University of California Berkeley 
 
s 
 
 University of California Berkeley 
 

 INDIAN RIGHTS ASSOCIATION, 
 
 OFFICE, No. 1305 ARCH STREET, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, February, 1889. 
 
 CIVILIZATION BY REMOVAL! 
 
 THE SOUTHERN UTES. 
 
 BY C. C. PAINTER. 
 
 There is a bill now pending in Congress to ratify a treaty 
 with the Southern Utes of Colorado, which, if passed, will 
 be a repetition of the oft tried, but not hitherto successful, 
 expedient of civilizing Indians by removing them from the 
 homes in which they are beginning to settle, because of 
 the pressure of whites upon their lands, to other lands which 
 do not present so great temptations to Anglo-Saxon greed. 
 
 These Indians, known as the Southern Utes, consist of 
 three bands : The Muaches, Capotes and Weeminuches, 
 about 950 in all, occupying a Reservation in the south 
 western part of Colorado a long, narrow strip of land 15 
 miles wide by 120 miles long, containing some 24,000 acres 
 of good agricultural land which can be easily irrigated from 
 the numerous streams flowing through it ; the remainder 
 is excellent grazing land. 
 
 After the troubles growing out of, or properly speaking, 
 one incident of which was the Meeker massacre, in which 
 these Utes had no part, new arrangements were made with 
 all the Utes, under which these bands, known as the South 
 ern Utes, occupied a part of their old, but greatly reduced, 
 Reservation under an agreement, ratified by Congress in 
 1880, which entitled them to an allotment in severalty of "an 
 abundance of good agricultural land," "with houses, wagons, 
 agricultural implements, and stock cattle for their reasonable 
 
 1 
 
wants;" also "such saw and gristmills as maybe necessary 
 to enable them to commence farming operations ;" and their 
 pro-rata share of perpetual annuities amounting to $75,000; 
 and sufficient schools for the education of their children, in 
 addition to the provisions of previous treaties for food and 
 clothing. 
 
 The reports of the Agents in charge of these Indians 
 from year to year discover what has been done, and what 
 success has been attained in carrying out the provisions of 
 this agreement by the government. In 1881 the agent 
 reports no schools, but an effort made to induce the Indians 
 to send their children to Carlisle, Penn'a. ; lands examined, 
 and surveys being made ; not enough agricultural land to 
 give as much as had been promised. (The agreement was, 
 in this case, that additional land on the La Plata River in 
 New Mexico should be given them). The Denver and Rio 
 Grande R. R., without coming to any arrangement with the 
 Indians, as ordered by the Secretary of the Interior, made 
 50 miles of road through the Reservation. This, added 
 to the fact of trespassers crowding them on every side, and 
 talk of removing them, keeps the Indians uneasy. (The 
 government had pledged itself to protect them against such 
 intrusions.) 
 
 In 1882 the Agent commends the good behavior of the 
 Indians in not interfering with the running of trains on 50 
 miles of road built on their lands without compensation or 
 any arrangement. No schools ; no farms opened. 
 
 1883. The Agent asked for. farming implements and 
 seed for five Indians whom he had persuaded to open farms. 
 $200 sent him in June, too late for the purpose. In May 
 4800 ewes issued to them, from which they sold 6000 Ibs. 
 wool. No schools established. The Agent says : " They 
 are fast adopting the customs of the whites in manner 
 of dress. / also consider their present location well adapted 
 for their advancement in this direction. They are surrounded 
 by whites, with whom they are constantly thrown in contact, 
 which has a good effect." 
 
1884. The Agent is authorized to erect a building for 
 a day school. Twenty-four children sent to school at 
 Albuquerque. Supplies deficient. Indians eat up all except 
 1 500 of their sheep. Fifty acres of land under cultivation, 
 and raised 1 500 bushels of wheat ; 1600 bushels of oats. The 
 Agent says : " Under proper guidance fifty Indians will be 
 farming next year." The Indians leased grazing lands for 
 $10,000, but lease not sanctioned, and so their lands were 
 grazed without pay. Whiskey traffic, trespassing upon 
 lands, and other depredations upon Indians making trouble. 
 
