A A: 1 1 FHERNREGIO 1 1 5 1 4 NAL LIBRARY FAC 5 i ILITY 'wmM / Ex LdbriB C. K. OGDEN ON THE 7 RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINESE AND THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. BY S. S. HALDEMAN, OF COLUMBIA, PA. [From the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Albany, August, 1856.] CAMBRIDGE: ALLEN AND FARNHAM, PRINTERS, 185 7. /O^^ IIBRART ^3 tNlVEnSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA PHILOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. § 1. The form of Chinese is so different from that of Latin or Greek, that we might readily consider as fallacious all attempts to ex- hibit an identity of words between them. § 2. Some have endeavored to establish such an identity upon cer- tain words of like form and meaning, which cannot be depended upon, being frequently the result of accident, like the English hank (of earth) and Mandingo hanko, with the same meaning ; the English sltave when compared with the Eskimo shavie, a knife, and the Brazilian ara with " air," and co with " go." Similarly, the Kaffer le, lo, for " that," cor- responds with Fr. le, ItaL lo ; the Betjuana ke is near to the Ger- manic "^^■" and Latin ego ; and the Bushman ae to the English I. § 3. Resemblances like the following, between Chinese, English, etc., should be admitted with extreme caution, as likely to be accidental : gnae, to gnaw; scuk, SUGO, to suck; bay, to buy; wan, ivhiie ; wan, crooked (wend, wind) ; tarn, damp ; tan, a red color ; tap, to reiterate ; 16k, to leak ; t'hek, a house (tectum) ; lap, loose skin ; t'hew, a thread (thew) ; t'hong, a thread, a line (thong) ; kap, to collect together, (keep, CAPio) ; kap, a cape ; kat, to cut ; etc. § 4. From the paucity of Chinese w^ords, many of them are over- burdened with meanings, which gives room for accidental resemblances. Thus there are fifty different characters read " sun," and of some of these the meanings are very diverse, one meaning believe and real, an- other thick and liberal; but none of these meanings agrees with the English sun or son. Of twenty Chinese words, sit (meaning to eat, to 202 NATURAL HISTORY. lose, to know, to rub, a rule, etc.), the nearest to English is that mean- ing a ri'sidence, often called a seat. This resembles the language of a child who would use essentially the same word for stick, cake, did, toad, dog, duck, scratch. § 5. From the monosyllabic nature of Chinese, and the necessity of placing a vowel between most consonants, the words are very different from those of Latin. Thus the word Batavia has been cut down to pa, and cap, a ^/ij'p, stands for the Malay capal; "Welsh ceubal, a ferry- boat ; Gaelic cabaile, a navy ; Gr. Ki'iiBtj, a boat, a-KafVo^, a sliff; Heb. Qa'B, a concave vessel ; Arab. CilB, a cup, CaV^al, a ship. § G. We must, therefore, in comparing Latin with Chinese, reduce it to its roots, reject the prefixes con-, sub-, post-, ex-, cr-, str-, etc., be- fore consonants, and reduce them to a single consonant before vowels, and replace the useful and enlivening r, with I or s. Under this dissec- tion, ICTUS, a blow ; precor, I pray ; rogo, I ask ; and strix, (Per- sian, tshokak) an owl, might become respectively ic, lee, sec, tec ; which, from the want of the Latin inflecting material, might each have the power of from ten to fifty words, as distinct as ringor, I gape ; seco, I cut ; and PLico, I fold. But as strix, to be pronounceable, must become something like satalicasa, its Chinese form might be sa, as Batavia is pa. § 7. Similar imitative words may occur in languages the most dis- tinct, without indicating linguistic affinity ; as in the names of animals which imitate their