JIGRiO. DEPT. BIOLOGY LIBRARY G Main Dcpt H. 3. Coofc . . . rtMcbigan agricultural College ^Bulletin mo. BULLETIN 94. APRIL, 1893. MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION STATE AGRICOLTDRAL COLLEGE. ZOOLOGICAL DEPAETMENT. BIRDS OF MICHIGAN I, U S T R A T E D cr. COOK:. The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to all newspapers in the State, and to such individuals interested in farming as may request it. Address all applications to the Secretary, Agricultural College, Michigan. UBRARY MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Postoffice Address Railroad, Express and Telegraph Address, . Agricultural College, Mich. . Lansing, Mich. A DEPARTMENT OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AND, WITH IT, CONTROLLED BY THE Agric. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE HON. FRANKLIN WELLS, Constantino, President of the Board, . HON. A. C. GLIDDEN, Paw Paw HON. HENRY CHAMBERLAIN, Three Oaks HON. EDWIN PHELPS, Pontiac, HON. CHAS. W. GARFIELD, Grand Rapids HON. I. H. BUTTERFIELD, Lapeer HON. JNO. T. RICH, Elba, Governor of the State, HON. O. CLUTE, M. S., Agricultural College, President of the College, . term expires 1895 " 1895 " 1897 " 1897 " 1899 " 1899 Ex officio. STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD. The President of the Board is ex officio member of each of the standing committees. FINANCE, . . C. W. Garfield, A. C. Glidden. FARM, . . I. H. Butterfield, Edwin Phelps. GARDEN, . . C. W. Garfield, Edwin Phelps. BUILDINGS, . A C. Glidden, I. H. Butterfield. EMPLOYEES, H. Chamberlain, A. C. Glidden, O. Clute. WEATHER, A. C. Glidden, C. W. Garfield. EXPERIMENT, VETERINARY, I. H. Butterfield, H. Chamberlain. Edwin Phelps, I. H. Butterfield. INSTITUTES, A. C. Glidden, C. W. Garfield, O. Clnte. MECHANICS, . H. Chamberlain C. W. Garfield. MILITARY, . C. W. Garfield, I. H. Butterfield. LAND GRANT, . Edwin Phelps, H. Chamberlain. STATION COUNCIL. O. CLUTE, M. 8. Director. P. M. HARWOOD, B. S., L. R. TAFT, M. 8., Agriculturist. Horticulturist. ROBERT C. KEDZIE, M. A., M. D., HENRY G. REYNOLDS, M. S., . Chemist. Sec. and Treae. ADVISORY AND ASSISTANT STAFF. P. G. HOLDEN, B. S., F. B. MUMFORD, B. S., H. P. GLADDEN, B. S., R. J. CORYELL, B. S. W. L. ROSSMAN, B. 8., H.E.HARRISON, B. 8.. . Assistant Agriculturist. Assistant in Agriculture. " 4l Horticulture. " " Chemistry. E. A. A. GRANGE, V. S., Consulting Veterinarian. G. C. DAVIS, M. S., . Zoologist. CHAS. F. WHEELER, B. S., " Botanist. L. A. CLINTON, B. S., . Assistant to Director. Mrs. L. E. LANDON, Librarian. SUB-STATIONS'. Grayling, Crawford County, 80 acres deeded; Dr. O. Palmer, Local Agent. South Haven, Van Bnren County, 10 acres rented; 5 acres deeded; Hon. T. T. Lyon, President State Horticultural Society, Local Agent. INTRODUCTION. Of the several lists of the birds of Michigan, from that of Dr. Abram Sager, published in 1839, to the most recent by Dr. Morris Gibbs, published in the Ornithol- ogist and Oologist, Vol. 10, 1885, not one is accessible to the younger students of ornithology. While some of the lists are quite full and accurate, not one gives the food and nesting habits of our birds. Such a list can but fill a pressing need, and must receive a most hearty welcome. Indeed I have had frequent inquiries for a cata logue by my students and others, and often have been urged to prepare a list. Owing to my very numerous duties at the college, and my greater interest in the study of entomology I have, previous to this time, been unable to give any time to this work. The past summer the valuable manuscripts of the late Dr. H. A. Atkins came into my hands, and the State Board of Agriculture voted that I should prepare a list, to be sent out as a bulletin by the experiment station. Having taught ornithology for the past twenty-six years at the Michigan Agricult- ural College to large classes, in which there were many good observers who had already made some progress in this study, and who represented many sections of the State, and having in the meantime made quite a considerable collection, through the aid of my students, of birds and birds' eggs for our museum, of which I have had the entire charge, I have been able to gather many and some valuable facts regarding the birds of our State. I have also had in my possession all the manuscripts of the late Dr. H. A. Atkins, of Locke, Michigan, who was for twenty-nine years a most enthusiastic and conscientious student of this branch of natural history. Dr. Atkins kept a careful record of the birds of Locke, Ingham County, Michigan, with the date of the capture of each species, the time of the first appearance and exit, each year, and the full dates of all migrations. This record was very full and accurate, considering the meager literature that Dr. Atkins had at his command. Dr. Atkins visited me quite frequently, and I am assured of his entire devotion to this science, and his earnest effort to secure all possible accuracy in his determination of species and his statements of facts. I have received valuable aid from Dr. Atkins' carefully prepared manuscript, and have starred every bird that he reported from our State. For the dates, nesting habits, number and colors of eggs. I am much indebted to these manuscripts, which, through the kindness of Mrs. Atkins, were put in my possession. Nearly all the birds reported by Dr. Atkins have also been taken here, and so have come under my own personal observation. Dr. Atkins' observations were nearly all made at Locke, and the species starred were all taken at that place, unless special mention is made to the contrary. I have also received great assistance from Prof. A. W. Butler, of Brookville, Indiana. 271185 i 'AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. I have not only profited from his excellent " Birds of Indiana " (one of our most com- plete and most admirably arranged list of birds), but he has kindly 'reviewed my list and offered most valuable suggestions, has loaned me books and papers, and has given me very valuable assistance in the preparation of the bibliography. I have profited much from the accurate lists of Michigan birds, prepared by Dr. Morris Gibbs of Kalamazoo, Michigan, from his many valuable articles in the several ornithological papers, and additions, corrections and suggestions given me in the preparation of this list. Dr. Gibbs has also helped me very much in the preparation of the bibliography. The kindnees of Professor J. A. Allen, and Drs. Elliott Coues, C. Hart Merriam, A. K. Fisher and Robert Ridgway in reviewing a preliminary list, and suggesting important changes, is most heartily appreciated. I have also received very great aid from the valuable manuals of Drs. Coues, Ridgway and Jordan, the excellent treatises of Samuels and Davie, and the other American works that treat of birds. I have been materially aided by my many students, especially Mr. C. B. Cook and L. Whitney Watkins, and by the many correspondents whose names appear in the text, especially Messrs. A. H. Boies, Hudson; Jerome Trombley, Petersburg; Stewart E. White, Grand Rapids; Profs. J. W. Simmons. Owosso; and James Satterlee, Greenville; Drs. J. B. Steere, Ann Arbor; W. C. Brownwell, Morrice, and Messrs. J. B. Purdy, Plymouth: F. M. Falconer, Hillsdale; E. E. Brewster, Iron Mountain; Ludwig Kumlein, Milton, Wisconsin; E. L. Moseleyj Sandusky, Ohio; H. Nehrling, custodian city museum, Mil- waukee, Wisconsin; C. S. Osborn, Sault Ste. Marie; M. L. Leach, Traverse City; Dudley E. Waters, Grand Rapids; and L. S. Foster of New York City. The admirable illustrations were received through the kindness of Messrs. Estes and Lauriat, and are the same that are used by Dr. Coues to illustrate his valuable Man- ual of North American Birds. The illustration for the European Sparrow was received through the courtesy of Dr. Edwin Willits of the Department of Agriculture. I have adopted the arrangement of the American Ornithological Union, and so give after the serial number of each species the number of the species as it occurs in the Union list. I have also appended in parenthesis, the number of the species as given in Coues' Key and Check List. This is for the convenience of beginners, who have or should have this valuable manual. These numbers will prove of great convenience in correspondence and in mak ing exchanges. Although I strongly recommend every student of birds and every would be student to procure Coues' Key to the Birds of North America, I have not used his arrangement or nomenclature, as they are not what he would use were he preparing his work today; but as I have given his numbers, there would be no difficulty in using this list and his invaluable book, which I regard as near perfection as any work of the kind which I have ever seen in any line of science. This list will enable any student to correct Coues' nomenclature according to the accepted nomenclature of the Ornithological Union, which was prepared by a committee of which Dr. Coues was himself a member. In the back part of the last edition of Dr. Coues' Key will be found the two nomenclatures side by side. PECULIARITIES OF OUE MICHIGAN BIRD FAUNA. Our bird fauna, like our entire fauna, owing to the protection given by the great lakes, which nearly surround us, is very interesting. As Dr. C. Hart Merriam has shown by a colored map, issued by the Department of Agriculture in March, 1892, we have ZOOLOGICAL. DEPARTMENT. 5 three distinct fauna? represented in our State : The Boreal in the north, which includes our Northern Peninsula and the northern part of the Southern Peninsula; the Transition, which occupies nearly all of the Southern Peninsula and reaches slightly into Indiana and Ohio; and the Upper Sonoran, which though mostly to the south of us. reaches into the southeastern and southwestern corners of the State. Thus we meet in Michigan many birds peculiar to the far north, and others that dwell for the most part in the states and countries south of us. even reaching to or beyond the gulf. The first are illustrated in the Bohemiam Wax- wing, the Spruce Partridge, the Canada Jay and the Pine Grosbeak; while the Summer Red Bird, the Mocking Bird and the Cardinal Red Bird illustrate the second group. The large lakes attract to us many birds that are usually maritime, like the gulls and the terns; while in southern Michigan, with its prairies and woodlands both widely distributed, we get the prairie fauna, illustrated in the Pinnated Grouse, as well as those birds which are most at home in the forests of wooded areas, like most of the thrushes and the warblers. This accounts for the very large list of woodland warblers which we find in our state. The following birds have been reported from Michigan, but after as full inquiry as I am able to make. I do not feel warranted in -admitting them to this list: Sula bassana. Anhinga anhinga. Camptolaimus labradorius, Somateria mollissima boreallis, Ardea coerulea, Nycticorax violaceus, Rallus longirostris crepitans, Tringa maritima, Pavon- cella pugnax, Haematopus palliatus, Jacana spinosa, Dendragapus franklinii, Sayornis saya, Quiscalus quiscula, Acanthis hornemanii exilipes, Milvulus tyrannus, Ammodra- mus leconteii, Dendroica dominica, Sitta pusilla, Parus carolinensis, and Sialia arctica. There are a few more that seem to be of very doubtful occurrence in our State, but I do not feel warranted in excluding them, but have expressed doubt as to their belong- ing to our Michigan fauna in the text. I have appended to this introduction, not only as complete a bibliography as my time and resources would permit, but also our " Michigan Bird Laws," which are usually excellent, and very wholesome in their influence. In the text I have recorded such facts regarding the food habits of our birds as will enable every one to judge of the economic importance of the various species. Where possible, as it is in most cases, I have given the food habits of the entire family and omitted a mention of them in speaking of the separate species. It will be observed that I have secured records from thfc southern part of the state from Messrs. Boies, Trombley and Simmons; from the southern central from Messrs. Purdy, Steere and Gibbs; from the central, from Messrs. Atkins. Brownell, White, Moseley. etc.; from the north central, from Professor Satterlee and others; from the northern extremity of the southern peninsula, from Messrs. Leach, White, Boise. Osborn, etc., and from the northern peninsula, from Messrs. White, Boise, Brewster, Kumlein, Kneeland and others. Thus the observations, most of them continued for a long series of years, and made by trained observers have covered pretty thoroughly the entire State. PROTECTION OF GAME. ACT 276, OF THE LAWS OF 1889. 2215h. SEC. 8. No person or persons shall kill or destroy, by any means whatever, or attempt to take or destroy, any wild turkey at any time except in the months of October and November of each year. 2215L SEC. 9. No person or persons shall kill or destroy, by any means whatever, any woodcock or any partridge or ruffed grouse, save only from the first day of Septem- ber in each year to the first day of January following. 2215J. SEC. 10. No person or persons shall kill or destroy, by any means whatever, any wild duck, wild goose, or other wild water fowl or snipe, save only from the first day of September in each year to the first day of January in the year following: Pro- vided, however, That it shall be lawful to hunt and kill jack-snipe, red-headed, blue- bill, canvas-back, widgeon, pin-tail ducks and wild geese, between the first day of September in each year and the first day of May next following. 2215k. SEC. 11. The taking, carrying, or sending by any means whatever into or through any county of this state, any of the game or animals which have been killed or captured contrary to the provisions of this act, or the hide of such animals, shall Iw illegal, and is declared to be an offense against the provisions of this act, in any county in or through which such game, animals, or hides may be taken. 22151. SEC. 12. No person shall kill, capture, or destroy, or attempt to kill, capture, or destroy any colin or quail, sometimes called Virginia Partridge, before the first day of November, 1894, and thereafter only during the months of November and December of each year. 2215m. SEC. 13. No person shall kill or attempt to kill any pinnated grouse or prairie chicken until the first day of September, 1894, and thereafter only in the months of September and October in each year. 2215n. SEC. 14. No person or persons shall at any time take or capture or attempt to take or capture any turkeys, partridge, prairie chicken, pigeon, wild duck, wild goose or quail by means of nets, snares, pits, pitfalls, or cages: Provided, That it shall be lawful to trap quail and take them alive for the purpose of keeping them alive through the winter and for no other purpose whatever. Said quail are not to be transported to other places, but must be again liberated in the same place where they were caught when the weather is suitable in the spring. 2215o. SEC. 15. No person shall, at any time, make use of a swivel or punt gun for the purpose of killing, or attempting to kill, any wild duck or other wild fowl. 2215p. SEC. 16. No person shall, at any time, in any manner, rob, or destroy, or ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 7 injure the nest of any wild duck or other wild fowl, nor in any manner kill or molest the same at night or at any other time on their nesting places. . 2215q. SEC. IT. No person or persons shall sell or expose for sale, or have in his possession for the purpose of selling or exposing for sale, any of the kinds or species of birds or animals protected by this act after the expiration of eight days next succeed- ing the times limited and prescribed for the killing of any such birds or animals : Pro- vided, however, That it shall be lawful to expose for sale and to sell any live quail for the purpose of preserving the same alive through the winter. And it shall also be lawful for any person to take alive, on his own premises, at any time and in any man- ner, any wood duck, teal duck, or mallard duck, or wild turkey, for the sole purpose of domestication or for scientific or breeding purposes, and possession and transportation alive of such wild fowl, so taken on one's own premises, may be had for any such pur- pose : Provided. That in any prosecution for violation of any of the provisions of this act, the person claiming the benefit of this section shall prove on the hearing or trial that in good faith he so took alive such wild fowl or fowls for one of the purposes specified in this section, and if prosecuted for transporting them, that he is in good faith transporting them alive for such purpose; and it shall not be necessary for the prosecution to aver or prove that the taking alive of any such wild fowl or fowls vva& not done for domestication or for scientific or for breeding purposes. J2ir>r. SEC. 18. Any person or persons violating any of the foregoing provisions of this act. shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeaner, and shall likewise be liable to a penalty of fifty dollars for each offense, and shall, on conviction thereof, stand com- mitted to the common jail of the county until such penalty is paid : Provided, That such imprisonment shall not exceed thirty days. 2215s. SEC. 19. Any person who shall, at any time, within this state, kill any robin, nighthawk. whippoorwill, finch, thrush, lark, swallow, yellow bird, blue bird, brown thrasher, wren, martin, oriole, woodpecker, bobolink, or any song bird, or rob the nests of such birds, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be fined five dollars for each bird so killed, and for each nest so robbed, or confined in the county jail for ten days, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. 2215t. SEC. 20. That any railroad, express company, or other common carriers, or any of their agents or servants or other persons having any of the above named birds or animals in their possession for transportation, or shall transport the same after the expiration of five days next succeeding the tirqe limited and prescribed for the killing of such birds and animals, shall be punished by fine not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars: Provided, That no such penalty shall apply to the trans- portation of live quail which are to be kept alive throughout the winter, or to the transportation of such birds or animals in transit through the state from other states where it is lawful to kill such birds or animals at the time of such transportation. 215u. SEC. 21. No person or persons shall use any gun or guns, or fire-arms to maim, kill or destroy any wild pigeon or pigeons, at or within five miles of the place or places where they are gathered in bodies for the purpose of brooding their young, known as pigeon nestings; and no person or persons shall use any gun or guns, or fire- arms, to maim. kill, or destroy, any wild pigeon or pigeons within their roostings, any- where within the limits of this state: and no person or persons shall, with trap, snare, or net, or in any other manner, take, or attempt to take, kill or destroy, or attempt to kill or destroy, any wild pigeon or pigeons, at or within two miles of such nesting place AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. at any time from the beginning of the nesting until after the last hatching of such nesting, anywhere within the limits of this state; and every person offending against the provisions of this section, or any part thereof, shall be subject to a penalty of fifty dollars with costs of suit. 2215v. SEC. 22. A prosecution may be brought by any person in the name of the people of the state of Michigan, against any person or persons violating any of the pro- visions of this act before any justice of the peace of the county in which such violation is alleged to have taken place, or before any court of competent jurisdiction; and it is* made the duty of all prosecuting attorneys in .this state to see that the provisions of this act are enforced in their respective counties, and they shall prosecute all offenders, on receiving information of the violation of any of the provisions of this act; and it is made the duty of sheriffs, under sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, constables and police officers, to inform against and prosecute all persons who there is probable cause to believe are guilty of violating any of the provisions of this act. 2215w. SEC. 23. The state game and fish warden is hereby authorized to issue per- mits for the hunting and killing any kind of bird out of season, said bird being sought exclusively as specimens for scientific purposes. 2215x. SEC. 24. All prosecutions under the provisions of this act shall be com- menced within one year from the time such offense was committed. 2215y. SEC. 25. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed. DESTRUCTION OF ENGLISH SPARROWS. 2259a. 1885, p. 4, Feb. 17, act 4. SECTION 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That it shall be lawful to kill the birds commonly called ''English sparrows." SEC. 2. All acts heretofore passed, contrary to the provisions of the preceding- section, are hereby repealed. 2259b. 1887, p. 29, Mar. 15, Act 29; Am. 1889, p. Ill, June, 17, Act 152. SECTION 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That every person, being an inhabitant of this state, who shall kill an English sparrow in any organized township, village or city in this state shall be entitled to receive a bounty of three cents for each sparrow thus killed, to be allowed and paid in the manner hereinafter provided. . 2259c. Am. Ib. 1889. SEC. 2 Every person applying for such bounty shall take such sparrow, or the head thereof, in lots of not less than ten, to the clerk of the town- ship, village or city within which such sparrow shall have been killed, who shall thereupon decide upon such application, and if satisfied of the correctness of such claim, shall issue a certificate stating the amount of bounty to which such applicant is entitled and deliver the same to said applicant, and shall destroy the heads of such sparrows. 2250d. Am. Ib. 1889. SEC. 3. Such certificate may be presented by the claimant or his agent to the county clerk of the county in which such sparrow or sparrows have been killed, who shall thereupon draw a warrant for the amount on the treasurer of said county, and said treasurer shall, upon presentation of said warrant, pay the same from the general or contingent fund of said county. GAME AND FISH WARDEN. 2197r. 1887, p. 27, Mar. 15, Act. 28. SECTION 1. The People of the State of Michi- gan enact, That it shall be the duty of the Governor to appoint some person, a resident of this state, game and fish warden. Said warden shall hold his office for four years, or until his succcessor has been appointed and qualified, unless removed for cause by the Governor; he shall receive a salary of twelve hundred dollars per annum, payable monthly, and shall also be reimbursed his actual expenses necessarily incurrred by him while engaged in the performance of his duties, to be paid on the warrant of the auditor general, monthly, on the approval of his vouchers therefor. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 9 2197s. SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of the said game and fish warden to enforce the statutes of this state for the preservation of moose, wapiti, deer, birds and fish, and to enforce all other laws of this state for the protection and propagation of birds, game and fish, now in force, or hereinafter enacted, and to bring or cause to be brought act- ions and proceedings in the name of the people of this state to punish any parties for the violation of said statutes and laws. Such actions and proceedings may be brought in the name of the people, in the like caees. in the same courts, and under the same cir- cumstances as they may now or at any time hereafter be brought by any individual or by the prosecuting attorneys of the several counties under and by virtue of any laws now existing or hereafter enacted. 2197t. SEC. 3. Said warden may make complaint and cause proceedings to be com- menced against any person for the violation of any of the laws for the protection or propagation of game or fish without the sanction of the prosecuting attorney of the county in which such proceedings are commenced, and in such case he shall not be obliged to furnish security for cost. 2197u. SEC. 4. Said game and fish warden shall have the same power to serve crim- inal process as sheriffs, and shall have the same right as sheriffs, to require aid in executing such process. Said warden may arrest, without warrant, any person caught by him in the act of violating any of the aforesaid laws for the protection or propaga- tion of birds, game or fish, and take such person forthwith before a justice of the peace, or other magistrate having jurisdiction, who shall proceed without delay to hear, try and determine the matter, and the same proceedings shall be had as near as may be, as in other criminal matters triable before a justice of the peace, or other magis- trate having jurisdiction. Such arrests may be made on Sunday, in which case the person arrested shall be taken before a justice of the peace, or other magistrate having jurisdiction, and proceeded against as soon as may be, on a week day following the arrest. 2197v. SEC. 5. Said warden shall, in the month of December in each year, file in the office of the auditor general, an account in writing, stating the days and parts of days spent in the discharge of his duty, the kind of service rendered and the places where rendered, and the expenses paid or incurred in the time of the discharge of such duties, which account shall be verified by the oath of said warden stating that the same is correct and true in every particular. 2197w. SEC. 6. Said warden shall, at the close of each calendar month, file with the secretary of state a report in writing, and in detail, stating the service performed by him during the last preceding month, including an account of the suits commenced at his instance, as herein provided for, the disposition made of the same, the result of any brought to trial, and the condition of any undisposed of, and any other particulars he may think proper, and no payment for services performed or expenses paid by said warden shall be made until he shall present to the auditor general, in addition to the usual oath of performance and payment, a certificate from the said secretary that he has made the report required by this act. The secretary of state shall cause the monthly reports of said warden, or so much thereof as may be of interest to the public, to be transmitted annually to the legislature when in session. 2197x. SEC. 7. The said game and fish warden shall have power to appoint a deputy or deputies, not exceeding three, in each county, who shall be residents thereof; said deputies shall have the same powers in their respective counties as herein provided for the warden himself, subject to the supervision and control of the warden. Said deputy warden or wardens shall receive such compensation as the board of supervisors of the counties in which such deputy warden or wardens reside may allow and provide for, except in the county of Wayne, where such compensation shall be fixed by the board of county auditors. '2 GENERAL LITERATURE. Coues, Dr. Elliott, 1890 Key to North American Birds. Very fully illustrated. This work is very complete and admirable, an excellent manual in my judgment, for either the beginner or advanced student. The complete anatomy, full descriptions, excellent artificial key, and admirable illustrations, make it indispensable to every student of ornithology. The nomenclature and arrangement are not the latest, but an appendix corrects this, in a manner that is very convenient and desirable. Price $7.50. Estes & Lauriat, Boston. Mass. Ridgway, Robert, 1889 Manual of North American Birds. This is simply a manual, and is very excellent for one who wishes simply to study systematic ornithol ogy. The nomenclature and arrangement are recent. Price $7.50. J. B. Lippencott, Philadelphia, Pa. Jordan, Dr. David Starr, 1888 Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States. This is very brief, but valuable to every zoologist. This succinct key helps us to identify all vertebrate animals, from fish to mammals, inclusive. It is very satisfac- tory, considering its size. All three of the above works refer more or less to Michigan birds. Price $2.50. Jasen McClurg & Co., Chicago, 111. Davie, Oliver. 1889 Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. A few illustrations. This work is very full and accurate, and very valuable to one wishing to study the nesting habits of birds. There are many references to Michigan species. Price $1.75. Hann & Adair, Columbus, Ohio. Standard Natural History of the United States, Vol. IV. This large work is almost, indispensable to. the working naturalist. It is to be regretted that its size and cost place it beyond the reach of many. It is fully illustrated and embraces the ornithology of the whole world. It also treats of all other classes of animals, and is very complete. S. E. Cassino & Co., Boston, Mass. The Auk. A very excellent monthly magazine, devoted to ornithology; the organ of the American Ornithologists' Union and the successor to the Bulletin of the Nuttali Ornithological Club. Its editors and contributors are among the ablest ornithologists in the country or the world. The magazine is a credit to our science and literature. Price S3 00 a year. L. S. Foster, 35 Pine St.. New York City. The Ornithologist and Oologist. This is a much less pretentious journal than the 'Auk, but is very interesting and valuable to the student of birds. Like the last men- tioned, this contains much regarding our Michigan birds. It is especially valuable to the young ornithologist. Price $1.00. Frank Blake Webster Co., Hyde Park, Mass. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 11 * Forest and Stream. This weekly journal is more of a sportsman's paper, but con- tains much that is helpful to the scientist. Several excellent lists of Michigan birds have appeared in this journal. Price 84.00 per year. Forest and Stream Publishing Co., 318 Broadway, New York City. The Oologist. This valuable journal has already passed to its tenth volume. It is more than its name implies as it treats of general ornithology as much as of eggs. It has, like all of the above, many able contributors from Michigan. Price 50c per year. Frank H. Lattin, Albion. N. Y. BIBLIOGRAPHY. *Allen, Herbert, 1880. " Bird Notes from Michigan," Oologist, Vol. V, No. 10, p. 79. Refers to Bohemian Wax-wing, Rough-legged Hawk, Broad-winged Hawk, Wild Turkey, etc. Allen, J. A., 1878. " Rare Birds in Michigan," Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, p. 123. Statement of Western Meadow Lark and Oregon Snow Bird in Michigan on the authority of Dr. H. A. Atkins. Allen, J. A., 1879. "Gibbs' List of Birds of Michigan," review of , Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. V, p. 110. Allen, J. A., 1880. "Steere's Birds of Ann Arbor," review of, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VI, p. 46. Anonymous, 1880. " Wild Pigeons in Michigan," Scientific American, Vol. 42, pp. 343- .344. Notes on breeding and migrations, copied from the Detroit Post. Anonymous, 1887. "The Evening Grosbeak at Saginaw, Michigan," Forest and Stream, Vol. XXXIV, p. 143. Anonymous, 1892. "Capture of a Pelican near Grand Rapids," Ornithologist and Ool- ogist, Vol. XVII, p. 143. Copied from Grand Rapids paper. The bird was exhibited by G. K. Hurlburt. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1878. "Rare Birds at Locke," Lansing Republican, Nov. 8, 1878. Two species of Junco reported; "First Capture of Connecticut Warbler," ibid., June 6, 1879. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1879. "Rare Birds in Michigan," Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, No. 2, 1879; " The Snow Bird in Southern Michigan in Summer," ibid., Vol. IV, No. 4, 1879. Atkins, Dr. H. A. 1879. " The Snowbird, Junco hyemalis, in Southern Michigan," Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, p. 238. Taken at Locke, July 8.. 1879. Also records that C. W. Gunn took it at Grand Rapids, July 13, 1878. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1880. " Orange crowned Warbler," taken at Locke, Oologist, Vol. V, p. 72. Atkins, Dr. H. A. 1881. " Bird Notes from Michigan," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. VI, 1881; "Small Green-crested Flycatcher," ibid., Vol. VI, 1881, dates of arrival are given for twenty-five consecutive years; " The Whip-poor-will," ibid., Vol. VI, No. 6, 1881; "Date of Arrival of Scarlet Tanager and Baltimore Oriole for 25 years," ibid., Vol. VI, No. 2,1881. Atkins, Dr. H. A. 1881. "Birds of Locke," Oologist, Vol. V, 1881, No. 12, p. 93. Note * A few of these references I have not been able to verify, and so there may be an occasional error. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 13 is made of Song Sparrow, Jan. 1, and RBcl-bellied Nuthatch, Dec. 19. He also notes taking of Song Sparrow two years in January, four in February, and once in March,, during 28 consecutive years of observation. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1882. "Capture of Chipping Sparrow in Locke, Michigan, in win- ter (Dec. 19, 1881)," Ingham County Democrat (Mason, Michigan), Jan. 5, 1882. Thought to be the first capture of this bird in Michigan in winter. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1882. "Our two Cuckoos breeding in one nest," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. VII, 1882, p. 189; " Tufted Titmouse," ibid., Vol. VII, 1832. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1883. " Carolina Chickadee Taken at Locke," Williamston Enter- prise, Nov. 14, 1883; reports a small flock of Western Meadow Larks, Sturnella neg- lecta, at Locke in October, ibid., Oct. 3, 1883. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1883. "American Redstart," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. 8, p, 31. Gives dates of its arrival at Locke, Michigan, for 26 consecutive years. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1883. " Obituary of," The Auk, Vol. I, p. 391. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1884. "List of Winter Birds of Locke," Lansing Republican, Jan. 1884. This is a list of December birds and includes the Meadow Lark; "List of Birds in January, ibid. Feb. 14, 1884; ' Winter birds of Locke in February," ibid. March 6, 1884. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1884. "Sandhill Crane," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. IX, 1884, p. 6. Nest described and the dates of the arrival of the bird given for twenty-seven years. Atkins, Dr. H. A. 1884. " Winter Birds of Locke, Michigan," Ornithologist and Oolo- gist Vol. IX, p. 31; "Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan," ibid. p. 43; "Five additions to- the avi-fauna of Michigan," ibid. p. 81, discusses Long-tailed Chickadee, Brown-headed Nuthatch, Gray-headed Snowbird, Western Nonpareil and Ground Dove. Atkins, Dr. H. A., 1885, "Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan." Ornithologist and Oologist. Vol. X, p. 3. Includes eighty-two species; " The Bay-breasted Warbler, at Locke, Michigan," ibid. p. 55; "Obituary Notice of," ibid. p. 120. Bailey, Prof. L. H., 1873. "Bird Friends of the Pomologist." Report of Michigan Pomological Society, 1873, p. 127. Barrows, Walter B., 1889. The English Sparrow (Passer domesticus) in North Amer- ica, especially in its Relation to Agriculture. Prepared under rhe direction of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Ornithologist of the Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 1, United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, Washington, 1889, p. 405 and map. Bendire, Chas., 1892. "Passenger Pigeons in Michigan." " Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge," Vol. XXVIII, p. 133. Gives summary of Mr. Wm. Brewsters researches in Northern Michigan; " Barn Owl, Strix pratincola, at Sault Ste. Marie," ibid. p. 325 Brayton, Alembert W., B. S., M. D. "A Catalogue of the Birds of Indiana, with Keys and Descriptions of the Groups of Greatest Interest to the Horticulturists." Trans- actions of the Indiana Horticultural Society. 1879, pp. 87 to 165 inclusive. Boies. A. H., 1875. " Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Southern Mich- igan, Together .with the Game and Fish Laws of Michigan and Miscellaneous Articles for Sportsmen." A pamphlet published by W. T. B. Schermerhorn, Hudson. Michigan. This is an annotated list of 211 species. The list claims to embrace only those species- found in the southern portion of the Lower Peninsula. 14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. Boies, A. H., 1876. "Additions to a Catalogue of Michigan Birds/' Rod and Gun, Vol. XII, January 15, 1876, pp. 89 to 93. Boies, A. H., 1884. "Stray Notes," A. H. Boies, Hudson, Michigan, "The Auk, Vol. II, pp. 285 to 291." Boies, A. H., 1889. "Cowbird Living with English Sparrow," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. IX, p. 128. Brotherton, Wilfred A., 1891. "An Unexpected Fall," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVI, p. 28. Refers to Shrike, Cuckoo, Mourning Dove, etc. " The Great Blue Heron," ibid pp. 90 and 91; "A Pair of Pugnacious Jays," ibid, p. 101; "The Rose- breasted Grosbeak in Oakland County, Michigan," ibid., Vol. XVII, p. 131. Brewster, Wm., 1888. " The Present State of the Wild Pigeon, Ectopistes migrate - rms, as a Bird of the United States, with Some Notes on Its Habits," Auk, Vol. VI, Oct. 1889, p. 285. This is an account of a visit to central and northern Michigan in the spring of 1888, and gives the result of his observations on this species. Brownell, W. C., M. D., 1890. " The Haunts of the Water Thrush," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XV, pp. 153 and 154. Brownell, W. C., M. D., 1891. The least Bittern and Long-billed Marsh Wren at Mud Lake, Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVI, pp. 21 and 22. Brownell, W. C., M. D., 1892. " Sandhill Crane in Michigan," Ornithologist and Oolo- gist, Vol. XVII, p. 156. Reported from Shiawassee county. Brownell, W. C.. M. D., 1892. "The Color Phenomena of the Little Screech Owl," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVII, p. 105. Ballou, W. H., 1879. "Ornithological Notes Along Detroit River," Oologist, Vol. Ill, p. 57. Butler, Amos W., 1890. " A Catalogue of the Birds of Indiana," illustrated. This is an annotated list of Indiana birds. It is very full and accurate, and reflects great credit upon its author and the state of Indiana. It contains 305 species and gives many references to Michigan birds. Transactions Indiana Horticultural Society, 1890. It is also published under separate cover by the author, at Brookville, Ind. Butler, Amos W., 1892. Notes on Indiana Birds, Proceedings Indiana Academy of Science. 1891, Brookville, Ind., 1892. Notes the occurrence of the Pj-othonotary Warbler, Protonotaria citrea, in St. Joseph county, Mich. Butler, Amos W., 1892. "Notes on the Range and Habits of the Carolina Para- keet," The Auk, Vol. IX, pp. 49 and 56. Mentions a species in the National Museum from Michigan; "Some notes concerning the Evening Grosbeak," ibid, pp. 238-247; "Notes its occurrence at Kalamazoo. 1869. 1873, 1878. 1879; Grand Rapids, 1869, 1874, 1879, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890; Paw Paw, 1872; Petersburg, 1888, 1889; Alma, 1890; Olivet, 1890; Agricultural College, 1888, 1889; Ypsilanti, 1890, and Geddes, 1890. Butler, Amos W., 1893. " Further Notes on the Evening Grosbeak." The Auk, VoL X, 1893, pp. 155-157. Notes its occurrence in Washtenaw county in the fall of 1889, upon the authority of L. W. Watkins. Cabot, J. E., 1850. "Report of the Birds Collected and observed at Lake Superior," Gould, Kendall & Lincoln, 59 Washington street, Boston, chapter 8. This list embraces sixty-nine species, and contains some rare northern forms. Collins, W. H., 1875. "Notes on the Breeding Habits of some of the Water Birds of St. Clair Flats, Michigan," Bull. Orn. Club, Vol. V, p. 61. Notes two nests of Aythya americana, one nest of Fulix marila, and occurrence of Fulix affinis, Hydroclielidon lariformis, Larus Philadelphia, and the nesting of the last. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 15 Collins, W. H., 1778. "Notes on the Nesting of the Black Tern/' Oologist. Vol. IV, 1878. Nest reported from St. Clair Flats; "Breeding of Podilymbus podiceps," ibid., Vol. V. p. 19. Sept., 1879 Nest reported from St. Clair Flats, and the eggs and young described: "Pomarine Jjeger in Detroit," ibid., Vol. V, p. 24, 1879. Collins. W. H.. 1880. "Nesting of the Brant, Foster's and Wilson's Terns and Canvas-backed Duck," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. V, 1880. Six nests found with eight to twelve eggs each. Observations were taken at St. Clair Flats; "Oological Notes," ibid. Vol. V, 1880. Collins, W. H., 1881. "Those Brants/' a correction. Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. VI, 1881. Collins. W. H. ? 1882. " Sea Dove," ibid.. Vol. VII. 1882, p. 111. A note of its capture in Michigan, Nov. 30, 1881. Cook, A. J., 1872. "The Bird Friends of the Horticulturist." Report of State Porno- logical Society, 1872, p. 631. Cook. A. J.. 1874. "Birds destroying the Codling Moth," Report State Pomological Society, 1874, p. 159. Special mention is made of the Downy Woodpecker. Cook. A. J.. 1875. "Relation of Birds and Insects." Report of the Michigan State Pomoiogical Society, 1875, p. 428. Cook, A. J., 1875. " Birds as Insect Destroyers," Report of State Board of Agriculture, 1875. p 277. Special reference is made to birds destroying white grubs and cut worms. Cook, A. J., 1875. " Robins and Blackbirds," Report State Board of Agriculture, 1875, p. 61. A report of their value in destroying insects, especially white grub and cut worm, is given. Cooley, Judge T. M., 1855. "A Plea for the Birds," Transactions of the State Agri- cultural Society, 1855, p. 17. Corris, J. P. M., 1890. "A Series of the Eggs of the Golden-winged Warbler/' Orni- thologist and Odlogist, Vol. XV, pp. 21 and 22. Coues, Dr. E., 1871. "Comments on Notes by B. Walker," Detroit, Mich., American Naturalist. 1871, pp. 437 and 438. Refers to Evening Grosbeak and Shore Lark. Covert, A. B., 1876. "A Letter of Promise," Forest and Stream. Vol. XI, March 2, 1876, p. 52. This discusses our Michigan birds and the ability of birds to foresee atmospheric changes; "Birds of Lower Michigan," ibid., Vol. XI. 1876, pp. 99, 132,163, 214, 266, Vol. VII, pp. 147, 164. 276. 318. 54 and 402. This list embraces 244 species with copious annotations. Covert, A. B., 1876. "Nesting of the Solitary or Wood Tattler." Oologist. Vol. II, 1876. Covert, A. B.. 1877. " Notes on Michigan Birds," Forest and Stream, Vol. VII, 1877. Covert, A. B.. 1877. "That Hybrid Owl," Oologist, Vol. III. p. 97, 1877. Bubo virginianus and Bubo virginianus arcticus. both from Michigan, the latter from ' north woods." Covert, A. B., 1878. "Nesting of the Red-breasted Grosbeak," Oologist, Vol. Ill, p. 50. Copied from Forest and Stream. Covert. A. B., 1878. " Nesting of the Large-billed Water Thrush." The Oologist. Vol. IV, pp. 10 and 11, April, 1878. Covert, A. B., 1881. " Annotated List of Birds and Mammals of Washtenaw County Michigan," History of Washtenaw county, Michigan. 1881. This is a valuable addi- tion to the various lists published in the state and embraces 252 species. 16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. Covert, A. B., 1881. "The Enemies of Game Birds/' Chicago Field, Vol. XVII r Dec. 8, 1881. Daggett, Frank S., 1890. ''Birds' Eggs on Isle Royal, Lake Superior," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XV, pp. 9Q and 100. Refers to Gulls, Warblers, Hawks and Loons. Davidson, W. A., 1892. "Nesting of Cardinal Grosbeak and Cerulean Warbler, near Detroit," Ornithologist and Oologist. Vol. XVII, pp. Ill and 137; " Cerulean Warbler/- ibid., p. 137. Breeding near Detroit. Dewey, L. H., 1888. " Birds of the Pine Wood in Northern Michigan," Report of State Board of Agriculture. 1888, p. 187. Mention is made of birds seen in a trip across the state through the pine forests. Durfee, E. W., 1890. " Nesting of the Short-billed Marsh Wren," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XV, p. 156. Dwight, Jonathan, Jr., 1890. -'The Horned Larks of North America," The Auk, Vol. VII, pp. 138 and 159. Notes specimens from Ann Arbor and Cadillac and breeding from the last place. Eddy, N. A., 1882. " Black-backed Woodpecker in Michigan," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. VII, p. 143, 1882; " Black-backed Woodpecker in Michigan," Ornitholo- gist and Oologist, Vol. VII, No. 181, 1882, p. 143; " Michigan Notes on Birds," ibid., Vol. IX, 1883, p. 4. Eddy, N. A., 1884. '"Michigan Notes," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. IX, 1884, pp.. 4 and 5. Notes on Bald Eagle, Carolina Rail, Herring Gull, Bonaparte's Gull, Common Tern, Black-backed Woodpecker, and Surf Duck; "Bird Notes from Bay City," ibid, p. 41. Fluher, I^ev. Chas., 1886. "Ruthless Destruction of Birds," Report State Horticult- ural Society, 1886, p. 355. A record is given of the tremendous destruction of birds to be used ornamentally and suggestions given to prevent it. Forbes, Prof. S. A., 1881. " Birds and Canker Worms," report of State Horticultural Society, 1881, p. 203. This valuable article records investigations of many of our most common birds which were found feeding upon the Canker Worm. Per cent of insect food is given in each case. Fox, Rev. Chas., 1853. "Published List of the Birds of Michigan." Said to include 212 species. I have been unable to secure this list. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1875. " Our Northern Mockingbird, Catbird," Galeoscoptes caro- linensis (Linn.) Caban, Kalamazoo Telegraph, July, 1875. This is a simple biography.. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1876. "Tenacity of Life in Animals," Kalamazoo Gazette, 1876. Refers largely to birds. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1877. "Voyage on the Kalamazoo River from Kalamazoo to the Mouth," Kalamazoo Telegraph, Aug. 24 and 26, 1877. A record of the birds and mam- mals was kept by Gibbs and Tuthill; "Breeding Habits of Myiodioctes mitratus" (Gmel.) Aud. Naturalist and Fancier, Vol. I. No. 8, p. 31, 1877. The above paper was published monthly by C. W. Gunn, Grand Rapids, Mich.,from 1877 to 1879. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1878. " Breeding Habits of the Golden-winged Warbler," Helmin- thophaga chrysoptera (Linn.) Baird, Naturalist and Fancier, Vol. II, No. 3; "A list of the Warblers taken in the State," ibid., Vol. II, No. 2. This gives 28 species with notes. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1879. " Annotated List of Birds of Michigan," Bull, of theU. S. Geo- graphical and Geological Survey of the Territories. Vol. V, No 3, Art. XXIV. pp. 481 to 497 inclusive. This embraces 309 species, states whether each species is rare or com- ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 17 mon, whether it breeds or is a transient or migrant and where it is found. It is, consid- ering its early date, very accurate and complete. Gibbs, Dr. Morris. 1879. -'A New Bird," Grand Rapids Democrat, June 1, 1879. This article treated of a supposed new bird, Hetminthophaga gunnii Gibbs. It proved to be Helminthophaga leucobronchialis. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1879. " Breeding Habits of the Great Blue Heron, Ardea hero- dius Linn." Naturalist and Fancier. Vol. Ill, No. 1, 1879. This records a visit to a large herony; "The Evening Grosbeak," ibid., Feb. 1879. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1879. "Rambles of a Naturalist," Kalamazoo Telegraph, May, 1879. This discribes several species including Connecticut Warbler and Olive-sided Flycatcher, and gives the breeding habits of several rare species. Gibbs, Dr. Morris. 1883. ''Hibernation of Swallows," Portland (Me.) Transcript, July, 1883. Gibbs, Dr. Morris. 1883 and 1884. "Ornithology of Michigan," Michigan School Moderator 1883-4. Several articles commencing Vol. IV, No. 11, Nov. 15, 1883, and extending to Vol. V, Feb. 2, 1884. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1884. "The genus Empidonax," the American Field, Vol. XXI, No. 10, March 8, 1884, p 232. This is a description of the four small Flycatchers of Michigan. The paper was read before the Ridgway Ornithological Club at Chicago. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1884. "Michigan Notes," The Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. IX, 1884, pp. 66, 67, 68. Discusses nesting habits of Hawks, Owls, Thrushes, and other Michigan birds; "Song of the Golden-crowned Thru'sh," ibid., Vol. IX, p. 191. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1884. " The Game Birds as Insect Destroyers." Many species of birds of economic importance to man are listed. This paper was read before the Michigan Sportsmen's Association and published in the Transactions of that society. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1885. "The Genus Helminthophaga/'' American Field, Vol. XXIII, 1885, Jan. 3d, p. 8. This paper was read before the Ridgway Ornithological Club of Chicago, and describes six Michigan species; " The Family Picidae in Michi- gan," ibid., Vol. XXIII, p. 415. A review of the nine species recorded from the state; " The Genus Vireo in Michigan/' ibid., Vol. XXII, p. 200. The six species that occur in the state are reviewed; "Nomenclature of Limicolae of Michigan with Annotations." Read before the Michigan Sportsmen's Association of Feb. 18, 1885, and published in the Transactions of that society. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1885. "A Catalogue of the Birds of Kalamazoo County," Orni- thologist and Oologist, Vol. X, pp. 54, 68, 86, 118, 133, 149, 166 and 189. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1885. " The Birds of Michigan," Forest and Stream, Vol. XXIV, pp. 5,26, 44, 65. 104, 125, 184, 267, 288, 307 and 387; ibid.. Vol. XXV, pp. 4 and 304; ibid. Vol. XXVI, p. 305: ibid., Vol. XXVII, pp. 123 and 223. This list has elaborate annota- tions and continues irregularly to Oct. 14, 1886. Gibbs, Dr Morris. 1886. "Kalamazoo County (Michigan) Notes," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XII. p. 22. Many northern birds were observed in December with a sug- gestion that this may indicate a severe winter; " Ihe Swallows Have Come," ibid., p. 72. A poem: -'How Birds Breathe," ibid., Vol. XIII, pp. 97 and 98. Note is made of a peculiar instance illustrating abnormal conditions. Gibbs, Dr. Morris. 1887. " Kalamazoo County Notes," Ornithologist and Oologist, Feb., 1887. Discusses the ability of birds to endure severe weather. Gibbs, Dr. Morris. 1888. " Caprimulgidae of Michigan." Geological Gazette. July, 1888. 3 18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. Gibbe, Dr. Morris, 1888. " Family Rallidae in Michigan." Oologist, Vol. IV, pp. 85 to 88; " The Great Northern Diver," ibid., July, 1888. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1888. "Birds' Songs," Oologist Exchange, Sept., 1888; "The Hooded Warbler," ibid., 1888. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1888. " Foot Movements in Birds," Hawkeye. Ornithologist and Oologist, July, 1888. Gibbs, Dr. Morris. 1888. " The Effects of Anaesthetics," Agassiz Record, June, 1888. Refers to birds. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1889. "Winter Birds of Kalamazoo County," Oologist, Oct., 1889, pp. 187-189. Includes 68 species; " Raptores of Michigan," Oologist, Vol. VI, 1889, pp. 67 to 69. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1889. "The American Bittern," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XIV, Aug., 1889, p. 120. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1889. "The Crossbills of Michigan," Old Curiosity Shop, Feb. 1889; "The Mourning Warbler in Michigan," ibid., Feb. and March, 1889. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1890. "A Very Peculiar Bird," Ornithologist and Oalogist, Jan.. 1890. The habits and character of the Cowbird are described. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1890. "Game Birds of Michigan." Fish and Game Warden, Aug. to Nov, 1890. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1890. " Yellow Rail," Oologist, Nov. 1890. Described as a rare Michigan bird. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1890. "Snipe and Snipe Shooting." Shooting and Fishing, (Boston), Sept. 11, 1890. Discusses the nesting and feeding of Snipes; " A Wild Pigeon Hunt," ibid., Nov. .20, 1890. The extinction of the pigeon is discussed. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1890. "The White Pelican taken in Michigan," Forest and Stream, Vol. XXXVII, p. 296. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1891. "The American Cuckoos," Nature's Realm, April, 1891. Nesting habits of the Woodcock described. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1892. " The Bird in its Nest," Science, Aug. 19, 1892; " Acorn Eating Birds," ibid., Sept. 2; " The Effects of Civilization on our Birds," ibid., Sept. 30; "Birds that bing in the Night," ibid., Dec. 2; "The Humming Bird's Food," ibid. Oct. 28. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1892. " Bird Life in a City Yard," Forest and Stream, Oct. 28, 1892. Of a list of one hundred and thirty-four species of birds, nineteen were found nesting in a city lot, five by twelve rods in size; " A Habit of the Robin." ibid.. Oct. 20, 1892. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1892. "A Flight of Hawks," American Field, Oct. 8, 1892; "The Night Hawk," ibid., Oct. 15. 1892. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1892. "The Kingfisher. The Angler's Companion." American Angler, July. 1892. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1892. " The Electric Destroyer," Detroit Free Press, Sept. 15, 1892. Discusses killing of birds and insects about electric lights. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1893. "The American Osprey," Oologist, Feb. 1893. ''Michigan Herons," ibid., March, 1893; seven species described and their nesting habits given. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1893. " The Arrangements and Number of Eggs in the Nest." Science, Vol. XXI, pp. 148. The nesting habits of many Michigan birds are referred to. Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1893. "The Pine Grosbeak in Michigan," Ornithologist and Oolo- gist, Vol. XVIII. 1893, pp. 39 to 41. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 19 Gibbs, Dr. Morris, 1893. ' Birds Which Nest in Cavities and Burrows;" illustrated. Speaks of many species; Swallows, Woodpecker, Kingfisher, Blackbird, and many rare examples. Scientific American, Vol. IV, p. 8, 1893. Gunn, Chas. W., 1876. " The Wild Pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius,'' The Oologist, Vol. II, 1876. Gunn, Chas. W., 1877. "The Red -Poll, Aegiothus linaria Cab., and Snow Bunting, Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer/' Naturalist and Fancier, Vol. I, No. 1, 1877; -'The Even- ing Grosbeak, Hesperiphona vespertina Bp.," ibid., Vol. 1, 1877; "The Pine Grosbeak, Pinicola enucleator Cab. ," ibid., Vol. I, No. 3, 1877; ' Winter Notes on the Birds of Kent County, Michigan." ibid., Vol. I, 1877. Thirty-six species with annotations; 'Arrival of Birds at Grand Rapids," ibid., Vol. 1, 1877; "Nesting Habits of the Shore Lark, Eremophila alpestris Boie.," ibid., Vol. 1, 1877; "Birds in Winter," ibid., Vol. I, 1877; "The Canada Goose," ibid., Vol. 1, 1877. Gunn, Chas. W., 1878. " Items from Michigan," Western Oologist (Wis.). Vol. I, No. 5, 1878. Notes on birds; " Nesting Habits of Warblers," ibid., Vol. I, 1878. Describes the nests and eggs of Black-throated Blue, and Golden-winged Warblers; " Notes on the Wild Pigeon," ibid., Vol. I, 1878. Gunn, Chas. W., 1878. " The Western Loggerhead, White-rumped Shrike, Collyrio excubitorides," Naturalist and Fancier, Vol. II, 1878; "The Evening Grosbeak," Hesperiphona vespertina, Bp.," ibid., Vol. Ill, 1874. Gunn, Chas. W., 1879. "Rare Birds of Michigan," Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, p. 186. Notes captures of Connecticut Warbler in Michigan. Gunn, Chas W., 1879. "Rare Birds in Michigan," Bulletin Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, 1879. Gunn, Chas. W., 1881. "Woodpeckers of Michigan," Agricultural World (Grand Rapids), Vol. XIV, 1881. An annotated list; " Notes on the Winter Birds of Kent County, Michigan," ibid., Vol. IV, 1881. This excellent list is a marked improvement on the list of 1877; "Additional Notes on the Winter Birds of Kent County, Michigan," ibid., Vol. IV, 1881. Gunn, Chas. W., 1881. "Arrivals," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. VI, 1881. Embraces notes on spring migrants. Gunn, Chas. W., 1886. Obituary notice of, Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XI, p. 73. Hatch, Dr. P. L., 1890. " American Coot, Breeds at St. Clair Flats," Notes on Birds of .Minnesota, 1892, p. 162. Hatch, Dr. P. L., 1890. ' Great Gray Owl," " Notes on Birds of Minnesota," 1890, p. 211. Its habitat in Michigan is noted. Hazelwood, J. H., 1890. " Evening Grosbeak in Michigan," Ornithologist and Oolo- gist, Vol. XV, p. 96. Records its capture at Fort Gratiot, May 17, 1890. Hewett, Alexander, 1880. ;> Birds Should be Fostered," Report State Pomological Society, 1880, p. 4. Hollister, Geo. C. 1886. "Albino Robin at Grand Rapids," Ornithologist and Oolo- gist, Vol. XI, p. 118. Hughes, D. Darwin, 1869. " Birds Calhoun County," Marshall Democrat Expounder, 1869. This embraces 179 species; "The Bobolink," ibid., May 5, 1870; "The Wild Tur- key," Detroit Free Press, Jan. 24, 1870; " The Sora Rail," ibid. ; March 16, 1870; "The Different Species of the Plover Family," ibid., Apr. 3, 1870; "The Ruffed Grouse." ibid., Oct. 7, 1870; "Song Birds of Michigan," ibid.. Feb. 12, 1871; "The Robin, Blue- bird and Catbird," ibid., Feb. 19, 1871; "The Pinnated Grouse or Prairie Chicken, 20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. Cupidonia cupido" ibid., March 24, 1871. The following species were also described by Mr. Hughes in the Free Press for 1871, special date unknown: The American Quail, Field Sparrow, the smaller Thrushes, Brown Thrush, Wilson's Snipe, American Wood- cock, Wood Thrush, and Song Sparrow. This whole series of articles is very excellent. Hughes. D. Darwin, 1870. " The Wild Turkey, Its Origin and Habits," The Modera- tor (Michigan school paper, published at Grand Rapids). Vol. IV, No. 19, p. 373. This is a reprint of article in Free Press for Jan. 24. 1870. Hughes, D. Darwin, 1872. "Michigan Birds, Their Relation to Agriculture/' Report of the Michigan Pomological Society, 1872, p. 442. This discusses our bird friends and includes the Hawks and others which are often condemned. Hughes, Walter H, 1871. " Arrival and Departure of the Snow Bunting, Plectropha- nes nivalis (Linn.) Meyers, from 1867 to 1871," Naturalist and Fancier (Grand Rapids), Vol. 1 , No. 11, 1877. Extract from the notes of his father, Hon. D. D. Hughes; " Chryso- mitris trktis" Bp., ibid., Vol. II, No. 1, 1878; "The Michigan Plover," ibid., Vol. II. No, 3, 1878, a reprint of an article by Hon. D. D. Hughes. Hughes, Walter H., 1878. "Birds of Michigan," Valley Naturalist (St. Louis, Mo.), Vol I, 1878, pp. 11, 14, 15, 34 and 35. This is an annotated list. Judson, R. F., 1892. "Brief Notes," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVII, p. 9. Notes Golden Eagle taken in Kalamazoo, Michigan, Jan. 1, 1892. K. D. H., 1886. "The Bald Eagle at Sfcurgis, Michigan," Ornithologist and Oologist Vol. IX, p. 75. Kneeland, Dr. S. Jr., 1857. " Birds of Keweenaw Point," Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. VI, 1857, pp, 231 to 241 inclusive. This list was made as the result of one year's study during a residence at Portage Lake and is undoubtedly very accurate and reliable. It includes 147 species. Kennicott, R., 1861. A Catalogue of the Trowbridge Collection of Natural History in Michigan University Museum." Pamphlet of thirty-two pages published by University at Ann Arbor, 1861. Langille, Rev. J. H, 1886. "Nidification of Birds on the St. Clair Flats," Bull. Buf- falo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. V, No. 1., 1886, pp. 33 to 39. Treats chiefly of water birds; " American Coot, Fulica Americana," Our Birds and Their Haunts, pp. 405 and 406. Gives breeding habitat along the great lakes, and says it ie the charac- teristic bird of the St. Clair Flats. Lawrence, Robt. B. " Brant in Michigan," Forest and Stream, Vol. 32, p. 316. Lockwood, E. A., 1891. " Snowy Owls and Swans taken at South Haven." Ten owls and two swans taken in December. American Field, Vol. XXVII. Lucius, E. Torrey, 1883. " The English Sparrow," Agricultural World, Grand Rapids, Vol. IX, No. 4. McBride, Herbert W., 1893. Letter, Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XXIII. 1893, p. 47. Notes breeding of Rose-breasted Grosbeak in Berrien county, Mich. Maris, Willard L., 1891. "The Rose-breasted Grosbeak in Washtenaw county, Oolo- gist, Vol. XVI, p. 106. Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, 1883. " Kirtland's Warbler from the Straits of Mackinaw," The Auk, Vol. I, p. 376. Mentions several birds received from Wm. Marshall, keeper of lighthouse at Spectacle Reef, Michigan, killed night of May 21, 1883. Among them was a male, Kirtland's Warbler. Miles, Dr. M., 1861. "Catalogue of Birds of Michigan," Geological Survey of Michi- ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 21 gan, pp. 222 to 232 inclusive. There are 203 species embraced in this list, which illus- trates the characteristic accuracy of its author. Milliken, W. E., 1892. "Nesting of a Chimney Swift in a Freight Car/' Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVII, p. 159; " The Rose-breasted Grosbeak in Michigan/' Vol. XVII, p. 152. Reported quite common in Kent county. Mills, M. B., 1891. Set of ten eggs from White-breasted Nuthatch, taken at Macon, Michigan/' Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVI, p. 157. M., 1867. " Nesting of Pigeons at Shelby, Michigan," Forest and Stream, Vol. XIV, pp. 231-232. Describes a pigeon roost. Moseley, E. L., 1881. " Notes on Winter Birds of Michigan/' Forest and Stream, Vol. XXVIII. p. 4. Six species are mentioned. Moseley, E. L., 1885. " Winter Woodpeckers of Michigan," Forest and Stream, Vol. XXXII, p. 63. Moseley, E. L., 1887. "List of Michigan Birds in the Museum of the Kent Scientific Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan." This list embraces 231 species, but not all are Michigan birds. This is a pamphlet of 32 pages and was published by the Democrat Company of Grand Rapids. Nichols, Jason E., 1882. " Black-backed Three-toed Woodpecker in Michigan," Orni- thologist and Oologist, Vol. VI, 1882. Oldfield, W. A., 1891. " Breeding of Rose-breasted Grosbeak and Red -backed Sand- piper in Sanilac County, Michigan," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVI, p. 144. Purdie, H. A., 1879. "Record and Additional Specimens of the White-throated Warbler," Bull. Nutt. Orn, Club, Vol. IV, No. 3, 1879; "Another Kirtland's Warbler, Dendroica kirtlandi" Mentions two of the nine specimens then known as from Michigan, having been taken by Adolphe B. Covert, ibid., p. 105. Purdy, J. B., 1889. "Nesting of the Barred Owl and Great Horned Owl at Plymouth, Michigan," Ornithologist and Odlogist, Vol. XIV, p. 54; " Curious Nesting Traits of Birds," ibid., p. 92; " Nests that Perished in the Storm," ibid., p. 110. Purdy, J. B., 1890. "Horned or Prairie Horned Lark, Which is it?" Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XV, pp. 138 and 139. Purdy, J. B., 1891. " Late Nesting of the Wood Pewee," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVI, p. 28; "Nesting of the Bob White, August 30, 189]," ibid., p. 157. Purdy, J. B., 1892. "Late Nesting of the Great Horned Owl," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVII, p. 57. Nest found'March 20, 1892. Purdy, James B., 1893. " Domestication of the Canada Goose," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVIII, 1893, pp. 4-5. Raeder, S., 1891. "Correspondence from Ornithologist and Oologist/' Vol. XVI, p. 64. Records taking 21 sets of eggs of Cardinal in Ohio, in 1885; also notes food habits of the crow. A crow darted down and carried off a young chicken. Reed, Leon, 1886. " Supposed Breeding of the Barred Owl at White Pigeon, Michi- gan," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XI, p. 100. . Ridgway, Robt., 1879. " Note on Helminthophaga gunnii Gibbs," Bull. Nutt. Orn,, Vol. IV, No. 4, 1879. Ridgway, Dr. Robert, 1883. " Helminthophila leucobronchialis," The Auk, Vol. I, pp. 359 and 363. Notes a specimen taken by Gunn, Ottawa county, May 25, 1879; " Another Kirtland's Warbler from Michigan," ibid., p. 389. Specimen from collection of N. Y. Greene, Battle Creek, Michigan, May 11, 1883. Ridgway, Dr. Robert, 1889. "Natural History Survey of Illinois," State Laboratory 22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. of Natural History, S. A. Forbes, director; Descriptive Catalogue, Springfield, 111., 1889, illustrated. Refers to many Michigan birds. Sager, Dr. Apr., 1839. Catalogue of Michigan Birds, by Dr. Abr. Sager, Michigan House Documents, 1839, pp. 412 to 417 inclusive. This catalogue embraces 164 species. This list was evidently prepared with great care and is without doubt very reliable. Satterlee, Prof. James, 1877. " Our Friends, the Birds," Report of Michigan Pomo- logical Society, 1887, p. 115. This article discusses birds in relation to their economic importance. Satterlee, Prof. James, 1886. " The Cherry Bird Condemned," State Horticultural Society, 1886. p. 97. Saunders, Prof. Wm., 1883. " Condemns the Robin, Cherry Bird and English Spar- row," Report of Michigan Horticultural Society, 1883. p. 164. Schoolcraf t, Henry R., 1834. " A Supposed New Bird," Historical and Scientific Sketches of Michigan. Discovered in Michigan in the forests at the foot of Lake Superior. The bird was identified by the New York Scientific Association as the Evening Grosbeak, Hesperiphona vespertina (Coop.) Bp. Smith, W. A., 1885. "The Birds Our Friends," Report of State Horticultural Society, 1885, p. 249. Spicer, Samuel, 1889. "Notes from Goodrich, Genesee County, Michigan," Orni- thologist and Oologist, Vol. XIV, p. 43. Notes some rare birds, Robin building in a barn, and nest of Goldfinch taken Sept. 28. Steere, Dr. J. B., 1880. List of Birds of Michigan, Report of State Pomological Society, 1880, pp. 115 to 124 inclusive. The birds are classified according to time of appearance into summer sojourners, winter residents, migrants or transients, and those that live here throughout the year. The list embraces 265 species. Steere, Dr. J. B., 1880. "Migration of Birds," Report of State Pomological Society, 1880, p. 115. This article divides birds into groups, as to time of residence in the State and embraces a list of 265 species. Steere, Dr. J. B., 1880. " List of the Mammals and Birds of Ann Arbor and Vicinity," local paper, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Annotated list of 111 species. Strang, J. J., 1855. "Natural History of Beaver Islands, Michigan," ninth annual report Smithsonian Institution (1854), 1855, pp. 282 to 288. A brief mention of three lines is made of birds. Sudworth, Geo. B., 1878. " Polioptila caerulea (Linn.) Scl.," Naturalist and Fancier, (Grand Rapids), Vol. II, No. 3, 1878. Swales, B. H., 1891. "Notes on Birds at Detroit," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVI, p. 144. Nests found of Red-headed Woodpecker and Woodcock, the former with eight eggs, the latter with four; "Nesting Notes in the Vicinity of Detroit," ibid., pp. 148-9. Dates and nesting habits of Michigan birds; "Notes of the Season," ibid., p. 159. Swales, B. H., 1892. " Brief Notes," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVII, p. 75 Gives notes of the winter; "Rose-breasted Grosbeak in Wayne County," ibid., p. 64. "American Long-eared Owl Breeding in Wayne County, Michigan," ibid., p. 75; "Brief Notes," ibid,, p. 79; Bald Eagle at Detroit April 4, and Eggs of Red-shouldered Hawk taken April 13, "Nesting of Virginia Rail at St. Clair Flats," ibid., p. 103; "Nesting. of Phoebe," ibid., p. Ill; "Albino Eggs of the Long-billed Marsh Wren," ibid., p. 121; "Nesting of the Field Sparrow in Michigan, found Nesting August 2," ibid., p. 159; "Notes on Tame Red-shouldered Hawk," ibid., p. 159. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 28 Trombley, Jerome. 