PL 3933 S3 1911 MAIN UCB 1 I MARLBOROUGH'S SELF-TAUGHT SERIEQ Burmese SelNTaugt\t (IN BURMESE AND ROMAN CHARACTERS) WITH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION. (THIMM'S SYSTEM.) BY R. F. St. A. St. JOHN, Hon. M.A. (Oxon.), Author of " A Burmese Reader." Sometime Lecturer on Burmese, Universities of Oxford and Cambridge) Printed and Made in Great Britain E. Marlborough & Co. Ltd., 49a & 51-53, Old Bailey, LondoH) »E.C4 ,,, [all i^IOHTs KESfcP.VE2>,^ "] LETCHWORTH THE GARDEN CITY PRESS LTD., PRINTERS. Second Impression 1936 CARp-rsiTIER " P/.3T33 ^3 PREFACE. 1^ ''PHIS manual of Burmese is designed to serve the doubk J- purpose of a text-book for students, missionaries, officers, civil servants, etc., and a handbook for tourists, travellers, and other temporary visitors to Burma. For those whom the pleasures of travel or the calls of trade and commerce bring into touch with native Burmans, a very extensive and comprehensive vocabulary of necessary and useful words is supplied — nouns, verbs, adjectives and other parts of speech — together with corresponding collections of colloquial phrases and sentences of an equally practical and useful character. These are all classified under subject-titles for easy reference, and the phonetic pronunciation of the Burmese words is added in a third column, in accordance with Marlborough's popular phonetic system. Thus, a tourist, traveller, or trader, with no previous knowledge of the language, can readily make himself understood amongst the Burmese by means of this volume. On the other hand, the opening section, pp. 9-23, and the outline of Grammar, pp. 107-126, will meet the additional needs of students and all who desire a closer acquaintance with the language. The method of presenting the English words and sentences, the Burmese equivalents, and the phonetic pronunciation of the Burmese words, side by side, will not only enable the book to be used by stray visitors to the country, but assist those who intend to make Burma their ^bere of work and enable them to learn the language in the only way in which it ought to be learned. The underlying idea of the system of phonetics employed is that each sound in the Burmese language is represented as far as possible by a separate phonetic sign, and consequently each sign (letter or combination of letters) must always be pronounced in the same manner. A few of these signs are necessarily of a more or less arbitrary character, and the introduction of the tone or accent marks adds a certain amount of strangeness to them. The ivii.B5iJo3 student will do well therefore to read the scheme of phonetics with great care, this being the key to the correct pronuncia- tion of the Burmese, as represented in the third column of the Vocabularies and Conversations. Burmese, or, as the people of Burma call it, Myanma hbdtha (the language of the Myanma), is the speech of a considerable and powerful tribe, closely connected with the Tibetans, which, prior to A.D. 1000, over-ran the valley of the Irrawaddy Eiver, and adopted Buddhism and the alphabet of its sacred books — which were written in Pali, an alphabet founded on the ancient characters of India. [The Burmese call themselves Ba/aiia/i, and this word has nothing to do, as some suppose, with Brahman, which word exists in Burmese as Byahma/maA. It is a natural corruption of Mra/mma/i. The original name of the tribe was MraAn, which in Pali became Mra/mmoA, plural MraAnma/i — pronounced quickly BaAma^.] The language is monosyllabic and agglutinative, having neither conjugation nor declension ; so that, in almost every instance, its composite words can be taken to pieces and the power of each part clearly shown. At the outset it would seem that it consisted of monosyllabic roots which denoted either a sub- stance or an act, such as dog, iron, fire, stone, do, run, stop. From the verbal root came a verbal noun, which was formed by prefixing " a " {&h) to the verb root ; simple verb roots were used to denote case, mood, tense, and also other parts of speech. As Burmese has adopted words from the Pali language, all the letters of the alphabet are in use, but for pure Burmese words those classified as cerebral, and one or two others, are not used. The Author is indebted to Mr. Po Han, B.A., a native of Burma, for valuable assistance in reading the proofs of the work, and has himself spared no pains to make it thoroughly accurate and reliable, and capable of proving a practical guide to the spoken tongue, and a valuable introduction to the study and mastery of the language. CONTENTS PAGE "A Glimpse OF Burma " 7 Thk Alphabet and Pronunciation 9 Preliminary Notes .„ 23 Vocabularies : — Animals, Vegetables, Minerals, etc. : Animals, Birds, and Fishes ^ 29 Fruits, Trees, Flowers, and Vegetables 83 Minerals and Metals 28 Reptiles and Insects 32 Colours 36 Commercial Terms 68 Correspondence 70 Countries and Nations ... 64 Cooking and Table Utensils 52 Government Departments 76 House and Furniture, The ... 66 Legal Terms ... 65 Mankind: Relations 41 Dress and the Toilet 63 Food and Drink 49 Health 47 Human Body, The 43 Physical and Mental Powers, Qualities, etc. 46 Military Terms 71 Musical Instruments 61 Numbers : Cardinal, Numeral Auxiliaries, Ordinal, Collective and Fractional, etc 78-83 Parts of Speech : — Adjectives 83 Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Prepositions 100 Verbs 89 Auxiliary or Modifying Verbs 97 Examples (of Auxiliary Verbs) 99 Professions and Trades ... 69 Religion 73 Society and Government 76 Times and Seasons 36 Town, Country, and Agriculture 89 Travelling 61 World, The, and its Elements 25 Land and Water 26 6 Outlines op Burmese Grammar: — pagk The Adjective 113 The Adverb 122 Affixes, Closing 121 „ Continuative 119 „ Euphonic 120 Auxiliary Verbs, A fev7 common 122 The Construction of Burmese Sentences 123 Illustration of the Construction and Pronunciation of Burmese... 124 The Honorific Form 119 The Interrogative 117 The Negative, Use of 117 The Noun 107 Oratio Obliqua ... ... 118 Polite Modes of Address ... 126 The Pronoun 110 The Verb 115 Model of 122 „ Substantive 119 „ used as a Noun 121 Conversational Phrases and Sentences: — Correspondence, Post, Telegraph, and Telephone 140 Health 133 Idiomatic Expressions 127 Meals 132 Planting 154 Post 140 Public Works 150 Shopping 145 Shooting and Pishing 146 Telegraph 140 Telephone 140 Time 136 Times, Seasons, and Weather 138 Town, In 143 Travelling : Arrival in the Country 155 Railway ... 159 Useful and Necessary Expressions 127 Burmese Handwriting : — The Lord's Prayer in Burmese 163 The Romanized form with the English words interlined 164 Money 165 Woights 166 Measures of Length 167 ,, ,, Capacity 167 Square Measure 168 Measures of Time 168 "A GLIMPSE OF BURMA" \ Extracted from an article by Dr. Francis E. Clark in the Christian World of February 3rd, 1910, by kind permission of the Editor.^ IT is not too much to say that Burma contains more of interest than any equal section of the Indian Empire. Many people think of Burma as a part of India, and the Burmese as Indians, but they are no more Indians than the Chinese are Americans. To be sure, Burma is a province of the Indian Empire, though it ought to be as much a separate dominion as Australia or Canada. It is a three days' journey on a fast steamer from Calcutta to Rangoon ; and when one reaches the latter city he finds people of a totally different race, different language, different customs, different complexion, different costumes and different religion. He finds that he has exchanged the sun-parched fields of India, where famine always stalks behind the labourer, for the well-watered meadows of the Irrawaddy, where in December the luxuriant fields of rice wave their heavy tasselled heads, and where aU the year round and the century through famine is unknown. Instead of the straight-featured, thin-limbed, agile Aryans whom he left in Calcutta, the traveller finds in Rangoon, three or four days later, round-faced, jolly, plump Mongolians, with slant eyes and yellow skins, and the merriest of black, twinkling eyes. Instead of the three-and- thirty million gods, whom he saw worshipped in Benares, he finds no god in Rangoon, but only the placid, unwinking, half-smiling image of Gautama Buddha, who, five hundred years before Christ, attained to Nirvana, and whose image is to-day worshipped by one-third of the human race. In India, one finds temples carved with aU sorts of curious and often hideous figures of everything that is in heaven above and the earth beneath and the waters under the earth. In Burma, graceful, slender pagodas, often encrusted thickly with gold leaf, and rising from fifty to three hundred feet in the air, are seen; and everywhere, in every stately pagoda and every little jewelled shrine, the same image, calm, unseeing, immovable to earthly joys or sorrows, Gautama, as he attained the Icng- sought Nirvana, 8 Next to Bombay and Calcutta, RaDgoon is the busiest port in the Indian Empire. Here are great godowns, or wholesale storehouses, filled with the choicest wares and products of the East, large department stores, . . . public buildings, post-office, custom-house, &c., that would do credit to any city in the world. Here, too, is a beautiful public park, charming lakes, an extensive Zoo, all in the heart of the city. The spot to which all travellers' paths converge in Ran- goon is the Shwe Dagon Pagoda, the most sacred spot in all the Buddhist world. Up a long flight of stone steps we walk, on either side of which are chattering vendors of curious wares — silks and lace and gongs of brass, huge cheroots, eight or ten inches long, and as large round as your two thumbs, which contain tobacco enough for a family smoke, oranges, mangoes, jack-fruit and papaws, jade ornaments and tinsel jewels — indeed, almost anything that a Burman would want to eat or wear or bedeck himself with. At the top of the steps a gorgeous, glittering sight indeed strikes the eye, for there rises a great and graceful column of gold, a hundred and fifty feet above the vast platform on which it is built, and which itself rises one hundred and seventy feet from the ground. The pagoda is very wide at the base, and tapers gradually to a ball-shaped top, on which is a crown of solid gold and jewels alone worth a round half- million dollars. All around are little pagodas, or shrines, clustering close to the base of the parent, and each vying with all the others to show itself the richest and most bejewelled. In the great pagoda is a huge Buddha, so covered with gold and gems that the covetous public is kept away from it by strong iron bars, while all the lesser shrines have other images of the placid saint, and some of them many, but all with exactly the same expression of ineffable content. A multitude of other sights, odd, beautiful, bizarre, but all interesting, attract the traveller, On the road to Mandalay, which lies some twenty hours' journey up the Irrawaddy. They are well worth the notice of anyone who can wander from the beaten tracks of travel long enough to enjoy them. BURMESE SELF-TAUGHT. THE ALPHABET AND PEONUNCIATION. The alphabet used by the Burmese is of Indian origin and came to them through Buddhist monks. It is commonly called Pali. It consists of thirty-two consonants and eight primary vowels. There are three diphthongs, and the vowel sounds are further modified by final consonants. Only twenty-five of the consonants are used in Burmese vvoids, but the whole are put into requisition for words borrowed from the Pali. As the Biumese (except the Arracanese branch) cannot pronounce the letter r they substitute y for it, so that y is represented by both r and y, and they are often interchanged in writing, though it has been agreed that certain words shall be written with r and certain with y. What is generally known as romanization, — i.e. the trans- literation into Eoman characters, — when applied to Burmese does not answer, so there are many systems of representing the sounds of the language in use, viz. tho^e of Judson, Latter, Chase, Tavvseinko, and the Government, or Hunterian. The plan adopted in this work, however, is to give the words in the native character througho\it, and instead of attempting to romanize the characters, to add the phonetic pronunciation of the words in accordance with the following scheme, which is based upon Marlborough's system of phonetics. 10 CONSONANTS.' Bur- mese Charac- ters. oo ex) 00 O) & CX) cx> Roman- ized form. hk g ta ht hd Pronunciation. Phonetics used. l^. t, g hk When initial like k in A;i7e ; when final sometimes like t and some- times k: after a word ending with a vowel or nasal as g in gate ^ . . When initial before y like ch in chair: when followinsf a vowel or nasal like y in ^om^ ch,j Like g in gate; never final; with y like^' in^'om^ or/i^ g, j Not used in Burmese words; like g in gate ; when final mute g As in a^nosf/c with the a swallowed . . gn When final like n or ng n, ng When final like t in pit; changes to 2; ts, z, t Like s in see ; after vowel or nasal changes to s, z As z in zebra; when final like t in pit z, t Like Tiy in Bunyan ny When final sometimes like 7iin^i7i; . . n sometimes a simple ee sound as in . . ee bee, and sometimes as eA eh When initial as t in ten or (when following) d in den t, d When final something between t and p and k final t, p, k When initial ht or (when following a vowel or nasal) d in den . . . . ht, d When initial as f? in (^6 J^ d When final, between t and A; . . . . t, k As d in den d 1 The Cerebrals are omitted as they are not used for Burmese and correspond with the Dentals. ' See para. (/), p. 22. 11 Pronunciation. Phonetics used. eh eh . 1 When initial as n in not ; when final as n in hen and sometimes slightly like ng after o n, ng When initial as p in pen ; changes ^ to h in 6e<i p, b When final same as for co . . . . t, p, k hp When initial hp; when following ^ a vowel or nasal h hp, b b Initial like h in heel ....... b hb Ji'itial sometimes as h in bed ; . . b sometimes as A^j hb, hp m When initial likem; when final like n or TKj m, n,ng When initial as y in yet, when final ell When initial y, when final as eh . . Initial as I in let; when final mute . w Initial as in English ; medial as d6\ final mute w, 66 1 When used in Pali derivatives like English I 1 th Initial as th in ildii . th Changes after final vowel or nasal to th in that ; as final or medial, ^ . . . t As initial h in English : may be placed before all consonantswhich have not an aspirate form ; if final mute h Used instead of § 72, or 5 m ; . . . . n with G3^D cau becomes like h . . . . k Note. — It is impossible to give examples of the way in which ts, ht, hd, lip, and hb are to be pronounced as initials, but the student must endeavour to sound the letters together in their written order, for ts, ht, and hp. Hd and hb are merely a stronger d and b. 1 The woitis ' following' and ' changes' refer to rule (/.), p. 22. 12 VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. Burmese. Romanized, Pronunciation. Phonetics. Like a in father but short . „ a in father „ i in machinery but shortei* „ ee in feet „ 00 in foot ,, 00 in boot „ a in holiday . . . . „ the first e in there aic as in paw Longer and drawn out . Like m go Deeper and long drawn out < Sharp and short . . . . , Like 00 in foot, or Welsh w Like 00 in spoon. ah kh ee ee 56 00 eh aw aw oh ohl oh 00 00 VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS WITH FINALS. 33o5 aA followed by k is like e in let. 3d8 a.h followed by ts is like i in pit. osS Sih followed by gn is like i and e in tin and ten. 33^ aA followed by ny is like ee or in or eh. 335, 33oS, 33^5 338, 33 ; Sih followcd by any of these retains its sound as a in ca)iH (a^). 3S5, gSoS, j^I, 3S§ ; i (ee) followed by these consonants is like ai in bait (ay). 33 cannot be used with ^, 13 3^S, 3^o5, 3^5, 3^5, 3^; u (66) followed by these, like o in bone [uh), 3oo5 e as first e in /Aere (eh). G33Do5, G33dS ; ea followed by k or gn, as o^^; in how (ow). G^oS, 3^8 ; iu followed by k or gn, like i in pine (i) The alphabet is classified as below. Every consonant con- tains an inherent a (ah) which has to be pronounced with it until killed by the mark ^ (thaAt = strike or kill) placed over it, or until it is modified by a final. ^ Thus OD k must be ka^ until it is killed — oS, and it then has the sound of the final t in let. G utturals oo kah o hkaA o gaA oo hga/i c ngsih Palatals o tsaA oo hsixh O) dzaA €ij hdzah S nyaA Cerebrals ^' tU g htaA ^ dah o hdaA CUD nkh Dentals cx> taA 00 htaA 3 dah o hdaA ^ naA Labials o paA o hpaA o hU 00 hbaA o maA Liquids oo yaA s| rU CO laA o waA gua Sibilant 00 ihah Aspirate o:) hkh The 00 hts is pronounced as s. The CO hb is often used instead of o hp. ty hdz is exactly the same as O) dz and only used in one common Burmese word. The cerebrals with do hg and g 11 are only used in words derived from Pali. The cerebrals are essentially Indian, Pali, or Sanskrit. The Burmese cannot differentiate them from the dentals, * See under * Pinal Consonants ', p. 18. 14 and so pronounce them when used, and also the liquid 11, in the same way as the dentals. The o g and ex) hg are pronounced the same, c is pronounced like ung-a^, low down in the throat, and when aspirated nothing can describe it. G| r is not pronounceable by a Burman (except the Arra- canese branch) but is pronounced as oo y and the two letters are interchangeable. Every letter which has not an aspirate form can be aspirated by the addition of the sign for CX) h&h , written under it; thus ^ nkh when aspirated is written ^ hna/i, od laA eg hlah. When oo yah and G| yah are aspirated they become c^ ^ shah. 00 has two sounds as th in thin and th in that. Neither oo nor oo can take the aspirate. Certain consonants are cnpable of combination with the others so as to be pronounced as one. This is done by means of a secondary form as shown in the following table : — Consonants Second forms OO U C o 6 oo J oo + o G[ + Q oo + oo Ji Consonants (cont.) Second forms (cont.) €) +00 c o + oo S + ^ + 6 The force of these combinations is best shown with the consonant o ma^, which alone can take the whole. o ma^ c^ myah g myah ^ mwah ^ hmah g) myooaA g myooaA (like mew-ah) ^ hmya^ Q hmyaA g hmwaA |o hmyooaA § gnyaA and ^ nyah have the same sound and are inter- changeable. 15 In addition to the final consonants there is also the si»n », called GOO§coD§oo6 thay8^Aay8tin, which is written above a consonant and has the power of final n, as o6 = oo5 kaAn. When used with the diphthong g33D aw it has the power of final k, as G33o = g33Do5 owk. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. There are eight written vowels and three diphthon^o. Short vowels : 33 a/f S!^ ee g 66 Long vowels : 3D3 aA g]f ee § oo G ay i» eh Diphthongs : Q or G33D aw g(^d or G3d5 aw 3^ oh To unite these vowels and diphthongs to the various con- sonants certain secondary forms aie required which are usually called symbols. 3D ah being inherent in every consonant has none. 33D ah . g? ee. . gjee . g 66 . . g on . . G ay . . £» eh . (^ aw . g(^o aw 3^ oh . o or 1 as ODD kiih ol wah ® as c8 kee ® as c8 kee ^ as cq koo ^^ as cx^ koo G as GOO kay "" as cx) keh G — D as GOOD kaw G — 5 as GOoS kaw ^ as o^ koA The forms g^ ^ g § are as a rule used only for Pali words, the vowel 33 with secondary forms being used instead, chus : — 38 ee 3B ee 3^ 66 3^ 00. The \owels can thus be united to all the consonants and 16 double consonants in the same way, and, it will be observed, replace the inherent 33 Ah. The two forms D and ^ for long a/^ are to prevent confusion. If 3 were used with o waA it would become oo ta/z, so wc must use ol wa//. NOTES ON COMBINED CONSONANTS AND VOWELS. The y sound when joined to another consonnnt must be sounded as much as possible with it ; [§ "^ are kya/*, not ky-aA. (§ hkyaA is chaA. {q ydh. Some combinations are very easy, as — S[ S9 ^ §[ "^ S\\\ ^^ c^ ccp c^ ^ o^[ c^ll GC^ ^c. shaA shaA shee shee shoo shoo shay The consonant o waA in combination is sometimes a con- sonant and sometimes a vowel. ^ is hmwa//, but gj is myooaA (mew-aA). Note. — Ky, gij, &e,, are sounded in all shades from k and g to ch in church and j in jxtdge. Some exaNiples of Consonants combined with Voivel symbols : — VOWELS. o hkaA ol hkaA 8 hkee S hkee ^ hkoo ^ hkoo go hkay 5 hkel ^nyaAf^DnyaA^nyee ^nyee ^nyoo gj^nyooG^nyay ^nyel o paA ol paA 8 pee 8 pee ^ poo (^ poo go pay c) peh j G| yaA Gp vaA ^yee ^ yee ^ yoo ^ yoo GG|yay ej yt h o waA o1 wah 8 wee 8 wee c^ woo <^ woo go way b weh 17 DIPHTHONGS. col gaw coTgaw ^ goA GOD tsaw GoS tsavv ^ tso^ GOOD taw GOoS taw c^ toh GOOD yaw GooS yaw o^ yoA Gcl gnaw GcTgnaw ^ gnoA ggI claw GoTdaw ^ doA GODD thaw GooS thaw o^thoA Gol hpaw GoThpaw ^ hpoA COMBINED CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS. OQj kyaA oqi^ kyaA o^ kyee o^ kyee o^[ kyoo cq\[ kyoo Goqn kyay c^ kyeh ^ kyaA (§D kyaA (^ kyee Q kyee @ kyoo @ kyoo G^ kyay g kyeh.^ ^ chaA ^D chaA ^ ciiee ^ chee sj][ choo ^|| choo g^] chay ^ cheh § chhh §D cha^ (§ chee § chee § choo § choc G§ chay (§ cheh. ^ pwaA ^1 pwaA § pw^ee § pwee g^ pway ^ pweh. og IwaA c^D IwaA o§ Iwee c§ Iwee GC(g Iway c^ Iweh. (In this last combination the ^ almost amounts to 56.) ghgnaA ^d lignaA ^ hnyee ^[hnyoo G^Dhnyaw ^hnyoA c^ hlaA c^D hlaA c^ hlee c§ hlee (^ hloo (^ hloo gc^ hlay c§) hleh. ^ [ kyoo-aA ^^ kyoo-aA ^ kyo6-ee ^?§! [ kyo6-ay ^ kyou-eh. ^0 hnwaA go hmwaA c^d hlwaA cog hlway c§ hlweh. * Hky, gy with the vowels are sounded in many shades from k and g to ch in church andj in judge, and no rule can be given. With the vowel e (ay) the sound of the vowel varies, as G§ chay is often pronounced as if it were chee and GOqjo kyays as kyeeS. JURMESK S.