 1885. A new Agent. School house built, but no 
 authority to open school. " A few have done well in farm 
 ing." Three hundred acres under fence, and 250 acres 
 under cultivation. A family of six Indians brutally mur 
 dered. Murderers not discovered, and no action taken by 
 the State. " The prevailing sentiment is that Indians are 
 not human." " No ground for the report circulated that the 
 Indians were about to break out." The agent says : " The 
 Southern Utes are no doubt making some progress toward 
 civilization. This will be more clearly demonstrated if more 
 of them are encouraged to engage in agriculture. Their 
 manner of life has been essentially a nomadic one, but when 
 they learn the benefits which they can derive from farming 
 by their own efforts they will begin to appreciate the blessings 
 of a permanent home. Those who are now engaged in this 
 pursuit are fully aware of the advantages they enjoy over 
 their more backward brethren, and many of the latter 
 will be glad to follow their example if any encouragement is 
 held out to them." 
 
 1886. Day school established, but not doing much. 
 Squaws think the death of one-half of all the pupils sent 
 to Albuquerque proof that they must not send their children 
 to school. Fourteen farms opened; 100,000 Ibs. of grain 
 raised, beside a large quantity of potatoes. Two hundred 
 and fifty acres under cultivation, but Indians discouraged 
 by lateness of spring and long continued drought. Delega- 
 
tion brought on to see if the Department will not remove 
 them. 
 
 1887. Commissioner had paid them a visit, and found 
 the great majority of them, and these the best of them, 
 opposed to removal. Ten miles of irrigating ditches made 
 in the valley of the Pinos river. Four hundred acres of rich 
 sage-bush land plowed and divided into 2O-acre farms. 
 Great increase of interest in farming, and a permanent farmer 
 asked for, to teach them farming. 
 
 These quotations give a fair presentation of the situation 
 so far as the Agents in charge have furnished material. 
 
 As stated above, a delegation was brought on to 
 Washington, professedly representing the wish of the 
 Indians to be removed out of Colorado to some other 
 reservation to be created for them. The reasons urged 
 were chiefly that they were surrounded by the whites who 
 crowded in upon them, grazed their lands, and annoyed 
 them in many ways. They had no definite idea as to where 
 they wanted to go, or of the lands for which they asked. 
 
 The Honorable Secretary of the Interior, Mr. Lamar, 
 after hearing them state their wish, refused to favor the 
 movement. The Honorable Commissioner, Mr. Atkins, 
 during the next autumn, paid them a visit, and after a long 
 investigation was satisfied that it was a movement by the 
 whites, in which they had the co-operation of the Agent ; 
 that a large majority of the Indians, and those the most 
 advanced ones, were utterly opposed to it, and said that as 
 soon as the severalty bill should become a law, he would 
 send an Agent to allot their lands, and thus end the con 
 troversy. He had no need to wait for this, as the agree 
 ment made with these Indians in 1880 required that this 
 should be done. 
 
 A bill was introduced in the House, immediately after 
 this delegation visited Washington, to create a commission 
 to negotiate for their removal. This, when the case was 
 explained to the Committee, was smothered in the 
 Committee. 
 
In the first session of the 5Oth Congress, Mr. Bowen, 
 Senator from Colorado, introduced a bill in the Senate, 
 which was favorably reported by the Committee on Indian 
 Affairs, of which he is a member, to accomplish this same 
 purpose. It was said by a member of the Committee that 
 the other members, out of courtesy, allowed him to report 
 it, but they had reserved their right to oppose it on the 
 floor of the Senate. Soon after this, by the same courtesy, 
 he was allowed to engraft it, as an amendment, on a bill 
 which had passed the House, to ratify an agreement with 
 some Indians in Northern Montana. It thus escaped what 
 dangers may have threatened it if standing alone as a 
 Senate bill ; escaped the dangers of delay, and of criti 
 cism, and opposition which it might have encountered in 
 the House, and of a veto from the President, who could 
 not kill it without killing also the important bill, to which it 
 was in no wise germain but of which it had become a part. 
 
 Thus shrewdly managed it became a law and the 
 President appointed a Commission to visit and treat with 
 these Indians for a cession of their lands, and removal to 
 a new reservation. After a protracted effort, continuing 
 some five months, this commission reports that they have 
 secured the signatures of a majority of the Indians to 
 this effect, and a bill has been prepared and submitted to 
 Congress to ratify this Treaty, and appropriate money to 
 carry out its provisions. 
 