1882. "Swallow-tailed Kite taken in Southern Michigan," Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VII, p. 250. Notes a male and female near Petersburg, June 19, 1882. Wade, Joseph M., 1880. ' Orange-crowned Warbler," Ofllogist, Vol. V, 1880. Note of capture in Michigan. Washburn, F. L. " Recent Captures of Kirtland's Warbler in Michigan and Other Notes," The Auk, Vol. VI, pp. 279 to 280. Waters, Dudley E., 1883. "The English Sparrow. Passer domesticus" Agricultural World (Grand Rapids), Vol. IX, No. 4. Weed, Prof. C. M., 1883. " Food Habits of Young Birds," Report of the State Board of Agriculture 1883, p. 439. This is a part of a thesis for degree of Master of Sci- ence and shows the value of birds as insect destroyers. Weed, Prof. Clarence M., 1884. "The Food Relations of Birds, Frogs and Toads," Report Michigan Horticultural Society, 1884, p. 98. This gives the percentage of insect food of many young birds, determined by actual dissection. Embraced in thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Wolcott, Robt. H., 1884. "Notes from Grand Rapids, Michigan," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. IX, p. 62. Refers to early spring birds. Wood, A. H., 1884. "The Black-backed Woodpecker," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. IX, p. 62. Species noted 30 miles north of Mackinaw. White, S. E.. 1890. " Brown Creeper at Grand Rapids, Michigan," Ornithologist and Oologist Vol. XV, pp. 101-102; "Favors the Old Names," ibid., p. 137; "Two Days in the Field," ibid., pp. 173-174. Notes on the birds of Mackinac Island. White, S. E., 1891. " The Picidse of Michigan," Ornithologist and Oologist XVI, pp. 56-59; " Stupid Bird Laws of Michigan," ibid., p. 92; " A Pleasant Disappointment," ibid., pp. 100-101. An account of a visit to a heronry and other bird notes; "Turkey Buzzard Breeding in Michigan," ibid., p. 141. Notes the breeding of this and other species along the Kalamazoo river; " Winter Birds with Dates," ibid., p. 149. White, S. E., 1892. "The Olive-backed Thrush," Ornithologist and Oologist, Vol. XVII. pp. 114-115. Notes from Kent county and Mackinac Island. BIRDS OF MICHIGAN. PYTIOPODES. DIVING BIRDS. SUBORDER PODICIPEDES. GREBES. FAMILY PODICIPID^]. GREBES; HELL DIVERS. These curious birds are mostly confined to the water and are great divers said to dodge even the rifle ball. GENUS ^CHMOPHORUS COUES. l-l-(84r5). jEchiiioplioms occidental!* (Lawr.). WESTERN GKEBE. Very rare; probably accidental; one specimen killed near Lansing and now in the collection of Mr. C. H. Davis; one specimen reported 4n catalogue of "Kent Scientific Institute" by E. L. Mosley; included in "Butler's Birds of Indiana." GENUS COLYMBUS LINN. 2-2-(847). Colymbus ho\b-152-(726). Glaucionetta islandica (GmeL). BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE. Bray ton in his " Birds of Indiana " gives this as a winter resident of Lake Michigan; < one taken at Hillsdale from a flock on the lake in 1892" (F. M. Falconer); "only taken on Lake Michigan as a rare straggler" (Ludwig Kumlein); '-not uncommon winter resident on Lake Michigan" (H. Nehriing); embraced by Stockwell in his list of Mich- igan birds (F. and S., Vol. VIII. pp. 23, 380. GENUS CHAKITONETTA STEJN. Bnffle-head, much reduced. 57-158-(727). Charitonetta albeola (Linn.). *BUFFLE-HEAD; BUTTER-BALL; SPIRIT DUCK. Very abundant; small flocks; "throughout the state" (A. H. Boies); spring and fall; winter resident; occasional in summer; "probably breeds at St. Clair Flats" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); reported from Kent and St. Clair counties; "common on Lake Erie" (Jerome Trombley); "Au Sable in October, 1884" (N.A.Eddy); "common at Au Sable* (N. A. Eddy); "not rare at Traverse City" (Dr. M. L. Leach); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); taken by Dr. Atkins in April and July; we have taken several at Pine Lake in November. This duck is rapid of flight and quick to dive. GENUS CLANGULA LEACH. 5S-l54-(728). Clangnla hyemalis (Linn.). OLD SQUAW; OLD WIFE; LONG-TAILED DUCK. Winter resident; more abundant near Great Lakes; one specimen taken near here at Pine Lake; reported from Kent Co.; occasionally common* in Kalamazoo Co. "A flock noted Feb. 1884" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "two specimens taken in Grand Traverse Co." (Dr. M. L. Leach); "St. Joseph Co." (A. H. Boies); common migrant on Lake Erie" (Jerome Trombley): "abundant on Lake Michigan" (Butler's Birds of Indiana). 38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. GENUS HISTRIONlCUS LESS. 59-155-(730). Histrionicns histrionicns (Linn.). HARLEQUIN DUCK. Very rare; admitted in Gibbs' Birds of Michigan. A. H. Boies thinks this should be included. Prof. Ludwig Kumlein writes me that he has taken two specimens in Jefferson Co., Wisconsin. GENUS SOMATERIA LEACH. (>0-160-(734). Somateria dresser i Sharpe. AMERICAN EIDER. "Occasionally seen on Lake Superior" (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); the late W. H. Collins reported taking a young male in Detroit on Detroit river, Dec. 1882. If this bird occur in Michigan it must be as an accidental straggler. ttl-162-(736). Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). KING EIDER. "Straggler taken at Milwaukee and Grand Haven, Michigan" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein). Dr. A. K. Fisher thinks this very doubtful. GENUS OIDEMIA FLEM. t>2 103 (737). Oidemia americana Sw. and Rich. AMERICAN SCOTER; AMERICAN BLACK SCOTER. "Rare accidental visitor'' (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); taken at Au Sable, Oct., 1884 (N. A. Eddy in O. and O., Vol. IX, p. 41); "not uncommon in winter on Lake Michigan " (H. Nehrling and L. Kumlein). 63-165-(788). Oidemia deg'landi Bonap. WHITE-WINGED SCOTER; VELVET SCOTER. Rather rare; migrant; two in our museum taken at Pine Lake near here in 1885; "Lake Michigan" (Butler's Birds of lad.); "this bird is becoming more numerous, now frequently taken during migration at Park and Pine Lakes near Lansing" (C. J. Davis); "occurs regularly on Lake Michigan" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); "cannot be called common in Upper Peninsula " (C. S. Osborn). <>4 166-(739). Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.} SURF DUCK; SURF SCOTER; SEA COOT. Very rare; winter visitor; "Au Sable and Saginaw Bay" (N. A. Eddy in O. and O., Vol. IX, 1884, pp. 4 and 41); "regular migrant on inland lakes of Wisconsin" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); "not uncommon on Lake Michigan" (H. Nehrling); "taken near Iron Mountain Oct. 20, 1890 " (E. E. Brewster). GENUS ERISMATURA BONAP. 65-1 6 7- (7 41). Erismatura rnbida (Wils.). RUDDY DUCK; BLACK JACK. Exceedingly abundant; "throughout the State" (A. H. Boies); migrant^ April, Oct. and Nov.; very common at Pine Lake; taken in Oakland county by J. B. Purdy: reported from Kent Co.; "exceedingly abundant some falls in Kalamazoo Co." (Dr. M . Gibbs); " common migrant on Lake Erie" (Jerome Trombley); Mr. Jerome Trombley reports large numbers on Raisin River in spring of 1888; "at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); given by Dr. J. B. Steere as a summer resident; flocks; very fearless and stupid; "breeds in Northern Peninsula" ( Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); the late W. H. Col- lins reported taking eggs; "not very good eating " (A. H. Whitehead). GENUS CHEN BOIE. 9"(696). Chen hyperborea (Pall). LESSER SNOW GOOSE. Rare; migrant; reported from Michigan in the catalogue of the museum of the ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 39 Kent Scientific Institute, by E. L. Moseley; included in Butler's Birds of Indiana; 'accidental if in Michigan " (Prof. -Ludwig Kumlein); " northern counties of Indiana" (Butlers Birds of Indiana). It is possible that the next is often mistaken for this one. <>7 l(>9a <'695>. Chen hyperborea uivalis i Forst.}. GREATER SNOW GOOSE. Common; Mar. and Oct. and Nov.; throughout the State; migrant; Mr. A. H. Boies has seen large flocks flying in Hillsdale and Lenawee counties during winter; Dr. M. Gibbs reports taking three of these from a flock of ten or more Oct. 24, 1884; "Kewee- naw Point" (Kneeland); doubtfully given as a Michigan migrant by Dr. J. B. Steere; known to alight not infrequently near Lansing; excellent table bird. <>s H>9.1-(694). Chen cterniescens (Linn.}. BLUE GOOSE. One specimen reported in Kent Scientific Institute at Grand Rapids by E. L. Moseley; two captured from a flock on St. Clair Plats by the late W. H. Collins; "regu- lar migrant throughout Wisconsin" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein): "Indiana" (Butler's Birds of Indiana). GENUS ANSER BEISS. <>!>-! 7 la-(693). Anser allufrons gambeli (Hartl.}. * AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. " Transient, rare '" (Dr. M. Gibbs); " migrant " (Dr. J. B. Steere); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); "Indiana, rare migrant" (Butler's Birds of Indiana). This is unquestion- ably very rare in Michigan. GENUS BRAN TA SCOP. Canada Goose, reduced. 40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. 70-172-(702). Branta canadensis (Linn.). *CANADA GOOSE; COMMON WILD GOOSE. Common; Feb. to Apr., and Sept. even to Dec.; throughout the entire State; often seen flying over in March and November, and occasionally much earlier and later in large flocks, which are usually arranged in quite definite V-shaped figures; more commonly seen early or late in the day, and heard at all times of night; frequently alights; "often in wheat fields" (Jerome Trombley); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); nests on the ground; eggs, five to six, yellowish green, " not distinguishable from thone of our common geese " (Dr. C. W. Brownell). These birds are very shy and so are rarely taken. " Mr. Briggs of Wayne Co. has a fine pair. They attempt to migrate each season, which he prevents. They breed well in confinement. They cross readily with common geese, but the hybrids are infertile" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "will sometimes swim up to duck- ing stools, and fly low in foggy weather " (L. S. Foster). 71-172a-(7O4). Branta canadensis liutchinsii (Sw. and Rich.}. HUTCHINS' GOOSE. Rare migrant; reported in catalogue of birds of Michigan in the Kent Scientific Institute by E. L. Moseley; taken by the late W. H. Collins on St. Clair Flats. Amos W. Butler gives it as a rare migrant in Indiana; and, upon Dr. Brayton's authority, says it formerly bred in that state (Birds of Indiana, p. 25). 72-172b-(7O2a). Branta canadensis occidentalis(6). Botaurus lentigiiiosns (Montag.). * AMERICAN BITTERN; STAKE DRIVER; SHYTEPOKE; INDIAN HEN; ''THUNDER PUMPER; "BARREL MAKER;" PLUM PUDDEN. Common; throughout the state; April to August; "common in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "common at Sault Ste. Marie" (A. H. Boies); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); reported from Kent Co. and Ann Arbor; breeds; nests, but not in colonies, on the ground, usually in marshes and often sur- rounded by water; " breeds in great numbers about marshes in Shiawassee county " (Dr. W. C. Brownell), occasionally in meadows; nest elaborate; eggs three to seven, drab or mud color; the males make as a love note a sound like "plum pudden," also another like a ringing or pumping sound, as if pounding a barrel (see article by Bradford Torrey in " The Auk" for January 1889); a very common bird in nearly all parts of Michigan; destroys field mice. For interesting articles on this bird by Dr. 42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. M. Gibbs. describing notes and contortions in uttering them, see O. and O., Vol. XIV. 1889. p. 21. and Oologist, Vol. X, 1892, p. 73. 79-l9l-(6(>7). Botaurns exilis (Gmel.). LEAST BITTERN. Common throughout Southern Michigan; summer resident; " abundant at Ann Arbor and at Grand Rapids'' (R. H.Wolcott); "common in Oakland county, where it breeds" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "common in Monroe Co.'' (Jerome Trombley); one in collection of C. E. Holmes at Grand Rapids taken in Muskegon Co.; "all Southern Michigan'' (A. H. Boies); breeds; nests in June, on the ground, in marshes, on a simple platform of reeds and sedges, often half way up on dead flags, usually over the water, *' occasionally in a bush" (Prof. J. W. Simmons); eggs three to six, white with bluish tinge; " nests in Oakland county " (W. C. Brownell, in O. and O., Vol. XVI, p. 32); bird stupid and so, easily caught. This species occurs in Sager's list of 1839. SUBFAMILY ARDEIN7E. HERONS AND EGRETS. GKNUS ARDEA LTNX. Great Blue Heron. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 43 SO 194--(t>o5>. Ardea herodias Linn. * GREAT BLUE HERON. Very common; throughout the state; -'Grand Traverse county, where there is a heronry" (Dr. M. L. Leachj; "common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewsteri: breeds in colonies; nests in May, in tall trees, near marshes; " sticks in nests sometimes one inch in diamater and five feet long" (Prof. J. W. Simmons); Dr. W. C. Brownell knows of three heronries near Morrice, Shiawassee county. He says the stench is terrible at nesting time. There are often six nests in a tree. The trees, he says, are sure to die: eggs four to six, blue; S. E. White took three nests with five, one with six and one with seven eggs from one tree. May 2, 1881. There was a large heronry just west of Lansing for years. The nests, which were numerous, were in large sycamores which stood in a large marsh. I secured several birds and eggs from this place. Dr. Steere reports heronries in black ash swamps about Ann Arbor. " Heronries are quite com- mon in Southwestern Michigan. The birds fish three times daily. I have taken thirty-five minnows, from two to four inches long, from the stomach of one of these birds" (J. W. Simmons). C. B. Cook took a fish that was twelve inches long and weighed over one pound from the stomach of a Heron. These birds are often very fearless. I have often walked to within a rod or two of a bird before it would fly. 81-196-(658). Ardea egretta Gmel. AMERICAN EGRET: GREAT WHITE HERON; GREAT WHITE EGRET. Very rare; wanderer from the south; A. H. Boies reports it from Lenawee, Hills dale, St. Joseph and Jackson counties; Jerome Trombley reports it from Monroe Co., where he took one in 1889; "occasionally abundant in July and August, undoubtedly breeds in the state, but where?" (Dr. M. Gibbs); '-quite common in late summer in Wayne county, where they are taken half grown, but who knows where they breed r " (Dr. W. C. Brownell); we had one in our museum taken from Jackson Co.; one taken by J. B. Purdy at Plymouth and now in his cabinet; two taken at Greenville, Mont- calm Co., in 1890 by Prof. Jas. Satterlee; Dr. Atkins does not mention this bird: "breeds in Northern Wisconsin and without doubt in the Northern Peninsula of Michigan (Prof. Ludvvig Kumleih); doubtless breeds in Northern Indiana (Butler's Birds of Indiana); this species is given in Sager's list of 1839. There is a fine specimen in the collection of Mr. Levi Broas, taken in Ionia county. 82-197-(669). Ardea candidissinia Gmel. SNOWY HERON: LITTLE WHITE EGRET. Very rare; wanderer from the south: -'a rare accidental visitor during July and August, does not breed "' (Dr. M. Gibbs). S3-199-(660). Ardea tricolor ruficollis Gosse. LOUISIANA HERON; LOUISIANA EGRET: LADY OF THE WATERS. Exceedingly rare; summer wanderer from the South; one specimen reported by E. L. Moseley in the catalogue of the Kent Scientific Institute at Grand Rapids; one reported by A. H. Boies from Lsnawee Co.; one reported from northern Indiana (Butler's Birds of Indiana): Dr. M. Gibbs thinks this bird should be omitted from the list. 84-201-(663). Ardea viresceiis Linn. GREEN HERON: FLY UP THE CREEK. Common: "throughout the State " (A. H Boies); summer resident; two killed on college farm in May; " common at Ann Arbor r ' (Dr. J. B. Steere); " common in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); found nesting at Plymouth by J. B. Purdy: often quite tame: breeds: nests often in small colonies as does the Great 44 AGRICULTURAL] COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. Blue Heron, in May; eggs three to six, pale blue. There are several of these, taken in Ionia Co., in the collection of Mr. Levi Broas. GENUS NYCTICORAX STEPH. 85-202-(664). Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Bodd.). AMERICAN NIGHT HERON; BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON; SQUAWK; NIGHT RAVEN. Rare; taken on Chandler's marsh north of the college; "southern Michigan" (A. H. Boies); "rare in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); one taken in Lenawee Co. by Dr. W. C. Brownell; one in collection of Levi Broas, taken in Ionia Co.; breeds; nests in June, in colonies, in tres; C. S. Osborn of Sault Ste. Marie writes me that there is a'great colony on Espanore Island at the mouth of St. Mary's River. The Indians and fishermen eat the eggs. He has seen over one hundred nests there in the Birch and Balsam trees, the same nests are used over and over year after year. He adds these may possibly be the Great Blue Heron; eggs four, occasionally five or six; "three or four" (L. S. Foster), bluish; young birds in atumn said to be of good flavor and prized for the table. ORDER PALUDICOL.E, CRANES; RAILS, ETC. SUBORDER GEUES. CRANES. FAMILY GRUID^B. CRANES. Fine robust birds; feed on rootlets, grasses, grains, reptiles, toads, frogs, etc. GENUS GRUS PALL. $6-204- -(668). Grus americana (Linn.). WHOOPING CRANE; WHITE CRANE. Very rare; probably accidental if it occur at all; Covert says "very irregular visitor at Ann Arbor;" " occasionally seen both singly and in flocks of ten or twelve about marshes at Manchester, Waehtenaw county, where in has been killed repeatedly" (L. W. Watkins); were these not mistaken identifications? "they probably were" (Dr. A. K. Fisher); northern Indiana (Butler's Birds of Indiana). 87-205-(669). Grus canadensis (Linn.). LITTLE BROWN CRANE. " Transient visitor of the Upper Peninsula " (H. Nehrling); "doubtful" (Dr. A. K. F.isher). 88-206-(670). Grus mexicana (MulL). * SANDHILL CRANE. Common; southern Michigan, Mar. to Oct.; more common near marshes; Judge J. H. Steere of Sault Ste. Marie reports this species from the Upper Peninsula; " Keweenaw point " (Kneeland); breeds; Dr. Atkins took a nest at Locke, June 18, 1879; "not rare and breeds ^ in marshes in Monroe county" (Jerome Trombley); "never seen now in Kalamazoo county" (Dr. M. Gibbs); nests in June on old sedges, on the ground; " nests at Sauger Lake, Shiawassee county" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); eggs two, drab, specked and spotted with brown. We have taken several of these birds here, old and young, which are now preserved in the museum. Mr. L. W. Watkins informs me that they appear often in Jackson county near small lakes, in large flocks of 100 or more, in Oct. and Nov., where they feed extensively on corn, shelling and eating it after it is cut. A young one was reared by Mr. Watkins until two years of age. They are prized by some ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 45 people for table use. Dr. Brownell writes me that he has known them to be so tame that he could walk to within twenty feet of them; the male often executes a queer dance, and .their note is like the rapid stroke of a coarse cow bell. SUBORDER RALLI. BAILS; GALLINULES; COOTS, ETC. FAMILY RALLID^ZE. RAILS; GALLINULES, ETC. * Feed on reptiles and aquatic animals. SUBFAMILY RALLINJE. RAILS. GBNTJS RALLUS LINN. 89-208-(676). Rallus elegans And. KING RAIL; RED BREASTED RAIL; FRESH WATER MARSH HEN. Rather common; we have it from this place and Saginaw Bay; "Hillsdale Co." (A. H.Boies); "abundant in marshes of Monroe ^Co. near Lake Erie" (Jerome Tromb- ley); " breeds at Plymouth, Wayne Co." (J. B. Purdy); " a rare transient in Kalamazoo Co., only twice captured to my knowledge" (Dr. M. Gibbs); breeds; nests on the ground; "nests abundantly in Wayne and St.Clair counties" (B. H. Swales); eggs six to twelve, buff, spotted with varying hues of brown; a young bird in collection of E. S. Holmes, of Grand Rapids, was taken by him near the mouth of the Kalamazoo River, in Allegan Co. Dr. W. C. Brownell writes me that he took ten eggs from a nest. The old bird was very fearless. He has seen the young, mere puffs of black down, leave the nest within a half hour of hatching. 0-212-(677). Kallus Virginian us Linn. * VIRGINIA RAIL. Very common; Sou them Michigan; May to September; "abundant in Southwestern Michigan" (Prof. J. W. Simmons); "abundant about marshes in Monroe Co., near Lake Erie" (Jerome Trombley); "breeds near St. Clair" (B. H. Swales); nests on stems of flags, etc., on the ground; eggs six to twejve, usually seven or eight, creamy white, spotted with small spots of reddish brown. I have found these common here and very ommon at Saginaw Bay. Mr. L. W. Watkins tells me that they nest very abundantly at Traverse City. This is hunted as a game bird, but is rather inferior for table use; "these birds never commence to sit till a full complement of eggs is laid " (J. B. Purdy). GENUS PORZ ANA VIKILL. Carolina Rail, reduced. l-214-(679). Porzana Carolina (Linn.}. * SORA; CAROLINA RAIL; CRAKE; ORTOLAN . Very common; Southern Michigan; May to Oct.; "abundant in Southern Michi- gan" (J. W. Simmons); "Looking Glass River near DeWitt" (Dr. G. W. Topping); 46 AGRICULTURAL, COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. breeds; "not uncommon on Portage Lake, Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "incubation and laying conterminous, so that hatching continues for days " (B. W. Swales); "common at Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); " nests abundantly at Plymouth, Wayne Co.'* (Jas. B. Purdy); "breeds abundantly in Saginaw marshes" (N. A. Eddy); Mr. Jerome Trombley finds it breeding in Monroe county; I have taken the eggs abundantly at Saginaw; nests in June, on ground, in bog or meadow; eggs five to fourteen, very rarely to twenty, drab, with yellowish tint, darker and with larger spots than those of the Vir- ginia Rail; often in flocks; excellent game bird, though not good shooting as they are slow to take wing; "I have taken twenty eggs from one nest. The bird commences to sit as soon as the first egg is laid, so the eggs are at all stages of incubation " ( J. B. Purdy). !>2-215-(680). Porzana noveboracensis (Omel.}. YELLOW RAIL; YELLOW CRAKE. Rare; "probably breeds " (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); reported in Michigan (Forest and Stream, Vol. XXV, p. 347); see Butler's Birds of Indiana; "summer resident" (Dr. J. B. Steere). SUBFAMILY GALLINUL1N7E. GALLINULES. GENUS GALLINULA BBISS. 93-219-(684:). Galliniila galeata (Licht.). * FLORIDA GALLINULE. Common; "Hillsdale Co." (A. H. Boies); Mr. Boies thinks they migrate at night, but not in flocks; " common at Saginaw " (Miles' Birds of Michigan, p 231); " breeds at Plymouth " (J, B. Purdy); "have seen thousands at St. Clair Flats" (Dr. W. C. Brown- el!); taken at the college; breeds; we have eggs in the museum taken near Grand Ledge; "many nests found in Kalamazoo Co." (Dr. M. Gibbs); "nests and eggs- as in\the follow ing species: a fine table bird. GFNUS FUL1CA LINN. Frontal Shield of Coot. Fulica aniericana Omel. * AMERICAN COOT: COOT; MUD HEN. Very common; throughout - th>- entire. State: -"do not summer in . Kalama/oo ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 47 county, but are abundant in migrations" (Dr. M. Gibbs); 4t common in Upper Penin- sula" (E. E. Brewster); " Keweenaw Point'' (Kneeland); reported from Mackinac Island; summer months; breeds; nests on the ground, frequently on floating nests; eggs six to twelve, occasionally fifteen, elongate, yellowish drab, spotted with fine dark spots. I have found the nests and eggs very common at Saginaw Bay. ORDER LIMICOL^E. SHORE BIRDS. ' FAMILY PHALAKOPODID^]. PHALAROPES. Typical waders; food insects, molluscs, crustaceans, etc. GENUS *CRYMOPH1LUS VIEILL. Crymophilus fnlicarins (Linn.). RED PHALAROPE; GRAY PHALAROPE. Northern Indiana, rare, probable migrant, probably in Southern Michigan (Butler's Birds of Indiana); embraced in Stockwell's Birds of Michigan; Dr. Steere classifies it among Michigan migrants: Prof. Ludwig Kumlein writes me that this bird breeds in the Northern Peninsula, which, writes Dr. A. K. Fisher, seems very improbable. GENUS PHALAROPUS BBISS. Northern Phalarope, nat. size. Phalaropus lobalns (Linn.). NORTHERN PHALAROPE; RED-NECKED PHALAROPE. Exceedingly rare; "rare visitor" (Dr. Morris Gibbs); Dr. J. B. Steere classifies this doubtfully as a Michigan migrant; record by R. B. Lawrence of occurence of this bird at Monroe, Michigan, (Forest and Stream Vol. XXV, p. 372); Prof. Ludwig Kumlein writes me that it breeds in northern Wisconsin and presumably in our Northern Penin- sula. I think he must refer to Wilson's Phalarope. Wilson's Phalarope, natural size. 97-24-(602). Pkalaropns tricolor (Vieill.) WILSON'S PHALAROPE. " Common, irregular, transient, only occasionally seen, taken in May and Sept. in Kalamazoo Co." (Dr. M. Gibbs); Dr. J. B. Steere puts it doubtfully among the summer residents; taken by E. E. Brewster at Iron Mountain, May 2, 1890; " Keweenaw Point '' (Kneeland); northern counties of Indiana, where it breeds (ButlerVBirds of -Indiana). 48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. FAMILY RECURVIROSTRID^. AVOCETS AND STILTS. Very long bills and legs; food small molluscs, crustaceans and insects. GENUS RECUKVIROSTRA LINN. 98-225-(600). Recurvirostra americana Gmel. AMERICAN AVOCET. "One specimen from Michigan in the Kent Scientific Institute" (E. L. Moseley); one taken by W. H. Collins near Detroit; embraced in Butler's Birds of Indiana. * GENUS HIMANTOPUS BEISS. 99-226-(601). Himantopus Mexicanus (Mull.). BLACK-NECKED STILT. ''Rare transient" (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); of doubtful occurrence in Michigan. Dr. Steere gives it doubtfully as breeding in Michigan. FAMILY SCOLOPACID^E. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS ETC. Feed on small aquatic animals, insects etc.; eggs densely spotted, usually pointed at one end; game birds. Woodcock, head and outer primaries, natural size. GENUS PLILOHELA GRAY. 100-228~(605). Philohela minor (Gmel). *AMERICAN WOODCOCK. Common from March, rarely February, to October or November; "occasionally every month of the year*' (Gibbs); throughout the state; "formerly very common in Wayne county, but goes as the marshes are drained" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); R. H. Wolcott saw one January 1, 1888, at Grand Rapids, when the snow was one foot deep; reported from Presque Isle Co.; "Grand Traverse Co." (Dr. M. L. Leach); " Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster): "Keweenaw Point" (Knee- land); breeds; nests in April, on the ground in thick brush; eggs four, gray, specked and spotted with dark brown; esteemed as a game bird; taken at the College. October 30, 1892. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 49 GEXUS GALLINAGO LEACH. Wilson's Snipe, reduced, 10l-230-(608). (xalliuago delicata (Ord). * WILSON'S SNIPE; JACK SNIPE; AMERICAN 7 - SNIPE. : 33 Common in April and October; throughout the state; not very rare in summer; reported in Presque Isle and Muskegon Counties; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); said to breed; "found breeding once" (Dr. M. Gibbs); nests on the ground, in May; eggs four, colors as above; prized as a game bird; "I have seen it, but only as a migrant" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); somewhat gregarious; this bird, according to Butler, is known as English Snipe. Jack Snipe. Common Snipe and Gutter Snipe. GENUS MACRORHAMPHUS LEACH. 102-232-(610). Macrorhamplius scolopaceus (Say). RED BREASTED SNIPE; GRAY SNIPE; GRAYBACK: GRAY-BACKED SNIPE; LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER; Dow- ITCHER. Migrant; "a small flock was seen in Kalamaz3o county May 21, 1838 " (Dr. M. Gibbs); " occasionally seen in Hillsdale and Lenawee counties" (A.H.Boies); doubt- fully given as a Michigan migrant by D:. J. B. Steere; " Keweenaw Point " (K neeland); Prof. Ludwig Kumlein writes me that it bre3ds in the Northern Peninsula; Davie, p. Ill, states that this species breeds on the bDrder of Lake Superior and north; small flocks about marshes; excellent table bird. GENUS MICROPALAMA BAIBD. 103-238-((>ll). Micropalama liiinantopas (Bonap.). STILT SANDPIPER. "Not rare some seasons near large bodies of water and occasionally taken in the interior" (Dr. M. Gibbs): Dr. J. B. Steere gives it as a doubtful Michigan migrant; "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); Prof. Ludwig Kumlein writes me that it breeds in the Northern Peninsula, which seems hardly probable. -'Was taken near Lafayette, Ind.. in spring of 1892; first Indiana record" (A. W. Butler). GENUS TRINGA LINN. 104:-284-(626). Tring-a caniitiis Linn. KNOT: RED-BREASTED SANDPIPER: ROBIN SNIPE. 'Rare migrant" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "migrant" (Dr. J.B. Steere); included in list of 7 50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. Rev. Chas. Fox; May and Sept.; small flocks; if this bird occur in Michigan it is very rarely. 105-23{)-(16). Triiiga maciilata Vieill. PECTORAL SANDPIPER; "JACK SNIPE"; GRASS SNIPE. Very abundant; migrant* "throughout the state " (A. H. Boies); "very common on Lake Erie in Monroe Co " (Jerome Trombley); " taken at Plymouth " (J. B. Purdy); "not rare but decidedly irrogular in spring and autumn" (Dr. M. Gibbs); we have taken several here at Lansing; May and Sept.; flocks about marshes; migrant; good game bird; feeds extensively on locusts and other insects. 106-240-((>17). Tringa t'uscicollis Vieill. WHITE RUMPED SANDPIPER; BONAPARTE'S SANDPIPER. "Not common north " (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); "breeds far north of us " (Dr. A. K. Fisher); Jerome Trombley reports it not rare about Lake Erie; "migrant at Ply- mouth" (J. B. Purdy); "migrant" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "a rather rare, irregular migrant" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "breeds far north" (H. Nehrling). 107-241-(615). Tringa bairdii (Cones}. BAIRD'S SANDPIPER. This species is embraced in Covert's Birds of Michigan, Cabot's Birds of Lake Superior, and is given by Wheaton as a migrant in Ohio. 108-242-(614). Tringa minutilla Vieill. LEAST SANDPIPER. Common in spring and fall; April and Sept.; " throughout the state " (A. H. Boies); Jerome Trombley reports it very rare in Monroe Co ; " not rare in Kalamazoo Co." (Dr. M. Gibbs); " I see it often in flocks in spring and fall in Shiawassee county, about lakes" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "migrant at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); "migrant in Alle- gan Co." (S. E. White); Mr. White also reports it at Mackinac Island; taken by E. E. Brewster. May 24, 1891, at Iron Mountain; "breeds in British America" (Dr. A. K. Fisher); " so far -as we know breeds north of the United States" (H. Nehrling); "this and the preceding species breeds far north of us " (Prof. J. A. Allen). 109-243a-((>24). Tringa alpina pacilica Coues. RED-BACKED SANDPIPER; BLACK BELLIED SANDPIPER; AMERICAN DUNLIN. "Migrant, not common, few taken in spring" (Dr. M. Gibbs); " breeds in Sanilac county" (W. A. Oldfield); "one bird taken at Plymouth in the spring of 1891" (J. B. Purdy); " Allegan county, migrating May 25, 1891 " (S. E. White, O. and O., Vol. 16. p. 9); "migrant" (Dr. J. B. Steere); prized for food. 110-244-(625). Tringa ferruginea Brunn. CURLEW SANDPIPER. Very rare visitor; one taken by the late D. D. Hughes; reported in the catalogue of Kent Scientific institute by E. L. Moseley. GENUS EREUNETES ILL. lll-246-(G12). Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.}. SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. Common; "throughout the state" (A. H. Boiea); migrant; "rare in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); "taken as late as June and as early as August" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "shore of Lake Michigan during August " (Butler's Birds of Indiana). ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. GKNUS CALIDRIS Cuv. 51 112-248-(27). Calidris arenaria (Linn.). SANDEKLING. ' Common migrant near Lake Erie " (Jerome Trombley); " common on the shores of the Great Lakes, migrant " (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); " very common, in flocks, on the shore of Lake Michigan " (Butler's Birds of Indiana). GENUS LIMOSA ERISS. I \ 8-24-(ti28). Limosa fedoa (Linn.}. MARBLED GODWIT; GREAT MARBLED GODWIT; DOE BIRD; DOUGH BIRD. Rare; shores of the Great Lakes; May and Sept.; migrant; "taken near Lake Erie by gamesters (gunners)" (Jerome Trombley); * not uncommon about Lake Michigan" (Brayton); "migrant" (Dr. J. B. Steere); Davie, p. 117, says it is known to breed in Northern Ohio and Wisconsin; Prof. Ludwig Kumlein writes me that it breeds in Northern Wiscon-ani, and presumably in our Northern Peninsula, and Mr. H. Nehrling informs me that it breeds in Northern Michigan. 114- 251-(629). Limo>a lia>mastica (Linn.}. HUDSONIAN GODWIT; LESSER DOE BIRD. Rare; migrant; about Great Lakes; "taken near Lake Erie by gamesters" (Jerome Trombley); -'not very rare about Lake Michigan" (Brayton); given doubtfully by Dr. J. B. Steere as a migrant; " taken at Niles and in Calhoun Co." (D. D. Hughes). GENUS TOTANUS Greater Yellow Legs, natural size. 1 1*V2*>4 (G8#). Tot anus melanoleiicns (Gmel.). GREATER YELLOW LEGS; GREATER TELLTALE; GREATER TATTLER; STONE SNIPE. Abundant; throughout the state; May and Oct.; migrant; " Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "common in spring at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "common in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); one of our most common long billed migrants; possi- bly may tarry occasionally and breed. Prof. Ludwig Kumlein writes me that this species breeds in our Northern Peninsula. Mr. H. Nehrling writes to the same effect. This and the following species are reported by Mr. A. W. Butler as breeding rarely in Northern Indiana. 52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. llG-2o*">-(G34:). Tetanus ttavipes (GmeL). YELLOW LEGS; LESSER TATTLER; YEL- LOW SHANKS. Common; throughout the state; "abundant in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); "Kent and Allegan counties" (S. E. White); "Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); embraced in Cabot's Birds of Lake Superior; common about the college; migrant; occasionally in summer; reported as breeding; "neither this nor the preceding species breeds at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); eggs three or four; often occurs in flocks. Solitary Sandpiper, natural size. 117-256-(637). Tetanus solitarius (Wils.). SOLITARY SANDPIPER; SOLITARY TATTLER; WAGTAIL; TIP-UP; AMERICAN GREEN SANDPIPER. Common; May to Sept.; abundant in the marshes about the college; "common about Hillsdale " (F. M. Falconer); " rare in Monroe county but does not breed " (Jerome Trombley); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds northward; nests on ground; not in flocks. This bird bobs its head instead of tipping its tail. GENUS SYMPHEMIA RAFIN. 118-258-(632). Symphemia semipalmata (GmeL). WILLET; SEMIPALMATED TATTLER. Rare; summer resident; admitted doubtfully by Dr. Steere; May to September; Dr. Atkins reports taking this bird at Locke August 13. 1885; Dr. M Gibbs writes me that this bird has been shot at Grand Rapids; " Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); "Kewee- naw Point " (Kneeland); table bird. GENUS BARTRAMIA LESS. 119-261-(G4O). Bartramia longicanda (Bechst.). BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER; HAK- TRAMIAN TATTLER; FIELD PLOVER; UPLAND PLOVER; PRAIRIE PLOVER. Common; April to Sept.; reported from Wayne Co.; " Lenawee Co." (A. H. Boies); breeds; " does not breed in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); " nests on ground in Kala- mazoo Co., eggs four " (Dr. M. Gibbs); Davie, p. 125, says it is known to breed in several portions of Michigan; nests in May on the ground; eggs four, gray or buff, specked with different shades of brown; excellent table bird. This species is embraced in Dr. Sagers list of 1839. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 53 GENUS TRYNGITES CAB. 12O-262-(641). Tryngites subruflcollis (VieilL). BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. Admitted doubtfully among Michigan birds by Dr. J. B. Steere; " rare, only twice taken, Sept. 17, 1875, and Sept. 14, 1872, not yet observed in spring" (Dr. M. Gibbs); rare; migrant; prized for table; "too rare for a game bird" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); -taken near Lafayette, Ind.. in the spring of 1892" (A. W. Butler). GENUS ACTITIS ILI,. Spotted Sandpiper, natural size. 121-263-(638). Actitis macnlaria (Linn.). *SPOTTED SANDPIPER; SANDPIPER; PEET-WEET; SPOTT-J^TATTLER; WAGTAIL; TIP-UP; TEETER TAIL. Exceedingly abundant; "throughout the state" (A. H. Boies); April to Oct.; 'abundant in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); k very abundant at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds abundantly; nests in April, on the ground, in the garden, field or woodland; eggs four, yellowish white, with spots of muddy brown. The name, Tip-up, comes from the habit of jerking its tail which it shares with several other species. " The voung are beautiful little things, and run about, soon after hatching, in a very sprightly manner" (L. S. Foster). GENUS KUMENIDS BRISS. Long-billed Curlew. 122-264-(643). Numeiiius longirostris Wils. LONG-BILLED CURLEW; SICKLE- BILLED CURLEW. Rare; migrant; " rare near Lake Erie " (Jerome Trombley); admitted doubtfully among Michigan migrants by J. B. Steere; "breeds in the Upper Peninsula" (H Nehrling); valuable table bird. 123-265- (645). Nnmenins hndsonicus Lath. HUDSONIAN CURLEW; JACK CURLEW; SHORT BILLED CURLEW. Very rare; "only two taken to my knowledge" (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); "never peen in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); admitted doubtfully, by Dr. J. B. Steere among Michigan migrants. 54: AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. 124 ~2<>B >-M>). Niimeniiis borealis (Forst.). ESKIMO CURLKW. Exceedingly rare; one specimen reported by Dr. M. Gibbs; admitted doubtfully by Dr. J. B. Steere; Benj. Syke. of Kalamazoo, records one as late as Oct. 28; migrant: gregarious; about marshes; excellent for table. FAMILY CHARADRIID^E. PLOVERS. * Feed on insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.; eggs usually dark and spotted: some species valuable as game birds. GENUS CHAIt. \DRIUS LINN. Black-bellied Plover, natural size. 1SJ5-27O (58O). < huradrius squatarola (Linn.}. BLACK-BELLIED PLOVEI.-; BULL- HEAD. Rare; migrant; A. H. Boies reports it from Lena wee and Hillsdale counties; " Mon- roe Co." (Jerome Trombley); "once as late as Oct. 20'* (Dr. M. Gibbs): "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "a regular migrant along the Great Lakes, Superior included'' (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein). Golden Plover, in fall or winter, reduced. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 55 1 2O-272 (58 1 i. Charadrius dominions Milll. AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER; GREEN BACK. Common; throughout the state; April and Oct.; migrant. This bird is not men- tioned by Dr. H. A. Atkins, but it has been taken here repeatedly; Mr. Jerome Trom- bley reports it as a common migrant near Lake Erie; " large flocks appeared at Lan- sing in Sept.. 1890. and many were killed" (J. E. Nichols); taken at Plymouth by J. B. Purdy; " Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "common transient in the autumn, but rarely seen in spring, often in large flocks, most abundant about Sept. 28. in Kalamazoo Co." (Dr. M. Gibbs). GENUS *GIALITIS BOIE. Killdeer, nat oral size. 127 27*5-(584). .Kirialitis vocifera (Linn.}. *KILLDEER; KILLDEER PLOVER; RING PLOVER. Very abundant; throughout the entire state; common from March to Dec.; often seen in winter; valuable as a destroyer of insects; our most common plover; frequents gardens, pastures and roadsides; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "occasional at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds: nests often as early as March, on the ground, usually on a knoll, in gardens and pastures; eggs four, yellowish white, spotted with dark brown. Dr. Brownell writes me that the eggs are always arranged in the form of a cross with the small or pointed ends towards, the center. 128-274 (58<>). Jigialitis semipalmata Bonap. *SEMIPALMATED PLOVER; RING PLOVER: RING NECK. Common; migrant; May and Sept.; Jerome Trombley has taken it in Monroe Co.; ''Upper Peninsula'' (A. H. Boies); "Keweenaw Point'' (Kneeland): taken by J. B. Purdy at Plymouth; " common at Morrice " (Dr. W. C. Brownell); said to be a summer resident north. We have taken this bird here at the college in early spring. Dr. Atkins reports taking one at Locke Aug. 19, 1884; -'northern part of Indiana'' (Butler's Birds of Indiana). 1 29-27 7-(587). .K^ialitis meloda (Ord). PIPING PLOVER; PIPING RING PLOVER. Rather rare; migrant; " rare migrant in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); " I have shot it as a migrant in Allegan Co." (S. E. White); embraced in the lists of Hughes, Boies. Covert and Gibbs. These notes may refer to the next species. 56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. 13O-277a-(588). .Egialitis meloda circirmcincta Rictgu-. BELTED PIPING PLOVER. " Migrant, not common. Summer resident northward '' (Butler's Birds of Indiana): "common summer resident along the shore of Lake Michigan " (Dr. Brayton). Prof. A. W. Butler thinks this species more common in Northern Indiana than the preceding 1 , I have no positive evidence of the occurence of this bird in our state. FAMILY APHRIZID^E. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. Feed on crustaceans, shell fish, etc. SUBFAMILY ARENARIINJE. TURNSTONES. GENUS ARENARIA BRISS. Turnstone, natural siz>?. 131-283-(598). Arenaria iiiterpres (Linii.l TURNSTONE. "A rare irregular migrant in Kalamazoo Co., taken once as late as May 2, showing it to be a spring migrant" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "common along Lake Michigan" (Brayton); included in Sager's list of 1839. ORDER GALLING. GALLINACEOUS BIRDS. T hese birds are granivorous and possess strong claws for scratching. They include most of our domestic birds. SUBORDER PHASIANI. PHEASANTS, GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, QUAIL, ETC. FAMILY TETRAONID^E. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. Feed on insects, grass, seeds, etc.; fine game birds; flocks; generally polygamous: do little injury, and are of immense economic importance. SUBFAMILY PERDICIN^E. PARTRIDGES. GENUS COLIN US LESS. Quail, natural size. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 57 i:*2-289-(571). Coiiiuis virginianus (Linn.}. *Bos WHITE; QUAIL; PARTRIDGE. Very common; throughout the southern peninsula; all seasons of the year; large flocks; very tame; frequent lawns and barnyards in winter; "never seen at Iron Mountain'' (E. E. Brewster); " not generally found much north of Petoskey, though two were seen on Mackinac Island. September, 1890" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds; nests in summer, occasionally as late as September, on the ground; eggs white, pointed at one end, numerous; J. B. Purdy has taken Quail, male and female, natural size. twenty -one eggs from a single nest; "I took thirty-eight eggs from one nest" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); prized as a game bird; very useful in destroying insects, seeds of weeds, etc.; this species has been temporarily protected in our state; " so excellent a friend should be permanently protected " (Prof. Jas. Satterlee); "more common in Monroe county than it was ten years ago" (Jerome Trombley). The name partridge is used eouth and east. GENUS DENDRAGAPUS ELLIOT. 133-298-(555). Deudragapns cana{leu>is (Linn.). CANADA GROUSE; SPRUCE PARTRIDGE. Common north; I have it from Ionia Co.; taken in winter; "formerly very abund- ant in all the scrub pine thickets in the northern counties, very tame and stupid, and 60, easily exterminated" (C. J. Davis); "does not inhabit the shore counties of North- western Michigan, I only find it near Higgins and Houghton Lakes" (Dr.M. L. Leach); " common at Au Sable" (X. A. Eddy in O. and O., Vol. IX, p. 41); " Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "rare on Keweenew Point" (Kneeland); "occasional at Iron Mountain'' (E. E. Brewster and S. E. White); "not found in Kalamazoo Co., but common north" (Dr. M. Gibbs); Dr. W. C. Brownell took a straggler in Washtenaw Co. in the fall of 1887; included in Sager's list of 18M9, and Cabot's of 1850; breeds in the northern part of the state. I have reports of its breeding in the Northern Peninsula; I know that it breeds in Northern Michigan and the Northern Peninsula " (Prof . Ludwig Kumlein); "common in the Gogebic region" (H. Nehrling.) 58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. GENUS BON ASA STEPH. Ruffed Grouse, natural size. 5). Bonasa iiinbflliis (Linn.). "RUFFED GROUSE; ' PARTRIDGE." in Michigan; " PHEASANT," south. Very common, though decreasing in number; throughout the entire state; " still abundant about Ann Arbor'' (Dr. J. B. Steere); "common at Au Sable' 5 (N. A. Eddy); " common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster): "very common at Kevveenaw Point '* (Kneeland): breeds; nests in June, on the ground, nests said to be often concealed by logs, etc.; '-I never find them so'' (Prof. Ludvvig Kumleini; ' always covers eggs with leaves before leaving the nest" (J. B. Purdy); I have always found the nests of eggs entirely exposed; eggs six to fifteen, usually ten to twelve, creamy white to buff, occasionally spotted with fine reddish dots; seen through the year: excellent game bird; occasionally fly into houses in autumn through windows. This bird is known by the drumming of the male with its wings, which may be heard for a long distance. This bird eats berries, nuts, especially beech nuts, and insects. In tne autumn it eats many grasshoppers and such caterpillars as the oak caterpillar. Edema albifrons. My son. A. B. Cook, thinks that they never cover their eggs, except as they accidentally sweep the leaves over the eggs, as they take wing. The drumming, for which thin bird is noted, is probably caused by the wings striking the air. GESUS LAGOPUS Bmss. 1 J5">-$O1-(*>O8). Lagopus lagopus (Linn.}. WILLOW PTARMIGAN. Reported from Upper Peninsula (See Gibbs' list of Michigan Birds): " habitat Minnesota" (Birds of Minnesota, Hatch. 1892, p. 162); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland): " south to northern New York" (Jordan); pure white in winter. GENUS TYMl'ANUCHUS GLOOEK. 13O-3O5-(5O3). TvnipaniH'lMis aimrloanns (Reich.). *PRAIRIE HEN; PRAIRIK CHICKEN; PINNATED GROUSE. Quite common; formerly very rare here, but common in the southwestern part of the State: "formerly abundant, but now extinct at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); " extinct in Monroe county for more than thirty years'" (Jerome Trombley); "very common in Southwestern Michigan" (Prof. J.W.Simmons); more frequent in prairie region; seen through the year; breeds; nests in June, on the ground; nest said to be often con- cealed by leaves, etc.; eggs eight to fourteen, gray, often specked with brown: destroys many insects; excellent game bird; Dr. Atkins found a nest in June, 1879; he reports them very common at Locke in January, 1878; embraced in Sager's list of 1839; "should be carefully protected, as it is a valuable friend to the farmer'' (Dr. A. K. Fisher). ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 59 FAMILY PHASIAXID.E. PHKASANTS: ETC. Large tine game birds, gregarious, polygamous. SUBFAMILY MELEAGRIN^E. TURKEYS. GENUS MELEAGBIS LINN. 1:57 31 (554). Meleagris gallopavo Linn. *WILD TURKEY. Once very common: "none observed in Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); formerly large flocks were seen on the college farm; now extinct except north; ''extinct in Mont- calm county*' (Prof. Jas. Satterlee); "I do not believe there is a turkey north of an east and west line passing through Hough ton Lake " (Dr. M. L. Leach); all seasons of the year; breeds; nests in May. on the ground; eggs nine to twelve, occasionally as many as eighteen, creamy white, spotted with brown; "eggs creamy white thickly spotted with small npecks of rusty brown and umber" (H. Nehrling); excellent for table; Jerome Trombley reports an old bird, with brood, in Monroe county, in 1888; J. B. Purdy writes me that young were taken in Wayne in 1888, and eggs in Kent county in 1891. It is an interesting fact that this species is omitted in the excellent list of the late Dr. A. Sager. A number of fine turkeys were caught here a few years ago in a log pen into which they passed through a hole dug in the ground, underneath one side, as they picked up corn which was placed in this trench. Once in the pen, they only looked up. and so they were successfully caged. ORDER COLUMBJC. PIGEONS. FAMILY COLUMBID^E. PIGEONS AND DOVES. These birds are granivorous. as well as insectivorous. GENUS ECTOP18TES SWAIN. Wild Pigeon, reduced. i38-315-{543). Eetopistes miarjitorius ' (Linn.}. *WILD PIGEON; PASSENGFR PIGEON. Once very common, now equally rare; as a boy I saw immense flocks in Shiawasseo 60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. Co., so large as to nearly cloud the sky; "became extinct at Ann Arbor about 1875'' (Dr. J. B. Steere); "I have seen flocks of from 30 to 80 in Kent Co." (S. E. White); " became extinct in Monroe Co. in 1885" (Jerome Trombley); "last seen at Morrice in 1881, when I shot 52 "(Dr. W. C.Brownell); reported from Benzie and Presque Isle counties; " Mackinac Island " (Dr. M. Gibbs); " seen at Keweenaw Point as early as May 4" (Kneeland); March to Oct., sometimes taken in winter; formerly bred in all parts of the state, abundantly north; large breeding roosts formerly at Shelby, Mich. (Forest and Stream, Vol. XIV, pp. 231, 232); nest and eggs similar to those of the next species, except that this one nests in colonies and "lays one egg at a sitting" (Dr. M. Gibbs); valuable for table; destroys grain. For interesting description of this bird in Michigan see article by Mr. Wm Brewster, in Auk, Vol. VI, Oct., 1889, p. 285; and for description of its breeding and migration in Michigan, see article in Scientific American. Vol. XLII, 1883, p. 343. GENUS ZENAIDURA BONAP. Carolina Dove, natural size. 1 39-31 6-(544). Zenaidura macroura (Linn.) *MOURNING DOVE; CAROLINA DOVE. Very common; throughout the state; found in all months, but rare in winter; dur- ing this very cold winter of 1892-3 several of these birds have been seen daily about my corn crib; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "from May to Sept." (J. B. Purdyj; breeds; nests in May, R. H. Wolcott found a nest July 18, 1892, in low bushes, in low trees, in orchards, on fences, rarely on the ground, often close to house, while the pigeon prefers dense woods; eggs two, white. These birds are often seen along the roadside and in barnyards. ORDER RAPTORES. BIRDS OF PREY. Strong, carnivorous, with hooked beaks and strong talons. SUBORDER SARCORHAMPHI. AMERICAN VULTURES. FAMILY CATHARTID^]. AMERICAN VULTURES. Birds of Prey and carrion eaters; valuable as scavengers. GENUS CATHARTES ILLIOER. 14O-325-(537). Catliartes aura (Linn.). TURKEY VULTURE; TURKEY BUZZARD. Very rare; E. L. Moseley, who has lived twenty summers in Branch county, has ZOOLOGICAL, DEPARTMENT. 61 never seen one in Michigan; F. M. Falconer writes me ''not very rare in the spring of 1892, at Hillsdale v ; "throughout the state" (A. H. Boies); embraced in Fox's list of J853 of Birds about Detroit; Mr. L. W. Watkins tells me that they are common in Jackson and Washtenaw counties every year; they are never seen here; Dr. Atkins makes no men- tion of them; C. J. Davis, Lansing. Michigan, has one in his collection taken at Fow- lerville, Livingston Co.; "becoming more common each year" (Dr. M. Gibbs); Prof. J. W. Simmons has taken them in Van Buren Co.; Geo. D. Sones, of Fresno, Cal., writes me that he took them at Ross, Kent Co., in 1836 and 1887; "more common than formerly in Wayne Co." (J. B. Purdy); "rare in Monroe Co., where a nest with two young was taken at Petersburg, in June, 1890" (Jerome Trombley); "Mr. Elmer Durfee took female and two eggs in Kent Co. in 1892, in the large end of a hollow tree in a swamp" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "breeds in Wayne and Kent counties" (J. B. Purdy); " occasional in Kent Co., two eggs were taken by me in 1'391, in Allegan Co., the only ones taken in the state " (S. E. White). SUBORDER FALCONES. VULTURES; FALCONS; HAWKS, ETC. FAMILY FALCONID^E. VULTURES; FALCONS; HAWKS, ETC. Diurnal birds of prey; feed on mice, insects and other birds; like the owls, benefi- cial, as determined by extensive research by United States government investigators; most of the species feed almost exclusively on mice and insects; (See "Hawks and Owls of the United States in their Relation to Agriculture," by Dr. A. K. Fisher, Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1893); eggs, like those of the owls/ nearly spherical, usually specked. SUBFAMILY ACCIPITRIX^. KITES; BUZZARDS; HAWKS, ETC. GENUS ELANOIDES VIEILL. 141-327-(493). Elanoides forlicatus (Linn.). SWALLOW-TAILED KITE. Said to occur in Michigan; probably an accidental straggler, as the bird is a great wanderer; reported in our fauna by the late D. D. Hughes; a pair shot in Monroe Co., June 19, 1882 (see Bulletin of Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. VIII, Oct., 1882, p. 250). The late Mr. Collins secured a specimen near his home in Detroit. GENUS ELANUS SAVIG. 142-328- (492). Elanus lencurns Vieill. * WHITE-TAILED KITE; BLACK-SHOULDERED KITE. Very rare; Dr. H. A. Atkins reports taking it at Locke, Ingham Co.; Mr. S. E. White writes me that he took one in Kent Co.. April 10, 1888, and has. the specimen ; Mr. A. B. Covert reports taking two specimens in Washtenaw Co.; "extremely doubt- ful, are the specimens preserved? " A. K. Fisher. GENUS ICTINIA VIEELL. 143-329 (491). Ictinia mississippiensis (Wils.). MISSISSIPPI KITE. Said to occur in Michigan; exceedingly rare; the late Hon. D. D. Hughes reported one specimen from Cass Co.; Prof. A. W. Butler gives it as a rare visitor in Northern Indiana. 62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN GENUS CIRCUS LACEPEDE. Ear parts of Circus. 144-.'5.'ll-(489). Circus liudsonins (Linn.). *MARSH HAWK; MOUSE HAWK; HAKKIKI:. Abundant; throughout the State; summer resident; " common in Monroe county" (Jerome Trombley); "Mackinac Island*' (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point'' (Kneeland); breeds; nests on the ground; eggs three to six, greenish white, often spotted with brown. We have taken the nests and young at this place. "This valuable bird should be protected by law " ( J. B. Purdy). GENUS ACCIPITER BRISS. -832 (494). Accipiter velox (Wilg.). *SHARP-SHINNED HAWK. Common; throughout the state; April to August; occasional in winter; "Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); " Mackinac Island '' (S. E. White); probably breeds; Dr. M. Gibbs writes me that it is not known to breed in Kalamazoo county; nests in trees high up from the ground; eggs three to five, rarely seven; "a single bird has been known to lay seventeen eggs in succession" (A. W. Butler), bluish or greenish white, spotted at large end with brown. This is one of out- most common small hawks, it is brave and takes toll of the fancier; " this and the following species are the only two common hawks that are injurious'' (Dr. A. K. Fisher); "too small 1 think to be clashed as a chicken hawk" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); " I have seen it kill chickens" (S. E. White). Cooper's Hawk, natural size. 1 4C-333-(495). Aceipiter cooperi Bonap. ^COOPER'S HAWK; CHICKEN HAWK. Very common; throughout the state; May to October; E. L. Moseley shot one at Grand Rapids March 27, 1886; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 6^ (Kneeland): breeds: nests in May in trees; "took set of live eggs at Plymouth. April *J4. 1892" (J. B. Purdy); "breeds commonly in Kent county " (S. E. White); F. M. Falconer took two eggs from a nest in the spring of 189*2. and later took rive from the same nest; "K. R. Willhelm of Kalamazoo climbed to nine nests from twenty to forty-five feet high in one day and secured twenty three eggs v (Dr. M. Gibbs); eggs two to six, undis- tinguishable from those of the Marsh Hawk; free to visit poultry yards. I have known one to dart down and carry off a chicken within a rod of where I stood; Dr. A. K. Fisher, than whom there is hardly better authority, writes me: "The true Hen Hawk. quite injurious, destroys pigeons and poultry, probably the only common harmful hawk." Prof. A. W. Butler writes me to the same effect. It is sometimes known as blue hawk, blue dart &r (South) and blue-tailed hawk. 147-384-(46). Accipiter atricapilliis (Wils.). AMERICAN GOSHAWK. Occasionally seen in summer; more frequently in winter; more common north, where it breeds; Dr. M. Gibbs writes me that it surely breeds in Wexford Co.; one in our museum from Berrien Co.: taken by A. H. Boies in Hillsdale Co., and by S. E. White in Kent Co., and Mackinac Island; one killed north by Elmer Durfee; Mr. Levi Broas has a tine one in his collection taken by him in Ionia Co.; "this and the two preceding species are the most harmful of the hawks, the others rarely prey upon poultry*' (Prof. J. A. Allen). GENUS BUTEO Crv. Red-tailed Hawk, natural size. I48-337-(51.6) Buteo borealis (GmeL). *RED-TAILED HAWK: RED-TAILED BUZ- ZARD; HEN HAWK. Very common; throughout the state; "Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Macki- nac Island 7 ' (S. E. White): ' Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); this and the next species are among our most common hawks; "this species and the Red-shouldered are very valu- able in destroying noxious rodents and insects, and when hard pressed, take a few of 64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. the less active fowls'' (Dr. A. K. Fisher); seen soaring high up in the air; " less common than the next species at Morrice" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); found at all months, " but not common in winter, indeed much less so than the nsxfc species" (E. L. Moseley); breeds; Mr. K. R. Willhelm has taken over 150 eggs in Kalamazoo Co. in four years; nests in March and April, in high trees; nest very larga; eggs two to four, white, often soiled, nearly always spotted with reddish brown. This is the common Hen Hawk of the, farmers. 149-339-(52O). Buteo litieatns (GmeL). *RED-SHOULDERED HAWK; RED- SHOULDERED BUZZARD; HEN HAWK. Very abundant; throughout the state; March to Sept.; occasional in winter; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); general and nesting habits and eggs much as in the preceding species except the eggs are a trirls smaller an_1 more coars3ly specked; B. Swales has taken a set of five eggs; K. R Willhelm has robbed over ninety nests in Kalamazoo Co. Dr. A. K. Fisher states that both of these species are our friends; Prof. Ludwig Kumlein writes me that this and the last species rarely take poultry, if they ever do. 15O-342-(523). Buteo swainsoiii Bonap.. SWAINSON'S HAWK. Exceedingly rare; one killed tiy A. H. Boies in Hillsdale Co ; one killed in Genesee Co., where it was identified by Dr. M. Miles (Miles' Birds of Michigan, p. 231); Mr. Jerome Trombley writes me that he has taken the nest and eggs in Monroe Co.; "the food of this bird is largely composed of locusts " (L. S. Foster). 151-343-(524). Buteo latissimus (Wils.). BROAD-WINGED HAWK. Common; summer resident; " common at Ana Arbor " (Dr. J. B. Steere); " Hills Jale and Lenawee counties" (A. H. Boies); "a retired bird, found only in deap woods" (Dr. M. Gibbs); E. E. Brewster thinks this species rather common at Iron Mountain; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); breeds; Dr. Gibbs took the eg^s near Kalamazoo. May 27, 1875; nests and eggs taken by Jerome Trombley at Petersburg, in MonroB Co.. where it is not uncommon; S. E. White writes that he took nest and four eggs in Kent Co., June 25, 1891; -Dr. A. K. Fisher writes that it destroys myriads of locusts. These hawks sometimes occur in flocks of several hundred during autumnal migrations" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein). GEXUS ARCHLBUTEO BKEHM 152-347a-(525). Arcliibnteo lagopns sancti-johaunis (Gmel.}. ^AMERICAN ROUGH- LEGGED HAWK. Rare; Sept. to May; Dr. Atkins reports finding a nest in Locke, May 18, 1876. which was doubtless an error; "they do not breed in the United States" (D.\ A. K. Fisher); "one specimen taken at Plymouth in fall of 1892" (J. B. Purdy); "one taken by Mr. Dempel, of Hillsdale, April 7, 1892" (F. M. Falconer); "Mackinac Island and Kent Co." (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneelanl); "Iron Mountain Oct. 21 1892" (E. E. Brewster); "rare and only in winter in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); Prof. Ludwig Kumlein, of Milton College, Wisconsin, writes m3 that he has taken one nest in Dane Co.. Wisconsin, and one other nest in that state with two young in it, but he thinks this species not a regular breeder in the limits of the United States. This species is embraced in Dr. A. Sager's list of 1839. " Feels almost entirely on small rodents" (Dr. A. K. Fisher). ZOOLOGICAL, DEPARTMENT. 65 GENUS AQDILA BRISS. 153 349-(532). Aquila clirysaetos (Linn.}. GOLDEN EAGLE. Rare; one in our museum taken in Clinton county, and one from Northern Michi- gan; ''taken occasionally in Southern Michigan, a rare straggler from the north "(Dr. M. Gibbs); one taken in Kalamazoo Jan. 1, 1892 (R. F. Judson in O. and O.. Vol. XVII, 189*2. p. 9); A. H. Boies reports it from the Upper Peninsula and from Hillsdale county; "not uncommon in the Gogebic region " (H. Nehrling); Jerome Trombley has seen it at the mouth of the Raisin River in Monroe county; "taken in Kalamazoo county" (Dr. M. Gibbs); probably nests in the northern part of the state. GENUS HALI^ETDS SAVIO. Bald Eagle, reduced. 154-352 (534). Haliseetus leucoceplialus (Linn.}. *BALD EAGLE. Not rare, especially in the uninhabited regions of the north; " rare in Monroe Co., but a pair have their nest on the Raisin River near its mouth " (Jerome Trombley); all months of the year; two in our museum killed in January, one from Ingham and the other from Shiawassee county; found common at Bay City by N. A. Eddy (O. and O., Vol. IX, p. 4); " Grand Traverse county" (Dr. M. L. Leach); "common in the Upper Peninsula" (S. E. White); " quite common in the Gogebic region of the Northern Pen- insula" (H. Nehrling); breeds; " a pair of young taken from nest at Byron in spring of 1892" (J. B. Purdy); "breeds in Cheneaux Islands, Mackinaw straits " (Dr. M. Gibbs); "breeds on Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); nests in tall trees, " using the same nest year after year" (C. J. Davis); eggs two, rarely three, nearly spherical, dirty white. The late Prof. W. K. Kedzie secured two of the young here in 1868, which he reared to matur- ity; "I have caught them alive in steel traps mounted on top of poles" (S. E. White). We have only these two eagles in United States. The young differ so widely from the adult that many suppose that we have several species. SUBFAMILY FALCONING. FALCONS. GENUS FALCO LINN. 155-354a-(498). Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (Linn.}. GYRFALCON: JERFALCON. "Said to have been taken in the state in winter" (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); 66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. 'probably on Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); "south to the United States in winter" (Jordan). Dr. Gibbs writes me that he should retain this, as his authority was the late Dr. G. B. Wilson. 15O-356-(5O3). Falco peregrinns anatnm (Bonap.}. * DUCK HAWK; PEREGRINE FALCON. Rare; taken by Dr. Atkins at Locke, Nov. 2, 1881; throughout the state; "rare at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); ''one specimen taken in Monroe Co. in 1886" (Jerome Trombley); "two Michigan specimens in the collection of the Kent Scientific Institute at Grand Rapids" (E. L. Moseley); Davie says it has been known to breed in Michigan; rather common northward, and doubtless found in spring, summer and fall but not in winter; " breeds at Michigamme" (Davie, p. 187); " breeds on southern shore of Lake Superior " (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein). This species is given in Sager's list of 1839. 157 T 357-(5O5). Falco columbarius Linn. *PIGEON HAWK. Rare; throughout the state; " occasional at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); all sea- sons, or at least a summer resident; " taken at Grand Rapids " (E. L. Moseley); " Monroe Co., rare" (Jerome Trombley); "Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); taken by Mr. A. H. Boies in Hillsdale Co., where he has seen several; taken by Dr. Atkins in February, March and April; "breeds" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "breeds in Northern Peninsula" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); "may breed in northern counties, but even this is doubtful" (Prof. J. A. Allen). Sparrow Hawk, natural size. 158-36O-(5O8). Falco sparverius Linn. * AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK. Very abundant; throughout the state; April to Sept.; " Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "occurs at Iron Mountain, Upper Peninsula" (L. W. Watkins); "very common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds; nests in holes in trees which are usually decayed; eggs four to seven, nearly spherical reddish white, spotted with brown; a beautiful, but bold "and useful friend" (A. K. Fisher); kills immense numbers of mice and insects, and occasionally birds and chickens; "lives chiefly on insects" (Prof. J. A. Allen); " I doubt if this bird ever kills chickens" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); " I have never seen it kill a chicken, it should be protected by law " (J. B. Purdy). SUBFAMILY PANDIONIN.E. OSPEEYS. GENUS PANDION SAVIO. 159-364-(53O). Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel). "AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH HAWK. Rather >are; "not rare at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "rare in Monroe county ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 67 but breeds near the lake" (Jerome Trombley): throughout the entire state; bird and young taken at the college in 1868; taken by Dr. Atkins at Locke, April 5, 1872;" occa- sional in the northern counties about the inland lakes" (C. E. Davis); "only seen at Plymouth in fall and winter, eaw three at one time on an apple tree, February, 1892 " (J. B. Purdy); in manuscript list of Fox; "common on Mackinac Island, several seen every day" (S. E. White); ''common at Les Cheneaux Islands" (E. B. Boise); "Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds; nests in trees, on the ground, on rocks, etc.; nests often verv bulky; eggs two to four; food fish. SUBORDER STKIGES. OWLS. FAMILY STRIGID.E. BARN OWLS. Feed on rats, mice, insects and birds; very valuable. GENUS STRIX LINN. 1C>O 3C55-(4C>1). Strix pratiiicola Bonap. AMERICAN BARN OWL. " Rather rare, resident "(Gibts' Birds of Michigan): we have never seen it here; Dr. J. B. Steere infoims me that the same is true at Ann Arbor; "Sault Ste. Marie" (Chas. Bendire, Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge, Vol. XXVIII, p. 325); one Michigan specimen reported in the catalogue of the Kent Scientific Institute by E. L. Moseley, who writes me that though common at Sandusky, Ohio, they are exceedingly rare in Michigan; recorded by A. H. Boies in 1875. A. B. Covert in 1878 and by Dr. M. Gibbs in 1879; "has been known to breed in Tippecanoe and Clinton counties, Ind.," (A. W. Butler). FAMILY BUBONID^E. COMMON OWLS. Nocturnal birds of prey; feed on rats, mice, insects and birds; do great good. Elaborate investigations by government experts prove them to be exceedingly valua- ble. See "Hawks and Owls of the United States in Relation to Agriculture," by Dr. A. K. Fisher, Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1893. Eggs, like those of hawks, short and spherical. "All owls, with the possible exception of the great horned owl, and nearly all hawks should be protected by law " (J. B. Purdy). GENUS ASIO BRISS. Raptorial foot of an Owl. 68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. 