UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN I 3 1822 01666 0730 <^J}iJ}Jj%};: '^M l^iii*^'^><^i<'<< ■"^ LIBRARY UNIVE-S TY OF CAulFC;^NiA SAN DIE60 J Ccpyf^Ufhc. -i^^^S. by £iuU^. Srcwru ^ < (^ottffUf & Cf I'arts. Alphonse Daudet. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO 3 1822 01666 0730 THE NOVELS, ROMANCES AND WRITINGS OF ALPHONSE DAUDET MEMOIR / ^'Z ^eo-yi SPa.^ c/e^. NEW YORK THE ATHENAEUM SOCIETY Copyright, 1898, By Little, Brown, and Company. All rights reserved. DEDICATION I dedicate this book, in all piety, to Madame Alphonse Daudet, my dearly beloved mother — my mother who discreetly aided and encouraged her husband in all his good as well as wretched hours and created about him that atmosphere of tender reflection in which he was able to live, work and die under the protection of a pure, pensive and restful soul. LEON DAUDET. Paris, January, 1898. PREFACE. His tomb is hardly closed and I set myself to write these words. I do it with a brave heart, but broken by a frightful sorrow, for the one of whom I shall speak was not only a father and husband of the most exemplary sort, he was also my teacher, my counsellor and my great friend. There was not a line written by me which I did not read to him while the ink was wet; there was not a thought of mine, the true value of which I did not beg him to state : there was not one of my feelings, the power or the origin of which I concealed from him. This life which I owe to him, the beauty, dignity and importance of which he caused me every day to perceive ; this life, burning with admiration for his intellectual and moral beauty ; this Hfe which he scrupulously and jealously guided and which he filled with pride at the example offered by his own — I presented this Hfe to him as it proceeded in order that he might judge and strengthen it. And now, although he, my darling one ! exists no longer, as I march onward through this sor- viii Preface. rowfully dark night toward him, the beacon, yet do I persevere in my endeavor, guided by the sound of his voice and the tender fire of his look. My heart overflows ; I shall open it wide. So many noble and grand things which he has said to me tremble within me and seek an exit! I shall permit them to be scattered before the feet of his numberless admirers. The latter have nothing to fear ; their gentle consoler was without a blot. If I turn my eyes backward over the path of my exist- ence, already harsh, though brief, I see him stand- ing calm and smiHng despite his torments, showing an indulgence which at certain critical hours has thrown me trembling with admiration at his feet. But it is not only for what he was in regard to myself, or to my brother, my sister or my mother that I love him ; it is also, and beyond everything else, for his humanity which shone within him with so profound and serene a splendor ; for his vast and sympathetic comprehension of all kinds of things and all sorts of people ! Surely seldom has such a character been known here below and never in a more splendid form. I write for you, young people, and for you also, old men, adults male or female, and for you by preference, ye disinherited ones whom the world repulses — vagabonds, luckless ones and the mis- understood ! The extraordinary thing about this writer was that he preferred the humble and the disinherited of fortune to all others. It is with the pale flowers of their lives that he wove his great Preface, ix crown ; it was by relieving their distress with words or with a discreet action that he closed the circuit of hearts, and, as it were, created a new kind of comprehension in his harsh day and generation. Oh, most generous circulation of blood ! I have never seen my father angry except when justice was defrauded. He never swerved from justice save when carried away by pity. And, to make an ,end, his schooling was obtained through the pain which he heroically supported for the love of his family and the honor of human life. Muddle notliing, ruin nothing, was his usual motto, I draw inspiration from his tomb, but I should not be the only one to benefit by his expe- rience, I should not be the only one to direct his life according to his example. I believe that I am imitating him to-day when I draw aside the dark veil which falls about a deathbed, permitting that life-work only to shine with brilliancy. More- over, that work emanated from him like his breath and gesture. So, in order that you may know him better, in order that you may love him more — I mean all of you, big and little, whose unhappiness he alleviated as by enchantment — I abandon to you in part my filial privilege and am about to allow those voices to be heard through which the heredity and the paternal affection have spoken that are the occupants of my respectful soul. CONTENTS. Cbaptkr Pass I. Last Moments i II. Life and Literature i6 III. As Father and as Husband — The Ven- dor OF Happiness 89 IV. North and South 150 V. As a Man of Family 185 APPENDIX. Concerning the Imagination. A Dialogue between my Father and Me. . . . 201 THE DAUDET FAMILY. My Brother and I 289 ALPHONSE DAUDET. I. LAST MOMENTS. It is a fact that my father was ill for many long years, but he supported his sufferings so bravely, he accepted his restricted life with such a smiling resignation, that we had come to the point — we, meaning my mother, my brother and myself — of divesting ourselves a little of the anxiety we all felt at the time his sufferings began. All the same, walking supported by one of us and resting his weight on his silver-headed cane — in regard to which he told our little sister and his grandson so many marvellous legends — all the same, with head erect and eyes bright and hand held out toward the friend who visited him, he was the joy and life of the house. This family which he cher- ished and brightened with his most tender looks was kept close about him ; he guarded it by that moral force of his — immense, always in full power and ever increasing as he lived. On all about him he breathed an atmosphere of kindness and of con- fidence which the coldest and most reserved could not evade. I 2 Alphonse Daudct. For the truth of this I call to witness the innu- merable friends and literary comrades and strang- ers who came to make the author a visit; without exception they found him ready with counsel and help, ready with those precious words which elicit confidences and calm and heal the soul. No one understood as he did the path to hearts. He himself had had hardships in the beginning and his extraordinary sensitiveness, which I shall presently attempt to analyze, caused him to place vividly before his own mind all the difficulties and rebuffs and shames others might have met, and with unexampled sharpness and vigor in particulars. When a man stood before him with his face in a strong light he divined him and summed him up with a precision which was like magic ; but he was chary of words and only used his eyes, so soft, veiled and yet so penetrating ! " The look out of his eyes warmed one " — that was the phrase which I caught from so many lips during those days of mourning ; and I admired the justice of the expression. Moreover, confession — that balm for souls which indignation or disdain has closely imprisoned, that consolation of the afflicted, of the abandoned and those in revolt — confession came true and sincere from the hearts of the rudest people ; yes, the ears of my beloved father have had to hear strange avowals ! I believe also that in him people divined a veri- table ferment of indulgence ; his love of pardon and of sacrifice belonged to his Catholic blood- He believed that every crime could be forgiven Last Moments. 3 and that nothing was absolutely irreparable when confronted by a sincere repentance. So many luckless ones are captives of the evil which they themselves have caused and only begin their crimes over again through distress ! My father had a final argument ; he pointed out to them how he himself had been struck by illness in his mid career, and how, by the force of his will, he could offer himself now as an example. His strength of argument was such that very few re- sisted him. And then, what an intimate eloquence was his ! His words and his very intonations remain in my memory quite intact. The tone was not the same when he was telling some story in lively, splendid and precise words, as when he took my sufferings in hand. In the latter case he employed words which were vague enough at first and rather mur- mured than spoken, accompanied by gestures gently persuasive. By little and little, and with infinite precaution and delicacy, this speech be- came more definite and connected ; it wove about one's being a thousand little tangible and intangi- ble bonds, a fine and delicate cobweb for the heart, in which the heart very soon was beating warm. That is the way he employed strategy ; but what I cannot express in words was the spontaneity and irresistible grace of his manoeuvres, half methodi- cal, half inexplicable, the net result of which was the solace of unhappiness. He expected silence to do a great deal ; in this silence the last words he had uttered vibrated and 4 Alphonse Daudet. thus grew in grandeur. I can still see certain people standing erect before his table with moist eyes and trembling hands. I can see others seated, turning toward him with a movement of thanks, astonished by so much wisdom as his. I can see the frightened ones and the stutterers, to whom he knew how to give confidence by means of a smile. Or else, while waiting for the result of his counsel, he would pretend to look up a piece of paper or his pen, his pipe or his eye-glass, somewhere about his always cluttered table. A depositary of so many confidences and se- crets, my father kept them to himself; he has carried them with him into his tomb ; very often I guessed at certain things, but when I put him questions, he gently evaded me and teased me for my curiosity. Far, far back, at the very beginning of my youngest childhood, I can perceive the kindness of my father. That kindness shows itself in caresses, he draws me close to him, he tells me wonderful stories, we walk together through the streets of Paris and everything seems to have the appearance of a festival. I perceive the warmth of the sun and then another warmth, softer and nearer to me, which is transmitted by the dear, strong hand. In my narrow little breast I feel something tangible and exquisite, for the sake of which my breathing is quicker, something which I have already learned to call happiness, and as I walk along I repeat to myself / am very happy to-day. My father talks to me ; for me he Last Moments. 5 has neither features nor face ; he is not a mar- vellous man, but just simply my father. I often call him Papa, Papa, just for the simple pleasure which that word gives me, because attached to it seem all the germs of brilliant and noteworthy ideas. I ask him questions about everything around us, in order to hear the sound of his voice, which appears to me like the most beautiful music and seems to sound in exact accord with the happiness and brilhancy of all my hopes. We pass through squares full of people and enter grand mansions ; those who greet us are jovial and Papa always makes them laugh. I am wonderfully quick to perceive that there is some- thing in him which is greater than that which exists in others. They turn toward him, they address themselves to him. We are in the working-room, he, my mother, and I ; at that time we inhabited the old Hotel Lamoignon, 24 Pav6e Street in the Marais; this time there is sunshine, too, in the shape of a big yellow streak which lengthens the designs of the carpet, a streak which I insist upon trying to polish by rubbing it with my hand. My mother is seated and writes ; my father also writes, but standing up, using a little plank screwed to the wall. Now and then he stops, turns about and puts a question to my mother. From the way in which they look at each other I divine that they are very happy. Now and then he quits his place, strolls up and down with long steps, repeating in a low tone phrases which I know are his " work." 6 Alphonse Daudet. These conversations of my father with himself when he " plunges into work," form part of my childhood's atmosphere. This expression of plung- ing into work often makes me pensive, but the most violent labor does not prevent him from rais- ing me in his arms when he passes near me, or of kissing me, or of standing me upright on an arm- chair or on a table, — a dangerous but delightful exercise, during which I feel perfect confidence as to his strength. Of all my comrades he it is who knows how to play the best. In a corner we have a great mass of paper balls, in order to have a snowball fight; we have a corner of the drawing-room where two armchairs placed together form an actual cabin, in which we do not fear the attacks of savages and where all the fruits of the Fortunate Isles grow in abundance. When winter's cold groups us about the fire, Robinson Crusoe's shelter is between the thin knees of my father; as to the roof of the cabin, that is his inevitable laprug which has been known to take on the strangest forms and reach the most unexpected destinations. The situation in my mind is twofold ; I know perfectly well that my father draws on his fancy and holds the thread of the plot ; nevertheless I believe in my own rdle and I inhabit with him a lonely country which a very terrifying conflagration ever lights up. Here is a painful matter: later, very much later, it must be a year and a half ago, when I had that typhoid fever and my father watched me every night; my vague and floating brain revived Last Moments. 7 those distant remembrances. As in the case of a weakened convalescent, my memory went back to pluck these flowers of my extreme youth. I trod again the pathway of the heaped-up years and with an inexpressible tenderness looked upon the handsome face of my belox-ed, turned toward me under the rays of the lamp ; he did not seem to be changed at all. ' Often, as he recalled it to me later, were our walks in the fields of Champrosay, roads given over to filial love, roads of my heart ! At that time I was hardly four years old and my father held me by the hand. I had an idea that I was leading him and constantly called out " Look out. Papa, beware of the little stones ! " Since that time, O Destiny, he has had need of my grown man's arm ! We passed again over the same paths, becoming gently melancholy the while. VVe called back again those fragile hours in the meadows and autumnal plains, the splendor of which he would celebrate in familiar brief phrases, and once more in the footpaths among the broom and common herbs the past touched the present. Our silence was filled with regret, for we had formed the most beautiful dreams of trips together, travels on foot yielding all the emotions and all the surprises which my friend knew how to ex- tract from the slightest episodes ; but his malady made all these things impossible ! " Do you know, Leon, under what guise the roads appear to me? As escapes from my pain! O, to flee away and disappear behind a bend of the 8 Alphonse Daudet. road ! How beautiful they are, those long pink turnpikes of France which 1 would have so liked to tread with you and your brother ! " He raised his black eyes with a great sigh, and I felt my love for him augmented by an immense pity. At the end of my childhood my father stands before me proud and valiant and ready for his growing fame. I know that he writes fine books, for his friends compliment him about them, his big friends whom I call the giants, who come to dine in the house — M. Flaubert, M. de Goncourt ! I am very fond of M. Flaubert; he kisses me with a loud laugh. He speaks in a very high voice and a very strong one, while he beats with his fists upon the table. When they are gone we talk about them with admiration. Then my education begins ; my father and mother undertake it all ; I shall talk about this later. At present simply a few recollections : We are in the country in Provence at the house of a friend. On a delightful morning filled with fragrances and the hum of bees my companion takes his copy of Virgil, his lap-rug and his short pipe. We settle down on the brink of a river ; the horizon, where lines of gold and rose are trem- bling, is of a divine purity and is heightened by the slender dark cypresses. My father explains the Georgics to me. Thus does poetry show itself to me ! All of a sudden, at a single stroke, the beauty of the verses and the rhythm of the singing voice and the harmony of the landscape — pane- Last Moments. 9 trate my heart. An immense beatitude invades me, I feel myself ready to weep, and as he knows what is passing within me, he draws me to his breast, increases the charm and shares in my enthusiasm ; I am fairly drunk with beauty. This time it is the evening. I come back from college after several courses in philosophy : with incomparable power Burdeau, our master, has just been analyzing Schopenhauer for us. Gloomy images have torn my soul ; positively, in that lecture I have eaten of the fruit of death and pain. Through what disproportion of things have the words of that sombre thinker completely con- quered me and won such an actual power in my impressionable brain? My father understands my terror ; I hardly say a word to him, but he sees something has been born within my look which is too hard for a growing boy. Then he goes about it. as before. He approaches me tenderly and he who is already filled with sombre presages about himself celebrates for my sake the glory of life in unforgettable terms. He talks of labor that ennobles everything; of goodness radiating happiness ; of the sense of pity which provides an asylum for the sad ; finally of love, the only consoler for death, love, which I only knew by name, but which was soon to be revealed to me and was to overwhelm me with happiness. How strong and pressing are his words ! He makes a radiant picture of that life on which I am embarking. Before his eloquence the arguments of the philosopher fall one by one ; he lo Alphonse Daudet. repulses triumphantly this first and decided attack of metaphysics. Do not smile, ye who read me ; to-day I under- stand the importance of that little family drama. Since that unforgettable evening I have gorged myself with metaphysics and I know that in that way a subtle poison has slipped into my brain as into those of my contemporaries. It is not through its pessimism that this philosophy is perilous, but because it carries people aside from life and overwhelms humanity in us. Bitterly do I regret that I did not jot down the lecture my father gave ; it would have been in many ways a great comfort. Thus I reach the final years, only stopping at the brighter points of that life of filial piety on which my whole being depends. If I speak of myself, still it is always he round whom the matter runs, because I was his field of trial — a field, alas, very often ungrateful and without a harvest. My father would have liked me to have entered the literary career in the line of instruction. It seemed to him that the finest of all duties was the education of young minds to the point of under- standing ideas, following them step by step, form- ing in them a character and developing in them the power of feeling. He admired all those in our epoch who have, as he was wont to say " taken charge of souls," and he showed a sympathy and respect to my masters at Louis le Grand College which most of them unquestionably will recall. By what way and wherefore did destiny at first Last Moments. ii drag me toward medicine? That is something of which I shall speak in another place. His own maladies and the visits of celebrated doctors unquestionably had a good deal to do with it, so impressionable is youth ! But the v^ery day on which that career repulsed me, the day I grew disgusted with the charnel house, its examinations and its competitions, he respected my evolution. My first literary essays, which I read to him at the Baths of Lamalou, were resolutely encouraged by him ; and from that very moment, entering into the estate on which he planted and caused to grow such magnificent trees, I profited every day by his counsel and experience. In the rare old copy of Montaigne that never left him, which carries on its yellow and green pages the traces of visits to many a noted thermal bath — in this book wherein he found every kind of instruction and every sort of comfort, I find that famous chapter on The Resemblance of Chil- dren to Their Fathers marked and annotated with special care. Unquestionably, he had realized for several years past that there had been roused in me, and almost without my knowledge, that strange literary demon from whom it is not possible to escape. When I confessed to him this new zeal which had filled me, he gave me a fine lecture which I remember perfectly. It took place in a vulgar and bare hotel room ; by some unusual chance my mother had been forced to stay in Paris with my brother Lucien and my sister Edm6e who was 12 Alphonse Datidet. then very young. He spoke to me with a gravity full of emotion, coming after his usual manner very near to my heart and my intelligence. He repre- sented to me the troubles of the profession of a man-of-letters, in which no one has a right to be an artist in the highest sense, because one remains always responsible for those who, reading one's books, might be troubled in mind thereby. He did not conceal from me the many and varied dif- ficulties which I would meet upon my way — even admitting that success would favor me, " which is very rare ! " To this he added some very simple rules, but so true ! — rules for sincerity and effect in style, the part played by observation and imagina- tion, the building up of a work, its method, and the relief to be given therein to the actors and their temperaments. I listened in a religious spirit. Well I under- stood that he was pouring forth to me, there, the accumulated result of his hard work and the finest crystallization of his mind. At about that time we were in the habit of reading Pascal of an even- ing in a loud voice from chamber to chamber and from bed to bed. He presented this sublime mas- ter of style to me along with his beloved Mon- taigne, not as if he were too lofty an example, but like a constant stimulus. He also spoke to me of his own sufferings, but in a manner almost like that of a philosopher in order not to make me sad ; and he insinuated that, for a number of souls who have not expressed themselves, literature was a solace and relief, such persons finding in it a Last Moments. 