. . . . .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Sfot on muster out roll. Jsoeph P. Orr,. . Serg t Ausr 1, 1861 3 ^"ot on muster out roll. John Borman, Corp.. t^U Spet. 4, 1861 3 Wounded at Fisher s Hill, Sept. 22, 1864 absent at muster out Vet. Sylvester Orris,. . Corn Feb. 17, 1864 3 3 romoted at Corporal, Nov. 29, 1864 mus. out with company, June 28, 1865. Anthony Weimer, ..Corp... 3 Promoted to Corporal, Nov. 9, 1864 mus. out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. 178 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Theodore Mitchell,... . ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1681 3 Promoted to Corporal, Apr. 15, 1865 mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Awarded Medal for bravery at Petersburg Apr. 2, 1865. Capt. flag of the Tenn. brigade. Joseph Fisher, Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted to Corporal, Jan. 5, 1865 wd. Apr. 2, 1865 absent, in hospital, at mus. out Vet. Benjamin Hughs, .Corp.... July 15, 1863 3 Substitute promoted to Corporal, Jan. 5, 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. William Orris, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Corporal, May 18, 1865, mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Thomas B. Dick, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged by special order, April 6, 1865. Vet. Wm. H. Cochran, ..Corp... Sept. 5, 1861 3 Promoted to Sergeant Co. G, Nov. 1, 1864 Vet. George Garvin, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted to Sergent Co. F. Nov. 1, 1864 Vet. Christopher Metzler,.. ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861! 3 Not on muster-out roll. John V. Robinson ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Lawrence Delworth,... ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Andrew J. Starrett, . . . ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861! 3 Died August 6, 1862. Joshua Jobes. Corn Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Henry M. Snare, Corn Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died May 12, 1863 bu. in Mil. Asv . . V^V^i J . . . Cem., D. C. Hugh Langshaw, .Muc. Mar. 1, 1864 3 Prisoner from Nov. 11, 1864, to Feb. 14 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. Alexander Graham, . . . . .Muc. . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Ed. Cunningham, . . Muc. . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Apr. 3, 1862. Samuel Lyons, . .Muc. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company A date unknown, Vet. Adams, Robert, A . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Agy, William, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company E date un known. Vet. Antill, Ison,. . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted died at Anderson ville, Ga., J *-**V October 28, 1864 grave, 11607. Boyce, George . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28. 1865 Vet. Brush, George, . Private Tulv 14, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June f 28, 1865. Berkeypile, J. . Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Beal, Jacob, .Private.! Sept. 26, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Blakeley, Chas A . Private. July 2, 1863 3 Drafted transferred . Barkley, Wm. F., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeno s certificate, Feb. 6, 1862. Beatty, John, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 11, 1862. Brickell, John .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Mar. 24, 1862. Boyd, James,. . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by G. O. May 15, l ***./ 1865. PENN SYLVAN I A V L UN TEE R S 179 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTEK INTO SERVICE. T H REMARKS. Brady, S. A., Private. Killed at Wilderness buried in Wilder ness burial grounds. Cook, Charles, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Colman, Joseph A., .... Privare. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted wounded at Appomattox C. H., April, 1865 killed accidentally, June, 1865. Cooper, Stephen . ....... Private. Aug. 1, 1861. 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Charles, Robert, l . Private.! Aug. 1, 18611 3 Mustered out, Sept. ~, 1864 expiration of term. Cuddy, Richard, Private. Aug. 27, 1862 3 Discharged by General order, June 20, I 1865. Cheatham, John, Private. July 22, 1863 3 Substitute discharged by G. O., June j 15, 1865. Calhoun, A. G. R., Private. I Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company E. date un known Vet. Champion, John L.,. . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to company E date un known Vet. Conrad, George . ....... Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Croush, Adam, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Cummings, Wm Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Dunston, William, .Private.! July 16, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Dillman, Henry, . Private. Aug. 31, 1863 3 Substitute wounded at Wilderness, May 6, 1864 absent at muster out. Dunlap, Wm. J., Private. July 15, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by sentence of General Court Martial, June 28, 1865. Deary, Mark, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Wildre- ess, May 6, 1864 1 absent at expiration of term. Deitz, John,.. . Private. Aug. 1, 1961 3 Mistered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Denzer, Jacob . Private, July 16, 1863 3 Drafted disch on Surg cert Ivlarch 21 J "*J f 1865. Daniels, Alfred, . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by G. O. May 18, 1865. Davis, Joseph, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s cert., June 18, 1865 Veteran. Deitrick, George, Private. 1 Mar 12, 1864 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, June 20, 1865. Davis, Henry C., Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Dawson, Samuel J.,.. . .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Dennling, George, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Dietch, Henry, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Dilworth, Robert, Private Aug. 1, 1861 3 iNot on muster-out roll. Eckley, Robert, Private, Oct. 31, 1861 3 Transferred to Company E. date un- known. Franks, William Private. July 16, 18 3 3 Drafted mustered ont with Co., June 1 28, 1865. Farrington, J. A., Private Tnlv 16, 1863 3 Drafted discharged Feb. 28, 1865, for wounds received at Charlestown, Va. August 21, 1864. Fisher, Samuel, . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted disch. July 12, 1865. Farley, Charles, Private AIIP" 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Fielding, Amos, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company E date un known Vet. Fitch, H., . Private. 3 Died May 10, 1863 bu. in Mil. Asy. Cem., D. C., 180 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Fowzer, John J., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-ou roll. Gether, William . Private. July 23, 1863 3 [Drafted wounded at Wilderness, May 6, 1864 killed at Petersburg date unknown. Grey, John, . Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 i Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Gilmore, Stephen M., . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Gleason, William, . Private. Sept. 13, 1862 3 Discharged June 20, 1865, for wds rec. in action. Gump, Andrew, J . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted discharged March 6, 1865, for wounds received at Wilderness, May 5, 1864. Gorman, Hugh, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Glenn, Louis, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Millen Prison, Ga. Graw, L.W . Private. Died at Millen, Ga. date unknown. Hasler, Frederick, . Private. Aug. 13, 1863 3 Substitute absent, sick, at muster out. Huskins, Malcolm .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company June 28, 1865 Vet. Huey, Peter, . Private. Tulv 21, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June J "* J 28, 1865. Horn, John, . . .Private. July 17, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June J tp * A J 28, 1865. Hendershatt, J., Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June J *+*J 28, 1865. Harbaugh, Geo. F., . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 186 expiration of term. Hone, Reuben, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Harden, Robert, , Private. July 16, 1863! 3 Drafted disch. on surg. certificate, June 8, 1865. Horner, Andrew, . Private. Sent. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Highhill, Israel, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted to 1st. Sgt. company G. Nov. 1864. Heninger, John S., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Hipsley, Peter D., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to company E date un known. Hoag, David, . Private. Aug. 1. 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Huskins, William . Private. Aug 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Heifer, Henry, . . . Private. 1, 1861 3 Disch. by sentence of General Court martial. Johnson, Perry, . Private. July 22, 1863 3 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. James, George, . Private. July 16, 1863 3 | Drafted captured at Wilderness, May 6, 1864 absent at muster out. Jones, William, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Jackson, James, . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted wounded at Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864 disch, on Surg. certi- ficate, March 28, 1865. Johnson, John C. W., . . Private. Aug. 16, 1863 3 Drafted wounded at SpottsylvaniaC. H., May 12, 1864, and Petersburg, Va. April 2, 1865 disch. by General Order May 30, 1865. Jack, Andrew, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 l 3 Not on muster-out roll. Kennedy, Joseph, O.,.. . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 181 NAME. RANK. DATE OP MUSTER INTO SERVICE. en REMARKS. Kennedy, James, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted returned mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Keesley, Adam, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3- Transferred to company E. date un known. Luther, Ernest, . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Lacey, Daniel, . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted wounded at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864 absent at muster out. Lyons, Silas, .Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Lape, Franklin, . Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Long, George . Private, July 16, 1863 3 Drafted discharged on Surg. certificate, March 25, 1865. Lutz, William, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died December 27, 1864 Vet. Landis, Nathaniel,.. . . . Private, Aug. 1, 1861 3 ^ot on muster-out roll. Lawson, Archibald, . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Lee, Lafayette . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Mar 25, 1864. Little, James O . Private. Aug. 1 1861 3 Transferred to Co. E date unknown Vet. Lightwell, Jas. K. P. . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 STot on muster-out roll. Madison, John, . Private. Aug. 16, 1863 3 Substitute wunded at Winchester, Va. Sept. 19, 1864 absent at muster out. Miller Jacob Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co June 28, 1865. Miller Adam . Private. Tulv 16, 1863 3 Sub. missing at Spottsylvania, Va., j ***]> May 12, 1864 absent at muster out Mahony, Timothy, . . . . Private. Aug. 12, 1863 3 Substitute Wounded at Spottsylvania, C. H., May 12, 1864 absent at Muster out. Millett, William, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865. Vet. Melvin; John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Minich, Joseph F.,. . . . .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Mecoy, Allen, . Private. April 1, 1861 3 Vlustered out, April 1, 1865 espiration of term. Maxner, Frederick, . . . .Private. luly 14, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by G. O., May 13, 1865. Moon, Daniel, . Private. July 12, 1863 3 Drafted disch. on Surg. certificate, Dec. 1, 1864. Milligan, James, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Andersonville, Ga., May 22, 1864 grave, 1,287. Masonheimer, F., .Private. Aug. 1, 1861J 3 Transfer ed to Company E date un known Vet. Merriman, William,. ... Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company E date un known Vet. Merriman, Sam l., G.,. .Private. Aug. 1, 186L 3 Transferred to Company E date un known Vet. Merriman, Thomas, . . . \ . Private. Aug. 1, 1861! 3 Transferred to Company E date un known Vet. Melvin, Sam l , Private Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Vet. Miller, John W.,. Private Aug. 1 1861 ^ Not on muster-out roll. Mindly, John, Private Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. 182 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. I RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. | REMARKS. Michael, Rudolph, . Private. Aug. 1 1861 3 Died May 12, 1863 bu. in Mil. Asy. Cem., D. C. Murray, William, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Mosteller, Uriah, . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O. June 20, 1865. M Donald, Alex r.,. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not. on muster-out roll. M Vay, John, . Private. A*l*. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Sgt. Company G. date unknown. M Spadden, Wm., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 jNot on muster-out roll. M Crudden, James,.... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 i Wounded at Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864 absent at muster out Vet. M Clean, George, . Private. July 13, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. M Natt, Joseph, . Private. July, 14, 1863 3 Drafted wounded at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864 absent at muster out. M Nally, Anthony, . . . . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Substitute ab., on detached duty, at muster out. Oberry, Henry . . Private. July 10, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co June J ***- J June 28, 1885. Orris, Joseph, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with Company, June 28 ****O" 1865 Vet. Owens, Edwin, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865. Vet. O Connor, Cornelius,.. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. O Donnell, James, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Richmond, Va., March 20, 1964. Pope, Harrison W., . . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Patterson, Albert C.,.. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Porter, William R., . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Prophater, John S., . . . .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Captured at Centerville, Va., October 17, 1863 absent at expiration of term. Pry or, William, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. by sen. of G. C. M., June 18, 1865 Vet. Porter, George, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Powers, David H., . . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Rammage, Duncan,. . . . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted captured at Wilderness, May 6, 1864 absent at muster out. Riley, Thomas, . Private. Oct. 27, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Rooss, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Riley, Robert, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Robinson, Robert, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Roseburg, Peter B.,.. . .Privat . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Reno, Robert, R. R.,.. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Nov 26, 1861, Ross. William . . Private. Deser d returned disch. G. O.,May 31, 1865 Vet. Snyder, James W.,. . . . . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted deserted returned mus- Spitnagle, Benj., . Private. July 16, 1863 tered out with company, June 28, 1865 3 1 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Shields, Thomas A.,. . . . Private. July 15, 1863 3 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 183 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. s 1 W H REMARKS. Smith, Geoge W., . Private July 16, 1863 3 Drafted wounded at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct., 19, 1864 absent at muster out. Swain, William, . Private Aug. 1, 1861 3 Captured date unknown died at Rich mond, Va., March 23, 1864. Shoals, Alexander, .... . Private Jan. 16, 1864 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Oct. 28, 1864. Swain, Robinson, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Schondle, Charles, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-our Sherman, Matthew,. . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Schnider, John W.,... . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Vet. Sharp, John A . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Wilderness date unknown buried in Wilderness burial grounds, Vet. Shilds, Henry F., .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Portsmouth, Va., July 3, 1862. Speer, John L., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll Vet. Stoll, Chas. . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on Muster Roll. Vet. Thompson, John, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch. June 3, 1865, for wds. rec.in action Vet. Taylor, Samuel G., . . . .Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted Transferred . Urban, George, . Private. Dec. 21, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Vet. Upperman, Henry, . Private. July 27, 1863 3 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 6, 1865. Walters, Jacob, Private. . Jan. 16, 1865 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Wise, Jackson, . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted deserted returned mus. out with company, June 28, 1865. Werdhass, Charles,... . . Private. Aug. 15, 1863 3 Substitute wounded at Wilderness, May 8, 1864 absent at muster-out. Williams, William . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. on Surgeon s certificate, Feb. 1, 1865 Vet. Woodford, William.... .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged by General Order, May 11, 1865. Whitkey, Jerome B.,... . Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 Drafted disch. on Surgeon s cert., May 16, 1865. Williamson, Robert . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Weston, Isaiah Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted transferred. Whaler, Thomas, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Slot on muster-out roll. Walker, Smith, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 SJot on muster-out roll. Young, James H., Private. July 17, 1863 3 Drafted transferred. Young, Cabel B., Private. Aug. 14, 1863 3 Drafted transferred to V. R. C., Jan. 28, 1865. Young, Jonathan Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. 184 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT COMPANY D. RECRUITED IN LUZERNE COUNTY. NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Butler Dilley, ..Capt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Resigned July 23, 1862. Wm. W. Ellis, ..Capt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Lt. to Capt. July 23, 1862. Transferred Jan. 2, 1864 to Veteran Reserve Corps. Wd. May 3, 1863, at Charge on Marye s Heights, Fredericksburg, Va., David J. Taylor, ..Capt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Promoted from 2d. Lt. to 1st. Lt. July 23, 1862; to Capt. March 25, 1864 Killed at Cedar Creek, Va. Oct. 19, 1864, while in Command of the Regt Oliver A. Parson, ..Capt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Pro. from 1st. Sergt. to 2d. Lt. April 19, 1864; to 1st. Lt. Oct. 1, 1864; to Capt. Nov. 30, 1864 to Major May 14, 1865 Wd. at Spottsylvania May 18, 1864, and at Petersburg April 2, 1865. Mus out June 28, 1865. Breveted Major for gallantry at assault on Petersburg, April 2, 1865. Prisoner at Fair Oaks, Vet. Sylvester D. Rhodes,. - ..Capt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Pro. from Sergt. to 2d. Lt. Dec. 1, 1864 to 1st. Lt. Jan. 6, 1865; to Capt. June 3,1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Vet Holds medal from Congress for dis tinguished gallantry at Fisher s Hill Va. Sept. 22, 1864. Smith D. Dean, .1st. U. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Pro. to 2d. Lt. July 23, 1862; to 1st. Lt. Apr. 19, 1864. Discharged Aug. 10, 1864. Charles M. Cyphers,... . 1st. lit. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Pro. from 1st. Sergt. to 1st. Lt. Dec. 15, 1864; to Capt. Co. F. Jan. 6. 1865 Veteran. Wm Lathrop,. . 1st. Lt.. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Promoted to Sergt. Maj.; to 2d. Lt. Jan. v-"~,f ** O 8, 1865; to 1st. Lt. June 2, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Verteran. Samuel C. Fell, .2d. Lt.. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Sergt. to 2d. Lt. June 6, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Vet. Samuel Tintsman, .... 1st. Sgt. . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Pro. to 1st. Sergt. June 8, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. Presewed Taylor 1st. Sgt.. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Died June 16, 1862. Atherton Casey, .Sergt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Killed May 3, 1863, in charge on Marye s Heights, Fredericksburg. Wm. D. Beels, Sergt. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Wd. Dec. 13, 1862 at Fredericksburg, fr*V-*b Mus. out June 28, 186 . Vet. Wm. Coon, .Sergt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Wd. April 2, 1865, at Petersburg. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Vet. Robt. M. Thompson, . .Sergt... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Pro. to Sergt. Feb. 20, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. William S. Withers, . . . .Sergt. . . Sept. 2, 1861 3 Pro. to Sergt. June 8, 1865. Mus, out June 28, 1865. Vet. Jacob. Shafer, .Sergt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Robert Marshall, .Sergt... Feb. 20, 1862 3 Mus. out Feb. 20, 1865. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 185 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. 1 REMARKS. Joseph R. Shultz, I .Sergt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Re- enlisted Mar 8, 1864. Discharged date not known. Wm. A. Swan, .Sergt.. . Sept. 2, 1861 3 Wounded May 10, 1864 at Spottsylvania Deserted from the hospital and en listed in the Navy. Wm. Q. Cole, .Sergt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Died at Alexandria, Va. May 29, 1864, from wounds. Grave 1957 Vet. Wm. Roundtree, .Sergt... Aug. 18, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks May 31, 1862 and taken prisoner. Discharged Dec. 9 1862, David C. Connor, .... .Sergt... Sept. 4, 1861 3 ! Mus. out Sept. 7. 1864; expiration of term. Geo. W. Sayers, ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Wd. May 5, 1864, in Wilderness dis charged July 31, 1865 Vet. James McCarty, ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Absent, wounded at muster out Died Sept. 19, 1900. Veteran. Daniel Schlabach, .... ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865 Vet. John Dowden, .Corp.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 ! Mus. out June 28, 1865 Vet. Elisha Gear, ..Corp... July 14, 1863 3 Drafted, Mus. out June 28, 1865. John H. Benning, ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865 Vet. Wd. May 12, 1864 at Spottsylvania. John Wise, ..Corp... July 14, 1863 3 Drafted pro. to corporal June 8, 1865 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Gasper Tarr, Corp... July 13, 1863 3 Drafted. Pro. to Corporal June 15, 1865 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Ezra A. Coswell, ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. May 12, 1864 at Spottsylvania. Theodore A. Tucker,.. ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Wd. May 12, 1864 at Spottsylvania and transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, Jan 6, 1865. Geo. A. Cassidy ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, Dec. 30, 1864. Vet. Wd. May 12, 1864 at Spottsylvania. Wm. H. Roundtree. . . ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, and discharged for disability. Charles H. Elliott, ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Died June 17, 1862 from wounds re ceived at Fair Oaks May 31, 1862. Joseph C. Dale, ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Died Sept. 17, 1862 from wounds re ceived at Fair Oaks, J. Josiah McDermott, ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks May 31, 1862, and taken prisoner Discharged Dec. 9, 1862. Geo. W. Fell ..Corp... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. E. April 10, 1862 Killed at Antietam Sept. 17, 1862. Frank H. Leas, Musician Jan. 22, 1864 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Robert G. Thompson . . Musician Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865 Vet. Michael Toban Musician Sept. 2, 1861 3 Deserted Nov 12, 1861 John Glancy, Musician Sept." 2, 1861 3 Deserted Dec. 11, 1862. James Muncie, Musician Sept. 4, 1861 3 Died March 19, 1862. Abbott, Asher M., . . . . . Private. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Discharged Dec. 9, 1862. Alkins, Joseph, . Private. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Discharged Sept. 12, 1862. Bowen, Weston, . Private. March 1, 1864 3 Missing at Spottsylvania May 18, 1864 supposed to have b en killed. Boyd, John,. . Private. March 1, 1862 3 Mus. out March 1, 1865, expiration of term. Briggs, Job., . Private. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Mus. out June 28, 1865 Vet. Brisbing, Geo. W., . Private. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Discharged Aug. 15, 1862. 186 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTEK INTO SERVICE. i REMARKS. Brinner, Thomas. H., . Brown, Geo. S., . Private Private Sept. 2, 1861 July 16, 1863 3 3 ; Discharged Aug. 1, 1862. Drafted Mus out June 28 1865 Brooks, Wm., Private Sept. 2, 1861 3 Died June 29 1864 at Tudiciarv Souare Burtz, Joseph W., Burke, James, . Private . Private July 11, 1863 Sept. 2, 1861 3 3 Hospital from wounds. Drafted. Discharged on Surgeon s certificate Dec. 29, 1864. iMus. out June 28 1865 Vet Burke John Private Feb. 29, 1864 3 Baker, Isaac, Barnes, Geo. P., Barnett, Patrick, Benning, Edw. J.,. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Jan. 1, 1862 3 3 3 3 Oct. 24, 1864. Died Jan. 8, 1862. Pro. to Sergt. Co. F., Nov. 1, 1864 Vet. Wd. May 12, 1864, at Spottsylvania Mus. out Sept. 28, 1865. Deserted Feb. 1, 1862. Died in camp at Brandy Station Va Benham, Josiah,. . . Private. Feb. 27, 1864 Dec. 28, 1863. Buried at Culpepper. C. H., Va., Absent Wd at muster out Blackman, Frank, .... Bogard, Samuel,. . . Private. . Private. Sept. 2, 1861 July 10, 1863 3 Died Nov. 23, 1861. Drafted absent on detached duty at Charles, Th:mas, Connor, Thomas R., . . Cooper, Samuel, Cordell, JohnB., Dale, Charles W., Dale, David W., . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Aug. 1, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 4, 1861 3 3 3 3 3 3 muster out. Absent sick at muster out of Company Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862 dis charged Sept. 7, 1864. Discharged March 12, 1863. Re-en listed Mar. 5, 1864 and muste.ed out June 28, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Vet. Deserted Jan. 1, 1862. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 Daniels, Wm. H., Dawson, Geo. W., . Private. . Private. Sept. 2 1861 July 23, 1863 3 Discharged on surgeon s certificate, Dec. 1862. Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps Danchart, Charles,... . Delay, Emanuel, .... Dille , James W., Dowdson, John, Dorman, Toney, . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. Aug. 16, 1863 Feb. 27, 1864 Sept. 2, 1861 Aug. 1, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 3 3 3 3 Dec. 30, 1864. Substitute. Wd. May 10, 1864. De serted Nov. 1, 1864. Wd. May 12, 1864 at Spottsylvania. in hospital at muster out of company. Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Absent on furlough at muster out. Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Re Dolph, Samuel, Driscall, Jerry, Ekis, Levi, Ellis, Thomas C., . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. Sept. 2, 1861 Aug. 30, 1863 Aug. 20, 1863 Sept. 2, 1861 3 3 3 8 ceived furlough from hospital and enlisted in 5th U. S. Artillery. Wd. at Fair Oaks May 31, 1862 dis charged Sept. 18, 1862. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Died Sept. 4, 1864. Killed at Spottsylvania May 9, 1864. Ellis, Henry, Ellis, Elmer K., Elson, Wm. G., Fairchilds, John L., . . . Fairchilds,, Wm. F.,... Fulkerson, Chas. W.,. . . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. July 12, 1863 March 1, 1862 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 4, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 co co co coco co Drafted Wd. May 5, 1864 at Wilderness absent in hospital at muster out. Discharged Mar. 30, 1863. Died Sept. 23, 1862. Killed May 9, 1864 at Spottsylvania. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Died May 16, 1865 at Fredericksburg, Va., of wounds received in action at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 187 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEAKS. REMARKS. Fisher, Robert F., Furguson, J., Gear, Dwight, Gerard, Joseph, . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. July July Feb. July July Sept. July Feb. Sept. Feb. Sept. Sept. July Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. July Sept. Sept. Sept. vSept. Sept. July Oct. July Mar. Feb. Oct. Sept. Aug. July Aug. July July 14, 14, 29, 15, 16, 2, 16, 24, 2 9, 2, 2, 13, 12, 4, 2, 2, 2, 16, 20, 2 2 2 2, 17, 31, 22, 11, 27, 30, 2, 8, 13, 1, 13, 13, 1863 1863 1864 1863 1863 1861 1863 1864 1861 18 4 1861 1861 1863 1864 1861 1861 1861 1861 1863 1864 1861 1861 1861 1861 1863 1861 1863 1865 1864 1861 1861 1861 1863 1861 1863 1863 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO h- COCOCO COCOCO CO H- COCO CO COCOCOCO CO COCOCOCO CO COCO CO CO COCO Drafted Mus. out June 28, 1865. Died July 11, 1864 from wounds received at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864. Discharged by general order May 13, 1865. Wd. May 5, 1864 at Wilder ness. Drafted. Died at Alexandria, Va., July 1, 1864, from wounds received in the Wilderness, May 5, 1864. Killed Mav 12, 1864 at Spottsylvama. Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862 and discharged Aug. 10 , 1862. Died June 9, 1864, from wounds received May 6, 1864, at Wilderness. Mus out June 28, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865 Vet. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Died Dee. 8, 1862 from exposure in rebel prison. Died Aug. 7, 1864, (buried in Arlington National Cemetery,) from wounds received July 12, 1864 at Fort Stevens. Killed May 9, 1864 at Spottsylvania. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Discharged April 10, 1862. Re-enlisted Mar. 4, 1864, and discharged on sur geon s certificate May 15, 1865. Transferred to 23rd. P. V. March 1, 1862 Teamster. Discharged Nov. 16, 1861. Substitute, Mus. out June 28, 1865. Transferred to Co. C. Substitute. Discharged by general order June, 1865. Died Dec. 23, 1862 from wounds re ceived Dec. 13, 1862 at Fredericks- burg. Buried in Mil. Asy. Cem. D. C. Deserted, Feb. 11, 1863. Discharged Nov. 2, 1865. Vet. Wd. at Fair Oaks May 31, 1862 Dis charged Jan. 17, 1863. Substitute. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Mus. out Oct. 30, 1864. Wd. May 5, 1864 at Wilderness. Trans ferred to Co. B., Mus. out June 28, 1865. Disch. by G. O. June 24 1865. Missing at battle of Wilderness May 6, 1864 Supposed to have been captured and died in rebel prison. Mus. out Oct. 30, 1864. Exp. of term. Discharged Dec. 31, 1862. Drafted absent sick at muster out. Absent sick at muster out. Drafted. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Drafted. Mus. out June 28, 1865. r Gray, Marshall, Groff, Alfred , Gump, Henry, . .Private. .Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. Hagle, Frederick, . . . Hall, John, Hamilton, Wm., Hawk, Chester B.,.. . . Hay, John W., Hays, J. L. Hazel, Henry G., Higgs, James, Hinkle, Wm., . Private. .Private. . Private. Private Holmes, John W., Hotchkiss, Jeremiah,.. Horn, John,. Honeywell, Philip, .... Howe, Winfield, Hood, Frank, Howe, John, Huff. Levi, . . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. Private Hunker, Benj., Hunter, David, Hurley, Wm.,. Jones, Jonah J., Knox, James,. .Private. . Private. .Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. Private Kumph, John Laban, John S., La Barr, James S.,.. . . Lanham, Votley, Lambaugh, James,. . . . Leap, John, Lenhart, Joseph, Private 188 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. 1 H REMARKS. Lippencott, Wm Lowrey, Geo Maher, Thomas,. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. .Private.! . Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Sept. 2, 1861 July 15, 1863 July 13, 1863 July 15, 1863 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 July 25, 1863 Sept. 4, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 July 25, 1863 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 29, 1864 Aug. 1, 1861 Feb. 28, 1864 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 12, 1864 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 29, 1862 Sept. 2, 1861 July 14, 1863 Sept. 13, 1864 Aug. 1, 1861 July 10, 1863 Feb. 18, 1864 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 July 30, 1863 Sept. 2, 1861 Jan. 4, 1864 Sept. 4, 1861 July 21, 1863 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 "3" 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Transferred to Co., A. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. Deserted Nov. 18, 1863. Drafted. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Drafted. Died at Port Royal, Va., May 24, 1864 of wounds received in action at Wilderness May 5, 1864. Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Died May 20, 1864 from wounds re ceived in action. Drafted. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Wd. at Fredericksburg, May 3, 1863 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Deserted Feb. 11, 1863. Drafted. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Wd. at Fair Oaks May 31, 1862. Vet. Discharged April 29, 1862. Died Jan.30, 1861 Discharged May 24, 1862. Drafted. Discharged by general order June 20, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. Discharged on surgeon s certificate May 9, 1865. Died Mar. 19, 1862. Bu. in Mil. Asy. Cem. D. C., Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862 and dis charged Sept. 6, 1862. Discharged by G. O. June 20, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. Drafted. Mus. out by general order June 20, 1865. Discharged Feb. 11, 1863. Drafted. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Wd. at Petersburg June 20, 1864. Discharged by general order, June 20 1865. Discharged by general order, June 3, 1865. Veteran. Drafted. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Died April 8, 1862. Discharged Dec. 4, 1862. Killed May 18, 1864 at Spottsylvania Vet. Pro. to Sergt. Co. F., Nov. 1, 1864 Mus. out June 28, 1865. Vet. Drafted Discharged on surgeon s certi ficate May 15, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Veteran. Discharged bv general order June 23, 1865. Wd. May 5, 1864 at Wilderness Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Trans ferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, Feb. 29, 1864. Drafted. Mus out June 28, 1865. Martin, Charles. McDermott, I,. A.,. . . . McFarland, Roderick. McGahan, John McGuire, Rufus, McKnight, James, .... McNabb, Jno. B., Minick, Uriah D., . . . . Minig, Abram J Moore, Hiram, Morton, Ira Morton, Samuel A.,. . . Morrison, Thomas,... . Morris, Richard V.,.. . Munis, J., Myars, James A., Myers, Wm., Myers, Judson W , Newberry, Oliver G.,.. Newsbigle, Joseph, Nickerson, John, Nihart, Wm., O Brien, Thomas Partridge, Ross Peach, Wm., Pembridge, John, Peters, Obed, Piper, John Phillips, Wm. H., Phillips, Geo. S.,.. .. Puterbaugh, Alex.,. . . . Robinson, Thos. M., . . Ruger, Luther, Sadler, Robert, PENN SYLVAN I A V L UN TEE R S 189 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. I REMARKS. Sanders, Jacob Sayre, Vincent I., Seipe, Frederick, . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. March Feb. Sept. Feb. Feb. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. July July Sept. Sept. Feb. Oct. Mar. Feb. Sept. Mar. July Feb. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Mar, Mar, Sept. Sept. July Sept. 2, 1861 2, 1861 2, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 5, 1864 20, 1864 4, 1861 29, 1864 24, 1864 9, 1864 2, 1861 4, 1861 2, 1861 2, 1862 10, 1863 21, 1863 2, 1861 4, 1861 29, 1864 31, 1861 7, 1864 24, 1864 13, 1862 1, 1862 13, 1863 29, 1864 2, 1861 2, 1861 2, 1861 2, 1861 4, 1861 1, 1864 7, 1864 5, 1861 2, 1861 14, 1863 2, 1861 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Wd. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Mus. out vSept. 7, 1864. Died May 25, 1863. Buried at York- town, Va. Killed in action near Charlestown, Va., Aug. 21, 1864 at Flowing Spring. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Wd. at Fort Stevens July 12, 1864 Dis charged Aug. 7, 1865 Transferred to Vet. Res. Corps, Jan. 17, 1865. Wd. May 10, 1864 in Upton s Charge at Spottsylvania. Wd. at Fredericksburg, May 3, 1863. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Absent, wounded at muster out. Drafted. Discharged by general order June 20, 1865. Transferred to Co. H., 1st. Pa. Art. Died Dec. 28, 1863 of wounds received at Fredericksburg May 3, 1863, in charge on Marye s Heights. Wd. at Fair Oaks and died from effects in Richmond, Va. June 6, 1862. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Vet. Drafted. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Drafted. Absent sick at muster out. Killed at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Died at Andersonville, Ga. Aug. 31, 1865. Died at Alexandria, Va., May 28, 1864 (Grave 1953) from wounds re ceived May 27, 1864. Vet. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Disch. by general order June 20, 1865. Disch. on surg. certificate Dec. 29, 1864. Drafted. Died at Fredericksburg, Va., May 26, 1864, from wounds received in action. Died at Philadelphia, April 22, 1864. Killed May 9, 1864 at Spottsylvania. Discharged Jan. 6, 1863. Deserted Nov. 15, 1861, Killed May 9, 1864, at Spottsylvania. Wd. at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864. Absent at expiration of term. Dis charged from Hodington hospital, Philadelphia, Nov. 4, 1864. Died May 17, 1864 from wounds received at Wilderness May 6, 1864. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Died Dec. 4, 1861. Mus. out June 28, 1865 Veteran. Drafted. Mus. out June 28, 1865. Mus. out June 28, 1865 Veteran. Schlabach, Jonathan, .- Shafer, Nathan, Shafer, Frederick N.,.- Shafer, Samuel, Sheiber, Jesse, Shodden, Lewis, Shuler, Samuel, Smith, John D., Stiver, Chester B., Stout, Theo. L., Stroth, Geo., Sweeney, John Sweniger, Bazil, Sylvis, Jacob, Tanfield, Thos. A...... Tribble, Wm. F., Trickier, Wm Thorp, Levi, Tucker, Thos. O., Tucker, Joseph, Turner, Nathan, Van Garkin, Wesley,.. Vaugh, Joseph, Vettenberg, James,... . Ward, Wm. H., Waring, Geo. E., Wilbert, John, Wilcox, Crandall A., . . Wiley, John, Willard, David, Willard, John Williams, Townsand,.. Wilson, John, Worrell, John,. Zaun, Charles,.. 190 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT COMPANY E. RECRUITED IN ALLEGHENY COUNTY. NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Alexander Hay, | . .Capt.. . Aug. Aug. 1, 1861 1, 1861 3 Resigned May 20, 1862. Prom, from 1st. Lt. to Capt., May 21, Wm. H. Crawford, Capt.. . 1862 Resigned Dec. 18, 1862. Wm. J. Glenn, ..Capt... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Prom, to 2d. Lt., May 21st. 1862 to Capt. Mar. 1, 1864 wounded at Charlestown, Va., Aug. 21, 1864 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Chas. H. Clausen, ..Capt... Aug. 21, 1861 3 Prom, from 1st Lt. Co. A. to Capt. Oct. 1, 1864 disch. Feb. 10, 1865, for wounds re cd in action. Andrew J. Bingham. . . ..Capt... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Prom. Corp. Co. C. May 9, 1863 Sergt. May 6, 1864; 1st Sergt. Sept 12, 1864; Trans, to Co. E. Nov. 1864; Prom. 1st. Lt. Nov. 6, 1864; Prom. Capt. Feb. Feb. 28, 1865; wounded at Fair Oaks May 31, 1862; and at Winchester Va., Sept. 19, 1864; Mus. out and disch. Camp Reynold, Pa. with the Company July 3d. 1865. Henry M Lauglin, .1st. Lt.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Prom, to 2d. Lt. Sept. 1861 to 1st Lt., May 21, 1862 disch. Dec. 22, 1863. Samuel W. Means, .1st. Lt.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to 1st. Lt., March 1, 1863 mustered out. Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. John Barrett, .1st. Lt.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred from Company C killed at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864. William M. Price, .1st. Lt.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to 2d. Lieut., Dec. 22, 1864 to 1st Lt., Feb. 27, 1865 wounded April 2, 1865 absent at muster out. Vet. George F. Harper .2d. Lt.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted frm 1st Sgt. to 2d. Lt., March 1, 1863 died May 18, 1863, of wounds received in action. Bergan M. Dowell .2d. Lt.. Aug. 1 ,1861 3 Promoted from 1st Sgt. to 2d. Lt., Sept. 12, 1863. mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Charles H. Bewley, . . . .2d. Lt.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st Sgt. to 2d. Lt., Oct. Oct. 10, 1864 to Capt. company G. Dec. 18, 1864 Vet. John M Vay .2d. Lt..;Aug. 1, 1861 ;; Promoted from Sgt. company G. to 2d. Lt., March 1, 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Vet. Fred k Masonheimer . 1st. Sgt. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to 1st. Sgt. Feb. 18, 1865 mustered out with company, June 28, 865 Vet. James I. Earle, 1st. Sgt Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 164 expiration of term. Charles W. Leslie, . . 1st. Sgt- Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died November 24, 1861. Peter A. Grush Serg t . . Feb. 1, 1864 3 Promoted to Sergeant, December 22, 1864 mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Abednego Davis Serg t . . Mar. 22, 1864 3 Promoted to Sergt. March 15, 1865 mustered out with company, June 28, \ 1865 Vet. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 191 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. 1 REMARKS. John Beck, . Serg t . . Feb. 7, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Myers Updegraff , .Serg t... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out Sept. 7, 1864 expir-JI ation of term. Joseph Myers, .Serg t... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Alb t G. C. Calhoun . . .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Sergeant Major, Jan. 8. 1865 Vet. James O. Little . Serg t . . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fisher s Hill, Va., Sept. 21, 1864 Vet. Peter D. Hipsley .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864 Vet. Thomas J. Moore, .... .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. William H. Rodgers. . . .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Q. M Sgt. December 8, 1861. John Davis, .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Geogre C. Saul, . Serg t . . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. William P. Riley . Serg t . . Aug. 1, 1864 3 Not on muster-out roll. John Blake, . .Corp. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out with Company, June 28, fr * ^ .f*" * 1865 Vet. Andrew G. Evans ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted to Corporal, Sept. 4, 1864 absent, sick, at muster out Vet. Gustavus F. Bowers. . ...Corp.. July 9, 1863 3 Drafted promoted to Corporal, April 8, 1865 mustered out with company June 28, 1865. Charles B. Barrett,.. . .Corp.... May 9, 1864 3 Promoted to Corporal, Sept. 4, 1864 discharged by General Order, May 26, 1865. John Lighthill ..Corp... Mar. 9, 1864 3 Promoted to Corporal, Dec. 22, 1864 mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Sam l G. Merriman . . . ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Corporal, Feb. 8, 1865 mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Samuel Melvin Corp AUg 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Corporal, March 15, 1865 4A.Ug . mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Amsy Painter ..Corp... July 16, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. John Orr, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Prisoner from May 6, to Dec. 7, 1864 mustered out Dec. 11, 1864 expirati tion of term. William Wilson ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, wounded, at expiration of term. Henry Feuhake, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, wounded at expiration of term. William Russell, ..Corp... Aug. 3, 1862 3 Discharged on Surg. certificate date unknown. Jacob Fogle, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7 1864 expiration of term. John Woods ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Geo. H. Shanafelt ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Cor., March 1, 1862 to 1st Sgt. to 2d. Lt., company A. April 4, 1865 Vet. John. Fairbanks, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Corporal, Jan. 1, 1862 not on muster-out roll. Geo. W. M Dowell.... . .Corp.. . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Corporal, March 1, 1862 not on muster-out roll. John Robinson ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Corporal, February 1, 1862 not on muster-out roll. 192 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE 0* MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Henry Buchanan Almzo N. Billings, F. B. M Namara David Fitzgerals, Agy, William ..Corp... ..Corp... Musician Musician . Private. . Private. Jan. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 23, 1864 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 Q 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 o 3 3 3 3 o Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 17 1862 reenlisted Jan. 28, 1864 mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Feb. 3, 1862. Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 17, 1862. Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Discharged by General Order, June 25, 1865. Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Drafted wounded at Wilderness, Va., May 1864 absent at muster out. Drafted wounded Aug. 21, 1864 dis charged by General Order, May 21, 1865. Mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Drafted absent, sick at muster out. Disch. on Surg. cert. March 27, 1862 re-enlisted Feb. 1, 1864 mus. out with company., June 28, 1865. Deserted returned mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Drafted disch. June 13, 1865. Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Drafted wounded at SpottsylvaniaC. H., May 10, 1864. Disch. July 15, 1865. Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Drafted discharged by G. O., June 23, 1865. Drafted deserted July 25, 1865. Deserted May 16, 1864 Vet. Died Sept. 18, 1862 buried in Military Asylum Cemetery, D. C. Transferred to company D date un known. Died May 10, 1862 buried in Cypress Hill Cemetry, Long Island. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Anstis, Edmund Anderson, Richards.... Alexander.Edward .... Burns, Francis, Boyd, James Bunsher, Frank Berre, Michael Brooks, George, . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. Sept. Oct. July Aug. Dec. July Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. July July July Dec. Aug. Sept. July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 9, 1864 8, 1864 14, 1863 18, 1863 1, 1863 29, 1863 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 16, 1863 9, 1863 21, 1863 21, 1863 1, 1861 26, 1864 16, 1863 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 Berger, George, .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. Barnett, Robert, Burrows, George, Best, Thomas,. Bowen, Weston, Christ, Michael,.. Connelly, Gottfried,. . . Colters, Theo. H., . . . . Crush, Adam, Campbell, John, Coleman, Samuel J., . . Cole, David,.. Champion, John L. . . . Chantler, William Cordell, John B., Clark, James, Conolin, John, Crainor, Lewis,. PENNSYL VAN I A VO LUN TEE RS 193 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. i TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Charles, Thomas, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. D date unknown Vet. Donohue, Hugh, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 M^ustered out with company June 29 * *"& 1865 Vet. Davidson, Williamk. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, wounded, at expiration of term. Dufl, George, Private. Aug. 12, 1864 1 Discharged by General Order, June 25, 1865. Dow den, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company D date un known. Drapier, Thomas, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Davidson, Daniel, ..... Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate 1 Jan. 17, 1862. Dougherty, John, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Dunlap, Archibald, . . . .Private. Aug. 1. 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Eckenroad, Frank,. . . . . Private. July 11, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Eckenroad, Wm., .Private. July 11, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Eaton, Joseph, . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Edmonson, Owen, .... .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira- tion of term. Evans, Jeremiah, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Eichberg, Henry, . Private. Aug. 19, 1864 1 Discharged by General Order, June 20, 1865. Echenroad, James, .... .Private. July 11, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by sentence of General Court Martial date unknown Eckey, Robert,. Private Oct. 31, 1861 3 Mustered out, Oct, 31, 1864 expira tion of term. Fox, Henry, . Private. Mar. 9, 1864 3 Msutered out with company, June 28, 1865. Fielding, Amos,.. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, withut leave, at muster out Vet. Franklin, Benj., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Fields, Watson, . Private. Aug. 1, 1863 3 Not on muster-out roll. Fields, Enoch, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Fell, George W., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Gould, Charles M., . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, wounded at muster out. Good, William, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Vet. Res. Corps date unknown. Gibbs, Charles W.,. . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Gallagher, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Grimes, Wm. L , . . Private. Aue". 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Henderson, Jos. B.,. . . .Private. Jan. 19, 1864 3 Capt d. at Wilderness, May 6, 1864 absent at mus. out. Henderson, Mathew, . . .Private. Feb. 7, 1864 3 Absent, on furlough, at muster out. Huston, John, .Private. Jan. 28 ,1864 3 Discharged by General Order, July 17, 1865. Harris, Robert, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Hunter, David, G.,. . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, without leave, at expiration of term. Hulmus, George, .Private. 1 Aug. , 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Heffner, Michael, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Holmes, James R.,. . . . .Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Hamilton, Wm., . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Hanlon, Daniel, . Private, Aug. , 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. 194 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. || REMARKS. Hall, John, Hillman, Joseph, . Private. . Private. Aug. Aug. 1, 1, 1861 1861 i Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Isett, Thompson B.,... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Johnson, John, . Private. Oct. 25, 1864 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Kessley, Adam, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Kidders, Orville, . Private. 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Keller, Simon, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Kirkland, Andrew, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 i 3 Not on muster out roll. Kinney, James, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died Oct. 25, 1862 bu. in Mil. Asy. Cem., D. C. Kinney, Perry, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Lafferty, James, . Private. Dec. 21, 1863 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Lawson, Archibald, . . . . Private. Dec. 21, 1863 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Latham, Edward, .Private. Aug. 29, 1864 3 Absent, without leave, at muster out. Levi, Henry, . Private. Aug. 29, 1864 3 Absent, without leave, at muster-out. Law, Robert, . Private, Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Vet. Res. Corps d.Ue unknown. Lighthill, J. K. P.,.. . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Lewis, George W., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Oct. 31, 1864 expiration tion of term. Leesh, John, . Private. Jan. 15, 1864 3 Deserted May 16, 1864. Lefever, Charles, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Lambaugh, James,. . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company D date un known. Marks, Aaron, . Private. July 14. 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Merriman, Thomas,. . . .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Merriman, William,. . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, sick at muster out Vet. Mathews, Joseph . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Miller, Charles, F., Private. Jan. 1, 1864 3 Mustered out with Companv, June 28, 1865 Vet. Metzgar, Joseph, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Morrow, John, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, wounded, at expiration of term. Miller, James, Private. Sept. 15, 1862 3 Discharged by General Order, June 28, 1865. Mushett, Robert, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Marshall, Robert, ! . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Morrison, Thomas j . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. date unknown. Vet. M Elroy, William, . . . . . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted absent, without leave, at muster out. M Carty, Thomas, . Private. Feb. 7, 1861 3 Absent, sick, at muster-out. M Mannus, Francis, . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. M Collum, William,.. . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged 1862, for wds. rec. at Fair Oaks, Va. Newman, George, .Private. Jan. 29, 1864 3 i Mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865. Niellis, Robert, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 195 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. 1 REMARKS. Nolder, James, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Nolder Samuel Private Aug 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, *"& . Mar. 24, 1863. O Hanlon, Daniel, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, wounded, at expiration of term. O Donnell, James, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Richmond, Va. date unknown. O Brien, Thomas, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company D date un known Vet. Parton, George, . Private. Dec. 21, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Parker, Harrison, . Private. July 16, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Pile, Emanuel, .Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Powers, David H.,. . . . Private. Dec. 21, 1863 3 Deserted May 16, 1864 Vet. Peach, William, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Vet. Roseberg, Peter, B.,.. . .Private. Dec. 21, 1863 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Roberts, Jacob, . Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted absent, sick, at muster out. Robinson, John T.,. . . . Private. Dec. 21, 1863 3 Captured May 14, 1864 ab. at muster out Vet. Roberts, Robert,. . Private. Dec. 21, 1863 3 Captured May 14, 1864 ab. at muster out Vet. Rinehart, George, . Private. Aug. 12, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Ross, William, . Private. Feb. 8, 1864 3 Disch. on Surgon s certificate date unknown. Ross, James A., . Private. Mar. 15, 1864 3 Discharged by General Order, May 13, 1865. Rhodes, Charles H.,... .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company C. January 28, 1862. Scott, James B., . Private. Feb. 8, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Schnider, Tohn W . Private. Dec. 21, 1863 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Spoonhow, James .... .Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted absent, without leave, at mus ter out. Snyder, Charles W...... . Private. Jan. 28, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Vet. Stevens, Benjamin, . . . . Private. July 17, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Stoughton, Silas, .Private. July 14, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Smith, Gottlieb, Private. July 29, 1863 3 Drafted absent, without leave, at muster out. Shide, Peter, . Private. July 15, 1863 3 Drafted absent, without leave, at muster out. Shrepp, Henry, .Private. July 22, 1863 3 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 15, 1865. Strohm, William .Private. Jan. 19, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 2865. Solar, Jacob, . Private. Jan 0,11. 5, 1864 3 Captured May 15, 1864 absent at muster out. Spear, John S., .Private. Feb. 8, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. 196 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Swain, Morris S., Spielman, George, .... Storms Michael . Private. . Private . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. Oct. Aug. Aug. July Dec. Aug. Sept. July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. July Dec. Feb. Nov. July Aug. Aug. Dec. Aug. Aug. Aug. Dec. Aug. 28, 1864 17, 1864 28, 1862 14, 1863 21, 1863 19, 1863 4, 1861 19, 1863 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 14, 1863 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 1, 1861 14, 1863 21, 1863 1, 1864 14, 1864 16, 1863 1, 1861 16, 1863 21, 1863 1, 1861 1, 1861 17, 1864 21, 1863 1, 1861 CO CO COCO COCO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO COCO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO li Mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865. Discharged by General Order, June 25, 1865. Discharged by General Order, June 25, 1865. Drafted disch. on Surgeon s certificate date unknown, Disch, on Suregon s certificate date unknown. Wd. in action tr. to V. R. C. date unknown. Promoted to 2d. Lt. Co. F. Jan. 8, 1865 Vet. Died at Philadelphia date unknown. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Died February 14, 1862. Not on muster-out roll. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 17, 1862. Drafted wounded at Wilderness, May 5, 1864 discharged, Sept. 5, 1865. Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Captured May 6, 1864 died at Ander- sonville, Ga., Aug. 31st, 1864 grave 7,409. Not on muster-out roll. Transferred to Co D date un-known Vet. Died December 17, 1861. Not on muster-out roll. Transferred to Co. D date unknown Vet.- Drafted wd. July 18, 1864 absent at mus. out. Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Drafted discharged by G. O., Sept. 25, 1865. Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Drafted discharged by G. O., June 5, 1865. Deserted August, 3, 1864 Vet. Died July 1, 1862 bu. in Cypress Hill Cem., L. I. Not on muster-out roll. Discharged bv General Order, June 20, 1865. Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Not on muster-out roll. Smith, Samuel S., Stohl, Charles, Steward, Daniel, Seiler, Augustus R.,. . . Schonberger, C , Stewart, James S., . . . . Stewart, Samuel, Sample, John S.,. Shan, Lebias A.,. Stiteler, Samuel E., . . Sissler, William, Taylor, John S., . Thoburn, James, Thorpe, Levi, .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. .Private. .Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Tate, Robert, Thompson, Rob t. M. . Thorton, Robert, Thomas, Ira., Tintsman, Samuel, Wadsworth, S. J., Wallace, John, Woods, James J., Walters, Charles, Walters, John, Worthington, Wm...... Wallace, Lewis P., .... Whalley, Thomas, .... Wolf, John, Wilson, John, Wild, Balthaser, Young, Jonathan, Yates, Thomas, PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 197 NOTE: Capt. Glenn in a letter to the Historian, dated May 5, 1908, said, "Capt. Crawford of Co. E, just after the battle of Fair Oaks wrote, "About noon on Sautrday the rebels hove in sight, Their courage raised by whiskey they thought to give us fight, But they soon found out that fighting was a game that two could play And the rebels did the running on the 31st of May." COMPANY F. RECRUITED AT PITTSBURGH. NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. t REMARKS. Isaac Wright, Charles H. Bryson, . . . . .Capt... ..Capt... Aug. Aug. 1, 1861 1, 1861 3 Resigned January 30, 1862. 3 i Resigned Nov. 27, 1862. Wm. H. Rodgers, ..Capt... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Pr. to 1st. Lt. Nov. 27, 1862 to Capt. Sept. 12, 1863 mus. out, Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Charles M. Cyphers,... ..Capt... vSept. 2, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Lieut. Co. D., Jan. 6, 1865 disch. on Surgeon s certi ficate, May 15, 1865. Matthew C. Steele, . . . . 1st. Lt. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Resigned Oct. 14, 1862. George B. M Kee, . . .. . 1st. Lt. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted fr. 1st. Sgt. to 2d. Lt. to 1st. Lt. Sept. 12, 1863 Mus. out, Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Edw d. R. Robinson... ..1st. Lt.. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Pr. fr. Cor. Co. A. to 1st. Sgt. Nov. 1, 1864 to 1st. Lt. Jan. 8, 1865 com. Capt., May 16, 1865 not mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. William Young, ..2d. Lt.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Resigned Nov. 31, 1861. Wilt Rippey, ..2d. Lt. . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Resigned Dec. 25, 1862. Albert Reeder, ..2d. Lt.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Sgt. to 2d. Lt., resigned Sept. 12, 1863 March 24, 1864. Albert Reeder, ..2d. Lt.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Sgt. to 2d Lt., Sept. 12, 1863 resigned March 24, 1864. John Caldwell ..2d. Lt.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted fr. Sgt. Maj. to 2d. Lt., April 19, 1864 Disch. Oct., 1864, for wound rec. July 12, 1864. Augustus R. Seller, . . . ..2d. Lt.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted from priv. Co. E. to 2d. Lieut., Jan. 8, 1865 to 1st. Lt. and Adj., Apr. 6, 1865 Vet. George P. Barnes, .... ..2d. Lt.. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Pr. fr. priv. Co. D. to Sgt., Nov. 1, 1864 to 2d. Lt., Apr. 6, 1865 com. 1st. Lt. May 16, 1865 not mus. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. William H. Puillips,... .1st. Sgt. Mar. 27, 1864 3 Pr. fr. Cor. Co. D. to Sgt., Nov. 1, 1864 to 1st. Sgt., Apr. 6, 1865 com. 2dLt. May 16, 1865 not mus. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. James S. M Elroy,.. . . .1st. Sgt. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to company G., Nov. 1, 1864 Vet. George Garvin,. . Serg t . Sent 4, 1861 Q Promoted from Corporal Co. C., to vJCpt. o Serg t., Nov. 1, 1864 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865, Vet. David H. Davis, .Serg t.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Pr. fr. priv. Co. A., to Cor., Nov. 1, 1864 to Sgt., Jan. 8, 1865 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 yet. 198 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. i i r REMARKS. Kinsley Stephens, .... .Serg t.. July 30, 1863 3 ,Sub. pr. fr. priv. Co. B. to Cor., Nov 1, 1864 to Sgt., Apr. 6, 1865, mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. David A. Carr, .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. William A. Allison,.... .Serg t. Sept. 2, 1862 3 Discharged by General Order, Tune 20 1865. James Calhoun, .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed, Battle of Fair Oaks, May 31 1862. George Borland, ..Corp... July 14, 1863 3 Drafted promoted to Corp. Nov. 1, 1, 1864, mus. out with Co., Tune 28, 1865. Wesley A. Young, ..Corp... Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute promoted to Corporal, Nov. 1, 1864 mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865. Andrew Voegtly,... . . . ..Corp... July 14, 1863 3 Drafted promoted to Corporal, April 6, 1865 mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Geo. S. Blanset ..Corp... Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute promoted to Corporal, June 21, 1865 mustered out with company June 28, 1865. Lewis Vosler, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Corporal, May 6, 1864 absent, wd., at expiration of term. James Milligan, ..Corp..: Aug. 1, 1861 3 Captured October 11, 1863 absent at mus. out. Frank L. Blair, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Prisoner from May 6, to Nov. 19, 1864 mustered out, January 18, 1865 expiration of term. William Miller Corn Sept. 29, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G O Tune 20 1865. George Armer, ..Corp... Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 2, 1865. Jonas M. Cook, . .Corp.. . Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Giles Leonard Corn Sept. 20, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Bowers L. Hunter,. . . . ..Corp... Sept. 29, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Robert Kennedy, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll Vet. John B. Findley, Musician Sept. 26, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Alexander Graham, . . . Musician Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to company C date un known Vet. Allison, Robert, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Drafted absent, on furlough at muster out. Andrews, Martin . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Adams, James, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 10, 1862. Adams, William A.,.. . . Private. Nov. 6, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Mar 22, 1863. Aughenbaugh, Jno.,. . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Philadelphia, Jan. 30, 1864 Vet. Baker, James,. . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Bittner, Cyrus M...... . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Barnhart, William,. . . . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 199 NAME. RANK. 1 DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. n a r REMARKS. Barnet, Jeremiah . Private. . Private. Oct. Aug. 26, 1864 1, 1861 i 3 Drafted mustered out with Co. June 28 1865. Mstered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration Bowman, Joseph, of term. Beal, John S., . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Barrone, Harman, .... . Private. Sept. 17, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Bittner, Elias F., . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Bowman, Mathias, . . . . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Burgess, Harrison, . Private. Sept. 29, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Brant, George D., . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., May 26, 1865. Benedict, John R.,. . . . . Private. Sept. 30, 1864 1 Substitute died June 17, 1865 burried in National Cemetery, Arlington, Va. Brooks, Oliver, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died July 11, 1862, of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Virginia, May 31, 1862. Baker, Jonathan, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died June 30, 1862, of wounds received in action. Bendy, John H., Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Malvern Hill, Va., July 1, 1862. Briceland, Thomas, . . . . Private. *"& . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Washington, D. C., March 9, 1862 buried in Military Asylum Cemetaery, D. C. Baird, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred , to Company K, March * *-*o 1, 1862. Brown, John,.. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted Sept. 21, 1862. Buzzard, Benjamin,. . . .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted Nov. 22, 1861. Cable, Joseph, Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Cook, Adam,. . . . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Coons, Charles E., Private. Aug. 1, 1864 1 Absent, sick, at expiration of term. Carey, Samuel,. Private. Sept. 27, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June *-**- *- 20, 1865. Crane, George, Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Close, Levi, Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, V-/^J-/. * 1865. Carter, Cyrus, Private. Sept. 28, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Cavanah, Samuel, .... Private. Sept. 28, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Cotter, John H.,. .. . j Private Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for wds. rec. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Campbell, William, .... Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate,Mar. 23, 1862. Chalfant, Wm. F., . . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged October 19, 1863, for wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., May 3, 1863. Clark, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Mar. 23, 1862. Cotter, Edward, A.,... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Courter, John H., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 Missing at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Cuckler, Clark,. . Private. A 11?. 1, 1861 2 Deserted October, 17, 1863. Clark, Peter, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute deserted November 15, 1864 200 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Cotter, William A.,.. . Delaney, Peter, . Private. Aug. .Private.; Aug. 1, 1861 1, 1861 3 3 Not on muster-out roll. Vet. Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Feb. 12, 1863. Dickson, Thomas, .... .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 28, 1863. Durkin, James, . Private. Aug. 25, 1861 3 Discharged date unknown. Deal, Simon H., . Private. Oct. 28, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Eberhart, Adam, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Fitzmorris, Wm. A.,... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 15, 1863. Fritman, Joseph, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted May 16, 1863. Fisher, George, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted May 26, 1862. Fabre, Jules, .Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 Substitute deserted Nov. 15, 1864. Frazer, William, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute deserted Nov. 15, 1864. Gindlesparger Jos., . . . .Private. Oct. 28, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Greenwood, James, . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Gallaher, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Vet. Reserve Corps, Sept. 16, 1863. Gross, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted June 12, 1863. Gross, Cyrus, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted July 2, 1863. Green, Samuel . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, * ***& Nov. 28, 1862. Hass, Philip, . Private. Oct. 27, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hammond, Charles,... . Private. Oct. 24, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hallett, George, . Private. Oct. 24, 1864 1 Substitute wounded Mar. 27, 1865 discharged by General Order, Sept. 12, 1865. Himes, Peter, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Haverly, Daniel, . Private. Sept. 27, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Hoffman, George, . Private. Sept. 28, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Hostetler, Adam, . Private. Sept. 27, 1864 1 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865 burial recodr, died June 22, 1865 buried at Alexandria, Va. grave 3,253. Hoobler, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged August 14, 1862, for wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Hilkirk, Anson, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, July 15, 1863. Huling, John S., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Mar. 23, 1862. Hanson, John,. . Private. Ausr 1, 1861 3 Died June 8, 1862, of wds. rec. at Fair &U Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862 bu. at Fortress Monroe, Va., Haffner, Adam, . Private. Sept 26 1864 1 Drafted deserted November 15, 1864. Heblan, John . Private. Sept. 21, 1864 1 Drafted deserted November 15, 1864. Hallett, William, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute deserted October, 1864. Huskin, Malcolm, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company C date un known Vet. Ingham, Henry B.,... . . Private. Sept. 20, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20 1865. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 201 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. en > REMARKS. Ingham, Stephen T.,... . Private. Mar. 29, 1865 1 Discharged by General Order, June 16, 1865. July, Solomon, . Private. Sept. 20, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Keifer, David,, . Private. Sept. 20. 1864 3 Substitute discharged by G. O. June 20, 1865. Kane, Patrick, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Mar. 23, 1862. Krusia, Detrick . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31. 1862. Kennedy, James, Private Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to company C date un known. Lepley, Christian, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co June 28, 1865. Lenhart, David, . Private. Sept. 20, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Lindsay, John .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to Company K, March 15, 1862. Long, James . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Killed accidentally, Dec. 24, 1864. Buried at Petersburg. Little, John . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at White House, Va., June 14, 1862, of wds. received at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Leech, James, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted February 4, 1862. Miller, John H., . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitjte mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Miller, Samuel W.,. . . . . Private. Oct. 27, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mondan, Edmond, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Murphy, Daniel, . Private. Jan. 28, 1865 3 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Miller, Wm. H., Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute disch. on Surg. cert , May 15, 1865. Mangus, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. M Laughlin, W. H.,... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, sick, at expiration of term. M Millian, William,... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 26, 1863. M Donald, James, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Sept. 26, 1862. M Cullough, James,. . . .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died May 7, 1864, of wounds received at wilderness, May 6, 1864. M Killup, J. E., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Richmond, Va., July 14, 1862, of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. M Cartney, Dennis,. . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. M Nally, Anthony, . . . . Private. Aug. 15, 1863 3 Transferred from company H, 30th Wis. Vols. discharged by G. O., Sept. 12, 1865. Otto, Jacob, . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. O Brien, George, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Richmond, Va., July 5, 1862, of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31 1862. Oakes, John, . . Private. AUK 1, 1861 3 Died November 11, 1861. Owens, Edmond, . Private. ****& Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to company C date un known Vet. O Conner, Cornelius,.. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to companyC date un known Vet. 202 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. 00 I REMARKS. Pifer, Christopher,.. . . Pryor, John, . Private. . Private. Aug. Auff. 1, 1861 1, 1861 3 3 Absent, sick, at expiration of term. Discharged August 12 1864 for wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Pomeroy, Rich d. C.,.- . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged Sept. 2, 1862, for wounds received^at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Quinn Peter F.,. . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 I Substitute deserted Nov. 15, 1864. Rodgers, Isaiah, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 I Substitute mustered out with Co June 28, 1865. Reiber, George,. . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 I Substitute discharged by G O June 28, 1865. Rosengratz, Rufus,... . . Private. Sept. 20, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., Sept. 30, 1865. Reitz, John..W . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to company K, March 15, 1862. Rodgers, Thomas, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Nov. 8, 1861. Rawleings, Alfred, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Rudgway, J. C., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded, at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862 deserted date unknown. Rought, Ebenezer . Private. Sept. 28, 1864 1 Drafted deserted February 2, 1865. Stanton, Alfred T.,... . . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Sutter, Samuel . Private. Oct. 25, 1864 I Substitute mustered out with Co June 28, 1865. Snell, William, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Seibert, Joseph, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Absent, wounded, at expiration of term. Sullivan, Michael, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Simms, David I/ . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Smith, William H.,... . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Sept., 1862. Stephens, Rexford,. . . . . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Shoemaker, Wm., . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Story, Philander, . Private. Sept. 29, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Sweet, Jacob, . Private. Sept. 28, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Stark, Summers, . Private. Sept. 30, 1864 1 Substitute discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Sarver John Private. Sept 28, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, V-M-^L.. j. 1865. Swank, Henry, . Private. Sept. 28, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Swindles, David, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died May 13, 1864, of wounds received at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864. Sprout, George, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Seville, Joseph, Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed. May 6, 1864. Battle of the Wilderness. Silk, Thomas Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Richmond, Va., of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 203 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. 1 REMARKS. Stevens, Lea W., . Private. ;Aug. 1, 1864 3 Died Aug. 23, 1864 buried in National Cemetery, Arlington, Va. Vet. Tersine, Sebastian, . . . . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute discharged on Surgeon s certificate, May 11, 1865. Tressler, Joseph, . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20 1865. Taylor, Harvey B.,. . . . Private. Sept. 27, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O* June 20 1865. Tanhart, Adam, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute deserted date unknown . Tobias, Jackson, .Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute- deserted Nov. 15, 1864. Tobin, Michael, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died Jan. 24, 1863 bu. in Cypress Hill Cem., L. I. Tammy, William . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted December 27, 1862. Upcraf t, Thomas, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Upcraft, John, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862 transferred to Vet. Reserve Corps, Dec. 18, 1863. Victoria, Joseph, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Transferred to company K, March 15, 1862. Vickers, John W., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, May, 1862. Wagner, John,.. . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co June 28, 1865. Williams, John,. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Wigley, Joseph, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Whitten, Robert, D.,.. .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Will, Norman B., . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Wilt, Dennis,.. . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Warren, William, . Private. Sept. 20, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. We y man, Peter R., . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Discharged March 12, 1863, for wounds received at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Weston, Charles, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Walker, John...W . Private. Aug. 1, 18611 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Wolfgang, Wendell, . . . .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 1 3 Died December 1, 1861. Walker, Willliam, I . Private.; Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Ward, Andrew J., .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted March 13, 1863. Woods, Moses, . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted October 9, 1861. Widdins, Cyrus, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute deserted April 21, 1865. Yanler, Absalon, ! . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, Yoder, Levi J., .Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 1865. Substitute discharged by General . Order, June 15, 1865. Yamer, Adam, .Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., Oct. 6, 1865 Zearfass, Jacob. .Private. Oct. 20, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Zimmerman, Ab m . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June,20 1865. j 204 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT COMPANY G. RECRUITED IN PHILADELPHIA NAME. RANK. DATE INTO OF MUSTER SERVICE. T REMARKS. John W. Crosby, . Capt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Promoted to Major, April 22, 1864. Wm. M. Dawson, ..Capt... Nov. 1, 1861 3 Promoted from2d. to 1st. Lieutenant, Dec. 8, 1862 to Captain, April 22, 1864 discharged July 5, 1864,forwds. rec. at Wilderness, May 5, 1864. Vincent P. Donnelly . . ..Capt... Sept. 2, 1861 3 Promoted to 2d. Lieutenant, Dec. 8, 1862 to 1st Lieutenant, April 22, 1864 to Captain, July 6, 1864 mus. out, Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. John Barrett, ..Capt... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted to 2d. Lieutenant, April 22, 1864 to 1st. Lieutenant, Aug. 5, 1864 to Captain, Sept. 5, 1864 killed Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864. Charles H. Bewley, . . . ..Capt... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted from 2d. Lieutenant Co. E, to Captain, Dec. 18, 1864 to brevet Major, April 2, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. Benj. F. Haldeman. . . .1st. Lt.. Sept. 2, 1861 3 Resigned December 8, 1862. George K. Lutz, .1st. Lt.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Promoted from Q. M. Serg t. to 1st. Lieut., Dec. 22, 1864 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. Abram Davis, ..2d. Lt.. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Promoted from Sergeant to 2d. Lieut enant, Dec. 22, 1864 mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865 Vet. Israel Highill, 1st. Sgt. . Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. James S. Evert on, .... 1st. Sgt.- Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Wm. H. Cochran, .Serg t.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Frank M. Patterson,. . .Serg t.. July 14, 1863 3 Substitute mustered out with co., June 28, 1865. James S. M Elroy, .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865 Vet. Samuel G. Taylor .Serg t.. July. 14, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. William J. Duffee, . Serg t.. - Aug. 13, 1861 3 Mustered out, .Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. George L. Setman,. . . . .Serg t.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Samuel Clark .Serg t.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. John M Vay, .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to 2d. Lieutenant Co. E, Mar. 1, 1865. Ed. W. Lawrence,.... . .Serg t. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Tr. to Co. B, 23d. reg. P. V. date unknown. Charles F. Miller, .Serg t.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mot on muster-out roll Vet. James H. Young, ..Corp... July 13, 1863 3 Drafted mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Isaiah Weston, . ..Corp.. July 10, 1863 3 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Solomon Lenhart, ..Corp... Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 205 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. | REMARKS. Josiah Hutzell, ...Corp.. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Chauncy F. Huston, . . ..Corp... Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Andrew M Clintock, . . ..Corp... Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. William J. Nimon ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. John Gevard, Corp.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864 absent at expiration of term David Williams, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Edward O Kane,.. .Corp.. Aug. 4, 1861 3 Mus. out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of . .-V^V/A J^. . . term. James M Comb, ..Corp... Aug. 13, 1861 3 Mus. out, Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term Andrew J. Spangler . . ..Corp... Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Zalman Holiday, ..Corp... Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. George Sharpe, ..Corp... Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted died at City Point, Va., Feb. 19, 1865. George Stahl, ..Corp... Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted died at City Point, Va., March 3, 1865. George W. Gordon, . . . ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Killed at Wilderness date unknown buried in Wilderness burial grounds. George Mehaffy, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted date unknown. James Stine, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Joseph Walker, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Died date unknown. Joseph Weston,. ...... ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch. on Surg. certificate date un known. John O Connor, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Daniel A. Fisher, Musician Feb. 16, 1864 3 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Peter Pritty, Musician Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 20, 1865. Henry Bowie, Musician Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. William Watt, Musician Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Ansil, John . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., May 26, 1865. Armstrong, Wm., .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Alfred, John . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Substitute deserted June 5, 1865 discharged by special order, Sept. 28, 1865. Blakely, Charles A...... . Private. July 21, 1863 3 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Burnhart, William,... . .Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Benford, John .Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Bracht, Valentine, .... . Private. Oct. 25, 1864 1 Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Buroughs, A. J.,. ... .Private. Oct. 27, 1864 1 Substitute ab., on detached duty, at mus. out. Bradley, Partick, .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Braddigan, Sam l. D., . . Private. Sept. 26, 1865 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 19, 1865. Betz, Daniel, . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Brandt, Josiah, J., . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. 206 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Baker, Edward W., . . . Bastine, Jacob, Bennett, Henry, Blake, John, Boise, Michael, Beath, Robert, . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. Private Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. July Oct. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. 26, 1864 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 20, 1864 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 25, 1864 5, 1864 26, 1864 26, 1864 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 26, 1864 26, 1864 3, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 4, 1861 26, 1864 4, 1861 4, 1861 26, 1864 19, 1864 4, 1861 4, 1861 26 1864, 25, 1864 4, 1861 30, 1864 4, 1861 4, 1861 25, 1864 4, 1861 30, 1864 30, 1864 29, 1864 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 o 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 Died at Baltimore, Md., May 26, 1865. Deserted date unknown. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Deserted date unknown, Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Mustered out, Sept. 7. 1864 expir. of of term. Mustered out Sept. 5, 1864 expiration of term. Sub. killed at Petersburg, Va., March 27, 1865. Not on muster-out roll. Disch. on Surg. cert. date unknown. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Sub. mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Drafted mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Sub. must, out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mus. out, Sept. 7. 1864 exp. of term. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Sub. disch. by G. O., date unknown. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster out roll. Deserted date unknown. Disch on Surg. cert. date unknown. Not on muster-out roll. Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Wounded at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864 absent at expiration of term. Not on muster-out roll. Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mus. out. Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Drafted disch. by G. O.. June 20, 1865. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mus. out, Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Drafted died at Petersburg, Va., Jan. 16, 1865. Bradley, Peter, Bastine, Jerome,. Barnett, Robert,. Caron, Louis F.,. Cooper, William B.,.. . Coffman, Jonas, Cooper, Dallas J., Cummings, John T., . . Connelly, Francis, .... Clinghasen, Henry, . . . Crouthers, Mathew,.. . Davis, John M.,. Davis, Enos, Delansey, John O., Daniels, Joseph W.,. . . Dye, Thomas,. . Dunn, William, J.,. . . . Donley, Joseph P.,. . . Daniels, Jackson, Deetz, David, Donohue, Hugh,. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. Private. Donohue, James, Dunbar, David, Dyer, Louis, Duross, James, Eicher, M. H., Eastwick, Theodore, . . Ezans, Andrew, G., . . . Fredline, Daniel B.,. . . Fessler, George H.,... . Fleming, William J., . . Fallowfield, Charles, . . Garrowz, Zurich, Gesner, Henry,. . Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. Gaul, Thomas, Geary, Jonas, Genaire, Philip Gorman, Daniel W.,... Hoyle, Amos, Hoyendogler, S. J.,... . Hazen, John, Hoss, John, Hellrigle, Jacob, . . PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 207 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. CO REMARKS. Hursch, Jacob, Harris, Robert, Harris, Joseph, Hickman, Job. B., Iron, Matthias, Jacobs, Herman,. .Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. .Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. . Private, .Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. .Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Sept. 26, 4, 4, 4, 25, 4, 4, 25, 24, 26, 27, 4, 25, 25, 4, 4, 4, 28, 26, 4, 4, 4, 26, 4, 4, 4, 27, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 26, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 26, 4, 4, 29, 26, 26, 28, 26, 25, 4, 1864 1861 1861 1861 1864 1861 1861 1864 1864 1864 1864 1861 1864 1864 1861 1861 1861 1864 1864 1861 1861 1861 1864 1861 1861 1861 1864 1861 1861 1861 1861 1861 1864 1861 1861 1861 1861 1861 1861 1861 1864 1861 1861 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1861 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 I 1 3 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Mot on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Transferred to 23d. reg. P. V. date unknown. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Not on muster-out roll. Deserted date unknown. Sub, mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Substitute deserted October, 1864. Not on muster-out roll. Sub. disch. by G. O., July 10, 1865. Sub. mus out with Co., June 28, 1865. Wd. May 6, 1864 ab. in hos., at exp. of term. Prisoner from May 8, to Dec. 13, 1864 mustered out, December 18, 1864 expiration of term. Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Substitute mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Wounded at Spottsylvania, C. H., May 12, 1864 ab. at expiration of term. Mus. out Spe. 7, 1864 exp. of ter.m Absent, sick, at expiration of term. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1864. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Not ou muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Deserted date unknown, Sub. mus. out with Co. June 28, 1865. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Deserted date unknown. Disch. on Surg. cert. date unknown. Deserted date unknown, Not on muster-out roll. Deserted date unknown, Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Not on muster-out roll. Not on muster-out roll. Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Drafted disch. by G. O., Aug. 2, 1865. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Drafted discharged by S. O., date unknown. Substitute deserted October, 1864. Not on muster-out roll. Jones, Thomas,. Kling, Henry L.,.. Kuble, Emanuel, Keefer, Adam K., Klim, John, Kidders, Oliver C...... Landis, William H.,... Long, John, Louther, Charles, Lewis, George W., .... Layre, Henry, Lape, Joseph W., Lapley, John H., Litzenberger, Jos., .... Lafferty, James, Lawson, John Moryer, Josiah, Mullen, George, Moore, Edward, Madill, George, Miller, Thomas, Mehaffy, John, Miller, Herman, Myers, Daniel, Morrow, John Manor, William,. M Girk, John M Bride, William. M Bride, Andrew,c. . . M Nannaman, Pat.,... M Carty, A. H.,.. M Mahon, E. F, M Clintock, Joseph,.... M Nichol, John, Nicholson, Robert, O Kane, Edward, O Bryan, John, Pile, Hiram,.. Purdy, William. Pritty, John Pile, Frank,. Phillippi, P. J., Phelps, Theodore, Pine, Wm. M., 208 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OP MUSTER INTO SERVICE. ** REMARKS. Reed, Henry,.. . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Srpt. 7, 1864 exp. of V ~ FV JK C * term. Russell, Samuel, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Rementer, John . Private. I Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted date unknown. Stevens, William, . Private. Oct. 29, 1864 1 Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Shay, William, . . . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 [Substitute mustered out with Co.. June 28, 1865. Sufall, William, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute disch. by G. O., July 12, 1865. Sailor, Josiah, . Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Schanlis, Cyrus, . Private. Oct. 26, 2864 1 Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Stermen, Peter, . Private. June 4, 1864 3 Drafted mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Sperry, Frederick .... . Private. Oct. 21, 1864 1 Sub. mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Sobbee, Walter, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded July 12, 1864 absent at exp iration of term. Sanner, Levi, . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Schwind, Charles, . Private. Sept. 27, 1864 1 Sub. disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Schooley, James I., ... . Private. Sept. 29, 1864 1 Drafted discharged by G. O., June 28 1865. Schooley, Charles, . Private. Sept. 29, 1864 Drafted disch. by G. O., July 5, 1865. Spangler, Aaron, . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 28, 1865. Smith, Gustave, . Private. Sept. 27, 1864 Sub. disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Snyder, John D., . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Sockel, Charles, . Private. Oct. 29, 1865 Sub. disch. by G O. June 13, 1865. Strong, John . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 Substitute deserted October, 1864. Spangey, Daniel, . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 Drafted deserted October, 1864. Smith, James, . Private. Oct. 27, 1864 Substitute deserted May 26, 1865. Sparks, Charles, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surg. cert, date unknown. Showers, Michael, .... . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Seiler, Augustus, R., . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transf. to Co. E-, date unknown Vet. Simpson, Samuel G., . . .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Smith, Henry,. . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted date unknown. Townsend, Ed. C.,... . . Private. V-TV^^L. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Sub. must, out with Co., June 28, 1865. Tresler, Silas, .Private. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Sub. mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Tipton, Noah, . Private. Sept. 26, 1864 1 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Winder, William, . Private. Sept. 30, 1864 1 Drafted disch. by G. O., June 20, 1865. Williams, J., . Private . Oct. 26, 1864 1 Substitute deserted October, 1864. Waldron, F., . . . . . Private. Oct. 27, 1864 1 Substitute deserted October, 1864. Watt, David, P., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted date unknown. Williams, Robert, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Williams, Joseph, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Welsh, John, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Wright, Charles F., . . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to 23d. reg. P. V., date unknown. Walker, Samuel,. . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted date unknown. Yoder, Tobias, . Private. V-"~JV*,. Oct. 26, 1864 1 Sub. mus. out with Co. June 28, 1865. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 209 COMPANY H. RECRUITED AT PHILADELPHIA. NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. | REMARKS. Robert L. Orr, ..Capt... Sept. 7, 1861 3 O. Co. 23rd. P. V. Transferred to 61st Mar. 1, 1862. Major Dec. 18, 1864. Lieutenant Col Mav 14, 1865. Brev- etted Major U. S. Vols. Sept. 22, 1864, for gallant and meritorious servises in battles of Winchester and Fisher s . Hill, Va. Col. Apr. 21, 1865 for gallant and meritorious services in the assault before Petersburgh, Va. Award ed a medal of honor. Died Nov. 14, 1894. Charles S. Greene, .1st. Lt.. Sept. 2, 1861 3 O. Co. 23rd. P. V. Transferred to 61st P. V. Mar. 1st 1862. Capt. Co. I, Oct. 7, 1862. Lieut. Col. May 14, 1865. Mustered out June 28, 1865. Died Mar. 25, 1903. Wounded at Winchester, Va. Sept. 19, 1864, losing an eye. George W. Wilson,.. .. . .Adjt. . . Sept. 2, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Lt. Co. H. to Adjt., Mar. 11, 1863 killed at Spottsylvania C. H., May 8, 1864. Charles H. Clausen,... .1st. Lt.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. A. about Dec. 1864. Promoted to Capt., date unknown. Dangerously wounded at Spottsyl vania C. H., May 12, 1864. Disch. for disability, about Feb. 1865. John W. Ryan, .2d. Lt.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Sergeant O. Co. 23d. P. V. 1st Sgt. Oct. 7, 1862, to 2d. Lt. Nov. 22, 1863. Wounded at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864. Mus. out Sept. 13, 1864. John P. Miller, .Serg t.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Wounded at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. Thos. J. Perkins, .Serg t.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Killed at Wilderness, May 6, 1864. buried in Wilderness burial ground. George R. Coleman,... .Serg t.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. A. Promoted to 1st. Lt. Co. A. about Dec. 1864. Wounded at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864. Disch. for disability. Charles F. Kennedy,... .Serg t.. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Promoted to 1st. Lt. Co. C. Oct. 1, 1864. To Regiment Quarter Master Dec. 18, 1864. To Captain. A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. to date from Feb. 9, 1865. Not mustered. Mus. out June 28, 1865 Wounded May 3, 1863. Jeremiah H. Murphy. .Serg t. . Aug. 21, 1861 3 Promoted to Sergt. Maj., Sept. 4, 1864. Killed at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864. James M. Craig .... Corp.. Aug. 21, 1863 3 Wounded at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. George Jardine ..Corp...i Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded absent, in hospital, at exp. of term. James Robb,. Corp. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Prisoner from May 6, 1864, to February 26, 1865 mustered out, March 3 i 1865. 210 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Hugh Farley . Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded absent, in hospital, at exp. of term. Jacob Miller,. Corp.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged November 11, 1862, for w^^c. wounds received at Malvern Hill, Va. July 1, 1862. Joseph Holt, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 2 Died November 11, 1862. Joseph L. Biddle, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Died January 28, 1862. Kdward Posey, Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Died February 22, 1862. Wm. W. Ketchum .... ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1961 3 Deserted December 7, 1862. Samuel Driver, Musician Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Company A date un known. Richars M Cabe, Musician Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. C, 23d. reg. P. V., Feb. 28, 1862. Abrahams, Isaac L.,... . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted October 17, 1864. Ashbaugh, Andrew, . . . .Private. July 14, 1863 3 Killed at Fort Stevens, D. C., July 12, 1864. Batt, John P., .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Bell, William, . Private. Aug. 26, 186 1 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Bird, Henry C., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded absent, in hospital, at exp. of term. Brown, John . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Boyer, Henry, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Killed at Spottsylvania, C. H., May 12, 1864. Vet. Bizzey, James, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted November 17, 1861. Bolton, Samuel F., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. R., 23rd. reg. P. V., Oct. 1, 1861. Bowman, Joseph, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. R., 23rd. reg. P. V., Oct. 1, 1861. Braman, Silas L., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Company A date un known. Bird, Alfred W., .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Mar. 24, 1862. Bicking, Geo. W., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted February 5, 1862. Bell, Thomas M., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864. Berk, Jacob H., .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Killed at Wilderness, May 6, 1864 buried in Wilderness burial grounds Vet. Barrett, John . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted to 2d. Lieut. Co. G., April 22, 1864 Vet. Burnett, Charles F.,.. . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Died January 2, 1862. Carroll, Edwin A.,.. .. . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Clark, Joseph H., . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred to company A date un known. Christy, Henry V...... .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, June 6, 1862. Campbell, Thomas, . . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted September 7, 1861. Carpenter, Chas. G . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted September 7, 1861. Cavenaugh, M. J.,.. . . .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted September, 1861. Clancey, John . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. L., 23rd, reg. P. V., Oct. 1, 1861. Duddy, John M., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864 absent, in hospital, at expiration of term. PENNSYL VAN I A VO LUN TEE RS 211 NAME. RANK. DATE INTO 3F MUSTER SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Dalton, William, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted February 14, 1862. Davis, David H., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Company A date un known, Doak, James, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, June 6, 1863. Doak, Samuel, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Died December 30, 1861. Davis, Benj. F., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, May 28, 1862. Dorsey, Nicholas, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. C, 23d. reg. P. V., Oct. 1, 1861. Demmer, Gust. A.,... . . Private. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864. Delinger, Joseph, . Private. Fitly 14, 1861 Drafted killed at Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864. Eckert, Oliver, .Private. July 14, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. B, 23d. reg. P. V., Feb. 1, 1862. Foley, James F., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded absent at expiration of term. Frowert, John P . Private. Aug. 26, 1861 3 Mustered out, Aug. 29, 1864 expira AL *O tion of term. Fenogino, Peter . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred to company A date un known. Fishers, Wm. H., . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Discharged for wounds received at Marye s Heights, May 3, 1863. Fitzinger, James, . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Discharged for wounds received at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864 Vet. Gibson, Edward H...... . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Wounded absent, in hospital, at mus. out. Ginther, George, . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Captured at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864 transferred to company A date unknown Vet. Ginther, David, . Private. Aug. 26, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Girardine, Alph. L.,. . . .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Mar 25, 1862. Flaze, John Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. F, 23d. reg. P. V., Oct. 1, 1861. Harrison, Samuel, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Hammond, Alex r .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 9, 1863. Hooper, Harry, .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Sept Sept. 6, 1862. Hessell, Joseph, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864 Vet. Hinkle, Robert, R., . . . . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 7, 1863. Hurley, Redmond,.. . . . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co., R. 23d. reg. P. V., Oct. 1, 1861. Huff, George W., . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co., R. 23d. reg. P. V., Oct. 1, 1861. Jones, William T., . . . . . Private Sept. 4, 1862 3 Mustered out, Sept. 1864 expiration of term. Johnson, Thomas, Jones, George W., . Private . Private Sept. Sept. 4, 1862 4, 1861 I JKilled at Malvern Hill, Va., July 1, 1862. ! Discharged December 8, 1862, Johnson, Henry, . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Killed at Charlestown, Va., May 21, 1864. Keller, Gustavus, . Private Sept. 4, 1862 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. 212 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. 1 REMARKS. Kennedy, Edwin F., . . . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Captured at Fairfax, Va., Oct. 13, 1863 transferred to Company A date unknown. Prisoner at Anderson ville. Discharged April 25, 1865. Lindsay, Joseph A.,.. . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered ~out, Sept. 1\ 1864. Lynch, James, . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred to company A date un known. Lutz, George, K., .Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred to company A date un known, Moore, John 1st., . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 ! Deserted November 26, 1861. Moore, John 2d., . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Killed at Wilderness, May 6, 1864. Mahoney, Wm. H., . . . . Private.j Aug. 21, 1861 3 Killed at Wilderness, May 6, 1864 Vet. Murray, Michael, . Private. Aug.. 21, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, March 5, 1863. Moyer, Albert, . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, June 10, 1862. McGeoy, Thomas J.,. . . Private Aug. 21, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. M Grath, Charles B.,.. . Private Aug. 21, 1861 3 iKilled at Spottsylvania, C. H., May 12, 1864. M Caughey, Thos., . . . . Private Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. I. 23d. reg. P. V., Feb. 28, 1862. M Kinley, David, . Private Aug. 21, 1861 3 |Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 7, 1862 of wds. received at Malvern Hill, Va., July 1, 1862. M Clurg, John . Private Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. D. 23d, reg. P. V., Oct. 6, 1861. Neville, Wesley M.,... . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted to Hos. Stew. U. S. A date unknown. Needles, Albert, . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 26, 1862. Neville, George, P., ... . Private Sept. 4, 1864 3 Transferred to Vet. Reserve Corps, June 24, 1863. Neville, Fred k A.,... . . Private Sept. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Hospital Steward 23d regiment P. V., September 25, 1861. O Neil, James, .Private Sept. 4, 1863 3 Deserted July 27, 1863. Perkins, William N., . . . Private Aug. 26, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Pendergrast, James,. . . . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Au g 19, 1862. Pidgeon, James, . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. R, 23d. reg P V Oct. 1, 1861. Robb, William Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out Sept. 7, 1864 expira >~ *-f *- tion of term. Ryan, Patrick, Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Musterd out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Rice, William .... . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. R., 23d. reg. P. V., Oct. 1, 1861. Robb, Robert . Private. Sept 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co G 23d reg P V t~/\~si. Feb. 28, 1862. Stine, John,. Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded in action mustered out, Sept. V^V-fSl. 6, 1864 expiration of term. Swain, Morris S . Private. Aug. 21, 1861! 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term, transferred to Co. E. Nov.. 1864. Scott, Henry, Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted returned discharged by sentence of General Court Martial, February, 1864. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 213 CO DATE OF MUSTER I NAME. RANK. INTO SERVICE. 1 REMARKS. H Smith, Charles W.,.. . . . Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Sewell, George, Private. Aug. 21, 1861 3 Transferred to Company A date un known. Sigler, Jacob, Private. July 10, 1863 3 Drafted died of wounds received at J ***J Wilderness, May 6, 1864. Tilden, Howard P., ... . Private. Sept. 4, 1864 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Taylor, William R.,. . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted to Principal Musician, June 20, 1863. Tobin, Michael, Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. D., 23d. reg. P. V., Oct. 7, 1861. Thompson, Sam l. C.,. .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. B., 23d. reg. P. V., Feb. 21, 1862. Vandever, Marshall, . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Died December 26, 1861. Walls, Charles, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded absent, in hospital, at mus. out. Wheelan, Thos. J.,... . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certiOcate, Oct., 1862. Wilday, Edward, Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Dec. 14, 1861. Wainwright, Wm.,.. . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted July 27, 1864. Woodruff, Geo. W., . . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Jan. 28, 1863. Williamson, H. B., Williamson H. B., . Private. ! Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted March 13, 1862. RECRUITS Allison, Barrett, Devoul, Dickson Harper, Jamison Merens, (or Rodgers Wm. A . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. vSept. May Sept. Sept. Nov. Sept. Sept. Sept. 2, 9, 20, 2, 26, 2, 10, 2, 1862 1864 1982 1862 1864 1862 1862 1862 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Transferred to Co. A Promoted to Serg t. Co. F., Nov. 1, 1864. Prisoner disch. June 20, 1865. Promoted to Corp. Sept. 4, 1864. Was wounded at Cedar Creek, Sept. 19, 1864. Mus. out May 26, 1865. Discharged, June 20, 1865. Transferred to Co. A. in 1864 date unknown. Mus. out June 20, 1865. Transferred to Co. A, Nov. 1864. Wounded at Wilderness May 6, 1864. Absent at muster-out. Transferred to Co. A. in 1864 date unknown. Mus. out June 20, 1865. Transferred to Co. A. Nov. 1864. Deserted Feb. 25, 1865. Transferred to Co. A. about Nov. 1864. Charles John,. , Robert, John, , Alexander, . . Joseph, . . . Merius) , Thomas, .... COMPANY H. RECRUITED AT ALLEGHENY CITY. Horatio Samuel K. Tyler B. M Kowen.. ..Capt... ..1st. Lt. Feb. Feb. 24, 24, 1865 1865 i 1 Mustered out with company, June 28, 1865. Resigned May 15, 1865. 214 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Wm. H. H. Tyler, .... Henry Geringer, Lewis, Faber, . . .2d. Lt.. 1st. Sgt. . Serg t . . . Serg t . . .Serg t . .Serg t.. ..Corp... ..Corp... ..Corp... ..Corp... Musician . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. .Private. .Private. . Private. . Private. Feb. Feb. Feg. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb, Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 24, 1865 10, 1865 15, 1865 20, 1865 7, 1865 7, 1865 7, 1865 16, 1865 9, 1865 7, 1865 16, 1865 11, 1865 19, 1865 9, 1865 18, 1865 18, 1865 16, 1865 20, 1865 10, 1865 18, 1865 18, 1865 20, 1865 7, 1865 18, 1865 18, 1865 18, 1865 7, 1865 10, 1865 18, 1865 18, 1865 18, 1865 7, 1865 10, 1865 18, 1865 18, 1865 16, 1865 16, 1865 10, 1865 7, 1865 7, 1865 16, 1865 16, 1865 20, 1865 7, 1865 7, 1865 18, 1865 18, 1865 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Commissioned 1st. Lieutenant, May 16, 1865 not mustered mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Wounded in action, Mar. 27, 1865 com 2d. Lt., May 16, 1865 not mus. mus. out, June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Discharged May 30, 1865, for wounds received in action, April 2, 1865. Discharged June 2, 1865, for wounds received in action, April 2, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Absent, on furlough, at muster out. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Died at Danville, Va., May 25, 1865. Mustered out-with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Killed at Petersburg, Va., April, 1, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mus. out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Wd. April 2, 1865 disch. by G. O., June 10, 1865. Mustered lut with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Died Apr. 27, 1865, of wounds received in action buried in National Cem etery, Arlington, Va., Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Deserted April 26, 1865 returned disch. by General Order, Sept. 26, 1865. Daniel Clark, James Cuddy, Frederick Faber, Alexander M Kee, .... Joseph Diebold, Charles Fredhofer, Frederick Worfel, John Gormley, Auberger, David, Burkley, Jacob, Baun, Frederick, Burket, Joseph, Burns, William J., . . . . Beck, John, Beck, Decatur, Boyle, William B.,.. . . Connell, Thomas, Clark, John J., Carr, Patrick, Durkin, James, Danbear, Henry, Danber, Philip, Doughty, Thos. R., . . . Davis, Isaac, W., Evans, Thomas A., . . . Farmaree, Nicholas,.... Farmaree, George, .... Foster, David, Fretzer, Taylor, Fitsel, Reed, Fleming, John Fress, George,. Feihr, Charles, Frayer, William, Grismer, Cyrus, Gordon, John Gordon, George, Gothart, George, Goley, Adam, Giles, John Gardner, Samuel, Harwick, Philip, Hervey, Leonard, Hunter, Thomas H.,... PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 215 NAME. RANK. DATE< INTO DP MUSTER SERVICE. TERM YEAKS. REMARKS. Irwin, Calvin, A., Jones, Charles F., . Private. . Private. Feb. Feb. 19, 1865 16, 1865 1 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Kroskey, James,M.,. . . . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Kettle, Alfred, . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Kinyan, William T., . . . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Long, Robert, . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Laryon, George H., . . . . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Lengenfelts, George. . . . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Leel, Leonard,. . Private. Feb. 16, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Lake, David,. . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 Discharged date unknown for wds. received in action, March 27, 1865. Lundestatt, Godfrey . . .Private. Feb. 13, 1865 Deserted June 16, 1865. Marshall, Samuel P.,.. . Private. Feb. 7, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Marshall, Geo. P., . Private. Feb. 7, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Myers, Henry C., . Private. Feb. 16, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Morrow, Thomas P.,.. . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. M Afee, John, . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, J.865. Neal, John, . Private. Feb. 7, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Noll, John, . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Orr, John, . Private. Feb. 9, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Otterman, James L. . . . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 Discharged May 26, 1865, for wounds received in action, April 2, 1865. Renouf, John W.,. . . . . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Rose, William H., . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 Absent, on furough, at muster out. Ritter, Samuel G., . . . . . Private. Feb. 7, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Ramsey, David M. . . . . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Robinson, Robert, .... . Private. Feb. 16, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Snyder, Conrad R., . . . . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Schutlz, Adam, .Private. Feb. 7, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Sutter, Samuel, .Private. Feb. 10, 1865 Mustered out with co., June 28, 1865. Stuffe, Christopher, . . . . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Smith, Charles, . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Schleinbauch, George,. . Private. Feb. 16, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Singley, William, . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Discharged by G. O., June 25, 1865. Sweeny, Cyrenius, .... . Private. Feb. 16, 1865 1 Deserted June 28, 1865. Scott, Charles, .Private. Feb. 11, 1865 1 Deserted February 28, 1865. Shields, William, . Private. Feb. 1, 1865 1 Killed at Petersburg, Va., Apr. 2, 1865. Tower, George, .Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Disch by General Order, June 24, 1865. Welch, Samuel M.,... . . Private. Feb. 7, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Wasmond, Jacob, . Private. Feb. 9, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Welch, Thomas P.,... .1 . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Wensel, Frederick . Private. Feb. 16, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Woods, Hiram, I . Private. Feb. 7, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Weddle, Frederick,.... .Private. Feb. 16, 1865 1 Discharged by G. O., June 27, 1865. Wolf, Christopher, .Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Died at Annapolis, Md. May 30, 1865, of wounds received in action. 216 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT COMPANY I. RECRUITED AT PHILADELPHIA NAME. RANK DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. w,* t REMARKS. George W. Mindil,... . Charles S. Green, .Capt... .Capt... Oct. 5, 1861 Sept. 2, 1861 3 3 Designed October 6, 1862. Promoted from 1st. Lt. company H. to Captain, Oct. 7, 1862 transferred to company C. Alfred Moylan, 1st. Lt.. Oct. 20, 1861 3 Died, July 8, 1862, of wounds received in action. Wm. R. Jones, 1st. Lt.. Oct. 20, 1861 3 Promoted from 2d. to 1st. Lieutenant, July 10, 1862, resigned December 6, 1862. Rich. R. Lippincott, . . 1st. Lt.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Promoted Fr. Sgt. Maj. to 1st. Lt., Sept. 12, 1863 wounded at Spott- sylvania C. H., May 10, 1864 mus. . out, Sept. 3, 1864 expiration of term. Samuel Long, 2d. Lt.. Sept. 5, 1861 3 Promoted from 1st. Sgt. to 2d. Lt., July 10, 1862 dismissed June 8, 1863. Samuel P. Stewart, . . . .2d. Lt.. Aug. 22, 1861 3 Promoted from Sgt. company D. to 2d. Lt., Nov. 22, 1863 mus. out, Sept 3, 1864 exp. of term. Wm. A. Davis, 1st. Sgt. . Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered lut, Sept. 5, 1864 expira tion of term. Joseph C. Brown, .Serg t.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Edward J. Grant, . Serg t . . Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Vet. Res. Corps date unknown. William Lindsay, .Serg t.. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Killed at Charlestown, Va., August 21, 1864. Henry W. Wise, . Serg t . . Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wd. at Fort Stevens, Washington, D. C., July 12, 1864 mus. out Sept 7, 1864 exp. of term. Thomas A. Hicks, .... ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862 discharged on Surgeon s cert. date unknown. Harry Anthony, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864. Robert, Caistairs, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. James M Crudden,. . . . ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded at Winchester, Virginia, Sept. 19, 1864 not on muster-out roll Vet William Davis, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Spet. 7, 1864 exp. of term. William Maitlack, ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862 disch. on Surgeon s certificate date unknown. Sam l. B. Thompson,. ..Corp... Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Spet. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Attwood, Daniel, . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Albertson, Levi B.,... . . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Beman, John M., . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co., C., Sept. 4, 1864 disch. date unknown for wounds received at Fisher s Jill, Va., Sept. 21, 1864. Bowman, Joseph, . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted December 12, 1863. Bellew, James, . Private Dec. 1, 1861 3 Discharged for wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Branson, Samuel,. . . . . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted February 2, 1862. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 217 NAME. RANK. DATE OP MUSTER INTO SERVICE. 1 REMARKS. Caldwell, George, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862 discharged on Surgeons, cert. date unknown. Cockran, W. Henry, ... Private. Dec. 1, 1861 3 1 Wounded at Spottsylvania C. H., May 12, 1864 transferred to Co., C. Sept. 1864 Vet. Dick, Thomas B., Private. Dec. 1, 1861 3 Transf. to Co. C., Sept. 4, 1864 Vet. Deacon, Howard, .Private. Dec. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for wds. received at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Disert, John Private. Dec. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Dubois, Robert, S . Private. Dec. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Spet. 7, 1864 exp. of term. Davis, William, . Private. Dec. 1, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certificate, Nov. 21, 1861. Ennis, Isaac, H., .Private. Dec. 1, 1861 3 Disch. on Surgeon s certificate date un- known. Faust, Augustus Private. Dec. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for wds. received at Chancellors- ville, May 3, 1863. Fisher, Joseph, Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. C., Sept. 4, 1864. Vet. Farril, William, . Private. Dec. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863 deserted date unknown. Garvin, George, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861J 3 Transferred to company C., Sept. 4, 1864 Vet. Garvin, Edward, . Private. Dec. 1, 1861 3 Killed July 12, 1864. Hansell, Milton, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Haves, Thomas, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Spet. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Haffren, Francis, . Private Nov. 27, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Highhill, Israel, . Private Sept 4, 1861 3 (Transferred to Co. C, Sept. 4, 1864 \j\~/\,. Vet. Hayes, Robert E-, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch. on Surg. cert. Nov. 21, 1861. Hurley, Redmond,.. . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch on Surg. cert. Mar. 21, 1862. Hamilton, George, .... . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 ! Disch. on Surg. cert. Nov. 21, 1861. Huff, George W., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted October 9, 1861. Issamart, Chas. L .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 j Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Jeffeirs, John. . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch. on Surg. cert date unknown. Jones, William,. . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Trnasferred to Co. C, Sept. 4, 1864 Vet. Jones, Tobias, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Kline, Joseph,. . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 iKilled at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Kline, William, . Private. fcJWFV Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted date unknown. Kennedy, Michael,. . . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged for wounds received at Fair Oaks, Virginia, May 31, 1863. Krep, George,. . Private. Auer 1, 1861 3 Deserted September 22, 1862. Lynch, George, . Private. **.**6 Nov. 23, 1861 3 j Not on muster-out roll. Lowe, John,. . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 pied June 5, 1862. Mahoney, Dennis, .... . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 ! Discharged for wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Millet, William, . Private Spnt 4, 1861 3 Transferred to company C, Sept. 4, 1864 Vet. Mills, John, Private 5^nt 4, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Maxwell, Charles, . Private. ISept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged Oct. 25, 1861 minor. M Gittigan, F. C., .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 j Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. M Carter, John . Private Sept. 4, 1861 3 JNot on muster-out roll. 218 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. M Callister, James, .... Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 iDied of wds. rec. at Fair Oaks, Va., May 21, 1862. M llravey, Andrew,. . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch. for wds. rec. at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. M Neight, William, . . . . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Co. C, Sept. 4, 1864 Vet. Orton, James F., . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out Sept. 7, 1864 expiration of term. Platt, John J . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch. for wds. rec. at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Powers, Richard, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Pope, Harrison W., . . . . Private. Dec. 7, 1861 3 Transferred to co. C., Sept. 4, 1864 Vet Pidgeon, James, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted November 24, 1864. Rice, William, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged date unknown minor . Rice, Felix, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch. for wds. rec. at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Riley, Benjamin, S.,... . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Discharged on Surgeon s certi. Apr. 3, 1862. Sands, Nicholas, B...... . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Died July 26, 1862 bu. in Cypress Hill, Cem., L. I. Smith, William, .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Snowden, James, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch. for wds. at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Swain, Philip, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864 expira tion of term. Taylor, Joseph, Private. . Sept. 4, 1861 3 Transferred to Company C, Sept. 4, 1864 Vet. Thompson, John, . Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Wounded transferred to Co. C, Sept. 4. 1864 Vet. Willis, Frederick, Private. . Sept. 4, 1861 3 ! Disch on Surg. cert. date unknown. Wallace, James, .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Disch. on Surg. cert. date unknown. White, Samuel, .Private. Sept. 4, 1861 3 Deserted October 5, 1861. Weaver J . Private. 3 Killed at Wilderness buried in Wilder ness burial grounds, York James Private. Nov. 28, 1861 3 Disch. on Surg. cert. date unknown. COMPANY I. RECRUITED IN ALLEGHENY CITY. Isaac ^^right .Capt.. Feb. ?3, 1865 , Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. William Graham, Frank Bowen, John W. Calvert, G. W. M Cutcheon,... Geo. W. Dawson, James Mulvey, John Selfridge, . 1st. U. .2d. U . 1st. Sgt. . .Serg t.. .Serg t.. . Private. . .Sergt . . Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 23, 23, 17, 17, 20, 20, 20, 1865 1865 1865 1865 1865 1865 1865 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Disch. by S. O., June 3, 1865. Wounded in action, April 2, 1865 com. 2d. Ivt., June 7, 1865 not mus. absent, at muster out. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Discharged by G. O., July 5, 1865. James Ramsey, John L- Ralshouse. . . . John M Clelland, Josiah Booth, Benjamin Galloway,... M. S. Morrow, ..Corp... ..Corp... ..Corp... ..Corp... ..Corp... ..Corp... Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 27, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 1865 1865 1865 1865 1865 1865 1 1 1 1 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 219 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. c/j > REMARKS. John Taggart, Thomas M Kee, ..Corp... ..Corp... Feb. Feb. 17, 17, 1865 1865 1 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Breen, John Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Brilhart, Samuel, . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Beding, Benjamin . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Bennett, William, .Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Cricks, Joseph, . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 Mustered out with Co. June 28, 1865. Connohan, Thomas,. . . .Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Connihan, Charles, .... . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Carlin, John P., . Private. Feb. 21, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28k 1865. Cornelius, James, . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Discharged by G. O., June 13, 1865. Cowden, Clarence,.. . . . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Deserted June 13, 1865. Dickson, Thomas, .... . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Donald, James, . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. English, Wm. T., . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Fogle, Daniel, . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Gourley, Alexander,. . . . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Gray, Robert W., . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Gray, Thomas, .Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Grundy, Francis A.,. . . .Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Green, Charles, . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Grubbs, Joseph, . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Gray, Joseph, L., . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Gittings, George, . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Gittings, Muchael,. . . . . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 1 Wounded in action, April 2, 1865 disch. by General Order, June 23, 1865. Huchman, Samuel,. . . . . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Prisoner, March 25, 1865, at Peters burg, Va., Huchman, Newton, . . . . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hasley, Jacob,. . Private. Feb. 18, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Halsinger, Edmond,. . . . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Heidelberg, C. E., . . . . . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 1 Disch. by G. O., June 30, 1865. Jackson, William . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Jones, Wm. J., . Private. Feb. 21, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Loughey, Wm.,. . Private. Feb. 21, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Lovel, James, . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Lawson, George W.,... . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Deserted June 13, 1865. Marshall, Thomas,. . . . . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Wounded in action, April 2, 1865 mus. out with Company, June 28, 2865. Murphy, Wm. T., . . . . . Private. Feb. 20, 18651 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Mathews, Ebenezer, . . .Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Moiland, John, . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. M Donald, James P.,.- . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 1 Mustered out with Company, June 28, 1865. M Curdy, James B.,. . . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. M Laughlin, Isaac. . . . .Private. Feb. 17, 1865! Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. M Elheny, Lazarus,. . . . Private. Feb. 20, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Taken prisoner March 25, 1865, at Petersburg, Va., M Cutcheon, John . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with co., June 28, 1865. M Namme, B., . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with co., June 28, 1865. M Cutcheon, Jos., .Private. Feb. 20, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. M Cammon, Authur. . .Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Discharged by G. O., June 12, 1865. Nevin, John S.,. . Private. Feb. 17, 18651 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Neely, John .Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Orris, Abraham,, . Private. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Oliver, William . Private. ,Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. 220 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK [DATE OP MUSTER i INTO SERVICE. REMARKS. Pratt, Albert, G., Pickles, William, Pickles, Ambrose, Powers, John, Patton, Philip H., Parkins, George, Purnell, James, Quinn, John, Ross, Isiah Ramsey, Henry, Rundel, James C Rose, Henry B., Redpath, Robert, Shirley, George, Stewart, Madison, Sweeny, Thomas, Stright, John H., Smith, Robert, Smith, William Smith, James, Sullivan, Timothy,. . . . Thomas, Christ Tait, Frederick, Vanryn, John, Vanryn, Arie, Venn, Robert, Willoughby, Jonas,... . Willoughby, Daniel,.... Willoughby, Benj Wright, James, Wright, Alexander,... . Whitsel, Cyrus, Private. Feb. 17, 1865| 1 JMustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Private. Feb. 18, 1865! 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Private. Feb. 18, 1865! 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Private. Feb. 17, 1865| 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Private. Feb. 17, 1865J 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Private. Feb. 17, 1865; 1 Mustered out with Co.June 28, 1865. Private. Feb. 17, 1865: 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Private. Feb. 18, 1865; 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Private. Feb. 17, 1865! 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Private. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. 17, 1865| Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. 20, 1865 Died at Philadelphia, Pa., May 21, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 18, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Deserted February 25, 1865. Feb. 20, 1865! 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 20, 1865 1 jMustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865! 1 JMustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 1 iMustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 1 iMustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 1 ! Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865! 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. 20, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Feb. 17, 1865! 1 Died at Burksville, Va., April 14, 1865. Private. Feb. Privtea.iFeb. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Private* Feb. Private. COMPANY K. RECRUITED IN ALLEGHENY AND MERCER COUNTIES NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. I REMARKS. Joseph Gerard, Louis Hager, ..Capt... ..Capt... Aug. 1, 1861 Aug. 1, 1861 3 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Promoted from 1st. Lieut, to Capt. May 31, 1862. Resigned July 18, 1863. David M Clain, ..Capt... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Sergt. Maj. of Regt. to 1st. Lieut. to Capt. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864, expir. of term. Augustus A. Hager,.. .1st. Lt.JAug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to 2d. Lt. to 1st. Lt. Wounded at Wilderness May 6, 1864. 1 Mus. out Aug. 10, 1864. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 221 NAME. RANK. DATE OP MUSTER INTO SERVICE. i REMARKS. John J. Benitz, 2d. U... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Resigned Mar. 12, 1862. Re-enlisted in 139 Regt Pa. Vol. Francis Schwab, 1st. Sgt. . Aug. 1, 1861 1 Shot through thigh and wrist at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term. Jacob J. Grubbs, 1st. Sgt. . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to 1st. Sgt. Mar. 17, 1862. Wounded severely in right thigh at Fair Oaks, lying two days on battle field. Disch. for wounds so rec d Robert Brown, . . Serg t . . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to 3d. Sgt. Mar. 17, 1862. Wm. F. Poorman, .... .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to 4th Sgt. Mar. 17, 1862. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term Christian Keller, .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term. Joseph D. Cox, .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Wilderness and sent to Philadelphia Hospital Absent in hospital at muster out. Later disch. at Harrisburg. Augustus Isaac, .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term. Joseph P. Benedict,.. . .Serg t.. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to 5th Sgt. Mar. 17, 1862. A. Decarme, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Disch. Set. 10, 1862. Isadore Slansaur ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, Disch. Sept. 29, 1862. Christian Grimm, ..Cpr.... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded slightly at Fair Oaks Alexander Morrow, . . . ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expri. of ter. Wm. Holtzheimer, .... ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term. David, H. Ford, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Color-bearer, for gallantry at Fair Oaks, John Kraeling, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wd. at Wilderness, May 6, 1864. Ab. at Mus. out. Jacob Wentz, ..Corp... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died Oct. 3D, 1864 buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery, York, Pa., Osier, Michael, .Corp.... Aug. 1, 1861 3 Promoted to Corp. Jan. 1, 1863. Martin Hager, Musician Aug. 1, 1861 3 Sent sick to Hospital at Philadelphia. Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term George Lentz, Musician Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. on Surgeon s Cert. Jan. 11, 1862. John Miller, Team tr . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Trans, to Co. B. date unknown. Alveister, Henry, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, disch. Sept. 25, 1862. Baird, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks; Disch. Dec. 5, 1862. Black, Jacob,.. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Warwick, Va., Trans. to Co. B). Missing since Dec. 12, 1862. Barr, T. J., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died at Andersonville, Ga., June 20, 1864; grave 2,226. Becker, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Beni, Borino, G., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Bernet, Joseph, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Beninsky, Henry, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Deserted, Dec. 31, 1862. Bondi, John, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Disch. for disability, Jan. 26, 1863. Bodd, Adam, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Trans, to Co. B. date unknown. Bourin, James, . Private. Aug. , 1861: 3 Disch. for disability Sept. 30, 1863. Burhardt, Jacob, . Private. Aug. , 1861| 3 Captured at Wilderness, May 6, 1864; paroled Oct. 10, 1862. Transferred to Co. B. date unknown. Christine, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded accidentally, near Manassas, Sept. 1, 1862; deserted Sept. 20, 1862. 