UC-NI
88
A MANUAL
OF
USEFUL INFORMATION
AND
TABLES
APPERTAINING TO THE USE OF
WROUGHT IRON
AS MANUFACTURED BY
THE PASSAIC
ROLLING' MILL co.
PATERSON, N. J.
(New- York Office, Room 45, Astor House.)
FOR
ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, AND BUILDERS,
F. A. LEERS, C. E
V
Copyright, 1884, by
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY,
Paterson, N. J.
Press of THEO. L. DE VINNE & Co. New- York.
i8
OFFICEKS.
WATTS COOKE, President.
W. O. FAYERWEATHER, Secretary and Treasurer.
JOHN K. COOKE, Superintendent.
F. A. LEERS, Engineer.
84713
PEEFACE.
'*~l r *HE present edition of the MANUAL is a new work
-*- throughout. It is intended to supply such special
information and tables as, it was thought, would prove
valuable to workers in wrought iron in general, and the
patrons of the publishers, THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL Co.,
in particular.
The tables, with a few exceptions, were computed expressly
for this work, and some of them are original in both matter
and form.
The author hopes that they will be found to possess the quali-
ties of accuracy and reliability.
Such of the tables as were not calculated for this work were
obtained from two or more works of presumably independent
origin, which were compared for the detection of errors.
The table of weight of a ciibic foot and of the iiltimate
strength of substances was derived mostly from Trautwine.
The list of shapes rolled by THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILLS
will be found increased in mimber, and some of the 'sections
improved in form. All angle irons are now made with
flanges of uniform thickness ; the range between the minimum
and maximum weight for a number of the shapes has been
increased.
5*
6 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
i
CONTENTS.
PLATES
1-5 SECTIONS OF I BEAMS
PAGE
IOI4
6 7 SECTIONS OF CHANNEL BARS
15, 16
8 SECTIONS OF EQUAL TEES
17
8 SECTIONS OF FLATTED ROUND
8 SECTIONS OF HALF ROUND
17
17
8 SECTIONS OF ROUNDED FLAT
17
9 SECTIONS OF UNEQUAL TEES
18
9 SECTIONS OF BEAD IRON
18
10 SECTIONS OF UNEQUAL ANGLES
19
10 SECTIONS OF SQUARE-ROOT UNEQUAL ANGLES.
10 SECTIONS OF OBTUSE A.NGLFS
19
IQ
10 SECTIONS OF GROOVE IRON
10 SECTION OF SASH IRON
10 SECTION OF HAND-RAIL IRON
19
19
19
10 SECTION OF HEXAGON IRON
in
T O SECTION OF PICTURE CORNICE
19
ii SECTIONS OF EQUAI ANGLES
2O
ii SECTIONS OF SQUARE-ROOT \NGLES
2O
12, 13 ILLUSTRATION OF BEAMS USED IN FIRE-PROOF
FLOORS
21, 22
14 FIRE-PROOF CONSTRUCTION WITH IRON AND
HOLI ow BRICK
23
15 SECTIONS OF PLATE AND Box GIRDERS
16 SECTIONS OF COLUMNS
2 4
2^
17, 18 DIAGRAMS OF BRIDGE AND ROOF TRUSSES
19, 20 STANDARD WROUGHT-IRON TURN-TABLES
if ,
26, 27
28, 29
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 7
PAGE
STRENGTH OF BEAMS 34-35
DIFFERENT MODES OF LOADING BEAMS 36-40
TABLE OF PROPERTIES OF I BEAMS 41, 42
TABLE OF PROPERTIES OF CHANNELS 43.44
TABLE OF PROPERTIES OF TEES 45
TABLE OF EQUAL ANGLES 46
TABLE OF UNEQUAL ANGLES 47
TABLE OF SAFE LOADS ON I BEAMS 49~5 2
TABLE OF SAFE LOADS ON I BEAMS, UNSUPPORTED
SIDEWAYS 53
FLOORS 54, 55
BEAMS USED AS JOISTS, LOAD 70 LBS. PER SQ. FT. . . 56
BEAMS USED AS JOISTS, LOAD 100 LBS. PER SQ. FT. . . 57
BEAMS USED AS JOISTS, LOAD 150 LBS. PER SQ. FT. . . 58
BEAMS USED AS JOISTS, LOAD 200 LBS. PER SQ. FT. . . 59
STRENGTH OF WOODEN BEAMS 63
RIVETED GIRDERS 60-62
COLUMNS, POSTS, AND STRUTS 64,65
TABLES OF ALLOWED WORKING STRAINS, PER
SQUARE INCH ; 66,67
TABLE OF SAFE LOADS FOR ROLLED I BEAMS USED
AS COLUMNS OR STRUTS 68
TABLE OF SAFE LOADS FOR HOLLOW CYLINDRICAL
CAST AND WROUGHT IRON COLUMNS 69
TABLE OF SAFE LOADS FOR RECTANGULAR TIMBER
POSTS 7
ROOFS 71, 72
TABLE OF STRAINS IN KING AND QUEEN ROOF
TRUSSES 73
TABLE OF STRAINS IN BELGIAN OR FINK ROOF
TRUSSES 74
STRAINS IN RECTANGULAR AND TRIANGU-
LAR BRIDGE TRUSSES) 75-85
RIVETS AND PINS 86
TABLE FOR SHEARING, BEARING, AND BENDING OF
PINS 87
TABLE FOR SHEARING AND BEARING OF RIVETS 88,89
TABLE OF WEIGHT OF RIVETS 90
SLEEVE NUTS AND UPSET SCREW ENDS OF
ROUND AND SQUARE RODS 91
8 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
TABLES OF WEIGHTS, ETC.
AREAS AND WEIGHT OF SQUARE AND ROUND
ROLLED IRON 92, 93
AREAS OF CIRCLES 123
AREAS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON 94, 95
BOLTS, WITH SQUARE HEADS AND NUTS 106
CAPACITY OF CISTERNS 112
CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLES 122
DIFFERENT COLORS OF IRON CAUSED BY HEAT... 118
DIFFERENT STANDARD WIRE GAUGES 102
DIMINUTION OF TENACITY OF WROUGHT IRON AT
HIGH TEMPERATURES 117
FLAGGING 112
GALVANIZED AND BLACK IRON 103
LAP-WELDED IRON BOILER TUBES 109
LINEAR EXPANSION OF METALS 116
MELTING POINTS OF METALS 118
NAILS AND SPIKES 108
NATURAL SINES, ETC 121
NOTES ON BRICKWORK 113
ROOFING SLATE in
SKYLIGHT AND FLOOR GLASS 112
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES 114,115
SQUARE AND HEXAGON NUTS 107
STANDARD SIZES OF WASHERS 106
TACKS 108
ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 119, 120
WEIGHT OF SEPARATORS AND BOLTS 55
WEIGHT PER SQ. FOOT OF SHEETS OF WROUGHT
IRON, STEEL, COPPER, AND BRASS.
THICKNESS BY AMERICAN GAUGE 101
THICKNESS BY BIRMINGHAM GAUGE 100
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (U. S AND FRENCH) 124-127
WEIGHTS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON 96, 97
WEIGHTS OF PLATE IRON 98, 99
WEIGHTS OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES 114, 115
WINDOW GLASS no
WIRE 104
WROUGHT-IRON WELDED TUBES FOR STEAM, GAS,
OR WATER 105
PASSAIC R. M. GO'S STANDARD TURN-TABLES 128
TH E
PATERSON, N.J.
MANUFACTURERS OF
I U JUU.Li.LJ 1
BEAMS, CHANNELS, ANGLES. TEES
ALL PARTS OF
BRIDGES OR FJRE PROOF FLOORS AND ROOFS
Wade and Fitted lo suit Designs of Engineers and Architects.
MANUFACTURERS OF
!R p N
TOSSES
To form Bottom Chords for Bridges of any size or Length.
MADE VWTHOUT
WROUGHT IRON TO11TO1LES
AND
STANDARD RIGHTED LEFT
OR SLEEVE NUTS,
Plans and Estimates furnished.
10 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
PLATE 1
15 '/8 HEAVY BEAM.
200 Ibs. pr.Yd.
I53/J6 LIGHT BEAM
ISO Ibs. pr.Yd.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPACT. 11
PLATE
K4- HEAVY BEAM .
I7O Ibs.pr.Yd.
5/8 "
12 '4 LIGHT BEAM
125 Ibs.pr.Yd.
*- r
10 y 2 '
4,3/4
10 ' 2 EXTRA LIGHT BEAM \
90 Ibs.pr.Yd.
12 THE PASSAT C ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
^1B ! <
PLATE 3
10V2
IO'/2 HEAVY BEAM
I35 lbs.pr.Yd.
10 V 2
IO'/2 LIGHT BEAM.
I05 Ibs. pr.Yd.
9* HEAVY BEAM.
85 Ibs. pr.Yd.
9" LIGHT BEAM.
7O Ibs. pr.Yd.
,:..*.
r\
THE PASSAIC ROLLING
8'HEAVY BEAM.
80 Ibs-pr.Yd.
8" LIGHT BEAM.
65 Ibs.pr. Yd.
SO....
r
7" BEAM .
60 Ibs.pr.Yd.
6 EX. HEAVY BEAM
90 to 120 Ibs.pr.Yd.
13/32"
V
14 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
6 BEAM. PLATE 5 6 'BEAM.
50 IbS pr.Yd. 40 Ibs.pp.Yd.
1
5' BEAM.
30 Ibs.pr. Yd.
5' BEAM.
40 Ibs.pr. Yd.
4-" BEAM.
37 Ibs.pr. Yd.
4 BEAM
30 IbS. pr.Yd
4- BEAM.
18 Ibs. pr.Yd.
THE^PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 15
PLATE 6
5"L 17lbs.pp.Yd.
1ft
15^16" CHANNEL
125 to 150 Ibs.pr.Yd
1 f * ^
I/ 4.-Cl3*tbs.pr.Yd. H
12 '/4 CHANNEL 12 '/4 CHANNEL
100 to 140 Ibs.pr.Yd. 80to-95 Ibs.pr.Yd.
16 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
PLATE .7
9 CHANNEL
6O to 70 Ibs.pr.Yd. -.
6 CHANNEL
50 to 60 tbs.pr.Yd.
6 CHANNEL 6 CHANNEL
3Oto45 IbS.pr.Yd. 22'/2to28 Ibs.pr.Yd.
' THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 17
PLATE 8
EQUAL- TEE.
4'x4x*t'to1lB 33 to 33 Ibs.pr.Yd.
3fex3*fe'xk* 7 ,fe' 28to33 Ibs.pr.Yd.
'x2yax 5 fatft! ISto 18 Ibs.pr.Yd.
.Yd.
T
9 '/ 2 to 12 Ibs.pr.Yd.
"^1 (TS
FLATTED ROUND
1 3/4 & Smaller
l s /8
"1 jJ^lbsp
U
6'/2to8'/2 Ibs.pr.Yd,
HALF ROUND
a'/z&Smaller
ROUNDED FLATS
4 and 3" "
/2 Ibs.pr.Yd.
18 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
PLATE 9
UN EQUAL TEIE:
-46 to 60 Ibs pr.Yd.
5'x3'x*g 30to36 Ibs.pr.Yd.
^ C
5'x2^'xVS"27to33 Ibs pr.Yd.
4-'x2"x3/ 8 '2l Ibs. pr.Yd.
r
3 "x 2x^8 17 Ibs.pr.Yd.
3'x4<xV2'33 Ibs. pr.Yd.
15 Ibs.pr.Yd.
U
"^ f82 Ibs.pr.Yd
BEAD IRON.
i6' 7!/2 Ibs.pr.Yd.
II Ibs.pr.Yd.
'x 5 - x i6' 15 Ibs. pr.Yd.
21 Ibs.pr.Yd.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL
COMPANY. 19
PLATE 10 6*4'xtoto*
42 to 75 Ibs.pr.Yd.
UNEQUAL ANGLES ^
5x3fex%'to%' 30to60
bs.pr.Yd.
!
C
_^ |
5V 3 x 3/8 'to **' 28to 56 Ibs.pr.Yd.
,
li
i
i
'^j_ -
4-'x3"x 3 /8to 3 /4-"
^ !
45Sx3"x*8'to3/4 1 27to 54 Ibs.pr.Yd
|
L 1
uu
4x3fci_!totoW 27to54lbs.pr.Yd.
^ U_ rz
l
24 to 48 Ibs.pr.YcT
^1 1 12 to 18 IDs
SQ. ROOT ANGLE
r -i 6^tol!lbs.pr.Ydrj
[j%x^xy8 Glfetolllbs.prYd^
. .
* ijj
li '
c_^~i IJJ ^" m
4.2to7lbs.pr.Ydl
l^xlV'Sx^e' J l^'xVixy* 1 |J L
c^^^ [rn] GROOVE
OBTUSE ANGLE GROOVE
HEX
/ \lV4t0^6-
HAND RAIL \ / 5ASM
9 W 1V4- V II
PICTURE CORNICE.
20 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
PLATE 11
4'x4?'x%to%" 28tc58 Ibs.pr.Yd
3%x31fe'x%loV* 24to5l Ibs.pr.Yd
SQUARE ROOT ANGLES. |o3.6 lbs.pr.Yd.
V*x^ 17 Ibs.pr.Yd.
THE PASSAIC ROKLLNG M
FIG. 2.
FIG. 8.
22 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
PLATE 13
TrrrTrrmi
FIG. 9
FIG. 10.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 23
THE FIRE PROOF BUILDING COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
Fire Proof Construction with Iron and Hollow Brick.
PLATE 14
24 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
PLATE 15
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THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY: 25
SECTIONS OF COLUMNS
PL ATE 16
FIG I.
FIG. 2.
1
FIG. 8.
I 1
FFG.3.
FIG.4.
FIG.5.
n
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FIG. 7.
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FIG. 1 1. no.12.
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FIG - 13 - FIG.I4.
r i T
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FIG.I5- FIG. 16.
4=
FIG. 17.
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FIG. 18.
V
26 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
PL ATE 17
FIG. I.
TRIANGULAR OR WARREN TRUSS.
7 , 15' 13' L' 9' 1 5' 3'
18 16 14 12 10 8
420
WARREN TRUSS WITH INTERMEDIATE POSTS.
FIG. 2.
17' 15' 13' 11'
1' 5' 3 1'
18 16 14 12 1O 8 6 4?
WARREN TRUSS, WITH INTERMEDIATE SUSPENDERS.
FIG.3.
Z' 15' 13'
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4-2
RECTANGULAR TRUSS, SINGLE INTERSECTION.
FIG- 4
KING AND QUEEN ROOF TRUSS.
FIG.5.
36265432 3
PL ATE 18
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MILL COMPANY. 27
U 10 15 14 13 12 11 1O 9 765 3 2 1 g
p, G 4 DOUBLE INTERSECTION RECTANGULAR TRUSS.
13' 12' 11.' 10' 9' 8' 1' 6' 5' 4-' 3' 2' l'
o
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THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
2
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THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 29
., PLATE 2(
30 THE EASSAIC RO LINING MILL CO~MPA*TY.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 31
32 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 33
34 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
STBENGTH OF BEAMS.
IF a beam, supported at its ends, is loaded with a weight,
this weight will produce reactions on the two supports, the
sum of which is equal to the weight. These are the external
forces acting on the beam. Under the influence of these ex-
ternal forces a bending of the beam occurs, the fibers of the
upper half of the cross-section are shortened, and those of the
lower half are elongated. These changes are the result of a
compressive strain in the upper half and of a tensile strain in
the lower half of the cross-section of the beam. In the middle
of the heights is a place where no shortening or lengthening
of the fibers occurs, and this is called the neutral axis. In
wrought iron, as in other homogeneous substances, this neu-
tral axis is coincident with the center of gravity of the section,
and in symmetrical sections, as in I beams, this is in the
middle of the depth of the beam.
The moment of inertia of a cross-section is an expression
which is used in the calculation of the strength of beams.
The sum of the products of the infinitely small areas of each
fiber, by the square of its distance (taken at right angles)
from the neutral axis, is its value with respect to this axis.
The moment of resistance is the moment of inertia divided
by the distance from the neutral axis (or center of gravity of
the section) to the most extreme fiber. This is used to deter-
mine the maximum strain in the most extreme fiber.
The radius of gyration is found by extracting the square
root of the moment of inertia divided by the area of the cross-
section. If all material were concentrated at this distance
from the neutral axis (or center of gravity), it would resist
against bending the same as the material distributed over the
cross-section.
Twice the radius of gyration may be called the effective
depth of the beam.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 35
TERMS USED IN FORMULAS:
W, Load.
/, Length of beam in inches.
A, Area of total cross-section of beam.
h, Depth of beam.
I, Moment of inertia of cross-section.
R, Moment of resistance of cross-section.
e, Distance of the most extreme fiber from the neutral axis
(usually e = J.
d, Deflection in inches.
S, Strain per square inch.
M, Bending-moment produced by the load W in any cross-
section.
x, The distance of this cross-section from the support or
from the load.
The following tables give general formulas of bending-
moments M, maximum loads W, maximum fiber strains S,
and deflections d, for beams loaded and supported in different
ways. The bending-moments may be calculated with these
formulas for any cross-section by substituting the particular
value of JT, and from the value thus obtained the strain in this
cross-section is found by the general formula
The necessary section of the beam at any place is obtained
by reversing this formula, thus :
I M
-e OT R =S'
This gives the moment of resistance required, arid the cor-
responding beam may be selected from the table giving the
different properties of beams and channels.
36 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
THE EASSAIC ROLLING
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 39
PKOPEETIES OF PASSAIC EOLLING MILL'S
I BEAMS, CHANNEL BAKS, ANGLES,
AND TEE IKON.
THE following tables give co-efficients, by the use of which
the safe, uniformly distributed load for any Beam, Channel,
Tee, or Angle Iron can be easily determined. It is only
necessary to divide the co-efficient by the span between
centers of supports (in feet). This will give the safe, uni-
formly distributed load in Ibs. for a beam simply supported
on both ends, as in case 8 (see table of formulas for different
modes of loading). For any other way of loading, the result
has to be multiplied with a factor which is for
MODE OF LOADING.
FACTOR.
1. One end fixed, other end loaded l /$
2. Both ends supported, concentrated load in center
of span y 2
3. Both ends supported, concentrated load on rny
point of beam
4. One end fixed, other end supported, concentrated
load in center of span %'
5. Both ends fixed, concentrated load in center of
span I
6. Concentrated load at each end, two supports
between ends of beam y%
7. One end fixed, uniformly distributed load ^
8. Both ends supported, uniformly distributed load. . I
9. One end fixed, other end supported, uniformly dis-
tributed load . I
10. Both ends fixed, uniformly distributed load -3
n. One end fixed, load distributed, but increasing
toward the fixed end y%
12. Both ends supported, load distributed, but decreas-
ing toward the middle of the span f
13. Both ends supported, load distributed, but increas-
ing toward the middle of the span ^
<
40 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
The co-efficients given in the tables for Beams and Chan-
nels have been calculated for maximum fiber strains of 12,000
Ibs. per square inch and 10,000 Ibs. per square inch, but those
for Tees and Angle Iron only for 12,000 Ibs. per square inch.
If it be desired to find the carrying capacity for any other
strain per square inch, this is simply done by increasing or
decreasing the co-efficient given in the tables in proportion
to the strains allowed. These tables have been calculated
under the supposition that the beams are sufficiently secured
against yielding sideways. Usually, it is assumed that this
is the case if the free length of the beam does not exceed
twenty times its width. If longer beams are required, it is
necessary that they should be stayed at intermediate points,
or the safe load has to be reduced as given in the table for
beams not secured against yielding sideways.
Beams or Channels in short lengths have to be proportioned
so that the section of the web is sufficient to resist the shearing
strain. The shearing strain on the web should not be more
than the half of the fiber strain allowed on the flanges ; that
is, 6000 and 5000 Ibs. resp. per square inch. This gives for
short beams a maximum safe load which such beam may
support without buckling or crushing of the web.
The tables show the dimensions and different properties of
I Beams, Channels, Tees, and Angle Iron. I Beams are
usually rolled heavy, and light weight, as given in the table.