 According to this "Treaty," for so the Commissioners 
 call it, although Congress decided by a formal act in 1872 
 that no more treaties should be made with Indians these 
 Indians are to get a per capita payment of $50,000 in ten 
 annual installments, with $20,000 worth of sheep, and 
 $2000 to the five leading chiefs, and the establishment 
 of a new Agency on the new Reservation in Utah. 
 This Reservation will contain nearly 3,000,000 acres of 
 land, and lies very near their present Reservation, but 
 entirely out of Colorado, in the territory of Utah ; Colorado 
 thus freeing herself of an Indian population. 
 
6 
 
 The Secretary of the Interior speaks of the success of 
 this negotiation as satisfactory. The Commissioner re 
 commends the passage of the bill as desirable, and the 
 Chairman of the Committee of Indian Affairs, spoke to 
 his Committee of the good work which the Commission 
 had accomplished as being most excellent and praiseworthy. 
 
 It is to be greatly regretted that no satisfactory reasons 
 have been as yet presented showing that for the Indian this 
 is a consummation devoutly to be desired. 
 
 Senatorial courtesy took the place of the usual report 
 which should have given the facts justifying the recom 
 mendation made by the Committee that the bill pass. 
 So far as it has been made apparent the reason for this re 
 commendation was that the Senator from Colorado must 
 do something to satisfy his constituents in the matter, and 
 his brother Senators gratified his wish. 
 
 The proposition was then hid under the aegis of another 
 measure with which it had no connection and, shielded by 
 the confidence the Senate has that its Committee on Indian 
 Affairs can do no wrong, it passed unchallenged, and thus 
 no statement was made as to the benefits which were to ac 
 crue to the Indian. 
 
 It came before the House only as an amendment to one 
 of its bills to which the House was asked to disagree, 
 pro forma, that it might be settled by a committee of con 
 ference, so that few, if any, of the members of the House 
 had their attention called to it. No illuminating facts as to 
 its beneficent result for the Indian were presented by any 
 one at any stage of its passage. 
 
 The report of the Commission has not come before the 
 public as yet, but individual members have explained it to 
 a limited public. The chief points made are : The Indians 
 are much crowded upon by the whites where they now are, 
 and there are no whites on the land to be given them; these 
 people are by nature herders, and they will have given them 
 a body of land capable of supporting vast herds of cattle 
 
or sheep ; the lands on which they now are, are wanted 
 by the whites who would make use of them for agricultural 
 purposes ; the lands to which they will go are only occupied 
 by herders, chiefly English, and as these lands cannot be 
 irrigated they will not be wanted by homesteaders. 
 
 The argument is briefly this, so far as it can be gathered : 
 When the white man wants the land on which an Indian is, 
 he must be induced to go on to land which the white man 
 does not want. This may be gratifying to the white man, 
 but there does not seem to be much of civilizing uplift 
 in it for the Indian. 
 
 It will be noted that this agreement," Treaty," the 
 Commissioners call it gives $50,000 in money to the 
 Indians as an inducement to go. If there is a better outlook 
 for them on these 3,000,000 acres of land than on the 
 1,000,000 of the old Reservation we ought not to pay such* 
 a bonus ; it is cheating ourselves. If the money is given to 
 equalize the land value of these two tracts, then it is bad 
 both for the Indian and for us ; the money will soon be 
 squandered, the Indians being what the Commissioners re 
 present them, and then we will have to equalize the value 
 by constant contributions for their support. 
 
 They also give $2000, to the chiefs. Why this ? 
 Has it not been our policy for some years to minimize the 
 power and importance of chiefs as a condition of civilizing 
 the Indian ? It is contrary to what has been settled as 
 good policy in dealing with them. It also appears that 
 there was doubt as to which of two men was chief, and 
 so the Commission propose giving $250,00 to each of them. 
 But this is not all. 
 
 The Commissioners could make no start in these 
 negotiations until they procured from the department a 
 payment of $1300 which they called "a gratuity fund." 
 This, if due at all, was overdue some nine months. One 
 of the Commissioners, in announcing the consent of the 
 Department to this demand of the Indians that this money 
 
8 
 
 shall be paid, assured them that it was withheld because 
 they had not sent their children to school, and, " Now, I say 
 we have got you this money that you would not have got 
 otherwise, and we want you to be fair with us." 
 