161-366-(472). Asio wilsouianus (Less.). ^AMERICAN LONG-EARED OWL. Rather rare; all seasons; "found in Hillsdale" (F. M. Falconer); A. H. Boies has taken several in Hillsdale County; "at Ann Arbor " Dr. J. B. Steere); " only seen at Ply- mouth in fall and winter" (J. B. Purdy); "rare in Kent County where it breeds'' (S. E. White; " is common and breeds in Monroe County " (Jerome Trombley); breeds: " nests with five eggs taken in Wayne County in April and May" (B. H. Swales); "several nests taken about Kalamazoo" (Dr. M. Gibbs); nests bulky, in trees; "often lays in nests of other birds'' (Samuels); eggs three to six, sometimes seven; we have taken this owl and its nests and eggs here at the college, Dr. Atkins took a specimen at Locke; one taken near Owosso November 25, 1892; " this is an efficient mouser " (A. K. Fisher). l<>2-367-(473). Asio accipitrinus (Pall}. SHORT-EARED OWL; PRAIRIE OWL. Rather rare; "common in Hillsdale County" (F. M. Falconer); "not rare at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "taken not infrequently in Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties" (A. H. Boies); "Kent county" (S. E. White); all seasons; breeds; "nests on the ground" (Samuels). We have taken one of these birds here at the college. Dr. Atkins does not report it. GENUS 8YRN1UM SAVIG. Barred Owl, reduced. l<>3-3(>8-(476). Syriiium nebulosam (Forst.).. * BARRED OWL; HOOT OWL. Very common; throughout the State; found at all seasons; " Grand Traverse Co." (Dr. M. L. Leach); "our most common owl " (Geo. D. Sones); " Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); " Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds; nests in holes in trees in March and April; eggs three, white, spherical; "Mr. A. Durfee has taken eggs from same nest for seven years " (Dr. W. C. Brownell). Like the Great Horned Owl, occasionally visits poultry houses. I think this more common than the Great Horned Owl, and, next to the Screech Owl, our most common species. Mr. A. B. Purdy finds that this owl will sit on her empty nest for some time after all eggs are taken. GENUS SCOTIAPTERYX SWAIN. 164-37O-(474). Scotiapteryx cinerea (Gmel). GREAT GRAY OWL. "Rare straggler from the north" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland). I have never heard of this bird here. Mr. A. H. Boies informs me that he has noticed it in the Upper Peninsula. It is said to be partially diurnal. Bray ton gives it as a rare winter visitant in Northern Indiana. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 69 GENUS NYCTALA BBEHM. 1 (55-87 1-(482). Nyetala teiigmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.). RICHARDSON'S OWL. This bird has been taken in Ohio, Illinois and Wisconsin, and it is very likely in our Northern Peninsula fauna; ' probably in winter " (J. A. Allen). l-:*72-(48:5). Nyetala acadica (GmeL). *SAW-WHET OWL; ACADIAN OWL. Rare; found at all seasons; "rare now, but more common twenty years ago in Mon- roe County'' (Jerome Trombley); "in swamps, at Ann Arbor, rare "(Dr. J. B. Steere); "not very rare in Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties" (A. H. Boies); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds; nests in hollow stumps, etc.; " nests in Oakland County " (W. C. Brownell in O. and O. Vol. XVI, p. 22); eggs four to seven; our smallest owl; I have this from Washtenaw and Ingham Counties. Dr. Atkins took one at Locke*. Dec. 18, 1882, which weighed less than two ounces; Prof. James Satterlee has taken this bird at Greenville, Montcaim County, Mr S. E. White has taken it in Allegan County, and Mr. Gilbert White has captured the downy young in Kent County; " breeds in Northern Indiana" (A. W. Butler). GENUS MEGASCOPS KAUP. Screech Owl, reduced. H>7-'7.'5-(465). Megascops asio (Linn.). *SCREECH OWL; MOTTLED OWL. Our most common owl; "very common at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); found all months of the year; in summer, it whines and moans in shade trees about our houses, in winter* we take it in out-buildings where it remains by day; "Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds; nests, in May, in hollow trees; eggs four to six, frequently eight, rarely nine, white, subspherical; eats insects and English Sparrows; beneficial; "food, principally mice "(Prof. Ludwig Kumlein). There are two 70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. phases of color, the gray and the brown, the gray is usually the most common, though occasionally the reverse seems true. GENUS BUBO Cuv. Great Horned Owl, much reduced. 168-:*75-(462). Bubo virginianus (Gmel). *GREAT HORNED OWL; HOOT OWL. Very common; throughout the state; all seasons; "occurs at Republic, Upper Peninsula" (L. W. Watkins); " common in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); "rare at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "common in Grand Traverse Co." (Dr. M. L. Leach); ' Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); E. E. Brewster reports it from Iron Mountain; breeds; nests in February and March, in thick forests, in trees, nests of other birds especially. or in hollows of trees; " Frank Judson, of Kalamazoo, has found many nests, sometimes with a single egg, usually two, but in rare cases three " (Dr. M. Gibbs); F. M. Falconer found a nest Feb. 25, 1891, and the April following the Red-tailed Hawk occupied the same nest, each bird had occupied this nest in turn for years; eggs one to four, white, nearly spherical; two eggs taken at Plymouth March 20, 1892, by J. B. Purdy; this owl is often taken in hen houses; it should not be confused with the long-eared owl, though it is often called by that name; it is nearly as common here as the Screech and com- mon Barred Owls. "Very valuable in rabbit infested districts, though sometimes troublesome in destroying poultry " (Dr. A. K. Fisher). One taken at the college, May 9, 1893, had entered a poultry house and destroyed three chickens. It was a large female and had only minute eggs in the ovaries. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 71 Bubo virgin iamis subareticus (Hoy.). WESTERN HORNED OWL. Rare; ''without doubt, as Mr. A. K Covert says, rare or accidental in Michigan, as it occurs in Wisconsin and Northern Illinois'" (A. W. Butler). It is possible that this bird and also the Arctic Horned Owl may be taken in Northern Michigan. Coues includes in No. 463 this and the sub-species arctic us. GENUS NTCTEA STEPH. Snowy Owl, reduced. 17O 376-(479). Nyctea nyctea (Linn.). *SNOWY OWL; WHITE OWL. Common in winter; throughout the state; ten taken in December at South Haven, by E. H. Lock wood (American Field Vol. XXVII); we have taken several at this place; unlike other owls, it is amiable in confinement; Mr. L. W. Watkins killed one at Manchester, Mich., that had pounced down on a hen in broad daylight and killed it; "common in Grand Traverse county" (Dr. M. L. Leach); "Monroe county in severe winters" (Jerome Trombley); "very rare in winter, one taken in St. Joseph county in 1892" (A. H. Boies); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "food, mammals, birds, batra- chians, fish, and molluscs " (L. S. Fisher). GENUS SDRNIA DUMEBIL. 1 71-377a-(48O). Surnia ulula caparoch (Mull}. AMERICAN HAWK OWL. "Rare winter visitor" (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); Mr. A. H. Boies has taken one in St. Joseph county; "south to Wisconsin" (Jordan). We have never seen this bird here; "Eagle River on Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); embraced in the lists of Dr. Sager (1839), Cabot's Birds of Northern Peninsula, St. Ignace (1850), Dr. Miles (1861), and Covert's Birds of Washtenaw County (1881). 72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. ORDER PSITTACL PARROTS; MACAWS; PAROQUETS, ETC. Mostly tropical birds, with very hooked beaks, and claws for climbing. FAMILY PblTTACIDyE. PARROTS. Feed on cockle bur, tender twigs, blossoms and young fruit of the orchard trees, fruit and grain. GENUS CONDRUS KUHL. 172-382-(46O). Conurus carolinensis (Linn.). CAROLINA PAROQUET. Exceedingly rare; A. H. Boies believes he saw a pair at Mallory Lake in Hillsdale county in 1860; "remarkable but hardly possible" (Dr. M. Gibbs); Dr. Robert Ridgway informs me that the National Museum collection has a specimen labeled from Michi- gan. Prof. Ludwig Kumlein writes me that he has shot one specimen in Jefferson county, Wisconsin, and that his father, the late Thos. Kumlein, saw them in Wisconsin in the forties; if it occur in Michigan it comes as a very rare straggler from the south; usually seen in flocks; for a very interesting article on this bird see Auk. Vol, IX, Jan., 1892, pp. 49-56, whereProf. A. W. Butler gives a very complete monograph on the dis- tribution of this species. It is stated (p. 50) that both Audubon and Wilson reported this bird from Michigan, which is certainly conclusive. ORDER COCCYGES. CUCKOOS. These are climbing birds with curved, not hooked beaks. SUBORDER CUCULI. CUCKOOS. * FAMILY CUCULID^L CUCKOOS. Feed on insects, even eating hairy caterpillars; very beneficial. SUBFAMILY COCCYGIN^B. CUCKOOS. GENUS COCCYZUS VIEIIX. Yellow-billed Cuckro, reduced. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 73 175-'587-(429). Coccyzus americanus (Linn.}. * YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Formerly rather rare at this place, but now quite common; "less common in Mon- roe County than the next species'' (Jerome Trombley); "common in Kalamazoo Co!" (Dr. M. Gibbs); S. E. White reports this species very rare in Kent County; easily mis- taken for the Black-billed Cuckoo; Dr. Atkins reported finding eggs of this species in the nest of the Black-billed Cuckoo; "the time of incubation of eggs, in the same set, very variable" (S. M. Falconer); breeds: I find both this and the next species nesting commonly about the college grounds; nests in trees; eggs two to six, usually four; like those of the next species only larger and a little lighter colored. We see that these birds are some like the European Cuckoo in the habit of using each others nests, which may account for the varying period of incubation. 1 74-388-(428), Coccyzus erythrophtlialmus (Wils.}. * BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. Formerly quite common at this place, but now rather rare; May to August; "very common in Kent County" (S. E. White); " very common in Kalamazoo County" (Dr. M. Gibbs); breeds; nests in June, in orchards, bushes or trees; eggs four to six, laid at intervals, blue; feed on hairy caterpillars. I have often seen them eat the Tent Cater- pillar Clisiocampa americana. Forbes found (see Report of Michigan Hort. Soc., 1891, p. 204) that seventy-five per cent of the food of birds of this species which he examined consisted of canker worms. SUBORDER ALCYONES. KINGFISHERS. Strong billed birds; food almost entirely fish. FAMILY ALCEDINIDJE. KINGFISHERS. Feed on fish; found about streams; kill fish by using them as a hammer; utter a whirring note as they fly along the creek or river. GENUS CERYLE BOIE. Belted Kingfisher, reduced. 10 74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. 175-39O-(423). Ceryle alcyon (Linn.}. *BELTED KINGFISHER. Very common; throughout the entire state; April to Sept.; " Grand Traverse Co." (Dr. M. L. Leach); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); " occasionally in mild winters in Monroe Co." (Jerome Trombley); "common all through Syndactyle foot of Kingfisher. the Upper Peninsula" (L. W. Watkins); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds; nests, in a hole four to eight feet long in banks; " nests sometimes in hollow trees" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); nests along the banks of the Red Cedar River on the college grounds; eggs six to eight, white. ORDER PICI. WOODPECKERS. Climbing birds, with chisel like bills and barbed tongues. FAMILY PICID^E. WOODPECKERS. ZjPeck holes in wood in search of insects; food insects, fruit and grain; very benefi- cial; nest in holes formed in trees; eggs snow white. GENUS DRYOBA.TES BOIE. 176-393-(433). Dryobates villosus (Linn.). * THE HAIRY WOODPECKER. Very common; throughout the state; found at all seasons; " Grand Traverse Co." (M. L. Leach); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds in all parts of the state, but more common north; male aids in incubation; eggs four to five, clear white; eats borers and other insects. I have made a close study of this and the following species, and I fee! certain that they are of great economic value to the pomologist. The bands used in destroying coddling moth pupae are often fairly riddled by these birds in quest of the insects which the bands conceal. Downy Woodpecker, natural size. 177-394-(44O). Dryobates pubescens Linn. *DOWNY.WOODPECKER. Very common; throughout the state; abundant at all seasons; -'Grand Traverse county " (M. L. Leach); " Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); " common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); nests in June, more abundantly ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 75 north; hole for nest very smooth, almost polished; eggs four to six, small, clear white. I find, almost always, in the winter and spring, the grub of the large headed borer of the buprestid beetle, Chrysobothrys femorata, in the stomach of this species. This bird feeds largely on the larva? and pupa? of the coddling moth and our numerous leaf rollers. This and the preceding species are much the same, except for size. GENUS PICOIDES LACEP. 1 78-4OO-(-lr4;5). Picoides arcticus (Swains.). ARCTIC THBKE-TOED WOODPECKER; BLACK-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Very rare south: abundant near Higgins Lake and north; " not seen at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "have seen twenty in one trip through the woods at Howard City and Cadillac" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "found common in pineries by N. A. Eddy (O. and O., Vol. VII. p. 143); "I have no account of it south of Ionia County; * taken not uncom- monly in Grand Traverse and Roscommon Counties'' J. C. Nichols); "common in the Gogebic region" (H. Nehrling); embraced in Cabot's Birds of Lake Superior; " not rare on Upper Peninsula'' (A. N. Wood in O. and O., Vol. IX, 1884, p. 62); " Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "common in North Michigan pineries" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); "common in Iron County" (S. E. White); "not rare in Grand Traverse County "(M. L. Leach); common on Saginaw Bay (N. A. Eddy in O. and O., Vol. IX, p, 5); one in collection of Dr. E. S. Holmes, Grand Rapids, was taken in Kent County, and one in the fine collection of Levi Broas, Belding, was taken in Ionia County. Without doubt this bird breeds in the northern partof this state; " I know of one instance of its breeding in Roscommon County" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); Mr. E. E. Brewster writes me that this bird is common in winter at Iron Mountain, but he cannot say that it breeds. 1 7O-4O l-( 1 id). Picoides americanus Brehm. AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOOD- PECKER; BANDED-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Exceedingly rare; "not rare in Northern Peninsula and Gogebic region" (H. Nehr ing); in Cabot's list of Birds of Lake Superior; "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); nserted in Gibbs' "Birds of Michigan" on the authority of A. B. Covert; " I know of no record for the state" (Dr. A. K. Fisher). GENUS SPHYRAPICUS BAIBD. el low -bellied Woodpecker, natural size. 76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. 18O-4O2-(44<>), Sphyrapicus yarius (Linn.). * YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER; YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Quite abundant in the spring; occasional in summer; found all months from April to October; rarely seen as late as December; breeds in May and June; "often takes. three weeks to peck the hole for nest, which is often found in sound ash trees " (Dr. W. C. Brownell); eggs five to seven, white; "the Sapsucker" (Butler's Birds of Indiana); " taps trees more than either the Hairy or Downy Woodpecker according to my observa- tion" (S. E. White); " this is surely the Sapsucker par excellence at Grand Rapids" (E. L. Moseley); "I know it is a Sapsucker as I have seen it at work" (E. B. Boies); "this is the Sapsucker, not only of Indiana but everywhere" (A. W. Butler); the old ornithologists always refer to the Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers as the Sapsuckers, and I and others believe that we have seen them sucking the sap from evergreens here on the college campus. The evidence seems overwhelming that this species is the one that makes the regular holes in pine, orchard and especially maple trees, thus tapping them and coming again for the sap. (See Auk, Vol. 8, p. 256.) Mr. E. E. Brewster writes that this is common at Iron Mountain, where he has shot it as it was taking maple sap. He says that the feathers were all sticky from the sugar on them. GENUS CEOPHLCEUS Cab. Pileated Woodpecker, natural size. 181-4O5-(432), C'eopliloMis pileatus Linn. * PILEATED WOODPECKER; BLACK WOODPECKER; LOG COCK; WOODCOCK (Michigan and Indiana). Once common throughout the state; found at all seasons; now very rare; one seen near college in summer of 1892; "extinct at Ann Arbor" (J. B. Steere); "not seen in Monroe County since 1887, though once common" (Jerome Trombley); "rare in Kent County " (S. E. White); "Grand Traverse County" (M. L. Leach); "Mackinac Is'laud" (S. E. White); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); "not uncommon at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Upper Peninsula where it probably breeds" (A. H. Boies); still com- mon north, especially in the Northern Peninsula; confined to thick forests; our largest Woodpecker; breeds; " L. E. Reed found a nest with eggs in May, in Van Buren Co." (Dr. M. Gibbs); eggs three to six; noise from pecking heard for long distances. Until within a few years this bird was common in the forests about the college, where I have taken several. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. GENUS MELANERPES SWAIN. 77 181i 4O<>-(453). Melanerpes erythrocephalus(Lwn.). *RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. Exceedingly abundant; summer resident; April, rarely March, to Sept.; occasional in winter; ''often found apparently lifeless in winter, but recovers with warmth" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); throughout the state; "Mackinac Island * (S. E. White); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds abundantly; nests as usual; eggs five to six; often destroys much fruit, especially cherries; eats grain, especially corn; yet is our friend. Forbes found (Michigan Hort. Soc. Report, 1881, p. 204) that 32 per cent of the food of these birds, which he examined, consisted of canker worms. " I have seen this bird destroy the eggs of the Bluebird and Phoabe" (S. E. White). 1 8,'5-4(M)-(45O). Melanerpes carolinns (Linn.}. *RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Common, though rare, except in wooded fields; Southern Peninsula; found at all seasons; common from May to August; breeds; nests in May, in holes, often twenty inches deep, usually in rotten wood; eggs four to six, glossy white. See O. and O., Vol. XVI, p. 48. GENUS COLAPTES SWAIN. 184-412-(457). Colaptes an rat us (Linn.). *HIGH HOLDER; FLICKER; YELLOW HAMMER; GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER. Formerly very abundant on the college campus, now less common; throughout- the state; April to Sept.; occasional at all seasons; reported from Benzie and Presque Isle Counties and Thunder Bay; "very common in Grand Traverse County " (M. L. Leach); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "thirty miles north of Mackinaw " (A. H. Wood, O. and O., Vol. IX, p. 62); " common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); breeds abundantly; eggs glossy white, five to ten; if eggs are removed daily this bird will often lay as many as thirty, which we have proved at this place; J. B. Purdy in like way has taken twenty-seven from a nest; "feeds abund- antly on ants, which it takes from the ground" (E. L. Moseley); "nests in holes, often of apple trees, four to six feet from the ground " (Dr. J. B. Steere); Geo. D. Sones says that this bird is often shot for the table. ORDER MACROCHIRES. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, ETC. Very valuable insectivorous birds. SUBORDER CAPRIMULGI. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. FAMILY CAPRIMULGID^E. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. Feed wholly on insects; all beneficial. - GENUS ANTROSTOMUS GOULD. Whip-poor-will, reduced. 78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. 1 85-41 7-(J*97). Antrostomus vociierus (Wits.). *WHIP-POOK-WILL. Common; throughout the Lower Peninsula; April to Sept.; E. E. Brewster reports it common at Iron Mountain; "Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); ''common at Traverse City, where it breeds" (L. W. Watkins); reported from Benzie and Presque Isle Counties and from Mackinac Island; breeds; nests in June, on the ground, in slight hollows or on leaves; eggs two, grayish white, spotted with varying shades of lilac; it is well know r n by its note at night, which gives it its common name; this note is heard at all hours of the njght and at long distances. GENUS CHORDEILES SWAIN. Night Hawk, reduced. 1 86-42O-(399). Cliordeiles virginiamis (Gmel.}. *NIGHTHAWK; GOATSUCKER; BULL BAT. Very common; throughout the state; seen flying towards nightfall; May to Sept.; "common at Traverse City" (W. L. Watkins); "Mackinac Island" (S. E.. White); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); " common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds; nests as does the last species, except it nests in open fields, and often on houses in cities; *' breeds at Traverse City" (L. W. Watkins); eggs two, dirty white specked with varying shades of brown and drab; often confounded with the Whip-poor-will, but has longer wings, with snowy white spots beneath, and lacks the coarse hair about the bill. Dr. Atkins reports seeing a flock with thousands of birds in August, 1868. The bird has the strange habit of darting down, when it makes a booming sound, which doubtless gave rise to one of its common names; " this bird perches lengthwise of the limb" (J. W. Simmons); Dr. J. B. Steere writes me that this highflier is often seen in cities and often commences flying early in the afternoon. He further adds that it nests on the flat roofs in the city of Detroit. Mr. J. B. Purdy writes me that this and the preced- ing species are becoming less abundant at Plymouth. " In the spring of 1889, many of these birds perished from starvation in Kent county. The insects for some reason were very scarce " (S. E. White). ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 79 SUBOEDEE CYPSELI. SWIFTS. FAMILY MfCROPODID^. SWIFTS. These birds are wholly insectivorous. H^ETURIN^E. SPINE-TAILED SWIFTS. GENUS CH.ETURA STEPH. Head and-mucronate tail-feather of Chimney Swift, reduced. 187-42.'5-(4O5). Chtetnra pelagica (Linn.}. *CHIMNEY SWIFT; CHIMNEY SWALLOW. Very common; throughout the state; May to Sept.; "common at Traverse City " (M. L. Leach); I have reports that it is common at Escanaba and Bois Blanc Island; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); '-common at Iron Mountain" (E, E. Brewster); breeds; two or three brooded; "usually single brooded in Ohio and Indiana "(A.W. Butler); nests in chimneys, rarely in hollow trees or barns, occasionally in nests of barn swal- lows which are first repaired, one case reported; nests made of twigs glued with a secretion formed by the bird; eggs four to six, white; feeds wholly on insects; migrates in fall, often leaving, it is reported, young birds in the nest. These birds are often con- sidered a nuisance in houses having large chimneys. SUBORDER TKOCHILL HUMMINGBIRDS. FAMILY TROCHILID^. HUMMINGBIRDS. Wholly American; chiefly from Central and South America; about five hundred species; food, insects and nectar from flowers; beautiful and valuable; Dr. M. Gibbs thinks that the food is almost wholly nectar, but I have positive proof that they are also insectivorous. 80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. GENUS TROCHILUS LINN. Ruby-throated Humming Bird, male and female and nest, slightly reduced. 188-428-(4O*>). Trochilns colubris Linn. * RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. Abundant; throughout the state; common at Traverse City and Harbor Springs; E. E. Brewster reports it common at Iron Mountain and S. E. White at Mackinac Island; I have it reported from Benzie county, Escanaba and Bois Blanc Island; May to Sept.; breeds; beautiful nests in June on top of a branch and concealed by its beau- tiful cover of lichens; "Mr. Richard Westnedge, at Kalamazoo, has found many nests, and says that these birds often build in straggling colonies" (Dr. M. Gibbs); eggs two, white; " of six dissections, five of the stomachs exhibited many small insects " (S. E. White). Mr. J. B. Purdy has taken the nest and in six days another was built on the same apple tree by the same bird and had eggs in it. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 81 ORDER PASSERES. PERCHING BIRDS. Birds with weak feet, usually slight bills, mostly singers. SUBORDER CLAMATORES. SONGLESS PERCHING BIRDS. FAMILY TYRANNID^E. FLYCATCHERS. Pre-eminent insect feeders; excellent friends. GENUS TYRANXUS Cuv. Kingbird, reduced. 1 89-444- (368). Tyraimus tyrannns (Linn.}. *KINGBIRD; BEE MARTIN; TYRANT FLYCATCHER. Common; throughout the state; May till Sept.; I have reports of this species from Benzie County, Presque Isle, Thunder Bay and Escanaba; " Mackinac Island v (S. E. White); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Knee- land); breeds; nests in June in orchard trees, etc.; eggs three to five, cream colored, irregularly spotted with brown; kills bees, both workers and drones; does more good than harm as it kills myriads of noxious insects and usually few bees; Mr. L. W. Wat- kins tells me that this bird breeds at Traverse City. Prof. S. A. Forbes found (report of Mich. Hort. Soc., 1881, p. 204) that forty-two per cent of the food of several examined consisted of insects. 11 82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. GENUS MYIARCHU8 CAB. Great Crested Flycatcher, reduced. 19O-452-(373). Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.). *CRESTED FLYCATCHER; GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER. Common; .througout the state; May to Sept.; " Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); rather retiring in its habits; breeds; nests in holes in fence rails, usually in hollows of trees, or old Woodpecker holes; nests often contain cast skins of snakes as a portion of the fabric, as often noticed in our state; eggs four to six, yellowish white, scratched with purple. GENUS SAYORNIS BONAP. 191-456-(<$79). Sayornis phcebe (Lath.). * PHCEBE; PEWEE; BRIDGE BIRD; HOUSE PEWEE; PEWIT FLYCATCHER. Very common; probably throughout the entire state; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); breeds very abundantly; nests in May, under bridges or porches, in out houses, etc.; eggs five to seven, pure white occasionally with brown spots at large end; one of our best known and most familiar birds; its plaintive note is known to all. GENUS CONTOPUS CAB. 192-459-(38O). Contopns borealis (Swain.). OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER. Rather rare; throughout the Southern Peninsula; April to Aug.; " rare in Kalama- zoo County" (Dr. M. Gibbs); taken by Dr. M. Gibbs in Ottawa County, May 21, 1879 (Bull. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. IX, p. 186); "very common in many northern counties" (C. J. Davis); "abundant at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); Mr. A. Durfee found a nest in Wayne County in 1889; nests in June, in trees; eggs three to five, as in next species except larger. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 83 382). Contopns virens (Linn.). *Wooo PEWEE. Common; general in the state; May to Oct.; usually in groves, but not rare about our houses; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); E. E. Brewster reports it common at Iron Mountain; embraced in Cabot's Birds of Lake Superior; breeds; "breeds abundantly at Traverse City " (L. W. Watkins); nests in June, though occasionally as late as July or even August, in orchards, usually on hori- zontal limbs, the nests often beautifully covered with lichens, very rare about houses, one reported on ledge under the cornice of a house etc.; eggs three, creamy white, with spots of brown at the large end; very beneficial. The novice is likely to confuse this bird with the Phoebe; its note is very sweet and beautiful. GENUS EMPIDONAX CAB. 194-465-(388). Empidonax flaviventris Baird. -* YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. Not rare; "not rare during spring migration, one taken in Kalamazoo County" (Dr. M. Gibbs); " Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); Mr. S.E. White reports this species qu ite common at Mackinac Island at time of fall migration; said to breed in the north- ern part of the state; eggs usually four. 195-465-(384). Empidonax acadicns (Gmel.). * ACADIAN FLYCATCHER; SMALL GREEN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER. Abundant; usually in thick woods; May to Aug.; " in southern part of the state" (Prof. J. A. Allen); "common at Greenville" (Prof. Jas. Satterlee); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); breeds; nests in June at the end of limbs of trees or bushes; "nests along creeks in elder bushes, and is very shy" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); eggs two to four, u sually three, color as in Wood Pewee. This bird is often mistaken for the next two species. 196-466a-(385). Empidonax pusillus traillii (And.) *TRAILL'S FLYCATCHER. Common; "common in some localities in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); breeds; "have found twenty-five or thirty nests for several consecutive years in Dundee township" (Jerome Trombley); nests in June, usually in willows and alder bushes, beside streams; " nests in thick woods at end of beech or maple limbs" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); have not Messrs. Trombley and Brownell mistaken the Acadian for TrailPs Flycatcher in the above notes? Such misidentifica- tions are common in studying these birds; eggs four, indistinguishable from those of the Acadian Flycatcher. 197-467-(387). Empidonax minimus Baird. * LEAST FLYCATCHER. Common throughout the state; April till Sept.; "common in Hillsdale county" (A. H. Boies); "and in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); breeds; often double brooded; nest found in Wayne County by A. Durfee in 1889; nests in May, in trees in woods, occasionally in orchard and other trees, frequently close by the house; eggs four, white or creamy white. We find this species far more common here than either of the two preceding. 84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. SUBORDER OSCINES. SONG BIRDS. FAMILY ALAUDIDJE. LARKS. Insect feeders; sing on the wing. GENUS OTOCORIS BONAP. Horned Lark, much reduced. 198-474-(82). Otocoris alpestris (Linn.). *HORNED LARK; SHORE LARK. Rather rare; irregular fall and spring visitor; "late fall in Kent County" (S. E, White); not very rare in winter; breeds in Greenland and Labrador; often seen in barn- Horned Lark, natural size. yards, feeding on seeds, etc.; this bird is often confused with the following subspecies, which is more common in our state. From what Dr. J. B. Steere writes me, I judge that this is the more common at Ann Arbor. 199-4 74b-(OOO). Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. * PRAIRIE HORNED LARK. Summer resident; Jonathan Dwight, Jr., found them at Ann Arbor and Cadillac where they were breeding (Auk, Vol. VIII. p. 138); "very common at Iron Mountain " (E, E. Brewster); breeds; nests on the ground; in April or earlier; "breeds abundantly in Kent county " (S. E. White); J. B. Purdy, of Plymouth, has found eggs in nest in February; nest often surrounded by snow; may be double or triple brooded; eggs four or five, gray specked with brown; food insects and seeds. Mr. L. W. Watkins took one on eggs March 20, 1889, the nest was surrounded by snow. This subspecies and the ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 85 preceding overlap each other in this region during winter, and so are very generally con- fused throughout the state. The species and sub-species are thought generally tc be one and the same bird. FAMILY CORVID^E. CROWS, MAGPIES ETC. Food habits rather omnivorous. SUBFAMILY GARRULIN^E. MAGPIES AND JAYS. GENUS CYANOC1TTA STBICKL. 2OO-477-(49). Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.). *BLUE JAY. Very abundant; throughout the state; common in all seasons; reported from Presque Isle and Bois Blanc Island; "common at Grand Traverse County "(M. L. Leach); "abundant at Mackinac Island " (S. E. White): "not common on Keweenaw Point ". (Kneeland); "common in Upper Peninsula" (A.H.Boies); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds; nests in thick foliage, especially evergreens, very rarely in barns, one case noted; eggs four to five, "six" (E. Clute and D.Reynolds), light green or drab, spotted with light brown; feeds on acorns, hazel nuts, insects, fruits, young birds and birds eggs etc.; often kills birds, especially nestlings; Dr. G. W. Topping, of DeWitt, has repeatedly seen these birds take young Sparrows and Gold Finches from the nests and then eat them; "killed a young Baltimore Oriole and took its brain, leaving the rest of the carcass" (L. W. Watkins); an English Sparrow received similar treatment from this bird, on the college campus in the spring of 1893; a rather doubtful friend; note harsh; too handsome to kill. Prof. J. A. Allen informs me that he has taken a great number of the eggs of the tent caterpillar, Clisiocantpa amcricuna, from their stomachs in winter in Massachusetts. GENUS PICA Cuv. 2Ol-475-(*47). Pica pica hudsonica (Sab.). AMERICAN MAGPIE. Said to wander to Michigan (see Youth's Companion, December, 1892); "I have seen a f ew spe/cimens taken at Eagle River '* (Kneeland); Butler's Birds of Indiana, p. 113; Ridgway's Manual of North American Birds, p. 352, and Jordan's Manual of Ver- tebrates; " very doubtful " (Dr. A. K. Fisher). GENUS PERISOREDS BONAP. Canada Jay, reduced. 86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. 2O2-484-(359). Perisoreus canadensis (Linn.\ * CANADA JAY. Common from the middle of the Southern Peninsula northward; never seen in the southern part of the state; seen on our college grounds in the winter of 1893; " tirst seen May 17, 1876" (Dr. H. A. Atkins); it seems strange that it should occur at Locke as late as May: "common north about the logging camps" (R. H. Wolcott); A. H. Boies took a pair at Sault Ste. Marie, Oct. 20, 1892; "very abundant at Iron County. Upper Peninsula, also in the Gogebic region" (H. Nehrling); "a flock of eight were seen at Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); common in some sections of the Northern Peninsula" (Prof . Ludwig Kumlein); "common on Keweenaw Point in winter and a pest to the trappers as it steals the poisoned bait " (Kneeland); " abundant in Grand Traverse County" (M. L. Leach); taken by J. E. Nichols in the autumn of 1881 and 1883 in RoscomimHi, Kalkaska and Missaukee Counties; "common in Crawford County, about lumber camps" (Dudley E. Waters); Dr. Atkins reports taking this bird at Locke, May 17, 1876; "common in spring and fall, but not in summer in Iron County" (E. E. Brewster); this bird is reported to be troublesome about lumber camps, carrying off meat. etc. It doubtless breeds in the northern part of the state. SUBFAMILY CORVIN/E. CROWS AND RAVENS. GENUS CORVUS LINN. 2O3-48<>-(;fc$8). Corvus corax si mi at us (Wagl.}. * AMERICAN RAVEN. Formerly common; not rare now north; we no longer see it about Lansing; " rare but still seen at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "common at Grayling, where it nests "' (Prof. L. H. Colburn); "very common on Kewenaw Point in the winter to the exclusion of the crow" (Kneeland); "throughout the Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "common but very shy in Iron County, two taken in Kent County April 8, 1888" (S. E. White); " common at Iron Mountain, Dickinson County ; ' (E. E. Brewster); " see them occasion- ally in Shiawassee County, flying very high'* (Dr. W. C. Brownell); " wholly gone from Greenville, Montcalm County, where it was common thirty years ago" (Prof. Jas. Sat- terlee); " common in Monroe County, prior to 1860, before the advent of the crow " (Jerome Trombley); this bird seems to be replaced south by the crow; feeds on carrion, acorns, etc.; Dr. Gibbs writes me that he has known of its breeding in Van Buren County, and thinks it must lay eggs as early as February. Nest and eggs much as in the next species. 2O4-488-(34O). Corvns americanus And. *AMERICAN CROW, COMMON CROW. Very common; throughout the state; gregarious; seen at all seasons of the year; more rare in winter; " seen first in Monroe County in 18 )0, now very common, but not in winter" (Jerome Trombley); " Grand Traverse County" (M. L. Leach); " not rare at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); common on Keweenaw Point and in the Ontonagon District" (Kneeland); "general in Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "common in sum- mer at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds; nests in large, coarse nests in trees; eggs four to six, Dr. W. C. Brownell has a set of seven, green, blotched and sprinkled with dusky brown; eats insects, frogs, carrion, acorns, eggs of birds and poultry, "especially young chickens" (O. and O., Vol. XVI, 1891, p. 64.); probably our friend. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 87 FAMILY ICTERID./E. STARLINGS, BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES. Generally insect feeders, a few eat corn, some fruit, on the whole our friends; generally gregarious; eggs usually much speckled, often marked with zigzag or broken lines. GENUS DOLICHONYX SWAINS. Bobolink, male, reduced. 2O5-494-(312). Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). * BOBOLINK; SKUNK BLACK- BIRD; REED BIRD; RICE BIRD; BOB LINCOLN; ORTOLAN; BUTTER BIRD. Very common; Southern Michigan; summer; May (one of the latest birds to arrive) to September; male takes the plumage of the female in the fall; beautiful singer at nesting season; not shy; breeds; nests in June, usually in meadows, on the ground; eggs five, occasionally six to seven, bluish white, marked with dark brown specks; not in Central Michigan until within a few years; I first noticed it about the college in 1874; "first in Monroe County in 1872'' (Jerome Trombley); Dr. Atkins reports it very common in 1875 but very rare until 1874 at Locke; " first seen at Plymouth forty years ago" (J. B. Purdy); Dr. G. W. Topping says that it first appeared at DeWitt in 1881, and was numerous from the first; I have reports of this bird as far north as Benzie County, in the Southern Peninsula, and Mr. E. E. Brewster, of Iron Mountain writes me that it occurs rarely at that place. GENUS MOLOTHRUS SWAINS. Cowbird, reduced. 88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. 2CKMt95-(313). Molothrus ater (Bodd.). *COWBIRD; SAZY BIRD; Cow BUNTING. Increasingly abundant; throughout the State; March to November; insect feeder; " Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); rests on cattle and picks flies, hence name Cowbird; often in flocks; lays its eggs "extensively" (L. S. Foster) in other birds' nests, especially in nests of Grass Finch, Chipping and Song Sparrows, Orchard Orioles, Thrushes Warblers, King Birds and Pewee; Mr. A. H. Boies thinks that this bird lays only one egg in any one nest (O. and O., Vol. IX, 1884, p. 90); Jerome Trombley has taken these eggs from the nests of thirty other kinds of birds; Prof. James Satterlee has taken eggs in Greenville, Montcalm County, from the nests of the Hermit Thrush and the Green - crested Flycatcher; Dr. Gibbs has found its eggs in the nests of the Wood Thrush, Bluebird, eight species of Warblers, Scarlet Tanager, Chewink, TrailFs and Acadian Flycatchers, three species of Vireos, and five other species. R. H. Wolcott has found its eggs in the nest of Wilson's Thrush, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Yellow Warbler, Swamp Sparrow, Song Sparrow, Chipping Sparrow, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Indigo Bird, Orchard and Baltimore Orioles, Wood Pewee, and once in that of the Meadow Lark; F. M. Falconer finds the eggs most frequently in the nest of the Yellow Warbler; and in two cases he has found the eggs covered over and a new set deposited; Dr. Atkins reports finding eggs .in the nest of the Golden Crowned Thrush, Rose-breasted Grosbeak and Hooded Warbler; in this peculiar habit this bird is like the European Cuckoo " (usually) lays eggs in nests of small birds which have a longer period of incu- bation, thus giving its young the first chance and ' freezing out ' the rightful possessor " (C. J. Davis); S. E. White reports this bird at Mackinac Island but only as a migrant, and E. E. Brewster writes that it is common at Iron Mountain. "A male was seen daily the winter of 1892 at Alma, Michigan, with a flock of English Sparrows." " I have seen* eggs walled in in Yellow Bird's nests" (Prof. C. A. Davis). A. H. Boies has given a similar case in O. and O., Vol. IX, 1884, p. 128, For interesting article on this species by Dr. M. Gibbs, see O. and O... Vol. XV, 1890, p. 5. GENUS XANTHOOEPHALUS BONAP. 2O7-497-(319). Xanthocephalns xaiithocephalus (Bonap.). YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD. Very rare; ''extreme southwestern part of the State; probably breeds" (Gibbs); " never seen at Ann Arbor " (Dr. J. B. Steere); " very doubtful if it breeds in the State % (A. H. Boies); one taken at Iron Mountain, Northern Peninsula, May 17, 1890, by E. E. Brewster; "common in Northern Wisconsin and presumably in the Northern Penin sula"(Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); "breeds in Lake County Indiana" (Butler's Birds of Indiana). GENUS AGELAIUS VIEILL. * 2O8-498-(316). Agelaius phomiceus (Linn.). *RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. Exceedingly common; throughout the state; March to September; "Traverse City where it breeds" (L. W. Watkins); "common at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); breeds; two broods; nests in May, in grass clumps or low brush-wood in marshes; nests usually surrounded by water; eggs four to five, rarely six, light blue, streaked and specked with brown or black; food insects and grain, principally corn; often seen in flocks especially in autumn. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. GENUS STURNELLA. VIEILL. Aitadow Lark, natural size. 2OO-5O1-(32O). Sturnella magna_(Mm.). * MEADOW LARK; MEADOW STARLING; FIELD LARK. Exceedingly abundant; throughout the state; March to October; often seen every month in the year; "very rare at Mackinac Island, seen in July, 1889" (S. E. White); "does not occur at Iron Mountain, as I have not seen it or heard its note" (E. E. Brewster); L. W. Watkins has found it breeding at Traverse City; nests in May on the ground; eggs five to seven, white with brown spots, rarely immaculate; "often shot for game " (Geo. D. Sones). 21O-5Olb-(322). Sturnella magna neglecta (Aud.). * WESTERN MEADOW LARK. Although this is included in Covert's and Stockwell's lists, I doubt its occur- rence in our state. Dr. Gibbs writes me to the same effect. Dr. Atkins states that he saw a flock September 8, 1876. Were not these immature specimens of the preceding species? Prof. J. A. Allen writes me that he thinks Dr. Atkins was mistaken in his identification. Prof. A. W. Butler identified one from Cook County, Illinois, only two counties removed from Michigan. GENUS ICTERUS BRISS. 211-5OG-(324). Icterus spnrins (Linn.). * ORCHARD OREOLE. Common summer sojourner; rare about Lansing; "common in Kent County" (S. E. White); " very common at Greenville, Montcalm County " (Prof. James Satterlee); "very common in Cass County, where it breeds in June " (J. W. Simmons); breeds abund- antly at Plymouth, and usually lays five eggs" (J. B. Purdy); taken frequently in Ionia County by Mr. Levi Broas; "common in Wayne County where it breeds" (B. W. Swales); "rare but breeds at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); breeds plentifully in the southern part of the state; Dr. Atkins took a specimen May 25. 1892, at Locke, Ingham County; " nests abundantly at Manchester, often in spruce trees, nests usually pend- ant, but shorter than in the next species, woven closely to twigs and much concealed " (L. W. Watkins); eggs four to six, smaller than in the next species, and the dashes shorter. 212-5O7-(326). .Icterus galbula (Linn.). * BALTIMORE ORIOLE; HANG NEST; FIRE BIRD. Common; throughout the Lower Peninsula at least; "never seen at Iron Moun- tain" (E. E. Brewster); " I have never seen it at Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); May, rarely April, to August; "common at Traverse City, where it breeds abundantly" (L. W. Watkins); "common even in the City of Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); breeds; nests "purse-shaped" (L. S. Foster), suspended; "I have a nest constructed wholly of 12 90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. horse hair from mane and tail of a horse" (Prof. J. W. Simmons); nests usually at the ends of limbs of tall trees (it often selects elms or the top-most limbs of orchard trees); eggs four to six, pinkish white or bluish white, scratched with brown; feeds on insects (will even eat the large tomato worm) and fruit; beautiful bird; sweet singer; next to the Scarlet Tanager this is the most showy of our common birds. I have seen these birds eat the young bark lice from linden trees in the spring, and have seen them driven away by the bees and wasps that come for the honey-dew. GENUS SCOLECOPHAGUS SWAIN. 213-5O9-(331). Scolecophagus carolinus (Mull). * RUSTY BLACKBIRD; RUSTY GEACKLE. Abundant throughout the state; migrant; " only a migrant at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); observed at Sault Ste. Marie by A. H. Boies; E. E. Brewster has taken it at Iron Mountain; " Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "probably breeds" (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); may possibly breed in Northern Peninsula. GENUS QUISOALUS VIEILL. 214-511d-(337). Quiscalus quiscula seneus (Ridgw.). * BRONZED GRACKLE; BRONZED CROW BLACKBIRD; CROW BLACKBIRD; COMMON BLACKBIRD. March to September; exceeding abundant; throughout the state; "often in cities" (Geo. D. Sones); often in immense flocks especially in spring and fall; "decreasingly common in Monroe County" (Jereme Trombley); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); breeds; nests in May and June in large coarse nests in swamps, in bushes usually near the ground R. H. Wolcott has found them in evergreens forty feet from the ground; eggs four to six, rarely seven, light blue to light brown, streaked and specked with brown and black; feeds on insects, especially white grubs, and pulls up corn and eats corn from the ear; Prof. Jas. Satterlee once found a nest in a hole in an old dead tamarack, and R. H. Wolcott reports the same from Ann Arbor, where the nest was in an old stub standing in the river. Dr. M. Gibbs writes me that he finds such nesting common in new regions where old trees are abundant. FAMILY FRINGILLID^E. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. Feed on seeds and insects; our native species all beneficial. Many species are sylvan, while others frequent the cleared fields. GENUS COCCOTHRAUSTES BBISS. Evening Grosbeak, reduced. ZOOLOGICAL, DEPARTMENT. 91 215-514-(189). Coccothraustes vespertina (Coop.). EVENING GROSBEAK. Winter; rarely seen; occasionally very common; type specimen described by Cooper was from Sault Ste. Marie; E. E. Brewster reports a large flock at Iron Mountain in the winter of 1882; Mr. L. H. Colburn sent me one shot from a flock in Van Buren County in 1887; winter of 1889-90 at the college in flocks; " Ann Arbor in 1887 and 1890" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "very abundant at Alma and Saginaw in winter of 1889-90*' (Prof. C. A. Davis); "several small flocks in Monroe County in winter of 1889-90" (Jerome Trombley); "attracted into houses by feeding, caught and kept in cages for two years, all males and so could not breed" (L. W. Watkins); Dr. M. Gibbs saw this bird in company with the Rose-breasted Grosbeak in Kalamazoo County in late April, 1879 ( The Auk, April, 1892). For very full monograph of this bird see article by Prof. A. W. Butler in The Auk, Vol. IX, July, 1892, pp. 238-247, also "Fur- ther Notes on the Evening Grosbeak," The Auk, April, 1893, pp. 155-157. This article refers largely to observations on this species in Michigan. He shows that this bird was general in Michigan in the winter of 1890 from January to May. GENUS PINICOLA VIEILL. Pine Grosbeak, reduced. 216-515-(19O). Piuicola enncleator (Linn.). *PINE GROSBEAK. Occasional in winter; often in large flocks; "in flocks of thousands in Jackson County in 1881, where they were very tame" (Dr H. A. Atkins); we have one in our museum from Ionia County, taken in January; "common in Bay County from November, 1883, to April, 1884 " (N. A. Eddy, in O. and O., Vol. IX, p. 41); "occasionally a straggler from the north in Kalamazoo County, in winter ' (Dr. M. Gibbs); " Kewee naw Point" (Kneeland); "not uncommon at Iron Mountain and north, where I think it breeds" (E. E. Brewster); I was surprise! to find but one in the large collection of Mr. Levi Broas, made in the northern part of Ionia County. 92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. GENUS CARPODACUS KMJP. Purple Finch, male, reduced. 217-517-(194). Carpodacus perpurens (OmeL). * PURPLE FINCH. Rather common; throughout the state; flocks; usually a migrant; occasional in summer; "only a migrant at Ann Arbor " (Dr. J. B. Steere); F. L. Washburn reported a flock at Ann Arbor May 24 (The Auk, Vol. VI, p. 279); "not known in Kalamazoo in summer'' (Dr. M. Gibbs); "Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties" (A. H. Boies); "does not breed in Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); ''rare in Wayne County'' (B. W. Swales); "breeds abundantly at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "rare at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); occasionally breeds; nests in May, in trees, often close about houses; Mr. Howard B. Baker knew it to nest in an evergreen close by his father's house in Lansing; eggs four to five, very light dull green, speckled with dark spots; sweet singer. GENUS LOXIA LINN. Red Crossbill, male and female, reduced. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 93 21 8-521 -(ISM)). Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehiti). * AMERICAN CROSSBILL; RED CROSSBILL. Often very common; throughout the Southern Peninsula at least; winter; Nov. to May; occasional in summer; "irregular at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "only in winter and spring at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); "not common in Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties" (A. H. Boies); ''common in Grand Traverse County " (M. L. Leach); "very common at Iron Mountain, think it breeds'' (E. E. Brewster); F. M. Falconer reports it from Hillsdale in March and April, where a nest was found by Mr. Dempel March 24, 1892, in a spruce, twenty feet from the ground, and one egg taken; "summer resident at Mackinac Island, where it breeds" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point*' (Kneeland); breeds north; "I think it nests in March or earlier "' (Dr. M. Gibbs); "usually Febru- ary and March"' (Davie, p. 289); nests in trees; eggs three to five, greenish gray specked with brown; Dr. Atkins reports taking the nest of this bird at Locke; he also states that he has known it to peck holes in apples to secure the seeds. White-winged Crossbill, reduced. Loxia lencoptera Gmel. * WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Often common; throughout the Lower Peninsula at least; south only in winter; Dr. Atkins reports killing one at Locke. August 9, 1875; "common in Kent County in winter" (S. E. White); "uncertain winter visitor at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "one pair killed at Plymouth'' (J. B. Purdy); Samuel Spicer, of Genesee County, reports finding one nesting Sept. 28, 1888 (O. and O., p. 43, 1889); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); S. E. White finds it in July and August at Mackinac Island, where it probably breeds; "breeds in Northern Wisconsin and Northern Peninsula of Michi- gan" (Ludwig Kumlein); this bird is a rather fine singer. GENUS ACANTHIS;BECH. 22O-528-(2O7). Acanthis linaria (Linn.}. * REDPOLL; COMMON OR LESSER RED- POLL; REDPOLL LINNET. Occasional winter resident; November to March or April; flocks; "irregularly abundant at Ann Arbor, there were thousands in 1888, very rare since" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "often common in Lenawee County" (A.H.Boies); "common in winter at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); I have it reported from Thunder Bay Island; very sweet singer; feeds mostly on buds and seeds, especially seeds of the arbor vitae. 94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. 22 l-528b-(2O8 part). Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues.}. *THE GREATER REDPOLL. "' Occasional straggler, taken in flocks of last species " (Dr. M. Gibbs). Dr. Gibbs' specimen taken at Kalamazoo was identified by Mr. Robt. Ridgway. These birds are often given as Acanthis linaria holbcellii, which is without doubt an error (see Butler's Birds of Indiana, p. 69). GENUS SP1NUS KOCH. 222-529-(213). Spinus tristis (Linn.). ^AMERICAN GOLDFINCH; YELLOW BIRD; THISTLE BIRD. Very common; throughout the Lower Peninsula; every month in the year; more common in summer; yellow in summer, darker in autumn and winter; occasional in midwinter; in fall and winter feeds on seeds; gregarious at all seasons except while breeding; but the largest flocks occur in winter and July" (E. L. Moseley); "Grand Traverse County" (M. L. Leach); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); " Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); ''not seen in Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies/; breeds; nests in July and August; "never before July" (R. H. Wolcott); "usually as late as July and often in August and September" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); we have found nests with five eggs Sept. 10, one reported found Sept. 28, 1888 (O and O., Vol. XIV, 1889); nests in orchard trees and occasionally in low shrubs; eggs three to six, bluish white; Dr. H. A. Atkins and Mr. L. W. Watkins have both reared the young by putting the eggs under a common canary. 223-533-(212). Spinus pinus (Wils.). PINE SISKIN; PINE LINNET; PINE FINCH. Rather rare; throughout the state; " rare at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); " com- mon in Wayne" (B. W. Swales); "transient in Monroe County, often in flocks in spring even to April and May" (Jerome Trombley); "very abundant in the pine forests north and often seen in southern counties" (Dr. M. Gibbs); winter; "killed from flocks at Iron-Mountain, May 23, 1892" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); " com- mon in winter in Kent County, and a summer resident on Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); Dr. Atkins reports taking it in Febryary and twice in May; " breeds in Michi- gan " (Davie's Nests arid Eggs of North American Birds, p. 293). GENUS PLECTROPHENAX STEJ. 224-534-(219). Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.). *SNOWFLAKE; SNOW BUNTING; WHITE SNOW BIRD. Common, though fitful, not seen every winter; throughout the entire State; November to March; often migrant; "Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties, and common in the Upper Peninsula," (A. H. Boies); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland) " immense flocks at Morrice, Shiawassee County, Feb., 1893" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "common at Iron Moun- tain from late October till snow flies" (E. E. Brewster); saw a flock of hundreds near Owosso, January, 1892, they would follow the manure wagon to gather seeds" (Bert B. Cook); " present in Kent county from October 28, 1890 to March 7, 1891 " (S. E. White); reported from Mackinac Island; "usually does not come till snow covers the ground" (Prof. C. A. Davis). ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. GENUS CALCAR1US BECHST. 95 225-586-(22O). Calcarius lapponicns (Linn.). LAPLAND LONGSPUR. Rare; migrant; spring and autumn; often winters in Southern Michigan; "one pair killed at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); "generally a transient visitor from the north, occasionally spends the winter south of 43 north latitude " (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); October to April; reported from Wayne County and Mackinac Island; "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); it is said to be a common spring migrant in Northern Indiana (Butler's Birds of Indiana). 226-537-(221). LONGSPUR. Calcarius pictus (Swain.). SMITH'S LONGSPUR; PAINTED Reported common on the southern shore of Lake Michigan (Butler's Birds of Indiana); Dr. M. Gibbs thinks this may be found in Michigan; migrant; in flocks. GENUS POOCjETES BAIBD. Grass Finch, reduced. 227-54O-(232). Poocaetes graminens (Gmel). * VESPER SPARROW; BAY-WINGED BUNTING; GRASS FINCH; GROUND BIRD. One of our most common finches; throughout the State; April to October; "Mack- inac Island" (S. E. White); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. W. Brewster); "Kewee- naw Point" (Kneeland); "next to song sparrow our most common finch" (J. Trombley); its pretty evening song vesper song gives it one of its common names; breeds; two or three broods a year; nests in May, June or July, on the ground, in pasture, meadow, and by the roadside; eggs four, gray, specked with dull brown; birds not shy; like all our native sparrows, insectivorous and valuable. 96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. GENUS PASSER BBISS. English Sparrow, male. Female, nat. size original. 228-OOO-(192). Passer domesticus (Linn.). * ENGLISH SPARROW; EUROPEAN SPARROW; HOUSE SPARROW; PARASITE; TRAMP; HOODLUM; GAMMON; PHILIP SPARROW. Imported species; introduced into New York in 1850; introduced into Michigan in 1879; "first seen at Hubbardston, Ionia County, 1885" (Prof. C. F. Wheeler); very com- mon; already throughout the Lower Peninsula; more common in towns but pushing into*the country; noxious species; " like the poor, always with us. at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); "already at Mackinac Island'' (S. E. White); eats grain, often very extensively, especially peas, vegetables and insects; drives away our native birds; is very filthy about houses; a three cent bounty is thinning its ranks, and often, through incorrect determination, the ranks of other Sparrows, etc. (see bulletin No. 62, Michi- gan Experiment Station, or report of the Michigan State Board of Agriculture, 1890, p. 275); breeds abundantly; it is reported that thirty young may be reared fronva single pair in a season; nests about cornices, etc., about houses and concealed places, " often in Grand Rapids in trees, the nests being bulky and open on the side " (R. H. Wolcott); eggs four or five, occasionally six, very rarely nine; soiled white specked with brown. For full account of this bird-pest see excellent report by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. GENUS AMMODRAMUS SWAIN. 229-542a-(227). Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.). * SAVANNA SPARROW. Not uncommon; migrant; Dr. Atkins took it May 10, 1882; "not sure that it breeds in Michigan" (A. H. Boies); "Monroe County, but does not breed, seeing a bird in summer is not sure proof that it breeds" (Jerome Trombley); "it is evidently a transient'' (Or. M. Gibbs). ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 97 23O-54G-(234). Ammodrainus savaimariim passerinus (Wils.). GRASSHOPPER SPARROW; YELLOW-WINGED SPARROW; CRICKET SPARROW. Summer resident; southern part of the state (Prof. J. A. Allen); ''breeds'* (Gibbs' Bird of Michigan); "Hillsdale and Lena wee Counties" (A. H. Boies); -'increasingly abundant at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); Jerome Trombley has found it breeding in a meadow in Monroe County; "is becoming very common as the forests are cleared off " (Dr. M. Gibbs); two of its common names come from its stridulating note. 231-547-(23t>). A in mo dramas henslowii (And.}. HENSLOW'S SPARROW; HENS- LOW'S BUNTING. Rare; Northwestern Indiana, Lake County (Butler's Birds of Indiana); included in the list of Michigan birds by both Boies and Covert. Mr. A. W. Butler thinks that this and also Leconte's Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii will both be found to belong to our Michigan fauna. 232-549a-(241). Ammodramus caudacutus nelson! Allen. NELSON'S SPARROW; NELSON'S SHARP-TAILED FINCH. Rare; two specimens reported taken Oct. 5, 1878, in Gibbs' Michigan Birds; reported from Northwestern Indiana, where perhaps it is a summer resident (But- ler's Bird's of Indiana). GENUS CHONDE8TE8 SWAIN. Lark Sparrow, natural size. 2.'J3-552-(281). Chondestes grammacus (Say). LARK SPARROW; LARK PINCH. Not rare in northern part of the state; summer months; -'rare and irregular at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "Sault Ste. Marie" (A. H. Boies); "rare in Monroe County, where two nests have been found" (Jerome Trombley); May to Aug.; arrives in flocks; "breeds irregularly and often very locally" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "breeds in the Northern Peninsula " (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); nests in June on the ground or in bushes; eggs four to six, white with irregular lines of black or brown; "locally com- mon, breeds " (Gibbs). Dr. Atkins makes no mention of this bird but we have taken it here. GENUS ZOXOTRICHIA SWAIN. 234-554-(276). Zonotrichia lencophrys (Forst.). WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW; WHITE-BROWED SPARROW; WHITE-BROWED CROWNED SPARROW. Common; throughout the entire state: May and October; " Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); " breeds in the Northern Peninsula" (Lud- 13 98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. wig Kumlein); "doubtful if it breeds in Northern Peninsula" (Dr. A. K. Fisher); migrant in Lower Peninsula; " less common in Monroe County than the White- throated Sparrow " (Jerome Trombley); solitary; "generally gregarious during migra- tion "(Dr. M. Gibbs). White-throated Crown Sparrow, natural size. 235-558-(275). Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel). * WHTTE-THROATED SPARROW. Abundant; throughout the entire state; September, April and May; migrant; not uncommon migrant at this place; "though a migrant at Ann Arbor, nests abundantly at Petoskey as late as July" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "common in Grand Traverse County" (M. L. Leach); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "very abundant on Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "breeds freely in Northern Peninsula" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); "summer resident as far south as Grand Rapids " (Dr. M. Gibbs); S. E. White reports this as breeding abundantly at Mackinac Island; eggs four to five; beautiful singers; usually seen in flocks. GENUS SPIZELLA BONAP. 236-559-(268 part). Spizella monticola (Gmel). * TREE SPARROW. Very common throughout the entire state; "often in flocks with the Junco Snow Birds; "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); winter resident; October to April; flocks. 237-56O-(269). Spizella socialis (Wils.). * CHIPPING SPARROW; CHIPPIE; HAIR BIRD. Very common; throughout the state; April to October; "Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "not seen in the Northern Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds abundantly; nests in May and June, in orchard trees, evergreens, thorn bushes, etc., occasionally in build- ings, "sometimes on the ground" (Dr. J. B. Steere); eggs three to five, bluish green with specks of black and obscure brown; migrate south in flocks; one of our best known and most friendly Sparrows. 238-561-(272). Spizella pal I id a (Swain.). CLAY-COLORED SPARROW. " Rare in Western Indiana and Northern and Western Illinois, probably visits Michigan" (A. W. Butler); "breeds in Upper Peninsula" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); "doubtful if it breeds in Northern Peninsula" (Dr. A. K. Fisher); "a very rare migrant " (A. B. Covert's Birds of Washtenaw County, Michigan). 239-563-(271). Spizella pusilla (Wils.). * FIELD SPARROW. Exceedingly abundant; throughout the entire state; "not abundant at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "rare in Wayne County'* (B. W. Swales); "abundant in Monroe ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 99 County'' (Jerome Trombley); from April to October; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); nests in May. in bushes or on the ground; eggs three to five, grayish white, specked with brown; more shy than the Chipping Sparrow. This delightful singer is a favorite with all lovers of nature. GENUS JUNCO WAG. 24O-567-(2Gl part). Jiineo hyemalis (Linn.). * SLATE-COLORED JUNCO; COMMON SNOW BIRD; JUNCO; BLACK SNOW BIRD. Very common; flocks; winter; more common in spring; not rare in summer, north; "summer resident in Montcalm County, but a migrant at Ann Arbor " (Dr. J. B. Steere); "Monroe County from early spring to May" (Jerome Trombley); "com- mon at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds in the northern part of the state; "builds in Northern Peninsula'' (H. Nehrling); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "nests at Traverse City, in excavations under logs" (L. W. Watkins); "in bushes two to six feet high " (Gibbs); " on the ground " (Coues); or " hole in stump " (Samuels); eggs four, white with reddish specks; reported by Dr. Atkins at Locke July 8, 1879, and by C. W. Gunn at Grand Rapids, a pair apparently breeding July 13, 1878 (Bull. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. IV. p. 238); Mr. S. E. White says this bird may breed in Kent County, as he has taken it in June. Thete Snow Birds often appear in quite large flocks. 241-567a-(263). Jnneo hyemalis oregonus (Towns.). * OREGON JUNCO; OREGON SNOW BIRD. " Accidental visitor" (Dr. M. Gibls); rare; Dr. Atkins reports taking this bird twice in April. This is quite probably an error. Prof. A. W. Butler thinks these notes may refer to Junco hyemalis shvfeldti, which has been taken at Lafayette, Ind. GENUS MELOSPIZA BAIBD. 242-581 (244). Melospiza fasciata (Gmel). * SONG SPARROW. Very ccrcmcn; throughout the entire State; frcm early spring till late fall; occa- sional in February; "a few remain through the winter in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); " Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds; rt Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "rears two or three broods a season" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); nests in April and May and August, in bushes, occasion- ally ten feet high, " have been found in holes of apple trees " (Davie), or on the ground, often surrounded with snow; eggs four or five, sometimes six and very rarely seven. R. H. Wclcott reports a nest at Ann Arbor, 1892. with seven sparrow eggs and one cow bird's egg, grayish or bluish white, thinly, rarely th-ickly, dotted with varying shades of brown; beautiful singer; very desirable bird. This is a great favorite with all lovers of birds. I have seen these birds take the half grown bark lice clean, from the linden twigs, in early spring. 24,'5-583-(<>42). Melospiza lincolni (Aud.). LINCOLN'S SPARROW. Very rare; Dr. M. Gibbs reports two specimens taken May 1875. and September 28 and October 9, 1879. and several specimens more recently; E. L. Moseley reports one taken at Grand Rapids in 1887; "should be found breeding in Michigan" (A. W. But- ler); "breeds in Northern Peninsula" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein). 100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. 244-584-(243). Melospi/a georgiana (Lath.). SWAMP SPARROW. Not rare; probably throughout the State; April and August; "common at Ann Arbor, nesting in the open swamps" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "nests freely about swampy lakes at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); "Southern Michigan and Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "very common in Kent County, have taken the eggs and seen thousands of the birds" (S. E. White); nests on ground usually in swamps; F. M. Falconer reports taking a nest at Hillsdale, three feet from the ground; eggs four to five, bluish or gray- ish white, specked with brown. GENUS PASSERELLA SWAIN. Fox Sparrow, natural size. 245-585-(282). Passerella iliaca (Merr.). *Fox SPARROW. Common; throughout the state; migrant; " common migrant at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); "taken at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "an abundant transient" (Dr. M. Gibbs); March and April, and October and November; " Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); a very beautiful singer, GENUS PIPILO VIEILL. 