Channels and Angle Iron frequently are made of varying
weights, but Tee Iron can be rolled only to the weights
shown in the lithographed plates.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 41
53
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42 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
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THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 43
j
CO CO TH
tO CO O CD
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8 S
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Width of flange, in
Thickness of web, i
Increase for 10 Ibs.
Moment of inertia,
Increase for 10 Ibs.
Moment of resistan<
Increase for 10 Ibs.
Radius of gyration,
D "h/)(i
1 r* &)
O - i
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6 c V
3^0
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5/5
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Moment of inertia,
Center of grav. from
Radius of gyration,
B
44 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
^f 1> *O
^??Sc5S^
8 8
00 ^*
5^5!
rt
rHO
CO rH rH O^rH CO
CO 10
TT
000
320
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111
V
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 45
he Co-efificients of Strength are calculated for a maximum strain o
11
cr
o o o o o o o
COOCMlOOCMOCO
CO -* O rH |CO O OS O J>
H
'
lift
O 00 IJ5'
i-l O CO
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T-H 00 O J>
CX) ^O
11
000
O 1* -*
CIR^^
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O CO O (M
CO ^t O rH
lO CO <>i t>
iCt O ^f i O iO OS O CM
J>lOOrH J>(7v>O5lOCM
CO rH rH
1> rH t>. CO rH
rHO 00
rH * lO ?O rH
CD LO "t CO CO
O GO J>
^"*1>
rH ^
CO O O C5
CO Ot 00
o do d
OrHrHO. OOOO
O
l^rHrHOJ
XXX X
xxxx
CO lO O -^f
CO CM CD 00
CO lO rH -^
1C rH 00 CM
CM ^t CMrH
O Oi Tf O CO
"M rH rH rH O
d odd d
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lO CO CO CO CM
CO CM rH O O
CO CM CM rHO
XXXX XXXX
7i CO "* CO
XXXX
^f CO CO CO
M (M CM rH
XXXX
CO CO CM *
XXX XX
MHC (TJ *
CM rH rH rH rH
xxxxx
46 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF ANGLE IRON.
ANGLES WITH EQUAL LEGS.
Co-efficient of
Strength,
max. strain 10,000
Ibs. per sq. inch.
"<f CO 5* rH
1 1 1 1
OOO
000
-* rH J>
rH
1 1 1 1
CD -^ I -H J.^
cq^
I i
COr^S^
-rf CC C^ rH
HI
$<og>o
^^og
S^^^
rH rH rH rH
0000
0000
Distance of
ent. of Grav.
I|
88 S ^2
S^^I3
S3?3
rH rH rH rH
1 1 1 1
rH 000
1 1 1 1
CO 1 O Ci
1 1 1 1
O TT CO CO
dodo
0000
Moment of
Inertia,
axis through
Center of Gravity.
O ** iT5 CO
O O iC 00
CO O rH l^
GO O o5 CO
Tl (7i rH O
ss
COrH
1 1 1 1
O Tf CO 00
COrH rn
1 1 1 1
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0000
1 1 1 1
00 rH r3< <7*
rH rH O O
o o
^ O}
o o
OCiTf (M
i
O O O O
Weights per yard for different thicknesses.
5*
r^oo
^
.sss
*.
^oood
c4
>
rH
CO
*
S3S&
.
S*
10
lOCM
^
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00
rH
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C^ C^ rH rH
^00
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rM rH i 1 T 1
rHrH
i
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GOOOi
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%
CO -^ O CO
CO i-O^CO
CO OJ
^
1
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~H X
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1
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XXXX
XXXX
CO OJ Oi OJ
rH rH rH rH
XXXX
rH T-H rH T 1
;
XX
i-xrn-r J
[23
O
H
O
Pn
n ,
EH
W
PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 47
Co-efficient of
Strength,
max. strain 10,000
Ibs. per sq. inch.
o o o o
i T 1 1
vO~ t) LO QO"
CO TH TH
o -~ o o
Illl
rH r-1
o o o o
1 1 1 1
1 i
12 -J
o o o o
SSS88
ssss
r-lTHTHrH
rHOrHO
rHrHrHO
Distance of
Cent, of Grav.
from outside of
flange. Inches.
33&S5
iSSS
CDCS05
rr 1 rH -^ Ci
r3S
OitH TH
1 1 1 1
CD CD rH CD
- i CD 00
rH O rH O
1 1 1 1
rH rH rH O
rH
TH rH
rHOrHO
rHOrHO
00
Moment of
Inertia,
axis through
Center of Gravity.
O
0$tt
^40000
rH CD 1^ CO
CD O5
CO GO
00 O CD 1>
CO rH rH
1 1 1 1
00 GO
rH rH
OS O 00 Tt
1 1 1 1
2ggg
COO
l^ CO
rH
IXMlO rH
-H^OOTH
rHO
Weights per yard for different thicknesses.
!*
?i s
I-N
s s
^ ^
jfc
s s
g 28
QO ^
*,
8 g
5? ^
4 o |
a
^ iO
tO Tf
^ I
sT ss
CO CC
^
58 5
I? ^
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*
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22 S
Cw CO
fc<5
g
5*
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GO
rH
<
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~j7
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CO QO QO lO
TH
CO CD -*
3
N ^C
5 jj
^ CO*
X X
CO CO
X X
CO* CO
X X
(M rH rH rH
X XXX
CO frtcOrH*
48 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
I BEAMS.
THE following tables are designed for practical use, to
guide the selection of the most economical beam, by simple
inspection, when me load and the span between centers of
supports are given. The maximum fiber strain assumed is
12,000 Ibs. per square inch, which is sufficient for all build-
ing purposes. Where beams have to carry moving loads, as
in bridges, etc., this maximum fiber strain should be reduced;
but for entirely permanent and dead loads, it may be increased
with safety up to 16,000 Ibs. per square inch, as the limit of
elasticity is at least fifty per cent, larger than this. The
corresponding bearing capacity of beams can be easily found
by simply multiplying the safe loads given in the table by the
proportion of maximum strain allowed. The deflections for
each greater load are always in proportion to the loads.
Another table has been calculated for the safe loads which
may be carried by beams not supported sideways. This
table is calculated from Rankine's formula,
1 5000 w*
in which a = the strain allowed in beams braced sideways,
/ = length in inches, and w width in inches.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
49
00
05
ECTIONS in inche
yielding sideways
tn *Z \^
'* I i o
" ^ I
ed, and correspond
eams being secure
*f CO OS rH ^< l> i-H
^OOOrHrHrHCOOiOiCO
""oooooiooooo
CJ
^ .
>%
p.
II k
^ CO GO O CO I tO OS CO CO O I O OS iO O CO
o o o o o I o o o o o I o o o o o
~|2 CO lO CO CO -^ |COiOl>C01> ICOODtOCOOS
.POOuOCOrHOOSG6l>t>lcOCOlOlOO^t
' CO UO t- GO rH
B O O O O rH
1-1 o odd d
< O i> l>. O 00
ooooo looooo
^CO^COOS|COOOCOOSiO
COrHOOSo6o6t>lj>COCO
o
i> rH OO CO O
o o
<n O 00 I> O (M
* 30 * rH Ci
H CO CQ (N ^4 rH
OSCOCOJ>OS I 50 _i> rH l>. CO
COCOrHdosOSG6o6j>l>
co t- ^ co *
i> o -^ co t>i
t 1 rH rH rH rH
rH ^ CO C5 CM
r- rHrHrH (?i
o
lO 00 rH CO rH
r4\O O O5 OS
GO CO O CO O
rH OS l^ CO O CO
I OS r- Tf GO CO
CO CO rH O O
00000
rH Tf CO OS CO
rH rH rH rH CO
doddd
s
IGOCOOSO CO
CO O T} rf CO
I OS i CO lO 00 I rH i
O rHrH rHrH CO'
(N ifl C5 <* O
H O ^ CO CO CO
_; | co co LO cc j^
*S I c' o p o o o
P i M d d do d
CO VO rH
O "* Tf
OCD1>OOG5
lO rH O (M J>
looooo
co co co co o~
GO 1>CO LO W 1
rH CO CO 00
rH rH rH rH
oddd d
CO O rH GO 1>-
CO CO CO CO CO
10 CD J> 00 05
50 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
for maximum
.
s
uniformly distributed, and corresponding DEFLECTIONS in inches
Ibs. per sq. inch (beams being secured against yielding sidewa
ons of 20
rains of
, in
fiber
I OOCMl^CMOO ijOCMOOOO
j-'OrHrHCMcMCO'^flOiOCO
'"'do odd ddddd
00
8
|2 03 CO rf -^ t>. rH J> CO O J>
^d 06 j>co 10
!CM 00 CM Ci O5
d 06 i>
OCOl>0005
rH O Ci iO rH
t^ CO xC O O
^ CM O C5 i^
COCO CO CM CM
J> rf CM O5 l>.
tH rH r-tiH rH
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY
51
IO
CTIONS in in
yielding sidew
00
co
c rH Oi 1>
HrT CO CO CO CO
LE
t y
00 lO O) O5
O 1^00 CO
H- CO CO CO CO
COrHOOiCO 1> CO lO
CO CO CO OJ OI I O* O* Oi OJ O*
ItO OI
CO tO tO ^f CO
oioioioJoi
rHOOICO 1>
rf rf CO I CO CO CO CO CO CO CO OJ OI Oi
BE..A.MS Co
CO CO CO CO 00
52 THE-PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
4
H
PQ
inche
deway
1
Si
'
J
nding DEFLECTIONS
ured against yielding
respo
ng secu
SDvil
nd
s b
uniformly distribu
Ibs. per sq. inch (
s o
ain
, in
be
C^ CO L.O 00 O
rH CO 1>
CD
CD
|OC:OOO|OOOOO
" T ^>~s9~"gggs(
gooooooo
H TH d d o d
3
CO
00
1
Q ~o
1 I go ? TJ< coco
^ HrHTHrHTHTH
o o
!-,
O i> Ci C7> >O
T}< O C 00 Ci
TH
00
^ o ot <M o
* ^
CO Oi CO Tt
OSOiH (N CC
C^t O) rH O 00
Hco co co co si
w i
lei oi <?i w <?J
i-IO
W HH
Q I 000
CO-f CO OJr-l
ir-tOOOOOO jt>-COCClOuO
C^OJTHrHTH ITHTHTH-HTH
p,
COt* 00 05
00 00 00 00 CO
*T
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 53
BEAMS UNSUPPORTED SIDEWAYS
Are liable to fail under a much lighter load than given in the previous tables, by yielding laterally.
Safe Load, in tons, for Beams unsupported sideways.
SIX ?
^
rH
**
"^m
rH
11
r II II
-8
;
.11
H ~
*
OC X ,,f
C* lO
OJTH
1 rO
1,
LZ X ,,f
coo.
0*rH
^sss
rH rH
II
^ c
ii
08 X ,,9
Tt
O rH 00 CO
i
co oi
-H rH
Ofr X ,,9
oo co
CO <M
iO CO
GO ^ rHODCO
rH rH rH
s 2^
g
Of X ,,9
1^0*
iO
CO 00 rt rHQO
ss
^co
CQ rH rH rH
03 X ,,9
^i
^
-^ ^05 Ifl ^J
CO WrH rHrH
O CO t~
rH
06 X ,,9
rHOlO CO 00
CO O 1> ift
CO "^ ^ CO W
GO(Nr-rH
09 X ,,L
-. to
(M (M O O CO
COrHCSOO l^
T^ CO (^ C4 rH
rH rH
Q9X ,,8
QD
J>
l>. 00 iT5
CO -^ CO CO CJ
rH CO tO (MO
<N rHrHrHrH
05
08 X ,,8 06
O5 Tj< CO O Oi
"tf i^ "t 0)
005
CO tO "^ CO OJ
3Q OirHrHrH
rH
0X ,,6
CO
00
Tf O 00 rH LO
rHt-^rHO
00 t^CO
CO if} CO CO <N
S8X ,,6
(N
rH
blcOiO^CO
CO CO C5 CO"*
20-(?jrH rH ^
Oi O O5
rH rH
06X 7/ fOl
o*
s
35 rH O t>- J>
O5 CO O5 lO i
00 CO-*
O 00 i> ift Tf
CO CO <M(NOJ
rH^rH
01X^01
Oi
lO
rH
CQ 1> t> Tf CO
(M OS J> CO O
^ J> <?4 1> CO
*cococioi
000 CO
ci rH rH
98lX,,fiH
^ -^ CO Tf O
lO C^ 00 i^
0. rH CO CO CO
CO lO -* CO CO
O5 lO C*
cioi oi
SSIX,,^
30 CO rH rH 1>
Tit 10 J> 10
J>CO
J> CO rH Oi J>
rH rH rH
CO lO -^ TP CO
COOJC*
OAIX^SI
70 CO 05 LO
O5COCO l^O5
CO 00 TJ<
coco -^ oi o
|<N rH rH rH rH
00 1> CO lO -^
^ coco
021 X ,,91
00 O5 (M <* OJ
n< rHC50 (74
lO O lO
^SS2^
O5 CO CO CO iO
Tf -tfCO
005 X ,,91
lO CO rH rH
0000 010500
O5 rH Tft
^rH^
COrHOCO l>.
rH rH rH
COCOlO
1.2 $
Cfl
CD 00
OCQ-^COQO
Od^CDOO
(M<M<M<M(M
0(M-^
CO 00 CO
%
54 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
FLOORS.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MIL
construction of openings for stair- wajs, liatc
ends of joists or beams should rest 01
of iron or of stone, so as to distribute the pPffSflre over the
brick- work ; also, anchors have to be connected to the ends
in the wall. Tie-rods, three-fourths to one inch in diameter,
are used to tie the joists together and take up the thrust of
the arches. Concrete is frequently used instead of brick
arches. Corrugated iron is placed between the joists, resting
on the lower flanges, and concrete is laid top of it. Also,
hollow bricks and blocks of different shapes have been used
for fire-proof floors. These have the advantage of reducing
the dead load considerably. They may be used for flat or
segmental arches.
Girders consisting of two or more beams are used when
single beams do not give the necessary strength. Usually,
they are bolted together with cast-iron separators. For
carrying walls, it is necessary to have girders consisting of
at least two beams, so as to give sufficient width. The beams
should have separators near the supports, and besides these,
from five to seven feet apart. A table of the weight of Cast-
iron Separators is given here below.
APPKOXIMATE WEIGHTS OF SEPARATOKS
AND BOLTS.
Size of
W-ght of, Increase j
oS'fiSt '1?,^ for i Sizeof
i Weight of
Sep. and
one Bolt,
Increase
in Wt. for
Beam.
flanges ^Sr Bean,
b r p fr? fse p- ;
Flanges
| being %"
\ apart.
1" increase
in width
of Sep.
15 " X 200
20* Ibs. 1 3f Ibs. 9"X 85
] 9lbs.
2f Ibs.
15 " X 150
IS* '
; 3 '
9"X 70
- 9
2* "
121" X 170
1 14* '
2|
8"X80
! 9 4 L "
2i
12k" X 125
1 14*
3
i 8"X65
1 10
2f "
W X 135
13{
! 2$ '
7"X60
7f "
2 "
104" x ior>
12|
2 '
! 6"X90
8| "
11 "
10i" X 90
121 '
2| ' 6"X 50
7i "
2
j
6"X 40
6i
i
1* "
** .
56 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
I BEAMS, USED AS FLOOKING JOISTS.
Load, 7O Ibs. per D ft.
Clear
Span.
3
apart.
3|'
apart.
35D'
4'
apart.
4V
apart.
5' 5i'
apart. apart.
6
apart.
GOD'
10ft.
30 D'
40D'
45D'
50D y : 55D'
Load, tb
2,100
5X30
2,450
5 30
2,800
5 X 30
3,150
5X30
3,500 3,850
5 X 30 5 X 30
4,200
6X40
12ft.
36D'
42D'
48D'
54D'
60CT 6GD'
72D'
Load,tb
I
2,520
5X30
2,940
5 X 30
3,360
5X30
3,780
6X40
4,200 4,620
6 40 6 40
5,040
6X40
14ft.
42 D'
49LT
56D' G3D'
70D': 77D'
84D'
Load, tb
2,940
5 30
3,430
6X40
3,920 4,410
6 40 6 X 40
4,900 5,390
6 X 50 6 X 50
5,880
7 GO
16ft.
48 D'
56D' 64D' 72D'
80D' 88D'
96D'
Load, tb
3,360
6X40
3,920
6X40
4,480 5,040
6 X 50 7 X 60
5,600 6,160
7 X 60 7 X 60
6,720
8 X 65
18ft.
54LT
63D'
72D'
810'
90D' 99D'
108 D'
Load, tb
3,780
6X50
4,410
7 X60
5,040
7 X 60
5,670
7X60
6,300 6,930
8 65 8X65
7,560
8 X 65
20ft.
60LT
70LT
80D'
90D'
100 D' HOD'
120 D'
Load, tb
I
4,200
7X60
4,900
7X60
5,600
8 65
6,300
8X65
7,000 7,700
8 X 65 9 X 70
8,400
9 85
22ft.
66D'
77D' 88D'
99D'
HOD' 121 D'
132 D'
Load, tb
I
4,620
7 X60
5,390
8X65
6,160
8 X 65
6,930
9X70
7,700 8,470
9 X 85 \ 9 X 85
9,240
10 X90
24ft.
72D'
84D'
9GD'
108 LT
120D'; 132 D'
144 a'
Load, tb
I
5,040
8 X 65
5,880
8X65
6,720
9X70
7,560
9X85
8.400 9,240
10^x90 104 90
10,080
10 X90
26 ft
780'
91D'
104 D'
117 D'
130 D' 1-13 D'
156 D'
Load, tb
I
5,460
8 X 65
6,370
9 ,\ 85
7,280 8,190
9X85 10^x90
9,100 10,010
10J 90 10% X 105
10,920
28ft.
84D'
98D'
112 D'
126 D'
140 D' 154 D'
168 a'
Load, tb
I
5,880
9X85
6,860
7,840 8.820 9,800 10,780
10^X90 10^X90 10JX105 12 X 125
11,760
30ft.
90LT
105 D
120 D' 135 D'
150D' 165D'
180 a'
Load, tb
I
6,300
10^X90
7,350 8,400 9,450 10,500 11,550
10JX90 10^X105 12JM25 12J\125 12J X 125
12.600
12JM25
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 57
I BEAMS, USED AS FLOCKING JOISTS.
Load, 100 Ibs. per D ft.
Clear
Span.
3'
apart.
30Q'
3,000
5X30
f
apart
35D'
3,500
5X30
4'
apart.
4V
apart.
5'
apart.
5^'
apart.
6'
apart.
10ft.
Load, IB
I
40D' 45D'
4,000 4,500
5 X 30 6 X 40
50D'
5,000
6 ,40
55D'
5,500
6X40
GOD'
6,000
6 X 40
12ft.
Load, lb
I
36D' 42 D'
3,600 : 4.200
6X40 6 XX 40
48D' ! 54D'
4,800 5,400
6 X 40 6 X 50
GOD'
6,000
6X50
66D'
6,600
7X60
72D'
7,200
7 60
14ft.
Load, 16
I
42 n'
4,200
6X40
49D'
4,900
6X50
56D'
5,600
6 X 50
64D'
6,400
7 X 60
63D'
6,300
7x60
70 D'
7,000
7X60
77D'
7,700
8X65
84D'
8,400
8X65
16ft.
Load, ft
I
48D'
4,800
6 X 50
56D'
5.600
7X60
72D'
7,200-
8X65
son'
8,000
8X65
88D'
8,800
8 X 65
9GD'
9,600
9X70
18ft.
Load, ft
I
54D'
5,400
7 60
63D'
6,300
8X65
72 D'
7,200
8X65
81D'
8,100
9X70
90D'
9,000
9 X 85
99D'
9,900
9X85
108 a'
10,800
104 X 90
20ft.
Load, lt>
I
60D'
6,000
8X65
70D'
7,000
8X65
80D'
8,000
9X70
90D'
9,000
9X85
100 D'
10,000
10i 90
110 D '
11,000
104X90
120 a'
12,000
104 X 90
22ft.
Load, ft
I
GOD 7
6,600
9 X 70
77D'
7,700
9 X 85
88D'
8,800
104 X 90
99D'
9,900
10J X 90
HOD'
11,000
10 X 90
121 D'
12,100
104X105
432D'
13,200
12i X 125
24ft.