-T. 18 eg is pronounced in two ways — hlyaA and shaA; so we get ^^IshaA ^^^Ishaw ^[shoA. Occasionally one finds the combination of Q yaA ^ waA and J hah, but it is pronounced with Q yaA omitted, so that (q hmyoo-ah = ^ hmwaA. FINAL CONSONANTS. Other vowel sounds are obtained by means of a final consonant. A consonant is made final by placing over it the mark ^, which is called oooS that (thaAt, kill). It is so called because it kills the inherent 33 Sih. Thus, O0O3 is kata, but ooo5 is kat. cncyD is kaka, but ooo5 is ket. GOOD is law, but gcodoS is lowk. c^ is to, but 0^8 is taing or ting, ooo is tatsa, but ooS is tit. The same thing occurs when two consonants come together in a foreign word of more than one syllable, and one consonant is written under the other ; thus, og hdammaA, law (pronounced daAmaA). 9^d3 punnaAs, a Brahmin (pronounced poAnnaAs). oocTOD hbandaA, property (pronounced hpadaA). This is also allowable in a few Burmese words which have become stereotyped ; as, 8g for 8§oQ maynSmaA, a woman. This word also shows another rule as to the interchange 19 of final Q mah and ^ na^. The final S is considered heavier than 5 and is equal to 58. When two Fs come together thus ^, as in cq^, the first 1 changes to n, so instead of l6611a/« we get loAnla^. Though several consonants are written as final, there are really only four final sounds, viz. k, t, ng, n. Final consonants are very indistinct, and not only is the inherent 33 aA killed, but the consonant itself is almost done away with, and it is almost impossible to say whether the sharp, abrupt sound is k, t, or p. The effect of final consonants on the preceding vowels is shown in the following table : — Combined with vowels and w. Final consonant. kh ee 66 oh aw w Power. 3D g? e 3^ G33D O o5 k et ik owk S ng in ing owng S ts it ^, eh This final has three sounds, ee, eh, in. o5 t or p liht ayk ohk 66t As in root. 5 n or 5 ni ® a/m ayn ohn 66n The 6 makes the vowel heavier. cSy eh These sounds should be practised with all the consonants; thus, cooS ket od8 kin ooS kit oo^ kee. ODoS ka^t od5 kaAt cx)? kaAn ooS kaAn. B 2 20 o5 kaAn oojs ka/ms cx)o5 keh. c^oS kik c§6 king. c8o5 kayt c8^ kayn. 0:^5 or cxpoS koAk o^^ or c^ kohn oqiS ko^n. ogoS or c^5 koot og^ or og koon c^5 koon. No matter what consonant or double consonant begins the word, the vowels always remain as above ; thus, 006 sin o£ win ^6 chin ogS twin ^8 shin. oS tsit ^S nyit §8 chit oj8 hlit i^h hmyit. In the following combination some words seem to end with t and some with k : — d8o5 sayt 08 o5 tayt §o5 chayt 8o5 mayt. 3S5 ayk ^oS yayk c85 layk o8o5 thayk. cxj5 loAk ac^oS sohk ^[5 choAk ^oS hgnoAk. o waA is w with all consonants without a final, except Q3 nyaA od yaA Cj yaA, when it takes the vowel sound, as ^ nyooaA g| yooaA. ^ hmyaA ^ hmyee ^[ hmyoo g^ hmyay. c^ kwaA § gwee eg gnway ogj kyo6-eh. In certain words taken from the Pali we find a final quiescent consonant — c^c£ koA ^&>5 moh ^^ moA. ^o5 boA d^oS hpoA |§aS joA. The double 00 thaA is written ooo and pronounced tth, as cooDoo kaAt-thaA-paA or kth as in goo^ oAk-thoAn. The Pali pronunciation of these would be kassapa and ussun. 21 TONES OR ACCENTS. There are three tones : — (a) The ordinary (unmarked), as Q8 myin, to see. (b) The abrupt, (a small circle written under the word), as ^8 my in, lofty, tall. {c) The prolonged heavy tone, (two small circles follow- ing the word), as g6o myin: (or myeens), a horse. The light accent may be used with final G33 ay, j^ eh, G33D aw, 3^ oh, or a mute nasal consonant, as od^ ka^n. The heavy accent may follow 33D ah, 3S ee, 33 00, C33 ay, i» eh, 3^ oh, and the mute nasal consonants, as ooSs tin, cx^Js toAn:. By means of these accents, or cadences, three distinct meanings can be given ; as, myin, to see ; myin, tall, high ; myinS, a horse. PHONETIC CHANGES. (a) When a final consonant is followed by a nasal it is assimilated ; as, {^5qo5 ayk-met, to dream, becomes ayn-met. G^^DoS^Q owk-may, to long foi', becomes owng-may. ^8.?>D nit-naA, to be aggrieved, becomes nin-naA. {b) Sometimes the vowels 06 and 00 are elided ; as, c^Gj^oS p66-yaA-bik, a note-book, becomes paA-ya^-bik. (c) The letters 00 baA, o [mh, and q maA are inter- changeable ; as, ooc8 htaA-bee, a petticoat, becomes htaA-mee. olsg hdaA8-pya^, a bandit j becomes hdaAS-my^^. 22 (d) Words beginning with oo and oo take the initial con- sonant of the following syllable; as, g^8 oo-hmin, a cave, becomes o^n(m)-hmin. ^oGj>DoS oo-hnowk, brains, becomes 6An5-hnowk. §8go18 oo-hkowng, head, becomes oAk-hkowng. (e) The final nasal of the first syllable is sometimes dropped; as, 0608 sa^n-pin, haii^ of the head, becomes saA-bin. ODols ta^n-hka^s, a door, becomes ta^-gaAS. o§cOo paAnS-peho, a blacksmith, becomes paA-beho.^ (/) When a word ending with a vowel or nasal precedes another so as to form as it were a polysyllable, and the initial consonant of the following word is one of those in columns I and 2 on p. 13, it must as a rule be changed to the corresponding consonant in col. 3 or col. 4; thus, ooS§S sin-chin, to consider, becomes sin-jin. QSbgDOOooDo hpyit-hkeh-tsooaA ta^-kaAS becomes hpyit- hkeli-zooaA ta/i-ga^S. NUMERALS. 2 1234567890 oj99^S70(30 These figures are used exactly like the English figures. WRITING. Burmese is written from leit to right, but there is little use for punctuation as the sentences punctuate themselves. A full stop may be represented by u and to divide para- graphs II II is used. ' The heavy accent on the first word is often dropped in compounds. ' See p. 78, p.nd p. 114. 23 ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON USE. (^ for G^ ee at the end of a sentence, or of, ^? 5? g^d6 jowng, because, g6§ „ goodSs kowngs, good. § „ ^o5 hnik, in, at, § „ G.g| yooay, and. Cj5 „ co^oGoodSo lee; gowngs, 5oM — and; the aforesaid, cx^S „ cx^coS loolin, a bachelor. ^ „ £ written over as in oogoSd for ooSsgood thim: baw, a ship. PRELIMINARY NOTES. The foregoing pages, 9—22, should be carefully read and the phonetic equivalents of the Buimese characters noted. Practice in copying the characters themselves will soon enable the student to read and write the words and phrases in the following lists, which he is also recommended to learn by heart, repeating them aloud with the aid of the phonetic spelling in the third column. Peonunciation. — It will be noticed that the values of the vowels in the Pronunciation column are not always the same. This is caused by euphony, as, for instance, in 'a^-na^-zo/iS". This is the correct transliteration, but the pronunciation is ' aA-naA-z6/iS'. Tones or Accents. — For the proper appreciation and correct use of these, the student is recommended to avail himself of every opportunity of getting native tutorial assistance. They are usually indicated in the phonetic pronunciation, which of course would be imperfect without them. In the Burmese text they are always shown, but some do not appear in the 'pronunciation' column. The reason is that when words are run together as compounds, the heavy tone is often rejected and the ictus thrown on to the last word. For instance, ooGp§ taA-yaAs (Jaw), when turned into 'civil law' by the addition of Q maA, becomes OOGp§Q taA-yaA-mah'. 24 The heavy accent : is supposed to be inherent in the vowel K) eh:, unless superseded by the light accent, and is not, as a rule, written. Therefore (Xi leh is properly lehs. We find it written, however, with (X)o i b8 and one or two other words. The use of the Hyphen. — It has been the custom in trans- literating Burmese words to put a hyphen indiscriminately between every syllable and the next ; thus — 7%ee-aA-yaM-hma/i-gijaA,-aA-yin-taA-hka^-hmyaA-ma^-yowk-tsaA- hpoo:-boos. This seems a very senseless method as it shows nothing. In this work, only those syllables which are really connected together in a composite manner are so joined, and the above sentence would be written as under — Thee ah-yaht-hmah gnhh aA-yin tiiA-hkaA-hmyaA ma^, This place - in I before one-time-even (once) not yowk-ts^;^- hpoo;-boo:. arrive (assertive affixes). It was found, however, that this plan could not always be strictly adheiedto, as the syllables of some composite words required proper division, for example, it would not have been possible to write the word aA-}aAt as aAyaAt. The hyphen has therefore been used in two ways — (a) to connect words wliich form pol} syllabic expressions ; (6) to separate syllables that might be mispronounced if written as one word. Hints on addressing a Burmax. — Do not raise the voice or shout, and speak slowly and distinctly. Be careful not to drop the aspirate. There is a great difference between p and hp, t and ht, but no practical difference between b and hb, d and hd. Be very careful to differentiate the sounds ay and eh; for instance, 33GQ a^-may is mother and 3308 aA-meh; is game; qqo hlay canoe and c^goS hlehs a cart. In the latter case there can be no mistake if the proper numeral auxiliary is used; thus GCOODoSo hlay-taA- zin: and c^^2od8§ hleh:-ta^-zees . Remember the rule as to change in consonants (p. 22,/). VOCABULARIES. The World and its Elements. ooo8sgg8^So1o5;j|D3» English Burmese. Pronunciation. air GOD lay cloud ^o5§o85 mo^s-dayn cold cgS^II 33G336 ay-jins, aA-ays comet goSoDg? kyeh-ta/t-goon darkness ^o5§£8 mik-chin; dew or fog j[»58iio8.'j,58 hnin8, see8-hninS dust 333^$ll(^o8 aA-hmoAn, hpoAk earth G@Hcg@8 myay, myay-jees earthquake Ggg8C35§6^ myay-jees hloAk-chins east ^<^§[ aA-shay eclipse (of sun) G^(§o8g8§ nay-kyaAt-chinS — (of moon) Co(^ODgSS laA-kyaAt-chins fire §8 mees flame 88C^ mees-shaAn frost d83b sees-geh hail ^oS^oSi mohi-theel heat 33 (^ a^-poo light 330d88 aMinS lightning c^o5o8 shaAt-tsit moon ; new, full coil CO3-81I ODg^ laA, X^h-thii, la^-bye§ moonlight COOODgSS la^ tha^-jin; north cgDoS myowk planet 6^ ]oh jrain ^oSsa^gss mohi yooaA jinS 26 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. rainbow DDOD? thettaAn shade, shadow SD^OS aA-yayk sky ^o5oGOOd5oOo5 moAs-kowngs-^in snow ^^.g6 moAs-bwin south good6 towng star goS kyeh sun G^ nay thunder ^oSBgsgSs moAs-choAnS-jinS water GG| yay weather ^dSSgco m6h%-\aj west 33G^Do5 a^-nowk wind GCOO^o5g5^ lay-tik-chin? Lan d and Water, g g^5GG|U bay o£coo5gcdo8gc^ pinleh downg-gway beach o8coo5oo58 pinleh-kaAns bog 8Sg(q tsayn-myay canal CC^ GgD63 tooS-myowngS cape 33 (j^ aA-gnoo cave ^ koo chasm G^DOS jowk cliff 0062 GOI oS ka/ms-zowk coast o6cOC^OD§8^D pinleh-ka/inS-naA creek GQ|D6g chowngs current GG|83 yay-zeeS ebb GG|g yay-jyaA flood (of the tide) GG|OOo5 yay-det foam 33go5 aA-hmyoAk forest GOOD |taw 27 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. hill G0335 towng hillock good6§ towng-bo^ hill-top good6c6o5 towng-dayt ice GG|b yay-geh island o2j$s kyoons lake 3380 U 3^5 ins, ing land o95§ koAns marsh §?G^ noon- my ay moor o26§8 Ivvin-byin mountain good5[o58 towng-jees mud i shoon range of hills cr^^loD^B kohui-dMnt range ofmountains goodS^S towng-yo/iS river @5 myit rock GoqiDoS kyowk sand do theh sand-bank good8 thowng sea o6coo5 pinleh shingle GOq|Do5oG|8 kyowk-tsa^-yit spring (water) G^^OSS yay-tsaAns storm ^?o^6s moAn-dings stream g^dSs oogod? chowngs-gaAlayS tide § dee valley 4? ching water, fresh G^q yay-joA — salt G€|c5 yay-gnaAn waterfall GG|0D§$ yay-ta^goon water-tank (dug) GG|00§ yay-ga^n wave [reservoir c§88ii c§82o5§g hling:, hlings-ta' -bo/iS English. 28 Burmese. Pronimoiation. well whirlpool GQbS yay-dwin: yay-weh: Minerals and Metals. oloS oo^ [5»8 GoqjDoS satjs^ alum GOqiDoS^g kyowk-chin amber oodSs paA-yins antimony OG^3a58S hkaA-nowk-tsayn arsenic 8^ tsayn borax coo5@d8 let-chaAs brass g(3oo1 kyays-waA bricks 3;^o5 ohk bronze G@8| kyays-nee cement 33(5gOO in:gaAday chalk ^SS myay-byoo clay cgGCg my ay-zees coal GCr^Do582GOg8 kyowk-mees-^Away copper 0@S| kyay:-nee coral °^Si' thaAdaA crystal QcrpcS ooorSs kyowk-thaAlinS diamond SJccqDoS tsayn-jowk emerald @ myaA flint 8§oo6go:^do5 mees-gaAt-kyowk glass o?n ^5 hpaAn, hmaAn gold ^^ shway gravel GOqjDoSoSjS kyowk-tsaA-yit iron OD thaAn lead 5o hkeh-maA lime ^^§ htdAn:-byoo marble GO^DOSQ kyowk-hpyoo 29 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. mercury @3l8 paAdaAs mortar OD§|05 tha^-yoot opal ocq^ maAhooyaA ore oo^lGcy^odS thaAttoo-jowk pearl c^cx> paMeh petroleum CG|^ yay-naAn ruby G0q|Do5| kyowk-nee salt 0038 saAs sand 00 theh sapphire ?03D neelaA silver ^2 gnway soda (yDODDS pyaA-zaAs steel ooooS thaAn-m^Anee stone GO^DOS kyowk sulphur OD^ kaAn tin ^S thaAn-byoo zinc C^S thoot Animals, Birds, and Fishes. DODSigoSiclsoo^st^s animal cx)D8 thaA: barking deer -? jee bear oo56 wet-w66n bird goS hgnet buffalo ^ kyo6-eh bull ^DSo88 naA-htees calf ^d3odgco2 nwaAs-gaAlays cat giQd8 kyowng chicken JC^OSOOGCOS kyet-kaAlays cock goSc3 kyet-hpa/i 30 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. colt gSSOOGCOS myins-ga/ilays COW §D§0 nwaAs-maA crab O^JSlI C^§?@3B gaAnaAnSj pa/izooii- crow ogscojg kyeesgaAns [byaAs dog G§S hkways dove g^ joAs duck oSso) woomsbeh eagle 64 woonloA eel c"lS5lS gnaAs-shIn elephant oo£ sin elk a-)o£ thaAmin fish cl8 gnaAs ; fowl (§(^ kyet fox GgGg3 myay-gways game RDfr^ a^-meh goat ScS sayt goose cSoQII c52(| gnaAnS-maA, (gander hare oq5 yoAn [gnaAns-bo/ hen goSo ky et-m a A, or ky emma/ hog-deer 3G|o5 daAyeh hoof 8l hkwaA horn S'S 002-joA horse gSs my ins leopard o^d8oo8 kyaA Mit mane CO^QO leh-za/m mongoose (ichneu- Ggol mwaybaA monkey [mon) G4|Do5 myowk mouse go5 kyooet mullet ODc8a^3 kaA-baAlooS 31 Ensrlish. Burmese. Pronunciation. otter owl — , horned ox oyster parrot partridge paw peacock, — hen pheasant pig pigeon porcupine quail I rabbit rat red deer rhinoceros sheep snipe sparrow starling stork swallow swan tail tiger tortoise OO^OOOD cocS G3l63<^ll G3168Q § oo68qcx)Do:^5 (§o5 oo5 0^3 gQo5 ODOOGCOS 3d(§§ c^5 hpyaAn hgnet-soAs dees-do^k nwaA:-byees kaA-noo-kaA-maA kyet-too-yooays hka^ let [ma/i downgs-bo^, downgs- yit wet hko^ hpyoo gno^ngS thimsbaw-yoAn kyooet saAt kya^n thoAs myay-woot tsa/i-ga^lays zaA-yet byings-byoo moAs-z way-hgnets pyaAn-hlwa//s shway-gnaAns aA-m)ees kya//S lavk s^ English. Burmese. Pronunciation turkey go5oo8 hgnet-sin turtle c85ii oEcocS c85 layk, pinleh-layk vulture C08800 laA-daA wild ox §6 tsing wing 33G00d8 aA-towng wolf GOQDGgS taw-gways Reptiles and Insects. c8S02^,^OgDSGODD00D2j>5^^ iGOOD84|OSll ant og^oSaSoS paA-yooet-sayt — (white) § chaA bee c^dSgoodS pyaA:-gowng beetle C^OG^i^S nowk-chyeeS-boAs bug @5^§3 kyaA-boAs butterfly- oSSQd layk-pyaA caterpillar St hkoo centipede oo8sg§q^d§ kins-chee-myaAs cobra GgcOOD mway-howk crocodile 8GOq]D88 mee-jowng; firefly §88$8@ p6As-tsayn2-byoo flea g^2gc^§ hk way s-h lays fly cx)Sgooo8 yin-gowng frog ols hpaAs house lizard 3S6gqjdS ayn-hmyowng large house lizard GOODoSob towk-teh insect ^IQCOOS poAs-gowng leech goS (large) g^d kyoot, hmyaw mosquito @8 chin sand-fly S^ hpyoAk 83 ' English. Burmese. Pronunciation. scorpion ooSsj^sgooo kins-myees-gowk silkworm §^^ poAs snake -§ mway snake (poisonous) cg^S mway-zoAs spider ^§^ pin-goo wasp ^©^ naA-jeh worm o8godd6 tee-gowng Fruits, Trees, Flowers, and Vegetables.^ 33o8lJDo88lo5Sl33^ 2^8.. almond olol$ ba^da/m amherstia GOOSOO thawka/i asparagus oopgoS ka^-nyoot banana (commonly ^oSgc^d hgnet-pyaw called ^ plantain^) banyan g^d8 nyowng beans peh beetroot ^CODg§ moAn-laA-66-nee bouquet o?3§8 paAnS-ging cabbage OOS^GOQO ^COD thimsbaw mohnAah capsicum C^C^ gnhh-yohk carrot ^CODgo] moAn-la^-oo-wa^ castor-oil plant (^oScxj^ kyet-soo citron G^DoSoOgDS showk-thaA-hkwaAs cocoa-nut S^^^o oAns cucumber OD§D3 thaA-hkwaAs custard apple gQ>D awzaA date §5oo§ tsoombaAloon • S€ e Note following this h St, p. 35- BURMESE 8.-T. c 34 EnglisV,. Burmese. Pronunciation. doorian (^Bo-|gs dooS-yinS fern GO^DoSoJS kyowk-paAiiS fig ooojs thaA-hpaAnS fir (-tree) oo8§^2o5 htins-yoos-bin garlic (§o5c^?§ kyet-thoon-byoo grape 04j8 tsa/ibyit ironwood c^8sooo^§ pyins-gaA-doAs jack 8?5> payiio-hneh kernel 3300^ aA-saAn leaf 33^ o5 aA-yo6et lemon G5:|Do5^g showk-chin lily (water) @D kyaA lime o5e)Gp tha/imba/^ya^ maize g@d88(^§ pyowngs-boos mango 00€jo5 tha^-yet mulberry- §S0Do8 p6/iS-zaA-l)in mushroom § hmoA mustard ^e38§ moAn-nyins onion goScx?$? kyet-thoon-nee orange c^SgqS lay m maw palmyra (palm) oo68 hta^ns papaya odSsgoodoSs thimsbaw-MeeS peas o pell pepper (black) c^oSgoodSs gna/i-yo//k-koung;- pine-apple ^^o5 naA-na/it plum a§ zees potatoes G^JDoSg myowk-o6 pumpkin o^ hpaA-yoAn radishes ^coo mohnAkh 35 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. raisins oc^6aS§G^DoS tsa^-byit-thees-jovvk rose 3.8?38o?§ hnins-zee-baAnS talipat (palm) GO pay tamarind Q^Cr^^S maA-jees teak ^5? kyoons tomato OG|5gQ9,g hka^-yaAnz-jin water-melon ^l hpaA-yeh willow ^o5':QO mo/^s-may^-hkaA yam GQ^DO^QOIS? myowk-hkownuS Note. — The following list gives the words which must be placed after the name of a plant or tree in order to distinguish the part of the plant to be indicated. Thus, §)8o8 a plum-tree, 8)?o33 a /plum, 8>3'g)o5 a plum-leaf . aA-hkowk a/i-pwin aA-hket pa^ns aA-thees a/z-hnit a/i-yooet pyeen a/i-pin aA-myit a/i-tsay a/i-nyoon a/i-hnyowk Q,h-ydh% a^'hnyaA a^-gnoAk C 2 bark :^Golo5 blossom ^y? branch ODD oS flower of^ fruit 330S3 heart 3Z)^0 leaf 33$] oS plank 9lS plant 33o6 root 33^8 seed 33GO shoot 3^SS sprout 33G^O stalk 33§8 stalk of fruit 33^D stump 33qo5 S6 Colours. 33GCp833006stl English. Burmese. Pronunciation. black Q^SlI ^o5 mehs, net blue 6^ pyaA brown ^ nyoA crimson w yeh-yeh-nee dark ^ nyoA green 85s tsaynJ grey GOISSOOS hpowngs-woot pink o?§^ paAnsnoo red s nee scarlet GOgScOgSl htwayJ-dway:-nee violet |cq|5o9|6 nee-kyin-jin white 6 hpyoo yellow ol wa The above are really intransitive verb roots and must be so used. Words implying a tendency towards a colour are formed by prefixing *khaAt^ and reduplicating; thus, ooSolol hkaAt waA-waA, yellowish. Times and Seasons. go:jiODicjo5i4.D^i33§St^D3« (For Conversations, see pp. 136-40.) afternoon beginning century davsrn, daybreak day (24 hours) day (12 hours) Sunday Monday J>8Gol8sOOGp oo^5g§ OO^SSCOD moons-lweh a^-chayn aA-tsaA hnit-powng: tahyah mo/iS-lins-zaA yet TaA-ninS-gaA-nway Ta//-nins-laA 37 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Tuesday 33^1 In-gaA Wednesday ^(^093 BoAk-daA-hoos Thursday [^DDDOGOD? Kya^-thaA-baA-day: Friday GODDoS^O Thowk-kyaA Saturday OC^ Tsa/i-nay day after to-morro^\ C^COrg thaA-bekkaA day before yester- OO^j^G^ taA-myaAn nay daytiine [d;iy G^^ 33^5 nay aA-chayn early goIgoI tsaw-zaw end 33^8 a/«-s6AnS evening K'^. nya/i-nay [aA-chayn forenoon ^$SQOD^§3S^§ moon: maA-teh-hmee fortnight ooo5gco3G|o5 seh-lays-yet half-an-huur ^D^OOOOS naA-yee ta^-wet holiday §G^, pweh-nay hour p^ naA-yee last month OgJ^GOODCO loon-geh-Maw-laA last night QG^.0O maA-nay-nyaA last year 0|)Sc7D ma/i-hnit-kaA Lent ol waA midnight oo53go16 thaA-gowng i mmute 8^6 meenit month CO la^ months, English January o^^o!^ ZaA-na^-waA-yee February coa;^ol §[ Hpay-boo-waA-yee March «1o5 MaAt April Go^ Ay-paA-yee May GO May 38 Euglish. Burmese. Pronunciation. June ^l Zoon July c^.c^S Zoo-ling August 333^--^ AA-gik September son^ooSooD Set-tin-baA October G33Do5o^500D 0wk-t6As-baA November |o8oOD NoA-wim-ba^ December SsoSoOD Dee-sim-baA months, Burmese^ March cx;a^§ TaA-goos April cozq% Ka/z-soAn May ^(x{l NaA-yoAn June olc^ WaA-zo^ Intercalary qC^ODO^Q^ Doo-tee-ya^ WaA-zoA July oIgqIS WaA-gowng August godSodcoSb Taw-MaA-lins September ODxSsogjoS Tha/^-dins-joot October oo|good6q^^8 Ta^-zowng-m6//nS November §>o5qco5 Na/^daw December (qdo^oS PyaA-Mo/i January ^§^ TaA-boA-dweh February o5go16§ Ta/z-bowngs morning Q^oS, or |.^o5 ma A -net, or na^n-net night B nyaA noon g?800^ moons-teh season e^ oodoo — , cold GOOD^'gO^ sowngS-oodoo — , hot c§e^ nway-oodoo * These months are lunar, and therefore a is an extra month put in, called DooteeyaTi, or bout evei-y third year there • * second ' Wa/jzoA. 39 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. season, rainy ^^iQCq mo/<;-ood66 second, moment OOD hkaAnaA sunrise G^C^OSOODCC n ay-htwet-kaMa^ sunset G^o5oODCO nay-win-kaMa/^ time OODCOII 3D0I kahlah, a^-hkaA to-day COG^„ ya/^-nay to-morrow cor ma^-net-pyaAn to-night OD9P3 ya^-hkoo-nya^ twilight, dusk GOC^GOCoSli ao^8 way-lee-wa} -hnS, sees- week (seven days) 95>S€|o5 OOD likoo-hnaA-yet [zah year j8 hnit yesterday t)G^„ !naA-nay yesterday morning OG^Q^o5 iiiaA-nay-maA-net Town, Country, and Agriculture. gl g]DJ)8cop5oqo5Gp33G(^D6Sll bank G@§S myay-yoAs bank (edge) 00§3 kaAnS brick house c^oS tik bridge OO^OODS taA-da^S building 33GOOd5 a^-sowng bush, shrub g" S^^ cho^n, choAn-bo^k cemetery oo6s^68 thins-jins corn ool8 tsU-haht country, the go^Sgood kyees-daw ^ court-house gs yohnt [nwaAs-yoAn cow-house j^DScoSsoc^oSii ps^ nwa^s-tins -go/ik. .1 GOq|. g[09i GQji G§ are sometimes kyay. chay, and sometimes kyee, chee. 40 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. crop cooSogoS leh-dwet custom-house 33GOODo5o^oS a^-kowk-tik ditch gQ^Ss myowngs farm COoSuOD leh-yaA farmer coc^cxjSodqIs leh-lo^k-tha^ma/i8 fence o5§ll g wins, chaAn field COoSoDD leh-yaA flock, herd 33f^ll 333^^5 a/^-tso6, M-ohk foot-path GgcoSg chee-la^ns forest GOOD taw garden goolg ooyin gate co^oll ta^-ga^5 grass @o5o8 myet-pin harvest ooIb^oSooood tsah-ba^s-yayk-ka^laA hay goSc^poS myet-chowk hedge o^8oo§8 tsees-da/ms house (wooden) 335 ayn hut 3S6o:^o5ii Ob ayn-go^k, teh inn oo«6s3^6 hta^mins-zing labourer o^c8ii 33a:^5oooD§ koolee, aA-IoAk-tha//- land, soil .g ^ myay [ma//s log 0060^8 thit-to^ns manure g^do5gs^8 nowk-chees market GCgS zays mile ^6 ming mill goSa^ kyayt-soAn pagoda G00811 oc^cp: zaydee, hpa^-yaAs place, spot 33^5 Sih-yajht pasture oooo:^o5 tsaA-jet 41 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. plough oooSii c^^o^S hteh, htoon-doAns police-station g"^^ hVdhnU prison good8 htowng rice (plant) GOODoS kowk road OD^l la^ns school OD^kjSccqiDSs tsaA-/Aiii-jowng§ shed ooSsoc^oS tinSgoAk shop =^6 sing street qSSoo^ScoSs ayn-da/ai2-laAns town § myo/i village ^^ yooa^ waterfall GG^ODg? yay-ta^-goon wheat 9l[ools jo^n-tsa/<-ba^s Mankind: Relations. oj^^^sc^cooSoS §88 aunt baby boy brother brother-in-law child cousin daughter daughter-in-law family (lineage) S8oOGCO§ ol- °l CXj^00GCO8 ^11 GsSc^U Gol8 GCX)Do5o 3300GCO2II O^C'-^ ^godSsi! gdSc^ oo88 [gooS mee-jees, mee-dways, aA-yees noA-zo/i-gaA-layS loo-ga/i-lays nyee^ itkoA, mowng^ yowk-hpaA aA-kaA-lays, tha^-gneh iiyee-daw, itkoA-daw thaAmee; chwayS-maA a/i-myo^S-aA-hnweh ' GOdS mowng, is used by women to designate a brotlier, and is also commonly used as a prefix of men's names indicative of equality; thus, GQ38gcoDo5 Mowng Lowk = Mr. Lowk. 42 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. father 33GOII 3DC3II OOll aA-hpay, a^-hpa//, OQ^3 hba//, hkaA-mehs father-in-law GCX)D(^Q yowk-hka^ma^ gentleman, iMr. ODoSlI qS^DS tha/z-hken, hken-'«3yaAs girl SJSOOGCOS mayns-kaAlays grand-daughter cgso myayS-maA grandfather 3QO§8ll C^3 aA-hp6^s, hoht grandmother 330gD2 a/i-hpwa^s grandson Gg§ my ays husband co5 lin husband^s sister good£§q yowngs-maA lady, Mrs. oooSqii 33^6011 thaA-hken-maA, a^- ooSii oa shin-maA, meh, ma/i- maid ^q a^-pyo// [maA man, a GOODO^OS yowk-yaAs man (human being) ^ loo marriage CO oScx)5g6§ let-htaAt-chins married man oS 5 G 00d6 G ODD O^J DS ayn-downg yowk-ya^s married woman gSSgoodS 8q ayn-downg maynSmaA mother 3DGOII 3d8 a^-may, a^-mee mother-in-law GCX)DOgQSg yowk- hkaAmaA-may n- nephew ^ too [maA niece CXj^Q too-maA old man 0^3^11 330^8 gS loo-oA, aA-hp6As-jees old woman 33GQg3 aA-may-jees parents Sod meebaA people CXJ^DS thoo-myaAs person [or ^ thoo single man,bachel- ^4 loo-i)y()A 43 Engli.h. Burmese, Pronunciation. single woman 3^q a^-pyoA young lady, Miss 8^6(1 mee-shin sister 336«II ^Q M-ma/i, nyee-maA sister-in-law OC^Qil GODdSoQ hkeh-ma/-!, yowngs- son ODD8 tha/iS [maA son-in-law ODDlQcS thaA-met step-father OOGC^i baA-dways step-mother 3gc^? mee-dways step-son 3D00 0500D§ aA-htet-tha/iS uncle Oog^ll OOGOgSlI ba^-jees, baA-dways widow ^^i^ moAk-soAs-maA widower nm mo^k-s6/iS-boA wife O00D8 ma^-yaAs wife's sister ooSo hkeh-maA woman 85q maynS-maA TheH [uman Body, a ;^(^3381(^Dg(l ankle o^oS hpa^-myet arm cooSgqISs let-mowrigs back G^DCX^^l kyaw-g6//ns beard 4^q8o5 moo- say t o/- mo^k - blood GC^8 thways [sa^t body c^oSooooo koh-kahjah bone 3D§8 U-johi bowels 3^ 00 brain 33GJ>Do5 oAns-hnowk cheek 0>o \)B.h% chest G)6oo5 yin-ba/«t chin go8go inays-z'^e 44 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. complexion 33GGp8 33008e aA-yowng aA-sins ear 4,dSii ^DSg|o5 na/zs, naA-yooet elbow oogoddSodS taA-downg-zit eye ^o58 myet-tsee face ^cSp myet-hnaA finger cooSg^dSs let-chowngs flesh 3300D8 a^-tha//S foot eg chyay, or chee forehead n^^ na^-hpoos hair (of head) o6o8 sa^-bin hand cooS let head gGogoSsii GolSs oAk-hkowngs, gowngs heart ^Scx^8 hnit-l6//ns o?