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 Loan-'^'ords in Latin 
 
 by 
 ■R.R. v/harton 
 
 1^:
 
 '^■^'i 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. 
 
 BT 
 
 E. R. WHARTON, MA.
 
 PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 COUNCIL, 1889-90. 
 
 President. 
 THE EEV. RICHARD MORRIS, LL.D., M.A. 
 
 Vice-Presidents. 
 
 WHITLEY STOKES, D.C.L., LL.D., M.A. 
 
 ALEXANDER JOHN ELLIS, B.A., F.R.S. 
 
 HENRY SWEET, M.A., Ph.D. 
 
 JAS. A. H. MURRAY, LL.D., B.A. 
 
 PRINCE LOUIS-LUCIEN BONAPARTE. 
 
 THE REV. PROF. W. W. SKEAT, M.A., LL.D., Litt.Doc. 
 
 Ordinary/ Mem 
 
 HENRY BRADLEY, ESQ. 
 
 E. L. BRANDRETH, ESQ. 
 PROF. TERRIEN DE LACOUPERIE 
 
 F. T. ELWORTHY, ESQ. 
 
 C. A. M. FENNELL, Litt.Doc. 
 
 T. HENDERSON, M.A. 
 
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 JAMES LECKY, ESQ. 
 
 E. L. LUSHINGTON, M.A., LL.D. 
 
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 I •• •% •
 
 -t-> 
 
 c3 
 
 5 34^ 
 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN, 
 
 By E. R. WHARTON, iT.A. 
 
 {Mead at the Society^s Meeting, Bee. 21, 1888.) 
 
 (1) The percentage of borrowed words in English is about 
 75, in Persian 62, in Latin 14, in Greek 2|. English is 
 probably the most composite of all languages: to judge by 
 the lists at the end of Skeat's dictionary, half our vocabulary 
 comes from Latin, and a quarter from other foreign sources. 
 Next in order comes Persian, in which about five-eighths of 
 the words are Arabic. In classical Greek, down to 300 B.C., 
 there are 41,100 words, of which perhaps 1000 are foreign : 
 in classical Latin, down to a.d. 117, there are 26,300 words, 
 of which about 3500 are from Greek and perhaps 300 from 
 other languages,' In all these figures Proper Names are 
 • excluded. These proportions of course refer only to the 
 
 CM words as given in a dictionar}-, not to their actual use in 
 
 H literature : a page of Demosthenes or Cicero taken at random 
 will probably show no borrowed words at all, a page of a 
 
 ^ modern English novel will contain onl}' about 20 per cent. 
 
 ^ of Latin words. 
 
 For our present purpose it may suffice to consider only 
 the Latin authors of the first rank (excluding in each case 
 fragments) : viz., in chronological order, Plautus, Terence, 
 Cicero Caesar Catullus Lucretius Sallust, Yergil Horace 
 Livy Tibullus Propertius Ovid, Persius, Tacitus, Juvenal. 
 These sixteen authors use 16,900 words, of which 1080 are 
 from Greek and perhaps 200 from other languages, making 
 a proportion of about 8 per cent, of loan-words. 
 
 The Greek loan-words in Latin have been catalogued by 
 
 ' The fifjures given in this essav I have arrived at bj' simple countinc:, a task 
 which, so tar as I know, no one of my predecessors has attempted : as Douse says 
 iu his " Grimm's Law," it is much easier to use statistics than to make them. 
 
 1
 
 Z LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R, WHARTON. 
 
 Tuchhandler (' De vocabulis Graecis in linguam Latinara 
 translatis,' 187G), F. O. Weise ('Die Griechischen Worter im 
 Latein,' 1882), and Saalfeld ('Tensaurus Italograecus,' 1884). 
 For Plautine words the late Professor Key's admirable 
 dictionary is often useful. Some of the uu-Greek loan- 
 words in Latin are treated by Yanicek (' Fremdworter im 
 Griechiscben imd Lateiniscben,' 1878). Of the Greek loan- 
 words 320 were introduced by Plautus, 200 by Cicero. 
 
 (2) I bave not attempted to define what a loan-word is; 
 and the following sections will show that we may at will 
 narrow or enlarge our boundaries. A purist might exclude 
 all afira^ Xeyofxeva, of which 130 fall within our province. 
 In any case we must leave a considerable ' margin of transi- 
 tion,' as a logician would call it, between genuinel}' foreign 
 and genuinely native words : a margin embracing three 
 classes of words — those which are reall}- Greek, those which 
 are really Latin, and those which are partly Greek and 
 partly Latin. 
 
 As really Greek, and not loan-words at all, we may 
 count words directly quoted by Latin authors from Greek 
 sources : viz., 
 
 Cicero's apoproegmenon ardopliyhx aiiloedus hulenterium 
 corddx coryphaeua exaeresimus gymnasiarclius logica melancho- 
 licus *monogrammiis mystagogiis phUitia physiognomon pro- 
 dgorus proegmenon prytaneum rho sofer : 
 
 Lucretius' homoeomerla 2J>'ester : 
 
 Livy's agtma *aglaspides argyraspides *cestrosphendone dro- 
 mas hemerodromus hepteres hexeres liijipagogus moneres peltasta 
 phalanglta pry tank sansojihorns synedruii : 
 
 Ovid's ai : Persius' chaere : Juvenal's chlronomunfa. 
 
 (The asterisk here denotes that the original is not found in 
 extant Greek literature.) 
 
 (3) Our second class consists of words which are really 
 Latin and not Greek. Such are the following, cognate with, 
 but not borrowed from, the corresponding Greek words : 
 
 attdt or dtdt, drraTal. 
 
 hardiis ' stupid,' */3pa6v<? (seen in /3pdaaa)V ' slower ') a 
 by-form of /3paBv<;.
 
 LOAX-WORDS IN LATIX. — E. K. WHAKTON. d 
 
 Vtv'ff, Kr]po<i. The Doric Kdpoq seems a figment : in Aulularia 
 .010 cdriiiarii is a corrupt reading (like murohat/idrii in the 
 next line, for which myrobrecharnis a mere modern conjecture). 
 
 cincintius * curl,' KiKivpof (which stand to each other as 
 tintino to Ti,Taviafi6<i) . 
 
 circus, KpUo^. 
 
 dolus, 86Xo<;. 
 
 do/a us, 86fj,o(;. 
 
 ferefrum, (f)epeTpov in Polybius. 
 
 libra 'pound,' Xlrpa (Sicilian, for *\i6pa) : for the want of 
 aspiration cf. Sicilian kctcov for '^(^ltcov. 
 
 llnum, \lvov, cf. Xiv-oTrrdofxai. 
 
 inutilus, /j,vTi\o<; /itVuXo?. 
 
 nemvs, ve/jLo<;. 
 
 pdnnus, 7rf]vo9. 
 
 pappus, TrUTTTTO^. 
 
 plleus * felt,' 7rtXo9. 
 
 propitius, 7rpo7r€T')]<;. 
 
 sclpib ' staff,' aKiTTOiv. 
 
 senium 'shield,' (tkvto^ 'hide.' 
 
 slmus ' snubnoscd,' alfi6<; for *aFl^6<i. 
 
 squilla ' prawn,' aKtWa. 
 
 sfupa ' tow,' arvirrj. 
 
 turba, Tvp^j]. 
 
 The following, some of them of doubtful or foreign origin, 
 are at any rate unconnected with the Greek word appended 
 in each case : 
 
 acli/s 'javelin' — uyKvXi'i 'hook.' 
 
 dluciuor ' prate ' — aXvKrd^Q) ' am in distress.' 
 
 alicfa 'soft leather' — aXeiTrr?/ 'smeared': aluta, I would 
 suggest, =*r/r/-/7/'rt 'put on,' cf. iud-iila ex-uta, ad becoming 
 al as in al-accr ' lively ' beside accr-bus ' sharp,' and al-apa 
 ' blow ' beside apiscor ' reach.' 
 
 calx * small stone, lime ' — X"A-/|^ ' pebble, gravel.' 
 
 dura 'ape' — K6Xoupo<i 'dock-tailed.' 
 
 crdpula 'intoxication' — KpaiTrdXT): a could not represent at. 
 
 criplda 'slipper' — Kprjiri^ 'military boot.' 
 
 creta ' chalk ' — Kpj'jTr).
 
 4 LOAN-WORDS IN LAIIN. — E. R, WHARTON. 
 
 fenestra ' window ' — (^aivw. 
 fides 'lyre' — ac^iZ-q 'gut.' 
 fiinda 'sling' — a^evhovrj. 
 inula ' elecampane ' — eXeviov. 
 
 hjmjiha ' water ' — NufX(f)r] : to which however h/mpha owes 
 its spelling, for ^liimpa from *dumpa, cf. Oscan Diumpals 
 
 * JVymphis.' 
 
 norma — yvcopi/xoii ' well known ' : norma was a carpenter's 
 square, shaped like L and (I would suggest) taking its name 
 from that letter, the ninth in the Faliscan and Etruscan 
 alphabets, so that nbrma-=^* non-ma *n6ni-ma as carmen ger- 
 men = *canmen *genimen respectively, cf. Havet in Memoires 
 de la Societe de Linguistique VI. p. 31. 
 
 pessulus 'bolt' — TrdaaaXo'i 'peg'- i^fss ?'/?'•?, I would suggest, 
 from *2)ed-tus 'provided with a foot,' as if the bolt were the 
 
 * foot ' of the door.^ 
 
 7-og2(s ' pyre ' — ^070? ' silo ' (to use a term of scientific 
 agriculture), see Foy in Bezzenberger's Beitrage XIV. p. 
 41 sq. 
 
 sorex ' shrew-mouse ' — vpa^ : in Poenulus 1313 Goetz 
 writes saurex. 
 
 stilus ' pen ' — crTvXo'^ ' pillar.' 
 
 tlpula ' water-spider ' — tl^vj. 
 