Load, lb
I
72 a'
7,200
9X85
84D'
8,400
104 X 90
96D'
9,600
104 X 90
108 D'
10,800
10JX105
120 D'
12,000
12JX125
132 n'
13,200
12i X 125
J44D'
14,400
12i X 125
26ft.
Load, tb
I
78D'
7,800
104 X90
91 D'
9,100
104 <90
104D'
10,400
10J/105
117 D'
11,700
12JX125
130 D'
13,000
12JX125
143 D'
14,300
12i X 125
15CD'
15,600
15 X 150
28ft.
Load, lb
I
84D'
8,400
10 4 X90
98D'
9,800
104X105
112 D'
11,200
12JX125
126D' 140 D'
12,600 ! 14,000
124X12515X150
J54D'
15,400
15 X 150
168 a '
16,800
15 X 150
30ft.
Load, ft
I
90 a'
9,000
104 105
105 D'
10,500
12JX125
120 D'
12,000
12JX125
135 D'
13,500
15 X 150
icon'
15,000
15 X 150
165 D'
16,500
15 X 150
180 a'
18,000
15 X 150
58 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
I BEAMS, USED AS FLOCKING JOISTS.
Load, 150 Ibs. per D ft.
Clear
Span.
3
apart.
apart.
35D'
5,250
6X40
4
apart.
4V
apart.
5'
apart.
apart.
55D'
8,250
7 60
6
apart.
10ft.
Load, tb
I
30n'
4,500
6X40
40n'
6,000
6 40
45D'
6,750
6 X 50
50 D'
7,500
6X50
9,000
7X60
12ft.
Load,lb
I
36D'
5,400
6 X 50
42H'
6,300
6X50
48D'
7,200
7X60
54n'
8,100
V X 60
60D 7
9,000
8 65
660'
9,900
8X65
72Q'
10,800
8 65
14ft.
Load, tb
I
16ft.
Load, ft
1
420'
6,300
7X60
49n'
7,350
7 X 60
5GD'
8,400
8 65
63D X
9,450
8X65
70LT
10,500
9 X 70
77D X
11,550
9 ,85
84n'
12,600
9X85
48H'
7,200
8X66
56n'
8,400
8 65
64H'
9,600
9X70
72D'
10,800
9 ,85
80D'
12,000
104X90
88D'
13,200
104 X 90
96n'
14,400
104 X 90
18ft.
Load.tb
54LT
8,100
9 70
63n'
9,450
9X85
72n'
10,800
104X90
81D'
12,150
10A -10
90LT
13,500
104x90
99D X
14,850
10A 105
108 n'
16,200
12J > 12E
20ft.
Load, M>
1
,60n'
9,000
9X85
70n'
10,500
104x90
son'
12,000
104 90
90 a'
13,500
104x105
100 n'
15,000
12i>;125
lion'
16,500
12J X 125
121 n '
18,150
15 X 150
120 a.- 1
18,000
12^ X 12S
22ft.
Load, tb
I
G6n'
9,900
104X90
77H'
11,550
104x105
88n'
13,200
12^ 125
99H'
14,850
12^x125
HOD'
16,500
12^X125
132 a'
19,800
15 X 150
24ft.
Load, tb
I
72n'
10,800
104x105
84n'
12,600
12iXl25
96n'
14,400
12^x125
108 n'
16,200
12iXl25
120 n'
18.000
15X150
132 n'
19,800
15 X 150
144D-'
21,600
15 150
26 ft
Load, ft
I
78 D''
11,700
12^X125
91D'
13,650
12JX125
104 D'
15,600
15X150
117 n'
17,550
15X150
13D n 7
19,500
15X150
143 n
21,450
15 X 150
156 n'
23,400
15 > 200
28ft.
Load, ft
1
84n'
12,600
12^X125
98n'
14,700
15X150
112 a'
16,800
15X150
126 n'
18.900
15X150
140 a '
21,000
15X200
154 n ;
23,100
15X200
168 n'
25,200
15 200
30ft.
Load, tb
I
i
90n'
13,500
15X150
105 n'
16,250
15X150
120 a'
18,000
15X150
135 D'
20,250
15X200
150 a'
22,500
15X200
165 n'
24,750
15 X 200
180 a'
27,000
2-lf> 150
I
Clear
Span.
1'HE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 59
BEAMS, USED AS FLOCKING JOISTS.
Load, 200 Ibs. per D ft.
3'
apart.
8i'
apart.
35D'
7,000
6 X 50
4'
apart.
40D 7
8,000
7 X60
4V
apart.
5'
apart.
5V
apart.
6'
apart.
10ft.
Load, tb
I
son'
6,oao
6X40
45D'
9,000
7 X 60
50D X
10,000
7 X60
55LT
11,000
8X65
60D'
12,000
8 X 65
12ft.
Load, lt>
I
36D'
7,200
7 X 60
42D'
8,400
7X60
48D'
9,600
8X65
54LT
10,800
8 X 65
60D'
12,000
9X70
66LT
13,200
9 X70
72LT
14,400
9X85
14ft.
Load, tb
I
4.2 D'
8,400
8 X 65
49D'
9,800
8X65
5GLT
11,20C
9 ( 70
83D'
12,60C
9 .85
70D y
14,000'
10^X90
77D X
15,400
10$ X 90
84D 7
16,800
10J X 90
16ft.
Load, ft
48D'
9,600
9 ; i j
56D'
11,200
9X85
64 D'
12,800
10x9C
72D'
14,400
10^X90
son'
16,000
10J <105
88D'
17,600
lOi X 105
96D'
19,200
10J X 135
18ft. 54D' 63D'
Load, ft 10,800 12,600
I 10 90 10^X90
72D'
14,400
ioj,-ao5
81D'
16.20C
12i; N 125
90D 7
18,000
12JX125
99D'
19,800
124 ,.125
108 D'
21,600
12i X 125
20ft.
Load, tb
I
COD' 70 D'
12,000 14,000
10i X 90,124X125
80n'
16,000
12JX125
90D'
18,000
12^X125
100 D 7
20,000
15X150
HOD 7
22,000
15 X 150
120 n'
24,000
15 X 150
22ft.
Load, lb
I
66D' 77D' j 88D'
13,200 ! 15,400 | 17,600
12iXl25jl2iXl2512}Xl25
99 D'
19,800
15X150
HOD'
22,000
15X150
121 a'
24,200
15 A 150
132 D'
26,400
15 X 200
24ft.
Load, 05
I
72D' 84D'
14,400 16,800
12^X125 15 150
96D'
19,200
15X150
108 D'
21,600
15X150
120 D'
24,000
15x200
132 a'
26,400
15 X 200
144D'
28,800
15 X 200
26ft.
Load, 11
I
78D' j 91D'
15,600 18,200
15X150 15X150
104 D'
20,800
15X150
117 D'
23,400
15X200
130 D'
26.000
15 x 200
143 a'
28,600
15 X 200
156 D'
31,200
2-15 X 150
28ft.
Load,lb
I
84D'
16,800
15X.150
; 98D' ! 112D 7
19,600 22,400
15X150 i 15X200
126 a'
25,200
15X200
140 D 7
i 28,000
2-15x150
150 D'
30,000
2-15X150
154 D'
30,800
2-15 X 150
168 D'
33,600
2-15 X 150
30ft.
Load, lb
I
fc-
90 D' 105 D'
18,000 21,000
15X150 j 15X200
120 D'
24,000
15X200
135 n x
27,000
2-15 X15C
1650'
33,000
2-15 X 150
180 D'
36,000
2-15 X 150
*2
60 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
EIYETED
RIVETED girders are used where rolled beams are not
sufficiently strong for carrying the load. Sometimes it may
be more economical to use a deeper built beam instead of a
solid rolled beam, but generally the Kolledbeam is the cheaper
one, if it can be had strong enough to carry the weight.
Plate girders have either single or double webs. The latter
ones, box girders, have more stiffness sideways ; and plain
plate girders, with single webs, are somewhat cheaper. The
width of the top flange of the girders should be at least one-
twentieth of the span, or the section of the top flange should
be increased accordingly. For girders not protected against
yielding sideways, box girders are preferable, as they have
greater stiffness laterally. Shearing strains in the web should
never be more than half of the strains allowed in the flanges ;
and if the depth is considerable, stiffeners should be used to
prevent buckling of the web-plates. A good rule is to have
stiffeners if the depth of the web-plate exceeds eighty times
its thickness. Angle irons are better as stiffeners than Tee
iron on account of having larger flanges, which allow more
space for rivets. The stiffeners should always reach over the
vertical sides of the angles forming the chords of the girder,
and there should be filling pieces between the stiffening angles
and the web-plate. In every case, whether there are web-
stiffeners used or not, there should be a reinforcing by angles
or plates at the ends of the girders where they rest on columns
or on the wall, so that the reaction of the support may be
resisted by an increased section of the web. In larger girders,
one, two, or more cover-plates are required to make up the
necessary section of the, chords or flanges. Frequently all
these cover-plates are made the whole length of the girder,
but this is only a waste of material, as the outer cover-plates
are only required for a part of the length. Plate girders
should never be made too shallow, on account of the deflection;
they should have at least a depth of one twenty-fourth of the
clear span ; if built shallower, more material should be put in
the flanges and webs, so as to reduce the strain per square
inch, and the deflection in proportion.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 61
CALCULATION OF A RIVETED GIRDER.
Box girder, to carry a wall 20 inches wide.
Span, 30 feet between centers of supports = 360 inches.
Total weight to be carried, 100 tons = 200,000 Ibs.
Depth available, 36".
Load on each support, X 200,000= 100,000 Ibs.
100,000 Ibs.
Web section required, ^ = 20 D .
5,000 Ibs.
Two web-plates, 34/'.X " = 25.^ D".
Bending moment in middle of span,
| X 200,000 X 360 = 9,000,000 inch Ibs.
Depth of girders bet. centers of chords or flanges, about 34".
9,000,000
Maximum chord strain, - = 264,700 Ibs.
34
Chord section required, ~ 263- D " .
This section ) ^ of the web-plates. .............. 4j H"
is made up > 2 L iron, 6 ;/ X 4"X i ............. 9f D"
as follows : ) I cover plate, 20" X f ............. 12^ D "
26| D"
STIFFENERS. Angle iron, 3"X 3 /7 X f", placed about 4 to
5 feet apart.
By the use of the following table, it is easy to find the sec-
tion required in the chords of riveted girders, if the load and
span are given. This table is calculated for a maximum strain
of 10,000 Ibs. per square inch of gross section. If a higher
strain per square inch is admissible, as in case of strictly
permanent loads for structures which are not exposed to
vibrations and sudden applications of heavy weights,-*- it is
only necessary to reduce the result obtained in proportion to
the higher strain per square inch allowed.
Plate No. 15, fig. i, shows an elevation of a plain plate
girder, built of a web-plate, and four angle irons, stiffened
with angle-iron stiffeners.
Fig. 2. Section of plain plate girder, without cover-plate.
Fig. 3. Section of plate girder, with top and bottom cover-
plates.
Fig. 4. Section of ordinary box girder, with two web-plates,
two cover-plates, and four angle irons in chords.
Fig. 5. Same with extra angle irons riveted to the side of
the web-plate. The floor joists, either iron or wood, are car-
ried on these angles.
Fig. 6. Compound girder, consisting of two ordinary plain
plate girders, connected together at intervals with wrought
or cast iron separators.
Fig. 7. Box girder, composed of two vertical plates and
two horizontal channel irons.
62 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
EIVETED GIRDERS.
Multiply by the load in tons of 2000 Ibs., uniformly dis-
tributed, and divide by 1000. The result is the gross area
in square inches required for each flange, allowing a maxi-
mum fiber strain of 10,000 Ibs. per D inch.
Span
in
feet.
DEPTH OUT TO OUT OF WEB IN INCHES.
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34 36
38
40
42
10
11
12
13
14
167
183
200
217
233
150
165
180
195
210
136
150
164
177
191
125
138
150
163
175
115
127
138
150
162
107
118
129
139
150
100
110
120
130
140
94
103
113
122
131
88
97
106
115
124
83
92
100
108
117
79
87
95
102
110
75
83
90
98
105
71
79
86
93
100
15
16
17
18
19
250
267
283
300
317
225
240
255
270
285
205
218
232
245
259
188
200
213
225
238
173
185
196
208
219
161
171
182
193
204
150
160
l?i)
180
190
141
150
159
169
178
132 ' 125
141 133
150il42
159150
168 158
118
126
134
142
150
113
120
128
135
143
107
114
121
129
136
20
21
22
23
24
333
350
367
383
400
300
315
330
345
360
273
286
300
314
327
250
263
275
288
300
231
242
254
265
277
214
225
236
246
257
200
210
220
230
240
188
197
206
216
225
176
185
194
203
212
167
175
183
192
200
158
165
173
181
189
150
158
165
17:5
180
143
150
157
164
171
25
26
27
28
29
417
433
450
467
483
375
390
405
420
435
341
355
368
382
395
313
325
338
350
363
288
300
312
323
335
268
279
289
300
311
250
260
270
280
290
234
244
253
263
272
221
229
238
247
256
208
217
225
233
242
197
205
213
221
229
188
195
203
210
218
179
186
193
200
207
30 500
31 1517
32 |533
33 550
34 567
450
465
480
495
510
409
423
436
450
464
375
388
400
413
425
346
358
369
381
392
321
332
343
354
364
300 281 265
310 j 291 | 274
32013001282
330 |309 1291
340 319 3U()
250
258
267
275
283
236
244
252
260
268
225
233
240
248
255
2U
221
228
236
243
35 583
36 600
37 617
38 633
39 650
40 667
*
525
540
555
570
585
600
477
491
505
518
532
546
438
450
463
475
488
500
404
415
427
438
450
461
375
386
396
407
418
429
350
360
370
380
390
400
328 309
338 318
3471326
356! 335
366 344
375 353
292; 276 263 250
300 284 270 257
308J292'278 264
317 2991285 271
325 31 )7 [ 293 1278
:;:;:} :u:> :jou 286
j
-*
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 63
STBENGTH OF WOODEN BEAMS.
The following table is calculated for rectangular beams
one inch thick, and for different spans and depth of beams.
Maximum fiber strain allowed, 1000 Ibs. per square inch.
Beams to be braced sideways. For a factor of safety of 5
multiply by
I .o for ash.
i.o 1.3 for spruce.
i . 44 1.8 for white oak.
i.o i . 12 for white pine.
1.6 for long leaf yellow pine.
Span
DEPTH IN INCHES.
8-
feet.
5
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
1420
1190
1020
890
790
9
1800
1500
1290
1130
1000
10
11
12
13
14
15 16
800
670
570
500
440
1090
910
780
680
610
2220
1850
1590
1390
1230
2690
2240
1920
1680
1490
1340
1220
1120
1030
960
3200
2670
2290
2000
1780
1600
1450
1330
1230
1150
1070
1000
940
890
840
3980
3220
2840
2490
2210
1990
1810
1660
1530
1430
1330
1250
1170
1110
1050
4380
3650
3130
2740
2430
5000
4170
3570
3130
2780
5690
4740
4060
3560
3160
2840
2590
2370
2200
2040
10
11
12
13
14
400
360
330
310
290
270
250
240
220
210
540
495
450
420
390
360
340
320
300
290
710
650
590
550
510
480
450
420
400
380
900
820
750
690
640
600
560
530
500
480
1110
1010
930
860
800
2190
1990
1820
1690
1570
1460
1370
1290
1220
1150
1090
1040
1000
950
910
2500
2270
2080
1930
1700
1670
1570
1470
1390
1320
1250
1190
1140
1090
1040
15
16
17
18
19
740
700
650
620
590
900
840
790
750
710
1900
1780
1680
1590
1500
20
21
22
23
24
200
190
190
175
167
272
260
248
237
228
360
340
325
310
297
450
430
410
390
380
560
530
510
480
460
450
430
410
400
380
370
670
640
610
590
560
800
760
730
700
670
990
950
910
870
830
1420
1360
1300
1240
1190
1140
1100
1060
1020
980
950
?
25
26
27
28
29
30
160
154
149
143
138
134
218
210
202
195
188
182
285
275
265
255
246
237
360
350
330
315
3' 7
297
540
520
. 500
480
465
450
640
620
590
570
550
530
800
770
740
710
690
660
880
840
810
780
750
730
1000
960
930
890
860
830
64 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
COLUMNS, POSTS AND STRUTS.
THE following tables of strength of columns are calculated
for safe working strains, and not for the ultimate strength, as
it is of greater consequence to know what load a column will
support with safety, than to know under what load it will
fail.
The first table is copied from a paper read by Mr. Theo-
dore Cooper, before the A. S. of C. E., and it is based on
experiments made on full size columns at the Watertown
Arsenal. The allowed working strains are calculated so that
they are in proportion to the limit of elasticity (0.44 of it).
For posts which are liable to be struck by passing bodies as
f : i, the web-posts in through-bridges, smaller working strains
are given.
The second table shows strains per square inch as allowed
by the specifications of the New York, Lake Erie and Western
Railroad, which have been adopted by a great many roads all
through the United States, and on which base a great number
of structures have been designed and executed. The values
of ratio of length to diameter for different shapes of struts,
are only approximate, but they are sufficient for ordinary use.
Both of these tables are calculated for moving loads ; for
steady loads, as in buildings, the safe working strains may
be increased 25 per cent.
The table of safe loads on rolled I beams used as columns
or struts is intended for steady loads only. Such columns
are frequently used in buildings, and give very satisfactory
results if the length is not too great. If two I beams, well
braced together, are used, they will carry a larger load. The
co-efficients, as given for box columns, may be used for such
columns without great error.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 65
Plate 16 shows sections of different types of columns.
Fig. i. Box column, composed of two channels and two
plates.
Fig. 2. Box column, composed of four angle irons and
four plates.
Fig. 3. Open column, composed of two channels connected
with lattice bars or lacing.
Fig. 4. Open column, built of two plates and four angle
irons, connected with lattice bars.
Fig. 5. Open column, built of two I beams, connected with
lattice bars.
Figs. 6 and 7. Columns built of two C and one I beam, or
of three I beams.
Fig. 8. Columns of similar section ; in place of solid rolled
beams and channels, angles and plates are used.
Fig. ii. Column consisting of two plain bars riveted to-
gether with an I beam.
Fig. 12. Plain I beam used as column.
Fig. 9. Two I beams connected with cast-iron separators
and bolts or rivets.
Fig. 10. Two channel bars connected in the same way.
Fig. 1 8. Two flat bars connected in the same way.
Fig. 13. Open column, built of four angle irons, latticed.
Fig. 14. Four angles connected with solid web-plate, or
latticed.
Figs. 15 and 17. Two T irons or four angle irons riveted
together in star shape.
Fig. 1 6. Similar column. The angles are separated by
cast-iron thimbles.
66 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
!.*
So
S
I B *!*&
"2 t/j o
!l -tt -O
O r
I
W
S S
| j 4J
o 1
^=
M
P^
n
I
o
^
w
j
t4
s
P4
Q
u i
;] u
a
a I
fl i i
'1 ; I '
O" 1>CO"
.N
SS =
oo'co* > co"
" s i -.^-*
o< OOOGO
rH CO O
co co ^
uo'rf co"
GO O J>
lO CO
O^rH CO^
^ CO CO
(M CO Tf iO CO CO
qotCtCUd'to^f
t> rH CO
CO C5
10 -^
CO Ct C<t
COOO
CO CO CO
i>CO ITS
Tf O CO
CO
10 rf CO"
COi-lrH
TH CO 1>
005
1> CO
O) rH O*
CO
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 67
TABLE OF
ALLOWED WORKING STRAINS ON
WROUdHT-IRON COLUMNS.
Calculated from formulas of the N. Y., Lake Erie, and W. R. R.
For Square Ends. Pin and Square Ends.
8,000 8,000
Pin Ends.
8,000
I +
L*
i +
lies. R
s, as in
L 8
L 2
40,000 R*
= length in inc
For dead loac
30,000 R 2
= radius of g
buildings, allo
' 20,000 R 2
yration in inches,
w 25% more.
Ratio of
Length
to Rad.
of Gyr.
L
R
Working Strains
per sq. inch.
Ratio of L to Diameter.
Square.
Lbs. per
sq. in.
Pin and
Square.
Lbs. per
sq. in.
Pin - ! Phoenix
Lbs. per! Col.
sq. in. i
Ameri-
can
Col.