246-58 7-('*Ol). Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.). *TOWHEE; TOWHEE BUNTING; CHEWINK; MARSH ROBIN; GROUND ROBIN; JEWEE; JOE-WINK. Very common; throughout the state; March to October; reported at Ann Arbor by F. L. Washburn in December '(The Auk, Vol. VI, p. 279); Prof. James Satterlee saw it at Greenville the last of November, 1892; " Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); breeds; " very common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); nests in June and July, in bushes, low trees, on grass tufts, near the ground, or on the ground. Dr. Atkins once found a nest on a beech knot, one foot from the ground; eggs three to five, very variable , usually grayish or pinkish white, specked with reddish brown. GENUS CARDINALIS BONAP. 247-593-(299). Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.). * CARDINAL; CARDINAL GROSBEAK; VIRGINIA RED BIRD. Very rare; " never seen at Ann Arbor " (Dr. J. B. Steere); ' have taken a few speci- mens in Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties " (A. H. Boies); " a few are seen in Monroe County every spring " (Jerome Trombley); " a pair taken in Kent County " (S. E. White); set of eggs taken at Detroit, June 19, 1892 (W. A. Davidson in O. and O., Vol. XVII, 1892, p. Ill); Dudley E. Waters took a female in Kent County Aug. 10, 1883, and a male Oct. 24, of the same year. He thinks he saw a young bird. Mr. Jerome Trombley writes me that a pair have nested in Monroe for two years past. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT: : 101 GENUS HABIA REICH. Rose-breasted Grosbeak, natural size. 248-595-(289). Habia liidoviciana (Linn.). * ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK; ROSE- BREASTED SONG GROSBEAK. Common; throughout the Southern Peninsula at least; May to Sept.; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); "said to be common in hard wood district about Iron Mountain, but I have not taken it " (E. E. Brewster); beauti- ful singer; often seen in flocks; breeds; Mr. L. W. Watkins informs me that he took a male from a nest of five eggs, on which he was sitting; nests in May and June, in orchards, tall shrubs, forest trees, etc., occasionally high up. E. B. Boies reports a nest in a thorn bush, April 19, 1891. Eggs three to five, bluish green, dotted with brown; "male often incubates" (R. H. Wolcott); very beneficial to the farmer and horticult- urists, even eats potato beetles as I have observed on several occasions; Forbes says, (report State Horticultural Society, 1881, p. 204) that 66 per cent of food of many exam- ined, consisted of canker worms; L. W. Watkins informs me that this bird nests at Manchester in low bushes, and also breeds at Traverse City; the song of this bird is delightful. GENUS PAS8ERINA VIKILL. 249-598-(295). Passerina cyanea (Linn.). * INDIGO BUNTING; INDIGO PAINTED FINCH; INDIGO BIRD; BLUE LINNET. Common; throughout the state; May to October; "Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); " common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); nests in May and June, in low bushes, often in gardens; eggs four, white with a bluish tinge. Prof. S. A. Forbes (Bulletin No. 3) found 78 per cent of the food of several which he examined to be canker worms. 25O-OOO-(293 part). Passerina versicolor (Benap.). * VARIED BUNTING. Dr. Atkins reported taking this rare bird; said to have been observed in Michi- gan by A. H. Boies. " I think I have seen it " (Dr. Robt. Ridgway); taken by Dr. Atkins May 18, 1874, identified by Ridgway, and now in the collection of Dr. J. M. B. Sill, of Ypsilanti (Dr. Atkins in O. and O., Vol IX, 1884, p. 81). GENU8 SPIZA BONAP. 251 -6O4-(287). Spiza americana (Gmel.). *DICKCISSEL; BLACK-THROATED BUNTING; LITTLE MEADOW LARK. Very common in some localities in Southern Michigan; rare at the college; "a recent arrival" (Dr. J. B. Steere);May to August; "occasional at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "Hillsdale County" (A. H. Boies); breeds; nests usually in bushes, sometimes 102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. on the ground; eggs four, immaculate, greenish blue; "very common at Manchester, summer of 1892, and the nests were abundant in clover fields " (L. W. Watkins); food largely insects; some examined by Prof. S. A. Forbes (Michigan Horticultural Report 1881, p. 204) showed one-half the food to be canker worms; "not known in Michigan twenty years ago, but becoming more common each year, still rarely found north of 44 north latitude " (Dr. M. Gibbs). FAMILY TANAGRID^E. TANAGERS. Highly colored, purely insectivorous. GENUS PI BANG A N 7 iEiLi. 252-6O8-(154). Piranga erythromelas Vieill. * SCARLET TANAGER; BLACK- WINGED REDBIRD. Common throughout Southern Michigan at least; May to August, occasionally to October; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brews- ter); breeds; nests in May or June, usually on top of horizontal limb, in orchard or small trees, "from twenty to fifty feet from ground on or near ends of swaying branches" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "often twenty or thirty feet, and rarely, as many as forty feet from the ground " (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); " nest loose, shallow and coarse " (Prof. J. W. Simmons); eggs three to five, greenish blue spatted with brown; not only a sweet singer, but our most showy bird. Mr. Geo. D. Sones writes me that the nests are often so poorly built that the eggs may be counted from below looking up through the nests. This bird, of late, comes close to our houses on the college campus. 253-6 lO-( 155). Piranga rubra (Linn.). * SUMMER TANAGER; SUMMER REDBIRD. Exceedingly rare, and only in extreme southern limit; straggler from the south; not so brilliant as the preceding species, and the male has not the black wings. E. L. Moseley reports one from Michigan; "not seen at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steerej; " never seen in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); if ever seen in Michigan an acci- dental and very rare straggler. FAMILY HIRUNDINID.E. SWALLOWS. These feed wholly on insects; are very beneficial, and very amiable toward each other. GENUS PROGNE BOIE. 254-6 11 -(165). Prog-ne subis (Linn.). * PURPLE MARTIN. Common throughout the summer, or was so, prior to the reign of the English Spar- rows; throughout the state; "rare in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); "rare outside Detroit, I hunted for four years to find a set of eggs for my collection " (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "common every year at Hub- bardston, where it arrives April 7th to 9th each year" (Prof. C. W. Wheeler); "rare and local in Washtenaw County" (Dr. J. B. Steere); " becoming very rare at Plymouth " (J. B. Purdy); "Grand Traverse County" (M. L. Leach); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " nests commonly at Alma, Gratiot County, in the false fronts of stores, where it successfully combats the European Sparrow" (Prof. C. A. Davis); will oppose the European successfully for a time but will finally yield the fort; " nests in Hillsdale in the hoods over electric lights" (F. M. Falconer); breeds; nests in June, in boxes, holes in trees, etc.; eggs four to six, white; food insects, even Wasps and May Beetles. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. GENUS PETROCHELIDON CAB. 103 255-61 2-(162). Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). * CLIFF SWALLOW; EAVE SWAL- LOW; MUD DAUBER; SQUARE-TAILED BARN SWALLOW. Very common; throughout the State; May to August; "rare and local in Washte- naw County" (Dr. J. B. Steere); " I have counted one hundred and ninety-three nests under the eaves of one barn, from which I think over two thousand young were hatched in one season" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "occurs at Chandler's Palls, on the Escanaba river, Upper Peninsula, where it breeds" (L. W- Watkins) "Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); breeds; nests under eaves, on sides of embankments, rocks, etc., prefer- ring the southeast or west side; nests of mud; eggs four to six, white, specked with quite large brown spots. Like other birds that nest around our farm buildings, they are being driven off by the English Sparrow. L. W. Watkins reports an entire brood of albinos. GENUS CHELIDON FOBSTEE. Generic details of Barn Swallow. 256 613-(159). Clielidou eryttirogaster (Bodd.). * BARN SWALLOW. Very abundant throughout the State; April to August; "Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds; nests in May, in barns and other buildings; "I saw about 300 at my farm at Plymouth, Sept. 4, 1886, and not one after that date " (Dr. W. C. Brownell); two broods and sometimes three; eggs three to six, white, finely spotted with brown, especially at the large end; the tail of this bird is deeply forked. This graceful bird is justly a favorite with farmers and farmers' boys. They are often seen in large flocks just before leaving in early September. J04 AGRICULTURAL, COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. GENUS TACHYCINETA CAB. White-bellied Swallow, natural size. 257-614-(16O). Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.}. *TREE SWALLOW; WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW; BLUE-BACKED SWALLOW; FIELD SWALLOW. Very common; throughout the state; March or April to August; " common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds; often two broods; nests in May and June, in hollow stumps or holes in trees or buildings, " often in stubs in or near water" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); eggs four to seven, occasionally nine, white. I have taken several nests from hollow stumps, and always found them lined with pure white feathers, many of which were too large to have come from this bird. GEKUS CL1VICOLA FORST. 258-616-(163). Clivicola riparia (Linn.}. *BANK SWALLOW; SAND SWALLOW; SAND MARTIN. Very abundant; throughout the state; May to August; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); breeds abundantly; nests in May in sand banks; A. B. Covert, of Ann Arbor, once saw it nesting in a crevice of a building (does not Mr. Covert's note refer to the next species?); eggs five or six, white; these birds are very amiable, never seen quarrel- ing; "I have found three nests in branches of one hole" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); Mr. Robt. M. Wolcott saw at White Lake, Muskegon County, July, 1891, an immense colony, numbering hundreds. The bank was very eandy and several nests had a com- mon vestibule near the face of the bank. GENUS 8TELGIDOPTERYX BAIBD. 259-61 7- (164). Stelgidopteryx serripennis (And.). * ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW. Rather common; "in the southern part of the state" (Prof. J. A. Allen); May to August; nests in May, in sand banks, or " buildings or crevices in stone walls " (A. W. Butler); eggs and food habits much as in bank swallows. Dr. Gibbs informs me that the opening to the nest is circular, and not eliptical as it always is in case of the Bank Swallow. He adds further that this bird often builds in crevices in bridges, etc. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. FAMILY AM'PELIDJE. WAXWINGS, ETC. Feautiful birds; fly in flocks; feed on seeds, insects and fruit. SUBFAMILY AMPELIN^. WAXWINGS. GENUS AMPELIS LINN. 105 Bohemian Waxwing, one-half natural size. 2(K)-618-(16O). Ampelis garrulus Linn. * BOHEMIAN WAXWING. Very rare; winter visitor; occasional in spring. Dr. G. W. Topping, DeWitt, Michigan, took from one to three in April of each of the years 1879-80-31 from flocks going north; "in flocks in Kent County nearly every spring, often as many as one hundred" (Dudley E. Waters); does not Mr. Waters refer to the next species? 14 106 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. Mr. Levi Broas has several in his collection, which he took in Ionia County; " seen in early spring at Bay City in 1884" (N. A. Eddy, in O. and O., Vol. IX, 1884, p. 41); Dr. Atkins took this bird at Locke several times in March and once in April; E. L. Moseley reports two from Michigan; "four seen in Kent County, April 4, 1889" (S. E. White); "often exceedingly abundant in Northern Michigan" (H. Nehrling); "several flocks seen at Charlevoix in the fall several years since" (M. L. Leach); "Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "Traverse City " (M. L. Leach). "Has been taken in southern Indiana several times " (A. W. Butler). Cedar Bird, natural size. 261-619-(167). Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill). * CEDAR BIRD; CEDAR WAX-WING; CHERRY BIRD. Very common; throughout the State; April to August; not rare in winter; embraced in Cabot's Birds of Lake Superior; -'common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); migrates frequently for short distances; in flocks; breeds; nests in bushes, trees of the orchard or woodland, etc., in July and August; eggs four to six, light drab or clay white, specked with black and brown; eats cherries, apple blossoms, berries and insects, "eats three thousand canker worms daily" (Forbes report Michigan State Horticultural Society, 1881, p. 204); "I have seen them feeding extensively on canker worms" (Prof. C. A. Davis); "eat elm beetles and many other insects " (Dr. A. K. Fisher). From a preliminary report by F. E. L. Beat for the United States Department of Agriculture, manuscript kindly loaned to me, I find that 125 stomachs of these birds from 14 states were examined. The conclusions reached were these: 1st, that the Cedar Birds eat a certain amount of insect food at all times, when it can be obtained, aggregating in this case Yl% of the food for the whole year; 2d, that the greatest amount of insect food is eaten during the month when fruit is the most abundant; 3d, that the greatest number of insects is eaten in the month of May, with a decrease, during the succeeding months until September, when the percentage again rises; 4th, that the young, while in the nest, are fed to a great extent upon insect food; eats mountain-ash berries, etc., in winter. These beautiful birds do not seem to be exclusively insectivorous, and a flock will destroy an immense number of cherries; Dr. M. Gibbs writes me that he has reared the young, taken from the nests, entirely on fruit. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. FAMILY LANIIDJE. SHRIKES. Feed on insects, small birds, mice, etc., on the whole probably our friends. GENUS LANIUS LINN. 107 Batcher Bird, reduced. Lanius borealis Vieill. * NORTHERN SHRIKE; BUTCHER BIRD. Rather common; throughout the State; "rare at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); winter; November to March or April; "occasionally in winter in Wayne County" (B. W. Swales); seen at Iron Mountain by E. E. Brewster; " Keweenaw Point " (Knee- land); "this shrike is not known to breed in United States" (Dr. A. K. Fisher); Prof. J. A. Allen thinks it may breed in Upper Peninsula; impales mice, insects, and small birds, frogs, etc., on thorns, probably for future use; "kills English Sparrows, and impales insects on barbs of wire in fences " (Dr. W. C. Brownell); Prof. Chas. A. Davis tells me that an observant friend suggests that this habit has arisen because the bird has no talons, so it hangs bird, mouse, or insect up to aid in tearing it to pieces; " all winter at Manchester, chasing and killing English Sparrows" (L. W. Watkins); these birds are reported to attract other birds by mimicry and then destroy them; Dr. G. W. Topping, Dr. W. C. Brownell, and Mr. J. B. Purdy speak of the nesting of this bird. They must refer to the White-rumped Shrike. 263-622 a'-( 188 part). Lanius hulovicianus excubitorides (Swains.). * WHITE- RUMPED SHRIKE. Common from April to October; " the common variety in Monroe County " (Jerome Trombley); breeds; nests in May in orchards; "nests rarely at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); eggs four to six, dirty white specked with brown. These birds do destroy small birds, but as they destroy so many insects, especially locusts, they are to be con- sidered as beneficial to the farmer. This species is often mistaken for the Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius ludovicianus, which species does not occur in Michigan. FAMILY VIREONIDyE. VIREOS OR GREENLETS. Beautiful singers; exclusively insectivorous; very beneficial. GENUS V1REO VIEILL. Red-eyed Vireo, natural size. 108 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. 2G4-(524-(17O). Yireo oliracens (Linn.). * RED-EYED VIREO; RED-EYED GREENLET One of our most common birds; throughout the state; frequents parks and wood- lands; April to September; included in Cabot's list of Birds of Lake Superior; "Macki- nac Island " (S. E. White); E. E. Brewster finds this species very common at Iron Mountain; " Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds; often double brooded; nests in June on the horizontal branches of trees, usually in woodlands, occasionally in orchards; the nest is very beautiful; "nests in Traverse City" (L. W. Watkins); nests suspended, below limb, not hanging like those of Orioles; eggs three to four, rarely five, white, spotted with blackish dots. Brotherly Love Vireo, natural size. 265-626-(173). Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). * PHILADELPHIA VIREO; BROTH- ERLY-LOVE VIREO; BROTHERLY-LOVE GREENLET. Rare; migrant; taken at the college Sept. 11, 1889; "rare in Kalamazoo County" (Dr. M. Gibbs); Dr. M. Gibbs writes me that he has taken it in Kalamazoo and Ottawa Counties; " quite common fall migrant at Mackinac Island, have taken several in Kent County" (S. E. White); we find it not uncommon here this May, 1893; Forbes found (report Michigan State Horticultural Society, 1881, p. 204) that 35 per cent of food consisted of canker worms. Warbling Greenlet. 266-627-(174, 175). Vireo gilvus (Vieill). *WARBLING VIREO; WARBLING GREENLET. Common throughout the state; April to Sept.; "common at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); " common at Plymouth " (J. B. Purdy); " Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties and Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); breeds; has been known to steal material for nest building from King Birds' nests at Plymouth, Michi- gan (see O. and O., Vol. XIV, p. 93); nests and eggs as in Vireo olivaceus, except nests are slightly smaller, with softer lining, and the eggs less specked; "one of the very few birds that sing as it sits on its nest " (Dr. M. Gibbs); Forbes found (report of Michigan Horticultural Society, 1881, p. 204) that 35 per cent of food was canker worms; " nests ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 109 abundantly at Manchester, the nest hanging from the horizontal crotch of a limb " (L. Whitney Watkins). This sweet singer is a very valuable bird. Yellow-throated Vireo, natural size. 267-628-(176). Vireo flavifrons (VieilL). * YELLOW-THROATED VIREO. Common; April to September; " common at Ann Arbor " (Dr. J. B. Steere); " rare in Wayne County" (B. W. Swales); "common in Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties" (A. H. Boies); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); breeds; nests in June, in trees; "nest from seven to thirty feet high, usually about twelve, and covered with lichens " (Dr. M. Gibbs); eggs rosy white, spotted with brown. 2O8-629-(177). Vireo solitarius (Wils.). * BLUE-HEADED VIREO OR GREENLET; SOLITARY GREENLET. Rare; May and October; migrant; S. E. White finds this at Mackinac Island; E. E. Brewster has taken it at Iron Mountain; Dr. M. Gibbs writes me that it is a summer resident in Wexford County. White-eyed Vireo, natural size. 2<>9-(>31-(181). Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.}. *WHITE-EYED VIREO OR GREEN- LET. "Scarce summer sojourner, breeds " (Dr. M. Gibbs on authority of Messrs. A. B. Covert and the late D. D. Hughes); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); embraced in Cabot's Birds of Lake Superior. FAMILY MNIOTILTID.E. WARBLERS, WOODLAND WARBLERS. Small birds; often sweet singers; usually beautiful; mostly insectivorous; eggs almost always bluish white or cream colored specked with brown. Of many killed this spring 1893 the stomachs almost invariably contained both seeds and insects. 110 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. GENUS MNIOTILTA VIEILL. Black and White Creeper, natural size. 27O-636-(91, 92). Mniotilta varia (Linn.). BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER; BLACK AND WHITE CREEPER. Throughout the lower Peninsula at least; common; rare in some localities; a pair taken at college by A. B. Cook, May 10, 1893; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); breeds; " not observed nesting at Ann Arbor " (Dr. J. B. Steere); " not common but breeds in Monroe County and always on the ground " (Jerome Trombley); "Dennis Nolan found a nest under a log in Kalamazoo County" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "never found a nest at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); "found one nest in Wayne County" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); nests in May, usually on the ground, under logs, very rarely in hollow trees; eggs four or five, white with yellowish tinge, and specked with brown, most of the brown is in the form of a wreath around the large end; eats insects and insects' eggs; very bene- ficial. This bird reminds us of the Creepers and Titmice, in its climbing along branches in quest of insects. GENUS PROTONOTARIA BAIRD. 271-637-(95). Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). * PROTHONOTARY WARBLER; GOLDEN SWAMP WARBLER; WILLOW WARBLER. Rare at Lansing; "abundant the last few years in Southwestern Michigan" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "rare along Kalamazoo river in Allegan County" (S. E. White); "Lenawee County" (A. H. Boies); "has not been observed in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); breeds; found breeding in Michigan, latitude 42 north, by K. R. Willhelm; nests in June, in holes in trees, stumps etc.; "always nests near water, usually over it" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "at St. Joseph" (Butler's Birds of Indiana); "not rare in Cass County, found in swamps and thickets" (Prof. J. W. Simmons). For interesting account of its migration routes, see " Notes on the range of the Prothona- tory Warbler in Indiana," by Amos W. Butler, O. and O., March, 1888, pp. 33-34; also " Proceedings Indiana Academy of Science, 1891. p. 165. GENUS HELM1THERU8 RAFIN. Worm-eating Warbler, natural size. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. Ill 272-639-(96). Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel). WORM-EATING WARBLER. Rare; " Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties" (A. H. Boies); "Northern Indiana, song very like that of Chipping Sparrow " (A. W. Butler). GENUS HELMINTHOPHILA RIDG. 273-641-(98). Helminthophila pinus (Linn.). BLUE- WINGED WARBLER, BLUE- WINGED YELLOW WARBLER. Rare; "summer sojourner" (Gibbs' Birds of Michigan); "very rare in Monroe County, where it is transient, only two ever seen" (Jerome Trombley); "locally distrib- uted " (Dr. M. Gibbs); breeds; nests in May on the ground; eggs four to five; "this and the preceding species are very rare in Northern Indiana" (A. W. Butler); S. E. White took two of these on Mackinac Island July 1, 1889. Helminthophila leucobronchialis (Brewst.), which has been reported from Michigan, (The Auk, Vol, I, pp. 359-363), is now regarded as a hybrid between this and the next species, as I learn from Prof. J. A. Allen. The same is doubtless true of the bird described as Helminthophila gunnii in the Grand Rapids Daily Democrat, June 1, 1879. 274-642-(lO2). Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn.). * GOLDEN-WINGED WARB- LER; BLUE GOLDEN -WINGED WARBLER. Throughout the state; May to August; "common summer resident in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "have found nests with four eggs at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); breeds; nests in May, on the ground; eggs four to five, rarely six; one of our most beautiful warblers. Dr. M. Gibbs writes me that he has taken many nests in Kalamazoo County; Mr. Davie says that Mr. J. P. Norris has a set of four eggs from Monroe County, Mich., and a set of five from near Detroit (Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, p. 360). 275-645 (1O6 part). Helminthophiia ruflcapilla (Wils.). * NASHVILLE WARBLER. Rather common; migrant; May; "very common migrant in Lake County, Indiana, and also a rare resident " (Dr. Brayton's Birds of Indiana, p. 105); " often common in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "Mackinac Island, where it breeds" (S. E. White); " common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); possibly breeds; nests in June, on the ground; eggs three to five; feeds on insects; beneficial. 276 646 (1O7). Helminthophila celala (Say). * ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER. Rare; May and September; migrant; this one is easily mistaken for the last men- tioned species; "Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); "common but migrant at Ann Arbor" (Dr. A. K. Fisher); reported several times by Dr. Atkins at Locke. 277-647-(109). Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.). * TENNESSEE WARBLER. Not common;" rare in Monroe County " (Jerome Trombley); taken at Plymouth by J. B. Purdy; May and September and October; migrant; "breeds near L'Anse, Upper Peninsula" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); often mistaken for the Nashville Warbler. S. E. White finds this common in late September, and late October at Mackinac Island, where it is also a migrant. 112 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. GENUS COMPSOTHLYP1S CAB. 278-648 (93). Compsothlypis americana (Linn.). *PABULA WARBLER; BLUE YELLOW-BACKED WARBLER. Rare; May and June; "Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties'" (A.H.Boies); "Mack- inac Island" (S. E. White); occasionally breeds; nests in June, in trees, "often in a bunch of lichens " (Dr. A. K. Fisher); nest elaborate; eggs four to five, white with yellowish tinge and specked with brown. " Never found a nest at Plymouth " (J. B. Purdy); "this bird is a transient in Monroe County, where it is becoming very rare'* (Jerome Trombley). GENCS DENDKOICA GRAY. 279-65O-(126). Dendroica tigrina (Gmel). CAPE MAY WARBLER. Not rare in spring and autumn; " common in Kent County in spring migrations, not rare in autumn; migrant; frequents the orchards and pines" (S. E. White); "see them every year in Kent County from May 7 to May 15, have killed fifteen in one day " (Dudley E. Waters); I have it reported from Thunder Bay Island; " Lenawee County " (A. H. Boies); "Monroe County, very rare, only two seen" (Jerome Trombley); " Mack- mac Island " (S. E. White); in Cabot's list of Birds of Lake Superior; " known to breed near Green Bay, Wisconsin" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein). 280-652(111 part). Dendroica sestiva (Gruel). * YELLOW WARBLER; YELLOW BIRD; SUMMER YELLOW BIRD. Our most common resident warbler; April and May to August and Septem- ber; taken at college by A. B. Cook, May 10, 1893, who finds it common; "not observed in Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "taken at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); breeds; nests in May, in thick foliage, in bushes or small trees, especially in willows along streams; nests exquisite; eggs four, occasionally five, yellowish white or greenish gray, specked with brown; J. B. Purdy reports a full set of albino eggs; Forbes found (see report of Michigan Horticultural Society, 1881, p. 204) that 66$ of the food of several birds examined consisted of canker worms. "It feeds extensively on the larvae of elm beetles" (Dr. A. K. Fisher). This is an excellent little bird friend. 281 -654 -(11 7). Dendroica caerulescens (Gmel). * BLACK - THROATED BLUE WARBLER. Common; migrant; two pairs taken at college by A. B.Cook May 10, 1893; " Macki- nac Island" (S. E. White); possibly breeds north; "C. W. Gunn found it breeding in Ottawa County" (Dr. M, Gibbs); "migrant in Southern Michigan" (Jerome Trombley); "taken at Iron Mountain in spring" (E. E. Brewster); nests in low brushwood; eggs four to five, rosy white, and like those of most warblers specked with brown. Yellow-ramped Warbler, natural size ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 113 282-(>55-(119). Dendroica coroiiata (Linn.). *MYRTLE WARBLER; YELLOW- RUMPED WARBLER; GOLDEN-CROWN WARBLER. Very common; throughout the entire state; several taken in May, 1893, at college, by A. B. Cook; migrant in the southern part of the state; one nest found near Detroit by B. W. Swales (O. and O., Vol. XVI, 1891, p. 148); April or May and October; "our earliest migrant at Morrice " (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "our earliest warbler at Iron Mountain, taken April 16, 1890" (E. E. Brewster); breeds north; "nests at Mackinac Island in July and August" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "nests in evergreens, eggs four" (J. W. Simmons). Black and Yellow Warbler, natural size. 283-65 7-( 125). Dendroica macnlosa (Gmel.). * MAGNOLIA WARBLER; BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER. Common; migrant; ' quite common migrant in Monroe County " (Jerome Tromb- ley); " common but shy in Lenawee County" (A. H. Boies); taken by E. E. Brewster at Iron mountain; " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); May and June, and September and October; embraced in Cabot's Birds of Lake Superior; " abundant at Mackinac Island where it breeds" (S. E. White); "builds in Northern Michigan " (Davie's Nests and Eggs of North American Birds); a beautiful species. 284 658 (118). Dendroica cwrnlea (Wils.). * CERULEAN WARBLER; BLUE WARBLER. Rather common; " Lenawee County " (A. H. Boies); "DeWitt" (Dr. G. W. Top- ping); " next to Yellow Warbler the most common warbler breeding in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "have only taken one in Kent County" (S. E. White); May and June; very handsome; breeds; "several nests taken in Wayne County" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); nest taken near Detroit June 19, by W. A. Davidson (O. and O., Vol. XVII, 1892, p. Ill); nests in May in high trees; this is quite common in the thickets about the college. Chestnut-sided Warbler, natural size. 285-659-(124). Dendroica pensylvanira (Linn.). * CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. Very common, some seasons; throughout the entire State; "migrant at Plymouth" (A. B. Purdy); "Mackinac Island where it breeds" (S. E. White); " very common resident 15 114 AGRICULTURAL, COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); "more commonly found in swamps" (Prof. J. W. Simmons); several taken at college the first May 10 by A. B. Cook in May, 1893. He finds it the most common Warbler; breeds; "nests found near Detroit by B. Swales" (O. and O., Vol. XVI, 189J , p. 148). Dr. M. Gibbs writes me that he once found five nests in one day in Kalamazoo County, where it rarely builds now; said to be two brooded in Canada; nests in June, in low bushes; eggs four or five. This species rears many Cow Birds. 286 66O-(123). Dendroica castanea (Wils.). * BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. Rather common; migrant in Southern Michigan; May and October; "Lenawee County and Northern Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); ''breeds in Northern Peninsula" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); male taken at college May 20, 1893, by A. B. Cook; "breeds in Northern Michigan" (Davie's Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, p. 373). S. E. White writes me that he shot immature specimens at Mackinac Island as late as July; we have taken this species here more frequently in the spring; Dr.- Atkins reports this species as very rare at Locke. Its song is very charming. Black-poll Warbler, natural size. 287-661(122). Dendroica striata (Forst). * BLACK-POLL WARBLER. Common; migrant; a pair taken by A. B. Cook at the college May 20, 1893; "Mon- roe County, some years very common" (Jerome Trombley); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "Iron Mountain May 24, 1881" (E. E. Brewster); "common spring migrant in Upper Peninsula" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein). 288-662-(121). Dendroica black bur nise (Gmel). *BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER; ORANGE-THROATED WARBLER; HEMLOCK WARBLER. Rare; "rare migrant in Monroe County " (Jerome Trombley); rare in summer; throughout the Southern Peninsula; "Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); "common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties" (A. H. Boies); "DeWitt" (Dr. G. W. Topping); A. B. Cook took one male and two females of this handsome Warbler at the college May 18, the only ones seen up to this date, May 26, 1893; breeds north; "nests in Northern Peninsula" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); "has been found breeding in Southern Michigan where nests have been taken in pine trees, at an elevation of forty feet" (Davie's Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, p. 373); " B. F. Syke found two nests in Kalamazoo County, both quite high in tamarack trees " (Dr. M. Gibbs). 289-663a-(13O). Dendroica dominica albilora Baird. ; SYCAMORE WARBLER; WHITE-BROWED YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. Rare; "early migrant" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "rather rare summer resident, breeds, nests in tall sycamores on Raisin river " (Jerome Trombley); Dr. M. Gibbs writes me that he ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 115 has found one nest in Kalumazoo County; " said to be of ten common about Detroit" (Butler's Birds of Indiana). Black-throated Green Warbler, natural size. 29O-667-(112). Dendroiea virens (GmeL). * BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. April and May, and August and September; usually a migrant south; nests north of Montcalm County; "breeds sparingly in Kent County but abundantly at Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); " taken in spring at Iron Moun- tain'' (E. E. Brewster); "nests abundantly in Northern Peninsula" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); "breeds in Northern Michigan" (Davie's Nests and Eggs of North Ameri- can Birds). This bird has been taken in Montcalm County by Dr. J. B. Steere, and in Ionia County by Mr. Levi Broas. 291-<>7O-(131). Dendroica kirtlamli Baird. KIRTLAND'S WARBLER "Rare straggler'' (Dr. M. Gibbs); "one from Battle Creek May 11, 1883, identified by Robt. Ridgway; taken by Mr. Knapp at Ann Arbor May, 1888 (The Auk, Vol. VI, p. 279); one from Straits of Mackinaw, identified by Dr. C. Hart Merriam (The Auk, Vol. 1, pp. 376 and 389); in 1879 nine specimens known, the fifth and ninth taken by A. B. Covert in Washtenaw County (H. A. Burdie in Bull. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. IV, p. 185); reported by Dr. C. Hart Merriam from Straits of Mackinaw, May 21, 1885 (The Auk, Vol. I p. 376). 292-671-(134). Dendroica vigorsii (And.). *PINE WARBLER; PINE-CREEPING WARBLER. April and May and September and October; J. E. Nichols of Lansing has taken these often in October; not observed in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "very common at Iron Mountain, and probably a summer resident" (E. E. Brewster); breeds north; " nests at Traverse City " (L. Whitney Watkins); "found all summer in Kent County, probably breeds " (S. E. White); " song resembles that of sparrow and is not warbler like" (Dr. M. Gibbs). 116 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. 293 672-(132). Dendroica palmarnm (Gmel.). *PALM WARBLER; YELLOW RED - POLLED WARBLER; WAG-TAILED WARBLER; TITLARK WARBLER. Very common migrant; May and October; flocks; "occurs at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "E. E. Brewster has taken it at Iron Mountain; one of our most common and beautiful migrants. 294-673^(127). Dendroica discolor (Vieill). PRAIRIE WARBLER. "Rare migrant, breeds north of 44 north latitude" (Dr. M, Gibbs); " not observed in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "breeds in Michigan" (Davie); Dr, M. Gibbs writes me that he has taken the eggs; found very common at Mackinac Island by S. E. White who has specimens taken there; Prof. J. A. Allen writes me that this bird does not go north of Central Michigan; Dr. M. Gibbs collected nest and two eggs May 26, 1879, in Ottawa County (Bui. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, p. 186). GENUS SEIURUS SWAINS. Oven Bird, natural size. 295-6 74-( 135). Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.}. * OVEN BIRD; GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH; WOOD WAGTAIL. Very common; throughout the Southern Peninsnla at least; April to September, rarely to October; "usually seen on the ground" (Prof. J. W. Simmons); "abundant at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "common in Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties" (A. H. Boies); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); taken at Iron Mountain by E. E. Brewster; breeds; nests in June on the ground, often under log; nest oven-like, hence common name of bird; nests common near marshes about the college; eggs four to six. This bird is retiring and usually found in dense thickets; "sings at all times of night" (Samuels). When we drive this bird from the nest it feigns lameness and flutters away to lure us from its eggs and young. This bird rears very numerous Cow Birds. 296-675-(136). Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.}. * WATER THRUSH; SMALL-BILLED WATER THRUSH; WATER WAGTAIL. Rare; migrant; April and May; "rare transient in Kalamazoo County" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "very rare in Kent County, one taken May 9, 1891" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "taken in Hillsdale County" (A. H. Boies); "rare in Monroe County " (Jerome Trombley); frequents dense thickets in swamps; "breeds in North- ern Indiana where it is a rare summer resident" (A. W. Butler); nests in June, among roots of turned up trees, in marshes or under stumps, logs, etc.; eggs four to six, delicate cream, densely specked with reddish brown. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 117 297-676-(138). Seiurns motacilla (Vieill.). * LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH; LARGE- BILLED WAG TAIL, WARBLER. Not uncommon, especially in the southern part of the state; April to August; "common in Kalamazoo County" (Dr. M. Gibbs); " very common in Kent County" (S. E. White); breeds; nests on the ground, under logs, or as in the preceding species; eggs as in the preceding. Mr. Jerome Trombley writes me that this is the common Water Thrush " of Monroe County. GENUS GEOTHLYPIS CAB. Kentucky Warbler, natural size. 298-67 7-(14O). Geothlypis Formosa (Wils.). * KENTUCKY WARBLER. Exceedingly rare; Dr. Atkins reports taking one specimen June 24, 1878; Dr. M. Gibbs reports one specimen taken by him in Kalamazoo County. 299-678-(139). Geothlypis agrilis (Wils.). * CONNECTICUT WARBLER. Exceedingly rare, but becoming more common; "one of our rarest Warblers" (Dr. M. Gibbs); May and June; migrant; " first taken May, 1879, in Kalamazoo, Washtenaw, Ottawa and Ingham Counties within a week" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "one taken August 30, 1889, and the same date in 1890, and one taken a week later in Kent County" (S. E. White); Mr. Chas. W. Gunn reports one from Ingham and one from Ottawa County (Bull. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. IV, p. 123); this is one of the latest Warblers to arrive in the spring. 3OO-(>79-(142). Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.). * MOURNING WARBLER. Occasionally quite common; May to August; "Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties " ( A. H. Boies); " migrant at Plymouth " (J. B. Purdy); " rare in Monroe County " (Jerome Trombley); "rare in Kalamazoo County" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); embraced in Cabot's Birds of Lake Superior; " Iron Mountain, May, 1888" (E. E. Brewster); " breeds north on edge of pinery" (Dr. M. Gibbs). Dr. Gibbs writes me that it is abundant in second growth clearings in the pine region north of 44 degrees north latitude; nest and eggs as in next species. Taken here by A. B. Cook, May 17, 1893. Maryland Yellow -throat, male, natural size. 118 AGRICULTURAL, COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. 3O1-681-(141 part). Geothlypis trichas (Linn.). * MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT; YELLOW-THROATED GROUND WARBLER. Very common; throughout the state; May to August; " abundant at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "common at DeWitt" (Dr. G. W. Topping); reported from Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties and at Sault Ste. Marie, July 16, 1892, by A. H. Boies, who thinks it breeds in the Northern Peninsula; "common at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); breeds; " two broods " (Dr. W. C. Brownell); nests from May to July, on the ground or in low thickets; nests often arched over; eggs four to six, clear white specked with reddish dots, though quite variable in size, form and markings; one of our finest singers and justly a favorite. GENUS 1CTKRIA VIKILL. Yellow-breasted Chat. 3O2-68iJ-(144). Icteria virens (Linn.). * YELLOW- BREASTED CHAT. Exceedingly rare; "occasionally quite common" (Dr. H. A. Atkins); "not observed at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "once in Lenawee County" (A. H. Boies); "formerly nested in Monroe County, not seen since 1881" (Jerome Trombley); May to October; breeds; nests in May and June in bushes; eggs four; song varied and beautiful; "ven- triloquist" (Butler's Birds of Indiana); "this is a southern species" (Prof. J. A. Allen). GENUS SYLVANIA NUTT. Hooded Warbler, natural size. 3O;M)84r-(14(>). Syhania mitrata (Gmel). * HOODED WARBLER; HOODED FLY- CATCHING WARBLER. Quite common in southern part of State; generally a migrant; May and October; "breeds plentifully south of 42, have taken many nests" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "common but transient in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); nests in May in low bushes; "eggs three, often only two" (Gibbs); an elegant bird. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 119 3O4 685 (147). Sylvania pusilla (Wils.). WILSON'S WARBLER; GREEN BLACK- CAPPED YELLOW WARBLER. " Tolerably common in Northern Indiana" (Butler's Birds of Indiana); "exceed- ingly abundant migrant at Mackinac Island and in spring in Kent County" (S. E. White); E. E. Brewster writes me that it is common at Iron Mountain; ''often common migrant in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "common migrant in ^Michigan" (Dr. M. Gibbs); I have never taken this bird about the college. Canadian Flycatching Warbler, natural size. 3O5-68G (149). Sylvania cauadensis (Linn.). * CANADIAN WARBLER; CANADIAN FLYCATCHING WARBLER. Not rare; migrant; April and May and August and September; " rather common in Kalamazoo County " (Dr. M. Gibbs); Lenawee County " (A. H. Boies); common migrant in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "common summer resident at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); probably breeds in Northern Peninsula; nests in June on the ground; eggs four or five. GENUS 8ETOPHAGA SWAINS, 3O6 G87-(152). Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). * AMERICAN REDSTART. Very common; throughout the entire State; May to August; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " rare at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); breeds; nests in June in small trees, usually twelve to twenty feet from the ground, rarely forty feet; " nests at Manchester, neatly woven in vertical crotch of shrubs about twelve feet high" (L. W. Watkins); nests usually found in thick woods or dense swamps; "breeds abundantly at Ann Arbor " (Dr. J. B. Steere). Dr. Atkins gives dates of its arrival for 26 years in O. and O., Vol. VIII. p. 31. 120 AGRICULTURAL, COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. FAMILY MOTACILLID^E. WAGTAILS AND PIPITS. Small birds; insectivorous; often in flocks. GENUS ANTHUS BEOHST. Titlark, natural size. 3O7-697-(89). An thus pensilvanicus (Lath.). * AMERICAN PIPIT; AMERICAN TIT- LAKK; WAG-TAIL; BROWN LARK; PIPIT. Common; throughout the state; in flocks; April and May, and Sept. to Nov., occa- sional in Dec. and Jan.; migrant; "common at Iron Mountain in autumn and probably in spring" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); "winter sojourner " (A. H. Boies). Taken Jhere by L. W. Watkins, May 10, 1893. FAMILY TROGLODYTID^E. WRENS; THRASHERS, ETC. Insectivorous birds; often sweet singers. SUBFAMILY MIMING. THRASHERS. GENUS MIMUS BOIES. Mocking Bird, about two-thirds natural size. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 121 3O8-7O3-(15). Mimus polyglottos (Linn.). * MOCKING BIRD. Possibly a rare accidental straggler from the south. One reported by E. L. Mose- ley. This species is included in the manuscript list of the Birds about Detroit, by the late Rev. Chs. Fox. GENUS GALEOSCOPTES CAB. Cat-bird, natural size. 3O9-7O4-(16). Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.). * CAT-BIRD. Very common; throughout the state; usually in woodlands, though here at the college where we protect the birds, they even breed freely on the campus; April and May to Sept.; "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "rare at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds; nests in shrubs; eggs four, 'rarely five, deep green; song pleasing and varied. GENUS HARPORHYNCHUS CAB. Brown Thrush, natural bize. 31O-7O5-(17). Harporhynchns rofus (Linn.). * BROWN THRUSH; BIG BROWN WREN; BROWN THRASHER; BROWN MOCKING BIRD. Very common, especially south; April to Sept.; "Grand Traverse County" (M. L. Leach); "April 28, 1891, at Grand Rapids" (E.B.Boies); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "not seen in Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "very common at Iron Mount- ain, where with many other song birds they suffer seriously at the hands of the Italians, who kill them for stews " (E. E. Brewster); not shy; strong singers; " song wonderfully rich, melodious and varied" (L. S. Foster); breeds; nests in bushes, occa- 16 122 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. sionally on the ground; nest rude, coarse and bulky; eggs three to five, dirty white, specked with brown; food small fruits and insects; "Forbes found 23 per cent of food which he examined to be canker worms" (report State Horticultural Society, 1891, p. 204); like the Robin, this bird often returns to the same place year after year. SUBFAMILY TROGLODYTIMS. WRENS. GENUS THRYOTHORUS VIEILL. Carolna Wren. 311 718. (68). Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lack.). CAROLINA WREN. Rare summer resident in southern part of the State; " Lenawee County " (A. H. Boies); Jerome Tromblqy finds it a rare summer resident in Monroe County, where he took a nest in 1892, beneath the roots of a fallen tree, with six eggs in it; " northern counties of Indiana" (Butler's Birds of Indiana). Said to breed at nearly all seasons. We have never seen it here. J. B. Purdy says it does not breed at Plymouth. 312-719-(71). Thryothorus bewickii (And.). BEWICK'S WREN. "Very rare, in spring" (Dr. M. Gibbs); very rare; "summer resident in Monroe County, where it has nested three years in a bird box, identification certain " (Jerome Trombley); "rare, but several taken in Kalamazoo County" (Dr. M. Gibbs); we have never taken this here, and J. B, Purdy says the same of Plymouth. GENUS TROGLODYTES VIEILL. 313-721-(74). Troglodytes ae'don (Vieill.). HOUSE WREN. Very common in some localities; April to October; "abundant at Grand Rapids" (E. B. Boies); "becoming rare at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); "not rare at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "not seen in Upper Peninsula" (A. H. Boies); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); breeds; nests in holes in ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 123 trees, stumps, in niches under porches, boxes, etc., in June, occasionally second time in August; eggs four to ten, white, thickly specked with reddish brown. This bird is very rare at Lansing, especially since the advent of the English Sparrow, but " very common at Traverse City" (L. W. Watkins; " this bird leaves the vicinity of our dwel- lings after breeding" (L.S.Foster). This little Wren nested in my whirling horse- tether box, and repaired its nest time after time, as it would be destroyed by the turning of the box there were six eggs. Winter Wren, slightly reduced. ). Troglodytes liiemalis Vieill * WINTER WREN. Common migrant; "transient in Monroe County, seen oftener in spring than in fall" (Jerome Trombley); "migrant at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); "very common in spring, summer and fall, and occasionally in late winter, breeds" (Dr. M. Gibbs); reported by S. E. White at Grand Rapids, June 11, 1891; " rare at Ann Arbor " (Dr. J. B. Steere); it is very rare at Lansing; " Kent County, where it breeds, and Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); rather shy; "breeds in Upper Peninsula" (Prof . Ludwig Kumlein); E. W. Durfee took a nest near Grand Rapids; nesting habits much as in last species " (Davie's Nests and Eggs on North Ameri- can Birds, p. 407); though it may nest in brush-piles, etc.; nest lined with feathers; eggs four to nine, white, minutely specked with brown; feeds on insects and insects* eggs; "song loud and hearty, scolds vigorously at intrusion" (E. L. Moseley). GENUS CISTOTHORUS CAB. Short-billed Marsh Wren, natural size. 315 724 (81). Cistothorus stellaris (Licht.). * SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN. Rather common; summer; "rare at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "Lenawee County'' (A. H. Boies); "common in marshes at the west end of Lake Erie'* 124 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. (Jeroihe Trombley); breeds; nests in July; nesting habits as in next species, except that it nests in clear places and in moist meadows, not over water (R. H. Wolcott); and the nest is formed of fresh reeds and flags and beautifully lined with cotton like down; E. W. Durfee finds nests not uncommon in Wayne County; eggs six to nine, white. Mr. E. W. Durfee states that these, like the next species, make two or three duplicate nests. Long-billed Marsh Wren, natural size. 316-725-(79, 8O). Cistothorus palustris (Wils.). * LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN. Rather common in summer; "rare at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "St. Joseph County'" (A.H.Boies); "abundant in the marshes at the west end of Lake Erie" (Jerome Trombley); "nests found in Wayne County" (E. F. Durfee); breeds; nests in colonies, near the ground, in marshes, in spherical nests of coarse grass, etc., " fastened to old flags two or three feet above the water or mud " (E. L. Moseley), the opening on the side; eggs five to ten, very small, dark chocolate brown, rarely almost white; " while the female is sitting the male partially builds one or more nests " (Dr. A. K. Fisher); Dr. W. C. Brownell writes me that there are sometimes eight of these dupli- cate and unlined nests. FAMILY CERTHIID^E. CREEPERS. Small, narrow-billed birds; seen creeping up tree trunk; food insects and insects' eggs. GENUS CERTHIA LINN. Head, foot and tail-feather of Certhia, natural size. 2 part). Certhia familiaris americana (Bonap.). * BROWN CREEPER ; AMERICAN CREEPER. Rather common; throughout the entire state; all seasons; "does not breed at Ply- mouth" (J. B. Purdy); "rather rare at Ann Arbor "(Dr. J. B. Steere); "formerly nested ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 125 in Monroe County, now only a migrant, found a nest behind loose bark of a tree in 1865" (Jerome Trombley); "rather common in Kent County in summer and at Macki- nac Island " (S. E. White); " common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); " common in November at Au Sable" (N. A. Eddy, O. and O., Vol. IX.. p. 91); breeds; nests, between loosened bark and tree" (Dr. A. K. Fisher); "under bark of stub thirty feet high in Ottawa County" (Dr. M. Gibbs); see Davie's Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, p. 410; in May; eggs five to eight, white, specked with brown. This bird climbs spirally up tree trunks. FAMILY PARID^. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. Food insects and insects' eggs; they creep up tree trunks and along limbs much as do the Sapsuckers and Creepers, except they usually go downwards head foremost as they hunt for their food. They are exceedingly valuable birds. SUBFAMILY SITTING. NUTHATCHES. GENUS SITTA LINN. 318-727-(57). Sitta carolinensis Lath. * WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH; TOMTIT; WHITE-BELLIED NUTHATCH. Common; throughout the entire state; every month of the year; "common at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); " Au Sable" (N. A. Eddy); "never seen at Iron Mountain, Upper Peninsula" (E. E. Brewster); "Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); breeds; nests in April; nests usually made in ready formed holes in trees from ten to fifty feet from the ground ; eggs four to eight, rarely nine or ten, white to roseate, specked with brown; this bird is often seen creeping down trees head foremost; will place acorns containing weevil grubs in some cavity in bark to hold them secure and then pick out the delicate tit-bit. Red-bellied Nuthatch, natural size. 319-728-(59). Sitta canadensis Linn. * RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH; RED-BELLIED NUTHATCH; CANADA NUTHATCH. Rather rare; more common north; " rare fall and spring migrant in Monroe County, none remaining to breed" (Jerome Trombley); " rare in Wayne County "(B.H. Swales); "common during migration" (E. L. Moseley); "rarely seen at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); " does not breed at Plymouth " (J. B. Purdy) ; " very common at Iron Mount- ain in the Upper Peninsula" (E. E. Brewster); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); " abundant at Mackinac Island, and occurs in winter in vast flocks, in Upper Penin- sula, in Iron County " (S. E. White) ; " breeds " (Dr. M. Gibbs); nests and eggs as in the preceding species except that the eggs are slightly smaller; we find this more rare here than the preceding species. 126 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OP MICHIGAN. SUBFAMILY PARING. TITMICE. GENUS PARUS LINN. Tufted Titmouse, natural size, 32O-731-(4O). Parns bicolor (Linn.). * TUFTED TITMOUSE; SUGAR BIRD; BLACK- FRONTED TITMOUSE. Common in more southern parts of the state; winter; occasional in April and May and Sept.; "is regular winter resident at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "common in Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties " (A. H. Boies); " every year in Monroe County often until late May " (Jerome Trombley); " Benjamin Syke found this abundantly in Van Buren County one year" (Dr. M. Gibbs); "only taken once at Plymouth" (J. B. Purdy); "rarely found north of 40 degrees" (H. Nehrling); "summer resident in north- ern counties of Indiana" (Butler); Dr. Atkins reports taking this in April and May at Locke; we have taken it at this place; two specimens taken by Stewart ill. White in Kent County in June, 1891; these valuable birds eat a great many leaf rollers and other insects during the winter season; J. E. Nichols, of Lansing, has this bird in his collec- tion taken in Sept., 1881; he has often taken it about Lansing in fall and spring. Black-capped Chickadee, reduced. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 127 321 -735-(44). Parns atricapillus Linn. ^CHICKADEE; BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE. Very common; throughout the entire state; every month of the year; "very com- mon at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); " resident in Monroe County, but much more common in winter" (Jerome Trombley); "Grand Traverse County" (M. L. Leach); " Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); ; 'Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); " very common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster) common at Bay City in the spring, 1884 (N. A. Eddy in O. and O., Vol. IX, p. 41); breeds; nests in a hole in a tree or stump; "breeds year after year in same nest, where they may roost in winter " (Dr. W. C. Brownell); "breeds at Traverse City " (L. W. Watkins) ; " have found full sets of eggs in April " (Dr. W. C. Brownell); eggs five or six, eight taken by Gilbert White in Kent County, May, 1892,. ten young found in nest by F. M. Falconer, white specked with brown; " this bird is very familiar, may alight on a person" (E. L. Moseley, Forest and Stream, Sept., 1886); Dr. Atkins reported seeing them eat tent caterpillars extensively. 322-74O-(49). Parus hndsonicus Forst. HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE. Rare; " Northern Michigan" (Dr. A. K. Fisher); "a rare winter resident of North- ern Michigan " (H. Nehrling); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); in Cabot's list of Birds of Upper Peninsula. FAMILY SYLVIID^E. WARBLERS; KINGLETS; GNATCATCHERS. Small, beautiful, insectivorous birds; feed largely on insects and insects' eggs. SUBFAMILY REGULIN^E. KINGLETS. GENUS REGULU8 Cuv. Golden-crowned Kinglet. 323-748-(34). Regnlns satrapa Licht. * GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET; GOLDEN- CROWNED WREN; GOLDEN-CRESTED KINGLET. Common; migrant; Mar. to May and Oct. and Nov.; occasionally a winter resident; " more common at Ann Arbor than the next species " (Dr. J. B. Steere); " more timid 128 AGRICULTURAL, COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. and retiring than the next species and comes and goes in flocks; probably does not breed in Southern Michigan " (A. H. Boies) ; " saw them at Plymouth, but they do not breed here" (J. B. Purdy); " Grand Rapids, April 14, 1891" (E. B. Boies); " common in winter in Wayne County " (B. H. Swales) ; " abundant migrant in Kent County " (S. E. White); found in woods; " common at Iron Mountain " (E. E. Brewster); included in Cabot's Birds of Lake Superior; found breeding at Ontonagon by Prof. Ludwig Kum- lein; " breeds abundantly at Mackinac Island in July " (S. E. White) ; "eggs four to nine occasionally ten" (Prof. A. W. Butler); "nine" (E. E. Brewster); cream color, or creamy white, specked with brown. 324-749-(33). Regulus calendula (Linn.). * RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. Rather common; throughout the state; migrant; April and May, and Oct. and Nov.; "rare at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); "Dewitt" (Dr. G. W. Topping); "com- mon at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds in the Northern Peninsula; "nests with five young at Mackinac Island, July 26, 1890" (S. E. White); "breeds at L'Anse" (Prof. Ludwig Kumlein); "nests semipensile in trees" (Coues' North American Birds); " eggs five to nine, dull whitish, or pale buff, faintly spotted with light brown, chiefly at the larger end" (Davie); "often found in flocks with the preceding species" (Prof. J. W. Simmons); this and the preceding species are two of our most elegant birds. This species is not shy. SUBFAMILY POLIOPTILIN^E. GNATCATCHERS. GENUS POLIOPTILA SCLAT. Blue-gray Grnaicatcher, natural size. 325-75 1-(36). Polioptila caerulea (Linn.). * BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER. Very common; throughout Southern Michigan; April to Sept.; "very common at Ann Arbor" (Dr. J. B. Steere); we find it common at this place; S. E. White reports it rare at Mackinac Island and says it is found in the Northern Peninsula; breeds; nests in trees in May; nest elegant, softly lined and covered outside with lichens; often secures material for nest from nests of other birds; eggs four to seven, white, specked with brown; habits much like those of Creepers and Nuthatches. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 129 FAMILY TURDID^E. THRUSHES; BLUE BIRDS, ETC. Food principally insects, often fruit; usually sweet singers. SUBFAMILY TURDINJE. THRUSHES. GENUS TURD US LINN. Wood Thrush, natural size. 326-755-(6), Turdus mnstelinns (Gmfl.). * WOOD THRUSH; SONG THRUSH. Not rare; throughout the state; April and May to October; numbers decreasing as the thickets are cleared up; "occurs at Mackinac Inland" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point "(Kneeland); breeds at least in Southern Peninsula; nests in May and June in trees or shrubs, "in orchards" (Dr. A. K. Fisher); I have found the nests more com- monly in damp, thick woods, and generally on low beech limbs; "nests at Traverse City " (L. W. Watkins); eggs like those of the Robin, except a trifle smaller, two to five; " this bird is shy during molt" (Dr. A. K. Fisher); and is usually seen in dense wood- lands and thickets; the food habits of the Wood Thrush are much the same as those of the Robin. 327-756-(7). Turdus fuscescens [Steph. * WILSON'S THRUSH; VEERY; TAWNY THRUSH. Common at least in southern part of the state; throughout the Lower Peninsula; April to Sept.; usually in swampy woods; "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); "occurs at Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); Mr. White informs me that it breeds in Kent County; breeds; "have seen them very abundant in Wayne County where they breed abund- antly" (Dr. W. C. Brownell); nests on ground, occasionally in low shrubs or clumps of bushes, in May or June; eggs blue, four, occasionally five. 328-757-(12). Turdus alicia* Baird. * GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH. One reported from Michigan in the museum of the Kent Scientific Institute by E. L. Mosely; taken in Kent County by S. E. White; "one taken at Locke, May 10, 1883" (Dr. H. A. Atkins); " this bird is recorded from Kalamazoo County by F. H. Chapin and from Kent County by Mr. Chas. W. Gunn" (Dr. M. Gibbs). 329-758a-(13). Turdus nstnlatns swain son ii (Cab.). * OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH; SWAINSON'S THRUSH; SWAMP ROBIN. Common; throughout the Southern Peninsula if not the entire state; May to Oct.; E. B. Boies reports a large flock at Grand Rapids April 17 and 18, 1891; (Was not this the 17 130 AGRICULTURAL, COLLEGE OF MICHIGAN. Hermit Thrush?) "rare in Wayne County " (B.. H. Swales); " Lenawee County" (A. H. Boies); "rare and transient in Monroe County" (Jerome Trombley); "occurs at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland): breeds north; we have never found it nesting here; J. B. Purdy of Plymouth, has never seen or found a nest at that place; Dr. M. Gibbs reports taking nests and eggs in Kalamazoo County; (Is not this a mistake?) nests in low shrubs in June; nest compact with no mud; eggs four, bluish green, and peculiar in being specked with varying shades of brown; this bird* is a sweet and almost continuous singer. Dr. M. Gibbs gives an excellent description of this bird and its nesting and migration in O. and O., Vol. X, 1885, p. 26. 33O-759b-(lO). Turdus aonalaschkre pallasii (Cab.). * HERMIT THRUSH; CATHE- DRAL BIRD; RUFUS-TAILED THRUSH; GROUND SWAMP ROBIN; SWAMP ANGEL. April and May to Oct.; " Monroe County, common, transient " (Jerome Trombley); " occurs at Mackinac Island " (S. E. White); " Upper Peninsula " (H. Nehrling); " com- mon at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds north; nests taken in Montcalm County, by Dr. Gibbs, June 23, 1882; also " in Ottawa County, May 15, 1879, by W. A. Gunn" (Dr. M. Gibbs); nests in June, usually on the ground, "in July at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White), rarely in low shrubs; the nest loosely constructed and without mud; eggs three or four, light blue, immaculate. For interesting account of the habits of this bird, see article by Dr. M. Gibbs in O. and O., Vol. X, p. 27. GENUS MERULA. LEACH. Robin, natural size. 331-761-(1). Mernla migratoria (Linn.). * AMERICAN ROBIN; ROBIN. Very common; throughout the entire state; "very common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); March to October; rarely throughout the winter; " Grand Rapids Feb. 28, 1892" (E. B. Boies); retires in winter to protected localities and so is not so often seen; "Traverse City" (Dr. M. L. Leach); "occurs at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); "Keweenaw Point" (Kneeland); occasionally albinos; I knew an albino female, presum- ably the same bird, to nest two successive summers in the same nest; breeds; often two brooded; "always double brooded if undisturbed" (Dr. M. Gibbs); nests on fences, in trees, on ledges under eaves, in old nests, rarely of other birds, "in buildings" (O. and O., Vol. XIV, 1889, p. 43) etc.; eggs three to five, greenish blue, "rarely sprinkled with brown" (A. W. Butler); eats myriads of insects, mostly noxious species, angle worms and fruit, cherries, berries and grapes; 40 per cent of the food of birds examined by Prof. Forbes (report Michigan Horticultural Society, 1881* p. 204) was found to be canker worms. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. GENUS SIALIA SWAINS. 131 Blue Bird, natural size. 332-766-(27). Sialia sialis (Linn.). * BLUE BIRD. Common; throughout the entire state; less common than formerly; driven away by English Sparrows; Feb. or March to Nov.; "one of our earliest birds to arrive in the spring, Grand Rapids Feb. 26, 1891" (E. B. Boies); "Grand Traverse County" (M. L. Leach); "occurs at Mackinac Island" (S. E. White); " Keweenaw Point " (Kneeland); "very common at Iron Mountain" (E. E. Brewster); breeds; "double or triple brooded" (Prof. J. W. Simmons); nests in hollow trees, " either in holes which they excavate in rotten trees, or which other birds have excavated" (J. E. Nichols), in boxes, etc.; eggs four to six, light blue, rarely pure white; a very beautiful and valuable bird. INDEX Page. Acadian Flycatcher .. 83 Acadian Owl 69 Acanthis 93 hornemanii exilipes _'___ 5 linaria ' 93 linaria rostrata 94 Accipiter 62 atricapillus 63 cooperi... 62 velox 62 Accipitrinse 61 Actitis 53 macularia 58 ./Echmophorns 24 occidentals 24 jEgialitis 55 meloda 55 meloda circumcincta 56 semipalmata 55 vocifera 5?. Agelaius 88 phoenicens 88 Aix 35 sponsa 35 Alaudidse 84 Alca... 26 torda _ 26 Alcedinidae 73 Alcidee 26 Alcyones 73 American Avocet 48 American Barn Owl 67 American Bittern 41 American Black Scoter 38 American Coot 46 American Creeper ... 124 American Crossbill _ 93 American Dnnlin 50 American Eider Duck 38 American Golden-eye 36 American Golden Plover 55 American Goldfinch 94 American Goshawk. _+. 63 American Green Sandpiper... 52 Page. American Hawk Owl 71 American Herring Gull 28 American Long-eared Owl 68 American Magpie.. 85 American Night Heron 44 American Osprey 66 American Pipit 120 American Pochard Duck 35 American Redstart 119 American Robin _ 130 American Rough-legged Hawk 64 American Scaup Duck 36 American Scoter 38 American Snipe _ 49 American Sparrow Hawk 66 American Swan 40 American Three-toed Woodpecker 75 American Titlark 120 American White-fronted Goose 39 American White Pelican 31 American Widgeon 33 American Woodcock .. 48 Ammodramus 96 caudacntus nelsoni 97 henslowii 97 leconteii 5, 97 sandwichensis savanna 96 savannarum passerinus 97 Ampelidse 105 Ampelinte _ 105 Ampelis ... 105 cedrorum 106 garrulns _ 105 Alcidae ... 26 Alle _ 27 An act for the Protection of Birds 6 Anas 32 americana 33 boschas 32 carolinensis 33 discors _ 38 obscura _ ... 33 strepera 33 Anatidse... 81 134 INDEX. Page. Anatinse 32 Ancient Murrelet 26 Anhinga Anhinga _ 5 Anser 39 albifrons gambeli 39 Anseres.... 31 Anserinae 38 Anthus - 120 pensilvanicns _ 120 Antrostomus 77 vociferus 78 Aphrizidee _ 56 Aquila.. 65 chrysae~tos 65 Archibuteo 64 lagopns sancti-johannis _. 64 Arctic Tern 29 Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker... _. 75 Ardea 42 candidissima 48 ccerulea _ 5 egretta _ 43 herodias 43 tricolor rnficollis 43 virescens 43 Ardeidte 41 Ardeinae 42 Arenaria 56 interpres 56 Arenariinee 56 Asio .. 67 accipitrinus 68 wilsonianus 68 Auks... 25-26 Authorities, list of _ 4 Avocet 48 American... _ 48 Avocets 48 Aythya _ 35 affinis _ 36 americana _ 35 collaris. 36 marila nearctica __. 36 vallisneria 36 Baird's Sandpiper 50 Bald Eagle 65 Baldpate v 33 Baltimore Oriole __ 89 Banded-backed Three-toed Woodpecker.. 75 Bank Swallow 104 Barn Owl __ 67 Barn Swallow 103 Barred Owl 68 Barrel Maker 41 Barrow's Golden Eye 37 Bartramia 52 longicanda 52 Bartramian Sandpiper 52 Bartramian Tattler _ 52 Bay-brested Warbler 114 Bay-winged Bunting.. 