 So KopvXo^; ttXvvtijp irirvlrrjq^ the pretended originals of 
 corulus linter pltulta, are mere fiijments. — The following are 
 rather Latin than Greek : 
 
 ^ Other instances of Eoman wit, besides r/dr>m, are : 
 llacsus ' lisping ' from ^KaLa6s ' bandylegged ' ; 
 redi-vlvus ' alive again,' i.e. used again ; 
 rimcina ' plane ' from rutico ' deprive of hair ' (twigs planed off being compared 
 
 to hairs cut off) ; 
 Icncino 'tear to pieces ' (quasi ' weigh out ') from lanz ' scale of a balance' ; 
 siiffillo ' beat black and blue ' from si'<(/d ' suck ' i.e. draw blood ; 
 and, I would suggest, 
 
 Cicatrix ' scar ' from cic-ur ' tame ' (quasi ' subduing,' i.e. being the end of, the 
 hurt); ^^ a> » . 
 
 furca ' fork ' as an instrument for punishing thieves (fures) ; 
 
 porrum ' leek' as a slang term fur 'head,' whence 7;o;>v'^o ' scurf' : cf. Moretum 
 
 74 capiti nomen debentia porra ; 
 «/»ow/« _' frame of a bed' quasi the place of 'libation' (ctttoi'S^) preliminary to 
 
 going to sleep ; 
 lambero ' tear to pieces ' quasi ' lick up ' {lambo) ; 
 
 ohturo ' stop up ' from taurus (a stopper compared to a bull, cf. ^ovs M yXciaa^). 
 See also below on Popular Etymology.
 
 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 ador * spelt,' cf. Gothic atisk ' cornfield * : not from 
 akevpov * wheaten flour' (and d from \ quasi ad, 'addition'). 
 
 cldssis ' class ' : not from *K\.dat<i Doric for KXr]ai<i. 
 
 crepldo 'foundation': not from Kprj-rrl^ 'basement' (or 
 why ere- ?). 
 
 flemina (Neut, Plur.) * congestion of blood,' cf . Gothic 
 blotJi * blood ' : not from cfjXeyfiovj] ' inflammation.' 
 
 htterac, cf. httus * shore,' from the idea of ' cutting ' : not 
 from 8L(f}6epat ' skins.' 
 
 posca ' vinegar and water ' from po-td as e-sca from ed-, 
 edd : not from eTro^u? ' sharpish,' with e- dropt through a 
 popular connexion with poto. 
 
 In the following cases the Greek word is borrowed from 
 the Latin : 
 
 brassica ' cabbage,' ^pdcrKrj in Hesychius. 
 
 bucina 'trumpet,' ^vKuvrj in Polybius. 
 
 cento ' patchwork,' KevTpwv in Eustathius, as though from 
 Kevrpov * point of a needle.' 
 
 dolo ' pike ' (and hence, I would suggest, ' foretopsail,' as 
 being triangular, like the head of a pike), hoXwv 'stiletto' 
 (the meaning derived from S6\o9) in Plutarch. 
 
 horrcum ' granary,' <hpecov (quasi from copa ' season ') in 
 Achmes. 
 
 perperam 'wrongly' {i.e., I would suggest, 'unsatisfactorily,' 
 from per- -{-pa rum), irepirepo'i 'vainglorious' in Polybius. 
 
 taxus * yew,' rd^o'i in Galen. 
 
 Cf, Athenaeus 85e TeWlvav. . . 'Pw/jiaioc /inXov (inUuItun) 
 6vo/j,dl^ov(TL. So the Latin patina * dish ' appears in Sophron 
 asTraraV;;, mddrium 'napkin' in his contemporary Hermippus 
 (both of the age of Pericles) as awhdptov : Icpus was borrowed 
 into Sicilian as XeTropt? after the commencement of rhotacism, 
 about 350 b.c, and so other Sicilian words, /caX-rto? KdpKupov 
 Kdrlvov Kv^LTov vovp,fMo<; ovyKia, were probably borrowed 
 from the Latin calceus career eatinus cubit urn nummus uncia, 
 not conversely. 
 
 In the following cases the Romans and Greeks borrowed 
 iudependently from foreign sources (see also sec. 12) : 
 
 balaena 'whale,' (f)d\aiva.
 
 b LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 cluira ' horse- radisli,' KepaU Theophrastus Hist. Plant. IX. 
 155 (with a reference to Kepa<;). 
 
 crumena 'purse,' "^pvjjLea 'bag.' 
 fungus ' mushroom,' a<p6y<yo^ ' sponge.' 
 
 hinnuleus ' fawn,' eWXo? (HesychiusJ. 
 
 plumbum 'lead,' fioXv/BSo^;. 
 
 tdjj/ius ' tufa,' roc{)tcoi' ' tuffstone quarry ' (Heraclean). 
 
 flnum, olvo<;. 
 
 (4) Our third class consists of words partly Greek and 
 partly Latin. Plautus is fond of coining ' hybrid ' words, 
 made up of Greek+ Latin : 
 
 manti-cinor 'prophesy,' formed after rdti-dnor ; 
 
 samhucina 'harpist,' i.e. *sambuci-cina, formed after tlhl-cina: 
 or, more often, of Latin + Greek : 
 
 ante-logium 'prologue,' e-log'mm 'inscription' (which latter 
 passed into general use), and (from a Proper Name) de- 
 channido ; 
 
 hi-dlniiim (after triclinium), *semi-zdna (whence semizo- 
 ndriiis) ; 
 
 ferri-trib-dx 'iron-rubbing,' from jpl^w ; 
 
 hdm-ibtae 'anglers,' from hdmus 'hook,' with the termination 
 of cnpaT-vwrat ; 
 
 pJdgipatida 'buffet-bearer, 'a quasi patronymic like Lucretius' 
 Sclpiadds. So Cicero invents the quasi Verbal facteon ' to be 
 done.' 
 
 Compounds and Derivatives of Greek loan-words — and we 
 have within our province 30 such Compounds and 140 such 
 Derivatives — cannot properly be called hybrid words: each 
 contains an element which, though originally Greek, had 
 been naturalised in Latin. Some of them are formed from 
 loan-words which must once have existed in Latin but are 
 not found in extant Latin literature : 
 
 ahol-la ' cloak ' from *ahoJa (sec. 8 fin ) : 
 
 aplustrum (i.e. "^'aplust-trum) ' stern ' from *aplustum, 
 *a^\oaTov (sec. 5) : 
 
 ardneus ' spider ' from ^ardnus, apaj(yo'; (sec. 7), as ardnea 
 from *ardna, apd-xyr] : 
 
 conddlium ' ring ' (the a, I would suggest, must be long.
 
 LOAN-WOKUS IN' LATIN. — E. R. WHAKION. 7 
 
 and the word a trisyllable) from *condus, kovSo^: * knob ' 
 (Uesyehius) : 
 
 dioboldrm ' worth two obols ' from '^diohohim, Sico^oXov : 
 
 iantenia ' lantern' (with termination oi lucenia) irom*ianfer, 
 XafiTTTrip (sec. 7) : 
 
 /tiiintcit/ii-s 'skiff' (of. avunculus from avus) from */e)ius, 
 Xrjvo^ 'trough.' 
 
 mirmillo * a kind of gladiator ' for *)nu)'miirl6 from 
 *murmurulus, *munnurus, fiop/xvpo'i ' a fish ' {ixa his crest) : 
 
 planguncula ' doll ' from *plangd, irXayycov : 
 
 sandali-gcrula ' sandal-bearer ' from *sandalum, aavhakov : 
 
 sjnntuniix (sec. 6) from *iiplnter, (nnvdijp : 
 
 sponddlium 'hymn' from *sj)onda, airovSi] (see p. 4 note). 
 
 So 
 
 balatro 'jester' ('devourer') from *halatrum for *baratrum 
 i.e. barathrum, ,8dpa9pov (sec. 7) : 
 
 baxca 'shoe' from *bax, */3a^ a by form (sec. 10) of ird^ in 
 Hesychius (as Sicilian ^aravr] of Trardvr}) : 
 
 catidiis 'pipe ' from *caiia, ^Kuvrj a byform of Kavvrj ' reed.' 
 
 So the Adverbs duUce eunchetne pancrafice prot/tf/ine pre- 
 suppose Adjectives *dulicus *euschemns *pancraficus *profhp)nus 
 {8ou\Lfc6<i eva'xriixo^ irayKpaTiKO'i rrpodvixos:), and the Adverb 
 sijcophantibse an Adj. *si)cop)hantwsus from sycophantia {avKo- 
 (pavTia) ; the Verb paedicu presujiposes an Adj. *paedicus 
 (corresponding- to arnica) from *paes {iraU), uplcndeb an Adj. 
 *splendus from splen {anfki'jv : no Latin word begins with 
 spl-), and the Compound in-cl/d ' reproach ' a Verb *cil6 
 •point the lip at' (-yeLXoa), sec. II7). 
 