222 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. to w REMARKS. Costlow, Jeremiah, Private. Cricks, Joseph, . Private. Aug. Aug. 1, 1861 1, 1861 3 3 Trans, to Co., B. date unknown. Wounded and captured Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862; paroled Aug. 6, 1862; wounded at Antietam, Sept. 18, 1862 and disch. Jan. 16, 1863. Daniel, Jacob, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. Sept. 14, 1862. Deer, Joseph, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Missing after Fredericksburg, Dec. 12, 1862. Ei, Andrew, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Disch July 18, 1862; buried at Cy press Hill Cemetery, Long Island. Eichler, Joseph, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch for disability, Oct. 10, 1862. Ertinger, William, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability, July 18, 1862. Espy, Jos. A , . Private. Auer 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862; ****o disch. July 17, 1862. Faith, Philip, . Private. Aug. 1,1861 3 Captured May 21, 1864; absent at mus. out. Feller, Christian, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability, Mar. 20, 1862. Ferrier, Francis, Private. Aujr 1, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864; expir. of term Fichter, Jacob, . Private. iul & Aug. l! 1861 3 Wounded at Malvern Hill; July 1, 1862 deserted Sept. 20, 1862. Guhring, John. . Private. AUgr 1, 1861 3 Lost arm at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862; * *- L1 o disch. Dec. 8, 1862. Hanky, J. J., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability, Mar. 20, 1862. Hare, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died June 10, 1861, from wounds rec d. at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Henn, Hubert, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Hoffman, Michael,. . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Hubner, David, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability, Feb. 1, 1863. Huettle, August . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded severely at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862; in hospital at Alexandria, Isserman, Michael,. . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Jenny, Jacob M., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded severely at Fair Oaks, at Point Lookout, Md., Mustered out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term. Jones, William J., .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, in hospital at Philadelphia. Keck, J. M., . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability Dec. 27, 1861. Kim, Conrad, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Trasn. to Co. B. date unknown. Kirchner, George, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability, June 27, 1862. Klier, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864; expir. of term. Kleppsattle, Chas, .... . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Deserted Feb. 4, 1862. Koelsch, Joseph, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Trans, to Co. B. date unknown. Kopp, John, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862; prisoner May 21 to Nov. 25, 1864; mus. out Jan. 28, 1865; expir of term. Kraeling, August, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability Mar. 20, 1862. Kreps. Christopher... . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Trans, to Co. B. date unknown. Kress, George, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability, Nov. 26, 1862. Krep, George,. Private Aug 1, 1861 3 Trans, to Co. I. date unknown. Lewis, J. K., . Private. -i *U . Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died in Hospital at Richmond, Va., Feb. 20, 1862. Lindsay, John . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died in Hospital at Alexandria, Dec., 1862. List, William, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability, July 1862. M Donald, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Died in camp advance, of typhoid fever, Feb. 1, 1862. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 223 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. M Dowell, H. C., M Dowell, Marman, . . . Private. . Private. Aug. Aug. 1, 1861 1, 1861 3 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. M Kinley, James W.,.. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 M Guire, James, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 Q Taken prisoner at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862; paroled. Mack, John, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability, Feb. 1, 1863. Montgomery, David,.. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus. ut Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term. Muller, Adam, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term. Neuer, Henry,. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded slightly at Fair Oaks, May ***o * 31, 1862; missing after August, 1862. Ochs, Hartman, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Missing after Sept. 2, 1862 Pierson, Edward . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Phifer, Ernest, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Poorman, J. H. C.,... . . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Sick in general hospital at Philadelphia, 1862; trans, to Co. B. date unknown. Reutter, John, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Disch. for disability, Mar. 20, 1862. Ritz, John, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term. Roth, John,. . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded severely at Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862. Roth, John Jacob, . . . . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Disch. for disability Mar. 20, 1862. Schatz, Martin, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Wounded at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. disch. July 25, 1862. Schleirmacher, Chas... . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Schultz, Chas., . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Schroaff , John, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Deserted Oct. 2, 1861. Sein, Burkhardt, . Private. uAg. , 1861 3 Deserted Mar. 9, 1862. Senn, Peter, . Private. Aujr 1861 3 Disch. for disability. Smidt, Charles, . Private. f&Ug . Aug. , 1861 3 Died in camp, Dec. 7, 1861. Smerker, Henry,. . Private. Aus: 1, 1861 3 Sick in general hospital at Philadelphia, i i-Ug . 1863. not on muster-out roll. Smeiser, David, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster out roll. Smith, Julius, . Private. *^**o Aug. 1, 1861 3 Detailed as nurse in regimental hospital. Stally, August, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Woundedseverely and taken prisoner at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862; paroled. not on mustered-out roll. Stiner, Christian, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Not on muster-out roll. Victoria, Joseph, .Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Detailed to drive pack mule : mus. out Sept. 7, 1864. expir. of term. Volkert, Henry, . Private. Aug. 1, 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Volkert, John, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Wacker, George, . Private. Aug , 1861 3 Mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term. Wedekind, Christ . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Disch. for disability Mar. 20, 1862. Weger, John, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Wounded at Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862. Werner, Englebart, . . . . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Wentz, Jacob, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Wilson, James, .Private.! Aug. , 1861 3 Teamster for reg t. mus. out Sept. 7, 1864 expir. of term. Wissman, Jacob, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Killed at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Yost, Jacob, . Private. Aug. , 1861 3 Disch. for disability, Mar. 20, 1862. 1 224 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT COMPANY K. RECRUITED IN ALLEGHENY CITY NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Henry Scriba, Jer. R. Murphy, ..Capt... 1st. U... Mar. Mar. 25, 27, 1865 1865 1 1 Resigned June 15, Resigned Tune 17, 1865. 1865. Charles Weaver, 2d. Lt... Mar. 24, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. James, N. M Claren,.. 1st. Sgt. . Mar. 10, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. George Kimberly, . Serg t . . Mar. 10, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28 1865. Jackson, Prophater,. . . . Serg t . . Mar. 15, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Marshall D. Taylor,... .Serg t.. Feb. 28, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. David Hill, . Serg t . . Mar. 15, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28 1865 William R. Owen, ..Corp... Mar. 15, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. James Joyant, ..Corp... Mar. 10, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. John Haines, ..Corp... Mar. 3, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Michael Clair, ..Corp... Mar. 13, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. James Canaan, ..Corp... Mar. H, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Charles Werneberg, . . . ..Corp... Mar. 1, 1865 : Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Moritz Meyers, ..Corp... Mar. 7, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. John W. Pell, ..Corp... Mar. 4, 1865 Discharged by G. O., June 13, 1865. Barb, John H., . Private. Feb. 13, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Barth, Henry, . Private. Feb. 14, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Bear, Daniel, .Private. Mar. 11, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Baker, Samuel, . Private. Mar. 8, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Blayney, John S., .Private. Mar. 15, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Ely, George, .Private. Mar. 10, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Bowan, James A., . Private. Mar. 10, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Brown, William B., . . . . Private. Mar. 11, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Brown, William, . Private. Mar. 22, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Clark, William H. . Private. Mar. 27, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Curgahr, Edmond,. . . . .Private. Mar. 11, 1865 Deserted June 15, 1865. Donald, William, . Private. Mar. 3, 1865 Discharged by General Order, Junel7, 1865. Donald, John, . Private. Feb. 28. 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Dowling, Thomas, .... . Private. Mar. 10, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Flynn, John, .Private. Mar. 11, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Firden, George, . Private. Feb. 28, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Ferguson, Albert, J., . . . Private. Feb. 14, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Grist, John, .Private. Feb, 12, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hauff, Jacob, . Private. Mar. 14, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hackett, Andrew,. . Private . Mar. 11, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hess, George, . Private. Mar. 8, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hebling, Robert, .Private. Feb. 27, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Howlet, Michael, . Private. Mar. 8, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hooley, Thomas, . Private. Feb. 28, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hoffman, Henry H.,. . . Private. Mar. 8, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Hunter, Samuel, . Private. Mar. 15, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Jomphrey, James, . Private. Mar. 8, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Jackson, Galord, . Private. Mar. 10, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Jones, Jonah J., . Private. Mar. 11, 1865 Absent, sick, at muster out. Kaiser, Henry, . . Private. Mar. 1, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Kimberly, Frederick,.. . Private. Mar. 10, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. King, John, . Private Mar. 4, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Klinginsmith, I., . Private. Mar. 10, 1865 Musterde out with Co., June 28, 1865. Keonick, Alois, . Private. Frb. 1, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Kennedy, Henry, . Private. Feb. 28, 1865 Discharged by G. O., June 15, 1865. Kenyon, Samuel, . Private. Feb, 28,. 1865 ; (Discharged by G. O., June 15, 1865. Larizapah, John, . Private. Mar. 11, 1865 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 225 NAME. RANK. DATE OF MUSTER INTO SERVICE. TERM YEARS. REMARKS. Loughner, Aaron, . Private. Mar. 8, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Lindsey, Edward, . Private. Mar. 11, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Lucker, John, . Private. Mar. 10, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Luckert, Henry, . Private. Mar. 10, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Matz, John, Private. Mar. 10, 1865 1 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Miller, Albert,. . Private. Mar. 10, 1865 1 Musteree out with Co., June 28^ 1865 M Clure, John . Private. Mar. 3, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865! M Guire, William, . Private. Mar. 8, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., Jjne 28, 1865. M Nichols, Patrick, . . . . Private. Mar. 11, 1865 1 jMusteredout with Co., June 28, 1865. Park, Alexander, . Private. Mar. 22, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Patterson, Matthew, . . .Private. Mar. 15, 1865 1 Disch. by General Order July 14, 1865. Pryor, Henry, . Private. Mar. 4, 1865 1 Mustered but with Co., June 28, 1865 Reed, George, . Private. Mar. 7, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Seymore, Louis, Private. Mar. 10, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Sullivan, James, Private. Mar. 8, 1865 1 Discharged by G. O., June 19, 1865. Sheets, William, Private.! Feb. 22, 1865 1 i Discharged by G. O., August 14, 1865. Shearer, Wilbert, . Private. Mar. 1, 1865 1 Discharged by G. 0., July 10, 1865. Springer, George, .Private. Mar. 10, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Stem, William D., . Private.! Mar. 8, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Strausburg, A.,._ Private. Mar. 8, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Sparman, Philip, Private. Mar. 4, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Steward, Alexander,. . . . Private. Feb. 13, 1865 1 i Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Simpson, Albert V.,. . . . Private. Mar. 10, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Sweeny, Peter, Private. Mar. 11, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Steiner, Samuel H., . . . . Private. Mar. 15, 1865 1 Deserted June 26, 1865. Shook, William, Private. Mar. 4, 1865 1 Deserted June 14, 1865. Thomas, John, . Private. Mar. 8, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Trimble, Gibson, D.,.. .Private. Mar. 11, 1865 1 Discharged by G. O., June 14, 1865. Upperman, David Private. Feb. 27, 1865 1 Mustered lut with Co., June 28, 1865. Watson, Richard G.,...| . Private. Mar. 15, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Wickhine, Frank, Private. Feb. 27, 1865 1 Mustered out with Co., June 28, 1865. Williams, James E.,. . . .Private. Mar. 7, 1865 1 Discharged by G. O., June 30, 1865. Young, John, . Private. Mar. 28, 1865 1 Discharged by G. O. June 23, 1865. INDEX. A Company Roster, 159; List of Brothers in, 169. Abercrombie, Brig.-Gen. John J., his reference to the 61st at Fair Oaks, 20; com manded brigade including the 61st at Fair Oaks, 29; his complimentary reference to the 61st at Malvern Hill, 37. Allison, John E., Co. A, killed the rebel who killed Serg. Brady, 89. Antietam, Union losses at, interments in National Cemetery, 41. Army Corps, organized under Pres. Lincoln s War Order No. 2, 16-17. Army of the Potomac, its movements about Washington in Maryland and Vir ginia in February and March, 1862, goes to the Virginia Peninsula, 17-18; marches from Hampton to Yorktown, 21; advances to Fair Oaks, 24; moves to Harrison s Landing, 39; moves to Yorktown taking transports back to Alexandria, 40-41; its losses at Fredericksburg, 46; its losses to and including Chancellorsville, 40-41; it marches from Stafford Heights to Gettysburg, 59-60-61; position of its several corps July 1, 1863, when the battle of Gettysburg began, 59-60; concentration of its corps, 60--61; its losses at Gettysburg, 69; crosses the Rapidan moving in the Wilderness to Milne Run, 74-75; its strength on May 1, 1864, has five corps including the cavalry, its orders for beginning the campaign May 3rd and 4th, 1864, 80-81; its night march after Spottsylvania by the North Anna to Cold Harbor, 100-102; its losses at Cold Harbor, 103; crosses the James River, 103-104. Artillery Fire, first experiences under at Yorktown, 22; startling effects of at North Anna, 100. Ashbaugh, Andres, Co. H, killed at Fort Stevens, July 12, 1864, 108. B Company Roster, 170. Badges, adopted for each corps, explanation of, 58. Baird, Mrs. Henry Gary, in charge of Philadelphia hospital, typical of the city in intelli gent devotion, 32. Bates History, quotations from as to the 61st s losses. 27. Bates, Samuel P., his comprehensive reference to the battle of Gettysburg, 59. Bee, Daniel H., Co. A. great bravery of at the Bloody Angle fight, May 12, 1864, as volunteer artillerist, 93; wounded at Fort Stevens, losing a leg, 109. Bewley, Lieut., promoted to Captain of Co. G, 130; recommended by the division commander for promotion to the rank of Brevet Major for gallantry Apr. 2, 1865, at Petersburg, 135. Blair, Frank L., Co. F, his thrilling description of the rebel attack on the Union right on the evenings of May 6, 1864, in the wilderness, 85-86. Bloody Angle, terrific fighting at, from dawn May 12, 1864, until 3 A. M., the next day, 92-93; relics of in Military Museum, Washington, Minie balls met in air, 99. "Bloody Lane," at Antietam, description of, 41. Bowen, Philip, Co. A, killed at Fort Stevens, 108. Brady, Serg. Lemuel, Co. A, killed in night fight at Spottsylvania Court House, 89. Brewer, Serg. A. T., detailed to go to Harrisburg and bring recruits to the regiment, 44. Bridges across the Rappahannock, how they were constructed under fire, 51-53. Brown, 1st. Lieut. F. M., Co. A., killed May 6, 1864, in the wilderness, 87. Buchanan, 1st Serg. William L., Co. A., wounded at Fort Stevens while in command of the Company, losing an arm, 108-109. Burnside, General Ambrose E., successor of Gen. McClellan, his standing in the Army of the Potomac, moves that Army to the Rappahannock River opposite Fredericks- burg, 45; is succeeded by Gen. Joseph Hooker, Pres. Lincoln s letter on the subject, 49. C Company, Roster 176. Caldwell, Lieut. John Co. F., captured at Spottsylvania, 90; commanded the regiment after the wounding of Maj. Crosby at Fort Stevens, 109; incident relating to John Ellis of Co. A., 109. Casey, Gen., positions of his division at Fair Oaks, 28. Cedar Creek, battle of, 121 ; surprise of part of the Union Army by the rebels, hard fighting for five hours, Sheridans arrival on the field, Union victory, 121-129; union losses at, 129. 228 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT Chancellorsville, battle of, Union troops under Hooker unsuccessful, 55-57. Charlestown, battle near, August 21, 1864, 114. Chickahominy River, the 61st arrives there, strength of the Union and Confederate Armies, May 25, 1862, 23. Christian Commission, its great service in the Union Army, 76-77. City Point, headquarters of Gen. Grant, 131-132. Clothing, suggestive lists of received by the Army at Antietam, 43. Cochrane, Gen. John, commanded brigade at Antietam to which 61st belonged, 42. Coffin, Charles Carlton, his description of Pickett s charge at Gettysburg, 65. Cold Harbor, battle of, 101-102. Comte De Paris, his interesting reference to the battlefield of Antietam, 31; his description of the battle of Malvern Hill and the seven day s fight, 38. Confederacy, The Southern, its restricted area in Spring of 1865, its two great armies under Lee and Johnston, 131. Confederate Armies, in Virginia and North Carolina in the Spring of 1865, 132; retreat of from Petersburg, April 3, 1865, when it surrendered, 141. Coon, Color Serg., wounded April 2, 1865, in charge at Petersburg, 135. Couch, Gen. D. M., Division Commander, leads the 61st into the Fair Oaks battle, his encouraging coolness, 24; his official report concerning important service of the 61st at Malvern Hill, 36-37. Creps, Capt. Jacob, though wounded joins and commands part of the second line at Fair Oaks, with others, 25. Crosby, Maj. John W., promoted to Lieut. -Col., 75; wounded May 5, 1864, in the wilderness, 82; Wounded at Fort Stevens, 107; his picture opposite page, 130; killed Apr. 2, 1865, in charge at Petersburg. 134. Curtin, Andrew G., war governor. 11. Cyphers, Lieut. Chas. M., becomes Captain of Co. F, 129. D Company Roster, 184. Davis, Lieut. A. B., formerly of Co. A., later Co. G, went over the rebel works April 2, 1865, at Petersburg with the colors ahead of all others, 135; Davis, Confederate President Jefferson, receives knowledge of evacuation of Petersburg and that he must leave Richmond, while at Episcopal Church, he leaves Richmond the same day, the city being occupied by Union troops the next morning, 141. Dawson, Major, afterwards Lieut. -Col., Geo. W., led the 61st in charge at Marye s Heights, 54-55; Resigns, 75. Dawson, Serg. Geo. W., Co. I., formerly Major of the regiment, r3commended for honorable mention for bravery, Apr. 2, 1865 at Petersburg, 135. Dunker Church, Antietam, ;he 61st in front of, its trying experiences, 41. E Company Roster, 190. Early, Rebel Gen. Jubal A., his forces opposing Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, 113. Ellis, John, Co. A., noted bravery at Fort Stevens where he was killed, 109. F Company Roster, 197. Fair Oaks, battle of May 31st-June 1st, 1862, forces engaged, positions of Union Army, 24; the second line at, as described by Gen. Webb, 26; losses of the 61st at, 27-28; wounded from reached Northern hospitals receiving tender care, 31-32; Army of the Potomac remains at until the Seven Days battle, malaria and other diseases among the soldiers, 32-33. Fisher, Sergt. Jos., brave conduct at the charge at Petersburg protecting the colors, Apr. 2, 1865, being wounded, received a medal of honor, 135. Fisher s Hill, battle of, brilliant victory with small loss, 118. Flags, history of those carried by the 61st P. V., 157. Ford, Private David H., Co. K, rescues the colors at Fair Oaks and is promoted, 26. Fort Lyon, the 61st aided in building, 13-14. Fortress Monroe, the 61st lands there in March 1862, scenes in Hampton Roads, number of McClellan s Army, 20. Fort Steven?, suburgs of Washington, battle at, May 12, 1864, 106. Fox, Col. Wm. F., quotations from his Regimenatal Losses"", 27. Franklin, Gen. W. B., praises brigade to which 61st belonged at Antietam, 42. Fredericksburg, battle of Dec. 13, 1862, repulse of the Union Army with severe losses, 45-48; second battle of in the Chancellorsville campaign, 53-55. G Company Roster, 204. Garvin, Edward, Co. I, killed at Fort Stevens, 108. Gerard, Capt. Jos,, Co, K, killed at Fair Oaks, 27. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 229 Gettysburg, campaign and battle of, 59-69; location made famous by hard fighting during the battle, 67; Union and Confederate losses at the battle of, great number of general officers lost on each side, 69. Glenn, Serg.