* linaA- lohni heel Gg0G5>DS chyay-hpa/-!-hnowng jaw ol§§aS§8 pa/i-chayt-yoAs joint 3330 o5li 33005 aA-set, a/z-sit kidneys g[^do5oooS kyowk-kaAt knee g» doos leg G§G00Do5 chyay-dowk limb C§ 0533^1 koh-ing'i/i lip j^oSo62 hnaA hka/m: liver 3300^8 aA-thehs lungs o^sx^oS a/«-so/ik moustache ^o5oS§Gg3 hna/i-hka^n s-m ways mouth ooSii 6o§62 paA-zaAt, hkaA-dwin: nail CO o5 00^8 let-thehs neck co^oSs leh-bins nose 3>DGol68 hna/i-hkowng; 45 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. rib I§S na^n-yoAs shoulder o§§ pa^-hko/ms side ^G03 na^-bays skin 33GG||| 00D£GG| a^-yay, tha^-yay skull Pg.-^dSs^ o/fk-hkowngs-goon spine G(gD§§ kyaw-yo^S thigh Gol5c^3 powng-l6/«ns throat co^g^dSs leh-jowngs thumb cooSq let-maA toe gQg^dSs chyay-jowngs tongue C^D shaA tooth C^DS thwa^s whiskers olSGgS paA-mwayS wrist cooSodS let-sit Physical and Mental Powers, Qualities, &c. ^Dc£ OO^C^COS G Cr^^C^ 8;^D3 II age - old anger art breadth, width character (good) childhood depth dislike disposition fear foolishness, folly 3D00 0533§|05 3300o5g8g88 GsQoSlI GgIoO 3300o5o^D 33|li (go5 QaaDGG) ^o5§88 Qj.8ooo5§88 OOGOOD ^8^5§S§ gqIooii §o5(g8i a^-thet-a^-yooeh a^-thet-kyees-jins aA-myet, dawMa^ a^-ta/it-peenya^ a^-na^n, byet a^-tha/j-yay thoo-gneh-a^-hpyit net-chin 5 ma^-hnit-thet-chins tha^baw tso^s-yayn-jins mawhaA, niik-chins 46 English. Burmese, Pronunciation. gentleness o85.^g5i thayn-mway-jiiio goodness g(X)d8?§88 kowngs-jins greatness @gSB kytes-jins hatred (^$sg88 nioAns-jins height d^o533Gj5^S§S3' ko^-a^-\ a//t-myin-jins honesty 8c^g@d8§88 tsayt-hpyowng-jin; honour C^a533COGS|^g8o go//n-a/uha/?,yay-shee- intelUgence ^DC£ nyaAn [jins joy oSScg^oS^Si woons-myowk-chi n t judgment (faculty) oo8g6o-|^oog§ si n-j i n -y a/in-tha/it tee knowledge c8§330OoS thay p pa// n- a//-taAt laughter, a laugh s|o5g88 yeh-jins length 33G|p5(l 3DC<^D3 aA-shay, a/^-lya/iS love 9jSgS8 chit-chins mind 8o5 tsayt patience oo^BogSs thees-hka/m-jins pleasure GC|l5G„gg8E pyriw-niway-jins politeness, cour- C^lliglll GCODODOoS pyoo-hgnaA, law-ka/?- tesy [^oe£ woot [nya/in reason (faculty) 30 8 g 8 OD oS G oo D sin-jin-daAt-thaw- science 3300o8o^D a^-taM-peenyaA senses, the G03^D wayda/ina^ feeling, touch G02g8g tway-jins hearing ^DS^DggSS naAs-kyaAs-jinS seeing, sight g8g88 myin-jins smelhng, smell ^6^g88 naAnS-jins tasting, taste g^3oS3gS8 myeeS-zaAnS-jinS shape ^ODC^D^ po/zn-tha^da/m size q3o5 doodeh 47 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. smell (odour) ■3^4 a>h-nsihn o smiling, a smile g8§68 pyo/ms-jins sneezing, a sneeze GQ|§82 chee-jins sorrow 8o5(jj)g88 tsayt-poo jiiiS speaking, speech GgD§£3ll OCODS pyaw-jins, tsa/^-ga^s- strength §$333§ [g^D^oS hkoon-aAs [py^w-jf: stupidity ^DCoSo^^gSS nya^n-toAns-jins surpiise 35G3SDg58 a//n aw-jins taste (of a thing) 32^0D a//ya//thiA thickness R duo thinking, thought oo8^o5§53 hlin-hmii/it-chin; thought, a 5^oSooSgo5 tsayt-htin-jet voice 33CO? a^-thaAn weakness (quahty) 33DS^^§g8§ aAs-nehs jins wisdom O^D peenya/i youth (quality) cgGOOD3Qg|C^ pyo/i-//^aw-aA-yo6eh Health. a^§2QD(: ^.^Sii abscess 3^8^3 ing-na/« [chins accident QG0050030g8g68 maA-taw tiU-sa/ihpyit ague OC^Il^DS^D toAn-byaZ/S-na/i ambulance a^^^DGOODScjc loo-naA sowng-ya// aperient o5§^o5goo8 woons-hno/ik-says asthma 0$3^D pa/ins-na/i bandage (^So^gGp kyaAt-tsees-yaA biHousness OD^^G§^0 thehs-jee-na/i blister (of the skin) 33Gol63 a^-hpowngs boil 3Q^d86§ aA-naA-zayns bruise 3300DSg(^<?,D aA-thaA-jay-na/« 48 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. burn §;godd6^d mees-lowng-naA cancer 33^D3^3 ah-usih-zdht chemist's (shop) cooSs^S sayS-zing chicken-pox GcqDcSl^^^D kyowk-hpyoo-na^ cholera OQDCO^D GGpo] kaAla/^-na^ yawga^ cold j)DG03^D hna^-zays-na/i contagion 33^D0^§g6§ a^-naA-koos-jins cough g^d8§c^;^d chowngs-zoAs-naA cramp GgODSs^DgSS nyowngS-nyiiA-jinS diarrhoea 0§3cq|^D woons-jaA-naA disease, illness 3D^DGGpol aA-na/i-yawga^ doctor, physician G203aDQD8 says-tha/ima^S dysentery GOgSoloSSO^^D thways-baA-woonS-ja^- exhaustion 33D8o^gS8 aAs-ko^n-jin: [na^ faint, to 85§GODOO^ may n s-ma w-Mee fever C5|D8^D hpyaAs-naA fit OOoS^D tet-naA fracture 3D§So^S@SJ aA-yoAs-kyoAs-jinJ headache GolC8C^o6^D gowngs-kik-naA hospital CXj^^DOO^ thoo-na/i-daM ill, sick, to be ^DOO^ nah-fhee indigestion 330D80g(^(§88 aA-tsaAs maA-kyay-jin: inflammation 3300D8(j;g6s aA-tha/iS-poo-jin: insanity K>^§^D aA-yoos-naA itch OD38^D yaAs-naA lameness G§o§58g82 chyay maA-tsoons-jinS leprosy ^^^ noo-naA measles OOSOOOS^D wet-thet-naA medicine G303ol2 says-waAs r-. P 49 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. nurse CC^^dS^% loo-na/^-dayns ointment ogoodSs^oS hpaA-yowngS-jet pain $D§S8 na^-jins paralysis godg(^dgod^d lay-jaw-thay-naA piles gSSOO^oS-^D my in s-tha A-y ik-na^ pill G0080C^§8 says-loAns poison 333808 aA-sayt prescription GOOSo^oS says-peenyat quinsey 3^2C^^D o^ns-lweh-naA rheumatism O^ODD^D doo-laA-naA ringworm G^S^D pwayS-naA scald GG|(f^GODD8§83 y ay-boo-lo wng-jins sickness 335g88 aAn-jin; smallpox GOq|Do5Golo5^D kyowk-powk-naA sprain 33GgDgo5§63 aA-kyaw-myet-chinS :ouic 33DSC^3G002 aAs-to^s-zays mwell, to be qqIoo^ maA-ma^-Mee veil, to be qIoo^ maA-/Aee vound 33^D33303 aA-na/i ah-ssih Food, Drink, and Smoking. (For Conversations, see ippetite od8goodo5g|§oo GOODoSoGp [good 0008 <^^ G^D05^gs|§GC^S beer coffee lemonade milk — 5 of cows soda-water BURMESE S. T. c8odoSgg) 33O033G00Do54JDSll P- 132.) tsaAs thowk-yaAn thaA- thowk-tsaA-yaA [baw joAn-yee kaA-hpee-yee showk - chin - yee - noA-yee [hpyaw nsih-noh beela^t-yay D 50 English Burmese. Pronunciation. tea cooSooSg)^ lah-hpet-yee water GG| yay wine 09jSg|^ tsaA-byit-yee bread <^|ll — Gol 68(^1 mo/m, — powngS-moAu boil, to gsoD^ pyoAk-thee bottle oodSs paAlin; butter GOODOOS htawbaAt cake m mo/m-jo/i cheese 8^5 dayn-geh chicken flesh goSoODS kyet-thaAs cinnamon Oo8c75J§2 thit-kya^-boAi cook, to ^OSOD^ chet-thee cream o?^ noA-zee curd I^ noh-geh. curry od82 bins eggs ©^ g kyet 00 fish, dried cIsg^jdoS gna/iS-jowk — , fresh c>o85§ gnaAs-zayns flour ^|^o5 mo§n-nyet fruits 33086C^D3 a/i-thees-niya^s fry, to GO^SOD^ kyaw-/Aee ginger ^8i85s jins-zayns honey c^o2G|^ pya/iS-yee hungry, to be OODgoSoD^ sa/i-moot-thee ice GG|5 yay-geh jam [food) ^4 yoh meals' (cooked 33^5 U-nUt 1 Breakfast, lunch, and supper are simply morning, afternoon, and night me;ils, but the word 330D Sih-isiih is used instead of 33<^0. 51 Enghsh. Burmese. Pronunciation. breakfast |.^oSoD na^net-tsaA luncheon g?§dgOD moons-lweh-zaA supper ^03 nyaA-zaA meat 3303 Dg a^-thaA; beei ^DlODOl nwaht-fhahi fat 33 q8 sih-see kidneys GcqDcScoS kyowk-ka^t mutton 0^20332 ihohi-thaht pork Oo50033 wets-thaAs veal ^3gOOGC020338 nwaAs-ga^lays-^AaA; mustard q^Si moAn-nyins lutmegs 0)3c/38[_o5333 zaAdaykhpoA-/Aees 3il q8 see pepper, black c^o5gcx)362 gna^-yoAk-kowng i - red c^oS gna/i-yoAk sickles 00^5 tha^-naAt juddinn; ^^G^jO moAn-byaw •ice, boiled 00062 htaA-mins •ice, unboiled 00$ saAn •oast, to 00600^ kin-/Aee ;alt 0032 saAs .auce CQ tsaA-meh moking G002G033o5§88 says-thowk-chin? cigar G008c85 says-layk matches §8^6 mee^jit pipe GOOSOO^ sa\§-da/ai tobacco GOOS says 4 tobacco-pouch gooSjSoS says- ay k Dup 3D55G)g aA-pyoAk-yee D a 52 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. i spirits 33€|a5 aA-yet sugar Od[§38 tha^-jaAs thirst GG|Co5g88 yay-gnaAt-chins tooth-pick O^D2(§DSqo5 thwa.hl-}khl-dohk 1 under-done, to be O0q|o5 OOOqj oS ^ maA-kyet-ta^ -j^t- vegetables oo6Eg)o5 [OD^ hins-yuet [shee-/Ae© venison 3Gjo5oD3§ dsih-yeh-thsihi vinegar ¥^S poAns-yee well-done, to be cqcSoD^ kyet-thee Cooking and Table Utensils. Og|o5^6G|| 33 0:^0 33 GOO 3 8 II (For Conversations, see pp. 132, 145. basin o>o^c^oo^ zaA-l6An-paA-ga/m canister d5§|ic^s thaAn-byoo-boAn t coffee-pot OOD§Oop kaA-hpee-hka^-yaAs corkscrew ooSa^ wet-00 cup §o5 hkwet dish 9035@33g3 pa^-ga^n-byaA:-jees dish-cover C^OD$3;j»6 paA-gaAn-oAk filter GG|o8 yay-zit fork Qo5 G|83 hkaA-yin; glass, tumbler O^CTDCq^l hpaAii-gaA-doAns jar og33q3 tsin-oAs jug OGpg hkaA-ya^s kettle GG|G§23^S yay-nways-oAs knife cool daAs ladle GODDOS^ yowk-cho/i lamp 83(^5 mees-ayn 53 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. lid 33(|3 a^-hpoAnS mat 9JD hpyaA mortar ^l s6/ms oven G0l5§^ powngs-bo^ pail GCj(^$3 yay-boAns pestle ^S^o^ kya^-bway plate (^oo§gD3 paA-gaAn-byaAs salt-cellar OOD^goS saAs-gwet saucepan 3o53^3 deh-6A; scales «?§s chayn-gwin serviette cooScx^oSool let-thoAk-pa^-waA sieve so^qI saA-gaA spoon ^52, zoons strainer oS^? tsit-oAs table-cloth C)DSgo53 tsaA-bweh-ginS teapot COoSooSCj^OGpS laA - hpet-yee-hkaA- tray coSo?3 lim-ba/ms [yaA; water-bottle cG|oco83 yay-pa^-lins wine-glass 0?CX)0^3g§CCX)Do6 hpa^n-gaA-doAnS- chyay-do^yk Dress and the Toilet. 33ooSoo JooD 3.5 oo6g|6§63u (For Shopping, see p. 145.) bath (room) GG|^3S>$3 yay-choAs-ga/ins bootlaces S^b^s hpaA-naAt-ky6As boots c^o5o8^5 boot-hpaA-na^t bracelet odoSgoodoS let-kowk braces GolSscSgsgD bowmbee kyoAs-byaA breeches GolSacScB bowmbee-doA 54 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. brush oc6^6c8§ wet-hmin-bees brush, nail- cooSoo^og8o let-thehs-bees — , tooth- ogD§o^a5o5^o5 thwa^S-tik-ta^-boot buckle oSooGoloS tee-gaA-bowk button go5o8^ kyeh-ZAees button-hook (^oSoSsgoddoS kyeh-thees-gowk cap gsoc^S oJik-hiohk. cloak Oo5o^3D^ woot-loAn-inojee clothing, dress 330oS aA-wo6t coat 33S§ injee collars OD^OOS leh-ba^t comb S% bee: corsets, stays c^oS 0^0833^ koA-ja^t-insjee drawers GgSOGol88o8 chwayS-gaAn-bowms- dress, gown oloDGp gaAgaAyaA [bee eye-glasses 4)o5^§ myet-hmaAn frock-coat 33^^^ insjee-shay garters G§g5o^8QB chay-zoot tseeS-jo/^S gloves cooSg5 let-ts66t handkerchief ODo6c^8ool let-king-baA-waA hat ^8g3a^5 tho/iS-oAk-htoAk jacket GS^olSo^ in:jee-hkaA-doA jewellery 00^003 taA-zaA linen [ror ^o5 00533 00^ piksaAn-ixA-hteh looking-glass, mir- 31 hmaAn material (dress,&c.) 33 00^33 c£5 aA-hteh aA-layk calico 8c^ payt cloth cx)^coo5 tha/iga Ala/it flannel ooogcooS thaAgaAlaAt 55 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. fur OOD3Gg2 tha^S-mways lace V^ za^-noo leather OOD§GG| tha^-yay muslin CODCX^^qO lay-loo-zaA satin t^ hpeh silk ?^ poAs velvet OD^ol kaMeebaA wool O^BG^^ thoAs-mways needle 335 ay^t ' overcoa g533^ pyin-insjee parasol 088 htees petticoat OoSSfl C^Qj^ hta/minyn, lo/m-jee pins o^oSodS tweh-a^t pocket aSoS ayk pocket-book ^cBoDB^CO hmaH-tsaA-oAk purse CXDD3gG|33o5 thaA-y ay-ay k pyjamas, jacket ^33533^ nya^-ayk-insjee ■ — trousers ^3S5go16so8 nya^-ayk-bowmbee razor odSoi^^S thin-do^ns ribbon §^gig.S p6/«S-ky6^S-bya/iS ring coo5§5 let-tsoot scissors ooo5g(^3 ka^t-kyees shawl ooooS taA-bet ; shirt OO^Q)3 kaAmbeezaA shoes G§^63 chee-nins skirt oq?^^ loAn-jee sleeve 33(^COo5 insjee-let slippers G^C^30&^5 shny-do^s-pa^-naAt soap ooSQd satpyaA 56 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. socks Ggg6 chee-zoot spectacles 4jo5^? myet-hma^n sponge cci§ yay-hmoA stockings GggO^^ chee-zoot-shay stud c33o8?ii go5o8s ti/i-thees, kyeh-ZAees suit (clothes) 33005^ aA-wo6t-tsoAii tape ojSgsg^s jaAt-kyoAs-byaAs thimble 33^[6oDa5§5 aA-choAk-let-ts6ot thread M chee tie, neck-tie 03^g§ leh-jyoAs tooth-powder C^D^O^ 083^1 thwaAs-tik-hmoAn towel cooSoc^Sool let-thoAk-paA-waA trousers G0l6§C^ bowmbee tunic C^o5ogj533^ koA-kya/d-insjee turban GolSSGolSS gowngs-bowngs umbrella o68coo5 htees-let undervest Gg85338§ chwayS-gaAn-insjee veil Qija5j,D(|3 myet-hnaA-hpoAnS waist cloth (native) C,.^8 imh-soh' waistcoat COc6c^33^ let-to A-insjee walking-stick qoS doAk watch ^D^§05 naA-yee-gwet waterproof (coat) GC[Qgo533^ yay-maA-tsoot-insjee The House and Furniture. (For Shopping, see apartment armchair bathroom 3S6o5s G<S|g80§ 3SS eg 5 330^8 33 G COdS II P- I45-) ayn-gaAnS kaMa^-hting-shay yay-choAs-gaAii: 57 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. beam GGpoSlI CX^SlI Qd5 yowk, hto^k, kyaAs- bedclothes sSSspoSs [gqo ayk-yaA-gins [maw bedroom 3S5ipo5§ ■- ayk-ya^-gaAns bedstead^ bed s^ooS hkc4A-din blanket oooocoo5go15 tha^ga^la^t-tsowng blind 33C^o533 0DD a^-kweh-aA-ka// bolster GOI 633^8^^ - gowngsoAns-shay bolt o6§oq5 mins-do/ik book 033;^ 5 tsaA-o^k box 00600D thit-taA brick 3;^oS ohk broom oo^goSo^S ta^-byet-tsees candle ogoodSso^S hpaA-yowngs-ding candlestick ogcx)d63o^69 hpa^-yowngs-ding- carpet gooSgoI kaw-zaw [goAn ceiling c^o5j>D@o5 myet-hnaA-jet chair^ seat O^ GODSONS kahla^-hting chest ol drawers 350^3O06oODII Qo5 aAn-d6As-thittaA,maAt- ooo5oo5god taM-thittaA clock QOS 00084,3^ maM-ta^t na^-yee couch GC^oSiG^^CoS lyowngs-yaA-hkaA-din counterpane oo8so86 tins-dayn cradle 9s)oS paA-hket curtain o^codSood kaAla^-gaA cushion §3^811 ^ hmee-oAns, hpoAn dining-rooiy ooo68od8o58 hta^-mins-zaAs-gaAn: ioor o5o]8 ta^-gaAs ioor-way o5ol8Golo5 taA-gaA-bowk - (leaf) oos)l8g|o5 taA-gaA-yooet 58 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. door-sill oools^ taA-gaA-hkoAn eaves 33^^258 aA-moAs-zoons floor gSs kya^ns storey 3S6oo5ll 3300S ayn-zin, a^-sin garden gCX)l^ oo-yin grate 68^ mees-boA hall (entrance) oSoSs win-gaAns hand-basin OjO^II 336o§ zaMoAn, in-do/ai hinge ^©^ paAttaA house 335.1 ayn — , brick or stone ^oS , tik key GOOD o thaw o kitchen ooo8s^o5^ htaA-mins-jet-yo/m lamp ^%s^ mees-ayn latch ooolscx^S taA-gaA-jin lock GODOOSS thaw- ayn mat qjD hpyaA mattress G^^Gp mway-yaA mirror ^§ hmaAn mosquito- curtains §8': oodS chin-downg padlock GOOOOGCODo5 thavy-gaA-lowk piano 0^830032 tsaAnS-daA-yaAs picture ^5^? yoAk-poAn pillar GcqjDoSo^S kyowk-ting pillow Gol68338 gowngs-oAns post oo6c^8 thit-ting punkah g^5good8 yaAt-towng quilt G0l8 tsowng rafters (bamboo) 33g8 aA-chin 59 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. rafters (wood) Q[S?(£ ya^-neh roof 33^3 a^-mo^s room 33S)6§ a^-hka^ns screen o^codSood kaAlaA-ga^ sideboard QoSoDoSooSoOD ma^tt-taAt-thitta^ smoke 83^8 mees-goA; sofa OODOg? thaA-loon soot ^^i kyaAt-hk6^5 spark 83go1o5 mees-bowk stairs, steps cc^oodS hlay-ga^S table OD3g tsa^-bweh thatch OOoSoooSlI 3§oo5 thekkeh, daAnee-bet tile (of roof) 335goS oAk-kyoot vase oJo^d; hpa^n hpa^-laAs verandah OGCODoSa^ hkaA-lowk-sweh wall oo5o^88;i |g[ taA-dings^ naAn-yaAn water-closet (w.c.) GGJuSS yay-ayn window (qoo6§go]o5 paA-din?-bowk writing-desk ODGC)39 tsaA-yays goAn Professions i ind Trades, coc 65^0^033 OOo5(^D3 (F. 3r Shopping, &c., see \ >• 145- ) actor Q>3o5oOOD3 za^t-thaAmaAs ambassador o5ooq| thaAn-taA-maAn architect BoopoODOOSp payttaAga/i-saAyaA attorney G^G^ shay-nay baker ^SOD^ moAn-/Aeh banker OD?c^a5^2 baAn-tik-tsoAs barber QO^DOD^ sattaA-/Aeh 60 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. blacksmith o%%o pa^-beh boatman, head GC^Oj^gS hlay-thoo-jees — , under GC^OODS hlay-/AaAs bricklayer, &c. o^8g|ooqd2 paAns-yaAn-tha^ma^j broker goDS pweh-zaAs butcher ood30^3coqd3 thaAs-htoAs-tha^maAs carpenter, joiner COo500O38 let-thaAmaAs carter c^^8oood3 hlehs-tha^ma/iS clerk ODGSjg tsaA-yays cook 3^Saj@ oAs-thoo-jees cowherd ^o^oQcrphl nwaAs-jowngS dogkeeper Gg3o8$8 hkways-dayns doorkeeper o6oi8Gol8 ta^-ga^-zowng engineer OoSoOGp tset-saAya^ fisherman oocl taA-gna^ gardener gODgoD^ 66-yin-/^eh grasscutter goS^oSoDODS myet-yayk-tb aAmaAs goldsmith G^O§o085 shway-paA-dayn groom g6ic6§8 myins-dayns hunter • ^# moAk-soAs husbandman cooSo^5ooqd3 leh-loAk-thaAmaAs interpreter OOOD8g5 tsa^-gaA-byaAn jailor GCX)d£^3 htowng-hmoo; musician o§'8^oSooqd3 tee:-hmoAk-tha/ima/iS nurse 33COGC08o8§8 aA-kaA-lays-dayns pleader G^G^ shay-nay policeman 33^0058ll C^Co8oDD8 aA-hmoo-daAns, poolit- potter 48d8$2 oAs-dayns [tha^s printer cJ|5oood3 poAn-hnayk-thaAmaAs 61 • English. Burmese. Pronunciation. servant 33G0330lll 33S>olo aA-tsay-a^-paA, aA- hka^-zaAs shoemaker c8^o8^|5ooqd! hpaA-naAt-cho/ik-thaA- shopkeeper ^Sco^ sing-^^eh [ma/iS smith o'iob paA-beh tailor 33^[5oOODB aA-cho^k-thaAmaAs teacher so&pii go^d8?oo?p sMyah, kyowngs-saA- washerman ooloopS hkaA-wa^-^Aeh [yaA wet-nurse |o853^ noA-dayns Music al Instruments. cSs^oScpii big drums ooSqii o^ pa^t-maA, tsee clarit)net > hneA flute ^Gcq paA-lway gong (big) G0I68 mowngs guitar (a sort of) Sgo^dSs mee-jowngs harmonicon o^cols paAt-taA-lay^s harp drums GC16§ tsowng; set of graduated o^^6. tsee-wiii 5 do. gongs G^^O^^^S ky ays-zee- win; trumpet ob^lw ^68 tsih-hdht, hnyinS violin 00 G ODD taA-yaw Travelling. gsooGoSDiiGo^asDSgSD^soQDsgSsn (For Conversations, see p. 159.) aback . I abaft ^ 1 alongside, to come . anchor G^Do5c§ nowk-thoh peh-zee-hmaA sik-thee kyowk-soos 62 English Burmese. Pronunciation. anchor (to cast) GO^DoSstj^o^OO^ kyowk-soos chaA-/Aee arrive (to) ccpoSoo^ yowk-thee awning G^^OODgjoS nay-boo-ga^-yooet ballast OOGo53o6§C33 thimsbaw-woonS-zaAs berth aSScp ayk-yaA bill 0D3G|£§ tsa^s-yins boat oo5oo§ thaAm-baAn bow iJo oos buoy GoTcp bawyaA cabin 33o58 [o85a5g3 a^-hka^ns [saAn-;6^ cable Gn9jDo53c:^(_8(^§ii kyowk-soos-joA2,htayt- captain OOGoSDCX^gS thimsbaw-thoo-jees cargo OLJ^OODOS koAn-zaMeh carriage (vehicle) GjOODB yaA-htaAs change, to (train) g^dSsoo^ pyowngs-/Aee compass sb^G^oSoSS ay n-h m y o \^ ng-ay n crew oogo5dood§4j33 thimbaw-^AaAs-mya/jo' deck o^JSooS ko^nS-baAt depart, to OgoSo^DSOO^ htwet-thwaAs-^Aee dock ODGOODOqjSS thimsbaw-jins embark, to OD G oSdOO o5 CO ^ thim8ba\v-tet-/Aee engineer OoSoOGp tset-saA-yaA fathom 3QC6 a^-laAn flag 33 o5 aA-laAn forward §8^3 oos-hma/i gangway GC^OCOoGoloS hlay-ga^S-bowk hand-lead GG|oS8b yay-zaAns-geh harbour, port ODGO§3085 thimsbaw-zayt helm, rudder oooSo tet-maA 63 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. hold odgoSdoSs thimsbaw-woons keel GGp ay-ya^ label [bark) C650D layk-tsaA land^ to (disem- odgoSjooSsod^ thimsbaw-sins-/Aee landing-stage^ pier OO^OODS ta^-daAs load, to 0^00800^ wo6n-tin-/Aee — unload o^^aD^ koAn chah-ihee lascar OCODOS hksih-\hh-thee mast a^^s yooet-ting oar 0080006 hkaAt-tet paddle GC^SOOOS hlaw-det paddle, to GC^SOO^ hla\v-/Aee passenger 88o1gOOD3CJ| tsees-pa/i-Maw-thoo pilot olc85 maMayn prow COG0§DgSgj5§ thim?baw-oos-joons punt-pole o^§o]8 tohl-wah' quay a8o5 sayt rope && kyo^s-jees rudder oooSq tet-maA sail gl^ yo6-et sailing-ship g|o5c^aSooGOQD }ooet-tik-thimsbaw seaman, sailor OOGOOJOODa thimsbaAV-//^aAs ship oogoSd thimsbaw start, to OgoSoD^ htwet-tliee jteani-boat, -ship 8ooogo5d mees-thimsl);iw Jteersinan oooSqo^S tet-ma/i-ging Jtern 9 Peh -hwart oo§ kaAn iller oooSoo^S tet-ma^-jin 64 Countries and Nations. c§88(5^5>Scxf^^?^32n Note. — The Burmese have some few stereotyped names for people they have known long. For new ones the name or sound is caught and adapted. For country add g^ pyee^ and for people cxj^S loo-myoAs. English. Burmese, Pronunciation. Africa 00908 ogjjs KaAppaA lee-joons America 33GO^OO A^-may-yee-kaA Arracanese «l^8 Ya^-hking Bengalee 006 olo^ Bin-gaA-lee Burman^ ggD or OOQD Mya^n-maA, or BaA- China oo^5^^ TaA-yoAk-pyee [maA Chinese, the co^Scx^^^ Ta^-yoAk-loo-myoAs English, the 336oc£o5c^^3 IngaMayk-loo-myoAs Europe gGCpo Oo-yaw-paA France (3G[$o8 HpaA-yaAn-zit Germany 0)Dq| ZaA-ma^-nee Holland ' GCX)DCO§ Haw-la^n India ^go3 Ayndee-yaA Japan 0)0? Za^-pa^n Jew oDa^§ YaA-hoo-dee Malay ocx^|[3 Pa^-shoos Mussulman oo§ PaA-thee Persian o1<S|o§ PaA-yaA-thee * The word MyaAnmafe is seldom used though it is the classic name. The original tribe was Mrahn or Mykhn, which was converted bj the monks into the Pali form Mra/jnma/i, which by natural law became Ba^ma^. The Arracanese branch of the family retain the form Mrkhnmsih. 