 The following Derivatives have no Greek equivalents, and 
 may most safely be assumed to be pure Latin words, though 
 the termination does not decide the point : 
 
 Substantives : columba, barbaria, (jerro (jobio pero scorpio : 
 
 Adjectives : bliteus carba-seus citrous cupresseus galbaueus 
 myrrlieus tiiyrteus (and probably inarmoreiis), bonibi/ciiius, 
 ceromaticus cinaedicus colly ricus : 
 
 Verbs : cachiiiiio corbno fuco hamaxo hilaro triutnphd, 
 ampullor architector bacclior graecor nwechor scurror (and 
 probably parasitor philosophor stomaclwr).
 
 8 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 (5) "We now leave the Land Debateable, and enter our 
 proper territory. In the transliteration of Greek words some 
 peculiarities may be noticed. Vowels are occasionally modi- 
 fied, as in pure Latin, by the influence of dialect, accent, 
 adjoining letters, or analogy. First for the short vowels : 
 
 (a) In some Latin words (see ' Latin Yocalism,' sec. 2) o 
 becomes u ; and so in the loan-words amurca (a/xopyr}), bulhus 
 (/3oX/3o9), cunlla (kovlXt]), cothurnus (Kodopvo^i), lautumiae (cf. 
 Xdro/jLiat), murra 'porcelain' {e?. /loppla), jjurjmm {iropt^vpa), 
 tribulus (rpi/doXo'i). So fungus corresponds to a(f)6yyo<; : 
 aplustrum triumphus are from b^'-forms (sec. 10) *a^\oarov 
 *Tpioixj)o<;. This u was really u, written i in minnillo, 
 sec. 4. — Till the time of Cicero v was represented not by 
 y, as later, but by ii, astu columhus cujjressus ohrussa 
 scutula serjndlum simra spehinca trutina (and so tus for 
 *tuus, dvo<i) ; i.e. ii, written also i, minnillo serpillum sindpis, 
 o-Lvr)T7v<;, sec. 10. — The 'plebeian' preference of e to i 
 before a vowel in terminations appears in cdduceum 
 [KrjpvKiov), nausea {vavrla), pasceoliis sec. 9. 
 
 (/3) Unaccented a in some few loan-words follows the 
 Latin rule and becomes ii, written u in scutula {aKurdXri) 
 strangulo (aTpayyaXdco), i in paelicem i^ir-qXaKa sec, 10) 
 trutina {jpvTavr]), which before r becomes e in camera 
 {Kafidpa) phalerae ((f)dXapa) tessera (reacrapa), as in a close 
 syllable {i.e. before two consonants) in piaelex {*7rr]Xa^) 
 talentum (jdXdvTov). So unaccented e becomes u in scojjulus 
 {crKOTreXci). — Final i becomes e, gausape tapefe (sec. 10 fin.). 
 As *agros, it is not quite clear why, became ager, so *K6yypo'i 
 (sec. 10) gave conger; Yarro has onagrus (ovaypo^), Martial 
 onager. — Unaccented i is dropt before a liquid in balneum 
 beside balineum [^aXaveiov), and troclea (rpoxi'Xia). In some 
 polysyllables a whole unaccented syllable is dropt (as in 
 dodrans for *d6-quddrans, fastidiwn for *fasti-tidium) : caltha 
 for *calcantha^^'xaXKdv6rj (sec. 11 7), casteria for *catastateria 
 z=i* KaraaTarTjpla (sec. 9). 
 
 (7) e before It becomes ii (' Latin Yocalism,' sec. 8 yS) in 
 Plautus' catapulta, KaTaireXTr}^ (as opposed to Yergil's 
 pelt a, TreXTT)).
 
 LOAX-WORUS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 9 
 
 (5) 'Popular Etymology' sometimes influences vowels. 
 Thus c becomes o in ollcum (eXaiFov) through a popular con- 
 nexion with o/ens 'fragrant,' and / in indusium {*ivBvaiov) 
 and exinterd {*€^€VTepe(o sec. 9) as though from in : it is 
 omitted (I would suggest) in pitppis for *pupis or *pdpis from 
 *iTr(07rc<i (' look-out place,' eVcoTr^^) as though from piipiis 
 'boy' (i.e. the steersman). The lengthening of the >/ in 
 concliyUa (Koy^^yXca) is due (I would suggest) to edulia, of 
 the first o in prblogus pruplno prbpbla (and therefore 
 doubtless in proscaenium protliijme p)rothtpn'uC) to pro : the 
 diphthong in aurichalcum {*6pi-)(a\Ko<; sec. 9) is due to 
 aio'um. 
 
 (6) Long Towels: The prae-Ciceronlan u (i.e ii) for //from 
 y appears in j':>/^^i (Plautus : in Terence spelt 2:>/i//) triifjonus 
 tunnus and the Compound de-pugis, spelt I in cbllpJiia 
 (Kco\v(f)ia) tngonus : from *Xa'yvvr} (which will be an Aeolic 
 form of *\ay(ouri, larjbna, as ')(e\vvri of ')(^e\wvr)) came, I would 
 suggest, *h(guna, i.e. lagoeita or lagena ('Latin Vocalism ' 
 sec. 10 fin.) — To show the length of the vowel, e was some- 
 times (as in laevis raemim) written ae : so in caepe (sec. 8 ^) 
 paelex (sec. 10 : spelt oX&ojyeUex, as though from peUicib) scaeiia 
 scaej)trum. The vowel o changes to u (' Latin Vocalism ' 
 sec. 13) in glauciuna (sec. 8 fin.) puppis (sec. 5 fin.) scurra 
 (sec. 9) : e never changes to I in loan-words, in Pocnulus 137 
 liroe (XrjpoL) is a worthless conjecture (Goetz reads colhjrae). 
 In ebus {rjuioq) we have the proper Latin shortening of vowel 
 before vowel. — Popular Etymology changes ii to e in placenta 
 'cake' {irXaKovvTo) as though from pJacens, polenta 'pearl 
 barley' {^'KoXwrr) sec. 9) as though from pollen, and e to ii 
 in spintuDiix (' a bird which carries charcoal off altars,' Pliny 
 X. 36, from airivdt^p ' spark ' ) with termination from cbtiiniix. 
 So u is shortened to e in reinulcum ' tow-rope ' {pvfxovXKovv 
 'towing') as though from remulceb 'droop,' to o in ancora 
 (dyKvpa) on the analogy (as I have suggested) of remora 
 ' hindrance ' : I (from et) is shortened in adij^- Nom. adeps 
 {aXei^a ' fat) ' as though from adipiscor ' acquire.' 
 
 Diphthongs : 
 
 ei before a consonant =;, aliptes p'lrdta, before a vowel = <5,
 
 10 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 gynaeceum : Ovid's elegeia is a purism. Some words follow 
 the Latin rule and shorten the e before another vowel to ^, 
 conopium graphium, or e (the ' plebeian ' form, sec. 5 a fin.), 
 balneum chorea platea. 
 
 oi^=Loe, poena: m in early words =oe, comoedus tragoedits, 
 later o, edus herous prora. 
 
 atz=ae, diaeta ; dialectically (' Latin Vocalism ' sec. 11) e, 
 mena murena ptnula. This when unaccented becomes I (as 
 in exqulrb etc.) in ollvum (eXaiFop) and Achlcl {'A^acFoi). — 
 5= a, cidtri {*KXa6pot beside KkfjOpa, sec. 10 fin.). 
 
 ev and av=eu and au respectively, euniic/ius aula. 
 
 ovz=u, durntcus : according- to the Latin rule this is 
 shortened before final 7n, heduc]trum-=.7]hvxpovv, ostnim=. 
 *6aTpovv from oarpeov, remulcum see above. 
 
 Onomatopoeic words sometimes keep the diphthongs un- 
 changed : eia, oiei, but attatae habae eugepae papae. 
 
 (7) Consonants in our loan-words are sometimes afiected 
 by dialect, adjoining letters, or analogy. 
 