Box
Col.
Open
Col.
JL
ir
Col.
30
35
40
45
50
7,820
7,760
7,700
7,620
7,530
7,770
7^590
7,500
7,380
7,660
7,540
7,410
7,260
7,110
10.9
12.8
14.6
16.4
18.2
10.
11.7
13.3
15.
16.7.
12.3
14.3
16.4
18.5
20.5
11.1
13.
14.8
16.7
18.6
6.1
7.2
8.2
9.2
10.2
55
60
65
70
75
7,440
7,340
7,230
7,130
7,020
7,260
7,140
7,010
6,880
6,740
6,950
6,780
6,610
6,420
6,250
20.0
21.9
23.7
25.5
27.3
18.3
20.
21.7
23.3
25.
22.6
24.6
26.7
28.7
30.8
20.5
22.3
24.2
26.
27.8
11.2
12.2
13.3
14.3
15.3
80
85
90
95
100
6,9UO
6,780
6,660
6,530
6,400
6,590
6,450
6,300
6,150
6,000
6,060
5,880
5,700
5,510
5,330
29.2
31.0
32.8
34.6
36.4
26.7
28.3
30.0
31.7
33.3
32.8
34.9
36.9
39.0
41.0
29.7
31.5
33.4
35.2
37.1
16.4
17.4
18.4
19.4
20.5
105
no
115
. 120
125
6,270
6,140
6,010
5,880
5,750
5,860
5,700
5,550
5,410
5,260
5,160
4,980
4,820
4,650
4,490
38.2
40.0
41.9
43.7
45.5
35.0
36.7
38.3
40.0
41.7
43.1
45.1
47.2
49.2
51.3
39.
40.8
42.6
44.5
46.4
21.5
22.5
23.5
24.5
25.5
130 i 5,620
135 1 5,500
140 ! 5,370
145 5,240
150 5,120
5,120 ! 4,340
4,980 : 4,180
4,840 ! 4,040
4,700 i 3,900
4,570 3,770
47.3
. 49.2
51.0
52.8
54.6
43.3
45.0
46.7
48.3
50.0
53.3
55.4
57.4
59 5
61.5
48.2
50.1
52.
53.9
55.7
26.6
27.6
28.6
29.6
30.6
155 5,000 4,440 ! 3,630
160 4,880 4,320 3,510
56.4 ! 51.7
58.2 53.3
63.6
65.6
57.5
59.4
31.7
32.7
*
68 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
S~
TABLE OF SAFE LOADS FOB ROLLED X BEAMS USED AS COLUMNS OB STBUTS.
Both ends flat and fixed. Calculated from formula 10,000 per sq. inch.
This Table is to be used for dead loads only. L 2
For moving loads deduct 20%. l " 40,000 r*
s
X
CO CO GO O*
*
C5 O O rH
OJW rH
rH rH rH rH
C5 00 J> CO
CO
OCO CO iO
CO lO Tf CO
OJ rH d C5
g
OOJ OJ CO
COO) rHO
TH T- < rH rH
O5QO 1>1>^
s
0)0 J> "T
OJ <M OJ OJ
THrHrHrH
0>r-lOO5
co 9
XO CO rH
O5 Oi O5 lO
!
a
0)
02
SSS3
tycoon.
O* rH O C5
rH rH rH O
. 8
5S
&SS8
SSSS
* S
ssss
rHOSOO CO
Tf Ot rH
00 Jg
siss
asss
O5QO l>.
rH TH rH rH
i
CO CO CO CO
?5SSS
ssss
o s
ssss
SSSS
i^co-^o*
rH TH TH rH
05 ^
GO
^s^s
83S&
glil
^^ o
TH >
^ss
ss?s
rH rH
^^5
fe^
ssss
2
CO CO CC uO
sss?
^5^
2 S
O5 1> tO CO
O O uO O
TH C5 CO CO
5i^SS
3
rH O5 J> ^
00 l^ t^l>
S8SS
SJ> -^ '
m to o
'2 s
rH rH
gc3
!!i!
WO CO CO
i^cococc
S i
CO ^ rH O5
O5 Oi O5 00
Depth of Beam.
Wgt. per yd.
Length of Post.
Feet.
00 OiOrH
rHrH
rH rH rH rH
1
V
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 69
TABLE OF SAFE LOADS
FOR
HOLLOW CYLINDRICAL CAST AND
WROUGHT IRON COLUMNS.
CAST-IRON COLUMNS, with factor of safety 6.
Square Bearing.
*3333
1.2
1 +
800 </*
Pin and Square.
13333
Pin Bearing.
13333
1 +
400 d
WROUGHT-IRON COLUMNS, with factor of safety 4.
Square Bearing.
IOOOO
+ -
3000^
Pin and Square.
IOOOO
i +
2000 d*
Pin Bearing.
IOOOO
T~2
i +
1500 d*
L, length of columns in inches.
d, diameter of columns in inches.
This table is calculated only for dead loads. For moving
loads, deduct. 20% for wrought-iron columns and 2$% for
cast-iron columns.
CAST-IRON COLUMNS.
Safe Loads, in Ibs. per D in.
WROUGHT-IRON COLUMNS.
Safe Loads, in Ibs. per D in.
L
d
Square.
Square
and Pin.
Pin.
L
d
Square*
Square
and Pin.
Pin.
12
15
18
11,300
10,410
9,490
10,500
9,380
8,300
9,800
8,530
7,370
12
15
18
9,540
9,300
9,020
9,330
8,990
8,600
9,125
8,700
8,220
21
24
27
8,600
7,750
6,890
7,600
6,410
5,630
6,350
5,460
4,730
21
24
27
8,720
8,390
8,050
8,190
7,770
7,320
7,730
7,220
6,730
30
33
36
6,270
5,650
5,090
4,960
4,380
3,890
4,100
3,580
3,140
30
33
36
7,690
7,320
6,980
6,900
6,480
6,070
6,250
5,800
5,360
39
*
3,760
3,460
2,780
39
6,640
5,680
4,970
V
70 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
TABLE OF
SAFE LOADS FOE RECTANGULAR
TIMBER POSTS, SEASONED.
This table is calculated for a factor of safety of 5 from the
following formulas :
Square Bearing.
1 120
Pin and Square
Bearing.
1 120
Pin Bearing.
1 120
275
Deducted from Lemande's experiments with posts of
French oak, and may be used for American white pine of
best quality.
Ratio of Length
to
Least Side.
L
d
Safe Loads, in Ibs. per n inch of Section.
Square Ends.
Square and Pin
Ends.
Pin Ends.
'
12
15
18
890
795
704
804
695
594
736
616
514
21
24
27
623
548
482
509
436
375
431
362
307
30
33
36
424
376
334
324
282
246
262
226
196
39
42
45
297
266
239
218
192
172
172
152
134
L, length of post in inches.
d, width of smallest side in inches.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 71
EOOFS.
THE most frequent types of Roof trusses are shown in
plates 17 and 18. The strains in the different members of
these trusses are easily found by the use of the following
tables. They may be built of iron, or of wood and iron com-
bined. If iron only is used in the construction, the rafters
are made of two channel-bars, with an iron cover-plate, or
properly latticed together. This is the best mode of con-
structing the rafter. For smaller spans or lighter roofs a
single I beam makes a good rafter. If the purlins are sup-
ported only at the joints, a T iron or two angle-irons make a
satisfactory rafter ; but if the purlins have to be carried on
points between the joints of the truss, the bending strains
produced are usually too large to be carried on a rafter of
this cross section. The bottom end of the rafters usually has
a shoe riveted on, or rests on a pin which is supported by a
separate shoe. The top connection of the two main rafters
is also either a riveted one (the two rafters being cut so as to
bear one against the other), or the connection is made by
having both rafters bearing against a pin. If the roof is pin-
connected throughout, the latter connection at the peak (with
the pin simply) is the better one, and the roof is more easily
erected.
The tension members are either flat bars with forged eyes,
bored for iron pins, or round or square rods with loop-
welded eyes.
The struts are made in very many different ways. A good
construction is to use two light channel-bars connected
together to form a strut, which has a pin-hole at its lower end
to connect with the bottom chord and the tension braces.
Sometimes these trusses are built with wooden main-rafters
and struts. In this case, the ends of these members are
usually fitted to cast-iron pin-boxes, and the tension members
constructed in the same way as in all iron trusses.
72 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
LOADS ON ROOFS SPANS 75 FEET AND LESS.
Roof covered with corrugated iron, unbearded . 8 Ibs. per D ft.
" " " " " on boards .11" "
" " " slate unboarded or on laths 13 "
" " " " on boards i V thick. . .16 " "
" " " shingles on laths 10 " "
If plastered below the rafters or tie-beam, add. 10 "
For the weight of iron construction, add 4 "
For snow and wind, add 20 "
The velocity and pressure of wind against surfaces at right
angles to the direction of the wind is, as given by Smeaton :
Vel. in miles
per hour.
Vel. in feet. Pressure per
per sec. square foot.
10
14.67
0.5
12*
18.33
0.78
Fresh breeze.
15 .
22.
1.12
20
29.33
2.
25
36.67
3.12
Brisk wind.
30
44.
4.5
Strong wind.
40
58.67
8.
High wind.
50
73.33
12.5
Storm.
60
88. 18.
Violent storm.
80
117.3 32.
Hurricane.
100
146.7
50.
Violent hurricane.
It seems sufficient to calculate for a wind pressure of 30
Ibs. per square foot ; but, as the roofs are built with a slope
only that component of the 30 Ibs. which acts vertical to the
surface of the roof comes into account. In most cases it
will be sufficient to calculate simply for a load of 20 Ibs. per
square foot for wind and snow together.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
73
MAXIMUM STRAINS IN KING AND
QUEEN ROOF TRUSSES.
Plate 17, Fig. 5.
To find the maximum strains in any member of these
trusses, multiply the co-efficients given here below.
_ length of rafter
2. For bo
3. For in
4. For ve
Multiply
by
III
1^-5
1
ttom chord, "
jlined struts, "
rtical rod, "
depth of truss
^ span of truss
depth of truss
length of strut
length of rod
x 7 .
,/
Member.
14 12 10
Panel. Panel. Panel.
8 6
Panel. Panel.
4
Panel.
2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
6 7
6.5
6.
5.5
5.
4.5
4
5.5
5.
4.5
4.
3.5
4.5
4.
3.5
3.
3.5
3.
2.5
2.5
2.
1.5
y. |
T3 g
^
> 1 -
j
H
!S
f,
1
o r
1 ; 2'
2' 3'
3 X 4'
4' 5'
5' 6'
6' 7'
6.5
6.
5.5
5.
4.5
4.
3.5
5.5
5.
4.5
4.
3.5
3.
4.5
4.
3.5
3.
2.5
3.5
St.-
2.5
2.
1.5
1.5
1.
K
"u
1 c
A, j.
^o
,
bi)
-S
1' 2
2' 3
3' 4
4' 5
5' 6
6' 7
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
-o
1.
! X
1 M
2 2'
3 3'
4 4 /
5 5'
6 6'
7 7'
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
6.
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
5.
0.5
1.0
1.5
4.
0.5
1.0
3.
0.5
2.
1.
.
PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
MAXIMUM STRAINS IN BELGIAN
OE FINK ROOF TRUSSES.
Plate 1 8, Figs. I and 2.
To find the maximum strain in any member of these trusses,
multiply the co-efficients given in the table below with the
panel load.
Ratio of depth 0.333
to length of span. -
0.289
TTiV*
0.250
i
0.200
j
0.167
*
0.125
1
Inclinat'n of rafters.
41 49'
30
26 34'
21 48'
18 26'
14 2'
c/i
at
a
'o
1
X
II
II
01
12
22
5.25
4.50
3.00
6.06
5.19
3.46
7.00
6.00
4.00
8.75
7.50
5.00
10.50
9.00
6.00
14.00
12.00
8.00
tl
or
1'2'
2'3'
3'4'
6.30
5.75
5.20
4.65
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
7.83
7.38
6.93
6.48
9.42
9.05
8.68
8.31
11.08
10.76
10.45
10.13
14.44
14.20
13.95
13.71
Tension
braces.
23
34'
12'&32'
1.50
2.25
0.75
1.73
2.60
0.87
2.00
3.00
1.00
2.50
3.75
1.25
3.00
4.50
1.50
4.00
6.00
2.00
t/;
p
uri
ll'&33'
22''
0.83
1.66
0.87
1.73
0.89
1.78
0.93
1.86
0.95
1.90
0.97
1.94
c/i
(fi
3
Tj
1
^
Bottom
chord.
01
12
2.25
1.50
2.60
1.73
3.00
2.00
3.75
2.50
4.50
3.00
6.00
4.00
Top
chord.
or
1'2'
2.70
2.15
3.00
2.50
3.35
2.90
4.04
3.67
4.75
4.44
6.19
5.95
Rod
strut.
12'
11'
0.75
0.83
0.87
0.87
1.00
0.89
1.25
0.93
1.50
0.95
2.00
0.97
k
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 75
MAXIMUM STRAINS IN RECTANGU-
LAR AND TRIANGULAR TRUSSES.
BY using the following tables, it will be found easy to de-
termine the maximum strains in different trusses or girders
with parallel chords, if the dead and moving loads are given.
In many cases it will be sufficient to consider only a uniform
dead load and a uniform moving load. The third columns
give the influence of a heavier load in front of a uniform load ;
f. i., a locomotive ahead of a train of cars.
The panel points are numbered, beginning with o at the
abutment, those of the bottom chord with plain numbers, and
those of the top chord with a prime ( ' ), so as to indicate the
position of the different members without its being necessary
to refer to the diagram.
In the calculation of a double intersection rectangular truss,
it is necessary to treat the truss as a combination of two sin-
gle intersection trusses ; and if the number of panels is an odd
one, there exists some uncertainty in which way the full load
is transmitted to the abutments. Sometimes it is assumed
that the counter-rods are without strain under full load, and
this gives somewhat smaller strains in the top chord and
larger strains in the bottom chord than those given in the
table.
But generally the counter-rods are made adjustable, and
have always some initial strain, so that it is more consistent
to assume that the trusses under full load, as well as under
partial loads, act like two separate single intersection trusses.
The difference in the results in either case is of no practical
importance.
In calculating these tables, the loads were supposed to be
concentrated at the bottom chord joints for through-bridges,
and at the top-chord joints for deck-bridges. In through-
bridges, the strains in the web-members under compression
(web-posts) obtained this way should be increased by the
weight of a panel of top-chord and top-lateral bracing.
76 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION OF TABLE.
WARREN TRUSS, DECK BRIDGE WITH INTERMEDIATE
POSTS.
Span, 150' ; depth, 20'.
Number of panels 10, of 15' each.
Dead load, 1,200 Ibs. per lin. ft.
Live load, 2,400 " " "
D= Dead load = 9,000 Ibs. per panel and I truss.
L = Live " = 18,000 " " " " i "
E = Excess of locomotive weight = 10,000 Ibs. for I truss.
/= 18,000 =1>8oo
10
10,000
^=_J = 1,000
10
Length of diagonal members, 25'
Sec. = = ..25 Tang. =^1=0.75
Strain in middle piece of bottom chord 4-6
12. 5 (D + L) = 337,500
5 e = 5,000
342,500 X tang. 256,875
Compressive strain in brace, 45'.
0.5 D = 4,500
15. / = 27,000
5. e = 5,000
36,500 X sec. = 45,625
Tensile strain in brace, 5' 6,
0.5 D =4,500
10. / = 18,000
4. e = 4,000
1 7,500 X sec. =21,875
It will be observed that, by beginning with o at the left-
hand abutment, the compression member 45' becomes the
tension member 5' 6, and the maximum strains change from
45,625 compression to 21,875 tension. The strains in the
other members are found in similar way.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
77
3 81
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78
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
LIVE LOADS
MAXIMUM STRAINS PRODUCED BY DEAD
GULAR TRUSSES.
TERSECTION RECT
DOUB
ate 1.)
LS, FOR THROUGH AND
GO J> CO lO Tf CO <?*
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THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 79
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80 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
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THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 81
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THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
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PASSAIC ROI.LIN'C M 1 I, f. C 1 n M ]' A X Y . 83
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d load per panel .
ve load per panel.
cess of engine loa
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84 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
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THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 85
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NTERSECTION
DOUBLE
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86 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
EIVETS AND PINS.
IN proportioning riveted work it is customary not to take
into account the friction between the shapes or plates con-
nected. The rivets have to resist the whole strain which has
to be transmitted from one part to the other by their resist-
ance against shearing. The bearing surfaces of the rivets
and of the connected parts must be large enough to avoid
damage by crushing. Therefore, it will be always necessary
to calculate the rivet connections for shear as well as for
bearing. The following tables give shearing and bearing
values of rivets of different diameters for shearing strains of
6,000 Ibs. and 7,500 Ibs. per square inch section, and for
bearing values of 12,000 Ibs. and 15,000 Ibs. per square inch.
The smaller values shou^ be used for moving loads, and
the larger values may be used for steady loads.
Pins are subject to strains by shearing, bearing, and bend-
ing. The corresponding values for these three different
strains are
SHEARING. BEARING. BENDING,
For R. R. bridges and iron pins 7,500 12.000 15,000
" " " " steel pins 11,250 18,000 22,500
For steady loads and) iins g
highway bridges $
HE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 87
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COCO1> O50*CO*H
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88 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
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THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 89
SHEARING AND BEARING VALUE OF RIVETS Continued.
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90 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
IRON EIYETS.
Weight per 100.
DIAMETERS.
Length
Under
[ j
1
Head.
i
1
i
f
*
1
1
1.895
4.848
9.66
16.79
26.49
39.3
55.2
i
2.007
5.235
10.34
17.86
27.99 41.4
57.9
2.233
5.616
11.04
18.96
29.61
43.5
60.7
* 1
2.410
6.003
11.73
20.03
31.13
45.6
63.4
2.582
6.402
12.43
21.04
32.74
47.8
66.2
^ |
2.754
6.789
13.12
22.11
34.25
49.9
68.9
|
2.926
7.179 13.81
23.21
35.86
52.0
71.7
4 7
g
3.098
7.566 1 14.50
24.28
37.37
54.1
74.4
2
3.239
7.956J 15.19
25.48
38.99
56.3
77.2
'*
3.441
3.613
8.343 15.88
8.733! 16.57
26.56
27.65
40.40
42.11
58.4
60.5
79.9
82.7
4 f
3.785
9.120| 17.26
28.73
43.67
62.6 1 85.4
i
3.957
9.511
17.95
29.82
45.24
64.8
88.2
5.
8
4.129
9.898! 18.64
30.90
46.80
66.9
90.9
f
4.301
10.29
19.33
31.99
48.36
69.0
93.7
1
8
4.473
10.67
20.02
33.08
49.92 1 71.1
96.4
3
4.644
11.06 , 20. 71
34.18
51.49 ! 73.3
99.2
i
4.816
11.44
21.40
55.27
53.05
75.4
101.9
i
4.988
11.84
22.09
36.35
54.61
77.5
104.7
a
8
5.160
12.23
22.78
37.44
56.17
79.6
107.4
i
2
5.332
12.62
23.48
38.52
57.74
81.8
110.2
1-
5.504
13.01
24.17
39.60
59.30
83.9
112.9
f
5.676
13.39
24.86
40.69
60.86
86.0 i 116.7
7_
8
5.848
13.78
25.55
41.78
62.42
88.1 j 119.4
4
6.019
14.17
26.24
42.87
63.99
90.3 121.2
i
6.191
14.56
26.93
43.94
65.55
92.4 123.9
JL
4
6.363
14.95
27.62
45.01
67.11
94.5
126.6
100
Heads.
.519
1.74
4.14
8.10
13.99
22.27
33.15
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 91
pp
n
o*
o
p
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I i
P3
o
-Sti
COCi 005OOOi-iJ> 00 04
1C 05 00 Oi rH (M CO l> 1> l^
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92 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
AREAS AND' WEIGHTS or SQUARE AND
ROUND WROU&HT-IRON BARS.
Thick-
ness,
Inches.
D
C
Area.
)
Thick-
ness,
Inches.
D
o
Area.
W'ght
per ft.
W'ght
per ft.
Area.
W'ght
per ft.
Area.