13 mirror and a guide. He showed me the near- est examples in Flaubert and the de Goncourt brothers. He closed with a eulogy upon life in all its forms, even the most painful. The light was failing, but still lit up his proud and delicate face. Filled with a sort of holy con- fidence, I traced his words back to their original meaning, back to those deep motives concerning which he was silent. Between us two there was some happiness but a great deal of anxiety. As I evoke them, I make them live again, decisive hours that they were ! From that day onward till his last hour he never ceased to counsel and instruct and guide me ; we got in the habit of such a way of talk that I was able to translate his silences, so that a single word from him was equivalent to long phrases. From that time forth, without a variation or truce, he was my impartial and tender critic. During his last years the fear of losing him grew upon me, but owing to that sorrowful privilege oi mine it made me attentive to his slightest word That has made it possible for me to write this book. I lived as it were in a cave where shone a perpetual flame ; our garden at Champrosay and his working room are crammed with the memories of conversations in which I limited myself to ques- tions concerning all the great problems of human- ity. I shall try to give some idea of his curt, elliptical and picturesque language, which really approached a human look, owing to its intensity, rapidity and the crowding of images. Of a surety 14 Alphonse Daudet, the novelist was a power and the future will show him to have been one still more ; but the man behind the novelist had not his equal for the treas- ures of experience and truth, which, like minted money, he poured forth from dawn to night. His friends knew his power of divination well ; he analyzed the most distant and varied events with an almost infallible acuteness. His rare mis- takes became for him so many causes for new observations of himself. His pitying, charitable nature was lightened by playful and ironical phrases in which tears seemed to mix with smiles. At our family table in the presence of my grandmother, whom he adored, his wife, whom he loved more than anything else, his baby daughter and two sons — at our delightful table which his departure has left so empty and silent, he took as much trouble in conversation as he would at a reunion of his friends. There indeed it was that death came to seize him on the i6th of December, 1897. It was during din- ner. I had come in somewhat late and found our little family met together as was usual in his work- ing-room. I gave him my arm into the dining- room and seated him in his big armchair. Whilst taking his soup, he began to converse ; neither in his movements nor his way of acting was there any- thing to announce such a disaster ; when, all of a sudden, during a short and terrible silence, I heard that frightful noise which one never forgets — a veiled rattle in the throat followed by another rattle. As my mother cried out we rushed toward him. Last Moments. 15 He had thrown his head backward ; that beautiful head of his was already covered with an icy sweat and his arms were hanging inert along his body. With infinite precautions my brother and I lifted him up and laid him on the carpet; in one second, behold the horror of death fallen upon our un- happy house ! Ah, the groans and lamentations and all the useless prayers addressed to one who had known how to give us everything, except just one little bit more of himself! The doctors came quickly. Dr. Potain, who loved him, tried every- thing possible and impossible. O frightful and heart-rending spectacle of the body which had given life to us and from which life had fled in a lightning flash ! So much kindness, gentleness and beauty, so much sympathy, so many generous enthusiasms, all are nothing more than a remem- brance for us ! An hour later, amid repressed sobs, he lies upon his bed as beautiful in the motionless gleam of the candles as his image in my heart. The bonds which attach us to him shall be broken only by our death, but now they are being lost in the darkness. Our memories have become the tombs where lie his motions and his words, his looks and his tender deeds. Here below love will keep no one from that path. Virtue keeps no one, genius keeps no one back. But as, broken and despair- ing, I bent over his most pure and lovely brow, it seemed to me that I heard these words: "Be of good cheer, the example remains ! " 11. LIFE AND LITERATURE. My father never separated life from literature; that was the secret of his influence. In his view art was accomplishment. To create types of hu- manity and free the souls of men, that before all else is what he longed to do. Many a time has he told me how his youth was devoured by that same love of life and how it was due to my mother, " his devoted, his sweet and tireless comrade in work," that he did not fool- ishly dissipate those gifts received from nature which at a later moment he employed in such a splendid way. He hardly thought of fame for a moment and let the important question of the future which awaits the works of dead men stand aside unquestioned. One day I read him a sentence by Lamartine from the Coiirs de Litteratuve which struck him; he asked me to repeat it, as he usually did when sowing new seeds in his memory. The poet speaks of " that marvellous shiver of sensibility, a forecast of genius, if the genius do not come to shipwreck from the passions." That shiver of sen- sibility was considered by my father the source of every work which was to last. Life and Literature. 17 In certain obituary articles, otherwise very well meant, I have read this sentence, which has caused me to smile : " Alphonse Daudet was not a thinker." No, certainly he was not and never was a thinker in pedantic fashion, a maker of abstractions and a juggler with obscure phrases ; that he was not ! But here on my table I have his books of notes where, every day, without wearying and with an incredible scrupulousness and patience, he wrote down the incessant workings of his brain. Every sort of thing is found here in these little books bound in black moleskin, all their pages rumpled, scratched and scribbled up and down and from side to side. At first one gets the impression of a tumult and a buzzing, a kind of regular trembling. That fine mind, I fancy, is completely awake in those notes, awake with all its revulsions and whirlwind changes, its comings and goings, its quick-dying flames and its fiery spaces. Then, after a great deal of attention, I pick out a kind of rhythm, the harmonious movement of his mind which had its origin in feeling; it multiplies itself, inspires itself with picturesque views, visions of travel, dreams and reminiscences, and traverses those colored and rosy regions where the miracle of art takes place ; where through the mystery of birth a vivid impression becomes the starting-point for a book or an essay. Then the tone rises; it remains living and clear, but becomes more precise and closely set; phrases crammed with experience of the world 1 8 Alphonse Daudet. appear placed side by side, without apparent bonds. Nevertheless they appear to belong to- gether like colors and brush strokes in some sketch by Velasquez or Rembrandt, phrases which contain a realism that is sometimes cruel and as if shudder- ing with anguish and sincerity, phrases which, like countenances modelled by the heart and the senses of man, arouse innumerable reflections. And in this abridged way and from this vibrat- ing cohesion and out of this tissue of flesh and nerves spring astonishing formulas, brilliant wit- nesses to his own soul, in generalizations far grander than those detached ideas of the human mind in which metaphysics lose themselves. To sum up in a word, this perpetual work of analysis, done with a sincerity which reaches the verge of crying aloud, reveals in the author's thought a constant ascension and purification ; it shows a zeal to carry the torch into the fogs and cobwebby corners of the human spirit and it ex- hibits, as it were, a patience pushed to the ideal point. There is more than passion alone, there is also the spirit of sacrifice. Sometimes I used to say laughingly to my father: "How you do derive from the Catholic blood ! " At the last analysis these notebooks reveal to us a soul in a complete state of sensitiveness where without doubt dogma has been obscured, but where religion has left its imprint on whatsoever religion offers that is at once touching and implacable. Me is certain to examine himself without cessation. He is sure to Life and Literature . 19 write down without delay whatsoever people have felt, whatsoever people have suffered. The joys of life and of death, the slow crumbling of our tissues, the unfolding of our hopes and disillusions are a terror for the greater part of mankind ; but the last and greatest terror is ourselves. This terror it is, this secret need of paltering with our con- science which makes somnambulists of us and causes us to hesitate before the confession which our heart makes to our heart through the long silence of the nights and days, even as we carry on our unseen and obscure existence ! The most powerful souls remain children rocked in the cradle of an ignorance which they voluntarily render denser and deeper, an ignorance which they keep tongueless and dark with shadows. Montaigne, Pascal and Rousseau were the three chief and violent admirations of my father. He himself was a member of that mighty family. He was never without his Montaigne. He annotated Pascal and defended Rousseau against the honor- able reproaches of those who are ashamed of shameful deeds and turn aside in disgust from things of the flesh. Without a moment's rest he entered into the abodes of these powerful mod- els, wandered through their, crypts and pondered over those redoubtable silences which lie between their confessions. He took to himself one of their thoughts and lived with it as with a lady-love, or some forgotten sister whose resemblances and dis- similar traits he was examining — all with that scrupulous earnestness which he brought to bear 20 Alphonse Daudet. upon matters of feeling. He put questions to the people about him, or to those who are on the wing, and even to the facts which happen every day. He loved the sincerity of those three geniuses, so ripe and so vast and so big. He proposed them as examples for himself He was thoroughly satu- rated with their substance through having con- versed with them so long. Was not that the work of a thinker? Well, of all the great books that lie open, that one which he studied more than any other was the book of life. Impressionable as we know him to be, his youthful days must have been extraordina- rily crowded with sensations and things of all kinds that 'attack the nerves, things which he was able to classify in his old age. But here is one of his most surprising characteristics : maturity did not show itself in his case either as a drying-up or a stoppage of development ; to the very end of his life, and only through suffering, he preserved intact the faculty of being moved. In our talks we used to compare that precious and most rare faculty to a constant sore on the spot through which force circulates, flooding over from the human being to nature and rising from nature to the human being. I remember that he likened it to the wound given by the Holy Spear that pierced the side of Christ. " Listen," said he to me one day, " listen to one of my visions ! Our Lord hangs on the cross ; it is dawn, a cold and biting dawn. There is the martyr so in love with life that he is willing to lose it after Life and Literature. 21 it has poured forth upon every one its charity and redemption, and toward the Master are rising the sounds of the city which is awaking to a new day — sounds and odors from perfumes and from kitchen hearths, noises of mighty crowds ; and then, much nearer, the groans and long lamentations at the foot of the cross. He drinks this all in through every pore and the taste of the vinegar becomes less bitter whilst the torture of the nails, of the cruci- fixion and of the lance wound becomes less keen. ..." He went no farther, but he laid a certain weight upon the last words, so that I might follow him on to the sequel. He did not insist upon particulars in these beautiful dreams, but left the care of com- pleting them to his listener, knowing that he who adds a little of himself understands better than if he be told all. This delicacy of feeling, often so acute that it reached the point of the inexpressible, remained perfectly straightforward notwithstanding, and never attacked the right and proper rule. That rule, which was perfectly simple and lucid, remained in him as a boundary not to be transcended. My father detested the " perversity " of certain minds, those unwholesome games played with the con-, science in which it has pleased certain remarkable men to indulge. This delicacy of feeling was alway on the alert. In his little note-books he talks of the hours with- out grace, in which the priest finds that his faith has left him, or in v/hich the lover, horrified by the 22 Alphonse Daudet. discovery, questions himself concerning the depth of his love. One of his preoccupations was never to harden himself in pain, but to remain accessible to all the emotions. For my part I have never known him to have any hours " without grace." In telHng a story he had a way which belonged to him alone, one his friends will never forget, nor indeed others who merely heard him once. The description followed close upon his memory of the affair and adapted itself to it like a wet garment. In their proper order he reproduced the facts and sensations necessary to the story, suppressing the intermediate ones and leaving, as he was wont to say, only " the dominant ones." " The dominant ones " — that word was always on his lips. By that he understood the essential and indispensable parts, the pinnacles of the book or the novel. " It is on these points," he used to add, " that it is necessary to let the light play." He used also to repeat: "Things have a sense and a side by which they can be grasped," and in that vague term " things " he understood what is animate as well as what is inanimate, whatever moves and expresses itself, as well as whatever agitates or weighs itself. In that way we penetrate the secret of his simple method which at first blush seems by no means simple and indeed is one which demands in a writer those natural gifts that were his. A lover of real things and of truth, he never ceased that search of his. As long as he was able Life and Literature. 23 to leave the house he went about in the greatest variety of places, never neglecting a chance and particularly never despising any human being. Most remarkable was it how he detested disdain as one of the forms of ignorance. Whether the person in question was a clubman in the drawing- room, or an artist, or a sick man, whether it was a pauper on the turnpike, or a forester, or a passer- by, or some workman met by chance, my father took advantage of his own prodigious turn for sociability or of his charmingly delicate kindness in order to break through that vulgar region where only hypocrisies are exchanged, thus penetrating to the soul of the person. He inspired in people that extraordinary con- fidence which springs from the delight of being understood and is doubled in pleasure by compas- sion ; and that compassion was not a role assumed for effect. I have seen very different kinds of people surrender their confidence to him with rapture. How many people suffer from recoil ! How many people feel themselves quite alone upon the earth, finding everywhere nothing but misfortune ! I have used the word method ; it has a false sound when applied to activity like his which is so human. Before everything else my father followed his own inclination, which was that of loving his neighbor and sorrowing and rejoicing with him. My mother, my brother and myself indulged in tender pleasantries over the wrath which boiled up in him on hearing of some act of injustice, or 24 Alphonse DaucCet. over the personal interest which he took in affairs as far as possible separated from him. When a cruel malady drew limits to his earlier modes of life — limits in a certain way less griev- ous, it is true, than people have stated — he opened his portals wide. He welcomed all misfortunes and listened patiently to the recital of every kind of distress. Never did one hear him complain of having his work interrupted in order to soothe an actual pain. Very few people duped or abused his confidence, for he knew how to uncover lies with extraordinary sagacity ; but even that did not irritate him: "The poor wretch," he often said to us with his delightful smile, " the poor wretch thought that he was deceiving me ; but I read falsehood on his face and divined it from the trem- bling of a little muscle down there in the corner of the mouth which I know very well ; it was made known to me also by the ' winkiness ' of his eyes ; there was a moment when I was on the point of betraying myself Pshaw ! he 's an unhappy crea- ture all the same." When the man was gone he would note down whatever in the conversation seemed to him pecu- liar and worthy of memory. And his memory, besides, was infinite, for, notwithstanding his bad sight, he could recall a name, a figure, a gesture, an odd habitual motion or a form of speech after several years had gone by. He suddenly asked one of his old fellow pupils of Lyons College, whom he had not seen for thirty years. " Why, you still have it there on the nail of your Life and Literature. 25 thumb, I do believe ! That Httle blood-red mark that used to astonish me when you wrote ! " His most vivid recollections comprised one of the emotions of the past which he reconstructed for us with complete fidelity to fact. I still have ringing in my ears an account of a conflagration in which the flames were still crackling, and through which the outlines of firemen and half-nude women ran helter-skelter. He appeared on the scene of the combat pouring water himself and having water poured on him, holding a lance in his hand. He had attained the age of ten years ! " Stay there, boy ! " one of the life-savers said to him. He did stay there until the flames came and burned ofl" his eyelashes and licked at his hands. And he had never forgotten the cries, or the cracking of beams, or the flares of light, or the terror on the counten- ances, or his own particular emotion mixed with joy. And how he did tell us all that ! With what exact and striking strokes of the brush ! Another time it was an inundation from a sudden freshet in the Rhone, with the strokes like a batter- ing ram in the cellars delivered by the running water; this he recalled, adding detail to detail, while his thought turned back to the past. Then the crashing boats and that very boat on which he stood, and the drunken feeling of danger he had ; then the people invaded by the flood, perched in clusters on the roofs of houses, and again, the moaning gulfs and whirlpools, the irresistible qual- ity of the waters. The peculiarity of a mind like his is this : it 26 Alphonsf Daudet. makes a sort of tapestry out of so many different kinds of images, groups everything and classifies everything unconsciously through the slow labor of perfection. From the natural tendency of images to come together, through that movement of im- pressions which have been received, which brings them into contact the one with the other, it thus forms the complete bundle of impressions. The peculiarity of a mind of that kind is that it makes use of the slightest touches in its incessant labor in order to compare things, deduce and amplify them without deforming them, just as naturally as the heart beats and the lungs inhale. Take the works of the great writers. Note with care the dominant points ; it will be very surprising if you do not notice two or three fixed and well defined pictures among the most varied and rich descriptions ; they return periodically but they are painted in new colors. Among the wealth of char- acters created by Balzac, Goethe or Dickens or Tolstoy, there are certain primordial turns of char- acter, certain basic elements in nature which are central and marking points. Life has given them into the hand of genius. Genius has returned them to life while decking them with all its own prestige. Thus it was with my father. I can well remem- ber his astonishment when, having begged his friend Gustave Toudouze to make a selection from his works in which only examples of materialistic love should be found, the latter pointed out in the long line of his novels and dramas a constant return to the motive of " the mother," who is herself the Life and Literature. 27 sum and entirety of human tenderness. Without his knowing it, the figure of her who conceives us, bears, nourishes and educates us, suffers with our sufferings and becomes radiant with our own hap- piness, and ceaselessly sacrifices herself for us, that admirable and spotless figure had taken pos- session of him. In his eyes she was the grandest and deepest problem of the heart, and, without his having noticed it, this problem had ever harassed him under all its forms. He attached an enormous value to the emotions which open up our lives. " There is a period," he cried, "when one \^2iS finished printing. After that come the second editions." And often I have found him occupied by this other thought, subsid- iary to the last: "In the human being there is a centre, a nucleus which never changes and never takes on wrinkles ; whence our astonishment at the swift flight of the years and the functional and physical modifications that befall us." When one of these statements caught hold of him he was not satisfied with a formula, however clear-cut and well-defined. In the first place a formula scared him. He saw in a formula the image of death, he wished to nourish it with exam- ples. He believed that on the day when the for- mula would no longer apply directly to life it would lose its sincerity and become a dead leaf. " Humanity," that is the grand word which includes all those tendencies which I am now piously un- ravelling here, a word full of blood and nerves, which was the motto of my tender friend. 28 Alphonse Daudet. During those last years we often went out to- gether. As long as he was able to choose his carriage at the station, it was always the most for- bidding and dilapidated he took, a carriage which he thought nobody else would accept. I remem- ber a very old coachman, driving with great diffi- culty a very old horse and seated on the tottering box of one of those fantastic cabs such as one may find waiting for the night trains. My father had adopted this wretched team as his own and as soon as we turned the corner of Bellechasse Street we were sure to see it jogging toward us. On his part the old fellow had fallen in love with this easy- going customer, who never found fault with his slowness and his lack of cleanliness. One of the last times that we took him, before he went to complete wreck among the shadows of Paris, what did he think of but a plan of writing large, in big red letters, on the panels and on th£ glasses of the cab, the initials A. D., thus calling attention and announcing himself as the property of the person who had taken compassion upon him ! A crowd of Httle reminiscences of this sort fly about my heart. I do not hesitate to jot some of them down, so that when you read his great books, dripping with emotion and sweetness, you may know that they were the fruit of a sincere soul, as splendid in his slighter movements as in his long and patient efforts. Naturally our outings were but little varied. We caused ourselves to be driven along the Champs- Elysees as far as the Arc de Triomphe. My father Life and Literature. 29 loved that splendid sloping way, which recalled to him so many memories, recollections that I fol- lowed in his expressive eyes, eyes always turned toward the picturesque, seizing upon and defining humanity with a fabulous quickness. If he felt himself more than usually melancholy, we went to Bethune Quay, where the history of Paris vibrates from the ancient stones as they warm beneath a pale autumnal sun. Beloved sun, how my father did adore you ! Though meagre and pale, that sun recalled to him his balmy Provence, the very name of which would cause his face to change and would bring back color to his pallid cheek. " Primeval joy: to cook one's back in the sun ! " ' Oh, for a good cagnard^ down there toward the Durance ! " he would sa}% resting gently on my arm and looking into the whirling water of the Seine. Whereupon, as if given wings by his dream, he would start off on his voyage toward one of those mirages which made a perpetual enchantment of his slightest conversation. It might start with some trivial remark : a ray of light on the forged iron of a balcony, a pane of glass lit with the sun, a reflection flung up from the river. Stimulated by some nice parallel — and no one loved exact nicety so much — he would squeeze my arm a little and his imagination would rouse itself. The merely picturesque tired him quickly. It was necessary that something 1 A little shelter from the wind made of reeds in which to lie and sun oneself. 