 (a) The dialectic / for d appears in lanrus from *8avpo^ (the 
 Latin form would he*darvoH), Old-Irish f/r«<r 'oak' (Stokes 
 in Bezzenberger's Beitrage ix. p. 88) ; and, I have suggested, 
 in Cicero's hirmta beside Plautus' danlsta from Saveiari^'i 
 'money-lender,' as a slang term applied by gladiators to their 
 trainer. — The Sabine assibilation of di, as in Clausus for 
 Claudius, appears in rom for *rodia (*/9oS/a), the rose-growing 
 district of Paestum being in Lucania, whose inhabitants the 
 Samnites were an ofishoot of the Sabines. — In Oscan ks or x 
 became ss, meddlx-nieddiss, cf. Latin acsula-assula (Ellis on 
 Catullus xvii. 3), axiculus-assiculus coaxd-coasso, naxa-nassa, and 
 Xerxes-Xerses in Cicero: so afiv^ov (Ace.) 'tearing' gave 
 amussim 'carpenter's rule,' named from the scoring of a 
 straight line. — In Umbrian and Oscan kt became ht {rehte = 
 Lat. rede, saahtum^=.\ju,t. sanctum), which in some Latin dialect 
 was written tt, bractea-brattea, nacta-natta (=^*vdKTT)<;), salpicta- 
 saJpitta {^^a-akiriKTr}^) , strictkeUa-strittiviUa (cf. Pliny xxvii. 
 135 thalictrum or thalitrum ' meadow-rue '), or, after a long 
 vowel or diphthong, t, virtctum-urttuni, auctor-autor, cf. nlxns 
 (i.e. *nlct-tus) beside nlsus (i.e. *nlt-tus) : so cocturnlx ' quail '
 
 LOAN-WORUS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHAKTON. 11 
 
 (01(1 Iligli German tvnhfala, Ilavet in Mem, Soc. Ling. vi. 
 p. 23-4 sq.) became *cotfunnx, written cblurnlc, and from this 
 came Ovid's coturnlx through a popular connexion with 
 cothunim {Kodopvos:) ' buskin,' quails being, I would suggest, 
 artificially booted for fighting. 
 
 Shortly before Cicero's time the Greek aspirates came to 
 be represented in Latin by a Tenuis + A, and two new letters 
 were added to the end of the alphabet to represent v and ^. 
 But some words still retained the older transliteration (on 
 that of V see sec. 5 a and 6) : 
 
 ')(^=c mcaltha sec. 5 /3 fin., codea {Ko-x^.la'i), corona {yopwvo'^ 
 
 Sinionides 174, from X'^P^^ ' dance '), in-cllo sec. 4 fin., soccus 
 
 {avKxo^). 
 
 6=zt in halatro sec. 4, clafrl sec. 6 fin., menta (/ilvOo), 
 
 tunmis, tus. 
 
 <!}=]) in ampul-la i.e. *ampor-la from *ampora {dfKpopeixi), 
 aplustrum sec. 4, j-jr/e^^/rt {(f)atv6\7]<;), pasceoliis (0acr/ca)Xo?), 
 purpura (iropipupa), spinter (see below), spi)ifunnx sec. 6. 
 
 l^=ss in niu-sma {/xd^a), purpurismm [iropcfivpi^ov), and the 
 Verbs atticmo cdmh'^or cijatlii>i>i6 graecisao iJialaci-s-^o moechmo 
 mus.so patrisNO pi/tmo sicelmd {drTLKL^o) etc.). So in Plautus 
 modern editors write badissd {/BaBi^o)) tarpesslta (MSS. trapezlta, 
 TpaTre^t'rr;?), and, for initial ^, s, sdmia sona {^n/j,ia ^covij). 
 
 In earlier Latin initial p was represented by r, raphanus 
 resina riscus rosa ruta ; later by rJi, (as in a Corcyraean in- 
 scription PHOFAIZI = /aoato-i), rln'tbr rhinoceros rhombus 
 rhomphaca rh/jf/imicus. 
 
 The slang dialect sometimes distorted words almost beyond 
 recognition : 
 
 calicndruin ' wig ' for *cal!iiifrum. from KuWvvTpov ' orna- 
 ment ' : 
 
 sandapila ' bier,' I would suggest, for *sancaliha from 
 *a7;^aA,iy87;9 *a;^aXt')3?;9, cf. Laconian aKxaXi^ap ' bed ' (on 
 the ' Atfrication ' see sec. 10.) in Hesychius. 
 
 (/8) In pure Latin c cannot stand before a nasal : so in 
 some borrowed words (1) in early times we have in such 
 cases either dvdTTTv^t<i, drachuma (better written dracuma) = 
 SpaxM, lucinus=Xvxvo<i, techina (better tecina)=Texvri\ or,
 
 12 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 in the unaccented third syllable, loss of c with vowel- 
 lengthening, ardnea = apd')(VT) : (2) later, c before n becomes 
 g, ci/g>n(s=KVKvo'i as Progue^^Tlpoicvr}. — In Latin t before I 
 becomes c, and so in exanclo (i^avrXeco) : d before r becomes 
 t, citrus is older than cedrus {K€Spo<;). Between a nasal and 
 a dental, c and p are sometimes droj^t, e.g. in quindus-quintiis, 
 tempto-tento : so spinier ^acficjKryjp, lanter-na=.\an7nrjp. — 
 The Latins sometimes object to r in two syllables of the same 
 word, compare giirgulio with r./ap'^/apeoiv : so balatro beside 
 ^dpaOpov sec. 4, ergastulum=^*epyaaTpov sec. 9. 
 
 (7) Popular Etymology changes 
 
 c to ^ in plagusia ' a fish ' {*7r\aKovaLa sec. 9), as though 
 from plaga ' net ' : 
 
 g to c in amiirca (d/xopyr]), spelunca (o-7n]Xvyya sec. 8 fin.), 
 because Latin had an ending -ca [fabrica juvenca pedica), but 
 no ending -ga : 
 
 t io c va. scrihhta * cheesecake ' {^arpel3\lT7}^ sec. 9), as 
 though from scrlho, ' marked, notched ' : 
 
 2) to h in ahsinthiuhi {d^Lvdiov), obsonium {oyjrooviov), as 
 though from ab and ob : 
 
 I to d in adeps {aKei(^a sec. 6) : r to d in cdduceum 
 (KTjpvKLov) apparently (as I have suggested) as though from 
 cdducum, a stick of ' fallen ' wood : 
 
 A to s in serpgUum {epirvXKov) through the etymological 
 connexion of serpb and epirco. 
 
 A consonant is omitted, I would suggest, in laena for 
 *claena {')(\aiva) as though from Idna 'wool,' and in Idterna 
 beside lanterna as though from Idta 'carried': Metathesis 
 in pistrix ' sea-monster ' (beside ptristis, Trplarc^) as though 
 from pzso ' pound, crush.' 
 
 (8) Analogy aifects especially the terminations of borrowed 
 words : for the ordinary changes see Roby's Grammar 
 sec. 471-507. 
 
 Nouns show three favourite terminations : 
 
 (a) -a : caepa (beside carpe) and cerintha [KrjpLvOov) are 
 formed after herba, pausa [iravaL^) after causa; we have 
 arglUa {dpylWo<i) sc, terra, corona (p^opwfo?) sc. taenia, crocbta 
 (KpoKoiTo^) sc. testis.
 
 LOAN-WORUS IN LA'llN. E. K. WHARTON. 13 
 
 (/3) -/- ; conoids {K6'y)(o<i) and jidnis (Messapian irdvos;) are 
 formed after Adjectives in -is ; hilaris (beside hilariis, iKapos:) 
 and dapsilis (SaylnXi]<;) after fa cil is ; caepe for *caepium {*Ki]7riov 
 from Ac^TTo?, cf. Ilesychius' KuTria ' garlic '), and sirpe for 
 *sirpiHm {*(Tip(^i,ov sec. 10), after Neuters like turjye nie. 
 
 (7) -r, Neuter : mannor {fiup/xapo^) is formed after aequor, 
 hnccar (*/3dKKapt, sec. 10) and ^j//jc;' (TreVe/Dt) have lost a final 
 vowel and follow the analogy of ciccr papdrcr, and so on the 
 analogy of mcl Gen. mellis Yergil forms from p.e\i, a vtel 
 Gen. melis and uses 'melis phylla' ixs=/j.eXi(l>uWa 'balm.' 
 Similarly ce/ux ' yacht' (/ceA.???) takes the termination ofvel-bx, 
 enge {eir^e) that of pulcre : draconeni konem beside BpuKovra 
 XiovTU are formed from the Nominatives (h'oco led. 
 
 All loan Verbs from the Greek ^ are of the first conjuga- 
 tion, not only when the Greek form corresponds with the 
 Latin, boo gitberiiu harpagd {*dp7raydQ)) stranyulo subo {*av/3doi) 
 coinans (from Ko/ideo), but also from Verbs in 
 
 -eo) : exanclo cxinfero i^i^evrepew) obsoiio 2)aratrar/oed6 ther- 
 mopoto {*6epfj,o7roT€Cii) : 
 
 -^co : atUciHHo etc., badissu, see sec. 7 : 
 
 -vco: propliiu {TrpoTTlvw). 
 
 Sometimes the meaning of the Greek ending was mis- 
 understood : 
 
 (a) the Neuter «>}toi? was taken for Masculine (Plant, cetum 
 Ace), the Neuters yXavKcofxa axvi^<^ for Feminine (Plant. 
 gJauciimani schemam Ace), the Neuters Plural oarpea j3a\avela 
 jeppa (f)d\apa for Fern. Sing, (whence ostrca Sing., balineae 
 gerrae phalerae Plur.) : 
 
 (/3) the Accusatives fyv-\lrov kokkov kocttov fieBi/xvov fxvOov 
 (see note) ^varov *6piy^a\Kov (sec. 9) TTeirXov adXov (nrdprov 
 (ToopaKov were turned into Nominatives Neuter, gypsum etc.; the 
 Accusatives KpdT?]pa irdvOripa TrXaKovvra (sec. G) cnrifKirfia 
 ararripa <pd\ayya into Nominatives Feminine, crufira etc. 
 Sing., plialiingac Plur. ; *dl3o\i} *d/j.(f)opci, Ace. of d^o\ev<; 
 d/j,(f)opev^, into the Nominatives *aboIa (sec. 4) amphora. 
 