65 English. Buimcse. Pronunciation. Portuguese o^6<| BaA-yin-jee s' Shall 9>S2 Shawns s Siamese o^^oqpS YoAs-daA-ya^S , Talaing OOC^SSlI g? TaA-lings, Moon Legal Terms. ooqp§j)f ^oSa^Scpii accused, the ooi;p36 taA-\ a/i-hkaAn acquittal 3D (q 6 C2 GO g 8 2 II aA-pyit-hloot-chlns, ^6§ooD:.o§gc^ chaAns-//iaA-pays-jin5 action 00^.83^ ta^-yaAs-hmuo agent C^oSoD^C^oS koh-zaA-hleh [joAk agreement^ an OOGOODCXj^OD:^[5 thaAbaw-doo-tsfiA- answer 3Dcgli CX^cg^oS aA-hpyay, htoo-jay-jet appeal^ to 330^600^ a^-yoo hkaAn-/Aee arrest, to 06308800^ hpa^ns-zees-/Aee attachment oS8^SG|5coo5 thayns-yo/ms-yaAn- ^o5oD let-hmaAt-tsaA attest, to ooo5goo5oo§ thet-thay hkaAn-/^ee authorize, to 33§6gO§00^ aA-hkwin pays-/Aee award, to 8c|6go6oo^ tsee-yin-hpya^t-thee bail SDDOOGOSgSs a^maA-gaAn pays-jinS bailiff ^d8iic8co8 naAzee, beelit ibond (for loan) GgG^ODSJj^S gnway - chyays - tsaA - case (suit) 33^ a^-hmoo \johk charge, to g5§CO^ ts6ot-tsweh-/Aee complainant, the ^Sg^ tso6t-tsweh-/^oo contract, deed ODS^|5 tsaA-jo^k conviction, a ssfoScoSgSs aA-pyit pays-jins costs ooGp8o^o6 ta^-yaAs-zaA-yayt aUKMESK 8.-T. E English. 66 Burmese. Pronunciation. court (civil) court (criminal) damages decision (of case) decree defend, to defendant (in a suit) deposition document evidence execute, to (a deed) — (a judgment) fee (of office) fine (penalty) fraud giant guardian heir illegally information, to give informer inheritance interest inventory jail judge, the [trict) jurisdiction (dis- co Gp8o^8 GpQ)Oo5^3 GCqjSGg 8Gj6q]o5 f^cSoDDGolS OOGpSO 0D005§II o3o§OOOD CO oSGOOOgoS^ oS coo5^o5o^3oD^ o85s^6go8co^ GcqjSolcoS c^5co^^ 33^8gOoODS^[^5 o85§oS?§d:;^ 33Gg5 ooospSoogS 0^8oO$8GOODa^ 33GgggD 330^8 ggDOg^80DG)88 GOODC OOGp8CXj^(^8 8e)6t^ ta^-yaA-ma^-yoAn: ya^-zaA-woot-yoAns yaw-gnway tsee-yin-jet deega^ree-tsee-yin-jet kweh-gaA-tsowng- showk-thee taA-yaA-hka^n aA-tsit-hka An -jet tsaA-daAnSj layk-hkee- taA-zaA t h e t-thay-htwet-chet let-hmaAt-ht oAs-ZAee thayns-bing-pays-/Aee koons-boAs yaw-daAn layn-lee-hmoo aA-ping-bays-tsaA-joAk htayns-thayns-Moo aA-mway-gaAn maA-taA-yaA;-MaA- ting-pyaw-/Aee [hpyin ting-daAn:-/Aaw-^ .00 aA-mway-oAktsaA aA-toA; oAktsa A-pyitsee s-tsa A- htowng [y'^^' taA-yaAs-thoo-jees tsee-yin-zoo. 67 English. Bui Pronunciation jurisdiction(povver] law- suit non-suit, to oath, to take an pardon, to penal, to be perjury petitioner police-office — officer — station proof, to give prosecute, to prosecutor, plain- punishment [tiff robbery seal, a sentence, a sign, to — (by mark) statement (written) sue, to suit summons (ofcourt) testator theft thief oq|Ssc^6oo^ Qj58000GO§00^ gIoSqo^oSoo^ 00:^5 QQ? 00 o5 GOO 6(g63 G5|Do5o^ <^co8^S (^00833^0063 oooSgooQoo^ OOGpS^OO^ OOGpSO^ 33(yS3la5 q5c88 8g^6^o5 cooS^oSo^Soo^ (^oSg§o^§oo^ GG|§00D3^oS OOGpSgO^OO^ 333^ OOgloD coooo§oOOooo§o:jj tsee-yin-bing-^Aaw aA-hkwin o taA:-yaA8-hmo6 [thee aA-yoo-maA-sheesoA- kyaAns king-/Aee chgihnt-thB.h pays-Mee da^n-hka/m-dik-thee maA-hoAk-maA-hmaAn- thet-thay-hkaAn- showk-thoo [jins poolit-yoAn: poolit-aA-hmo6-daAn: htahnsih thet-thay-py hh-thee tah-yahz-\)j66-thee t3ik-jSih-\oh aA-pyit-daAn 166-yoo-hm6o taA-zayt tsee-y in-jet let-hma/it ht6A;-/Aee kyet-chee htoAs-Mee yays-htaAs-jet taA-yaAs-tsweh-soA- aA-hmoo [Mee thambaAn-zaA thay-daAns-zaA- htaAs- hkoAs-hmoo [^Aoo thaA-hko//: E 2 68 English. Bui-mese. Pronunciation. trial o8g^d§83 tsit-kyaw-jins verdict sx^ggoS^loS soAnS-hpyaAt-chet will C00O0$8OD thay-claAno-zaA witness odoSgoo thet-thay Commercial Terms. nr^^ogcSsp^SoSs^SGcoDoooDSii account CgOD'^SS gnway-tsfiA-yin: ^— , money .g gnway — , to settle an cgsoSoo^ hpyay-saAt-thee acknowledgment o^5^a5 wo6n-hka/in-jet agent o^c^odSc^oS koA-zaA-hleh arrears Oq]$G2 kyaAn-gnway assets Gg^005Gl5egD k yooays - saAt - yaAn - bank ooJo^oS bd^n-tik [oAktsaA bankrupt, to be Gg8(§C^OQo5|6 kyooayS-myee-goA CX)^ maA-saAt-hniiig-/Aee bearer cooS^o^ let-shee-/Aoo bond, a 0D^|5 tsa^-joAk broker §ODS pweh-zaAs brokerage gs) pweh-gaA buyer oo5o^ \veh-/Aoo zaA-leh cargo o5«jco35iioc^$ococ^ \vo6n-za/i-leh, koAn- charter a ship, to OOGo5DOD^[53>Sgl8 thimsbaw tsaA-joAk- OD^ hnm-hgnaAs-^Aee company ojigaBii o:^§c3o59 koAmbaAnee, koAn- bet-ts66 confiscate, to o86sa^oD^ thayn:-yoo-/Aee contract, a O08(0DOi|5 gaAdee-zaA-joAk cost price Uo?s aA-hp6As 69 English. Eurmese. Pronunciation. creditor Gg§^8 kyooays-shin custom-house 33GOODo5o^o5 a^-kowk-tik customs duties GQGOODOS aA-kowk damage 3Da^§c^o5@6s a^-kyo/iS-pyet-chins debt cg^iig kyooays, myee debtor goDS myee-zaAs deliver, to 335g0800^ aAt-pays-^Aee exports cqcrSnq^ htoAk-ko^n firm, a oc^$oo5^ koAn-bet-tsoo imports [of ^S§a^$ thwins-goAn introduction, letter 330gjS^,^G030D a^-kyoons-hpweh market G^S zayS [payS-za/i market price Gcg2^$? zays-hno/ins partner ocSoSoq hpet-tsaAt-thoo pay, to goSooSdo^ pays-saAt-thee price 3303! a^-hj)oAs 1 price-list 330^'^OD^5: aA-hp6As-tsaA-jino 1 receipt g(qod pyay-zaA irent 5ISO hgnaA;-gaA 1 retail, to COoScSGGpSoOD^ let-lee-yowngS-MeS salesman, seller GS|o6§a^ yowngs-^Aoo unload, to O^gOD^ woon-chaA-^Aee warehouse ^GooD6iia:^?Gc^~'6 goAdowng, koAn- weight 3D§5 [o§o5 aA-chayn [hlowng-dik wharf s8^5 sayt wharfage o8o5o sayt-hkaA [thee wholesale, to sell Gol o5^ GGpSSOO^ hpowk-cha^-yowngs- orcco5ooD2cGp68 let-kfi^syowngs-Mee ODgS 70 Correspondence. oDODGo^DODGG|8oo^j.83^SGpfi English. Burmese. Pronunciation. address ^DODOSS hmaA-zaA-layk blotting-paper 95|5oQ9|[ hmin-hnayk-tsekkoo date G^.§ nay-zweh dead letter office ODGOOO^oS tsaA-May-dik envelope odgSoS tsaA-ayk fasten, to ooSoo^ hka^t-thee immediate SDcqSs^g? a^-lyin-aA-mya^n ink ^6g|^ hmin-yee inkstand ^6c^§ hmin-oAs letter, note ^DODIl GQ^DOD hma^-zaA, myittaA-zaA letter-box 3o5coSoOD det-thitta^ note-paper ODGG|§0^|| tsa^-yays tsekkoo packet 330^6 aA-htoAk pen oogcodSii ^8op kaMowng, hmin-daAn penknife cx)d2oogco8 da/iS-gaAlays pencil boo hkeh-daAn post-office 3o5§8ll ODC^oS det-yo^ns, tsa^-dik quire 33C^DJ9^5 aA-hlwa^ hna^-seh-lays- ream 3DC^D900 a^-hlwaAlays-yaA [jaAt seal, a o5a85 ta^-zayt — ,to ood85oo5oo^ taA-zayt hkaAt-thee sealing-wax ^o5iioogo5d5°^ chayt, thim8baw-jayt sheet 33C^D a^-hlwaA signature cooS^^oS let-hma^t telegraph, to G@8^$8§oSoD^ kyays-na/ms yik-thee urgent CX^8g?§D lyin-myaAn-zo ah writing-materials ODGG)8G|?33 Gp tsa^-yayS-yaAn aA-yaA 71 Military Terms. c8 ^^^SEGpn English. Burmese. Pronunciation. accoutrements oSooJoOD tsit-taA-zaA i . . ! ammunition bo3§3 hkeh-yaAn 1 anvil GO pay arms cooS^oS let-net o?' len-net arsenal coo5^o6o^o5 let-net-tik artillery 3Dq{^DcS^ aA-myowk-ts6o attack, to cf^cSco^ tik-thee battery (fort) GgoOO^oS myay-ga^-doAk bayonet GOO^oSgSc^ thay-na^t-tsoot-hlaAn bomb c^Ss boAns — shell c^5§^? boAns-zaAn breach of gun 33GgDo5s]88 aA-myowk-yins brigade O^GjOD5fj) thoo-yeh da/jt-tso6 bullet ^S-9 kyee-zee camp ODo'oJS tsa^-hkaAns cannon 33GgDoS aA-myo\vk — ball 33GgDo5oO? aA-myovvk-saAn • captain OOGp^oS taA-yaA-bo^ cartridge oo6ogood5 ya^ns-downg cavalry §6883008 myins-zees-ta^t colonel oogoodS^oS ta^-htowng-boA division ^^^SC^@§ thoo-yeh-daAt-tsoo-jees drum og tsee drummer o^o88odqd3 tsee-tees-thaAmaA: fascines oo6§o^§ htins-zees fight, to oSo^oSoo^ tsit-tik-thee fosse cx^is kyoAn: 72 English. Burmese. Pronunciation, furlough (leave) 3=8§ aA-hkwin general Pc6q|5 boA-joAk guard (house) cr^Sodb kins-deh guide coSsg la^ns-byaA haversack c^oSaSoS Iweh-ayk hospital C^^D^ loo-naA-yoAn helmet OGODOS hkaA-mowk infantry Gg3D^ chyay-theh lock of gun GOO^o588335 thay-na^t mees-ayn magazine oo8§o^o5 yaAns-dik major clScp^oS gnaAs-yah-boA mallet coo5^o5 let-yik mine cgogSs myay-dwins mutiny C^|03$g83 po^n-ka^n-jin; officer ^cSn oSSoS hoh, tsit-boA outpost ooSsooS kins-da^t picket (peg) OdS^IJiI § thit-choon, tso^ 1 platform 06 tsin powder ooSeooS yaAn; rammer 0^300 htoAs- da/in reg-iment 008 taAt rifle, gun ^oSooSllGOO^oS yik-paAt, thay-na/it — barrel ^oScoSgQdSs yik-paAt-pyowngs — cock godSs mowngs — stock goSooSiSS yik-pa^t-ayn sentry 33GC]5 aA-tsowng soldiers OSOO^IICOOSODDS tsit-thee, taAt-thaAs — (European) GoTcp gaw-yaA sword O33ogo5 daA-lweh 73 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. shovel stockade town ^^all trigger odScoS oooSocS 0811 o8o^o5g88 toos-yooins-byaAs thit-ta^t myoh-\6h% let-hloAk tsit, tsit-tik-chinS ascetic begging-bowl bell (large) — (small) books — sacred (Bible) Buddha Religion oo8c^ goISsgcodSo oo^?co^8 oq|8oii 8^ooo5 Buddhist religion cemetery j Christian 1 Christianity church (Buddhist) — (other bodies) j — (building) I clergyman |cothn congregation convent (for nuns) corpse Creator, the C^gOODODO O€|So00$ QS|8oODOO-> 300oSoGOo5 0:j)0gDG)^5 SOSpiiO^DOOGp 00 ODD O^ODDOS QOSOOGOOS GOfiJI 080 33G01oSo SSO^OODOODll hpoAs-thoo-daw tha^bayt hkowngs-lowngS sees-lees tsaA-oAk kyaAns, peedaAkaAt hpaA-ya^s thaA-hken, boAk-da^ boAkdaA-ba^/^a^ thins-jin hka^-yit-yaAn hka^-yit-baA^AaA thinghaA aA-thinS-daw [ya^t thoodaAmmaA-zaA saA-ya/i, daAmmaA- taA-laA [saA-yaA paA-yayk-thaAt ■' meh-thoo-daw-jowngs aMowno-s c3$ooS8goo5<j^good hpaAn-zinS-daw-moo- OC^GpoCgS Maw-hpaA-yaAs-1 liaA- hken 74 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. cross cx)oSol§oo6o§5 let-wa^S-ga^t-ting fast, to 330DG^d6oO^ aA-tsa^ showng-/Ae§ fast-day gc^oSc^. ooboAk-nay festival §G% pweh-nay funeral QOOD maA-thaA — of monk o^^geg hpo^ns-jees-bya^n funeral rite^to per- odB\^c8co^ thin-j6A-/Aee ghosts [form OQ^S taA-s:iy God cqGpS(^8 hpa^-ya^s-th aA-hken heaven ^d5§ii goodSsooS moAs, kowngs-gin hell c^ gnaA-yeh hermit G)Ga:>3 yaA-thay image ^bcq yoAk-too monastery goqjdSs kyowng: — precincts go^dSso^oS kyowngs-dik monk €|aD$8ll oc^^sgs ya^-haAns, hpoAnS-jee: monk's dress OOo5?8 thingaAnS nun ooSo^cooS meh-thoo-daw pagoda GOc8ii oqcpS zay-dee, hpaA-yaAs pray 3C^GOOd6800^ s6o-downgs-/Aee probationer godS^jSii oddogod mowng-yin, tha^maA- preach, to 00€p2GODDp5 tah-yahi haw-/Aee [nay religion ODDOD^DQCOS t h a A- thsih-ii a A-daw rest-house Q)G|5 zaA-yaAt scholar [ings o:^"^ taA-beh supernatural^ be- ^oSll G30 na^t, daywaA 1 The 'nahi' is a supernatural being answering to the fairy or kelpie. Dewah is the Pali name connected with Lat. deus. They are supposed to be everywhere and have to be appeased by small sacrifices. The ndgahl lives in the water and underground and corresponds to the drak or dragon. 75 English. Burmese, Pronunciation. supernatural ser- ^olS iiaAg-aAs umbrella [pents 088 htees water-tank GGjOoJ yay-gaAn weathercock 5o5«<?.ds hgnet-maA-naAs Society and Government. 33^3G|Q8§j,S33Gp^cg circle (division of c^oS tik a district) — , head man of c^oSo^ga tik thaA-jee§ citizen ,§ODDS myoh-thkhl jeeS commissioner o5^8GOD5o83gB w66n-shin-daw mins- assistant do. o5goodo5god5q6§ woon-dowk-da\v-min8 deputy do. 33GG|2^8q68 aA-yays-bing-mins ibrest officer od6goddo$goodo5 thit-taw woon-dowk udge ODGp8oD:j^gs ta^-yaA-maA tha^-jees !dng ^^^^s shin-baA-yin dngdom ?8c ning-gna^n andowner Gg5|8 myay-shin essee of fishery 336scx^g^ in° tha^-jees nagistrate €pO)OoSo6o yaAzaAwoot-minS — (of town) goS myoA woon ninister of state 3303820? a A- twins woon )easant GO^I^GOODOODo kyays-da\v-MaAs people 6^^S^^^^ pyee-Moo pyee-/AaAs )rince, princess o8oODDall Q8oC§i mini-thaht, mins-/AaA )rovince, division ^oSii 0^8 neh, hkaA-ying [mee [ueen (own right) o:jG|8o baA-yin-maA - (of king) Sc^GpS mee-baA-yaAs 76 English. Bui Pronunciation. revenue secretary secretary (chief) timber- forest-con- tractor [trate township magis- village constable — elder villager gq; ODGG|§ll ODgG|§(^2 330g6oO§GOODo5 ooSgoISo gjDGolSS g|DCX)DBn (f.) <^Dzq aA-hkoon [jeeJ tsa^-yays, tsaA-yayS aA-twins woon-dowk thit-gowngS myo^-oAk yooaA-gowns:; yooa^-loo-jees j663.h-th'dhi, (f.) yooaA- thoo I Government Departments. 33^<s)GG|8gD^> Accounts Cadastral Survey Civil Customs Education Foreign Forest G eneral Home Jail Judicial GgG^o5GG|§gD^ COcSGpGG|2gD^ OOGp80GG|3gD^ QQGOODo5GC|8gD4> O^DGG|3gD^ ^5cg38GG)8gD^ OoSGOODGS|8gD^ 33G[8G|5G^8gD^ ^6cGC|8gD^ 330q]^8GG|3gD4, CO GplG^(hO'jS GG^l Gnway-dilv-yayS htaA naA Leh-ya^ yays hta/ma^ Thhyah-mah yay htahns^h AA-kowk yays hta^naA PeenyaA yayS htaAna^s Ning- gnaAn-chaA yays htaAnaA T hit- taw yays litaAnaA AA-yaAt-yaAt yay hta^naA [na/ Ning-gnaAn yays htaA AA-kyins yays hta/^nay Ta/iy a// 5 ykh zaA-woot yays hta/maA n English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Legislative Military Police Postal Public-Works Revenue [ment Revenue Settle- Telegraph Govt. Prosecutor do. Translator Supt. of Govern- ment Printino- <o5GS|2gD^ GpC&.Oo5G-|'gD^ ^6 C O^ OSOC^S G 000 8 GG)ggD^ gI^Sc^S^d^ G[f^84>^§GG|SCjD<?, 33^2 G) 33^0^ o5 G^ 3D^8G)ODGOc5(c5$ a. 5 Oopa^day-pyoo htaA- Tsit yays htaAna^ [naA YaAza^-woot yays hta/aiaA TsaA-dik yays hta^naA Ning.gnaAn-dwet-loAk- sowng yays litaAnaA A^-hko6n-daw yays litfiAnaA Ky ays-ding htaAnaA Kyays-na^iiS yays- hta//-naA AA-tsoAs-yaA a^-hmoo- lik shay-nay [byaAn Kh-\ sohi-jsih tsaA-daw- A/i-ts6As-yaA poAn- hnayk-tik-o/ik 78 The Cardinal Numbers. ocdd$2c^d^5»533q^u (For Grammatical Notes, see p. 114.) Burmese Burmese words. Pronunciation, character. 1 2 3 4 5 6 J 9 9 D 7 8 7 9 10 00 11 00 12 13 09 14 15 16 09 17 07 18 00 19 ^a 20 JO 21 J^ 30 90 40 90 50 30 ; coo GCOS els G§Do5 ^2 ODOOC^ ooooo5j)SooS O330o5j)8j)8 ODOoo5j)6a^8 0030o5j>5gco8 oDaDoS|>8cl8 ooooo5|>69j>S O0£Dc5^8^6 ooao £^6c8^ j)8aooS J)63035j)Soo8 odSoooS godSoocS clsoooS 1 The a8 hnin, and, may tit (or taA in composition) hnit {or hnhh in composi- thoAns [tion) lay: gnaAs chowk hkoo-hnit shit kdhi taA seh taA seh hnin ' tit or seh-tit taA seh hnin hnit taA seh hnin thoAns o taA seh hnin lavs taA seh hnin gna^S tah seh hnin chowk taA seh hnin khoo-hnit ta^ seh hnin shit o taA seh hnin kohl hnit seh or hmxh seh hnit seh hnin tit or hna/ o thoAns zeh [seh til lays zeh 2:naAs zeh always be left out. Burmese character. 79 Burmese words. Pronunciation. 60 (so GgDo5ooo5 chowk seh 70 70 C^J)SSDC^ hkoo-hnit seh 80 00 5|6£Do5 shit seh 90 QO C^SCOC^ kohl zeh 100 000 00 Gp taA yah 101 000 ooGp^SooS tkh yak hnin tit 110 000 OOGpOOOOC^ taA yfiA taA seh 200 J 00 j;)SGp hnhh yah 1,000 0000 oogcod5§ taA htowngs 10,000 00000 OOGODOSS taA thowngs 1,000,000 0000000 0000 5>2 taA tha^n D. 1910, 0(30o, taA htowng"? koAs yaA taA seh. Numeral Auxiliaries} Burmese. Pronunciation. Meaning. Use. 3D§S aA-oos That which is first or chief For rational beings 33GOOd6 aA-kowng An animal For brute beasts 33g(3d68 330g83 aA-kyowngs aA-kwins An extended Hne A ring, circle For extended things, like roads For rings, nooses, &c. 3^9 cU-hk66 (Uncertain) For things which cannot be de- scribed 3S9]5 aA-chaAt A flat thing For flat and thin things, hke mats * See p. 1 14. 80 Burmese. Pronunciation. Meaning. Use. qqg^dSs aA-chowngs A bar For things lonj; and straight, as needles 33§^§ a^-hkoons (Uncertain) For words 33082 aA-isins From oSs tsins, to Things long and extend in a hne straight, as spears and boats 33§2 aA-tsees What is ridden on Ashorses and carts 33G0l6 aA-tsowng (Uncertain) Writings, books ! 3DQ^ aA-soo (Uncertain) For pagodas 3DCQ038 aA-sovvng A building For houses, roofs 33005 ah-tkhn An interval Things occurring at intervals of space or time 3300f^ a/i-hteh A piece of cloth For clothing ' 33o8 aA-pin A plant For plants 1 33olS a/i-pa/iS Meaning is uncer- For deities, eccle- tain, but proba- siastics, and per- bly from olspaAs, sons in power to be separate 33(yD8 aA-pya^S Flat things As boards i 33005 aA-hpet A side For things usually in pairs, as hands ' 33COo5 aA-let A hand Weapons, tools, or j what is used in , the hand 330^8 Sih-\6hn% What is round Things round or. 330go5 a^-thweli Wliat is slender As rivers [cubical GOODOS yowk An old root, mean- For ordinary men ing uncertain, but and women used in connec- tion with men. 81 Examples. English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Three men a;^3^8GooDo5 Loo thoAn: yowk Five trees oo6o8c]8o6 Thit-pin gnaAs bin Six dogs GgScgDoScoODS Hkways chowk kowng Four rupees G^lcCOggDS DingaA layJ byaA» Two objects of 0C^Gp§j,S0Cj^ Hpa^yaA; hnit soo worship One cart c^^§oo8s HIehs ta^ zee: Four canoes GC^GCOSoSa Hlay lay: zin: A table 032^00 C^ TsaA-bweh iU hkoo Three monks C[oo58a^8ol3 YaMAn: thoAn: baA: Two fingers CO o5 G ^d8§ J.S Let-chowng: hnaA g^dSs chowng: A word OOODSOOgJS TsaAgaA: taA hkoou: Ordinal Numerals. 3s833ogc^[oGooDOD^DoaDD^l (For Grammatical Notes, see p. 115.) first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh ighth ainth :enth BUKMESB 3.-T qo8oo C00800 QOgO 33gQ 300Q paA-htaA-maA doo-tee-yaA taA-tee-yaA tsaA-doAk-htaA pyin-tsa^-maA saA-htaA-maA thaAt-taA-inaA aA-htaA-tnaA naA-waA-maA daA-thaA-niaA English. 83 Burmese. Pronunciation. ay-kaA-da^-thaA-maA dw3.h-dsih-ihsih-mah eleventh googooo twelfth §1 30D0 The above are all Pali words, and are not used beyond twelve. Being polysyllables they ought not to be divided, but the hyphen is used to assist pronunciation. Collective and Fractional Numbers. 33GG[33C^oSog5^£2qjDS«^c^COODOOOD2gjD2 all 33320^811 o5oS62 aAs-lo^ns, hkaAt-thayn: couple, a |>Ss^ll ooqii 00^ hnaA-hkoo, taA-ya^n, double §)8oo hnaA-saA [taA-zoAn dozen, a ooo5j.8s^ seA-hna^-hkoo fifth, a cl8§68a3§S8 gnaAs-bings taA-bing: firstly Gsgsa^S aA-oo5-z6An: once oooliioo^$ii OOo?" taA-hkaA,taA-jayn,taA- OC08 hpaAn, taA-lee one-half ODOoS taA-wet exactly half oooSooS htet-wet pair, a 33^11 33q Sih-tsohn, ah-ysihn part, portion 33§68 aA-pings quarter, fourth od8o5 taA-zayt single [part 00^00^0 taA-goo-dees ^ third, a c48§8§OD§82 thoAns-bingstaA-bings threefold o^Sao thoAns-zaA 1 Where O is not used above as the numeri< jal affix, it will be necessary to use the proper affix given at pp. 79-81 inst< 3ad. Also instead of ^80 ping, a portion, one may use Cf pohn, heap, or <J tso6, collection. 83 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. three-quarters 093808 thohnt-zajt three-sevenths 95>5(^a^84 hkoo-hnaA-boAn- thoAns-boAn twice ^^o) hnhh-hkah [hna^-zoo two -sixths G§3o5«^^33.59 chowk -tsoo -hmaA whole, the 330^? II 330^3 aA-koAn, aA-l6Ans Adjectives (Intransitive Verb Roots).^ Scoooo^oa GOOD Maw must be added to each if used in front of a noun. (For Grammatical Notes, see p, 113.) able (capable) 00 oSii 00 oooSgSs ^1 ;6.. taAt, taAt-hning, taAt- tsoons awake ^§(5^11 fo noA: nay, nohi bad (wicked) ^^. sohz — (unsound) ogoodSs maA kowngS base 09 o5 yoAk beautiful, hand- ^ hlaA beloved [some # chit big @8 kyees bitter ol8 hkaA: Wind 00^8 kaAns * Adjectives are often used in pairs to prevent mistake. Thus, — ^ cS net means deep, not shallow ; it also means to be dark. ^C&% net-neh means intellectually deep, profound. CO hWi, handsome and also very. So to prevent mistake we may say ego hl&hhskh, handsome. O pa/j by itself means shiny. F 2 84 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. blunt 0^8 toAns bold^ brave 2j„ ^^5 yeh, yeh-yin bright g(^d8 pyowng broad, wide cqcS kyeh careful ooo8(^oooS thaAdee pyoo-daAt careless O3o8co8 thaAdee Ut cheap 3^^iq aA-hp6As choA clean 0811 o6(^o5ii oo| tsin, tsin-kyeh, thaAn- clear @^co5 [^bi kyee-lin [shins clever cSgD laymmaA cold q]§§ chains comfortable OOOSOOD thetthaA cool Gil GQOS ays corpulent 0.1 egg wAh, hpyohS costly 330^808 3ih-h[)6hi kyees crazy ^§11 ogoSii 8oS^§ yoos, thoot, tsayt-yoos cruel GjoSooo [go1o6 yet-tset [powk damp 0^63 htings dark g^dSii ^oSii ^ hmowng, mik, nyoA deaf ^D§o8§ll ^38GC0§ nhhl pin2, na^s lays dear (in price) 3DO?Sg8 aA-hp6As kyees deep (not shallow) ^o5 net — (of purpose) ^a5>> net-neh different gDS^DSlI C§§^§ll 09; chaAs-naAs, kweh- dim 3f? hmo/ni [byahs, litoos dirty ^8 iiyit dry GOgll G§DaS thway, chowk dull (of weather) c4(_ oAn dumb 33 a// 85 r English. Burmese. Pronunciation. dusty C3001I <^cq h[joAn-hta^, hpoAn- early GOD tsaw [htoo easy (to do) ogoS Iweh empty o^oScoS loot-laAt even s& nyee-nyaA false QO^oSiiyt^^ maA-hoAk, maA-hmaAn far GOS ways few ^^811 9,D8 nehs, sha^s fine (excellent) goodSdQoSu goS kowngs-myaAt, myaAt — (in quality) cgoii ^o5 chaw, nyet fit (for) gooSgo^S taw-lyaw flat @D3ll g^ pyaAs, pya^n foolish ^o5.. ^$8 niik, hnaAnS fortunate oo^oodSs kaAn-gowngS free oo65(^oS kins-loot fresh co^Sii oo8 laAns, thit full s^^ pyee-zo^n S^J ^8co^2iio58GgDo5 shwin-laAnS, woons general, usual QSgco hpyit-lay [myowk gentle r^^ noos-nyahn glad g5oD$3 shwin-la^ns good good88 kowngs grand s?@^ myin-myaAt great g3ll(P.) QODD kyees, (P.) ma^ha^ happy q]§8oDD cha/ms-/AaA hard QD maA — (difficult) oo5b hket-hkeh — (disposition) (05620088 kyaAnS-daAnS heavy GC03 lays 86 English. Burmese. Pronunciation, high honest hot hungry ill (unwell) important just lame large, vast last late lazy lean light (not heavy) hght (not dark) Uke little (small) long — (of time) loose low (in place) — (in spirits) many mild muddy natural near new nice, tasty g§ goSoSoS G§Og6§ (^8oq|o5 G^DoSogi 9|58ll c^Ss^ 85iig Gol coSs °^ CoSlI ODGCOS ^8co5§ 4|D2 .^8^11 o86g^ G^DOS OOOODOII ^8^ |§II ^Dg oo8 a8§ll 33C|00^ hpyowng-ma^t, yoAs- poo [thkhl moot-thayt II a^, msih-inah gaAyoo pyoo-bweh hpyowng-maAt chyay maA tsoons kyees-kyeh nowk-soAns nowk-kyaA pyins, pyins-yee payn, kyoAn paw hn: too gnehSj kaAlayS shay kyaA mah kyaAt, chowng nayn hnyoAs-gneA myaAo nooo - nyaAn, thayn - nowk [mway tha^baAwaA, na^goA nee8, naAS thit sayn, aA-yaA-MaA shee 87 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. old^ (not new) goodSs howngs open 2? pwin — (gaping) OO Mh patient oo^?6 thees-hkaAn pltasant OODII CODODD thaA, thaA-ya^ poor (not rich) OoSiGj sins-yeh poor (in quality) s nya^n poor (to be pitied) OO^D^C^oS thaAna^;-bweh possible @S|S hpyit-ning pretty c^iiOoSoooS hla^, tin-deh private (secluded) sBoSo^c^ sayt-kweh — (personal) d^C^J>5oDDQ^C koA-hnin ihah sing probable §8oD2^ii gS hpyit-laAttaAn, hpyit- [goodSs kowngs proud 8oSg8llGOo5GoS tsayt-myin, htaw-maw pure, clean o8go5ii oD^^^Si tsin-kyeh, thaAn-shins quick, swift a^8ii g? lyin, myaAn quiet (§5oDC^ gnyayn-thet — (scarce) 5|38ol3 sha^S-baA; raw 858 tsayns rich go5o kyo6-eh-waA right, true ^Jii ojoS hmaAn, hoAk ripe 9^ hmeh rough g§s kya^ns round c^s lohn'o rude §6s,, §Si@ ying, ying2-byaA sad 8c^(j^ii o58^^8 tsayt-poo, woons nehs * Old (in age) 3^11 3300 o5 (^3. GOOd68 is used only for inanimate things, except in the sense of former, like French ancim. 