cry, like the Chinese beaou, a cat, the voice of which is called miau by the Germans, m being a nasal b. But an i ^en|ity of im itative words is not common between languages of diflTer- ent stocks, because they are submitted to the local laws of speech. In English, one who hesitates what to say, is said to hem and haw, al- though he does not use one of the sounds imitated in this translation into speech ; whilst the French imitative word siffler is different from the English ichistle, hiss, and ivhiz, although the root sif- is a metathesis and permutation o^whiz,jiz. The English imitatives roar, rush, how- ever natural they appear, need not be looked for in Chinese ; nor will Cherokee (in which p, b, f, v, are wanting) furnish phonetic equiva- lents to pop, bob, bubble {nonrfog), and their cognates in viv-id, vi-olent, vi-gor, Bi-og, Bi-a, be, vi-r, vi-reo, vi-s, etc. § 8. But whilst imitatives must be compared w^ith caution, if we find that an imitative basis has been not only adopted, but modified (as PHILOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 203 far as the genius of different languages would permit) in the same manner, with Jliejame prefixes, having the_s_ame_go>vgr, we will have gone far to prove a common origin in the languages where such a uni- formity occurs, — especially between Chinese and the P^uropean lan- guages, where the differences are so obvious. § 9. In the present essay, a throat exclamation will be traced into European speech, together with its ramifications and growth by means of reduplication, metathesis, and the use of prefixes ; to be followed by their Chinese equivalents. Throat sounds are used in various lan- guages, to form Avords for cough, throat, speech, wailing, cricket, gurgle, emotion, rigid, narrow, action, work, break, noise, pound, frag- ment, breach, crack, point, thorn, spear, axe, molest, strike, tear, throw, shoot, ray, light, torch, fire, blow, go, extend, etc. IRISH. § 10. Och, oh, alas; cohu, sorrow ; ochan, a deep sigh; t-achta, choking; g-uch, a loud voice; r-uch, a running, a rushing ; sruch, a Jlowing of waters, a stream ; scriach, a screech. WELSH. § 11. O, alas, out of, what proceeds ; oi, well! to proceed; oc, from, out of ; og, what is full of motion or life, youth, a harrow ; (Latin OCCO, to harrow). The force of the Irish prefix r-, appears in Welsh as follows : — 412. rhu, a bud utterance. § 13. uch, u-Iiut breaks out, a sigh. rhw, what breaks or grows out. ig, a hiccup, a sob. rhuo, to roar, to talk. och, alas ; ich, a sqitcal. rhueinell, a clarion. ochan, a groan ; igio, to sigh. rhe, swift motion. aclian, a hymn. rha, what forces. ag, an opening, a deft. § 14. By combining rhu with uch, etc., and using prefixes (as c-, ys-, gw-,) to the compounds, we get the two following series : — rh-ach, what is forced out. c-r-ech, a scream. rhoch, a grunt, groan. greg, a cackle. rhinc, a creak, gnash. grig, « low rustle. rhing, a creak. gryg' harshness, roughness. rhunc, a snort, a rattle. grwng, a rumbling noise. rhych, a trench. ys-g-ix'ch, a saeak. rhic, rhig, a notch, groove. ysgrcchog, a jay. 204 NATURAL IIISTORT. § 15. The reduplication of ig, ieii, (and the use of prefixes,) gives (c being k, as in Latin), ccji, the month, throat. cegn, to (/hit. gwag, a vacuum. cegio, to choke, cyngaii, speech. ys-gecrii, to bicker. cecr, a brawl. gw-ich, a s-qu-eak. h-uch,a sow. (Pei"S. khok, a hog.) cccren, to scold. gwica, to cri/ icares. p-uch, a sigh, a r/runt. cocr, coaxing. gwach, a hole. ]>-m-ho, to sigh, pant, grunt. Compare Aiigl. ccgan, to call The p- of p-iieli occurs in (cle)p-rive, p-lacid, etc. § 16. The Welsh root-word 11a (akin to rha, § 12,) is a noun mean- ing, that