 That is to say, what was refused to them because they 
 did not send their children to school was paid to them, at 
 the request of the Commission, to induce them to " deal 
 fairly " in the matter of selling their lands. 
 
 It may be that in every way it will be better for the 
 future of these Indians that this " treaty " shall be ratified, 
 but it is unfortunate that the reasons for this have not yet 
 been made manifest. It would be unpardonable presump 
 tion for one who has never compared the two reservations 
 to assert dogmatically, in face of the statement made by the 
 Honorable Commission, that this change will be in every 
 way bad for the Indian. Such an one cannot sit in judgment 
 upon their judgment as to the relative value of the two tracts 
 of land, but certainly he may pass judgment on the methods 
 by which the consent of the Indians has been obtained, and 
 the legislation leading up to it, and it is neither untrue to 
 the facts, nor an uncharitable criticism upon them, to say that 
 there has been a revival of the most objectionable features, 
 both of legislation and of treaty -making in the whole transac 
 tion. When the Commissioners tell us that it is advisable to 
 remove the Indians from good land on which they have made, 
 under all the circumstances (if we may put any confidence 
 in the reports of the Agents during the past eight years), 
 encouraging beginnings, simply because there is annoyance 
 from the whites who wish their lands, we beg leave to differ 
 from them. When it is assumed that the near and pressing 
 contact of civilizing life upon the Indian is bad for him, 
 we decidedly dissent. When we are told that there are 
 no whites upon the land to which it is proposed to remove 
 them, we know it is not desirable land for Indians. 
 
 Nothing more delusive or unfortunate could be made 
 the basis of our action in regard to this people than the 
 
theory that we must make herders of them as the natural 
 and necessary preliminary step to their becoming civilized 
 citizens. 
 
 Nothing more absurd could be gravely adduced as a 
 reason for removing them from their present home, because 
 annoyed by intruders upon it, despite the obligation of the 
 Government under one treaty to protect them, than the 
 assumption that they will be protected from like intrusion 
 upon their new Reservation by a similar clause in this new 
 treaty. This would be to give to this new treaty a sacred- 
 ness in the eyes of cattle men, simply because it has been 
 negotiated by this Commission, which we cannot reasonably 
 hope for it. 
 
 The simple fact seems to be that Colorado has deter 
 mined that she will have no Indians within her borders. 
 No matter to what place they may be taken ; no matter with 
 what expense, for present arrangement or future support, 
 to the general government ; no matter with what loss to 
 the Indian, he must go. The Committee in the Senate on 
 Indian Affairs was singularly complacent and accommodat 
 ing. The House was ignorant of what was being done ; 
 and the Honorable Commissioners doubtless had the pride 
 to make a successs of their negotiations while the Sioux 
 Commission were conspicuously making a failure of theirs, 
 and so, after five months' negotiating, and what looks very 
 much like bribery of the chiefs, they have presented for 
 ratification a " treaty " which provides for the removal of 
 these people from lands on which they could be taught to 
 support themselves on allotted farms, to land on which the 
 condition of their living at all is that it shall be held as 
 tribal land. They must be nomads following tribal herds 
 over tribal ranges, so long as they live on this new Reserva 
 tion. That they shall be allowed undisturbed possession of 
 it for these herds by the herders who have been occupy 
 ing it with their flocks is the idle dream of men who 
 have more deeply pondered the question how to succeed 
 
10 
 
 in their negotiations, than they have the probabilities of 
 peace. 
 
 Since the above was in the hands of the printer, the re 
 port of the Commissioners has been given to Congress, and 
 has been published as Senate Ex. Doc. No. 67, 2d ses 
 sion, 5<Dth Congress. A verbatim report of " all essential 
 particulars" of the several Councils held with the Utes 
 constitutes the body of this report. No one can read it 
 without receiving an impression, which deepens into a con 
 viction, that these Commissioners went out to secure the 
 consent of the Indians to remove, and not primarily to discern 
 what their wishes were. These three gentlemen seemed to 
 relieve and supplement each other when their energies 
 flagged, or their reasons failed to convince the Indians that 
 they ought to go. 
 
 They did not say, " My Friends, it has been reported 
 to the Great Father that you wish to modify the treaty un 
 der which this Reservation was given to you, and that you 
 want to exchange this land for some other land elsewhere, 
 and he has sent us out to learn your wish in the matter." 
 