W'ght
per ft.
i*
tV
0.004
.016
.035
0.013
.052
.117
0.003
.012
.028
.049
.077
.110
.150
0.010
.041
.092
2
-h
>_*
4.00
4.25
4.52
4.78
13.33
14.18
15.05
15.95
3.14
3.34
3.55
3.76
10.47
11.14
11.82
12.53
1*
A
.062
.098
.141
.191
' .208
.326
.469
.638
.164
.256
.368
.501
!>
&
5.06
5.35
5.64
5.94
16.88
17.83
18.80
19.80
3.98
4.20
4.43
4.67
13.25
14.00
14.77
15.55
*.*
1
tt
.250
.316
.391
.473
.833
1.06
1.30
1.58
.196
.248
.307
.371
.654
.828
1.02
1.24
[
tt
6.25
6.57
6.89
7.22
20.83
21.89
22 97
24.08
25.21
26.37
27.55
28.76
4.91
5.16
5.41
5.67
16.36
17.19
18.04
18.91
V
z lb
8 it
.562
.660
.766
.879
1.87
2.20
2.55
2.93
.442
.518
.601
.690
1.47
1.73
2.00
2.30
!
_fl
7.56
7.91
8.27
8.63
5.94
6.21
6.49
6.78
19.80
20.71
21.64
22.59
1
i*
A
1.00
1.13
1.27
1.41
3.33
3.76
4.22
4.70
.785
.887
.994
1.110
2.62
2.95
3.31
3.69
3
**
*
9.00
9.38
9.77
10.16
30.00
31.26
:?2.55
33.87
7.07
7.37
7.67
7.98
23.56
24.55
25.57
26.60
i*
**
1.56
1.72
1.89
2.07
5.21
5.74
6.30
6.89
1.23
1.35
1.48
1.62
4.09
4.51
4.95
5.41
'*
1
A
10.56
10.97
11.39
11.82
35.21
36.58
37.97
Oi? . O\)
8.30
8.62
8.95
9.28
27.65
28.73
29.82
30.94
i"
2.25
2.44
2.64
2.85
7.50
8.14
8.80
9.49
1.77
1.92
2.07
2.24
5.89
6.39
6.91
7.45
i
rV
8 H-
12.25
12.69
13.14
13.60
40.83 9.6232.07
42. 3d 9.97*33.23
43.8010.32 ! 34.40
45.3310.6835.60
3
,*l
"
m
3.06
3.28
3.52
3.75
10.21
10.95
11.72
12.51
2.40
2.58
2.76
2.95
8.02
8.60
9.20
9.83
.3
; ;:
14.06
14.53
15.01
15.50
46.8811.04
48.4511.42
50. 05,11.79
51.6812.18
36.82
38.05
39.31
40.59
*
THE
PASSAIC
ROLLING
MILL
COMPANY.
93
AREAS AND WEIGHTS OF SQUARE AND
ROUND WROUGHT-IRON BARS.
(Continued.)
rhick-
ness,
inches
D
O
Thick-
ness,
nches
D
O
Area.
W'ght
per ft.
Area.
W'ght
per ft.
Area.
W'ght
per ft.
Area.
W'ght
per ft.
4
f
-h
16.00
16.f>0
17.01
17.53
18.06
18.60
19.14
19.69
53.3312.57
55.0l!l2.96
56.7213.36
58.45ll3.77
41.89
43.21
44.55
45.91
6
**
f
36.00
37.52
39.06
40.64
120.0
125.1
130.2
135.5
28.27
29.46
30.68
31.9*
94.25
98.2^
102.3
106.4
I*
A
60.21
61.99
63.80
65.64
14.19
14.61
15.03
15.47
47.29
48.69
50.11
51.55
i
* \
',
42.25
43.89
45.56
47.27
140.8
146.3
151.9
157.6
33.18
34.47
35.78
37.12
38.48
41.28
44.18
47.17
110.6
114.9
119.3
123.7
t*
'tt
20.25
20.82
21.39
21.97
22.56
23.16
23.77
24.38
67.50
69.39
71.30
73.24
15.90
16.35
16.80
17.26
53.01
54.50
56.00
57.52
7
i.
\ *
49.00
52.56
56.25
60. 06
163.3
175.2
187.5
200.2
128.3
137.6
147.3
157.2
v
1 ti
v->
75.21
77.20
79.22
81.26
17.72
18.19
18.66
19.15
19.63
20.13
20.63
21.13
59.07
60.63
62.22
53.82
8
1
64.00
68.06
72.25
76.56
213.3
226.9
240.8
255.2
50.26
53.46
56.74
60-13
63.62
67.20
70.88
74.66
167.6
178.2
189.2
200.4
5
.;
1 6
25.00
25.63
26.27
26.91
83.33
85.43
87.55
89.70
65.45
67.10
68.76
70.45
72.16
73.89
75.64
77.40
9
t|
10
4
s
81.00
85.56
90.25
95.06
270.0
285.2
300.8
316.9
212.1
224.0
236.3
248.9
.4
/ ff
8
.7
1 'i
27.56
28.22
28.89
29.57
91.88
94.08
96.30
98,55
21.65
22.17
22.69
23.22
100.00
105.06
110.25
115.56
333.3
350.2
367.5
385.2
78.54
82.52
86.59
90.76
261.8
275.1
288.6
302.5
i
*
u
30.25
30.94
31.64
32.35
100.8
103.1
105.5
107.8
23.76
24.30
24.85
25.41
79.19
81.00
82.83
84.69
11
3.
4
121.00
126.56
132.25
138.06
403.3
421.9
440.8
460.2
95.03
99.40
103.87
108.43
316.8
331.3
346.2
361.4
.1
* ls
H
is
33.06110.2
33.78112.6
34.521 115.1
35.25117.5
25.97
26.53
27.11
27.69
86.56
88.45
90.36
92.29
12
144.0
480.0
113.1
377.0
i
94 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
AREAS OF FLAT EOLLED IRON.
Thickness
in Inches.
i"
ii"
U"
If"
2"
2{"
2i"
2*"
3"
**
**
.063
.125
.188
.250
.313
.375
.438
.506
.078
.156
.234
.313
.391
.469
.547
.625
.094
.188
.281
.375
.109
.219
.328
.438
.125
.250
.375
.500
.141
.281
.422
.563
.156
.313
.469
.625
.172
.344
.516
.688
.188
.375
.563
.750
I *
i' A
.469
.563
.656
.750
.547
,656
.766
.875
.625
.750
.875
1.00
.703
.844
.984
1.13
.781
.938
.09
.25
.859
1.03
1.20
1.38
.938
1.13
1.31
1.50
t *
; u
.563
.625
.688
.750
.703
.781
.859
.938
1.02
1.09
1.17
1.25
.844
.938
1.03
1.13
.984
1.09
1.20
1.31
.13
.25
.38
.50
1.27
1.41
1.55
1.69
.41
.56
.72
1.88
1.55
1.72
1.89
2.06
1.69
1.88
2.06
2.25
li-
it
.813
.875
.938
1.00
1.22
1.31
1.41
1.50
1.42
1.53
1.64
1.75
.63
.75
.88
2.00
1.83
1.97
2.11
2.25
2.03
2.19
2.34
2.50
2.23
2.41
2.58
2.75
2.44
2.03
2.81
3.00
U 1 *
u 1A
1.06
1.13
1.19
1.25
1.33
1.41
1.48
1.56
1.59
1.69
1.78
1.88
1.86
1.97
2.08
2.19
2.13
2.25
2.38
2.50
2.39
2.53
2.67
2.81
2.66
2.81
2.97
3.13
2.92
3.09
3.27
3.44
3.19
3.38
3.56
3.75
u 1 *
U 1 *
1.31
1.33
1.44
1.50
1.64
1.72
1.80
1.88
1.97
2.06
2.16
2.25
2.30
2.41
2.52
2.63
2.63
2.75
2.88
3.00
2.95
3.09
3.25
3.38
3.28
3.44
3.59
3.75
3.61
3.78
3.95
4.13
3.94
4.13
4.31
4.50
H 1 *
1^
1.56
1.63
1.69
1.75
1.81
1.88
1.94
2.00
1.95
2.03
2.11
2.19
2.34
2.44
2.53
2.63
2.73
2.84
2.95
3.06
3.13
3.25
3.38
3.50
3.52
3.66
3.80
3.94
3.91
4.06
4.22
4.38
4.30
4.47
4.G4
4.81
4.69
4.88
5.06
5.25
i w
S IH
2.27
2.34
2.42
2.50
2.72
2.81
2.91
3.00
3.17
3.28
3.39
3.50
3.63
3.75
3.88
4.00
4.08
4.22
4.36
4.50
4.53
4.69
4.84
5.00
4.98
5.16
5.33
5.50
5.44
5.63
5.81
6.00
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
95
AREAS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON.
(Continued. )
Thickness
in Inches.
3"
4"
4f"
5"
6"
7"
8"
9"
10"
ft
.219
.250
.281
.313
.375
.438
.500
.563
.625
1
.438
.500
.563
.625
.750
.875
1.00
1.13
1.25
ft
.656
.750
.844
.938
1.13
1.31
1.50
1.69
1.88
i
.875
1.00
1.13
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
A
1.09
1.25
1.41
1.56
1.88
2.19
2.50
2.81
3.13
1.31
1.50
1.69
1.88
2.25
2.63
3.00
3.38
3.75
TV
1.53
1.75
1.97
2.19
2.63
3.06
3.50
3.94
4.38
-> 1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
ft |l-97
2.25
2.53
2.81
3.38
3.94
4.50
5.06
5.63
2.19
2.50
2.81-
3.13
3.75
4.38
5.00
5.63
6.25
H 2.41
2.75
3.09
3.44
4.13
4.81
5.50
6.19
6.88
2 |2.63
3.00
3.38
3.75
4.50
5.25
6.00
6.75
7.50
.1 .;
2.84
3.25
3.66
4.06
4.88
5.69
6.50
7.31
8.13
3.06
3.50
3.94
4.38
5.25
6.13
7.00
7.83
8.75
tt
3.28
3.75
4.22
4.69
5.63
6.56
7.50
8.44
9.38
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
5
3.72
4.25
4.78
5.31
6.38
7.44
8.50
9.56
10.63
H
3.94
4.50
5.06
5.63
6J5
7.88
9.00
10.13
11.25
. ift
4.16
4.75
5.34
5.94
7.13
8.31
9.50
10.69
11.88
li- 4.38
5.00
5.63
6.25
7.50
8.75
10.00
11.25
12.50
ift
4.59
5.25
5.91
6.56
7.88
9.19
10.50
11.81
13.13
li
4.81
5.50
6.19
6.88
8.25
9.63
11.00
12.38
13.75
1ft
5.03
5.75
6.47
7.19
8.6310.06
11.50
12.94
14.38
li
5.25
6.00
6.75
7.50
9.0010.50
12.00
13.50
15.00
ift
5.47
6.25 7.03 7.81
9.38]l0.94
12.50
14.06
15 '.63
If
5.69
6.50
7.31
8.13
9.7511.38
13.00
14.63
16.25
1H
5.91
6.75
7.59 8.44
10.13jll.81
13.50
15.19
16.88
ii
6.13
7.00
7.88 8.75
10. 50112. 25
14.00
15.75
17.50
lit 6.34
7.25
8.16
9.06
10.8812.6914.50
16.31
18.13
H
6.56
7.50
8.44
9.38
11. 25! 13. 13 15. 00
16.88
18.75
lit
6.78
7.75
8.72
9.69
11. 63! 13. 56 15. 50
17.44
19.38
2
7.00
8.00
9.00 10.00
12. 00 14. 00! 16. 00
18.00
20.00
96 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
WEIGHTS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON,
PER LINEAL FOOT.
Iron Weighing 480 Lbs. per Cubic Foot.
Thickness
in Inches.
*i
t
1"
u"
U"
If"
2"
sr 2*"
2f
3"
.208
.417
.625
.833
.260
.521
.781
1.04
.31
.62
.94
1.25
.36
.73
1.09
1.46
.42
.83
1.25
1.67
.47
.94
1.41
1.88
.52
1.04
1.56
2.08
.57
1.15
1.72
2.29
0.62
1.25
1.88
2.50
i*
i ^
7^
I H
1.04
1.25
1.46
1.67
1.30
1.56
1.82
2.08
1.56
1.88
2.19
2.50
1.82
2.19
2.55
2.92
2.08
2.50
2.92
3.33
2.34
2.81
3.28
3.75
2.60
3.13
3.65
4.17
2.86
3.44
4.01
4.58
3.13J
3.75|
4.38!
5.00!
1.88
2.08
2.29
2.50
2.34
2.60
2.86
3.13
2.81
3.13
3.44
3.75
3.28
3.65
4.01
4.38
3.75
4.17
4.58
5.00
5.42
5.83
6.25
6.67
4.22
4.69
5.16
5.63
4.69
5.21
5.73
6.25
5.16
5.73
6.30
6.88
5.63
6.25
6.88!
7.50
8.13
8.75
9.38
10.00
H
I "
c
H
^C
f
^
2.71
2.92
3.13
3.33
3.39
3.65
3.91
4.17
4.06
4.38
4.69
5.00
4.74
5.10
5.47
5.83
6.09
6.56
7.03
7.50
6.77
7.29
7.81
8.33
7.45
8.02
8.59
9.17
3.54
3.75
3.96
4.17
4.43
4.69
4.95
5.21
5.31
5.63
5.94
6.25
6.56
6.88
7,19
7.50
6.20
6.56
6.93
7.29
7.08
7.50
7.92
8.33
7.97
8.44
8.91
9.38
8.85
9.38
9.90
10.42
9.74
10.31
10.89
11.46
10.63
11.25
11.88
12.50
4.37
4.58
4.79
5.00
5.47
5.73
5.99
6.25
7.66
8.02
8.39
8.75
8.75 9.84
9.1710.31
9.58)10.78
10.0011.25
10.94
11.46
11.98
12.50
12.03
12.60
13.18
13.75
13.13
13.75
14.38
15.00
5.21
5.42
5.63
5.83
6.51
6.77
7.03
7.29
7.81 9.11
8.13 9.48
8.44! 9.84
8.7510.2J
10.4211.72
10.8312.19
11.2512.66
11.6713.13
13.0214.32 15.63
13.5414.9016.25
14.0615.47 16.88
14. 58^6. 04(17.50
lit
11
2 iH -
Of
6.04
6.25
6.46
6.67
7.55
7.81
8.07
8.33
9.0610.57
9.38)10.94
9.6911.30
10.0011.67
12. 08| 13. 59
12.5014.06
12.9214.53
13.3315.00
15.1016.61
15.6317.19
16.1517.76
16.6718.33
18.13
18.75:
19.38
20 . 00
i
is
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 97
WEIGHTS OF FLAT ROLLED IRON,
PER LINEAL FOOT.
Iron Weighing 480 Lbs. per Cubic Foot.
Thickness
in Inches.
8*"
4"
w
5"
6"
7"
8"
9"
10"
-h
ft
~4
0.73
1.46
2.19
2.92
0.83
1.67
2.50
3.33
0.94
1.88
2.81
3.75
1.04
2.08
3.13
4.17
1.25
2.50
3.75
5.00
1.46
2.92
4.38
5.83
1.67
3.33
5.00
6.67
1.88
3.75
5.63
7.50
2.08
4.17
6.25
8.33
, *
1 ^
3.65
4.38
5.10
5.83
4.17
5.00
5.83
6.67
4.69 5.21
5.63 6.25
6.561 7.29
7.50 8.33
6.25
7.50
8.75
10.00
7.29
8.75
10.21
11.67
8.33
10.00
11.67
13.33
9.38
11.25
13.13
15.00
10.42
12.50
14.58
16.67
ft
f
H
6.56
7.29
8.02
8.75
7.50
8.33
9.17
10.00
8.44 9.38
9.3810.42
10.3111.46
11.2512.50
11.25
12.50
13.75
15.00
13.13
14.58
16.04
17.50
15.00
16.67
18.33
20.00
16.88
18.75
20.63
22.50
18.75
20.83
22.92
25.00
s
!_?
9.48
10.21
10.94
11.67
10.83
11.67
12.50
13.33
12.1913.54
13.1314.58
14.0615.63
15.0016.67
16.25
17.50
18.75
20.00
18.96
20.42
21.88
23.33
21.67
23.33
25.00
26.67
24.38
26.25
28.13
30.00
27.08
29.17
31.25
33.33
u 1 *
i*
u
12.40
13.13
13.85
14.58
14.17
15.00
15.83
16.67
15. 94l 17. 71
16.8818.75
17.8119.79
18.7520.83
21.25
22.50
23.75
25.00
24.79
26.25
27.71
29.17
28.33
30.00
31.67
33.33
31.88
33.75
35.63
37.50
35.42
37.50
39.58
41.67
I*
l!
l* 1 *
15.31
16.04
16.77
17.50
17.50
18.33
19.17
20.00
19.69
20.63
21.56
22.50
21.88
22.92
23.96
25.00
26.25
27.50
28.75
30.00
30.62
32.08
33.54
35.00
35.00
36.67
38.33
40.00
39.38
41.25
43.13
45.0d
43.75
45.83
47.92
50.00
I*
1^
18.23
18.96
19.69
20.42
20.83
21.67
22.50
23.33
23.44
24.38
25.31
26.25
26.04
27.08
28.13
29.17
31.2536.46
32.5037.92
33.7539.38
35.0040.83
41.67
43.33
45.00
46.67
46.88
48.75
50.63
52.50
52.08
54.17
56.25
58.33
U*
a
^
21.15
21.88
22.60
23.33
24.17
25.00
25.83
26.67
27. 19! 30. 21
28.1331.25
29.0632.29
30.0033.33
36.25
37.50
38.75
40.00
42.29
43.75
45.21
46.67
48.33
50.00
51.67
53.33
54.38
56.25
58.13
60.00
60.42
62.50
64.58
66.67
- a
98
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
WEIGHTS OF PLATE IKON, PEE LINEAL FOOT
00
CO
o>
00
CO
o
?
tO O tO O
rH rH CO
i> tO CO rH
*< o <* oi
CO uO TO O
rH 1> CO O
8888 888
tO O tO O
CO i> i> 00
O CS 00 t>.~
CO O GO CO
O5 C5 00 00
CO CO O CO
COCO O CO
-8
00
CO
CO I CO rH tO
iO I O CO CO
CO ^f ^t 1 uO
Ci CO l>. rH
rH (M! OJ CO
00 CJ CO O
rH OJ (D CO
rH O CS -^T
J> CQ l^ CO
CO CO CO O
00 ^f C5 tO
COCO O t^
C5 00 t* CO
OJ O GO O
050 OS CO
CO
CO
CO O
rt O
CO CO CO CO I CO
S8S8 IS8S8
rH CO CO CO
CO 05 CO CO
ssss
8
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 99
IGHTS OF PLATE IEON, PEE LINEAL FOOT
00
a*
i
Thickness
in Inches.
' W Tf
b-OO
lOO lO O
en o w
^ CO
ot-coo
O CO 00 O
r-l OJ <*
rH CM CM CO
>1 oi *-* co
Lc CO 00 Ci
1> CO J>
lO
CO
O rH rH
-^ COTf
j> o co co
i-HO COCO
00
00
S8
>O
CM
o co CQ ci>
^P !MCOO
1> .
rf Tf o
COOi-H W
rj* GO CM 1>
CO ^P lO CD
O O O O I
d8Si
CO 1> uO CO
O T-H t>- CO
rf Oi i^ rf
00 O T-H CO
"O^ss
CO CO O
o o o o
CMOOJO rHl>.COO
rH rH C^l CO CO ^T O
00 CO 1> I rH O O5 *
O rH T-H CM CM CM CO
CO CM 1> CO
(fc O5 T^l i-H
81? 81"
i> 1> 00 O5
0500 GO i>
Oi O GO CO
OrH rH CM
_rH rH rH rH'
SUpr
SS
O CO rH O I
1>00 O50
flil'i
oOrH
Oi Ci T-H T 1
sail
O iO O
O 1> O
GO 00 O5 rH
^ o co <
lO CO CO
100 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
WEIGHT PEE SQUARE FOOT or SHEETS OF
WROUGHT IKON, STEEL, COPPER,
AND BRASS.
THICKNESS BY BIRMINGHAM GAUGE.
No. of
Gauge.
Thickness
in Inches.
Iron.