which breaks out, is light, or clear. It has various cognates, as llae, an expanse ; Hi, a Jlood; llw, an exclamation, oath ; Hewer, light ; lloer, the moon ; llewen, a focus ; llewyrn, a meteor; llwys, clear, pure, holy ; and with a prefix, g-lwys, pure, holy, fair ; g-law, bright- ness ; golwch, ivorship. § 17. By combining Ua and uch, we get the series, — llach, a ray, a slap. Hwg, ivhat is bright. llachar, gleaming. Ihigan, a glitter. llucli, a throw, a glance. Ihigas, a dawning. lluclied, lightning. Ihigom, a trumpet. llig, what shoots. Hygad, eye-sight, eye. Hug, a gleam. H.Vgas, splendor. § 18. By combining 11a and uch, commencing with the guttural, we get another Welsh series, — gal, spread out, clear. colon, a peak. gawl, a datcn, holy. galw, to call, invoke. gall, energy. geli, a shooting out. galaru, to lament. gallus, powerful. gclin, a sprig. ' col, cor, a point. golau, light. goliw, a faint tint. col-p, a dart. gole, splendor. claer, eglur, clear. The -p in col-p (Swedish, kol-p, a dart) is ])rescnt in the English gulp, yelp, scalp. The following are Gaelic : — gal, weeping. gea\, fair, bright. gaol, /owe. gu\, crying out. gilead, whiteness. gealun,^re. galan, noise. galla, brightness, beauty. gaoil, boiling, anger. § 19. The two preceding series (§ 17, 18,) suggest q)-)Jy-co, to burn, shine, vex; q)).f'y[ia,fire, (f-la-me) : English, lo ! look, light, call, yell, gul-let, clear, glory, glow : dF-ytXl-a, to announce ; d-ydll-co, to make splendid, to exult : Irish, gal, ivhite ; gulach, the moon : Latin, luceo, PHILOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 205 to shine; lux, light: Gr. lvy.og, the sun; Xvyr^vog, a lamp; y-lav/.-og, blue, clear, the L of which appears in ?.«(«, to look at ; 7.?v(y), to see, shine. § 20. The same L (§ § IG, 19,) occui's in the Gaelic la, lo, laoi, a day ; \3iOva, f-lame ; li, color ; leas, light ; leicc, leug, a diamond, a gem; lia, a jlood ; lua, an oath, water ; lo, water. With these (and with rhu, § 12, r not being a Chinese element), we may compare the Chinese le, clear, bright, happiness ; lek, bright, clear ; long, fireworks ; lo, a voice, a sound; loe, to converse ; 16, a gong; lo, a drumming in the ear ; ladu, a noise ; lew, a flood; le, to flow rapidly. § 21. From the continuousness of S, s-creak may have been intended for a continuous action : uch, ich, (§ 13,) being continuous, want the explosive sharpness that results from commencing with closed organs, a deficiency which c- (cay) would supply, besides simulating the closed glottis at the beginning of a c-ougb, at the end of a hi-c(cup) during the continuance of ch-ok-ing or g-ag-ing, and the frequentative action of c-ac-ling, ch-uc-ling, and g-ig-ling. § 22. The root of s-c-r-eak is perceived in h-ic-cup, the enlivening r gives r-ing, (and the perversion r-ough) : Latin, r-ic-tus, the mouth ; RAVCUS, hoarse, harsh; r-og-o, to ask ; Gr. Q-t'pA-ai, to snort; ^-Q-v)[-(>}, to howl; >i-Q-iT-03, (fut. •/.-()■ 1^0),) to c-r-eak ; y^niyij, a creak, •/.-Q-dy.-zr^g, unayitrjg, a crier ; Latin, c-R-oc-io, to croak, leading by successive prefixes, to creak, cricket, crack, screak, screech, click, cluck, clang, etc. ; Gr. l-iy-aivco, to cry out ; y.-l-aryij ; Latin, clangor ; and gloc-io, to cluck. Starting with the root of echo, r- gives r-ixa contention, a t- prefixed (tqi^co, to stridulate, in the future tense) t-Q-i^-oj, and an intensive s-, s-t-r-ix, an owl. This agglutination of prefixes shows a close affinity in the structure of Greek, Latin, and P^nglish words. § 23. GREEK. 1 ijX^, sound, clamor. 5 i,^{,g^ sharp, ac-id. 9 kokvu, to lament. ^ flX(j, echo. '^ a/co^, a sound, the ear. (tai), o<, ahis.) 8 evxv, a prayer, boast. ^ ^kovu, to hear. w oi^vci. atttiction.