-Maj. W. J., afterwards Captain, his description of the death of Col. Rippey, 29-30; commanded the 61st in the Charlestown fight after the death of Reden- baugh until wounded, 114; his death Aug. 27, 1908, great loss to the organization, 157. Gordon, Rebel Gen. Joha B., his description of the fight with the 61st and other Union forces at Fair Oaks, 29. Grant, General, U. S., report of his victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, his suggestive initials, 16; established headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, 78; in charge of all Union Armies, 80; his description of the battle of the Wilderness, 87-88; his "Fight it out on this line" letter May 11, 1864, 92; under artillery fire at Spottsyl- vania, 97; his regret because of the last assault at Cold Harbor, 99; at Appomattox, states terms on which he will accept surrender of the Rebel army of Northern Virginia, 130. Greene, Cap. Chas. S., commanded the 61st after Capt. Glenn was wounded, 114; while commanding the 61st at Opequon was wounded losing his right eye and having his jaw fractured, 118. H Company Roster, 209. Hancock, Gen., commander of the 2nd corps, his great charge on the morning of May 12, 1864, at the Bloody Angle, 92. Harper, Lieut., Geo. F., Co. B, mortally wounded in charge on Marye s Heights, 57. Harrison s Landing, 61st arrives at July 2, 1862, hardships of a day s battle and a night s march in the rain, 39. Hays, Col. Alexander, 63rd. P. V., 13. Highhill, 1st Serg. Israel, recommended for medal for bravery at Petersburg, Apr. 2, 1865, 135. Hooker, Gen. Jos., appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac, his review of the Army with President Lincoln, 49-50; position of his army in front of Fredericks- burg, number of men and guns, his corps commanders, beginning of his Chancellorsville campaign, Apr. 28, 1863, 51 ; succeeded in command of the Army of the Potomac by Gen. Meade, June 28, 1863, 60. Houghton, Maj. A. C., his description of the early morning fight at Opequon. Sept. 19, 1864, 116. Howard, Gen. O. O., lost an arm at Fair Oaks, 30. Humphreys, Gen., his account of the Bloody Angle fight, 94. I Company Roster, 216. Irwin, Col. Richard B., his brilliant description of Gen. Sheridan s arrival at Cedar Creek, 110. Jackson, Gen. Stonewall, his brave and skillful attack on the Union Army at Chancellors ville, 55-56. James River, long bridge across at Windmill Point, 104; historic region between Cold Harbor and Petersburg, 104. Jamison, Gen. Chas. D., first brigade commander, 13, great distinction of his three regiments, 61st, 63rd, 105th, all original colonels killed in the month of May, 14-15. Johnston, Gen. J. E., commander of Rebel forces defending Richmond, his plan to crush the Union forces at Fair Oaks, and Seven Pines, his attack May 31st 1862 bringing on the battle of Fair Oaks, 23-24. K Company Roster, 220. Keyes, Gen. E. D., his references to the 61st at Fair Oaks, 28-29. Kilpatrick s Raid, in which the 61st took part, the movements described, 76. Koerner, 1st Lieut. Eugene C., Co. B., mortally wounded in the Wilderness, 87. Laughlin, Lieut. Wm., Co. B., Killed at Fort Stevens, 108. Lee, Rebel Gen. Robert E., commander of the Confederate forces at Fredericksburg, position and strength of his army, 51; at Appomattox, Apr. 9, 1865, surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia to Gen. Grant, 130. Light Division, formed Feb. 3, 1863, to which the 61st belonged, the selection being a compliment, 48; discontinued May 11, 1863, 58. Lincoln, Abraham, frontispiece; visited the Army at Harrison s Landing, his unique appearance and great popularity, 39 ; issues his famous Emancipation Proclama tion, visits the Army after Antietam, 43 ; his letter appointing Gen. Hooker to command the Army of the Potomac, 49; his review of the Army in front of Fredericksburg, grotes- 230 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT que appearance, sadness of expression, 49-50; his congratulations to Gen. Sheridan Sept. 20, 1864, 110. Malvern Hill, battle at, experiences of the 61st, its losses, 35-40. Marye s Heights, captured by assault May 3, 1863, description of the movement of the 6th corps, 55. Matthews, Serg. John C., Co. A, bravery in rescuing and carrying flags in the assault at Petersburg, Apr. 2, 1865, has honorable mention in the report of division commander and recommendation for promotion, holds a medal of honor, 134-135. Matthews, Private Milton, Co. C, commended for bravery at Petersburg by the division commander, 135. McClellan, Gen. Geo. B., commander of the Army of the Potomac, 17, is removed as commander of the Army of the Potomac, estimate of him by the soldiers, 43-44. McCoy, S. W., Co. A, wounded at Fort Stevens, 109. Mclntire, H., killed at Fort Stevens, 108. McGowan, Rebel Gen. his account of the Bloody Angle fight, 94. McKnight, Col. A. A., 105th P. -V., 13. Meade, Gen. Geo. G., commanded the Union Army at Gettysburg, 60; his general order complimenting the 6th corps for its brave charge at Rappahannock Station, 70; retains command of the Army of the Potomac under Gen. Grant, 80. Merrimac, wrecks produced by, battle with the Monitor. 20. Miller, Adj. W. Gibson, detailed to bring recruits to the regiment, 44. Mine Run, campaign of and battles, 74-75. Mitchell, Private Theodore, recommended for medal for bravery Apr. 2, 1865, at Petersburg, having captured a battleflag, 135. Monitor, "The Cheesebox," battle with the Merrimac, 20. Moore, Alexander, Co. A., mortally wounded at Fort Stevens, 108. Moot, Martin, Co. A, volunteered to help man a battery at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864, and was killed, 93. Moylan, 1st Lieut. Alfred, Co. I, killed at Fair Oaks 27. Mt. Vernon, marched to that place late in Autumn of 1861, 15. Mud March, Jan. 1863, experiences of the 61st in, 47. Murdock, Jas. E., recites "Sheridan s Ride," Nov. 1, 1864, at Pike s Opera House, Cincinnati, 129. National Cemetery at Antietam, interments at, significance of numbers compared with the killed, 41. Neill, Gen. Thos. H., commands the brigade to which the 61st belonged at Gettys burg, and subsequently, 59-75. North Anna River, positions at, description of that part of Virginia with various creeks and rivers, 100-101. "Numbers and Losses in the Civil War," quotations from indicating Fair Oak s losses, 28. Ohio Cavalry, brave charge of the 2nd regiment Sept. 19, 1864, at Opequon, 116 Opequon, battle of, Sept. 19, 1864, positions of the contending forces, 115-118; Orr, Capt. Robert L., afterwards Col., commands part of the 2nd line at Fair Oaks, 25-26; promoted to Major, 75; wounded in charge Apr. 2, 1865, at Petersburg, his gallant conduct recognized by recommendation for promotion to Col. 135; is officially com mended by the division commander, 135; his statement concerning the flags of the regiment, 135; his detailed description of the charge at Petersburg, Apr. 2, 1865, 135-140; his address at Richmond, May 30, 1884, 146; his picture opposite page, 154. Palfrey, Gen. F. W., his impressive statement concerning the Battle of Fredericks- burg, 45. Parsons, Serg. Oliver A., afterwards Major, captured at Fair Oaks having heard no order to retire, 25; his description of the killing of five men in Company D by the bursting of one shell, 90; recommended for promotion to the rank of Major by the division commander for great gallantry at the charge, Apr. 2, 1865, at Petersburg, 135. Peninsula of Virginia, description of, 18; historic places and events, 18-19. Pennsylvania, patriotism of the people, quotas more than filled, 12. Petersburg, Va., captured by the Union Army, Apr. 3, 1865, 141. Philadelphia, "The City of Brotherly Love," boundless generosity toward the wounded soldiers from Fair Oaks, 31-32. Pickett, Rebel Gen., his famous charge at Gettysburg, 65-66. Pollock, 1st Lieut. John, Co. A., killed at Fair Oaks, 27. Pond, Geo. E., description of Fort Stevens fight, 108. Pope, Gen. John, his unsuccessful campaign and defeat at Second Bull Run, 40-41. PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 231 Porter, Gen. Horace, his graphic description of the Wilderness battlefield, 79; his description of the Bloody Angle fight, 95. Price, Lieut. Isaac N., mortally wounded at Charlestown, Aug. 21, 1864, 114. Prophater, Lieut. Jas. W., Co. C, mortally wounded at Spottsylvania, 98. Rappahannock Station, charge of the 6th Corps at, and capture of the place, 73-74; number of prisoners, 74-75. Read, T. Buchanan, author of the poem entitled "Sheridan s Ride," 129. Redenbach, Capt. Lewis, Co. B, mortally wounded while in command of the 61st at Charlestown, 114. "Regimental Losses," quotations from indicating great distinction of the 61st, 27. Rhodes, Serg., afterwards Capt., Sylvester D., Co. D, awarded medal of honor for distinguished gallantry at Fisher s Hill, 118. Rigor Mortis, instances of at Antietam, 42. Rippey, Col. Oliver H., commissioned July 24, 1861, 11 ; his services in the Mexican war, good soldier, patriot citizen, eloquent speaker, first colonel of the 61st, 11-12; his eloquent speech on receiving regimental flag, 15; his picture opposite page 16; killed at Fair Oaks, 27. Robinson, Capt. Wm. O. H., mortally wounded in the Wilderness, 87. Rowland, Serg. B. F., Co. A, volunteered to help man a battery at the Bloody Angle, May 12, 1864, and was killed, 93. Ryan, Serg., Co. H, detailed to proceed to Harrisburg and bring recruits, 44. Scott, 1st. Lieut. Wm., Co. B, killed at Fair Oaks, 27. Sedgwick, Gen. John, took command of the 6th Corps, Feb. 4, 1863, 48; plans and executes successful assault on Marye s Heights, 53-54; his reference to the gallantry of the 61st, 55; his battle at Salem Church and withdrawal across the Rappahannock in the face of overwhelming numbers, 55-56-57; reference to march of his corps to Gettysburg. 61-62; his ride along the line of the 6th Corps preparatory to the night attack, 89-90; was killed the morning of May 9, 1864, at Spottsylvania Court House, other generals of his rank killed in battles during war, 90. Seven Days Battle, June 25th-July 1, 1862, hard experience s for army, 33-36. Seven Pines, the left of the Union position at Fair Oaks, 24-25. Seville, Serg. Jos. description of his death in the Wilderness, 82. Seward, Secy, of State, reviews the army with President Lincoln and Gen. Hooker, his white stockings, 49. Shaler, Gen. Alexander, his great bravery at the charge on Marye s Heights, 54-55. Shenandoah, Valley, military operations in, and Union defeats, 112. Sheridan, Gen. Philip H., commander of Union Cavalry, displays great ability, 103; appointed to command the Shenandoah Valley forces, his brilliant record and great talents, 111-112; movements of his army in the Shenandoah Valley, is attacked by the enemy Aug. 21, 1864, 114; is visited by Gen. Grant to whom he communicated his plans, receiving orders to "go in," 116; at Opequon, his first battle as an independent commander, well planned and victorious, 117-118; wins a brilliant vic tory at Fisher s Hill, moves his army up the valley after Fisher s Hill to Harrisburg, 118; his army retires to Cedar Creek having a cavalry fight at Tom s Brook, 118-119; is ordered to Washington for conference his army being commanded by Gen. Wright, 120-121; his return Oct. 18, 1864, to Winchester, 123; his ride from Winchester to the Cedar Creek battlefield, marvelous influence over the troops, Union defeat in the morning followed by victory in the afternoon, ride along the Infantry line before the attack in the afternoon, number of troops in the afternoon attack, 125-126-127; his march from the Shenandoah Valley to Petersburg in March 1865 with 10,000 cavalry, 132; his movements against the right of the Confederate Army and victory at Five Forks, Apr. 1, 1865, his part in the campaign in pursuit and capture of the Rebel Army at Appomattox, 132-143. "Sheridan s Ride," poem by T. Buchanan Read, 129. Sherman, General W. T., driving the Rebels in North Carolina toward Petersburg, 131. Sixth Corps, On Sept. 26, 1862, the 61st with Cochrane s Brigade, Couch s Divi sion, became a part of the celebrated organization remaining with it, until the war ended, 42; its separate battles at Marye s Heights and Salem Church, 53; its losses in two battles, 57; its night march of 34 miles from Manchester to Gettysburg, July lst-2nd, 1863, 61-63; its numbers and composition at Gettysburg, 62; incidents and hardships of the march, 62-63; insufficient water on the line of march, its arrival on the Gettysburg battlefield, its part in the battle and various positions along the line, 62-63-64; refer ences to its separate movements and distinguished services, 71; the troops composing it May 1, 1864, 81; its support of the 2d Corps at the Bloody Angle May 12, 1864, incom parable bravery of the men, 92; 3rd division sent to Baltimore, 1st and 2nd divisions go to Washington, 105; its fight at Fort Stevens, Washington, with President Lincoln a 232 SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT spectator, 105-106-107; pursues the defeated rebels after Fort Stevens, various trying marches and counter-marches in the hottest weather, 110-111; its unrivalled battle at Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864, 122-129; its charge Apr. 2, 1865, on the rebel works at Petersburg, description of the movement by Gen. Wright, 133-134; its losses in fifteen minutes in the charge Apr. 2, 1865, at Petersburg, 141. Sixty-first Regiment, Roster of field and staff, 159; regiment recruited in August 1861, B, C, E, F and K in Pittsburgh, A in Indiana County, the regiment left Pittsburgh, Sept. 1, 1861, going to Washington by way by way of Harrisburg and Baltimore, camped on Capitol Hill in Washington receiving arms and uniforms, visited informally by Gen. Scott, experiences of new soldiers in Washington, 12; first marches from Capitol Hill to" Alexandria, list of field officers of the first brigade to which the regiment belonged, character of the men, 13; its consolidation with the 23rd P. V., arrangement mutually satisfactory, 16, assigned to Graham s Brigade, Couch s Division, Keys Corps, 17; its march from Hampton to Yorktown, 21-22; experiences in the siege, moves to Williamsburg, May 4th-5th, 1862, battle at the latter place, 22-23; its great battle at Fair Oaks, its position, "A Forlorn Hope," Col. Rippey killed, Lieut. -Col. Spear wounded, Maj. Smith captured, the regiment without field officers maintains struggle, 24-25-26; its losses at Fair Oaks, 27-30; its renown gained at Fair Oaks, 30; Exper iences in the Seven Days fight, 33-36 ; Malvern Hill, 35-40 ;Harrison s Landing, 39; some companies held election of officers to fill vacancies, 1st Serg. F. M. Brown, being elected and Corporal Isaac N. Price 2nd Lieut, of Co. A, both being fine officers, the former 1st Lieut., killed in the Wilderness and the latter at Charlestown, help to fortify at Harrison s Landing, 39-40; its movement from Harrison s Landing to Yorktown, thence by water to Alexandria, 39-40; its march out to Centerville and other points with the Army to reinforce the returning troops of Gen. Pope, 40-41 ; its return to Alexandria and march to Antietam, being in Gen. John Cochran s Brigade of Couch s Division, the regiment at Antietam, 41; after Antietam moved to Sharpsburg and Williamsport, engaged at the latter place and losses, 42-43 ; its march up the Potomac to Clear Springs and Hancock, 43 ; the march from Downsville to Thoroughfare Gap, 43 ; its march to the Rappahannock River opposite Fredericksburg and experiences in the battle of Fred- ericksburg, December 12th-13th, 1862, 45-48 ; its losses in the battle of Fredericksburg, 46 ; its experiences in the Mud March, 47; its non-commissioned officers receiving appoint ments on parchment at Belle Plains in 1863, 48; has ranks recruited and is in fine spirits in the Spring of 1863, 50; its distinguished part in the charge on Marye s Heights, May 3, 1863, 53-54-55; losses of the 61st at Marye s Heights, 57; returns after Marye s Heights and Salem Church battles to its former camp at White Oak Church, 58; its part in the battle of Gettysburg, the four separate positions occupied by it in the line, the last being Wolf s Hill, 64; itspursuit of the enemy July 5, 1863, with its brigade, its march diagonally across the battlefield from Wolf s Hill, scenes at the Wheatfield and other points, is in the front lines of pursuit until the Rebels crossed the Potomac July 12th-13th, 1863, 69; returns after the Gettsyburg campaign to Virginia with the 6th Corps and incidents of the march, 70-71; its experiences on the Rapidan River in Oct. 1863, 72; its march with the Army back to Centerville, its marches and counter-marches through that part of Virginia with the Army, 72-73 74; strips in zero weather for charge at Mine Run, 75; promotions and changes in field officers, 75; its part in Kilpatrick s Raid, 76; its winter quarters and experiences 1863-4, at Brandy Station and in that vicinity, 76-77; its march from Brandy Station to the Wilderness May 4, 1864. and hard experiences in that battle, 81-98; its position and part in the battle May 5, 1864, being with Neill s Brigade on the extreme right of the Union line, sanguinary fighting with heavy losses, incidents of the conflict, 82; the men of fired one hundred rounds apiece May 5, 1864, in the Wilderness, 82; its losses in the Wilderness, 82-83-84; its fight at Spottsylvania Court House May 8th, 9th, 1864, 89-90; its part in the Bloody Angle fight at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1864, 92-93; various descriptions of that figh , 93-94-95; movements against the rebels after they left the Bloody Angle, illustrative incidents on the lines, 96-97; its enormous losses at Spottsylvania, only fifteen regiments in the Army lost as many men; 98, its marches by way of North Anna and other points to Cold Harbor, severe trials, 101-102; its losses at Cold Harbor, 103; its march across the James River to Petersburg, 103-104-105; its services at Petersburg June 18, 1864, 104-105; its notable part in the battle of Fort Stevens as one of the assaulting regiments driving the enemy away, 106; its losses at Fort Stevens, 108; list of officers and men killed at Fort Stevens, 108-109; its experiences after the battle of Fort Stevens in hot and apparently aimless marches in Virginia and Maryland, 110-111 ; its fight at Charles- town, Aug. 21, 1864, its losses, 114; members whose term expired and who did not re- inlist left the Army Sept. 3, 1864, 115; description of the marches of retiring men to the rear, 115; the regiment reduced to a battalion under command of Capt. Chas. S. Greene, movements of the regiment until Sept. 19, 1864, 115-116; its part in the battle of Opequon and losses, 118; its rough experiences at Cedar Creek, is commanded first by Capt. Taylor, killed, second by Capt. John Barrett, Co. G, killed, the command PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS 233 then devolving upon 2nd Lieut. John W. McClay, Co. C, wounded, the command then devolving on 2nd Lieut. Chas. H.Bewley, the only remaining commissioned officer in the regiment, losses of the 61st at Cedar Creek, 129; received 180 recruits after the battle at Cedar Creek, raising the battalion to seven companies, 130; returned to Peters burg, experiences during the winter of 1864-5, on Mar. 2, 1865, received 300 recruits from Allegheny County forming three new companies, H.I. and K, making full regiment, 131; battle at Petersburg, Mar. 25, 1865, the 61st having four killed, fourteen wounded, 131; its thrilling part in the charge Apr. 2, 1865, at Petersburg, 134-135, its losses in Petersburg charge 134; its part in the Appomattox campaign, Apr. 3rd-6th, 1865, rapid marches in the mud to final victory, its honor in being selected to present to Gen. Meade the flags captured by the 6th Corps, complimentary address of Gen. Meade to the regiment, 144-145; movements of the 61st after the surrender of Lee and ultimate arrival in Washington, June 2, 1865, is mustered out June 28, 1865, list of field officers then present, 145; ignorant of its own fame until May 1888 when its official record was first published, 146; its standing among the 2000 regiments in the Union Army being No. 1 in officers killed in battle, No. 11, in greatest loss in any one battle, No. 15, in greatest aggregate killed during the war, No. 16 in greatest loss at Spotteylvania, 147; astonishing number of officers killed or mortally wounded while leading the regiment in battle, no less than 12 appearing in the list, 147; motto of each commander was "Come On Boys," 147; list of officers killed or mortally wounded in battle, 148; killed and wounded in each company, 149; total number of men in the regiment, 149; losses of the regiment by deaths from every cause, total being over 1000, necessary absence of official figures from Adjutant General s office at Washington, 150; reunion of the regiment at Fair Oaks, 1884, list of soldiers present, 151-152; at Spottsylvania, May 12, 1887, Sedgwick s monument, 153-154-155; at Gettysburg July 24, 1888, dedication of regimental monument, inscriptions, 155-156; list of members of the 61st receiving honors, 156; at Pittsburgh, Jan. 16, 1908, regimental organization, list of officers, 157; history of its flags and some inscriptions thereon, lost no flags but captured several, performed every assigned duty, 157-158. Smith, Maj. Geo. F., 16; displayed great ourage in the Wilderness battle, 82. Sobbee, Walter, Co. G, wounded at Fort Stevens, 109. Spear, Col., Geo. C., 16; killed at charge on Marye s Heights May 3rd, 1863, a brave and efficient officer, 54-55; his picture opposite page, 50; Spottsylvania Court House, battles at 89-98; hard fighting at on May 10, 1864, 91. Stanley, Wm. H., Co. A, wounded at Fort Stevens, 109. Stewart, John, Co. A, volunteered at the Bloody Angle to help man a battery receiving five wounds, 93. Stevens, Historian of the 6th Corps, his description of that corps at Gettysburg, 63 ; his description of Cedar Creek battle and the arrival of Gen. Sheridan, 125-127-128. Sumner, Gen., his timely arrival and bravery at Fair Oaks, 26-27. Taylor, Capt. David J., Co. D, assumed command of the 61st after the wounding of Capt. Greene, 118; Killed at Cedar Creek, 128. Tom s Brook, "Woodstock Races," cavalry fight at with infantry as spectato s, 119. Union and Confederate losses at Malvern Hill and in the Seven Days battles, 38-39. Union Armies in Virginia and North Carolina in the spring of 1865, 132. Upton, Col. Emory, his famous charge and promotion to Brig. -Gen. on the spot, 91. Vermont Brigade, affectionate devotion of the 61st for that heroic organization, 70-71; the "Green Mountain Boys," dealing with rioters, 71. Virginia, description of that part of the state between the Rapidan and the James Rivers, 77. Wade, Miss Jennie, her death at Gettysburg battle while making bread for the soldiers, her burial by the Women s Relief Corps, 67-68. Walker, James M., information from his diary, its accuracy, 27; his description of the Mud March and bridge made of dead mules, 47; incidents described by him in the pursuit of the rebels after Gettysburg, 69; quotations from his diary about the battle at Charlestown, 114. Washington city, the 61st camped there on Capitol Hill, 11-12. Washington, Geo., ready to volunteer, 11. Waynesboro, generosity of her people to the victorious Union Army after Gettys burg. 69. Webb, Gen. his statement regarding Fair Oaks, 29. Wheatfield, at Gettysburg, scene of terrific fighting, 68. 234 57 XT Y-FIR S T REG I ME NT White House, on the Pumunkey River, wounded from Fair Oaks shipped by water from, steamer Louisana with wounded lands in Philadelphia June 12, 1862, generosity and sympathy of that city, thousands of people gather at the wharf to render aid, uncovering as the wounded are carried by, 30-31-32. White Oak Tree, cut off by musket balls at the Bloody Angle, 94-95. Wilderness, battle of, 81; description of the region, 82-83. Williamsburg, battle of, the 61st arrives on ths field, 22-23-24. Williamsport, engagement of the 61st at, 42-43. Wilson, Adj. G o. W., killed in the night at Spottsylvania Court House, 89. Wise, Henry W., Co. I., wounded at Fort Stevens, 109. Wolf s Hill, left of the Union line at Gettysburg, occupied by the 61st with other troops, 64. Work, Calvin, Co. C., volunteered to help man a battery at Bloody Angle, May 12, 1864, and was killed, 93. Work, J. Harvey, Co. A, wounded at Fort Stevens, 109. Wright, Gen. Horatio G., commanded first division 6th Corps at Gettysburg, his reference to the engagement, 63; on the death of Sedgwick, May 9, 1864, succeeded to the command of the 6th Corps, 91 ; his description of Pres. Lincoln under fire at Fort Stevens, 99; commends bravery of the troops in the fight at Charlestown, 114. RETURN MAIN CIRCULATION ALL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL RENEW BOOKS BY CALLING 642-3405 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW SENT ON HJ. JUL 1 2 M5 U. C. BEmcPi py FEB 9 1998 vw?> 1QO . . : J Ia - /J /r/ fA FORM NO. DD6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY BERKELEY, CA 94720 239274