30 Alphonse Daudet. human should intervene. All he needed was a half-opened shutter to cause him to picture the entire interior with the poetical decision of the old masters of Holland. It might be an anxious old woman's outline, an old man drinking in his last sip of sunlight, or some mark of tenderness in the people — childhood or decrepitude; he divined their meaning, combined and evoked their story, glad at his own discoveries ; and so ever with a gay and easy air he scattered abroad his energy and verbal treasures: "We are still playing Robinson Crusoe, my boy," said he, "just as we did in the old times under the lap-rug. Every one of these good people is living on his own narrow island, very zealous indeed on the subject of his nourishment and the satisfaction of his interests ! " During a terrible summer's heat on that very Bethune Quay we saw a workman stripped to the waist who was laughing under the spout of a watering-cart which was being vigorously played upon him. That powerful torso, that masculine attitude, those swollen muscles, his powerful short neck and erect head, these formed a departing point for a magical improvisation. How he gloried in the robustness and simplicity of the man ! What splendid things he said concerning sculpture and muscles played upon by the sun, concerning sweat and water, the caryatids carved by Puget, and that antique vision which appeared round the corner of a Parisian street ! There ! I can see his quick and generous smile, I can hear his laugh. For, notwithstanding his Life and Literature. 31 sufiferings, he preserved his gayety and took advantage of the sHghtest respite ; fun sprang spontaneously and irresistibly from a character so in love with nature, so ready to seize upon amus- ing thoughts at the very moment that they were making him sad. We never knew one of his rare fits of wrath which could not be disarmed by a droll turn of words. Then it was delightful to see how his severe face changed, how he yielded with delight, only too glad to return to the usual sweetness of his nature. It was when he happened to be with his old friend Frederic Mistral, whom he loved and cherished, it was at that charming table of his where genius sat enthroned, or else it was at the house of the Parrocels, likewise in Provence, that I have seen him oftenest the cause and starting- point of tumultuous fun. His inherited race char- acteristics, his surroundings and contact with his compatriots roused in him vivid, unexpected, im- promptu dramatic power. He imitated the differ- ent accents in the dialects between Valence and Marseilles, the very attitudes and gestures of the people. He gave us the benefit of the two voices in the same narrator — that voice which claims all the advantages, counsels, lays down the law and defines things, as well as that voice which starts contradictions, stutters and goes all to pieces. He gave us the worthy citizen, the " Cato in very low relief," the sententious man, libidinous and longfaced, whom the boarding-school teachers fear. He played the politician with dishevelled 32 Alphonse Daudet, hair, slipping in the vehemence of his speech into the most dangerous metaphors. Then we would get " dear old Father Oily," or the godly woman confessing herself in the confessional box and the same woman cursing a station master : or, again, a customs officer, a servant, a child who clamors for his orange, the crowd collected at a bull- fight. In one of our first trips down South we were in a waiting room of the tavern while the rain fell without; the presence of his dear friends Aubanel, Mistral and Felix Gras who were drinking with us and the giddy joy of "showing them ofif" to his wife, his Parisian girl, roused in him memories of his most turbulent youth. The round table of poets grew wildly excited. There were songs from the countryside, old Christmas waits in which tears were mixed with smiles, rich ballads from lies d'Or and passionate cries from the Grenade Entr' ozwerte . The correct and warm voice of my father dominated the noise and showed me its beauty by its rhythm. Enthusiasm was seen on every face; the real sun of Provence was shining there in that tavern ! It is that frantic fun, it is that flashing of gayety which make Tartarin and Roumcstan such rare and charming books, true products of the soil, warm and savory, juicy and brilliant. But the fine characteristics in my father's nature sparkled all through his life before they came to ornament his books. When I open one of them I hear his sweet and quiet accent ; how is it possible to separate Life and Literature. 33 that memory from the part which the future will find to admire in him? As a matter of fact his celebrated irony was really the fine flower of his tenderness. By means of that irony he escaped from the commonplace and avoided the bitterness of comparisons. By means of it he brushed artifice aside. Gifted with so spontaneous a talent, he escaped vulgar comedy ; endowed with a sensitiveness which was sharp and even cruel, he softened its effect with smiles and appeased its acridity with those twists and turns which leave the soul of the reader trem- bling and impressed, instead of overwhelmed with gall. This irony, purely Latin in its genius, has been compared to the sarcasm of Henri Heine. Such parallels are almost always false. Heine was an exquisite poet but an exile and a nomad, having no connection with his own soil and suffering from the fact that he could not find a surrounding nature. He makes the whole world responsible for his disquiet. Hardly has he excited emotion, when he puts us to the rout with a bitter grin. He sneers at our hearts and at his own heart. Gifted with a nature of marvellous harmony, he throws all his sensations into disorder, and when one ap- proaches him to sympathize, he escapes from us with a grimace. My father knew well the beaten footpaths of his own friendships. He used to speak of a ballad from the north of France in which a woman who sees her husband again after a long absence begins to weep. This 3 34 Alphonse Dmidet. same ballad in its Southern version makes her keep herself from smiling. In that little allegory he was defining his own character. In his little note-books I read a reproach ad- dressed to the husband who relates to his young wife all the love adventures of his past: "Idiot, you '11 find out later " is the end of the note. Under that simple form, behold the irony. It is a mask for pity. The picture in Jack of the men have " missed fire," the supper of the Old Guard in Sappho and one page or other of L Immortel , are further examples of that tendency he had to move his readers by taking the slant road, if the direct path seemed too much trodden. That is the resource for a warm heart which has a cer- tain bashfuiness with regard to over-vivid and too- apparent sensations. In this manner the author of Femmes d' Artistes and of Tartarin, of Le Nabab and of V Immortel rose to the height of lofty satire, which is nothing else but an inverted lyricism and constitutes the revenge of generous souls. Irritated and wounded, the poet causes the brazen string to vibrate ; but there is never anything too harsh, even amid the most bitter assaults ! " Implacability," that word made him ponder. Every fault seemed to him capable of correction and every vice capable of remedy; he sought for some excuse for every crime. I have found the finest arguments in favor of human liberty and of the resources offered by the moral world in that same life of his, so simple and open to the day. Life and Literature. 35 The man who has been reproached in so silly a way for never having given forth metaphysical ideas seemed to me on the contrary ever troubled with those great problems of the world within us, which are now the mirage of inspiration and now the mainspring of our actions. Among philosophers he admired Descartes and Spinoza, as much for their lucidity of mind as for their minute and anxious researches into the play of human passions. If his love of life drew back before the extra-terrestrial form of those mathe- matical formulas applied to flesh and spirit; if he preferred Montaigne's method, he also loved, as he said, to " inhale a breath upon the lofty heights " of Spinoza's Ethics. He often said that it would have been singularly interesting if some Claude Bernard should annotate these commentaries on the movements of the soul. For Schopenhauer he had a very pronounced taste. That combination of incisive humor and power of dialectics, that tissue woven of the black- est arguments and picturesque aphorisms delighted him. I read aloud long extracts from Schopen- hauer; having taken them thoroughly in, he pon- dered over these readings, and took them up again on the morrow, enriching them with subtle remarks. We used to talk everywhere and at all times. He delighted in shutting himself up with me in his dressing room ; I can see him now interrupting himself to discuss a point, a comb or a brush in his hand, and then, when our ideas began to get into 36 Alp house Daudet. a fog, thrusting his head down into the basin '* in order to clear up our ideas." " My boy, the action of fresh water on the brain in the morning is a grand problem all of itself! The man who, having made a night of it, has not washed himself or made his toilet, is capable of performing the most frightful follies, and is incapable of the mean- est train of argument." Incidentally I have spoken of his conscientious- ness. He returned always to the same subject without ostentation and without dulness, as long as anything which was obscure remained. He would not take words for coin, " Sellers of phrases " — that is what he called those hard- skulled reasoners who would like to run the moral world by mathematics and in accordance with fixed laws. "I do detest the automatic point of view ! " he would also cry, when considering some icy and involved analysis ; and as to this " automatic point of view " he showed how it killed off every kind of frankness and all original impulse, down to the simple happiness that comes from creation. Suffering, which is so relaxing and persuasive, has periodical phases. The song of the nightingale is capable of inspiring in us disgust for a delicate machine. What poetry there is in the fall of the leaves, the retardation of waters as they turn to ice, if at the same time one thinks of the alterna- tion of the seasons ! Unless I am mistaken, metaphysics themselves, having finally taken up the consideration of the Life and Literature, 37 feelings, will take account in the near future of those very arguments which arc called reasoning from feeling, which so profoundly correspond with our need of liberty for the mind. Unless I am mistaken, the grand philosophical system that we shall have to-morrow will put emotion in the first rank and will subordinate all else to it. Possessed of an absolutely honest intellectual process and ever a prey to constant scruples, my father never hesitated to acknowledge himself igno- rant of anything: "I do not know — Why, I did not know that ! " His eye would brighten at once. Filled with the delight of learning, he would forget other people and busy himself only with that per- son who could bring to him a novel point of view or a story full of useful results. His knowledge was vast and accurate. More- over he surprised me sometimes, when our talk fell upon some scientific or social subject, by the truth of his information and the largeness of his views. He read enormously and with method, and assimilated difficult questions to his mind with marvellous quickness. He demonstrated the strength and the weakness of an argument and called attention to the paradox. His love of truth was of use to him there as always, since it freed him from prejudice and refreshed his logical strength. Long-winded theories bothered him: " Let us get' forward to the picture." I can see the movement of his hand sweeping aside mere words. He had a real and abiding love for Latin and Greek. Because he admired education, he made 38 Alphonse Daudet. of education one of the grand mainsprings of humanity and was up in arms against the new pedagogues who try to restrict the study of dead languages : " Certain men and women," cried he, " who pos- sess the innate gift of style, have instinctively the taste and the tact to choose the words which they employ. A woman of that kind was the much-to-be-admired Sevign^. But that sort of mind is a great exception. Most people get from classical study a benefit v/hich nothing else can replace. The mind which feels the beauty of Tacitus, Lucretius or Virgil is very near being that of a writer." Tacitus was always to be found upon his table by the side of Montaigne. He read from him a little at a time, only a page or two, and then trans- lated him after a style which I have found in very few masters. Besides, he had already shown a proof of his cleverness in that line by his transla- tion into French of the admirable Provencal prose of Baptiste Bonnet. And as far as the Annals are concerned, I have seen him for hours at a time feverishly hunting for a faithful and correct expres- sion, as anxious to fulfil the poetic rights of the ear as those of the mind. Difficulties delighted him. How often, whilst I was making my studies, when too arid and close a text had brought me to a stop, did I leave the book on his table of an evening ; the next morn- ing early I would find it there with the French translation opposite. My professors complimented Life and Literature. 39 me and gave out my work as examples to the class. At the general competitions for rhetoric I remem- ber a sentence which had shipwrecked the strong- est of us. The line has remained in my memory, it is such a model of a Chinese puzzle. " Ut cortina sonet celeri distincta meatu." My father took the accursed page, and, whilst he walked once round the garden, translated it for me without hesitating into words quite as strong, robust and brilliant as those of the author; and he added, in order to console me : " Certain pages, and those by no means the least beautiful, of my dear de Goncourt will cer- tainly prove as difficult for the college boys to come as that line is." He broke me into my Latin by reading the verses or fragments of examples in prose with which Montaigne interlarded his Essays: " As for us people of the South, the classic phrase has never died out amongst us. Just look at this Gascon of the sixteenth century ! He de- lights in manuscripts ever opened and reopened. Parchments preserved in monasteries and libraries have the authority of oracles to him, of messages from the past. He clothes his modern arguments in toga and buskins. He grafts the sibylline leaves upon his thick-leaved tree. The ' Renaissance,' my dear boy — have you ever comprehended the entire meaning of that splendid word? It is Pan the Great restored to life. Rising from out old dusty scrolls, a tremendous shudder ran through 40 Alphonse Daudet. souls alive with beauty. ' Why, then, let Gascon words fill the gap,' said Montaigne, ' if French will not do ! ' But there was Latin also and Greek besides. ' Let beauty show, let plainness hide its head,' as our own Mistral sings. " Don't you see him, that happy Michel who shows us Michel himself and recognizes in him the nature of all men, don't you see him in his library, trembling with enthusiasm before the grandeur of nature, gesticulating, like the regular Southerner he is, at the memory of some line from Lucretius which delights him and corroborates his thought? Antiquity pulses through his heart. Thirst for learning consumes him. And over everything else stands the necessity of expansiveness, of telling all about himself, which is so active in modern char- acters as they are still found among us." Such bits of talk as this have remained in my intellectual treasury. Alas, I have just perceived that there is lacking to it the warm Southern accent, the " monster " itself And, as happens in meetings constantly renewed, we were apt to return to the same subjects ; but each time my father added something. Until the day of his death his life was a perpetual seeking. Some few friends are able to recall the memory of a page from Rabelais read aloud by him. He had found a good many bushes and fronds and flowers from the South in that forest of Gargantua and of Pantagruel. The author's long stay at Montpellier explains these reminiscences in Rabe- lais. At the end of his own copy my father has Life and Literature. 41 noted down the chief localisms ; naturally they greatly stirred his lively soul. He mimicked for us the entire tempest scene or else the adventures of Gargantua, booming up his voice to the diapa- son of frenzy, laughing at himself at the same time, throwing back his hair, sticking his eyeglass into his eye, fairly drunk with the power of words the while. Another day it would be Diderot whom he would take up and celebrate by declaiming his most brilliant pages, the most vibrating of those in Ceci n\st pas un conic, Maintes lettrcs a Made- moiselle Volland, or else Lc Ncveu de Ranteau. At another time it would be Chateaubriand, in whom he admired his long deep breath and his rhythm like the tremendous swing of billows. In his verses he pointed out that epic tone which is applied to familiar reminiscences, that splendor of a soul which never weakens, though always melancholy and as it were draped in the classic folds of mourn- ing for its lost illusions. I would have to pass the entire French literature in review in order to cite the literary gods my father adored and invoked, from whom in his sorrowful hours he demanded comfort. O the miracles wrought by poetry ! Our friend and parent is wrapped in gloom ; he is suffering. We hesitate to speak to him, knowing too well what his answer will be. All of a sudden a name or a quotation uttered by one of us brings life back to his look, as if it were the coming of a friend or a well-known air of music. In a moment he asks 42 Alphonse Daudet. what is going on and is all excitement. He must have the book and the page ! Lucien or I run to the library. Oftener it is my mother who takes the trouble, because she has a clear and soft voice and never hurries. Here are the Confessions or the Memoires d' Outrc-Tombe. At the first words uttered my father is no longer the same man. He approves and degustates, his head inclined forward in the attitude of meditation as he stuffs his little English pipe. He interrupts. He asks us to go on again. He questions the author and discusses a matter with him. Enthusiasm has driven out suffering and moroseness and started up again the fires of youth. Now it is our turn to listen, and the hours pass as in a dream, and those magnificent phrases of a past generation live once more a pallid life at the touch of a wand from a magician such as he was. So, across the ages, do those who love and seek out beauty begin their lives anew. Since the love of research is universal in a mind of that kind, I would hardly know how to tell its depth and width. The misfortune of a study of this sort is that of necessity one is limited. One of the virtues in the model I have before me was exactly that continuity of his, his harmoniousness, or, if one may so express it, the architecture of his joys and sorrows. So it was that, being a connois- seur of words and always surrounded by dictiona- ries of the first class, such as that compiled by Mistral, he loved to examine the debris and metamorphoses of a word. Thence derive his Life and Literature. 43 exactness and the beautiful clearness of his style. Every one of those noble feelings was a guide and torch to his feet. He judged of a word by his ear which in him possessed delicacy and a supreme wisdom ; and by his eye, because in spite of his short sight, he was a seer. He weighed the word and rolled it on his tongue like a connoisseur; for there is more than one noun which will evoke an entire period for us, more than one adjective whose historical importance is greater than that of a manuscript or a suit of armor. He avoided the exceptional and precious, know- ing well that there is often a rare quality in some word of seemingly common appearance ; he left its true meaning to every term, being an enemy of the torturing of language, because he understood its structure so well. It is one of the follies of our time to believe that limpid transparency cannot exist along with depth. There are rivers whose pebbly bottoms gleam as if they lay just beneath the surface — but a giant may drown himself therein ! He reiterated : " I hate monsters ! " The con- versations of Eckermann and Goethe which for a long time were his breviary (for he changed his intellectual loves and only showed a continuous fidelity to Montaigne) are confirmation of several stages in that thought. My father sided with Goethe, whose motto " Reality and Poetiy " seemed to him to sum up the wisdom of mankind. He was also wont to say : " Nothing in excess ! " and 44 Alp house Daudet. in truth sanity of mind and a hatred of that too- much, which one finds unfortunately among most Southerners, were brought to their highest expres- sion in him. " On Goethe's side against Jean-Paul " — how often have we not held discussions concerning tendencies. " Art " was one objection he made " is not merely the expression of one's own char- acter; the man who does not drive the monsters out of his own soul is very soon devoured by them." When we were discussing this question we would, often glide quickly to composition and the architec- ture of a work, to which he accorded capital impor- tance ; according to him it was the condition of its durability: "Every book is an organism. If its organs are not in place, it must die and its corpse become a nuisance." And since he had given great thought to the putting of order and rule into his novels and dramas, he also wished to make his interior and outward life harmonious. For this work a great mass of knowledge and of studies seemed to him necessary. In his librafy, beside all the great masters, the stories of life and adventure were found on the main shelves. He stated that the love he bore for men of action had been developed in his case by the necessity of a sedentary life : " I accomplish through imagination whatever my body does not allow me to do." He knew in detail all the campaigns of his hero Life and Literature 45 Napoleon and the journeys of his other hero Stan- ley, as well as expeditions to the North Pole. When people talked to him of the nineteenth century, so restless and full of tumult and perhaps more covered with incomplete monuments than any other, he defined it with two names : " Hamlet and Bona- parte; one the prince, not only of Denmark, but of the life of man within; the other, a source of the grandest deeds and of the entire gamut of gesticu- lation." As for Stanley, he did not boggle at comparing him to the victor of Austerlitz. The works of this distinguished man never left him. He read them on, without wearying. During a recent touch of typhoid fever which befell me and which I shall have reason to mention often as one of the lumin- ous summits of paternal tenderness, when I was lying inert for hours with scarcely a bit of memory or intelligence remaining, he tried to bring my wandering faculties back by reading to me some pages from Through Darkest Africa, or from Five Years on the Congo. He sat close to my bed toward the end of day on one of those sultry days near the close of May which are so trouble- some to a convalescent. He held the big book in his weak hands; he wanted to carry me far, far away (using the remedy which was a solace to his own sufferings) in the wake of the intrepid trav- eller, overwhelmed by a much heavier fever than mine, through that land of dangerous plants, and beneath the shadowy dome of leaves. " His only hope was in his companions, Jephson, 46 Alphonse Daudet whom you saw at