* * af^u, to throttle, torture. * uxo^, affliction. " l-ax-eu, to shout. * The initial of this word is akin to the preceding. The mark ; indicates that the word is not a ])rimitivc form, C hcing probably derived from a guttural, like San- scrit, Persian, and English tsli, which is rarely a primitive. 20G nilLOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. ai-ayfia, a sigh. l-uK-rj, din of battle. ox-^o?, a mob. ty-u, I, the sp-eak-er. kKd, there. ovK, ovx, not. o-ye, tliis ; hoc, ye, yc-s. dTK-uofxai, I bray. ' orKO(, swellino;, bulk. ofKij, size, a hook. ' ky-eipu, to arouse. ' uye, come out ! hence to e(jg, or a-My-fia, fire, heat. uyTj, respect, envy, hate. ' uyavpbg, proud, fierce. * ' A-u/c-w, to sound like breaking." /leyw, to speak. ■ yla/cdfw, to talk. ' 2,£VKavia, the throat. ' ■■ x-^u^-iJ,\. to swell, be full, i-ush, gurgle. liyaivu, to cry out. ?ii'y(j, to hiss, whiz. Tuyvvg, a smoky fire, smoke.2^ ^iyv-7}x-V?) clear sound- ing. K-?uifyf/, clangor. Avfyaivo), to sob, hiccup. ayog, a rag. T-pvx-og, a tatter. j3-pax-vg, short, little, as if l)-rok-en. * 7i,va, discord ; Xa-, da-, "ke-, are intensive, as in Xiav, very. t From its broken appearance, — but n-pin-u, is to strike, to weave; uponrj, the woof; KpoKlg, nap, a lock of wool, threads sticking out of cloth ; hence KpoKog, cro- cus, saffron, from the conspicuous stigmas. } The force of R in No. 1*^1, etc., (see ^ 12) is observed in opovu, to rush upon ; bpu, to move, excite, arise ; /iew, to flow ; d-p6og, uproar. PHILOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 207 1''* l)u,Kioq, a steep rock. I'^s l)aiiTT]piog, resounding, striking. 106 pu^iq^ the spine. 1"'^ (>iC,a,[ a root. 108 ()uxog, a thorn bush. 109 (j)-payfiuv, a thorn hedge. 110 -paKT?ip, an inclosure. 111 d-ptfabc;, a coping. 112 r-«;t^w, to wall, fortify. 113 TEKTaivu, to construct. 11* Te;i;vaw, to make. 115 ()uyug, split. 116 a-uyapic, a battle axe.*** 11'^ jipuxu, to crash, creak. 11^ I3pvx(^, to howl. 119 ()6xdog, a loud noise. 120 ^ef/cw, to snort, snore.^i 121 ^vfxog, a snout. 122 f)7jy/ia, a b-reak, c-rack. 123 fjTjKibg, broken. 12* T-p-ioy-o), to chew. 125 (p-ay-Eiv, to eat. 126 (prjyog, the beech. 127 Tpvyij, corn, pulse. 12* 128 ^oyoQ, a granary. 129 KpEKij, to strike. 130 T-pay-og, a goat. 131 KpuKTTjg, a crier. 132 K-pu^u, I to c-roak. 133 /c-p CICADA, a noisy insect. ^ LOCUSTA, a grasshopper. ^ ECHO, echo. ?3 v-ox, voice. 23 v-AGio, I sq-u-eak. 23 F-AC-UNDUS, el-oq-ucnt. 33 B-uc-iNA, a trumpet. 33 p-oc-ULum, a cup. 33 B-uccA, a mouth, morsel. 33 M-icA, a crumb, bit. 31 p-iG-EO, I grieve. 31 N-EGO, I say no. 31 D-ocEO, I ^each. 31 FK-iG-UTio, I twitter. 31 F-L-AG-iTio, I demand. 1-3 FRIXGILLA, a fiuch. 13^ FRiGO, I roast. 11^ KiNGOR, I open the mouth, n^ STRiGO, I rest, take breath. "1 s-T-R-ix, an owl. STRIDE04. {d for rj) Tpii^u),[ to stridulate. STRiGiLis, a scraper. MAXILLA, a jaw. 33 33 MUGio, I bellow. 33 F-Avc-ES, the gullet. v-AG-iNA, a scabbard. v-ACO, to be empty. ^' L-AC-UNA, a ditch. '1 L-ACio, I call. ^1 LEGO, I depute. ^1 LOQVOR, I speak. 31 LUGEO, I mourn. 91 11^ R-ix-A, contention. GR-AC-ULUS, a jackdaw. KOGO, I ask, beg. PROCO, I demand. PRECOR, I pray. 11^ RICTUS, the mouth. RUCTDS, eructation. RAVCUS, harsh. RUGA, a w-rinkle. RIGOR {^lyog), stiffness. FRiGEo, I freeze. FRico, I rub. 123 FRAXGO, I break. FRAXixus, the ash. PL-ANGO, I beat. PLAGA (ttPiT?)//), a l)low. PLECTO, I punisli. PLECTO [tt'Xeku), I plait. ^2 FLECTO, I bend, turn. ^3 FLOCCUS, a lock of wool. •^2 LUCTOR, I wrestle. ^2 LiGO, I tie. ^3 LiciUM, a thread. ** LIGO, a hoe, a rake. p-EC-TEN, a comb. PLICO, I fold. ** LAXus, sl-ack, wide. PL-ACENTA (TT/la/COtf), a cake. FLACcus (jSAuf), flaccid. FL-AGELLO, I whip. 1-* FR-ux, produce. 