88 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. safe, secure ^^Jl loAn-choAn sharp <x>o5 htet — (of sound) 1^ tsoo: short ^ toA — (of time) 0@D maA kyaA short (in stature) 9 poo silent c^oSsSoS tayt-sayt slow GJ'?fl §^=25^2 hnays, hpynys-hnyinS small CoSlI G008 gnc'h, thays smooth G9JDII G@g8 chaw, pyay-byit / soft ^'■-^9" %^^ pyaw, nooS-nyaAn sour ^s chin square OO^G)^8g8 tsaAdooyaAns hpyit straight g@dS hpyowng strange (curious) cqizo%% htoos-zaAn; strong ^SSODII 33D8g§ tsoonS-maA, aAs-kyee; stupid, dull ^DCoSo^n o^S§§83 nyaAn - htoAn, htings- sufficient GCODoS lowk [hmings sweet 4 choA — smelling G^8 hmways tall 33G)5 (28 aA-yaAt-myin thick (stout) oc^o5 toAk — , dense C^8 pyit thin olSlI QC^5 pa/(t5, maA pyit thirsty GG|Co5 yay-gnaAt tough C^g8n ^86 p^ins, hking-gaAn ugly 33^6q^^II 009 2ih-yohk sohi, maA hlaA useful 330^8o5u 330^3^ aA-tho>^ns win, aA-ky oAs usual §6gco^ hpyit-lay shee [shee English. 89 Burmese. Pronunciation. valuable 330^?0^c6u 33o5B a^-hpoA; htik, aA- 00$ hpoAs taAn various cx;^S§D§ii 3DOC2?a;^3 htoos-jaAs, aA-htoosdoos warm c^oii 3^aS nways, ik weak 33D2^p5§ll Qj^ll Gol aAsneh2,cheh-neh, paw wet ^., §g^ tsoh, tsoA-zoot willing 8^ol tsayt-paA wise O^Dg pyinyaA shee wrong 0^5 maA hmaAn — (erroneous) ^D2C§ hmaAS-lweh young 3300 0SC(^ aA-thet gneh Verbs, oo^oodu (For Grammatical Notes, see p. ii5-) [Most of the Intransitive Verbs will be found with the adjectives. 00^ thee to be added to each.] To accept (agree) o^o woon-hka^n „ — (receive) ocq hkaAn-yoo „ ache c^c^ kik „ acquire G|ll G|8 yaA, yaA-mee „ add Gol6s powngs „ admire j)Sooo5 hnit-thet „ admonish ^'i so^mmaA „ adore (trust in) r^sogc^ koAs-gweh 55 advance C^803o5 to^s-tet „ aid ^^ koo-nyee 5, answer, reply O^G^Il g?Gg0 htoo-jyay, pyaAn-pyaw „ applaud ^§^§S chees-moons 90 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. To appoint O^OODS hkaAn-htaA: „ approve 8o5o;| tsayt-too „ arise 0011 m/r. 00 GO II /r. htaA5 htaA-zay „ arrange (^5qo8 pyin-zin 55 arrive GGpo5li Q^o5 yowk, sik ,5 ascend 00 o5 tet 55 ask GOS mays 55 — (demand) goodSs towngs ,5 assemble «^GOoii /r. or m/?\ tsoo-ways ,5 avoid g5id8 showng „ awaken |§ii |8goo5 hnoAs, hnoAs-zaw 55 bathe gG|g^Sii in/r. yay choAs . be §s«§ hpyit5 shee 55 beat ^oSii c^oSii j;»o5 yik5 poAk5 hnet 55 begin 3D0g aA-tsaA pyoo 55 believe o^ \_Qcr^\\ intr. yoAn 55 bend ^oSii ^r. egoSii hnyoot, ny66t5 kway ,5 bind 91^" ^^g5>d5 chee, chee-hnowng ,5 bite c^c^ kik ,5 blame 33gSoo6 aA-pyit tin ,5 blow 3^o5 hmoAk ,5 — (as wind) o^oS tik ,5 boast olgDS waA-kyooaAs ,5 boil goSu^joS pyoAk, chet 55 borrow G^Sgls [(3U /r. chees-hgnaAs [hpeA 55 break o:g§u m/r. §ii gii ky6AS5 hkweh, hpyoAj ,5 bring O^OODII 0^5ll G00d8 yoo-laA, yoo-geh. „ build GooDoS [o^ii ir. sowk [sowng-yoo 5, burn 88gcx)d6(i intr. mees lowng 91 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. ro burn (set fire to) n mees shoA o « bury G@@L05 myay-hmyoAk „ button 33^o8800?> in:jee-Mee:taAt „ buy oo5 weh „ call GoT hkaw „ carry ccodSh ooSj sowng, htaAnS 5, — (on head) ^^ yooet [mee „ catch oS838§ll oSsS hpaAnJ-zees, hpa^ns- „ change gI^dSoU intr, <X)ii pyowng;5 leh5 leh-hleh „ climb 00 o5 [obc^c^ii tr. tet „ consent ooGOOoo:} thaAbaw too „ cook j^oS chet „ cough Gg38S0^8 chowng; soA: „ cover 3;^5ii <\ ohk, hpoAn: „ dance oo kaA „ decide o^sgoS soAns-hpyaAt „ deny gSSooS gnyin:-peh „ depart, go away OgoSogDS htwet-thwaA: 55 descend ooSsii ODOS sin:, thet 55 desire, wish for c^ii c^9|5 I0A5 loA-jin 55 do, make §.. cx^S pyo65 loAk 55 draw, pull c§c8 sweh-gnin 55 dream 335«c6 ayn-met 55 drink GOODOS thowk 55 dress 33oo5oo5 aA-woot woot „ dwell5 live G^ nay 5, eat OD§ tsaA: 55 endeavour @IOD8 kyoAs-zaA? 5, escape c§o5 loot English Burmese. Pronunciation. To expel j;)6cx^oS hiiin-htoAk „ extract joS hnoAk „ fall oq|ii cx) kyaA, leh „ feel (by touch) 063 tsaAnS „ find, feel ^^ tway „ finish 3DOOOo5ll (§oGO aA-tsa^ thaAt, pyees- ,, follow c^qS lik [zay „ forbid gSoODS myit-taAs „ forget GQGOqjO may-lyaw ,, frighten C§3 05C^| chowk-hlaAn y 5. get ^„ciS yaA, ya^-mee ,, give GOSlI 3^5 pays, aAt 5? go OgDS thwaAs .? go in 06 win „ go out GgoS htwet 1 „ govern 3^ 5 ^8 ohk-isoh% „ grow 0^811 gDS to As, pwaA; „ hang 0§00D8 sweh-htaAs „ hate ^^s moAnS „ hear @DS kyaAs „ help 00 mkh-zsih „ hide go5oo38 hwet-hthht „ — (one's-self) c^58c^ p6AnS-nay „ hire gls hg-naAs ,. hold of^S king „ hope for Gg|ScoS hmyaw-lin „ intend ^ kyaAn „ join, tr. 00 o5 set „ joke 0§€)D3 kee-zaAs 93 r English. Burmese. Pronunciation. ■ To jump ^In 9?c^D5 hkoAn, hkoAn-hlwa/ti „ keep 0^0033 yoo-htaA: „ kill 00 oS thaAt ,5 kindle (fire) §^^^ mees hnyee „ know o3 thee „ laugh Gjc5 yeh „ learn oo6 thin „ lend (or borrow) G^2 chee; J, let (permit) 33^8co2 aA-hkwin pays „ let (or hire) 9ls' hgnaAs „ let go c^oS hloot „ lie down sSSii o^Sc^Sg^ ayk, tohni-Wint nay „ lift ^11 o chee, msih „ light og53 htoon: „ listen ^D naA „ live (be alive) JQODcS<^B aA-thet shin 5, lock GOOOOOS thaw hkaAt „ look for (§^?1^ kyee-shaA „ loosen GC^D shaw „ lose 33GC^Do55li £3 aA-pyowk hka/m. „ love qj5 chit [shoAnS „ mark qoSii^c^ood2 hmaAt, hmaAt-htaAs „ marry c8 S 3 g ? 8 II CO o5 htaynS-myaAnS, let- cd5 htaAt 5, — (of a woman) good8j>83d cooS sowng-hninS, let-htaAt „ meet <^93@ b^^ tway-kyoAn „ measure O^SSC^D tings- htwaA „ mix GGpG^D vaw-hnaw „ move, /r. c^ shway 94 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. To need, want <^ loA „ obey, listen ^d8cood8 naAs htowng „ offend ^.DGoii g5.d85|o5 naA-zay, hnowng-shet „ open 85 hpwin „ order, command 33§§G08II ^DOODS aA-mayn-pay:, hmaA 55 own §8 ping [htaA 55 — (confess) g@d8 hpjowng ,5 pack up a^5 htoAk 1 „ pick up GCTODOS kowk 55 place5 put ooDSii od8 htaA:, tin (in) ogSaii 00^ thwinS5 hteh ,, play CXJODS ka^-zaA: ,5 plough 0§5 htoon j ,5 pluck, pick agoS soot 55 pour out c^§8ii ccodSsii g thoons, lowngJ, hgnel 55 praise §8^§§ checo-moon: ^ „ prepare5 repair c^8oo8 pyin-zin 55 press |o5i. 8 hnayk5 hpee 55 push 02$§ii 0^8 toonS5 htoAs 55 quench OOOlGg thaAt-hpyay 5, reach § hmee 55 read ooS hpaAt ,5 reap qos yayk 55 receive cooSoii oa^ let-hkaAn, hkaAn-yoo 55 reckon, count CG|0205 yay-twet 55 refuse @88CD? gnyins-zaAn ,5 regret J>SGgD hnaA-myaw 55 remain G^ nay ^ — (behind) O^^G[8 kyaAii-yit 95 English. To remember „ repay fei „ rest [back) „ retreat [back „ return, come „ — (go back) „ ride „ rob „ rub „ run „ save (deliver) „ say, tell, speak „ scatter J, see „ seek „ sell „ serve (as ser- „ sever [vant) „ sew, stitch „ shake „ sharpen „ shave „ shine, intr, 5, show (point [out) „ sign (letter, &c.) „ sit down „ slash „ sleep Burmese. Pronunciation. •ive ^ooSii ooo8g| g?G§D (q$cod 88 G@8 oocSooS G^Dii a^ g8,. @§ @8 ^^ GGpSS 33^0068 §^ QJ(5 33GGp6c^o5 gl) goDll ^5g coo5^o5o^8 hma'it-mee, thaAdee pyaAn-pays [yaA naAs-nay, yaAt-nay soAk-thwaAs pyaAn-laA pyaAn-thwaAs tsees loo-yoo poot, tik pyays keh-tin pyaw, soA kyehs, hpyaAn shaA yowngs aA-hmoo htaAnS hpyaAt choAk hloAk chyoon saAn yayk aA-yowng htwet pyaA, pyaA-thaA, [hnyoon-pyaA let-hmaAt htoAs hting hkoAk ayk-pyaw 96 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. To smell, tr. 33|G|II ^5s a^-naAn yaA, naAns ,, —',intr. 334ogo5 a^-na^n-htwet „ sneeze G9j chee „ sow (seed) g kyeh „ spoil, tr. c^o5o82 hpyet-seeS „ spread o6Eoqj6s hkins-kyins „ sprinkle §S8 hpyaAnS „ squeeze ^s hnyit 5, stand ci5 ya/it „ steal ^8„ ?8oj hkoAs, hkoAs-yoo „ surround 0§8G[ woons-yaAn „ swallow ^ myoA „ swell csp8 yowng „ swim GG^OJS yay kooS ,5 take ^ yoo „ -off gj^ choot 5, teach od6^ thin-chaA „ think ooSii 8o5ooSii ^oS htin, tsayt-htin, hmaAt „ throw g8 pit „ — away sISS ts66n-pit „ touch c8»c§ htee, toA „ translate §§4 pyaAn zoA „ travel o^So^dS hkaA-yees-thwaA: „ tread ^68 ninS „ understand ^DSOD^ naAs leh „ unpack 33095§5S aA-htoAk hpyay „ use OqSGOOIv'b thoAnS-zowng" „ wail, cry ^GCg,^» § gnoA-jways, gnoA „ wash COOS says 97 English To wash clothes , — the face , weigh, tr. , will, be willinif , wipe , work , wra|) up , write , yield, give way BursiiPse. Pronunciation. G(^5 shaw 4]oSj>Doo5 myet-hnaA thit ^5 chayn 80S0I1I OOiOODO^jl tsayt-pa^, tha/ibaw-too oc^oS tho^k 095 lo^k oc^5g)6ii a^5 htoAk-yit, htoAk .GGJSOODB yayr-thfiAs 33DoGCg|0 aAs shaw Auxiliary or Modifying Verbs. These verbs are chiefly used to modify the mode of the principal verb, and f )llow between it and the affix of tense* able, })Ossible,to be |6 or |6 hning 07' ning accustomed, 0000 ta^t skilled, to be at leisure, to be 33D8 a^: attain, to § hmee averse, loth, to be C^Si pyins cause, to GO tsay come to an end. ^$ koAn continue [be spent G^ nay cruel, unfeeling, to c|o5i yet dare, to [be deservino- of. to be woon litik° 1 Qc^ yet, with a negative has the force of being 'incapable of\ or without the heart' to do a thing, as q^o5g|o5c^8 ma/i yik-yet-hpooS, {1) have not the heart to heat (him). BURMESE S.-T. G 98 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. desire^ to ^8.. di chni, ioh difficult, to be 58 hkehs direct, to be ^^ teh do again, to §s pya^n easy, to be ogoSii ODD Iweh, thaA exceed, to og§§ loons happen, to 8 mee obtain (must) =1 yaA practicable, to be @S hpyit pretty, to be (very) ^ hWi proper, good, to be GC03S311 otS kowngs, thin revolve (remain) ^S yit right, to be (ought) 338 ut shun, to dii 6b hpeh, beh sufficient, to be GCODOS lowk suitable, to be ^C^ll Gpll Oo5 hpweh, J ah. Wm try, to [to c§3 tsaAnS I turn back (repeat), ^ toA.jL 99 Examples. ,o5 Pro- nuncia- tion. Princ - pal Verb. GOD koAn kowngS t,sa7ins GgD oc^5 C306 taAt 06 ta/m htik 6 GOO nay lining pyaAn oc^oS OgDS COD yaA § yaA Iweh lowk 5.1 oo5 @s (0D2 hla^ QJD5 w66n thin OgDS Auxiliary and Affix. Pronunciation. Force. "??§ thay koAn byee quite dead GOODSdOog pyaw-gowngS-^Agg proper to say ^60D^ weh jin-^Aeg desi're to buy oSaol hpaAt tsa/inj-bah endeavour to z'ead OOODOO^ win daAt-thgg accmtomed to enter ooJoogS py65 daAu-^Agg ^^ to do C^OSOD^ ihay dik-thgg 100 r thy of death G4)00^ lo/ik nay-agg co?i«i»aetodo ISOD^ thwaAS hning-Z/igg a6/e to go gJoD^ la/i bya/m-^/igg a^ai» comes, return G|Q^ pygg yaA-mgg must (got to) do GpOD^ hka/jn-ya/i yaA-^gg should ohisdn O^OD^ weh \oh the^ wish to buy OgoSoD^ myin Iweh-^Agg easy to see GODDoSoO^ tsa/iS lowk-thgg sufficient to eat C^OD^ inyaAs hlaA-^//ge tery many, to be 003^ thwa/tS w66n-agg dare to go odSo:^ yoo ^/iin-^Aeg ^^ (ought) to takq G 3 100 Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Prepositions. English. Burmese. Pronunciation. about (nearly) - — (concerning) above (more than) abundantly according to across afresh after afterwards again against (in opposi- ago [tion) all (of) — at once^ sud- almost [denly alone, solely aloud already also, too although altogether, quite always and (nouns) — (verbs) anywhere [about around, round 0^,n GCODOS GCqjSlI C»o5ll33O0 5 goSogD 330^8 Oo|cO^JI G^3o5 GQOoS g^do5g.^d5 ooo£ 330005CX) 3300cq|c5c:^ 33G|8oOol co^8 c^godSii cScpc^S 330:^§ 330.^Qgo5ll 33(q Gogi" (i) OOo533C|5q3§ ooSoopS hka/in, lowk sing yooay 'cyaw, det, aA-loon kyooeh-wa/izooa// hnin a^-nyee, hni-j a^ too, aA-ting kcihn-lahn, showk aA-thit nowk-hmaA nowk-nowng ta^-hpaAn sa^n-jin-bet aA-htet-ka/i a^s-loAns yoAkhkaAneh loo koA dees,taA-hkoo dee a/i-thaAn kyeh-loA aA-yin ta^-hkaA lees [dwn Ihoh-ihkWj thoh-ja./ aA-koAn aA-tsin maA pyaAt, a/ hnin [niye jooay beh aA-yaAt maA soA DaAt-leh 101 English. Burmese. PronuReij^tiow. as ^^ geh-thoh as much, as many gT^ ee-hmjah as soon as, imrae- qioSgSs chet-chins at [d lately ^Dii |o5ii Q hma^, hnik at first 3Dg2Q^§tjO a/i-oos-z6/aiS-hma^ at last g^doSo^Sqd nowk-s6^nS-hma/i at the most 33C^D§ac^§Q3 aA-myaAs-z6Ans-hmaA at once rjoloD^S taA-hkaA-dees {or taA- gaA-dehs) at present OOS^^D yaA-hkoo-hma^ because g^dSugodoc @=s jowng, Mawjowng before (time) 33G|5oO aA-yin-ga^ — (place) 33G„5|9D1I o5 aA-shay-hmaA, htaAn behind [neath G^DOS^D nowk-hmaA below, under, be- GGQDOS^D owk-hmaA besides qS@8 laA-gowngS-pyin better ODDf thaA-yooay between o5(^d8^:» tsaAt-kya/iS-hmfiA — , among(st) 330388^3 aA-twins-hmaA beyond 33(^^^D aA-l66n-hmaA but C§Gp0^8 /AoA-ya/i-dwin by means of 33D§§S!I gS ahs-hpyin, hpyin by the side of 33^DQDII 00(3 oS^D dh-nhh-hmiJi, tiA-bet- by turns 0009^0:^ ta/i hlch-jaA [hmaA certainly Go633C^§ aykaAu aA-hma/m close to odS^ kaAt-yooay [jovvng consequently 0^33g(^d8§ =@=c htoA aA-kyowng'S- daily G^^O^ll G^„0^86 nay-zin, nay-ding doubtless 80008 dwee-ha/i ma/i shee 102 Ergli&h. Burmese. Pronunciation. down (direction) G33Do5c§ owk-thoA o — (position) G33Do5^D owk-hraaA during O^OgS tsin-dwin early, betimes GODC^OD tsaw-zaw ; either ... or ^ co^SgoodSs — cogs laA-gowngs — laA- GOO^SSii q8 — c^8 gowngs elsewhere 33g3Sc:§ kh-chhhi-thoh enough (of) GCODoSg33d8 lowk-owng even if o8c^S bin-hlyin everywhere 33G|5o^88 aA-yaAt-ding; exactly GOD^DgD thay-jaA-z66aA exceedingly ODDC^JgD thaA-lo6n-zo6a/i except, prep. OODSI htaAs-yooay far, distant GOSgD ways-zooaA for, conj. 33c[^d88^D aA-kyowngS-hmaA \ — , prep. 32§n c§ aA-hpoA, boA formerly 33C|6oO aA-yin-gaA forward =§!=§ shay thoh from OOP ^ [sDoS o;-aA, hmaA [tsii fully C^o5§o5d 33CX^5 tik-yik, aA-koAn aA hardly «§OD^ maA-hmee-daA-hmee heedlessly, in ad- 3S^o8oDO aA-hmaAt taA-meh here [vertently OD^S^D dee-hmaA herewith OD^j^SoDOg ^Aee-hniii taA-gwaA hitherto 00£JC^8g3Qd8 yaA-hkoo ting-owng how, like ^^^^ /Aee geh-/AoA 1 Note.— 0D^!G00d88 CO^§gOOd82 commonly written (^5 c8 is used for * either — or ' and ' both — and '. ^8° by itself is used fo: ^the afmesaid ' or ' ditto \ 2 o5 hnik is usually written § and Q^ yooay ^ 103 Engilish. PronunciatioD. how much? coo5gcodo5 beh-lowk however C^GOOSCO^S thoh-thAw-leel if C^S hlyin in 03^" § dwin, hnik in front, hefore 33G^OO dh-shaj-gsih in future g.?.d6oodco nowng-kaAM in order to gill G)G3306 hgna.h, jah-owng in the r. idst of 33COo5§ aA-leh-hnik indeed 33O0o5^J a^-keh-yooay ii.side Sac^SSOgSlI OD^D aA-twins-dwin, deh- instead of 330DS aA-tsaAs [hmaA into <^^ deh-//ioA just a> oocr)C§ tha^-geh-MoA just now cx)o8 yaA-hkin lately OOG^^OO ta^-nay-gaA less OOD^CCS tha^-yooay g-neh likewise C^^^BO^ htoA-nees-doo little by little ^.>0gS zohi-zint long" ag;'0 C\g§GCo(§?G00D330l loon-lay-byees-Maw merely oooSoooS thet-thet [a/i-hkaA more OOD^ tha^-yooay moreover S6g8 lees-gowng'S-pyin much C^DSgD myaA:-zooaA mutually 33Dj6B^88 aA-chinS-jins near ssl^c^ ah-neei-thqh never COol^Q taA-hkaA-hniyaA-maA nevertheless, not- QfJCjicSGOoScO^B maA-hoAk thaw-lees withstanding- next to 33^060 aA-nee-z6/mS 104 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. not Q mSih not at all 3^(^8goa^o5 a/i-hlyins ma^-hoAk not yet qcx^oSgoco mail ho/ik thayS now ODS^ ya/z-hkoo nowadays ooq^Qo) ya^-hkoo aA-hkaA nowhere COOS^DQCX^OS beh-hma^ ma^-hoAk of 4 ee (abbreviated form of G^ which is never off 33GoToO aA-paw-gaA [used) often 3Dg5g5 aA-kyayns-jaynS on^ upon 33GoT^D aA-paw-hmaA on account of GgD8 jyowng on the left cooSbooS let-weh-bet on the right COOSOODOOS let-ya/i-bet once OOol 00^811 CXDc8 tU-gU-deht, iU-\ee only GOD thhh opposite ^o53.D^l880^8 myet-hna^-chinS-zing or, otherwise cgocx^oS thoh-vci'^h-hohk outside^ out ol gqQS^d aA-pyin-hma^ over (above) 3300oS^^D aA-htet-hmaA possibly f^^QCOoBll^^Q^ hpyit-kowngs hpyit presently 00^08 ya/i-hkoo-bin [mee probably CX^oS GOOdSSO^ CO hoAk-kowngs hoAk- purposely ooq8 [^ffi hta^-min [mee quickly 3^cq\B\\ g?g? a^-lyin, myaAn-mya^n rather, preferably 00D^3QC^^00gj.J tha^-yooayaA-loA shee- thee-hnin — 5 somewhat 008" gooSgooS hka/it, taw-daw repeatedly 33(3?00(X)CO a/i-hpaAn-ta^-leh-leh lo; English. Burmese. Pronunciation. save^ excepting cr)D8^ htaAs-yooay since, prep. G^DOS nowk — , conj. ^§^i MoA-hpyit-yooay so, thus ^^ htoA.-MoA o so much gj^" c^^ ee-hmya/i, htoA-hmyaA some OO^OO^GOOD ta/i-zo^n taA-hkoo-thaw somehow O3^00S^GO3D^^8 ta/i-zo/ni-taA hkoo-Maw [33DSg9 neeS-aAs-hpyin sometimes OOoloOGCO ta^-hkaA ta/i-lay soon 4jD8QgD mya^S ma/^-kyaA [meh straightway ^o5qj6§II 33@D2Q chet- chins, a/«-chaA§ suddenly ^5o>> yoAk-hka^-neh sufficiently GCODo5g33d8 lowk-owng that, conj. G3Dd8 owng then O^SDolg htoA a^-hkaA-hnik thence C^OD hoA-gaA thenceforth ^^i^i hto^-hmaA tsaA-yooay there C^^D hoA-hma^ therefore c^g@d5 htoA-jowng throughout OOG^DoSc^S taA-showk-loAns — (by means of) 3DDe§8 a^S-hpyin till, until o^8g3^d8 ting-owng to 0^11 C^n 33D8 thoA, koA, a/iS together with J> 8-330^ hnin-aA-too too, also co^8 lees° too much Og?8 loons towards c§ii q8c§ thoA, see-thoh under CGQDOS^D owk-hma/i unexpectedly 3Q^o5oGo8 aA-hmaAt maA-htin 106 Ensilish. Biu'inese. Pronunciation. unless up, upwards — (of river) weekly well when ? whence 1 where ? [ceded by a verb) wherever {jjre- whereupon whether, if while, whilst why ? o5c§ willing ly wisely with — (by means uf j without (absent) — (outside) yearly yet {conj.) — y adv.) O CQ'8 33 G0T08 113300 qj.5g|oSod(^§ goodSoGOOdSs 00o5gCXiD33q1cX) oooSoooDii ooo5o8 oocx) ooc^^-'Dcbii oooSsS GCOGpCp mm (^8go o^ §0 o] II ^o ^ ooD a-) obj>o5G(^D6ooii coogc^cx) COGOODO^gD c8g3gD j)6ii j;)6ooog Q^CX)il Qold:) [c^codii o^d cSgooSod^o G00§ umh {verb) hlyin aA-paw-MoA, aA-htet- nyah-thoh [^^9^ hkoo-hn a^-3-e t ta^-j ay n: kowngS-gowngs beh-Maw-aA - hkaA leh {or beh-doA-gaA leh) beh-ga^ leh, beh-zee- gaA leh beh-hmaA leh, beh- zee-hma^ leh lay-va^-yaA htoA-MoA-hpyit-yooay hpyit-tsay [ka/daA do/in 2 -ga A, shee-zin- beh-hneh-jowng leh, baA-p3^oo-loA leh tha^baw-too-z66aA laymmaA-zooa/^ hnin, hnin-ta/i-o'waA o •' o o hnin, hpyin ma;^-shee-beh, maA- pa/i-beh {any other verb can be substi- tuted/or shee or pah) pyin-hma/i, pa^-hmaA hnit-tsin thoh-thavr-leeZ o thayi {follows the verb) A-', ODDjGCOopGp thwa/iS-lay-ya/i-ya/;, wherever {he) goes. OUTLINES OF BURMESE GRAMMAR. THE NOUN. Gender. All nouns in Burmese are without gender unless they have he affix denoting male or female attached. The feminine affix is always q ma/^. The masculine affix varies. Ggo hkway, dog \ Gg^Q hkwaysma^, 6?o^ (female) ; cgScSs ikwaysdeeS, dog (male). (^o5 kyet, fowl; (^o5o kyetma/i, hen] (^aSo kyet ipa^, cock. For human beings there are a few differences ; thus, oj^ loo, man; goddo§jd§ vowkyaAs, a man (as distinguished Tom woman) ; 8g maynSma^, woman. In some cases it is only necessary to designate the iemale ; as, ogj$ kyoon, a slave; ogj^Q kyoon-ma^, a female slave or servant. g|DC03o jooah-thhhz, a villager (maie). §)Doo yooaA-^Aoo, a villager (femah). oSs mins, a governor; oSsoogooS MinSka/zdaw, a lovernor^s lady. 108 G/as!,nficafio?i of Noam. Nouns may be divided into three classes : i. Simple, 2. Abstract, 3. Compound. 1. The simple noun is a monosyllable denoting some object. 2. The abstract or verbal noun is formed from a verb- root by prefixing the syllable a/i ; thus, V. cc^oS XoKk, to do, make. N. 330^06 aMoAk, work, V. Gp yaA, to be suitable, N. 33cp sih-ysLh,what is suitable^ a thing, place. Note. — It is commonly stated that there are other forma- tions, such as gSs chins, ^oS chet, ^cS hpweh, but as a matter of fact it is not so, for these affixes are themselves merely abstract nouns which have dropped the aA in com- position ; thus, (9§S8 pyoo-jins is (^ pyoo (to c?o) + a^-chins {action) which has been derived from the verbkyin, to do. It may be said that there is no verb kyins {to do), but the rules of the language allow of a verb hkyin (or chin) {to be done), though it is now obsolete. 3. The compound noun is formed by uniting verbs and nouns in various ways ; thus, g|D y66a/«, a village + od38 thaAS, son = villager. C08 laAns, a road + g pyaA, to shoiv = guide. c^ nay, to dwell + 3SS ayn, a house = a dwelling-house. 0^8 hting, to sit + 33GJD (aA)-ya/i, place = a seat. (q68 myinS, horse + 88 tsee, to ride + o^ thoo, person -f- ^ yeh, bold = a horse-soldier. To the above classes must be added a class containing nouns adapted and taken from other languages. 109 Number, \ The plural of nouns is formed, when necessary, by adding j4)DS myaAs {to be matiy), or c§ dqh (a short form of c^ 8 to^s, to increase), or the two combined, c^ doA is generally con- I nected with animate beings. Thus, gSS ayn, a house; qSSqjdS ayn-myaAs, houses. oj loo, a man ; cXj^^Oo loo-myaAs or o^c^ loo-doA, me?i. An indefinite plural is also formed by reduplication of the noun ; thus, 33^8 hh-myohz, a kind; 33<^^^o ah-mydht-Tnyoht,va7'ious f kinds. 33G|5 a^-ya^t, a place; 3^^b^b a/i-yaM-ya/it, various , places. Case. The sign of the nominative case is oo^ ^Aee and follows the noun but is often dispensed with. Ggoco^ hkwaysMee, a dog or the dorj. All other cases are denoted by affixes of case, which are sometimes called ^postpositions^. They are. Objective c^ goA. Genitive (^ ee, o/" (generally omitted). Dative 3308 aAs, to; 9I hnga//,/or ; eg thoA, to : o^ goh, to. Ablative 00 gah, ^ hmhh, f7'om ; J>6 hnin, together ivith. Instrumentative 3.6 hnin, with; g8 hpyin, by means of; g(^dS kyowng, on account of, because of. Locative 038 twin, in; |o5 hnik, at; ^3 hmaA, at, as regards; oo5 weh, at. Note. — ^oS hnik is usually written §. 110 Besides the above simple affixes of case, there are a number of auxiliary words used between the noun and the affix in order to denote more clearly relationship or position. Being verbal nouns, their real form would have the verbal 33 aA prefixed, but in composition this is omitted. 3S6 GoT^D ayn-baw-hmuA, house (of) upper part-at = w/?o» the house. c^5g5^ ayn-byin-hma^, house-outside-from =/rom ow^sic^e the house. A list of these is given at p. 97. The sign qj ee has been given as the genitive but it is usually dispensed with, the first of two nouns being (except when in apposition) in the genitive case and always pro- nounced with an abrupt tone, which is sometimes denoted by the sharp or abrupt accent ^ , which kills even the heavy accent % ; thus, oSoC^oooDD mins-ee-hba^ndaA (king-of-property) becomes mins-hpa^daA, the king's property. THE PRONOUN. There are five primitive personal pronouns. i Si7i(/. c1 gnaA, I. 008 thin, thou. q8o mins, thou. ^6 nin, thou. Ojl thoo, he, she Flur. clc^gnaA-doA orc^dioh^we, oo6c§ thm-doh, ye. o5oC§ mins-doA, ye, ^Sc§ nin-doA, ye. o^c^ thoo-doA, they. It is rude to use cl gnaA and ^6 nin, so, for the sake of politeness, a number of other forms are in general use. For I the usual form is o^|S kyoon-oAk, humble servant. Ill Sometimes it is ssogij^S ah-kyoon-ohk, and for a woman ^^o kyoon-ma^, shortened to o^q kysih-mah. ogj^GCoS kyoon-davv, yoin^ royal slave, and ogj^^ooS^S ky(juii-da\v-my6^s, yoiir race of royal slaves, is used by persons petitioning a person in authority. For thou or you the common form is gqd8o6o mowng-mins. Sneaking to some one older than one's-self one would use oS^Do hkin-byaAs^ Mr., Sir. To a priest or some one in authority o^oSgooS koA-daw. The third person cxj^ thoo (Hterally person) is always used for male or female but, if necessary, oj^q thuo-maA may be used for she. Terms of politeness in general use are given at p. 127, The Relative Pronoan. There is no relative pronoun like Who, but the position is expressed by a participial form of the verb ; thus, ododS GOOD o:^ tsaA-thin-//zaw thoo, writing-teaching-person = the oerson who teaches, or co53g^oo5c^DoGOddo:j^ laAns-showk- thwaAo-Maw-thoo, road-pass along-going-person, the man who is going along the road. In this last example the participial good thaw (or sometimes 00^ thee) is used with two verbs : others might be added. The Reflexive Pronoun. c^oSc^S koMing, or c^oS koh, self; thus, clc^c^o^5 gna^-ko/^-ding, or rather ogj^Sc^oSo^S kyoon- oAk-koA-ding, I myself. 