 ' Except apage, an Inipfvative, psallo with its piinly Greek bejjinning, and 
 purpurissum wrongly formed from the Participle irop(pvpiCov : muttio trom muttum 
 (fivdov, Havct in Mem. Soc. Ling. vi. p. 210 sq.) and punio from poena 
 (ttoivii) are pure Latin, as also dtpsd.
 
 14 LOAX-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 (9) Our loan-words prove that the following 93 words, 
 though found in no extant Greek author, were once living 
 Greek words: 
 
 Substantives : 
 
 aXw^opa 'salt market ' halagova (Plaut.). 
 
 a\o(f)dvT7]<i 'salt informer' halophanta (Plaut.). 
 
 a.fxa^ayw^/rj'i 'carter' Jiamaxagoga (Plaut.). 
 
 dperdXoyo'; ' boaster ' aretdlogus (Juv.). 
 
 apira'^/wv ' grappling-hook ' harpago (Plaut.). 
 
 aproKpea^ 'distribution of meat' artocreas (Persius). 
 
 avarpo<i ' south wind ' aiisfer, from avco 'kindle.' 
 
 ^aXkLarrj<i 'catapult' hallida, from ^aWi^w (Sicilian) 'jump 
 about.' 
 
 ^ovKepo^ /3ovK6pi,o<i 'of oxen' bucerus bucerius, cf. /3ovKepco<;. 
 
 /ScdXt^to? ' mushroom ' bOlttifs, cf. /3o)XIt7]<; (Galen). 
 
 Savpo^ ' tree ' laurus^ sec. 7. 
 
 iiTL-prjOLov 'trace' ejnredium, from *pr)hr) (below). 
 
 i7rci)7rl<; puppis, sec. 5 S. 
 
 epyaarpov ' workhouse ' ergastnlum, sec. 7 /3. 
 
 rj/iLKLX\o<; 'mule' hemicilhis (Cic), from KiXKo<; 'ass.' 
 
 OeppLOTTOikLov 'tavern' thermopblium (Plaut.). 
 
 KaTaa-TaT7)pia ' cuddy ' casteria (Plaut.), sec. 5 /3. 
 
 Karaajr) ' stage ' catasta. 
 
 Ka')(lvo<i ' laugh ' cachinnus, from /ca;\^a^&) ' to laugh ' as 
 ye\a(xlvo<; ' dimple ' from 'yeXdco. 
 
 KlKKO'i 'doit ' ClCCUS (Plaut.), cf. KLKKa^Oq. 
 
 KLvvapLov ' cinnamon ' cinnamiim, cf . Ktvvdfj.a)fj,ov. 
 
 KoXuTia 'ripe figs ' coliitea Persa 88, cf. Kokwrpa (Athenaeus). 
 
 Kopiavhpov ' coriander ' coriandnim, cf. Kopiavvov (in Varro 
 L. L. V. 103 Spengel reads KoXiavBpov). 
 
 KpoToKiaTpia ' castanet-dancer ' crotalistria (Propertius) . 
 
 Kv^ata 'transport' cybaea (Cic), from Kv^r) as a by-form of 
 KVfijBr} ' boat.' 
 
 KV7rpe(Tao<; ' cypress ' cv.pressus, from Hebrew Tibpher, cf. 
 KxrirdpLcrao^. 
 
 \aycoi<; ' grouse ' lagois (Hor.). 
 
 Xdrpwv ' hireling ' latrb, cf. Xdrpit;, from Hebrew uoier 
 ' guardian ' (as Xlrpov ' natrum ' from Hebrew nether).
 
 LOAN-WORDS IN I-ATIN. — E. K. WHARTON. 15 
 
 XavTOfiiat 'stone-quarries' lautumiae, from *\aOTO/iiat, cf. 
 Xdrofxiai. 
 
 /ie^m? ' miasma ' mephitis (Verg.) : derivation unknown. 
 
 fjbovoTToStop ' table with one leg' monopodiuni (Livy). 
 
 fioppa 'porcelain ' murra, cf. [xoppia (Pausanias). 
 
 fjL(bpo<; (Fern.) ' mulberry-tree ' ;>?or2(.s, cf. fiopov 'mulberry/ 
 foreign. 
 
 vrjvia ' dirge ' neiitn, cf. vr^viarov (Ilipponax), Phrygian. 
 
 6pi')(^a\Ko<i ' copper ore ' orichalcum, cf. 6peLX'^'\.Ko<;. 
 
 Trarayehv ' gold edging ' pa fa glum, foreign. 
 
 nrXuKovaia ' a fish ' pUKjima (Plant.), from ifKaKou^ ' flat.' 
 
 iroTnTvajjia ' clucking ' poppy stna (Juv.). 
 
 7rpq)p/]rrj<i ' look-out man ' 2)^'oreta (Plant.), cf. Trpcppdrrj^ : 
 formed after 7rpv/jivi]T7]<i ' steersman.' 
 
 irvTcafia * tasting ' pijtisma (Juv.). 
 
 p^Sr) ' chariot ' raeda : Gaulish, sec. 12. 
 
 poBia ' rosetree ' rosa, from poSov. 
 
 craKKOTnjpiov ' -pocket ' sacciperiii7n (Plaut.), from o-a/t/co?-}- 
 'TTijpa. 
 
 auvvr} 'grimace' sanna, and aavvlcov 'buffoon' sannio, cf. 
 acivva^. 
 
 (jKcopd<i 'buffoon ' Hcnrra i.e. *scura sec. 6, from *a/cu)p-(f)d'yo<i 
 (our 'toadeater') as 'Epfxd'i (a slave's name) from' Ep/xoSoopo'i. 
 
 (TTa\djfx.iov 'ear-drop' stalaymium (Plaut.), from aTaXajfioi; 
 ' dropping.' 
 
 aropla ' mat' siorea, from aTopuvfit ' spread.' 
 
 arpe^XiTJj'i ' cheesecake ' scrib/lta sec. 7 7, from o-Tpe/3Xo? 
 * twisted.' 
 
 a(piKTpLa<i spintria, from a-cpLyyco ' press.' 
 
 TOKvX\iQ)v ' usurer ' tocuUio (Cic), from *tokvWlov Dim- 
 inutive of T0/C09 ' interest ' (as ^€vv\Xiov of ^evo<i). 
 
 TOTTta ' ornamental gardening ' foj>ia, from to'tto? * place.' 
 
 TpayoKOjfKpSia 'tragicomedy' tragicomoedia (Plant.). 
 
 Tpvjovo'i 'sting- ray' trugonus (Plant.), cf rpvycov. 
 
 TvpiiTavoTpC^ri^ ' timbrel-player ' fi/iNpanofriba (Plant.). 
 
 (^acr/cioXof ' purse ' pasceolus (Plant.), cf. <})daKcoXo<i : so 
 Dioscorides has (f)aaLoXo<i (Columella's phaseolus) for (f)dar]Xo'i 
 ' bean.'
 
 16 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 (})pvyia)v ' embroiderer ' phyrgib (Plaut.), sec. 10, from 
 ^pvyia. 
 
 (pv\aKiaW]<i 'jailer ' 2)hylacista (Plaut.), from (jivXaKL^co ' im- 
 prison.' 
 
 ')(api(Tria ' family banquet ' charistia, from 'xapl^oixai ' in- 
 dulge.' 
 
 -y^epaypa 'gout' cheragva, from ')(ep- ■\-aypa, cf. '^^eipdypa 
 (late Greek.) ^ 
 
 Diminutives : 
 
 iXeyelSLov elegldium (Persius) from eXeyo^ ' elegy.' 
 
 evhvaiov 'smock' indusium sec. 5 fin., from evhvafi 'dress' 
 (Septuagint). 
 
 fiupod/jiccov myrotJieciuni (Cic.) from /jLvpod)]Krj ' unguent- 
 case.' 
 
 vd^Xiov nabiium (Ovid) from vd/3\a 'harp,' Hebrew nebhel 
 'flute.' 
 
 Adjectives : 
 
 aSafidvTeio<; ' of steel ' adamanteus (Ovid). 
 
 dKOivovor}To<i ' witbout common sense ' acoenonoetiis Juv. 
 
 yii. 218. 
 
 jBovixaaro'i ' witb large breasts' bumastus (Yerg.). 
 evpojo<; 'eastern' eiirous (Yerg.). 
 6a\aaaLK6<i 'of the sea' t/ialassicus (Plaut.). 
 Kr,p6ei<; ' like wax,' Fem. Kripovaaa cermm 'white lead.' 
 koixt]t6<=; ' leafy ' comdtns, from /co/i?; ' hair, foliage.' 
 Xa^vpivOeio^ ' of the labyrinth' labyrintheiis (Catullus). 
 fjbovaalo'^ ' of the Muses' musaeiis (Lucr.), cf. fxova€io<;. 
 oKr(£>j)opo<i 'carried by eight men' odbphorus (Cic). 
 ira9iK6<i patlikus from 7rd6o<; ' passion.' 
 TraA-yz'To? ' sprinkled,' v^hence j)olenta sec. 6 ; from Trakivco. 
 7r\aTa\eo<; 'broad,' whence j^Iatalea 'spoonbill' (Cic.) ;- 
 from TrXuTV'i. 
 