95 Bee Martin 81 Belted Kingfisher 74 Belted Piping Plover 56 Page. Bewick's Wren.... _. 122 Bibliography 12 Bird, Blue.. 131 Butcher 107 Cat 121 Cedar .:. 106 Cherry 106 Fire 89 Indigo T 101 Lettuce 94 Snow 9t, 99 Summer Bed _. 102 Thistle 94 Yellow 94 Birds, an act for the protection of 6 Birds of prey.. 60 Bittern 41 American 41 Least 42 Bitterns _ 41 Black and White Creeper 110 Black and White Warbler 110 Black and Yellow Warbler 113 Black-backed Three-towed Woodpecker 75 Black-bellied Plover 54 Black-bellied Sandpiper 50 Black-billed Cuckoo 73 Blackbird _ 87 Bronzed Crow 90 Common 90 Crow 90 Red-shouldered 88 Red-winged 88 Kusty 90 Skunk 87 Swamp.... 88 Yellow-headed _ 88 Blackbirds 87 Blackbnrnian Warbler.. 114 Black-capped Chickadee 127 Black Guillemot 26 Black-headed Gull 28 Black Jack 38 Black-necked Stilt 48 Blackpoll Warbler 114 Black-shouldered Kite _ 61 Black Tern... _ 30 Black-throated Blue Warbler 112 Black-throated Bunting 101 Black-throated Diver ._ 26 Black-throated Green Warbler 115 Black-throated Loon 26 Black-throated Mnrrelet 26 Black-winged Redbird 102 Black Woodpecker 76 Blue-backed Swallow 104 Bluebird _ 181 Blue Golden-winged Warbler _ Ill Blue Goose 39 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 128 Blue-headed Greenlet 109 Blue-headed Vireo 109 Blue Jay .... 85 Blue Linnet 101 Blue Warbler ... . 113 INDEX. 135 Page. Blue-winged Teal 33 Blue-winged Warbler 111 Blue-winged Yellow Warbler 111 Blue Yellow-backed Warbler 112 Bob Lincoln 87 Bobolink.. 87 Bob White - 57 Bohemian Waxwing 105 Bonaparte's Gull... 28 Bonaparte's Sandpiper 50 Bonasa 53 umbellus 58 Books 10 Botanrinse 41 Botaurus 41 exilis. 42 lentiginosns .-..' 41 Brant 40 Branta 39 bernicla 40 canadensis 40 canadensis hntchinsii 40 canadensis minima 40 canadensis occidentals 40 Bridge Bird... 82 Broad-winged Hawk 64 Bronzed Crow Blackbird 90 Bronzed Grackle - 90 Brotherly-love Greenlet 108 Brotherly-love Vireo 108 Brown Creeper 124 Brown Lark 120 Brown Thrasher 121 Brown Thrush 121 Bubo 70 virginianus 70 virginianus subarcticns 71 Bubonidae _ 67 Buff-breasted Sandpiper 53 Buffle-head 37 Bull Bat 78 Bunting _._.b8, 95 Bay-winged 95 Black-throated 101 Cow 88 Herislow's... 97 Indigo 101 Snow... 94 Towhee 100 Varied.... 101 Butcher Bird 107 Buteo 63 borealis 63 latiseimus _ 64 lineatus 64 swainsoni _. 64 Butter-ball 37 Butter-bird 87 Buzzard 50, 63 Red-shouldered 64 Red-tailed 63 Turkey 60 Cackling Goose _ 40 Calcarins. _. 95 lapponicus 95 Page. Calcarius, pictus 95 Calidris... 51 arenaria 51 Camptolaimus 5 Jabradorius 5 Canada Goose... _ 40 Canao'a Grouse _ 57 Canada Jay 86 Canada Nuthatch... _ 125 Canadian Flycatching Warbler 119 Canadian Warbler 119 Canvas-back Duck 36 Cape May Warbler... 112 Caprimulgi ._ _ 77 Caprimulgidee _ 77 Cardinal 100 Cardinal Grosbeak .* 100 Cardinalis. __. 100 cardinalis 100 Carolina Grebe 25 Carolina Paroquet 72 Carolina Wren 122 Carpodacus _ 92 purpureus ._ 92 CaspeanTern 29 Cat Bird 121 Cathartes _ 60 aura 60 Cathartidee... 60 Cathedral Bird... 180 Cayenne Tern 29 Cedarbird _ 106 Ceophloeus.. 76 pileatus 76 Cepphusl 1 26 grylle 26 Certhia 124 familiaris americana 124 Certhiidse 124 Cerulean Warbler 113 Ceryle _. 73 alcyon 74 Chjetura.. 79 pelagica 79 Chaeturinae 79 Charadriidae 54 Charadrius _ 54 dominions _ __. 55 sqnatarola 54 Charitonetta ._ .. 37 albeola 37 Chat 118 Yellow-breasted 118 Chelidon 103 erythrogaster _ 103 Chen 38 caerulescens 39 hyperborea _ 38 hyperborea, nivalis 39 Cherry Bird 106 Chestnut-sided Warbler 118 Chewink 100 Chickadee .* 127 Black-capped 127 Hudsouian 127 i Chicken Hawk... 62 136 INDEX. Page Chimney Swallow.. 79 Chimney Swift - 79 Chippie 98 Chipping Sparrow Chondesetes grammacus 97 Chordeiles 78 virginianus 78 Circus - 62 hudsonius .. . Cistothorus ._. 123 palustrie 124 stellaris... 123 Clamatores 81 Clangula _ 37 hyemalis 37 Clay-colored sparrow 98 Cliff Swallow 103 Clivicola 104 riparia 104 Coccothraustes 90 vespertina 91 Coccyges 72 Coccyginee 72 Coccyzus _. 72 americanus 73 erythrophthalmus _. 73 Colaptes _ 77 auratus _ 77 Colinus _ _. 56 virginianus _ 57 Columbee... _ 1 59 Columbidse 59 Colymbus _ 24 auritus 24 holboellii 24 Compsothlypis 112 americana _ 112 Connecticut Warbler 117 Contopus .. 82 borealis 82 virens 83 Conurus 72 carolinensis 72 Cooper's Hawk 62 Coot 46 American 46 Sea 38 Coots , _ _ 45 Cormorant 31 Double-crested 31 Cormorants 30 Corvidee 85 Corvinte 86 Corvus 86 americanus 86 corax sinnatus 86 Cow Bird 88 Cow Bunting 88 Crake 45 Yellow 46 Crane 44 Little Brown '. 44 Sandhill 44 White ... 44 | Page. Crane, Whooping 44 Cranes. 44 Creeper 110 American 124 Black and White 110 Brown _ 124 Creepers 124 Crested Flycatcher 82 Cricket Sparrow 97 Crossbill 93 American 93 Red.. 93 White-winged 93 Crow 86 American 86 Crow Blackbird ._ 90 Crows 86 Common 86 Crymophilus 47 fulicarius 47 Cuckoo 72 Black-billed 73 Yellow-billed.... 78 Cuckoos 72 American 72 Cuculi... 72 Cuculidae 72 Curlew 53 Eskimo 54 Hndsonian.. 53 Jack 53 Long-billed... 53 Short-billed _ 53 Sickle-billed 53 Curlew Sandpiper 50 Cyanocitta 85 cristata 85 Cygninae 40 Cypseli 79 Dabchick 25 Dafila 34 acnta 35 Dauber ,... 103 Mud 103 Dendragapus _ 57 canadensis.. 57 franklinii.. 5 Dendroica... 112 eestiva 112 blackbnrnise 114 caerulea _ 113 cserulescens... 112 castanea 114 coronata 113 discolor 116 dominica 5 dominica albilora 114 kirtlandi 115 maculosa 113 palmarum 116 pensylvanica 113 striata _ 114 tigrina -- 112 vigorosii -- 115 virens 115 INDEX. 137 Page. Dickcissel... - 101 Didapper _ - 25 Dipper 25 Diver.. 25 Black-throated 26 Great Northern 25 Hell - 25 Red-throated 26 Diving Birds.. 24 Doe Bird.. 51 Lesser 51 Dolichonyx 87 oryzivorns 87 Double-crested Cormorant 81 Dough Bird _ 51 Dove 60 Carolina 60 Morning 60 Dowitcher 49 Long-billed ._ 49 Downey Woodpecker 74 Dryobates. 74 pubescens 74 villoeua 74 Duck 31 American Eider 38 American Golden-eye.. 36 American Scaup 36 American Scoter. __ 38 American Widgeon 33 Baldpate 33 Barrow's Golden-eye _ ... 87 Black 33 Blackjack 38 Blue-winged Teal *... 33 Buffle-head ._ 37 Butter-ball.. 37 Canvas-back .. 36 Dusky 33 Eider (American) 88 Eider (King) 88 Fish 81 Gadwall... 38 Garrot 3 Golden-eye 86 Greater Blackhead 36 Greater Blue-bill 86 Greater Scaup '. 36 Green-head .. 32 Green-winged Teal 83 Harlequin 88 King Eider 88 Lesser Black-head 86 Lesser .Blue-billed 36 Lesser Scaup 36 Long-tailed 37 Mallard 32 Old Squaw.... 87 Old Wife. 37 Pintail 35 Redhead 85 Ring-neck _ 86 Ruddy 88 Sea Coot '. 88 Shoveller. _ 84 18 Page. Duck, Spirit... 37 Spoonbill _ 84 Surf Scoter 38 Tree 35 Velvet Scoter 38 Whistler 36 White-winged Scoter 38 Widgeon 83 Wood 35 Duck Hawk 6ft Ducks 31 Dunlin 50 American 50 Eagle 65 Bald.. 65 Golden.. 65 Eave Swallow 103 Ectopistes 59 migratorius 59 Egret 43 American 43 Little White _. 43 Louisiana.. 43. | Egrets... 41 Eider 8& American , 3& King ._ 88- Elanoides 61 forficatus 61 Elanns _ _. 61 leucurus 61 Empidonax _ 83 acadicas 83 flavivent.ris 8& minimus 83 pusillns trailli _ 83 English Sparrow _ 96- Law for destruction of... 8 Erennetes 50 pusillas.... 50 Erismatura 38 rnbida _ ._ 88 Eskimo Curlew 54 European Sparrow 96- Evening Grosbeak 91 Falco 65 columbarins 66 peregrinns anatnm 6fr rusticolus gyrfalco ._ 65 sparverins _ 6& Falcon ._ 66 Peregrine 6d Falcones.. 61 Falconidse 61 Falconinte 65 Falcons. _ 61 Field Plover 52 Field Sparrow _ 98- Field Swallow 104 Finch _ 92 Grass 95 Indig;> Painted '.. 101 Lark 97 Nelson's Sharp-tailed... 97 138 INDEX. Page. Finch, Pine _. 94 Purple - - 92 Finches ._ 90 Fire Bird.. 89 Fish Duck _.. SI Fish Hawk _ 66 Flicker 77 Florida Gallinule 46 Flycatcher. 81 Acadian 83 Crested 82 Great Crested ... 82 Olive-sided 82 Pewit _ 82 Small Green-crested 83 Train's _ 83 Tyrant 81 Yellow-bellied 83 Flycatchers 81 Tyrant 81 Fly up the Creek.. 43 Foster's Tern 29 Fox Sparrow. 100 Franklin's Gull 28 Fratercula , 26 arctica 26 Freshwater Marsh Hen 45 Fringilladee 90 Fulica _ 46 americana 46 Fulicinee _ 46 Gadwall 33 Galeoscoptes 121 carolinensis 121 Gallinaceous Birds _ 56 Gallinee 56 Gallinago.. 49 delicata _ 49 Gallinula.. 46 galeata 46 Gallinule 46 Florida.. 46 Gallinules.. _ 45-46 Gallinulinse 46 Game Warden 8 law regarding 8 Garrot 86 Garrulinse 85 Geese.. _ 31 Gelochelidon.. 29 nilotica 29 Geothlypis 117 agilis 117 formosa 117 Philadelphia 117 trichas 118 Glaucionetta 86 clangula americana 86 islandica 87 Glaucus Gull 27 Glossy Ibis _ _ 41 Gnatcatcher _ 128 Blue-gray . 128 Page, Gnatcatchers ._. 128 Goatsucker... 78 Goat Suckers 77 Godwit 51 Great Marbled 51 Hudsonian 51 Marble 51 Golden Crowned Kinglet 127 Golden-crowned Thrush 116 Golden-crowned Warbler 113 Golden Eagle 65 Golden-eye 36 American 36 Barrow's 37 Golden Swamp Warbler ., _ 110 Golden-winged Warbler Ill Golden-winged Woodpecker 77 Goldfinch.. . 94 American 94 Goose 38 American White-fronted 39 Blue _. 39 Brant 40 Cackling 40 Canada _ 40 Common Wild 40 Greater Snow.... 39 Hutchin's ._ 40 Lesser Snow 38 White-cheeked 40 Goosander 31 Grackle 90 Bronzed _ 90 Rusty 90 Grass Finch 95 Grasshopper Sparrow 97 Grass Snipe.. _ 50 Grayback _ 49 Gray-backod Snipe 49 Gray-cheeked Thrush ._ 129 Gray Phalarope 47 Gray Snipe 49 Great Black-backed Gull... _ 27 Great Blue Heron _ _ 43 Great Crested Flycatcher 82 Great Gray Owl 68 Great Horned Owl 70 Great Northern Diver 25 Great White Egret 43 Great White Heron 43 Greater Blue-bill duck _ 36 Greater Redpoll... 94 Greater Scaup Duck _.. 36 Greater Snow Goose 39 Greater Tattler 51 Greater Telltale 51 Greater Yellow-legs.. 51 Grebe 24 Carolina 25 Holboell's 24 Horned 24 Pie-billed 25 Red-necked 24 Western 24 Grebes.... 24 INDEX. 139 Page. Greenback... _ 55 Green Black-capped Yellow Warbl er 119 Green-head 32 Green Heron 43 Greenlet. 107 Blae-headed 109 Brotherly-love 108 Red-eyed 10S Solitary. _ 109 Warbling 108 White-eyed 109 Green-winged Teal 33 Grosbeak 91 Cardinal 100 Evening 91 Pine 91 Rose-breasted 101 Ground Bird 95 Ground Robin _ 100 Gronee _ 56 Canada.... 57 Pinnated _ _ 58 Raffed 58 Grns 44 americanus 44 canadensis 44 mexicana 44 Grnes 44 Gruidae : _ 44 Gull 27 American Herring 28 Black-headed _ 28 Bonaparte's 28 Franklin's 28 Glaucus 27 Great Black-backed _ _ 27 Herring _ 28 Iceland _ 27 Kittiwake 27 Laughing _ 28 Ring-billed 28 Sabine's 29 Smithsonian __ 28 White-winged.... 27 Gull-billed Tern 29 Gulls ._ 27 Gyrfalcon 65 Habia 101 ludoviciana 101 Hsematopus palliatus... 5 Hair Bird... _ 98 Hairy Woodpecker ' 74 Haliaetus 65 leucocephalus 65 Hang Nest _ 89 Harlequin Duck. 38 Harporhynchus 121 rufus.. _ 121 Harrier _. 62 Hawk _. 62 American Goshawk 63 American Rough-legged 64 American Sparrow _ 66 Broad-winged 64 Chicken ... 62 Page. Hawk, Cooper's 62 Duck 66 Fish 66 Hen 63, 64 Marsh 62 Mouse _ 62 Night... 78 Pigeon 66 Red-shouldered 64 Red-tailed _ _ 63 Rough-legged 64 Sharp-shinned _ 62 Sparrow... 66 Swainson's 64 Hawks 61 Hell Divers 24, 25 Helmintherus 110 vermivorns _. Ill Helminthophila 111 celata Ill chrysoptera _ Jll peregriua Ill pinus _ Ill rnficapilla 111 Hemlock Warbler 114 Hen _ - 45, 58 Marsh 45 Prairie _ 58 Hen Hawk 63, 64 Henslow's Bunting 97 Henslow's Sparrow 97 Herodii 41 Herodiones 41 Heron 43 American Night 44 Black-crowned Night 44 Great Blue. _ 43 Great White 43 Green 43 Louisiana 43 Snowy 43 Herons 41 High Holder _ 77 Himantopus 48 mexicanns ._ 48 Hirundinidee.. _ 102 Histrionicus 38 histrionicus _ 33 Holboell's Grebe 24 Hooded Flycatching Warbler 118 Hooded Warbler _ _ 118 Hoot Owl 68, 70 Horned Grebe 24 Horned Lark.. ._ 84 House Pewee 82 House Wren _ 122 Hndsonian Chickadee 127 Hndsonian Curlew 53 Hudsonian Godwit 51 Humming Bird 80 Ruby-throated 80 Humming Birds 79 Hydrochelidon 80 nigra surinamensis 30 Ibidida?... 41 140 INDEX. Page. Ibis 41 Glossy 41 Ibises 41 Ice Gull.. 27 Iceland Gull 27 Icteria.... 118 virens 118 Icteridffi 87 Icterius 89 galbala 89 spurius 89 Ictinia 61 mississippiensis 61 Indian Hen 41 Indigo Bird 101 Indigo Bunting _ 101 Indigo Painted Finch... _ 101 Introduction 3 Jacana _ 5 spinosa 5 Jack Curlew - 53 Jack Snipe 49-50 Jaeger 27 Jaegers 27 Jay 85 Blue 85 Canada.. _ 86 Jays 85 Jerfalcon 65 Jewee 100 Joe-wink... _ 100 Journals 10 Junco 99 hyemalis 99 hyemalis oregonus 99 hyemalis shufeldti 99 Oregon 99 Slate-colored 99 Kentucky Warbler 117 Kildeer _ 55 Kildeer Plover. 55 King Bird 81 King Eider.. 38 Kingfisher 74 Belted 74 Kingfishers _. _. 73 Kinglet 127 Golden-crowned 127 Ruby-crowned _ 128 Kinglets.. 127 King Rail... 45 Kirtland's Warbler 115 Kite 61 Black-shouldered 61 Mississippi 61 Swallow-tailed. 61 White-tailed.. 61 Kites 61 Kittiwake.. 27 Knot ._ , 49 LagopuB 58 lagopus 58 Lamellirostral Swimmers 31 Laniidse 107 Lanins _ 107 borealis 107 ludovicianns 107 ludovicianus excubitoroides 107 Lapland Longspnr 95 Large-billed wag-tail warbler 117 Laridse 27 Larinaa 27 Lark _ 81 Brown __ '. 420 Horned 84 Little Meadow 101 Meadow. 89 Prairie Horned 84 Shore 84 Western Meadow 89 Lark Finch _ 97 Lark Sparrow 97 Larks ._ 8J- Larus 27 argentatus smithsonianus.. 28 atricilla 28 delawarensis 28 franklinii _. 28 glaucus 27 leucopterus 27 marinus i 27 Philadelphia 28 Laughing Gull _ 28 Least Flycatcher... 83 Least Sandpiper _. ._. 50 Least Tern _. 30 Lesser Doe Bird 51 Lesser Redpoll... _. 93 Lesser Scaup Duck 36 Lesser Tattler.. 52 Limnicolse 47 Limosa 51 fedoa 51 bspmastica 51 Lincoln's Sparrow... 99 Linnet 94 Pine 94 Redpoll 94 Literature of Birds 10 Little Brown Crane.... 44 Little White Egret 43 Log Cock 76 Long-billed Curlew 53 Long-billed Dowitcher , 49 Long-billed Marsh Wren 124 Long-eared Owl.. _. 68 Longipennes 27 Longspnr 95 Lapland 95 Painted.. 95 Smith's.. 95 Long-tailed Duck 37 Long-winged Swimmers 27 Loon _ .- 25 Black-throated _ 26 Red-throated 26 Loons... 25 INDEX. 141 Page. . 32 . 32 . 43 43 Lophodytes .. cncullatus Louisiana Egret Louisiana Heron Louisiana Water Thrush 117 Loxia 92 curvirostra minor 93 lencoptera 93 Macaws 72 Macrochires 77 Macrorhamphns _ 49 scolopaceus 49 Magnolia Warbler 118 Magpie 85 American 85 Magpies 85 Mallard 32 Marbled Godwit 51 Marsh Hawk 62 Marsh Hen 45 Fresh Water .^ 45 Marsh Robin -. 100 Marsh Tern _. 29 Martin 81, 102 Bee 81 Purple 102 Sand ._ 104 Maryland Yellow-throat. _. 118 Meadow Lark .^ 89 Little _. 101 Meadow Starling.. 89 Megascops 69 asio _ 59 Melanerpes _ 77 carolinus 77 erythrocephalus 77 Meleagrinse 59 Meleagris 59 gallopavo 59 Melospiza 99 fasciata 99 georgiana ._ 100 lincolni 99 Merganser _. 31 American ._ 31 americanus 31 Hooded ._ 32 Red-breasted _ 32 serrator 82 Mergansers 31 Merginae 81 Merula _ 130 migratoria 130 Michigan Bird Fauna 4 Michigan Bird Laws 6 Micropalama 49 himantopns 49 Micropodidae _. 79 Milvulus tyrannus 5 Miminae 120 Mimus 120 polyglottos ._ _ 121 Mississippi Kite... 61 Page. Mniotilta 110 vana 110 Mniotiltidfe _ 109 Mocking Bird ._ 121 Brown 121 Molothrus 87 ater 88 Motacillidse 120 Mottled Owl 69 Mourning Dove 60 Mourning Warbler 117 Mouse Hawk 62 Mud-dauber 103 Mud Hen.. 46 Murre 26 Myiarchns 82 crinitns 82 Myrtle W T arbler 113 Nashville Warbler Ill Nelson's Sharp-tailed Finch 97 Nelson's Sparrow 97 Night Hawk 78 Night Heron _ ! 44 Night Raven 44 Northern Phalarope - 47 Northern Shrike 107 Numenins 53 borealis 54 hudsonicus 53 longirostris -.. 53 Nuthatch.. 125 Canada 125 Red-bellied 125 Red-breasted 125 White-breasted . 125 Nuthatches _ 125 Nyctala _ 69 acadica 69 tengmalmi richardsoni 69 Nyctea 71 nyctea _. 71 Nycticorax 44 nycticorax nsevius 44 violaceus... 5 Oidemia . americana. deglandi 38 perspicillata . 38 Old Squaw 37 Old Wife 37 Olive-backed Thrush.. 129 Olive-sided Flycatcher 82 Olor 40 buccinator _ 40 columbianus 40 Orange-crowned Warbler 111 Orange-throated Warbler _ 114 Orchard Oriole... 89 Oregon Janco 99 Oregon Snow Bird 99 Oriole 89 Baltimore 89 Orchard... 89 142 INDEX. Page. Orioles 87 Ortolan 45, 87 Oscines 84 Osprey 66 American 66 Ospreys 66 Otocoris 84 alpestris 84 alpestris praticola. 84 Oven Bird 116 Owl 67 Acadian ._ 69 American Barn 67 American Hawk 71 American Long-eared 68 Barred... 68 GreatGray 68 Great Horned..... _ 70 Hawk 71 Hoot ..68, 70 Long-eared 68 Mottled 69 Prairie 68 Richardson's _ 69 Saw-whet 69 Screech... _.. 69 Short-eared 68 Snowy ___t 71 Western Horned _ 71 White '. 71 Owls ._ 67 Barn 67 Common 67 Painted Longspur 95 Palm Warbler 116 Palndicolte... 44 Pandion 66 haliaetns carolinensis 66 Pandioninse 66 Paridee 125 Parinfe 126 Paroquet 72 Carolina 72 Paroquets 72 Parrots 72 Partridge 57 Spruce. 57 Partridges 56 Parula Warbler 112 Parns.. 126 atricapillus 127 bicolor 126 carolinensis 5 hudsonicus 127 Passer 96 domesticns 96 Passereila... _ 100 iliaca 100 Passerina 101 cyanea 101 versicolor 101 Passeres.. _ 81 . Pavoncella 5 pugnax .. 5 Page. Pectorial Sandpiper.. 50 Peet-weet 53 Pelecanidee 31 Pelecanns 31 erythrorhynchos 31 Pelican 31 American White 31 Pelicans 31 Perching Birds 81 Perdicinse.. 56 Peregrine Falcon 66 Perisoreus ...I... 85 canadensis _ 86 Petrochelidon 108 lunifrons 103 Pewee 82 House 82 Wood.. 83 Pewit 82 Pewit Flycatcher 82 Phalacrocoracidee 30 Phalacrocorax 31 carbo... _. 31 dilophus _ 31 Phalarope _ 47 Gray... 47 Northern 47 Red... 47 Red-necked 47 Wilson's 47 Phalaropes 47 Phalaropodidte 47 Phalaropus 47 lobatus 47 tricolor 47 Phasiani 56 Phasianidse 59 Pheasant... 58 Pheasants 56, 59 Philadelphia Vireo 108 Philip Sparrow ^ 96 Philohela 48 minor 48 Phoebe 82 Pica 85 pica hudsonica 85 Pici 74 Picidte 74 Picoides.. 75 arcticus 75 americanus 75 Pied-billed Grebe... 25 Pigeon 59 Passenger 59 Wild 59 Pigeon Hawk 66 Pigeons _ 59 Piieated Woodpecker 76 Pine-creeping Warbler 115 Pine Finch.. 94 Pine Grosbeak 91 Pine Linnet 94 Pine Siskin 94 Pine Warbler 115 Pinicola... 91 INDEX. 143 Page. Pinicola, enucleator 91 Pinnated Grouse 58 Pintail 35 Pipilo 1 100 erythrophthalmus 100 Piping Plover 55 Piping Ring Plover .... 55 Pipit ._ 120 American _ 120 Pipits 120 Piranga 102 erythromelas 102 rubra _ 102 Plectrophenax _. 94 nivalis 94 Plegadis 41 autumnalis 41 Plover.. 1... 52 American Golden 55 Belted Piping 56 Black-bellied 54 Bull-head 54 Field _ 52 Kildeer.. 55 Piping _. 55 Piping Ring _ 55 Prairie ^ 52 Ring 55 Ring-neck 55 Semipalmated 55 Upland 52 Plovers 54 Plum Pudden 41 Pochard 35 American.. __ 35 Podicipedes 24 Podicipidse 24 Podilymbns... 25 podiceps 25 Polioptila _'_ 128 ceerulea.. 128 Polioptilinse 128 Pomarine, Jseger 27 Poocaetes . 95 gramineus _ 95 Porzana 45 Carolina . 45 noveborecensis 46 .Prairie Chicken 58 Prairie Hen... _. 58 Prairie Horned Lark 84 Prairie Owl _ 68 Prairie Plover 52 Prairie Warbler H6 Progne _. 102 snbis 102 Prothonotary Warbler 110 Protonotaria 110 citrea , 110 Psittaci 72 Psittacidfe _ 72 Ptarmigan (Willow) 58 Puffin 26 Purple Finch.. .'__ 92 Purple Martin . 102 Page. Quail 56 Quiscalas... 90 quiscula _ 5 quiscula seneus _ 90 Rail... 45 Carolina 45 King 45 Red-breasted _ 45 Virginia _ 45 Yellow _ 46 Ralli 45 Rallida? 45 Rallinso _ 45 Rallus _ 45 elegans 45 longirostris crepitans 5 virginianus 45 Rails.. 44-45 Raptores 60 Raven _ 86 Night 44 Razor-billed Auk 26 Recurvirostra . 48 americana 48 Recurvirostridse 48 Red-bellied Nuthatch 125 Red-bellied Woodpecker... 77 Redbird.. ....100,102 Black-winged 102 Summer 102 Virginia... 100 Red-breasted Nuthatch 125 Red-breasted Sandpiper 49 Red-breasted Snipe 49 Red Crossbill 93 Red-eyed Greenlet ._ 108 Red-eyed Vireo 108 Red-hoad 35 Read-headed Woodpecker 77 Red-necked Grebe _ 24 Red-necked Phalarope 47 Red Phalarope _ 47 Redpoll 93 Common 93 Greater... 94 Lesser 93 Red Shouldered Buzzard... 64 Red Shouldered Hawk 64 Red-shouldered Blackbird 88 Redstart... 119 American 119 Red-tailed Buzzard.. _ 63 Red-tailed Hawk... 63 Red-throated Diver 26 Red-throated Loon.. 26 Red-winged Blackbird 88 Reed Bird ._ 87 Regulns _ 127 calendula. 128 satrapa 127 Regulinae 127 Rice Bird 87 Richardson's Owl 69 Ring-billed Gull 28 Ring-neck 55 144 INDEX. Ring Plover - 55 Rissa 27 tridactyla 27 Robin _ 130 American -- 130 Ground.. - 100 Marsh 100 Swamp 129-130 Robin Snipe - 49 Roseate Tern 30 Rose-breasted Grosbeak 101 Rose-breasted Song Grosbeak 101 Rough-winged Swallow 104 Royal Tern. 29 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 128 Ruby-throated Humming Bird 80 Ruddy Duck 88 Ruffed Grouse 58 Rusty Blackbird 90 Rusty Grackle 90 Sabine'sGull 29 Sanderling 51 Sandhill Crane 44 Sand Martin ..' 104 Sandpiper 53 American Green 52 Baird's ._ 50 Bartramian 52 Black-bellied _ 50 Boneparte's 50 Buff-breasted 53 Curlew 50 Least _ _ 50 Pectoral 50 Red-backed 50 Red-breasted 49 Semipalmated 50 Solitary. _ 52 Spotted _ - 53 Stilt 49 White-rumped 50 Sandpipers 48 Sand Swallow 104 Sap Sucker 76 Yellow-bellied 76 Sarcorhamphi _ 60 Savanna Sparrow 96 Saw-bill 32 Saw-whet Owl 69 Sayornis 82 phoebe 82 saya 5 Scarlet Tanager 102 Scaup Duck 36 Greater 86 Lesser 86 Scolecophagus 90 carolinns 90 Scolopacidee 48 Scoter _ 38 American 38 American Black 38 Surf 3S Velvet 38 White-winged 38 Page. Scotiapteryx 68 cinerea 68 Screech Owl.... 69 Sea Coot 38 Sea Dove.l 27 Sea Swallows 29 Seiurus.. 116 aurocapillns.. 116 motacilla 117 noveborecensis 116 Semipalmated Plover 55 Semipalmated Sandpiper 50 Semipalmated Tattler 52 Setophaga 119 ruticilla 119 Sharp Shinned Hawk 62 Shore Birds 47 Shore Lark 84 Short-billed Curlew 53 Short-billed Marsh Wren 123 Short-eared Owl ._ __ 68 Short-tailed Tern 30 Shoveller.. _ 34 Shrike.. 107 Northern 107 Logger-head 107 White-rumped _ 107 Shrikes 107 Shytepoke 41 Sialia 131 arctica... 5 sialis 131 Sickle-billed Curlew 53 Sylvania.. T _ 118 canadensis 119 mitrata 118 pusilla.... 119 Siskin 94 Pine 94 Sitta.. 125 canadensis 125 pusilla 5 carolinensis 125 Sittime 125 Skuas _ 27 Skunk Blackbird.. 87 Smith's Longspur 95 Smithsonian Gull 28 Snipe 49 American... 49 Grass 50 Gray 49 Gray-backed 49 Jack 49-50 Red-bellied.. 49 Robin.... 49 Stone 51 Wilson's 49 Snipes _ 48 Snow Bird _ 99 Black 99 Common 99 Oregon , 99 White 94 Snow Bunting 94 INDEX. 145 Page. Snow Flake - 94 Snow Goose.. 38 Greater.. ..__ 39 Lesser 38 Snowy Heron 43 Snowy Owl... 71 Solitary Greenlet... 109 Solitary Sandpiper 52 Solitary Tattler 52 Somateria.. _ 38 dresseri 38 mollissima borealis 5 spectabilis 38 Song Birds 84 Songless Perching Birds.. 81 Song Sparrow 99 Sooty Tern 30 Sora 45 Sparrow 95 Chipping . , 98 Clay colored 98 Cricket 97 English 96 European __.^_ 96 Field 98 Fox . 100 Grasshopper 97 Henslow's 97 Lark _. 97 Leconte's _ 97 Lincoln 99 Nelson's 97 Philip ..._ 76 Red 100 Savanna 96 Song... 99 Swamp 100 Tree 98 Vesper 95 White-browed... 97 White-browed Crowned 97 White Crowned . 97 White-throated 98 Yellow-winged 97 Sparrows .. 90 Spatula 34 clypeata _ 34 Sphyrapicus 75 varius 76 Spinus _ 94 pinus _ 94 tristis 94 Spirit Duck 37 Spiza 101 americana 101 Spizella 98 monticola 98 pallida _ 98 pusilla _ 98 socialis 98 Spoonbill.... 34 Spoonbills.. 41 Spotted Sandpiper 53 Spotted Tattler. 53 Sprigtail... _ 85 19 Page. Spruce Partridge.. 57 Square-tailed Barn Swallow 103 Squawk JL 44 Stake Driver 41 Starlings 87 Steganopodes.. 30 Stelgidopteryx 104 serripennis 104 Stercorariidse 27 Stercorarius 27 pomarinus 27 Sterna 29 antillarum 80 dougalli... ,.... 30 forsteri... 29 fuliginosa... 80 hirnndo _ 29 maxima 29 paradietea 29 tschegrava 29 Sternninee _ 29 Stilt 48 Black-necked 48 Stilt Sandpiper... 49 Stilts 48 Striges... 67 Strigidfe 67 Strix 67 pratincola _ 67 Stone Snipe ._. 51 Storks 41 Sturnella 89 magna ._ 89 magna neglecta _-. 89 Sugar Bird 126 Sula bassana 5 Summer Duck 35 Summer Red Bird 102 Summer Tanager 102 Surf Birds 56 Surf Duck 1 38 Surf Scoter 38 Surnia 71 ulula caparoch 71 Swainson's Hawk 64 Swallow 103 Bank 104 Barn 103 Blue-backed 104 Chimney _ 79 Cliff 103 Eave _ 103 Field _ 104 Rough-winged 104 Sand _. ._ 104 Square-tailed Barn 103 Tree _ 104 White-bellied 104 Swallows... 102 Swallowed-tailed Kite 61 Swamp Angel 130 Swamp Robin _. 129, 130 Swamp Sparrow 100 146 INDEX. Page. Swan -. 43 American 40 Trumpter 40 Whistling 40 Swans 81 Swift... 79 Chimney _ _ 79 Swifts 77 Spine-tailed 77 79 Swimmers _ 31 Lamellirostral 31 Long-winged 27 Totipalmate 30 Sycamore Warbler 114 Sylvania 118 canadensis 119 mitrata 118 pusilla 119 Sylviidee 127 Symphemia 52 semipalmata 52 Synthliboramphus _ 26 antiquas 26 Syrnium 68 nebulosum 68 Tachycineta 104 bicolor.... 104 Tanager 102 Scarlet.. 102 Summer 102 Tanagridae 102 Tattler 51 Bartramian 52 Greater 51 Lesser 52 Semipalmated 52 Solitary 52 Spotted 53 Teal 33 Blue-winged 33 Green-winged 38 Teeter-tail _ 53 Telltale... 51 Tennessee Warbler Ill Tern... 29 Arctic Black Caspian Cayenne Common Foster's ._ Gull-billed Least Marsh Roseate Royal Short- tailed.. Sooty Wilson's Terns 27 Tetraonidee Thistle bird.. Thrasher _ Brown... Page. Thrashers 120 Thrush.. 129 Brown '__ 121 Golden-crowned 116 Gray-cheeked 129 Hermit . 130 Louisiana Water 117 Olive-backed... 121 Small-billed Water..". 116 Song 129 Swainson's 129 Water.. 116 Wilson's 129 Wood 129 Thrushes 116, 121, 129 Thryothorus 122 bewickii 122 ludovicianns 122 Thunder Pumper 41 Tip-up ...52,53 Tit Lark 120 American 120 Tit Lark Warbler.. 116 Titmice _ 126 Titmouse _\ 126 Black-fronted 126 Tufted 126 Tits 125 Tomtit 125 Top-knot 32 Totipalmate Swimmers 30 Totanus 51 flavipes 52 melanolencus 51 solitarius.. 52 Towhee 100 Towhee Bunting 100 Traiil's Flycatcher 83 Tree Duck 35 Tree Sparrow 98 Treehlwallow 104 Tringa ._ ... 49 alpina pacifca 50 bairdii 50 canutus 49 ferruginfe 50 fuscicollis 50 maculata 50 maritima 5 minutilla ' 50 Trochili.... 79 TrochilidtP 79 Trochilns 80 colubris 80 Troglodytes 122 aedon 122 hiemalis - 123 Troglodytid* 120 Troglodytina* 122 Trumpter Swan _ 40 Tryngites... 53 subruficollis 53 Tufted Titmouse 126 Turdidee. 129 Turdinse ... . 129 INDEX. 147 Page. Turdus .. - 129 alicijp - 129 aonalaschka? pallasii 130 fuscescens.. - 129 mustellinus 129 ustulatus swainsonii 129 Turkey 59 Wild... 59 Turkeys... 59 Turnstone 56 Turnstones 56 Tympanuchus 58 americanus 58 Tyrannidee 81 Tyrannus 81 tyrannus 81 Upland Plover 52 Uria 26 troile 26 Urinator 25 arcticns 26 imber 25 lumme 26 Urinatorida? _ 25 Varied Bunting 101 Veery 129 Velvet Scoter 38 Vesper Sparrow.. 95 Vireo... 107 flavifrons 109 gilvas 108 noveboracensis _ 109 olivaceus 108 philadelphicus... 108 solitarius 109 Vireo 107 Blue-headed _ ._ 109 Brotherly Love 108 Philadelphia. 108 Red-eyed 108 Warbling 108 White-eyed _ 109 Yellow-throated 109 Vireonidae _ 107 Vireos 107 Virginia Red Bird 100 Vulture 60 Turkey 60 Vultures 60 American... _ 60 Wagtail ._ _ ..52, 53, 120 Wood 116 Wagtail Warbler _ 116 Wagtails 120 Warbler 110,127 Bay-breasted 114 Black and White _ 110 Black and Yellow 113 Blackburnian 114 Black-capped Yellow 119 Black-poll _ 114 Black-throated Blue... . 112 Page. Warbler, Black-throated Green.... .._ 115 Blue . 113 Blue Golden-winged 111 Blue-winged 111 Blue-winged Yellow _^.._ 111 Blue Yellow-backed.. 112 Canadian 119 Canadian Flycatching 119 Csjpe May 112 Cerulean 113 Chestnut- sided 113 Connecticut 117 Golden-crown 113, 127 Golden Swamp 110 Golden-winged 111 Green Black-capped yellow __ 119 Hemlock 114 Hooded 118 Hooded Flycatching . 118 Kentucky 117 Kirtland's 115 Large-billed Wagtail 117 Magnolia 113 Maryland Yellow-throat 118 Mourning 117 Myrtle 113 Nashville 111 Orange-crowned 111 Orange- throated 114 Palm 116 Parnla 112 Pine... 115 Pine-creeping... 115 Prairie 116 Prothonotary 110 Sycamore 114 Tennessee Ill Titlark 116 Wag-tailed 116 White-browed Yellow-throat 114 Willow 110 Wilson's , 119 Worm-eating 111 Yellow 112 Yellow Redpoll 116 Yellow-rumped _ 113 Yellow-throated Ground 118 Warblers 109 Wood 109 Warbling Greenlet _ 108 Warbling Vireo 108 Water Wagtail 116 Waterwitch _ 25 Waxwing 105 Bohemian 105 Cedar 106 Waxwings 105 Western Grebe 24 Western Horned Owl.. 71 Western Meadow Lark 89 Whip-poor-will 78 Whistler 36 Whistling Swan 40 White-bellied Swallow.. 104 White-breasted Nuthatch... . 125 148 INDEX. Page. White-browed Crowned Sparrow 97 White-browed Sparrow - 97 White-browed Yellow-throated Warbler 114 White-cheeked Goose - 40 White-crowned Sparrow _.. 97 White-eyed Vireo.. .._..' 109 White Owl.. - 71 White-rumped Sandpiper 50 White-rumped Shrike 107 White Snow Bird 94 White-tailed Kite 61 White-throated Sparrow 98 White-winged Crossbill 93 White-winged Gull.. 27 White-winged Scoter 38 Whooping Crane 44 Widgeon 33 American 33 Willet 52 Willow Ptgarmigan 58 Willow-Warbler 110 Wilson's Phalarope.... 47 Wilson's Snipe .. 49 Wilson's Tern 29 Wilson's Thrush 129 Wilson's Warbler... 119 Winter Wren 123 Woodcock 48,76 American 48 Wood Duck 35 Woodland Warblers 109 Woodpecker ......... 75 American Three-toed 75 Arctic Three-toed 75 Banded-backed Three-toed 75 Black 76 Black- backed Three-toed 75 Downy 74 Golden winged 77 Hairy 74 Pileated 76 Red-bellied 77 Red-headed 77 Yellow-bellied 76 Woodpeckers : 74 Wood Pewee... 83 Wood Thrush.. . 129 Page, Wood Wagtail 116 Worm-eating Warbler 111 Wren 122 Bewick's 122 Big Brown 121 Carolina 122 Golden-crowned 127 House . 122 Long-billed Marsh 124 Rubj-crowned ._ 128 Short-billed Marsh _. 123 Winter _ . 123 Wrens 120 XanthocephaluB 88 xanthocephalus 88 Xema :... 29 sabinii . 29 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher 83 Yellow-bellied Sap Sucker 76 Yellow-bellied Woodpecker 76 Yellow-billed Cuckoo 73 Yellow-breasted Chat 118 Yellow Bird... 94 Summer 112 Yellow Crake 46 Yellow Hammer 77 Yellow-headed Blackbird 88 Yellow-legs _ 52 Greater 51 Yellow Redpoll Warbler 116 Yellow Rail. 46 Yellow-rnmped Warbler 113 Yellow Shanks 52 Yellow-throat 118 Maryland 118 Yellow-throated Ground Warbler 118 Yellow-throated Viroe 109 Yellow Warbler.... 112 Yellow Winged Sparrow 97 Zenaidura '. 60 macroura 60 Zonotrichia 97 albicollis . 98 leucophrys 97 BULLETIN OF THE Ohio Agricultural ExperimentStation. TECHNICAL SERIES. VOLUME I, NUMBER 4, Wooster, Ohio, July, 1896. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE OF \Vayne County, Ohio. COLUMBUS, O.: THE WESTBOTE CO., STATE PRINTERS. 1896. OF THE Ofyio /^rieultural xperime^t TECHNICAL SERIES. VOLUME I, NUMBER 4. Wooster, Ohio, July, 1896. ARTICLE XXIV: .A PRELIMINARY OF THE Birds of Wayne County, Ohio. BY HARRY C. OBKRMOLSER. The Bulletin of this Station is sent free to all residents of the State who request i(. Persons who receive duplicate copies oj the Bulletin, or who do not care to receive any, are requested to notify the Station, as the edition is not sufficient to supply the urgent demand for it. All correspondence should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, Wooster, Ohio. COLUMBUS : THE WESTBOTE COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS. 1896. ORGANIZATION OF THE OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BOARD OF CONTROL. BETH H. ELLIS Springboro R. H. WARDER North Bend J. T. ROBINSON Rockaway THE GOVERNOR OP THE STATE ~\ Ex-offido THE DIRECTOR OF THE STATION J OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. SETH H. ELLIS President R. H. WARDER , Secretary PERCY A. HINMAN Treasurer STATION STAFF. CHARLES E. THORNE... Wooster Director WILLIAM J. GREEN " Horticulturist and Vice- Director J. FREMONT HICKMAN, M. A. S " .Agriculturist FRANCIS M. WEBSTER, M. Sc " Entomologist AUGUSTINE D. SELBY, B. Sc " Botanist and Chemist PERCY A. HINMAN " Bursar LLOYD M. BLOOMFIELD, B. AGR " Assistant Chemist CHARLES W. MALLY, M. Sc " Assistant Entomologist WILLIAM HOLMES " Foreman of Farm CHARLES A. PATTON " Ass't Foreman and Meteorologist W. A. PORTER " Florist WILLIS G. HARRY " Dairyman ANNIE B. AYRES " Mailing Clerk S. J. BLAKE " Mechanic J. E. BARCLAY Neapols Supt. Northwestern Sub-Station EDWARD MOHN Strongsville Supt. Northeastern Sub-Station The Bulletins of this Station are issued at irregular intervals. They are paged consecu- tively, and an index is included with the final number of each volume. j^otice. BY THE DIRECTOR. The Technical Series of the bulletins of this Station was begun as a channel for the publication and pies ovation of papers, the incidental product of the investigations of the Station, but which, by reason of their technical character, are of interest chiefly to thoe engaged in scien- tific research. While the papers thus far published in this series are all more or less fragmentary and many relate to other lines of work, the leading object in view has been the collection of material which may some day be worked into a systematic biological survey of the State, this to serve as the basis of a more accurate knowledge than is now possessed for the prosecution of the more distinctively economic work. The previous issues in this series have been as follows : TECHNICAL SERIES, VOL. I, NO. 1, OCTOBER, 1889. Article I. Preparatory stages of the 20-spotted Ladybird. (Illustrated.) C.M. Weed. Article II. Studies in pond life. (Illustrated) C.M. Weed. Article III. A partial bibliography of insects affecting clover C. M. Weed. TECHNICAL SERIES, VOL. I, NO. 2, MAY, 1890. Article IV. Flowering plants on the grounds of the Ohio State University. Moses Craig. Article V. Fourth contribution to the life history of little known plant lice. C.M. Weed. Article.VL Descriptive catalogue of the shells of Franklin county, Ohio. (Illus- trated) -BT A. Surface. TECHNICAL SERIES, VOL. I, NO. 3, APRIL, 1893. Article VII. Methods of oviposition in the Tipulidae. (Illustrated) P.M. Webs'er. Article^VIII. A Dipterous gall- maker and its associate?. (Illustrated).. P.M. Webster. Article IX. Description of a new species of gall-making Diptera. (Illustrated.) John Marten Article X. Description of a species of Chlorops reared from galls on Mnhlenbergia mexicana 8. W. WMiston. Article XI. Notes on some species of Ohio Hymenoptera and Diptera heretofore unde- scribed. (Illustrated) P.M. Webster ii INDEX. Article XII. Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera bred by F. M. Webster. (Il- lustrated) Wm. H. Ashmead. Article XLIL A Tachinid reared from cells of a mud-dauber wasp C. H. Tyler Townsend. Article XIV. Additions to the preliminary list of the Uredinese of Ohio Freda Detmers. Article XV. Bibliography of Ohio botany W. A. Kellerman. Article XVI. Experiments in the germination of treated seed W. A. Kellerman. Article XVII. Analytical synopsis of the groups of fungi W. A. Kellermanjund Aug. D. Selby. Article XVIII. The Ohio Erysiphese. (Illustrated) Aug. D. Selby. Article XIX. Corrections and additions to Moses Craig's catalogue of the uncultivated flowering plants growing on the grounds of the Ohio State University W. A. Kellerman and Wm. C. Werner. Article XX. Distribution of and stations for a few rare and interesting Ohio plants. Wm. C. Werner. Article XXI. New plants for the flora of Ohio Wm. C. Werner. Article XXII. Notes on rare Ohio plants Aug. D. Selby. Article XXIIL New or rare plants of Ohio W. A. Kellerman. These bulletins are paged consecutively, and a complete index will be published in the final number of the volume. The bulletins of this series are sent only to other stations, to public libraries, scientific societies, and to such individuals as expressly request them. A limited number of these bulletins can be furnished to applicants. OF THE OHIO AQRIGULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. VOL. I, No. 4. TECHNICAL SERIES. JULY, 1896. Article XXIY. A Preliminary List of tKe Birds of Wayne County, OKio. BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER. INTRODUCTION. JTHE present catalogue is the outgrowth of a request made some time * since by Prof. F. M. Webster, Entomologist of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, who desired the writer to prepare a report on the avifauna of Wayne County, the new location of the Station. Although this task was undertaken with no little hesitation, it has been the aim of the author to offer a list as complete as possible, with such annotations as seem to be of interest in this connection. That the number of species is far from exhaustive is of course un- necessary to state. No one more than the writer regrets this evident in- completeness, which is principally due to the comparatively short period covered by the writer's observations, and to the fact that the only oppor- tunities for such investigations were the leisure hours of an active busi- ness life. That the present paper may serve as a basis for future observa- tions is the chief excuse for its existence. With this purpose in view much care has been exercised to avoid the inclusion of any but perfectly 244 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. reliable records. All but four species 1 have been personally identified by the writer, either in the field or from specimens in local collections; and these four exceptions have been admitted only upon what has been con- sidered satisfactory evidence of their occurrence. Species of doubtful or of probable occurrence, while excluded from the list proper, have been separately enumerated as a guide to future observations. The notes from which this paper has mainly been compiled were taken by the writer between February 8, 1890, and April 9, 1894; during which time almost all of the County, excepting the extreme northeastern and southwestern portions, was visited. The data here utilized were, however, obtained chiefly in the vicinity of Wooster, within a radius of about six miles of the city. This information has been supplemented by the examination of a number of collections of mounted birds from differ- ent parts of the County; evidence of the occurrence of a number of species not otherwise noted having been thus secured. Statements in regard to the abundance of species have in most cases been carefully estimated from comparisons of the actual number of individuals recorded, and may therefore be regarded as approximately correct. The annotations are drawn almost entirely from notes relating to Wayne County, and unless it is otherwise specifically stated, are intended to reflect the status of the species in question merely with respect to the region under consideration. The nomenclature, and the classification, which at the suggestion of Prof. Webster has been given entire, are of course those of the Check List of the American Ornithologists' Union, including the recent emendations. The illustrations, which are also the result of a suggestion by Prof. Webster, have been here reproduced through the courtesy of Messrs. Estes and Lauriat, of Boston, Mass. The writer desires furthermore to express to Prof. F. M. Webster his sincere appreciation of much indispensable assistance in the preparation of this report. Thanks are also due to Mr. Joseph Housekeeper, of Wooster, for information in regard to some of the water birds; to Mr, Ellsworth Freeman, of Orrville, as well as to the other gentlemen who have kindly permitted the writer to examine birds in their possession, and whose names appear in the following pages. Wayne County is situated in the northeastern portion of Ohio, about thirty-five miles from Lake Erie and about fifty-five miles west of the State line of Pennsylvania. The forty-first parallel of north latitude forms its northern boundary. It is in shape nearly square, being twenty- five miles from east to west, and about twenty-three miles in north and south extent, with an area of 535 square miles. The towns mentioned in the ensuing pages are situated as follows : Wooster lies about three or four 1 These are : Meleagris gallopavo, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, Ceophlcew pilealus and Acanthis linaria. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 245 miles southwest of the geographical center of the County, and nearly a mile from the present course of Killbuck Creek ; Orrville is about eleven miles northeast of Wooster, and six miles from the eastern boundary ; West Salem is located in the extreme northwest corner of the County, while Shreve lies close to the southern line, and five or six miles from its western limit. The County itself lies upon the southern slope of the watershed which separates the streams flowing into Lake Erie from those tributary to the Ohio River ; its northern boundary being close to the top of the dividing ridge, the summit level of which is found in the vicinity of Akron, in Summit County. The altitude of the highest point of land within Wayne County is 1,042 feet, this being in the extreme north- eastern township. In some of the surrounding counties the highest ele- vations range from 300 to 400 feet higher ; while the maximum in the State is attained in Logan County, where the altitude is 1,540 feet above sea level. The geological formation of Wayne County is, with some minor modifications, essentially that of northeastern Ohio. Consequently there are absent all the series between the coal measures of the Carboniferous and the superincumbent Quaternary deposits; the Mesozoic and Tertiary being unrepresented. By reason of its position on the eastern slope of the axis of the anticlinal, Wayne County marks one of the western limits of the Ohio coal deposits. The coal measures are confined principally to the eastern half of the County, and where present rest either directly upon the sub carboniferous Waverly group, or upon the superincumbent sand conglomerate formation. Coal in paying quantities and of good quality is extensively mined in several of the eastern townships. The Quaternary deposits consist largely of drift, and their clays, sands, gravels and boulders, overlying the rock strata to a depth of ten to eighty feet, constitute the major portion of the surface of the County. The rocks of the Carboniferous formation, both those of the Waverly group and those of the coal measures, consisting of sandstones, shales and limestones, are, however, exposed in numerous places throughout the County, and in suitable locations are to some extent quarried. Glacial action is evident over almost the entire area; and there are a number of buried stream channels, as well as the remains of the beds of several ancient lakes, more particular mention of which will be made in another connection. The surface of the country is generally rolling, interspersed in some portions with elevations of considerable height, occassional deep valleys, and expanses of level lowland prairie. 246 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. The streams are numerous, though not of large size. The most important is the Killbuck, which rises in the northern part of the County, flows in a southerly direction entirely across the western portion, passing within a mile of Wooster, and in the continuance of its course beyond the limits of the County, finally discharges its waters into the Muskingum. The next in size is the Chippewa, which, however, flows through only the two northeastern townships, becoming in its extralimital course tributary to the Tuscarawas River. Newman's Creek, another tributary of the Tuscarawas, rises in the eastern portion of the County, and flows out in a northeasterly direction, draining the region known as Newman's Swamp. In the extreme western portion the Muddy Fork of the Mohican makes a wide circuit into the two central townships ; while the southeastern por- tion of the County is drained by Sugar Creek and Salt Creek. Apple Creek is the main tributary of the Killbuck, and joins the latter near Wooster, its own branches flowing from the east and northeast. All these streams are fed by numerous smaller ones, some of which are, however, almost entirely dry during protracted absence of rain. The majority of the main streams are crooked creeks, with generally very sluggish cur- rents and very low banks. The elevations and hills, which in many places slope back from the larger streams, apparently indicate by their evidences of erosion that the flowing water has cut down through them to the channels now occupied. The few lakes are situated in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the County, the largest being Fox Lake, which lies only a short distance from the line of Stark County. Its water is clear and very deep, and it appears to be a favorite resort for both water birds and shore birds. All the other lakes are much smaller. Near the southwestern corner of the County, but just outside its boundaries, is situated a group of four or five lakes, two of which, Long Lake and Odell's Lake, are of considerable size. The northern extremity of the latter is said to be within the County. The character of these lakes is much the same as of those previously men- tioned, the shores being partially or wholly marshy and covered in places with a thick growth of cat- tail flags (Typha lattfolia) or yellow water lilies (Nymph&a advena)\ such vegetation forming the favorite summer home of the Least Bittern (Ar delta exilis). In suitable places in these lakes the white water lily (Castalia odorata) is found in abundance. Bordering most of the streams of Wayne County are level low lands, which along the larger water courses are sometimes several miles in width. During seasons of heavy rainfall these bottom lands are overflowed, and when this occurs during the fall or early spring, Ducks and other water birds are much more than usually abundant. Many portions of these lands have been drained and are now under cultivation. There are here THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 247 also many damp, grassy meadows, some of them of wide extent, which are in spring and fall the feeding grounds of numerous Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) and Killdeers (^Egialites vocifera). Even at the present time large areas of forest still exist on some of these bottom-lands, though of course much has been cleared, and in many places there remains only a fringe of trees along the streams. The principal trees here are red maple {Acer rubrum} and elm (Utmus Americana)', together with which occur sycamore (Piatanus occidentalis) , black walnut (Juglans nigra), beech (Fagus atropunicea) , white oak (Quercus a/6a), pin oak (Quercus palustris), sugar maple (Acer Saccharuni), swamp hickory (Hicoria minima), slippery elm (Uimus pubescens), and ash (Fraxinus p.?). These bottom woods are, during the breeding season, frequented by such birds as the Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus), Barred Owl (Syrinum ntbulosum) and Crow (Corvus americanus). In the many dead tree trunks several species of Woodpeck- ers find homes, and the decaying stumps serve a like purpose for the benefit of the Chickadees (Parus atricapillus). Here also in the winter are found in greatest abundance all of the resident Woodpeckers; while the Brown Creeper (Certhia familiaris americana) and Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis) seem to find in such localities the most congenial surroundings. Throughout the lowlands of the Killbuck Valley in the southern half of the County are frequent swamps, some of them of considerable extent. They are always, except in the most extreme drought, overspread with water, and are either covered with cat tail flags (Typha latifolia) and tall rank grass, or overgrown with dense thickets and low trees; in either case well-nigh inaccessible under ordinary circumstances. Here, as well as in the undergrowth along the streams, flourish alders, willows of several species, and other similar bushes; while the waste lands often surround- ing them produce a luxuriant harvest of beggar4icks (Bidens frondosa) and Spanish needles (Bidens bipinnata). These isolated bogs are the remains of what in the early part of the present century was an almost uninterrupted swamp, extending south from Wooster to beyond the limits of the County, and which, together with all the lowlands in the valley, was covered with water for many years after the advent of man to this region. This is evidently what was once the bed of a pre-glacial lake, the former existence of which is attested by the present topography of the locality. In this ancient lake were islands whose identity is still preserved, their soil being of a conspicuously different consistency from that of the surrounding lake bed, over which has been spread thick deposits of sand, and of the vegetable mould which now constitutes the rich soil of these bottom-lands. In this respect these islands are scarcely different from the 248 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. high ground bordering the valley, and were originally well wooded with trees similar to those growing on the uplands. There are wide stretches of this lake bad, now designated as " prairies ", which were formerly open water, but by their emergence became covered with a thick growth of vegetation, consisting of bushes, flags, rushes and rank grass. The por- tions of these prairies that remain at present uncleared are the favorite haunts of Rails and Snipes. Newman's Swamp, extending east from Orrville six miles to the bor- der of the County, is situated in the bed of another pre-glacial lake, and was in many respects the same as the swamp in the valley of the Killbuck, only if anything wilder and more impenetrable. This has now, however, to a great extent been cleared and put under cultivation. Areas of swamp and prairie, of an origin similar to those described, exist in still other localities, notably in the northeast about Fox Lake, and in the extreme southwestern portion of the County. In places along the large streams are drift deposits, forming often extensive terraces skirting the bluffs which border the valleys the city of Wooster itself being located upon ground of this character. Upon these terraces existed forests of deciduous trees, probably similar to those now growing upon the uplands. The uplands themselves are at length seen to be practically plateaux overlooking the lowlands in the valleys. Ero- sion is plainly visible in the numerous ravines and gullies which have been cut out where the brooks flow down to join the main streams. These ravines are usually wooded, at least in part, containing in many places the only trees spared by the ruthless axe. Here are found such trees and shrubs as the following : buckeye (JEsculus glabra), wild cherry (Prunusserotina), elm (Uimus Americana), red maple (Acerrubruni), black walnut (Jugtans nigra), butternut (Juglans cinerea), tulip tree (Liri- odendron TuHptfera), beech (Fagus atropunicea) , oaks (Qaercus alba, rubra et valu'im), sassafras (Sassafra 9 Sassafras), dogwood (Cornus florida), iron- wood (Ostrya Virginiand), elder (Sambucus Canadensis), black haw (Vibur- num prunifol-ium) , and at least two species of thorn (C'ratirgus). In these ravines flourish the trilliums (Trillium erectum et grandiflorum), while in suitable places along the banks grow the dainty hepatica, (Hepatica Hepa- tica) and the fragrant arbutus (Epigasa repens), although the latter is ex- tremely local in its distribution. These shady retreats furnish congenial summer homes for such avian species as the Wood Thrush (Turdus mus- telinus), Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Habia ludoviciana), Scarlet Tanager (Pi- ranga erythromelas), Brown Thrasher (Harporhynchus rufus), and Catbird (Galeoscoptes carolinensis) . The uplands are interspersed with frequent woodland tracts, the major portion of the country, however, being under cultivation. The THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 249 numerous apple orchards and grass fields leave nothing to be desired by those birds which are accustomed to make such places their summer abodes. The forest areas consist often of heavy timber, many of the trees being from thiee to five feet in basal diameter, but from some of the woodland the larger trees have been removed, leaving only the smaller growth. The underbrush in these upland woods is rarely dense, and is often practically wanting. The trees are almost exclusively deciduous, the only conifers of consequence being the hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis'), which occurs in a few localities on high banks along streams ; and the red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), scattered individuals of which are found in some parts of the County. The characteristic deciduous trees are: white oak (Quercus alba), red oak (Quercus rubra), black oak (Quercus velutina), pin oak (Quercus palustris), shell-bark hickory (Hworia ovatd), pig-nut hickory (Hicoria glabra), sugar maple (Acer saccharutri), beech (Fagus atropunicea), basswood (Tilia Americana), chestnut (Castanea dentata), tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera). with an occasional cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata.) With respect to climate this region presents few peculiarities. The temperature ranges from 20 degrees below to 99 degrees above zero Fahren- heit, though both these extremes are exceptional. Heavy frosts are not generally prevailent before October, and the severe cold weather usually occurs during the latter part of December and in January. The influence of winter, however, often extends far into the spring and frosts in May are not infrequent. The fall of snow is not heavy; the greatest rainfall, as a rule, occurring in the spring months. This is usually succeeded either in the summer or early fall by a season of drought, which is some- times of considerable duration. Severe thunder-showers are not uncom- mon, being most frequent during June and the first part of July. The average annual precipitation at Wooster, for the seven years previous to 1894, was 40.11 inches; the average annual temperature for the same period being 49.3 degrees Fahrenheit. Faunally considered this locality is almost purely Carolinian, with a very slight infusion of forms of somewhat more northern affinities as Habia ludoviciana, Piranga erythromelas and Farm atricopillus, which are all common during the breeding season. With these occur such charac- teristic Carolinian species as Empidonax virescens. Icterus spurius, Spizetla pusilla, Cardinnliscardinalis, Stetgidopteryx serripennis, Helminthophila pinus, Seiurus motacilla, Icteria virens and Thryothorus ludovicianus. During both seasons of migration, but more particularly in the spring, species, as well as to a less extent individuals, are remarkably numerous, following in their movements what appears to be a natural highway along the courses of the streams, which it will be noticed form the headwaters 250 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. of the Muskingum River. The valley of the Killbuck seems to be especially suitable, for during a favorable season the woodlands along this stream fairly teem with bird life. A certain locality, situated along the Killbuck and distant some four miles northwest from Wooster, apparently presents unusual attractions to the birds, besides being both an entomological and a botanical paradise. This appears to be accounted for by the great diversity of topographical conditions existing within a comparatively small area; since here are upland fields, thickets, forests, and wooded ravines closely adjacent to the swamps, marshes, meadows, damp woodlands and thickets of the Killbuck's valley. To illustrate its attractiveness to the lover of birds, as well as to indi- date what may be seen here during the spring season of migration, the following list is appended ; consisting of eighty-four species observed on May 15, 1892, between the- hours of 7:30 A, M. and 9:00 p. M., a large pro- portion having been noted in the vicinity of the locality just mentioned : Ardetta exilis, Ardea virescens, Gallinago delicata, Tetanus eolitarius, Actitis macularia, ^Egialitis vocifera, Colinus virginianus, Bonasa umbellus, Zenaidura macroura, Accipiter cooperii, Buteo borealis, Buteo lineatus, Falco sparverius, Syrnium nebulosum, Megascops asio, Coccyzus americanus, Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Ceryle alcyon, Dryobates villosus, Dryobates pubescens, Sphyrapicus varius, Melanerpes erythrocephalus Colaptes auratus, Antrostomus vociferus, Chordeiles virginianus, Cbaetura pelagica, Trocbilus colubris, Tyrannus tyrannus, Myiarchus crinitus, Sayornis phoebe, Contopus virens, Empidonax flaviventris, Empidonax traillii, Empidonax minimus, Cyanocitta cristata, Corvus americanus, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Molothrus ater, Agelaius phceaiceus, Sturnella magna, Icterus galbula, Quiscalus quiscula aeneus, Spinus tristis, Poocsetes gramineus, Zonotrichia leucophrys, Zmotrichia albicollis, Spicella socialis, Melospiza faeciata, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Cardinalis cardinalis, Habia ludoviciana, Passerina cyanea, Piranga erythromelas, Progue subis, Chilidon erythrogastra, Tachycineta bicolor, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Vireo olivaceus, Vireo gilvus, Vireo flavifrons, Mniotilta varia, Helminthophila pinus, THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 251 Deudroica aestiva, Thryothorus ludovicianus, Dendroica cferulescens, Troglodytes hiemalis, Dendroica maculosa, Sitta carolinensis, Dendroica pennsylvanica, Parus bicolor, Dendroica virenp, Parus atricapillus, Seiurus aurocapillus, Regulus calendula, Seiurus motacilla, Polioptila < erulea, Geothlypis trichas, Turdus mustelinus, Setophaga ruticilla, Turdus fusceecens, Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Merula migratoria, Harporhynchus rufus, Sialia sialis. The number of species actually ascertained to occur in the County is 183. Of this number thirty are permanent residents, as follows; those less common during the winter being designated by an asterisk : Colinus virginianus, Dryobates pubescens, Bonasa urabellus, Melanerpes carolinus, Zenaidura macroura,* Colaptes auratus, i: Circus hudsonius,'' Otocoris alpestris praticola, Accipiter velox, Cyanocitta cristata, Accipiter cooperii, Sturnella magna,* Buteo bore alls,* Spin us tristis, Buteo line at us,* Passer domes tic UP, Falco sparverius,* Melospiza fasciata,* Asio wilsonianuH, Cardinalis cardinalis, Syrnium nebulosum, Ampelis cedrorum,* Nyctala acadica, Thryothorus ludovicianus, Megascops asia, Sitta carolinensis, Bubo virginianus, Parus bicolor, Dryobates villosus, Parus atricapillus, The following sixty-one are summer residents, those distinguished by an asterisk being sometimes also winter residents: Aix sponsa, Chsetura pelagica, Botaurus lentiginosup, Trochilus colubris, Ardetta exilis, Tyrannus tyrannus, Ardea herodiap, Myiarchus crinitus, Ardea virescens, Sayornis phoebe, Eallus elegans, Contopus viren, Philohela minor, Empidonax vireecens, Actitis macularia, Empidonax traillii, ^Egialitis vocifera, Corvus americanus,* Coccyzus americanus, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Ceryle alcyon,* Molothrus ater, Melanerpes erythrocephalus,* Agelaius phoeniceus, Antrostomus vociferue, Icterus epurius, Chordeiles virginianus, Icterus galbula, 252 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. Quiscalus quiscula ameus,* Poocsetes gramineus, Ammodramus savannarum passerinus, Spizella socialis, Spizella pusilla, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Habia ludoviciana, Passer iaa cyanea, Spiza americana, Piranga erythromelas, Progne subis, Petrocbelidoa lunifrons, Cbelidon erythrogastra, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides, Vireo olivaceus, Viruo gilvus, Vireo flavifrons, Mniotilta varia, Helminthophila pinus, Dendroica estiva, Seiurus aurocapillus, Seiurus motacilla, Geotblypis trichas, Icteria virens, Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Harporhynchus rufus, Troglodytes aedon, Cislothorus palustris, Polioptila caerulea, Turdus mustelinus, Merula migratoria,* Sialia sialis.* Six additional species which belong more properly with the trans- ient visitors have been identified as occasional summer residents : Anas boscbas, Totanus flavipes, Sphyrapicus varius, Tachycineta bicolor, Dendroica pennsylvanica, Setophaga ruticilla. The transient visitors number fifty -seven, and are as follows : Colymbus auritus, Podilymbus podiceps, Urinator imber, Larus Philadelphia, Merganser americanus, Lophodytes cucullatus, Anas obscura, Anas americana, Anas carolinensif, Anas discors, Spatula clypeata, Dafila acuta, Aythya americana, Aythya valisneria, Aythya affinie, Glaucionetta clangula americana, Cbaritonetta albeola, Erismatur rubida, Branta canadensis, Rallus virginianus, Porzana Carolina, Gallinula galeata, Fulica americana, Gallinago delicata, Tringa maculata, Totanus melanoleucus, Totaous solitarius, Bartramia longicauda, Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Empidonax flaviventris, Empidonaz minimus, Scolecophagus carolinus, Carpodacus purpureus, Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna, Zonotrichia leucophrys, Z notrichia albicollis, Melospiza georgiana, Passerelia iliaca, Helminthophila peregrina, Dendroica tigrina, Dendroica caerulescens, Dendroica coronata, Dendroica maculosa, Dendroica caerulea, THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 253 Dendroica castanea, Sitta canadensis, Dendroica striata, Eegulus calendula, Dendroica blackburniae, Turdus fuscescens, Dendroica virens, Turdus aliciae, Geothlypis agilis, Turdus ustulatus swainsonii, Geothlypis Philadelphia, Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii. Sylvania pusilla, Nine species may be catalogued as winter visitors : Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis, Lanius borealis, Asio accipitrinus, Troglodytes hiemalis, Plectrophenax nivalis, Certhia familiaris americana, Spizella monticola, Eegulus satrapa. Junco hyemalis, Eighteen species are of only casual or accidental occurrence, as follows : Larus argentatus smithsonianus, Aquila cbrysaetos, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Merganser serrator, Falco peregrin us anatum, Clangula hyemalis, Falco columbarius, Olor columbianus, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, Ardea egretta, Strix pratincola, Oathartes aura, Nyctea nyctea, Ectopistes migrator! us, Otocoris alpestris, Buteo latissimus, Acanthis linaria. Two species which were undoubtedly once permanent residents of the County are now probably extinct, viz. : Meleagris gallopavo, Ceophloeus pileatus. A census of the birds of the County according to families gives the following result : Podicipidse, 2 species, Falconidre, 13 species, Urinatoridae, 1 species, Strigidae, 1 species, Laridae, 2 species, Babonidae, 7 spfcies, Pelecanidae, 1 species, Cuculidae, 2 species, Anatidse, 20 species, Alcedinidae, 1 species, Ardeidae, 5 species, Picidae, 7 species, Eallidae, 5 species, Caprimulgidae, 2 species, Scolopacidae, 8 species, Micropodidae, 1 specie?, Charadriidae, 1 species, Trochilidae, 1 species, Tetraonidae, 2 epecies, Tyrannidae, 8 species, Phasianidse, 1 species, Alaudidae, 2 species, Columbidse, 2 species, Corvidae, 2 species, Cathartidae, 1 species, Icteridae, 8 epecies, 254 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. Fringillidze, 22 species, Tanagridse, 1 species, Hirundinidse, 5 species, Ampelidre, 1 species, Laniida', 2 species, Vireonidae, 3 species, Mniotiltidre, 22 species, Troglodytidae, 6 species, Certhiidfe, 1 species, Paridae, 4 species, Sylviidae, 3 species, Turdidse, 7 species. Total number of families, 38 ; of species, 183. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. ORDER PYGOPODES. DIVING BIRDS. SUBORDER PODICIPEDES. GREBES. FAMILY PODICIPID>. GREBES. GENUS COLYMBUS. LINNAEUS. SUBGEKUS DYTES. KAUP. 1. Colymbus auritus (LINN.). Horned Grebe. A more or less regular transient on the streams and ponds of the County. It is tolerably common in the fall, but it is not so frequently observed in the spring. GENUS PODILYMBUS LESSON. 2. Podilymbus podiceps (LIMN.). Pied-billed Grebe ; Dabchick; Hell Diver. A common transient both in fall and spring, apparently occurring most numer- ously in April, September and October. A specimen in the writer's collection was taken on the Wooster Reservoir, September 30, 1892. Possibly a rare summer resi- dent of the most secluded swamps and marshes, but thee is no record of its breeding within the limits of the County. SUBORDER CEPHI. LOONS AND AUKS. FAMILY URINATORID^G. LOONS. GENUS URINATOR. CUVIER. 3. Urinator imber (GUNN.). Loon ; Great Northern Diver. Transient visitor ; rare. Apparently most liable to be encountered after a severe spring storm, when occasionally one or two alight on Killbuck Creek. It is found sometimes also on the lakes and ponds, and even along the smaller streams. Seldom if ever have more than two been seen at one time. An adult in the collection of Mr. C. E. Bixler was taken in the central park of the County, May 2, 1888. 2 B. W. C. 256 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. ORDER LONGIPENNES. LONG-WINGED SWIMMERS. FAMILY LARID>G. GULLS AND TERNS. SUBFAMILY LARIN/E. GULLS. GENUS LARUS. LINNAEUS. 4. Larus argentatus smithsonianus (COUE?.). American Herring Gull. Very rare transient visitor. Appearing irregularly on ponds and the larger streams, generally singly or in pairs. A fine adult specimen in the collection of Mr. John Blandford, of Wooster, was shot near the town, from a flock of four, in the spring of 1873. 5. Larus Philadelphia (ORD), Bonaparte's Gull. A rare and irregular transient visitor; noted most frequently in the spring. Individuals sometimes linger for several days along Killbuck Creek, or in the vicinity of the lakes and larger ponds. In the spring of 1879, four were seen and one shot on .a mill pond near Wooster. ORDER STEGANOPODES. TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS. FAMILY PELECANID/E. PELICANS. $ GENUS PELECANUS. LINNAEUS. SUBGENUS CYRTOPELICANUS. REICHENBACH. 6. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (GMEL.). American White Pelican. Only a single specimen is known to have been taken. This is an adult ifl breed- ing plumage, and was shot in the summer of 1886, along Killbuck Creek in the south- ern portion of the County. No others were seen at the time. This bird was preserved and mounted for Dr. J. C. McMurray, of Shreve, from whom the above particulars of its capture were obtained Dr. J. M. Wheaton mentions 1 but one spec- imen in breeding plumage as having been taken in the State. - 1 Geological survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 257 ORDER ANSERES. LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS. FAMILY ANATID/E. DUCKS, GEESE AND SWANS. SUBFAMILY MERGIN/E. MERGANSERS. GENUS MERGANSER. BRISSON. 7. Merganser americanus (CASS.). American Merganser; Goosander. A rare transient visitor. A female in the collection of Mr. Joseph Housekeeper, of Wooster, was killed by him along Killbuck Creek, March 22, 1893. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER, NATURAL SIZE. 8. Merganser serrator (LINN.). Red-breasted Merganser. This is in this locality apparently the rarest of the three species of Mergansers. The writer's only record for the County is that of an adult female obtained at the Wooster reservoir, November 15, 1890. GENUS LOPHODYTES. REICHENBACH. 9. Lophodytes cucullatus (LINN.). Hooded Merganser. Transient visitor; of more frequent occurrence than either of the two preceding, hough not very common. It is observed principally in the spring; males appearing to be oftener taken than females. 258 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. SUBFAMILY ANATIN/E. RIVER DUCKS. GENUS ANAS. LINN^US. SUBGENUS ANAS. 10. Anas boschas (LINN.). Mallard. An abundant spring and fall transient. As is the case with several of the other Ducks that are found chiefly on the larger streams and bodies of water, this species is much more numerous during a very rainy season, the bottom-lands along the Kill- buck being then extensively overflowed. The floods are more frequent in spring than in the fall ; consequently the Ducks are at the former season decidedly more abund- ant. During a favorable autumn the Mallard is nearly as numerous as in spring, but if the fall be very dry, few or none are to be found. It occurs in spring chiefly in flocks, which in tormer years sometimes aggregated several thousand individuals; but at the present time flocks of over 150 are unusual. This diminution in numbers is due to the straightening of the course of Killbuck Creek, causing the water to recede from the flooded lands with comparative rapidity. Mr. Housekeeper informs me that several years ago a nest of this species was found three miles south of Wooster, in an extensive marsh along the Killbuck. This is the only known instance of its breeding in the County. 11. Anas obscura (GMEL.). Black Duck; Dusky Duck. A common transient both in spring and fall; often in flocks associated with Mallards. SUBGENUS MARECA. STEPHENS. 12. Anas americana (GMEL.). Bad pat e ; American Widgeon. A common transient visitor in spring, but rare in the fall. It is found principally along Killbuck Creek, not infrequently in large flocks, and often with Mallards and Black Ducks. SUBGENUS NETTION. KAUP. 13. Anas carolinensis (GMEL.). Green-winced Teal. Transient visitor; tolerably common in the spring, but rare in autumn. It occurs in small flocks, alone or with ether Ducks. It was formerly more common, and was found in much larger flocks. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 259 SUBGENUS QUERQUEDULA. STEPHENS. 14. Anas discors (LINN.). Blue- winged Teal. A tolerably common spring transient ; not so often observed in the fall. It is seen in small flocks, frequently with other Ducks. GENUS SPATULA. BOIE. 15. Spatula clypeata (LTNN.). ShoYeller. A rare and irregular transient visitor. It is said to have been several times taken at Fox Lake. An adult male in full spring plumage, which was shot in the southern part of the County along Killbuck Creek, during the spring of 1886, is now in the col- lection of Mr. George Faber, of Wooster. GENUS DAFILA. STEPHENS. 