38 meemee, one's-self, himself, herself; thus, 8SGg§ meemee hkwayS, one's own docj. 112 The Intei'rogathe Proitovn, cxDoS (or 33aooS) beh (aA-beh) or beh. oooScx^ beh-Moo, Who ? ooD ba/i (contr. for oooSood beh-ha/^), IVhat ? 00080062 beh-//iins^ Which ? oooSgodooS beh-lowk. How much ? cocS^h beh-hnitj How many ?^ The Negative. ^No one' is expressed by using the Int. pronoun with' ^ hmva^j even, and q ma/<, not ; thus, oooSo:^^o^ beh thoo hmya/i ma^ shee, Who even not is = The7'e is no one. ogj^5ooo^QCC^5^o kyoono//k ba^ hmyaA ma/i loAk lipooS I what even not do = i am doing nothing. The affix ^o hpoos is a strong one often used with q mah. The Ltmonsirative Prononn. c^ee ] "^^'^^ ] ^' , \ this. c8 hoh [ that. ODpb Mee o . "^ ^ cx>8§ yms J OD^ and c^ are colloquial, and always precede the noun; as^ 00^ g(^o8 thee kyowng, this cat. c^ooS htoA wet, thai pig. 1 (X)fX)S>5 beh-hnit (final t scarcely pronounced} can never stand alone but is always preceded by the subject of inquiry and followed by the proper numeral affix (pp. 79-81) ; thus, g6£OOo5j)SGOOo8_^Co6o myinS beh-huit kowng sheC-tha/«-leh, horses how many animals are there = How many horses are there ? 113 The Compound Relative, Q^39QS^mee-Moo-maA-soA,\vhat-person-not-say,i«?Ao5oet/er. Q^oo^33Gpos£J inee-thee-aAyaA-maA-soA, what-thing-not- say, tvhatsoever. o^ is an old form of oooS, THE ADJECTIVE. Til ere are a few imported adjectives which have been taken from the Pali and which do not follow the general rule, but the real adjective is the veib-root which may be used before or after the noun ; thus, goddSoGoodco kownf>;S-//^aw-loo ] , '^ \ a good man. oj^GOODcS loo-gowngs J Adjectives imported from other languages and a few anomalous Burmese forms are always placed before the noun, without the conjunctive particle good Maw ; thus, QOOD q6o (c§3 maAhaA mins jees, a governor of a province. Qooo ma/ihaA is a Pali word meaning great, 060 mins is a person in authority, and ^§ kyees, the Burmese to be greatf used as an adjective. The Comparison of Adjectives. The comparative is made by the use of the verb ooo tha^, to surpass or exceed, coupled to the descriptive word by tiie conjunction G„g| Yogay (always written g)) ; thus, ooo4(^iGOOD335 tha^-yooay kyees-Maw ayn, a surpassing large house, a larger house. BUUMESK 8.-T. H 114 The Superlative degree is formed by prefixing 33 aA, tc the verb and adding sx^S s6/^ns, to be extreme \ thus, §,Do33Co5o^s nwa^s-a^-gneh-zoAns, the smallest ox. The Numeral Adjective. Cardinals. A list of these is given on p. 78, and here it will be sufficient to show how they are used. They run from one to ten and are perfectly regular. The word for ten, however, is used as a demonstrative affix. The Burmese cannot say as we do ^one ox ^5 but are^ obliged to use a descriptive affix (see pp. 79-81) after the number ; thus, instead of saying ^ one ox \ they must say 'ox one animaP, and so on till they come to ten, when the affix for animal (or whatever it may be) is dropped and the affix for ten takes its place ; after that the affix of kind is used again till the next ten is reached, and so on to one hundred, when a new numeral affix denoting ^ hundred^ comes in ; thus, GOODoS yowk, being the affix for man; we have cxjjOOGOODoS loo ta/« yowk, man-one-man. c^c^SgoodoS loo gna^s yo^^k? man-five-men. c^oooo'jS loo ta^ seh, man-one-ten. o:j^oooo('^j>8ooGCODo5 loo ta/i seh hnin taA yowk, man-one- ten-with-one-man, eleven-men. And so on till twenty, when it is cxj^j)6ooc^ loo hni(t) seh, man-two-len. o:^^j)6ooo5j)5ooG003oS loo hni(t) seh hnin taA voaK, men- two-tens-and-one-man, tiventy-one men. The ^^ hnin (and, with) is often dropped. 115 Ordinals. Up to ten the Pali ordinals are in general use, [ibut after that one must have recourse to the verb gQdoS Imyowk, to raise ; thus, I ooooo5o5oG§3o5GCODGcg taA seh thorns myowk thaw hlay, the i^th boat, THE VERB. The verb is a monosyllable without any particular form and never changes. It may be transitive or intransitive. Transitives are often formed from intransitives by aspirating the initial consonant; as, c^o5 pyet, to be destroyed] cjjoS hpyet, to destroy. Verb-roots may be strung together so as to form a com- plete idea; as, goodSsocjc^oSooSod^ htovvngs-htoo-poAk- hka^t-thee, to give a good beating. All the verbs signify a different way of hitting. Sometimes a noun and a verb are compounded to form one idea; thus, to be glad is expressed by 068 woons, the belly + cgooS myowk, to be raised. The Plural. There are two affixes, (^ kya/i and o^ ko^n, to express the plural number, but they are not often used ; thus, cX|^c:^ogD3(^oo^ thoodoA thwaAs-jyaA-/Aee, they {are) going. Voice, Moods, and Tenses. Voice, moods, and tenses have to be expressed by affixes (which were once verbs) and auxiliary verbs. Voice. The passive voice is formed by the verb 6 hkaAn, to bear or suffer, with the principal verb ia a noun form ; thus, 11 2 116 §o5 yik, to beat. 33§oS ooo^ aA-yik hka^n Mee^ a beating to bear, i.e. to be beaten, \ Moods, The verb-root by itself may be Infinitive or Imperative, i All other moods, except the Indicative, are shown by auxiliary verbs signifying po^Yer, permission, &c. The Indicative Mood is denoted by affixes of time. I Present T. oo^ th^e. cf ee. Past (§ pyee. Future o^ mee. 33 aAn. Future ^60^ aAn mee. cogg (or cooSoS) la^t aAn. Pluperfect b[^ geh-byee. cxj^s^ hboos-byee. Past Perf ^8(§ hnin-byee. Though the simple root can be used Imperatively, there is a large number of modifying affixes : g^ chay, gcoo law, and Gooo taw, simply imply command. j)8 hnin, and co6 lin, used after o maA, not, are prohibitive. ol paA is entreating and always used in polite language, either by itself or with other affixes. GO tsay is causative or precative as ogDSGO thwa^S-zay let him go. § tso^, used only for ist pers. plur., as ogD§^§ thwa^s jyaA-zo, let us go. 5 hkeh is generally used with the verb cod la A, to come, and implies motion towards one's-self. c^o5 lik (to follow) is harsh and implies motion from, §0 oAngS is an affix that signifies return or recurrence; as, Go§ol§3 pays baA oAns, please give {it me) again. ogDo^oGOOD thwaAs ohm daw, go and return, used for 'good-bye \ 117 INTERROGATIVE. The Burmese do not alter the tone of the voice when asking a question, but use certain affixes, at the end of the sentence, with a tone of assertion. GcoD law, and ^^5 nees, are those used formally in writing, but colloquially cod§ la//3, and cx) leh, are used ; cod8 la^s is used for all ordinary questions ; as, ooSI^o^codS thin pyoo mee laht, thou do will ? = ivill you do it ? But if the sentence begins with the interrogative pronoun oooS beh, who, or any of its compounds, then cb leh must be used; as, oooS^D^oocb beh hma^ shee tKiJi leh, where is {it) ? 0^0 do^ns is also used colloquially in place of cb leh. THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE. The only word for not is o ma^, and it immediately precedes the principal verb ; thus, ogj|5QOgDo^6cxj^3 kyoonoAk ma^ thwa^S jin boos, I not go wish, I do not tvish to go. The boo: at the end is a strong assertive affix generally used with not, and if the sense of never is required o tsa^ must be placed before it : — cloogDSoc^S gna^ ma/« thwa//S za/i hpoos, I never went. To make it still stronger we may double the ^S and say oogD§oc^8cxj^§ nmh thwaAs zaA hpoos boos Before is expressed by placing § hmee, and o6 hkin, after the verb ; thus, OG€roo5§ ma^ yowk hmee, before {he) arrived ogQdoS ma^ pyaw gin, before {he) spoke. 118 Without is expressed by placing cx) beh after the verb; thus, o(^:b mkh pyoo beh, without doing {it). Yes and No. There is no direct negative hke the English No, but the verb oqoS hohk, to be true, is used ; thus, a^oSco^ ho^k thh^, or oqoScx) hoAk-keh, it is true, yes, ocx^oScj^o maA hoAk hpoos, it is not time, no. (^ 33800^00:^ o5 pyoo a^t thQQ maA hoAk, do proper to not true, it is not proper to do. 1 I i ORATIO OBLTQUA. This is shown by the verb cq hoo, to say, followed by the verbal conjunction ^ yooay and a verb expressive of saying or thinking. Generally the speaker is designated first followed by the ablative postposition 00 kaA ; thus, ooocoGOODSoOqoOj^^o^co^ thoo gkh — maA kowngs boos — hoo yooay soA thee, him from — not good — saying sa^'S, i. e. he says {or said) it is not good. | Sometimes instead of (^^ the short form of the verb' OD hoo is used without ^, as ODODOCOD^So^^oSoD^ thoo gaA maA laA hning hoo — hmat thee, him from — not come able — say thinks, he thinks {that) he cannot come. In conversation c^ \oh is used instead of o^ hoo, and some- times the sentence is still further shortened by the use of 00^ deh ; thus, ODCODO^oo^ thoo \dJi mee — deh, he will come he says. This 00^ deh is simply a short form for 00^ thee, the assertive aflix of the omitted verb 3§ soA, to say, or ego pyaw, to speak. 119 THE SUBSTANTIVE VERB. There are two substantive verbs, — (c8 hpyit, to be, to exist. ^ shee, to be, which is used in the sense of ^have', the postpositions ^ to ^ or 'at^ being expressed or understood, as, a^^oo^thoo-shee-Mee = ^^^^o^g§ thoo-hma^ shee-Mee, to him there is, or he has. Thus, c^oOGODDoSsjoo^ loo ta/i-vowk shee-//iee,man one (there) is. o^^o^OD^ thoo-hmaA shee-/^ee, to him is, or, he has, oo6cxj^§o5Q5oD^ thin loo-mik hpyit-thee, you a fool are. THE HONORIFIC FORM. The honorific form is used for very high personages and consists of GOoS taw, the honorific affix, and <^ moo, to do ; thus, o68^3GGpo5GooS^(§ mins-jees yowk taw moo byee, the governor has arrived. In this case <^ moo is considered the principal verb, and to make the negative, o muh must precede it and the final affix be lefl out ; thus, GGpoScooSo^ yowk taw mah moo, (the governor) does not arrive, or has not arrived. CONTINUATIVE AFFIXES. These take the place of the participle and join clause to clause in a sentence. ^ yooay and cq]o5 lyet are what we call present. c^6 hlyin and goo5 ^Aaw are what we call past. 120 c(5o:^o5ogDSoo^ py^y b'^^ thwaAs ^^ee, running {he) goes. oq]DSc^o5^G|GOo5i odS^q^ kya/iS kik-yuoay yaA-thaw- tsaAs-jya^-mee, tiger biting having-got (we) shall eat, i.e. (ive) shall eat {what tve) got from the tiger's killing, oooSj^l^cC^Si (y5(^x>^ ta^t-kya/i byees-hlyini pyaAn- jyaA-Mee, skilled (pi.) having-finished (they) returned, i.e. having completed their education they returned {home). EUPHONIC AFFIXES. These are used after verbal roots in conjunction with affixes of mood, tense, and number, but they can be dispensed with, and it is impossible to lay down rules as to their use. The commonest are gco lay, g^ chyay, cooS Wit, 5 kheh. Ea!a?nples. GCO lay is one of the most common. It is almost always used in the future compounded with the future affixes 33 a^n and o^ mee, and takes the form of c86o^ laymmee (gco 33 o^). It is frequently used with the past tense ; ogo8(^ thwaAs byee, {he) has gone, is correct, but c^dSgcoJ^ thwaAs lay byee is better. o) paA, the polite affix, is in constant use : it is correct to say ogDSGODo thwaAs daw, go ; but o^dSoIgodo thwaAs hhh daw is better, g^ chay is sometimes used with future 33 aAn and becomes ^§ chayii, as ocj|^8330^ogD3GS^GCo5iG(^Da5G|^5 Q^ thoo hnin aA-too thwaAs jay /Aaw pyowk ya/i jayn mee, If he goes with {h'm) he must he lost : both jay and Jayn have no meaning and may be omitted, they merely round off the sentence. So, in cx:^o]c^c^o8c^o5g^dd^ thoo paA-goA 121 poAk lik chay Mee, (Jie) smote his cheek, both o^o5 1ik and G^ chay have really no effect. c^oS lik (lit. foil oiv) is not always euphonic but conveys a certain amount of meaning and Is used with transitive verbs. cooS la^t is common and mostly used with gcoS thaw • as ogDBcooSGCoS thwaAs la^t thaw, having gone. It gives the idea of 'happened'. Sometimes with fut. 36 aAn ; as, co^^ laAttaAn; ogDo cogg will go [probahly). CLOSING AFFIXES. These are used occasionally at the end of a sentence to give it stronger force. The principal are, — 00^8 dees = subst. verb ^od^ shee-^Aee, to be, is. Not used colloquially. g tsooaA or zooaA intensifying. G<?.S naw, soliciting acquiescence, as ogDScoooo^G^S thwaAs daw mee naw, I icill go, shall I ? Gol paw, implies ' of course ' in answer to a question. c^DSo^coDS thwa/^s mee laA, Are you going ? c^dSo^go] thwa^s mee paw, / shall go, of course, THE YERB USED AS A NOUN. The verb may be used either in its radical form or with its affixes of mood and tense as a noun, and in such cases is governed by postpositions ; as, c@OD^o^g6c3]8 pyay-Mee-goA myin-hlyin, runs-to-see-if, having seen the running. ogo5!§8^^ htwet pyees-hmaA, come-out-finish from, i.e. after {he) had come out. 122 THE ADYEHB. The adverb proper ends in §1 zooa^, but there are six different kinds of adverbs. Those in common use are given on pp. 100—106. MODEL OF VERB. Infinitive oq5oo^ loAk-thee, to make. Indie. Pres. cloc^Soo^ oriaA lo/ik-thee, 7 make, or, cIoc^Sg^oo^ o-naA loAk nay-^Aee, / am making. Past c'locjSooo^ gnaA lo^k-hkelv/^ee, I made, Pres. Perf. c]o:^5(§ g-naA loAk pyee, I have made. Past Perf. c1oq5(j^8(5 gnaA loAk-hpooS-byee, 1 had made. Future c1 0:^80^ gnaA lo^k-mee, I uill make. Fut. Perf. c1o:^6(§2c8§o^ gnaA loAk-pyees-laym-mee, I shall have made. Potent. Pres. cloc^S^Soo^ gnfi^ loAk hning-Mee, I can make. Potent. Perf. clo:^5|5(§ gna^ loAk hning-byee, I could have made. Potent. Past Perf. c]oq5GooD6^(§ gnaA loAk kowngs-byee, / might have made. Imperative o:|5good loAk-taw, make. o:^5go loAk-tsay, let {him) make. a:^5(^§ loAk-kya^-zoA, let us make. o:^5o1good loAk pa/i-daw, please make {it\ A FEW COMMON AUXILIARY VERBS. clcc^S^jSoo^ gnaA loAk chin-Z^iee, I tvish to make. c1oq5oD8oo^ gna^ loAk thin-/^ee, I ought to make. clcc^5ooo5oo^ gna^ lohk taAt-thee, I am wont to make. cl 0:^8000^ gnaA loAk woon-/Aee, I dare make. )1 123 :c1o:^5g|od^ gnkh \o/ik jvih-thee, I must make. clocx^Soo^ gnah tsaA \ohk thee, I begin to make. cIcc^Sg^oo^ gnaA \ohk nay-thee, I am making. c1cq5gooo^ gnaA loAk tsay-thee, I cause to make. clcc^Sboo^ gnah lohk hkeh-Mee, / seldom make. cloc^Sc^oo^ gnah lohk ioh-thee, I wish to make. cloq5o6oO^ gnah lohk tsaAns-mee, / tvill try to make. cloc|5cpOD^ gr\ah lohk yah-thee, I should make. cloc^5(y^o^ gnah lohk pyaAn-inee, I will re-make. GOOor)5(§ thay koAn-byee, {They) are quite dead. GOOO^oSoo^ thay dik-thee, {He) is worthy to die. ^cooSoo^ pyoo Ivveh-^Aeej {It) is easy to do. Note. — In the above cl gnah has been used for / for the sake of brevity. THE CONSTRUCTION OF BURMESE SENTENCES. 1. The principal verb is always at the end of a sentence but followed by the modifying verb and the closing affix, f any ; thus, ocj^ ooq6s odSoo^ He rice eats cl ooo5s odS |Soo^ I rice eat can 2. If there is an adverb of time it must commence the lentence ; thus, QG^,CO cl gc§ C^^S?>(§ Yesterday I town-to went 124 3. After the adverbs of time another clause may be intro- duced ; thus, ^oSo?l ^^S 3DD8 C^5l OoS 338 C^ COD Q^ To-morrow I, at leisure if, thy house to come will 4. The following is a typical sentence : — 0^ joq] §1 goodSs good cq j.8 gooooSc^ 00^ That time at, good ^ man two - (§c§ ogoS g cooS GOoS CG| 0^52 dbc§ c^ town-to go ^ happen^ having^ water (of) hole into fall over Cqi<^ GOob GOO (^ dropping^ died Illustration of the Construction and Pronunciation of Burmese. 0^33olll ^|8g330^^ GOOO^O^G^ GO00(j>)OO003OQ^ ^ GOOD (^^dSoo^i 3^cqc^c^^^co^Qo:>{^E\ 3oo0(§DO0Gpe|(^n 0^3300 goOOGpC^I 88QG0O05^8l3OC^CO^§QC^6G00SGO0OG(^o6lg|D COqO06oOGO00oSGO00C^^0S3S5g3o500D§^lO0O$30C26GO0030 5I I 30G|5 OOolScgc^^OO^OgD 8 g ? 4ll 0^(;>)O OODC^g^OS 00^ GOC^O OgOSj^l 00 ol § 30 G| 5§ 13.8 I OOl 3051^ f go g8 ceo GOoS I (>)OO0DC^^D SqjggDC^ o56sg) ■ 000 8 GCOOC^g^OS oo^io4§oo§j)8^o::^?GOoc^ii 1 Instead of GOOoS^GOOOCXj^ one might put o:;^GOOd88 (see p. 113). * GODDc6 numeral affix (p. 80). ^ plural affix (p. 109). 8 fm plural affix for verbs (p. 115). * OO08 euphonic verbal affix (p. 120), gives an idea of unexpected suddenness. * GOoS past continuative affix (p. 119). « ^ continuative affix (p. 119). ' 5 GOO C^ past closing affixes (p. 1 31), 1 125 Phonetic Pronunciation and Literal Translation.^ Hto^ a^-hkaA, DoAnneeweehta/« yooaA-hnik nay-Maw That time, Dohnneeweehtah village-in dwelling "Zooza^ga^ a^-mee shee-Maw PoAnnaAs-Mee, a^-hloo-goA Zoozdhgdh. name hav'ng Brahman, alms hleh-leh hkaAn - thkh-h^yin, a^thaAbya/i ta^-yaA yaA-ee. going about receive by {means of ), coins lOO got. HtoA a/ithaAbyaA ta/i-ya^-goA, mee-mee maA soung hning, (Those coins loo self not carry able, i>h-\oh lees nul/i ting M/ayS Maw-jowng, yooaA ta/^-hkoo desire also not attain{ed) yet because, village one- Idwin, ta^-yowk-thaw Po^nna^S ayn - hnik a/«t- hta^S-yooay, in, one (a) Brahman^ s house at give - put - ting, ta^-hpaAn a^-hloo hkaAn - Maw-a^n-hgna^, aA-yaAt taA-baAs- again alms receive in order to [J'or), place other thoh hleh-leh thwaAs-bya/^n-ee. HtoA ZoozaAga^ to going-about went again. That Zoozdhgdh Vohnudihi - thhQ, aA-hloo thwaAs hkaAn-yooay, ta^-ba/iS Fohnndhi alms go receiv - ing, other iA-yaA^hnik, hnit - la^ a^-sheh kya^-myin^ - lay - Maw, place - at, years-months long long - tall {having been), jAksaA-goA thayns-yooay htaAs-Maw- Po^nna^S - Mee, \ the money taking charge of keeping Brahman {hom.), ;h6^ns-zaA5-hnin-yooay koAn-lay-ee. use - eat ^ had consumed. ^ For Idiomatic Translation, see over. 2 Myin is lit. ' tall,^ but is often coupled with kyah, ' long in time: '5)5 hnin, prior past tense affix. 126 [Idiomatic Translation. — At that time, a Brahman^ named Zoozahgah, who dwelt in a village named DoAnneeweehtaA, by going about and receiving alms, amassed one hundred pieces (of silver). Not being able himself to carry those pieces, and because his desires were not yet satisfied, leaving them at the house of another 1; rah man in a certain village, he again wan- dered about to other places in order to receive alms once more. That ZoozaAga/i, the Brahman, having been for months and years begging alms in other places, the Brahman who had taken charge of Zooza^gaA the Brahman's wealth, had (before he, Z., returned) made away with and used it all up.] POLITE MODES OF ADDRESS. When one addresses a Burman it is rude to use the ordinary pronoun. If his position in society is known he should be addressed by the term that denotes his position, if not, one must generally suppose him or her to be * the supporter of a monastery', GO^dSSOOOOD Kyowngl-tsihgsihfjem. CCqjD6o33Q Kyowngs-a/j-mM), or 'founder of a Pagoda', oqGpoOOOOD K^khjahZ-WigSih, or simply as oScjjDS or o6(^Do Hkin-bya/iS (a short form of OOOCCOGpo Master, object of reference). If the person ad- dressed is a teacher or person of learning, he should be called OOGTO Sa^ya^i. In talking to a priest or teacher, instead of saying 'I', one should use OOO^GOoS TaAbeh-davv (scholar), and call him O^oSgOoS Ko-daw, or OOGpGOoS Shhyah -da,w. To a person in authority a Burman would always designate himself as OOI^gOdS Kyoon-daw (Royal servant), but an Englishman would say ' Ky66no/«k', CX>GOo5 KaTidaw means lady and is used for the wives of honourable persons, as q8°OOGOoS MinS ka/jdaw, OOGpOOGOoS Sahjhh ka/idaw, for the wives of magistrates and teachers. The word OOOOD ia.h-gah, which is used above, is a corruption of the Pali word oloDOOD dah-jah-kah, a giver; the feminine is OOOODQ ta^i- gsih-mah. ^ The proper word for Brahman is Bydhmdhndh, but the Burmese usually use the word QCg^o, PotenaTi;, which is a word of doubtful derivation. 127 CONVEESATIONAL PHEASES AND SENTENCES.! Useful and Necessary Idiomatic Expressions. Q^D3g0J3O^8o5GO0DOO0D§0Oo5-<^D8ll English. Burmese. Pronunciation. IThank you (sel- GOqjScj^SOoSoloO^ Kyays-zoos tin-baA- dom used) thee [hl^gh Yes o^oSolii ojoSb IIoAk-paA or hohk- No Qcr^d^cqln qcx^oSoI MaA-ho^k-hpoos, maA- hoAk-paA Bring oj^bol Yoo-ge^-baA [baA Bring that c^a)8sc^a^5ol HoA-dins-goA yoo-geh- Give me OgJ^5c^G08ol KyoonoAk-koA pays- baA Give it him cx^c^GoSo^oSol Thoo-goA payS-lik-paA Do (you) under- ^dSco^oocodS NaA; leh-/MA-laA5 stand *? [stand (I) do not under- ^DSoco^apS NaAs maA leh-boos Send (it) to me ogj^Soocggo^oSo"] KyoonoAk htaAn-^Ag^ po^-lik-paA baA Tell me OgJ^So^cgDol KyoonoAk-koA pyaw- Tell him o:^c^G§DC^o5o1 Thoo-goA pyaw-lik-pa^ Canyon tell (me)1 gQd^SoIo^oddS Pyaw ning-baA-mee- laAs Inga/ilayk tsaA-gaAs Can you speak 3D 8c8 5 OO Do oo o5 English ? 00CO3§ taAt-thaA-la^s * See 'Hints on addressing a Burman , p. 24 p. 126. Polite Modes of Address', 128 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Is there any one 3D 8 c8 5 OOOD3 00 06 Iiiga/iiayk tsaA -gaAs here who speaks GOOOO^^OOCODo ta^t-thaw-thoo shee- English 1 Ma^-lahs 1 What do (you) oodg@doo(X)' cod BaA pyaw-^^a^-lehj say? Q^ODCb BaA so^-MaA-leh j Ask him (inquire) Oi:^G^GOSO§gol Thoo-goA mayS-za^ns- Ask for (demr.nd goodSsoIgood Towngs-baA-daw [baAi Speak loudly [it) oi^oSoqioScgoo] Kyeh-jeh pyaw-baA Never mind GDOgoio^oloj^S AA-twet mah shee-ba/i- boos BaA pyoo thin-thah-leh. What is to be done? 003§Oo8oCC^ Why? oodQc^oo BaA pyoo-loA leh What is it? [ter? OOOCX) BaA leh What is the mat- ooDgSoo 6b BaA hpyit-thaA-leh Do (you) hear ? ^DSOOCODS KyaAs-/AaA-laAs I understand, Sir <?,D3aDgooo5i O^Gp" NaAs leh-/Aee,hpn AyaAs | Carry this OO^OODC^Oo6Sol TAee haA-goA htaAns- baA [daw Take that C^OODC^ 0^0] GOOD HtoA haA-goA yoo-baA- Take (it) away O^DgOSC^oS Yoo-thwaAs-lik Make haste ! 