 1 "Words are so seldom coined absolutely de novo (Plautus' titivillitium is the 
 only indubitable instance in Latin) that the seven spice-names in Pseudolus 
 831-836 must have had an oritrin, though we cannot fully trace it. Thus, 
 a7raAoi|/JS hapalopf^ifs is from o7raA.aJs o-n-rav ' roast moderately,' KarapaKTpta catar- 
 actria from KarapaKTris ' rushing down ' as it is sprinkled : cepoJendrum (the first 
 element :=K7)7ros) clcilendrum cicimandrum draw their termination from corian- 
 drum : y.i.KKi% maccis (cf. Dioscorides' fiaKep) and cravKawTis saucaptis must be of 
 un- Greek origin.
 
 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. K. R. WHARTON. 17 
 
 7ro\To0a7O9 ' i)u\se-e'dt'mg^ piilliphrif/Hs (Plaut,). 
 
 7rTrjvo6r]piK(j<i ' of birds and beasts ' (if Goetz is right in 
 conjecturing ' pugna ptenotherica ' in Poenulus 471 : MSS. 
 pentethronica). 
 
 avfx^oyvtaKO'i 'singing' s//mp/iu>iiaciis (Cic), from crvficpoypia. 
 
 rvpoTapix^'i 'of cheese and salt fish ' fi/rofarlc/ios (Cic). 
 
 Xa^v^ijio-i 'of steel' clialijheiHS (Ovid), from -xciXv^. 
 
 Interjections : 
 
 euaf euax (Plaut.) from evol, as TroTraf from ttqttol. 
 
 euyeiral eur/cpae (Plaut.) from eir/e + (iraJTral. 
 
 oltl oiei Miles Gloriosus 1406, cf. olol. 
 
 Yerbs : 
 
 apTTaydco 'steal' karpagd (Plaut.) from apirayrj 'plunder.' 
 
 i^evrepio) 'eviscerate' exinterd (Plaut.), cf. e^evrept^w (Dioa- 
 corides). 
 
 eua'o) ' shout,' euans Participle (pure Latin ovans). 
 
 OepfxoTToreQ} * drink warm drink ' (cf. ■\^v)(^poTrork(ii ' drink 
 cold water') thevmopoto 'warm with drink' (Plant.), from 
 Oep/xoTTOTT]^ (Athenaeus). 
 
 KcofMi^o) coDtissor, from Ko>fxo<i 'revel,' as Kco/xd^o) from /cco/xt; 
 ' village.' 
 
 TTOTp/^o) ' take after the father ' 2Jcifrissd (Plaut.), cf. 
 TraTptd^o) (Pollux). 
 
 av/Sdw stibd, from av^a<i ' lewd ' (Ilesychius). 
 
 (10) Dialectic variations proved by our loan-words to 
 have once existed in Greek are the following, 57 in number:^ 
 
 (a) a for o (cf. /jLaXaxil'M-oXoxv) '• *'cd\i^ calix for *k6\l^ 
 (whence kvXi^, cf. fivXr) from */j,6X7}, Lat. mola) : 
 
 (b) for 01 before a vowel (cf. iroiew-Troew) : *TT6T]fxapoe»)a, 
 *TrorjT)](; poefa : 
 
 (c) Ionic t; for d: *'7r)]Xa^ paclex sec. 5 /S (seen in irpo- 
 irrjXaKlt.ai ' insult ')=Doric TrdXXa^ 'boy' (cf. Doric KaXXd 
 for Ionic KdXd or, as it should be written, Kt]Xd) : 
 
 (d) Doric original d: *KdpvKiov cdduccum sec. 7 fin., 
 *KXa6poi cldtrl sec. 6, *SetXdu6<; sildnus sec. 11 fin., *aLvd'iTv<t 
 si nap is sec. 5 a : 
 
 * The forms so substantiated are here, to avoid confusion, marked with an 
 asterisk ; which in sec. 9 was not necessary. 
 
 2
 
 18 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 (e) Doric «= Ionic ov : *KcopdXiov cdralinm : 
 
 if) K"^ for ;!^ ('Affrication,' cf. ^poK^o'^ for ^po^o<i) : 
 *^paK-)(iov hracchlum (vowel shortened before vowel), beside 
 ^pa-)(laiv: 
 
 ((/) Ionic 9 for t before i : *vavaia nausea, *pr}alvr) realna, 
 *(f)pevr]cn'i phrenesis (beside ^pevlrL<;). So *aaivo^ asiniis (cf. 
 aaiXXa ' yoke ' Simonides 163) presupposes a Doric *aTivo<{ 
 from Hebrew atJion ' she-ass,' while ovo'i must be a different 
 word : 
 
 (//) V preserved before 9 (cf. Cretan irdvad^^^irdad'i): 
 *6r]vaavp6^ ihensaurus : 
 
 (i) Metathesis with p (cf. Kaphia-Kpahirj) : *Tap'ire^lT'q<i 
 tarpesslta sec. 7 (in Plautus the metre sometimes requires 
 tarp-, and never excludes it). So in the un-Greek words 
 *KopKcoT6^ corcbta (a more original form than KpoKcoro';, from 
 Hebrew karkom ' saffron'), *(f)vp'yicov p/ii/rgio {*<ppv'ylaiv sec. 9, 
 Wagner's Aulularia p. Ixii) : 
 
 {j) ^/j, for a/jL: *^/jidpaySo<i zmaragdas, Ellis' Catullus 
 p. 345 : 
 
 (k) Medial aspiration preserved : *euol euhoe (euol), *evio^ 
 eiihius (evio<;) : 
 
 (/) Medial F preserved : *eXaiFov olivum, *^oFd(o bovo 
 (Ennius), cf. */ipyetFot Arglvi, ^^^(aLFol Aclnvl. 
 
 So especially in words which in Greek itself were 
 foreign : 
 
 («) for a, *d(f)X.oaTov apluHtrum {d<^\acnov) ^rplofKpo'i 
 trmmp/iKS {6piap.^o<;, see below) sec. Oa, or for v, *a6K)(^o<i 
 soccus {<TVK-)(os:) sec. 7 : 
 
 (b) e for t, *fxev6a menta (fiivOa). — t for e, *7rLTr€pi piper 
 (jreTrepL : Sanskrit pippalT) : 
 
 (c) K for 7, *K6jypo^ conger (7677/: 09) *K(opvT6^ cor y (us 
 {y'opvT6<i) : 
 
 (d) 7 for K, *7y9a/3aT09 grdhatns {/cpdl3dT0<i) *yv^€pvdci) 
 guherno {KvjSepvdw) *'yu>/3i6<; gohius {kw^lo^). So /3 for tt, 
 *j3v^o<i huxus (ttu^o?) *Kdp/3aao^ carhnsus (KapTraaoi;) : 
 
 (e) p for X (cf. Kpl ^avo<;-K\r l3avo<; aT€pyL<i-aTe\yL<;) : 
 *Kav6i]pio^ cantherius {Kav6y'j\Lo<i) *aip(piov sirpe [aCk^iov, 
 sec. 8) : conversely *\ei\iov hlium {Xeiptov) :
 
 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 19 
 
 (/) Initial aspiration preserved, *€^euo<i hehenm (e^€vo<; : 
 from TIebrow hobnim). — Aspiration transposed (of. irddvri- 
 (fxirvT]) : *Tpio/j,(f)o<i (riutt/phus (see above). 
 
 Sometimes the sugrffested and the extant Greek form differ 
 in termination ; we infer from Latin the existence of 
 
 (a) stems in -o- beside consonant stems : *a^aKo^ abacus 
 *dp)(^iT€KTo<; archifecftis *^pd')(lov hracchiuin *8eX(f)lvo<; delp/iinus 
 *iXe(f)q^vTO'i elephantus beside d/Ba^ dp'^^ireKTcov ^pa-)(loov heX^li/ 
 eXecfid^ : 
 
 (b) Masc. beside Neut., *KXf}6poi datri beside KXf]9pa ; 
 Fern, beside Masc, ^Tutycovr} lacjbna *Xayvvr] lagoena sec. 6 
 beside Xdyvvo<; ; Neut. beside Masc, * fiapydplTov marganhun 
 beside fiapyaptTi]'?, or Fem., *dpTt]piov arteriuni *auXa2ou 
 aulaeum *oiav7rov oesi/pum beside dpTrjpid avXald olcrinrr) : 
 
 (c) Neuter stems in -t- beside others: *l3dKKapc baccar 
 sec. 8 7 ^yavaaTTi (jaumpe *Td7rr]Ti tapete sec. 5 /3 beside 
 ^dKKapi<; yavcraTTO^ Ttt7r7;9. 
 