1-5 N-nx, a nut. 12s F-AG-us, the beech. 5 AC-EO, to be tart. 5 ACiES, an edg-e. •^•^ Acus, a needle."" ^^ MUCRO, a point. MACERiA, a garden wall. 3 EGEO, to ach-e. *2 ICO, I strike." 128 '3 ICTUS, a blow. *2 j-AC-EO, I throw. ''■- occo, I harrow, ii** s-AVC-io, I wound, kill. s-UG-iLLO, I strike, re- vile. 8AVCIUS, sick. siGxo, I mark, express. v-EX-o, I pl-ague, affl-ic-t. viCTiMA, a victim. TR-ux, fierce. L-AC-ERO, I tear. LACERTA, a liz-ard. S-Axum, a rock. SECO, I cut, wound, go. siCA, a d-agg-er. siciLis, a sickle. N-EC-o, I slay. PHILOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 209 NOCENS, per-n-ic-ious. NOX {vi'^), niglit. NIGER, black. NUGAE, trifles. PECCO, I sin. p-EJ-OR, worse. *2 AGO, I move, drive. s-AG-iTTA, an arrow. T-iG-Ris, a tiger. ^X IGNIS, fire. 1*1 M-AG-is, more. l^'' M-AG-NUS, b-ig. M-AG-iSTER, a master. R-EG-o, I dir-ec-t. p-ANG-o, I fix, agree. piGNUS, a pawn. PACTUS, bargained. PL-AC-ATio, a pacifying. p-AC-o, I pacify. 1^1 p-AG-us, a village. 25 FL-AG-RO, I burn, glow. 151 v-ic-us, a village. FOCUS, a hearth. FAX, a torch. 113 x-iG-ND™, a beam. ^' L-IG-NUni, wood. B-AC-ULUS, a stick. AXIS {u^uv), an axletree. GR-AC-iLis, slender. L-ONG-US, long. M-AC-ER, ra-eag-re. v-AG-OR, I wander. s-EQ-voR, I follow. *2 FR-EQ-VENS, frcqucnt. L-iNQ-vo, I leave. F-UG-io {Evyu)), I fly. 152 p-xjG-NUS, the fist, a handful. 153 puGNO, I fight. PUNGO, I stick, sting. nuyovpog, .a p-ung-ar, (spiny lobster). puGio, a dagger. sp-ic-A, a spike. T-ANG-O, I touch. T-AC-EO, I am silent. ^■^ L-ING-O, I lick. 5° LiNGVA, the tongue. ^^ D-uc-o, to draw, t-ng, g-et. N-ix-OR, I rest on, strive. ^^ d-ig-nus, tak-e-worthy. ^* F-AC-io, I m-ak-e. FACiES, appearance. 9^ D-EC-ENS, decent. ^- DECUMANUS, great. PEGMA (ir^y/ia), a m-a- ^^ dico {dimi^u), I take. ch-ine. F-AEC-ULA, dregs. M-AC-ULA, a stain. P-iG-MENTum, paint. F-iNG-o, I make. F-IG-O, I fix. FiCTUS, feigned. f-ig-ura, shape. L-oc-o, I place. L-EC-TDS, a bed. L-EG-O, I collect. L-uc-Rum, gain. 1*1 AUG-EO, I augment. 1*1 31-AC-TUS, augmented. give, proclaim, say. ^2 Dico, I say, assign. ^'^ digitus, a f-ing-er. 92 DEXTER, the right hand, m-ight. ^ DECEin (6eKa), ten. 92 INDEX, a sign. 92 iNDico, I show, declare. *2 dego, (de, ago,) I live, TR-AH-o, I draw, take. TR-AC-TO, I dr-ag, str-ike v-EC-TO, I convey. 25 EUCEO, to light, glitter. L-iQ-vEO, to be liquid, clear, plain. AQ-VA, water. M-AC-ERO, I s-oak in 1-iq-uor. m-uc-idus, slimy. L-AC-RiMA, a tear. LACUS (/IdKOf ), a lake. ST-AG-NUm, a pool. R-iG-o, I irrigate. 8-icc-us, dry, thirsty. s-icc-o, I drf, drain, suck. SUGO, I suck, sucus, juice, sap, v-ig-or. SANGVis, blood, force, race. v-iG-EO, I live, am active. F-EC-uxDUS, fertile. v-ic-TiTO, I feed on. v-EG-ETUS, quick, fresh. R-EC-ENS, growing, fresh. EACEMUS, a cluster. SEGES, seed, corn, pi-ofit. SAGiNA, food, fatness. p-ix, pitch. P-ING-VIS, fat. p-EC-Tus, the breast. P-IG-ER, slow, dull. p-EC-u, sheep, cattle. GR-EX, a flock. 58 L-uc-us, a wood. ^2 NEXO, I bind, connect. ■^2 STR-ING-O (arpaFycj) , I grasp, tie. ^2 ^2 v-iNCO, I conquer. T-EX-o, I weave, builA. TOG-A, a gown. T-EG-O (areyu), I cover, st-ick away. s-oc-io, I join, associate. MAS (for max ?), a male. Tussis (for tuxis?) a cough. 