16. Dafila acuta (LINN.). Pintail. An abundant transient in March and April ; not nearly so numerous in the fall. It prefers the larger streams, especially Killbuck Creek, and when the adjacent low- lands are widely overflowed sometimes congregates there in flocks of 100 to 150 indi- viduals. This species and the Mallard are of all the Ducks the most abundant. GENUS AIX. BOIE. WOOD DUCK, MUCH REDUCED. 17. Aix sponsa (LINN.). Wood Duck ; Summer Buck. Summer resident; tolerably common in some portions of the County, but in others, though formerly of regular occurrence, is no.v quite rare. It arrives usually during the latter part of March, or early in April, and may be found breeding in cer- 258 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. SUBFAMILY ANATIN/E. RIVER DUCKS. GENUS ANAS. LINN^US. SUBGENUS ANAS. 10. Anas boschas (LINN.). Mallard. An abundant spring and fall transient. As is the case with several of the other Ducks that are found chiefly on the larger streams and bodies of water, this species is much more numerous during a very rainy season, the bottom-lands along the Kill- buck being then extensively overflowed. The floods are more frequent in spring than in the fall ; consequently the Ducks are at the former season decidedly more abund- ant. During a favorable autumn the Mallard is nearly as numerous as in spring, but if the fall be very dry, few or none are to be found. It occurs in spring chiefly in flocks, which in former years sometimes aggregated several thousand individuals; but at the present time flocks of over 150 are unusual. This diminution in numbers is due to the straightening of the course of Killbuck Creek, causing the water to recede from the flooded lands with comparative rapidity. Mr. Housekeeper informs me that several years ago a nest of this species was found three miles south of Wooster, in an extensive marsh along the Killbuck. This is the only known instance of its breeding in the County. 11. Anas obscura (GMEL.). Black Duck ; Dusky Duck. A common transient both in spring and fall; often in flocks associated with Mallards. SUBGENUS MARECA. STEPHENS. 12. Anas americana (GMEL.). Badpate; American Widgeon. A common transient visitor in spring, but rare in the fall. It is found principally along Killbuck Creek, not infrequently in large flocks, and often with Mallards and Black Ducks. SUBGENUS NETTION. KAUP. 13. Anas carolinensis (GMEL.). Green-winced Teal. Transient visitor; tolerably common in the spring, but rare in autumn. It occurs in small flocks, alone or with ether Ducks. It was formerly more common, and was found in much larger flocks. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 259 SUBGENUS QUERQUEDULA. STEPHENS. 14. Anas discors (LINN.). Blue- winged Teal. A tolerably common spring transient ; not so often observed in the fall. It is seen in small flocks, frequently with other Ducks. GENUS SPATULA. BOIE. 15. Spatula clypeata (LTNN.). Shoyeller. A rare and irregular transient visitor. It is said to have been several times taken at Fox Lake. An adult male in full spring plumage, which was shot in the southern part of the County along Killbuck Creek, during the spring of 1886, is now in the col- lection of Mr. George Faber, of Wooster. GENUS DAFILA. STEPHENS. 16. Dafila acuta (LINN.). Pintail. An abundant transient in March and April ; not nearly so numerous in the fall. It prefers the larger streams, especially Killbuck Creek, and when the adjacent low- lands are widely overflowed sometimes congregates there in 'flocks of 100 to 150 indi- viduals. This species and the Mallard are of all the Ducks the most abundant. GENUS AIX. BOIE. WOOD DUCK, MUCH REDUCED. 17. Aix sponsa (LINN.). Wood Duck ; Summer Duck. Summer resident; tolerably common in some portions of the County, but in others, though formerly of regular occurrence, is no.v quite rare. It arrives usually during the latter part of March, or early in April, and may be found breeding in cer- 260 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. tain localities nearly every year. Its favorite haunts are the woods and swamps in the valley of the Killbuck, where in autumn, after a suitable season, flocks of twenty or thirty are sometimes to be seen. It remains untirOctober or November. SUBFAMILY FULIGULIN^C. SEA DUCKS. GENUS AYTHYA. Bom. SUBGENUS AYTHYA. 18. Aythya americana (EYT.) Redhead. Now a rare transient visitor, although common many years ago, appearing regu- larly in spring in flocks along Killbuck Creek. SUBGENUS ARISTONETTA. BAiRD. 1 19. Aythya vallisneria (WILS.) Canvas-back. Transient visitor ; rare. It is seen singly or in pairs, sometimes with other species of Ducks, and chiefly on Killbuck Creek. .SUBGENUS FULIGULA. STEPHENS. 20. Aythya affinis (EYT.). i Lesser Scaup Duck; Raft Buck. . A common spring and fall transient, though never seen in large flocks. One of the first Ducks to appear in the spring, and among the latest to depart in autumn. It associates at times with Mallards, Pintails and Baldpates. GENUS GLAUCIONETTA. STEJNEGER. 21. Glaucionetta clangula americana (BONAP.). American Golden -eye. A tolerably common though irregular spring transient ; not observed in the'fall. Apparently of most frequent occurrence in March, when it is often found on the smaller streams and ponds. An adult male in the collection of Mr. John Blandford was shot near Wooster, from a flock of four, in the spring of 1877. Another specimen, a female, in the writer's collection, was taken in the same vicinity on March 29, 1893. iThis subgenus was unintentionally omitted from the A. O. U. Check List. (Cr RIDGWAY, Manual of North American Birds, p. 102.) THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 261 GENUS OHARITONETTA. STEJNEGER. 22. Charitonetta albeola (LINN.). Buffle-head ; Batter-ball. A common transient visitor in March and April ; much less frequently observed* in the fall. It occurs singly and in small flocks, usually not accompanied by other species. Contrary to the experience of Dr. Wheaton, 1 it here apparently prefers the lakes and ponds to running water ; this being possibly due to the comparatively small size of the streams. Mr. C. E. Bixler has a female of this species now mounted, which was picked up, evidently much exhausted, on one of the main streets of Wooster, April 26, 1885. GENUS CLANGULA. LEACH. 23. Clangula hyemalis (LINN.). Old Squaw. A winter visitor only, and apparently quite rare. The single known Wayne County record is that of an adult male which was killed during the winter of 1886-7,. in the extreme southwestern portion of the County, on Odell's Lake, by men who were there at work cutting ice. This specimen is in the collection of Dr. J. C. McMurray, who furnished the above particulars of its capture. GENUS ERISMATURA. BONAPARTE. 24. Erismatura rubida (WILS.). Ruddy Duck. A tolerably common transient on streams and ponds. Observed principally'in the spring. SUBFAMILY ANSERIN/E. GEESE. GENUS BRANTA. SCOPOLI. 25. Branta canadensis (LiNN.). Canada Goose. A common spring and fall transient, observed chiefly in March and November. The flocks not infrequently alight within the County, probably for the purpose of feeding. A farmer in Clinton township found, on the morning of March 21, 1894,. about fifty of these birds in his yard among his domestic geese. A Canada Goose now in the collection of Mr. George Faber is said to have been found one morning, in an alley of Wooster, alive but in an exhausted condition. i Geological survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 534. 262 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. SUBFAMILY CYQNIN/E. SWANS. GENUS OLOR. WAGLER. 26. Olor columbianus (ORD). , Whistling Swan. A rare transient visitor. A fine adult specimen, now mounted and in the posses- sion of Dr. J. H. Todd of Wooster, was shot from a flock of thirteen, at the northern end of Odell's Lake, November 12, 1892. ORDER HERODIONES. HERONS, STORKS, IBISES, ETC. SUBORDER HERODII. HERONS, EGRETS, BITTERNS, ETC. FAMILY ARDEID/E. HERONS, BITTERNS, ETC. SUBFAMILY BOTAURIN/C. BITTERNS. I GENUS BOTAURUS. HERMANN. 27. Botaurus lentiginosus (MONTAG.). American Bittern. A rare summer resident; sometimes tolerably common during the spring. It is apparently restricted to the more extensive swamps and marshes on the bottom lands, and to the vicinity of the larger bodies of water. GENUS ARDETTA. GRAY. 28. Ardetta exilis (GMEL.). Least Bittern. A tolerably common summer resident ; somewhat more numerous and more gen- erally distributed during the spring migration. In the latter season it is occasionally observed along streams or ditches on the bottom-lands. In summer it is apparently confined to the ponds and lakes and to the secluded swamps. It was found to be not uncommon at Round and Long Lakes, in Holmes County, just south of the Wayne County line, on July 27, 1893. It undoubtedly breeds, though no nests have come to the notice of the writer. Several years ago a Least Bittern was found dead on one of the streets of Wooster, the bird having been killed by flying against the telegraph wires. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. SUBFAMILY ARDEIN/C. HERONS AND EGRETS. GENUS ARDEA. LINN. SUBGENUS ARDEA. 263 GREAT BLUE HERON MUCH REDUCED. 29. Ardea herodias (LINN.). Great Blue Heron. A tolerably common summer resident ; found in all suitable localities throughout the County. It is said to breed regularly in the vicinity of Orrville, though much less abundantly than in former years. At the present time the few pairs that at last report were annually rearing their young in the deep woods about three miles from the town are the only survivors of a once extensive heronry. This is probably owing 264 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. to the encroachments of cultivation, and it is quite possible that none now resort to the locality. No information in regard to other nesting places is at present available. Adults appear to be much less numerous than immature birds. SUBGENUS HERODIAS. BOIE. 30. Ardea egretta (GMEL.). American Egret. A rare and irregular visitor. It occurs singly or in small flocks along streams and about the lakes and ponds, in spring, summer and early autumn. It appears to be more frequently reported in spring than at any other season. Dr. J. M. Wheaton says of this species, 1 "I have no record of its occurrence in spring or in the breeding season." Dr. B. H. Warren also mentions* this bird as a straggler in late summer and autumn only. SUBGENUS BUTORIDES. BLYTH. 31. Ardea virescsns (LINN.). Green Heron. * A common summer resident from April 23, to October i. It nests in orchards or in low trees along the streams, but rarely, if ever, in colonies. When molested it will ordinarily build a second and even a third nest, often not far from the site of the first. Five eggs is the usual complement here and full sets have been obtained from May 18 to June 12. A peculiar trait in the half fledged young, and one which seems not to have been mentioned except by Audubon, 3 is the manner in which, upon the close approa h of anyone to the nest, some or all of the brood leave it, walk cautiously out nearly to the extremity of the supporting branch, and there remain squawking loudly at every move made in their direciion. At these times the parent birds are very frequently not seen, apparently considering their offspring capable of taking care of themselves^ The measurements of five nests are as follows : 4 No. Height Depth. Inside top diameter. I aside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 800 SCO 000x700 18 00 x 12 00 9 CO x 6 00 5.03 x 1.50 2 6 CO 250 6 00 x 5 00 15 00 x 12 00 800x600 3 4 5.00 600 3.00 200 8.00 x 6.50 600x4.50 13.00x12.00 21 00 x 15 00 15.00 x 12.00 7.00 x 5.50 3.00 x 1.00 5. 500 250 6 00 x 5 00 1500 x 15 CO Average.. 6.00 2.60 7.25 x 5.88 16.40 x 13 20 8 00 x 5.83 4.00 x 1.25 1 Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 501. 2 Report on Birds of Pennsylvania, 1890, p 59. 3 Ornithological Biography IV, 1838, p 275 * All nest measurements are given in inches and hundredth*;; and the double dimensions which appear under single headings i dicated maximum and minimum respectively. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 265 ORDER PALUDICOL/E. CRANES, RAILS, ETC. SUBORDER RALLI. RAILS, GALLINULES, COOTS, ETC. FAMILY RALLID/E. RAILS, GALLINULES AND COOTS. SUBFAMILY RALLIN/C. RAILS. GENUS RALLUS, LINN^US. 32. Rallus elegans (AUD.). King Bail. A rare summer resident from March to September; slightly more common in the spring than at other seasons. It is to be found principally in its breeding places in the extensive swamps and marshes. A young bird in downy black plumage was captured in the latter part of June, 1888, on a road which passes through a swampy district about two and one-half miles south of Wooster. When first discovered, the parent bird (which was also secured), manifested much anxiety for the safety of its offspring, running again and again around the young one as though hoping thus to preserve it from harm. Both are now in the collection of Mr. J. Housekeeper. 33. Rallus virgiaianus (LINN.). Virginia Rail. An abundant spring transient, chiefly in April ; much less numerous in the fall. At these seasons it may be found in nearly all the large swamps and marshes of the County. Not ascertained to occur as a summer resident, perhaps from lack of opportunity for thorough investigation during that season, in localities suitable for the nesting of the species since it without much doubt breeds at least sparingly some- where in this region. 266 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. GENUS PORZANA. VIEILLOT. SUBGENUS PORZANA. SORA, MUCH REDUCED. 34. Porzana Carolina (LINN): Sora; Carolina Rail. An abundant transient in March and April ; less common during its fall migra- tion, which covers the latter part of August and the months of September and Oct- ober. It has not been observed in summer, although it perhaps occurs. It is more numerous than either of the two preceding species, and frequents of course similar localities. SUBFAMILY GALLINULIN/E. GALLINULES. GENUS GALLINULA. BRISSON. 35. Gallinula galeata (LIGHT.). Florida Gallinule. Rare; seen chiefly on the lakes and ponds, singly or in pairs. An adult female was'captured alive in a barnyard eight miles north of Wooster, April 19, 1890, and was'brought to town in a cage; but it lived only three days. It is now preserved in the writer's collection. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 267 SUBFAMILY FULICIN/C. COOTS. GENUS FULICA. LINNAEUS. 36. Fulica americana (GMEL.). American Coot. A common spring transient, often in flocks ; not so numerous in the fall. It has been observed, though rarely, on some of the lakes as late as June, from which it would appear to be possibly a summer resident. On April 9, 1887, Mr. C. E. Bixler found, in Wooster, a Coot that had evidently been killed by striking against the side of the low building near which it was discovered. ORDER LIMICOL^E. SHORE BIRDS. FAMILY SCOLOPACID/E. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. GENUS PHILOHELA. GRAY. 37. Philohela minor (GMEL.). American Woodcock. Summer resident ; tolerably common. It is generally distributed throughout the County, but is now in certain localities becoming rare. It appears in March; and migrates southward usually during the month of October, though occasionally a few may be found in favorable places as late as November. It begins to breed soon after its arrival. On May 24, 1891, a brood of three young about a week old were surprised in a little open place among thickets along a mill- race. While the parent bird endeavored to attract attention to herself, the young birds proceeded to quickly secrete themselves. They all started away in different direc- tions holding their wings in a perpendicular position, and uttering at the same time a peculiar peeping note. One caught and held in the hand for a few moments still continued its peeping, and when placed again upon the ground immediately sought safety in concealment among the undergrowth. GENUS GALLINAGO. LEACH. 38. Gallinago delicata (ORD). Wilson's Snipe. A common spring and fall transient; more numerous in the former season. It arrives generally about the middle of March (rather earlier than later), and is present in greatest numbers during the first three weeks of April ; though somewhat irregular both in numbers and distribution. Individuals have sometimes te?n seen as late as May 15. Its favorite haunts are the marshes and damp meadows of the bottom lands. 268 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. GENUS TRINGA. LINN^US. SUBGENUS ACTODROMAS. KAUP. 39. Tringa maculata (VIEILL.). Pectoral Sandpiper. Transient visitor; observed only in the vicinity of Orrville, where it is common during April, in the marshy meadows bordering the uncleared portions of Newman's Swamp. It is found usually in flocks of not more than twenty individuals; and is ordinarily quite tame and unsuspicious. It has not been noted in the fall. In Mr. Freeman's collection are several specimens of this species, and to him the writer is indebted for the above facts in regard to its occurrence. GENUS TOTANUS. BECHSTEIN. SUBGENUS GLOTTIS. KOCH. GREATER YELLOW-LEGS, NATURAL SIZE. 40. ^Totanus melanoleucus (GMEL.). Greater Yellow-legs. A rare transient visitor; occuring more frequently in the fall than in the spring. A specimen was taken at the Wooster Reservoir, October 14. 1890. 41. Totanus flavipes (GMEL.). Yellow-legs. Transient visitor; rare; probably an occasional summer resident. One was shot by Mr. E. N. Freeman, near Orrville, in the summer of 1889. SUBGENUS HELODROMAS. KAUP. 42. Totanus solitarius (WILS.). Solitary Sandpiper. A transient visitor; tolerably common in spring from the latter part of April to about the middle of May. The earliest date of its appearance is April 23 (1893) and none have been met with later than May 31. It generally occurs singly or in pairs, THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 269 but sometimes in companies of four or five, and frequents the vicinity of ditches, sluggish streams and stagnant pools. It has not been observed in the fall. GENUS. BARTRAMIA. LESSON. 43. Bartramia longicauda (BECHST.). Bartrainian Sandpiper; Upland Plorer. A rare transient visitor ; seen chiefly on the lowlands in the vicinity of water. One shot in the spring of 1891, at Newman's Swamp, is in the collection of Dr. E. B. Yager, of Orrville. GENUS ACTITIS. ILLIGER. 44. Actitis macularia (LINN.). Spotted Sandpiper. Common summer resident from about the middle of April to the latter part of September. Extreme dates are April 13 and September 23. It frequents the lakes, ponds and streams of running water, breeding in the grass fields and the grain fieldst adjoining, or at most not far away. It is ordinarily to be found singly or in pairs, but sometimes in flocks of five to ten individuals. FAMILY CHARADRIID/E. PLOVERS. GENUS -ffiGIALITIS. BOIE. SUBGENUS OXYECHUS. REICHEXBACH. 45. ./Egialitis vocifera (LINN.). Killdeer. An abundant summer resident ; noted from February 28 to November 30, though usually few remain later than November i. It prefers as feeding grounds, especially in spring, the moist and even marshy meadows, although it may regularly be found in the upland fields. It frequently collects in small flocks before the breeding season but occurs in much larger companies during the latter part of the summer and in autumn. At Wooster, on July n, 1892, a Killdeer apparently flying over the city at considerable altitude, was heard calling at n 130 P. M. The stomachs of two Killdeers examined contained red-legged grasshoppers (Melanoplus fftnur-rubrum), and scarabaeid beetles (Aphoditis servil), with remains of unidentifiable StaphilinidtE and Curculionidce. 1 A killdeer shot November 10, 1892, along the margin of a small stream near Wooster is remarkable for the condition of one of its feet. The right tarsus of this specimen is very much shriveled below an enlargement of the bone near the ankle joint, this enlargement having the appearance of an old shot wound. By reason of this the tarsus and middle toe are together seven-eights of an inch shorter than in the other foot. This apparently rendered the limb useless, for the bird, though able to 1 Insect determinations are by Prof. F. M. Webster. 270 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. fly perfectly well, walked with much evident difficulty. The left tibia of another specimen, taken October 12, 1892, was found to be very crooked, and at a point near its proximal extremity so much enlarged as to indicate either a former fracture or similar severe injury. It had, however, completely healed, and the bone to all appearances was as strong as it had ever been. ORDER GALLING GALLINACEOUS BIRDS. SUBORDER PHASIANI. PHEASANTS, GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, QUAILS, ETC. FAMILY TETRAONID^E. GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC. SUBFAMILY PERDICIN/C. PARTRIDGES. GENUS COLINUS. LESSON. 46. Colinus virginianus (LINN.). Bob- white; "Quail." A permanent resident; some years abundant much le-s numerous during others. In severe winters whole covies are sometimes found dead, having succumbed to cold and the scarcity of proper food. It is, moreover, not an infrequent circumstance to discover individuals that have been killed by flying against wirey of the telegraph lines. Except during part of the breeding season this species moves chiefly in flocks, frequenting preferably thickets, fence rows, patches of high weeds and similar places. It breeds generally in the fields, though occasionally in ihickets on the edge of wood- land; constructing sometimes a domed nest. The breeding season begins in May, and some years continues until September; a young bird just from the nest having been taken by Mr. C. E. Bixler on September 5, 1887. Two or three broods are prob- ably reared. SUBFAMILY TETRAONIN/C. GROUSE. GENUS BONASA. STEPHENS. 47. Bonasa umbellus (LINN.). Ruffed Grouse; Pheasant, A permanent resident; tolerably common in some portions of the County, but rare in others. It was formerly abundant throughout all of this region, but during recent years has steadily diminished in numbers, coincident with the removal of the forests. It affects chiefly the more extensive woodlands, apparently prefering those portions with thick undergrowth, though it. is at times seen even in small tracts of timber which afford little or no concealment. The males may be heard drumming from April to October. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 271 On June 9, 1891, a family of fourteen downy young was surprised in thick woods. The parent bird, without manifesting the usual solicitude for the safety of its young, flew away into the forest, being neither again seen nor heard ; thus for the time being apparently deserting her brood. The young, which were all huddled close together, immediately began to separate, and though closely watched, they were in less than one minute all effectually hidden. FAMILY PHASIANID/C. PHEASANTS, ETC. 1 SUBFAMILY flELEAGRIN/E. TURKEYS. GENUS MELEAGRIS LINN^US. 48, Meleagris gallopavo (LINN.). Wild Turkey. Formerly a resident, breeding in suitable situations throughout the County, It was common until about 1865, since which time until 1878 it gradually became of less frequent occurrence. The last authentic date of its appearance in Wayne County seems to be December 31, 1878. On that day a scattered company of six was seen by Mr. Joseph Housekeeper, in the swampy thickets on the bottom-lands four miles south of Wooster; the birds having been first discovered by their tracks in the snow. From the condition of the ground it was evident that they had been in the vicinity for several days. They were followed by other hunters also, but were exceedingly wary, and only a single bird of the flock was finally secured. ORDER COLUMB^. PIGEONS. FAMILY COLUMBID/E. PIGEONS. GENUS ECTOPISTES SWAINSON. PASSENGER PIGEON, MUCH REDUCED. 3 B. W. C. 272 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 49. Ectopistes migratorius (LINN.). Passenger Pigeon. This species is said to have been an abundant summer resident thirty years ago, at that time there having been a large roost in Newman's Swamp. By the clearing of large portions of the swamp the Pigeons were driven away, but until about 1873 single pairs were to be found breeding in the vicinity of Orrville. During the past twenty years the species has been of only casual occurrence, the most recent dates of capture being September 19, 1888, and August 30, 1892 ; both of single birds. GENUS ZENAIDURA BONAPARTE. 50. Zenaidura macroura (LINN.). Mourning Dove. An abundant summer resident; remaining in part over winter according to the severity of the weather, being probably even in severe seasons to be found in suffi- ciently sheltered localities. It moves more or less in at least small flocks at all times of the year, but in fall and winter seldom to any extent otherwise. Four Mourning Doves were observed April 23, 1893, feeding in a meadow among a flock of domestic pigeons. The same four individuals were subsequently seen upon the ground in the midst of a flock of Red-winged Blackbirds. This species begins nest-building early in April, and the breeding season continues at its height until June. The nest is placed almost anywhere ; in trees or bushes, on stumps, rail fences, but only occasionally on the ground. Of fifty nests examined, only two were more than fifteen feet from the ground, while three-fourths of the whole number were not at a greater altitude than ten feet. An old Robin's nest is occasionally utilized as a foundation ; and a Mourning Dove's nest was noted May 22, 1892, built upon the abandoned domicile of a Brown Ihrasher. The measurements of eight nests are as follows : No. Beight Depth. Inside top diameter Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 3.50 100 3.00 x 3 00 600x 500 1 00 x 75 2.. 3.00 100 3.CO x 2 50 6 00 x 5 00 3 50 x 3 50 5 00 x 5 00 2 00 x 75 J 2.50 0.75 2.75 x 2.50 6 00 x 5.CO 2 00 x 75 400 1.00 3 00 x 3 CO 7.00 x 6 00 5 ..... 500 100 360x 300 7 00 x 5 75 5 00 x 5 00 200 x 200 3 00 x 25 6 2.00 100 2.75 x 2.25 6 00 x 5 00 7 350 2.00 3 50 x 3 00 9 00 x 6 CO 6 00 x 4 25 5 00 x 3 00 g Average ... 350 338 1.25 1,18 3 50 x 3.00 3.U x 2.78 7.00 x 6.50 6 :5x5.53 7.00 x 4.50 538x431 8 CO x 4.50 5.00 x 3.63 2COx06J Two eggs constitute of course the usual complement, but three eggs have twice been found : April 27, 1890, and May 14, 1893. If tne nest contain eggs or young the parent bird often in her actions betrays great solicitude for the safety of her house- hold, fluttering along on or near the ground for a considerable distance in the endeavor to attract to herself the attention of the real or supposed intruder. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 273 ORDER RAPTORES. BIRDS OF PREY. SUBORDER SARCORHAMPHI. AMERICAN VULTURES. FAMILY CATHARTID/E. AMERICAN VULTURES. GENUS CATHARTES II.LIGER. 51. Cathartes aura (LINN.). Turkey Vulture. A rare summer visitor, although apparently common in Holmes County, only a short distance farther south. It is seen in Wayne County generally singly or in pairs ; and on several different occasions individuals have been taken, some of which are now preserved as mounted specimens. SUBORDER FALCONES. VULTURES, FALCONS, HAWKS, ETC. FAMILY FALCONID^E. VULTURES, FALCONS, HAWKS, ETC. SUBFAMILY ACCIPITRIN/E. KITES, BUZZARDS, HAWKS, ETC. GENUS CIRCUS LACEPEDE. 52. Circus hudsonius (LINN.). Marsh Hawk. Resident; common in spring and fall, but less frequently observed at other seasons. It is found on upland as well as on the bottoms, though apparently prefer- ring the latter as its hunting grounds. A nest of this species was discovered by Mr. E. N. Freeman, near Orrville, in the spring of 1891. It was on the ground in a meadow, and was a very slight affair. It contained six eggs. GENUS ACCIPITER BRISSON. SUBGEXUS ACCIPITER. 53. Accipiter velox (WILS.). Sharp- shinned Hawk. A tolerally common resident; apparently of most frequent occurrence on the bottom-lands. It ventures occasionally into the towns, particularly in winter. On January 9, 1893, one made its appearance about the court-house at Wooster, in pursuit of the numerous House Sparrows that find a refuge in the nooks and corners of the building. On February I, another Sharp-shinned Hawk, or possibly the same individ- ual, was seen at the same place. Although no nests of this species have been found it undoubtedly breeds in the County. 274 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. COOPER'S HAWK, ABOUT ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE. 54. Accipiter cooperii (BONAP.). Cooper's Hawk. A common resident ; oftener observed in spring than at any other season. In the winter it retreats to the most sheltered portions of the woods, preferably to the vicinity of evergreens, where such are available, and seldom during the severe season venturing far abroad. Although this species has not actually been found breeding in the County, young unable to fly have been captured by Mr. Freeman. On March 18, 1*891, there was discovered on the ground in a sheltered situation among evergreens, an immature female Cooper's Hawk, which was from some cause other than a wound so weak that it was unable to fly or even to make more than the most feeble efforts to escape. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 275 GENUS BUTEO CUVIER. 55. Buteo borealis (GMEL.). Red-tailed Hawk. A common summer resident; much less numerous in winter. It breeds chiefly on the uplands, in heavy timber, though not infrequently near the edge of the woods in the vicinity of a human habitation or a well travelled road. The tree chosen appears to be generally a white oak (^uercus alba} ; though nests have been found in the pin oak (^nercus palustris); chestnut (Castanea dentata\ and beech (Fagus atropunicea}. The distance of the nest from the ground varies from sixty to ninety feet, but is generally between seventy and eighty-five feet. Old nests are frequently reoccupied, but not usually in successive seasons. The measurements of the nest of this species given by Major Chas. E. Bendire 1 are apparently too small, unless these Ohio nests are exceptionally large. This dis- crepancy is especially noticeable in the depth of the inner cavity, as may be seen by reference to the dimensions of the following seven nests, measured in situ: No. Beight Depth. Inside top diameter. I aside middie diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. 1 1500 7.50 1500 x 1403 8.CO x 8 00 36 00 x 36.00 26.00 x 26 00 14.00 x 14.00 2 1800 600 1300 x 1300 33 00 x 27 00 3 2600 500 9 00 x 9 00 6 00 x 6 00 43 00 x 24 00 3300 x 2400 30 00 x 18 00 4 1800 <* 12 00 x 12 00 9 00 x 9 00 36 00 x 17 00 30 00 x 12 00 14 00 x 8 00 5 Q 18.00 1500 400 60T 10.00 x 9.00 12 00 x 12 00 7.00 x 6.00 42.00x21.00 36 00 x 24 00 30.00 x 15.00 900x 6.00 7 36.00 7.00 10.00 x 800 6.00 x 6 00 48.00 x 30.00 42 00 x 30.00 18 00 x 12.00 Average 20.86 571 11.57 x 11.00 7.20 x 7.00 39.14x2557 32.20 x 21.40 17.00 x 11 60 The eggs are usually deposited during the latter half of March, but sometimes as late as the middle of April. Two or three eggs constitute a complement, the former number being somewhat the more common. On April 21, 1891, in response to a vigorous rap upon a tall oak, a female Red-tail left her nest with such apparent haste and carelessness that she pushed out of the nest one of the young birds, which came crashing down through the branches to the ground, being of course killed by the fall. This young bird was only two or three days old, but its stomach was packed with remains of meadow mice (Microtus penn- sylvanicus}. In this locality, there being an abundance of other food, the Red-tailed Hawk seldom lays tribute upon the poultry yards. 56. Buteo lineatus (GMEL.). Red-shouldered Hawk. An abundant resident, but much less often seen during the winter than at any other season. It is in this region more numerous than any other Hawk, and for comparison with the Sparrow and Red-tailed Hawks, which rank next in abundance, 1 Life Histories of North American Birds I, 1892, p. 210. 276 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. the total number of each observed in 1892 may be taken as a fair criterion. These figures are: Red-shouldered Hawk, 87; Sparrow Hawk, 37; Red-tailed Hawk, 27. The Red-shouldered Hawk prefers the wooded bottom-lands ; and while there is scarcely a tract of lowland woods of any considerable size which is not inhabited by one or even two pairs of Buteo lineatus, yet during the spring and summer it remains so closely within its haunt?, that were these places not visited, the species might very readily be considered much less abundant than is really the case. In parts of the County where no bottom-lands exist, the Red-shouldered Hawk is apparently less numerous, though by no means rare. The eggs, according to the writer's experience, are in this locality somewhat more commonly four than three in number. They are deposited generally between the fifth and the twentieth of April, the variation in different seasons being apparently not dependent upon the mildness or severity of the weather. Young in the nest have been observed as early as May 5. Eggs unmarked, or nearly so, occasionally occur y although these are somewhat the exception. Eggs in different stages of incubation are not infrequently found in the same nest. This species, like the Red-tailed Hawk, manifests little inclination to defend its nest against a human intruder, but usually contents itself with retreating into the woods, or at most soaring about high overhead. In fact the writer has record of but a single instance where on the part of the parent bird any fierceness was exhibited.. On this occasion, the female, after being driven from the nest only when the latter was nearly reached in climbing, persisted in making repeated and most vicious swoops at the disturber of her peace, until forced to desist by the approach below of someone with a gun. This nest contained one young bird just hatched, together with three eggs in which incubation was nearly completed. Under ordinary circumstances the female leaves the nest while the tree is being approached, but sometimes, especially if incubation be advanced, she is with considerable difficulty dislodged. Of the nest of the Red-shouldered Hawk, the dimensions given by Major Chas, E. Bendire 1 are, as in the case of the preceding species, somewhat too small, unless these Ohio nests are to be considered exceptional. The measurements of ten nests are as follows : No. Height Depth Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 2 1800 28.00 4.00 3.00 8.00 x 7.00 lOOOx 7.00 6.50 x 6.00 7.00 x 5.00 30.00 x 24 00 24 00 x 13 00 33 00 x 24.00 30 00 x 18 00 24.00 x 21.00 1800x 1200 8... 4 1800 2100 4.00 500 11.00x10.00 8.50 x 700 6 75 x 6 00 33.03 x 27.00 26.00 x 18.00 27.00 x 18.00 24.00 x 12.00 26.00 x 12.00 18 00 x 5.00 5 22.00 400 750x 7.50 6.00 x 5 50 24.00 x 22.00 31.00 x 28.00 24 00 x 12.00 6 1200 300 6.50 x 6.50 5.50 x 5.00 30.00 x 18.00 30.00 x 18.00 30.00 x 18.00 15.00 x 3.50 7 8 18.00 2700 3.00 603 750x 650 650x 550 6.50 x 5.50 6 50 x 5 50 29 00 x 22.00 28 00 x 26 00 29.00 x 22.00 86 00 x 94 00 15 CO x 12.00 12.00 x 5.50 9_.. 10 1800 21.00 500 600 1400x11.00 9.00x 800 7.00 x 6 50 33.00 x 24.00 30 00 x 19 00 33.00 x 24.00 33 00 x 14 00 18 00 x 12.00 27 00 x 7.00 Average 20 30 4 30 885 x 760 6 47 x 5 63 28 70 x 21 30 30 60 x 20 20 22 ''2 x 12 33 From a comparison of the above measurements with those of the nest of BtHeo borealis it will be seen that while the nest of the latter is considerably greater in diameter, it is very little higher than the nest of B. lineatus, but has nevertheless a 1 Life Histories of North American Birds I, 1892, p. 221. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 277 somewhat deeper inner cavity. According to the writer's observation, the nest of B. borealis is, moreover, on the average much better, finished inside, very frequently being lined with a quantity of grapevine bark closely matted together; while on the other hand some nests of Buteo lineatus are merely loose collections of sticks and twigs, with very little lining, and so nearly flat that the eggs seem in danger of being thrown from the nest. The elm ( Ulmus Americana} seems to be most frequently chosen as a site for the nest, but the following trees have been observed also thus utilized, viz. : maples (Acer rubnim et Saccharum], beech (Fagus atropunicea), walnut (Juglans nigra)* oak (^juercus alba} and ash (Fraxinus sp.?). In this locality the same nest appears to be seldom occupied two years in succes- sion, even though the birds be not disturbed. Wherever the nest of a Red-shouldered Hawk is found, a nest of the Crow is reasonably certain to be situated in the immediate vicinity, a circumstance not observed in connection with any other species of Rap- tores, and which, considering the apparent animosity existing between the two species in question, is perhaps not easily explained. In a nest from which eggs were taken April 24, 1892, there was noticed a small quantity of the claws and shells of crustaceans, probably the remains of a recent meal. Two young Red-shouldered Hawks taken from the nest when about four weeks old, were, after a confinement of two months and a half, killed to serve as specimens. The stomach of one of these birds was found to be distended to its utmost capacity by a compact mass of excelsior packing, with which th.e floor of the cage had been covered. This indigestible material had evidently been taken into the stomach by having adhered to the food eaten, but how the bird would have disposed of the mass might be interesting to have determined. 57. Buteo latissimus (WILS.). Broad-winged Hawk. Rare; probably a summer resident. Only two records are at present available: that of an adult shot on the grounds of the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Wooster, July 4, 1893 > and one seen about six miles north of this place on July 9 of the same year. GENUS ARCHIBUTEO BREHM 58. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (GMEL.). American Rough-legged Hawk. A rare winter visitor. It has been observed usually during the months of March and April, and seldom anywhere excepting on the bottom-lands. It has not been noted later than April. GENUS AQUILA BRISSON. 59. Aquila chrysaetos (LINN.). Golden Eagle. A rare and irregular winter visitor The most recent, and so far as the writer is aware, the only authentic date of its capture with n the borders of the County, is 278 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. November 10, 1891. This bird, an immature male in fine plumage, was killed in a wooded ravine near the southern boundary of the County, by a farmer resident in the vicinity. l GENUS HALLffiETUS SAVIGNY. BALD EAGLE, GREATLY REDUCED. 60. Haliaeetus leucocephalus (LINN.). Bald Eagle. Undoubtedly in former years of more frequent occurrence, but at the present time it is only an occasional visitor. A specimen in the collection of Mr. House- keeper was taken not far from Wooster, about the year 1886. The large Hawks, and sometimes even the Turkey Vulture, are here not seldom mistaken for the present species ; and an investigation of most of the tales of "eagles" seen, has proven them to be similar misidentifications. SUBFAMILY FALCONING. FALCONS. GENUS FALCO LINN/EUS SUBGENUS RHYNCHODON NITZSCH. 61. Falco peregrinus anatum (BONAP.). Duck Hawk. Very rare; a single specimen in the collection of Mr. E. N. Freeman is the only one known to have been taken in the County. This bird, a very fine adult, was secured early in the autumn of 1885, along a creek in the vicinity of Orrville. When first 1 Auk IX, 1892, p. 200. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 279 observed it was engaged in pursuing Mourning Doves, which were there quite numerous; its method being to remain quietly perched on a limb until one came within range, then giving chase, sometimes for a long distance. The Doves, however, being swift of flight, almost invariably succeeded in finally eluding their pursuer, for if too closely pressed, they would, while in full flight, suddenly close their wings and drop as if shot into the dense underbrush, whither of course the Hawk would not fol- low. SUBGEXUS ^SALON KAUP. 62. Falco columbarius (LINN.). Hawk. Apparently rare ; added to the list on the strength of a single mounted specimen in the collection of Prof. S. S. Milligan, of Wooster. In regard to this specimen there are unfortunately no data available, beyond the mere fact of its having been shot in the vicinity of the town. A Hawk seen October 16, 1891, on the bottom-lands along the Kill buck, was probably of this species, though its identity was not positively de- termined. SUBGENUS TINNUNCULUS VIEILLOT. 63. Falco sparverius (LINN ). American Sparrow Hawk, Abundant ; with the exception of Buteo lineatus the most numerous Hawk. It is resident, excepting perhaps in very severe winters, but is always more frequent in spring and summer than at other seasons, the migrant portion returning north during the latter part of February or early in March. Nidification takes place in April, and the young are hatched usually about the third week in May. The situation chosen for the nest is either a natural cavity or an old Woodpecker's excavation, usually from thirty-five to sixty-five feet from the ground. It is commonly in the dead top of a living tree, though sometimes in a tree wholly dead and even tottering from decay. A Sparrow Hawk was captured November 9, 1893, in the building of the Wooster High School, where it had apparently flown for shelter. A bird of this species was observed on April 3, 1894, to P ick U P and fl >' awa 7 with a snake full 7 eighteen inches in length, and so heavy as to be with evident difficulty carried. SUBFAMILY PANDIONIN/E. OSPREYS. GENUS PANDION SAVIGNY. 64. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (GMEL.). American Osprey; Fish Hawk. A rare summer visitor ; perhaps in former years more common. It has occasion- ally been seen singly or in pairs, fishing on the larger bodies of water, but is not at the present time of regular occurrence. 280 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. SUBORDER STRIGES. OWLS. FAMILY STRIGID/E. BARN OWLS. GENUS STRIX LINNAEUS. 65. Strix pratincola (BONAP.). American Barn Owl. Rare ; observed only in winter. A specimen in the collection of the writer was shot by a farmer near Wooster, February 2, 1892. Another specimen now in the possession of Mr. George Faber, and obtained during the same winter, about two miles from where the other bird was killed, is much paler, the ground color of the plumage being almost white. These two are the only individuals known to have been taken in the County. Although there are more or less numerous instances of the occurrence of this species in Michigan, Indiana, northern Pennsylvania, southern Ontario and southern Ohio, the only other published records for the last named State north of Columbus seem to be as follows : (i) Prof. A. J. Cook, 1 on the authority of Mr. E. L. Moseley, speaks of the Barn Owl as "common at Sandusky;" (2) Mr. A. Hall 2 mentions one taken at East Rockport near Cleveland; and (3) Mr. Carl Tuttle 3 records the capture of a single specimen in Erie County. FAMILY BUBONID>E. HORNED OWLS, ETC. GENUS ASIO BRISSON. 66. Asio wilsonianus (LESS.). American Long-eared Owl. A rare summer resident ; tolerably common in fall and winter, though not gener- ally so numerous as the next species. The only record of summer capture is a single specimen taken near Orrville in 1887, by Mr. Ellsworth N. Freeman, under circum- stances which would suggest its having nested in the vicinity. 67. Asio accipitrinus (PALL.). Short-eared Owl ; Meadow Owl. A common winter visitor; occurring singly, in pairs, or in small flocks. While it is perhaps a rare summer resident, the writer has no record of its presence during that season. The extensive meadows and swamps on the lowlands form its favorite hunting grounds, though it is found also on the uplands. On account of its low soar- ing flight when flushed by day it is an easy mark for hunters and the gun of the small boy, many being thus killed every winter. Stomachs of specimens examined con- tained only meadow mice (Microtus pennsylvanicus). 1 Birds of Michigan, Edition I 1893, p 67. * Forest and Stream XXVI, 1886, p. 446. 3 Auk XII, 1895, p. 191. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 281 GENUS SYRNIUM SAVIGNY. 68. Syrnium nebulosum (FORST.)- Barred Owl. A common resident; frequents chiefly the wooded swamps and lowlands, in which localities it breeds. On May 9, 1893, the writer obtained from a nest in the hollow top of the trunk of a huge beech, two young of this species, which were apparently about three and a half weeks old. From some unknown cause, one of them died a few days later, but the other was kept in confinement for more than a year. It was allowed the freedom of a small poultry house, the glass sides of which seemed to be to it a continual enigma. Nearly always when its abode was entered it would fly against the glass, only of course to fall to the ground. Its favorite perch was an old wire cage upon which were several boards so placed that they slanted upwards to about five feet above the ground, and on the highest part of this the Owl spent most of its time. Though not at all vicious, it nevertheless resented any familiarity, and vigorously protested against being touched. Its food consisted principally of raw beef, of which it consumed about six ounces per day. It was, however, quite fastidious as to diet and would touch no spoiled meat unless absolutely obliged by hunger. A Pied-billed Grebe in the incip- ient stages of decomposition, though offered to the Owl after a three days' fast, was reluctantly tasted, and only a portion of the neck eaten. Boiled meat was evidently not relished, being persistently refused. GENUS NYCTALA BREHM. 69. Nyctala acadica (GMEL.). Saw-whet Owl. A rare resident ; rather more frequently met with during the winter than at other seasons. Mr. E. N. Freeman states that it is sometimes not uncommon in winter in the vicinity of Orrville ; and its nocturnal habits may to some extent account for its apparent rarity in other parts of the County. The capture of a summer specimen by the same gentleman indicates the probability of its nidification here, but actual proof of the same has not been obtained. GENUS MEGASCOPS KAUP. 70. Megascops asio (LINN.). Screech Owl. Resident ; the most common of the Owls. Almost every large tract of woodland shelters at least one pair, and the species may also be frequently found about the farm-houses, as well as on the outskirts of the towns. 282 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. Just at dusk on August 25, 1890, in a tract of bottom woodland, the writer wounded a Screech Owl with a charge of dust shot. It fell, but caught with its feet a limb and there clung until dislodged by a stick, when with wings spread it sailed down and took refuge in a partially decayed stump. Although seen to enter the stump, a close search of fully fifteen minutes was necessary to discover its hiding place. So closely had it pressed itself into a cavity in the wood that remaining motionless, and aided by its peculiar coloration, it was overlooked at least half a dozen times, though in plain sight all the while. The stomach of a specimen examined contained remains of the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus}, and of an unidentifiable Sparrow. Of twenty-eight specimens from the County, fourteen are gray, thirteen are in the red phase, and one is in the rarer intermediate plumage. This last specimen has the general color of the upper parts mummy brown, the principal color markings below being reddish brown. GENUS BUBO DUMERIL. GREAT HORNED OWL, MUCH REDUCED. 71. Bubo virginianus (GMEL.). Great Horned Owl. A tolerably common resident ; apparently most numerous during the fall and winter, being found in nearly all wooded districts of the County. It is here generally regarded as injurious, and is consequently killed whenever occasion offers. It is not infrequently captured alive, and is perhaps thus taken oftener than any other Owl. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 283 GENUS NYCTEA STEPHENS. SNOWY OWL, GREATLY REDUCED. 72. Nyctea Nyctea Snowy Owl. A rare and irregular winter visitor. One caught near Wooster a number of years ago was for several months maintained in confinement, its chief diet consisting of raw liver. A fine adult specimen now in the possession of Mr. J. Blandford, was secured in the northern part of the County, in January, 1878. There are records of two others taken during the same winter, one of which was shot at night from the top of a chimney in Wooster. This specimen is now' in the museum of Wooster University. OHIO EXPERIMENT SFA'IION. ORDER COCCYGES. CUCKOO?, ETC. SUBORDER CUCULI. CUCKOOS, ETC. FAMILY CUCULID/E. CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC. SUBFAMILY COCCYGIN/E. AMERICAN CUCKOOS. GENUS COCCYZUS VIEILLOT. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE. 73. Coccyzus americanus (LINN.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo. A common summer resident. It appears in May, the tenth of this month being the earliest date; and though ordinarily not much observed after the middle of Sep- tember, has been noted as late as October 19, (1892). THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 285 It frequents principally the woods, thickets and orchards, breeding usually in one of the two last named localities. Three or four eggs constitute in this vicinity the normal complement. The breeding season continues commonly from the first of June to the middle of July, but the following exceptional dates have been noted. A nest containing four perfectly fresh eggs was discovered on August 17, 1890; and on Sep- tember 13 of the same year, another nest containing two unincubated eggs was found not over forty feet from the one taken a month before. Four nests measure respectively as follows : No. Beight. Depth Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 4.00 1.75 3.50x3.25 3.00 x 3.00 6.50 x 6.00 5.50 x 5 50 500x300 2.00 x 0.50 2 5.50 1.50 3 50 x 3.00 2.75 x 2.50 8.00 x 6.00 7.50 x 5 50 3.50 x 3.50 3.00 x 50 3 4 3.00 350 1.50 100 3 25 x 3.25 8 50 x 3 50 3 00 x 2.50 8.00 x 5.00 800 x800 6.50 x 4.00 500 x 2.75 2.50 x 0.3S Average.. 4.00 1.44 3 44 x 3.25 2.92 x 2.00 7.63 x 6.25 6.50 x 5.00 4.50 x 3.08 2.50 x 46 On June 10, 1891, a Yellow-billed Cuckoo was found dead upon the front porch of a house on the outskirts of Wooster. Appearances indicated that the bird had been killed by flying against the door, as examination revealed the absence of any wound, and dissection showed it to be apparently in healthy condition. The peculiar notes of this species are occasionally heard at night. 74. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (WILS.). Black -billed Cuckoo. A transient visitor; sometimes tolerably common in the spring, but apparently rare in autumn. From the fact that this species is so common a summer resident in parts of the State, it may seem strange that it should not be so listed in this locality, but the most careful search has failed to reveal its presence, except from May 9 to 22, and on September 27, 1891. Future investigations may perhaps show it to be present during the breeding season. SUBORDER ALCYONES. KINGFISHERS. FAMILY ALCEDINID/E. KINGFISHERS. GENUS CERYLE BOIE. SUBGEXUS STREPTOCERYLE BONAPARTE. 75. Ceryle alcyon (LINN.). Belted Kingfisher. A common summer resident ; occurring along all the larger streams. It arrives from the south in March ; remaining until by the freezing of the watercourses in the 286 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. fall it is unable to obtain its food. During open winters a few usually remain throughout the entire season. It is ordinarily not seen far from water, and for nest- ing purposes it selects the bank of a stream. The eggs are deposited usually before the middle of May, and are, when the complement is complete, six or seven in number. Occupied nests have been observed from May 17 to June 15 ; that on the former date containing eggs one-fourth incubated, that on the latter five fully feathered young. The young in this nest were ranged in a row across the chamber at the inner extrem- ity of the burrow, and were crowded close together, all facing the entrance, thus from without presenting quite an odd appearance The burrow is usually three or four feet in length, sometimes straight, but generally diverted horizontally at a greater or less angle The measurements of four nests result as follows : No. Total length of burrow. Diameter of burrow. Length of chamber. Width of chamber. Height of chamber. 2 48.00 5600 4.00 x 3 00 3 50 x 3.00 130J 1000 1200 875 500 600 3 4100 4 00 x 3.50 675 1200 700 4 57 CO 3 25 x 3 00 9(0 1100 600 Average 50.50 3.69 x 3.13 9G9 1094 6.00 In all the nests that have been examined, the eggs were deposited in the enlarge- ment at the extremity of the passage, upon a quantity of fish bones, fish scales, and sometimes remains of crustaceans. The Kingfisher's habit of constructing its nest of twigs, grass, feathers, etc., mentioned by Wilson, Gentry and some other writers, seems to be the exception rather than the rule, or at least to a considerable degree a local occurrence. Madame Ceryle is, when sitting, difficult to dislodge from her nest, and snaps viciously at anything that comes within her reach. A lighted match fastened to the end of a stick and thrust into the nest is invariably picked at until extinguished. She usually remains while the digging out of the nest is in progress, attempting to escape only as the chamber containing the eggs is neared, sometimes even then refusing to leave until removed by force. ORDER PICI. WOODPECKERS, WRYNECKS, ETC. FAMILY PICID>. WOODPECKERS. GENUS DRYOBATES BOIE. 76 Dryobates villosus (LINN.). Hairy Woodpecker. A common resident ; more numerous in fall and winter than at other seasons. There is in this locality apparently a remarkable predominance of females, since out of a series of fourteen specimens, taken principally during fall and winter, only three are THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 287 males ; and this ratio seems to be fairly constant so far as observation of living birds can determine. The favorite haunts of this species are, in fall and winter, the woods of the bottom-lands, but where such places are not available it frequents fully as numerously the upland forests ; being of regular occurrence throughout the County. It is not uncommonly found along fencerows in the open country, in thickets, or even or- chards, but is scarcely ever to be seen in the towns, except during the late fall and wjuoter months. Both this and the following species have at times been noticed to , repeatedly perch on limbs crosswise, after the manner of Sparrows or other passerine birds. The Hairy Woodpecker breeds generally in the most secluded portions of the forests. A nest found May 3. 1891, in moist woodland along Killbuck Creek, was in the solid living wood of a swamp hickory, (Hickoria minima). It contained young .about two-thirds fledged. DOWNY WOODPECKER, NATURAL SIZE., 77. Dryobates pubescens (LINN.). Downy Woodpecker ; " Sapsucker." An abundant resident, though apparently less common in spring and summer than at other seasons. It occurs everywhere, but seems to affect most numerously, especially in winter, the woods of the bottom-lands. At that season it is frequently found associated with the following species : Certhia familiar is americana, Sitta carohnensis, Par us bicolor, Par us atricapillus, Regulus satrapa, and Dryobates villosus. Like the last species,, the Downy Woodpecker is not often seen in the towns, ex- cept during the fall and winter months. It breeds usually in May, exhibiting as to locality a decided preference for the woods on the bottoms, where such lands exist, although it sometimes nests in orchards. Most authors mention the complement of eggs deposited by the Downy Wood- pecker as from four to six ; of a larger number the only record that the present writer has been able to discover being by Worthington, 1 who secured one set of seven eggs. A set also of seven was collected by the writer near Wooster, May 22, 1891. The nest was situated in a tract of woods on the swampy lowlands along Killbuck Creek. It was excavated twenty-four feet from the ground in the outer (or under) side of the remaining stub of a dead limb. It was much narrowed towards the bottom, 1 Ornithologist and Oologist VI, 1881, p. 43. 4 B. W. C. 288 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. apparently to avoid breaking into an abandoned Woodpecker's excavation from which even then it was separated by only a very thin partition. Its dimensions are given herewith : Depth from entrance. Diameter of entrance. Diameter at top. Diameter at entrance. Diameter at bottom. 6.00 1.25 3.00 x 2.50 3.50 x 8.25 3.50 x 2.00 The eggs from this nest exhibit a remarkable difference in size, as will be seen from the following measurements (in inches), viz. : .81 x.65, . Sox. 63, -77x.63, .77x.62, .71 x 59 -^7 x -53? -55 x -49- They were all in varying stages of incubation ; the four largest being approximately one-half incubated ; the fifth in size, about one-fourth ; and the two smallest nearly fresh. This variation in the incubation of eggs in the same nest has been, in the case of Dryobates pubescens, observed by the writer in also another instance, but so far at least as may be inferred from the accounts of the nesting of the species published by other observers, it does not seem to be a common occurrence. Both sexes assist in the duties of incubation. Specimens of the Downy Woodpecker, as well as of some other birds from this locality, are frequently found to have the plumage of the under par'.s much soiled from contact with the bark of the trees. GENUS SPHRYAPICUS BAIRD. YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER, NATURAL SIZE. 78. Sphryapicus varius (LINN.). Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. A common spring transient, but apparently rare in autumn. It is not usually ob- served in winter, but a specimen was taken by Mr. W. E. Henderson, near Wooster, January i, 1890. It appears generally between the second and eighth of April, and commonly disappears before the middle of May. It has been noticed in fall only twice: September 27, 1891, and October, 2, 1892. It seems in this locality to prefer the bottom woodlands, where it is sometimes seen in company with other Wood- Deckers. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. On July 12, 1891, the writer discovered in a wooded ravine near Wooster, four immature birds of this species, which had without reasonable doubt been reared in the immediate vicinity. An adult was also on the same date seen in a neighboring orchard. This is apparently the first definite record of, the breeding of the species in Ohio, although Wheaton mentions 1 having observed in May a pair of these birds at work upon a nest which was subsequently deserted. In spring the drumming of the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker may usually be easily recognized by the following peculiarities. Four or five taps given in quick succession are followed by a short pause, this being soon succeeded by two short quick taps ; then another pause, and two more taps in somewhat less rapid succession than the first ; followed by yet another pause, and two additional taps still a little slower. This is sometimes slightly varied with regard to the number of taps ; and occasionally also the latter part consists only of single quick taps with an increasing interval to- ward the last. The two most common forms may be crudely represented as follows : and - - - GENUS CEOPHLGEUS CABANIS. 79. Ceophlceus pileatus (LINN.). Pileated Woodpecker. This was formerly a common species in the heavily timbered lands throughout most of the County, but with the clearing of the extensive forests it gradually dis- appeared, having been very rare for the past twenty-five or thirty years. Mr. Joseph Housekeeper informs me that the last specimen taken in the County, so far as he _is aware, was shot about 1883. GENUS MELANERPES SWAINSON. SUBGENUS MELANERPES. 80. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (LINN.). Red-headed Woodpecker. An abundant summer resident from the last of March until October; a few sometimes remain during mild winters. It frequents forests, orchards and fields, nesting in almost any suitable situation. The dead top of any large tree, or any apple tree with a large dead limb, is pretty sure to sooner or later contain the nest of a Red-headed Woodpecker. The first mentioned situation is often tenanted by both this species and the Flicker, the nests being sometimes in the same limb, and within a few feet of each other. But in even this close proximity the birds live in apparently perfect harmony. The breeding season continues usually from about the middle of May until the first of July, being at its height during the last week in May and the first week of .June. The number of eggs is usually four or five, not often six. They are sometimes found to be in varying stages of incubation. The nests which have been observed ranged from twelve to seventy feet from the ground. i Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 399. 290 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 'The measurements obtained from four nests are herewith given : No. Total depth. Diameter of entrance. Diameter at entrance. Diameter at middle. Diameter at bottom. 1 1000 2 25 x 2 13 4 00 x 2 25 400 x 400 4 63 x 3 50 2 1050 1 75 x 1 63 4 00 x 2 CO 4 00 x 4 00 4.50 x 4 00 3 _ 4 11.00 1150 2.00x1.38 2 25 x 1 50 3.50 x 3.00 3 75 x 3 50 500x3^0 5.00 x 4.00 4.00 x 2.50 4.50 x 3.38 Averasre .. . 1075 2 06 x 1 66 3.81 x 2 69 4 50 x 3 88 4 41 x 3 35 The parent bird re under ordinary-circumstances easily dislodged from -the nest, but occasionally is quite obstinate in this particular. The Red-headed Woodpecker sometimes'attacks other birds which approach too closely its nesting place. On one occasion three of these Woodpeckers were observed to utterly rout a Red -tailed Hawk. SUBGENUS CENTURUS SWAINSOX. RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER, REDUCED. 81, Melanerpes carolinus (LINN.). Redeemed Woodpecker. A tolerably common resident, but most regularly observed during fall and win- ter; frequenting then more open woodland than during the breeding season. It is THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 291 usually very wild and wary, especially when in the upland woods, remaining chiefly in the tops of the trees. It is not often found in company with other species. The only nest that has fallen under the writer's observation was discovered April 2, 1893, in the midst of a large forest. The excavation was near the top of a sugar maple (Acer Saccharum}, in a dead portion of the trunk, and bore evidence of recent operation, as the ground at the foot of the tree was plentifully strewed with chips. The male was at first seen passing in and out of the opening, but upon his discovery of the presence of spectators, he retreated into the nest, and no amount of noise or pounding on the tree could induce him to again venture farther than the entrance. GENUS GOLAPTES SWAINSON. 82. Colaptes auratus (LINN.). Flicker. A permanent resident, but less abundant in winter than at other seasons. Most of those that remain through the cold weather retire to the swamps and woods along the streams, where natural cavities and old Woodpecker's excava- tions furnish suitable abodes. At other times the species is to be found almost any- where, though apparently only casually in the towns. Nesting sites are chosen with apparent indifference, though not usually above thirty feet from the ground. Mating takes place about the middle of April, and the six or seven eggs are deposited usually between the tenth of May and the first of June. The female occasionally, but not commonly, incubates so closely that it is necessary to use force to remove her from the nest. The measurements obtained from four nests are as follows : No. Total depth. Diameter of entrance. Diameter at entrance. Diameter at middle. Diameter at bottom. j 14 00 3.00 x 2.50 2 1300 2 75 x 2 38 3 1800 200x20) 4 700 400x400 6.00 x 5.00 5.00 5.00 x 4.00 1300 2 91 x 2 72 ORDER MACROCHIRES. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, ETC. SUBORDER CAPRI MULGI. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. FAMILY CAPRinULQID>E. GOATSUCKERS, ETC. GENUS ANTROSTOMUS GOULD. 83. Antrostomus vociferus (WILS.). Whip-poor-will. A tolerably common summer resident from May until September. It frequents almost exclusively the dry upland woods, being seldom found on the lowlands. 292 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. On May 29, 1892, an individual of this species was heard singing under bright sunlight at 3 130 P. M. Other than on this occasion it has not been heard during day- light later than 4 A. M. GENUS GHORDEILES SWAINSON. 84. Chordeiles virginianus (GMEL.). Nighthawk; Hull-but. A common summer resident from May 7 to September 14. It is more numerous during migrations, especially in the fall, though there have been here observed no large nights such as elsewhere frequently occur. It may occasionally be seen at dusk on spring evenings, in the streets and yards of the town, whither it appears to have ventured in pursuit of food. It is often abroad in bright sunlight, usually in the afternoon, but is seldom seen in company with other birds. A single egg of this species was found on June 20, 1893, in a strawberry patch on the outskirts of Wooster. This nest having been disturbed, a clutch of two eggs . was later discovered in the same situation. Although these are the only actual records obtained, the Nighthawk undoubtedly breeds regularly in this locality. SUBORDER CYPSELI. SWIFTS. FAMILY fllCROPODID^E. SWIFTS. SUBFAMILY CH/ETURIN/E. SPINE-TAILED SWIFTS. GENUS CENTURA STEPHENS. 85. Chaetura pelagica (LINN.). Chimney Swift. An abundant summer resident ; especially numerous in the towns. The earliest date of its spring arrival is March 28 (1890), the latest April 21 (1892), but it usually appears about the middle of April. The dates of its disappearance in fall range between October i and October 7. From the last part of April until the twentieth of May, each year, the Swifts con- gregate in Wooster almost daily, to roost in a chimney of the court-house. One hun- dred and fifty to two hundred are usually seen at first, the number being gradually aug- mented until about May 10, after which time it generally soon begins to decrease. Sometimes as many as 1,000 birds have been seen in the vicinity of the court-house, but this number has probably never been exceeded. While their usual time of con- gregating is between six and seven o'clock in the afternoon, they have not infre- quently been observed entering the chimney during the middle of the afternoon. Less commonly are they to be seen in numbers about the chimney during the fore- part of the day, but on a few occasions they have been observed entering even as early as half -past seven or eight A. M. The darkening of the sky by an approaching thunder- shower, especially if in the afternoon, generally causes them to assemble and enter their roosting place; and frequently they do not emerge after the storm has passed. They always resort to a particular large six-flued chimney, one of the flues of which is very often in use. They do not, however, seem to be in the least annoyed by the smoke which issues from this part of the chimney, but drop unconcernedly into THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 293 the unused portions. For a short time in the spring they sometimes have recourse to the large chimney of a church, but as their numbers increase this is promptly aband- oned for the presumably more commodious one of the court-house close at hand. Occasionally during the summer (from June to September), the Swifts to the number of one or two hundred may be seen to enter the court-house chimney, but this does not appear to be a common or regular occurrence. The breeding season is in June ; and four or five eggs constitute the usual com- plement. The female when frightened from the nest, instead of leaving entirely, very frequently retreats down the chimney, being with considerable difficulty induced to reappear. SUBORDER TROCHILI. HUMMINGBIRDS. FAMILY TROCHILID/E. HUMMINGBIRDS. GENUS TROCHILU8 LINN^US. SUBGEXUS TROCHILUS. 86. Trochilus colubris LINN. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. An abundant summer resident. It appears in spring with considerable regularity between the first and the tenth of May, and remains until September, not, however, being common after the first of this month. It is very partial to the flowers of the buckeye {^Esculus glabra}, and while this tree is in bloom, during the early part of May, assembles often in numbers wherever these favorite flowers are to be found. In this locality the Hummingbird nests chiefly in June and the early part of July, though eggs have been taken by Mr. Henderson as late as July 24. An apple orchard is apparently the preferred situation. If the first nest be disturbed a second is often if not always constructed. As of possible interest in connection with the statements of Mr. Bradford Torrey 1 in regard to the absence of the male from the nest during the period of incubation and of rearing the young, it may be stated that on two occasions the writer has observed the male at the nest : On June 26, 1892, when a male was seen with the female about a nest which contained eggs; and on July 4, 1892, when the male alone was noted at another nest which was occupied by two young birds apparently but two or three days old. Early in the morning on June i, 1892, a Hummingbird was noticed fluttering up and down against the plate glass of a large show window on one of the main business streets of Wooster, and apparently attempting to enter the window as if unaware of the impenetrable nature of the glass. 'The Footpath Way, 1893, pp. 135 et seq. 294 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. ORDER PASSERES. PERCHING BIRDS. SUBORDER CLAMATORES. SONGLESS PERCHING BIRDS. FAMILY TYRANNID/E. TYRANT FLYCATCHERS. v GENUS TYRANNUS CUVIER. 87. Tyrannus tyrannus (LINN.). Kingbird. An abundant summer resident. Its earliest recorded spring arrival is April 19* (1891), but its average date is about two weeks later. Few are to be seen after the first of September, though individuals have been observed to linger until October 3. In this locality this species is apparently late in nesting, for with one exception a complement of eggs has not been noted before June 20, but fresh eggs have been taken in July. A set of three secured on July 7, 1891, contained eggs varying from fresh to three-eighths incubated. A large proportion of the nests found have been in apple orchards. The measurements of two nests are as follows : No. Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 3.25 1.75 3.00 x 2.75 2.75 x 2.50 4.50 x 4.00 5.50 x 4.25 4.00 x 4.00 0.88 x 0.50 2 3.00 2.00 3.00 x 2.75 2.90 x 2.60 5.75 x 4.50 5.75 x 4.50 4.50 x 8.75 1.25 x 0.60 The Kingbird is one of the earliest birds to be astir in the morning, the notebook of the writer showing that this species was, on March 27, 1890, first heard at 3 :3O A. M. That the Kingbird possesses remarkably acute vision may be inferred from the following circumstance. On June 5, 1892, while the writer was strolling along the railroad track, which is here situated near the stream of the Killbuck, a Kingbird was seen to start from a telegraph pole and fly swiftly in a direct line to capture an insect so small as to be invisible to the human eyes only twenty-five feet away, yet by actual measurement the distance from which this bird had espied its victim was one hundred and fifty feet. This species was observed feeding upon berries of the dogwood (Cornus florida), on July 31, 1892. GENUS MYIARCHUS CABANIS. 88. Myiarchus crinitus (LINN.). Crested Flycatcher. A tolerably common summer resident; much more numerous in the spring. It arrives usually between the first and the tenth of May, but the earliest date is April 24 (1892). Though not common after the first of September, it has been observed as late as October 2. While it is found during the spring chiefly in the woodlands, it appears to resort principally to orchards for the purpose of breeding. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 295 GENUS SAYORNIS BONAPARTE. 89. Sayornis phcebe (LATH.). Phoebe. An abundant summer resident. The earliest date of its spring arrival is March 17(1894); the latest, March 30, (1890). It remains until some time in October, the date on which it has been latest observed being October 19 (1892). Nidification is begun in April, and incompleted nests have been noted as early as April 9(1893). A second brood is commonly reared in June. The supporting tim- bers of bridges are the favorite nesting sites, and most of the nests found have been thus situated. A ledge of rocks or an old stone quarry is, however, by no means an uncommon location. Four nests present the following measurements : No. Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 8.50 2.00 2.75 x 2.38 1.25 x 1.18 5.00 x 4.00 5.50 x 4.25 5.00 x 4.00 2.25 x 0.25 2 6.00 1.56 8.50 x 2.75 2.3S x 2.25 4.50 x 3.75 5.00 x 3.00 200x200 1.50 x 0.50 3 300 2.00 2.75 x 2.38 2.38 x 2.25 4 25 x 3.50 5.25 x 4.25 4.25 x 3.00 1.00 x 0.25 4 4.50 1.75 2.50 x 2.00 2.38 x 1.88 6.00 x 4.50 5.75 x 5.25 7 00 x 4.75 1.75 x 0.25 Average 4.25 1.83 2.88 x 2.38 2 10 x 1.88 4.69 x 3.94 5.38 x 4.19 4.56 x 3.44 1.63 x 0.31 GENUS CONTOPUS CABANIS. SUBGENUS CONTOPUS. 90. Contopus virens (LINN.). Wood Pewee. A summer resident ; abundant. Its dates of spring arrival range from May 7 to May 14, and it remains until September, not having been noted, however, later than the twenty-first of this month. Although early in spring frequenting especially the woodlands, it is to be found breeding chiefly in the numerous apple orchards. In fact, it is, under ordinary circumstances, rather the exception to find an apple orchard of any considerable size which does not possess its pair of these birds. So far as the writer's observations extend, only one pair occupy any single orchard. The nest is rarely more than fifteen feet from the ground, and is often much less. The number of eggs is usually three, but occasionally only two. The height of the breeding season seems to be about the twenty-fifth of June, eggs having been taken from June 14 to July 5. 296 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. The dimensions of five nests are as follows : No. Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1.. 1.75 1.25 2.00 x 1.75 1 85 x 1 75 3.00 x 2.50 3.25x3.00 3.00 x 2.50 65 x 35 2.. 1.50 1,50 2 00 x 1.85 2.15x2.00 3.15 x 2 60 3 35 x 3.00 3.15 x 2.75 0.80 x 0.35 3 105 0.85 1.85 x 1.65 1.80 x 1.60 3.50 x 2.25 3.50 x 2.35 3.50 x 2.10 1.00 x 0.35 4 1.40 090 2 00 x 1 75 2 25 x 1 80 2 85 x 2 50 3 25 x 3 00 325 x 300 60 x 20 5 1.60 1.10 2.00 x 1.75 J.90 x 1.70 3 10 x 2 40 3.25 x 2 60 3 25 x 2 50 75 x 30 Average.. 1.46 1.12 1.97 x 1.75 1.99 x 1.77 8.12 x 2.45 3 32 x 2.79 3.23 x 2.57 0.76 x 0.31 GENUS EMPIDONAX CABANIS. 91. Empidonax flaviventris BAIRD. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. A rare spring and fall transient visitor. It has been observed only in May and September, in thickets and the undergrowth of woodland. The stomach of a specimen taken September 18, 1892, contained the remains of two or three striped squash-beetles (Diabrotica vittata) and a dung-beetle (Atcenius stercorator}. 92. Empidonax virescens (VIEILL.). Green-crested Flycatcher. A summer resident; common for a while in the spring, but during the breeding season less numerous, and inhabiting then only certain localities. The earliest date of its spring arrival is April 30 (1891), but it has in other years not been noted before the middle of May. It departs usually not later than the first $ of September. 93. Empidonax traillii (AUD.). Traill's Flycatcher. A tolerably common summer resident, but of very local distribution. It appears in spring during the first half of May, the earliest record being May i, and remains until September. It has been found nesting in only one locality, a mill-race in the valley of the Applecreek, a short distance southeast of Wooster. This mill-race is thickly fringed with a growth of elders (Sambucus Canadensis\ and though situated between the railroad track and cultivated fields, seems to have a special attraction for Traill's Flycatcher, as several pairs breed here annually. Eggs have been obtained between the dates of June 10 and July 14 inclusive; those on the latter date, however, belong- ing probably to a pair from which eggs had previously been taken. None of the nests found were higher from the ground than six feet, most of them less than four and one-half feet; all being built in elder bushes, and by no means difficult to discover. Four eggs seem to constitute the ordinary complement, only one set (July 14, 1892) consisting of a smaller number. A nest taken June 15, 1892, contained four eggs of its owner with one of the Cowbird ; the Cowbird's egg having been deposited before any of the others. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 297 Six nests measured furnish the following results : No. Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outsidetop diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 . 2.50 1.65 2.05 x 1.85 2.15 x 2.05 3.00 x 2 60 2.75 x 2.60 2.75 x 1.75 0.50 x 0.20 2 2.35 1.30 2.00 x 1.75 2.00 x 1.90 3.10 x 2.85 3.25 x 3.00 2.75 x 2.25 0.80 x 0.45 3 2.75 165 2.10 x 1.75 2.30 x 1.70 2 85 x 2.50 3.25 x 2.50 2.10 x 1.85 0.75 x 0.25 4 2.60 1.50 2.25 x 1.75 2.25 x 2.00 2.85 x 2.60 3 00 x 2.75 2.50 x 1.75 0.50 x 0.20 5.. 2.75 1.35 2.10 x 1.85 2.10 x 1 85 3.00 x 2.65 2.75 x 2.00 2.50 x 1.25 0.60 x 35 <; 325 Ijto 2.50 x 1.75 2.40 x 2.00 3.25 x 2.35 4.00 x 3.25 2.00 x 1.50 60 x 0.20 Average- 2.70 1.48 2.17 x 1.78 2.20 x 1.92 3 01 x 2.59 3.17 x 2.67 2.43 x 1.72 63 x 0.28 94. Empidonax minimus BAIRD. Least Flycatcher. A tolerably common spring transient from May i to 24, but has not been observed in the fall. During its passage through the County it is found almost exclusively in woodland. Contrary to the statement of Dr. Wheaton, 1 the characteristic note of this species is here frequently heard during the migration. SUBORDER OSCINES. SONG BIRDS. FAMILY ALAUDID/G. LARKS. GENUS OTOCORI8 BONAPARTE. HORNED LARK, MUCH REDUCED. 95. Otocoris alpestris (LINN.). Horned Lark. Winter visitor; rare. A single specimen in the writer's collection is the only record. This was taken December 28, 1892, from a flock of about twenty-five indi- viduals, three others of which, also secured, proved to be fairly typical praticola. ^Geological Survey of Ohio 1 V, 1882, p 379. OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. From the rarity of Otocoris alpestris in Indiana and in western Pennsylvania, its- uncommon occurrence in Ohio, except perhaps in the extreme northern portion, may be reasonably inferred. This supposition is borne out by the facts at present available, for the specimen mentioned above is apparently the fourth published record of its unequivocal appearance in the State ; all other mention of this form referring without much doubt to Otocoris alpestris praticola. The previous records are by Dr. J. Dwight Jr., 1 who mentions specimens from Cleveland and Circleville, Ohio; and by Mr. Lynds Jones, 2 who found the species at Oberlin during the winter of 1895-6. 96. Otocoris alpestris praticola HENSH. Prairie Horned Lark. A permanent resident; common during the winter months, but less numerous in summer. It occurs throughout the former season principally in flocks, frequenting chiefly the upland fields or public roads, sometimes associated with the Snowflake (Plectrophenax nivalis}. A flock of 140 Horned Larks was seen on the lowland meadows along Killbuck Creek, April 23, 1893. A nest of this subspecies, built as usual upon the ground, and containing two eggs together with two callow young, was observed by W. E. Henderson, near Wooster, in June 1893. A young bird in first plumage was shot by the writer from a flock of five, on June 26, 1891. This form of the Horned Lark has for some years heen considered a summer resident throughout the northern portion of Ohio, but definite data from this state are few, although it has been with comparative frequency reported breeding in contiguous portions of Pennsylvania. 3 Aside from the map of its breeding range published by Dr. J. Dwight Jr., 4 the only previous records of its breeding in Ohio appear to be as follows : DAVIE, Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, 1889, page 254; young taken in May in northwestern Ohio. WHEATON, Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, page 589; said by Mr. Chubb to breed near Cleveland. VICKERS, Oologist XII, 1895, P a g e I0 8; a nest containing three young found April 17, 1895, near Ellsworth, Mahoning County, Ohio. A male in breeding plumage taken June 26, 1891, and a female in fall dress col- lected October 30, 1890, are paler than typical specimens and very closely resemble corresponding plumages of Otocoris alpestris arenicola from Montana. 1 Auk VII, 1890, p. 142. 2 Bulletin of Wilson Ornithological Chapter, No. 7, March 30, 1896. WARREN, Report on Birds of Pennsylvania, 1890, p. 198. 4 Auk. VII, 1890, map facing p. 158. 97. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 299 FAMILY CORVIDyE. CROWS, JAYS, MAGPIES, ETC. SUBFAMILY QARRULIN/E. MAGPIES AND JAYS. GENUS CYANOCITTA STRICKLAND. Cyanocitta cristata (LINN.). Blue Jay. An abundant resident, but especially numerous during fall and early spring. Nesting is begun sometimes by April 10, but the height of the breeding season is in May. In the matter of nesting sites a preference seems to be shown for the thorn bushes (Cratcegus}, though various other situations are also chosen. The nest is usually placed not over fifteen feet from the ground, though in one instance the distance was forty-two feet. The eggs are four or five in number, and are sometimes in varying stages of incubation. A set of five eggs, taken in this locality on May i, 1890, seems sufficiently differ- ent from the usual type of coloration to merit a description. The ground color is a rich cream buff, with small markings of vandyke brown, tawny olive, broccoli brown, clay color, wood brown, drab, dull lavender and ecru drab; these markings occurring most numerously at the larger ends of the eggs. These eggs measure respectively : i.i6x.78, i.o8x.79, i. ii x.79, i.i6x.79, i.n x-77. All the nests (nine in number) which have been examined by the writer have re- vealed the employment of more or less mud in their construction. Many of them were cupped and plastered with this material to as great an extent as is characteristic of the nest of the Robin. If this use of mud by the Blue Jay is of general occur- rence, it would seem somewhat strange that more mention has not been made of the fact in the literature of the subject. The only notice of such a habit, so far as the present writer has been able to ascertain, is to be found in Baird, Brewer and Ridg- way's History of North American Land Birds, Volume II, page 275 ; and in Thos. G. Gentry's Life Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania, Volume II, page 21. The same sentence occurs in both these works, and is as follows : " In Texas according to Dr. Lincecum the nest is built of mud, which is rarely if ever utilized in more northern localities." The measurements of eight nests are herewith given : No. Beight. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outsidetop diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. l...r. 6.50 188 4 00 x 3.25 3.25 x 3.12 7 50 x 5.75 8.00 x 6 50 8 00 x 1.25 3 00" x 63 2 3.00 1.75 4.25" x 3 50 8.75 x 3 00 6.50 x 4.50 7.00 x 5.00 7.00 x 3.50 2.00 x 0.50 3 5.00 1.75 3.75 x 3.75 3.73 x 3.38 650 x 5.00 6.50 x 6 00 6.00 x 4.00 2.00 x 0.75 4 4.50 2.10 3.50 x 3.00 3.90 x 3.15 6.25 x 4.75 8.00 x 5.25 5 50 x 4.00 2.00 x 0.50 5 5.00 2.50 400x350 3.38 x 3.38 5.50 x 4.75 10.50 x 7.00 700x600 1.75 x 0.13 6 4.00 2.00 4.25 x 4.00 3 25 x 3.25 6.50 x 5.50 7.50 x 7.00 5.50 x 5.00 1.25 x 0.50 7 4.50 2.25 4.00 x 3.50 3 50 x 3.25 7.00 x 6.00 9.00 x 5.00 5.00 x 3.50 1.75 x 0.63 8 3.50 2.00 4.00 x 3.63 3.63 x 3.50 5.75 x 5.50 6.00 x 5.50 6.00 x 5.00 1.38 x 63 Average 450 2.03 3.97 x 3.52 3.55 x 3.25 6.44 x 5.22 7.81 x 5.91 6.25 x 4.03 1.89 x 0.53 300 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. Three Blue Jays were on July 27, 1890, observed chasing a Red-tailed Hawk in regular Kingbird fashion, much to the evident discomfort of the Hawk, and appar- ently to the equally great delight of the Jays. Notwithstanding its well attested pro- pensity for annoying other birds, the Blue Jay is itself occasionally the injured party, even at the hands of its inferiors, for it has been seen put to flight by the combined efforts of a Baltimore Oriole and a Warbling Vireo. On September 26 and 27, 1890, several Blue Jays were observed feeding exten- sively on the acorns of the laurel oak (^jiercus imbricaria}. The examination of stomachs from individuals taken during the fall and winter months indicates that the fo d of this species at these seasons consists largely of mast. SUBFAMILY CORVIN/E. CROWS. GENUS CORVUS LINN^US. 98. Corvus americanus AUD. American Crow. An abundant summer resident, perhaps remaining also during mild winters. Although it has been ascertained to sometimes pass even a severe winter in Summit County, Ohio, 1 the writer has no positive knowledge of its presence throughout the whole of this season within the region at present under consideration. One indivi- dual was heard January i, 1892; and Mr. C. E. Bixler found one frozen to death in a brush-heap, four miles north of Wooster, on January 4, 1887 ; these being the only records for either December or January. The Crow appears in February, sometimes as early as the second of the month, and disappears late in October or early in Novem- ber; the latest date on which it has been observed being November 6, (1892). The breeding season begins often very early in April, probably sometimes in March. Nests with eggs are not common after the middle of May. As to location, a preference seems to be shown for the woods of the bottom-lands, where the nest is frequently placed in a swamp maple (Acer rubrum}, ordinarily among the upper branches. The eggs are generally five, sometimes in varying stages of incubation. The measurements of four nests are as follows : No, Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 1200 550 7 75 x 7 00 7 00 x 6 50 16 00 x 12 00 1600x 1200 12 00 x 6 00 5 00 x 75 2- 1200 500 800 x 7<75 6 50 x 6 00 18 00 x 13 00 22 00 x 14 00 9 00 x 9 00 7 50 x 2 50 3.. 4.. 16.00 11.00 4.00 3.50 8.50 x 6.-;5 7.25 x 6.25 6 50 x 6.00 5.50 x 5.50 16.00 x 16.00 1300i 6.50 16.00 x 16.00 16.00 x 11.00 8.00 x 6.00 16.00 x 8.00 6.00 x 300 3.00 x 1.00 Average.. 12.75 450 7.88 x 6.94 6.38 x 6.00 15 75 x 11.88 17.50 x 10.75 11.25 x 7.25 5.38 x 1.81 The female may usually without difficulty be induced to leave the nest, but occa- sionally even the most vigorous rapping proves unavailing, in which case a stick thrown and striking near the nest almost invariably has the desired effect. The Crow in this locality seems to have a particular animosity towards both the Red-tailed and Red-shouldered Hawks, and may often be seen annoying them ; yet notwithstanding this, it is exceptional, as has been previously stated, to find a domicile of the Red-shouldered Hawk without the presence of a Crow's nest in the vicinity. 1 Annual Report of Ohio Academy oi Sciences II, 1894, p. 12. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 301 A somewhat interesting case of rostral malformation is exhibited by a mounted Crow in the possession of Mr. R. A. Schnably, of West Salem. The mandible is per- fectly normal ; but the maxilla, though of usual length, is curved downward, crossing the mandible on the left side, and describing a complete semi-circle, so that its tip is below and on nearly a vertical line with the base of the bill. It would seem that such abnormality could hardly fail to seriously interfere with the bird's feeding, yet this Crow was, as Mr. Schnably informed me, very fat and apparently in perfectly healthy condition. FAMILY ICTERID/E. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. SUBFAMILY ICTERIN/E. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. 1 GENUS DOLICHONYX SWAINSON. 99. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (LINN.). Bobolink. An abundant summer resident. It appears in spring generally during the first week of May, but in 1891 was noted April 21. It retires southward ordinarily by the first of October. About the first of July it begins to gather into flocks, which apparently seldom exceed two hundred and fifty individuals. The males continue in spring plumage until at least the middle of July. During the month of September, and sometimes in August, especially on dark cloudy nights, this species may be heard passing over the city on its southward migration. The Bobolink breeds chiefly during the last of May and in June, the nest being usually located in a grass field, on either the uplands or the lowlands. Late nests are not infrequently destroyed by the mowing of the grass in the fields where they hap- pen to be situated. This species seems to be, if anything, slightly on the increase in this region. GENUS MOLOTHRUS SWAINSON. 100. Molothrus ater (BODD.). Cowbird. An abundant summer resident. It arrives usually between the middle of -March and the first of April, the earliest date noted being March 16 (1894). It disappears in October, not having been seen after the twentieth of this month. In spring it moves chiefly in small companies, flocks of over a hundred being the exception ; but after the breeding season, in July or early in August, it begins to col- lect again into flocks, which thereafter often aggregate several hundred individuals. It is frequently found associated in spring and autumn with numbers of both Red- winged Blackbirds and Bronzed Crackles. It is also accasionally noted in company with Robins. 1 The two subfamilies of Icteridx are not recognized in the A. O. U. Check List, but are apparently advisable divisions. 302' OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. The Cowbird seems here to most frequently invade the nest of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, and not uncommonly deposits two or three eggs in a single nest. Next to the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, the Yellow Warbler and Wood Thrush are probably the species most frequently imposed upon by this parasite. On June 22, 1890, a nest of the Yellow Warbler was found to contain one young Warbler and two eggs about to hatch, together with one Cowbird's egg which was nearly fresh. A Song Sparrow's nest containing two young Sparrows, and a Cow- bird's egg only one-eighth incubated, was observed June 5, 1892. From these instances it would seem evident that the Cowbird sometimes makes mistakes in the deposition of its eggs, placing them in nests where exists at most but small proba- bility of their being hatched. On June 22, 1891, there was discovered a Yellow Warbler's nest containing one young Warbler and a young Cowbird, both about two-thirds fledged. The two quite filled the nest, the Cowbird by its much greater size being readily distinguished. Whether or not in this case the young Cowbird eventually appropriated the entire nest, as is said to be a common occurrence, was unfortunately not possible to determine. GENUS AGELAIUS VIEILLOT. 101. Agelaius phoeniceus (LINN.). Red- winged Blackbird. An abundant summer resident. It appears in spring generally during the first week of March, but was in 1892 noted on February 25. It departs rarely before November i, sometimes remaining until November 30. From the time of its arrival it moves much in flocks, and is to be seen almost everywhere, resorting, however, at night in great numbers to the swamps to roost. This continues until the latter part of April, when the birds become more or less scattered for the purpose of breeding, which takes place chiefly in May and the first part of June. During the nesting season the Red-winged Blackbird may be found in almost every swamp and marsh, though apparently more than a few pairs seldom breed together. The nest is very frequently placed in a bush or small tree, especially a willow, and is sometimes ten or fifteen feet from the ground. The eggs appear to be usually four in number. Six nests afford the following measurements : No. Height Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. OutsU e top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 2 4.25 550 250 300 3.12 x 2.25 2 50 x 2 50 3.12x2.50 3 00 x 2 50 6.00 x 4.00 6.00 x 5.00 5.75 x 5.00 4 00 x 3 75 2.50 x 2.25 2 50 x 1 50 2.50 x 0.25 3 5.00 3.50 2.63 x 2.63 3.00 x 2.75 4 88 x 4.38 5.00 x 5.00 3.00 x 2.50 1.38 x 38 4 4.00 2.50 2.80 x 2.63 2.88 x 2.75 5.00 x 4.00 4.75 x 4.75 2.50 X 200 1.25 x 0.25 5.... $ 3.85 3.50 2.25 2.25 3.00 x 2 70 3.00 x 2 75 3.15 x 3.00 3.40 x 3 00 4.35 x 4.00 4.00 x 4.00 4 75 x 4.25 4.75 x 4 00 4.00 x 3.00 3 50 x 2.75 1.10 x 0.50 0.85 x 0.45 Average- 4.27 2.67 2.84 x 2.58 3.09 x 2.75 . 4.96 x 4 23 4 83 x 4 46 3.00 x 2 33 1.42 x 0.37 THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 303 This species exhibits considerable courage in defense of its nest, attacking with- out hesitation such birds as the Red-shouldered and Sparrow Hawks, the Crow and the Kingfisher, usually with success, often putting them to flight single-handed. An attack upon the Cliff Swallow, on account of a supposed intrusion, does not seem to be so well justified. By the middle of June, or even earlier, the Red-winged Blackbird commonly begins to reassemble into small flocks, which gradually increase in size as the summer advances, reaching their maximum during August. These hordes, often in company with numerous Bronzed Grackles, again resort to the swamps and marshes to roost, -there occupying for this purpose the cat-tails (Typha latifolia}, as well as the bushes and trees. GENUS STURNELLA VIEILLOT. 102. Sturnella magna (LINN.). Meadowlark. Resident ; abundant during the spring, summer and fall, but not very common in winter. It remains throughout the last mentioned season principally on the bottom- lands and in the more sheltered fields of the uplands. It occurs to some extent in -small flocks from about the first of July until April. A flock seen January 4, 1892, was accompanied by about fifty Horned Larks. The Meadowlark is comparatively seldom noted in the towns, but during March and April it is occasionally observed flying over. It nests generally in May, in suitable situations on both the uplands and the bottoms. This species commonly begins to sing about the latter part of February, but ha been heard, though rarely, as early as the first of January. It continues in song al- most uninterruptedly from February until November. Mr. E. P. Bicknell mentions 1 the absence of song during September and the latter part of August, but the writer's experience has been to find the species in fairly good song often through both August and September. GENUS ICTERUS BRISSON. SUBGENUS PENDULINUS VIEILLOT. 103. Icterus spurius (LINN.). Orchard Oriole. A tolerably common summer resident. It is apparently more numerous some years than others, though never more than locally common. According to the notes of the writer, it arrives between May 3 and May 16. It frequents almost exclusively orchards and the vicinity of country dwellings, in which localities it breeds. It apparently does not often venture into the towns be- yond their outskirts, but one was seen singing, on July 3, 1893, near the center of the business portion of Wooster. The exhibition of a trait that we are loth to believe characteristic of the species was observed by the writer on May 20 1890. A Warbling Vireo was busily engaged 1 Auk II, 1885, p. 251. 5 B. W. C. 304 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. in constructing its nest on one of the outer branches of a large wild cherry tree (Prunus serotina'}, which stood in a thicket along a mill-race, adjacent to apple orchards and a farm-house. A female Orchard Oriole quietly occupied a neighbor- ing tree until the Vireo, after bringing material to its nest and satisfactorily arranging the same, should depart ; when she too visited the nest and bore away in her bill such of the material as she could easily detach, without doubt for the construction of her own nest. This theft was a number of times repeated, always in the same sly manner ; but the Vireo finally discovered that something was wrong, and with the assistance of its mate, ended by driving the Oriole off the scene. The Orchard Oriole has been heard singing as late as August 28 (1890), which date is also the latest fall record for the occurrence of the species. SUBGENUS YPHANTES VIEILLOT. 104. Icterus galbula (LINN.). Baltimore Oriole. An abundant summer resident. Its arrival during the four years of the writer's observations has been between April 28 and May 5, inclusive. It has not been noted later than September 18 (1892), when one was heard singing in Wooster. The nesting season is in May and the early part of June. Ordinarily full comple- ments of fresh eggs are to be obtained within a few days of the first of June, though some nests may contain young at this time. An exception was noted in 1891, when all the nests examined between May 28 and June 4 contained either callow young or heavily incubated eggs. Four or five eggs is the usual number, though a nest occupied by only three young is occasionally noticed. With regard to the loca- tion of the nest, a preference seems to be evinced for trees in the immediate vicinity of running water, but in the absence of such, orchards or ornamental trees are with equal readiness utilized. The nest is very often placed in an elm ( Ulmus Americana}, where it is not infrequently in a practically inaccessible position at the extremity of a long drooping branch, fifty or seventy-five feet from the ground. Of other native trees, the buckeye < ^Esculus glabra}, the sycamore (Platanus cccidentalis) and maple (Acer rubrum} seem to be most frequently chosen. The measurements of six nests are as follows : Inside Inside Outside Outside Outside Width No. Height. Depth. top diameter. middle diameter. top diameter. middle diameter. bottom diameter. of rim. 1 7.00 6.00 2.00 x 1.75 4.00 x 3.25 3.75 x 3.00 4.00 x 3.50 3.25 x 300 0.38 x 0.25 2 6.00 5.00 2.63 x 2.00 8.50 x 3.00 3.25 x 2.50 4.00 x 4.00 2.75 x 2.00 0.50 x 0.06 3 6.00 5.25 2.25 x 1.75 3.50 x 2.90 3.50 x 2.50 4.00 x 3.50 2.50 x 2.50 1.25 x 0.25 4 5.75 5.25 2.00 x 1.50 3.50 x 3.25 3.50 x 2.50 400x3.50 3.00 x 2.50 1.00x0.20- 5 4.75 4.00 2.25 x 1.50 3.50 x 3.00 3.25 x 2.50 4.75 x 3.50 4.50 x 3.25 1.00x0.25 g ' 400 375 3.00 x 2 00 4.35 x 3.50 8.25 x 2.25 4.75 x 4.25 4.50 x 3.25 050x0.10 Average.. 5.58 4.88 2.36 x 1.75 3.73 x 3.15 3.42 x 2 54 4.25 x 3.71 3.42 x 2.75 0.77 x 19' THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 305 SUBFAMILY QUISCALIN/E. GRACKLES. GENUS SCOLECOPHAGUS SWAINSON. 105. Scolecophagus carolinus (MULL.). Rusty Blackbird. A common spring and fall tran^ent, usually quite numerous for a short time dur- ing both these seasons. It has been in spring noted from March 25 to May 8, though usually arriving/about the middle of April and disappearing by the first of May. In fall this species has been observed from October 2 (1893) to November 24 (1890). Throughout both its migration periods it moves principally in flocks of less than 100, often in parties of from two to five individuals ; a flock of 400 was, however, seen April 23, 1893. It associates frequently with Red-winged Blackbirds; also, though less commonly, with Bronzed Crackles. It affects preferably the marshes and swampy woods on the bottom-lands, but has been observed in the upland forests as well. GENUS QUISCALUS VIEILLOT. SUBGENUS QUISCALUS, 106. Quiscalus quiscula seneus (RIDGW.). Bronzed Grackle. An abundant summer resident. It arrives usually about the first of March, though sometimes as early as February 25 (1890). It generally disappears before the first of November, but during the winter of 1892-3, which moreover, was not espe- cially mild, a few birds, probably the same individuals, were seen at intervals until January 21, in fi.-lds and about dwellings on the outskirts of Wooster. Until at least the middle of April this species may be seen often in flocks, which consist, however, of usually not more than one hundred birds ; while even during the nesting season it sometimes assembles into small companies, especially in the vicinity of a breeding colony. Subsequent to the middle of June, and continuing until its de- parture in the fall, it again collects into flocks, which then often aggregate several hundred individuals. The Bronzed Grackle congregates in numbers at its roosting places every night in both spring and fall, but 'especially during the latter season. These roosts are sit- uated in the trees along the streets of the towns, about rural dwellings, in wood- lands or in swamps. Such a roost existed in the town of Wooster, and was occupied chiefly from June to August. Frequently here the birds could be heard at night, oc- casionally creating among themselves, even at a late hour, a disturbance sufficient to be audible at a considerable distance. The Bronzed Grackle breeds most abundantly in the vicinity of dwellings, and for nesting purposes seerns to much prefer the evergreen trees ; yet nests have also been observed in thorn bushes ( Cratcegus} on the bottom-lands. If the tree selected be a spruce, the nest is usually placed close to the trunk, at a distance from the ground varying with the size of the tree, the best concealment possible being appar- ently sought; but if the nest be in a pine, it is generally located either at some distance from the trunk among the thick foliage of a horizontal branch, or in an upright fork near the very top of the tree. 306 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. The construction of the nest is initiated sometimes early in April, but full com- plements of eggs have not been found until about the first of May. Sets of eggs have been taken from May 6 to May 24; those on the latter date being, however, from abandoned nests. The eggs appear to be usually five, not uncommonly four in num- ber ; and they are quite often in varying stages of incubation. The nests are by no means always easy to locate among the thick foliage of the evergreens, the conduct' of the parent birds being at times decidedly misleading. Where a number of pairs breed near together, careful watching is frequently neces- sary to properly discriminate between those birds which visit the trees for the purpose of nest-building, and those that are indifferently moving about. Close observation, managed so that the attention of the birds be not attracted, will reveal the fact that the female, on her trips to the nest with material for its construction, is commonly ac- companied by the male, who perches upon the same or a neighboring tree, while his mate, alighting near the end of a limb and slowly working her way inward, fiflally disappears among the foliage close to the nest. Should, however, the pair imagine themselves observed, their actions are apt to be very different ; for under such circum- stances they will sometimes pass by the tree that contains the nest, and alight uncon- cernedly some distance away. If the cause of their distrust be not removed, no visit to the nest will then be made ; and the female may carry her deception even to the extent of dropping from her bill the grass or straw that she holds, thereupon soon flying with her mate carelessly away. The female is very cautious in leaving the nest, and is not readily surprised in the act of incubating. A nest containing eggs not far advanced in incubation, if even once examined, is liable to be deserted by the birds. Ten nests exhibit the following measurements : No. Height Depth Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 700 3.00 4.00x3.75 4.00 x 3.75 9.00 x 7.00 9 00 x 4.50 3.00 x 2.00 2.50 x 1 50 2 4.50 3.00 4.63x3.33 4.00 x 3.75 7 50 x 6 00 8.00 x 6 00 6 50 x 2 50 2 00 x 75 3.... 5.00 2.63 3.75x3.75 4.00 x 3.75 8.50 x 5.75 6.50x5.75 4.00 x 3.50 3.00 x 0.75 4 450 2.75 4.25 x 3.50 3.75 x 3.50 7.50 x 5.00 8.00 x 6.00 6.00 x 5.00 2.00x1.00 5 6 4.00 400 275 275 4.00x3.50 4.00x3.25 4.00 x 3.50 4.00 x 3.25 7.00 x 6.00 8.00 x 6.50 7.50 x 6.00 8 50 x 6 00 5.00 x 4.00 5 00 x 4 00 2.25 x 100 2 50 x 1 00 7 8 3.00 400 2.50 2.25 400x3.25 4.00 x 3.25 4.00 x 3.00 4.00 x 3.00 7.50 x 6.00 7.00 x 6 00 8.00 x 5.50 8.00 x 5.50 6.00 x 3 00 5.00 x 4 00 2.25 x 75 2*0x075 9.., 400 300 4 50 x 4.50 3.75 x 3.59 8.50 x 7.00 9.50 x 7.50 6 00 x 5.00 250x 125 10 4.00 300 4.00 x 3.50 3.50 x 3.50 7 00 x 6.50 9.00 x 7.00 6 CO x 5 00 2 00 x 1 25 Average ... 4~40~ 2.76 4.11 X3.56 3.90 x 3.45 7.75 x 6.18 ~~8.20x~5~98 5.25 x 3.80 2.35 x 1.00 During the season of reproduction this species does not hesitate to attack even Crows and large Hawks, should they venture too near its breeding ground ; and the harmless Mourning Dove, which nests often in close proximity to the Grackle, some- times, indeed, in the same tree, is also very frequently thus persecuted. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 30? FAMILY FRINQILLID^E. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. GENUS CARPODACUS KAUP. 107. Carpodacus purpureus (GMEL.). Purple Finch. Apparently very rare, the writer's only records being as follows : Two were seen flying across the Killbu-k Valley, near Wooster, September 25, 1892; and four were observed singing in a swamp in about the same locality, on October 2, 1892. A single male in the collection of Mr. George Fabcr was said to have Leen ob- tained about 1890. GENUS ACANTHIS BECHSTEIN. 108. Acanthis linaria (LINN.). Redpoll. A very irregular winter visitor. This species has not been observed by the writer, and the only record available is that furnished by Mr. W. E. Henderson, who with reference to its occurrence writes' as follows : "In regard to the Redpolls, the date I have marked is February 3, 1890. They were around for a month or so, and were quite abundant. I saw large flocks of sev- eral hundred ; and they used to feed near our house in a field which was grown up with ragweed. I shot a number and carefully identified them at the time. Both in flight and note they resembled the Goldfinch, but could without great difficulty be d!stinguished." GENUS SPINUS KOCH. 109. Spinus tristis (LINN.). American Goldfinch; Thistle-bird. A permanent resident; abundant except in winter. It is more or less gregarious at all times, though perhaps strictly speaking net so during the breeding season, yet small companies of four or five birds have even then been observed. It is present in apparently decreased numbers from about the middle of June until the middle of July, after which time it becomes as abundant as usual. It is very generally distribu- ted, but se.ms during the nesting season to have some preference for the outskirts of towns and the vicinity of rural dwellings. It nests commonly in ornamental trees, often in silver maples (Acer saccharinum). A nest found July 27, 1893, was situated in a large thistle near a stream, and among surroundings apparently much more suited to the Indigo Bunting than to the present species. Nest-building is usually begun late in July ; the eggs, commonly five in number, being deposited early in August. This species has been observed feeding upon the seeds of the dandelion ( Taraxacum Taraxacum}, wild lettuce (Lactuca Canadensis), common thistle ( Cardmts lanceolatus'), rag- weed (Ambrosia artemisicefolia], milkweed (Asclepias Syriaca} and common beg- 316 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. The male apparently to a considerable extent shares the duty of incubation, for he has quite as frequently as the female been discovered on the nest. The sitting parent is not readily disturbed, often remaining until almost touched by the hand. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak continues in song through May and June, but does not appear to sing much after the middle of July, its song not having been heard later than July 10 (1893). This species has been observed in the latter part of July feeding upon the seeds of the milkweed (Asclepias Syriaca.) GENUS PASSERINA VIEILLOT. 127. Passerina cyanea (LINN.). Indigo Bunting. A summer resident; ordinarily abundant, yet apparently not every year equally numerous. The earliest date of its spring arrival is April 24 (1892), though it does not usually appear until the second week in May. It remains until October, and while not observed later than the seventh of the month, this perhaps does not repre- sent the limit of its stay. The species is found on both the uplands and the bottoms, although it seems to be, at least locally, more abundant on the latter, where in late summer and in the fall it assembles into small flocks, frequenting then chiefly the thickets and patches of high weeds. At this time it is often associated with other Sparrows, particularly the Field Sparrow and the Song Sparrow. For a bird so common, its nests seem in this locality to be easily overlooked, since a large amount of careful searching has resulted in the discovery of but a single nest containing eggs, this being on June 22, 1890. The song of this species may be heard from the time of the bird's appearance in spring until late in July, but it has not been detected later than July 30 (1893). On one occasion a male was observed singing on the wing, much after the manner of the Bobolink, continuing his song until in soaring flight he reached the ground. GENUS 8PIZA BONAPARTE. 128. Spiza americana (GMEL.). Dickcisselj Black- throated Bunting. A rare summer resident. Arrives in May, the third of the month being the earliest date recorded. It was not observed during 1893. The writer is informed by Mr. W. E. Henderson that this species was present in ^much more than ordinary numbers and was common during the summer of 1894. -A- nest containing four fresh eggs was taken by the same gentleman on July 8 of that year. The Dickcissel is almost exclusively a bird of the upland fields, being very rarely noted anywhere on the bottom-lands, even in the spring. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 317 FAMILY TANAQRID/E. TANAGERS. GENUS PIRANGA VIEILLOT. 129. Piranga erythromelas VIEILL. Scarlet Tanager. A common summer resident, but usually most numerous during the spring migra- tion. The dates of its arrival vary from May i to May 7, and it lingers in fall usually until late in September, being in 1890 last observed on October 3. The breeding season begins about the middle of May, completed nests having been noted on the twenty-second of this month. It is exceptional to find other than incubated eggs after the middle of June. While a woodland situation is commonly chosen, an orchard tree is not infrequently the nesting site, particularly if the orchard be in proximity to a tract of woods. The measurements of four nests are as follows : No. Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 8.00 1.75 2.75 x 2.50 2.25 x 2.25 5.50 x 4.00 6.CO x 4.50 3.50 x 2.50 2.25 x 0.50 2 3.00 1.75 2.25 x 2.25 2.25 x 2.25 4.25 x 3.50 5.00 x 4.00 3.75 x 3.25 1.00 x 0.35 3 2.00 1.25 2 50 x 2 25 2.25 x 2.10 4.25 x 3 50 5.25 x 3.75 3.75 x 2.75 1 25 x 50 4 3.50 2.00 3.00 x 2.50 3.00 x 2 45 6.00 x 4 25 5.50 x 4.50 400x3.50 1.80 x 0.50 Average 2.83 1.69 2.63 x 2.38 2 44 x 2.26 5.00 x 3.81 5.44 x 4.19 3.75 x 3.00 1.58 x 0.46 This species is a frequent nurse of the Cowbird, and often when the egg of this imposter is present only two or three eggs of the Tanager are deposited. In fact, one nest that was carefully watched from the time of its construction until incubation of the eggs was nearly half completed, contained but one egg of its owner and one of the Cowbird. The Scarlet Tanager begins to sing soon after its arrival, and continues in song until late in July. It has not been heard subsequent to the twenty-seventh of this month. FAMILY HIRUNDINID^C. SWALLOWS. GENUS PROGNE BOIE. 130. Progne subis (LINN.). Purple Martin. An abundant summer resident. It makes its spring appearance generally between the first and the eighth of April, though in 1892 it was seen on March 25. It usually disappears during the latter part of August or the first days of September; a solitary individual, however, was noted on September 20, 1893. A Martin box on one of the main streets of Wooster is every spring regularly preempted by the House Sparrows before the arrival of the rightful tenants. The 310 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. The Grasshopper Sparrow is somewhat locally distributed, occurring, according to the writer's experience, only on the uplands, and there preferring fields of grass and clover. Many places, and even considerable areas of country where favorable conditions appear to exist, have been found untenanted by this species. Although the nest has not been discovered, young in the streaked first plumage were taken in a field near Wooster, July 18, 1892. This species sings regularly until late in July ; in 1893 it was heard on the twen- tieth of August. GENUS ZONOTRICHIA SWAINSON. 115. Zonotrichia leucophrys (FORST.). White-crowned Sparrow. A transient visitor ; tolerably common from May i to May 24, but apparently rare in the fall. For the latter season the writer has only one record, October 16, 1892. Jt is usually not seen in flocks, and does not commonly associate with any other species. It frequents the hedges, thickets and fence-rows, in fields and along the roads, also sometimes appearing on the outskirts of the towns. 116. Zonotrichia albicollis (GMEL.). White-throated Sparrow. An abundant transient visitor. It has been observed in spring from April 10 to- May 17, and in fall from September 29 to November 8. It appears to be considerably more numerous in fall, during which season it moves in loose flocks, sometimes in company with Song Sparrows or Tree Sparrows ; and may be found in almost any suitable locality. On October 5, 1890, eighty White-throated Sparrows were counted in a thicket within a radius of twenty-five feet. This species is in song during both its spring and fall migrations, and has been heard singing until October 28; though the fall songs are not as a rule so well exe- cuted as those of spring. GENUS 8FIZELLA BONAPARTE. 117. Spizella monticola (GMEL.). Tree Sparrow. An abundant winter resident. It appears in fall usually before November, some- times by the first of October, and departs generally about the middle of April, but lingered in 1892 until May i. It occurs principally in flocks of less than fifty individuals, along fence-rows, in* thickets and weed-patches, and is especially numerous in the swamps on the bottom- lands. It has been observed associated with the Junco, Field Sparrow, Vesper Spar- row and House Sparrow. It cannot be considered in full song during any portion of its sojourn here, but nearly every spring some individuals may be heard singing. The perfect song has- been noted as early as February 5 (1891). Less commonly is its song heard in the- fall, having been noted on a few occasions only, from October 28 to November 13, in- clusive. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 311 118. Spizella socialis (WILS.). Chipping Sparrow. An abundant summer resident. The first week in April is its usual time of ar- rival, but in 1894 it was first seen on March 21. It has not been observed later than October 16, and is sometimes apparently absent early in this month. Nest-building is commonly begun during the first part of May, and birds have been seen carrying nest material as early as April 26 (1891). The latest date on which a nest with eggs has been observed is July 10 (1892). Where such are available the Chipping Sparrow seems to prefer for breeding purposes orchard trees or small ornamental evergreens, the nest being usually placed not more than twelve feet from the ground. Apparently two broods are ordinarily reared : four eggs, sometimes three, constitute the first complement; while three eggs, or not infrequently only two r is the number common during the latter part of the season. Two nests measure as follows : No. Height, Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 ^^ ^ 2.25 1.25 2.25x2.00 2.00x1.60 350x2.75 3.50x2.50 3 00 x 1.50 1.00x0.15 2 2.00 1.20 200x1.75 2.00 x 1.85 3.50 x 2.75 4.00x3.00 4.00x2.50 1.10x0.40- In autumn this species often collects into small flocks, frequenting then the fence- rows, thickets and the dryer portions of the swamps, at times associating with various- species of Sparrows (including the ubiquitous Passer domesticus} and also occasion- ally with the Bluebird. During June and July the Chipping Sparrow is often heard singing after dark y especially before midnight; and it is in spring one of the earliest singers of the morning. On May 22, 1890, it was first heard at 3 :2O A. M. 119. Spizella pusilla (WILS.). Field Sparrow. A summer resident ; abundant. It appears generally during the first week in. April, sometimes as early as March 25 (1894), and disappears commonly before the middle of October, the latest date on which it has been noted being October 16 (1891). In spring and summer it is to be found chiefly in the fields on the uplands, then not in flocks ; but in the fall it often in small companies frequents regularly also the thickets and weed-patches of the creek bottoms. During the latter season it asso- ciates commonly with the Chipping Sparrow, and also, though apparently less fre- quently, with several other species of Fringillidcz. The present species breeds during May and June, along fence-rows, in thickets, on the edges of woodland, and in the vicinity of human dwellings ; placing its nests usually in low bushes, often in those of the common wild blackberry (Rubiis villosus). The Field Sparrow sings from the time of its arrival until the latter part of July, not having been heard in song later than July 30 (1893).' 312 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. GENUS JUNCO WAGLER. 120. Junco hyemalis (LINN.). Slate-colored Junco; Black Snowbird. An abundant winter resident. It makes its appearance generally during the lat- ter half of October, although it was in 1892 seen on October 2. It remains until late in April ; latest in 1893, when it was noted on April 26. It moves much in companies of from twenty to fifty individuals, seldom more, though a flock of eighty was encountered March 25, 1894. It is often found with other Sparrows, particularly Tree and Song Sparrows. Among its favorite haunts are the borders of the woods and the thickets on the bottom-lands, where during fall and winter the species may nearly always be found. It usually sings to some extent during March and April, and its song has been heard even as early as February 25 (1892). An albino specimen of this species, taken by Mr. W. E. Henderson, March 9. 1892, was, with the exception of a few isolated patches of color, entirely white. GENUS MELOSPIZA BAIRD. 121. Melospiza fasciata (GMEL.). Song Sparrow. A permanent resident ; very abundant except in December and January. In late fall and winter it retires principally to the bottom-lands, where often in small flocks it seeks the shelter of the dense thickets. At this time it feeds more or less ex- tensively on the seeds of the ragweed (Ambrosia artemisice folia). Nesting is begun in April, full complements of eggs having been taken on the third of May (1891). Nests with eggs have not been noted after June 14, but the species of course breeds considerably later than this date. Most of the nests observed have been in moist situations on the bottom-lands. A low bush is not infrequently utilized as a nesting place. The nest is usually very carefully concealed, sometimes being completely roofed over by growing grass. One found May 14, 1893, was located on the slope of a railroad embankment only a few inches beyond the ends of the ties and where the sitting bird was apparently disturbed by every passing train. The measurements of six nests are as follows : No. Beight. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 275 175 2 50 x 2.13 2.50 x 2.25 4 50 x 3.25 4 25 x 4.00 3 50 x 2.75 1 25 x 38 2 2.50 200 2.63x2.50 2.38 x 2.25 5 00 x 4.25 4.00x3.25 2.75 x 2.00 1.50 x 0.25 3 250 175 2 50 x 2 50 2.63 x 2 25 4 50 x 8 75 4, 5 45 2.25 2.00 3.00 1.50 1.75 2.00 2 50 x 2.10 250x2.25 2.75x2.50 2.50x2.30 2.50x225 2.50x2.38 4.00x3.40 4.00x863 4.75 x 3.50 4.25 x 8.50 4.50 x 4.00 4L50 x 4.50 3 00 x 2.50 3.00 x 3.00 3.75 x 3.50 l.CO x 0.50 1.25 x 0.50 1.75 x 0.25 Average ... 250 1.79 2.66 x 2.33 250x2.28 4.46 x 8.63 4.30x3.85 3.20 x 2.75 1.35x0.38 The Song Sparrow has been heard singing in every month of the year excepting December, but the season of its best song is from about the first of March until the first of August, and from late in September to the latter part of October. The music THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 313 of this species seems to be of remarkable variability. Within a week's time the writer once identified some fifteen distinct songs, with almost endless variations; and the repertoire was apparently not then even approximately exhausted. Striking in- dividuality was in some cases evinced, both in the quality as well as in the character of the music ; the different birds being observed morning after morning at the same places along the road, singing so nearly the same songs that it became to a degree possible to recognize the several individuals by their peculiarities. Although strictly speaking a slight uncertainty might exist in regard to the fact of their being really the same birds which were heard thus day after day from particular fence posts or telegraph poles, as the case might be, yet the circumstances were such as to remove all reasonable doubt of their identity. 122. . Melospiza georgiana (LATH.). Swamp Sparrow. A rare spring and fall transient, frequenting the swamps, marshes and water- courses. The writer has for this species but three records, which are as follows : October 5, 1890; May 3, 1891; and May 10, 1891 ; two individuals having been ob- served on each of these dates. It is perhaps of more frequent occurrence than is thus indicated, since it is given by Wheaton 1 as a common transient visitor. GENUS PASSERELLA SWAINSON. 123. Passerella iliaca (MERR.). Fox Sparrow. A tolerably common transient visitor from March 18 to April 12, and from Oc- tober 19 to October 31. It is observed chiefly in the undergrowth of wooded banks, and in thickets, particularly those on the borders of woodland. It moves often in small loose flocks ; and occasionally associates with Tree Sparrows. GENUS PIPILO VIEILLOT. 124. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (LTNN.). Towhee; Chewink. A common summer resident. The dates of its spring arrival range from March 18 (1894) t April 6 (1890); the male generally appearing a few days in advance of the female. It usually disappears soon after the middle of October, the latest date on which it has been observed being October 25 (1891). This species may be found in the thickets of both the uplands and the bottoms, and also, though rather exceptionally, in the vicinity of human dwellings. Some- times during the migrations it is seen in scattered companies of four or five, individ- uals ; but is seldom accompanied by birds of another species. The breeding season is in May and June. The nest is occasionally found in a low bush ; and not infrequently contains eggs of the Cowbird. The Towhee may be heard in song soon after its arrival, and until the latter part of July, though it does not sing so steadily during this month. The date of latest song noted is July 27 (1893). 1 Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 330. 314 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. GENUS CARDINALIS BONAPARTE. 125. Cardinalis cardinalis (LINN.). Cardinal; "Red Bird." Resident throughout the year ; abundant. Here almost universally known by the name of ''Red Bird." It is most numerous in the thickets and the swamps on the bottom-lands, and in the many wooded ravines adjacent. It is, however, found regu- larly in suitable situations on the uplands, as well as in the door-yards and along the shaded streets of the towns. Although during the co dest weather evincing an ap- parent inclination to gather into the more sheltered locations, the species may, both winter and summer, be found in much the same situations. It is occasionally ob- observed in company with other species, such as the Junco, Fox Sparrow, House Sparrow, and even the Robin. Nest-building begins late in April, and eggs have been found until June 15, but the first three weeks of May seem to constitute the height of the breeding sea- son. The nest is commonly well concealed in a bush or ornamental evergreen, and is usually less than ten, often but two or three, feet from the ground. The measurements of three nests are as follows : No. Height Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 5.25 200 '2.88x275 2.50x250 6.50x5.00 5.25x4.75 4.00x350 1.50 x 0.5& 2 400 2.50 3.50 x 3.00 2.75x2.50 6.50 x 5.50 4.50 x 4.50 3.75x2.25 1.75x0.75 3 3.50 1.75 2 50 x 1.38 2 25 x 1.75 6.00 x 5.00 8 00 x 5.50 5 25 x 4.75 1 50 x 75 Average... 4.25 2.08 2.96x2.38 250x225 6.33 x 5.17 5.92 x 4.92 4.33 x 3.50 1.58x0.69 The female, when flushed from the nest, leaves quietly, and ordinarily seeks to avoid subsequent observation. The well known propensity of this species to desert its breeding place upon slight provocation renders accurate observation upon the nest a matter of some difficulty. According to the writer's experience, a first visit^ if due caution be exercised, will not usually result in abandonment, even should the female be in the vicinity at the time ; but a second inspection is quite certain to re- sult disastrously. A nest begun on April 28, 1891, was ascertained to contain two eggs on May 6 ; which data would determine the approximate period of its construc- tion as five or six days. In all but one of the nests examined the maximum number of eggs has been two ; the single exception containing three eggs, one of which was fresh, the others being five-eighths incubated (May 15, 1891). These circumstances suggest the possibility that other sets of two eggs, if allowed to remain a sufficient length of time, might have been augmented in a similar manner. , This species apparently sings little during the winter months, but begins to be heard usually about the later part of February, the twenty-third of this month ( 1890) being the earliest record. The regular song period is carried well into August, after which time the singing is more or less intermittent, continuing, however, in some seasons until October 28. The Cardinal is possessed of no mean imitative ability, of which, however, it does not seem to make frequent exhibition, and in regard to which little has appar- ently beei written. On February 23, 1890, a male Cardinal was heard singing on one of the main streets of Wooster, but so closely did the song resemble in every re- spect the "purly, purly" of the Tufted Titmouse, that until the performer showed himself in plain sight and in the very act of uttering these notes, the belief that they proceeded from such a source was impossible. Similar remarks will equally apply to another Cardinal, which was very successful in reproducing the common call of the THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 315 Flicker imitating it indeed so perfectly as to almost induce an erroneous note-book <;ntry. GENUS HABIA REICHENBACH. 126. Habia ludoviciana (LINN.). Rose-breasted Grosbeak. An abundant summer resident. Its spring arrival generally occurs during the first week of May. April 28 (1891) being the earliest record. It remains until Sep- tember, having been latest noted on the twenty-fourth of this month. It is found in suitable locations both on the uplands and on the bottoms, but is apparently most numerously represented on and near the latter. The species was unusually abundant during the breeding season of 1890. In the months of May and June of that year there were found by the writer, without special search, within four miles of Wooster, twenty -two occupied nests ; nearly three times the number recorded for any other year. Certain extensive thickets lying for some distance along both sides of the track of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago R. R., and adjacent to large swamps, seemed to have a special attraction for the birds, since here within a radius of fifty yards were found during that season eleven nests. The next year the same thicket yielded on careful search only three or four nests. Eggs of this species have been noted from May 17 to July 10 (1892), but the lat- ter date must be considered somewhat exceptional, as a large majority of the nests discovered have been between the twenty-fifth of May and the twelfth of June. The number of eggs is rather more commonly three than four, while five have been but once observed. The nest is placed usually not over twelve, yet sometimes twenty feet from the ground ; and while no particular preference appears to be shown, the thorn ( Cratcegus) is as frequently as any other bush chosen as its site. The nest is seldom found in r an orchard, but one discovered june 12, 1892, was so situated. It is often located in a comparatively exposed position, with apparently no attempt at concealment; and is, moreover, occasionally so loosely constructed that the eggs may be counted from below. On June 5, 1892, a set of eggs was taken from the same bush an elder (Sam- .bttcus Canadensis} from which also the year previous eggs had been collected, possi- bly from the same pair of birds. A series of ten nests exhibits the following measurements : No. Height Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 350 2.25 3.00 x 3.00 2.75 x 2.75 6.00 x 4.50 5.00 x 4 50 3.00 x 2 25 1.75x0.13 2 3.25 1.50 3.25 x 2.75 2.75 x 2.25 550x4.50 4 50 x 4.50 2.00 x 2.00 2.00 x 0.13 3 3.25 2.00 3.25 x 3 00 2.75 x 2 75 6.00 x 5 50 6.00 x 5.25 4.00x300 2 50 x 0.75 4 3.50 1.75 3.38 x 3.00 2.75x2.63 6.50 x 4.75 7.00 x 6.00 5.00 x 2.00 2.00 x 0.38 5 4.50 150 3.00 x 3.00 2.63 x 2.63 6.50 x 5.50 7.00x5.00 4.50x4.00 2.00x0.88 6 3.50 2.00 2 88 x 2.75 2.88x263 5.00 x 4.50 550 x 5.50 7.00 x 3.00 1.63x0.63 7 350 2.00 3.25 x 2.75 2.75 x 2.63 6.00 x 4.75 6.00 x 4.50 5.00 x 2 00 2.00 x O.EO 8... 2.75 1.88 3.13x3.00 2.75x263 6.00 x 5 00 6.00 x 5.00 5.50x350 200x0.50 9 3.25 1.75 3.23x2.88 2.88 x 2 75 4.75 x 4.25 750 x 7.00 7.50 x 7.00 1.00 x 0.25 10 3.25 1.75 3.25 x 3.00 3.fOx2T5 5.50 x 4.75 4.75 x 4.00 3.50 x 3.50 1 50 x 31 Average .. 3.43 1.84 3.16 x 2 91 2.79 x 2.64 578x480 5.93 x 5.13 4.70 x 3 23 1.84 x 45 316 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. The male apparently to a considerable extent shares the duty of incubation, for he has quite as frequently as the female been discovered on the nest. The sitting parent is not readily disturbed, often remaining until almost touched by the hand. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak continues in song through May and June, but does not appear to sing much after the middle of July, its song not having been heard later than July 10 (1893). This species has been observed in the latter part of July feeding upon the seeds of the milkweed (Asclepias Syriaca.) GENUS PASSERINA VIEILLOT. 127. Passerina cyanea (LINN.). Indigo Bunting. A summer resident; ordinarily abundant, yet apparently not every year equally numerous. The earliest date of its spring arrival is April 24 (1892), though it does not usually appear until the second week in May. It remains until October, and while not observed later than the seventh of the month, this perhaps does not repre- sent the limit of its stay. The species is found on both the uplands and the bottoms, although it seems to be, at least locally, more abundant on the latter, where in late summer and in the fall it assembles into small flocks, frequenting then chiefly the thickets and patches of high weeds. At this time it is often associated with other Sparrows, particularly the Field Sparrow and the Song Sparrow. For a bird so common, its nests seem in this locality to be easily overlooked, since a large amount of careful searching has resulted in the discovery of but a single nest containing eggs, this being on June 22, 1890. The song of this species may be heard from the time of the bird's appearance in spring until late in July, but it has not been detected later than July 30 (1893). On one occasion a male was observed singing on the wing, much after the manner of the Bobolink, continuing his song until in soaring flight he reached the ground. GENUS SPIZA BONAPARTE. 128. Spiza americana (GMEL.). Dickcissel; Black- throated Bunting. A rare summer resident. Arrives in May, the third of the month being the earliest date recorded. It was not observed during 1893. The writer is informed by Mr. W. E. Henderson that this species was present in much more than ordinary numbers and was common during the summer of 1894. A nest containing four fresh eggs was taken by the same gentleman on July 8 of that year. The Dickcissel is almost exclusively a bird of the upland fields, being very rarely noted anywhere on the bottom-lands, even in the spring. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 317 FAMILY TANAQRID>E. TANAGERS. GENUS PIRANGA VIEILLOT. 129. Piranga erythromelas VIEILL. Scarlet Tanager. A common summer resident, but usually most numerous during the spring migra- tion. The dates of its arrival vary from May i to May 7, and it lingers in fall usually until late in September, being in 1890 last observed on October 3. The breeding season begins about the middle of May, completed nests having been noted on the twenty-second of this month. It is exceptional to find other than incubated eggs after the middle of June. While a woodland situation is commonly chosen, an orchard tree is not infrequently the nesting site, particularly if the orchard be in proximity to a tract of woods. The measurements of four nests are as follows : No. Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 8.00 1.75 2.75 x 2.50 2.25 x 2.25 5.50 x 4.00 6.CO x 4.50 3.50 x 2.50 2 25 x 0.50 2 3 3.00 2.00 1.75 125 2.25 x 2.25 2 50 x 2 25 2.25 x 2.25 2 25 x 2.10 4.25 x 3.50 425x 350 5.00 x 4.00 5 25 x 3 75 3.75 x 3.25 3 75 x 2 75 :^3* 1.00 x 0.35 1 25 x 50 4 3.50 2.00 3.00 x 2.50 3.00 x 2 45 6.00 x 4 25 5.50 x 4.50 4 00 x 3.50 1.80 x 0.50 Average 2.83 1,69 2.63 x 2.38 2 44 x 2.26 5.00 x 3.81 5.44 x 4.19 3.75 x 3.00 1.58 x 0.46 This species is a frequent nurse of the Cowbird, and often when the egg of this imposter is present only two or three eggs of the Tanager are deposited. In fact, one nest that was carefully watched from the time of its construction until incubation of the eggs was nearly half completed, contained but one egg of its owner and one of the Cowbird. The Scarlet Tanager begins to sing soon after its arrival, and continues in song until late in July. It has not been heard subsequent to the twenty-seventh of this month. FAMILY HIRUNDINID^E. SWALLOWS. GENUS PROGNE BOIE. 130. Progne subis (LINN.). Purple Martin. An abundant summer resident. It makes its spring appearance generally between the first and the eighth of April, though in 1892 it was seen on March 25. It usually disappears during the latter part of August or the first days of September; a solitary individual, however, was noted on September 20, 1893. A Martin box on one of the main streets of Wooster is every spring regularly preempted by the House Sparrows before the arrival of the rightful tenants. The 318 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. Martins appear to be in this case more than a match for the Sparrows, for after a contention lasting rarely more than three or four days, always succeed in effectually expelling the intruders. The first brood of young is hatched some time during the latter part of May, and the second about four or five weeks later. After the young of the earliest brood leave the nest which event occurs ordinarily about the middle of June the Martins every year congregate almost daily in the main streets of Wooster, roosting at night chiefly under the eaves of the higher buildings, wherever suitable places are available. These gatherings vary from ten to one hundred birds, reaching their maximum size in the latter part of July and the first part of August, after which time they gradually diminish. They are at first to a large extent composed of young birds and adult males. Until August the birds are observed to alight principally on the telegraph wires and the cornices of the higher buildings, but subsequently they appear to much prefer the court-house and its tall weathervaned tower. They are most. active between sunset and dark, and their cackling cry may at this hour be almost incessantly heard. 1 hey grow somewhat less noisy as the season advances, but so long as they remain do not usually become entirely silent. The Martin is one of the first birds astir in the morning, and in May its note is frequently to be heard by half-past three o'clock. This species has been seen to pursue and to all appearances greatly annoy the Redtailed Hawk, but for just what purpose was not apparent. GENUS PETROCHELIDON CABAMS 131. Petrochelidon lunifrons (SAY). Cliff Swallow. A common summer resident, but very locally distributed during the breeding season. It arrives between the middle of April and the first of May, the earliest date being April 16 (1893). It seems to practically disappear early in August, and has not been observed later than the twenty-fifth of this month (1890). It has been observed associated with no other species save the Barn Swallow. Only one breeding colony of any considerable size has been noted ; this having been tenanted continuously for a number of years. Incubation of the first complement of eggs begins about the middle of May ; of the second about five weeks later. GENUS CHELIDON FORSTER. 