 They commenced by telling them that they were " much 
 crowded upon by the whites; your lands are run over by 
 them ; your stock stolen, and you are so annoyed that you 
 can have no peace here." 
 
 In answer to this the Indians persistently assert that this 
 is their home; that they know no other; they desire no 
 other. That they know nothing about the annoyances and 
 wrongs inflicted upon them. They are at peace with their 
 white neighbors, and have no complaints to make of the 
 thieving spoken of by the Commissioners. 
 
 So persistently did these gentlemen insist that they 
 ought to consent to a change, that the Indians doubted 
 whether the Great Father had sent them. When asked to 
 explain what he meant by this, Ignacio said; "I do not 
 think you had orders from the Government, from the way 
 you talk. We do not want to change the Reservation, and 
 
11 
 
 you wish to keep us arguing until you get the Reservation." 
 This was in the fourth Council. In the fifth Council, 
 Charlie said, "The Government always lies to us. When 
 we lived on the Cimmaron they told us we could come 
 here and live here forever, we and our children and our 
 grandchildren, and that all could live here and die here, 
 and we would never be bothered, and now they come and 
 try to bluff and scare us out of here." When reminded 
 that he, Charlie, Ignacio, and Ta-pu-che went to Washington 
 and said they wanted to remove, he said : " It is true as you 
 say. At the time the Commissioner came out about half 
 of the people did, but now that your folks have come, I 
 have talked with my people and they do not want to do so. 
 You see this was two years ago, and my people have for 
 gotten all about it." 
 
 One of the Commissioners asked what made them 
 change their mind. Charlie said: "For the reason that I 
 and my people have been farming on this land" He also 
 said; "Out there there is no large river; there is no river 
 like the Animas; there is no river like the Pinos or the 
 Piedra. This land is worth a great deal of money, why 
 should I wish to sell. I have been here ten years, farm 
 ing and getting my family. The first year I did not 
 like it, but the second I liked it better, because I got 
 used to it. Here we have watermelons and muskmelons, 
 and all kinds of vegetables and fruit, and here the children 
 are happy and satisfied, and if I go away we cannot 
 farm, and what shall my children eat." "The land out 
 there is no good; across the Colorado River, and on 
 this side there is a large space of stone, and a little more 
 this side there are 80,000 cattle that eat the grass; they 
 must be eating grass. Here it is good for farming, and out 
 there it is good for raising cattle and sheep." 
 
 When Mr. Weaver assured him that if he made a treaty 
 with him the cows should be kept off their New Reserve, 
 he said to the Ex-Agent who was acting as interpreter, 
 
12 
 
 "you have been Agent for four years, and you never run 
 the sheep out, nor any one else before, nor has the present 
 Agent. How could anybody else guarantee to run them out" 
 But the Commissioners assured them that under the sacred 
 treaty they were now invited to make, the cattle should be 
 kept off of the New Reservation if it took the army of the 
 United States to do it. 
 
 At the close of the fourth Council, held on the 24th of 
 August, the Commissioners seemingly concluded the Indi 
 ans would not give their consent. They had magnified the 
 difficulties which beset them, assured them that they would 
 continue to increase ; that they would be confined to the lim 
 its of their Reservation and would not be allowed to pass over 
 its boundary; had dwelt upon the advantages of the Coun 
 try to which they would take them ( they had not as yet 
 visited it themselves), and intimated that now they would 
 say good-bye to them, and they would never have such a 
 chance to sell again. To this they persistently and unani 
 mously said we do not wish to sell. The chairman said 
 they had "come a long distance, only for your good." 
 They said, " It is all right, but by the same way you came, 
 the same way you can go, whenever you are ready to go." 
 When asked if they would like them to come back again and 
 have them explain the old treaty to them, Ignacio said, 
 " Even if I told you to go, you would insist, and try to have 
 a treaty." 
 
 Finally, they seemingly, on the 24th of August, said 
 " good-bye," but on the 2/th of September we find them in 
 council again. The chairman said he called the Council at 
 the request of Ignacio, when Severe expressed surprise that, 
 after they had said good-bye to them, they should be called 
 together again. Ignacio repudiated this, and said, "you 
 told me you would like to have another talk." And talk 
 they did. They had been spending a month learning how 
 wretched the condition of these Indians really was, and 
 now called their attention, as they had so many times be- 
 
13 
 
 fore, to the fact that there was no good hunting where they 
 were, and wished, it would seem, to have them give over 
 attempts at farming, and go where there was a chance for 
 game. 
 