Steel.
Copper. Brass.
0000 .454
18.22
18.46
20.57 19.43
uoo
.425
17.05
17.28
19.25 18.19
00
.38
15.25
15.45
17.21
16.26
.34
13.64
13.82
15.40
14.55
1
.3
12.04
12.20
13.59
12.84
2
.284
11.40
11.55
12.87
12.16
3
.259
10.39
10.53
11.73
11.09
4
.238
9.55
9.68
10.78
10.19
5
.22
8.83
8.95
9.97
9.42
6
.203
8.15
8.25
9.20
8.69
7
.18
7.22
7.32
8.15
7.70
8
.165
6.62
6.71
7.47
7.06
9
.148
5.94
6.02 6.70
6.33
10
.134
5-38
5.45 6.07
5.74
11
.12
4.82
4.88 5.44
5.14
12
.109
4.37
4.43 4.94 4.67
13
.095
3.81
3.86 4.30
4.07
14
.083
3.33
3.37 3.76
3.55
15
.072
2.89
2.93 3.26
3.08
16
.065
2.61
2.64 2.94 2-78
17
.058
2-33
2.36 2.63 2.48
18
.049
1.97
1.99 2.22 2.10
19
.042
1.69
1.71 1.90 1.80
20
.035
1.40
1.42 1.59 1.50
21
.032
1.28
1.30 1.45 1.37
22
.028
1.12
1.14 1.27
1.20
23
.025
l.CO
1.02 1.13
1.07
24
.022
.883
.895 1.00 .942
25
.02
.803
.813 .906 .856
26
.018
.722 .732
.815
.770
27
.016
.642 .651
.725
.685
28
.014
.562 i .569
.634
.599
29
.013
.522 .529
.589
.556
30
.012
.482 l .488 ; .544
.514
31
.01 .401 .407 .453
.428
32
.009 .361 ! .366
.408
.385
33
.008 .321 .325
.362
.342
34
.007 .281
.285
.317
.300
35
.005
.201
.203
.227
.214
Specific Gravity . .
7.704
7.806
8.698
8.218
Weight Cubic ft. .
481.25
487.75
543.6
513.6
Weight Cubic in.
.2787
.2823
.3146
.2972
I
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 101
WEIGHT PER SQUARE FOOT OF SHEETS OF
WROUGHT IRON, STEEL, COPPER,
AND BRASS.
THICKNESS BY AMERICAN GAUGE.
No. of
Gauge.
Thickness
in Inches.
Iron.
Steel.
Copper.
Brass.
0000
.46
18.46
18.70
20.84
'19.69
000
.4096
16.44
16.66
18.56
17.53
00
.3648
14.64
14.83
16.53
15.61
.3249
13.04
13.21
14.72
13.90
1
.2893
11.61
11.76
13.11
12.38
2
.2576
10.34
10.48
11.67
11.03
3
.2294
9.21
9.33
10.39
9.82
4
.2043
8.20
8.31
9.26
8.74
5
.1819
7.30
7.40
8.24
7.79
6
.1620
6.50
6.59
7.34
6.93
7
.1443
5.79
5.87
6.54
6.18
8
.1285
5.16
5.22
5.82
5.50
9
.1144
4.59
4.65
5.18
4.90
10
.1019
4.09
4.14
4.62
4.36
11
.0907
3.64
3-69
4.11
3.88
12
.0808
3.24
3.29
3.66
3.46
13
.0720
2.89
2.93
3.26
3.08
14
.0641
2.57
2.61
2.90
2.74
15
.0571
2.29
2.32
2.59
2.44
16
.0508
2.04
2.07
2.30
2.18
17
.0453
1.82
.84
2.05
1.94
18
.0403
1.62
.64
1.83
1.73
19
.0359
1.44
.46
1.63
1.54
20
.0320
1.28
.30
1.45
1.37
21
.0285
1.14
.16
1 29
1.22
22
.0253
1.02
.03
1.15
1.08
23
.0226
.906
.918
1.02
.966
24
.0201
.807
.817
.911
.860
25
.0179
.718
.728
.811
.766
26
.0159
.640
.648
.722
.682
27.
.0142
.570
.577
.643
.608
28
.0126
.507
.514
.573
.541
29
.0113
.452
.458
.510
.482
30
.0100
.402
.408
.454
.429
31
.0089
.358
.363
.404
.382
32
.0080
.319
.323
.360
.340
33
.0071
.284
.288
.321
.303
34
.0063
.253
.256
.286
.270
35
.0056
.225
.228
.254
.240
As there are many gauges in use differing from each other, and even the
thicknesses of a certain specified gauge, as the Birmingham, are not assum-
ed the same by all manufacturers, orders for sheets and wire should always
state the weight per n foot or the thickness in thousandths of an inch.
102 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
DIFFEEENT STANDARDS FOR WIRE
GlAUdE IN USE IN THE TJ. S.
DIMENSIONS IN DECIMAL PARTS OF AN INCH.
Number
of
Wire
Gauge.
American, or Birm-
Brown ingham,
& or
Sharpe. Stubs'.
Washburn
& Moen
Mnfg. Co.,
Worcester,
Mass.
Trenton
Iron Co.,
Trenton,
N.J.
G. W.
Prentiss,
Holyoke,
Mass.
Old
English,
from Brass
Mfrs. List.
000000
.46
OGOOO
.43
.45
0000
.46
.454
.393
.4
000
.40964
.425
.362
.36
.3586
00
.3648
.38
.331
.33
.3282
.32495
.34
.307
.305
.2994
1
.2893
.3
.283
.285
.2777
2
.25763
.284
.263
.265
.2591
3
.22942
.259
.244
.245
.2401
4
.20431
.238
.225
.225
.223
5
.18194
.22
.207
.205
.2047
6
.16-202
.203
.192
.19
.1885
7
.14428
.18
.177
.175
.1758
8
.12849
.165
.162
.16
.1605
9
.11443
.148
.148
. .145
.1471
10
.10189
.134
.135
.13
.1351
11
.090742
.12
.12
.1175
.1205
12
.080808
.109
.105
.105
.1065
13
.071961
.095
.092
.0925
.0928 i
14
.064084
.083
.08
.08
.0816 ! .083
15
.057068
.072
.072
.07
.0726 .072
16
.05082
.065
.063
.061
.0627 .065
17
.045257
.058
.054
.0525
.0546 .058
18
.040303
.049
.047
.045
.0478 : .049
19
.03539
.042
.041
.039
.0411 j .04
20
.031961
.035
.035
.034
.0351 .035
21
.028462
.032
.032
.03
.0321 .0315
22
.025347
.028
.028
.027
.029 .0295
23
.022571
.025
.025
.024
.0261 ! .027
24
.0201
.022
.023
.0215
.0231 i .025
25
.0179
.02
.02
.019
.0212 .023
26
.01594
.018
.018
.018
.0194 1 .0205
27
.014195
.016
.017
.017
.018-2 ! .01875
28
.012641
.014
.016
.016
.017
.0165
29
.011257
.013
.015
.015
.0163
.0155
30
.010025
.012
.014
.014
.0156 .01375
31
.008928
.01 .0135
.013
.0146 .01225
32
.00795
.009
.013
.012
.0136 i .01125
33
.00708
.008
.011
.011
.013 .01025
34
.006304
.007
.01
.01
.0118 .0095
35
.005614
.005
.0095
.009
.0109 i .009
1
1
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 103
GALVANIZED AND BLACK IRON.
Weight in Pounds per Square Foot of Galvanized
Sheet Iron, both Flat and Corrugated.
The numbers and thicknesses are those of the iron before it
is galvanized. When a flat sheet (the ordinary size of which
is from 2 to 2^ feet in width, by 6 to 8 feet in length) is
converted into a corrugated one, with corrugations 5 inches
wide from center to center, and about an inch deep (the com-
mon sizes), its width is thereby reduced about yjyth part, or
from 30 to 27 inches ; and consequently the weight per square,
foot of area 'covered is increased about ^th part. When
the corrugated sheets are laid upon a roof, the overlapping
of about 2.y 2 inches along their sides, and of four inches along
their ends, diminishes the covered area about yth part more ;
making their weight per square foot of roof about ^th part
greater than before. Or the weight of corrugated iron per
square foot, in place on a roof, is about l / z greater than that of
the flat sheets of above sizes of which it is made.
Number
\. v
BLACK.
GALVANIZED.
oy
Birmingham
Wire Gauge.
Thickness
in inches.
Flat.
Lbs.
Flat.
Lbs.
Corrugated.
Lbs.
3or. on Roof.
Lbs.
30
.012
.485
.806
.896
1.08
29
.013
.526
.857
.952
1.14
28
.014
.565
.897
.997
1.20
27
.016
.646
.978
1.09
r.so
26
.018
.722
1.06
1.18
1.41
25
.020
.808
1.14
1.27
1.52
24
.022
.889 1.22
1.36
1.62
23
.025
1.01
1.34
1.49
1.79
22
.028
1.13
1.46
1.62
1.95
21
.032
1.29
1.63
1.81
2.17
20
.035
1.41
1.75
1.94
2.33
19
.042
1.69
2 03
2.26
2,71
18
.049
1.98
2.32
2.58
3.09
17
.058
2.34
2.68
2.98
3.57
16
.065
2.63
2.9B
3.29
3.95
15
.072
2.91
3.25
3.61
4.33
14
.033
3.36
3.69
4.10
4.92
13
.095
3.84
4.18
4.64
5.57
NOTE. The galvanizing of sheet iron adds about one-third of a pound
to its weight per square foot.
104 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
WIRE IKON, STEEL, COPPEK, BRASS.
Weight of 100 Feet in Pounds.
BIRMINGHAM WIRE GAUGE.
No. of
Gauge.
PER LINEAL FOOT.
Iron.
Steel.
Copper.
Brass.
0000
54.62
55.13
62.39
58.93
000
47.86
48.32
54.67
51.64
00
38.27
38.63
43.71
41.28
30.63
30.92
34.99
33.05
j
23.85
24.07
27.24
25.73
2
21.37
21.57
24.41
23.06
3 17.78
17.94
20.3
19.18
4
15.01
15.15
17.15
16.19
5
12.82
12.95
14.65
13.84
6
10.92
11.02
12.47
11.78
7
8.586
8.667
9.807
9.263
8
7.214
7.283
8.241
7.783
9
5.805
5.859
6.63
6.262
10
4.758
4.803
5.435
5-133
11
3.816
3.852
4.359
4.117
12 3.148
3.178
3.596
3.397
13 2.392
2.414
2.732
2.58
14 1.826
1.843
2.085
1.969
15 1.374
1.387
1.569
1.482
16 1.119
1.13
1.279
1.208
17 .8915
.9
1.018
.9618
18 .6363
.6423
.7268
.6864
19 .4675
.472
.534
.5043
20 .3246
.3277
.3709
.3502
21 .2714
.274
.31
.2929
22
.2079
.2098
.2373
.2241
23
.1656
.1672
.1892
.1788
24 .1283
.1295
.1465
.1384
25 .106
.107
.1211
.1144
26
.0859
.0867
.0981
.0926
27
.0678
.0685
.0775
.0732
28
.0519
.0524
.0593
.056
29
.0448
.0452
.0511 .0483
30
.0382
.0385
.0436 .0412
31
.0265
.0267
.0303 .0286
32
.0215 ! .0217
.0245 .0231
33
.017 .0171
.0194
.0183
34
.013
.0131
.0148
.014
35
.0066
.0067
.0076
.0071
36
.0042
.0043
.0048
.0046
I
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 105
JH rj
P3
O
eg <s
- ! J3
s 'C t3
2 3
!w
s-s
fl fl
EH
GQ
O J
OQ
cq
p
n
8
33
"d "^
> >
22
P
rH r- <M <? CO t- 05 C *
C J* 00 CO 00 -* O
Length of
Pipe
containing
1 cubic ft.
. (M rH ?O 00
^lOOC^OCOCOC^COO
fa O5 t- 1O TJI CO <
gth of
pe per a
oot inside
Surface.
Le
Pip
External
Circum-
ference.
"rt C
Act
ut
11.
Sr-IC^TtllCt-OCOt-
H 'r-irHr-idcO-iiiOtCt-loii-idTjJiOci
i IM C^ (M <M S !
CO * T( IO IO 5O t- 00 Cl O
-s
-
106 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
BOLTS WITH SQUARE HEADS AND
NUTS.
Weight of 100 Bolts.
^ength.
Inches.
i"
1"
4"
f i"
I"
1"
H"
H"
U
5.0
14.6
28
~53~
88
145
172
221
371
2 5.7
16.1
31
57
94
153
183
235 i 388
2 6.4
17.6
34
61
100
162
194
249 405
3
7.1
19.2
36
65
106
170
205
263
422
31
7.8
21.7
39
70
112
178
216
276
439
4
8.5
22.2
42
74
118
187
227
290
456
4i
9.2
23.7
44
78
125
195
238
304
473
5
9.8
25.3
47
83
131
203
249
318
490
5&
10.5
26.8
50
87
137
212
260
332
507
6
11.2
28.3
53
91 1 143
220
271
345
524
61
11.9
29.9
55
95
149
228
282
360
542
7
12.5
31.4
58
100
155
237
293
372 558
7^
13.2
33.0
61
104
161
245
304
397
576
8
13.9
34 5
64
108
167
253
315
401
593
9
15.3
37.5
69
116
179
270
337
428
628
10
16.6
41.6
74
125
192
287
359
456
660
11
18.0
43.7
80
134
204
303
381
483
694
12 19.4
46.8
85.4
142
216
320
402
511 729
Add for each foot increase in length.
16.4
36.8
65.4 102 ! 146
200 | 262 331 409
STANDARD SIZES OF WASHERS.
Number in 100 Lbs.
Diameter.
Size of i Thickness
Hole. 1 Wire Gauge.
Size of
Bolt.
Number in
100 Ibs.
Inch.
Inch. No.
Inch.
5
-fe 16
^ 29,300
4
1
u
1
Te
16
14
11
~s
18,000
7,600
3,300 '
it
11
"ft"
2,180
H
11
2,350
If
2
11
10
1
1,680
1,140
if
8
1 580
21 H' 8
li 470
3 15
7
1-1 360
3
*
li
6
1| 360
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 107
FRANKLIN INSTITUTE
STANDARD SIZES
SQUARE AND HEXAGTON NUTS.
Number of Each Size in 100 libs.
THESE NUTS ARE CHAMFERED AND TRIMMED.
Width.
Thickness
Hole.
Size of
Bolt.
Number of
Square.
Number of
Hexagon.
H
H
1
{1
$
8140
3000
2320
9300
6200
3120
ti
1
P
1940
1180
2200
1350
H
A
ft
920
1000
2A
5.
738
830
H
3.
|
a.
420
488
7
I
280.
309
H*
1
|i
180
216
lit
H
n
li
130
148
2
u
1ft
li
96
111
2 1L.
if
1-3%
If
70
85
2f
H
H
60
70
HEXAGON NUTS.
SQUARE NUTS.
REGULAR SIZES.
REGULAR SIZES.
Width.
Thick-
ness.
Hole.
Size of
Bolt.
Number
in
100 Ibs.
Width.
Thick-
ness.
Hole.
Size of
Bolt.
Number
in
100 Ibs.
|
i
A
1
8600
~^T~
i -
~~~
i
6680
ft
^i
^ff
4260
1
ft
-17-
fr
3540
f
H
1
25CO
I
f
H
f
2050
I 4
ft
t
2180
900
f
. i
V
f
1380
840
1
TfV
H
ft
880
u
?
^
P
650
U
f
H
5.
8
535
li
&
Ii
410
if
1
H
295
If
5
^
270
H
1
3.
4
1
224
8-
5.
i
215
l-i-
If
1
150
1|
":?^
1
140
2 4
lf
Ii
100
2
H
s
H
95
2
If
i
H
96
2^
If
ITV
1-4-
72
2 4 -
H
if
72
2^
Iz"
1|
45
1
i
1A
H
43
3
Ii
4
4
32
108 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
NAILS AND SPIKES.
Size, Length, and Number to the Pound.
CUMBERLAND NAIL AND IRON CO.
ORDINARY.
CLINCH. FINISHING.
Size.
Length.
No.
to Lb.
716
588
448
336
216
166
118
94
72^
50
32
20
17
14
10
Length.
No. c .
to Lb. Slze '
Length.
No.
to Lb.
2 d
3 fine
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
20
30
40
50
60
i ! A
1| 6
2*
4f
5
2
O3.
31
152
133
92
72
60
43
4 d
5
6
8
10
12
20
if
2
3
Sf
31
384
256
204
102
80
65
46
FENCE.
CORE.
f
3
96
66
56
50
40
6 d
8
10
12
20
30
40
W H
W H L
2
n
4|
143
68
60
42
25
18
14
69
72
LIGHT.
SPIKES.
4 d
5
6
ft
373
272
196
4'
5
5*
6
19
15
13
10
9
7
SLATE.
BRADS.
6 d
8
10
12
2"
163
96
74
50
3 d
4
i
$
2
288
244
187
146
BOAT.
ft
206
TACKS.
Size. Length. tQ N L b Size. Length. ^^ Size. Length.
No.
to Lb.
1 oz. i 16000 4 oz. -fa 4000 14 oz.
H A 1 666 6 -' 5 6- 2666 1 16
2 8000 8 | 2000 18
2^ -f s 6400 10 it 1600 20
3 | 5333 12 f 1333 1 22
f
1143 j
1000
888
800J
727
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 109
LAP- WELDED AMERICAN
CHARCOAL IRON BOILER TUBES.
TABLES OF STANDARD
SIZES.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO.
If
"""Q
i
li
%
>3 o
B-1U
a-" 3
"rt .
p
T
c
i-C o
hD o
^
II
i I
3.8-31
S
*<i
w
R
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Inch.
Feet.
Feet.
Inch.
Inch.
Lbs.
1
0.856
0.072
3.142
2.689
4
460
3.819
0.575
785
0.708
1#
1.106
0.072
3.927
3.474
3.455
3.056
0.960
1
.227
0.9
l/^
1.33
1
0.083
4.7
12
4.191
2
863
2.54
7
1.396
1
707
1.250
1%
1.560
0.095
54
98
4.901
'2
448
2.183
1.911
2
405
1.665
2
1.80
1
0.098
6.2
83
5 667
2
118
1.90
9
2.556
3
143
1.981
2*4 2.054
0.098
7 069
6.484
1
850
1.69
3
3.314
3
976
2.238
* V/
2.28
!
0.109
7.8
51
7.172
1
673
.52
3
4.094
4
909
2.755
2 H
2.533
0.109
8.639
7.957
1
508
.390
5.039
5
940
3.045
3
2.78
(
0.109
9.425
8.743
1.373
.273
6.083
7
069
3.333
31^
3.01
1
0.119
10.2
10
9.462
1
268
.17
5
7 125
8
296
3.958
%y>
3.26
1
0.119
10.9
96
10.248
1
171
.09
L
8.357
9
621
4.272
8#
3.512
0.119
11.781
11.033
1
088
.018
9.687
11
046
4.590
4
3.741
0.130
12.566
11.753
1.023
0.955
10.992
12
666
5.320
41^
4.24
1
0.130
14.1
:J7
13.323
901
0.84
3
14.126
15
004
6.010
5
4.72
0.140
15.7
ON
14.818
809
0.76
i
17.497
19
.635
7.226
G
5.699
0.151
18.849
17.904 0.670
0.637
25.509
28
.274 9.346
7
6.657
0.172121.991
20.914
574
0.545
34.805
88
484| 12.435
8
7.636
0.182|25.13223 989
500
0.478
45.795
50
265
15.109
9
8.61
~>
0.193
28.2
74j27.055
o
444
0.42
i
58.291
63
617
18.002
10
9.573
0.214
31.41630.074
399
0.38
2
71.975
78
540
22.19
1
WROUGHT-IRON
WELDED TUBES.
EXTRA STRONG.
31
rt -a *
i
I *
!
M
M
.3 isi
O ol
I'll
Ml
WJ
fill
i^l^
H
^
w
<; ' 35 w
H
.405
.100
.205
k
.54
.123
.294
.675
.127
.421
%
.84
.149
.298
.542
.244
3 4-
1.05
.157
.314
.736
.422
l
1.315
.182
.364
.951
.587
i^
1.66
.194
.388
1.272
.884
IK
1.9
.203
.406
1.494
1.088
2
2.375
.221
.442
1.933
1.491
2^
2.875
.280
.560
2.315
1.755
3
3.5
.304
.608
2.892
2.284
3J^
4.