our house, a brave boy with ruddy cheeks, and that dehghtful Dr. Clark. And notwithstanding his delirium he retained his feeling of responsibility. He remained the chief in the midst of all his sufferings. What an extraordinary reservoir of energy ! Every Thursday he explained to our guests that Stanley was not a cruel man, as envious people have insinuated, but that on the contrary he was the most humane and least ferocious of conquerors ; that he was as just as he was firm. In London, during a journey which to-day is precious for its slightest episode, where we met the man whom he so much venerated, when he had him beside him on a little low sofa it was one of the most touching spectacles in the world to see the affectionate relationship of two souls which understood one another so well. I state again : the man for whom my father had such a real and tangible friendship is not a bad man ; in him one may admire one of the finest types of the Anglo- Saxon race, but one who belongs to all the races through the discovery of a continent, through a lucidity of mind equal to his courage and a clear and unhypocritical judgment. At the time of that very jaunt abroad which made it possible for my father to understand England, he also had the delight of visiting " Hamlet" at the same time that he met " Napoleon." I allude to George Meredith, that extraordinary novelist whose fame is brilliant on the heights, on the very noblest summits of the mind, and will come down some Life and Literature 47 day to delight the crowd whenever the torches take up the march. What a dehghtful visit to that green country about Box-Hill all decked with trees and waters, where the author of The Egoist and Modern Love and of twenty masterpieces wel- comed at one and the same time his comrade in letters and the family of that comrade with a tender and spontaneous charm ! How I cherished you that day, O master of the bitterest thought, of the most robust and liberal thought ! I understood you to the verge of tears ! What things passed that day between the looks you gave forth and those that emanated from your brother in intellect ! What hours worthy of you and of your power of analysis were passed in that cottage where lights and shades played about your aureole. O, vast and subtle heart, and friend of the French to the point of having defended them in 1 870 with a piece of verse unique in its generosity! You are the genius whose brain devours him and who with a subtle smile rails upon evil ! Hamlet? yes, you were Hamlet for Alphonse Daudet and his following, a mirror as it were of Shakespeare on that spring afternoon when nature herself became mor- al, when the black pine-trees were trembling like so many human bodies, when the lawns themselves seemed to have the softness of human flesh ! Above and beyond love there is another love and it was that you gave as a gift to your comrade, a man as ardent as you are for life and just as yearning for beauty. I ponder over you in these sombre hours as a holder of those secrets which 48 Alphonse Daudet people who arc detached from this world hug to their breasts, or as those raisers of ghosts who pursue phantom shades. The image of your mag- nificent and pure features shall never be separated from the one for whom I weep because they have lost their perishable shape. As far as Napoleon Bonaparte is concerned, one man satisfied the passion that my father felt for him, namely, our friend Frederic Masson. For many years he clamored for those books in which the life of his military god was followed day by day, in which the author unravelled the motives, the character and the adventures of Napoleon. When Masson's books appeared he could not leave them ; he boasted of their worth to every person who came in ; he declared that the task which he himself had so often dreamed was now accomplished, — namely, to reconstitute the man in his completeness, further the love of him and rouse the whole race. The author of that final and definitive work will hardly deny the statement if I affirm that he met with the greatest encourage- ments in his " dear Daudet." He was not only in love with the heroes of action, my father also celebrated the lives of the obscure and devoted ones, those who were sacri- ficed to glory ; from Rossel " a reversed Bona- parte," "a starless one " whose name returns more than fifty times in the little note-books, down to the bold hero of Port-Breton, down to Blanqui whom Gustave Gefifroy has made famous, down to Rimbaud the prodigious and the Marquis de Life and Literature. 49 Mort;s — in fact all those who nourished tremen- dous plans, men, as he often repeated, following the striking formula of Baudelaire, for whom action " has never been the sister of their imagination." His shelves were filled with a multitude of pam phlets referring to the works and deeds of these knights-errant, these men of imagination, these deserters from an existence according to the code, who risked their lives without hope of return, railed at and tempted destiny, throwing their bodies as food to the ravpns and the future, men who opened up new paths and disdained death. " That scorn of death which makes man invin cible " — he placed that above everything. He was tremendously interested in the Trappists, whom he had visited in Algiers, and in the Foreign Le- gion and in the fits of desire for revolution and in outbursts of unemployed energy seen among those boiling courages which are confined with- out enough breathable air by our false-faced soci- ety, courages which are lamed by the tight boots of the law. Enthusiasm of this sort brought in play two sides of his nature, his taste for risks and his love for humble folk. For weeks at a time he was haunted by the defence of Tuyen-Quan by Domine and Bobillot. His fantastic faculty of turning him- self into others, which I shall examine in detail, permitted him to take on himself the role of every one and follow his blunders and weaknesses and recoveries. " You who love philosophy so, why don't you make two monographs, one on Scruple 4 50 Alpho7ise Daudet. and the other on Risk, and show the -points where they meet? Give powerful examples, don't fear to lay it on thick ! Your old father will supply you with the images." On my return from a trip to the Alpine Club a month before his death I told him that I had made the acquaintance of Capt. Camps, one of the defen- ders of Tuyen-Quan; his delight was endless: " I am sure you did not know how to make him talk ! What did they eat? When did they sleep? The cries of the Chinese during the night ! And the battles following one another ! Tell me, tell me ! " Alas, I have not his power of glancing through a man as through a book. That last expression always delighted him, for it justified his method ; one of his last happinesses was the dedication to Grosclaude at the beginning of the book on Madagascar. " Grosclaude, a Parisian, a witty talker, and a subtle artist. He is all energy and does not know his own powers. O the admirable French race ! " The war of 1870 was a revelation to him; it made a man of him. He realized this one evening when on guard in the snow ; at the same time he had his first attack of pain and of remorse for the indolence which permitted him to sing and write light verses and current prose without a serious or durable life-work. He adored all military trap- pings; the music of regimental bands set him aglow " like a colonel's horse ; " an officer's title opened wide his door and his heart: "Those who have formally made a sacrifice of their life Life and Literature. 51 stand on a higher plane than all other people." One of the few questions in which he would admit of no alternative view was the question of patriot- ism. I intend some day to tell in a pamphlet, a special pamphlet furnished with documents, what his conduct was during the Terrible Year ; accord- ing to him that year was marked by not only a change in himself, but a complete metamorphosis of the nation — customs, prejudices and culture. If I spoke well of a German, he lauded the liter- ature of Germany and murmured in a melancholy way " Oh, our little fellows in their defeat ! " He felt more keenly than anybody the disorder shown in everything during that tragic epoch. Owing to our lack of reminiscences he desired that my brother and I should be exactly informed, so he surrounded himself with all the French and foreign works which speak of the Franco-German war. During our sojourn at Champrosay this very sum- mer he related to us in detail his impressions and his anguish ; in a way it was his patriotic last will ; he desired that the account of the defence at Chateaudun should belread and re-read in the com- mon schools. His powers of persuasion were such that he fashioned me after his own mind, and I saw that he was happy therein. I beheve that he loved his sons as much as anybody, but without a shadow of hesitation he would have devoted us to the flag. I made it a reproach to him to have never put in black and white that analysis of our disasters which he alone was capable of writing; but he 52 Alphonse Daudet. shook his head : " One cannot elevate souls by such a story ; for a warlike country like our own it is necessary to sound the clarions of victory." One admirable thing about him — this man who had done his entire duty always modestly held his tongue about it; but the wound never healed. When Madame Adam came to see him the talk fell naturally enough upon revenge ; my dear patroness and he were not afraid of anything. He was proud to learn that our army on the first line seemed absolutely ready ; " I have never doubted the right intentions of any one. Our governors are in error when they accept humiliations. And yet, after all is said . . . who knows ? . . . There 's the grand mystery. . . . Where is the leader? ..." I can say that his last days were darkened by the Dreyfus affair. " I saw Bazaine," he repeated, anguish in his face, " I saw Fort Montrouge after the treason, the distress and sad horror of the brave men who caused themselves to be killed next day." Eager as he was in favor of justice, anxious as he was that every creature should have his rights and clever as he was^o unravel the threads of intrigue, he could never reconcile himself to the idea that a nation might be disorganized intention- ally, certainly not without immediate and striking proofs. The man who sells his own country seemed to him unworthy of any pity whatever. On the morning of the catastrophe I promised him that Rochefort would come in person to confirm him in his certainty. The idea of the visit de- lighted him, because he much admired the great Life and Literature. 53 pamphleteer and recognized in him a unique gift of observation analogous to the divining power of Drumont. " Unquestionably that comes from his long exile. He looks at and judges things from afar, but he has scented the needs of our interests." He had that power of scenting things out, him- self, although he disdained the actual politics of social clowns and phrasemongers. His opinion on this question is expressed in a chapter of his last novel Soiitien de Famille : "It is through the lobbies of the Chamber of Deputies that the blood of France is being lost." But what irritated him more than anything else was the bad faith shown by parties and their universal hypocrisy. No one better than he has described " the plat- form effects and gestures and rhetoric of second- class actors," all that macaronic verbiage which makes up the conjugation of the word "to govern." If there ever was a man in the world who loved the populace with a real and unaffected love, it was he, I recall our walks in Paris on the first national fes- tivals of the 14th of July (we were then living in the Marais), his happiness at the sight of the ban- ners and women in their Sunday clothes and radiant men carrying their boys on their shoulders. He fraternized with everybody, offered people drinks, extolled the good looks of the children *' whom his long hair caused to laugh." " Do you see that gown?" said one of them, " for a month now father has been talking about it with mother ; they have cut into the money for the household 54 Alphonse Daudet. and quarrelled with the old parents ; you may just believe it is a big thing!" He was touched by their round-eyed looks of greed before the shop fronts. He emptied his purse in buying toys ; the value of the gift was increased a hundredfold by the adroitness of its presentation and by his charm. One of his dreams was to write an anecdotal history of the Commune, all the more impartial because he made excuses for the madness of that day : " I partook of that madness " said he ; "I left Paris when they wanted to put me in the ranks and when the crazy leaders exasperated me. I reached Versailles ; but there again I found, in an inverted way, once more the same cruel delirium, the same injustice, the same eyes of hate — but without the excuse of misery and hunger. I under- stood then that, at the risk of death, it would be necessary to hold oneself apart from each one of those camps." During those terrible years how often did we have ourselves taken to the outskirts of the city ! He was excited by the movement of the crowd of an evening toward Belleville, by the sparkling eat- ing houses, the push-carts, the quick succession of faces and of attitudes of people at work. One of his most perfect satisfactions consisted in that popular edition, of his works which his friend and former school comrade Fayard made an actuality. He trembled with delight while turning over the leaves of the little pamphlets for two sous apiece, which placed his works within reach of those com- Life and Literature. 55 mon folk whose wretchedness he understood so well. Just here I wish to insist upon one of the finest qualities in my father. Though favored by suc- cess he never sought it in a vulgar fashion ; " big editions " surprised him, but did not turn his head. I have never known any one who disdained money as much as he. Extremely and uncommonly plain in his daily life, an enemy of luxury and show, touchingly simple in his dress, his household and his manners, he considered wealth the most dan- gerous trap so far as morals are concerned, a well of corruption at which he who drinks poisons him- self, and the usual cause for the breaking up of families and for hatreds among relations and in society. " The infamy of gold ; " it was described and foretold by Balzac the sublime, whose literary work, constantly overheated and overstrained, ap- pears to me as the poem of Covetousness. It is true that he has not made use of either gnomes or giants as Wagner has in order to express the power of the precious metal ; but he shows none the less its legendary force when he generalizes the tortures and shames and infamies that spring from it, when he makes special mention of the faces and grimaces, noting those words which are sharply defined and carved upon the live flesh. " Gold cannot give any of the radical happinesses, those which are primordial and true ; no, not one ! On the contrary it controverts nature, carves wrin- kles and digs bogs ; it tears to pieces and corrupts, 56 Alphonse Daudet. Economists state that gold circulates — yes, like alcohol and opium, making the one it may inspire cowardly or crazy, bringing him whom it raises up low in the mire, heaping itself up only in order to bring ruin, and accumulating itself only in the interest of vice. " Power and interest, and how they trouble human passions — that is the Hell of the Magician to whom we owe so many masterpieces. As if it were an alcohol distilled from gold, it makes us drunk, drowning out heart and brain, " Whenever I pass by some magnificent mansion, a residence or castle, a park with gleaming waters, I ask myself what sorrow and what unhappiness all that may conceal." He believed that in literature a quick success and money are bad things, leading the artist aside from his true path, which is to per- fect himself according to his individual nature in response to his own conscience, without any pros- pect of pecuniary gain. But this is what preoccupied him before every- thing else : the author's responsibility. " Our period is playing in a terrible manner with the forces of print, which are worse than explosives." One day I discovered in one of his Httle note- books a list of the social injustices, the principal wrongs which should be fought against. " I drew it up," he confessed to me, " with an idea to supply subjects for books. Now if there is one thing which is consoling, it is that over against every wrong there rises up a feeble — true, a very feeble, attempt at reparation. Now it is a threat, now a Life ajid Literature. ' 57 simple outcry. Notwithstanding the universality of egotism, there are ears for the greater part of scandals which grow too great. Unfortunately pitying humanity is possessed of narrow resources and cannot be present everywhere at the same time." Then he came back to the policy of " phrase- mongers," who, instead of taking up their time solely in making social wrongs less severe, interest themselves in nothing except the ballot-box. " Some one little improvement every day " — that ought to be their motto ! But little do they occupy themselves with such works ! So you may easily guess that he was a liberal and indeed the most liberal of minds, although still ever attached to 'tradition. But a parliament- ary label would have been just as insupportable to him as a literary label. Only he did show indigna- tion when people accused him of having smutched the memory of his former patron, the Due de Morny : " I had no connection at all with public affairs, I simply occupied a sinecure as a man of letters. I am certain that I never wrote one line in Le Nabab which could have been disliked by the duke during his lifetime." As a matter of fact Le Nabab is a historical novel without coarse colors and without invective. The outline of Mora is drawn with discretion and no little grandeur. When he dealt with him, my father always represented that statesman with all his elegant and sinuous grace, respecting in him the " connoisseur of men." " At that period I was 58 Alpkojtse Daudet. quite as careless and fantastic of brain as the greater part of my contemporaries. Though it was merely a suspicion of the terrible and grim things which were preparing, I had nothing more than a poet's shudder when listening to La Belle HHhie in which the insulted gods of Olympus and the shrill sound of Offenbach's violin bow seemed to me a forecast of the catastrophe. " But what catastrophe? I did not know. Yet I went back to my room troubled and anxious, as one feels when leaving some unwholesome atmos- phere. A few months later I understood." I have heard many conversations concerning those most significant times. The most striking were talks with Auguste Brachet, author of Vltalie quon voit etl'Italie qii on ne voit pas, one of those men for whom my father felt the very liveliest esteem. " I may be able to see individ- uals and discern the motives for their action, but Brachet judges the masses, nations and national events with an untivalled sagacity. Listen atten- tively to him and profit by him ! You have before you one of the finest brains of modern times ! " I did listen, and profited. This took place at the Lamalou Baths where Brachet was taking the waters for neuralgic pains. The two friends were never apart. The links in the chain of memories were evoked one after the other. Those were wonderful hours ! The author of L Italie, which was a prophetic work in its way and roused so many hatreds, had in preparation a great work, which ought to be near publication, on the Com- Life and Literature. 59 parative Psychology of the Europeans. He " talked" the main chapters in our presence with a glow like that of Diderot, with a lucidity, power and erudition that dazzled us. He was a teacher of the Empress Eugenie and " showed up " the Tuileries and society, the actors and their surround- ings in sharpest relief after the manner of Hogarth. I hope that from all these details, which are often difficult to classify, the reader extracts this clear idea — that Alphonse Daudet wrote his books with the very sap of the human tree. A form of foolishness one constantly meets is to compare realism to photography. Every organism has its own angle of refraction which is much more complicated than that of an objective glass ; my father's organism was one of the most delicate and most impressionable materials in which the outer world could possibly refract itself. His ear had a delicacy and correctness most exquisite. At a dinner-table with twenty present he could make out conversations though they were held in a low voice. He caught even the silly talk of children. The slightest noises in nature im- pressed themselves upon him and delighted him. Thence came his passion for music which was made an aid and assistance to his labors. He sits at his table in his working room. My mother is at the piano in the next room and the music of Mozart, Beethoven, Schumann or Schu- bert follows, one after the other, and excites or calms the imagination of the writer. " Music is another planet." " I adore all music, the com- 6o Alphonse Daudet. monest as well as the loftiest." But no man could analyze and understand better the masters of harmony, no man lauded the genius of Wagner in more splendid terms or more brilliant images : "The conquest by Wagner and the philosophers." When he went to a concert his eyes were wet with tears, so lively was his emotion. I could feel him trembling from head to foot. His auditory memory had no limits. With what a delicate and penetrating voice did he not hum the airs of his own country and of all countries! Beautiful lines made more beautiful by sounds induced in him a gentle melanchol}^. In former years Raoul Pugno, Bizet, Massenet, men whom he admired and cherished, and during the later years Hahn, were real enchanters for him. The melodies by his " little Hahn " which he caused to be played three times in succession — Hahn, so precocious in genius, so learned and so free from pettiness, so lucid and gently sensual — positively put him m an ecstasy. Seated in his big arm- chair he half closed his eyes while his nervous hand clasped the knob of his cane; his half- opened lips seemed to drink in the sound. I perceive him farther back in my memory at the Exposition of 1878, listening to the gypsies, a glass of Tokay before him, encouraging the cries of "bravo" that resounded in their honor and quite carried away by the music ! Then it is Venice. The lapping of the water, the sound of violins and human voices rise from the dusky canal. He himself is no longer with us; he is oflf Life and Literature. 6i travelling through the land of imagination in com- pany with his youth and manly vigor and hopes. When that music ceases, another begins — music which proceeds from him and celebrates the games of the wave and of the night, and those polished marbles which live again in memory. And so always in the hours of intimate inter- course he seems to me the same person, whether he may be asking questions of his learned friend Leon Pillaut on violins and old refrains, on the guimbarde, the alto and the hautbois, or listen- ing in a grassy plain of Provence to the mystery of the pastoral pipe, making the passers-by stop their carts, or else enjoying in the garden at Champrosay the endless gamut of bird-notes, which regulated for him the hours of spring. His eyes, which short-sightedness really sharp ened, though he pretended that they were no good for painting or the plastic arts, perceived color and form with the greatest liveliness notwithstanding. He was one of the very first to appreciate the Impressionists. As to masters of painting, naturally his prefer- ences went out to the realists, to the Hollanders and notably to Rembrandt, and to the French school made famous by Troyon, Rousseau, Millet and a score of others. He liked to recall delight- ful hours passed with his friends Bague and Gouvet. The picture-seller Bague delighted him with his robust merry-making eloquence, in which true touches of artistic fervor played hither and thither, all warmed up with slang. I remember 62 Alphonse Daudet. one entire day passed in turning over Goya's etch- ings; he uttered at the time many radical truths concerning sincerity, tlie excess and paroxysm of which become cruelty; on the combination of grandeur and minuteness which is a distinctive feature in the bull-fight series; on the crude power of shadow and of light ; on the particular disorder in military and artistic matters during that epoch ; on the morbid drying-up, the Etruscan angles and the " voluptuous twist " found in Spain. As it was a matter of the South, it was easy for him to read these Spanish riddles ; at first sight he deciphered for us the fantastic " Proverbs" and " Dreams," The conversation ended with a picture of that frenzy which is particular to the peoples of the lands of the sun — the sun, "that alcohol of the South ! " During our stay in London he remained for many hours seated in the British Museum before the Furies and the Friezes of the Parthenon : " Don't you find that a magnificent music dis- engages itself from these groups? 'Reality and poetry ' — of a truth there is nothing else beside. Those old peoples copied nature. Nature was dancing in that blue air. No separation between the exterior world and the world within ; no one shaken by desire ; never a lack of harmony ! Whenever there is a rhythm anywhere it seems there must have also been some happy inspira- tion." " And how as to sorrow, father? " ** Sorrow did not put discord into the human Life and Literature, 63 being. The latter did not raise a revolution against it. It did not foment disorder." The idea that the figures on these friezes might become violent like true daughters of the North, might become Valkyrs, brought him to talk of Wagner's brain, in which two forms of beauty- fought for empire. One, to a certain degree im- movable and in equilibrium, having very gentle waves, being near of kin to the ideal of the Greeks ; the other having a furious form, the boiling well- spring of the Saxon race. It is mere laziness of the imagination to divide intellectual men into classes of analysts and syn- theticists according to their works or their speech. Alphonse Daudet was in search of original causes and he triumphed in giving details, but instinct warned him of the exact place where too great division would have dissolved and ruined every- thing. Work offered itself to him as a whole ; he admired it in the mass. A lover of right propor- tions and of exact measure (he himself used as a motto for himself: Ne quid nimis) there was nothing of the miniaturist about him. He saw things in a big way, nor did he reason or discuss matters for the mere pleasure of so doing. He respected deeply every kind of emotion. Quar- rels over words wearied him, just as those ora- torical games in which each participant decides a matter according to his particular temperament without the slightest regard to the opinions of others. Whatever superficial critics, led astray by his monocle and his conscientiousness, may say in 64 Alphonse Daudet. this regard, he had no use for the microscope in his work. The best proof of this is a hatred of what people have agreed to call " art for art's sake." He re- peated this formula with a look of astonishment on his face, for there was no one who was less ready to admit catch-words in conversation Insincerity made him yawn ; " whatever has not roots in actu- ality is dead. Heavens, I know well enough the apology they make for artifice ! Baudelaire in- vented that to use as a weapon, out of pure hatred for fools and fat citizens. Nothing ages so, nothing loses its grip so quickly as what is unusual. * Les Jleiirs du nial,' ' Les petit pocnics en prose ' are marvels and the quintessence of Iruth ; they are precious poems plucked from the very depths of the moral soil. But the imitators of a fad were foolish enough to imagine that they also could build and inhabit the ' kiosqiie en marqueterie ' of which Sainte-Beuve speaks. What an error ! " If he loved to put himself in contact with poems, if he excelled in the faculty of reading the most lowly characters and classifying all the movements of the mind, all habits and functional " creases," yet did he also delight in solitude : " Where the form of observation, the vision of the poet and the nicety of mind in the author concentrate and pu- rify themselves." In his agitated youth when he began to be anxious concerning his spiritual and physical health he made some veritable " retreats." He went and shut himself up in a mas of the Camargue, a big farm, and even went to stay in Life and Literature. 65 the lighthouse on the Sanguinaires : " The two lighthouse men, forced to live side by side, loathed each other ; one copy of Plutarch all marked up by their great clumsy fingers constituted the li- brary, O Shakespeare ! and filled these simple imaginations with the murmur of battles and of heroism similar to that of the moaning sea. The useful shine of the revolving lantern in the tower lured thither reckless birds which dashed their brains out against the enormous glass lens. The keepers made soup of their bodies. If a storm did not 'bellow,' the revictualling boat would bring us once a week ancient news and fresh preserves. Fine hours have I passed there — sometimes, 't is true, slow, sorrowful and anguished ; but they were hours in which I took stock of myself and judged myself, and listened there to other storms beside those of the ocean. Lucky are they whom necessity suddenly separates from the social gulf and who find themselves in the presence of their own self! People will never know how much exile added to the greatness of Hugo and Voltaire, how the prison of Blanqui increased and enlarged his dream ! " After a silence he added: "And, going into that solitude, which one of the men of a single book, unius libri, which would I carry with me? Montaigne or Pascal? Or would I cheat and take an anthology of the masters of prose, or the sub- lime literature of Taine, or the Plutarch of my lighthouse men? A constant interchange of thought goes on between that one book of his 5 66 Alphonse Daudet. and the isolated man who is a thinker. It forms a library, an encyclopedia, which the movements of the solitary one's soul engraft upon what is printed ; and the soul boils up again because of that which is printed. Double offspring, starting from the germ of the story of Hajnlet ! slender pamphlet for a bookseller and for Hamlet's author ! When I was living with the Essays as my Bible there was not one of my dreams for which I did not get from them an answer and comfort." As head of the family he was forced to renounce his love of solitude, for we never parted from each other ; but my mother always did something to satisfy that love of the country which he kept so vividly alive down to his last moments. That delightful valley of Champrosay which played such a great role in our life stretches in reality from Juvisy to Corbeil along the curvings of the Seine and the corresponding caprice of the woods of S^nart. We inhabited successively three houses on the right bank, one of which had be- longed to Eugene Delacroix. It is the village and forest bank open like a cornice to the sun, warm and healthful, and moreover sown with historical castles, Soisy-sous-fitiolles, Lagrange, Grosbois, which recall the 17th century, the Revo- lution and the Empire. The left bank, toward Montlh^ry and Iitampes, traversed by the acque- duct of the Vanne, brings back memories partly similar, partly much older. Some villages belong to the 1 2th century. Life and Literature. 67 Formerly my father loved to boat with his neighbors, Gustave Droz and L6on Pillaut, with his friends Gonzague Privot and Annand Syl- vestre, particularly with his brother-in-law Allard ; he passed his life on the Seine and frequented the taverns of coachmen and carters, rowing up those pretty by-streams which lose themselves in private properties, shady parks, or factories : " Once we came to so narrow a little branch and so shallow that we had to disembark and carry the * Arle- sienne ' on my shoulders ; lo and behold, we are in a garden ; a young girl, very much surprised, raises her head from her book and sees us both before her, your uncle and me, very much like the red Indians of Fenimore Cooper, loaded down with the boat and rudder, the oars and the boat- hook." At that time, too, he was wont to scour the woods for mushrooms and chestnuts. He was proud of knowing £he proper sort and distinguish- ing the good mushrooms with ends like tittle. He pranced about through the bushes Vv'ith me on his shoulders, dragging my mother after him. In the evening we devoured the gleanings of our harvest. He told us how during a wrestling match with the sculptor Zachary Astruc, whose independence and robust talent he admired, he had broken his leg. He was carried home groaning and feverish and particularly preoccupied with a fear that his comrade would be blamed. That very summer's night, which was heavy and stormy, the news- papers brought a terrible piece of news : declara- 68 Alphonse Daudet. tion of the Franco-German war. He had but one idea after that : get himself healed as soon as pos- sible and be in shape to help his country. " Hor- rible and stupefying period, during which every courier announced a defeat and the countenances of the peasants reflected fear and meanness." Finally he was on his feet again, capable of hold- ing a gun ! Later on the state of his health no longer per- mitted him anything more than walks down the alleys of that great park which all our friends know. There is not a bench, there is not a slope which lacks a memory of my beloved. On my arm or on that of my brother his gait was alert and rapid. He would not stop except to light his little pipe, as clever as a herdsman of the Camargue plains to get the better of wind and dust, delighting in " nice little warm shelters," interesting himself in flowers, in garden plots, in vegetables, happy of the slightest embellishment and delighted to show off " his domain." It was there one should have seen and heard him, excited by the great " out-of-doors," watch- ing the play of light, listening to the songs of birds, the singing of the cricket and the rustling of the leaves. He improvised extraordinary stories for my very young son, his little Charles, and for my sister Edmee, stories in which every- thing about us played its part — magical, delight- ful tales which placed the beauty of things in nature on a level with those budding intellects, moved them and held them attentive to the point Life and Literature. 69 of closing their eyes in order to enjoy the feast all the more. There is the secret pulsation of his genius : In a few exact and a few simple images, the objects corresponding to which are near to us, he touches our soul. There is the word and there lies the object. Even grains of sand and sticks of wood and bark he rendered animate. He would say that that insect had carried off the end of his story and in order to pursue the robber he would stick his glass in his eye. In these little games thus organized, while little hands pressed his hands and the " Thank you, Papa," " Thank you, Grandpapa," resounded — in these homelike and fairylike pictures one finds again his subtle and simple art with its thousand delicate shades, like to one of those flowers whose fragrance lends balmi- ness to the air. When the heat of the d^ lessened we would take a drive in the family landau. My mother has a pronounced taste for things of the past. She points out many an ancient residence such as that home of Mme. de Beaumont at Savigny which the grass and mosses are slowly invading. Autumn is the finest season here; across the broad plain one sees the fires of the rubbish heaps. My father expresses his longing for hap- piness : '* An old mansion broad and somewhat low, with an extension consisting of farmhouse and poultry yard. In the hearths the crackling wood of the pruned vines. A few selected friends and the snow outside. Absolute and tender con- 70 Alpho7ise Daudet. fidence among all present. Chats and delightful readings aloud. The old people are not morose, the young are neither pedantic nor bitter. Life is one delight." In one of his last letters received at Grenoble whilst I was serving with the Alpine regiment he wrote to me: "Fancy to yourself one of those delightful ' artist consolers,' such as I have dreamed of being myself, dwelling in some old property near the gates of a little town with ram- parts and mall, passing two months in Paris, a few weeks on the Nile or in Spitzbergen, but at last getting tired of running about and then find- ing his completest pleasure in a few roomfuls of friends, crowded on the traditional days of the calendar year — Christmas, New Year's, St. John's Day, Thanksgiving Day. Such a man as that might print a book consisting of numberless volumes embodying ,^our very best society. He could put at the close of the last volume pub- lished ' to continue ' and then the ' Book of Life,* or the 'Science of Life ' would be under way." In the chapter entitled " The Vendor of Hap- piness," I shall show what it was he meant by those words " The Science of Life." The intervals in the little note-books are de- lightful and stunning landscape pieces. In such caseSj as in others, he only noted the domi- nant points ; things that strike and trouble us in some spectacle of nature are hit off in a few precise, clear and vibrating words, as quick and sharp as the impression of the spectacle itself. Life and Literature. 71 One day I was turning over the leaves of these masterpieces and said to him : " You recall old Hokusai to me — old ' Crazy-for-drawi)ig^ who at the end of his life stated that he almost under- stood the form of living creatures and could al- most fix line and point as they should be." He answered : " I have not reached that point. How bitter it is to me, this gap between that which my pen sets down and that which my soul has perceived ! I sufifer from the torture of not expressing myself. How can one render and ex- press that swifter pulsation in our veins which comes when one looks upon the evening star rendered golden by the autumn, or a little lake upon which the sunlight separates itself into its component parts, or an horizon with beautifully pure lines, or a stormy sky, copper-colored and black, a dusky abyss in the midst of the blue heavens? How express the way in which a mem- ory palpitates at a given hour, or tell what part of us it is that lingers in things, what it is in us which weeps and smiles in accord with them ? Through my lips how many impressions have escaped which are rebellious to verbal forms ! " Still, if ever methods of work were submitted to the rules of natural law they were his. In his turbulent youth he never seated himself at his writing-table except when fired by his subject. He stated that a talent was an " intensity " of life ; and his stories are a proof of that formula. Later on, through the happy influence of his " direct collaboration " he made channels for and 72 Alphonse Daudet. regulated his wonderful faculty as an improvisot. He got the habit of daily work and, as usually happens, his brain became more supple in re- sponse to the appeal and submitted to the dis- cipline. Fromont yennc et Risler Atne, yack, Le Nababy Les Rots en Exil, L Evang^liste were so many continuous and unbending efforts. Sum- mer or winter he rose at an early hour and went at once to work on his task without other means of excitement than a dip in cold water; then he covered page after page with that little close-set, nervous and elegant handwriting of his which his illness made still more delicate with- out taking from it any of its attributes. Many a time have I remarked upon the likeness of his " graphic type " to that of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. There are the same excessively minute distinctions, the same intervals between letters and words, the same care in punctuation and the same sharpness in the handwriting. The similarities are very evident between the handwriting of my father and the manuscript of the Nouvelle HHo'ise, which I was able to examine one evening at the Chateau des Cretes, thanks to the kindness of Mme. Arnaud de I'Ariege. He erased with courage and frequently; at the first blush a mere sketch served as it were for a canvas. My mother and he then took this " mon- ster " up again, expending the greatest pains on its style and bringing into relationship that har- moniousness and that need to be real which were always the writer's care. " Without my wife I Life and Literature. 73 should have given myself up to my facility for writing. It was only later that perfection tor- mented me." After that slow and disagreeable proving, the third and finished copy was made. Those whose imaginations are in the state of flame may readily understand the peculiar merit in sacrificing " go" to exactness and making enthusiasm perfect. In my father's soul the word itself was that which called the idea forth. In the case of a formalist like Baudelaire, for instance, the word curtails and reins in the lyrical results, it limits in place of rousing up ; in the case of Alphonse Daudet, however, the word excited an entire world of sensation and form. Thus, the man whom the " word " renders drunk can never know the de- light of achievement. My father was a Latin genius and was the possessor of a sense of pro- portion and of measure. Without entering into the critic's domain, a thing which would hardly suit my actual part, it may be permitted me to note the constant evolu- tion of a temperament like my father's, a tempera- ment so virile and so lucid. His first works, burning and super-abounding as they are, give signs of less anxious care than those that came after, so far as nicety of language and of equili- brium are concerned. They spring rather from temperament than from character. The traits which particularly belong to my father are a conciseness in rendering picturesque motives, an intimate blending of nature moral with nature 74 Alphonse Daudet. physical, and a disdain of useless ornaments, to a degree which no one has shown at a higher point, not even the greatest of writers. Human beings are characterized according as they absorb sensa- tions, think and act; each type is completed by its own passions ; no outside traits are added to overload the picture. Every brush-mark tells its story and is harmonious with the whole. A book by him is of such a kind that in memory it follows the very movements of life. Firm and solid in its expository parts, uplifted as regards the chief matter, it is turbulent in critical passages and calm after the close of a crisis. Every person in the book has his or her own atmosphere, every scene has its own culminating point ; the whole hurries toward a common goal. The central model is embellished by a multitude of particular examples. Next comes that classic powei" which his contemporaries themselves have noted, that elegant and sustained vigor which preserves the work from any sudden labelling of naturalistic or realistic, and attaches it to national tradition, to the deep-seated and harmonious lit- erary heritage of our race. The fact is that labor does not begin at the moment when the artist takes his pen. It begins in sustained reflection and in the thought which accumulates images and sifts them, garners and winnows them out and compels life to keep con- trol over imagination, and imagination to expand and enlarge life. The heroes of those romances and dramas of his, the words of the conversations Life and Literature. 75 they hold and the places they frequent, are not products of a super-heated imagination, not parts of the mind of their creator which are, as so often happens, terribly enlarged and diversified — the bold impressions of one and the same man im- agining himself possessed of opposite passions. Alphonse Daudet was always a portal wide open and tremendously alive to the entrance of natural phenomena. His senses transmitted to his brain the most exact, the most generous and the truest observations. His brain made a choice among them and organized from them their marshalling. He lived with the persons of his book as with friends. He put them questions on all sorts of topics and listened to their answers. He tempted them with vices and virtues and followed the working of these ideas in their minds until he obtained complete figures and reached the myster- ious limits of the laughable and the impenetrable. He would rather cause them to act than to argue, being by no means ignorant that a truthful ges- ture is the immediate ruin of a thousand theories and that a sudden change of face is more power- ful than the most subtle discussion. He knew that characters betrayed themselves through typical phrases — that hybrid individuals with an oval and undetermined physiognomy, who have as it were enfeebled our epoch, nevertheless do have special moments of a brilliant and determined life. So he granted to cowards occasional pluckings- up of courage ; to the bold, periods of weakness ; 76 Alphonse Daudet. to the weak, moments of strength, and to liars, impulses of truth; to hypocrites, times when masks fall ; to chatterers, spells of silence ; to hide- bound persons, singular relaxations ; to chaste people, low dreams, and to the vicious, ideas of chastity. He had cross-examined woman and placed her in the confessional in her various roles as mother, wife and lover; in her generosities, her perverse actions, her ordinary tastes ; in her faults, terrors and anguish. He knew the taste of every sort of tear, he held the key to every sort of sor- row. No intricate path of remorse or of regret escaped him. He did not fail even to study the mirror-like and complex souls of children. And over all his conversations, over his patient research and his precise knowledge he cast the merciful cloak of a philosopher whom no dreadful spectacle has hardened and no human horror has disgusted — one who has not grown weary of mankind. We often used to laugh among ourselves at the ease with which some men treated him amicably as a " locust," or "cicada," men who sum up the entire South of France with a single emblem. In many an obituary note, otherwise sympathetic or enthusiastic, I have met with these suggestions of "enchanter" or "troubadour" or "light poet." Nothing could be more false than such an idea. It is true my father was realist enough to admit that " gayety " and " charm" have also a place in existence ; since nothing is uniformly black and cruel; but that harsh labor in his own mind is Life and Literature. 