 After much pressure, and a promise to have shoes put 
 on the forefeet of their ponies at the expense of the Govern 
 ment, they got a delegation of three, from each of the three 
 bands, to go with them hunting for land. The Commis 
 sioners say, "the Indians proposed to us to take three from 
 each band, or nine in all, with us to examine the land, etc., 
 etc.;" but on page 24 of the report, the chairman says, "We 
 asked you, when we first came here, to go out West, and 
 see if we could not find a better land for you, and we are 
 still ready, if you will select three or four of your chiefs, 
 to go with them and try and find a better home for you." 
 The spontaneity of the Indian movement, either to make 
 this exploration, or to renew negotiations, seems to be 
 of the same character as that shown in the original agitation 
 of the question of removal. 
 
 The Indians are impressed with the idea that the Great 
 Father was dissatisfied with them. They protested that 
 they had done all, so far as they could, to please him; that 
 they had no desire to go, but the persistency of the Com 
 missioners convinced them that resistance was useless. 
 Charlie gives the reason why, finally, the Utes consented. 
 He said ; " The reason you say it is a good idea for the 
 Utes to go out there in the Blue Mountains is because it is 
 a desert there ; but all^ the same, we are willing to go if you 
 will give us what we say. It does not make any difference 
 if we do not farm. Afterwards, too, if we make a treaty 
 with you, we have nothing to say. Here you cannot come 
 and say we have got a farm ; we have got a mighty good 
 country to farm in. There you will not have to say, " Get 
 out of here, Utes ; you have got too good a land! No other 
 Commissioner will have to say that. That is the reason I 
 say now, and all the Utes say, too, that we will take the land. 
 
14 
 
 You will not have to drive us out of there'' In contrast with 
 this, the Commissioners say of the Reservation from which 
 they wish to remove these Indians ; " It is traversed by the 
 following rivers, to wit, the Navajo,.San Juan, Blanco, Pie- 
 dra, Pinos, Florida, Animas, La Plata and Mancos, besides 
 other smaller streams, and, containing about 350,000 acres 
 of rich farming land, which can be irrigated from the above 
 streams at but little expense, is so essential to the prosperi 
 ty and development of this part of Colorado, that it is be 
 yond human reason to believe it will be long permitted to 
 remain under the control of a people who only cultivate, 
 at most, 600 acres, and do most of that by renting their 
 farms to Mexicans on shares." 
 
 They say the mass of these Indians wanted a new home 
 where the climate is milder and grass and game more abun 
 dant, etc., but one of them, Mr. Smith, says of the Mormons 
 who live on this new proposed home for these people, that, 
 "Some of them, when winter sets in, seek more comfortable 
 homes, as the country is very inaccessible during the snowy 
 season." 
 
 The richness of this Report can be found only by one 
 who takes it as a whole. 
 
 Aside from the claim which is now made by miners for 
 their improvements, and rights in certain mines on this land, 
 there are aggregate claims, Mormon and non-Mormon, to 
 the amount of $87,232.81 which must be extinguished. 
 So we may add up as follows $10,000 paid this Commis 
 sion for its labors ; $50,000 to the Indians in cash, $20,000 
 in sheep ; $2000 bribe to the chiefs ; and $87,232.81 to the 
 settlers, a sum total of $169,232.81, aside from the claims 
 of miners, and a loss of what has been expended for 
 ditches, etc., in the old Reservation ; this as the sum we 
 pay to gratify Colorado in expelling from her borders the 
 last remnant of these, by her, much abused people, and for 
 the privilege of supporting them wholly in the future, to 
 say nothing of the expense we shall be at guarding this 
 
15 
 
 Reservation by the police of our " whole Army," according 
 to the solemn promise of these Commissioners, against the 
 encroachment of the Cowboys. 
 
 We beg leave humbly to submit that we believe the 
 experiment of civilizing these people could have been made 
 more cheaply, honorably and satisfactorily where they now 
 are, and venture to say that, from all that appears so far in 
 the case, Congress ought not, in the interests of the Indians, 
 of peace and economy, to ratify this Treaty with the South 
 ern Utes.