 (11) Many of our loan-words prove that the Greek equivalents 
 had once a larger meaning than appears in extant Greek 
 literature : 
 
 (a) the following, Adjectives in Greek, are used in Latin as 
 Substantives : 
 
 Masc. : 
 
 KoyxtTT]<; shelly, conchlta catcher of shellfish. 
 'n-dpo')(o<i supplying, parochus purveyor. 
 TTvpcoTToq fiery, pyropus bronze. 
 aapKo^dyo<; carnivorous, sarcophagus coflln. 
 TpaTTr)T6<i newly pressed, frapetus oil mill. 
 
 Fem. : 
 
 St/3a(/)09 double-dyed, dibaphus purple robe. 
 
 Sio)TO<i two-eared, diofa jar. 
 
 ivSpo/xl<i for the footrace, endromis wrap. 
 
 KVKXd<i lying around, eyclas robe. 
 
 fivppivT] of myrrh, niurrina spiced wine. 
 
 ojBpv^r] pure, obrussa test. 
 
 depfiai warm, thermae baths. 
 
 ^rjpafjLTreXivai scarlet, xerampelinae scarlet robes.
 
 20 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 Neut. : 
 
 avajKatov necessary, anancaeum cup drained on a wager. 
 
 BiKpoTov double-oared, dicrotimi bireme. 
 
 fiaKpoKcoXov long-legged, macrocblum a kind of paper. 
 
 IxrjKivov yellow, melinum yellow robe. 
 
 vdphivov of nard, nardinum spiced wine. 
 
 TrXdyiov crooked, plagium kidnapping. 
 
 a-rjrdvLov of this year, setanium medlar. ^^ 
 
 afxedvanva of amethyst, amethi/stina purple robes. 
 
 Krjpiva wax-coloured, cerina yellow robes, 
 
 reaaapa four, tessera tally, each side being a square. 
 
 Tpe')(ehei7rva running to dinner, trechedlpna light robes. 
 
 Conversely the following. Substantives in Greek, are used 
 in Latin as Adjectives : 
 
 eirUpoKov a garment, epicrocum transparent. 
 
 oTrdSl^ palm branch, sj^ddix brown. 
 
 (/3) the following, abstract in meaning in Greek, are in 
 Latin concrete : 
 
 d/jiv^iv, amussim sec. 7 a. 
 
 fyeveai^ birth, genesis birth-star. 
 
 e\e7%09 refutation, eknchiis ear-pendant (why?). 
 
 cnrovh'), sponda sec. 3 note. 
 
 Conversely the following, concrete in meaning in Greek, 
 are in Latin abstract : 
 
 r^eppa wickerwork, gerrae nonsense. 
 
 aTo/xa'^o'; stomach, stomachus displeasure. 
 
 ')(ppr)^Lov dancing-school, choregimn preparing a chorus. 
 
 (7) the etymologically possible meaning comes out 
 differently : 
 
 €/ji^6\Lov 'thrown in '= javelin, emboUum interlude (Aris- 
 totle's i/x/36\i/xov). 
 
 i^ohiov ' exit ' = finale of a tragedy, exodium farce. 
 
 k6Xv/x/3o<; 'ducking ' = grebe, colmnhus pigeon. 
 
 Xoyetov 'place of words ' = stage, logeum archives. 
 
 fjLokaKLa ' softness ' = effeminacy, malacia dead calm. 
 
 vavrla 'of sailors ' = seasickness, nautea bilgewater. 
 
 6(f)6aXfila<; ' quicksigh ted ' = eagle, ophthalmias a kind of 
 fish.
 
 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 21 
 
 TTT^jfia ' fixture ' = framework, pC'fjma bookcase, stage. 
 
 ')(a\Kdvdr] ' bronze-flower ' = sulphate of copper, calt/ta pot- 
 marigold. 
 
 'Xeikodi 'use a lip ' = surround with a rim, in-cild grin 
 (sec. 4 fin.). 
 
 (8) the Latin meaning is extended from the Greek (on 
 /Q\at<709 hlcBSHS see sec. 3 note) : 
 
 ypa(f)i,K6<; picturesque, graphicus exquisite. 
 
 6pLa/j,/3o<; hymn to Bacchus, triumphus procession. 
 
 Ki<no(^6po<i chest-bearer, cisiophorus a coin. 
 
 Xdrpt^ hired servant, latro robber. 
 
 XT]v6<i trough, lenunculiis skiff. 
 
 ovv^ onyx, ouyx casket made of onyx. 
 
 rrapdeviKy') maiden, j^nii/ienice a plant. 
 
 TToBiov little foot, podium balcony. 
 
 (TTe/xfia wreath, stemma pedigree, from wreaths hung on 
 images of ancestors. 
 
 ^daijko^ bean, phaseliis boat, from its shape. 
 
 SeiXrjvo'i Silenus, sildnus fountain with a head of Silenus. 
 
 ^iXnnro<; Philip, philippus a coin. 
 
 Conversely pifhecium in Latin means * little ape,' 7n6)]Kiop 
 in (late) Greek ' a machine.' 
 
 (12) We may now turn to the un-Greek loan-words within 
 our province. The following 90 words, if no more, seem 
 foreign, though we cannot tell where they came from : ac/i/s 
 (sec. 3) d/ea dice ' pickle ' andnhata * blindfolded gladiator * 
 asllm beta 'beet' hracfen 'gold-leaf brassica buri-s 'plough- 
 beam ' caliga cdJo ' soldier's servant ' cdseus caupo cibus clniex 
 cippiis colontra ' biestings ' cort'ma crdpula (sec. 3) cuspis dolium 
 ebuhim ' dwarf elder' epulae excetra ' snake ' faex falx fetidles 
 fiscm fuscina gnlbinm ' green ' gdnca ' underground room ' 
 gladius grdvastellm 'old man' heUtio hibrida hirnea 'jug' horia 
 'fishing-smack' Ilex jiiba jubar lappa Idrua ' ghost, mask ' later 
 ' brick ' Inus lemures lessum * wailing ' liber ' inner bark ' llxa 
 ' sutler ' lodix ' blanket ' lorea ' after- wine ' lutnbricus ' earth- 
 worm ' Itirco ' glutton ' lutuDi ' woad ' marra ' hoe ' meles 
 'badger' miles naucum 'trifle' ocrca of a orea 'jar' paliimbes 
 pantex ' paunch ' pirum papa ' priest's assistant ' popular preciae
 
 22 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 * a grape-vine ' proeliiim rdna 7"una ' dart ' sagitta sepelio serra 
 silex shiiim ' bowl ' situla ' bucket ' spolium sudis sulfur taeda 
 tarmes ' woodworm ' iaxillus ' die ' taxua temetum ' wine ' 
 tlnus ' a plant ' tzpula (sec. 3) tiro titulus trichila ' bower ' 
 tugurium vagina. 
 
 The following may with some confidence be referred to 
 definite sources : about 69 are from Aryan and 32 from non- 
 Aryan languages. 
 
 A. Aryan : 
 
 (a) Umbro-Sabellian : 2 1 words : 
 
 Umbrian : 
 
 arbiter ' witness/ cf. Umbr. a^pufrafi ' arbitratu ' (the 
 second vowel of each word is ii, ' Latin Yocalism ' sec. 2 fin.), 
 from ad + a root gret ' speak,' Gothic qithan, Eng. quoth. 
 
 rufus ' red,' cf. Umbr. rofa ' rufas ' : the Roman form would 
 be *rubus. 
 
 sili-cernium ' feast at which they sat,' cf. Umbr. gersnatur 
 * cenati ' : the first element is Latin sedeo. 
 
 Oscan (which the Roman grammarians often call Sabine) : 
 
 bos, cf /3o{}<? : the Roman form would be ^'vos from *vous. 
 
 crepusculum * twilight ' (Varro), cf. creper below. 
 
 curis 'spear,' quoted by Ovid. 
 
 meddzx * magistrate ' (Festus), also written metd{ix) or 
 meddiss, sec. 7a. 
 
 muhta 'fine' (Yarro). 
 
 oris ' sheep,' cf. 6L<i i.e. oFa : the Roman form *avis is said 
 to remain in avena ' oats.' 
 
 strena 'health ' (Lydus de mensibus iv. 4). 
 
 sublica 'stake,' Volscian (Festus). 
 
 supparniii 'smock, topsail' (Varro), cf. slparium 'curtain' 
 (the first vowel of each word is ii). 
 
 tesqua 'wastes' (Scholiast on Hor. Epp. i. 14. 19) an augural 
 term ; it proves that qu after s did not, as in other positions 
 in Oscan, become^. 
 
 trabea ' state robe,' introduced by Numa (Lj^dus ut supra 
 i. 19). 
 
 Adjectives : caseus ' old,' catus ' sharp,' croper ' dark,' dirus 
 ' evil,' sollus ' whole,' are said by the Roman grammarians to
 
 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 23 
 
 be Sabine ; tutlcun ' public ' (of. Gothic theuda * people ') is 
 Campanian (Livy). 
 
 Verb : haeto (also spelt beto or hlto) ' go,' cf. Oscan haiteis 
 ' comest.' 
 
 (/3) Celtic : perhaps 43 words, some also quoted in Greek : 
 
 Gaulish : 
 
 (1) names for wheeled vehicles : 
 carpentum (Florus). 
 
 carrus (Irish carr). 
 
 petor-ritum (Festus : cf. Welsh ^)ef/<ra;' 'four ' + Old- Irish 
 rith 'course'). 
 
 raeda *pi]Sr] sec. 9 (Quintilian : cf. Old-Irish rlad 'journey- 
 ing '). 
 