.321
.642
3.358
2.716
4
4.5
.341
.682
3.818
3.136
110 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
WINDOW GLASS.
Number of Lights per Box of 50 Feet.
Inches.
No.
Inches.
No.
Inches.
No.
Inches.
No.
6X 8
150
12X18
33
16X44
10
26X32
9
7 9
115
12 20
30
18 20
20
26 34
8
8 10
90
12 22
27
18 22
18
26 36
8
8 11
82
12 24
25
18 24
17
26 40
7
8 12
75
12 26
23
18 26
15
20 42
7
8 13
70
12 28
21
18 28
14
26 44
6
8 14
64
12 30
20
18 30
13
26 48
6
8 15
60
12 32
18
18 32
13
26 HO
6
8 16
55
12 34
17
18 34
12
26 54
5
9 11
72
13 14
40
18 36
11
26 58
5
9 12
67
13 16
35
18 38
11
28 30
9
9 13
62
13 18
31
18 40
10
28 32
8
9 14
57
13 20
28
18 44
9
28 34
8
9 15
53
13 22
25
20 22
16
28 36
7
9 16
50
13 24
23
20 24
15
28 38
7
9 17
47
13 26
21
20 26
14
28 40
6
9 18
44
13 28
19
20 28
13
28 44
6
9 20
40
13 30
18
. 20 30
12
28 46
6
10 12
60
14 16
32
20 32
11
28 50
5
10 13
55
14 18
29
20 34
11
28 52
5
10 14
52
14 20
26
20 36
10
28 56
4
10 15
48
14 22
23
20 38
9
30 36
7
10 16
45
14 24
22
20 40
9
30 40
6
10 17
42
14 26
20
20 44
8
30 42
6
10 18
40
14 28
18
20 46
8
30 44
5
10 20
36
14 30
17
20 48
8
30 46
5
10 22
33
14 32
16
20 50
7
30 48
5
10 24
30
14 34
15
20 60
8
30 50
5
10 26
28
14 36
14
22 24
14
30 54
4
10 -28
26
14 40
13
22 26
13
30 56
4
10 30
24
14 44
11
22 28
12
30 CO
4
10 32
22
15 18
27
22 30
11
32 42
5
10 34
21
15 20
24
22 32
10
32 44
5
11 13
50
15 22
22
22 34
10
32 46
5
11 14
47
15 24
20
22 36
9
32 48
5
11 15
44
15 26
18
22 38
9
32 50
4
11 16
41
15 28
17
22 40
8
32 54
4
11 17
39
15 30
16
22 44
8
32 56
4
11 18
36
15 32
15
22 46
7
32 60
4
11 20
33
1G 18
25
22 50
7
34 40
5
11 22
30
16 20
23
24 28
11
34 44
5
11 24
27
16 22
20
24 SO
10
34 46
5
11 26
25
16 24
19
24 32
9
34
4
11 28
23
16 26
17
24 36
8
34 52
4
11 30
21
16 28
16
24 40
8
34 56
4
11 32
20
16 30
15
24 44
7
36 44
5
11 34
19
16 32
14
24 46
7
36 50
4
12 14
43
16 34
13
21 48
6
36 56
4
12 15
40
16 36
12
21 50
6
36 60
3
12 16
38
16 38
12
24 54
5
36 64
3
12 17
35
16 40
11
24 56
5
40 60
3
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. Ill
BOOFINO SLATE.
General Rule for the Computation of Slate.
From the length of the Slate take three inches, or as many
as the third covers the first; divide the remainder by 2, and
multiply the quotient by the width of the slate, and the prod-
uct will be the number of square inches in a single slate.
Divide the number of square inches thus procured by 144,
the number of square inches in square foot, and the quotient
will be the number of feet and inches required. A square of
slate is what will cover 100 feet square, when laid upon the
roof.
Weight per Cubic Foot, - 174 Pounds.
Weight per Square Foot.
Thickness | ft I >& -ft f i ' f 1
Weight |l. 812 713.625.437.259.0610.87
1 inch.
14.51bs.
TABLE OF SIZES AND NUMBER OF SLATE
IN ONE SQUARE.
Size in
Inches.
6X12
7 12
8 12
9 12
10 1-2
12 12
7 14
8 14
9 14
10 14
12 14
No. of
Slate in
Square.
530
457
400
355
320
266
374
327
291
261
218
Inches.
8X16
9 16
10 16
12 16
9 18
10 18
11 18
12 18
14 18
10 20
11 20
No. of
Slate in
Square.
277
246
221
184
213
192
174
160
137
169
154
Size in
Inches.
12X20
14 20
11 22
12 22
14 22
12 24
14 24
16 24
14 26
16 26
No. of
Slate in
Square.
141
121
137
126
108
114
98
86
89
78
1
112 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
CAPACITY OF CISTERNS,
In Gallons, for Each Foot in Depth.
Diameter
in Feet.
Gallons.
Diameter
in Feet.
Gallons.
2.
23.5
9. ,
475.87
2.5
36.7
9.5
553.67
3.
52.9
10.
587.5
3.5
71.96
11.
710.9
4.
94.02
12.
846.4
4.5
119.
13.
992.9
5.
146.8
14.
1,151.5
5.5
177.7
15.
1,321.9
6.
211.6
20.
2,350.0
6.5
248.22
25.
3,570.7
7.
287.84
30.
5,287.7
7.5
330.48
35.
7,189.
8.
376.
40.
9,367.2
8,5
424.44
45.
11,893.2
The American standard gallon contains 231 cubic inches, or 8^ pounds
of pure water. *A cubic foot contains 62.3 pounds of water, or 7.48
gallons. Pressure per square inch is equal to the depth or head in feet
multiplied by .433. Each 27.72 inches of depth gives a pressure of one
pound to the square inch.
SKYLIGHT AND FLOOR GLASS.
Weight per Cubic Foot, - 156 Pounds.
Weight
per Square Foot.
Thickness
Weight
i
1.62
A
2.43
.i
3.25
I
4.88
6.508.13
9.75
1 inch.
13 Ibs.
FLAGGING.
Weight per Cubic Foot, - 168 Pounds.
Weight per Square Foot.
Thickness
1
Q
3
4
o
6
7
8 inch.
Weight
14
28
42
56
70
84
98
112 Ibs.
i
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 113
NOTES ON BRICKWORK.
IN ordinary brickwork, one cubic foot of wall will require
21 bricks of 8 in. X 2^ in. X Z 1 A in -
For .1000 ordinary bricks is required I barrel of good lime,
2 cartloads of ordinary sharp sand.
One brick as above weighs 4 Ibs., dry; if perfectly soaked
in water, 5 Ibs. It will absorb I Ib. or I pint of water.
Edgewise arches will require about 7 bricks per square
foot of floor, and endwise arches will require about 14 bricks
of the size given above.
For i cubic yard of concrete is required i barrel, of
cement, 2 barrels of good sharp sand, i cubic yard of broken
stone. "If
r I
114 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WEIGHTS
OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES.
NAMES OF SUBSTANCES.
^Average Weights.
Specific
Gravity, i
' Per
Cubic Foot.
Per
a Foot, i
in. thick.
Anthracite, solid, of Pa
93
54
58
(80 per
38
87
504
524
150
125
100
140
112
56
50
90
42
41
84
49
(74 per
27
542
548
76
95
108
76
35
157
168
1204
1217
170
25
53
58.7
450
485
480
711
bushel,
3&
7.25
42.
43.7
3.50
3.41
bushel,
45.2
45.7
6.33
2.9
13
^
4.62
37.5
40.6
40.0
59.25
1.50
heaped). 5
0.61
1.40
8.09
8.4
2.4
2.0
1.6
2.25
1.8
0.67
0.66
1.35
heaped).! j
8.7
8.8
1.22
0.56
2.53
2.7
19.3
19.6
2.73
0.40
0.85
0.95
7.24
7.8
7.7
11.4 ||
// broken, loose
// n shaken
// heaped bushel, loose. . .
Ash, white, dry
Asphaltum
Brass, cast
// rolled
Brick, best pressed
// common hard
// soft
Brickwork, pressed brick
// ordinary
Cement, Rosendale (loose)
// Louisville // ......
// Portland // . .
Cherry, dry
Chestnut, dry ....
Coal, bituminous, solid
// // broken, loose. . .
// // // // . . .
Coke, loose
// heaped bushel, 38 Ibs
Copper, cast
// rolled
Earth, common dry, loose
// // rammed
// soft mud
Ebony, dry
Elm, dry
Glass
Gneiss r . . . ,
Gold, cast, 24 carat
// hammered, 24 carat
Granite
Hemlock, dry
Hickory, dry
Ice . . ....
Iron, cast ...
// wrought (hammered)
// // (rolled)
Lead
ff
THE PASSAIC ROLLING
Mi^lf^id
>M,.AM'
' H
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
OF VARIOUS SUBS^
i^^J
DAMTE
W1&
o. -C-6
Average \
/'eights.
NAMES OF SUBSTANCES.
Per
Cubic Foot.
Per
a Foot, i
in. thick.
Gravi
Lime, loose quicklime
// per bushel, 66 Ibs
53
Limestone and marble
Maple
Masonry, granite or limestone ....
// rubble
// dry
// sandstone
Mercury, at 32 F
Mortar, hardened
Mud, dry
168
49
165
154
138
144
849
103
80-110
8.6
2.7
0.7
13.6
1.6
Oak, live, dry
59
4 LL
0.9
// white
Petroleum
Pine, white, dry
// yellow, Northern
// // Southern
Quartz
52
55
25
34
45
165
i-
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.7
2.6
Salt, Syracuse, coarse
// fine Liverpool .
45
49
Sand, pure dry, loose
90-106 -
// shaken
// perfectly wet -t
Sandstone
99^117 -
1-20- 140
151
2.4
Shales, red or black
Silver ...
162
655
2.6
10.5
Slate
175
14.6
2.8
Snow, fresh
.'/ slush
5- 12
15- 20
Spruce, dry
25
2 1 -
4
Steel
490
403 2
7 9
Sulphur
Sycamore, dry
Tar
125
37
62
2.0
0.6
1
Tin
Turf or Peat, di y
Walnut, dry
459
20- 30
38
31
7.4
6
Water pure at 60 F
1
// sea
Zinc or Spelter, cast
rolled
Green timbers i to | more than dry
64
446
448
37.1
37.3
1.0
7.1
7.1
116 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
LINEAK EXPANSION OF METALS.
Between o and 100 C. For i C. For i Fahr.
Zinc 0.00294 ....
Lead 0.00284
Tin 0.00222
Copper, yellow 0.00188
red 0.00171
* Forged iron 0.00122 .0000122 .00000677
tSteel 0.00114 .0000114 .000(10633
* Cast iron 0.00111 .0000111 .00000616
For a change of 100 Fahr. a bar of iron 1475' long will (
extend I foot. Similarly, a bar loo feet long will extend
.0678 foot, or .8136 inch.
According to the experiments of Du Long & Petit, we have
the mean expansion of iron, copper, and platinum, between
o and 100 C., and o and 300 C., as below :
From o to 100 C. o to 300 C.
Iron 0.00180 0.00146
Copper 0.00171 0.00188
Platinum 0.00884 0.00918
The law for the expansion of iron, steel, and cast iron, at
very high temperatures, according to Rinman, is as follows :
For.oC. x o Fahr.
Iron 00714 .0000143=. 0000080
Steel 01071 .0000214=. 0000119
Cast iron 01250 .0000250=. 0000139
From 25 to 1300
nascent white = 1275 C.
Iron 01250 .00000981 =.00000545
Steel 01787 .0000 1 400==. 00000777
Cast iron 02144 . 00001680=. 00000933
From 500. to 1500
dull red to white heat = 1000 C.
difference.
Iron . , 00535 .00000535=. 0000030
Steel 00714 .00000714=. 000(040
Cast iron 0'0893 .00000893=. 0000050
Ratio of Expansion in Hundred parts, assuming-
Forge Iron to expand between and 100 C. =
.00122.
From o to 100 25 to 525 25 to 1300 500 to 1500
Iron 100 per ct. 117 per ct. 80 per ct. 44 per ct.
Steel 93 " 175 " 114 " 58 "
Cast iron . 91 " 205 " 137 " 73
Laplace and Lavoisier, t Ramsden.
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 117
The contraction of a wrought-iron rod in cooling is about
equivalent to Timorr f i ts length from a decrease of 15 Fahr.,
and the strain thus induced is about one ton for every square
inch of sectional area in the bar.
For a rod of the lengths given below, the contraction will
be as follows :
Length of rod in feet. . 10 20 30 40 50 75 100 150
Contrac'nin inches for 15 .012 .024 .036 .048 .060 .090 .120 .180
150 .120 .240 .360 .480 .600 .900 1.200 1.800
100 .080 .160 .240 .320 .400 .600 .800 1.200
Contraction and expansion being equal, the pressure per
square inch induced by heating or cooling is as follows :
For temperatures varying by 15 Fahr. :
Variation.... 15 30 45 60 75 105 120 150 degrees.
Pressure ....12345 7 8 10 tons.
Stoney givesS 3 C. = 14.4 Fahr. as equivalent to a pressure
of one ton per square inch for wrought iron, and 15 C. = 27
Fahr. for cast iron.
DIMINUTION OF TENACITY OF WROUGHT
IKON AT HIGH TEMPEKATUBES.
EXPERIMENTS FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, 1839. WALTER JOHNSON AND BENJ.
REEVES, COM.
C.
271
299
313
316
332
350
378
389
390
408
410
440
Fahr.
520
630
732
Diminution
p. ct. of max.
tenacity.
0.0738
0.0869
0.0899
0.0964
0.1047
0.1155
0.1436
0.1491
0.1535
0.1589
0.1627
0:2010
500
508
554
599
624
626
642
669
674
708
Fahr.
Diminution
p. ct. of max
tenacity.
932
1154
1245
1306
0.3324
0.3593
0.4478
0.5514
0.6000
0.6011
0.6352
0.6622
0.6715
0.7001
118 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
DIFFERENT COLORS OF IRON
CAUSED BY HEAT.
POUILLET.
C. FAHR. COLOR.
210 410 Pale Yellow.
221 430 Dull Yellow.
256 493 Crimson.
{Violet, Purple, and Dull Blue ; be-
tween 261 C. to 370 C. it passes to
Bright Blue, to Sea Green, and
then disappears.
500 932 ...... Commences to be covered with a
light coating of oxide ; loses a good
deal of its hardness ; becomes a
good deal more impressible to the
hammer and can be twisted with
ease.
. . . Becomes Nascent Red.
. . . Somber Red.
. . . Nascent Cherry.
. . .Cherry.
. . . Bright Cherry.
. . .Dull Orange.
. . . Bright Orange.
. . .White.
. . .Brilliant White welding heat.
. . . Dazzling White.
525
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
. 977 .
.1292 .
.1472 .
.1657 .
.1832 .
.2012 .
.2192 .
.2372 .
.2552 .
.2732 >
.2912 <
MELTING POINT OF METALS.
NAME.
Platina..
Antimony ....
Bismuth
Tin (average) .
Lead "
Zinc . .
FAHR.
. .4593
.. 955
.. 487
... 475
.. 622
. 772
FAHR.
AUTHORITY.
Cast iron.. ..2786
Wrought iron . .
Copper (average)
..2552
. .2174"
... 842 J. Lowthian Bell.
....507
. . . .620 " .
....782
1922. |012 White, ? Pouillet<
. .. 2733" "tedmg heat. "
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 119
ULTIMATE RESISTANCE OF
MATERIALS.
IN POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH.
Tension
Compression
Shearing
Average.
Average.
Average.
Brass, cast . . . ' j 18,000
10,300
// wire 49,000
Bronze, gun metal 39,000
175,000
Copper, cast
19,000
117,000
// sheet
30,000
103,000
// bolts
36,000
// wire
60,000
Iron, cast 13,400-29,000
80,000-145,000
27,000
Iron wrought :
45,000
Rods of 1 to 2" diam. . 50,000-55,000
Specimens of rerolled. .
50,000-55,000
Rerolled, large bars. . .
46,000-47,000
36000-40000
Plates, L and shapes. .
47,000-50,000
// over 30" wide . .
45,000-48,000
Iron wire 170,000-100,000
// // ropes 90,000
Lead, sheet 3,300 7,700
Steel, . 25gc. for eye bars. 70,000
// 0.42g c. compres-
sion members . . . ! 80,000
// tool steel ! 110,000
// wire 200,000
Tin, cast
4,600
15,500
Zinc, //
7,500
// sheet rolled
16,000
Ash, seasoned
16,500
6,000
Beech, //
15,000
7,000
Box, //
20,000
10,000
Cedar, //
10,300
6,500
Chestnut,//
13,000
Elm, //
6,000 \
10,000^:
Fir or spruce, seasoned. .
10,000-13,600
6,800
5-800
Hickory, //
12,800-18,000
Locust, //
18,000
Maple ,
10,000
Oak, white, //
18,000
7,200-9,100
2,000
// European u
10,000-19,800
10,000
2,300
Pine, white, red and pitch.
10,000
5,000-5,600
5-800
// long leaf yellow. . .
12,600-19,200 1 8,000
6-1,000
Poplar, seasoned 7,000 5,100
Silk fiber 52,000
Walnut, seasoned 16,000
7,200
120 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
ULTIMATE RESISTANCE OF
MATERIALS.
IN POUNDS, PER SQUARE INCH.
Tension
Average.
Compression
Average.
Brick, weak
150
550-800
a good
300
1,100
// fire
1,700
Brickwork, good ordinary
// in cement
// // extra
Granite and Syenite
Basalt
300
450
1,000
4,500-18,000
10,500
Limestone and marble
Oolites
700-1,600
100- 200
3,750-15,000
1,500-3,750
Sandstone
3,750-8,000
// of New Jersey
Slate
2,500-4,000
3,000
6,000-12,000
Chalk
Plaster of Paris
70
3UO-450
600
Concrete
Portland cement, pure
Roman // //
' 100- 450 '
200
~ 450-750
1,2UO-2,400
750
Glass .
3,000-9,000
20,000-35,000
Ice
180-270
Mortar, hydraulic
150
// common
20
Rope best manilla
12,000
// // hemp
15,000
-j0 WV
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 121
NATURAL SINES, ETC.
S Sine.
Cover.
Cosecnt.
Tangt.
Cotang.
Secant.
Versin.
1 .
Cosine. jf
Q
M
.00
1.00000
Infinite.
.0
Infinite.