132. Chelidon erythrogastra (BODD.). Earn Swallow. An abundant summer resident. It arrives usually about April 20, but in 1893 Avas first seen on April 9. It remains until late in August, not, however, having been noted after the twenty-fifth of this month. The breeding season begins about the middle of May, and commonly continues until July, two broods being probably reared. On June 17, 1891, there was discovered in a barn the remains of a nest that had fallen from the side of the rafter to which it had been secured ; this accident having of course resulted in the death of the young birds. The parents, nothing daunted, -were constructing a second nest in exactly the same location, and on July i the female was found sitting upon two incubated eggs. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY, 319 Two nests of this species present the following measurements: No. z 2 Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top SSJg diameter, j d ete r . Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 4.00 2.00 150 1.50 3.00 x 2.88 300 x 2.50 2.50 2.00 5.25x3.50 5.00x3.00 4.50 x 3.00 4.00 x 1.50 4.00 x 2.50 1.50 x 0.25 1 The wires of the telegraph lines afford of course favorite places of rendezvous for this, as well as other species of Swallows, and it is no unusual occurrence to see a whole brood of young marshalled upon the wires, while the parent birds busily engage them- selves providing food for the voracious appetites of their offspring. The habit these Swallows have, of at times fluttering along close to the surface of a small pond, instead of skimming swiftly over, gives them more the appearance of huge butterflies than of birds, and is an interesting performance. The Barn Swallow is more or less gregarious even during at least a portion of the breeding season, but is most noticeably so in the months of July and August. At this time companies of fifty individuals are commonly encountered, and on July 27, 1893, a flock of 300 was observed. In the spring of 1891 a perfect albino of this species was secured from among a number of other Barn Swallows, by Mr. E. N. Freeman, of Orrville. By reason of the inconsiderable development of the tail feathers the specimen was presumed to be a female. It was nearly pure white, the only observable diagnostic character of the plumage being the normal white tail markings, made discernible by the somewhat more dusky appearance of the remaining portions of the rectrices. -GENUS TACHYCINETA CABANIS. 133. Tachycineta bicolor (VIEILL.). Tree Swallow. A very rare summer resident ; somewhat more common during the spring migra- tion, but not observed in the fall. It seems to be quite irregular and very few records are available. Its earliest appearance was noted in 1893, when six were seen on April 9. On May 15, 1892, a flock of IOD and another of 85 were observed on the bottoms near Wooster, but other than this never more than six have been 'seen^on any one date. It has only twice been noticed in summer : on June 14, i89i,"and on July 17, 1892 GENUS STELGIDOPTERYX BAIRD. 134. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (AuD.). Rough-winged Swallow. A common summer resident. The dates of its spring arrival range from April, 8 to April 21. It was observed latest in 1890, when it was seen on August 24. During the summer it is confined principally to the bottom-lands, where usually, but not always, it breeds in the immediate vicinity of running water. Nesting begins 6 B. W. C. 320 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. late in May or early in June, and the complement of five or six, rarely seven, eggs is .generally completed between the first and the fifteenth of the latter month. The nest is situated either in a convenient crevice of a stone culvert or bridge abut- ment, or else in an excavation in the perpendicular face of the bank of a creek. When the last location is selected, the length of the burrow ranges from twenty to sixty inches. This passage has an average diameter of three and one-half inches, but is somewhat enlarged at the nest, which is placed three to eighteen inches from its inner extremity. This latter distance does not seem to be proportionate to the length of the burrow, but varies indefinitely. The composition of the nest includes straw, grass and weedstalks ; and its lining consists of fine grass, small leaves of some species of willow, with sometimes the stalk leaves of wheat or other similar grain, but no feathers of any description. The willow leaves have been present in all the nests examined, and seem to be a character- istic feature. The nest is loosely constructed, and is sometimes quite bulky. Five nests afford the following measurements : No. Beight. Depth. Inside top diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. i 2.50 1.25 2.50 x 2.25 8 50 x 4.34 7.50 x 4.00 3.00 x 25 2 ?.oo 0.75 2 75 x 1.75 7.00 x 3.50 3 .... 250 1.25 250x2.00 6.50 x 4 50 4 275 1.25 2.50 x 2 25 7.00 x 4.50 10.00 x 4.50 2 00 x 0.88 3.CO 1.25 2.62 x 2 50 6 00 x 5 00 2.55 1.15 2.58 x 2.15 7.00 x 4.c 7 8 75 x 4 25 2 50 x 57 As will be noticed, the maximum outside bottom diameter is sometimes much greater than that at the top, but this is partially accounted for by the fact that the lower portion of the nest is often so loose that anything like accurate measurement is practically impossible. The frequent great difference between the extremes of similar outside dimensions of the same nest is of course due to the greater possibility for extending the nest longitudinally in the passage. A nest despoiled of its contents in 1891 was the next year tenanted by possibly the same pair ; but this is apparently an exceptional occurrence, since the same breed- ing place is rarely occupied two years in succession The incubating female is with- out difficulty induced to fly out, a stick thrust into the passage generally proving im- mediately effective, though sometimes the bird withdraws into the burrow beyond the nest. FAMILY AMPELID^E. WAXWINGS, ETC. SUBFAMILY AMPELIN/E. WAXWINGS. GENUS AMPELIS LINN^US. 135. Ampelis cedrorum (VIEILL.). Cedar Waxwing. Irregularly abundant ; probably a permanent resident, though rarely observed during the winter months. It is generally seen in flocks, except during the breeding season ; but is seldom associated with other species. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 321 Nest-building is begun sometimes by the first of June, and the four or five yoang are usually well fledged by the middle of July. Most of the nests observed have ; been situated in apple orchards. FAMILY LANIID/E. SHRIKES. GENUS LANIUS LINNAEUS. NORTHERN SHRIKE, REDUCED. 136. Lanius borealis VIEILL. Northern Shrike ; Butcher-bird. A. tolerably common winter resident. It is probably present every year, al- though in apparently so'mewhat irregular numbers. Specimens in the writer's col- lection were taken on November 5 and December 26, 1892. 137. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (SWAINS.). White-rumped Shrike. A tolerably common summer resident from March 25 to September 21. It seems to be more frequently observed on the bottoms, though occurring also on the up- lands. Two nests taken were situated in a moist meadow along Killbuck Creek. They were respectively four, and four and one-half feet from the ground, and quite well concealed both being placed in thorn bushes (Crattegus). The materials consisted of twigs of the thorn bushes, weedstalks, grass and straw ; with a neat lining of fine grass, gray vegetable fibres, moss and cattle-hair. One of these nests was taken June 7, 1890, and contained five eggs, which were three-eighths incubated; the other on May 29, 1892, and contained six eggs, in which incubation was one-eighth ad- vanced. The measurements of these two nests are as follows : No. Height Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1. 450 200 3 00 x 2 75 3 00 x 2 75 550 x 4 50 6 00 x 4 00 4 00 x 2 00 2 00 x 75 2 6.00 300 3.50 x 2 75 3.25 x 3.12 7.CO x 5.50 6.00x550 5.50 x 5.CO 1.75 x 0.63 322 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. Mr. W. E. Henderson mentions the discovery of a nest containing seven eggs s . which seems sufficiently unusual to be worthy of record. The breeding Shrikes of this County are intermediate between Lanius lucfyvici- anus and L. ludovicianus excubitorides, but judging from the specimens examined, they appear on the whole to most closely approach the latter, and may, at least for: the present, stand as such. FAMILY VIREONID.C. VIREOS. GENUS VIREO VIEILLOT. SUBGENUS VIREOSYLVA BONAPARTE. 138. Vireo olivaceus (LINN.). Red-eyed Vireo. A common summer resident Its spring arrivals, as noted, are from May 3 to 15, inclusive. The latest fall date is October 3 (1891), but the species generally dis- appears in September. It affects both the uplands and the lowlands, but is for the most part confined to the woods, breeding preferably in the timbered ravines and near the borders of the forests. The Red-eyed Vireo sings steadily from the time of its arrival until about the middle of August, and thereafter more or less intermittently usually as long as it re- mains, the latest song date being October 3 (1891). 139. Vireo gilvus (VIEILL.). Warbling Yireo. An abundant summer resident ;' somewhat more numerous at the time of the spring migration. It appears ordinarily during the first week of May, and remains until late in September. Extreme dates are April 28, 1891, and October 2, 1892. In most situations excepting the woodlands, the present species, particularly dur- ing the breeding season, replaces to a great extent the Red-eyed Vireo. It occurs most commonly along the sparsely timbered portions of the streams, as well as in the vicinity of rural dwellings and the well shaded streets of the towns. The nesting season is initiated during the latter part of May, and eggs may be obtained at almost any time in June. The breeding place preferred seems to be an apple orchard, and the nest when thus located is usually from four to twenty feet from the ground, but elsewhere 'is commonly at an altitude of between twenty-five and forty feet. Aside from orchard trees, nests have been detected in maples (Acer rubrum}, n wild cherry trees (Prunus serotina') and in willows. The measurements of three nests are as follows : NO, Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 200 150 1.88 x 1.88 1.88 x 1.88 3.38 x 2.88 8.50 x 3 00 2.75 x 2.00 1.00 x 0.38 2.. 3.. 2.50 225 150 1.65 2.00 x 1.75 2.25 x 1.75 2 25 x 2.00 2.20 x 2.05 2.88 x 2.38 3.10 x 2.50 3.63 x 2.75 3.15 x 2.50 1.75 x 1 38 1.50 x 1.25 0.56 x 0.06 0.50 x 30 Average.. 2.25 1.55 2.04 x 1.79 2.11 x 1.93 312x2.59 3.43 x 2 75 2.00x1.54 0.69 x 0.25 THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 323 A nest discovered on June 26, 1892, in an almost inaccessible position in an apple tree, was ascertained to contain nearly fledged young. One of these had by accident 'become entangled in some of the external fibres of the nest, and having fallen, hung suspended by the feet. This was indeed a very unfortunate position for the fledging, and we undoubtedly earned its gratitude by affording it the relief which it had been of course unable to obtain from its anxious parents. The Warbling Vireo sings regularly until about the first of August, and subse- quently, though less frequently, until into September, the latest date of song heard being in 1892, on September 23 This species has a curious habit of most unconcern- edly singing although its home be quite closely approached, and it sometimes con- tinues its song even while its nest is in process of being removed. SUBGENUS LANIVIREO BAIRD. 140. Vireo flavifrons VIEILL. Yellow- throated Yireo. Tolerably common as a summer resident, but most numerous in spring, arriving ordinarily between the first and the seventh of May. It has not been observed later than July 28 (1892), but it probably remains until at least the middle of August. It is confined principally to the tall timber, being found on both the uplands and the bottoms. It may be heard in song from the time of its appearance in spring until the latter part of July. Its silence after the first of August perhaps accounts for its having escaped any subsequent notice, since it is much oftener heard than seen. FAMILY flNIOTILTID/E. WOOD WARBLERS. GENUS MNIOTILTA VIEILLOT. 141. Mniotilta raria (LINN.). Black and White Warbler. A common spring transient and very rare summer resident. It makes its ap- pearar^ce between the first and the fifteenth of May, and during the spring migration -frequents the woods on both the uplands and the bottoms, being often associated with other Warblers. In summer it has been noted principally in the wooded ravines .adjoining the lowlands. GENUS HELMINTHOPHILA RIDGWAY. 142. Helminthophila pinus (LINN.). Blue-winged Warbler. A rare summer resident; somewhat more numerous in spring, arriving between the first and the tenth of May. It is seldom seen on the uplands, but affects chiefly -the thickets of the bottoms. Owing no doubt to the character of the localities fre- quented, it is generally heard rather than seen. 324 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 143. Helminthophila peregrina (WILS.). Tennessee Warbler. A spring and fall transient ; tolerably common, though somewhat irregular. Itr has been observed in spring between May 15 and May 24; in fall from September 21 to October 7. It was most numerous during the spring of 1892. It frequents thick- ets and woodlands generally, being found often in company with other Warblers. Its song is heard quite regularly during the spring migration. GENUS DENDROICA GRAY. SUBGENUS PERISSOGLOSSA BAIRD. 144. Dendroica tigrina (GMEL.). Cape May Warbler. A transient visitor; apparently rare in spring, but tolerably common in the fall, . though of rather local occurrence. In the spring it has been only once seen, on May 6, 1892 ; but in the autumn it has been observed from September 25 to October 7. It appears to somewhat prefer the lowlands, and has been chiefly noted in the valley of the Killbuck, usually near the stream, in thickets and the less heavily - wooded portions of the forests. SUBGENUS DENDROICA GRAY. 145. Dendroica sestiva (GMEL.). Yellow Warbler. -An abundant summer resident. Its spring arrival has been usually between April 21 and April 25, and it generally remains until September, not, however, . having been noted later than the seventh of this month. It is apparently more numerous on the bottoms than on the uplands. Thickets along streams seem to furnish the most acceptable nesting sites, and in this locality a decided preference is shown for the elders (Sambucus Canadensts), . much the greater number of nests found being situated in these bushes. The three eggs of a set (containing also one egg of the Cowbird) taken May 29, 1891, are somewhat peculiar in pattern of coloration, and exhibit considerable differ- ence in size. The ground color is greenish white ; in one of the eggs almost immac- ulate, with near the larger end a very few minute dots of clove brown and dull lilac and one long streak of clove brown. A second egg is similar to the one described, but is slightly more heavily marked, though much less so than is usual in eggs of the species. The other egg is thickly marked, but still somewhat less so than average specimens with small spots of fawn color, drab and dull lilac, these being in a broad zone about the central portion of the egg. These eggs measure respectively : .70 x .52, .71 x .52, .62 x .44. The height of the breeding season is apparently between the middle of May and the first of June, as a large proportion of the nests found contained, or evidently had contained, unincubated eggs during this period. Incompleted nests have been noted by May il (1890), and eggs have been found as late as June 22 (1891). THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 325 Eight nests exhibit the following measurements : No. Seight. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outsidetop diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 3.50 163 2.00 x 1.70 2.00 x 1.75 2.75 x 2.44 2.75 x 2 50 1.50 x 1.50 0.50 x 0.25 2 3.50 1.63 1.88 x 1.63 1.88 x 1 88 3.50 x 2 73 3.00 x 3.00 2.50 x 2.50 1.12 x 0.63 3 3.63 1.38 1.63 x 1.50 2.CO x 1.73 2.75 x 2 50 2.88 x 2 63 1.63 x 1.25 0.63 x 0.25 4 300 1.50 1.88 x 1.75 1.95 x 1 88 2.88 x 2.50 2.75 x 2.63 2.25 x 1.00 0.50 x 0.25 5 2.50 1.50 2 00 x 1 88 2 00 x 1 75 3.25 x 2.25 3 38 x 3 00 2.25 x 1 75 56 x 0.19 6 2.00 1.20 1.85 x 1.65 2 10 x 1.95 2.90 x 2.50 3.50 x 3.00 3.00 x 2.60 0.85 x 0.35 7 325 1.25 2/H) x 1.70 2 10 x 2.05 2.65 x 2.15 3.25 x 2 50 2.75 x 1.00 0.50 x 0.20 8 2.15 1.50 1.85 x 1.60 2.15x2.00 2.85 x 2.65 2.75 x 2 75 2.50 x 2.00 0.75 x 35 Average 294 145 1.89 x 1.68 2 02 x 1.88 2.94 x 2.47 3C3X2.75 2.30 x 1.70 0.68 x 0.31 This species sings very persistently for the first few weeks after its advent in spring, and quite regularly up to about the beginning of July, continuing more or less intermittently until the last of this month. The latest song was recorded in 1891, on July 28. 146 Dendroica cserulescens (GMEI..). Black-throated Blue Warbler. A common transient visitor ; much more numerous in spring than in fall. It is however, somewhat irregular in numbers, being decidedly less frequent in some seasons than in others. It appears usually during the first few days of May, and re- mains for two or three weeks. It lingered late in 1892, being last observed on June i. The earliest record of its arrival is April 23 (1893). It has been noted in the fall on but two occasions, October 5, 1890, and Septem- ber 1 8, 1892. On the latter date one was seen singing. The Black-throated Blue oc- curs with other of the Warblers in the thickets and woods of both the uplands ,and the bottoms. 147. Dendroica coronata (LINN.). Myrtle Warbler. An abundant transient visitor ; somewhat more numerous in fall than in spring. It has been observed as early as April 16 (1893), but does not usually appear until several days later. It remains until about May 22. In autumn it has been noted from September 25 to November 6. The lowlands along the creeks seem to be favorite resorts for this species, and during the fall it may there be found often in small flocks. With the possible exception of Dendroica striata the Myrtle Warbler is by far the most numerous of the transient species of the family. 148. Dendroica maculosa (GMEL.). Magnolia Warbler. A transient visitor; one of the less frequent species. It is sometimes tolerably common, but has been observed only between May n and May 22. It is apparently 326 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION". of most regular occurrence in the thickets bordering woodlands and in the under- growth of the forests. 149. Dendroica caerulea (WILS.). Cerulean Warbler. Rare ; probably occurring solely as a transient visitor. It was noted only in 1891, when on May 8 an adult male was shot and two other individuals were seen. Another was observed on May 10, and one also on May 15. These were all ap- parently in full song, and had not this been the case, would have passed unnoticed amid the multitudes of migrant Warblers which at this season throng the tops of the forest trees in the valley of the Killbuck. 150. Dendroica pensylvanica (LINN.). Chestnut-sided Warbler. A tolerably common transient from May 14 to May 20. It is also a very rare summer resident, but has not been observed in the fall. The only summer records are for 1893, in which year one of these birds was, on July 9, seen singing in the woodland of the Killbuck Valley, at a locality about four miles northwest of Woos- ter. On July 10 and 16 of the same year, a Chestnut-sided Warbler, quite probably the former individual, was again heard in the same vicinity. The species frequents almost exclusively the woodlands, moving among the branches of the highest trees, and also, though apparently less preferably, in the low undergrowth. 151. Dendroica castanea (WILS.). Bay-breasted Warbler. A very rare transient visitor. The only dates for this species are May 22 and 24, 1692. The birds seen were in rather open woodland, in the lower portions of the trees, and were without difficulty closely approached. Although Wheaton mentions 1 this species as occurring "in great numbers" in fall, the writer has strangely enough failed to detect it during that season. Many Black-poll Warblers have been shot in the hope of securing specimens of D. castanea, as the latter might of course, if not captured, readily pass for D. striata. 152 Dendroica striata (FORST.). Black-poll Warbler. An abundant fall transient, but seen during the spring season only in 1892, when it was common from May 21 to May 30. In the autumn it has been observed from September 18 to October 16. It may be found almost wherever there are trees or bushes, and in the streets of the towns is, of a.ll the transient Warblers, the one most frequently occurring, and the species most numerously represented. It is seen occa- sionally in small straggling companies, consisting, however, of rarely more than six or seven individuals. Geological Survey of Ohio 1 V , 1 p 2 THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 327 153. Dendroica blackburniae (GMEL.). Blackburn ian Warbler. Although Wheaton considers 1 this bird an abundant transient in the vicinity of Columbus, it is seemingly very rare in Wayne County. Only three individuals have been noted ; two on May 20, 1890, and one on May 20, 1892. It is possibly more com- mon than is thus indicated. 154. Dend:oica virens (GMEL.). Black-throated Green Warbler. A common spring transient from May i to May 22. It is apparently rare in the iall, as there is available but one record for that season : October 4, 1891. It may be found in the woods pi both the uplands and the bottoms, and there its very distinctive :song may be heard almost any day during its spring migration.' GENUS 8EIURU5 SWAINSON. OVEN-BIRD, NATURAL SIZE. 155. Seiurus aurocapillus (LINN.). Oven-bird; Golden-crowned Thrush. A rare summer resident. It is for a while in May common in certain localities, ^especially in portions of the Killbuck Valley, where at this season it occurs associated with the next species. It arrives early in May, and remains until the middle of Oc- tober (May i to October 16). It has seldom been noted on the bottom-lands except during the migrations, since it retires for the summer to the most secluded portions of the upland forests. 156. Seiurus motacilla (VIEILL.). Louisiana Water Thrush. Rare summer resident. A certain portion of the valley of the Killbuck, lying '-between four and five miles northwest of Wooster, is the only locality where this species has in summer been observed, and although it there probably breeds, its nest has not been discovered. In this place the species is usually common for a few days in'spring, frequenting the woods and thicjkets along the creek, together with the many mossy ravines in the adjacent woodland. It has been in spring occasionally iGeological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 252. 828 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. noted in swamps in other portions of the Killbuck Valley, but no other spot seems to be quite so congenial as the one above mentioned. This Warbler arrives usually late in April, the twenty-first of the month (1891) being the earliest date recorded. It has not been observed later than July 28 (1892). It is generally in full song at the time of its spring appearance, and for a season its notes form one of the characteristic bird melodies of its favorite haunts. GENUS GEOTHLYPIS CABANIS. SUBGENUS OPORORNIS BAIRD. 157. Geothlypis agilis (WILS.). Connecticut Warbler. A very rare transient visitor. The only record is a single specimen taken'Octo- ber 2, 1892. SUBGENUS GEOTHLYPIS CABANIS. 158. Geothlypis Philadelphia (WILS.). Mourning Warbler. Apparently a very rare transient visitor. It has been positively identified but once, on May 14, 1893, when a single adult male was found in the thick undergrowth of the woodland along Killbuck Creek, about four miles northwest of Wooster. 159. Geothlypis trichas (LINN.). Maryland Yellow-throat. An abundant summer resident. The dates of its appearance range from April 23 to May 7, and it is present generally until the first of October, although less numer- ous during September. Dr. Wheaton 1 writing probably with regard to the vicinity of Columbus, says that this species "remains until the first of September." It is more common on the bottoms than on the uplands, and though of course a bird of thickets and fencerows, it sometimes wanders away from both. On July 2, 1891, a Maryland Yellow-throat was heard singing in the midst of a large wheat-field, where there seemed nothing to attract it from the presumably more suitable locali- ties in the neighborhood. The song of this species continues throughout the whole of the bird's summer sojourn, but is more irregular during September and the latter part of August. The date of latest song heard (October 2, 1892,) is coincident with the latest record for the species. In spring it is one of the early morning singers, being often among the first species heard. On May 27, 1890, it was singing at 3 135 A. M. ^Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 275. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 329 GENUS ICTERIA VIEILLOT. 160. Icteria virens (LINN.). Yellow-Breasted (hat. A rare summer resident. It has not been noted earlier than May 17, nor later than August 3, but probably neither of these dates represents the extreme of its presence here. This species on the uplands frequents the woods and the dense thickets, but on the bottoms is confined apparently to the latter. A nest taken by Mr. J. Hine, near Wooster, June 17, 1893, contained five eggs, two of them, however, being those of the Cowbird. The nest was situated in a hickory sapling in underbrush near the edge of woodland. Although much has been written concerning the vocal powers of the Yellow- breasted Chat, little attention seems to have been called to its ability for mimicry; yet nevertheless, besides being a wonderful ventriloquist, it manifests at times a re- markable imitative faculty. The different notes of the Robin, Catbird, Brown Thrasher, together with those of many other species, including even the croak of the Green Heron, are all reproduced so faithfully that one begins to wonder whether after all the thicket contains not a number of birds instead of a single Yellow- breasted Chat. It seems, however, that such an exhibition is more rarely given than its ordinary vocal performance. This species has been found in full song on July 4,. but later in the season has not been heard singing. GENUS SYLVANIA NUTTALL. WILSON'S WARBLER, NATURAL SIZE. 161. Sylvania pusilla (WILS.). Wilson's Warbler. A rare transient visitor. Observed in spring from May 22 to June i, but in autumn only on September 18, 1892. It has been noted principally in thickets along^ streams, and in the undergrowth of woodland. It is in full song during its spring passage, and its notes constitute a pleasing warble, in part somewhat suggestive of the song of the House Wren. 330 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. GENUS SETOPHAGA SWAINSON. 162. Setophaga ruticilla (LINN.). American Redstart. A very rare summer resident, though common as a spring transient. It appears usually during the first week of May, the earliest date being April 30 (1891). It fre- quents the woods of both the uplands and the bottoms ; being often associated with other species of Warblers. It has been observed in summer on but one occasion, July 27, 1893. and has been entirely overlooked in the fall. It is generally in song /upon its arrival in spring; and was heard singing on July 27. FAMILY TROGLODYTID/E. WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. SUBFAMILY MIMIN/E. THRASHERS. GENUS GALEOSCOPTES CABANIS. 163. Galsoscoptes carolinensis (LINN.). Catbird. An abundant summer resident from April 26 to October 2. The numerous and extensive thickets on the bottom-lands seem to afford particu- larly favorable nesting sites, since it is there that during the breeding season this species occurs most abundantly. The nests are seldom higher from the ground than six feet, and by far the greater number of those found have been but three and one- half feet or less; but almost always carefully concealed. When the situation is, as occasionally chosen, an orchard; the nest is generally at least twelve or fourteen feet from the ground and in the upright fork of a limb. The lining of the nest was ascertained to be in nearly every case entirely of dark-colored roots, the only excep- tions containing in addition a small quantity of grass and weedstalks. Three or four ggs generally constitute a complement ; five having been but twice recorded. Occu- pied nests have been noted from May 14 to June 26. The Catbird sings very continuously from the time of its arrival until August, and subsequently more or less intermittently until September. The latest date of song heard is September 18 (1892).- GENUS HARPORHYNCHUS CABANIS. SUBGBXUS METHRIOPTERUS REICHENBACH. 164. Harporhynchus rufus (LINN.). Brown Thrasher. A common summer resident. It appears sometimes by April i, though not in- frequently several days later. Not observed in fall after September 17 (1893). THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 331 The breeding season continues from the first of May until about the first of July, but nests with eggs are rarely to be found subsequent to the middle of June. The usual nesting site is a brush-heap or a sheltered thicket ; a location offering good opportunity for concealment being apparently preferred* The two nests measured present the following dimensions : No. Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width o rim. 1 350 175 4.CO x 3.00 3.50 x 2 75 6.50 x 600 7 CO x 7 <"0 5.00 x 4.00 o KO x fl 7R 2.. 4.00 2/0 4.25 x 4.00 3 75 x 2.75 7.50 x 6.50 600 x 550 500 x 450 150 x 050* This species sings quite regularly until into July, but has not been heard in song ater than the thirtieth of this month. SUBFAMILY TROGLODYTIN/C. WRENS. GENUS THRYOTHORUS VIEILLOT. SUBGENUS THRYOTHORUS. CAROLINA WREN, REDUCED. 165. Thryothorus ludovicianus (LATH.). Carolina Wreii. 'A common permanent resident; somewhat less numerous in winter. While per- fectly at home in the towns, it seems to be partial to the bottom-lands and to the- OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. wooded ravines, the thickets and swamps along the streams being particularly suit- able for its habitation. A nest visited on May 6, 1890, contained five fully fledged young. This nest was situated in a small barn in the town of Wooster, being placed on the bare floor of a hay loft, close against the side of the building; thus being completely hidden from the outside, though plainly visible from within. The birds entered the nest through a knot-hole in the weather-boarding, but were very shy when conscious of being observed. For some unknown reason, the nest, while containing young, was removed t'ram ibe Loit^aad, placed^upon the ground outside, where, however, the parent birds continued their attentions until the young were able to fly. The Carolina Wren has been observed in song during every month of the year with the exception of December, and it sings with apparently as much vivacity in zero weather as during the most pleasant days of spring. GENUS TROGLODYTES VIEILLOT. SUBGENUS TROGLODYTES. 166. Troglodytes aedon VIEILL. House Wren. A common summer resident. It appears late in April or early in May, and re- mains sometimes until October 16, though is unusual after October i. During the breeding season the apple orchards, even though not adjacent to human habitations, seem to be its favorite resorts. The House Wren sings from the time of its arrival until about the first of August, but less continuously during the greater part of July. The date of latest song heard is July 30 (1893). SUBGEXUS ANORTHURA RENNIE. WINTER WREN, SLIGHTLY REDUCED. 167. Troglodytes hiemalis VIEILL. Winter Wren. A rare winter resident; tolerably common during the spring and fall migrations. It has been observed from September 27 to May 15, principally along fencerows, in thickets and in woodland undergrowth. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. " 333 GENUS CISTOTHORUS CABANIS. SUBGEXUS TELMATODYTES CABAXIS. 168. Cistothorus palustris (WILS.). Long-billed Marsh Wren. A common summer resident from May 5 to September 25. It is to be found in nearly all the more extensive swamps, especially where the cat-tail flag ( Typha lati- folia} abounds. While 4t of course breeds regularly in this locality, no nests have been discovered, owing to the great difficulty of traversing at the proper season the swamps where it occurs. It is in song throughout its sojourn here, but sings with much less frequency during the latter part of the summer. FAMILY CERTHIID^H. CREEPERS. GENUS CERTHIA LINN^US. 169. Certhia familiaris americana (BONAP.). Brown Creeper. A tolerably common spring and fall transient and rare winter resident. During the winter it remains principally in the woods of the bottom-lands, but during the migrations it occurs also on the high ground. Its earliest fall appearance is October 2, and it has never been observed later in spring than May i ; seldom, in fact, after the middle of April. No positive breeding record has been established, but an unoccupied nest, which in position and structure much resembled that of this species, was discovered on May 7, 1891. This nest was situated about twenty feet from the ground in a crevice behind the bark of a dead tree, in damp bottoni-land woods along the Killbuck. FAMILY PARID/E. NUTHATCHES AND TITS. SUBFAMILY SITTING. NUTHATCHES. GENUS SITTA LINN^US. 170. Sitta carolinensis LATH. White-breasted Nuthatch. A permanent resident ; common in summer, abundant in fall and winter. It is most numerous in woodland, though in winter it commonly is elsewhere encountered. During the summer it apparently is partial to the bottom-lands and to timbered ra- vines, but in the fall and winter it is equally if not more abundant in the upland woods, being then frequently associated with Tufted Titmice, Chickadees and Golden- crowned Kinglets. 334 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. All the nests which have fallen under the writer's observation have been situated^ in either natural cavities or the abandoned excavations of Woodpeckers, in living- trees, or trees only partially dead. The breeding season continues usually from about the middle of April until the middle of June, nests with eggs being most common during the first three weeks in May. The disturbance of a nest containing even eggs some- times occasions on the part of the parent birds an exhibition of great concern, and they repeatedly approach almost within reach, making at intervals swift dashes toward the intruder. The notes of the White-breasted Nuthatch are most frequently heard during the colder months of the year. 171. Sitta canadensis LINN. Red-breasted Nuthatch. A very rare transient visitor. The only record for this species is September 26* 1890. SUBFAMILY PARIN/E. TITMICE. GENUS PARUS LINNAEUS. SUBGENUS LOPHOPHANES KAUP. 172. Parus bicolor LINN. Tufted Titmouse. A. permanent resident; abundant except in summer. It is equally numerous on? the uplands and the lowlands. On Octpber 2, 1892, a Tufted Titmouse was observed industriously hammer- ing away at something in the crotch of a low tree. This object eventually proved to be the half-punctured coccoon of a large moth ( Telea folyfhemus). The Tufted Titmouse sings more or less continuously all the year, being least frequently heard during December and January. The duration of its maximum song seems to be from about the first of March until some time in June, after which period it sings much less regularly. SUBGENUS PARUS LINN.EUS. 173. Parus atricapillus LINN. Chickadee. Resident; abundant in winter, but considerably less numerous in summer.. During the latter season it is found most frequently in the woods of the bottom- lands, though is by no means entirely confined to them ; while in winter it occurs- almost everywhere, at only this season regularly visiting the yards along the streets of the towns. The nesting season begins about the middle of April, full complements of eggs- being most common from the first to the fifteenth of May. A second brood is some- times reared in June. Rather open bottom woodlands, where decaying stumps- THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 335 abound, seem to be the favorite localities for breeding purposes. The nests situated in these low stumps are rarely over two feet from the ground, and considerable dan- ger threatens from the spring flooding of the bottom-lands and the consequent unin- habitable condition of the nests when the water rises high enough to enter. A nest found by Mr. W. E. Henderson, June 24, 1892, was situated in a cavity in one of the supports of an old rail fence. FAMILY SYLVIID>. WARBLERS, KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS. SUBFAMILY REQULIN/E. KINGLETS. GENUS REGULUS CUVIER. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET, SOMEWHAT REDUCED. 174. Regulus satrapa LIGHT. (Golden-crowned Kinglet. Abundant in fall and spring ; tolerably common as a winter resident. During the last mentioned season it remains chiefly in the shelter of ornamental evergreens, and in the most sheltered portions of the woods, but throughout the migrations it is found nearly everywhere. It appears in fall with considerable regularity about the first of October, the ex- treme dates being September 27 and October 3. It departs about the end of the third week in April, but has once been observed to linger until May i (1892). It moves often in small scattered companies of usually not more than fifteen individuals ; some- times, though not ordinarily, associating with other birds. 175. Regulus calendula (LINN.). Ruby -crowned Kinglet. A transient visitor ; abundant in the spring, but generally not so numerous in autumn. It has been noteJ from April 5 to May 15, and from September 23 to Octo- 7 B. W. C. 336 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. her 20. It is found principally in woDdlands and thickets, both on the uplands and the bottoms, not being so frequently as the preceding species observed along the streets of the towns. This species is, of course, regularly in song during the season of its occurrence in spring, and has been heard singing in October fully as well as during the vernal migration. SUBFAMILY POLIOPTILIN/E. GNATCATCHERS. GENUS POLIOPTILA SCLATER. 176. Polioptila cserulea (LINN.). Blue- gray Gnatcatcher. A common summer resident. It arrives ordinarily during the latter part of April, the nineteenth of this month being the earliest date recorded. It has not been observed later than August 3, yet it probably does not leave until September. Throughout the breeding season it affects chiefly the upland woods and the tim- bered ravines adjacent. Nest-building begins about the middle of May, or even some- what earlier, and by the middle of June nearly all the nests contain young. Ap- parently no second brood is regularly reared, but should the first nest be destroyed, another is commonly constructed. The measurements of two nests are as appended : No. Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outside middle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. i 2.65 170 135x1.20 1.80x1.60 2.25 x 2.10 2.75x2.35 285x2.00 0.75x0.35 2 2.50 1.60 1.85x1.25 1.65x1.50 2.05x1.90 2.60 x 2.25 2.25 x 1.85 0.50x0.25 The well-known scolding note of this species is most conspicuous from April to about the middle of July, being subsequently comparatively seldom heard. The real song of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher has, in this locality, been detected upon only a single occasion, August 3, 1890 It is a simple but pleasing ditty, in quality rather suggestive of the songs of some Warblers. It consists of one or two introductory notes, followed by a short warble ; and the whole may be represented, very imper- fectly of course, by the syllables zee-u, zee-ii, ksee-ksee-ksee-ksii. FAMILY TURDID^E. THRUSHES, SOLITAIRES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. ,, SUBFAMILY TURDIN/E. THRUSHES. GENUS TURDUS LINNAEUS. SUBGENUS HYLOCICHLA BAIRD. 177. Turdus mustelinus GMEL. Wood Thrush. An abundant summer resident from April 21 to September 27. It may, in general, be regarded as a somewhat more numerous inhabitant of the woods on the bottoms THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 337 than of those on the uplands, although it is found in almost all suitable localities. It is particularly numerous in the woods along portions of Killbuck Creek. The breeding season continues from about the end of the first week in May until the middle of July, but is at its height during the last two weeks of May and the first week in June. The favorite nesting /places are wooded ravines and the timbered banks bordering the bottom-lands. Nearly all the nests found have been in saplings or bushes, usually from three to five, never higher than ten, feet from the ground. The measurements of two nests are as follows : No. Height. Depth. Inside top diameter. Inside middle diameter. Outside top diameter. Outride mttWle diameter. Outside bottom diameter. Width of rim. 1 3.50 163 3.13x300 2.75 x 2.75 4.50x4.00 5.50x5.25 4.00x3.50 0.63x0.38 2 4.00 2.25 3.00 x 3.00 3.00x3.00 4.50 x 4.25 5.25x5.00 | 6.00x4.50 1.00 x 0.50 This species is commonly imposed upon by the Cowbird, sometimes to the ex- tent of two or even three eggs. A nest discovered June 28, 1891, contained three eggs of the Wood Thrush and three of the Cowbird. The former, with two of the latter, were perfectly fresh, while the third Cowbird's egg, besides being badly cracked and addled, was buried nearly out of sight among the materials composing the bottom of the nest. These circumstances seem clearly to indicate that this Cow- bird's egg had been deposited several days in advance of the other eggs, and while the nest was in process of construction. The Wood Thrush is in full song from the time of its arrival until the middle of June ; subsequently continuing, but with less regularity, up to about the middle of July. 178. Turdus fuscescens STEPH. Wilson's Thrush. This species is apparently the least numerous of all the transient Thrushes. It has been observed only in 1892, when on May i, 15, and 22, it was seen near Wooster, in woodland in the valley of the Killbuck. In the collection of Mr. E. N. Freeman, of Orrville, is a single specimen, which was taken in spring near that place. 179. Turdus aliciae BAIRD. Gray-cheeked Thrush. A tolerably common spring and fall transient, yet owing to the character of the localities frequented, and to its shy, retiring habits, is somewhat liable to be over- looked. It has been noted from May 8 to May 14, and from September 18 to October 2 ; principally in thickets along streams and the borders of woods, and in the tim- bered ravines adjoining the lowlands. The stomach of a specimen shot on September 18, 1892, was filled with berries of t'.ie poke-weed {Phytolacca decandra), on which the bird was feeding when killed. 338 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 180. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (CAB.). Olive-backed Thrush. A tolerably common transient visitor from October 3 to 12, but not observed in? the spring. It has been noted principally in timbered ravines, and on the wooded- banks bordering the bottom-lands. 181. Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii (CAB.). Hermit Thrush. The most common species of the four transient Thrushes. It has been observed' "tn Spring from April 9 to May n, and in fall from October 15 to October 20. It fre- quents chiefly the forests areas of the bottoms, and the woods along the upland^ streams, though is occasionally seen on the outskirts of the towns. It is apparently .not in-song during its migration through this region. GENUS MERULA LEACH. 182. Merula migratoria (LINN.). American Robiii. An abundant summer resident. A few sometimes remain over winter. Its ar- rivals in spring have been from February 5 to 27, according to the severity of the season, but it is usually present before the middle of this month. It generally disap- pears by the first of November, and occasionally even earlier. Nest-building is begun commonly about the first of April, and young with short tails, but able to fly, may be seen by the fifteenth of the following month. The breeding season appears to be at its height during May and the latter part of April,, and to be practically ended by the first of July, since no occupied nests have been found later than June 26. This species constructs its nest in all sorts of situations : not infrequently on a fence- post close to the railroad track, or even on the cross-bar of a telegraph pole. A nest discovered April 20, 1890, was on the top of one of the posts supporting an old shed; another, found on April 13 of the same year, was placed on the projecting end- of one of the horizontal beams of a carriage bridge over a small stream. A nest was observed May 4, 1890, on one of the iron girders of a railroad bridge near Wooster. It was scarcely three feet below the rails, and directly beneath one of them. When found it contained three eggs, which in due time were hatched, and the young probably (though this was not positively determined) reared in safety. A nest noted May 18, 1890, was situated on the bank of a creek, in a small bush which over- hung the water. It was built upon another Robin's nest, evidently an old one, for the new material of the superstructure was in marked contrast to the weatherbeaten ap- pearance of the foundation. Of sixty-two nests examined, thirty-seven were less than ten feet from the ground ; twelve were between ten and fifteen feet; eight between fifteen and twenty; three be- tween twenty and twenty-five ; and one each at altitudes of twenty-five and thirty feet. Robins in a condition of partial albinism seem not to be very uncommon. One in the writer's collection was taken March 9, 1892, and another was secured on March 27 of the same year ; but these have, however, only a small proportion of white feathers. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 339 The Robin has been ascertained to feed upon the fruits of the following plants and trees, the three first mentioned, at the season of their abundance, entering regularly and largely into its diet: elder (Sambucus Canadenst's), poke-weed '(Phytolacca dacandra), dogwood ( Cornus florida}, laurel oak (Qu?rcus imbricarta), bass wood (Tilia Americana}. During the course of the writer's investigations in the County, 'two Robin roosts yyere discovered. One of these was in a thick, bushy swamp along the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago R. R. track, about two miles southwest of Wooster ; but was seldom observed to be occupied. The other roost was situated in the northern portion of the city of Wooster, where, along parts of two streets, the birds made use of the thick foliaged maple trees. This roost, like the first, was the rendezvous for a comparatively small number of birds, which resorted thither more or less ir- regularly from 1891 to 1893, inclusive. It was first discovered in 1891, when on April 12, between six and seven o'clock in the afternoon, 494 birds were counted as they flew in from the southern part of the city. This was, of course, the census from only one direction, circumstances preventing more extended observations. Although no birds were seen to enter the roost again that year, some may very probably have been present. During the next year the Robins were noted at the roost on but a single occasion, a few being seen July 17. In 1893, however, the roost was used with apparently considerable regularity, both in the spring and after the close of the breeding season. Although similar gath- erings in both summer and winter are, of course, well known to take place, the fact that the Robin resorts to roosts in the spring, before, and even for a while during Ihe breeding season, is alluded to by neither Mr. Brewster, 1 Mr. Torrey 2 nor Mr. Widmann. 3 Mr. Brewster states that none were seen at the roosts earlier than June ii, and is inclined to consider this exceptionally early. Small numbers of birds "were, however, seen to enter this Wooster roost every few days from March 27 to May 15, after which date none were noticed until August 8. From August 8 to August 31, the flight was almost nightly observed, the number recorded gradually increasing, reaching its maximum towards the latter part of the month. Throughout this period the largest number seen on any one evening was 265, but since the count was made from a single point, this number probably represents only a fraction of the total number of birds which daily resorted to the roost. None were noted on any occasion earlier than 6.36 P.M., and by 7.15 all had passed; the bulk being seen usually between 6.50 and 7.05 P. M. The time utilized by the birds was thus between sunset and dusk. In passing over the city most of the earlier comers flew quite high, only descending as the roost was neared ; but a little later the flight was lowered so as barely to clear the house-tops ; while the last flew close to the ground, passing chiefly through openings between the buildings. The Robin commences to sing within a few days after its arrival, and continues in full song until late in June. Through July it sings regularly, though less fre- quently, and subsequently is heard more or less intermittently until towards the last of August. Then it is usually silent till late in September, when for a brief period its song is again resumed. The latest record of song is October 19 (1892). The fol- lowing data indicate the time at which on several days the first note of the Robin, was heard : May 8(1891) at 4.03 A.M.; May 22 (1890) at 3.55 A. M. ; May 27 (1890) at 3.25 A. M. ; July 28 (1892) at 4.00 A. M. * ^u~ V'IA, A ^yw, pp. 360 etseq. 2 The Footpath Way, 1893, pp. 153 et seq. * Auk XII, 1895, pp. i et seq. 340 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. GENUS SIALIA SWAINSON. 183. Sialia sialis (LINN.). Bluebird. Abundant ; usually a permanent resident, though less numerous in winter, but if this season be especially severe, is probably altogether absent. Those individuals of the species which migrate south for the winter apparently return in February. The breeding season extends from the middle of April to about the first of August, two or three broods being reared. A nest found May 25, 1890, in a small decaying stump, contained well fledged young and one addled egg. The en- trance to this nest was only one foot above the ground. The Bluebird sings regularly from about the middle of February until late in June, but much less frequently thereafter. It may at intervals, however, be heard till October, the latest recorded date of song being October 21 (1892). THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 341 HYPOTHETICAL LIST. The following list is intended to comprise such birds as seem of prob- able occurrence in the region at present under consideration. Future in- vestigations will doubtless establish Wayne County records for many of the species thus catalogued. ORDER PYGOPODES. FAMILY PODICIPID/E. 1. Colymbus holbcellii (REINH.). Holboell's Grebe. Given by Wheaton, in his Report on the Birds of Ohio, 1 as a rare transient. It has been taken both on Lake Erie and on the waters of the interior of the State. FAMILY URINATORID/E. 2. Urinator lumme (GUNN.). Red-throated Loon. A rare transient in Ohio. ORDER LONGIPENNES. FAMILY LARID>E. 3. Larus delawarensis ORD. Ring-billed Gull. In Ohio, especially on Lake Erie, a tolerably common species during the mi- grations. 1 Geological Survey of Ohio IV, 1882, p. 566. 342 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 4. Sterna forsteri NUTT. Forster's Tern. A transient visitor ; of more or less frequent, though irregular, occurrence in the interior of the State. 5. Sterna hirundo LINN. Common Tern. Common as a transient; apparently not a regular summer resident in the State, except on the Lake shore. 6. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (GMEL.). Black Tern. Wheaton records this species as a common summer resident in northern Ohio, and as a common transient elsewhere in the State. ORDER STEGANOPODES. FAMILY PHALACROCORACID/E. 7. Phalacrocorax dilophus (SWAINS.). Double-crested Cormorant. A tolerably common transient in Ohio. ORDER ANSERES. FAMILY ANATID/E. 8. Anas strepera LINN. Gadwall. A tolerably common transient visitor ; probably also a summer resident in at least portions of the State. 9. Aythya marila nearctica STEJN. American Scaup Duck. Transient visitor in Ohio ; apparently not abundant. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 343 10. Aythya collaris (DONOV.). Ring-necked Duck. According to Wheaton, this species occurs abundantly as a transient in the State. 11. Oidemia americana Svv. & RICH. American Scoter. Occurs as an occasional winter visitor in the State. 12. Oidemia deglandi BONAP. White-winged Scoter. This species has been taken both on Lake Erie and in the interior of the State. 13. Chen hyperborea (PALL.). Lesser Snow Goose. Probably occurs, at least sparingly, with the next species. 14. Chen hyperborea nivalis (FORST.). Greater Snow Goose. Mentioned by Wheaton as a rather irregular transient in Ohio, apparently more common on the Lake shore than elsewhere in the State. 15. Anser albifrons gambeli (HARTL.). American White-fronted Goose. A transient visitor ; occurring more or less frequently throughout the State. 16. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (RICH.). Hutchins' Goose. Wheaton gives it as a rare transient ; but a critical examination of the wild Gees killed in Ohio may possibly determine this subspecies to be of more frequent appear- ance than it has heretofore been considered. 17. Olor buccinator (RICH.). Trumpeter Swan. Has been several times taken in Ohio ; and some of the Swans which have from time to time been seen in Wayne County may have been of this species. 344 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. ORDER HERODIONES. FAMILY ARDEID^E. 18. Ardea candidissima GMEL. Snowy Heron. Although not of common occurrence, specimens have been taken in northern Ohio. 19. Nycticorax nycticorax nsevius (BODD.). Black- crowned Night Heron. Wheaton mentions this species as probably breeding in suitable places through- out the State. ORDER PALUDICOL^E. FAMILY QRUID/E. 20. Grus americana (LINN.). Whooping Crane. A rare and probably an irregular transient in the State. 21. Grus canadensis (LINN.). Little Brown Crane. A rare transient visitor in Ohio. FAMILY RALLID/E. * 22. Porzana noveboracensis (GMEL.). Yellow Rail. A transient visitor; possibly a summer resident, though apparently not very common in the State. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 345 ORDER LIMICOL^. FAMILY PHALAROPODID^E. 23. Phalaropus lobatus (LINN.). Northern Phalarope. A transient visitor in Ohio ; but seems to be not very common. 24. Steganopus tricolor VIEILL.' Wilson's F halarope. Like the last, a somewhat uncommon and irregular transient on the streams and lakes of the State. Wheaton mentions its possible summer residence in northwestern Ohio. FAMILY RECURVIROSTRID^. 25. Himantopus mexicaxms (MULL.). Black-necked Stilt. This is a rare species in Ohio, but specimens have been several times taken in the northern part of the State. FAMILY SCOLOPACID/E. 26. Macrorhamphus griseus (GMEL.). Dowitcher. A rare transient in the State. 27. Tringa canutus LINN. Knot. Transient visitor ; perhaps not uncommon on the larger bodies of water. 28. Tringa fuscicollis VIEILL. White-ramped Sandpiper. Transient visitor ; apparently more frequently found on the Lake shore tham else- where in the State. 1 Phalaropus tricolor of the A. O. U. Check-List ; but the claims of Steganopus to full generic rank seem to be perfectly valid. \Cf ELI IOT, North American Shore Birds, 1895, p. 222.) 346 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 29. Tringa bairdii (COUES). Baird's Sandpiper. A spring and fall transient ; probably not rare in suitable localities in at least portions of the State. 30. Tringa minutilla VIEILL. Least Sandpiper. A common transient, probably throughout the State. It is possibly a rare summer resident on Lake Erie. 31. Tringa alpina pacifica (COUES). Red-backed Sandpiper. A common transient ; perhaps more numerous on Lake Erie than in the interior of the State. 32. Ereunetes pusillus (LINN.). Semipalmated Sandpiper. An abundant transient visitor in Ohio. 33. Calidris arenaria (LINN.). Sanderling. A common transient visitor in the State, though apparently most numerous on the shore of Lake Erie. 34. Limosa fedoa (LINN.). Marbled Godwit. A transient visitor ; probably not uncommon in some portions of the State. 35. Limosa haemastica (LINN.). Hudsonian Godwit. Of less frequent occurrence in Ohio than the preceding species, but has been taken on Lake Erie and also in the interior. 36. Symphemia semipalmata (GMEL.). Willet. A transient visitor; possibly a summer resident on the shore , of Lake Erie.w~.lJL appears to be not very common throughout the greater portion of Ohio. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 347 37. Numenius longirostris WILS. Long-billed Curlew. A transient visitor ; in northwestern Ohio possibly an occasional summer resident. 38. Numenius hudsonicus LATH. Hudsonian Curlew* A transient visitor ; rare in the State. 39. Numenius borealis (FORST.). Eskimo Curlew. A transient visitor ; seemingly of rare occurrence in Ohio. FAMILY CHARADRIID/E. 40. Charadrius squatarola (LINN.). Black-bellied Plover. Apparently not a common species, but occurring sometimes in the interior of the State. 41. Charadrius dominicus MULL. American Golden Plover, An abundant transient in Ohio, being found during migration in large numbers in suitable localities. 42. -flSgialitis semipalmata BONAP. Semipalmated Plover. Common transient visitor ; according to Wheaton, most numerous in the fall. 43. jflSgialitis meloda circumcincta RIDGW. Belted Piping Plover. A summer resident probably only on Lake Erie ; a tolerably common transient elsewhere in the State. This, the Mississippi Valley form, seems more likely to occur here than sEgialitis meloda from the Atlantic Coast ; but no Ohio specimens have been examined. 348 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. FAMILY APHRIZID/E. 44. Arenaria interpres (LINN.). Turnstone. A transient visitor; apparently not common in the State. ORDER RAPTORES. FAMILY FALCONID^E. 45. Accipiter atricapillus (WILS.). American Goshawk. Of occasional occurrence as a winter visitor in Ohio. FAMILY BUBONID/E. 46. Surnia ulula caparoch (MULL.). American Hawk Owl. A rare winter visitor in the State. ORDER PASSERES. FAMILY TYRANNID>E. 47. Contopus borealis (SWAINS.). Olive-sided Flycatcher. A rare transient visitor in Ohio. FAMILY CORVID/G. 48. Corvus corax principalis RIDGW. Northern Raven. A rare winter visitor in Ohio, chiefly in the northern portion. Although no Ohio specimens of the Raven have been accessible, it seems probable that the form occurring in the State is as above given. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 349 FAMILY FRINGILLID/E. 49. Coccothraustes vespertinus (Coop.). Evening Grosbeak. Although there appear to be but five published records of the occurrence of this species in Ohio, it is, during a winter favorable to its wanderings, liable to be found in almost any part of the northern half of the State. 50. Pinicola enucleator canadensis (CAB.). American Pine Grosbeak. An irregular winter visitor, chiefly to northern Ohio. The American form, as here distinguished, though not admitted to the A. O. U. Check-List, is recognized by Mr. Ridgway, and is apparently tenable as a subspecies. 51. Loxia curvirostra minor (BREHM). American Crossbill. An irregular winter visitor, though sometimes numerous even in the southern part of the State. 52. Loxia leucoptera GMEL. White-winged CrossbilL Winter visitor ; in Ohio, of much less frequent occurrence than the preceding species. 53. Spinus pinus (WILS.). P,ne Siskin. Wheaton mentions this species as an abundant winter visitor, and as possibly breeding in northern Ohio. / 54. Calcarius lapponicus (LINN.). Lapland Longspur. A common and moderately regular winter visitor in at least the northern half of the State. 55. Ammodramus henslowii (AUD.). Henslow's Sparrow. Recorded by Mr. Lynds Jones 1 as a summer resident at Oberlin, Ohio, where it "was found to be not uncommon during the summer of 1894". Aside from the state- ment of Audubon 2 , this seems to be the only reliable record of the occurrence of the species in the State. Its appearance in other suitable localities may, however, with reasonable confidence be anticipated. 1 Auk XII, 1895, p. 241 ; Bulletin of Wilson Ornithological Chapter, No. *, January 30, 1896, p. 2. 2 Birds of America III, 1841, p. 76. 350 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 56. Chondestes grammacus (SAY). Lark Sparrow. Rare summer resident in northern Ohio ; apparently more common towards the middle of the State. 57. Melospiza lincolnii (AUD.). Lincoln's Sparrow. A tolerably common transient visitor in Ohio. FAMILY TANAGRID/E. 58. Piranga rubra (LINN.). Summer Tanager. A common summer resident in the southern part of the State, but apparently rare in northern Ohio. FAMILY HIRUNDINID/E. 59. Clivicola riparia (LINN.). Bank Swallow. Summer resident in some parts of Ohio, but appears to^be only transient in others, FAMILY AflPELID/E. 60. Ampelis garrulus LINN. Bohemian Waxwing. A winter visitor to northern Ohio. FAMILY VIREONID^E. 61. Vireo philadelphicus (CASS.). Philadelphia Vireo. A transient visitor ; probably not rare in the State. 62. Vireo solitarius (WILS.). Blue-headed Vireo. A transient visitor ; apparently not breeding in Ohio. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 351 63. Vireo noveboracensis (GMEL.). White-eyed Yireo. A summer resident in Ohio ; probably more common in the southern portion of the State. FAMILY nNIOTILTID>. 64. Helmitherus vermivorus (GMEL.). Worm-eating Warbler. A summer resident in the more southern parts of the State. It probably occurs also in northern Ohio. 65. Helminthophila chrysoptera (LINN.). Golden-winged Warbler. A summer resident ; apparently not common in Ohio. 66. Helminthophila rubricapilla (WiLs.). 1 Nashville Warbler. A common transient visitor in at least portions of the State. 67. Helminthophila celata (SAY). Orange- crowned Warbler. An occasional transient visitor in the State. 68. Compsothlypis americana usneae BREWSTER. Northern Pamla Warbler. A transient visitor throughout much of the State, though probably breeding in suitable localities. This species has been on one or two occasions partially identified in Wayne County, but no specimens have been secured. 69. Dendroica dominica albilora RIDGW. Sycamore W T arbler. A summer resident, at least formerly, even in northern Ohio, though probably loca'l in its distribution. Cf. FAXON, Auk XIII, 1896, p. 263. 8* B. W. C. 352 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION. 70. Dendroica kirtlandi BAIRD. Kirtland's Warbler. The possibility that Kirtland's Warbler may yet be taken in Wayne County is suggested by the proximity of the type locality of the species, together with the prob- ability that the valleys of the tributaries of the Muskingum River form the highway of migration for many of the birds which breed about Cleveland, or which occur there during the spring season. 71. Dendroica vigorsii (Auo.). Pine Warbler. A rare transient visitor in Ohio. 72. Dendroica palmarum (GMEL.). Palm Warbler. A common transient visitor, though perhaps somewhat local in the State. 73. Dendroica discolor (VIEILL.). Prairie Warbler. Given as a summer resident in northern Ohio, by Wheaton, who says that it is rare. A Warbler seen by the writer in May, 1891, was probably of this species, but the bird was unfortunately not secured. 74. Seiurus noveboracensis (GMEL.). Water Thrush. A tolerably common transient visitor in the State. 75. Geothlypis formosa (WILS.). Kentucky Warbler. A summer resident in Ohio, but rare and local. On April 23, 1893, an individual, undoubtedly of this species, was seen singing in the woods on the bottom-lands of the Killbuck, in Wayne County. As, however, the bird was not obtained, the circum- stance is mentioned merely as a hypothetical record. 76. Sylvania mitrata (GMEL.). Hooded Warbler. A rare summer resident in Ohio. 77. Sylvania canadensis (LINN.). Canadian Warbler. A transient visitor; not uncommon in the State. THE BIRDS OF WAYNE COUNTY. 353 FAMILY MOTACILLID/C. 78. Anthus jiensilvanicus (LATH.). American Pipit. A common transient visitor in Ohio. FAMILY TROGLODYTID/C. 79. Mimus polyglottos (LINN.). Mockingbird. A summer resident ; rare even in the southern part of the State, but has been reported breeding near Lake Erie. 80. Thryothorus bewickii (Auo.). Bewick's Wren. A summer resident in southern Ohio. 81. Cistothorus stellaris (LIGHT.). Short-billed Marsh Wren. A summer resident in the State, but apparently of local distribution. A careful investigation of the numerous swamps of Wayne County would possibly reveal the presence of this species. FAMILY PARID/E. 82. Parus carolinensis AUD. Carolina Chickadee. A regular summer resident in Ohio, at least from the latitude of Columbus southward. NOTE. By reason of an unfortunate misunderstanding, the proof-sheets of pages 243-270 were not submitted to the author for revision. This over- sight has resulted in the admission of a number of unpleasant inaccu- racies of punctuation, particularly in the generic and subgeneric names;, and furthermore has rendered necessary the insertion of the following list of ERRATA. Page 245, 2nd line from bottom, for occassional read occasional. Page 247, 3d line from top, for sEgialites read ^Egialitis. Page 247, 1 3th line from top, Syrinum read Syrnium. Page 248, 1 3th line from bottom, for valutina read velutina. Page 249, 1 4th line from top, for saccharum read Saccharum. Page 249, 2ist line from top, for prevailent read prevalent. Page 250, 8th line from bottom, for Chilidon read Chelidon. Page 250, 9th line from bottom, for Progue read Progne. Page 250, i6th line from bottom, for Spicella read Spizella. Page 251, ist line from top for Deudroica read Dendroica. Page 251, 4th line from top, for pennsylvanica read pensylvanica. Page 251, 27th line from top, for asia read asio. Page 252, 2ist line from top, for pennsylvanica read pensylvanica. Page 252, 5th line from bottom, for Erismatur read Erismatura. Page 252, gth line from bottom, for valisneria read vallisneria. Page 255, 6th line from top, for (LiNN.) read LINN. Page 255, 1 8th line from top, for CEPHI read CEPPHI. Page 255, ist line from bottom, for park read part. Page 256, 5th line from top, for (CouEs) read COUES. Page 256, 7th line from top, for Appearing read Appears. Page 256, 8th line from bottom, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. Page 256, footnote, for survey read Survey. Page 256, footnote, for p. 42 read p. 542. Page 257, 2nd line from bottom, for hough read though. Page 258, 4th line from top, for (LiNN.) read LINN. Page 258, 5th line from bottom, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. Page 258, roth line from bottom, for Badpate read Baldpate. Page 258, nth line from bottom, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. Page 258, 16 h line from bottom, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. Page 259, 2nd line from top, for (LINN.) read LINN. Page 261, footnote, for survey read Survey. Page 263, 2nd line from top, for LINN, read LINNAEUS. Page 263, 7th line from bottom, for (LINN.) read LINN. Page 264, 5th line from top, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. Page 264, i4th line from top, for (LiNN) read LINN. Page 264, 22nd line from top, for approa h read approach. Page 264, footnote 4, for i dicated read indicate. Page 265, 6th line from top, for (AuD.) read AUD. Page 265, 8th line from bottom, for (LINN) read LINN. Page 267, 3rd line from top, for (GMEL.) read GMEL. Page 267, 2 ist line from top, for were reai was. Page 268, 3rd line from top, for (VIEILL) read VIEILL. Page 268, 1 2th line from bottom, for occuring read occurring. Page 269, i4th line from top for fieldst read fields. Page 269 4th line from bottom, for shriveled read shrivelled. Page 270, 4th line from bottom, for prefering read preferring. Page 271, loth line from top, for (LiNN.) read LINN. Page 279, gth line from top, for (LiNN.) read LINN. Page 279, i8th line from top, for (LiNN.) read LINN. Page 280, 4th line from top, for (BONAP.) read BONAP. '\ Jyi BIOl UET G OF CAIvlFORNIA LIBRARY