210 rniLOLOGY and ethnology. § 25. CHINESE. Chinese being spoken with a peculiar intonation, the marks of accent and length used in printing it, indicate the tone, and where this is different, but the elements identical, the words are considered to be distinct. In fact it is less of an error to use T for L, than to use a wrong tone. The examples are from Medhurst's dictionary of the Ilok-kol-n dialect, and the orthography English, ch, y, ng, having their power in chip, young. The examples will be those corresponding to the "Welsh, Greek, and Latin, already given, commencing with those which have a reduplicated guttural, as k-k, k-ng, y-k, or its trans- mutation (with English ch, as in speak, speech,) ch-k. §26. kek, bright; keng, very bright; gang, bright; gong, sunrise; hong, red; yang, to illumine; yang, the sun; cheng, brightness; hong, luminous, clear; (seang, cloth of a light yellow color, as if from se, cloth, and eng, bright).* Jakutish, tshaghyrga, to radiate, ligliten ; tshokyr, flint ; tslio/, a burning coal ; dzliangkii, to be clear, transparent. The mind associates a ray, a spear, and a shoot ; hence we find § 27. kek, a spear; hong, the ])oint of a weapon; keng, a stalk of corn; chek, a blade of grass; yang, young shoots of rice, calamity; yang, nourishment; yang, nausea; (seng, to be born, alive). § 28. go'k, a peak, the point of a sword, a crocodile ; ga'k, a hill ; gek, rugged like hills, lofty; gong, high. § 29. yeu'k; a sound, a voice, bright, clear; yiing, to leap, a bub- bhng fountain, bold ; yea'k, to leap; heng, to walk, to travel; (6ng, to walk quickly; seang, hasty) ; cheng, hasty walking, afraid; hek (and k'k), to be afraid; che'k (and tiiuk), to advance; (e'k, to lead hastily); heng, to accompany; hong, haste; heung, to hasten. (In German keck means pert, bold, nimble ; Eng. quick). Jakutish, yk, to hasten. * In like manner, it is probable that the Sanscrit root rap'h, to stir, to break. Latin, rap-io, (Eidihoff, No. 525,) is eoinposcd of all, to go, to reach, (E. No. 495,) and ab, to go, (E. No. 22,) or ap, to occupy, to hold, (E. No. 23.) PHILOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGT. 211 § 30. The following examples, in continuation of the preceding, ai'e to be read across the page. The first column contains the root, to which the prefixes s-(r-)t-, 1-, are added in the second, third, and fourth columns. A few parallel ibrms in Greek, Latin, "Welsh, Gaelic, and Hebrew are added, examples in r- being placed with its cognate s-. § 31. The force of the Chinese prefixes k-, s-, t-, (1-, see § 20,) is observable in k e, a pearl ; to ridicule ; to pray ; to sell ;* ke, to fear ; ke, a stalk ; proud ; hasty ; ke, happy ; kae, violence ; harmony, se, to look at ; to spread out ; a connecting thread ; ardent ; to swear ; day- break ; a peak ; se, an arrow ; to wet ; silk ; spittle ; the beginning ; se, power, te, to blame, to kill; te, to revile; to oppose; te, to extend to ; to display ; te, a pond ; to walk ; ta,, to frisk ; to be burnt. * When definitions are separated by semicolon, they are represented liy different Chinese characters of the same name ; when by a comma, they define a single char- acter. As the Latin final m indicated a nasal vowel, it is printed as in sxAGNum , that it may not have the prominence of a real (and a labial) consonant letter. The examples of Jakutish (yakutish) are from Bohtlingk, and in the absence of the proper types, his Russian orthography has been roughly turned into English. It could not have been done critically without considerable explanation, and the same remark applies to the few Hebrew words introduced. Should the suggestion that abies is from abiex be correct, the following table may be constructed : — ABIEGNUS, of^fir. ABIE S , thejir. p I .. C .. .. S , pitch. F .. A C .. .. S , a torch. F .. o C .. u S , a hearth. n £ i) K .. 1/ .. , the pine. s-p I .. ss .. u 8 , dense, etc. Here SPissus is probably for s-pic-sus, from the root of pac, no. i'*'^. In the following examples, a few of the words are not placed in the column with those having the same initial — for the purpose of accommodating modifications of idea. Tims, Hungarian szdk, § 36, stands in the first, instead of the second column. 212 rniLOLOGY and ethnology. vr. -J- -J T -_t • — *^ ^ C 1^ CI -S^ £ •** — •*- eo ^ ^ '^ . >3 = «3 % -^ -^ i-= -^ £ ° 2 -■§ -^ e ^,«§3:S i-S B^^ ?! . *j „• •" t» s or'~' js ^ ^ ^ =i ti , ~ ^ *-, - ~ - -^ o - ~ 5 S~- ^ ?^ "<5 ~ c 5" ^ w3 - "5 ^ .- -^ tL^ • . e. ~ -^^-i '5J £ ?► 3 o =>! - . - = ix. - -JD ■ o--:-j 'i: X SSskSs S.« ■^■^«.-J=5^ H .- = 5 w--^ Ci U r- X S ^ " ~ .-^ -J o 5 '^ "^ ~.5 5 '^_- ?> tib£^g .^iiS-^S -.?:=i:0Tt .:Sti5-=| fclH "S 00 ^1^^ . >; 3 .5 "5 ^ o "" - -^'-5 3 ^- •| i.ri ^^ M S ?s ■S o ~ « = fcB . .5 -^" ■? :z Tt §. r - -^ =• ?, = "^ ^i = ^%6-^1^^j^ ^egi«^^'^--- ^~":J^a^'irr^ "i.^lTuI"-"^ '"^'^irf'^^-|1 '"fcl^l'^'lf s « PHILOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 213 "S .:»->* s -yx: r^ ^ - bt a 8 -Si:* c a - . a ~ ^ 1) 5 i> «> - > =^ §^ 2-s S o '^ S ^ sj c ug c S i-J B o 2 .§ -S CO t-5 9 ■£,9 ~ S . 3 s a ^ .^ B 5^ - be ^ 5 -^ a a = =• ^ r-" ^ /S •■V CO 09 so CO 00 ek, the ael. EC, akutish. ■2 gj-3-a 5 S * SB * K 50 C-s >.-2-i~ •5 "■ >= t < S ■2 ^ ?• ( ^■^•s| |^^.B^< •i ^ o ak, a ca-ch e of l-augh-in eh ; oc, a p iii, to choke.) .1-5 J- 1 r-< ^} r.- 1 5 5 = ^. l->^ B B 4, w .« ^ 5 c 3 ~ ZJ 1 "* =; ^ V ? eo f^- "' «J " •t 4iS B^ Bi i § i i O 2 ^ a ^ - -5 B -S S ^ - '^ -/i > \ ^ V ? =f Bi H £ " BJ .2 /cy FROM THE PROCEEDINGS CLEVELAND MEETING AMERICAN ASSOCIATION TOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. Investigation of the Power of the Greek Z, by means of Phonetic Laws. By Professor S. S. Haldeman, of Colum- bia, Pa. Those who attempt to investigate the powers of the Greek and Latin alphabetic characters with the aid of the ancient grammarians, are met by a difficulty, in some places, which at first seems insur- mountable ; namely, the different readings of the text, which will allow the same passage to be quoted to maintain the most opposite views. This may be attributed to the fact, that, in the course of the gradual changes to which language is subject, some of the letters would acquire new powers, or be used in a perverted sense ; and so far as these powers and characters became naturally associated in the mind, would the descriptions of the ancients seem obscure when treat- ing of a character thus perverted. Let there be, for example, a collocation of the English consonants %d (as in wisdom, EscZras) in Greek and Latin, and let this double sound be represented by the single character f, writing Ezras, but pronouncing Ez^Zras, Let the same character f be gradually as- sociated with the power of English dz, as in Italian, and to such an extent that Greek and Latin words will be naturally read like Italian ones. The later Italian scholar, in learning from the ancients that the Greek f was a double letter composed of s and fZ, would be likely to corrupt the text, under the idea of correcting it, to make the s follow the d; and this is just the condition in which we find the history of Greek Zcta. Important characteristics often lie in the combinations of the vocal elements, and as we cannot have a philosophical view of a language unless its exact condition be known, we must endeavor to solve a question of this kind with the collateral aid of the mechanical struc- ture of the language, — depending upon the physical action of the vocal oro-ans, — an aid which grammarians are not inclined to make use of. Some moderns, including the Greeks, doubt the fact of f having been a double letter, although the ancient grammarians are explicit upon this point. These Greeks contend that the comparison of f to s and d merely meant English z ; as if, to give