3Doqi£gol AA-lyin pyoo-baA ! Come quickly g5g?OOD5 MyaAn-myaAn laA-geh Take care ! ODC^gol ThaAdee pyoo-baA j Listen ! ^DoGCOdSoI NaAs htowng-baA Come in ! oSoIgooo Win-baA-daw Come here ! oo^n^coo5 Dee-goA laA-geh Come back ! g^ODDb PyaAn laA-geh Call my servant ogj§5o:j^aDGOD8c^ KyoonoAk loogaAlays- : (boyJ GoTol go A hkavv-baA 129 Engli-^h. Burmese. Pronunciation. Take this note oo^oDO^ — a5'x^ r^ee tsa^-goA — hta^n- to — a^ogo'ool thoh yoo-thwa^S-baA Bring back an g^ODC^O^b PyaAn-zaA-goA yoo- answer geh Stand still a nio- QOD^iSG^olgS Hka^naA ya^t-nay- ment ba^-oAnS Go away (roiigli) CX^DlC^cS Thwa^s-lik Go away (polite) OgDoolcCOD Thwa/iS-ba^-daw o Good-bye ^ O^Oo^oGOOO Thu iih%-6hni- d aw Too soon gS02^SCX5§,ll2 0D3g?S Oos-loons-/Aee, tsaw- OD^ loons-Mee Too late G^D050^C^?83D^ Nowk-kya^ loons theet Very well (good) goddS8o1(§ K w n g S-b a^- by e e Whatdoyouwaiit^ ooDc^^Soccb Ba^ lo/ijin-tha^ Ich How do you do?) Are you well ? J odoIc^codS MaA-baA-ee-la/iS I am well ODolc§ xMaA-baA-ee Much obliged G0^2(>-Sg2C^g Kyayszoos keeS-hla^- byee [boo; There is nothing Nothing is the BaA-hmyaA maA shee- BaA-hmyaA mah hpyit- . matter hpoos No trouble at all Gj>D8^oSo^pQ^ Hnowng->het-tsa^-yaA maA shee Who is there ? C^^D.^DC^C.-^^OOra HoA-hmaA beh-Moo shee-/M^-leh * The person who pays a call on leaving says ODOoQCODQ^G^S fch\va^(S-daw-mee-naw, I ivill go? and the person in the house replies OgDSg^GOOD thwMS-o/mSdaw, Go and rdurn. BUKUBSB S.-X J 130 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. It is I What is the news ? There is no news Do you know for certain ? Go in front Follow Go home Go to the post office and ask for my letters Let us start Wait Bring my horse Saddle it Call the interpreter [man say ? What does that He says he cannot find the horse He thinks some one has stolen it Is it possible 1 OgJ^5olll Ogj^GOoS o] 00 uS 08008 S G| OOCQ ooo5o8oo58^oo] Go633^§o8o0O3D3 3QG^0§O^D?G0OO G^Do5c§0^o5ol gS^c^d^dSgodo ODC^o5c^O^02| 02J^6 0DQ^33C^ goodSsoI G^olSol) GODCol 02j|5@88c^a;^5 s^58|soo8ol OOOD§(y^C^GS>Tol C^'OjOOOGgDOOcb g8§o^oG02|8a^8 OO^OOGOOOo5880^ oo^cijco8oo^ (^8^8o1q^odd2 KyoonoAk-paA, kyoon- 1 ] daw-baA [I eh 1 Beh thaAdins yaA-thaA Beh thaAdins hmya/ maA yaA AykaAn aA-hmaAr thee-MaA-laAs [da^ AA-shay -/AoA - th waAs o*' o Nowk-thoA lik-paA Ayn-/AoA thvviiAs-daw TsaA-dik-thoA thwaAs- o yooay kyoonoAk tsaA- myaAs -goA towngs - 1 baA [zoAl Htwet - thwaAs - jaA - Nay-baA-oAns, tsowng baAs KyoonoAk myins - goA voo-ffeh HkoAns-hnees tin-baA TsaA - gaA -byaAn-goA hkaw baA [/AaA-leh HoA loo baA pyaw - Myins -go A niaA tway hning booSj deh TaA - zoAn-taA-yowk- hkoA yoo - thaA - loA htin-/Aee [laAs Hpyit-hning-baA-mee 131 English. Buruiese. Pronunciation. It is his fault o^sagSco Thoo aA-pyit pay He is sorry 3:j^o6§^^?oloo^ Thoo woon;-neh;-baA- Mee lie must get me ^^^^^6^°^ Thoo kyoonohk-hpo/i another horse G OOd8^DGOoS| myins ta^-gowng -S sh a/i -pay s-yaA-mee Who is paddling O^QC^C^OO C^D^ iloh hlay-goA beh^Aoo that boat ? GC^SOOCX) hlaw-ZAa^-leh Is it a man or a GOODO^DSODDSlSg YowkyaAs laAs, mayn?- woman ? CODS mah Isihi It is a woman SgGO MaynsmaA bay It is a woman ^ SgGo] MaynsmaA baw Well done ! goodSsgo Kowngs bay How fortunate ooo5o6good6§oo§ Teh ka/m kowngs-/Aee It is a fact OD^COD3D^^QO Thee haA aA-hmaAn bay [hnin Don^t be angry 8o5q38§o15>5 Tsay t - maA - sohi -baA- IIow beautiful OOoSo^OO^G^ Teh hWi-thee, goh Be silent 1 o8o5o8oSc^ Tayt-tayt nay Long ago gDC^g [OD^ KyaA hlaA byee [Mee Shameful ^o5 OGp GOOD 8 § Shet-tsaA-yaA kowmgs- Are you not a- o^o6aj^scoD8 MaA shet-hpoos-laAs shamed ? (You) are to blame 33 g 8 OO 8 Gp AA-pyit-tin-zaA-yaA good88oo^ kowngs-Mee Get up ! CO c^ o5 II (polite) cool Hla/i-lik, hiU-hah ^ I. e. liow could you think otherwise? I a 132 Meals. ooq58od3g[^d83ii (For Vocabularies, see pp. 49-53.) English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Breakfast (dinner, or supper) is reacly Is the tea made ? Do you drink coffee *? This milk is sour Bring me an egg Must I boil the Fry me two eggs This butter is ran- cid [butter Bring some other We want more tea- cups Remove the dishes Cook some pork curry for dinner ooo8§c^5s(§3(§ cooSooS Gi^cq^ (§8,gcoD3 OOoSoOCODo go5gOOC^8a^6o goSgc^goSsiog CODS (^o6gj)8c^3Gca^5 OC ^ GOOD O oS G OOD 8 o5oo^ GcoDoa5a^6o§8 coo5^3a5^]^c^oo$ t^DSC^GODSOD^ O^DSGODD pOODcBoODODDS oo88go5Go8ol HtaAmins pyin-pyees- byee La^-hpet-yee loAk- j/yees-byee-la/iS KaA-hpee-yee thowk taAt-tha^-la^s [/Aee Thee noA-yee chin- Kyet-oo ta^-l6/ais yoo- geh Kyet-06-goA pyoAk- ya^-mee-laAs Kyet - 00 hnaA - loAns kyaw-pays-baA Thee htawbaAt howng- zkht-thee .. [oAns HtawbaAt yoo-geh- LaA-hpet-yee-paAgaAn- myaAs loA-Mays-Mee PaAgaAn ■ by aAs- myaAs- go/i yoo-thwaAs-daw NyaA-zaA-bo/i wet- thaAs hin; chet-pays- baA 133 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Take care to boil 00 Q 6 8 C^ CO ^g Li ta^mins-go^ lees the lice well, too good6sgcx)d58 kowiig^-gowigs naAt- ^6g33d8oOo8[^ owng thaAdee pyoo c^o5 lik Change the plates C^CTD^'^DSC^COC^OS Fa A ga hn-mj ahl - g oh ol leh-lik-paA Give me a clean OD8go"lBj>6oo5G|68 Tsa/i - b weh - da As - hnin knife and fork 33ao8r^aj^6b hkaA - yins a A - thit- koA yon-geh Give me a glass of G<S|oogaSGo8ol Yay taA-hkwet pays- water baA Pour out the tea coo5oo5Qg5r/Jg LaA- hpet-yee-goA GCool hngeh pays-baA How many are ooo5j.Sg(X)3o5oo Beh-hnaA-yowk htaA- coming to din- o61(Od8codo^6o mins tsiiAs-laA-mee- ner ? leh I think there will cq<^ 6goodo5cod Loo-shit-yowk laA- be eight persons o^c^ooSoloo^ mee-loA htin-baA- o thee Health. o^^2qd(§8s^83^8good33g(3d83ii (For Vocabulary, see p. 47.) Are you well ? I am well I am very ill I am not very well coyc O0<J\ 33Og§<?.D0]00^ GOOD 60 GOO060 O oDo:j^8 MaA-ee-laA: MaA-baA-ee AA-loon naA-baA-/Aee KownsS-gowiigs maA maA-boos English. 134 Burmese. Pronunciation. I hope you will soon be better Do you sleep well ^^ I sleep pretty well I have caught a cold I feel sick Send for a doctor I want to see a doctor She {or he) has a cough Where is the chem- ist's shop ? How far is it from here "? You must drink this Have you any brandy (spirit) ? I can eat nothing I can swallow no- thing G^ScoSoloO^ 3D3S5 G 00^6 §00 ODD! gooSgcoSgoodSo good883S5o1oo§ J)DG08^D^OO^ 335^600^ gcoSooodS c^goT c§o$ GOOS 0DQDJ>8 GOg o:j^^DG(gD68s§8^D GOOoS^8oOo5^D(X> 00^00 CO oSgood oS goSoooo 00 ^ OOD C^ GOO o5 g^§30qo5^O0ODD8 OOD^ 0008^80:^8 oo^oooyjQ^ISo:;^? HkinbyaAs mya^n- myaAn kyaAns-maA- yaAn kyoon-daw hmyaw-lin-baA-/Ae5 A^-ayk kowng8-/fM^- hUs Taw-daw kowngs- gowngs ayk-paA- Hna^-zees-naA shee- AAn jin-/Ace SaysthaAma/iS-goA hkaw-lik SaysthaAmaAs - hnin tway-jin-/Aee Thoo-hmaA chowngs- zoAs-naA shee-Mee Says -zing beh-hmaA- leh Dee-gaA beh-lowk wayS-MaA-leh Dee haA-goA thowk- yaA-mee ByaAndee-aA-yet shee- /AaA-laAs BaA-hmyaA niaA tsaAs hning-boos TaA - zoAn taA- hkoo- hmyaA maA myoA hning-boos 135 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. My head aches Ogj|5GOl6§ c^oS Kyoono^k gowngs OD^ kik-thee VTy foot is swollen C^^ScgGGpSc^ Ky onoAk chee OD^ yowng-nay-/Aee [ cannot get up o 00 1 Soloes Ma^ htaA hning-ba^- boos Vlay I get up 1 00 qj 8 C^ 8 00 ^8 o] Hta^-jin-hlyin htaA- OOODD8 hning-baA-Mah-laA; orive me a cup of CO oSooSc^^oogoS La^-hpet-yee ta^- tea coSol hkwet payS-baA [ have been ill ^D G^ooDo^8e|aS NaA-nay-^ dah thoAn: three days m yet shee-byee Give me a bit of ^oo8o5goSo1 Mo^n ta^-zayt pays- bread baA [ must wash my OgJ^S COoS GOOoG] KyoonoAk let says- hands "^ yaA-mee [ have washed my go5j)Oc^oo85(§ Myet-hnaA-goA thit- face hkeh-byee rhere is no soap Oo5@DQg SaAtpya^ maA-shee [t is not good to ^5SGOD333o1§ Cha/mS-Maw a^-hkaA- go out when it 33@Sc§0233C§Q hnik aA-pyin-MoA is cold goodSso:;^? thwaAs-boA-ma^ kown^s-boos 1 The GOD dah is a contraction of 00^ thee (the verb affix) and ODD haA, % thing, which is often used in colloquial and might be translated * the fact yf being ill has been three day;. 136 Time. 33^?ii sdoIh oodoom (For Vocabulary, see p, 36.) English. Burmese. Pronunciation. What time is it '{ OOo53)6^D^GCODo5 Beh-hnaA na//yee ^ooraii oooSgq lowk shee-^//iU-lehj qi^oooo or Beh aA-chayn shee-/^aMeh Ten minutes past s^j>8^D^j)8^ j>88 Hkoo-hnaA na^yee- seven 4>6gcodo5^oo^ hnin hkoo-hna^ meenit-lowk shee- Mee It has just struck OD2^C^C^g^D^c8'c|5 Ya^-hkoo-beh koAs-, nine naAyee htees-byee The clock is strik- ,^d^cx)^o8sg^od§ NaAyee ya^-hkoohtee: ing nay-/Aee A quarter past one ^$§(^§00^D^^5 Moons -Iwehs ta^-naA- (afternoon) ocsSoS yee-hnin ta^-zayt Half-past four Q^oSGCOS^D^^g MaAnet lays-naAyee (morning) gweh A quarter to eight ^S^d^qoSodSs Shit-naAyee maAt tins At what time ? oooSas^^^Dc^ Beh aA-chayn-hmaA leh It is noon <il%o^^3^qi(^h Moons -deh a^-chayn OD^ hpyit-thee Wake me at mid- oojg GolSngj^Sc^ Tha/i-gowng kyoon- night ISol oAk-koA hnoAs-baA I will get up at six o<?. o6g§do5^d^ MaAnetchowk-naAyee- in the morning ^DOOolo^ hma/i hta/i-ba^-mee 137 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. He will arrive at half-past five in the evening I shall dine ex- actly at seven in the evening What month is it 'i What day (of the week) is to-day? What day of the month is this? GCODoScx^GGpoS ogj^ 5 CO 08 Sods 00 ^ CO 00 o5 coco 00 ^ 00 G ^,00 3 Q ^^cb 00 ^ 00 G ^^00 oS J) 8 cioSg^^co NyaA-nay gna^s-na^- yee-gweh lowk thoo y owk-p a^-1 ay m-mee NyaA-nay hkoo-hna^- na^yee htee-hdee kyoono/ik htaAmins tsaAs-mee Thee la^ beh la^ leh Thio-aA- nay bah nay leh ThigaA-nay beh-hnaA yet-nay leh Note. — The Burmese date is 6^S years after the Christian era. Therefore, in order to get the Burmese year, we have to subtract that number from our year. Both eras are used, and, to distinguish the one from the other, the word 00^ ®^8 ThekkaA- yit is placed before the Burmese date; thus, oo^<s|8 oj*^ j = A.D. 1910. Both Burmese and English months are used, and often the two together, in documents. The month is divided into two parts, co30$8 laA-zaAns, the ivaxing, and coQ^go^S laA-byee-jaw or coac^oS \kh-zohk, the waning. The full moon, cog^ laA-byee, falls on the fifteenth of the waxing; the coogoS laA-gweh {hidden moon) falls on the fourteenth or fifteenth of the wane. The days of worship are the full moon, eighth of the wane, the hidden moon, and the eighth waxing ; otherwise the days of the week are not observed, though noted. (The Enghshman observes Sunday, the Burrnan does not.) 138 Times, Seasons, and Weather. gO:^l33^$4]D§J)S^o5SGC033G(^D68D (For Vocabulary, see p. 36.) English. Burmese. Pronunciation. This day week oo^g^,oo'^5>6g|oS TAee nay-gaA hkoo- c^„ hnaA-yet nay That was three or o^SgcoBcjoSgcodoS Tho/aiS lays-yet lowk four days ago M@ shee-byee To-morrow fort- ^o5o$G^,G^Do5 Net-hpa/zn-nay nowk night cdo5gco2G|o5 seh-lays-yet At about this time OOS^3Z)§5gCODo5^D YaA-hkoo aA-chayn- lowk-hmaA In a month^s time 00 S^ G ^^ 00 00 CO YaA-hkoo-nay-gaA GOOD oS Wi-\sih lowk The first of next OD^OOO O^ODOO YaA-hkoo laA-mee-laA month g|o5g^„ taA-yet nay In (after) six weeks OOG^, OOCOCOJ»8 YaA-nay-ga^ ta^-laA- ooo5goo8g|o5 hnin seh-lay:-yet On the last day of OOi^COOgoS^^ YaA-hkoo laA-gweh- the month nay At the end of this 00^00 OC^I^D Thee Isih gohn hmah month Towards themiddle C>>^ol ^O0O^G[o5 ZaAna^waAyee laA seh- of January G^^GOODoS gnaAs-yet nay lowk In the course of a ^3.8^105330268 Hkoo-hnaA-yet aA- week 036 twins-dwin From time to time 330?^S AA-hpaAn-baAn 139 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. ^'rom one day to 00G^O0O3G^^C§ Ta^-nay-gaA ta^-nay- another thoh [thsLyz V few days ago g^^gjoSwQdgod^ Nay-yet mah kjah V. short time since CODC0Q^^\§ Ka^laA maA shay- ^ago byee [_thay% karcely two days j>6<S|o5q^qooS HnaA-yet mah shee V month ago a3cx)^@ Ta^-laA shee-byee [t is full moon oog^G^^gsoD^ La^-byee-nay hpyit- L«ast year [last QJ>8oO iMaA-hnit-kaA [thee Phe year before ooc^^S TaA-myaAn-hnit ;t is not long since qQdgodScxj^S Mkh kyah Mays boos :.ong ago ^^c^\§ KyaA-hla/i-byee 3nce in ("three) (O^s) GjoSoOol (Tho/ms) yet taA-hkaA days Pheheatofthesun G^(^c^Qb'^8cq% Nay poo \oh mah is unbearable hka/m-hning-booS '. am very warm ooo53^o5oo,o5 Teh ik-thee '. am afiaid it will ^aS§g|D0^^2 M6AsyooaA-mee,ts6As- rain OD^ thee 3id you see the C^o5o8c^ §8 00 ShaAt-tsit-koA myin- lightning? CODo Ma^-laAs '. heard the thun- ^o58g§OOG^(c^DS M oAschoAnS-thaAn-go/t der boD^ kya^s geh thee low it pours ! ooo5^o5sg|ooo^ Teh mohi yooah-thee /Vould you like an o88o3q|6ooodd8 Htees loA-jin-/AaA-laAs umbrella? [tsoA-byee ; am wet through 30005c^DS§05^(§ AA-wo6t-myaAs tsoot- Liook at the rain- ooo5o5c^[c;^§o^o5 ThettaAn-goA kyee- bow ol lik-paA 140 ^ English. Burmese. Pronunciation. 1 It is growing very oooScsaScoDODg Teh ays \nh-thee cold It is very dirty COcS^^D^oOD^ Teh shoon mjahl-thee It is very windy odoSgcoc^ oSoooS Teh lay tik-thee The wind is in the GOD 33 G^OOS OO Lay aA-shay bekka^ east CODOD^ la/i-/^ee The dust is terrible ooo5(^oooo^ Teh hpo^n hta^-Mee How bright the OOoScOOODOO^ Teh laA thaA-Mee , moon is The sky is over- '^ti5839cg^o58g|D Mohl ohn-\oh moht cast, so I think O^C^OOSOD^ yooa^-mee-loAj htin- it will rain thee The stars are bright @a^^D3330g502$3 Kyeh-niya/iS M-hl66n coSSoo^ htoons-hn;-/Aee It will be fine to- ^o5o$G^ODDOgS Net-hpa/m nay thaA- morrow, I think OOSOD^ mee, htin-Mee Correspondence, Post, Telegraph, and Telephone. (DDGG|8g(^o6oJ)8odo^o5ic(^8^^o^833s(^d5o4Jd8ii (For Vocabulary, see p. 70.) Have any letters OD s^ ^ o5 D t;j D B Ya^-hkoo mah-net come this morn- Gtpo5^COD8 tsaA-mya/iS yowk- ing ? pyee-laAs No, none have Q COD QGGpoSc 008 Ma^ \a.h maA yo^yk come yet 098 tha.y% boos He ought to be cxj^ OD j:^ OD ^ C^ Th 00 yM-\] koo dee-go A here by now GGpo5DD8f§ yowk-thin-byee 141 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. I have heard O0^0OS^yQ(c^D8G| TaA-zo^n taA-hkoo nothing Qo:,tcqo hmya^ mah kya^S- ya/<-/Aays-boos Has the mail od8§Soogood TsaA-bo^ mees-thims- steamer arrived '? GGpo5j§COD8 baw yowk-pyee-la^s Go and see if the OoScGpoSoD^Q Det yowk-thee maA mail is in GGpoS00§C^OgD8 yowk - thee - go A g^o68ol thwaA; kyee-zaAns baA Are there any let- c^^5c^:d4_P§^od KyoonoAk-hpoA tsaA- ters for me ? CODo myaAs shee-/AaA- IriAs I have not received OD00GO36^QG|OOS TsaA taA - zowng - any letter hmyaA mM yaA-boos Please post this OO^ODC^ODO^oS Thee tsixk-gok tsaA- letter •ooSooDcb^ooo^ dik thit-htaA-deh- c§o5ol hmaA hteh-lik-paA Please forward my Ogj^5oD4jD8c^§ KyoonoAk tsaA-myaAs- letters to . . . o^oSol goA poA-lik-paA Please weigh this O3^03C^^$068ol TAee tsaA-goA chayn- letter zaAns-baA I want some note- 0DGS]8€[?0^|[C^ TsaA-yays-yaAn tsek- paper ^60D^ koo loA-jin-^Aee Give me an enve- OD3S500^GO8ol TsaA-ayk taA-hkoo lope pays-baA Where is the ink? ^Sg^SoooS^dc^ Hmin-oAs beh-hmaA leh Lend me a piece of 56|50Cg,|0D§5 Hmin-hnayk tsek-koo blotting-paper GO80I taA-chaAt pays-baA 142 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Get me some stamps Tell him to wait I will send a reply later Can I send a tele- gram? How much is the postage on these letters 1 I am just going to read it Can you lend me a pencil ? What is your tele- phone number? My number is — Put me through to — Line engaged Ring up (Mr. Smith)! CC385GQl68<^D3GOi of G^Do5^(y $(0d8o1 g(^s^58§o5^6o1 od^oco'jSgcodoS GOoGjQ^C^ uo^cx)oo5olo2§ 5oooog^d68ocdd 91801 06 (^ D 3 1 ol o5 CO o5 GCODoScO c^.^6|.olo5gSol — c^ogoSccSol 035'Q33D§ol ygOODOoSc^OOODo G(QD00g8j,SGgD ol Ta^ - zayt - gowng;- myaAs pays-baA Tsowng nay-loy? thoo goh pyavr-ba/i No wk - hmtxA py a An ■ zaA poA-baA-mee Kyays - na^nS yit hning-baA-mee-laAs Thee tshh-mjahz Sih twet tsd.h-hoh-ga>h beh-lowk pays-yaA mee-leh YaA-hkoo-beh hpa/^t- paA-mee HkeA - da^n t a A - chowngs hka^iia^ hgnaAs-baA Hken byaAs nahmhahi beh-lowk leh KyoonoAk naAmbaM — hpyit-paA-^Aee — goA thweh-pay baA LaAnS maA aAs-baA (MistaA SaAmit)-goA t s a A g a A S - p y a w- thaAn-joA-hnin pyaw- baA 1 This is translated 'SpeaK to Mr. Smith with the telephone.' 143 In Town. §o2633g(^d6§33gp English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Where shall we 02J^5C^OOOSC^33 KyoonoAk-doA beh- gol cogogDSogcx) goA a^-leh-thwaAs mee-leh Let us go to the ODCr^o5c§C^DS(c^§ TsaA-dik-thoA thwaAs post office jyaA-zoA Where does this OO^CoSo-JoScGp Thee laAnS beh yowk- road go? o5oo:x) thaA-leh Go up the street co53 c^o^oS o^d8 La/mz-guh lik-thwa/^s Is it far from here? OOgSoOC^DGOSOO Dee-gaA kwaA-ways- CODS thrih-lUi Show me the way co68c^gol L'dhnl-^oh pya/«-baA Turn to the right OO c8 COD O cS cB Let-yaA-bet-tho/i hleh- J o O^^C^DSO^OS thwaAs-lik [thwaAs Turn to the left coc/iooo5c§o^^ Let-vveh-bet-thoA hleh- Go straight on Go51^o5^oo§c^D3 Shay-^Aoy^ teh-deA 0.' o o o ol thwa/iS hhh Second turning to CO o5 CO D O o5 ^ D J^ Let-yaA-bet-hmaA the right CBODCO^IC^C^CS dooteeya/i lihn%-goh lik LaAns-goA koos- Cross the road co68c^nr^8ogDS >...? ^^ODC^ thwaAS [thuh-leh In what street — oooScoSg og^ — beh la/ms-dwiii shee Please tell me the cgGGpo5G33D8 — thoh yowk-owng nearest way to... 33^8a^ co68c^ aA-neeS-z6/mS lahnZ- G[yDoll» goA pyaw-ba^ 144 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Is this tiie way OO ^ CO 6 8 c^ c^ o5 T/iee laAiis-goA lik- to ... ? C^6 O^GGpoS hlyin — fhoh-yowk- _|6o1q^coo8 hning-bfiA - mee- Do you know F. c^Sc^oSogjSs F. thaAhken - goA Mr. FJ oooooS thee - kyoons - thhh - I do not know QoSo^S MaA thee-boo; I know him well o:^c^gcx)o58gooo88 Thoo-goA kowngs- ogj §800^5 gowngs kyoonS-Mee Who is he '? o^ccjooc^c^cb HtoA loo ba^loo leh He is an old friend O^8o§GSgGOO0 88 T li o m a y t s w a y g8oloo^ howngs hpyit-paA- thee Where does he oCj^oooSqdg^ooc^ Thoo beh-hmaA nay- live ? thU-\eh He lives close by C^^53S8j>S30|8 (KyoonoAk ayn-hnin) (my home) G^oloO^ Sih - nee; nay - baA - thee Is Mr. F. (Mrs. F.) F. ^S (F. cgSo) F. thaAhken (thaA- at home? 3S6026_^ODOOD§ hken-ma/?) ayn-dwin shee-thiih-Irihi I must go Ogj^5c^08olGODD KyoonoAk thwaAs- og baA-daw-mee Good-bye (go and c^o8§8gooo (or ThwaAs-oAns-law (or return) good) ^^^}) What is the name C^oo68o^ooo5j)o5 HtoA la/ms-goA beh- of that street? GOTOOOO hneh hkaw-^AaA- leh 145 1 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Which road must OOoSco68C^D8G|Q Beh laAns thwa/<s-yaA- I take ? g<x mee-leh Tou) are out of co6§^d3(§ La^ns hma^s byee the way Shopping. a^S^jDSog^^^o^SP" Howmuch is this? 00^ OD D 330^ 500 'j5 Thee haA a.h-hpdht GCODcScb beh-lowk leh It is too much 3Q0^8g?00^ Ah-hpoh'o keet-thee Send them at once ^o59j68§c^oSol Chet-chins po/i-lik-pa/i I wish to buy ooS^Soo^ Weh-jin-/Aee '(I) will take this OD^OODC^O^olog^ Thee haA-goA yoo-baA- mee (I)want some calico 8oSod5^8oo^ Payt weh-jin-Mee Show (me) some §8g8gDOO^@ol Pohz kjohi-hysih Wi- ' ribbons choh pya^-baA iThis colour is too a5|33GGp6e§C§?B Ee a^-yow^ng nyoh- dark oog \oon%-thee Have you any that gJgsgoscooSgoS Ee kyo/iS-byaAs det is narrower than coScoDogsgoB byet-gneh - Maw thisi ^G00800CO08 kyoAs-byaAs shee- thayZ-thhh-Wiz What is the price oof] oS C^8 300^8 Ta/i-gik hlyina^-hpo/zs per yard ? oocSgodooScX' beh-lowk leh It is faded 33GGp8§$00^ AA-yowng hmayn- thee It is too fine 33C^5^a5^00^ AA-hl66n nyet-noo thee This is right 00^ oo OGOOO 68 Thee hah kowngs-Mee OD^ BURMESE 8.-T. K 146 English. Burmese. Pronunciation, What are they the OOGjCgSsSO^SOOC^ Ta/i-yaAn hlyin aA- pair 1 GCODoScX) hpoAs beh-lowk leh Have you any silk ^§93^3^DgCGp68 P6/iS-paAs6 h%-mji\h z ^putsoes for sale? C|53oocod8 yowngs-ya^n shee- thah-l^hi I will inquire and 02j|5goSo8^^d3 Kyoono^k mays-tsit- let you know cgDC^oSo^ yooay kyaAs-pyaw- lik-mee I ^vill give five o^cjODC^G^cl8a^5 HtoA hhh-hoh gnway rupees for it go8q^ gnaAs-jaAt pays-mee Take this vv^atch to g5)^D^§o5c^9|6 Ee naAyee-gwet-koA be mended G|G3Qd8 OqO^Do pyin-yaA-owng yoo- c^oSol thwa/iS-lik-pa^ Can you give me 3 61g00 0^5c^335§ Dinga^s taA-jaAt-koA change for a ^8o1o^cod3 aAns hning-ba^-mee- rupee '? laAs 1 have no change 335BG|5«^o1 Ahni-jsihn maA-shee baA I have no cojjpers^ ^oSoOogolllQoS PisaAn maA shee-baA, only four -anna GOOOD^oloO^ maAt tsee ^AaA shee- pieces baA-Mee Shooting and Fishing. G^O^oclollO^oSlQSll^D^Oj^Glnr^^Soll oo^33<^5§330^8 2%ee aA-yaAt hnik aA- (q8o6oicl8^DS mehs pit hkins, 0828000038 hgnaAs hmyaAs-gin shee-^AaA-laAs ' The garment worn by men round the waist ; some are very handsome. Is there any shoot- ing or fishing here ? 147 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Can you find me a hunter? II will send you a hunter to show you game? What game can you show me ? Do you wish to shoot deer or birds ? There are plenty of hog deer in the jungle and sometunes one finds hares and pigs Snipe are found in the rice fields and duck and teal in the lake Go3|.6olo§co3i G33d6^3^oOO GOOD cS 0^ GqT GOoQpS OOOS 00081 3C|oSl (^C=^D8C^(qS 91800 cooSii goS^joSo^ (yS^8oocoo§ GOOO 00 ^03 G| o5 33 QSoOol OOGCOO^ j)SGO30oa5^0D GOO OO 06 00^ oooSQ8ob^OG[^ oc8^o3go]oo§ji 3o8ocb^oo6oc5b J)8o8oc^C^G02 c8§o^ MoAkso/iS taA - yowk shaAs pays hning- baA-mee-laAs Ah-mehi-goh hnyoon- pyaA -yaA- owng mo^kso^S taA-yowk- koh hkfiw-pays-mee Beh aA-mehs-myoAs- mya^s-goA pya^ hning-baA-mee-laAs S6jht, tha/^min, daA- yeh, jee-mya/iS-goA pit- chin-/Aa/i-la^S ; hgnet-myfiAs-goA pit - chin - thah - Taw-deh-hma^ daA- yeh aA-hloon mya^s- thee ; laA - gowngS- pyin tah-hkhh-tsih- lay yo/^n-hnin taw- wet-mya^s tway- da/it-thee Leh - byin - deh -hmaA myay - woot - myaAs- paw - thee ; ins - deh - hmaA wooms-beh- hnin tsitsaAlee - goh tway-laym-mee K 3 148 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Is the jungle very GOODt^D§gD£5oOo5 Taw myaAs-z66a/i thick ^ OOCOD8 shoAk-taM-thaA-laA s The tree jungle is 00 5gO3DQ^^50^?ii rhit-taw ma/i-sho,^k- not thick but C§Gp026gSoo63 hpoos; MoA-ya/i-dwin, there is tall grass § g oS GODD § myit-kaAns - hnik near the river OD^ myet-taw shee-Mee How many guns G 00 ^ o5 00 c£ J>S Thay-naAt beh-hnaA- have you ? cooS^oooo let shee-Ma^-leh I have three j)8oqsgGoo^o5o^s HnaMoy^nS-byoo-thay- double-barrel ooo5^8§o5oo5 na/ft thoAns-let-hnin and a rifle oocooS^oo^ yikpa/it taMet shee- Mee This gun is a 00 § Gr\->^ o5 G ^0 o6 TheQ thay-na^t nowk- breechloader c^8coo^o5g8ol hibhi - thay-na^t oo^ hpyit-pfiA-Z^ee How many cait- c^ og o5 sB 5'db ^ HtoA Iweh-ayk - deh- ridges have you oo88gooo6ooo5 hma^ yaAns - downg in that bag? j>SooSolooc^ beh-hna^-lo^ns paA- Put sixty cart- o^ooSooodb^oooSs HtoA thit-taA-deh- ridges into that good8(socoodo6 hmaA yaAns- downg box oo^o^oS chowk- seh- lowk hteh-lik You have hit OOOS 00 G OOOSC^ SaAt taA-gowng-goA (shot) a red deer. ^§ol(Bcg8 hma^n-ba/i-byee, Sir thaAliken It cannot go far. G§G00005[§§C^ Chay-dowk kyoA; \qh for its leg is GCggOQa^OS^S way-zooaA maA broken o^s thwa/iS-hning-booS 149 ' English. Burmese. Pronunciation A teal has fallen 08 o oSoo goodS Tsit>aMee ta/z-go\vng in the grass near 3^8^D8^Dga5o6 ing-na/iS-hma/i myet- the pond cbc§oc^Gco(§ pln-deh-^AoA kyaA- lay-byee IThere are some olo GOOD CO 'cJD GOOD Wa^S - daw- deh - hmaA jungle-fowl in @05'<ilD§||Dr^ taw-jet-mya/iS shee- the bamboos /Aee Can you catch O^G^oSSOgS cl8 HtoA chowngs-dwin fish in that C^DgC^QjD8|6aD gnaAs - myfi^s -go/i stream ? C0D3 hmy a/io - hning-//ia/i- l:i//S Hmya^s-za^ a/<- What is the best ^D80D 33 GOOdSS j bait? 3^^ooo5oo8§cx) kowngs-zo^ns beh- th\n% leh ! Bring a rod and ^d]o6ooo6'J)5q!d8 HmyaAs-da^n-taA-zins- some bait witli ODGSsgOj^ODDOD hnin hmya/ts-za^ yuu a/.!