 Probably also cw/2^/>i and sarrdc urn ; with. j)ld.i'cn ton 'wagon- 
 box ' (Catullus xcvii. 6) and, I would suggest, the cognate 
 word plaaslrum ' wagon,' i.e. *plaux-tn(m from a root qlaug-s, 
 Celtic *2y^o(j, whence owv jjlough. 
 
 (2) military terms : 
 
 amhadus 'vassal' (Festus), cf. Welsh amaeth ' husbandman,' 
 cognate with Latin ambi- + agd, ' sent about.' Hence Gothic 
 andbahts ' servant,' the first sjdlable of it as though from and 
 * towards.' 
 
 bard or vclrd ' soldier's servant,' Scholiast on Persius v. 138 
 (.Tahn : Biicheler omits the passage). 
 
 caterva ' troop,' see Isidore's Origines ix. 3. 4G, cf. Old-Irish 
 cath ' fight.' 
 
 cnippelldn'i * harnessed combatants,' quoted by Tacitus. 
 
 matara or madaris ' pike ' (Hesychius). 
 
 ponto 'punt ' (Caesar) : from it comes the Eng. word. 
 
 sagum adyo'i * military cloak ' (Isidore) : Eng. sail from 
 saguliim. 
 
 soldurii a-iXoSovpot, ' retainers,' quoted by Caesar. 
 
 (3) other words : 
 
 amellus ' starwort,' loved by bees, for *ampcllm (cf. Lat. 
 apis) : see Stokes in Bezz. Beitr. ix. p. 194. 
 
 brdcac ' breeches ' (Diodorus Siculus) : said to be borrowed 
 from Teutonic, cf. German britch ' trowsers.' 
 
 cucuUus 'hood,' whence Eng. coicl: Santonic, Juv. viii. 145.
 
 24 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 omasum ' triple ' (Philoxenus). 
 
 rend ' fur pelisse ' (Yarro). 
 
 saliunca ' Celtic nard,' Dioscorides' aXiovdaKa. 
 
 tucetum 'beef (Isidore), TJmbrian toco. 
 
 urus ovpo<i 'wild ox' (Macrobius): said to be borrowed from 
 Teutonic, cf. German mier-ochs ' wild ox,' auer-hahn ' black- 
 cock.' 
 
 volaeimis (Adj.) ' fine ' (Servius), whence Vergil's volaema 
 ' warden-pears.' — I would add 
 
 aquipenser aKKLTn^aia (i.e. *dKfL7n]v<no^) 'sturgeon': the 
 first element is cognate with Lat. aqua. 
 
 cabailiis /ca^dXXrj'i ' horse,' whence French cheval, Welsh 
 ceffyl 
 
 vdtes (the Latin form would be *rdfes) ' seer, poet,' Celtic 
 ovdT6L'i ' priests ' (Strabo), Irish faith * prophet,' Rhys' 
 Hibbert Lectures p. 278 : a shepherds' term, Yerg. Buc. 
 ix. 34. 
 
 Probably also bdsiiim gingiva saliva, all three introduced by 
 Catullus, a native of Transpadane Gaul, 
 
 Belgic : 
 
 covinnus 'war-chariot' (Lucan), for *co-reg-nos, cognate 
 with Lat. co--\-veho, cf. Welsh cy-icain ' convey.' 
 
 essedum 'war-chariot' (Yerg.). 
 
 British : 
 
 hascauda ' tub ' (nothing to do with our basket, whence 
 Welsh basged). 
 
 Spanish (which the Greeks call Iberian) : 
 
 caetra Kairpia ' shield ' (Hesychius). 
 
 cantJius Kav66<i 'tire' of a wheel (Quintilian). 
 
 cunlculus KvvtK\o<i ' rabbit ' (Aelian) : properly, I would 
 suggest, ' little dog,' cf. Kvva. 
 faldrica ' fiery arrow,' used by the Saguntines, 
 
 gaesum ryaiao<; 'javelin ' (Athenaeus), Old Irish gai. 
 
 lancea 'spear' (Yarro), whence Eng. launch. 
 
 mantum ' cloak ' (Isidore), whence mantelum ' mantle ' and 
 mantele ' napkin.' 
 
 minium 'vermilion' (Propertius), cf. the river- name iI//'>i/?(5, 
 now Minho.
 
 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 
 
 25 
 
 pllentim ' chariot ' ? See Diefenbach's Origines Europaeae 
 p. 399. 
 
 (7) Teutonic : 5 words : 
 
 harditus ' war cry ' (Tacitus), perliaps from a root hherdh, 
 whence irepdoo ' ravage,' Stokes in Mem, Soc. Ling. v. p. 
 420. 
 
 cateja ' spear ' (Verg. : according to Servius Gaulish), 
 framea 'spear' (Tacitus). 
 
 glaesiim 'amber' (Pliny), Anglosaxon glaere. 
 
 spams * spear,' Anglosaxon spar, Eng, spar. 
 
 Perhaps, originally, also brCicae urns, see above. 
 
 B. Non-Aryan : 
 
 (a) Etruscan : perhaps 13 words: 
 
 dtrium 'hall' (Yarro) cf. the Etruscan town-name Atria (and 
 the relation of fxiyapov ' hall ' to Meyapa). 
 
 halteus * belt ' (Varro), 
 
 cassis 'helmet' (Isidore). 
 
 catamlfus, Etrusc. eatmite from *Kard[XL(j6o<i * venal.* 
 
 fala 'pillar' (Festus), 'EtrxxBC. falandum 'sky.' 
 
 histrio ' actor ' (Livy), Etrusc. hister. 
 
 Jdiis ' middle of the month,' Etrusc. itits (Yarro : their 
 alphabet having no d). 
 
 lituus ' trumpet,' an Etruscan invention. 
 
 ohba obiia ' cup,' Etrusc. tijlea, Bugge in Bezz. Beitr. x. p, 
 110 sq. 
 
 satelks ^ foWovrer,' Etrusc, zatlad, Bugge ut supra xi. p. 1 sq. ; 
 a bodyguard first introduced by Tarquinius Superbus, an 
 Etruscan by origin. 
 
 Perhaps also tensa * car for images of gods,' and (besides 
 histrio) the scenic words Uicar ' actors' pay,' pulpitum ' stage ' : 
 but hardly capra * she-goat ' (Hesychius), lanlsta (Isidore) 
 sec. 7, ncp)bs ' spendthrift ' (Festus), poliuceo ' ofier ' (which 
 Bugge ut supra p. 43 connects with Etrusc. pultace ' sacrifi- 
 cavit '). 
 
 (/3) Basque : mannus ' cob,' dialectic for *mandus (as grunnio 
 for grundio, cf. Miles Gloriosus 1407 dispennite . , . et dis- 
 tennite), Basque mando ' mule,' 
 (7) Phoenician : 13 words : 
 
 'wrA 22
 
 26 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. AVHARTON. 
 
 amhuhaja * fluteplaver,' cf. Syrian dvuvo 'pipe' : formed as 
 though from Lat. amhi-. 
 
 fucus (]\Iasc.) 'rock-lichen,' Hebrew ^mkh 'paint,' whence 
 also <^vKo<i (Xeut.) ' seaweed.' 
 
 intibus (whence €vtv/3ov) ' endive/ Arabic hindihd. 
 
 mag alia 'huts/ Heb. mdgor 'habitation/ whence also /jbejapov. 
 
 mastruca manstruga (Poenulus 1313, Goetz) ' sheepskin,' 
 Sardinian (Quintilian). 
 
 palma ' palm-tree,' Heb. tamar : for the inserted / cf. 
 adkafidvhpa beside Persian semender, ^dXa-afMov from Heb. 
 besem. 
 
 pdvo ' peacock,' Arabic fdus, whence also raw? : for the 
 p cf. the preceding. 
 
 sufes 'consul,' Heb. s/iofet 'judge.' 
 
 tunica ' shirt,' Heb. k^tJionetk, whence also ')(LTOi)v. 
 
 Punic: mapdlia 'huts' (Fe&in?,), mappa 'napkin' (Quin- 
 tilian), tilpicum 'leek' (Columella), and perhaps crux ' cross' 
 (a Carthaginian instrument of punishment). 
 
 (S) African : nepa ' scorpion ' (Festus), and perhaps attegia 
 ' hut ' (Maurorum, Juv. xiv. 196), Idserplcium ' silphium ' 
 (first grown at Cyrene, PKny xvi. 143). — Egyptian : ebur 
 'ivory' (Egyptian db). 
 
 (e) Indian (but not Aryan): barrus 'elephant' (Isidore). 
 
 Syllabus of Contents. 
 
 Loan-words in classical Latin (sec. 1) : 
 (a) Greek : 
 
 "Words really Greek (sec. 2), really Latin (sec. 3), partly 
 
 Greek and partly Latin (sec. 4). 
 Transliteration of short vowels (sec. 5), long vowels and 
 diphthongs (sec. 6), consonants (sec. 7) : terminations 
 (sec. 8). 
 Lost words (sec. 9), by-forms (sec. 10), meanings (sec. 11). 
 (/3) Un-Greek (sec. 12).
 
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