a native of Somer- setshire (who pronounces s as English ;) an idea of the hissing sound of s, we were to tell him that it is composed of his perversion (English s) and t. This argument, which deserves attention, has not been placed in its strongest light by its advocates. As d and h are aspirated in Modern Greek, d and b cannot be represented except by a new letter, or an expedient, as j/8 and /x/3 ; so, if C had its English sound, and had to be explained by other letters, s and d would answer the purpose very well, because, English z being a vocal s, the character of the latter would answer if a vocal letter like d were added to indicate this vocal quality. Mr. E. A. Sophocles argues that C ^^as not a double letter, be- cause the lonians used it, although they separated the other double letters, writing xo- for $, and (fxr for i|/-. But as | is normally ko- and not X0-, it would have been erroneous to use it for the latter dialectic vari- ation. Let us illustrate by a modern example. In dialectic variations the German word niclits loses the t, making 7iicJis, which would be equivalent to a Boeotian form, as if vixs; or, simulating a Doric form, it would be 7iilis, as if viks ; and it is evident that, whilst the use of the character ^ would be of doubtful propriety in the former, it would be proper in the latter. But the best reason for not writing the elements of C separately, even when kct and no- were thus represented, was the impossibility of doing so, from the fact that it was not composed of any two letters of the alphabet, except in the Doric and iEolic dialects, where it was separated into o- and S, (not S and o-), unless when initial, where C prob- ably had its normal power of English zd^ and consequently was not strictly represented by sd. In the Doric combination crS, therefore, the o- may be presumed to have had its pure or hissing sound. But the initial element of normal C was not pure a-, but English and French z, for which there was no separate character in Greek and Latin, as there is not in Italian and Spanish. In Modern Greek, the 8 part of C having been lost, the character remains with its English power, which is some evidence in favor of this power being part of its original sound. This explains another difficulty upon which the Modern Greeks insist ; namely, that if C bad been sd, the Romans could have thus represented it, but we are told that the sound was unknown to Latin, that is, the sound of the part represented by English z. Nevertheless, in giving some idea of its double power, the ancient grammarians made the nearest appi'oximation afforded by their alphabet. Were {" composed of Latin ds, it would be likely to be common as a final in Greek, where a is the commonest final consonant, occurring detached, and in | and \j/. Surd consonants are more readily produced than sonant ones, and in languages where both phases are present, a surd combination may be expected with its corresponding sonant ; consequently, if C were So-, we should be able to find ra, which, how- ever, does not occur. We will now reverse the case, and see what part the f will play in Greek, if, as English zd, we assume that it ends with 8. In cer- tain inflections, when a 8 or r would fall before o-, tending to form the un-Greek combination ds or ts, the S or r was dropped, as in eireaov, not enera-ov ; and cfjpovriaco, not ^poirifcrco, where 8, as the last element of C, would be brought before a. In ^ku for §8ica an elision of 8 before K is shown, and the same thing takes place with the final 8 of f in TTefj^povriKo for Tre({)p6vTiC10m-10,'63(E1188s4)476D 3 1205 02334 8905 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 001 Oil 514 5