1.00000
.0
1.00000 90
1
.01745
.98254
57.2986
.01745 57.2899
1 00015 .0001 i -99984 89
2
.03489
.96510
28.6537
.03492 28.6362
1.00060 .0006 i .99939 88
3
.05233
.94766
19.1073
.05240
19.0811
1.00137
.0013
.99862 87
4
.06975
.93024
14.3355
.06992
14.3006
1.00244
.0024
.99756 86
5
.08715
.91284
11.4737
.08748
11.4300
1.00381
.0038
.99619 85
6
.10452
.89547
9.5667
.10510
9.5143
1.00550
.0054
.99452 84
7
.12186
.87813
8.2055
.12278
8.1443
1.00750
.0074
.99254 83
8
.13917
.86082
7.1852
.14054
7.1153
1.00982
.0097
.99026 82
9
.15643
.84356
6.3924
.15838
6.3137
1.01246
,.0123
.98768 81
10
.17364
.82635
5.7587
.17632
5.6712
1.01542
.0151
.98480 80
11
.19080
.80919
5.2408
.19438
5.1445
1.01871
.0183
.98162
79
12
.20791
.79208
4.8097
.21255
4.7046
1.02234
.0218
.97814
78
13
.22495
.77504
4.4454
.23086
4.3314
1.02630
.0256
.97437
77
14
.24192
.75807
4.1335
.24932
4.0107
1.03061
.0^97
.97029
76
15
.25881
.74118
3.8637
.26794
3.7320
1.03527
.0340
.96592
75
16
.27563
.72436
3.6279
.28674
3.4874
1.04029
.0387
.96126 74
17
.29237
.70762
3.4203
.30573
8.2708
1.04569
.0436
.95630 , 73
18
.30901
.69098
3.2360
.32491
3.0776
1.05146
.0489
.95105 ! 72
19
.32556
.67443
3.0715
.34432
2.9042
1.05762
.0544
.94551 71
20
.34202
.65797
2.9238
.36397
2.7474
1.06417
.0603
.93969 70
21
.35836
.64163
2.7904
.38386
2.6050
1.07114
.0664
.93358 69
22
.37460
.62539
2.6694
.40402
2.4750
1.07853
.0728
.92718
68
23
.39073
. 60926
2.5593
.42447
2.3558
1.08636
.0794
.92050
67
24
.40673
.59326
2.4585
.44522
2.2460
1.09463
.0864
.91354
66
25
.42261
.57738
2.3662
.46630
2.1445
1.10337
.0936
.90630
65
26
.43837
.56162
2.2811
.48773
2.0503
1.11260
.1012
.89879
64
27
.45399
.54600
2.2026
.50S52
1.9626
1.12232
.1089
.89100
63
28
.46947
.53052
2.1300
.53170
-1.8807
1.13257
.1170 .88294
62
29
.48480
.51519
2.0626
.55430
1.8040
1.14335
.1253
.87461
61
30
.50000
.50000
2.0000
.57735
1.7320
1.15470
.1339
.86602
CO
31
.51503
.48496
1.9416
.60086
1.6642
1.16663
.1428
.85716
59
32
.52991
.47008
1.8870
.62486
1.6003
1.17917
.1519
.84804 58
33
.54463
.45536
1.8360
.64940
1.5398
1.19236
.1613
.83867 57
34
.55919
.44080
1.7882
.67450
1.4825
1.20621
.1709
.82903 ! 56
35
.57357
.42642
1.7434
.70020
1.4281
1.22077
.1808
.81915 55
36
.58778
.41221
1.7013
.72654
1.3763
1.23606
.1909
.80901 ' 54
37
.60181
.39818
1.6616
.75355
1.3270
1.25213
.2013
.79863 53
38
.61566
.38433
1.6242
.78128
1.2799
1.26901
.2119
.78801 52
39
.62932
.37067
1.5890
.80978
.2348
1.28675
.2228
.77714 51
40
.64278
.35721
1.5557
.83909
.1917
1.30540
.2339
.76604 50
41
.65605
.34394
1.5242
.86928
.1503
1.32501
.2452
.75470 49
42
.66913
.33086
1.4944
.90040
.1106
1.34563
.2568
.74314 i 48
43
.68199
.31800
1.4662
.93251
.0723
1.36732
.2686
.73135 47
44
.69465
.30534
1.4395
.96568
.0355
1.39016
.2806
.71933 46
45
.70710
.29289
1.4142
1.00000
.0000
1.41421
.2928
.70710
45
Cosine.
Versin.
Secant.
Cotang.
Tangt.
Cosecant
Cover.
Sine.
122 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES,
Advancing by Eighths.
CIRCUMFERENCES.
as
.0
.*
y 4
X
X
5/8
K
K
3
.0
.3927
.7854
1.178
1.571
1.963
2.356
2.749
1 3.142
3.534
3.927
4.320 4.712
5.105
5.498
5.890
2 ! 6.283
6.676
7.069
7 461 7.854
8.246
8.639
9.032
3
9 425
9.817
10.21
10.60 ! 10.99
11.39
11.78
12.17
4
12.56
12.96
13.35
13.74
14.13
14.53
14.92
15.31
5
15.71
16.10
16.49
16.88
17.28
17.67
18.06
18.45
6
18.85
19,24
19.63
20.02
20.42
20.81
21.20
21.60
7
21.99
22.38
22.77
23.17
23.56
23.95
24.34
24.74
8
25 13
25.52
25.92
26.31
26.70
27.09
27.49
27.88
9
28.27
28.66
29.06
29.45
29.84
30.23
30.63
31.02
10
31.41
31.81
32.20
32.59
32.98
33.38
33.77
34.16
11
34.55
34.95
35.34
35 73
36.13
36.52
36.91
37.30
12
37.70 38.09
38.48
38.87 39.27
39.66
40.05
40 45
13
40.84 i 41.23
41.62
42.02 42.41
42.80
43.19
43.59
14
43.98 44.37
44.76
45.16 45.55
45.94
46.34
46.73
15
47.12 47.51
47.91
48.30 48.69
49.08
49.48
49.87
16
50.26 50.66
51.05
51.44 51.83
52.23
52.62
53.01
17
53.40 53.80
54.19
54.58 54.97
55.37
55.76
56.15
18
56.55 ! 56.94
57.33
57-72 58.12
58.51
58.90 59.29
19
59.69
60.08
60.47
60.87 61.26
61.65
62.04 62.43!
20
62.83
63.22
63.61
64.01
64.40
64.79
65.19 65.58 j
21
65.97 66.36
66.76
67.15 67-54
67.93
68.33
68.72 1
22
69.11 69.50
69.90
70.29
70.68
71.08
71.47
71.86
23
72.25 72.65
73.04
73.43 73 82
74 22
74.61
75.00
24
75 40 . 75.79 76-18
76.57 76.97
77.36
77.75
78.14
25
78.54 j 78.93 79.32
79.71
80.11
80 50
80.89
81.29
26
81.68
82.07
82.46
82.86
83.25
83.64
84.03
84.43
27
84.82
85.21
85.60
86.00
86.39
86.78
87.18
87.57
28
87.96
88.35
88.75
89.14 89.53
89.93
90.32
90.71
29
91.10
91.50
31.89
92.28 ! 92.67
93.07
93.46
93.85
30
94.24
94.64
95.03
95.42 95.82
96 21
96.60
96.99
31
97.39
97.78
98.17
98.57 98.96
99.35
99.75
100.14
32
100.53
100.92
101.32
101.71 102.10
102 49
102.89 103.28
33
103.67
104.07
104.46
104.85 105.24 105.64
106.03 i 106.42
34
106.81
107.21
107.60
107.99 108.39 108.78
109.17 109.56
35
109.96
110.35
110.74
111.13
111.53
111.92
112.31 112.71
36
113 10
113.49
113.88
114.28
114.67
115.06
115.45
115.85
37
116.24
116.63
117.02 117.42
117.81
118.20
118.60 118.99
38
119.38
119.77
120.17 120.56
120.95
121.34
121.74 122.13
39
122.52
122.92
123.31 123.70
124.09
124.49
124.88 125.27
40
125.66
126.06
126.45
126.84
127.24
127.63
128.02 128.41
41
128 81 129.20
129.59 129.98 130.38
130.77
131.16
131.55
42
131.95 | 132.34
132.73 ! 133.13 133.52
133.91
134.30
134.70
43
135.09 ! 135.48
135.87 136.27 136.66 137.05
137.45 137.84
44
138.23 I 138.62
139.02 139.41 139.80 140.19
140.59 14098
45
141.37
141.76
142.16 142.55 142.94 143.34
143.73 144.12 !
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 123
AEEAS OF CIRCLES,
Advancing by Eighths.
AREAS.
i
.0
%
%
.#
%
H
3 X
H
Q
.0
.0122
.0491
.1104
.1963 .3068
.4418
.6013
1
.7854
.9940
1.227
1.485
1.767
2.074
2.405
2.761
2
3.1416
3.546
3.976
4.430
4.908
5.411
5.939
6.492
3
7.068
7.670
8.296
8.946
9.621
10.32
11.04
11.79
4
12.56
13.36
14.18
15.03
15.90
16.80
17.72
18.66
5
19.63
20.63
21.65
22.69
23.76
24.85
25.96
27.10
6
28.27
29.46
30.68
31.92
33.18
34.47
35.78
37.12
7
38 48
39.87
41.28
42.72
44.18
45.66
47.17
48.70
8
50.26
51.85
53.45
55.09
56.74
58.42
60.13
61.86
9
63.61
65.39
67.20
69.03
70.88
72.76
74.66
76.59
10
78.54
80.51
82.51
84.54
86.59
88.66
90.76
92.88
11
95.03 97.20
99.40
101.6
103.9
106.1
108.4
110.7
12
113.1
115.5
117.9
120.3 122.7
125.2 127.7
130.2
13
132.7
135.3
137.9
140.5 ! 143.1
145.8 148.5
151.2
14:
153.9
156.7
159.5
162.3
165.1
168.0
170.9
173.8
15
176.7
179.7
182.7
185.7
188.7
191-7
194.8
197.9
16
201.1
204.2
207.4
210.6
213.8
217.1
220.3
223.6
17
227.0
230.3
233.7
237.1
240.5
244.0
247.4
250.9
18
254.5
258.0
261.6
265.2
268.8
272.4
276.1
279.8
19
283.5
287.3
291.0
294.8
298.6
302.5
306.3
310.2
20
314.2
318.1
322.1
326.0
330.1
334.1
338.2
342.2
21
346.4
350.5
354.7
358.8
363.0
367.3
371.5
375.8
22
380.1
384.5
388.8
393.2
397-6
402.0
406.5
411.0
23
415.5
420.0
424.6
429.1
433.7
438.4
443:0
447.7
24
452.4
457.1
461.9
466.6
471.4
476.3
481.1
486.0
25
490.9
495.8
500.7 505.7
510.7
515.7
520.8
525.8
26
530.9
536.0
541.2
546.3
551.6
556.8
562.0
567.3
27
572.6
577.9
583.2
588.6
594.0 599.4
604.8
610.3
28
615.7
621.3
626.8
632.4
637.9 i 643.5
649.2
654.8
29
660.5
666.2
672.0
677.7
683.5 689.3
695.1
701.0
30
706.9
712.8
718.7
724.6
730.6 736.6
742.6
748.7
31
754.8
760.9
767.0
773.1
779.3 I 785.5
791.7
798.0
32 I 804.3
810.5
816.9
823.2
829.6 | 836.0
842.4
848.8
33 855.3
861.8
868.3
874.9
881.4
888.0
894.6
901.3
34 : 907 9
914.6
921.3
928.1
934.8
941.6
948.4
955.2
35 962,1
969.0
975.9
982.8
989.8
996.8
1003.8
1010.8
36 1017.9
1025.0
1032.1
1039.2
1046.3
1053.5
1060.7
1068.0
37 1075.2
1082.5
1089.8
1097.1
1104.5
1111.8
1119.2
1126.7
38 1134.1
1141.6
1149.1
1156.6
1164.2
1171-7 1179.3
1186.9
39 1194.6
1202.3
1210.0
1217.7
1225.4
1233.2 i 1241.0
1248.8
40 1256.6
1264.5
1272.4
1280.3
1288.2 1296.2 1 1304.2
1312.2
41 1 1320.3
1328.3
1336.4
1344.5
1352.7 1360.8
1369.0
1377.2
42 1385.4
1393.7
1402.0
1410.3
1418.6 : 1427.0
1435.4
1443.8
43 I 1452.2
1460.7 1469.1
1477.6 I 1486.2 i 1494.7
1503.3
1511.9
44 , 1520.5
1529.2 1537.9
1546.6 1555.3 1564.0
1572.8
1581.6
45 1590.4
1599.3 1608.2
1617.0 1626.0 1634.9 1643.9
1652.9
i
1 i i . i
8
M
124 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
SURVEYING MEASURE (LINEAL).
Inches. Links. Feet.
Yards. Chains. Mile.
Fr. Meters.
1. = .126 = .0833 =
.0278 = .00126 = .0000158 =
.0254
7.92 1.
.66
.22 .01
.000125
.2012
12. 1.515 1.
.333 .01515 .000189
.3048
36. 4.545 3. 3
.04545 .000568
.9144
792. 100.
66. 22. 1.
.0125
20.116
63360. 8000.
5280. 1760. 80.
1.
1609.315
One knot
or geographical mile =6086. 07 feet =
=1855.11
metres = I . I
526 statute
mile.
One admiralty knot =
1.1515 statute miles = 6080 feet.
LONG
MEASURE.
Inches. Feet.
Yards.
Fath. Poles.
Furl. Mile.
Fr. Meters.
1. = .083 = .02778 =.0139=. 005 =.000126=. 0000158= .0254
12. 1.
.333
.1667 .0606
00151 .0001894 .3048
36. 3.
1.
.5 .182
00454 .000568
.9144
72. 6.
2. 1. .364
0091 .001136
1.8287
198. 16K-
55^. 2^
1.
025 .003125
5.0291
7920. 660.
220. 110. 40. 1
.125
201.16
63360. 5280.
1760. 880. 320. 8. 1.
1609.315
A palm =
3 inches.
A span =
9 inches.
A hand = 4 inches.
A cable's length = 120 fathoms.
FRENCH LONG MEASURE.
Inches.
Feet.''
Yards.
Miles
Millimetre . .
.039368
.00328
Centimetre . .
.39368
.03280
Decimetre . . .
3.9368
.32807
.10935?
Metre
39-368
3.2807
1 . 09357
Decametre . .
393.68
32.807',
10.9357
Hectometre .
328.07
109.357
.0621346
Kilometre . . .
3280.7
1093.57
.6213466
Myriametre '.
32807.
10935.7
6.213466
j
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY. 125
SQUARE MEASURE.
Inches.
1
144. 1.
1296. 9.
39204. 272 #.
1568160. 10890.
6272640. 43560.
Feet. Yards. Perches. Roods. Acre. Sq. Metres.
. 00694 = . 000772= . 0000255= . 00000064= . 000000159= . 000645
.111
1210.
4840.
.00367
.0331
1.
40.
160.
0000918 .000023 .0929
.0002066 .8361
.00625 25.292
.25 1011.7
1. 4046.7
.025
1.
4.
I oo square feet = I square.
10 square chains = I acre.
i chain wide 8 acres per mile.
i hectare = 2.471143 acres.
r = 27878400 square feet,
i square mile ? = 3097600 square yards.
( = 646 acres.
Acres X .0015625 = square miles.
Square yard X .000000323 = square miles.
Acres X 4840 = square yards.
Square yards X .0002066 = acres.
A section of land is i mile square, and contains 640 acres.
A square acre is 208. 71 ft. at each side; or 220 X I9 8 ft.
A square ^-acre is 147. 58 ft. at each side; or no X 198 ft.
A square %-acre is 104.355 ft: at eacn side 5 or 55 X 198 ft.
A circular acre is 235.504 feet in diameter.
A circular ^-acre is 166.527 feet in diameter.
A circular ^-acre is ^17.752 feet iri diameter.-
FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE.
Square.
Millimetre . . .
Centimetre. ..
Decimetre . . .
Metre or Cen
Decametre. . .
Hectare
Kilometre
Square Inches.
Square Feet.
.00154 .0000107
.15498 .0010763
15.498 .1076305
1549.8 10.76305
154988. 1076.305
107630.58
. 38607 D mis. 1 10763058 .
Square Yards.
000001
.000119
.011958
1.19589
119.589
11958.95
1195895.
Acres.
Myriametre. . |38.607
126 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
CUBIC MEASUEE.
Inches.
1. =
1728.
46656.
Feet.
.0005788 =
1.
27.
Yard. Cubic Metres.
.000002144 = .000016386
.03704 .028315
1. .764513
A cord of wood =128 cubic feet, being four feet high, four
feet wide, and eight feet long.
Forty-two cubic feet = a ton of shipping.
A perch of masonry contains 24^ cubic feet.
A CUBIC FOOT is EQUAL TO
1728 cubic inches.
.037037 cubic yard.
.803564 U. S. struck bushel
of 2150.42 cubic inches.
3.21426 U. S. pecks.
7.48052 U. S. liquid galls.
of 231 cubic inches.
6.42851 U. S. dry galls.
29.92208 U. S. liquid quarts.
25 . 71405 U. S. dry quarts.
59.84416 U. S. liquid pints.
51 .42809 U. S. dry pints.
239.37662 U. S. gills.
.26667 flour barrel of 3 struck
bushels.
.23748 U. S. liquid barrel of
galls.
FRENCH CUBIC OE SOLID
MEASUEE.
Gill.
Pint.
Quart.
Gallon.
Peck.
Bush.
Cubic
Inches.
Cubic
Feet.
Centilitre, Dry
Liquid
.0845
.0181
.0211
....
.61016
Decilitre. . . Dry
Liquid
8452
.1816
.2113
!0908
.1056
0264
.0113
.... .1 '
6.1016
....
Litre Dry
1.816
.908
.1135
61 .016
no co
Liquid
8.452
2.113
1.056
^2641
.uooo
Decalitre. .Dry
Liquid
84.52
21.13
9.08
10.56
2.64i
1.135
.2837
610.16
.3531
Hectolitre . Dry
Liquid
211.3
90.8
105.6
26^4i
11.35
2.837
6101.6
3.531
Kilolitre or Cu-
bic Metre, Dry
Liquid
1056.5
264 .1
113.5
28.37
61016.
35.31
Myrialitre . Dry
1135.
283. 7
QCQ ..
Liquid
10565.
2641.4
OOO.l
F
THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL
COMPANY
. 127
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
The standard avoirdupois pound is the weight of 27.7015
cubic inches of distilled water, weighed
in the air, at 39.83
degrees Fahr.
, barometer at thirty inches.
27.343 grains = I drachm.
French
Drachms. Ounces. Lbs.
Qrs. Cwts.
Ton. Grammes.
1. = .0625=. 0039 = .
000139=. 000035
= .00000174=1.771846
16. 1.
.0625
00223 000558
.000028 28.34954
256. 16.
1.
0357 .00893
.000447 453.59
7168. 448.
28. 1.
.25
.0125 12700.
28672. 1792.
112. 4.
1.
.05 50802.
573440. 35840
2240. 80
20.
1. 1016048.
A stone = 14 pounds.
A quintal loo pounds.
7000 grains = one avoirdupois pound = 1 .21528 troy
pounds.
5760 grains = one troy pound =
.82285 avoirdupois
pounds.
FRENCH WEIGHTS.
EQUIVALENT
TO AVOIRDUPOIS.
Grains.
Ounces.
Lbs.
Tons.
2240 Ibs.
Milligramme .
.015433
Centigramme .
.1543311 .000352
.000022
Decigramme .
1.54331
.003527
.000220
Gramme . ...
15.4331
.035275
.002204
Decagramme .
154.331
.352758
.022047
Hectogramme
1543.31
3.52758
.220473
.000098
Kilogramme .
15433.1
35.2758
2.20473
. 000984
Myriagramme
352.758
22.0473
.009842
Quintal
3527.58
220.473
.098425
Millier or Tonne . .
35275 . 8
2204.73
.984258
88 -
8
128 THE PASSAIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY.
DIMENSIONS OF PASSAIC E. M.
STANDAED TUEN- TABLES.
Plates 19 and 20.
Diameter of pit
ft. in.
35.0
ft. in. 1 ft. in. l ft. in.
40. Oj45. 050.0
ft. in.
55.0
ft. in.
60.0
Length of girder, out to out ....
34.4
39.4|44.449.6
54.6
59.6
Diameter of circular tracks, cen-
ter to center of rail
31.0
36.0J41. 0.46.0
51.0
56.0
Depth from top of rail on table
to top of center stone
5.0
5.0 5.0 5.6
5.6
5.G
Depth from top of rail on table
to top of rail of circular track .
3.4
3.4 3.4.3.10
3.10
3.10
Ditto for special turn-table, shallow pit.
2.0
2.0) 2.01 2.6
2.6
2.6
POINTS OF MEEIT IN PASSAIC E. M.
GO'S STANDAED TUEN-TABLES.
The table is entirely center-bearing, and rests on steel discs,
A, six inches in diameter, which offer very little resistance to
turning around, and at the same time give ample bearing
surface to maintain the parts in good working order. As the
friction acts on a lever 2 inches long, and the power on one
whose length is equal to the radius of the turn-table, it is
apparent that very little power will be required to turn it.
The table is hung to the center-pin by two bolts, B B, made
of re-rolled iron; this arrangement prevents any uneven dis-
tribution of the load, produced by tightening of the bolts,
such as is liable to be produced when more than two are
used. The shape of the girder is such as to approach, in the
nearest practicable manner, the theoretical form, which
requires a constant flange section, when due regard is taken
to the influence of the varying sign of the strains at any point
of either flange, according to the position of the engine. The
flanges are made of 4x6 in. angle iron, extending all the way
through at the top without a splice, and spliced in the center
at the bottom. The flange of this iron, being 6 inches wide,
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY