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Loan-'^'ords in Latin
by
■R.R. v/harton
1^:
'^■^'i
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN.
BT
E. R. WHARTON, MA.
PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
COUNCIL, 1889-90.
President.
THE EEV. RICHARD MORRIS, LL.D., M.A.
Vice-Presidents.
WHITLEY STOKES, D.C.L., LL.D., M.A.
ALEXANDER JOHN ELLIS, B.A., F.R.S.
HENRY SWEET, M.A., Ph.D.
JAS. A. H. MURRAY, LL.D., B.A.
PRINCE LOUIS-LUCIEN BONAPARTE.
THE REV. PROF. W. W. SKEAT, M.A., LL.D., Litt.Doc.
Ordinary/ Mem
HENRY BRADLEY, ESQ.
E. L. BRANDRETH, ESQ.
PROF. TERRIEN DE LACOUPERIE
F. T. ELWORTHY, ESQ.
C. A. M. FENNELL, Litt.Doc.
T. HENDERSON, M.A.
REV. C. S. JERRAM, M.A.
JAMES LECKY, ESQ.
E. L. LUSHINGTON, M.A., LL.D.
PROF. R. MARTINEAU, M.A.
hers of Council.
REV. J. B. MAYOR, M.A.
W. R. MORFILL, M.A.
PROF. NAPIER, M.A., Ph.D.
J. PEILE, M.A., Litt.Doc.
SIR J. A. PICTON.
THEO. G. PINCHES, ESQ.
PROF. J. P. POSTGATE, M.A.
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THE REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A.
R. F. WEYMOUTH, D.Lit., M.A.
Treasurer.
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I •• •% •
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c3
5 34^
LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN,
By E. R. WHARTON, iT.A.
{Mead at the Society^s Meeting, Bee. 21, 1888.)
(1) The percentage of borrowed words in English is about
75, in Persian 62, in Latin 14, in Greek 2|. English is
probably the most composite of all languages: to judge by
the lists at the end of Skeat's dictionary, half our vocabulary
comes from Latin, and a quarter from other foreign sources.
Next in order comes Persian, in which about five-eighths of
the words are Arabic. In classical Greek, down to 300 B.C.,
there are 41,100 words, of which perhaps 1000 are foreign :
in classical Latin, down to a.d. 117, there are 26,300 words,
of which about 3500 are from Greek and perhaps 300 from
other languages,' In all these figures Proper Names are
• excluded. These proportions of course refer only to the
CM words as given in a dictionar}-, not to their actual use in
H literature : a page of Demosthenes or Cicero taken at random
will probably show no borrowed words at all, a page of a
^ modern English novel will contain onl}' about 20 per cent.
^ of Latin words.
For our present purpose it may suffice to consider only
the Latin authors of the first rank (excluding in each case
fragments) : viz., in chronological order, Plautus, Terence,
Cicero Caesar Catullus Lucretius Sallust, Yergil Horace
Livy Tibullus Propertius Ovid, Persius, Tacitus, Juvenal.
These sixteen authors use 16,900 words, of which 1080 are
from Greek and perhaps 200 from other languages, making
a proportion of about 8 per cent, of loan-words.
The Greek loan-words in Latin have been catalogued by
' The fifjures given in this essav I have arrived at bj' simple countinc:, a task
which, so tar as I know, no one of my predecessors has attempted : as Douse says
iu his " Grimm's Law," it is much easier to use statistics than to make them.
1
Z LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R, WHARTON.
Tuchhandler (' De vocabulis Graecis in linguam Latinara
translatis,' 187G), F. O. Weise ('Die Griechischen Worter im
Latein,' 1882), and Saalfeld ('Tensaurus Italograecus,' 1884).
For Plautine words the late Professor Key's admirable
dictionary is often useful. Some of the uu-Greek loan-
words in Latin are treated by Yanicek (' Fremdworter im
Griechiscben imd Lateiniscben,' 1878). Of the Greek loan-
words 320 were introduced by Plautus, 200 by Cicero.
(2) I bave not attempted to define what a loan-word is;
and the following sections will show that we may at will
narrow or enlarge our boundaries. A purist might exclude
all afira^ Xeyofxeva, of which 130 fall within our province.
In any case we must leave a considerable ' margin of transi-
tion,' as a logician would call it, between genuinel}' foreign
and genuinely native words : a margin embracing three
classes of words — those which are reall}- Greek, those which
are really Latin, and those which are partly Greek and
partly Latin.
As really Greek, and not loan-words at all, we may
count words directly quoted by Latin authors from Greek
sources : viz.,
Cicero's apoproegmenon ardopliyhx aiiloedus hulenterium
corddx coryphaeua exaeresimus gymnasiarclius logica melancho-
licus *monogrammiis mystagogiis phUitia physiognomon pro-
dgorus proegmenon prytaneum rho sofer :
Lucretius' homoeomerla 2J>'ester :
Livy's agtma *aglaspides argyraspides *cestrosphendone dro-
mas hemerodromus hepteres hexeres liijipagogus moneres peltasta
phalanglta pry tank sansojihorns synedruii :
Ovid's ai : Persius' chaere : Juvenal's chlronomunfa.
(The asterisk here denotes that the original is not found in
extant Greek literature.)
(3) Our second class consists of words which are really
Latin and not Greek. Such are the following, cognate with,
but not borrowed from, the corresponding Greek words :
attdt or dtdt, drraTal.
hardiis ' stupid,' */3pa6v<? (seen in /3pdaaa)V ' slower ') a
by-form of /3paBv<;.
LOAX-WORDS IN LATIX. — E. K. WHAKTON. d
Vtv'ff, Kr]po<i. The Doric Kdpoq seems a figment : in Aulularia
.010 cdriiiarii is a corrupt reading (like murohat/idrii in the
next line, for which myrobrecharnis a mere modern conjecture).
cincintius * curl,' KiKivpof (which stand to each other as
tintino to Ti,Taviafi6<i) .
circus, KpUo^.
dolus, 86Xo<;.
do/a us, 86fj,o(;.
ferefrum, (f)epeTpov in Polybius.
libra 'pound,' Xlrpa (Sicilian, for *\i6pa) : for the want of
aspiration cf. Sicilian kctcov for '^(^ltcov.
llnum, \lvov, cf. Xiv-oTrrdofxai.
inutilus, /j,vTi\o<; /itVuXo?.
nemvs, ve/jLo<;.
pdnnus, 7rf]vo9.
pappus, TrUTTTTO^.
plleus * felt,' 7rtXo9.
propitius, 7rpo7r€T')]<;.
sclpib ' staff,' aKiTTOiv.
senium 'shield,' (tkvto^ 'hide.'
slmus ' snubnoscd,' alfi6<; for *aFl^6<i.
squilla ' prawn,' aKtWa.
sfupa ' tow,' arvirrj.
turba, Tvp^j].
The following, some of them of doubtful or foreign origin,
are at any rate unconnected with the Greek word appended
in each case :
acli/s 'javelin' — uyKvXi'i 'hook.'
dluciuor ' prate ' — aXvKrd^Q) ' am in distress.'
alicfa 'soft leather' — aXeiTrr?/ 'smeared': aluta, I would
suggest, =*r/r/-/7/'rt 'put on,' cf. iud-iila ex-uta, ad becoming
al as in al-accr ' lively ' beside accr-bus ' sharp,' and al-apa
' blow ' beside apiscor ' reach.'
calx * small stone, lime ' — X"A-/|^ ' pebble, gravel.'
dura 'ape' — K6Xoupo<i 'dock-tailed.'
crdpula 'intoxication' — KpaiTrdXT): a could not represent at.
criplda 'slipper' — Kprjiri^ 'military boot.'
creta ' chalk ' — Kpj'jTr).
4 LOAN-WORDS IN LAIIN. — E. R, WHARTON.
fenestra ' window ' — (^aivw.
fides 'lyre' — ac^iZ-q 'gut.'
fiinda 'sling' — a^evhovrj.
inula ' elecampane ' — eXeviov.
hjmjiha ' water ' — NufX(f)r] : to which however h/mpha owes
its spelling, for ^liimpa from *dumpa, cf. Oscan Diumpals
* JVymphis.'
norma — yvcopi/xoii ' well known ' : norma was a carpenter's
square, shaped like L and (I would suggest) taking its name
from that letter, the ninth in the Faliscan and Etruscan
alphabets, so that nbrma-=^* non-ma *n6ni-ma as carmen ger-
men = *canmen *genimen respectively, cf. Havet in Memoires
de la Societe de Linguistique VI. p. 31.
pessulus 'bolt' — TrdaaaXo'i 'peg'- i^fss ?'/?'•?, I would suggest,
from *2)ed-tus 'provided with a foot,' as if the bolt were the
* foot ' of the door.^
7-og2(s ' pyre ' — ^070? ' silo ' (to use a term of scientific
agriculture), see Foy in Bezzenberger's Beitrage XIV. p.
41 sq.
sorex ' shrew-mouse ' — vpa^ : in Poenulus 1313 Goetz
writes saurex.
stilus ' pen ' — crTvXo'^ ' pillar.'
tlpula ' water-spider ' — tl^vj.
So KopvXo^; ttXvvtijp irirvlrrjq^ the pretended originals of
corulus linter pltulta, are mere fiijments. — The following are
rather Latin than Greek :
^ Other instances of Eoman wit, besides r/dr>m, are :
llacsus ' lisping ' from ^KaLa6s ' bandylegged ' ;
redi-vlvus ' alive again,' i.e. used again ;
rimcina ' plane ' from rutico ' deprive of hair ' (twigs planed off being compared
to hairs cut off) ;
Icncino 'tear to pieces ' (quasi ' weigh out ') from lanz ' scale of a balance' ;
siiffillo ' beat black and blue ' from si'<(/d ' suck ' i.e. draw blood ;
and, I would suggest,
Cicatrix ' scar ' from cic-ur ' tame ' (quasi ' subduing,' i.e. being the end of, the
hurt); ^^ a> » .
furca ' fork ' as an instrument for punishing thieves (fures) ;
porrum ' leek' as a slang term fur 'head,' whence 7;o;>v'^o ' scurf' : cf. Moretum
74 capiti nomen debentia porra ;
«/»ow/« _' frame of a bed' quasi the place of 'libation' (ctttoi'S^) preliminary to
going to sleep ;
lambero ' tear to pieces ' quasi ' lick up ' {lambo) ;
ohturo ' stop up ' from taurus (a stopper compared to a bull, cf. ^ovs M yXciaa^).
See also below on Popular Etymology.
LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON.
ador * spelt,' cf. Gothic atisk ' cornfield * : not from
akevpov * wheaten flour' (and d from \ quasi ad, 'addition').
cldssis ' class ' : not from *K\.dat<i Doric for KXr]ai<i.
crepldo 'foundation': not from Kprj-rrl^ 'basement' (or
why ere- ?).
flemina (Neut, Plur.) * congestion of blood,' cf . Gothic
blotJi * blood ' : not from cfjXeyfiovj] ' inflammation.'
htterac, cf. httus * shore,' from the idea of ' cutting ' : not
from 8L(f}6epat ' skins.'
posca ' vinegar and water ' from po-td as e-sca from ed-,
edd : not from eTro^u? ' sharpish,' with e- dropt through a
popular connexion with poto.
In the following cases the Greek word is borrowed from
the Latin :
brassica ' cabbage,' ^pdcrKrj in Hesychius.
bucina 'trumpet,' ^vKuvrj in Polybius.
cento ' patchwork,' KevTpwv in Eustathius, as though from
Kevrpov * point of a needle.'
dolo ' pike ' (and hence, I would suggest, ' foretopsail,' as
being triangular, like the head of a pike), hoXwv 'stiletto'
(the meaning derived from S6\o9) in Plutarch.
horrcum ' granary,' <hpecov (quasi from copa ' season ') in
Achmes.
perperam 'wrongly' {i.e., I would suggest, 'unsatisfactorily,'
from per- -{-pa rum), irepirepo'i 'vainglorious' in Polybius.
taxus * yew,' rd^o'i in Galen.
Cf, Athenaeus 85e TeWlvav. . . 'Pw/jiaioc /inXov (inUuItun)
6vo/j,dl^ov(TL. So the Latin patina * dish ' appears in Sophron
asTraraV;;, mddrium 'napkin' in his contemporary Hermippus
(both of the age of Pericles) as awhdptov : Icpus was borrowed
into Sicilian as XeTropt? after the commencement of rhotacism,
about 350 b.c, and so other Sicilian words, /caX-rto? KdpKupov
Kdrlvov Kv^LTov vovp,fMo<; ovyKia, were probably borrowed
from the Latin calceus career eatinus cubit urn nummus uncia,
not conversely.
In the following cases the Romans and Greeks borrowed
iudependently from foreign sources (see also sec. 12) :
balaena 'whale,' (f)d\aiva.
b LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON.
cluira ' horse- radisli,' KepaU Theophrastus Hist. Plant. IX.
155 (with a reference to Kepa<;).
crumena 'purse,' "^pvjjLea 'bag.'
fungus ' mushroom,' a<p6y<yo^ ' sponge.'
hinnuleus ' fawn,' eWXo? (HesychiusJ.
plumbum 'lead,' fioXv/BSo^;.
tdjj/ius ' tufa,' roc{)tcoi' ' tuffstone quarry ' (Heraclean).
flnum, olvo<;.
(4) Our third class consists of words partly Greek and
partly Latin. Plautus is fond of coining ' hybrid ' words,
made up of Greek+ Latin :
manti-cinor 'prophesy,' formed after rdti-dnor ;
samhucina 'harpist,' i.e. *sambuci-cina, formed after tlhl-cina:
or, more often, of Latin + Greek :
ante-logium 'prologue,' e-log'mm 'inscription' (which latter
passed into general use), and (from a Proper Name) de-
channido ;
hi-dlniiim (after triclinium), *semi-zdna (whence semizo-
ndriiis) ;
ferri-trib-dx 'iron-rubbing,' from jpl^w ;
hdm-ibtae 'anglers,' from hdmus 'hook,' with the termination
of cnpaT-vwrat ;
pJdgipatida 'buffet-bearer, 'a quasi patronymic like Lucretius'
Sclpiadds. So Cicero invents the quasi Verbal facteon ' to be
done.'
Compounds and Derivatives of Greek loan-words — and we
have within our province 30 such Compounds and 140 such
Derivatives — cannot properly be called hybrid words: each
contains an element which, though originally Greek, had
been naturalised in Latin. Some of them are formed from
loan-words which must once have existed in Latin but are
not found in extant Latin literature :
ahol-la ' cloak ' from *ahoJa (sec. 8 fin ) :
aplustrum (i.e. "^'aplust-trum) ' stern ' from *aplustum,
*a^\oaTov (sec. 5) :
ardneus ' spider ' from ^ardnus, apaj(yo'; (sec. 7), as ardnea
from *ardna, apd-xyr] :
conddlium ' ring ' (the a, I would suggest, must be long.
LOAN-WOKUS IN' LATIN. — E. R. WHAKION. 7
and the word a trisyllable) from *condus, kovSo^: * knob '
(Uesyehius) :
dioboldrm ' worth two obols ' from '^diohohim, Sico^oXov :
iantenia ' lantern' (with termination oi lucenia) irom*ianfer,
XafiTTTrip (sec. 7) :
/tiiintcit/ii-s 'skiff' (of. avunculus from avus) from */e)ius,
Xrjvo^ 'trough.'
mirmillo * a kind of gladiator ' for *)nu)'miirl6 from
*murmurulus, *munnurus, fiop/xvpo'i ' a fish ' {ixa his crest) :
planguncula ' doll ' from *plangd, irXayycov :
sandali-gcrula ' sandal-bearer ' from *sandalum, aavhakov :
sjnntuniix (sec. 6) from *iiplnter, (nnvdijp :
sponddlium 'hymn' from *sj)onda, airovSi] (see p. 4 note).
So
balatro 'jester' ('devourer') from *halatrum for *baratrum
i.e. barathrum, ,8dpa9pov (sec. 7) :
baxca 'shoe' from *bax, */3a^ a by form (sec. 10) of ird^ in
Hesychius (as Sicilian ^aravr] of Trardvr}) :
catidiis 'pipe ' from *caiia, ^Kuvrj a byform of Kavvrj ' reed.'
So the Adverbs duUce eunchetne pancrafice prot/tf/ine pre-
suppose Adjectives *dulicus *euschemns *pancraficus *profhp)nus
{8ou\Lfc6<i eva'xriixo^ irayKpaTiKO'i rrpodvixos:), and the Adverb
sijcophantibse an Adj. *si)cop)hantwsus from sycophantia {avKo-
(pavTia) ; the Verb paedicu presujiposes an Adj. *paedicus
(corresponding- to arnica) from *paes {iraU), uplcndeb an Adj.
*splendus from splen {anfki'jv : no Latin word begins with
spl-), and the Compound in-cl/d ' reproach ' a Verb *cil6
•point the lip at' (-yeLXoa), sec. II7).
The following Derivatives have no Greek equivalents, and
may most safely be assumed to be pure Latin words, though
the termination does not decide the point :
Substantives : columba, barbaria, (jerro (jobio pero scorpio :
Adjectives : bliteus carba-seus citrous cupresseus galbaueus
myrrlieus tiiyrteus (and probably inarmoreiis), bonibi/ciiius,
ceromaticus cinaedicus colly ricus :
Verbs : cachiiiiio corbno fuco hamaxo hilaro triutnphd,
ampullor architector bacclior graecor nwechor scurror (and
probably parasitor philosophor stomaclwr).
8 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON.
(5) "We now leave the Land Debateable, and enter our
proper territory. In the transliteration of Greek words some
peculiarities may be noticed. Vowels are occasionally modi-
fied, as in pure Latin, by the influence of dialect, accent,
adjoining letters, or analogy. First for the short vowels :
(a) In some Latin words (see ' Latin Yocalism,' sec. 2) o
becomes u ; and so in the loan-words amurca (a/xopyr}), bulhus
(/3oX/3o9), cunlla (kovlXt]), cothurnus (Kodopvo^i), lautumiae (cf.
Xdro/jLiat), murra 'porcelain' {e?. /loppla), jjurjmm {iropt^vpa),
tribulus (rpi/doXo'i). So fungus corresponds to a(f)6yyo<; :
aplustrum triumphus are from b^'-forms (sec. 10) *a^\oarov
*Tpioixj)o<;. This u was really u, written i in minnillo,
sec. 4. — Till the time of Cicero v was represented not by
y, as later, but by ii, astu columhus cujjressus ohrussa
scutula serjndlum simra spehinca trutina (and so tus for
*tuus, dvo<i) ; i.e. ii, written also i, minnillo serpillum sindpis,
o-Lvr)T7v<;, sec. 10. — The 'plebeian' preference of e to i
before a vowel in terminations appears in cdduceum
[KrjpvKiov), nausea {vavrla), pasceoliis sec. 9.
(/3) Unaccented a in some few loan-words follows the
Latin rule and becomes ii, written u in scutula {aKurdXri)
strangulo (aTpayyaXdco), i in paelicem i^ir-qXaKa sec, 10)
trutina {jpvTavr]), which before r becomes e in camera
{Kafidpa) phalerae ((f)dXapa) tessera (reacrapa), as in a close
syllable {i.e. before two consonants) in piaelex {*7rr]Xa^)
talentum (jdXdvTov). So unaccented e becomes u in scojjulus
{crKOTreXci). — Final i becomes e, gausape tapefe (sec. 10 fin.).
As *agros, it is not quite clear why, became ager, so *K6yypo'i
(sec. 10) gave conger; Yarro has onagrus (ovaypo^), Martial
onager. — Unaccented i is dropt before a liquid in balneum
beside balineum [^aXaveiov), and troclea (rpoxi'Xia). In some
polysyllables a whole unaccented syllable is dropt (as in
dodrans for *d6-quddrans, fastidiwn for *fasti-tidium) : caltha
for *calcantha^^'xaXKdv6rj (sec. 11 7), casteria for *catastateria
z=i* KaraaTarTjpla (sec. 9).
(7) e before It becomes ii (' Latin Yocalism,' sec. 8 yS) in
Plautus' catapulta, KaTaireXTr}^ (as opposed to Yergil's
pelt a, TreXTT)).
LOAX-WORUS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 9
(5) 'Popular Etymology' sometimes influences vowels.
Thus c becomes o in ollcum (eXaiFov) through a popular con-
nexion with o/ens 'fragrant,' and / in indusium {*ivBvaiov)
and exinterd {*€^€VTepe(o sec. 9) as though from in : it is
omitted (I would suggest) in pitppis for *pupis or *pdpis from
*iTr(07rc<i (' look-out place,' eVcoTr^^) as though from piipiis
'boy' (i.e. the steersman). The lengthening of the >/ in
concliyUa (Koy^^yXca) is due (I would suggest) to edulia, of
the first o in prblogus pruplno prbpbla (and therefore
doubtless in proscaenium protliijme p)rothtpn'uC) to pro : the
diphthong in aurichalcum {*6pi-)(a\Ko<; sec. 9) is due to
aio'um.
(6) Long Towels: The prae-Ciceronlan u (i.e ii) for //from
y appears in j':>/^^i (Plautus : in Terence spelt 2:>/i//) triifjonus
tunnus and the Compound de-pugis, spelt I in cbllpJiia
(Kco\v(f)ia) tngonus : from *Xa'yvvr} (which will be an Aeolic
form of *\ay(ouri, larjbna, as ')(e\vvri of ')(^e\wvr)) came, I would
suggest, *h(guna, i.e. lagoeita or lagena ('Latin Vocalism '
sec. 10 fin.) — To show the length of the vowel, e was some-
times (as in laevis raemim) written ae : so in caepe (sec. 8 ^)
paelex (sec. 10 : spelt oX&ojyeUex, as though from peUicib) scaeiia
scaej)trum. The vowel o changes to u (' Latin Vocalism '
sec. 13) in glauciuna (sec. 8 fin.) puppis (sec. 5 fin.) scurra
(sec. 9) : e never changes to I in loan-words, in Pocnulus 137
liroe (XrjpoL) is a worthless conjecture (Goetz reads colhjrae).
In ebus {rjuioq) we have the proper Latin shortening of vowel
before vowel. — Popular Etymology changes ii to e in placenta
'cake' {irXaKovvTo) as though from pJacens, polenta 'pearl
barley' {^'KoXwrr) sec. 9) as though from pollen, and e to ii
in spintuDiix (' a bird which carries charcoal off altars,' Pliny
X. 36, from airivdt^p ' spark ' ) with termination from cbtiiniix.
So u is shortened to e in reinulcum ' tow-rope ' {pvfxovXKovv
'towing') as though from remulceb 'droop,' to o in ancora
(dyKvpa) on the analogy (as I have suggested) of remora
' hindrance ' : I (from et) is shortened in adij^- Nom. adeps
{aXei^a ' fat) ' as though from adipiscor ' acquire.'
Diphthongs :
ei before a consonant =;, aliptes p'lrdta, before a vowel = <5,
10 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON.
gynaeceum : Ovid's elegeia is a purism. Some words follow
the Latin rule and shorten the e before another vowel to ^,
conopium graphium, or e (the ' plebeian ' form, sec. 5 a fin.),
balneum chorea platea.
oi^=Loe, poena: m in early words =oe, comoedus tragoedits,
later o, edus herous prora.
atz=ae, diaeta ; dialectically (' Latin Vocalism ' sec. 11) e,
mena murena ptnula. This when unaccented becomes I (as
in exqulrb etc.) in ollvum (eXaiFop) and Achlcl {'A^acFoi). —
5= a, cidtri {*KXa6pot beside KkfjOpa, sec. 10 fin.).
ev and av=eu and au respectively, euniic/ius aula.
ovz=u, durntcus : according- to the Latin rule this is
shortened before final 7n, heduc]trum-=.7]hvxpovv, ostnim=.
*6aTpovv from oarpeov, remulcum see above.
Onomatopoeic words sometimes keep the diphthongs un-
changed : eia, oiei, but attatae habae eugepae papae.
(7) Consonants in our loan-words are sometimes afiected
by dialect, adjoining letters, or analogy.
(a) The dialectic / for d appears in lanrus from *8avpo^ (the
Latin form would he*darvoH), Old-Irish f/r«<r 'oak' (Stokes
in Bezzenberger's Beitrage ix. p. 88) ; and, I have suggested,
in Cicero's hirmta beside Plautus' danlsta from Saveiari^'i
'money-lender,' as a slang term applied by gladiators to their
trainer. — The Sabine assibilation of di, as in Clausus for
Claudius, appears in rom for *rodia (*/9oS/a), the rose-growing
district of Paestum being in Lucania, whose inhabitants the
Samnites were an ofishoot of the Sabines. — In Oscan ks or x
became ss, meddlx-nieddiss, cf. Latin acsula-assula (Ellis on
Catullus xvii. 3), axiculus-assiculus coaxd-coasso, naxa-nassa, and
Xerxes-Xerses in Cicero: so afiv^ov (Ace.) 'tearing' gave
amussim 'carpenter's rule,' named from the scoring of a
straight line. — In Umbrian and Oscan kt became ht {rehte =
Lat. rede, saahtum^=.\ju,t. sanctum), which in some Latin dialect
was written tt, bractea-brattea, nacta-natta (=^*vdKTT)<;), salpicta-
saJpitta {^^a-akiriKTr}^) , strictkeUa-strittiviUa (cf. Pliny xxvii.
135 thalictrum or thalitrum ' meadow-rue '), or, after a long
vowel or diphthong, t, virtctum-urttuni, auctor-autor, cf. nlxns
(i.e. *nlct-tus) beside nlsus (i.e. *nlt-tus) : so cocturnlx ' quail '
LOAN-WORUS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHAKTON. 11
(01(1 Iligli German tvnhfala, Ilavet in Mem, Soc. Ling. vi.
p. 23-4 sq.) became *cotfunnx, written cblurnlc, and from this
came Ovid's coturnlx through a popular connexion with
cothunim {Kodopvos:) ' buskin,' quails being, I would suggest,
artificially booted for fighting.
Shortly before Cicero's time the Greek aspirates came to
be represented in Latin by a Tenuis + A, and two new letters
were added to the end of the alphabet to represent v and ^.
But some words still retained the older transliteration (on
that of V see sec. 5 a and 6) :
')(^=c mcaltha sec. 5 /3 fin., codea {Ko-x^.la'i), corona {yopwvo'^
Sinionides 174, from X'^P^^ ' dance '), in-cllo sec. 4 fin., soccus
{avKxo^).
6=zt in halatro sec. 4, clafrl sec. 6 fin., menta (/ilvOo),
tunmis, tus.
<!}=]) in ampul-la i.e. *ampor-la from *ampora {dfKpopeixi),
aplustrum sec. 4, j-jr/e^^/rt {(f)atv6\7]<;), pasceoliis (0acr/ca)Xo?),
purpura (iropipupa), spinter (see below), spi)ifunnx sec. 6.
l^=ss in niu-sma {/xd^a), purpurismm [iropcfivpi^ov), and the
Verbs atticmo cdmh'^or cijatlii>i>i6 graecisao iJialaci-s-^o moechmo
mus.so patrisNO pi/tmo sicelmd {drTLKL^o) etc.). So in Plautus
modern editors write badissd {/BaBi^o)) tarpesslta (MSS. trapezlta,
TpaTre^t'rr;?), and, for initial ^, s, sdmia sona {^n/j,ia ^covij).
In earlier Latin initial p was represented by r, raphanus
resina riscus rosa ruta ; later by rJi, (as in a Corcyraean in-
scription PHOFAIZI = /aoato-i), rln'tbr rhinoceros rhombus
rhomphaca rh/jf/imicus.
The slang dialect sometimes distorted words almost beyond
recognition :
calicndruin ' wig ' for *cal!iiifrum. from KuWvvTpov ' orna-
ment ' :
sandapila ' bier,' I would suggest, for *sancaliha from
*a7;^aA,iy87;9 *a;^aXt')3?;9, cf. Laconian aKxaXi^ap ' bed ' (on
the ' Atfrication ' see sec. 10.) in Hesychius.
(/8) In pure Latin c cannot stand before a nasal : so in
some borrowed words (1) in early times we have in such
cases either dvdTTTv^t<i, drachuma (better written dracuma) =
SpaxM, lucinus=Xvxvo<i, techina (better tecina)=Texvri\ or,
12 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON.
in the unaccented third syllable, loss of c with vowel-
lengthening, ardnea = apd')(VT) : (2) later, c before n becomes
g, ci/g>n(s=KVKvo'i as Progue^^Tlpoicvr}. — In Latin t before I
becomes c, and so in exanclo (i^avrXeco) : d before r becomes
t, citrus is older than cedrus {K€Spo<;). Between a nasal and
a dental, c and p are sometimes droj^t, e.g. in quindus-quintiis,
tempto-tento : so spinier ^acficjKryjp, lanter-na=.\an7nrjp. —
The Latins sometimes object to r in two syllables of the same
word, compare giirgulio with r./ap'^/apeoiv : so balatro beside
^dpaOpov sec. 4, ergastulum=^*epyaaTpov sec. 9.
(7) Popular Etymology changes
c to ^ in plagusia ' a fish ' {*7r\aKovaLa sec. 9), as though
from plaga ' net ' :
g to c in amiirca (d/xopyr]), spelunca (o-7n]Xvyya sec. 8 fin.),
because Latin had an ending -ca [fabrica juvenca pedica), but
no ending -ga :
t io c va. scrihhta * cheesecake ' {^arpel3\lT7}^ sec. 9), as
though from scrlho, ' marked, notched ' :
2) to h in ahsinthiuhi {d^Lvdiov), obsonium {oyjrooviov), as
though from ab and ob :
I to d in adeps {aKei(^a sec. 6) : r to d in cdduceum
(KTjpvKLov) apparently (as I have suggested) as though from
cdducum, a stick of ' fallen ' wood :
A to s in serpgUum {epirvXKov) through the etymological
connexion of serpb and epirco.
A consonant is omitted, I would suggest, in laena for
*claena {')(\aiva) as though from Idna 'wool,' and in Idterna
beside lanterna as though from Idta 'carried': Metathesis
in pistrix ' sea-monster ' (beside ptristis, Trplarc^) as though
from pzso ' pound, crush.'
(8) Analogy aifects especially the terminations of borrowed
words : for the ordinary changes see Roby's Grammar
sec. 471-507.
Nouns show three favourite terminations :
(a) -a : caepa (beside carpe) and cerintha [KrjpLvOov) are
formed after herba, pausa [iravaL^) after causa; we have
arglUa {dpylWo<i) sc, terra, corona (p^opwfo?) sc. taenia, crocbta
(KpoKoiTo^) sc. testis.
LOAN-WORUS IN LA'llN. E. K. WHARTON. 13
(/3) -/- ; conoids {K6'y)(o<i) and jidnis (Messapian irdvos;) are
formed after Adjectives in -is ; hilaris (beside hilariis, iKapos:)
and dapsilis (SaylnXi]<;) after fa cil is ; caepe for *caepium {*Ki]7riov
from Ac^TTo?, cf. Ilesychius' KuTria ' garlic '), and sirpe for
*sirpiHm {*(Tip(^i,ov sec. 10), after Neuters like turjye nie.
(7) -r, Neuter : mannor {fiup/xapo^) is formed after aequor,
hnccar (*/3dKKapt, sec. 10) and ^j//jc;' (TreVe/Dt) have lost a final
vowel and follow the analogy of ciccr papdrcr, and so on the
analogy of mcl Gen. mellis Yergil forms from p.e\i, a vtel
Gen. melis and uses 'melis phylla' ixs=/j.eXi(l>uWa 'balm.'
Similarly ce/ux ' yacht' (/ceA.???) takes the termination ofvel-bx,
enge {eir^e) that of pulcre : draconeni konem beside BpuKovra
XiovTU are formed from the Nominatives (h'oco led.
All loan Verbs from the Greek ^ are of the first conjuga-
tion, not only when the Greek form corresponds with the
Latin, boo gitberiiu harpagd {*dp7raydQ)) stranyulo subo {*av/3doi)
coinans (from Ko/ideo), but also from Verbs in
-eo) : exanclo cxinfero i^i^evrepew) obsoiio 2)aratrar/oed6 ther-
mopoto {*6epfj,o7roT€Cii) :
-^co : atUciHHo etc., badissu, see sec. 7 :
-vco: propliiu {TrpoTTlvw).
Sometimes the meaning of the Greek ending was mis-
understood :
(a) the Neuter «>}toi? was taken for Masculine (Plant, cetum
Ace), the Neuters yXavKcofxa axvi^<^ for Feminine (Plant.
gJauciimani schemam Ace), the Neuters Plural oarpea j3a\avela
jeppa (f)d\apa for Fern. Sing, (whence ostrca Sing., balineae
gerrae phalerae Plur.) :
(/3) the Accusatives fyv-\lrov kokkov kocttov fieBi/xvov fxvOov
(see note) ^varov *6piy^a\Kov (sec. 9) TTeirXov adXov (nrdprov
(ToopaKov were turned into Nominatives Neuter, gypsum etc.; the
Accusatives KpdT?]pa irdvOripa TrXaKovvra (sec. G) cnrifKirfia
ararripa <pd\ayya into Nominatives Feminine, crufira etc.
Sing., plialiingac Plur. ; *dl3o\i} *d/j.(f)opci, Ace. of d^o\ev<;
d/j,(f)opev^, into the Nominatives *aboIa (sec. 4) amphora.
' Except apage, an Inipfvative, psallo with its piinly Greek bejjinning, and
purpurissum wrongly formed from the Participle irop(pvpiCov : muttio trom muttum
(fivdov, Havct in Mem. Soc. Ling. vi. p. 210 sq.) and punio from poena
(ttoivii) are pure Latin, as also dtpsd.
14 LOAX-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON.
(9) Our loan-words prove that the following 93 words,
though found in no extant Greek author, were once living
Greek words:
Substantives :
aXw^opa 'salt market ' halagova (Plaut.).
a\o(f)dvT7]<i 'salt informer' halophanta (Plaut.).
a.fxa^ayw^/rj'i 'carter' Jiamaxagoga (Plaut.).
dperdXoyo'; ' boaster ' aretdlogus (Juv.).
apira'^/wv ' grappling-hook ' harpago (Plaut.).
aproKpea^ 'distribution of meat' artocreas (Persius).
avarpo<i ' south wind ' aiisfer, from avco 'kindle.'
^aXkLarrj<i 'catapult' hallida, from ^aWi^w (Sicilian) 'jump
about.'
^ovKepo^ /3ovK6pi,o<i 'of oxen' bucerus bucerius, cf. /3ovKepco<;.
/ScdXt^to? ' mushroom ' bOlttifs, cf. /3o)XIt7]<; (Galen).
Savpo^ ' tree ' laurus^ sec. 7.
iiTL-prjOLov 'trace' ejnredium, from *pr)hr) (below).
i7rci)7rl<; puppis, sec. 5 S.
epyaarpov ' workhouse ' ergastnlum, sec. 7 /3.
rj/iLKLX\o<; 'mule' hemicilhis (Cic), from KiXKo<; 'ass.'
OeppLOTTOikLov 'tavern' thermopblium (Plaut.).
KaTaa-TaT7)pia ' cuddy ' casteria (Plaut.), sec. 5 /3.
Karaajr) ' stage ' catasta.
Ka')(lvo<i ' laugh ' cachinnus, from /ca;\^a^&) ' to laugh ' as
ye\a(xlvo<; ' dimple ' from 'yeXdco.
KlKKO'i 'doit ' ClCCUS (Plaut.), cf. KLKKa^Oq.
KLvvapLov ' cinnamon ' cinnamiim, cf . Ktvvdfj.a)fj,ov.
KoXuTia 'ripe figs ' coliitea Persa 88, cf. Kokwrpa (Athenaeus).
Kopiavhpov ' coriander ' coriandnim, cf. Kopiavvov (in Varro
L. L. V. 103 Spengel reads KoXiavBpov).
KpoToKiaTpia ' castanet-dancer ' crotalistria (Propertius) .
Kv^ata 'transport' cybaea (Cic), from Kv^r) as a by-form of
KVfijBr} ' boat.'
KV7rpe(Tao<; ' cypress ' cv.pressus, from Hebrew Tibpher, cf.
KxrirdpLcrao^.
\aycoi<; ' grouse ' lagois (Hor.).
Xdrpwv ' hireling ' latrb, cf. Xdrpit;, from Hebrew uoier
' guardian ' (as Xlrpov ' natrum ' from Hebrew nether).
LOAN-WORDS IN I-ATIN. — E. K. WHARTON. 15
XavTOfiiat 'stone-quarries' lautumiae, from *\aOTO/iiat, cf.
Xdrofxiai.
/ie^m? ' miasma ' mephitis (Verg.) : derivation unknown.
fjbovoTToStop ' table with one leg' monopodiuni (Livy).
fioppa 'porcelain ' murra, cf. [xoppia (Pausanias).
fjL(bpo<; (Fern.) ' mulberry-tree ' ;>?or2(.s, cf. fiopov 'mulberry/
foreign.
vrjvia ' dirge ' neiitn, cf. vr^viarov (Ilipponax), Phrygian.
6pi')(^a\Ko<i ' copper ore ' orichalcum, cf. 6peLX'^'\.Ko<;.
Trarayehv ' gold edging ' pa fa glum, foreign.
nrXuKovaia ' a fish ' pUKjima (Plant.), from ifKaKou^ ' flat.'
iroTnTvajjia ' clucking ' poppy stna (Juv.).
7rpq)p/]rrj<i ' look-out man ' 2)^'oreta (Plant.), cf. Trpcppdrrj^ :
formed after 7rpv/jivi]T7]<i ' steersman.'
irvTcafia * tasting ' pijtisma (Juv.).
p^Sr) ' chariot ' raeda : Gaulish, sec. 12.
poBia ' rosetree ' rosa, from poSov.
craKKOTnjpiov ' -pocket ' sacciperiii7n (Plaut.), from o-a/t/co?-}-
'TTijpa.
auvvr} 'grimace' sanna, and aavvlcov 'buffoon' sannio, cf.
acivva^.
(jKcopd<i 'buffoon ' Hcnrra i.e. *scura sec. 6, from *a/cu)p-(f)d'yo<i
(our 'toadeater') as 'Epfxd'i (a slave's name) from' Ep/xoSoopo'i.
(TTa\djfx.iov 'ear-drop' stalaymium (Plaut.), from aTaXajfioi;
' dropping.'
aropla ' mat' siorea, from aTopuvfit ' spread.'
arpe^XiTJj'i ' cheesecake ' scrib/lta sec. 7 7, from o-Tpe/3Xo?
* twisted.'
a(piKTpLa<i spintria, from a-cpLyyco ' press.'
TOKvX\iQ)v ' usurer ' tocuUio (Cic), from *tokvWlov Dim-
inutive of T0/C09 ' interest ' (as ^€vv\Xiov of ^evo<i).
TOTTta ' ornamental gardening ' foj>ia, from to'tto? * place.'
TpayoKOjfKpSia 'tragicomedy' tragicomoedia (Plant.).
Tpvjovo'i 'sting- ray' trugonus (Plant.), cf rpvycov.
TvpiiTavoTpC^ri^ ' timbrel-player ' fi/iNpanofriba (Plant.).
(^acr/cioXof ' purse ' pasceolus (Plant.), cf. <})daKcoXo<i : so
Dioscorides has (f)aaLoXo<i (Columella's phaseolus) for (f)dar]Xo'i
' bean.'
16 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. WHARTON.
(})pvyia)v ' embroiderer ' phyrgib (Plaut.), sec. 10, from
^pvyia.
(pv\aKiaW]<i 'jailer ' 2)hylacista (Plaut.), from (jivXaKL^co ' im-
prison.'
')(api(Tria ' family banquet ' charistia, from 'xapl^oixai ' in-
dulge.'
-y^epaypa 'gout' cheragva, from ')(ep- ■\-aypa, cf. '^^eipdypa
(late Greek.) ^
Diminutives :
iXeyelSLov elegldium (Persius) from eXeyo^ ' elegy.'
evhvaiov 'smock' indusium sec. 5 fin., from evhvafi 'dress'
(Septuagint).
fiupod/jiccov myrotJieciuni (Cic.) from /jLvpod)]Krj ' unguent-
case.'
vd^Xiov nabiium (Ovid) from vd/3\a 'harp,' Hebrew nebhel
'flute.'
Adjectives :
aSafidvTeio<; ' of steel ' adamanteus (Ovid).
dKOivovor}To<i ' witbout common sense ' acoenonoetiis Juv.
yii. 218.
jBovixaaro'i ' witb large breasts' bumastus (Yerg.).
evpojo<; 'eastern' eiirous (Yerg.).
6a\aaaLK6<i 'of the sea' t/ialassicus (Plaut.).
Kr,p6ei<; ' like wax,' Fem. Kripovaaa cermm 'white lead.'
koixt]t6<=; ' leafy ' comdtns, from /co/i?; ' hair, foliage.'
Xa^vpivOeio^ ' of the labyrinth' labyrintheiis (Catullus).
fjbovaalo'^ ' of the Muses' musaeiis (Lucr.), cf. fxova€io<;.
oKr(£>j)opo<i 'carried by eight men' odbphorus (Cic).
ira9iK6<i patlikus from 7rd6o<; ' passion.'
TraA-yz'To? ' sprinkled,' v^hence j)olenta sec. 6 ; from Trakivco.
7r\aTa\eo<; 'broad,' whence j^Iatalea 'spoonbill' (Cic.) ;-
from TrXuTV'i.
1 "Words are so seldom coined absolutely de novo (Plautus' titivillitium is the
only indubitable instance in Latin) that the seven spice-names in Pseudolus
831-836 must have had an oritrin, though we cannot fully trace it. Thus,
a7raAoi|/JS hapalopf^ifs is from o7raA.aJs o-n-rav ' roast moderately,' KarapaKTpta catar-
actria from KarapaKTris ' rushing down ' as it is sprinkled : cepoJendrum (the first
element :=K7)7ros) clcilendrum cicimandrum draw their termination from corian-
drum : y.i.KKi% maccis (cf. Dioscorides' fiaKep) and cravKawTis saucaptis must be of
un- Greek origin.
LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. K. R. WHARTON. 17
7ro\To0a7O9 ' i)u\se-e'dt'mg^ piilliphrif/Hs (Plaut,).
7rTrjvo6r]piK(j<i ' of birds and beasts ' (if Goetz is right in
conjecturing ' pugna ptenotherica ' in Poenulus 471 : MSS.
pentethronica).
avfx^oyvtaKO'i 'singing' s//mp/iu>iiaciis (Cic), from crvficpoypia.
rvpoTapix^'i 'of cheese and salt fish ' fi/rofarlc/ios (Cic).
Xa^v^ijio-i 'of steel' clialijheiHS (Ovid), from -xciXv^.
Interjections :
euaf euax (Plaut.) from evol, as TroTraf from ttqttol.
euyeiral eur/cpae (Plaut.) from eir/e + (iraJTral.
oltl oiei Miles Gloriosus 1406, cf. olol.
Yerbs :
apTTaydco 'steal' karpagd (Plaut.) from apirayrj 'plunder.'
i^evrepio) 'eviscerate' exinterd (Plaut.), cf. e^evrept^w (Dioa-
corides).
eua'o) ' shout,' euans Participle (pure Latin ovans).
OepfxoTToreQ} * drink warm drink ' (cf. ■\^v)(^poTrork(ii ' drink
cold water') thevmopoto 'warm with drink' (Plant.), from
Oep/xoTTOTT]^ (Athenaeus).
KcofMi^o) coDtissor, from Ko>fxo<i 'revel,' as Kco/xd^o) from /cco/xt;
' village.'
TTOTp/^o) ' take after the father ' 2Jcifrissd (Plaut.), cf.
TraTptd^o) (Pollux).
av/Sdw stibd, from av^a<i ' lewd ' (Ilesychius).
(10) Dialectic variations proved by our loan-words to
have once existed in Greek are the following, 57 in number:^
(a) a for o (cf. /jLaXaxil'M-oXoxv) '• *'cd\i^ calix for *k6\l^
(whence kvXi^, cf. fivXr) from */j,6X7}, Lat. mola) :
(b) for 01 before a vowel (cf. iroiew-Troew) : *TT6T]fxapoe»)a,
*TrorjT)](; poefa :
(c) Ionic t; for d: *'7r)]Xa^ paclex sec. 5 /S (seen in irpo-
irrjXaKlt.ai ' insult ')=Doric TrdXXa^ 'boy' (cf. Doric KaXXd
for Ionic KdXd or, as it should be written, Kt]Xd) :
(d) Doric original d: *KdpvKiov cdduccum sec. 7 fin.,
*KXa6poi cldtrl sec. 6, *SetXdu6<; sildnus sec. 11 fin., *aLvd'iTv<t
si nap is sec. 5 a :
* The forms so substantiated are here, to avoid confusion, marked with an
asterisk ; which in sec. 9 was not necessary.
2
18 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON.
(e) Doric «= Ionic ov : *KcopdXiov cdralinm :
if) K"^ for ;!^ ('Affrication,' cf. ^poK^o'^ for ^po^o<i) :
*^paK-)(iov hracchlum (vowel shortened before vowel), beside
^pa-)(laiv:
((/) Ionic 9 for t before i : *vavaia nausea, *pr}alvr) realna,
*(f)pevr]cn'i phrenesis (beside ^pevlrL<;). So *aaivo^ asiniis (cf.
aaiXXa ' yoke ' Simonides 163) presupposes a Doric *aTivo<{
from Hebrew atJion ' she-ass,' while ovo'i must be a different
word :
(//) V preserved before 9 (cf. Cretan irdvad^^^irdad'i):
*6r]vaavp6^ ihensaurus :
(i) Metathesis with p (cf. Kaphia-Kpahirj) : *Tap'ire^lT'q<i
tarpesslta sec. 7 (in Plautus the metre sometimes requires
tarp-, and never excludes it). So in the un-Greek words
*KopKcoT6^ corcbta (a more original form than KpoKcoro';, from
Hebrew karkom ' saffron'), *(f)vp'yicov p/ii/rgio {*<ppv'ylaiv sec. 9,
Wagner's Aulularia p. Ixii) :
{j) ^/j, for a/jL: *^/jidpaySo<i zmaragdas, Ellis' Catullus
p. 345 :
(k) Medial aspiration preserved : *euol euhoe (euol), *evio^
eiihius (evio<;) :
(/) Medial F preserved : *eXaiFov olivum, *^oFd(o bovo
(Ennius), cf. */ipyetFot Arglvi, ^^^(aLFol Aclnvl.
So especially in words which in Greek itself were
foreign :
(«) for a, *d(f)X.oaTov apluHtrum {d<^\acnov) ^rplofKpo'i
trmmp/iKS {6piap.^o<;, see below) sec. Oa, or for v, *a6K)(^o<i
soccus {<TVK-)(os:) sec. 7 :
(b) e for t, *fxev6a menta (fiivOa). — t for e, *7rLTr€pi piper
(jreTrepL : Sanskrit pippalT) :
(c) K for 7, *K6jypo^ conger (7677/: 09) *K(opvT6^ cor y (us
{y'opvT6<i) :
(d) 7 for K, *7y9a/3aT09 grdhatns {/cpdl3dT0<i) *yv^€pvdci)
guherno {KvjSepvdw) *'yu>/3i6<; gohius {kw^lo^). So /3 for tt,
*j3v^o<i huxus (ttu^o?) *Kdp/3aao^ carhnsus (KapTraaoi;) :
(e) p for X (cf. Kpl ^avo<;-K\r l3avo<; aT€pyL<i-aTe\yL<;) :
*Kav6i]pio^ cantherius {Kav6y'j\Lo<i) *aip(piov sirpe [aCk^iov,
sec. 8) : conversely *\ei\iov hlium {Xeiptov) :
LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 19
(/) Initial aspiration preserved, *€^euo<i hehenm (e^€vo<; :
from TIebrow hobnim). — Aspiration transposed (of. irddvri-
(fxirvT]) : *Tpio/j,(f)o<i (riutt/phus (see above).
Sometimes the sugrffested and the extant Greek form differ
in termination ; we infer from Latin the existence of
(a) stems in -o- beside consonant stems : *a^aKo^ abacus
*dp)(^iT€KTo<; archifecftis *^pd')(lov hracchiuin *8eX(f)lvo<; delp/iinus
*iXe(f)q^vTO'i elephantus beside d/Ba^ dp'^^ireKTcov ^pa-)(loov heX^li/
eXecfid^ :
(b) Masc. beside Neut., *KXf}6poi datri beside KXf]9pa ;
Fern, beside Masc, ^Tutycovr} lacjbna *Xayvvr] lagoena sec. 6
beside Xdyvvo<; ; Neut. beside Masc, * fiapydplTov marganhun
beside fiapyaptTi]'?, or Fem., *dpTt]piov arteriuni *auXa2ou
aulaeum *oiav7rov oesi/pum beside dpTrjpid avXald olcrinrr) :
(c) Neuter stems in -t- beside others: *l3dKKapc baccar
sec. 8 7 ^yavaaTTi (jaumpe *Td7rr]Ti tapete sec. 5 /3 beside
^dKKapi<; yavcraTTO^ Ttt7r7;9.
(11) Many of our loan-words prove that the Greek equivalents
had once a larger meaning than appears in extant Greek
literature :
(a) the following, Adjectives in Greek, are used in Latin as
Substantives :
Masc. :
KoyxtTT]<; shelly, conchlta catcher of shellfish.
'n-dpo')(o<i supplying, parochus purveyor.
TTvpcoTToq fiery, pyropus bronze.
aapKo^dyo<; carnivorous, sarcophagus coflln.
TpaTTr)T6<i newly pressed, frapetus oil mill.
Fem. :
St/3a(/)09 double-dyed, dibaphus purple robe.
Sio)TO<i two-eared, diofa jar.
ivSpo/xl<i for the footrace, endromis wrap.
KVKXd<i lying around, eyclas robe.
fivppivT] of myrrh, niurrina spiced wine.
ojBpv^r] pure, obrussa test.
depfiai warm, thermae baths.
^rjpafjLTreXivai scarlet, xerampelinae scarlet robes.
20 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON.
Neut. :
avajKatov necessary, anancaeum cup drained on a wager.
BiKpoTov double-oared, dicrotimi bireme.
fiaKpoKcoXov long-legged, macrocblum a kind of paper.
IxrjKivov yellow, melinum yellow robe.
vdphivov of nard, nardinum spiced wine.
TrXdyiov crooked, plagium kidnapping.
a-rjrdvLov of this year, setanium medlar. ^^
afxedvanva of amethyst, amethi/stina purple robes.
Krjpiva wax-coloured, cerina yellow robes,
reaaapa four, tessera tally, each side being a square.
Tpe')(ehei7rva running to dinner, trechedlpna light robes.
Conversely the following. Substantives in Greek, are used
in Latin as Adjectives :
eirUpoKov a garment, epicrocum transparent.
oTrdSl^ palm branch, sj^ddix brown.
(/3) the following, abstract in meaning in Greek, are in
Latin concrete :
d/jiv^iv, amussim sec. 7 a.
fyeveai^ birth, genesis birth-star.
e\e7%09 refutation, eknchiis ear-pendant (why?).
cnrovh'), sponda sec. 3 note.
Conversely the following, concrete in meaning in Greek,
are in Latin abstract :
r^eppa wickerwork, gerrae nonsense.
aTo/xa'^o'; stomach, stomachus displeasure.
')(ppr)^Lov dancing-school, choregimn preparing a chorus.
(7) the etymologically possible meaning comes out
differently :
€/ji^6\Lov 'thrown in '= javelin, emboUum interlude (Aris-
totle's i/x/36\i/xov).
i^ohiov ' exit ' = finale of a tragedy, exodium farce.
k6Xv/x/3o<; 'ducking ' = grebe, colmnhus pigeon.
Xoyetov 'place of words ' = stage, logeum archives.
fjLokaKLa ' softness ' = effeminacy, malacia dead calm.
vavrla 'of sailors ' = seasickness, nautea bilgewater.
6(f)6aXfila<; ' quicksigh ted ' = eagle, ophthalmias a kind of
fish.
LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 21
TTT^jfia ' fixture ' = framework, pC'fjma bookcase, stage.
')(a\Kdvdr] ' bronze-flower ' = sulphate of copper, calt/ta pot-
marigold.
'Xeikodi 'use a lip ' = surround with a rim, in-cild grin
(sec. 4 fin.).
(8) the Latin meaning is extended from the Greek (on
/Q\at<709 hlcBSHS see sec. 3 note) :
ypa(f)i,K6<; picturesque, graphicus exquisite.
6pLa/j,/3o<; hymn to Bacchus, triumphus procession.
Ki<no(^6po<i chest-bearer, cisiophorus a coin.
Xdrpt^ hired servant, latro robber.
XT]v6<i trough, lenunculiis skiff.
ovv^ onyx, ouyx casket made of onyx.
rrapdeviKy') maiden, j^nii/ienice a plant.
TToBiov little foot, podium balcony.
(TTe/xfia wreath, stemma pedigree, from wreaths hung on
images of ancestors.
^daijko^ bean, phaseliis boat, from its shape.
SeiXrjvo'i Silenus, sildnus fountain with a head of Silenus.
^iXnnro<; Philip, philippus a coin.
Conversely pifhecium in Latin means * little ape,' 7n6)]Kiop
in (late) Greek ' a machine.'
(12) We may now turn to the un-Greek loan-words within
our province. The following 90 words, if no more, seem
foreign, though we cannot tell where they came from : ac/i/s
(sec. 3) d/ea dice ' pickle ' andnhata * blindfolded gladiator *
asllm beta 'beet' hracfen 'gold-leaf brassica buri-s 'plough-
beam ' caliga cdJo ' soldier's servant ' cdseus caupo cibus clniex
cippiis colontra ' biestings ' cort'ma crdpula (sec. 3) cuspis dolium
ebuhim ' dwarf elder' epulae excetra ' snake ' faex falx fetidles
fiscm fuscina gnlbinm ' green ' gdnca ' underground room '
gladius grdvastellm 'old man' heUtio hibrida hirnea 'jug' horia
'fishing-smack' Ilex jiiba jubar lappa Idrua ' ghost, mask ' later
' brick ' Inus lemures lessum * wailing ' liber ' inner bark ' llxa
' sutler ' lodix ' blanket ' lorea ' after- wine ' lutnbricus ' earth-
worm ' Itirco ' glutton ' lutuDi ' woad ' marra ' hoe ' meles
'badger' miles naucum 'trifle' ocrca of a orea 'jar' paliimbes
pantex ' paunch ' pirum papa ' priest's assistant ' popular preciae
22 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON.
* a grape-vine ' proeliiim rdna 7"una ' dart ' sagitta sepelio serra
silex shiiim ' bowl ' situla ' bucket ' spolium sudis sulfur taeda
tarmes ' woodworm ' iaxillus ' die ' taxua temetum ' wine '
tlnus ' a plant ' tzpula (sec. 3) tiro titulus trichila ' bower '
tugurium vagina.
The following may with some confidence be referred to
definite sources : about 69 are from Aryan and 32 from non-
Aryan languages.
A. Aryan :
(a) Umbro-Sabellian : 2 1 words :
Umbrian :
arbiter ' witness/ cf. Umbr. a^pufrafi ' arbitratu ' (the
second vowel of each word is ii, ' Latin Yocalism ' sec. 2 fin.),
from ad + a root gret ' speak,' Gothic qithan, Eng. quoth.
rufus ' red,' cf. Umbr. rofa ' rufas ' : the Roman form would
be *rubus.
sili-cernium ' feast at which they sat,' cf. Umbr. gersnatur
* cenati ' : the first element is Latin sedeo.
Oscan (which the Roman grammarians often call Sabine) :
bos, cf /3o{}<? : the Roman form would be ^'vos from *vous.
crepusculum * twilight ' (Varro), cf. creper below.
curis 'spear,' quoted by Ovid.
meddzx * magistrate ' (Festus), also written metd{ix) or
meddiss, sec. 7a.
muhta 'fine' (Yarro).
oris ' sheep,' cf. 6L<i i.e. oFa : the Roman form *avis is said
to remain in avena ' oats.'
strena 'health ' (Lydus de mensibus iv. 4).
sublica 'stake,' Volscian (Festus).
supparniii 'smock, topsail' (Varro), cf. slparium 'curtain'
(the first vowel of each word is ii).
tesqua 'wastes' (Scholiast on Hor. Epp. i. 14. 19) an augural
term ; it proves that qu after s did not, as in other positions
in Oscan, become^.
trabea ' state robe,' introduced by Numa (Lj^dus ut supra
i. 19).
Adjectives : caseus ' old,' catus ' sharp,' croper ' dark,' dirus
' evil,' sollus ' whole,' are said by the Roman grammarians to
LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON. 23
be Sabine ; tutlcun ' public ' (of. Gothic theuda * people ') is
Campanian (Livy).
Verb : haeto (also spelt beto or hlto) ' go,' cf. Oscan haiteis
' comest.'
(/3) Celtic : perhaps 43 words, some also quoted in Greek :
Gaulish :
(1) names for wheeled vehicles :
carpentum (Florus).
carrus (Irish carr).
petor-ritum (Festus : cf. Welsh ^)ef/<ra;' 'four ' + Old- Irish
rith 'course').
raeda *pi]Sr] sec. 9 (Quintilian : cf. Old-Irish rlad 'journey-
ing ').
Probably also cw/2^/>i and sarrdc urn ; with. j)ld.i'cn ton 'wagon-
box ' (Catullus xcvii. 6) and, I would suggest, the cognate
word plaaslrum ' wagon,' i.e. *plaux-tn(m from a root qlaug-s,
Celtic *2y^o(j, whence owv jjlough.
(2) military terms :
amhadus 'vassal' (Festus), cf. Welsh amaeth ' husbandman,'
cognate with Latin ambi- + agd, ' sent about.' Hence Gothic
andbahts ' servant,' the first sjdlable of it as though from and
* towards.'
bard or vclrd ' soldier's servant,' Scholiast on Persius v. 138
(.Tahn : Biicheler omits the passage).
caterva ' troop,' see Isidore's Origines ix. 3. 4G, cf. Old-Irish
cath ' fight.'
cnippelldn'i * harnessed combatants,' quoted by Tacitus.
matara or madaris ' pike ' (Hesychius).
ponto 'punt ' (Caesar) : from it comes the Eng. word.
sagum adyo'i * military cloak ' (Isidore) : Eng. sail from
saguliim.
soldurii a-iXoSovpot, ' retainers,' quoted by Caesar.
(3) other words :
amellus ' starwort,' loved by bees, for *ampcllm (cf. Lat.
apis) : see Stokes in Bezz. Beitr. ix. p. 194.
brdcac ' breeches ' (Diodorus Siculus) : said to be borrowed
from Teutonic, cf. German britch ' trowsers.'
cucuUus 'hood,' whence Eng. coicl: Santonic, Juv. viii. 145.
24 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. WHARTON.
omasum ' triple ' (Philoxenus).
rend ' fur pelisse ' (Yarro).
saliunca ' Celtic nard,' Dioscorides' aXiovdaKa.
tucetum 'beef (Isidore), TJmbrian toco.
urus ovpo<i 'wild ox' (Macrobius): said to be borrowed from
Teutonic, cf. German mier-ochs ' wild ox,' auer-hahn ' black-
cock.'
volaeimis (Adj.) ' fine ' (Servius), whence Vergil's volaema
' warden-pears.' — I would add
aquipenser aKKLTn^aia (i.e. *dKfL7n]v<no^) 'sturgeon': the
first element is cognate with Lat. aqua.
cabailiis /ca^dXXrj'i ' horse,' whence French cheval, Welsh
ceffyl
vdtes (the Latin form would be *rdfes) ' seer, poet,' Celtic
ovdT6L'i ' priests ' (Strabo), Irish faith * prophet,' Rhys'
Hibbert Lectures p. 278 : a shepherds' term, Yerg. Buc.
ix. 34.
Probably also bdsiiim gingiva saliva, all three introduced by
Catullus, a native of Transpadane Gaul,
Belgic :
covinnus 'war-chariot' (Lucan), for *co-reg-nos, cognate
with Lat. co--\-veho, cf. Welsh cy-icain ' convey.'
essedum 'war-chariot' (Yerg.).
British :
hascauda ' tub ' (nothing to do with our basket, whence
Welsh basged).
Spanish (which the Greeks call Iberian) :
caetra Kairpia ' shield ' (Hesychius).
cantJius Kav66<i 'tire' of a wheel (Quintilian).
cunlculus KvvtK\o<i ' rabbit ' (Aelian) : properly, I would
suggest, ' little dog,' cf. Kvva.
faldrica ' fiery arrow,' used by the Saguntines,
gaesum ryaiao<; 'javelin ' (Athenaeus), Old Irish gai.
lancea 'spear' (Yarro), whence Eng. launch.
mantum ' cloak ' (Isidore), whence mantelum ' mantle ' and
mantele ' napkin.'
minium 'vermilion' (Propertius), cf. the river- name iI//'>i/?(5,
now Minho.
LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. — E. R. WHARTON.
25
pllentim ' chariot ' ? See Diefenbach's Origines Europaeae
p. 399.
(7) Teutonic : 5 words :
harditus ' war cry ' (Tacitus), perliaps from a root hherdh,
whence irepdoo ' ravage,' Stokes in Mem, Soc. Ling. v. p.
420.
cateja ' spear ' (Verg. : according to Servius Gaulish),
framea 'spear' (Tacitus).
glaesiim 'amber' (Pliny), Anglosaxon glaere.
spams * spear,' Anglosaxon spar, Eng, spar.
Perhaps, originally, also brCicae urns, see above.
B. Non-Aryan :
(a) Etruscan : perhaps 13 words:
dtrium 'hall' (Yarro) cf. the Etruscan town-name Atria (and
the relation of fxiyapov ' hall ' to Meyapa).
halteus * belt ' (Varro),
cassis 'helmet' (Isidore).
catamlfus, Etrusc. eatmite from *Kard[XL(j6o<i * venal.*
fala 'pillar' (Festus), 'EtrxxBC. falandum 'sky.'
histrio ' actor ' (Livy), Etrusc. hister.
Jdiis ' middle of the month,' Etrusc. itits (Yarro : their
alphabet having no d).
lituus ' trumpet,' an Etruscan invention.
ohba obiia ' cup,' Etrusc. tijlea, Bugge in Bezz. Beitr. x. p,
110 sq.
satelks ^ foWovrer,' Etrusc, zatlad, Bugge ut supra xi. p. 1 sq. ;
a bodyguard first introduced by Tarquinius Superbus, an
Etruscan by origin.
Perhaps also tensa * car for images of gods,' and (besides
histrio) the scenic words Uicar ' actors' pay,' pulpitum ' stage ' :
but hardly capra * she-goat ' (Hesychius), lanlsta (Isidore)
sec. 7, ncp)bs ' spendthrift ' (Festus), poliuceo ' ofier ' (which
Bugge ut supra p. 43 connects with Etrusc. pultace ' sacrifi-
cavit ').
(/3) Basque : mannus ' cob,' dialectic for *mandus (as grunnio
for grundio, cf. Miles Gloriosus 1407 dispennite . , . et dis-
tennite), Basque mando ' mule,'
(7) Phoenician : 13 words :
'wrA 22
26 LOAN-WORDS IN LATIN. E. R. AVHARTON.
amhuhaja * fluteplaver,' cf. Syrian dvuvo 'pipe' : formed as
though from Lat. amhi-.
fucus (]\Iasc.) 'rock-lichen,' Hebrew ^mkh 'paint,' whence
also <^vKo<i (Xeut.) ' seaweed.'
intibus (whence €vtv/3ov) ' endive/ Arabic hindihd.
mag alia 'huts/ Heb. mdgor 'habitation/ whence also /jbejapov.
mastruca manstruga (Poenulus 1313, Goetz) ' sheepskin,'
Sardinian (Quintilian).
palma ' palm-tree,' Heb. tamar : for the inserted / cf.
adkafidvhpa beside Persian semender, ^dXa-afMov from Heb.
besem.
pdvo ' peacock,' Arabic fdus, whence also raw? : for the
p cf. the preceding.
sufes 'consul,' Heb. s/iofet 'judge.'
tunica ' shirt,' Heb. k^tJionetk, whence also ')(LTOi)v.
Punic: mapdlia 'huts' (Fe&in?,), mappa 'napkin' (Quin-
tilian), tilpicum 'leek' (Columella), and perhaps crux ' cross'
(a Carthaginian instrument of punishment).
(S) African : nepa ' scorpion ' (Festus), and perhaps attegia
' hut ' (Maurorum, Juv. xiv. 196), Idserplcium ' silphium '
(first grown at Cyrene, PKny xvi. 143). — Egyptian : ebur
'ivory' (Egyptian db).
(e) Indian (but not Aryan): barrus 'elephant' (Isidore).
Syllabus of Contents.
Loan-words in classical Latin (sec. 1) :
(a) Greek :
"Words really Greek (sec. 2), really Latin (sec. 3), partly
Greek and partly Latin (sec. 4).
Transliteration of short vowels (sec. 5), long vowels and
diphthongs (sec. 6), consonants (sec. 7) : terminations
(sec. 8).
Lost words (sec. 9), by-forms (sec. 10), meanings (sec. 11).
(/3) Un-Greek (sec. 12).
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PA
Yftiartonj:^
2345 Loan-words in
Vf55 1 La^i^-
PA
2345
W55 1
UCSOUlHbHNt
-'*»tu-'.