77 badly expressed by a suggestion of legs scratch- ing wings, of a rattling in the sunlight. When we come to publish in their entirety the thoughts jotted down in his notebooks, people will see with what zeal he studied out for us those ideas of forms which are more tangible and hu- man. An admirably gifted poet, he was as sus- picious of metaphors as any philologist or biologist, just as he was suspicious of the slightest cause for error in other respects. He finds in life an episode, a striking trait. With a few clear words he fixes it, and then con- tinues the task begun. The first noting of it over- whelms him with parallels. It may be that it is the germ and the beginning of a book ; but this book itself offers itself to him from several points of view in a way which I cannot express better than as the attitudes of a living man. So, then, it becomes a series of sketches and more or less intense and exact drawings, in which the large constructive lines are already strongly marked. As ideas are thus associated, the moral ele- ments approach each other and come together in intimate union. Now the high lights can be dis- tinguished ; types, situations, portraits and conver- sations spring from two distinct origins, one of them basic and primordial, the other fragmentary, altering day by day, and always subject to the changes of fact. It forms a mulatikre ^ of reminis- cence and improvised additions. The being thus ^ Name of a suburb of Lyon, but here it probably stands foi mulassili-e or " hybrid." yS Alphonse Daudet. metamorphosed comes slowly toward the author through the mist. What joy when he feels that he has his model thoroughly there and needs to work only upon secondary parts and improve- ments ! Nevertheless the last selection is always a subtle and laborious one. Alphonse Daudet's mind was of such a sort that details of his work offer an abridged resemblance of the whole. That is why his novel affects us like an hallucination and makes every reader a witness to the drama. Take Delobelle as he appears to us. From one end of his biography to the other he remains ex- actly in accord with his outline ; you will never see the hand or the arm of the author. It is the same thing with the Nabob, Numa, Bompard, Paul Astier and the others. This extraordinary con- tinuousness in a figure proves a complete assimi- lation of the author with the character created. His imagination has no jumps and bounds which interfere with observation and subtract whatever may be gained by lyrical liveliness from truthful- ness to the fact. That explains how there comes to be, alongside of the Daudet who writes, a Daudet who lives and talks; it is necessary to leave the picture of him incomplete, such as I trace it here. That which my father did not put in his book, the overflow of his brain which he would have feared to use as surplus matter, all this unemployed force was found again in his conversation and his acts. The tree, it is true, has left immortal fruit, but at the Life and Literature. 79 same time sap was running through its branches and out to their extremest points, to the stems of the leaves and flowers. I have said that he worked with tremendous vigor; nevertheless no amount of work prevented him from receiving a friend, aiding a comrade, or giving counsel to a young man. My sudden run- nings into the room did not irritate him. He would welcome us with a kind word or a joke. He took an interest in the whole house, in the sense that every hour was good, as far as he was concerned. He had no regular hours. From the time he ceased to go out he passed his life at his table, reading or taking notes; summer or winter he got up at half-past seven and went to bed at eleven o'clock, except on Thursday, when we kept a longer watch. For Thursday was his day of recreation. His uncommon amicability was the reason for the great pleasure he took in those simple but most interesting receptions, at which we saw in active play the most splendid intelligences belonging to our time. My father enlivened everything, started and kept up discussions, warmed the timid, soothed the angry ones, put a truce to hostilities, softened rancors and strengthened sympathies. In the miserable drivel of a poor broken-down symbolist, a man, besides, who never knew him, 1 have read this strange statement: that Alphonse Daudet could never forgive ! In the first place he did not know of most of those attacks with which the young bald-heads of the small reviews 8o Alphonsc Daiidet. did not fail to regale him ; and for the very good reason that he did not read them ; besides, even had he read them, they would at most have brought to his lips an indulgent smile, so entirely indifferent did such appreciations leave him. But several of his enemies who became his sincere friends might bear witness to the kindliness and ease of forgetting things which he always showed in literary discussions. " Most of the time people don't understand each other. Ferocious and time-honored antipathies do not stand a moment before a few minutes' contact." And although there was a constellation of the " arrived " and of the " illustrious " at those Thurs- day reunions, there was also no lack of be- ginners, because he had a warm interest in new talents. Uncertain of himself, he did not disdain those obscure powers which announce themselves in some writer of the future and issue out in over- whelming or paradoxical words, in a frenzy of criticism or of blind enthusiasm, A great number of those who to-day hold the first rank were in their days of beginning encouraged and sustained by him. What a host of letters to editors, to managers of newspapers and theatres, what a lot of recommendations and notes of introduction! "Alas," said he, " 1 can no longer use my actual presence ! " He knew very well the power of his own speech and what the most eloquent letter lacks in persuasive gestures and accents 'of sin- cerity. Life ami Literature. 8 1 That love of youth, even in its faults and vanities, was part of his eager desire to know : he wished to see and luiderstaiid. An attitude, a grasp of the hand, a look, a word from a person revealed more to him than a piece of verse or a picture. He adored Plutarch, who in his biographies fol- lowed the sensible rule which adds to the portrait of a great man his way of eating, drinking and walking, his preferences and even his hobbies. He approved absolutely certain decisive pages which Marcel Schwob wrote on this subject at the be- ginning of his Vies Irnaginaires. Details which are small in appearance are in fact serious chan- nels through which we penetrate to the clearer view of ancient times and thread the labyrinth of dead souls. Opinions are " things of the word," transitory and insignificant things ; that is the reason that the life of political people is generally so wretched and commonplace. The market-place, the preto- rian tribune, the ante-chambers of sovereigns, fed- eral chambers and legislatures, as well as the conversations there taking place, are no better than ghosts, phantoms and masks. This or that habit, this vice, that peculiarity of speech or of costume, this touch of gluttony or luxury in Tal- leyrand or Napoleon the Great becomes in our eyes extremely important and takes on the lively air of a confession. This it is that is called by pedants bonhomie, but more correctly by others " humanity." Now what interests us in such notes as these in 6 82 Alphonse Daudet. history is that quality whereby they dififer from other things, whatever may be the differences themselves. When he was creating my father saw what he created. When he was writing he heard. A certain number of physicians belonging to the new school came to interview him on this point and in pedantic words they have simplified a natural and complete method. Ever since the celebrated " Schema " of Charcot, people keep repeating indefinitely the old scholastic distinction between " auditives " and "rituals," categories which have nothing absolute in them, and are of no use ex- cept as an hypothesis. And if he heard he also spoke. He practised the sound of his dialogues and tried the harmony of his descriptions. Fear of wordiness, which was always on the increase with him, caused him to use, especially in his last works, a picturesque brevity in which every sensation is like a lightning flash ; reflection does not come to the surface but silently emanates from the characters. He has been reproached, but very foolishly, for his curt and nervous phrases which are as near the actuality as possible, since every word plays a trick with us and deceives us as to its duration. I have forgotten none of the fine regulations which he scrupulously applied : " Whether the question is a book or an article, whether a direct creation or a criticism, never take up the pen unless you have something to say!' If the literary mania continues to develop itself, very soon there Life and Literature. 83 will not be a single Frenchman who has not got out his own book. " Setting, ideas, situations, characters, all these are not right until a very slow and instructive digestion has been gone through with, in which all nature, gifted in the least of its component parts, collaborates with the writer. We are like women in a hopeful situation ; people can see it in our very faces. We have the pregnant woman's ' mask.' " Style is a state of intensity. The greatest number of things in the fewest number of words. Don't fear to repeat yourself, according to Pascal's counsel. There are no synonyms. " Push alwa}^s toward clearness and concise lucidity. Our tongue has its own moral laws. Whoever attempts to avoid them will not last. Our tongue is suppler than any other, as intel- lectual as it is logical, more closely ranged than declamatory and has quick and short reflections in very precise forms. It is not favorable to antique terms or phrases. It appeals more to the mind than the ear. There are very few shades which it does not express, very few true distinctions which it does not define. It is especially triumphant when expressing ideas suggested. " Descendants of the Latins, who were a con- structive people, we have a taste for solid things. Harmony also is indispensable, even for picturing the passions where disorder is a beauty. Let that same disorder only be a seeming one: let us be aware of a profound rule and order underneath! 84 Alphonse Daudet. That will always be in conformity with the truth ; the worst of tempests submits to its own laws. " Description of a character carried on to its final completion should not be made except little by little, according as the character reveals itself and according as life reacts upon it. " Society, landscape and circumstances, all that environs us, have a share in our state of mind. You must enter into the person you are de- scribing, into his very skin, and see the world through his eyes and feel it through his senses. Direct intervention on the part of the writer is an error. " On the other hand the theory of impassiveness is exaggerated. He who tells a story has the right to be moved, himself; but with discretion, and as it were behind the scenes, by the affairs of heroes and heroines, but without doing harm to that illusion which makes the charm. All the live forces of the author are taken up by the expression of reality. Lyricism, realism and even frenzy, all these may unite and produce power. Beauty has no label. Sincerity includes everything. " It is necessary to have respect for the reader : An author has morally a guardianship over souls. Sure of his means and being able to corrupt, he is culpable if he abuses his trust, if he ruins vital nobility, if he does not go from below upward, which is the direction of an honest conscience. Intellectually, too, he should have respect for the reader and insist only upon the essential things, Life and Literature. 85 not falsify enthusiasm but keep his scrupulousness simple and pure. " Truth is a perfect union of soul between the author and that which surrounds him, between that which he conceives and perceives and that which he expresses. The realm of imagination itself has its truth. There are lies on Mount Parnassus as well as in the street. " Art consists of more than mere selection. It includes decision and boldness besides. No hypo- crisy, no fraud ! The roadways of life lie open. It is not permitted to deviate from them nor to halt by the way. " There is the courage of the author to be con- sidered, which consists in accomplishing his mis- sion to the very end. The bold are always victorious. The timid ones always remain incom- plete. It is not necessary to help on one's work ; because it goes of itself. No obstacle, however frank and powerful, will prevent its triumph- ing. " There is danger in thinking about pleasing. Another danger is to wish to astonish. Notoriety flies always from those who seek it through low means." A very incomplete enumeration. I shall rec- tify it as I go on. My father presented the same principles in the richest and most multitu- dinous forms. But the foundation remains un changed. These few profound and solid rules, which he laid down whilst we were talking in private, gave 86 Alphonse Daudet. him the chance to use a delightful variety of images and of impressions for all the rest, for the transi- tory affairs of life. Just as in conversation he was never caught napping when a reply was due from him, for he uttered it quickly, brilliantly and in winged words, in the same way the small affairs of daily intercourse and the most trivial episodes could never take him unawares. We had gradually formed such a habit of these delightful and charm- ing conversations during which the hours slipped by over our books, that an elliptical language had gradually grown up between us for our own special use. Each one filled out the other's thought and then prolonged the idea by a remark, the sense of which he indicated in the fewest words, where only the essential was uttered. That you will find again in his work; it is a faithful mold of his mind. The largest good sense, that masterly gift in comparison with which the most brilliant qualities are worth but little, ani- mates the whole of his work with a deathless breath — that good sense which Descartes called " least common to man." So fruitful is its action that it no longer expresses itself but leaves the field clear to the imagination, which thereafter becomes as free as any goddess, smiling, fleeing and clad in curtal robe. The reader is ever close behind the author and the author inspires him with confidence. Take for example some poet, Carlyle, we will say, a rain of stars and of metaphors which play across the sky and the veiled night. Notwithstanding all his Life and Literature. ^'j genius, why has Carlyle only a very narrow place in human imaginings? It is because he lacks that intimate harmony which souls ecstatic over fancied images unconsciously demand. He has never con quered our confidence. A word from the lips, a slightest word from the lips of him who has com- pletely conquered us by his wisdom takes on a magical value. Whither he ascends, thither we follow. We fraternize through enthusiasm. A sympathy is set up between the most magnificent genius and the reader. We are astonished, we are astonished, but we are not conquered. What I have attempted to express as well as I could in these words was carved into my mind by my father in clear and marvellously exact terms. I myself was one of his works. He desired to finish me in ev^ery part as he did the others. Alas, poor stuff that it was ! If you have not been able to profit by his teaching, at any rate pass on his fertile words ! Be exact and truthful ! Perhaps another will be found for whom this torch, piously relit, may show the way. Many a time while listening to my friend have I thought: " If I am destined to survive him, I shall call upon my memory for a grand effort of revival. I shall impose upon myself the task of putting down in writing those fugitive beauties, often as impos- sible to transmit as words of love which lack the time and the countenances of the lovers," And ye who read, be indulgent to me, for I bring hither my entire conscience. A witness of a most noble spectacle, I have tried to retain phrases, 88 Alphonse Daudet. gestures, intonations and play of features. My fatlier loved the truth. I wish to serve truth in my turn down to the most intimate scenes, guided by him and encouraged by the lofty recollection of his character. III. AS FATHER AND AS HUSBAND — THE VENDOR OF HAPPINESS. My father was often wont to repeat: " When my task is finished I should Hke to estabHsh myself as a Vendor of Happiness; my profits would consist in my success." Then he would add : " There are so many men who are somnambulists and pass through exist- ance without seeing where they are, stumbling against obstacles and bruising their brows against walls which it would be easy for them to circum- vent ! I have put this phrase in the mouth of one of my characters : ' All things in life have a side or a meaning through which they can be grasped.' But that is no metaphor." Then he would toss his head with an indulgent half smile and a sigh : " There is no such thing as commonplace in the world ; it only exists in people's minds. Renan is a little sad because Gavroche is as learned as he is. But Gavroche is a parrot. In his brain words have no value at all. Suppose a young person talks about death. It is very rarely the case that one notices in him the existence of that black gulf which this terrible syl- lable at once opens in the soul of an old man. 90 Alphonse Daudet. You know the emotion which all of a sudden comes upon us at sight of some noun or verb which we had been carelessly repeating up to the day on which the true and deep-seated meaning appeared to us. Revelations of that sort are the result of the teaching of years. " I am not boasting, I was a precocious mind. At an early age I understood, in my very bones, the actual value of many of the words which youth employs with the utmost carelessness and ease. Disease and sorrow produce another sort of matur- ity. They lend truthfulness to language. In such cases people live ori their capital instead of living on their interest ; for it cannot be ignored that emotions and even a somewhat burning thought represent a loss of substance, the 07ic step farther on. Oh, the wisdom of the very sick ! Oh, eyes too brilliant and too well informed ! In the public gardens, dragged about in sick chairs, I meet people whose looks frighten me." " Then, father, the vendor of happiness . . . ? " "I mean no allegory; the vendor would go to. the sick and to every one ; by tenderness he would gain their confidence; like a patient and gentle physician he would examine the moral wound, mark its extent and progress and reassure the sick man through the spectacle of his fellows; that is the argument of egoism which never faileth! From that point he would gradually rise toward the picture of a restricted but still a noble destiny, if only the patient knows how to employ himself by drying the tears about him and consoling others As Father and as Husband. 91 while consoling himself. To put one's goal beyond oneself, to place one's ideal outside of oneself — that is to escape from Fate to a certain extent." How many a time, entering unexpectedl)' his study, have I not caught sight of attitudes of anguish in his visitors and interrupted confidences which I felt were grave and pressing! If secrecy had not been asked my friend would then show the situation to me, and all the difficulties whose simplest and most " humane " solution he was seeking. But when I said to him : " Be vendor of happi- ness to yourself ! " he answered: " My existence is a mere matter of effort from day to day. I have the greatest confidence in those little efforts of the will which bind me down to some fixed hour, such as to seat myself at the table notwithstanding my sufferings, to disdain and affront my illness. Ima- gine the torture of the circular wall which little by little grows smaller, the torture of one impossibil- ity after the .other ! How true it is, that phrase repeated by the coquette in front of her looking- glass : 71? tlmik that I shall regret all that to-mor- roiv ! Well, the never-ending cares of the father of a family, the anxieties as to my household are a great resource for me. The feeling of respon- sibility is enough to keep a man on his legs after his strength has given out. Then I think about my fellow-men. If financial want is added to their sufferings, if they have not the resources of fire and of food and of wine and of warm affection — why then I consider myself still happier. 92 Alphonse Daudet. " I keep my pitifulness fresh by repeating to myself that there are far worse sorrows than mine, and so I do not use up all my pity on myself. You know that a good many philosophers banish pity from their republic as if it were a weakness or degradation, or as if it were a lack of energy. " The vendor of happiness would preach the religion of active pity and not of useless fears. To him who suffers, suffering is always new. But to witnesses thereof, even tender and energetic ones, suffering grows old and becomes a mere habit. I tell a sick person: ' Give yourself distractions and through your spirit wrestle to the very end ; do not weary and harass the people about you.' " " The Stoics long ago discovered the pleasure which people find in the constant exercise of energy. I could suggest a thousand tricks to a patient who is gifted with imagination. I would advise a person who is not able to mix laughter with actualities to place his sufferings before him on a grand scale until he reaches the point when the beauty of the struggle makes its appearance and gives grandeur to the whole. That is a particular kind of intoxication which makes the least subtle person strangely intelligent ; // is one of the keys of human nature. " And, to start with, everything takes its place and falls into its natural plane. Little trivial sorrows which increase for us our enjoyments and moral laziness recoil toward the background and reach their proper level. Had it not been for As Father and as Husband. 93 my sickness, perhaps I might have been an 'author,' a prey to the sillinesses of the profession, trembling at criticism, off my head through praise and duped by empty triumphs. Of course I have weaknesses . . . nevertheless I have been puri- fied. . . At the Lamalou Baths I have met ' So- sies^ of suffering' in the shape of men belonging to the most varied professions. They were all transcendental and ' above themselves,' lighted up by swift gleams which traversed their flesh and penetrated their very souls. " Among the confessions which I have received, those made me by the damned ones down there seem to show a special kind of harshness and frankness. The very words they use have more breadth and more relief." The notes taken by my father in regard to this subject during his stay at hot baths are very typical and fine. Such observations on the part of a man of letters astonished the physicians, because they were more complete and subtle than those which might have been collected by a scientist. Without preconceived ideas and inter- mingled theories, they possessed the clearness of a cross-examination put on paper. The most fright- ful shames, the secret wretchednesses of men, women and aged men are stated there discreetly with the wisdom of a physician-poet. Most of our neighbors in the hotel, some of them stran- gers from America, Spain and Russia, arranged 1 Character in the Amphitryon of Plautus, whose semblance was taken by Mercury ; Moliere used him in one of his plays. 94 Alpho7ise Daudet. their hours so as to made their treatment coincide with that of the novelist. He reassured them and quieted their spirits, thus completing the work of the physician. Many of them confided to him with that zeal in giving details, that ardor and extraordinary pride which are common to people who possess a grave and still undefined malady. He noted down, classified and compared the most peculiar nervous troubles, manias, fears, chronic or recurrent disorders ; these deviations from the course of nature often aided him in understand- ing nature ; they would light up some obscure region and thus do service to his constant search after knowledge. " Evil in the family and society," such modifi- cations as it makes in characters, temperaments and trades, the ingeniousness shown by egotists, rich or poor, these are the questions which in- flamed him and warmed his blood ; these he col- lected at every moment with a methodicalness and conscientiousness most uncommon. There are entire lives which are summed up in a few lines: "Misers turned to spendthrifts" — " violent men become timorous " — " chaste peo- ple tormented by passions they dare not avow." Initials call back to me names and faces and sor- rowful outlines. A word is enough to bring up a whole personality; "ruined careers"- — there is one like the title for a chapter. Frightful odds and ends of a dialogue : " Sir, what I fear the most is the moment when I do not suffer. This evening my imagination shudders. . . I see all my As Father and as Husband. 