-choA yoo-laA- geh The best bait is 08j>CG0DD06fe(JD8 Tee-hnin lowk-mya/^s worms and mag- o!D8odqqcodd68 hmyaAs-zaA aA- gots S^SgSoD^ kowngs-zo/ms hpyit- thee If you cannot get Cj83C^QG)^8c^6 La^-gowngs-go^ ma^ them, use paste t^4853c^3^S yaA - hning - hlyin, moAn-zaynS goA tho/ms You cannot hunt 00 8 Q^ cgS oqjD8 Sin ma/^ shee-hlyin, tigers without t^DSC^OC^o5|8 kya^2-myaAs-go/^ elephants 0^3 ma^ lik-hni ig-boos English, 150 Burmese. Pronunciation. YoM can watch for them at night on a stage in a tree It is, however, weary work and the mosquitoes bite How long have you hved in this circle ? ^ ^33 ol OO S 08 GoT OOCo8o£^DGo]8 G^|8cO^ c8 Gp Og 8 33C^ £08 o §8^g8c^ oS 00 ^ o^ oS db ^D G,?.oo^oooooc:6 GOooo5|^o[Bcb NyaA aA-hka/z thit-pin- baw- gaA lin - zin hmfi/i tsowng - nay - hning-/Aee Tho h - yRh - d win , a A- hloon pim-ba^ns- yooay chin kik-thee Thee tik - hteh - hmra nay-/^a^-ha/^ beh- lowk kyaA-byee-leh Public Works. Ggc^Ssioo^GooooSGooosDopc^Ds Come here with your hoe Do not dig there Dig wider How many men are wanted to cut the jungle ? o1o5or^8c^a;^§ oogSo^ooooo i.OQ ^ Oqi C^ G 30 3 8 O^ c§oS GOOD S|^C^ G| G30d8 CXj^ 00 o5 J) 8 G 00 3 oS 3oo^>^oora Powk-toos-go/^ yoo- yooay dee-go^ laA- geh HoA-hmfiA maA toos- hnin o Kyeh-owng toos-lik Taw hkoAk - ya/i - owng loo beh-hnaA yowk a/i-lo/i shee- Ma/i-leh ^ Note.— oBoS tik, generally translated circle, corresponds to our word 'hundred' in the divisions of a county. The word 000 hii/i, thing, which occurs in the last sentence, is a very common colloquial idiom and | corresponds to our word fact 151 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. [Six men are CO 5 8 o:^ 5 Q 5 o^ La^ns lohk-jahn loo- wanted for road GgDoScODDoSc^ chowk-yowk loA-jin- work ^8CX)^ thee Send three men COo5oOQDS^op§C^ LetthaAmaAs-myaA s- to help the car- a^^SjG3D06c^ go^ koo-nyee-yah- penters a^ § GOO D o5 c^ owng loo - tho/ais- c^o8c^o5 yowk- ko^ hloot- lik Take seven men o5ood§goodo5g|5 Ta/i-da^s sowk-ya^n to build the C(^^^ S GOODo5 loo hkoohna^-yowk bridge GoTogDSGODD h k a w - thwa i^ s- d a w o 'What kind of soil C^^DOQcScgt^g^ Ho^-hma^ beh myay is it there 'i oora myo^s shee-thsih- leh It is sandy, Sir COGg^DSoloO^ Theh - myay mya/iS - ^^ baA-//^ee, tha//hken Where did you OO^GgoOSC^OOC^ Thee myay-zays-goA find this stitf ^DGOgOOCX) beh-hmaA t\x^j-t/mh- clay ? leh This ground is ex- OD^G{^3DCq^COGp Thee myay a/ihloon- ceedingly hard QDoloO^ daA-yaA ma^-ba^- thee The hoe will break. Gol oS 0^8(^8 O^ Powk-toos kyoAs-mee 80 get a pickaxe ^8C^G0lo50r^30^8 tsoAs-lo^ powk-toos- 00 CO oSc^O^CT) l6Ansta/i-let-ko/i yoo- geh Kemove the stones G0^3a5<^D8C^ 00 Kyowk-myaAs - goh with a crowbar ^^glS°i>§o^§^ thaAn-taA-yooins- c^oS hnin toos-swaA-lik English. 152 Burmese. Pi-onunciation. Blast the rock Putasideallstones fit for building The space is not sufficient Level 30 ft. fur- ther back Whenlcalledyou, why did you not answer ? As the ground is very soft you must lay planks Bring the cord and pegs for lay- ing out the foun- dation Must this work be finished to- day ? There is not enough sand in this mortar GOqj3o5g8C^OO§3 j.Sgo1o5§ 33 GOOD o5 33 § o ^ 8 god5goddgo^do5 00D8CJ 5 G ^G| D O G 0;^OGCODo5 ^dg33d6(^o:]5 ol Oo6c^ G OTOODCOOOD gc^^oojsooco C^S)68^G|o^ 3Dg(^3do:^do^^o5 ^G|$g8|>8o^o5 OD ^ 3S o:^ 5 OO G ^„ g8G3Do8oq5Gj q^cod8 OO^ODgloSogSoQ OGCODoSo^g Kyowk - kees - goA ydhni - hnin hpowk- hkweh AA-sowk a^-6^ns-hnin taw-//iaw kyowk- mjiiht-goh ta^-hpet- hmfiA tsoo-po^n-lik HtclAs-yaAn nay-yaA maA lowk hpoos Pay thoAns-zeh lowk nowk - thoh tdh%- yooay nyee-nya^- owng pyoo-loAk-paA Thin-goh hkaw ka^laA baA-pyoo-lo^ ma^ htoos-^MMeh My ay aA-hl66n pyaw- Mee-hnin pyeen- hjkhz- mjiihz-goh hkins-chaA-yaA-mee A^-chay aA-lyaA-goA hma^t-chaA-yaAn kyo^S-hnin paAnet myaAs yoo-geh Th.e a/i-loAk yaA-nay pyees - owng loAk - ya^-mee-la^s TAee thaAyoot-twin theh msih lowk hpoos 153 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. There is too muc h lime in it The lime is not good. What kiln did it come from? The plastering must be done carefully Unless the timbei- is properly earth- oiled the white ants will eat it White ants do not eat iron-wood or teak Will you have thatch or shin- gles on the roof? Tiles are difficult to obtain Bring me the com- pass and chain oogjo8o^8o^£^3S 338GOOd^6oO^^O 00 8 000 S O^ GG||, GCTOoSSGOOoSiQ ooc^cgiSg^J ooo5oo§o8§Q^ OS ogj$8oo83>S(^6§oo c^ 8 g^oSoooS )o5o^8 00( 3§c3o5j>8ooo5 OOo5§8 O^COOB II qgoo^oSc^ g 3Sj-5 (^o5 j;)888 0^0008 3:;?^ o8 (^o5<^ d8oooS G|500gS c^^ol j;>Sg[^o^88 ogsc^o^ oo )CODCyD Tha/iyoot-twin hto/ais myfiAs-loon %- thee Htoy^ns mkh kou ngs boos ; beh htoAns- bo^-hmaA leh Inga^day kiug-^Aee hmah, thay - thaj chuA-ja^ pyoo-yaA- mee Thit-thaAs-go/i yay- naAn kowngs-gowngs mah thoAk-hlyin chaA-myahs tet-tsfiAs- laymmee Kyoon-Mit-hnin pyins- gah-ddht chaA-myaAs maA tsfiAs-daAt- hpoos Da/mee-bet-hnin thek- keh moAs-mee-laAs ; /AoA-maA-hoAk, py- een oAk-kyout-hnin moAs-mee-lfiAs ( ) Ak-ky oot- my aAs teh yaA-geh-/Aee KoompaA-hnin myay- ding-thaAn-joAs-goA voo-lfiA-geh 154 English, Burmese. Pronunciation. I forgot them and left them in the works office GQGCX^OC^Ggo^SB ^ QD Cr^ §G| 8g ^ oops May- yaw-loA myay- ding-yo^n- hmaA kvaAn-yit nav-/Aee Planting. ooScS^oSgSsii How many coolies have you? How long have they worked with you ? Are they good workers ? Muster the coolies near the bunga- low How much pay does each get a day ? Each man must dig forty holes a day? Do not pull up the young plants Oj^ c8 OD o5 J) 6 G OO D qS ^ DO CO o^c^godSoSs oS^OCC^oSoOOOD 00 o5 G CO D cS gof§cX) 330qoS C^ 8 ^O0J)5 a^oSoo o8 (^oo coos 336^os^oo:j^c8(^o8 c^ "J^^ 8 gJoo 8 c^oS Cr| c8 OJ 8 GO C^ c5 C^6g^^O^£o30Q 00 C^ GCOO o5 G[ oooSoocb o^ o8 00 G ooo o5 oo G^^C^jSogSSGOOS OOC^8or^oG|QpS 30o6oOGC08(^0 8c^ ^lo^oSj-S I Koolee beh - hnaA - yowk shee-^AaA-leh Thoo-doA mowng- mins-zee-hmaA lo^k thaA-haA beh-Iowk kyaA-byee-leh ■ A h -loAk - koA weey ee - yaA-hnin loAk-taAt- kyaA-MaA-lahs Ayn-na/iS-hmaA koo- lee-mya^S-goA tsoo- yoAnS-yooay htaAs-lik Koolee-myaAs taA-go/i- hlyin nay-dings a.h- hkaA beh-lowk yaA- daAt-thaA-leh Koolee-taA-yowk taA- nay-hlyin twins lays- zeh zee toos-yaA- mee \h - pin - gaAlays - myaAs-goA sweh- yooay maA-hnoAk- hnin 155 English. Bui-mese. Pronunciation. I^Mark the places where they are to dig the holes Trample the earth down in plant- ing 'Go and fetch the plants from the seed-beds Take up the plants with the earth After planting them give them plenty of water Og Co O^oGjQ^G^ 003CO gQc^G§ c5|)8o8S00 33o8oO G CO S^jD Scraps 33oSc^g(qo1g33d6 ^o5(83^GG|G0036b goodSsgcodSs^ GOSC^oS Twins toos-yaA-mee- nay-yaA-mya/iS-goA hma^t-pyaA-lik AA-pin-myaAs-go^ Isik- kaAla,/^, myay-go/i chee-hnin hnayk- nins-lik Pyo/iS-ginS-ga^ a^-pin- ga/ilay s - m y a As - g o A thwa^S yoo-geh Ah-p'm-goh myay pa/i- owng hnoAk-pa/i Tsik-pyees-hmaA yay kowngs-gowngs lowngs-yuoay pays- lik Arrival in the Country. g^o^ScGpoSooDcoii (For Vocabularies, see p. 6i.) Here is my lug- gage Where is the cus- tom-house '? Bring that trunk to the custom- house I have nothing dutiable ogj|5o5ocooScx)^ ^D^ODj 3Q G OO 3 o5 d^ o5 oooSc^Dcb G^GOO^D 33G GOD o5 3QGOCOo5§G|5gg"l KyoonoAk woon-zaA- leh dee-hmaA shee- fhee AA-kow^k-tik beh- hmaA leh Ho/i thittaA a/i-kowk- tik-thoA yoo-geh AA-kowk-hkweh-yaAn- oAksaA maA paA 156 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Here are (take) my Ogj^SGODOC^DSo;^ KyoonoAk thaw-mya^s keys oIgooo yoo-baA-daw Call a carriage G|cod8oo88goTo1 Ya^hta^8 taA-zees hkaw-bfiA There is no car- G|0ODSO388^Q^o1 Yahhtiih'o ta^-zees- riage hmyaA maA shee-baA What is the fare O^ 33 O 00 oS — thoh aA-hkaA beh- o to—1 GCODoSc^ lowk, leh Tell the driver to G) 0008^3 c^—o^ YaAhta^s -hmoo; - go^ take me to — GOD 8 8 0^0 8 0^^ — thqh mowngs- gQdc^oSoI thwaAs-loA pyaw- lik-paA Tell him to drive a 2 C| 00 D 8 ^ o^^ g MeeS-ya^htaAs-yo^n- quickly to the (§GQD6 8C^^GgD thqh mya^n-mya^n railway station c^c^ol mowngS-loA pyaw- lik-paA He says the bag*- o$oooo5god8c^58 VVoon-zaA-leh lays- gageistoo heavy OD^^S c^^SgooI loons - thee - hnin (for a carriage), ^dooSg^o^oo^ hlehs-baw-hmaA-tin it must be put ya/i-mee, deh on a cart You must take it g^§c§c§D3q?8s Pyee - m yg A - thqh to the station for ClCODS^C^O^CgDS thwaAs-ya/in mees- Prome, not that C|«g„6c^S§c^„ yaAlitaAs- john-goh for Pegu c^oSg^?^c§qo^g] yoo- thwa// s-yaA- mee; PaAgo/iS- mjqh-thqh htwet- yaAn john- thqh maA yoo-yaA 157 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. I wish to catch the steamer that goes from Pro me to Bamaw When does the steamer start ? Please show me my berth Is this berth taken'? T will engage the whole cabin Put this bag in the cabin What is the num- berofyour cabin? What is the fare ? How many days is it from Prome to Bamaw ? Are the mosqui- toes troublesome (do they bite)? O^^C^D§ GOOD §8 OOGo5oC^|g3O08 82OOG0§0O0 OSOO ^$ Goooo5og o5 00 CC o^^5 33063 c^ g o^oSol oogaooSso^ 00^00 GOOD a5 ooaj^ |§ ODOS ogj^5ooo58o^8c^ co^ 38 o5c^ 30063 ob^DcooSo^oS 30 o6i 1 0"] o5 00000 [do oo:^oooo5GODDa5 g^"^O0O0GQ0(| GGpoSG30D6oOOO JiScjoSgooooS^I y^co g 6 c^ o5 0008 00 0008 Pyee-myg^-gaA BaA- maw - uiyoh - thoh ^ o o thwaA :-//zaw-mees- thims-baw-go^ hmee- owng thwaAs-jin-^Aee Mees-thimsbaw beh- aA-chayn - lowk htwet-thaA-leh Kyoono^k a^-hkaAns- go^ pyaA-lik-paA Thee ah - hka^ms - goh taA- zoAn-ta/i-3^owk- kaA yoo-byee-laAs KyoonoAk taA-hkii/ms- lo^ns-goA yoo-bfiA- mee Thee ayk-koA a^- hkaAns-deh-hma h hta^S-lik A'l-hka^^nS nahmhaht hnh leh [leh Ka^-doA-gaA beh-lowk. Pyee-myoA-gaA Ba^- maw-myoA yowk- owng beh-hna^ yet lowk shee-mee-leh Chin kik-taAt thaA- laAs 158 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. They do not bite in the cold sea- son — only in the rains Have they mos- quito curtains on board, or should I buy them ? They had better be bought in Rangoon as they will be useful after leaving* the boat What do you call that pagoda on the other side of the river ? Where is the Shway Da^goAn Pagoda ? Can you buy me a good pony 1 Do they shoe the ponies i oogoSd^dqSgoodS ^OD ODD 8 II O^ Q OC^ 5 O ' j5 o| 5 GX)d6oO^ JCDS 8soogq5oooso6§(§s ^4ID?^D33a^8cq]D o^8oo5s|5qood58 QpS g8 J^OOS^D^OO^ GOTODCQ G ^3 (| O^op 5 CO o5 O^j|5§g88G00D83 oogoodSo^ OC^ |Colo^,COD g 8§4|D8C§OD§D OOo5cOCX)D8 Sowngs oodoo-hnik mkh kik-hpoos; moAs oodoo-hnik th^ch kik- ta/it-thee Thimobaw-hma/^ chin- downg shee-/Aa/i-laAs; thqh-mhh-hohk, weh- ya/iu kowngs-mee-la/iS Mees - thim sbaw - gaA sins-bj^ees-hmii A myaAs-zooaA aA- th6Ans-kyaA-?!Aee- hnin YaAngoAn- myoA-dwin weh- ya^n kowngs-mee Myit ho/i-bet-hmilA shee-/Aee hpa/i-yaAs- goA beh-hneh hkaw- thiih-leh Shway-DaAgo/m hpaA- yhhl heh-hnvdh, leh KyoonoAk-hpoA myinS- gowngs tili^-gowng- goA weh-hning-baA- mee-laAs Myins-m yaAs - goA thaAn-hkwaA taAt tha/i-laAs I 159 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Saddle the pony g68c^a:^5^|^03&5 Myins-goA koAns-hnees ol tin-geh-baA (I) wish to engage [3g3CXj^ COGOD800 Bahmah loo-ga^- a Burmese ser- GCX)Do5c^C^l3^6 lays ta^-yowk-koA vant OD^ hg-na^S-jin-Z/iee- What wages does CO o 00 o5 GCooaS La^-ga/i beh-lowk he ask? GOO08§OOO0 townas-//iaA-leh No'JE — On arrival in the country a servant is required. It is usual to engage a native of India who speaks EngHsh. The Railway. §?g|oooScoS3h (For Vocabulary, see p. 6i.) English. Burmese. Pronunciation. To the station Here is my lug- gage I wish to register my luggage for — The luggage is over weight Get my luggage Here is the ticket 8i^[0O0o^C^ C^^_5o5o03^X'^ (jO^^Oog 02J^5o?COD^C§ o533^5§00^ OgJ^So^C^Oj^GOSol COoS^oSoO^^D^ 00 pS Mee s -yaAhta/iS - yoAn- goh KyoonoAk woonzaAleh dee-huiah shee-Mee KyoonoAk woonzaA- leh-goA ^ree-jit-tsa/^- ree loAk-chin-^/^ee Woon a^-chayn poA- thee KyoonoAk woon-goA yoo-pnyS-baA Let-hmaAt dee-hmaA shee-Mee * In foreign words it is often necessary to use Q rah as r and not y. 160 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. How many pack- 330C^5o3o53>a^5cX) A^-htoAk beh-hnaA- ages are there ? 1 htoAk, leh Where is the wait- godSoSsodc^^dco Tsowng-ga^ns beh- ing-room ? hmaA, leh Where is the Oook- COoS^oS 6^00 c^ Let-hma^^-hkaAn- ing office ? ODCX) yoAn beh-hma^^ leh Where is the re- oD§o8sooo5^Dc6 TsaA-bweh-gaAns beh- freshment room ? hmaA, leh W^here is the lava- Q^OcS GOO8 CO o5 Nowk-hpays^ beh- tory ? ^OCQ hnmh, leh Where is the train C^CgD8GODDG| — goh thwahz-lli'dw- for — ? 00 D 8 OD o5 ^ D ^ ya^htaAs beh-hmaA ODCO shee-^/iaA-leh Are you going by 33g§(^OOD2j>8ogD§ A/i - mya/i n - ydhhtdh 2 - the express ? Q^CODS hnin thwaAs-mee-laAs Show me a time- 33^5Q)Oq|D8 0go5 AA-chayn-za^-ya^8- table c^§ol gwet-koA pya^-ba/i WMien does the C|OOD8COC^ gooo Ya^htaAs ^behdaw train start ? C^oSoDC^ ht\Aet-thaA-leh Can Ibookthrongh 0^ G CXD D o5 — goh dowk-showk- to ? G^DOSCOOS^OS let-hmaAt hka/m- 6|8oDCOD8 ning-MaA-laAs ' Here is an example of the noun spoken of being used as its own numeral auxiliary instead of one of those given on pp. 79, 80. ^ The verb 8 shee is often omitted. ^ G^Do5gO08 nowk-hpayS really means the back precincts of a house, i. e. rear. * ODC^GODO beh-daw is a contracted form of 00oSg00D33o] beh f/iaw-a/i-hka/i. 161 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. A first- (second-) class single ticket to — Return ticket How much is it ? We want a sleep- ing carriage A non - smoking compartment Is this the train for — ? Do I change any- where ? Where must I change for — ? [s this seat en- gaged ? rhere is no room '^oXl the guard rhe train is just going to start BURMESE S.-T. — c^ogQ (qc8oD) Oo58 33C^DSCOo5 ^o6oogod8cods OOC^GCODoSoo 3S5Gj§G|OOD:OgJ^5 gooScSSqgoodoS 6|GOODGjOOD8 00^G|00D8 C^ OgD8C) 5 ^ood8 COD8 CCG^GpGp^DqoODS g|2368^o^cod8 ^dg^oodsg(5d68G| COD8 G^GpQ^OtjjS ooSo^c^GoTol go^ paA-htaAmaA (dooteeyaA) daAns aA-thwaAs-let-hma^t taA-zowng, la^s AA - thwaht-sbh - py a^n- let-hmaAt Beh-lowk^ leh Ayk-yaAn-yaAhta^S ky oono^k - do A lo A - Mee Says-layk maA thowk- yaA-/Aaw-yaAhtaA: 2%ee yaAhtaAs — goA thwaAs-yaAn yaA- htaAs, laAs TaA-nay-yaA-yaA- hmaA yaAhtaAs pyowng-yaA-mee-laAs — goA thwaAs-yaAn beh-hmaA yaAhtaAs p y o wng s-yaA-mee- leh TAee hting-yaA loo yoo-b\ ee-laA; [boos Nay-yaA maA shee- GaAt-boA-goA hkaw- baA YaAhtaAs yaA-hkoo- beh htwet-mee L 162 English. Burmese. Pronunciation. Open the door oools^Sol TaA-ga^S hpwin-baA Open the window gooSs^Sol PaA-dins hpwin-baA Here is the station 88G[OOD^CO^^D^ Mee-yaAhta^S-yoAn OD^ dee-hmaA shee-/Aee Do we stop here ? OD^Q^D€|500COD8 Dee-hmaA ya^t-thaA- laAs Do we alight here? 00^^D005§G[Q^ Dee-hmaA sinS-yaA- CODS mee-laAs D we chanq-ecar- od^<^o^codIgQoB'o Dee-hmaA vaAhtaAs riages here ? GjO^CODS pyowngs-yaA-mee- lay^S How long do we co§^9Dooc£gcodo5 Dee-hmaA beh-lowk- stop here ? (§DG|80Dcd kyaA ya/it-thaA-leh Five minutes cl88^8 GnaAs meenit My higgage is lost 0gj^50?GC^Do5 Kj^oonoAk woon OgDSOD^ pyowk-thwaAs-Mee When it arrives G Gp o5 G 00 D 33 ol Yowk-thaw-aA-hkaA forward it on to — Give me your ticket o^§ol — goA poA-baA s)6gD8ooo5^o5 HkenbyaAs iet-hmaAt [To superior] G080'] payS-baA [Do. to inferior] o5oodoS^o5go8 Mins let-hmaAt pays Here it is [To su OO^^Dol Dee-hmaA baA perior] [Do. to inferior] OD^^D Dee-hmaA 163 Specimen of Burmese Handwriting. The LorcVs Prayer.* [Burmese is written from left to right, and the written characters are a copy of the printed ones, more or less close according to the skill and care of the writer. See p. 22.] * Tlie transliteration with the English words interlined is e;iven on the next page. V 77^ 164 The Lord's Prayer, Transliteration of the Burmese words with the English translation. KowngS-gin-bo^n-hnik shee-daw-moo-/Aaw hh-kjoonohk-toh In Heaven which art our aA-hpa^i koAdaw-ee naAmaA-daw-a^s joh-thay-layz-mjMt- Father, Thy name to hallowing chins shee-baA-zay-/^awii ning-ngaAn-daw tee-downg-ba^-zay- be ; Kingdom come (lit. may be es- thsiww sih-\oh<\siW-thee kowngS-gins-boAn-hnik pyee-zoAn-thaA- tablished) (and) will in Heaven is fulfilled geh-thoh myay-gyeeS-baw-hmaA pyee-zoAn-ba^-zay-/Aawii as on earth may be fulfilled ; aA-thet-mways-lowk-/Aaw a^-saA-go^ aA-kyoonoAk-to^-aAs life nourish sufficient food to us ya^nay pays - thaAna^S - daw- moo- baAii Thoo-taAbaAs-/Aee this day give ; (by) others aA-kyoono/ik-toA-goA pyit-hma^s-^Aaw aA-hpyit-myaAs-goA against us committed trespasses aA-ky oonoAk-to A hpy ay-hl6ot-tha A-ge h-thoh aA-ky 56 n o A k -to A-ee we forgive as our aA-pyit-myaAs-goA hpyay-hloot-taw-moo-baAii aA-pyit-thways- trespasses forgive : into tempta- zowng-y ah-thoh maA lik maA paA-zay-beh maA-kowngS- tion without leading from evil /Aaw-aA-Amoo-aA^-yaA-hmaA keh-hnoAk-taw-moo-baAu aA- things deliver (us). kyowngS-moo-gaAs ning-ngaAn-daw-hnin hpoAns-taAgoAs For (these reasons) ; kingdom and glory ^aAn66baw-daw-/Aee aA-tsin-aA-myeh koA-daw-hnik shee-daw- (and) power for ever and ever to thee are. moo-ee-thaAdees^B aAminii Amen. * A^noobaw is a Burmanisecl Pali word. 2 ThafedeeS is a very strong assertive affix which implies 'for certain *. 165 Money, o^lsu The present coinage of Burma is the same as that used throughout British India. The Monetary Unit is the Rupee, which, at the time of going to press (July 1936), is stabilised at Is. 6d. Notes are issued by the Government of India for 5, 10, 20. 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 Rupees. A Lak or Lakh equals 100,000 Rupees. Silver Coins Nickel Coins Bronze Coins Rupee 8 Annas ^ Anna 8 Annas 2 I » 4 „ 1 Anna 2 „ An Anna is ^th part of a Rupee. i Anna=6 pies. I Anna=-3 pies A Pie is ^th part of an Anna or xf^nd part of a Rupee. 166 Weights. 33Gco3ii The weights start with the ^Scg^o chin-yooayS, still used by silver- smiths. It is a small red seed of which there are two kinds, ^Scf^l? chin-yoonyS, Alms precaior his, GQlj^B yooayS-jeeS, Adinanthera ixa-onina. 2 ^8gQo ehin-youiiyS = i Gg|5^§ youa\-jeuS. 3 Gg|3g8 yooay-jeeS - i O peh pea). a O peh = I ^° nir.oS. a q8 mooS = i QOO ma//t. 4 OoS ma;it = I Oqj8 kya7it. 5 C7^5 kya/it = i ^cS hoh. 2o 8c£ bo/i = 1 8d30D payktha;^, of G30oS a/i-hkwet. The payktha^ viss or hkwet is S^^^nr ^^' avoirdupois, or about 3 lb. 2 oz. The term 000 hkwet is substituted for 8 0003 payktha^i in connection th any capital number above ten j as, 33Qo5j>8oOo5a^-hkwet-hna;» wi sell, 20 viss. In abbreviated writing One peh is b. One mooS is r>. One ma/it is 5. One kya/it is 8. 167 Measures of Length. The best to start from is the 330o8 a/i-thit or fitiger's-bre.idth. c1dOo5 gnlihl-thii (5 thit) = 00(^ oSta/i-mo/ik (fist with thuml shut down). j|8 Od8 shit-thit (8 thit) = Od8 o5 ta/i-mik (fist with thumt stuck out). 0Oo5j)SooS seh-hna/i-^/iit (12 thit) = OOOgD taWitwa^i ,span). §>5oOD hna.h-Yiivfa.h ; 2 htwa/i) = OOGOOdS ta^i-downg (cubit) GCO8G00d6 layS-downg (4 cubits) = ODCO ta/i-la^n (fathom). O&6g00DC hkoo-hna/i-downg (7 cubits, sometimes 8 cubits) = OOOQD iAh-i'^h. OODOOGCDdS taAta^-htowng (1000) = OOo86taA-ding. The c86 ling is very nearly two English miles. Now the English measures are generally used and understood. Measures of Capacity. O OCOoS I tsa/j-leh - (i pint). 9 OCOcS 4 tsa/i-leh = O (^^S i pyd6 (half-gallon). J (q^ 3 pyee = O OgjoS i tsM-ydot (i gallon). J OQoS 2 tsa/i-yo6t = o OoS i tsayt (2 gallons). J 8o5 3 tsayt = O Q I hkweh (half-bushel). 1^2 hkweh = O 0060 1 tinS (2 bushel baskets\ 168 Square Measure. The English acre (GoO ayka/i) is now the standard, but the Burmese had what they called a cIoOOCokS gna/«S-dinS-jeh, or 'five basket sow', which was also called oo5 peh and equalled 1200 square cubits or 1.75 acres. Measures of Time. English measures of time are prevalent, but the old unit was the ^Z>G\ naA-yee, which was probably the Pali ^Do na/idee, or, ,^08 naMlee, a measure of capacity used like an hour-glass or water-clock. These vessels varied in shape, but the Burmese counted 60 to the 24 hours. Formerly day and night were divided into four periods each, distin- guished by beat of drum. The single beat, 00S)| oSooS ta/i-jet-teeS, was at 9 o'clock in the morning; the double beat, &Bo|o5o88 hna^-jet-teeS, at la noon ; the o5o^oSo88 thS/inS-jet-teeS at 3 p. m. ; and CCOS^oSc^c layS-jet-tee? at 6 p.m. Amongst the country people time was calculated in various ways, such as 'first cockcrow \ ^oS^SOgJ kyet-ooS-do6n, about 2 a.m. (^C^|goT kyeh-nee-baw, when the red star rises {vaornmg)', 33DQCt5oOo5 a^iyo/in-det, dawn; CXj^G oSsS 5 08 o5 thM-gneh-ayk-sayt, cMrfrm's berf^me; COc§CO^ S% loo-byo^-hleh-jayn, young man's courting time. SSDQCoS or more correctly 33^CoS is the Pali GS^GODD Aruno, Aurora the dawn. The expression OOoSSs^oOOCOBOjoS hta/iminS-d/iS-ta/i-lo/inS-jet, the time it takes to boil a pot of rice, is often used to denote a short time, and there are many others too numerous to mention. P.O. 8. c U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDM7DDMflM7 r