95 hopes dashed to the ground — love, future. . . ah! . . " Sometimes a smile or a funny phrase lights up these frightful pictures. A give-away phrase ! Like to lightning which for an instant illuminates the landscape, such a phrase lights up the hidden depths of a being, that labyrinth into which even the most intimate observation penetrates in vain. It was owing to such facts as these that my father perceived this idea which he has so often expressed: " No matter how much of a realist one may be, a writer recoils before the reality. Dis- courses that one gets off, vanities that one shows off, passions in which one wallows, all that is so much parade before the multitude. " Beside this there is an abyss which no one dares to stir, mud which does not belong to our being, a thick and miry mud in which are the half-formed models for all vices and all crimes such as do not even reach the priest's confessional. Would it be possible a single time to plunge down there? That is what I have often asked myself. Let us imagine, then, some dark and secret place, for example a hospital for maladies of the eyes, in which people, lying near each other side by side in absolute black darkness, ignoring each other's names and age, and almost each other's sex, moreover never intending to see each other again, should freely express themselves and avow what torments them, whispering as it were gropingly from bed to bed." He applied to his sorrows the celebrated axiom : 96 Alphonse Daudet. " Poetry is deliverance ; " whence that sketch for a book called La Doiilou whose elements he had collected, which he did not publish, however, owing to our insistence. Here it is before me, that terrible and implacable breviary ! Certainly it did need a fine courage "to deliver oneself" after such a fashion ; but have I not already indi- cated the fierce necessity of confessing himself which my father showed? In our days science has taken on pretentious airs. Science has believed that she could conquer the spirit. Alphonse Daudet was too sagacious to believe in the labels called psychology, physiol- ogy, pathology — labels which the wind blows away and the rain defaces. Auguste Comte's dogma had never secured any hold upon his imagination, always so clear and always in action, one that never accepted fine words for facts. We used to amuse ourselves to- gether over that impudence shown in explaining and systematizing everything which is the mark of the modern pedant: "the husk of words for the grain of things " according to Leibnitz. He had had long conversations with powerful and lucid Charcot, with Brown-S6quard, tormented by his genius, with Potain, the master of masters, in whom pity went on increasing as his knowledge grew. So he did not fail to know all there was to know upon that other side of the human riddle which bears different mottos and teaches us by two very different ways. There as elsev/here his power of comprehension had served him well. As Father and as Husband. 97 But by the power of his thought he kept him- self at the point where art, which differentiates and individuaHzes, crosses the path of science, which classifies and generalizes ; so that it has often happened to me to say to him laughingly : " You are creating a new method." That which is scientifically known concerning pain could be put in a few pages. That which one obtains metaphysically by induction concern- ing pain can be expressed in a few lines. That which a poet and observer obtains for his harvest through the study of pain among individuals is infinite. The metaphysician and the scientist, yes, even the mystic, ought to draw from that treasury if they wish to enrich their facts at a single stroke. Not only did my father suffer, but he has seen others suffer. In that way he was able to recog- nize certain domains in the realm of evil where the ignorance of to-day, drawing from the sources of the old biographers, is still putting the old inscription " tigers and lions " on the map, that is to say, hollow formulas ! One day when I was explaining to him the cross- ing of the new fibres in the brain and spinal cord, he cried out: "Plato's team!" Thus was imagi- nation in touch with reality. That is the tendency which I remark in all his notes on suffering. In one place he compares those whom paralysis has stricken to satyrs changed into trees or to pet- rified dryads. In another place he sighs : " I might date the beginning of my pain as that de- lightful Mile. Lespinasse dated her love — from 7 98 Alphonse Daudet. every instant of my life ! " Or else it might happen that he said with gentle irony: "For hypochon- dria read ignorance on the part of doctors." What becomes of pride in the person who suffers, what become of tenderness and of charity, whither go the lively passions, luxuriousness and hatred? How does the life of a family change its aspects, the relations between the married people, beween father and children and friends? How do people habituate themselves to evil and resign themselves? or what revolt is there against it, and what form does that revolt take? and in conse- quence of what efforts? These are just so many troublesome questions which he answers with an absolute frankness in accordance with his hard experience or which he allows to remain in doubt, if that is his mood. The variations themselves in this same mood he passes in review with a re- signed philosophy all his own, and it is wonderful to see how through his will power he resists and opposes to every attack all the resources of a hard-headed morality. I can still see him seated in the little garden of the Hotel Mas at Lamalou surrounded by sick people, preaching energy to them, reassuring the nervous ones, taking pains with the despairing and giving them glimpses of some possible holding-off or drawing-back of their fate : " The doctors don't know any more than we ; they know even less than we do, because their knowledge is made up of an average drawn from observations which are generally hasty and incomplete, and because every As Father and as Husband. 99 case is a new and peculiar one. You, Sir, have this symptom, you yonder have another. It would be necessary to join you both to Madame here, in order to obtain something which resembles somewhat my own martyrdom. There are a great many different kinds of instruments belonging to the hangman ; if they do not scare you too much, examine them carefully. It is with our tortures as with shadows. Attention clears them up and drives them off. Let us change a bit the beautiful verses by Hugo : "• II n'est point de douleur, comme il n'est point d'alg&bre Qui r^siste au milieu des Hres ou des cieux A la fixit^ calme et profonde des yeux.' " "Come now, just watch me; I am talking; I say oh ! ah ! ow ! and my talk is a great solace to myself. Whilevvarming others I warm myself. . . . It is all right — since those among you who have a family which they love consider their disease as a sort of lightning-rod. Destiny has satisfied its hatred in them. Avoid egotism ; it increases suffering; it renders suffering atrocious and more unbearable. Don't open those big books ; you will never get anything out of them except terror, for they never treat of any but extreme cases. The frightened face of Diafoirus will be enough if you present to him some unpublished symptom * which cannot be found in the dictionary.' The surprise on the part of the doctor is so amusing to me that I would like to invent such words. But it will not do to push the thing too far, for then they treat lOO Alphonse Daudet. you as a ' malade imaginaire ' and they cease to feel sorry for you. Now we people of the South who are here in a majority, we like to be worried over; Moliere saw that very clearly when he came to P6z6nas. " Argan is Orgon pronounced in the Proven9al way, and Orgon is found in the character of Tar- tufife. They ought to play the Malade Imagi- naire with the accent of the South ; that would furnish an irresistibly comic spectacle." With such discourses and many others and with his own example and courage my father was wont to enliven the wretched people in that sorrowful country which, when he retired to his room, he compared to the inferno of Dante, because one could find there specimens of every kind of pun- ishment. And that action in a twofold way of the observer and consoler is a faithful image of his nature. One can readily understand that he was inter- ested in famous sufferers of former days. He knew fundamentally the maladies of Pascal and of Rous- seau and of Montaigne as well as that of Henri Heine nearer his day. But he was very careful not to take up wild hypotheses like those which our psychologists have seized upon ; for example, the likening of genius to madness made him shrug his shoulders. A continued theme with him was the alliance between pity and pain : " He who has never felt hunger and never been cold, he who has never suffered can talk neither about the cold, nor hunger, As Father and as Husband. loi nor suffering. . He does not even know very well what bread is, nor what is fire, nor what is resigna- tion. In the first part of my life I made the ac- quaintance of misery; in the second, of pain. Thus my senses became sharpened — if I should say to what point sharpened, no one would believe me. A single face in distress at the corner of the street has upset my soul and will never leave my memory. There are certain intonations which I avoid recalling lest I should cry like a fool. Oh, those actors ! What genius is necessary to them in order to reproduce that which they have expe- rienced. No trembling, no exaggeration . . . and then the right accent — that wonderful right accent — which comes from the vitals ! " Moreover any false note in an intonation, every attempt at second-rate pathos, every philanthropi- cal masquerade — all " honored ladies " and " worthy sirs" uttered in what he called a "throaty" voice exasperated him. I have seen tactless persons who knew he was charitable boasting in his presence of sacrifices and imaginary benefactions. Irony began to stir in his eyes which suddenly became black and brilliant. He cut the hypocrite short by some disconcerting exclamation, or else he expressed his disbelief with a malignant sweetness which delighted every one. Readers of his books need only recall the por- traits of Argenton, Madame Hautmann and of Astier Rehu, but, as he said, the most complete figures of romance lack the " moisture of reality." We are in the landau. The sky is clear. On I02 Alphonse Daudet. the edge of the turnpike sits a ragged fellow with a mean face, no linen, eyes full of anger and weari- ness. The magnificence of nature sparkles and gleams about this vagabond as if to exasperate his distress. Willy-nilly, we must stop ; my father is not able to get out of the carriage, but he talks to the man whilst I hand over the alms of the " rich gentleman." And he asks questions in a familiar way, with a kindliness and so clear an ex- pression of a wish to excuse the disproportion of things, that the hollow face softens and relaxes. We go on. Then says my gentle friend: " These horses, the coachman, the carriage, every- thing is arranged so that one can pass quickly; everything combats charity, everything is in a state of virtuous indignation against the tramp. There it is, that is fortune ! One cannot see the poor from the cushions of the landau; they form part of another world, and those favored by fortune turn their heads aside. But in the glare of the un- fortunate one hatred accumulates. . . . Nothing is lost in this world . . . just as in chemistry." Among the works he had in preparation one of the most important, for which he had many frag- ments and a general plan, was La Caravane. The thread of the book is a journey in a trap made by two couples who are friends, men and women of opposite character and lively intelligence, be- tween whom a drama of passion and jealousy unrolls itself whilst they are traversing the finest landscapes of France. My father knew and admired the principal sections of our land in all As Father and as Husband. 103 their diversity. He always insisted upon the in- fluence of the soil and local habits ; a devotee of tradition in his soul, although a revolutionist on other sides, he extolled in conversation the mar- vellous views of Brittany, Normandy, Touraine, Alsatia, the Ardeche, the Lyonnais, Bourgogne, Provence and Languedoc. He had made a pro- found study of characters according to district. His first question of a stranger or a beginner was: "Where were you born?" As soon as he was informed he sought through his vast memory for the dominating points of the region. From hav- ing made researches into his own origin he had constructed a method. Changes of temperament along a given river or a given valley excited his curiosity to the highest degree : " The Norman is the Gascon of the North." — "Lorraine finesse is a clear and sometimes dry observatiojj of men and events." — "You must not confound Provence with the stony South, the Herault and Languedoc. Provence has a touch of Italy, but H6rault and Languedoc prepare one for Spain." — " The logical imagination of the Touraine country (Rabelais, Descartes) differs profoundly from the intellectual wine of Bourgogne and from the Mediterranean flash-in-the-pan." — "Anger of a woman, anger of the Mediterranean ; all on the surface. Ten feet of calm water under one foot of foam ! " — " Panurge, the type of the Parisian, has not changed since Gargantna. I have him, exactly like himself, in at least ten of my comrades ! " — " The lie in the North, heavy, tenacious and T04 Alp house Daudet. gloomy, is very different from otir lie, which runs about, changes a subject, laughs, gesticulates — and ends all of a sudden in sincerity." He had a very significant " schedule " for the city of Lyons which he saw much of in his youth and for the Lyons temperament : " The two banks — Fourvieres and Croix-Rousse — the two rivers, the Saone and the Rhone, mystics and camits (silk-weavers). A tendency to general ideas on the one side: Ballanche, Blanc-Saint- Bonnet ; and on the other the taste for jewelry : Josephine Soulary. On this side Puvis de Chavannes, on the other Meissonier. This parallel might be carried on among the scientific minds." " Instead of losing themselves in volumes of verse which no one reads, why do not sincere men, who are friends of the real, carefully write the his- tory of the cprner which they inhabit and enjoy. The novel form lends itself admirably to this. Customs, legends, that which strikes the infant mind, the part which forest, mountain or village play in the popular imagination, or that of child- hood ; that which remains from ancient times ; that which has not yet been absolutely levelled. I do not ask'^hat every village shall have its Mistral; the great poet is rare. But conscientious souls are not lacking who might do this admirable business. We should be stupefied at the intellectual and moral riches of France. They form a treasure which is wasted, all these customs, dialects and stories. Oh, how fine are the Gascon tales by Blasi ! As Father and as Husband. 105 A book of that kind on the Perigord country compactly enough written delighted him ; it was recommended to him by his friend Senator Dusso- lier. I can no longer remember the title ; it was something like Le Moulin dti Fran. He praised it to all his friends. He lent it to me. It is a com- plete work in which the author gives himself up completely and relates all about his little country with a prodigious care for the truth. "Why don't they imitate him?" cried my father. " I follow with delight the consequences of the impulsion which our Mistral gave. And if Mistral has wrought in the poetical domain, Drumont has wrought in the social domain. The profound feeling of his boldness is of the same kind. A return to tradition ! That is what may save us in this contemporary dissolution of things. I have always had the instinct for things of this sort; but they have not appeared to me clearly until within a few years, thanks to the efforts of my great friends. It is bad to lose one's roots entirely and forget one's village. " That life Maillane led, what an ideal ! Not only to cultivate one's garden and vine, but to celebrate them also, and add to legendry by glory, renewing the linked chain of friendships. It is very singular that poetry only attaches itself to objects that have come from a distance or are of very long usage. That which people call progress — a vague and very doubtful word — rouses or excites the lower parts of the intelligence. The higher parts vibrate better to that which has io6 Alphonse Daudet. touched and inflamed a long series of imagina- tions that have issued one from the other and are strengthened by the sight of the same land- scapes, the smell of the same fragrances, the touch of the same polished furniture. " Very old impressions settle down to the very bottom of an obscure memory, that memory of the race which the crowd of individual memories weave together. The old impressions unite them- selves with all the efforts of laborers, vineyard tenders and foresters. It is with them as with the roots which worm their way along and mix themselves with the nourishing earth, twist them- selves together and mix their juices. Didactic poems on steam, electricity and the X-rays are not pbems at all. Oh, I guess already the excep- tion which will be objected ; the singer of the future will be mentioned, the sublime American, lyrical Walt Whitman ! But he belongs to the country without ancestors." That was one of his habitual themes. He de- veloped it with a vigor and richness of images quite incomparable, for all his feelings were brought into play. The love of " his Provence " rose to his lips. " Leon, I 'd have you know that I am the ven- dor of happiness myself When some young man comes to see me in his arrogant or timid way, with his little volume in his hand, I say to him: ' From what part of the country? ' ' From , Sir.' ' A long time since you have left your house and the old people?' 'About so long.' As Father and as Husband, 107 ' Are you thinking of returning? ' * T don't know.' ' But why not right away, now that you have had a taste of Paris? Are they poor?' ' Oh, no, Sir, they are comfortably off.' * Then, hapless one, flee ! I see you there, undecided, young and impressionable. I do not believe that there is actually in you that energy of Balzac which boiled up and fermented in his garret. Listen to my counsel and later you will thank me. Return to your home. Make a solitude to yourself in some corner of the house or the farm. Stroll back through your memories; recollections of child- hood are the living and unpoisoned source for all those who have not the master's power of evoking thought. Besides, you will see. You have plenty of time. Make the people who are about you talk, the hunters and village girls, the old men and vagabonds, and let all that gradually settle in your mind. Then, if you have any talent, you will write a personal book which will have your own mark on it and will, in the first place, interest your comrades and then the public, if you are able, or if you have the chance, to find some odd piece of intrigue, well carried out, to put inside this frame.' " " But, father, it must be very seldom that the young man will listen to you ! He thinks that you are jealous of his future glory; he has his answer ready : ' But you yourself. Sir, never acted in this manner, and you have not fared very badly.' " He smiled, thought a moment, knocked the io8 Alphonse Daudet. ashes from his pipe, and answered : " Some of them have listened to me. The example of Bap- tiste Bonnet may be cited, the author of that Vie d' Enfant, which will be continued in two more volumes and I hope as successfully as the first. Bonnet has shown himself an admirable poet merely by recounting what he found right before his eyes ; his eyes are those of an observant lyrical talent. Imagine what the sketch of a novel or poem in French would have been from his hand, in French, which he understands very badly, and moreover on a subject which did not spring from his own heart ! Yes, I can cite Bonnet and many others. The vendor of happiness is not an obstinate fellow carried away by theory. From those who have had the pleasure of travel and sojourn in foreign lands he asks an account of their impressions. Profit by the inestimable op- portunity which has filled your mind with new sounds and colors and odors ! There is poor little Boissiere, now dead, whose thought, in his only book, Fumeurs d' Opium, gave warrant of a great mind. " Bonnetain too has known how to take advan- tage of his trip round the globe. It is quite true that Lot! is an author of great talent, but he has not closed the path for other navigators and dreamers. And as to those who glorify the land of their birth, here is Rodenbach, the most ex- quisite and refined of poets and prose writers, moist and dripping with his Flemish fogs, a writer whose sentence has the tender effect of As Father and as Husband. 109 belfries against the sky and the soft golden hue of reliquaries and stained-glass windows. " There is Pouvillon, to whom we owe the complete description of the Montalban district, so full of charm. Examples are numberless. Whether nomadic or stationary, let them all make their work conform to their own likings and let them chant that which has enchanted them." " We are not far off from La Caravanc. Such conversations make the days of travellers a delight ; they are held at the bend of the road before the grounds of some old chateau while twi- light lends to nature restfulness and calm and the servants prepare the meal. According to his own character each person in the party becomes the sponsor for some theory in conformity with his own moral nature. The subjects of conversation are brought in by the chance sight of things without, as it happens when we allow our thoughts to run delightfully hither and thither. " But," added my father, " I would not per- mit them to philosophize long and fatigue the reader; their opinions must follow the same curve as their adventures. I do not want any puppets crammed with phrases and stories; the blood must circulate." When by chance the vendor of happiness talked about politics, he made a grand argument con- cerning the underhand but constant warfare between Paris and the Provinces. Some years ago Mme. Adam, my dear " patroness," for whom my father entertained a warm gratitude no Alp house Daudet. because of her kindness in my regard, had an idea of transforming the Noiivelle Revue. My father admired her greatly for her " divining quaHties," her gift of prophecy, her ardent pat- riotism and those many and lofty quahties which place her in the first rank of Frenchwomen. Knowing the sagacity of her friend Daudet with regard to everything connected with periodicals and newspapers, she addressed herself to him. He was categorical in his reply: " My dear and illustrious friend, I myself have pondered long the idea of establishing a Revue de Champrosay, in the management of which I think I should have the necessary tact to distribute the work according to the powers of each one who contributed. " You cannot be unaware that one of the gravest contemporary questions is the latent antagonism between France and the Provinces. That showed itself very energetically in 1870; and after the war the enmity of the village churches toward Notre- Dame, the memories of the siege and that strange and memorable separation between the heart and the blood-vessels, all these rancors were continued. You can still perceive certain echoes of this in the polemics of the provincial press, that press which has been ruined by the telegraph and the quick distribution of news." lean recall very well the turn of the conversation and the general sense of the interview, but 1 am powerless to reproduce the picturesque army of arguments, the lightning flash from his eyes, his As Father and as Husband. 1 1 1 charming smile and the elaborate gestures made by the hand which still held his pen. " It is not necessary to inform you, dear friend, what very considerable resources the Provinces contain, material and moral resources, if I may talk like a Deputy ; but what we both of us feel much more vividly than any parliament man you please is the necessity of giving a little air and life to the members which the head is by way of fatiguing and ruining. " Decentralization is one of those big words which say nothing to the mind. Armed with your idea, you have a weapon at hand. The professors of the universities, those well-taught and well-informed journalists whom one finds on the actual press of the provinces will answer to your appeal. In that way you will continue in your office a sort oi Revue Fedh'aliste, in which you will print complaints from the districts, in which, without taking sides in their village squabbles, you can keep yourself in touch with those quarrels. " While you are talking of the trade and indus- tries of this place and the other, of agriculture and the harvest, of 'waters and forests,' thanks to your activity and constantly continued effort, you may perhaps succeed in re-establishing the communi- cations so unfortunately cut between the hurried minds of Parisians and the slower and often more serious intelligences of the provinces; in our France, you know, when a single spark glimmers, very soon there is fire everywhere." On the spot Mme. Adam organized a series of TI2 Alphonse Daudet. clever inspectors, who were sent to provincial functionaries and others of greater note, and at this day an important section of the Noin'cUe Revue acts as a rally-point and editorial chair for utterances which one never heard before. At that very moment I was commissioned to write the opening article, " Paris and the Provinces," which in a certain sense I wrote under paternal dictation. There is no doubt that as my father grew older he would have carried out his project of the Champrosay Review. He was not like a great many of his contem- poraries who revile the press and are ever ready to ask services from it. By as much as he dis- dained advertisement, self-advertisement, by so much would he interest himself in those different kinds of information which in a few years have changed the whole physiognomy of the big dail- ies ; and though among his friends he had polem- ical writers like Rochefort and Drumont, he admired the spirit of order and organization in Mme. Adam, that universal knowledge, that power of action which stupefy every one who approaches the great woman patriot. He was never happier than when those " cursed politics " permitted his old comrade Adrien Hebrard to come and chat with him. What contests of laughter did not these two Provencals indulge in, completely informed as they were as to many men and many events, and having acquired in their long lives such experi- ence ! And nevertheless, without any bitterness ! As Father and as Husband. 113 Those who are now on the summit as well as the most ordinary reporters, whom he received with his usual courtesy and friendly ease, can be called in as witnesses to his sagacity and his delicate " scent." No one better than he might divine the taste and whims and changing humor of the public. No one had better studied the changes in the " reading crowd " which is by no means the same thing as the active and noisy crowd. He was a partisan for the complete liberty of the press — "that wonderful safety valve for secrets." He used to say : " In France there can be no govern- ment capable of suppressing the written word ; every effort made in this direction, just as we saw during the Empire, will only end by strengthen- ing irony, putting allusions in fetters and doubling and tripling the wonderful power of the ' iron nib.' " " We could hardly believe nowadays what a universal stupor was occasioned by the terrible article from Rochefort on the death of Victor Noir — that thunderclap framed in mourning, which transformed and petrified the whole capital into a multitude of motionless figures, reading and weighing the virulence of each sentence." He took no part in Boulangism because he never got enthusiastic until he had made for him- self a clear and independent opinion ; but he felt some interest in that movement, as a " combina- tion of a suppressed anti-parliamentary disorder with a patriotic impulse." He was indignant at 1 14 Alphonse DaudeL the judgment delivered by the High Court of Justice which condemned Rochefort to exile for articles in the newspapers: " It is the low revenge of men without cleverness, of vulgar politicians, directed against a writer of infinite brilliancy. They pretend to disdain that pamphleteer who was nevertheless one of the first originators of the actual government under which they are waxing fat; but they fear him quite enough to order him into banishment. They will pay dearly for that infamous deed ! " The Panama scandal undertook to realize this prediction. At home he and I used to joke at the eager- ness with which each of us tried to get the news- papers away from each other early in the morning. He read the papers with remarkable quickness; nothing that was important escaped him. He could not resist the pleasure of writing at once a word of congratulation to the author of some article which pleased him. He remembered new names. In the papers as in books he warmed toward every appearance of talent. He wanted to see the writer, make him talk, aid him from his earliest beginnings. It sometimes happened that he reversed the roles and a reporter sent to re- ceive his own confession was put by him in the confessional. Many who are famous to-day will recall his encouragements and the genial way in which he reassured timidity: "It is part of the role of the vendor of happiness to give good counsel to smaller comrades. When I receive one of these As Father and as Husband. 1 1 5 young men who with difficulty gain their bread at so much a line, I recall my own beginning and reflect that perhaps I have before me a man of the future, a real talent." He gave similar coun- sel to all : " This trade which you are at, and which disgusts you, will be of service to you later; by its aid you will have penetrated into many homes and learned to understand characters not a few and played a part in various comedies. Infor- mation for the public such as exists to-day did not have its origin in New York or Chicago. It sprang from the realistic novel. It corresponds to that need of sincerity which fills men's minds more and more." When his words had been dictated or reported amiss, he would say indulgently: " Historians, the most severe of them and those surest of themselves, often make mistakes 1 Why should not this young man have made a mistake? Truth is a terrible, fleeing goddess. Everything that is in the nar- rator's inside, everything that is subjective in him, from his passions to his vision, down to a boot that is too tight, wars against his desire to be a faithful witness. Consider the smallest fact, the slenderest episode and observe how in one single second it changes its form ! Note how it takes an entirely diff"erent air in the mouth of one person or another ! Remember that symbolical story by Edgar Poe of the double assassination and the multiform inter- pretations made by the spectators." It was one of his whims to distribute beforehand the various lines of work on the Revue de Champ- Ii6 AlpJionse Dmidet. rosay : " It shall be called the Champrosay Re- view because I shall not subject myself to the pressure of Paris, nor the optical angle of Paris. I shall endeavor to classify events according to their real importance. I shall confide reports from the law courts to such a one as possesses good eyes and judgment and style in his writing; and the Chamber of Deputies to such another who has the faculty of the humorist. " Many writers lose their force in imaginative fiction and stories who would acquire an unexpected vigor if they were supported by reality. Par- ticularly I would wish that my Review should be alive and impress the reader with the feeling of an active organism. I would like to pay my fellow workers generously in order to relieve them from anxiety as to money and be able to demand great things of them. I would give an opening to the utterance of every eloquent opinion." He then passed in review the unexploited riches and treasures of information and anecdotes which exist in the industries and various branches of trade — the features of the different quarters of the city, the confessions of humble folk and what the chestnut vendor has to say. " I would see to it that in each number there should be a well-founded inquiry into some injustice, some great wrong and abuse of power, and in order to have my hands free I should pay my railway and theatre tickets out of my own pocket." He was prevented from realizing his project, at first through his illness, and then because of his As Father and as Husband. 1 1 7 work itself, which entirely exhausted his power for labor and rendered impossible any farther care which made oversight and direction necessary. He was compelled to be content with following the efforts of others. Jean Finot was quite aware of the interest he took in the Revue des Revues and in those singular explorations and generous cam- paigns of his in favor of the Armenians. In the obituary notices accounts have been given how my father at the suggestion of Finot had the joy of saving the life of an illustrious author in the Orient who was a prisoner to the Turks and was just about to be executed. On that occasion he did not get up a manifesto with a great amount of advertisement, all of which would have been noisy and vain. He preferred direct and discreet action, for which the compatriots of the unhappy man, who is now alive, entertain in memory of him the greatest gratitude. It must be said, certainly, that Europe has not spoiled them ! My father had promised the Revue de Paris a study of human customs entitled Fifteen Years of Marriage, which would have been the summing up of his experience as a husband and father. The little group which forms the family had particularly enlisted his attention : " The ordinary circumstances of life, the humblest and oftenest performed, are also those that are the least studied. Aside from Montaigne, Diderot and Rousseau, I have always been struck by the disdain which superior intellects have exhibited toward that which I will call the ' small change of existence.' An admirable subject, Ii8 Alphonse Daudet. if there ever was one ! Balzac has written Le Central de Mariage and L Interdiction. The drama of inheritance is complete in his works. He had in mind to write a pathology of social bodies. Why should the philosopher elude in that way familiar problems which perhaps are the most difficult of all? He said to my brother and me : " I have never gone contrary to your wishes or interfered with your somersaults or those changes of mind in young people which are sometimes very difficult to follow — changes which make grave men indignant. You must know that I have pondered over the rights and duties of a father of a family. At what line does his power end? Within what limits can he exercise that power? " Every day we had reason to feel the benefit of the largeness of his ideas. We gave ourselves up to him completely without any drawback and with- out false modesty. We threw ourselves on his in- dulgence ; no confession was too dearly bought for us. Reprimand he used very little. Upon hearing of one of my follies he still preserved his tenderest smile, and then, going back in memory over his past life, recited for my edification this circumstance and that similar error, which he had paid for in this or that way. Above all things he had a horror of a lie : "Don't try to deceive me; your eyes and tone of voice betray you. How do you expect me to counsel you, if you send me off on a false trail?" Then he added : " As to you, my little fellows. As Father and as Husband. 119 I live again in your youth ; this prolongation of life is delightful. When you rush up and kiss me in a hurry, wishing to elude my sagacity, I might enumerate all the tricks, one after the other, wherewith you are sure that you can escape from your old father. Punish yourselves ! Give yourselves the necessary training ! But explain to me your scruples and state your regrets and tell me of those bitter embarrassments of youth which cause one to bite one's pillow in the dark- ness of the night with a groan." He thought that the first duty of a father was to be morally the comrade of his son. He re- called with terror a moving incident in Montaigne wherein old Marshal de Montluc, I think, is in a state of desperation because he lost his son, and never gave the poor fellow a chance to divine what a passion he really had for him. He listened patiently to all our theories, how- ever extravagant, leaving the care of calming us to circumstances. He seemed to be particularly desirous of seeing us think for ourselves, out of reach of all influences. For in the domain of in- telligence he had a perfect horror of imitation: " One of the most terrible statements is that made by Lucretius, namely, ' that the human race exists for very few persons.' " I can remember a multitude of faces and of hours spent in gossip. I could very easily draw the reckoning of the new individualities and new ideas ; some of them who are too easily impressed repeat the lessons they have learned in books and I20 Alpho7ise Daudet. newspapers ; others are the idols of a party or of a doctrine — what followers they have ! And what a delight also when one hears a sincere accent! Surprises are not lacking; that man there whom nobody has noted, who is lost among his neighbors, suddenly enters into a ray of light, starts out against the background.- and detaches himself. " On the evening of a first night the lobbies of a theatre present the image of life. Each one puts his neighbor to the question and fears to express himself without support: 'Don't you think so? . . . What is your opinion, dear mas- ter? ' ... Is it not a strange thing, that not- withstanding the herd, the works are classified nevertheless, and a division is made into the hand- some and the ugly, and well founded reputations emerge? " How many times have we not stirred up this difficult problem of the artist's personality ! A given man will enlist great hopes, begin with a vigorous and novel work and suddenly, as though he had stopped because worn out and at the end of his inventiveness, write no more. The intensity of the wheels that revolve in the brain escapes criticism. Ver}' often reflection acts as a poison, because reflection elaborates a work in secret; that is why my father counselled the study of nature, its forms and its shades as beyond everything else. He was nervous at thought which devours its own substance : " That admirable writer has a sur- As Father and as Husband. i 2 1 prising power for destruction," said he, talking of the philosopher Nietsche. The constantly bitter and sarcastic form of his aphorisms also repulsed him. But especially he reproached him for " having never sufficiently taken the air," i. e. gone to Nature for instruction. It is only a {q\n years now that I have learned to understand the depth of that doctrine which forces the writer to go outside himself and not lose contact with the life around one. The first condition requisite to intellectual joy is the organ- ization of sensations and sentiments. Weariness comes quickly, if one or the other does not renew itself, but allows itself to be worn to the bone. That is the pitfall of analysis. Now my father was analyzing all the time, but he stopped before he became tired. He had pushed his thinking machine to the highest possi- ble tension. He extracted a most surprising use from the smallest circumstances. That explains why, in spite of his fits of illness and his suffer- ings, in spite of the attacks of an implacable malady, he preserved to the very end that second sight and that freshness of impression which caused every one who approached him to marvel. It is quite certain that knowledge and observa- tion when carried to such a degree are two grand springs of happiness. The deep-lying reason for this consists of the fact that one's personality becomes complete and bold. One feels oneself all the more ojiesclf, the greater the number of problems one has tackled, and the more of those 122 Alphoitse Daudet. solutions which the mathematicians call " elegant " have been found for them. In that sense " ele- gance " was one of the remarkable qualities of Alphonse Daudet. Moral hygiene was his pre- occupation. Wounded in his body and con- demned to a restricted existence, he might apply all those cares to the nobler part of his spirit. One day I complimented him on having trained his imagination: "Of a certainty," answered he, " I have always imposed as limits upon my imagi- nation verisimilitude and virtue. I know well its misty domain, those strange countries where fancy is able to carry the heaviest load. But a novelist should not permit himself to employ the mental debauches of a lyrical writer. Besides, before everything else I demand emotion and when the human proportions have been overdone emotion loses itself." He was forever praising to me tact: "If you wish, it is a minor quality, yet nothing is complete without it. Tact alone causes that little shudder which runs through the reader from head to foot and, winning his confidence, hands him over to the author. Literary tact ! Many a time it insists upon hard sacrifices. I have been forced to slash pitilessly this fine speech and that brilliant episode in order to remain in measure. . . . " But what is far better than the application of any principle, no matter how good, is a gift, a feeling of what is superfluous and what is neces- sary, the taste for harmony and for proportion. Owing to ihe complexity of our impressions, we As Father arid as Husbartd. 123 moderns have lost, it appears, that clear and Hmpid observation of the ancients, that immediate real- ization of a sober and perfect art. In Rabelais and Montaigne, in whom humanism is mixed with an intoxication that is genius, a delicate flower with a Latin or Greek perfume suddenly unfolds itself in the wildwood of maxims and descriptions — as it were a miracle of revival. With what delight does one not inhale it! How one admires it ! How it lights up the page ! " One can see how generalized were the counsels which he gave to beginners in literature. That was because he believed a spontaneous and indi- vidual effort was the indispensable condition to success : " The preachments of elderly persons only serve to make people yawn with weariness. Every one must win his brevet at his own expense." A particular line in which the " vendor of happiness " made his appearance was, for ex- ample, the exposition of principles by the aid of which we may avoid envy, tartness and bitter- ness, which are parasitical plants of the literary profession. " It is certain that in my time people did not devour their ancestors as they do to-day. Money, dirty money, had not begun then to trouble their minds, nor yet the bait of ' big editions.' That is a modern scourge. People did not have any ambition to reach that enormous diffusion and start the rowdy-dow which now seems to be a mark of success. For us success lay far more in the appreciation of five or six great comrades whom 124 Alphonse Daudet. we venerated than the invasion of the show- cases," At every turn he came back again to that " pleasure of admiring," the charm of which :s lost. The most brilhant and precious souvenirs for that generation of writers were the afternoons at Flaubert's. " Pshaw, we shall never sell our- selves, shall we?" Emile Zola used to say with a touch of melancholy. But regrets vanished at the sound of the " fine thunder " which rolled about all sorts of discussions — a tumult of ideas and words. Silent and " hard to read," Tour- gu^neff sat by himself in a corner, keeping his actual impressions for himself alone, but esteemed by all. Not until after his death were they to know what his impressions were, and then they made men sad. Maupassant already showed himself timidly and Flaubert was boasting of his first attempts. There were also several scientists, such as the illustrious Pouchet from the museum, who in that society played the role of Berthelot at the Magny dinner. I have often heard Goncourt or my father regret these warm-hearted meetings in which the word " confraternity " had a meaning and in which the philosophy of passing events ran the gauntlet of half a dozen powerfiil brains, which contact with one another and the desire to shine roused to fever heat: "We kept the best of ourselves for those meetings. One would think to himself: I shall tell them this ; or else, I shall read that page and take their advice on it. No truckling, no As Father and as Husband. 125 servility ! Neither pupils nor masters, but com- rades; respectful to the older men, warming themselves in the reflection of their glory and proving by their choice that in our profession there is something else beside money and vanity." I recalled all this at the cemetery of Pere La- chaise on a pallid and sorrowful winter day, the while that Emile Zola said farewell to his old friend in a few sublime words. Let people discuss as much as they will concerning romanticism or nat- uralism, concerning the usefulness or the defects of schools, that was a fine literary review which united in the same enthusiasms Gustave Flaubert, Ivan Tourguenefif, Emile Zola, Edmond de Goncourt, Alphonse Daudet, Guy de Maupassant, Gustave Toudouze and a few others. That was no cenaculum where disappointed ambitions meet to dine, that was no scandal shop where absentees are torn to pieces. And when Flaubert died I can still see the sorrow they all felt ; a {t.\N days before there had been a reunion of the faithful at Croisset, a little literary picnic, from which they returned delighted. Similarly I recall the week that preceded the death of my father and the dinner in memory of Balzac, organized to renew the fine traditions of old. There were Zola, Barras, Anatole France, Bourget and my father; it was a cordial and charming meeting. Among many subjects that of death was spoken of. Bour- get recalled the fact that in his last moments Taine had asked to have a page of Sainte-Beuve read to him " in order to hear somethinof that was clear." 126 Alp house Daudet. There was a unanimous admiration to be noted among them for the great critic of Port-Royal, the writer of the Lundis. As we were returning in the carriage, happy and excited, my father said to me : " Such love-feasts are indispensable. They whip the spirit up, they beautify things. By exchanging ideas we penetrate each other's brains. We see the same fact and same episode appreciated in all kinds of ways in accordance with the characters and habits of the different men. Poor little dinner ! I thought of my Goncourt ! He will soon make himself clear'' During the dinner a eulogy was uttered over Cherbuliez, whom one of us had made a resolve regularly to imitate in the future. All of us vene- rated the modesty of that great writer, who has prosecuted his labors consistently and written so many remarkable pages without ranging himself under any banner: "Thus you see," murmured my father, " that no effort is lost. Those who rep- resent our humanity as an unrest like the swarming of an ant-heap tell a lie. This evening we spoke with one voice in attestation of the power and au- thority of him to whom we owe Ladislas Bclski, Comte Kostia and twenty magnificent novels." According to Alphonse Daudet, in order to reach happiness there was but one path only, that of o