^i^ssm»i!smft^mm^iiit^^rj^^. >t .«•,;:•;■.':;■':-; ;•:■.'..-. ,v; . . K* AT Tm-" CLARENDON PRESS *s/"6d» .net *HSf9S8^j^&*# rr i k h^ *. r^ff^ > ■1 - Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/firstrussianbookOOforbrich FIRST RUSSIAN BOOK BY THE SAME AUTHOR RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 6s. net. SECOND RUSSIAN BOOK. In preparation. THIRD RUSSIAN BOOK. In preparation. THE BALKANS AND TURKEY : The History of the Balkan States and the Turkish Empire. By Nevill Forbes, D. G. Hogarth, D. Mitrany, and Arnold Toynbee. With maps. In the press. OTHER BOOKS A FIRST RUSSIAN READER, from L. N. Toistoy. With English Notes and a Vocabulary by Percy Deabmer and V. A. Tananevich. A SHORT HISTORY OF RUSSIA. By LlcyCazalet. 2s. FIEST RUSSIAN BOOK BY NEVILL FORBES, M.A. READER IN RUSSIAN AND THE OTHER SLAVONIC LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1915 SERVATION PADDED INAL TO BE JNED I 27 1994 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY HUMPHREY MILFORD M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY ?(s7AV PREFACE This book is intended as a practical means of acquainting the student of Russian with the first difficulties of the language, which are the case-endings. Without a knowledge of these no real progress can be made. In order that the process of their acquisition may be as palatable as possible many words and phrases of immediate utility have been inserted. Vir- tually no verbs are dealt with in this volume, as a great deal can be said in Russian without any verbs at all. The only one given in this book in full is the verb to be ; the terrors of the Russian verb are reserved for the Second Book. Where practicable the Russian words have been printed also transliterated in English characters to give some idea of pronunciation. When using the book the table of contents should be care- fully read. N. F. Oxford, September 1915. 327991 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. The Alphabet . 2. Pronunciation . 3. Indeclinable words . 4. Easy phrases without verbs 5. A few useful Adverbs 6. Words with masculine and feminine endings 7. Continuation of two previous chapters 8. The Verb to be (6litb) .... 9. The Nominative : Substantives 10. Vocabulary : Outside and inside of buildings, rooms furniture, &c. . Vocabulary : Travel Vocabulary : Time, weather, &c. Vocabulary : The points of the compass, names of countries, nationalities, towns, rivers, and Chris- tian, patronymic, and surnames. The use of personal names in Russian ... The Nominative : Pronouns ..... Vocabulary of words denoting male and female beingi 16. Examples of Pronouns used in agreement with Nouns 17. The Nominative : Adjectives .... Examples of Adjectives used in agreement with Nouns Vocabulary : Adjectives denoting size, shape, and posi- 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 18. 19. 20. tion Vocabulary : quality 21. Vocabulary : 22. Vocabulary : Adjectives denoting appearance and Adjectives denoting colour and age Adjectives denoting nationality ; Adjec tives as Surnames and Nouns 23. The two forms of the Adjective 24. Pronouns like Adjectives, which, &c. . 25. The Genitive : Substantives .... CONTENTS vn 34. 35. 36. 37. Numbers chapter 26. The Genitive : Pronouns . 27. The Genitive : Adjectives 28. Vocabulary : Literature, music, theatre, &c 29. Phrases containing words in the Genitive 30. His, her, and their .... 31. Vocabulary: Food, drink, &c. . 32. The Genitive in Negations 33. The Genitive of Quantity (food, &c.) . Use of the Nominative and Genitive after The Genitive of Time The Genitive of Date The Genitive of Comparison 38. Vocabulary : The human body, health 39. Vocabulary : Animal and plant life . 40. The Verb to have .... 41. Not to have . . 42. To have : Past and future 43. Prepositions with the Genitive : in the possession of, without, for, until, out of, away from, near, after, except, instead of, alongside of (y, 6e3T>, rjih, ro, H3T>, 0TT>, OKOJIO, nOCJTE, KpOM'B, BM'ECTO, B03JTE) 44. The Dative : Substantives 45. The Dative : Pronouns 46. The Dative : Adjectives . 47. Phrases with words in the Dative ; wants and requests, addressing letters 48. Vocabulary : Clothes 49. Age ... 50. Prepositions with the Dative : to, along, according to, at the rate of (in,, no) 51. The Accusative : Substantives, Pronouns, and Adjec tives ..... 52. Phrases with words in the Accusative 53. Prepositions with the Accusative : into, to, on to, for, at the rate of, through, across (Bt, Ha, 3a, no, Hepe3t) 54. The Instrumental : Substantives .... 55. The Instrumental : Pronouns ..... PAGE 96 99 100 102 105 106 109 111 114 119 121 122 129 131 134 139 140 142 147 151 153 154 159 161 162 164 166 167 171 177 viii CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 56. The Instrumental : Adjectives . . . . .178 57. Uses of the Instrumental : Agent, instrument, predicate, time, season . . . . . . . 179 58. Prepositions with the Instrumental : behind, for, under, above, before, in front of, between, from (aa, no^t, HaAT», nepeflt, MejKAy, c*l) . . . .181 59. The Locative : Substantives . . . . .185 60. The Locative : Pronouns . . . . . .190 61. The Locative : Adjectives 192 62. The Locative and the Prepositions : in, on, about, in presence of, after (wb, Ha, o, npH, no) . .^/193 Index of Words and Phrases 200 Subject Index 216 NOTE ON THE ACCENT In Russian the accent is mobile ; it can fall on any syllable of a word, and in the case of declinable words it can fall on various syllables according to the different cases, either on the termination or on one of the syllables of the stem. Some words identical in appear- ance are totally different in meaning, and this difference is only expressed by the accent. The rules which govern its incidence are, however, so intricate that the beginner is recommended to learn by ear or by observation where the accent falls on the commonest cases of the com- monest words. In this book the accent is marked throughout. CHAPTER 1 THE ALPHABET NAME VALUE A a a a B6 6e b Bb Be V Tv re 9 An fle d Ee e ye 5K jk 3Ke zh 33 3e z Hh H 1 i Ii 1 yi Hit 2 i Kk Ka k JI ji 3JIL I Mm 3M1> m Hh 3H!> n Oo n n ne V Pp apt r NAME VALUE C c 3Ct s Tt Te t yy y u o$ 3$T> I Xx xa (k)h Uk i*e ts H*I ie ch fflm ma sh mm ma shch "b% epi> cf . p. 6 Hli* epH y bB ept cf . p. 6 'Bi 3 ilTB ye 9 K* a e K)io K) yu Ha a ya 0e GHTa f Yy H5KHu;a i 1 Called h ct> tohkoh =i with a dot 2 Called h ct KpaTKOfi =i with a short quantity, 3 Has exactly the same value as e, but is of different origin. 4 Called 3 oSopoTHoe =e reversed. 1809 B THE ALPHABET General Observation a d bi o y are called hard vowels, t> is called the hard sign, 5i e (i) [e] 1 K) are called soft vowels, h is called the soft sign. G b r ;a; 5K 3 are called voiced consonants, n $ (e) k t m c and x i^ q m are called voiceless consonants. CHAPTER 2 PRONUNCIATION The Vowels A a like a in car MarymKa (mother) matushka 3 a like ya in yard TaMO^KHH (custom-house) tamozhnya Obs. 1. a and a when followed by a consonant + b are, more especially when accented, pronounced almost like ai in Cairo (transliterated a 1 ) : u;apB (tsar) tsaV Obs. 2. si when unaccented and preceding the stress often sounds almost like ye, or yi, or even e or i : naTBflecarB (fifty) pidyesyat 1 e =yo 9 cf. note on p. 5. PBONUNCIATION 3 9 9 like e in ell BTzbKfc (story, sc. of a house) etazh Obs. When accented the pronunciation of 3 depends on what letters follow it. (1) If followed by a consonant + hard vowel or t> it is pronounced almost like ai in air (transliterated e a ) 9Ta (this, f.) e a ta (2) If followed by a consonant + soft vowel it is pro- nounced like a in ale (transliterated e 1 ) 9th (these) e ! tyi E e like ye in yell EKaTepHHa (Catherine) yekatyerina rHfeflo (nest) gnye3do Obs. When accented the pronunciation of e depends on what letters follow it. (1) If followed by a consonant +hard vowel or r b it is pronounced almost like yai in yair (i.e. the English word air preceded by the ^/-sound ; transliterated ye a ) ra3eTa (newspaper) gazye a ta koji4ho (knee) kalye a na (2) If followed by a consonant + soft vowel or h it is pronounced like ya in Yale (transliterated ye 1 ) ecTB (there is) ye j st' sjj^Gh (here) zdyeV B2 4 PKONUNCIATION H h like y in Whitby 6mia (she was) byla H ii like yie in yield { I i J flHTa (cMd) dyitya \y v / Obs. 1. ft (transliterated i) is only used when this letter forms the second half of a diphthong : moh (my, m.) moi After bi and i (ufi, m =y, i) where it is not audible, it is not transliterated. Obs. 2. i (transliterated i) is only used when this letter is followed by a vowel x : Amelia (England) angliya Obs. 3. v is only used in a few ecclesiastical words of Greek origin and sounds like h. Obs. 4. y=u almost always comes between two con- sonants ; in those few cases where it is followed by a vowel, a hyphen is inserted to show that it does not belong to the following vowel e (ye) or a (ya), cf. pp. 70, 71. 1 Except in the word Mipt = world, spelt thus to differentiate it from MHpT> = 'peace. / PKONUNCIATION 5 o (1) when accented like o in or Mope (sea) morye (2) when unaccented and before the accent like a in car mojioko (milk) malako (3) when unaccented and after the accent like a in paternal hSjioko (apple) yablaka Obs. When followed by a consonant + b, more especially when it is accented, o is pronounced almost like oi in soil (transliterated o 1 ) cojib (salt) soT [E e] like yo in yore 03epa (lakes) azyora Obs. This is not counted a separate letter in Eussian, hence the brackets ; the diaeresis ("), seldom marked in Eussian books, implies the accent, as this sound never occurs in unaccented syllables. y y like u in push yTKa (duck) titka 10 K) like yu in yule kjiioto (key) klyuch 6 PEONUNCIATION 1> £ has no sound and merely indicates that the pre- ceding consonant is hard : nojii (floor) pol Obs. This is called the hard sign ; it occurs also in the middle of words made up of a preposition ending in a consonant and a root beginning with a vowel, but never has any sound : noR'bisK'h (front door) pady6 a zd h h indicates that the preceding consonant is soft : cojib (salt) soT Obs. This is called the soft sign ; it occurs also in the middle of words where a consonant has to be softened : Majib^HKi, (boy) maTchik In such cases and at the end of words it is trans- literated by a comma at the top right hand of the consonant which is softened. The Consonants B 6 like b in English, but at the end of words almost like p : jio6fc (forehead) lop II n like p in English. B b like v in English, but at the end of words almost like/: KieBi) (Kiev) kiyef PBONUNCIATION 7 CD <6 ) A * [ like /in English. T r like # in (year) got T t like t in English. 3 3 like z in English, but at the end of words almost like s : pa3i» (a stroke, a time) ras C c like s in so. 3K 5K like s in measure (transliterated zh) : MyjKt (husband) muzh IE in like sfe in English. IJ ij like ts in English. 1 This is the voiced sound corresponding to the voiceless kh. ? Except when followed by b or preceded by 3 (z) and >k (zh). 8 PEONUNCIATION H q like ch in English (N.B. note on p. 13). HI m like shch in Ashchurch. M m like m in English. H h like n in English. JI ji like ? in English. P p like r in Scots (i.e. rolled). Obs. Voiced consonants immediately preceding ^voice- less consonants become voiceless : Bee (everything) fsyo General observations on Pronunciation 1. The consonants JI H T ft are especially affected by the quality of the following, vowel or sign : Hard ji jro6i> (forehead) lop (1 = 11 in ell) Soft ji Jieflt (ice) lyot (1 as in lewd) Hard ji nojn> (floor) pol (1 =11 in eW) Soft ji co jib (salt) soT (P as in lewd) Hard h hoci> (nose) nos Soft h h66o (sky) nye a ba (n as in new) Hard h 6apain> (sheep) baran Soft h kohb (steed) koV (n 5 as in new) Hard t tom-l (volume) torn Soft t t4jio (body) tye a la (t as in tune) Hard t pora (mouth) rot Soft t cjihkotb (slush) slyakat' (i' as in tune) Hard # aom'b (house) dom Soft ;n; fleHB (day) dyeV (d as in due) Hard ft MeftTb (honey) myot Soft a ftOHCftB (ram) do'zhd' (d J as in due) PBONUNCIATION 9 2. After m and m the soft sign h becomes like the hard sign t, i.e. mute, and loses its effect. 3. All the other consonants are softened by t, but this is very difficult for foreigners to express, especially at the end of words (h never occurs after k, r, or x). s 4. After in and jk the vowel h sounds like bi 1 : pKHin> (supper) uzhyn. 5. After all the other consonants except a, h, t, r> h loses its initial y-sound : nHBO (beer) piva. 6. Also at the beginning of words h loses its y-sound : HM^Hie (property) imye ! niye except in the three words rat, nxt, hmh, cf. pp. 96, 151, 177. 7. After 3K, in, % and m; the vowel e (i) loses its initial j/-sound : yme (already) uzhe. 8. After all the other consonants except ji, h, t, fl, e (i) loses its initial ?/-sound in rapid speech when it is unaccented and often even when it is accented ; this is expressed in transliteration by bracketing the (y) : BpeMH (time) vr(y)e i mya. 9. After sk, in, q, and in; the vowel [e] loses its i/-sound 2 : ein;e (yet, still, more) yeshcho colloquially : ishcho. 10. In the masc. and neut. genitive singular of all pro- nouns and adjectives r is pronounced like b : Koro (of whom) kavo 1 Except when followed by a soft vowel or the soft sign, e.g. >KH3Hb (life), zhizn\ 2 And in these cases is sometimes even written o. 10 CHAF rEi l 3 INDECLINABLE WORDS H i and a a and, but HO no but Hy, Hyc*, HyKa' nu, nus, nuka well ! HJIH iiyi or H . . . H . . . i . . . i . . . both . . . and . . . HH . . . HH . . . nyi . . . nyi . . . neither . . . nor . . . HJIH . . . HJIH . . . ilyi...ilyi.. . either . . . or . . . «a da yes (also =and, but) H^Tt nye a t no (also = there is not) He nye not 17$ ghdye where TJTb tut here 3ftiQ,h zdyeV TSLWh tarn there Bezfti vezdye everywhere HHr.o.'fe nyighdye nowhere HanpaBo naprava on or to the right HaJliBO nalye a va on or to the left cero^HH s(y)evodnya to-day Kor,n;a kaghda when Tenept tyep(y)#r' now Tor^a taghda then Bcer,o;a fs(y)eghda always HHor^a inaghda sometimes HHKor^a nyikaghda never AaBHO davno long since He^aBHo nyedavna lately INDECLINABLE WOEDS 11 BOTE vot here is, there is BOHfc von over there, yonder T65Ke tozhe - also, likewise T&KJKe takzhe yjice uzhe uzh already, now, really ;o;a3Ke dazhe even ohhtb apy&t' again em;e ishcho yet, still, more yjKe He uzhe nye no longer enje He ishcho nye not yet cobc4mi> safsye a m quite He cobc4mi» nye safsye a m not quite coBcfovrc* He . . . safsye a m nye not at all . . . O^eHB ochen' very, very much He o^eHb nye ochen' not very Bim> vit' for no^TH pachtyi nearly CJIHEIKOMB slyishkam too flOBOiJIBHO davoTna enough MHoro mnoga much, a lot, many O^eHL MHoro ochen' mnoga a great deal, many Majio mala little, not enough HeMH6ro nyemnoga a little, some HeMH05KKO nyemnoshka J H^CKOJIBKO nye a skal'ka a few, some few HHCKOJIBKO nyisk6 i l'ka not in the least CKOJIBKO skoTka how much, how many CTOJIBKO st6Tka so much, as much TOJIBKO toTka only, however, but 12 INDECLINABLE WOEDS Kara, kak how, as TaKt tak so, thus KaKT> Majio kak mala what a little, how few TaKi> Majio tak mala such a little, so few Taicb MH6ro CTOJIBKO tak mnoga stoTka such a lot CKOJIBKO sktfl'ka what a lot pasB-fe ? razv(y)e surely not ? HepKeJin ! nyeuzhelyi can it he that ? pasB^ ... He ? razv(y)e nye surely ? Bpflflt JIH vryadlyi it is doubtful whether nomaJiyiicTa N.B.pazhalsta please cnacnSo spasfba thank you H3BHHHTe izvinyitye excuse me npocTHTe prastyftye forgive me nponjaiiTe prashchaitye good-bye 3,nipaBCTByHTe (zdrafstvuitye)' how do you do (lit. be usually pronounced zdrastye , well) AO CBH^aHia dasvidaniya au revoir (lit. till the meeting) Hy^KHO ntizhna it is necessary, one Ha;a;o nada must He HJ^KHO nye nuzhna it is not necessary He Ha^o nye nada it is unnecessary, don't M05KHO mozhna it is possible, one may HeJIB3H nyel'zya it is impossible, one mayn't vjj^-to ghdye a ta somewhere r^i-HH6yji,B ghdyenyibut' ( anywhere I somewhere or other Korfla-TO Korfla-HKtfyflB KaKT>-TO INDECLINABLE WOEDS kaghdata kaghdanyibut' 13 KaK , L-HH6y ( n;b some time, formerly any time some time or other kakta kaknyibut' somehow, sort of, such as anyhow somehow or other aBocb, He66ct, ^a KaKT>-HH6y,n;i> ! (Eussian proverb) avoV, nyeboV, da kaknyibut' with luck, no doubt, well muddle through! CHAPTER 4 EASY SENTENCES AND PHRASES FORMED WITHOUT ANY VERB The present tense of the verb to be is almost always omitted in Eussian, but cf. p. 27. kto 9to ? khto e a ta ] 7 . j7 . » . *. Aa ~ \ = who is this, who %s that t 3T0 KTO ? j ito 9to ? chto x e a ta BTO HTO ? 3T0 OHTb 9T0 OH-L ? OH-L 2 JIH 3T0 ? fla, 8T0 OHa 2 = what is this, what is that ? =it is he, that is he r =is it he ? is that he f ) --yes, it is she KrifcTi), 8to He ohh 2 =no, it is not they 1 Colloquially shto, 2 For the pronunciation of these cf. p. 55 14 EASY PHEA8ES WITHOUT VEEBS r^i om ? = where is he f OHa TVTB ) . . _ OHa SflTBCb J ohh TaMt = they are there OHa TaMfc ? ) • 7 n \ =is she there ? TaMt jih OHa r J 0HT>3fl'£cb? \=ishehere? 3JI$eb JIH OHI> ? ) kto TaM-L ? —who is there ? Obs. A question must not be introduced by the inter- rogative particle jih when it already contains an interrogative pronoun or adverb such as kto, ito, 17$. 0H£ TjTTy h OHa Tyra =he is here and she is here OHa 3^cb a ohb Ta>wb=she is here but he is there Obs. The particle a can often be translated by and, but always implies an antithesis. 9T0 hjih oht» hjih OHa = i£ is either he or she 3to hh ohte» hh OHa = it is neither he nor she ohb, OHa, oho sjj^gl =it is here ohh, oh4 TaMi> =they ar&Jli&re . -**3^ . Obs. oho is the specifically neuter personal pronoun meaning it, but it must be remembered that if the object referred to is masculine, then OHt, and if feminine, then OHa must be used, both of which, in the case of inanimate objects, would be trans- lated in English by it The place of oho is often taken by bto. Similarly oh4 is the specifically EASY PHEASES WITHOUT VEKBS 15 BOT'L OHL BOTT> OHa BOTT> OHO feminine plural of the personal pronoun, while ohh is the masculine and neuter plural, both meaning they ; when the objects referred to are of several genders, e.g. masculine and feminine, ohh is used. here he is, there he is here it is, there it is _ { here she is, there she is [ here it is, there it is = here it is, there it is BOTE OHH BOT'L OH^ BOTL OHH 3^Cb BOTL OHi 3J^Ch Borb oht> TaMft BOTT> OHa TaML BOT'L OHH rfli BOTL rfli OHH botl r^i = ohl y^e 3^icb = OHa em;e TaML ■ . = . mli enje 3Aicb = oeui y^Ke TaM^ = a yjffe 3,nici>, a th enje TaMT> = oht> enje 3^cb, a OHa | yjKe t&wl ) OHT> TOJKe 3JI$Gh = OHa To^e TaM^b = ohh Tenepb t&wl Tom,e = mli TOJice Bceryja flOMa m here they are, there they are this is where they are, here there he (or it) is over there there she (or it) is over there that 's where they are that 9 s where (he or it is) he is already here she is still there we are still here they are already there I am here already, but thou art still there i he is still here, but she is [ already there he is here also she is there also they are there now also we also are always at home 16 EASY PHEASES WITHOUT VEEBS OHB OIIflTb TaMI> OHa onarb sjnich BOTT> ohb onaTB ! mbi onaTt flOMa ohb Tenepb onaTb 3jsfic>h OHa Tenepb onaTb Taivrb oht> cero^Ha TyTt OHa ceroflHa ;a;6Ma ohh ceroAHH TaMt oht> Tenept 3^cb OHa Tenepb TaMT> r^i ohh Tenepb ? ohh Tenepb flOMa ohh Tenepb ^OMa ? flOMa jih ohh Tenepb ? j Tenepb Hejib3a Tenepb mojkho oht» Bcer^a TaMT> OHa Bcer,n;a sjifech ohh Bcer,n;a ftOMa tbi Bcer^a sflicb ? a Bcer,n;a 3aicb bh Bcer^a TaMt ? mh Bcer^a TaMi» a sftfecb, a Tbi TaMB mh Tyrb, a bh TaMt pa3B-6 OHa 3^icb ? HeyacejiH ohs> Taivrb ? he is there again she is here again here he is again ! we are again at home he is here again now she is there again now he is here to-day she is at home to-day they are there to-day he is now here she is now there where are they now ? they are now at home are they at home now ? now one musnH, can't now one may, can he is always there she is always here they are always at home art thou always here ? I am always here - 5 are you always there ? we are always there I am here, but thou art there we are here, but you are there is she here ? k surely she is not here ? can it be that he is there ? EASY PHEASES WITHOUT VEEBS 17 pasB-fe 8to He ohh ? = surely that is they ? Bpaflt jih ohh ^OMa =1 doubt whether they are at home n ;n;aBH6 TyTt = I have been here for a long time OHa TaMT> He^aBHO =she hasn't been there long Obs. tbi is used in Eussian amongst relatives and intimate friends of more or less the same age ; parents and children address each other by th, and children are usually addressed by th by their parents' friends ; it was formerly invariably used by the educated classes when addressing servants, cab-drivers, porters, &c, but nowadays bh is much more generally used for this purpose, and in any case it is better for a foreigner to say bh. Obs. In correspondence Bh must be written with a capital even in the middle of a sentence. On the other hand a is only written (or printed) with a capital at the beginning of a sentence, after a full stop. CHAPTER 5 A FEW USEFUL ADVERBS In the case of most adjectives the Neuter Nominative Singular, which is the same in form as the Adverb, can stand alone without oho or 3to and have the meaning of a whole sentence. XOpOHIO (k)harasho (it is) good, nice Hexoponio nyekharasho (it is) not nice njioxo plokha (it is) bad jryiine luchshe (it is) better 18 USEFUL ADVEEBS xyace (k)huzhe (it is) worse *rbwb chem than ropa3;n;o garazda much (only followed by comparatives) (For other common adverbs cf. pp. 24, 25.) xopomo = all right, very well xopomo = nice, good (neuter nom. sing.) ( that is all right, this is all right 9T0 xopomo \ that is nice, this is good ( that is bad, this is bad bto Hexopomo = J that is wrong (sc. unpleasant [ or unjust) BOTt xopomo ! = isn't that nice ! bott. 9to xopomo ! = there, that 's nice ! this is nice ! 3^ci> xopomo = it is nice here 3j&ch Hexopom6 =it is not nice here TaMt xopomo = it is nice there Tenept xopomo = it 's all right now KaKt 9to xopomo = how nice this is 3to TaK-L xopom6 = that is so nice KaKt 9to Hexopomo = how horrid that is 3to oneHb xopomo = that is very nice 9to oneHB Hexopomo = that is not at all nice KaKt TaivrL xopomo = how nice it is there TaKt 3Aici> xopomo = it is so nice here TaivrL TaKt xopomo = it is so nice there KaKt xopomo s^ioh = how nice it is here KaKt xopomo Tenept = how nice it is now 3^ci> He TaK^ xopomo = it is not so nice here t&wl TaKt Hexopomo =it is so horrid there 3A^cb Bcer^a xopomo = here it 's always nice USEFUL ADVEEBS 19 TaMt He Bcer#a xopomo TaKt, xopomo TaKt, Hexopomo 3to ;iiy*nne 3to xyace Biuret Jiy^me TaMt xyace 3ji$ch Jiyqme ^kwh t&wl TaMi* xyace ^iwh sflicb 3^cb xopomo, a Taivrb jiyime sjsfich Hexopomo, a Taint \ xyace r^i Jiyime, 3j[iQh hjih = TaMi. ? Kaics jppnne, Tarra hjih = TaKt? bott. TaK'L Jiyqme Hfot, TaKt xy^ce ;n;a, TaKt jiyqme ^a, TaKt em;e Jr^nne H-fcrb, TaKt enje xyace 9to enje Jiy^me 9to en^e xy>Ke ceroAHH Jiyqme Tenept xyace cero^HH onaTb Jiyqme Tenept onaTb xyace Tenepb yace Jiynme 3^cb em;e Jiynme K6ua, Bcer;n;a Jiyqme 9to nJi6xo --it's not always nice there =it 's all right like that = it's not right like that = this is better, that is better =this is worse, that is worse =it is better here =it is worse there = here it 's better than there = there it f 8 worse than here =it's nice here, but it's better there = it's bad here, but it's worse there = where is it better, here or there ? = how is it better, like this or like that f = there, it 's better like that = no, it's worse like that = yes, it's better like that --yes, that 's still better ^no, that 's still worse = that 's still better = that 's still worse = it 's better to-day = now it 's worse --it's better again to-day = now it 's worse again ^it 's better now (already) =it's still better here -it 's always better at home = that is bad 02 20 CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCING WORDS WITH MASCULINE AND FEMININE ENDINGS 3A0p0BBI oht> 3,n;op6BTb x oHa 3flop6Ba 2 OHH ' a sflopoB^ a 3AopoBa TH He3^0pOB'B th He3jiiop6Ba MBI 3A0p0BLI BH He3AOpOBH pa3B^ BH He3A0p0BBI ? BLI 3AOp6BLI ? = he is well (masc. nom. sing.) = she is well (fern. nom. sing.) = they are well ( . * nom. plur.) = 1 am well (masc.) = I am well (fern.) = thou art unwell (masc.) = thou art unwell (fern.) = we are well (masc. and fern.) = you are unwell (masc. and fern.) = aren't you well t (masc. and fern.) = are you well ? (masc. and fern.) 3AOp6BLI JIH bh ? (jih is the interrogative particle and always indicates a question.) 3T0 3AopoBO ^this is good for the health (neut. nom. sing.) I = that is bad for the health 3T0 He3AOpOBO 3T0 BpeAHO 3to o^eHb xopomo 3to oqeHb Hexopomo 3T0 O^eHB He3AOpOBO 3T0 o^ieHb BpeAHO pa3B^ 3T0 Bpe^HO ? Pron. zdarof. = that is very nice = that is very bad [ = that is very bad for the health = surely that isn't bad for one ? 2 Pron. zdarova. MASCULINE AND FEMININE ENDINGS 21 bto cobc£mi> xopomo owl Bcer^a 3AopoBfc OHa Tenept He3^op6Ba BBI OHHTB He3^0p6BI>I ? a. GOBG^Wb 3A0p0Bl» a ne COBcfeMB s^opoBt a o^eHb He3AopoBi» a y}Ke cobc£mt> 3,o;op6Bi» a eme He coBC&wb 3,n;op6Bi> oh"b 66jieHt x OHa fiojiBHa 2 OHH 60JIBHBI oh4 Sojibhbi a o^eHB 66jieH r B TBI cepBe3H0 60JIBHa bbi onacHO 6ojibhh oh^b He o^eHB 66n.ewb OHa He cepBe3H0 6ojiBHa bbi He onacHO Sojibhbi oh-b TenepB 66jieHi» OHa Bcer/iia 6ojiBHa oetb eme 66jieH^B OHa T05Ke SojiBHa ohs* onaTB 66jieH r B HeysKeJin OHa 6ojiBHa ? a paA'B 3 a pa.ua 4 1 Pron. boJyen. 2 Pron. bal'na. = that *8 quite all right = he is always well = she is not well now = are you unwell again ? = 1 am quite well = I am not quite well = 1 am far from well = 1 am now quite well = 1 am not yet quite well ■-he is ill (masc. nom. sing.) -she is ill (fern. nom. sing.) = they are ill (masc. nom. plur.) -- they are ill (fern. nom. plur.) = I am very ill (masc.) = thou art seriously ill (fern.) -you are dangerously ill (masc. or fern.) = he is not very ill -- she is not seriously ill -you are not seriously ill - he is ill now = she is always ill = he is still ill -she is ill also -he is ill again -surely she is not ill t = 1 am glad (masc.) = 1 am glad (fern.) 3 Pron. rat. 4 Pron. rada. 22 MASCULINE AND FEMININE ENDINGS BH paflH ? mh oqeHb paflH a TaKi» pa^t KaK'B a pa^a ! pa3Bi bh He paflu ? OWb C^aCTJIMB-L 1 OHa c^acTJiHBa 2 OHH TaKt CHaCTJIHBH KaK'B OHH C^aCTJIHBH ! owb HecqacTeH^B 3 OHa Hec^acTHa 4 MH TaKB Hec^acTHH KaK'B BH HeC^aCTHH ! a ftOBOJieHi> 5 a flOBOJiBHa 6 ohh o^eHB ;o,ob6.jibhbi OHH TaKfc ftOBOJIBHH BH flOBOJIBHBI ? ^OBOJIBHH JIH BBI ? MH COBciMB flOBOJIBHLI mh He coBciMt #ob6jibhh OHB He^OBOJieHB OHa o^eHB He^oBOJiBHa BH O^ieHB HeflOBOJIBHH ? 1 schastlyif. 2 schastlyiva. = are you glad? (masc. and fern.) =we are very glad (masc. and fern.) = 1 am so glad (masc.) = how glad I am ! (fern.) = aren't you glad ? (masc. and fern.) =he is happy (masc.) =she is happy (fern.) =they are so happy =how happy they are = he is unhappy (masc.) = she is unhappy (fern.) =we are so unfortunate =how unlucky you are ! =1 am satisfied, contented (masc.) =1 am satisfied, contented (fern.) = they- are very glad = they are so pleased = are you satisfied ? =we are quite satisfied =we are not quite satisfied = he is displeased =she is angry, annoyed = are you angry, annoyed ? 3 nyeschastyen. 5 davolyen. 4 nyeschastna. 6 davoU'na. \ MASCULINE AND FEMININE ENDINGS 23 8T0 flOBOJIBHO 8TO He flOBOJIBHO flOBOJIBHO O^eHB flOBOJIBHO COBciMt flOBOJIBHO ysKe flOBOJIBHO 3T0 yjKT> flOBOJIBHO paSB^ BBI He^OBOJIBHLI ? BHHOBarL ! BHHOBaTa ! oh^ npaB'B 1 OHa npaBa 2 bbi npaBbi bh HenpaBBi OHfc flOaJKeiTB 3 OHa flOJDKHa 4 MBI ftOJDKHBI OHH flOJDKHbl 5to cepBe3Ho 5 BH cepBe3HBi ? CepBe3HBI JIH BBI ? 9T0 ftOBOJIBHO cepBe3HO 8T0 O^eHB cepBe3HO pfeBi 3T0 cepBe3HO ? TOTOBO 6 yace totobo eme He totobo 1 praf. 2 prava. = that is enough = that is not enough = it is enough - =it's quite enough r =that f 8 enough now = aren't you satisfied ? excuse me ! (lit. I am to blame, masc.) excuse me ! (lit. I am to blame, fern.) = he is right = she is right = you are right = you are wrong = he must = she must = we must = they must = that is serious = are you serious ? = that is fairly serious = that is very serious = is it really serious ? = it is ready = it is now ready = it is not yet ready dolzhen. dalzlma. seryozna. gat6va. 24 MASCULINE AND FEMININE ENDINGS BBI rOTOBBI ? = are you ready ? (ma roTOBa 1 = she is ready OHt rOTOBfc 2 =ht I is ready can it be that you are not HeyjKeJiH bbi He totobbi ! ready ? surely you are ready ! CHAPTER 7 CONTINUATION OF TWO PREVIOUS CHAPTERS XOJIOflHO (or xojio;n;H6 (k)holadna (k)haladno) • it is cold Tenjio tyeplo it is warm (of the tem- perature, clothes) acapKO zharka it is hot (of the tempera- ture) npox^ia^HO prakhladna it is cool ropjrao garyacho it is hot {of food, water, tea, plates, &c.) TeMHO tyemno • it is dark (or TeMHO tyomna) CB^TJIO sv(y)etlo it is light paHo rana it is early n03AHO poz(d)na it is late ^emeBO dyosheva it is cheap floporo doraga it is dear BKyCHO fkusna it is nice (to taste) HeBKyCHO nyefkusna it is not nice (to taste) i gatova. 2 gatof. EASY SENTENCES WITHOUT VEEBS 25 ;na;jieK6 (or ;n;ajieKo dalyeko dalyoka) }«fcjhr 6JIH3KO blyiska it is near 3aHHTO zanyata it is occupied, engaged CBoSoflHO svabodna it is free, vacant 3anepT0 zap(y)erta it is shut OTKpHTO atkryta it is open onacHO apasna it is dangerous 6e3onacHo b(y)ezapasna it is safe cerosira xojio^ho = it is cold to-day sjifech Tenjio = it is warm here TyTi> npoxjiaflHO = it is cool here TaMt HcapKo = it is hot there y>Ke TeMHO = it is already dark eme CBfcjio = it is still light ysKe n633HO = it is now (too) late eme paHo = it is yet early (too soon) ceroflHa o^enb 5Kapico = it is very hot to-day ceroflira flOBoabHO Tenjio =it is fairly warm to-day ceroflira cjihiekomt* xojioaho = it is too cold to-day Tenepb yme He xojioaho = it is no longer cold now Tenept yjKe He Tara Tenjio = it is no longer so warm now Tenept ynct coBC^Mt TeMHO =it is really quite dark now Tenept ytfo> oieHb ho3aho = it is really very late now Tenepb y5K , LCJiHniKOM'B}KapKO=^ is really too hot now 26 EASY SENTENCES WITHOUT VEEBS The word yrae is frequently cut down to yaci* and often loses its original meaning of already and comes to mean really. 8to flemeBo 9to o^eHB ;a;emeBO 9to He ^emeBO KaKTb 9to ftemeBO ! paaBi 9to ^emeBO ? 8to ;a;6poro bto o^eHB ;a;6poro 9to He ;n;6poro 9to coBcfeMt He ;o;6poro 8T0 yaci> cjiHmKOMt ;n;6poro KaKi> 8to floporo ! HeysKejin 3to TaKt floporo ? BTO BKyCHO 9T0 He BKyCHO paSBi 9T0 BKyCHO ? pa3Bi 8T0 He BKyCHO ? 9to o^eHb ^aJieKo 9T0 COBcijMTCb 6JIH3KO pasB-fe bto flajieico ? HeyacejiH 3to Taici> 6jih3ko ? cero^Ha 3anepT0 CerO^HH OTKpblTO paSB-fe He OTKpBITO ? HeyjKejiH 3anepTO ? = that is cheap = that is very cheap = that is not cheap = how cheap that is ! = do you call that cheap ? = that is dear = that is very dear = that is not dear = that is not at all dear = that is really too dear = how dear that is ! = surely this is not so dear ?' = that is nice (only of food) = that is not nice (only of food) = is that nice ? = isn't that nice? = that is very far = ihat is quite near = is it far then? = surely it is not so near ? = to-day it is shut = to-day it is open = isn't it open? = surely it isn't shut ? EASY SENTENCES WITHOUT VEEBS 27 onacHO =it is dangerous 3to onacHO = that is dangerous 3to o^eHL onacHO = that is very dangerous 6to He onacHO = that is not dangerous 8to 6e3onacHO =that is safe (lit. =dangerless) T&wb o^eHt onacHO =it is very dangerous there 3^ici> coBoiwh 6e3onacHO =it is quite safe here (cf. chap. 47). CHAPTER 8 THE VERB TO BE (BHTb) The Present There are only two parts of the present tense of the verb to be which are ever used, viz. : ecTL = is cyTt = are of which the second is as good as obsolete, and the first is only used in the sense of there is, there exists, is there ? does there exist ? ecTt Bovb= there is a God Bora eo,Th = God exists ecTB Bo;a;a ? =is there water ? BOfla ecTB = there is water There is not is always rendered by it£tb (cf. p. 10), followed by the Genitive ; uivb is a contraction of He ecTB. 28 THE VEEB TO BE The Past The past tense of the verb to be, like that of all other Eussian verbs, is formed from the infinitive (6bitb) and varies not, as in other languages, according to person, but according to gender and number, 1 viz. : a 6hje& =1 was (if masculine) a 6mia = I was (if feminine) th 6bliib =ihou wast (masc.) th 6i>iJia =fhou wast (fern.) oitb 6hjfb =he was OHa 6tiJia =she was 9T0 (or oho) 6bljio =it was mbi 6bijih =we were (masc. and fern.) bh 6bijih =you were (masc. and fern.) ohh 6bljih =they were (masc. and neut.) OH'fe 6hjih =they were (fern.) In answers to questions the verb in Eussian is often repeated instead of using the words «a = yes and h^tb = no especially in such questions as bh 6bijih TaMB ? ( were you there ? or, or 6hjih jih bbi TaMB ? J \ have you been there ? 1 It is really a past participle active, not a tense. THE VEEB TO BE 29 • if masc. sing. 6hjh» = yes He 6bun> = no OHa 6mia 3j5^0h ?=has she been here ? 6mia = yes He 6um = no ohh 6hjih ROMa ? =were they at home ? 6lijih = yes (cf. chap. 42). The Conditional The conditional tense of the verb to be is formed, like that of all other Eussian verbs, by the addition of the particle 6h (often -6^ in poetry) to the past as follows : a 6iun> 6li or h 6h 6lljtb I should have been, or I should be OHa 6BLJia 6h) f she would have been, or or OHa 6h 6HJiaj ( she would be mbi Shjih 6h ) or mh 6bi 6hjih { we should have been, or we should be mli Shjih 6h oneHb paflu we should be (or should have been) very glad 3to 6hjio 6bi oneHb onacHO that would be (or would have been) very dangerous 30 THE VEEB TO BE OHt 6ijjn> 6li 30B6jieHT» he would be contented, pleased When negatived, the word He is placed immediately before the words 6bljtb, 6mia, 6bijio, &c. The Future a 6y;ny = I shall be th 6y,n;emi> =thou wilt be oht> ] OHa f 6fjfcrb =he, she, it will be oh6 J mbi GyneMt =we shall be bh 6yn;eTe =you will be ± - GynyTt = they will be Biepa fchera yesterday cero;n;ira s(y)evodnya to-day 3aBTpa zaftra to-morrow nocjifeaBTpa poslyezaftra the day after to-morrow B^epa mli 6tmn ;n;6Ma = yesterday we were at home 3aBTpa mbi 6f jjfiwb ;a;6Ma = to-morrow we shall be at home The Imperative (2nd sing.) 6yflt but' (2nd plur.) 6y^BTe buttye 6ya;BTe TaK'B ;a;o6pBi \=be so good! 31 CHAPTER 9 THE NOMINATIVE Substantives Nominative Singular It will have been noticed in the preceding pages that the endings of the nominative singular x are : Masculine -$, e.g. om> = he Neuter -o, e.g. oh6 = ^ 9to = this, or that *ito = what Feminine -a, e.g. oe&, = she The three endings : -o -a are all hard : corresponding to them are the three soft endings : Masculine -t (or -ft) Neuter -e (or -e) Feminine -h 1 The words kto =who h =/ TBI =tk0U can be used for masculine or feminine. 32 NOMINATIVE OP SUBSTANTIVES Examples : IMara3HHi> 6iuieTi> CTOJTL f M^CTO No A uN S | Neut - hf 6 ( OOHjeCTBO |6a6a KOMHaTa H36a magazin sftop bilyeH ticket stol JaWe mye a sta place s(y)elo village opshchestva society, company baba peasant woman komnata room izba peasant's hut Soft f aBTOMoSifoib aftamabil' J cjiyqan sluchai eojiOBen salavyei 1 BacHJiin vasilyi Inojie polye pyacbe ruzhyo HM^Hie imy^niye | He^jia nyedyeUya -^ J CTaTba statya ] apMia armiya Poccia rassiya motor-car incident nightingale Basil field rifle property (land) week newspaper article army Russia There is no article in Bussian, either definite or inde- finite ; the place of the former is supplied, when required, by the pronoun totb = that yonder, that of the latter by the pronouns OftHira =one or h4kotopbih = a certain. NOMINATIVE OP SUBSTANTIVES 33 A large number of nouns denoting males follow the feminine declension, e.g. : (hard) Mymiraa 1 mushchina= man (as opposed to woman) (soft) cyflta $udya,=judge. A large number of diminutive male Christian names likewise follow the feminine declension : Ajiema Aly6sha Alexis Bana Vanya John Baca Vasya Basil Boji6,o;a Valodya Vladimir Kojia Kolya Nicholas Minna Misha Michael IlaBJiyma Pavlusha Paul IleTa P(y)e i tya Peter Cama Sasha Alexander CepesKa Seryozha Sergius Oe#a F(y)eMya Theodore (For the full names cf. p. 52.) A large number of feminine nouns end in -&, such as : jiomaflfc loshat' horse Benjb vye^hch' thing ijepKOBb ts(y)e i rkaf church MaTB maV mother flora doW daughter A few neuter nouns end in -a, e.g. : BpeMa vr(y)e i mya time flHTa dyitya child 1809 1 Also spelt My>KHHHa. D 84 NOMINATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES Rules for identification All nouns of which the nom. sing, ends in -i>, -ft, are masculine. All nouns of which the nom. sing, ends in -o, -e are neuter. Most nouns of which the nom. sing, ends in -a, -a are feminine. Nouns of which the nom. sing, ends in -b are masculine or feminine. Nominative Plural The nominative plural endings are : Masculine Feminine Neuter -h, e.g. paffbi = -a These endings are hard ; corresponding to them are the soft endings : Masculine Feminine Neuter -H -a Examples : Mara3HHH magazmy Masculine -J 6n;o;eTi>i tily6 a ty ( ctojili staly [ Mtea m(y)esta Hard/ Neuter J cejia sy61a ( 66m;ecTBa opshchestva 6a6bi baby Feminine • KOMHara komnaty L h36h izby NOMINATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES 35 Masculine ( aBTOMoGifoiii aftamabilyi j cjiy^an ( COJIOBBH sluchayi salavyi palya ruzhya imy^niya nyedyeUyi statyi armiyi Inojia pyjKBH HMinia IHeA^JiH CTaTBH apMiii Nouns denoting males which follow the feminine de- clension : (hard) MymiiHBi mushchiny (soft) cyflBH sudyi A good number of masculine nouns of which the nomina- tive singular ends in -s> have the nominative plural in -a, 1 e.g.: NOM. SING. NOM. PLUR. ffOMt dom house aoMa dama rjia3£ glas eye i\jia3a glaza ropoflfc gorat town ropofla garada 6eperB b(y)e i rek shore 6epera berega A large number of masculine nouns which contain e or o in the last syllable of the nominative singular lose this letter throughout the whole of the rest of the declension, e.g. : NOM. SING. NOM. PLUR. KOHeij'B kanye a ts end KOHipi kants^ nocojn> pas61 ambassador nocjnS pasty fleHB dyeV day Ami dnyi oroHB agoV fire, light orwk agnyi 1 Several nouns have both plurals, in -u and in -a, with a difference in meaning between the two, cf. p. 37. D2 Hard Soft 36 NOMINATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES All masculine nouns ending in the nominative singular in -rc&, -rT>, -XTb, -SK'b, -ra, -mi, -mi> and all feminine nouns ending in the nominative singular in -Ka, -ra, -xa, -aca, -*ia, -ma, -ma have the nominative plural in -kh, -rn, -xh, -5kh, -ih, -inn, mH because h cannot stand after these consonants ; but nevertheless -jkh and -mn are pronounced -skh and -hih. Examples : NOM. SING. MajEb*iHK r b maTchik boy flfeo^Ka dye a vachka little girl kjiiotb klyuch key CB-fria sv(y)echa candle howl nozh knife 3KHna5Kt ekipazh carriage Kajioma kal6sha galosh NOM. PLUR. Majib^HKH maTchiki A^bo^kh dye a vachki kjiio^h klyuchi cb^h svy^chi hojkh nazhy 3KHna5KH ekipazhy Kajiomn kaloshy ^eHbrn dy#ngi — — money Mascuhne nouns with nominative singular in -hhi> have nominative plural in -e. NOM. SING. NOM. PLUR. KpecTtaHHirb krestyanyin peasant (man) KpecTtaHe aHrjuraaHHiTL anglyichanyin Englishman aHrjnraaHe Masculine nouns with nominative singular in -eHOicb (denoting the young of animals) have nominative plural in -a,Ta, and follow the neuter declension, e.g. : NOM. SING. NOM. PLUR. pe6aTa rebyata u,LnuiaTa tsypfyata pe6eHOK , L rebyonak child ti.LinJieHOK'b tsyplyonak chicken NOMINATIVE OP SUBSTANTIVES 37 A few neuter nouns have nominative plural in -h, e.g. : NOM. SING. 5i6jioko yablaka apple iuim6 plyech6 shoulder koji^ho kalye a na knee NOM. PLUR. ji6jiokh yablaki iDiera ply#chi kojt&hh kaly^nyi A few masculine and neuter nouns have nominative plurals which call for particular notice ; amongst others the commonest are : NOM. SING. NOM. PLUR. 1 CTyjrt stul chair CT^JILH Gpara brat brother 6paTBH chite* syn son CBIHOBBH flpyri. druk friend Apy3Ba cociflTi sasye a t neighbour cociflH ijB'frrB tsvye a t colour DiB^Ta colours (ijp'kTdK'b tsv(y)etok flower) upkihi flowers ^epeBO dye ! reva tree ftepeBBa c^rho sudna vessel (shij. cy«a yxo likha ear ynra oko 6ka eye (poetic al) oih TyTjo chiida marvel qy^eca He6o nye a ba heaven, sky f He6eca Feminine nouns with nominative singular in -b have nominative plural in -h, e.g. : NOM. sing. NOM. PLUR. JiomaftB horse BemB thing 1 For pronunciation cf. p. 95 jiomaflu 16shadyi Beupi vy^shchi 88 NOMINATIVE OP SUBSTANTIVES NOM. SING. ijepKOBB church MaTt mother flo^b daughter NOM. PLUR. u;epKBH ts(y)#rkvi MaTepn matyeri AO^epn d6cheri Two very important words have a similar nominative plural, viz. : jnoflH ly udyi = people flfaH dye ! tyi = children Neuter nouns in -a have nominative plural in -eHa, e.g. : BpeMeHa vremena, = times (sc. seasons). CHAPTER 10 VOCABULARY (Where the pronunciation given differs from that laid down in Chapter 2 it is owing to laws of etymology or of colloquial use.) Buildings, rooms, furniture, &c. Outside s^ame n. zdaniye building BOK38lJn> m. vakzal terminus (or large station) CTaHE^ifl /. stantsiya small or country station TaMOJKHH /. tamozhnya custom-house pedopaHt m. restaran restaurant 6y(j>6TB m. bufyeH refreshment-room rOCTHHHl^a /. gastyinyitsa hotel 6ojii»HHiiia /. bal'nyitsa hospital TeaTpt m. tyeatr theatre BUILDINGS, OUTSIDE AND IN 89 HBOpeuyb m. dvarye a ts palace IjSpKOBb /. tsfyj^rkaf church co66pi> m. sabor cathedral qac6BHH /. chasovnya shrine k6jiokojtl (-a) m.(pl.) kolakal (church) bell(s) KOJIOK6jIbHH /. kalakoTnya belfry 6aHKT> m. bank bank n6HTa /. pochta post-office My3ett m. muzyei museum rajiepen /. galyereya gallery niKOJia /. ymwranje n. shkola uchilyishche | school yHHBepCHT^TB m. unyiversity6 a t university 6aHH /. pi. banyi baths AOMt m. dom house flana/. dacha country villa Bop6Ta n. pi. varota gate ABopt m. dvor court-yard noA r b , B3A , B m. padye a zd front-door 9Ta>KT> m. etazh floor, story KBaprapa /. kvartyira flat Mara3HHi> m. magazin shop jiaBKa /. lafka small shop pHHOKb m. r^nak market pHAH m. pi. ryady covered rows of shops KO$eiiHaH /*. odj. kaf(y)einaya cafe KOHffHTepCKaa/. adj. kandyityerskaya confectioners 6^jioHHafl/. adj. bulachnaya baker's nopTH6ii m. adj. partnoi tailor (sc. his shop) napHKMax^pcKan /. parikmakherskaya hairdresser's adj. 3aB6flT> m. zavot establishment, factory $a6pHKa /. fabrika factory M6jIBHHD;a/. my&rnyitsa (water-) mill TpyGa/. truba chimney 3a66pb m. zabor fence dauiHH /. bashnya tower KOHK)niHH /. kanyiishnya stables 40 BUILDINGS, OUTSIDE AND IN capaft m. sarai coach-house sacTaBa /. zastava barrier KHpnHHi> m. kirpich brick KaMeHb m. kamen' stone aspect m. adres address £jnma/. lilyitsa street Ha6epe>KHafl/. adj. naberezhnaya quay npocn6KTT> m. praspy6 a kt avenue (street) ajuiefl /. aly6ya avenue (in garden) uiocc6 n. indecl. shos(y)e high-road miomaAb/. ploshchat' square 6yjibBapT» m. bul'var boulevard moctt* m. most bridge MocroBaH jf. adj. mastavaya paving (of road) TpoTyapt m. trotuar pavement (footway) 3boh6kt> m. JI-BCTHHUja /. ffBepb /. KOMHaTa /. nepeflHHH /. adj. cbhh/. pi. 3ajii> m. 3aJia /. CTOJiOBan/. adj. rocTHHaa/. adj. cnajibHH /. Ai'BTCKaH/. adj. KyXHH /. Ka6HH6T*b m. 6H6jiioTeKa/. BaHHafl/. adj. n6rpe6b m. KJiaAOBan/. adj. nepAaKb m. HyJKHHKb m. Inside zvanok lye'stnitsa komnata pery^dnyaya syeinyi zal zala stalovaya gastyinaya spaU'nya dye a tskaya kiikhnya kabinyeH bibliotyeka vannaya pogrep kladavaya cherdak nuzhnyik bell staircase door room lobby vestibule hall, waiting-room drawing-room bedroom nursery kitchen study library bath-room cellar store-room lumber-room, W.C. BUILDINGS, OUTSIDE AND IN 41 OKHO n. akno window CT&H&/. styena wall nojn> m. pol floor (sc. of room) yrojit m. ligal comer noTOJiOKt m. patalok ceiling Me6ejn> /. m#beP furniture (uenb) nteKdif. p(y)6 i chka stove ctojit> m. stol table nHCLMeHHLlfi CTOJTb pis'menny writing-table CKaTepTb m. skatyert' table-cloth 6y$eTt m. bufy6 a t sideboard CTyjit m. stul chair Kp^CJIO w. kry6 a sla arm-chair iUHBaiTB m. dyivan sofa KOBept m. kavyor carpet KapTHHa/. kartyina picture nopTp^Tt m. partryeH portrait (cKaMBH) CKaMeHKa/. skamyeika bench iimairB, uiKaiJrb m. shkap, shkaf cupboard KOMOfl'b m. kamot chest of drawers HmHKt w. yashchik drawer, box nojiKa /. polka shelf KpOBaTt/. krava^' bedstead nocTejib /. pasty#r bed with bedding no«yuiKa/. padiishka pillow, cushion HSlBOJIO^Ka/. navalachka pillow-case BaHHa /. vanna small bath, tub 36pKajio n. zye a rkala mirror npOCTHHfl /. prastynya sheet oa'bhjio n. adyeyala quilt, blanket TK)<|>HK'b m. tyufyak mattress yMBiBaJibHHKi> m. umyva^'nyik wash-stand MblJIO W. myla soap Ta3T> w. tas basin ry6Ka/. giipka sponge Kpy>KKa /. kriishka m nojiOTeHi^e n. palatyentse towel ropin6Kb m. garshok chamber-pot 42 BUILDINGS, OUTSIDE AND IN niTopn/. pi. 3aHaB*kcb m. iniipMH /. pi. Hacii m. pi. jiaMna/. a6ajKypi> m. (CB-fe^a) CB'BHKa/. nOflCB'E*IHHK'B m. 9JieKTpHqecTBO n. cnnHKa/. oroHb m. $OHapi> m. ^tojib m. ffpOBa n. pi. nepHHjia n. pi. qepHHjiLHHD;a/. nep6 n. py^Ka/. KapaH^aint m. 6yMara /. noHTOBan 6yMara/. nponycKHaa 6yMara/. npoMOKanina/. jiHCTt 6yMarH m. KOHB^pTTb m. o6jio>KKa/. OTKpBITKa/. (noHTOBaa) MapKa/. KHHra, KHH>KKa/. (TeTpa^t) TeTpa^Ka/. BepeBOHKa /. caMOBapb m. natiHHK'B m. qauiKa /. (JjHOfleHKO n. CTaKaHb m. noACTaKaHHHKb m. ji6>KKa/. shtory zanav(y)es shirmy chasy lampa abazhur svyeichka patsvy^chnyik elyektrichestva spichka ago 1 !!' fanaV ugal' drava chernyila chernyilnyitsa p(y)ero nichka karandash bumaga pachtovaya bumaga prapusknaya bumaga pramakashka lyist bumagi kanvye a rt abloshka atkrytka marka knyiga, knyishka tyetratka veryovachka samavar chainyik chashka blyiidyechka stakan patstakanyik loshka blinds curtain screen clock, watch lamp lamp-shade candle candle-stick electric light match light, fire lantern coal, charcoal wood fuel ink ink-stand pen handle, penholder pencil paper writing-paper blotting-paper sheet of paper envelope post-card book note-book string tea-urn tea-pot cup saucer tumbler tumbler-stand spoon BUILDINGS, OUTSIDE AND IN 48 BHJlKa/. vilka fork HOJK1», HOJKHK'B m. nozh(yk) knife caji$6TKa /. salfy6 a tka napkin npH66p*B m. pribor cover (sc. knife and fork) Tap6jina /. tarye a lka plate KptiuiKa/. kryshka lid, cover 6jiioao n. blyiida dish rpa$HHt m. grafin water-bottle GyrLiJiKa /. butylka bottle pioMKa/. ryiimka wine-glass npooKa/. propka cork npoSoHHHKt m. probachnyik corkscrew CHAPTER 11 rpaimua/. nacnoprt m. SnjieTt m. Hanaft m. HOCHJIbmHK'B »» HHHOBHHKt m. nojiim6ftCKiii m waHAapMt m ropOAOBoii m yHacTOK-L m. npncTaBt m. ABOpHHKt m. H3BOmHK'b m VLQBOZimKb) uio^ep-L m. aKHnajK-L m. caiin /. #Z. aBTOMOOHJIB m VOCABULARY Travel (cf. chapters granyitsa pasport bily6 a t nachai nasilshchik chinovnyik adj. palyitsyeiski zhandarm adj. garadavoi uchastak pristaf dvornyik i. (or izvoshchik shafyor ekipazh sanyi aftamabir 47, 48) frontier passport ticket tip porter official | police (official) (town) policeman police-court commissary of police concierge cab (driver with car riage or sledge) chauffeur carriage motor-car 44 TEAVEL TaKcaMeTpa/. KOHTOpa/. AeHBrn/. pi. paaMtat ^eHert m. Cfla^a/. MeJIOHH/. p&. py6jib m. i^'fejiKOBtifi m. adj. nojiTHHa /. AByrpHBeHHHKt m. rpHBeHHHK'B ra. KoniiiKa/. 6yMa>KKa /. no , B3A , B (-a) m. Q??.) BaroHB m. KJiaccB m. Kyn6 n. indecl. OT/vBJieHie n . KopimopB m. KOH ( a,yKTOp r b ra. y66pHan/. adj. OToimeme n. ocB'Bm^Hie n. cnsuiBHBifi BaroHT> ra. nocTejiB /. BaroHB-pecTopaHB m njiaT$6pMa /. 6ara>K'B ra. rapaepoS'B m. Kacca/. KBHTSLHI^ifl /. kjiiotb ra. ffopora/. jKejitaHafl R. /. nyTB m. TpaMBaii ra. KOJiecb n. BemB /. taksamy6 a tra kantora dy#ngi razmye a n dye^yek sdacha mye a lachi rubl' (rup) ts(y)elkovy paltyina dvugrivenyik grivenyik kapy^ika bumashka poyezd, payezda vagon klass kup(y)6 atdyelyeiniye karidor kandiiktar ubornaya ataply&niye asvyeshch^niye spaU'ny pastyeU' restaran platforma bagazh garderop kasa kvitantsiya klyuch daroga zhelye a znaya put' tramvai kalyeso vy&shch taxi office money moneychanger 's change (from coin) small change rouble rouble (colloq.) J rouble 20 kopeks 10 kopeks kopek ( =\d.) note train(s) railway- carriage class ' compartment corridor guard toilet heating lighting sleeping-car bedding dining-car platform luggage cloak-room ticket-office receipt key road railroad (lit. iron) way, means tram wheel TEAVEL 45 iVBHa/. ts(y)ena price c^ert m. schot bill HT6n» m. itok total H6Mepi> (-a) m. (pi.) nom(y)er number (e. g. of room, ticket, or news- paper) ,of ten =roora B"BCb m. vye a s weight yHTb m. funt pound (weight) nyflb m. put pud, 40 Russian lbs. BepCTa /. v(y)ersta verst, % of a mile ca>KeHb /. sazhen' fathom §yrb m. fut foot (measure) Hanajio r&. nachala beginning cepe^HHa/. seredyina middle KOHei^t m. kanye a ts end 36jioto w. zolata gold cepe6p6 w. serebro silver Mtflb/. my^t' copper jKejifeo w. zhelye a za iron CTajib /. staU' steel npncTaHb /. pristan' landing-stage KynajibHfl/. kupa^'nya bathing place napoxo^b m. parakhot steamer jioflKa/. lotka rowing boat KaioTa /. kayuta cabin nany6a/. paluba deck Mope n. morye sea 63epo w. 6z(y)era lake pfea/. r(y)eka river ocTpoBb (-a) m. (jj|.) ostraf, astrava island(s) ropa/., ropbi^. gara, gory hill(s), mountain(s) jTECb (-a) m. (#Z.) lye a s, lyesa forest(s) none n. polye field, open country jiyrb m. luk meadow CTenb /. stye^p' steppe 6epen> (-a) m. (#Z.) b(y)e*rek shore(s), bank(s) 3ajiHBb m. zalyif gulf bhat> m vit view 46 TEAVEL ropoAt (-a) m. (pi.) gorat town(s) CTOJIHIja/. stalyitsa capital M^CTO n. mye a sta place (cf. pp. 67, 112) Kpaii m. krai region CTpaHa/. strana country ry66pHm/. 66jiacTb/. gutyy^rniya oblast' I province y^Ri* m. uy6 a zd district CTopoHa/. starana side Hapoffi. m. narot people cejio w. s(y)elo village «ep6BHfl/. dyer(y)6 i vnya hamlet, ' the country ' HMtaie w. imy^niye property Tejierpa$t m. tyelyegraf telegraph office Tejie$6Hi> m. tyelyefon telephone TejierpaMMa/. tyelyegramma telegram HHCBM6 n. pis' mo letter ft'EJIO %. dy6 a la business, affair paCtora/. rabota work cji^naii w. sluchai incident o6itaaft m. abychai custom (sc. habit) CHAPTER 12 VOCABULARY Time, weather, &C. Bp6MH v^yj^mya time nopa/. para (it is) time pa3i> m. ras a time roAT> m. got year m-echu.'b m. my^syats month, moon HeA'BJifl/. nyedye^ya week jifiKb m. dye^n' day CyTKH/. pi. siitki 24 hours HOHb W. noich' night TIME AND WEATHEE 47 #Tpo n. utra morning B^nepB m. v(y)6 i cher evening 3apn/. zarya damn qacB m. chas hour nacH m. pi. chas^ watch, clock (and hours) Mirny Ta/. miniita minute HHBapb m. yanvaV January $eBpajii> m. fevra 1 !' February MapTt m. mart March anp-BjiB m % apr(y)&Y April Mafi m. mai May iioHB m. iyun' June iiojiB ra. iyiil' July aBrycTt m. avgust August ceHTHGpB m. s(y)entya i br' September OKTH6pB m. aktya^r' October HOH6pB m. naya^r' November AeKa6pB m. dyeka^br' December BocKpec^HBe w. vaskres(y)6 i nye Sunday nOHefl'EJIBHHK'B m. panyedy^lnik Monday BT6pHHKt m. ftornyik Tuesday cpefla/. sreda Wednesday qeTB^prt m. chetvfyj^rk Thursday nHTHHD;a/. pyatnyitsa Friday cy666Ta/. subota Saturday npa3AHHKi> m. prazdnyik holiday, festival BecHa/. v(y)esna spring JITJTO %. ly6 a ta summer (and year) 6ceHb/. 6s(y)en' autumn 3HM8L/. zima winter nor6Aa/. pagoda weattier Sokab m. d6 J zhd' rain ch-efb m. sny6 a k snow Mop63t m. maros frost OTTenejiB/. ottyepel' thaw CJIHKOTB /. slyakat' slush rpH3B/. gryaV mud nHJiB/. pyi' dust 48 TIME AND WEATHEE B^Tept m. TyMaHt m. c6jiHD;e n. jiyHa/. 33^3^31 (pi. 3ffH) /. CB'BT'L m. Mipt m. 3eMJiH /. TeMHOTa /. He6o n. 66jiaKo n. Tyqa /. v(y)e ! tyer wind tuman fog sontse (ji is mute) sun luna moon 3B^- zv(y)ezda, zvyozdy star(s) svye a t mir zemlya tyemnata nye a ba oblaka tiicha light, world world, community earth darkness sky, heaven cloud CHAPTER 13 VOCABULARY Points of the compass and names of countries, nationalities, towns, rivers and personal names C'EBep'b s(y)6 i ver North iofb yuk South BOCTOK-B vastok East 3anaAt zapat West CBBepHBlft s (y)e ivern y Northern K»KHLlft yiizhny Southern BOCTOHHHfi vastochny Eastern sanaAHHH zapadny Western IjeHTpaJILHBlft tsentra^'ny Central EBpona yevropa Europe A3iH aziya Asia A^pHKa afrika Africa ABCTpaJiifl afstraliya Australia AMepHKa amjyj^rika America GEOGKAPHY AND NOMENCLATUEE 49 ABCTpiH afstriya Austria AHrjiifl angliya England B^Jibrin b(y)#lgiya Belgium BojirapiH balgariya Bulgaria B^Hrpia vCy^ngriya Hungary TepMamH g(y)ermaniya Germany ToJiJiaHfliH galandiya Holland Tpei^ifl gr(y)e i tsiya Greece ^aHifl daniya Denmark HpjiaHAiH irlandiya Ireland HcnamH ispaniya Spain MTaJiiH italiya Italy Kjrraft kitai China HopB^ria narvfyj^giya Norway Pocci'h rassiya Russia PyMtmiH rumyniya Roumania C6p6in s(y)6 i rbiya Serbia CoeAHHeHHbie IIlTaTt [ sayedyinyony-yeshtaty United States Typ^H turtsiya Turkey OHHJIliHAifl finlyandiya Finland Opamjia frantsiya France HepHoropiH chernagoriya Montenegro niBeftn,apifl shveitsariya Switzerland IIlB6D;ifl shv(y)e i tsiya Sweden IIIoTjiaHAifl shatlandiya Scotland flnomH yaponiya Japan MASC. FEM. aBCTpien;!* aBCTpifiKa Austrian aMepHKaHe^ aMepHKaHKa American aHrJIHHaHHHT> aHrjiHHaHKa Englishman, -woman apMHHHH'B apMHHKa Armenian 6em>rieixb 6ejibriiiKa Belgian 6ojirapHH , b SojirapKa Bulgarian BeHrSpeD^ BeHr^pna Hungarian rpeKi> rpeHSiHKa Greek rpy3HHe^ rpy3HHKa Georgian 1809 E 50 GEOGEAPHY AND NOMENOLATUEE rojuiaHfleij'B rojuiaHflKa Dutchman ftaTHaHHHt ffaTHaHKa Dane eBp^tt eBp6fiKa Jew HpjISLH^ei^'B npjiaH^Ka Irishman HcnaHei^i> HcnaHKa Spaniard HTajibflHei^T. HTaJIBHHKa Italian KHTaei^t KHT8lflHKa Chinaman HopB6>Keij; r i> HOpB6>KKa Norwegian H-BMei^t H'EMKa German nOJIHKt nojibKa Pole pyccmtt (adj.) pyccKan (adj.) Russian cepS^ cep6iflHKa Serb TaTapHHT> TaTapna Tartar TypoKt TypnaHKa Turk $paHii;^3 r b $paHi^y?KeHKa Frenchman (JjHHJIHHfleiJ'B (jjHHJIHHftKa Finn qepHoropei^t qepHoropna Montenegrin nepK^ct nepK^cKa Circassian next q£uiKa Chekh, Bohemian niBefiijapeij'L niBeftijapKa Swiss niBeflt niB^Ka Swede inoTJiaHji;ei^t niOTjiaH^Ka Scot HnoHeDjt HnoHKa Japanese aHrjiHHaHe aBTJIHHaHKH \ H-BMI^H H-BMKH c6p6ti Cep6iHHKH $paHi^y3H (j)paHIli^>KeHKH pyccme (adj.) pyccKia (adj.) y PLURALS nOJIHKH nOJIBKH TypKH TypnaHKH eBp6n eBp^iiKH TaTapti TaTapKH j XpHCTi^HHHt s* . XpHCTiflHe Christian H3BIHHHK , b pi . H3BWHHKH heathen npaBocjiaBHHft pi . npaBocjiaBHBie Orthodox KaTOJIHKt pi . KaTOJIHKH Roman Catholic GEOGEAPHY AND NOMENCLATUEE 51 MASC. Towns, rivers, &c. BepjraiTB berlyin Berlin B-fejirpajTb b(y)elgrat Belgrade ( ZjH r fcnpT> dny6 a pr Dnieper KaBKa3t kafkas Caucasus KaM6pHAWb — Cambridge KieBt kiyef Kiev KpblMb krym Crimea JIOHflOHb — London HblO-IopKb — New York 6kc$opa , b — Oxford IlapHJK'L parizh Paris IleTporpajrb p(y)etragrat Petrograd Phmt> rim Rome PoCTOBb rastof Rostov XapBKOBB ha^rkaf Harkov GeBacTonojib sevastopal' Sebastopol HpocjiaBJiB yaraslavP Yaroslav FEM. AeHHLI pi. afiny Athens BapuiaBa varshava Warsaw B6jira volga Volga B£Ha vy6 a na Vienna MocKBa maskva Moscow HeBa nyeva Neva OA^cca ady6 a sa Odessa Pnra riga Riga T6M3a ty6 a mza Thames HjiTa yalta Yalta AcTpaxaHB astrakhan' Astrakhan Ka38LHb kazain' Kazan 06l oip' Obi Pfl38LHb ryazain' Ryazan Gn6Hpb sibir' Siberia TBepb tv(y)£ir' E2 Tver 52 GEOGEAPHY AND NOMENCLATUEE Christian Names AjieKcaH,o;pT> alyeksandr Alexander AjieKcfeii alyeksyei Alexis BacHJiiit vasilyi Basil BjiaAHMipt vladyimir Vladimir Teoprift g(y)eorgi , Er6pi» yegor • George K)piH yuri MBaHi> ivan John MnxaHJi-L mikhayil Michael HHKOJiaft nyikalai Nicholas IlaBeji-B pav(y)el Paul IleTpT, pyotr Peter CeprM s(y)ergyei Sergius GeAopt fyodar Theodore (For the diminutives of these names cf . p. 33.) AjieKcaHApa alyeksandra Alexandra AHHa anna Anne EnaTepHHa yekatyerina Catherine EjieHa yelye a na Helen EjiH3aBeTa yelyizavyeHa Elizabeth Mapifl mariya Mary G6$ifl sofiya Sophia TaTiaHa tatiyana Tatiana And the very common diminutives : AHKvra anyuta Anne KaTH katya Catherine JleHOHKa lye a nachka Helen JlH3a lyiza Elizabeth Mania masha Mary GameHbKa sashenka Alexandra G6hh sonya Sophia TaHH tanya Tatiana GEOGEAPHY AND NOMENCLATURE 53 AjieKCaHflpOBHTB AjieKcteBHTB BacHJiieBHHt BjiaAHMipOBHHt TeoprieBHH'b or EropoBHTL or lOpteBH^t Hbsihobh^'b or HBaHtwb MHXaHJIOBHTB or MnxafijiLiHt HnKOJiaeBHHt or HnKOJiaHHt naBJIOBHHT> neTpOBHHt Cepr-feeBHHt or Ceprinqt GeAOpOBHH'B AjieKcaHApoBHa AjieKCBeBHa BacHJiieBHa BjiaAHMipoBHa TeoprieBHa, &c. HBaHOBHa MaxaftjioBHa HnKOJiaeBHa IlaBJioBHa IleTpoBHa CeprfeeBHa GeaopoBHa Patronymic alyeksandravich alyeksy6yevich vasiliyevich vladyimiravich g(y)eorgiyevich yegoravich yuriyevich ivanavich ivanych mikhayilavich mikhailych nyikalayevich nyikalayich pavlavich petrovioh s(y)ergyeyevich s(y)ergy6yich fyodaravich Alexanders son Alexis"* son BasiVs son Vladimir's son ' George's son John's son Michael's son Nicholas' son Paul's son Peter's son Sergius' son Theodore's son Alexander's daughter Alexis' daughter Basil's daughter Vladimir's daughter George's daughter John's daughter Michael's daughter Nicholas' daughter Paul's daughter Peter's daughter Sergius' daughter Theodore's daughter In ordinarily rapid speech the patronymics both masc. and fern, are always curtailed, the syllable -ob-, -eB- being usually inaudible except when accented, as IleTpoBHTB. 54 GEOGEAPHY AND NOMENCLATIVE Surnames MASC. JlepMOHTOBt lye a rmantaf Lermontov CoJIOBbeB'L salavyof Solovev TypreHeBt turg(y)einyef Turgenev ITyniKHHt pushkin FEM. Pushkin IlaBjioBa pavlova Pdvlova Apc^HteBa ars(y)6 i nyeva Arseneva KapcaBHHa karsavina Karsdvina Note on the use of personal names in Russian Eussians possess three names : 1. The Christian name (hmji, neut). 2. The Patronymic (oraecTBo). 3. The Surname (^aMHJiia). • The patronymic always varies according to gender, and in almost all cases the surname does also. If a man's name is HBam, his father's name IIeTpi>, and his surname ApceHbeBt, then his full name will be : HBain> IleTpoBiFrB ApceHbeBi.. If his wife's name is Aima, and her father's name was naBejit, her name will be : Aima IlaBJioBHa ApceHteBa. Together they are ApceHteBH. Their son will be HBaHOBHTb, e.g. : Cepr^ii HBaHOBHTB ApceHteBt, and their daughter HBaHOBHa, e.g. : Mapia HBaHOBHa ApceHteBa. Eussians call each other, unless they are relations or intimate friends, by the Christian name and the patro- nymic. 55 CHAPTER 14 THE NOMINATIVE Pronouns All the essential pronouns are given in the following list, in the nominative singular and nominative plural, with the pronunciation : a ya =1 th ty =ihou owl on =he oho mo=it OHa ana=s/ie mbi my =we bh vy = you ohh anyi = ihey (masc. and neut.) ori any q= they (fern.) SINGULAR Masc. moh moi Neut. Moe mayo Fern. moh maya Masc. tboh tvoi Neut. TBoe tvayo Fern. TBoa tvaya i PLURAL moh mayi =my ■ tboh tvayi =thy Masc. Hann> nash ) Neut. Hauie nashe Y Hamn nashy = our Fern. Haina nasha J 56 NOMINATIVE OF PEONOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL b. Banrt vash | Neut. Bame vashe [ Banra vashy =your Fern. Baina vasha J Masc. CBoii svoi ) Neut. CBoe svayo Fern. CBoa svaya cboh svay 1 = one s own ] Masc. Fern. kto khto= who (can be used for either singular or plural) Neut. hto $hto = what SINGULAR Masc. *iefi chei Neut. qte chyo Fern. qi>a chya Masc. o^nm adyin PLURAL «n>H chyi Neut. oaho adno}°«™ ^ Fern. o^Ha adna oj^i adnye --whose ( one alone only some Masc. caMt sam Neut. caMo samo Fern. caMa sama caMH sami (self 1 This pronoun is always used with reference to the subject of the sentence ; it may mean my own, thy own, his own, her own, our own, your own, or their own ; for the ordinary words for his, her, and their see p. 105. NOMINATIVE OF PEONOUNS 57 SINGULAR Masc. 3toti> e !, tot Neut. 3to e a ta Fern. 9Ta e a ta PLURAL Masc. toti> Neut. to Fern. Ta Masc. Becb Neut. Bee x Fern, bch tot to ta vy^s fsyo fsya 3th e^yi = Ti tye bc£ fsye this, or that these, or those the latter that yonder those yonder the former the whole all CHAPTER 15 VOCABULARY OF WORDS DENOTING MALE AND FEMALE BEINGS - father OTeu> atye a ts SaTiomKa 2 batyushka nana, nanaina MaTb maV MaTymna matushka Mii-Ma, MaMama mother OTen> and MaTb are the formal words for father and mother ; they are used in literature, in narration, and in conversation by younger people to older. 1 This word is very often used adverbially with the meaning continually, nothing but, keeps on. . . . 2 The plurals 6aTK)inKH and MaTyuiKH are only used as exclama- tions of intense surprise or horror 58 MALE AND FEMALE DESIGNATIONS BaTiomKa and MaTynnca are used by older people to younger, in addressing peasants and people of the working class, and by these latter in addressing educated people ; the former is also used in addressing priests. The four last names are those most used by children of and to their parents and by grown-up strangers to children of their parents. poAHTejin ^AyniKa 6a6yinKa radyityelyi dye a t dye a dushka babushka parents grandfather grandmother son daughter cuwb syn chhoicl (dim.) synok ;o.o*n> do^ch' flOHKa (dim.) dochka ^o^Ka is much more frequently used than chhokt> ; AOTOa is the ordinary word for daughter, and chitb for son. grandson granddaughter brother sister uncle aunt child children child children BHyK'L BHy^eKt (dim.) BHy^Ka vnuk vniichek vniichka SpaTb cecTpa brat s(y)estra A^AH TeTH dyadya tyotya pe6eH0K r L pe6aia dyitya dy#tyi rebyonak rebyata MALE AND FEMALE DESIGNATIONS 59 In ordinary conversation peSeHorcb and flfoH are most often used for child and children ; flirra is common in literature ; pe6aTa is very commonly used in the non- literal sense, as * boys ' in English, e.g. amongst soldiers. J\m& is always neuter and pe6eHorcb always masculine whatever the sex of the child. MyacL cynpyra jKeHa cynpyra muzh supriik zhena supruga husband . wife Cynpyrt and cynpyra are the terms of polite reference most often used amongst friends and acquaintances after the pronoun your; My^Kt and 5KeHa are those used amongst relations, and otherwise always when referring to people not actually present. JKeHHXt HeB^CTa TOBapHH^ zhenyikh nyevye a sta druk tavarishch fiance fiancee friend (masc. or fern.) companion (masc.) ^pypb can refer to either sex ; there is a word no^pyra for female friend, but it means rather a girl-companion ; if a specifically male or female friend is indicated the following words must be used : npiaxejib priyatyeP friend (masc.) npiaTeJibHHij.a priyatyelnyitsa friend (fern.) 60 MALE AND FEMALE DESIGNATIONS ywrejib uchityel' teacher (masc.) yTOTejibHHija uchltyelnyitsa teacher (fern.) yqeHHKb uchenyik pupil (masc.) yieHHija uchenyitsa pupil (fern.) rocnoAHHt gaspadyin Mr., gentleman rocnoaca gaspazha Mrs., Miss AaMa dama lady rocnofla pi. gaspada Messrs. or Mr. and Mrs. 6apHHi> barin the gentleman, themaster GapuHH barynya the lady, the mistress 6apLimHa baryshnya the young lady cjiyra sluga male servant npncjiyra prisluga female servant ropmraHaa adj. gornyichnaya maid X03HHin> (k)hazyayin host, master xo3aHKa (k)hazyaika hostess, mistress xo3aeBa pi. (k)hazyayeva host and hostess nont 1 pop priest nonaAta x papadya priest's wife u;apb tsa/r' tsar ijapnija tsaritsa tsaritsa u,ecapeBH*n> tsesar(y)evich tsesarevich (eldest son, Crown Prince) u.apeBnq'b tsar(y)evich tsarevich (any other son of Tsar) 1 More respectfully : CBHmeHHHKt (svyashchenyik) and ?KeHa CBHmeHHHKa. MALE AND FEMALE DESIGNATIONS 61 TocyflapB 1 TocynapHHa x gasud&r' gasudarynya the Sovereign, the Tsar the Sovereign, the Tsar- itsa HMnepaTopt HMiiepaTpHija HacjrfeflHHK'b imperator imperatritsa nasly^dnyik the Emperor the Empress the Heir-Apparent KOpOJIB KopojieBa kar6T karalye a va king queen KHH3B KHarHHH KHHJKHa knyaV knyaghinya knyazhna Prince Princess (wife) Princess (daughter) BeJiHKin Khh3b BejiHKaa KirarHira velyiki k. velyikaya k. Grand Duke Grand Duchess rpa^t rpa$HHa graf grafinya Count Countess MaJIB^HK'L maTchik boy napeHB leJIOBilCB CTapHKt paren' chelavye a k starik lad man old man ^BO^Ka ^BymKa ftfeinja jKemijHHa CTapyxa dye a vachka dye a vushka dyevitsa zhenshchina stariikha little girl (till about 13) girl (from 13 till about 25) spinster woman old woman 1 cyflapb and cyflapHHH are the old words for Sir and Madam. 62 MALE AND FEMALE DESIGNATIONS HejiOBircB is the ordinary word for man, but its real meaning is human being, and thus it can also be used with reference to women, e.g. : OHa HeC^aCTHblH ^eJIOB'ljK'L she is an unfortunate person. The plural of lejiOBiic^ is jiio^h, which includes both men and women. HejiOB^Kt is also used for waiter. JKeHmHHa is the ordinary word for woman. Mymiraa (also spelt MyjKTOHa) is the specific word for man as opposed to woman. MysKHKt = a male peasant, 6a6a = a female peasant. Ea6i>i is colloquially used for womenfolk. Other equally common and rather more respectful terms for the peasants are : KpecTbamnrb = peasant man KpecTtaHKa = peasant woman KpecTtaHe ^peasants. CHAPTER 16 EXAMPLES OF PRONOUNS USED IN AGREEMENT WITH NOUNS moh OTeii,^ = my father moh MaTL =my mother moh poflHTejiH =my parents Bann> 6aTioniKa =your father Bama MaTyuiKa =your mother Banra a^th =your children PEONOUNS WITH SUBSTANTIVES 63 Hann> CHHTb Hama ftoiKa HamH ^4th tboii 6paTt tboh cedpa = our son = our daughter = our children = thy brother =thy sister tboh poflHT&JiH =thy parents Obs. tboh: is used in the same way as th : cf. p. 17. N.B. The words moh and tboh are diphthongs pro- nounced moi and tvoi ; the words moh and tboh are each of two syllables and are pronounced ma-yi, tva-yi. KaKT> BamH poftHTejiH ? OHH 3^6pOBLI KaKT> Bann> 6pan> ? OHT> SftOpOBT. KaKT» Baina ^o^Ka ? OHa 3AopoBa KaKT. TBOH ^TH ? OHH 60JIBHBI KaKT. TBOH CLIHT. ? OHT» 66jieH r b KaK^b TBOH ftOTOa ? OHa SojitHa Mot ^i^yniKa o^eHt 66jiem> moh 6a6ymKa o^eHB 6ojn>Ha Bann> SaTiomKa He3ia,op6BT> ? Bama MaTynnca He3^op6Ba ? tboh nana ^OB6jieHT> ? TBOH MaMa flOBOJIBHa ? = how are your parents ? = they are well =how is your brother ? = he is well = how is your daughter ? = she is well = how are thy children ? = they are ill = how is thy son? = he is ill =how is thy daughter ? = she is ill = my grandfather is very ill = my grandmother is very ill =is your father unwell ? =is your mother unwell ? = is thy father pleased ? = is thy mother pleased ? moh poftHTe;jiH oieHb flOBOJiBHH =my parents are very much pleased 64 PEONOUNS WITH SUBSTANTIVES BamH fliTH OHeHB CiaCTJIHBH tboh po^HTejiH 6*ieHB He;n;oB6- JEbHH moh ^aji;a qj^cb moh TeTa T&wb 17$ BamH poflirrejEH ? MOH po^HTejin flOMa BOT'L HamH ^TH BOTT> MOH CUWb botl Moa floiKa BOTT> MOH 5KeHHXt BOT'L Moa HeB'fecTa 17$ Bamt cynpyrL ? MOH MySKL TyTT> r^i Bama cynpyra ? Moa 5KeHa ROMa 9TO MOH BHyK^ 8to Moa BHy^Ka 9T0 MOH JI,4tH iyv£ Bamt rowl ? rp$ flOMT* ? BOTT> flOML BOTh Hamt ROM'S 9T0 Barnt ROWb ? ;n;a, 3T0 moh ROMh H^TB, 8T0 He MOH ROM'S KaKt Bdinrh aspect ? Bort Moft aspect =your children are very happy = thy parents are much annoyed = my uncle is here =my aunt is there = where are your parents ? =my parents are at home =here are our children = here is my son =here is my daughter =here is my fiance = here is my fiancee = where is your husband ? = my husband is here = where is your wife f =my wife is at home = this is my grandson =*this is my granddaughter = these are my children = where is your house ? = where is the house ? = there is (here is) the house = there is (here is) our house =is this your house ? =yes, that is my house =no, that is not my house =what (lit. how) is your address ? =this is my address PEONOUNS WITH SUBSTANTIVES 65 Moe M^CTO TBOe M^CTO Haine HM^Hie Baine m4cto HamH MicTa BamH MicTa Beet ropoflt Bca yjraija Bca KBapTiipa BCH flepeBHH Bee cejio Bee nojie BCfe H3BOmHKH Bcfe AOMa bc6 ropofla BCfe yJIHI],I>I BCi KBapTHpbl Bcfe ^epeBHH BCfe MiCTa bc6 ce^ia Bcfe nojia 3T0TI» fl.OM'L OTOTt ^eJIOBiKt 9T0TT> rocnoAHHt 9Ta JKeHHJHHa 9Ta flaMa BTa SapHinHa 3T0 M^CTO aTOT'B MaJIL^HKt 1809 =my place = £% pZace = our property = your place = our places = your places = Jfoe whole house = the whole town = the whole street = the whole flat = the whole hamlet = the whole village = the whole field = all the cabs = all the houses = all the towns = all the streets =-- all the flats = all the hamlets = all the places = all the villages = all the fields = this house = this man = this gentleman = this woman = this lady = this young lady = this place = this boy 66 PEONOUNS WITH SUBSTANTIVES 3TOTl> pe6eH0Ki> 9Ta A^ByniKa 3T0 flHTH 3TH flOMa 3TH ^TH 3TH M^CTd 3TH JIK)^H 3TH MaJIB^HKH 3TH K&BOttKH 3TH ^ByiHKH 3TH JKeHmHHBI stotb MymHHa 3TH MyiU,HHbI 3T0TI> MyaCHKt 3TH My^KHKH 3Ta 6a6a 3th 6a6bi 3th rocno^a 3TH ^aMBI 3th SaptimHH TOTt ROMS* Ta yjraija TO M^CTO stot'l ropoRt 3Ta KBaprapa 3T0 MicTO 3TH flOMa = this child = this little girl = this girl = this child = these houses = these children = these places = these people = these boys = tffeese Ziftfe girls = J/iese gw-Zs = these women = £/m man = these men = tfm peasant man = tffeese peasant men = this peasant woman = these peasant women = these gentlemen (or ladies and gentlemen) = these ladies = these young ladies = that house yonder (or that other) = that street yonder, that other street = that place yonder = this town = this flat = this place = these houses PEONOUNS WITH SUBSTANTIVES 67 t4 flOMa 3TH ^epeBHH t4 flepeBHH 3TH M^CTa T^ M^CTa Beci> 3tott> ;o;omt> Hami> BCt 3TH A^TH MOH bch Hama KBapTiipa OHH BCfe 3A0p0BBI BCe 3T0 M^CTO BO'S 3TH JIIORH 60JIBHH 3Ta KBapTHpa MOH sto Moa KBaprapa 3TH M^CTa Hainn 3T0 HaiHH M^CTa bott> Baina KOMHaTa 3T0 MOa KOMHaTa qeii 3T0tt> #omt> ? or 3to *ieii aomt* ? 3T0 MOft flOMt 3T0TT> #OMT> MOH hbh 3Ta KBapTiipa ? or sto qta KBaprapa ? Hbe 3TO M^CTO ? or 3T0 Hbe M^CTO ? = those houses yonder = #iese hamlets = tfiose otf&er hamlets = these places = #iose oJ/ier places = aZZ #ws Zio'wse is cwrs = all these children are mine = the whole of our flat = they are all well = the whole of this place = all these people are ill = this flat is mine = this is my flat = these places are ours = these are our places = this is your room = this is my room -- whose house is this ? = this is my house = this house is mine [ = ivhose flat is this ? j- = whose place is this ? Obs. m^cto never means property, but always a locality or a seat in the theatre, train, &c, also a piece of luggage. F2 68 PEONOUNS WITH SUBSTANTIVES 1BH 3TH fleHBrH ? Or 9T0 HBH fleHBrH ? 8to moh fleHBrn 9TH fleHBrH MOH BCfc HaiHH AGHBrH 3th ^eHBrn Hamn, a Ti BamH Bci 3th fleHBru BamH r^ ^eHBrn ? boti> fleHBrn = whose money is this ? = that is my money = that money is mine = all our money _ J this money is ours, and { that over there is yours = all this money is yours = where is the money ? = here is the money Obs. JJeHBrci is a feminine nominative plural ; the singular fleHBra is the name of a coin now obsolete. a caMt h caMa TBI CaMTb tbi caMa OHT, CaHTL (ma caMa m^cto caMo or caMo m^cto MBI CaMH BBI CaMH ohh caMH oh4 caMH a oahhb a o^Ha TBI OflHHT, ? TBI o^Ha ? OHB OflHHT* = 1 myself (masc.) = I myself (fern.) = thou thyself (masc.) = thou thyself (fern.) = he himself = she herself r =the place itself (neut.) = we ourselves (masc. and fern.) = you yourselves (masc. and fern.) = they themselves (masc. and neut.) = they themselves (fern.) = 1 am alone (masc.) = J am alone (fern.) = art thou alone t (masc.) = art thou alone ? (fern.) = he is alone PEONOUNS WITH SUBSTANTIVES OHa oflHa MH OftHH Bbl OflHH ? OHH OflHH BLI OAHi ? = s/&e 15 atone = we are alone (masc. masc. and fern.) = are you alone ? = they are alone = are you alone t (fern.) = they are alone (fern.) 69 or Obs. In all these cases o^hhi,, &c, can also mean only : -- 1 alone, only I or oflHHfc a OftHH MaJIbTOKH MaJIbHHKH OflHH A^BOHKH OAH^ OAHHt leJIOBiKl. oflHa sKeHnjiraa OftHO M^CTO oahh jho^h oahh M^CTa OflHITL HeMOflaHfc oahhi. py6jn> o^Ha JiouiaAb o^Ha KoniiiKa OAHa KOMHaTa = only toys, some boys = only girls, some girls = the boys are alone = the little girls are alone = (1) one man (2) a certain man = (1) one woman (2) a certain woman = (1) one place (2) a certain place = some people = some places = one trunk = one day = one rouble = one horse = one kopek = one room 70 PEONOUNS WITH SUBSTANTIVES OflHa KpOBaTb OflHO h6jioko OflHO CJIOBO OflHO okh6 = one bed = one apple = one word = one window CHAPTER 17 THE NOMINATIVE Adjectives Examples of all the essential forms of adjectives are given in the following list in the nominative singular and plural : Hard Plural beautiful krasivy krasivoye krasivaya Soft dark blue Singular MaSC. KpaCHBBIH Neut. KpaeHBoe 1 Fern. KpaciiBaa KpacHBbie KpaCHBBIH krasivy-ye 2 krasivy-ya 2 CIIHlfl Masc. dimit sinyi craie Neut. ciiHee sinyeye Fern. chhhji sinyaya Hard accent on termination young Masc. MOJiofloft maladoi mojioabic Neut. mxom maladoye ) fllia Fern. MOJiOAaa maladaya j 1 This -oe sounds in rapid speech like -oft or -bi. 2 In rapid speech the -ye and -ya of the plural termina- tions are indistinguishable. smyiye 2 sinyiya 2 malady-ye 2 malady-ya 2 NOMINATIVE OP ADJECTIVES Stem in k r x Singular Plural high, tall Masc. bbicoiuh vysoki BBicome Neut. BbicoKoe l vysokoye Fern. BticoKaa vysokaya 71 • BBICOK1H vysokiye 2 vysokiya 2 Masc. floporoft Neut. floporoe Fern. floporaa Same, with accent on termination dear daragoi floporie daragiye 2 • floporia daragiya 2 daragoye daragaya Stem in jk h in m good, nice (k)haroshy xopoinie (k)haroshy-ye 2 2 Masc. xoponiift Neut. xopoinee 3 (k)harosheye ) t-, , \ C . * \ xopoima (k)haroshy-ya Fern, xoponiaa (k)harosnaya J v } J J Same, with accent on termination big Masc. 6ojiBinoH bal'shoi 6ojiBinie bal'shy-ye 2 Neut. 6oJii>in6e bal'shoye Fern. 6ojn>maa bal'shaya 60 Jibinia bal 'shy-ya 2 1 This -oe sounds in rapid speech like -oft or -h. 2 In rapid speech the -ye and -ya of the plural termina- tions are indistinguisable. 3 This -ee sounds in rapid speech like -e. 72 CHAPTER 18 EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVES USED IN AGREEMENT WITH NOUNS KpaCHBHH flOM'b KpacHBoe M^CTO KpaciiBaa KBaprapa KpacHBLie ftOMa KpaciiBLia MicTa KpaCHBBIH KapTHHH CHHifi KOCTIOMI* ciiHee njiaTbe CHHaa KHHra MOJIOflOH tieJIOBiKL MOJio^oe flepeBO MOJioflaa ftfayniKa MOJIOftLie jiioah mojio^hh flepeBba mojioahh ftfeymKH BLICOKill ROWb BLicoKoe ^epeBO BLicoKaa ropa Bbicome ji,OMa BLicoKia flepeBba BblCOKia H.'liHbl ^oporoii MarasHH-b Roporoe H3,n,aHie jjoporaa KHHra a (or the) beautiful house a beautiful place a beautiful flat (the) beautiful houses beautiful places beautiful pictures a dark blue suit a dark blue dress a blue book a young man a young tree a young girl young people young trees young girls a tall house a tall tree a high hill (or mountain) tall houses tall trees high prices an expensive shop an expensive edition an expensive book ADJECTIVES WITH SUBSTANTIVES 73 floporie 6nJieTH expensive tickets jnoporia Mida expensive places ;n;oporia BemH expensive things xoponiiii MarasHH-L a good shop xopomift pedopaHt a good restaurant xopoiniii fteHb a nice day xppoinee Macjio good butter xoponiee iihbo good beer xopoinee bhho good wine xopoinaa KBapTiipa a nice flat xopomaa KOMHaTa a nice room xopoinaa noro/ja nice weather BoJibinoH ropofl'b a large town 6oJn>in6e ce^io a large village 6ojibinaa AepeBHH a large hamlet Sojibinfe ropo.ua large towns 6ojiBmia cejia large villages Sojibmia KOMHaTbi large rooms CHAPTER 19 VOCABULARY Adjectives denoting size, shape, position 6ojilui6h bal'shoi big, large Gojibiuiii boU'shy bigger, larger BejiHKitt velyiki great orpoMHutt agromny huge rpoMaflHbitt gramadny enormous He6ojibiii6tt nyebal'shoi small 74 ADJECTIVES OF SIZE AND SHAPE MaJieHLKift x malyenki little MeHBIIlift mjyj^nshy smaller KpyrjiBiii kriigly round KBaApaTHtiit kvadratny square iHJIHHHBIH dlyinny long (of objects) AOJiriM dolgi long (of time) KOpOTKM karotki short (of both) IIIHpOKM shyroki broad y3Kiii uski narrow rjiy66KiH gluboki deep MejiKiii 2 mye a lki shallow TOJICTBIH tolsty thick (only of solids) TOHKift tonki thin (only of solids) noJiHBiii polny full, fat (of people) xysoii (k)hudoi thin (of people) nycToft pustoi empty rycToft gustoi thick (of liquids, hair, &c.) p-fe^Kiit rye a tki sparse, rare JKHAHift zhytki thin (of liquids) BBICOKift vysoki tall, high HH3Kitt nyiski low Bepxmft v(y)e i rkhnyi upper cpeffHiii sr(y)e j dnyi middle HHH^Hifi nyizhnyi lower pOBHBlfi rovny even JI-feBBlfi lye a vy left npaBBitt pravy right 3aAHift zadnyi back nepeAHitt per(y)e i dnyi front cji'kayiomni slye a duyushchi next, the following nocjrfeflHiii paslyeMnyi last TaMOUIHitt tamoshnyi belonging there QR-fcumift zdye'shnyi belonging here M-feCTHBlft mye a stny local 1 MajiBiii = small is seldom used. 2 Also = fine (of print), petty, small (e.g. money). 75 CHAPTER 20 VOCABULARY Adjectives denoting appearance, quality xopouiift (k)haroshy nice, good xopoiuenLKift (k)haroshenki pretty KpaCHBLlft krasivy beautiful npeKpacHHft prekrasny fine, very beautiful npejiecTHbiii prelye a stny charming, exquisite HyAHLiii chudny marvellous OTJiii^HBiii atlyichny [ excellent npeBOCXOAHLIH prevaskhodny BeJIHKOJTBIIHHH velyikalye a pny magnificent yAHBHTeJIbHHtt udyivityelny astonishing npiHTHbiii priyatny pleasant JIK)6e3HbIH lyubye a zny amiable #66pbift dobry kind MHJIblH mily nice, dear CHMnaTHqHHM simpatyichny sympathetic Becejibifi vesyoly merry 3a6aBHLifi zabavny amusing HHTepeCHblft BaHHTHbIM intyer(y)e a sny zanyatny I interesting npHBJieKaTeJibHbiii privlyekatyelny attractive BKycHbiii fkiisny nice (to taste) Hexopouihi nyekharoshy not nice HeKpacHBbiii nyekrasivy ugly njiox6tt plakhoi poor, bad, miserable CKBepHblft skvye a rny horrid, nasty napniHBHtt parshyvy rotten flpHHHOH dryannoi worthless HenpiflTHbitt nyepriyatny unpleasant flypHOtt durnoi bad, wicked SJIOtt zloi malicious 76 ADJECTIVES OF APPEAEANCE AND QUALITY rpycTHLiii griistny sad CKyHHBltt skfichny tedious, boring HenHTepecHbift ny einty er(y ) e a sny uninteresting onacHtifi apasny dangerous CTpaniHtiH strashny terrible y>KacHLitt uzhasny awful npOTHBHHft pratyivny disgusting Heo6xoAHMtift nyeapkhadyimy essential jraiiraift lyishnyi extra, superfluous 06BIKH0BeHHBIH abyknavy6nny usual Heo6BIKHOBeHHBltt nyeabyknavyenny unusual oc66eHHBiii asob(y)enny especial 66miii opshchi general rOTOBBIH gatovy ready TpyflHBIH triidny difficult THJKeJIBlfi tyazholy heavy jierKift lyokhki light, easy npocToii prastoi simple CJIO>KHBIM slozhny complex IipHMOH pryamoi direct, straight Aoporoii daragoi dear, expensive AeineBBitt dyeshovy cheap HHCTBltt chisty clean rpfl3HBIH gryazny dirty 6oraTBiit bagaty rich S'feAHBlit byedny poor CHaCTJIHBBIM schastlyivy hippy HecnacTHBiii nyeschastny unhappy y^oSHBifi udobny convenient, comfort able HeyAo6HBitt nyeudobny inconvenient, uncom- fortable 3«Op6BBltt zdarovy healthy 60JIBHOH bal'noi sick CBO 66 flHBlft svabodny free cjrfenoft slyepoi blind rjiyxoit glukhoi deaf H^MOfi nyemoi dumb ADJECTIVES OF APPEAEANCE AND QUALITY 77 CJiJIbHBltt sil'ny strong (physically and figuratively) KpinKift krye a pki strong (of drinks, health), firm TBepflHii tvyordy hard, firm CJiaoHft slaby weak MnrKift myakhki soft rjiaflirift glatki smooth rpyStiii griiby rough, coarse^ rude cjiaflirift slatki sweet KHCJIBlft kisly sour ropbKitt goVki bitter CB'EJKift svye a zhy fresh cnijiMH spye a ly ripe ropflniii garyaehi hot (of objects) jKapiriii zharki hot (of temperature) TenjiHH tyoply warm npoxjiaAHbiH prakhladny cool xojioahhh (k)halodny cold CKoptiii skory rapid uiH6Kiii shypki quick 6tICTpHft bystry swift THXift tyikhi quiet, slow MeflJieHHBlft myeidlyenny slow MOKpBlft mokry wet CBip6ft syroi damp, raw cyxoii sukhoi CHAPTER 21 VOCABULARY dry Adjectives denoting colour and age CB'ETjibifi svyeHly light TeMHBift tyomny dark nepHbiM chorny black KopHHHeBBiii karichnyevy brown 78 ADJECTIVES OF COLOUK AND AGE cfepHii sy6 a ry grey 6ijiuA by6 a ly white KpaCHHtt krasny red 3ejieHHH zelyony green >KejiTLiii zholty yellow CHHitt sinyi dark blue rojiy66ft galiiboi light blue JIHJIOBBlft lyilovy lilac, mauve 6jrE#HBift blye a dny pale CM^TJIBlft smugly dark (of complexion) pikmiPi ryzhy red-haired pyctiH riisy flaxen-haired dtaoKyptiii byelakury fair-haired CE;n6ft syedoi gray-haired HCHLlfl yasny clear, plain nprnft yarki bright h6bbi# novy new MOJiofloft maladoi young CTaptiii stary old CTapHHHLlft starinny old-fashioned AP^BHitt dr(y)6 i vnyi ancient CTapinitt starshy elder MJia^uiiii mladshy younger nojKHJioii pazhyloi elderly np6>KHift pr(y)e i zhnyi former npouiJiBiti proshly last, the previous 6yAymin budushchy the coming, next paHHift ranyi early no3Rmvi. pozdnyi late BeceHHiil v(y)esy6 i nnyi spring ji'BTHin ly^tnyi summer OC^HHitt asy^nnyi autumn 3HMHifi zimnyi winter yTpeHHiii utrennyi morning BeqSpmft vfyjech^rnyi evening Ten6peniHift tyep(y ) e^eshnyi of nowadays Tor^aniHitt taghdashnyi of those days 79 CHAPTER 22 VOCABULARY Adjectives denoting Nationality aBCTpiiiCKift afstriski Austrian aMepHKaHCKitt amerikanski American aHrjiiftCKifi anglyiski English GejibriftcKift belgiski Belgian 6ojirapcKitt balgarski Bulgarian BeHrSpcKift veng(y)6 a rski Hungarian rojiJiaHACKitl galantski Dutch rp^ecKift grtyj&cheski Greek ^.aTCKitt datski Danish HcnaHCKiii ispanski Spanish HTaJILflHCKiti italyanski Italian KHTSLHCKiii kitaiski Chinese H0pB6>KCKitt narv(y)6 a zhski Norwegian ITBMglJKift nyemy6 a tski German nojibCKitt poU'ski Polish pyMfc'lHCKiH rumfnski Roumanian pyccKifi riiski Russian, a Russian c6p6cmft s(y)6 a rpski Serbian TypSumft tur(y)e a tski Turkish (J)HHJIHHflCKifi finlyantski Finnish $paHi^^3CKiii frantstjski French HepHor6pcKift chernagorski Montenegrin qSniCKitt che a shski Chekh, Bohemian uiB^ACKiii shv(y)e a tski Swedish uiBeftuapcKitt shveitsarski Swiss nnoHCKitt yaponski Japanese N.B. the common adverbial expressions formed from these words, e. g. : no-pyccKH = in Russian &c. KaKt 3TO no-p^ccKH ? = what is that in Russian ? no-aHrjiiiicKH bto ... = in English that is . . . 80 ADJECTIVES OF NATIONALITY AND NAMES Surnames such as (rpa^t) TojiCToft talstoi (rpaKapK6e 2 =roast meat (course) >KHBOTHoe =animal 3HaKOMuti, -an = acquaintance 30JiOToii =10-rouble gold coin KJiaftOBaH * = store-room (Count) Tolstoi (Countess) Tolstdi Dostoyevski Chaikdvski = meat-course Ha6epe>KHafl =quay HacfeKOMoe =insect Mopo>KeHHoe =ice (to eat) noAAaHHBifi ptiGHoe 2 cjia^Koe 2 CTOJIOBafl * XOJIOCTOft ITBJIKOBbltt HaCOBOtt = subject =fish-course = sweet-course = dining-room =bachelor =a rouble = sentry CHAPTER 23 THE TWO FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVE The adjective in Eussian has two forms : (1) the short, or predicative ; (2) the long, or attributive. The former is exactly like a noun, and, except in poetry, is only used as the predicate and in the nominative, e.g. : a 3,nop6Bi> =1 am well th flOB6jiein> = thou art pleased oht> roTOBTb = he is ready OHa KpaciiBa =she is beautiful 1 Sc. K6MHaTa = room. 2 Sc. Cjiibflo = dish. THE TWO FOEMS OF THE ADJECTIVE 81 The latter is used as an attribute and must agree with the noun it qualifies. Examples of both forms of the adjective have already been given, but it is necessary to add the following observations on their use. 1. In theory the short or predicative form of the adjective is always used when the adjective forms the predicate ; in practice, however, it will be found that the long or attributive form, more often than not, takes its place, all the more as the adjective, when it forms the attribute, in Kussian is frequently placed after the noun which it qualifies. Examples : offb o^eHB mhjibih = 7i6 is (a) very nice {fellow) (ma KpacHBaa = she is (a) beautiful (woman) 2. Adjectives containing two consonants before the termination sometimes have an e or o inserted between the two consonants in the short form in the masc. nom. sing. : 6ojn>Hoit 66jieHT> HecHacTHLiii Hec^acTeirc* n6jIHHH iiojiohb jierKiii jieroM> 3. EojitmoH, He6ojn>m6H and MajieHBKiii have no short forms ; the following adjectives are used instead if pre- dicative forms are required : ropoft'B BejiHK'B the town is big KOMHaTa BejiHKa the room is big Mope BeJiHKo the sea is big flOMa BejiHKH the houses are big KBapTiipBi BejiHKH the rooms are big nojia BejiHKH the fields are big HeBejimcB, &c. small MajTB, Majia, Majio, MajiBi little 1809 G 82 THE TWO FOEMS OF THE ADJECTIVE (BejiHKi, and Majrt are often used in the sense of too big and too small.) MaJieHtmft is much more often used than MaJTb. Such predicative forms of the adjective as have been given in the preceding pages, e.g. : a sflopoBt =» I am well, a 66jieHt=I am ill, are all very commonly used; the word Sojibhoh, 6ojn>Haa (i.e. the attributive form of this adjective) as a rule means the patient, the invalid. The word paflt is only used in the short form. 4. Adjectives denoting colour and those ending in -CKiii are only used in the long form, e.g. : OHt pyccKifi he is a Bussian 3Ta flaMa — pyccnaa this lady is a Bussian Moa co6aKa — nepHaa my dog is black Obs. The dash is often used to take the place of is, are. CHAPTER 24 PRONOUNS LIKE ADJECTIVES, AND THE SUPERI nepBHfi pye a rvy first BTopoii ftaroi second TpeTiii tr(y)e i tyi third APyrott drugoi other KaSKflHH kazhdy every, each BcaKiii fsyaki of every kind K0T6pHH katory which H^KOTOpHH nye a katory a certain, some KaKOH kak6i of what sort KaKOBfc kakof what like PKONOUNS LIKE ADJECTIVES 83 HHKaK6ft nyikakoi KaKoit-TO kakoita of no sort of some sort KaK6H-HH6y,nib kakoinyibut' f of any sort [ of some sort or other TaKOH tak6i of such a sort TaKoii-To tak6ita such and such caMHH samy jih)66h lyuboi hhoh inoi the very any you like some MHorie mnogiye HeMHorie nyemnogiye H^CKOJiBKie nye a skalkiye many (people), several not many, few a few and the adjective used as a noun MH6roe mnogoye (cf . p. 71) much ojmwh past ) r r = once or pa3Tb J nepBLiii past = the first time nepBBiii A6HB = the first day nepBHii KJiaccs* = first class nepBoe ftijio = the first thing (matter, business) nepBaa yjinija = the first street nepBoe m^cto = the first place BTopoft pa3i> = the second time BTopoii fleHb = tfie second day BTopoft KJiacci* = second class BTopoe j$Jio = the second thing BTopaa hohb = the second night TpeTin pa3s> --* the third time Tperin &eKb = the third day TpeTift KJiaccL = third class G2 84 PEONOUNS LIKE ADJECTIVES TpeTte a^jio = the third thing TpeTte m^cto = the third place TpeTba yjiHi],a » the third street TpeTbH ho% = the third night TpeTbH ^0^ = ^ third daughter Kaacflbiii nofefl'b = every train KajKfloe cjiobo = every word KajKflan CTamjia = ei?en/ station flpyroii pa3-b = another time Apyroii AeHb = another day ftpyroe m^cto = another place ji,pyr6e nojiOTemi;e = another towel flpyraa KOMHaTa = another (or different) room flpyraa yjimja = another street kot6phh HOMepi. ? = which number ? (cf. p. 45) K0T6pbiii no fl'bfefl'b ? = which front door ? KOTopaa KOMHaTa ? = which room ? KOTopaa JiicTHima ? = which staircase ? KaKoii cyirb ? = what hind of soup ? KaKoe Maco ? =ivhat kind of meat ? KaKaa yjiHi],a ? = what street ? 9T0 KaKoii ropoA'b ? = what town is that ? 3to KaKoii aomt* ? = what house is that ? KOTopHii Bam-b romi* ? = which is your house ? KOTOpblH ceroflHH fleHb ? , = ivhat day is it to-day ? or KaKoii ceroflHa j^eHb r ■ J cerojjHa BocKpeceHbe = to-day is Sunday (Resurrection) 3aBTpa noHeA'kjibHHK'b = to-morrow is Monday ceroflHa BT6pHHK r b = to-day is Tuesday PEONOUNS LIKE ADJECTIVES 85 3aBTpa cpe.ua = to-morrow is Wednesday Biepa 6lijtb ^eTBeprt = yesterday was Thursday 3aBTpa naTHHii,a = to-morrow is Friday B^epa 6HJia cy66oTa = yesterday was Saturday 3T0 KaKan yjimja ? = what street is this ? 3to HeBCKiii IIpocneKT'b = that is the Nevski Prospect 3to KaKaa p^Ka ? =what river is this ? 3T0 HeBa = that is the Neva KOTopaa Bania KBapTiipa ? = which is your flat ? KOTopaa Bania KOMHaTa ? = which is your room ? BOTb Haina KBapTiipa = that is our flat 3to Moa KOMHaTa = this is my room KOTopoe Bame m^cto ? = which is your place ? boti> 3TO Moe m^cto = this is my place here 3to KaKoe m^cto ? =what place is this ? 3T0 6ojibnioe ceji6=i£ is a large village 3to U,apcKoe Cen6 = it is Tsarskoye Selo (lit. the Tsar's Village) KOToptie Hauin 6nJieTbi ? = which tickets are ours ? 3to KaKie jnoflu ? =what people are these ? KOToptia BaniH Bein,H ?~ivhich are your things ? bott» 3to moh Beiu,H = these are my things here bc6 3th Beiu,H BaniH ? = are all these things yours ? ,a,a, oh4 Bcfc mA = yes, they are all mine 3to KaKia fleHbrn ? =what money is this ? 3to pyccKia fteHbrH = i£ is Bussian money Hira, 3to He pyccKia j$m>m=no, it is not Russian money t4 fl^HbrH B aniH, a 3th moA^that money is yours, but this is mine 3to KaKia nrfiCTa ? =what places are these ? 3to o^eHb xopouiia, ho o^eHb ) _ f those are very good but floporia MicTa j 1 very expensive places 86 PEONOUNS LIKE ADJECTIVES KOTopua BainH nojia ? = which are your fields ? Bcfe 9th nojia moh = all these fields are mine KOTopua Bainn a^th ? =which are your children ? BOTb oto moh infan = these are my children here what beautiful and nice children ! Kama KpacHBbia h xopoinia A^th ! KaKOH KpacHBHH romt> = what a beautiful house Kanaa njioxaa noroAa = what bad weather KaKoe xoponiee m£cto = what a nice place Kanie SoJibinie Mara3HHbi=w/ia£ large shops Kama fleineBbia Ku&m^what cheap books Kania crapbia ftepeBba=w/ia£ old trees TaKoii xopoiniit Rem, = such a nice day TaKaa Kpaciteaa yjnma = such a beautiful street TaKoe 6oJibnioe ceji6 = such a large village TaKie xopoinie immL = such nice people TaKia KpacHBbia ^ByinKH = such pretty girls TaKia 6ojibinia ;nepeBba = swc/i large trees Obs. A more emphatic form of this word, but little used by educated people, is 9TaKoft, BTaKaa, 9TaKoe, &c. KTO 8T0 TaKOH ? , =who is that? Or BTO KTO TaKOH t kto oht> TaKoii ? =who is he ? kto 0Ha TaKaa ? =who is she ? kto ohh TaKie ? =who are they ? hto 9to TaKoe ? , =what is that? or bto *ito TaKoe r j kto-to T^wh^ there is some one there ito-to TaMT>= there is something there TaMT» 3iH KT6-Hn6yAi> ?»« any one there ? Tawra* an ^TO-HH6yftb ? =is anything there ? THE SUPEELATIVE 87 KaKOii-TO lejiOBiKt = some man, a certain man KaKaa-TO yjnma = some street, a certain street Kaicoe-TO cejio = some village, a certain village Kame-TO JiK)AH = some people or other KaKm-TO HceHmHHbi = some women or other KaKiH-TO n$m = some sort of affairs KaKOH-mrfyflb Mara3HHi> = any (sort of) shop KaKaa-HH6yAb Benjb = any (sort of) thing KaKoe-HH6yAB M'fecTO = any (sort of) place Kame-HH6yAb ropo,n,a = any towns KaKia-HH6yAi> Bew& = any things KaKiH-HH6y r n ) i> MicTa = any places irkKOTopbie R¥)j5 t n = certain people HfeoTopbia Beui,H = certain things HfeoTopbia M^CTa = certain places KaKofi cynfc ? =what kind of soup ? KaKOBfc cyuL ? —what is the soup like t KaKoe bhho ? =what kind of wine f KaKOBO bhho ? =what is the wine like ? KaK&H pbi6a ? =what kind offish ? KaKOBa pbi6a ? =what is the fish like? caMbifi KpacHBbiii rowl = the most beautiful house caMbiH SojibiHoii v6ipo]j s r h = the biggest town caMaa KpaciiBaa yjiHU,a = the most beautiful street caMafl HOBaa Bemb = the newest thing caMoe KpacHBoe M4cTO = £foe most beautiful place cainoe dapoe ftepeBO = the oldest tree caMbie MaJieHbKie ftOMa = the smallest houses caMbia ftoporia KHiirH = the dearest books c&mhh ^emeBbia Mijcra = the cheapest places THE SUPEELATIVE N.B. caMbiii Jiynniitt =best CaMHH njioxoii caMbiii CKBepHbiii = worst Obs. Adjectives in the superlative degree have only the longer or attributive form : 9tott> Mara3Hirb caMbiii Jiy^iniii this shop is the best 9Ta KOMHaTa caMaa M&JieHbKaa this room is the smallest £to ira/jame caMoe aemeBoe this edition is the cheapest N.B. m JiaftiniH = younger CTapiniii = elder caMHH MJiaftiniii = youngest caMbiii CTapiniii = eldest oht> moh caMbiii MJiaAiniit 6paT r b = he is my youngest brother tboji CTapinaa cecTpa = thy elder sister oht> caMbiii CTapiniii = he is the eldest 9to Moa MJiaAinaa cecTpa = £/&a£ is my younger sister. tott> caMbiii ropofl'b = the same town Ta caMan fmii\a> = the same street to caMoe m^cto = the same place rfj caMbie Mara3HHbi = the same shops t4 caMbra Beni,H = the same things Ti caMbm flijia = the same affairs 89 CHAPTER 25 THE GENITIVE Substantives The genitive singular endings are Hard and Masculine Neuter k Feminine Examples : IMara3HHa SnjieTa CTOJia Hard j ^ Nouns IM^CTa cejia 66mecTBa |6a6ti KOMHaTH H36tl -a -H I Masculine ) Neuter J Feminine -h magazma bilye a ta stala mye a sta s(y)ela opshcbestva baby komnaty izby 90 GENITIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES Soft J Nouns Masculine Neuter f aBT0M06HJIH ) cjiyqaa COJIOBbH BacHJiia Inojra pyjKba HM^HiH ( He^4jin k Feminine J ™ Th * apMin V Poccih aftamabilya sluchaya salavya vasiliya polya ruzhya imy^niya nyedyeUyi statyi armiyi rassiyi Masculine nouns which contain e or o in the last syllable of the nominative singular and lose it throughout the rest of the declension : NOM. SING. IKOHeiji* kanyeHs nocojrb pasol peSeHOKt rebyonak Soft «eHb dyeV oroHb ago^n' GEN. SING. KOHu;a kantsa nocjia pasla pe6eHKa rebyonka AHH dnya orHH agnya Some masculine nouns have an alternative genitive singular in -y (hard), -10 (soft), called partitive, which is used after words denoting substances of which a definite or indefinite quantity is indicated : NOM. SING. tt J caxapt sakhar sugar \ Ta6aKi> tabak tobacco Soft *ian chai tea GEN. SING. caxapy Ta6aKy ^aio GENITIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES 91 But the use of this genitive has been considerably- extended and is common where there is no idea of parti- tion ; cf . Hfoy, an alternative and colloquial form of HiTi» = there is not. All feminine nouns which have nominative singular in -Ka, -ra, -xa, -3Ka, -Ha, -ma, -ma have genitive singular -KH, -rH, -XH, -3KH, -TO, -IEH, -IIJH, because u cannot stand after these consonants ; but nevertheless -3kh and -inn are pronounced -jkh and -mH. Examples (with pronunciation) : NOM. SING. GEN. SING. flfaoHKa dye a vachka j^Bo^um dye a vachki cBina sv(y)echa cb4to sv(y)echi Kajioina kalosha Kajiomn kaloshy Feminine surnames in -OBa, -eBa, -HHa, have genitive singular in -oh : IlaBJiOBOH, ApceHbeBoii, KapcaBHHoft. Feminine nouns with nominative singular in -b have genitive singular in -h, e.g. : NOM. SING. GEN. SING. aioinaflb horse JiomaflH Bemt thing BemH ijepKOBB church ijepKBH MaTb mother MaTepn .HOHb daughter floiepn Neuter nouns in -a have genitive singular in -eHH, e.g. : NOM. SING. GEN. SING. BpeMa time BpeMeira 92 GENITIVE OP SUBSTANTIVES The genitive plural endings are : i Masculine -OBI ► Hard - a t\f\ Neuter Feminine j -i> [ Masculine -en, -eBt Soft j Neuter -eft, -iii 1 Feminine ■*V" en, -in Examples : ( Mara3HH0Bi> Masculine \ 6iuieT0Bi> magazinaf bilye a taf 1 CTOJIOBl. stalof Hard Nouns ^ [ MiCTTb Neuter \ cejit ( 66mecTBi> mye a st syol opshchestf [ 6a6i> , Feminine \ KOMHarL bap komnat ( H36 r b izb [ aBTOMoSHJien Masculine \ cjiyqaeB^ ( COJIOBbeBI> aftamabllyei sliichayef salavyof Soft Nouns \ [ nojieii Neuter j pysKen inMimii palyei ruzhei imye^nyi , Feminine Heflijit ■ CTaTeft apMiii nyedyeU' statyei armi GENITIVE OP SUBSTANTIVES 93 Several masculine nouns have genitive plural in -t>, e.: NOM. SING. GEN.' PLUR. cojiftarb soldier past time (a) msbST* eye apmHHt yard cojifla/rt pa3i apinirat saldat ras glas arshyn NOM. PLUR. b6jioch hair (collective) KOH$eTH sweets $pyKTH fruit (collective) BOJIOCt KOH^eTB $pyKTt valos kanfyeH frukt Likewise nouns in -hht>, e.g. NOM. PLUR. KpecTBjrae krestyanye aHrjinnaHe anglyichanye Likewise the neuters : NOM. PLUR. h6jiokh yablaki apples miera ply^chi shoulders koji^hh kaly^nyi knees GEN. PLUR. KpecTLflHt kresty&n aHrjinqaHt anglyichan GEN. PLUR. aSjioKt yablak njieqt plye a ch KOJi^Ht kalye a n Masculine nouns which contain e or o in the last syllable of the nominative singular and lose it throughout the rest of the declension : NOM. PLUR. | kohijli kantsy { nocjiti pasly Soft I « HH , dn ^ , ( orHH agnyi GEN. PLUR. kohh^bi* kants6f nocjiOBt paslof ^Heii dny6i or-Heft agny& 94 GENITIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES Obs. Those in -eip» which have not the accent on the termination have gen. plur. in -eBi> : NOM. SING. M'fecflu.t my^syats month H'tivieip. nye i m(y)ets German NOM. PLUR. GEN. PLUR. MicaijH my^syatsy MicaijeBt mye'syatsef h4mii;h nye a mtsy H^Mi^eBi. nye a mtsef Masculine nouns with nominative singular in -act, -it, -nn>, -mi» have genitive plural in -eft, e.g. : NOM. SING. hohcb nozh knife kjiiotb klyuch hey NOM. PLUR. GEN. PLUR. hojkh nazhy Hoaceii nazhei kjiiohh klyuchi Kjnoqeit klyuchei Feminine and neuter nouns with two consonants before the final -a, -a, -o, -e, which in the genitive plural (without termination) would be difficult to pronounce, insert e or o between them to facilitate pronunciation, e.g. : NOM. SING. NOM. PLUR. GEN. PLUR. A'&BoqKa little girl flfeoqKH A^BOHeK'L fliBymica girl fliBymKH ^BymeK't jjepeBHa hamlet ;n;epeBHH flepeBeHB GapLinraa young lady SaptmiHH SapHineHt GENITIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES 95 NOM. SING. NOM. PLUR. GEN. PLUR. money fleHtrn fleHero* OKHO window OKHa 6Kom> IIHCbMO letter nncbMa niiceM'b The following must be remembered : NOM. PLUR. GEN. PLUR. CTyjita x stulya x CTyjibeBi* stiilyef 6paTbH bratya 6paTi>eB r b bratyef CblHOBbH synavya CLIHOBeil synavyei wy3bH druzya APypeii druzyei COciflH sasy^dyi cocifleii sasy^dyei H.B'feTa U,BfobI tsv(y)eta tsv(y)ety t IJB'fcrtfB'b tsv(y)etof ^epeBba dyer(y)eV ya flepeBBeB'b dyer(y)e ! vyef cy«a suda cyAOB^b sudof o6jiaica 2 ablaka oSjiaKOB'L ablakof yinn ushy ymeii ushei oqn ochi o^eii achei qy^eca chudyesa vywvb chudye a s He6eca nyeb(y)esa b He6ecb nyebye a s Mi\& 3 yaitsa anu.'b yayits Feminine nouns with nominative singular in -b, and nominative plural in -h have genitive plural in -eft, e.g. : NOM. PLUR. GEN. PLUR. jioina^H loshadyi Beiu,n v(y)e i shchi 1 For meanings cf. p. 37. 3 AT jionia^eii Bemeft lashadyei v(y)eshchei >. 37. 2 Nom. sing. 66jiaKO =cloud. Nom. sing. Hftijo =egg. 96 GENITIVE OP SUBSTANTIVES NOM. plur. GEN. PLUR. IjepKBH ts(y)e i rkvi n;epKBeH tserkvyei Ma/repH matyeri MaTepeii matyeryei Ao^epn d6cheri ^oqepen dacheryei mbpji lyudyi jnofleii lyudyei ^4th dy#tyi ^Teit dyetyei Neuter nouns in -a have genitive plural in -em, e.g. BpeMeHa vremena / BpeMeHt vremyon. CHAPTER 26 PRONOUNS NOMINATIVE GENITIVE a MeHa m(y)enya TLI Te6a tyebya masc. neut. OHt ] oh6 j ero 1 yevo fem. OHa ea 1 yeyo MH HaCL nas BLI Bacfc vas masc, neut. fem. ohh) Olrfj j HXI* 1 yikh m M n., f. — ce6a 2 s(y)ebya 1 When governed by a preposition these words assume an initial h, e.g. oti> Hero, otb Hen, otb hmxt,. 2 cedfl is the reflexive pronoun, which can be used of any person in either number, but must always refer directly to the subject of the sentence ; it can mean : myself, thyself, himself herself, itself, our- selves, yourselves or themselves ; it has no nominative. GENITIVE OP PKONOUNS GENITIVE 97 SING. masc. neut. Jem. plur. m.,n.,f. SING, [ masc. \ neut. (fern. plur. m.,n.,f. SING. masc. neut. Jem. plur. m.,n.,f. Imasc. neut. fern. plur. m.,n.,f. SING. Imasc. neut. fern. plur. m.,n.,f. NOMINATIVE Moii ) Moe j Moa MOH TBOH TBOe TBOH TBOH Hann> Haine Hama Hainn Bamt | Banie J Baina BaniH cboh l CBoe cboh cboh masc, fern, kto neut. ito Moero Moeii MOHXT> TBoero TBoeii TBOHXT, Hamero Haineit HaniHXT» Bainero Baineii BaiHHXT, CBoero CBoen CBOHXfc Koro nero mayevo mayei mayikh tvayevo tvayei tvayikh nasheva nashei nashykh vasheva vashei vashykh svayevo svayei svayikh kavo chevo 1809 1 Cf. note on p. 56. H 98 GENITIVE OF PEONOUNS SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR.- SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. NOMINATIVE GENITIVE masc. neut. neii 1 *n>e J qbero chyevo fern. m>a qbefi chyei m., n., f. HbH HbHXT. chyikh masc. neut. OflHO o^Horo adnavo fern. OflHa o,o,h6h adnoi masc, neut. oflira OflHHXT) adnyikh fern. OfllTE O^H^XI) adnye a kh masc. neut. caMi> caMO 1 CaMOTO samavo fern. caMa CaMOH samoi m., n., f. caivin CaMHXTb samikh masc. neut. 9T0TT> 3T0 '* BToro e a tava fern. 3Ta 3T0H 1 e a toi m., n., f. 9TH 3THXT> eHyikh masc. neut. TOTI> TO \ ) Toro tavo fern. Ta TOH toi m., n., f. t£ TiX'b tye a kh masc. neut. Beet Bee 1 Bcero fs(y)evo fern. Bca Been fsyei m., n., f. bc4 BCfext fsye a kh 1 This -oh in rapid s peech sounds like -u 99 CHAPTER 27 ADJECTIVES NOMINATIVE GENITIVE Imasc. KpacHBHfi neut. KpacHBoe fern. KpacHBaa PLUR. SING. PLUR. m. KpacHBue n.,f. KpacHBHa masc. cmiifi neut. cHHee k fern. CHHaa ' m. cmiie n., f. cnma KpacHBaro KpaCHBOH x KpaCHBLIXT* CHHaro CHHeH CHHHXfc krasivava krasivoi krasivykh sinyava sinyei sinyikh masc. MOJiofloii ■ neut. MOJio^oe k fern. MOJio^aH PLUR, SING. |m. W,f. MOJIOftLie MOJIOftHfl masc. BHCoKifi neut. BHCOKoe fern. BHCOKan MOJiofloro mojioaoh BticoKaro BblCOKOH ; fm. ►LUR.i In., BHCOKIIX'Jb maladova maladoi mojioahxt» maladykh BHCOKie ) f. BBICOKia J 1 This -oh in rapid speech sounds like H2 vysokava vysokoi vysokikh -u. 100 Imasc. floporoii neut. floporoe fern PLUR. m. ln.,f. GENITIVE OP ADJECTIVES NOMINATIVE GENITIVE flopororo daragova Aoporoii daragoi floporfab daragikh floporaa floporie inoporia Imasc. xopoinin neut. xopoinee fern. xopomaa PLUR. SING. PLUR m. xopomie n.,f. xopoinia masc. SojiBinoii neut. 6ojibinoe k fern. 6oJibmaa 6ojibmie Sojibinia jm. U.,f. xopoinaro (k)haroshava xopomeii (k)haroshei xoponiHXT» (k)haroshykh 6ojibinoro 6oJibmoH bal'shova bal'shoi 60 JibinnxT* bal 'shykh CHAPTER 28 VOCABULARY Literature, Music, Theatre, &c. ra3eTa/. gazyeHa newspaper /KypHaJiT> m. zhurnal magazine CTaTbH/. statya article poMaHt m. raman novel pa3CKa3b m. raskas tale TOMb m. torn volume H3Aanie n. izdaniye edition coHHHeHie n. sachinye^iye work, composition coGpame n. sabraniye collection LITEKATUKE AND MUSK 101 CTHXOTBopeme n. styikhatvar(y)e ! niye poem nBeca /. pye a sa play djeHa/. sts(y)e a na stage npeACTaBJi^Hie n. pretstavly^niye performance jTEftcTBie n. dyeistviye act cjiobo n. slova word cjiOBapb m. slavaV dictionary H3fcIKT> m. yazyk language KapTHHa/. kartyina picture xyflOHmHKt m. (k)hudozhnyik artist, painter nncaTejiB m. pisa^yel' writer aBTopt m. aftor author jiHTepaTypa/. lyityeratura literature xyAOJKecTBo n. (k)hudozhestva painting ypoKt m. urok lesson My3Bma/. miizyka music POHJIB m. rayaU' grand piano IIBHHHHO n. pyanyino upright piano HOTBl/. #L noty music (printed) KOHIjepTB m. kants(y)e a rt concert n'BCHfl/. p(y)e i snya song KapTti/. pi. karty cards nrpa/. igra game uiaxMaTti m. pi. shakhmaty chess paaroBopt m. razgavor conversation ndj&mmf. nadye a zhda hope B-fepa/. vye a ra faith jik>66bb/. lyuboif love BOHHa/. vaina war MHpT> m. mir peace 3aK6HT» m. zakon law MBTBHie m. mnyeiniye opinion cnacTie w. schastiye happiness Hec T iacTie n. nyeschastiye unhappiness yflHBJieme n. udyivlyeiniye surprise comajrBHie n. sazhalyeiniye regret yAOB6jiBCTBie udavo^'stviye pleasure .102 CHAPTER 29 PHRASES CONTAINING WORDS IN THE GENITIVE neTporpaflt h MocKBa — CTOJrihju Poccin Petrograd and Moscow are the capitals of Bussia JIoHflom — cTOiJiHija Anrjiin London is the capital of England moh TOBapnni.'b — clihi> Bamero 3HaKOMaro my friend is the son of your acquaintance (masc.) Bamt 3HaKOMLiH — flpyri> Moero OTija your acquaintance is a friend of my father's bto 6ojibm6ii Apyr'L Moero 6paTa that is a great friend of my brother's moh cecTpa — npiaTejibmu^a Bameft RO^epn my sister is a friend of your daughter BamT> cum — yiemircb Moero RaflH your son is a pupil of my uncle Bama ^o^Ka — y^eHHn;a Moeii 3HaKOMOH your daughter is a pupil of my acquaintance (fern.) Baromb nepBaro Knacca a railway carriage of the first class 6njieT r b BToporo KJiacca a ticket of the second class 3ajia TpeTLaro KJiacca a third-class waiting-room ^ejiOBfet TaK6ro po^a a man of such a hind PHEASES WITH THE GENITIVE 103 TaK6ro p6fla jho^h people of such a kind 9T0 KaKoro po^a TeaTpt ? what sort of theatre is that ? 9to Kaic6ro p6;na 3;naHie ? what sort of building is that ? 3to romt> Moero crapmero 6pa/ra this is the house of my elder brother 3to KBapTiipa Moeit MJia^meii cecTpii this is the flat of my younger sister 9to HMfeie Moiixt poRHTejreii this is the property of my parents rjife nopTpeTi> TBoero OTija ? where is thy father's portrait ? rfli nopTpert TBoeit MaTepn ? where is thy mother's portrait t rji$ HM^Hie tbohx'b Apy^eit ? where is your friends' property ? 9to TiOR'h&3R r b Hamero flOMa this is the front door of our house Bovh oKHa Hamefi KBaprapH these are the windows of our flat 3to KOMHaTa Hanrax'b ^Teft that is our children's room KaKt 3ftopoBbe Bamero cynpyra ? how is your husband's health ? 104 PHEASES WITH THE GENITIVE Ka>Kb 3ji;op6Bi>e B&meft cynpyrn ? how is your wife's health ? k&kl 3AopoBi>e BainnxTE) poflirrejieii ? how is your parents' health ? nojraoe coSpame coraHemii rpa$a JltBa x HnKOJiaeBiraa TojiCToro a complete collection of the works of Count Leo Nikolayevich Tolstdi bc£ co^HHeHia AjieKcaH,n;pa Cepi4eBiraa IlymKHHa all the works of Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin CTHxoTBopemtf Mnxanjia IDpbeBiraa JlepMOHTOBa the poems of Michael Yurevich Lermontov coHHHeHia HnKo^aa BacHJiteBirea Torojin (nom. TorojiB), HBaHa Cepi4eBiraa TypreHeBa h 9e,n;opa MnxaitaoBiraa ^ocToeBCKaro the works of Nicholas Vasilevich Gogol (pron. GdgaV), Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev, and Theodore Mikhailovich Dostoyevski ohi, 6paTi» C6$in HnKOJiaeBHH AHflpeeBoii he is the brother of Sophia Nikolayevna Andreyeva (i.e. of Mrs. or Miss Andreyev) 3to HMteie EjiH3aBeTti Cepi4eBHbi IleTpoBCKOH this is the property of Elizabeth Sergeyevna Petrovskaya (i.e. of Mrs. or Miss Petrovski) 1 Nom. sing. JleBt, often pronounced Lyof ; jieBt, pron. lyef = lion. 105 CHAPTER 30 THE EXPRESSION OF HIS, HER, THEIR There is no possessive pronoun of the third person in Eussian, and this want is supplied by the genitive of the personal pronoun, e. g. : 17$ er6 flOMt ? = where is his house ? 3to ero R0Mb = ihat is his house 3to eii My5Ki> = that is her husband 3to ero EKeHa = that is his wife oite> eii JKeHiixT) = he is her fiance oiia ero HeB^CTa = she is his fiancee 3to nxt ji^tr = these are their children ero KOMHaTa sjifech = his room is here ea KOMHaTa TaMt = her room is there 9to hxt» KBapTiipa = ^s is their flat bott> ero nnctMO = here is his letter bott. eii imchuo = here is her letter 3to HM^Hie ero M&repn = this is the property of his mother 9to HM^Hie eii 01^ = this is the property of her father KaKt ero &Hpeo, r b = what (lit. how) is his address bott> esi aflpecL = here is her address In all such cases the use of the pronoun cboh (one's own) would be incorrect. 106 CHAPTER 31 VOCABULARY Food, drink, &c. saKycKa zakuska hors-d* 1 ceuvr HKpa/. ikra caviar COJIb /. so*r salt nepeuyb m. p(y)eirets pepper ropHiiua/. garchitsa mustard xjtb'S'l m. (k)hlye a p bread, loaf 6f JIKSif bulka little loaf, roll Kajiant m. kalach a loaf with handle 1 CBipt m. syr cheese Macjio n. masla butter (also =oil) yKcyct m. uksus vinegar nHpomoKb m. pirazhok little pie 1 cynt m. sup soup mn/. pi. shchi cabbage-soup 1 CopuTL ra. borshch beetroot-soup l CMeTSLHa/. sm(y)etana sour cream pti6a/. ryba fish ptiGHoe n. 2 rybnoye 2 fish-course MHCO w. myasa meat MHCHoe n. myasnoye meat-course wapK6e w. zharkoye roast meat, joint roBHAHHa/. gavyadyina beef TeJIHTHHa/. tyelyatyina veal Gapainraa/. baranyina mutton KOTJieTb m. katlye a t cutlet $nn6 n. filye fillet P6ct6h$i> m. GH^mreKCB m. rosbif bifshtye a ks | roast beef steah coycb m. sous sauce noJiHBKa /. palyifka gravy 1 National sp( ^cialities. Of. note 1 on p. 71, FOOD AND DEINK 107 CBHHIIHa/. svinyina pork dKopoKt m. okarak a ham, gammon BeTqHHa/. vechina ham (in slices) rycB m. gus' goose ^TKa/. titka duck HH^-BlIKa/. indyeika turkey-hen Kypnija/. kuritsa fowl ijBnuieHOK'B m. tsyplyonak chicken PhShhk'l m. ryapchik grouse flHHB/. dyich game H3BIKT> m. yazyk tongue KOJi6aca/. kalbasa polony {sausage) COCHCKa/. sasiska small sausage flftlJO w. yaitso egg HHIJO BB CMHTKy U. yaitso fsmyatku boiled egg HHHHHIja/. yayichnitsa scrambled eggs OMJieTB m. amlyeH omelet OBOII^B/. ovashch vegetable 36JieHB /. z(y)6 i lyen' green vegetable KapTo$ejiB/. kartofel' potato(es) KanycTa/. kapusta cabbage i^B'feTHafl KanycTa/. tsv(y)etnaya kapusta cauliflower MOpKOBB /. markoif carrot(s) CBeKjia /. svyokla beetroot 6o6bi m. pi. baby beans P'fcna/. rye a pa turnip jiyK-B m. luk onion orypen/B m. agurye a ts cucumber noMH 1 a;6p , B m. pamidor tomato p-lAtKa/. rye^'ka radish (rpnd'B) rpn6Bi m. (grip) griby mushroom(s) CJia^Koe n. 1 rfecTO w. slatkoye x sweet course tye a sta dough, pastry nupopB m. pir6k pie komilotb m. kampot stewed fruit Bap^HBe n. var(y)6 i nye jam 1 Cf. note 1 on p. 71. 108 POOD AND DEINK (iuicwb) ruiORt'i m. (plot) plady fruit (still growing) ((jjpyKT'L) (|)pyKTH?7Z. frukty fruit (on table) Me^t m. myot honey nroffa/. yagada berry h6jioko n. yablaka apple rpynia/. grusha pear anejibci'iHi, m. ap(y)elsin orange (bmiiihh) bhuihh/. pi, vishnyi cherries CJTHBa /. slyiva plum MajiHHa/. malyina raspberries KJiySHHKa /. klubnyika strawberries 3eMJIHHHKa /. zemlyanyika strawberries (wild) CMOpOAHHa/. smarodyina currants kpbi>k6bhhk , l m. kryzhovnyik gooseberries BHHorpaflt m. vinagrat grapes BHHHaH Hro,n;a/. vinnaya yagada figs $HHHKH m. pi. finyiki dates nepcHKH m. pi. pfy^rsiki peaches KOH$eTH m. pi. kanfye a ty sweets iHOKOJia^'B m. shakalat chocolate 6HCKBHTBI m. pi. biskvity biscuits Op'BX'B m. arye a kh walnut jihm6ht> m. lyimon lemon AkIHH/. dynya melon ap6y3T> m. arbus water-melon caxapt m. sakhar sugar Mop6>KeHHoe n. 1 marozhennoye 1 ice (cream) po^t m. ° & ) cojm.rn.Ml C ° PTa ro sarta sort ■ kind, quality, sort BOfla/. vada water KHnHTOKt m. kipitok boiling water nHBO n. piva beer BHHO W. vino wine BOAKa/. votka vodka i iatt m. chai tea 1 Cf. note 1 on p. 71. FOOD AND DEINK 109 Kocj)e(H) m. MOJIOKO n. kof(y)e malako coffee milk cjimbkh/. pi. KBact m. slyifki kvas cream kvas x KOHbflK'L m. ofti/rfc m. kanyak abye a t cognac dinner y?KHHi> m. 3a.BTpaKt m. uzhyn zaftrak supper lunch KycoK-L m. nycoHeK'L m. kusok kusochek piece bit niTyKa/. Ta6aKT> m. shtuka tabak a piece, a head, a unit tobacco nannpoca /. ijurapa/. TpydKa/. papirosa tsigara trupka cigarette cigar pipe CHAPTER 32 THE GENITIVE IN NEGATIONS In simple negations the word He is used : 9to He moh Rowb = ihis is not my house 9to He Hama KOMHaTa=tfm is not our room 3to He cejio, a ;n,epeBHH = £/m is not a village, but a hamlet 9to He py6jib, a tojibko nojiTiraa (or noJivmiRmvb) = this is not a rouble, but only half a rouble But in a great many cases the word Hfe> meaning no (which is really a contraction of He ecTb= there is not) is used, and this always requires the genitive : ero 3jj,icb wkrb = he is not here (lit. of him here there-is-not) ea. T&wb Kkrb^she is not there hxi> e^tl jj,OMa = they are not at home ea Hfe> rqm&= she is not at home 1 A national non -intoxicating drink made from rye and malt. 110 GENITIVE IN NEGATIONS wbrb MicTa = there is no room (nom. sing. m£cto, gen. sing. inicTa, nom. plur. ftri&CTa, gen. plur. u'hcTbj MeHa Tor^a He 6hjio AOMa I was not at home then Haas Tor^a He 6hjio flOMa we were not at home then Te6a yace He 6buio flOMa Tor^a thou wast then no longer at home . (ysKe He or ysKe H^rt (already not) =no longer.) BacL yme He Slljio ftOMa Tor^a you were no longer at home then ero enje He 6hjio ftOMa he was not yet at home ea enje He 6hjio ^OMa she was not yet at home MeHa 3Aict Tor^a yace He 6yAeri> I shall no longer be here then Hacfc Tor^a yace He Sy^eT^ xaM£ we shall no longer be there then hxi> B^epa TaMfc He 6hjio they were not there yesterday 3aBTpa hxt> sj^ch yjice He 6fRQTb to-morrow they will no longer be here H3BomnKa h4ts> = there is no cab Hfefc romr&= there is no rain H^TTb MHJia= there is no soap wkrb noaiOTemja = there is no towel E^Tb borm = there is no water H^Tb KJionoB'B ? = there are no bugs 1 GENITIVE IN NEGATIONS 111 fiojibine h4tl Mida = there is no more room 66jibnie wkvb Micro = there are no more places fteHerfc h§ti> (nom. pi. R&Hbm)=ihere is no money fleHerb coBciwb Hira = there is no money at all KoniftKH aaace Hfot =not even a kopek In Eussian two negatives are often necessary to express the negation, and they do not make an affirmative, e.g. ROMa HHKoro e^tl = there is no one at home HH^ero sjj^ch Hira = there is nothing here hh ero hh eii H^ra ftOMa == neither he nor she is at home HHKaKOH HaftesKAH h&tte> = there is no hope (of no sort) HHKoro 3]i$Q,h em,e Hfe> = there is no one here yet HHKoro y^ce He 6hjio TaMT» = there was no longer any one there HHKoro He 6hjio AOMa = there was nobody at home He 6hjio HMero = there was nothing HHKoro He 6fp$rb = there will be no one HH^ero He 6yaeTfc = there will be nothing HHiero He Ha^o V = nothing is necessary HH^ero He HyacHO J ( = 1 don't want anything) (N.B. The direct object in any negative sentence after a transitive verb is always in the genitive, cf. vol. ii.) CHAPTER 33 THE GENITIVE USED TO EXPKESS QUANTITY ckojibko fleHers ?=how much money ? MHoro Rmevb = a lot of money HeMHoro ;a 1 eHei v b = a little money AeHerL Majio = there is but little money 112 GENITIVE OP QUANTITY ckojilko HacoBi) ? = how many hours ? H'fecKOJibKO ^acoBt = several hours ckojibko past ? =how many times ? HicKOJibKO pa3^= several times MHoro pa3*L= many times h^ckojibko ]*p.q¥l= several days H'Ickojilko wko,suirh= several years (lit. summers) TjTb MHoro M-icTa= there is plenty of room here T&wh Majio MicTa= there is little (sc. not enough) room there H-icKOiJibKO m^ct^ Saraaca = several pieces (lit. places) of luggage ckojibko m^ctb (6ara$Ka) ? =how many pieces of luggage ? Bcero oahh-l qeMO^aH , b = m all (lit. of all) one trunk ckojibko Hapo^y (gen. sing, of Hapoflt) \=what a lot of people! Tyro MHoro HapoAy = there are a lot of people here TaMi> Hap6,n;y • , [ =there are not many people there CKOJIBKO JiioaeH ? ) ckojilko seaon***? =how many people? eAckojibko jnofteii H^CKOJIBKO ^eSlOB^Kb =afew people, several qaio, no^aJiyiiCTa 1 = some tea, please CTaKain> qaio=a tumbler of tea HamKa qaio =a cup of tea eme MOJiOKa, noraaJiyftCTa = some more milk, please eme cjihbokb = some more cream 1 Always pronounced pazhalsta, of. p. 12. GENITIVE OF QUANTITY 113 eme Macjia = some more butter eme xjrl6a = some more bread cojih, nojKaJiyftCTa = some salt, please nepuy, noacaJiyiiCTa = some pepper, please BOi"b CTaKaHi» BOR& = here is a glass of water bot£ CTaKaHt *iaio = here is a glass of tea BorB qamKa naio = here is a cup of tea bot£ ^ainKa KO$eio = here is a cup of coffee BOTt KycoHerct caxapy =here is a bit of sugar BOTt KycoKt jrHMOHa = ftere is a piece of lemon bott> KycoKt xji46a = here is a piece of bread em;e HeMHOJKKO Maca = a little more meat eme HeMHOJKKO qaio = a little more tea eni;e HeMH05KKO xjii6a = a little more bread eme H^CKOJibKO 6yjiOKi> = a few more little loaves eme irlcKOJitKO nmpoMKQB'b = a few more little pies SyTHJiKa BHHa = a bottle of wine 6yTHJiKa nHBa = a bottle of beer piOMKa boji,kh = a glass of vodka KycoKfc MHJia = a piece of soap ropOTeii bo^h, noHcajiyiicTa = some hot water, please xojiorhoh bo^h = some cold water ihctoh BO,n;Bi= some clean water cejiBTepcKOii bo^h = some soda water HeMHOJKKO ropOTeii BO,n,Li=a little hot water KumraeHHOii boah = some boiled water KnnaTKy = some boiling water 1809 114 CHAPTER 34 USE OF THE NOMINATIVE AND GENITIVE AFTER NUMBERS After 1 and all words compounded with 1, except 11, e.g. 21, 31, 101, the substantive is always in the nomina- tive singular, e.g. : TpnflijaTB o,hhht> py6;rci> = 31 roubles copoKt o,o,Ha BepcTa = 41 versts o;o;hhi> KycoKfc = one piece (e.g. sugar) o;o;h6 m^cto = one piece (of luggage) oflHa KoniftKa (or KoneftKa) = one kopek In expressing years two different words are used ; from 1-4, 21-24, 31-34, &c, inclusive, it is ro^ : oahh-l tort* = one year ftBa ] 2 ' Tpn ■ ro,n;a = 3 • years qerape ) 4 , ^BajmaTb o^hhi> rojrb = 21 years TpHAmaTb jj,Ba ro^a = 32 years and from 5-20, 25-30, &c, inclusive, it is ji£to = summer : iraTb JiiT-L = 5 years #ecaTi> JiiTi> = 10 years After the numbers 2, 3, 4, and after all compounds of them such as 22, 34, 43, 52, 63, 74, the substantive is always in the genitive singular, e. g. : flBa (dva) ^ejioBiKa two men ;n,Bi (dvye) jKeHiiprabi two women flBa M^CTa two places (nom. plur. Micra) EXPEESSION OF NUMBEES 113 ;o;Ba 6paia flBi cedpH (nom. plur. cecTpu) ABa cejia (nom. plur. cejia) ABa ahh AB'fe HO*IH (nom. sing, hohb) ABa Haca flB^ MHHyTBI ABa KycKa caxapy flBi naniKH qaio ABa py6jia x ABi KoniiiKH 2 ABa ny«a 3 ^b^ Bepcra 4 Tpn (tri) MajibHHKa Tpn s^bohkh three little girls Tpn 03epa three lakes (nom. sing. o3epo, nom. plur. 03epa) Tpn py6jia three roubles Tpn Kon^HKH three kopeks Tpn BepcTLi three versts two brothers two sisters two villages two days two nights 2 o'clock or 2 hours 2 minutes two pieces of sugar two cups of tea two roubles two kopeks two puds two versts three boys 1 1 rouble = about 2s. 3 1 pud = about 371b. 2 1 kopek = Id. 4 1 verst = about § of a mile. 12 116 EXPKESSION OF NUMBEES qeTbipe (chetyre) Cbraa four sons qeTBipe aotoh four daughters qerape pyacba four rifles qerape py6jia four roubles leTbipe KoniiiKH four kopeks ie™pe Bepcra four versts If such words have to be put in the genitive, the noun is then in the genitive plural, e.g. : 9thxi> flByxTb jno^efi SfliiCb ynce h^tl these two people (men or man and woman) are no longer here OKb OTGixb 8thxt> AByx-b ^i-reft he is the father of these two children H^Tb TpeXS> M^CTb there are not three places E'hrb qeTbipexi. SraeTOBi. there are not four tickets. In certain expressions the words flBoe (dvoye) =a couple Tpoe (troye) qeTBepo (cheHvera) are used, and these always require the genitive plural e.g. : flBoe flfeeH = a couple of children Obs. These words must be used before nouns which are only used in the plural. When an adjective is placed between a number and a noun it can be in either the nominative plural or genitive plural, e.g. : EXPEESSION OF NUMBEES 117 flBa KpacHBLie MajiBinica , „ , r , , \ =two pretty boys or flBa KpacHBbix^ Majib^HKa J r * , ■ flBi KpaCHBHH fl^BOIKH Or AB^ KpaCHBHXt JH^BO^KH • —two pretty little girls After the numbers 5-20, 25-30, 35-40, &c, inclusive, the substantive is always in the genitive plural, e.g. : iraTB (py&f) py6jien 5 roubles naTB Kon'ieKfc 5 kopeks hhtb cyTOKi* 5 days and nights niecTb (she^sf) flHeii 6 days inecTB Honeii 6 nights ceMB (syeW) M^can;eB'b 7 months ceMB He^ijib 7 weefcs BoceMB (vo'syem') qacoBi. 8 o'clock or 8 Ziowrs BoceMb rpiiBeH'B 80 kopeks (nom. sing. rpiiBHa was 10 kopeks ; the name for the coin of 10 kopeks is now rpHBeHHHK^) fleBHTB (dyeVyaf) CLiHOBeii 9 sons fteBaTB AO^epeii 9 daughters fleBHTB apniHHt x 9 ar shins (nom. sing. apnraHi,, gen. plur. apinHHT>) ^eciiTB (dye^syat 5 ) lenoB'liKi, 10 men or 10 people (qejiOBiicfc is the gen. plur. of HeJioB'iK'b, and after numbers is always used instead of juo^eii ; it includes men and women) flecflTB m^cto 10 places flecHTB nynoBt 10 puds 1 1 arshin = about a yard. 118 EXPEESSION OF NUMBEES OAHHHaAUiaTB ^aCOBt 11 o clock or 11 hours (adyinatsaf) o^HHHaAu;aTb Tbica^b 11,000 OAHHHaAn;aTb flecaTHirb 1 11 desyatins AB4HaAU,aTb qacoB-L 12 o'clock or 12 hours (dvyenatsat') flBijHa.imaTb Tbica^rb 12,000 ^BiHa.o.ii.aTb BepcT^ 12 versus TpHHaAUiaTb trinatsat' 13 qeTbipHamaTb chetyrnatsat' 14 naraaflijaTb pitnatsat' 15 niecTHaAii;aTb shesnatsat' 16 ceMHa^DiaTb s(y)emnatsat' 17 BoceMHa^DiaTb vos(y)emnatsat' 18 fleBHTHaflijaTb dyev(y)atnatsat' 19 3,Bajiii];aTb dvatsat' 20 TpiijmaTb trftsat' 30 COpOK'b sorak 40 naTb^ecHT'b pidyisyat 50 mearbftecarB shesdyesyat 60 ceMb^ecaTt sy^mdyesyat 70 BoceMb^ecaT^b vosyemdyesyat 80 ^eBaHOCTO dyevyanosta 90 CTO sto 100 flBicTH dvye ! styi 200 TpiiCTa trista 300 qerapecTa chetyresta 400 naTb cott> py&t' sot 500 Tbicaqa tysyacha 1,000 1 (nom. ;n;ecHTHHa) 1 desyatin = about 3 acres. EXPEESSION OF NUMBEES 119 flBajimaTB apniKHTb 20 arshins HBaflijaTb-nHTb py6jieit 25 roubles TpnjmaTB ny^OB^ 30 puds copoKfc flecHTHirb 40 desyatins iraTb/iiecaT'L Beporc. 50 versts The expression 1| requires the gen. sing. : nojiTopa (paltara) ro^a a year and a half nojiTopa Micaiiia a month and a half noJiTopa py6jia a rouble and a half noJiTopH Bepcra a verst and a half nojiTopH ca^KeHH a fathom and a half (nom. sing. ca5Kem>) The word for half (noJiOBHHa) is in many cases cut down as follows : nojiCTaKana half a tumblerful noJi6yTHJiKH a half-bottle noji$yHTa \ lb. nojraaca half an hour CHAPTER 35 USE OF THE GENITIVE IN THE EXPRESSION OF TIME KOToptitt Haas ? =what time is it ? qac r b = one o'clock (lit. =hour) nojioBHHa BToporo) =1 3o(\i t .= a half of the second, se.hour) palavina ftar6va J iUBa qaca = 2 o'clock 120 EXPEESSION OF TIME = 2.15 (lit. = a quarter of the third) = 7.25 qeTBepTb TpeTtaro chetvert' tr^tyava l Tpn gaca = 3 o'clock iihtb MHHyT't qeTBepTaro = 3.5 lerape *iaca = 4 o'clock 6631) naTii (MirayTT.) iihtb = 4.55 (lit. = without 5 min. 5) nflTt qacoB'L = 5 o'clock ;a;Ba;n;u;aTB MHHyT'b mecToro w^ dvatsat' miniit shestova j mecTL qacoB'L = 6 o'clock ^ecHTB MHHyTi* ce^BMoro | =6.10 dye i s(y)at' miniit syed'mova . ceMB qac6B r B = 7 o'clock ftBa/maTB n^TB MHHyTB BOCBMOrO dvatsat' pya^' miniit vas'mova BoceMB qacoB-B = 8 o'clock 6e3i) ABaTOaTH ;n;eBHTB = 8.40 nojiOBHHa ^eBHTaro dyevyatava iijeBHTB ^acoB-L = 9 o'clock qeTBepTB ^ecaTaro dyesyatava 6es r h HeTBepra ^chtb bes chetvertyi aecHTB gacoBi> = 10 o'clock nojiOBHHa oAHHHa,n,i];aTaro = 10.30 663^ flBajmaTH mmi OAHHHaflijaTB = 10.35 o^HHHaTOaTB qacoBi> = ll o'clock 6es r b qeTBepTH flBiHaflijaTB = 11.45 flBiHaflijaTB qacoB r b = 12 o'clock nojiOBHHa nepBaro = 12.30 (lit. = half of the first, sc. hour) 6e3i> A^caTH MHHyTt naci> = 12.50 = 8.30 = 9.15 • =9.45 121 CHAPTER 36 USE OF THE GENITIVE IN EXPRESSING THE DATE TpeTtaro Run — the day before yesterday (lit. of the third day) nepBaro * aHBapa = on the 1st of January BToporo $eBpajia = on the 2nd of February TpeTtaro MapTa = on the 3rd of March qeTBepTaro anpijra = on the 4th of April mrraro Maa = on the 5th of May niecToro iiOHH = on the &th of June ce^BMoro irojiH = on the 1th of July BOCBMoro aBrycTa = on the 8th of August fleB&raro ceHTa6pa = on the 9th of September ;n;ecHTaro OKTfl6pa = ow the 10th of October oflHHHa;n;D 1 aTaro Hoa6pa = on the 11th of November flBiHajmaTaro jj;eKa6pa = on the 12th of December TpHHa^UiaTaro jraBapa = on the 13fh of January HeTLipHaflijaTaro $eBpajra = on the 14th of February naTHajmaTaro MapTa = on the 15th of March mecTHa,n;D,aTaro anp4jra = on the 16th of April ceMHaroaTaro Maa = on the 11th of May BOceMHajmaTaro iiOHH = on the 18th of June ^eBaTHa,n;iiiaTaro iiojia = on the 19th of July ftBaflijaTarp aBrycTa = on the 20th of August ;n,Ba;imaTi> nepBaro ceHTa6pa = on the 21st of September iHBajmaTB BToporo OKTa6pa = ow the 22nd of October TpHflijaTaro Hoa6pa = on the 30th of November TpnjmaTB nepBaro ^eKa6pa = on the 31st of December 1 sc. qncjia, gen. sing, of hhcjio = date or number. 122 THE DATE KOToparo incjia bh 6y;neTe flOMa ? what date will you be at home ? but KOTopoe ) or KaKoe J ™ CJl6 cer6 « HH ? what date is it to-day ? ceroflHH nepBoe HHBapa to-day is the 1st of January in the nominative. CHAPTER 37 EXPRESSION OF COMPARISON Comparison is expressed in two ways, either by t£m£ (or HejKeJin) followed by the nominative, or by means of the genitive of comparison, e.g. : 9to o^eHb xopomiii nofefl'b this is a very good train (1) 8toti> nofeflfc 3iyme ^mt* to (2) aTO 63epo 66ju>me Toro this lake is bigger than that 3to o^eHb MajieHtKiii ^omt. this is a very small house (1) 3th flOMa MeHBme ^ ; kwb t4 (2) 3th ftOMa MeHtme t^xt. these houses are smaller than those 3to o^eHb BticoKaa ropa this is a very high hill 3th ropH BLime T^xt these hills (or mountains) are higher than those t4 ropH HIDKe 3THX2, those hills are lower than these HeBa — innpoKan, rjiy6oKaa h StiCTpan pfoca the Neva is a broad, deep, and swift river HeBa ropa3,n;o nrape h TRj6me h 6i>iCTp4e TeM3H the Neva is much broader, deeper, and more rapid than the Thames ho HeBa 6*ieHB Kop6TKaa pfoca but the Neva is a very short river HeBa ropa3,o;o Kop6*ie TeM3Li the Neva is much shorter than the Thames TeM3a — ^3Kaa, Mejmaa h Tiixaa piuca the Thames is a narrow, shallow, and slow river 124 COMPAEISON TeM3a ropa3;n;o yace x h Mejime h Tihne HeBH the Thames is much narrower, shallower, and slower than the Neva ho TeM3a flOBOJibHo fljiiiHHaa pfoca but the Thames is a fairly long river TeM3a ropa3flo Rjmmi&e HeBH the Thames is much longer than the Neva 9to 6qeHB floporan Bemb that is a very precious (sc. expensive) thing Bame H3,n;aHie coraHeHift IlymKHHa flopojKe h jiyqme Moero your edition of the works of Pushkin is more expensive and better than mine bto o^eHb inemeBan 6yMara that is very cheap paper Moe H3AaHie CTHxoTBopemH JlepMOHTOBa flemeBJie h xyace Bamero my edition of the poems of Lermontov is cheaper and ivorse than yours 3to o^eHb crapaa Jioma^B that is a very old horse 8T0 cobc4mi> MOJio^an jiomaAB that is quite a young horse owh ropa^o CTapme MeHH • he is much older than I a ropa&flo MOJiojKe ero I am much younger than he 1 yme =narrower, yme ^already. COMPARISON 125 pycciciii h3hk?> oieHb Tpy^HHH the Russian language is very difficult HiMeipciii h $paHn;y3CKift h3i>ikh TOJKe Tpy^HLie the German and French languages are also difficult ho aHrJiiitCKiii muKT* Jiendft but the English language is easy aHrjiiacKiii muKT> Jienie $paHii;y3CKaro h TaKHce Jierne H^Meii;Karo the English language is easier than French and also easier than German pyccKiii sisukt, Tpy^H^e aHrjiiiicKaro, h flaace TpyAH^e H4Mei],Karo h $paHii;y3CKaro ; ohs* Tpy^H'le Bcixt the Russian language is more difficult than English, and even more difficult than German and French ; it is the most difficult of all moh ieMo;nain> nycToit h coBciMt aeritift my trunk is empty and quite light oitb ropasfto Jierie Bamero it is much lighter than yours #a, moh leMOflaHt coBciMt noJiHtin h cjinniKOMt THJKejiHH yes, my trunk is quite full and too heavy oht> ropa3;a;o TajKeJiie (or TJKKeae) Baniero it is much heavier than yours HKpa Tenept ^oposKe npemraro caviar is now dearer than formerly IleTpt CTapnie IlaBJia Peter is older than Paul 126 COMPAEISON Cep&Ka dapme Mhihh Serge is older than Michael Mama h Kara MOJi65Ke Cohh Mary and Kate are younger than Sophia yrpo Beiepa My^peH^e morning than evening is wiser (proverb) ceroflHa xoaoflHie BHepanraaro (sc. ana) to-day it is colder than yesterday^s day) ceroflHH Tenji'fee B^epamiraro (sc. am) to-day it is warmer than yesterday^ s day) OHa KpacHB-fee CBoeit cecTpii she is more beautiful than her (own) sister oin> CHJitH'fee Meira, oin> o^eHb chjibhlih he is stronger than I, he is very strong 3T0Tfc KO$e CJIHIHKOMfc CJia6HH this coffee is too weak 3toti» qaii cjihihkom'b KpinKiii this tea is too strong 3T0TI) KO$e Kp4irae -this coffee is stronger 3T0T-B nail cna6'le= this tea is weaker 9Ta BOfta coBciMt xojioAHaa this water is quite cold BTOTfc cym crainKOMi. ropaniii this soup is too hot BOTt 8Ta BOfla 6fj5 t eT r b ropa^ie here this water will be hotter COMPAEISON 127 3to bhho Kpinne Toro this wine is stronger than that 3T0 niiBO cjia6ie Toro this beer is weaker than that 8th nnpo^KH 6 i seHb BKycHbie these little pies are very nice ohh rop^o BKycH'le rferc* they are much nicer than those aTO o^eHb 6oraTHH rdpoftt this is a very rich town MocKBa 6ora oneHb flJiHiraafl, innpoKaa h KpacnBaa yjiHD,a the Nevski Prospect is a very long, broad, and beautiful street oHb ftjiHHH'&e, iirape h KpacHB^e Bcixi> ^pyrHxt yjiimb it is longer, broader, and more beautiful than all other streets Hnr^i Hin> TaKoii fljiffiraoii, nrapoKoii h KpacHBOH yjraijH nowhere (sc. else) is there such a long, broad, and beautiful street 3TO O^eHb CKOpHH UO^SJi^ this is a very fast train ho TOTb 6bun> eme CKopie but that (other) one was still faster 9to oneHb THxifi (or MeAJieHHbiii) nofeflb this is a very slow train 128 COMPAEISON a tot£ 6fReTi> enje Tinne but that (other) one mil be still slower CKop'&e (or no-CKopie) ! = quick ! hurry up ! Tmne (or no-rame) ! =go slow 1 not so fast I The words for far and near are frequeutly used ad- verbially : Tearpi* coBciMt 6jih3ko the theatre is quite near Tixiy nwkme 6jih3ko Hamero (or oti» Hamero) their property is near ours IleTporpafl'B OTCio^a 6jiibKe t6mi> MocKBa Petrograd is nearer from here (lit. hence) than Moscow B0K3ajn> o^eHb AaJieKo (or flajieico) the station (sc. big station or terminus) is very far npncTaHb enje Aajibme the landing-stage is still further rocTHHHija OTCiofla ^ajieKo the hotel is far from here B0K3aJTL HeMHO^CKO flaJIbllie rOCTHHHU,H the station is a little further than the hotel rocTHHima SjiHtfce OTCio^a whwb BOK3a;jn> the hotel is nearer here than the station The word no is often added to the comparative : no-66jibme MOJiOKa, nojKajiyfiCTa rather more milk, please no-MeHbme Maca, no^KaJiyiicTa rather less meat, please COMPAEISON 129 Adverbial comparatives : OHt Bcer;a;a dojiero, 66jr£e hjih Meirfce he is always i iB, more or Jess h TaKt flarf le (h.t.3.) and i so /ortffo CHAPTER 38 ' VOCABULARY The human body, health, &c. TBJIO W. tye a la body ayina/. dusha soul Ayxt m. dukh spirit rojiOBa/. galava head men/. sheya neck JIHIJO w. lyitso face (also person) rjia3T>(-a) m. (pl.) glas, glaza eye(s) hocte. m. nos nose meKa /. shcheka cheek port m. rot mouth ^xo w. ukho ear (yniH pi. ushi ears) jio6t> m. lop forehead saTHJioKt m. zatylak back of head ropjio n. gorla throat 3y6t m. zup tooth ry6a/. guba lip «ecHa/. dyosna gum H3LIK*B m. yazyk tongue ycH m. pi. usy moustache 6opo«a/. barada beard noAOopoflOKt m. padbarodak chin 6aKeH6apji;Li/. pi. bakenbardy whiskers bojioch m. pi volosy hair (collective) noma/. kozha skin 1809 180 BODY AND HEALTH mie^o n. plyecho shoulder (iijiShh pi. ply^^hi shoulders) cniraa /. spina back pyKa/. ruka arm, hand KHCTb/. kist' turist Jl6KOTb m. lokat' elbow nsuieirb m. palyets finger, toe HoroTb m. nogat' nail Hora /. naga leg, foot 6e,np6 n. b(y)edro hip KOJTEHO(-h) n. (pi.) kalye a na knee(s) CTynenb m. stupye 1 !!' foot nHTa/. pyata heel noAoniBa /. padoshva sole jkhbotl m. menyROK-b 1 m. zhyvot zhelddak I stomach cSpaije n. s(y)e a rtse heart jierKin n. pi. (adj.) lyokhkiya lungs KOCTb /. koigf bone KpOBb /. kroif blood 6ojib /. boU' pain 3«opoBbe n. zdarovye health GoJTEBHb/. baly^zn' illness jinxopa^Ka /. lyikharatka fever Bocnajieme n. vaspalye^iye inflammation TeMnepaTypa/. tyemperatura temperature rpaAycHHKT> m. gradusnyik thermometer rpaffycb m. gradus degree Kauiejib m. kasheP cough npocTyaa/. prastuda cold in the chest HacMopKi. m. nasmark cold in the head nax6TKa/. chakhotka consumption flOKTOp'b m. BpaHb m. doktar vrach [ doctor jieKapcTBO n. lyekarstva medicine jieqe6HHna/*. lyechebnitsa nursing-home airreKa/. aptye a ka 1 A politer word. chemist's 131 CHAPTER 39 VOCABULARY Animal and plant life >KH3HB/. zhizn' life CMepTL /. sm(y)6 i rt' death rcHBOTHoe 1 n. {adj.) zhyvotnoye x animal 3B-fepb m. zv(y)e i r' beast jiouiaAb /. jioinaAKa /. loshat' lashatka \ horse >Kepe6eHOKi. m. zherebyonak foal kohl m. ko*n' steed co6aKa/. sabaka dog nect m. pyos hound meHOKt m. shchenok puppy KOTTb m. kot I cat KOHIKa/. koshka KOTenoKt m. katyonak kitten 6hkt> m. byk ox KopoBa/. karova cow TejieHOKt m. tyelyonak calf OBHa/. aftsa sheep 6apaHB m. baran ram, sheep SapauieKL m. barashek I lamb HrHeHOKT> m. yagnyonak K03ejn> m. kazyol he-goat K03Jia /. kazla she-goat K03JieHOK'L m. kazlyonak kid CBHHBH /. svinya pig nopoceHOKt m. parasyonak young pig n'BTyx'b m. p(y)etukh cock KypHHa/. kuritsa hen HtinjieHOKt m. tsyplyonak chicken oceJiL m. asyol donkey BepSjuoAL m. verblyut camel CJIOHB ra. slon elephant 1 Cf. note 1 on p. 71. K2 182 ANIMALS AND PLANTS jieBT> m. lye a f lion THrpi> m. tyigr tiger MeRB^Rh m. medv(y)6 i t' bear bojikb m. volk wolf JiHca/. JIHCHI^a /. lyisa lyisitsa \M 3aflirB * m. zayats hare kpojihkt, m. krolyik rabbit 6-EjiKa/. bye a lka squirrel co66jil /. saboU' sable ojieHB m. aly^n' deer jiocb m. loV elk o6e3BHHa/. abezyana monkey JiHryniKa/. lyagushka frog rH-fe3AO n. gnyezdo nest nTHi^a/. ptyitsa bird opejiB 2 m. aryol eagle >KypaBJiB m. zhuraM' crane roJiy6B 3 m. golup' dove, pigeon coJiOBeft m. salavyei nightingale Bopo6eii m. varabyei sparrow jiacTOHKa /. lastachka swallow 3ivrfcH/. zmeya snake pBida/. ryba fish JIOCOCHHa/. lasasina [ salmon ceMra /. syomga CeJIB^B/. syeU'd' herring HacfeKOMoe 4 w. nas(y)ekomoye 4 I insect 6yKauiKa /. bukashka Myxa/. mukha fly KOMapi> m. kamar gnat, mosquito nnejia /. pchela bee oca/. asa wasp 6jioxa/. blakha flea 1 Gen. sing . 3aftn;a. 2 Also the name of the town Orel, pron. Aryol. 3 rojiydnHKi. (m.), rojiyGynma (/. ) = my dear. 4 Cf. note 1 on p. 71. ANIMALS AND PLANTS 133 TapaKaHt m. tarakan cockroach KJiont m. klop bug pacT^Hie n. rasty^niye plant flSpeBO n. dy6reva tree jty6-b m. dup oak 6epe3a/. beryoza birch-tree Tononb m. topal' poplar cochsl/. sasna Scotch fir (ejib) ejina/. yolka spruce fir ijbIjtok'b m. tsv(y)etok a blossom IJB'BTbl m. pi. tsv(y)ety flowers p63a/. roza rose (J)iaJiKa/. fiyalka violet rB03ja;HKa f. gvazdyika pink MaKt m. mak poppy He3a6yAKa /. nyezabutka forget-me-not hGjiohh/. yablonya apple4ree cnpeHb/. sir^n' lilac po>Kb/. ro^h rye nmeiniija /. pshenyitsa wheat H^MeHB m. yachm6 i n' barley OBect m. avyos oats rpeniixa /. grechlkha buckwheat npoco n. prosa millet KyKypy3T> m. kukurus maize TpaBa/. trava grass cbho n. sye^a hay ypoKaii m. . urazhai harvest (good) HeypoKafi m. nyeurazhai bad harvest 3acyxa/. zasukha drought >KaTBa/. zhatva reaping CHont m. snop sheaf caAT> ra. sat garden oropoAt m. agarot kitchen garden flopo>KKa/. daroshka path IJB'BTHHK'L W. tsv(y)etnyik flower-bed rpHA«a/. gryatka vegetable-bed 134 CHAPTER 40 THE VERB TO HAVE The Present Although there is a verb to have x in Russian, by far the most common means of expressing the idea is by a para- phrase to be in the possession of followed by the genitive ; this expression is formed by the preposition y = m the possession of (also at the house of or near), by the genitive of the personal pronoun, and by ecTB (yeW) = is, which is all that is left of the present tense of the verb to be, e.g. : y Meira ecTB * 1 have y Te6a ecTB = thou hast y Hero ecTB = he has, it has y um ecTb = she has y HacL ecTB = we have y Bact ecTB = you have y hhx-l ecTB -they have The word ecTB is omitted more often than not, and can also be placed first. y Meira coSaica ) y Meira ecTB coSaica Y =1 have a dog ecTB y Meira coSana ) but N.B. co6aica y Meira = I have the dog or the dog is with me 1 Inf. hm^tb, pres. hm^io, HM'fceiuB, HM^eTt HM-feeMt, uuieie, HMilOTt. TO HAVE 135 y Te6a KHiira y Te6a edb KHnra ecTb y Te6a KHiira but KHiira y Te6a = thou hast a book = thou hast the book It will have been noticed that the words ero, eii, and hxt* are prefixed by the letter h ; this h is inserted when- ever these words are preceded and governed by a pre- position, e.g. : y Hero nncBMO y Hero ecTb nnc&MO ecn> y Hero nncLMO but nncbMO y Hero y Hen flfaKa y Heii ecTb flOHKa edb y Heii ftOHKa but flOHKa y Hea y Hacfc nacnopTt nacnoprb y Hacb y Bad. ^eHbrn ^eHbrn y Bac-b y Hnxi* 6nJieTbi 6HJieTH y hhx-b =he has a letter =he has the letter --she has a daughter = the daughter is with her = we have a passport = we have the passport --you have money -you have the money --they have tickets --they have the tickets When the verb is used interrogatively the interrogative particle -jih may be added, but is not necessary if the 136 TO HAVE voice is sufficiently raised to indicate interrogation : indefinite questions ecTB must be added, e.g. : ecTb jih y Te6a Komejiercb ? edb y Te6a KomejieKt ? y Te6a ecTb KomejieKt ? y Te6n KoinejieKt ecTb ? KomejieK'L y Te6a ecTb ? but Komejiercb y Te6a ? y Te6a jih KomejieKt ? in = hast thou a purse ? -- hast thou the purse , ecTb jih y Bacb fleHbra ? ecTb y Bac-b ^eHbrn ? y Bacb ecTb fleHbra ? fleHbrn y Baes> ecTb ? ^eHbrn ecTb y Bacb ? but ^eHbrn y Bacb ? y Baci> jih fleHbrn ? = have you any money I = have you the money i Phrases containing the word 'to have* KaKoft y Bact KpacHBbift rowl what a beautiful house you have KaKaa y Bacs> npeKpacHaa KBapnipa what a splendid flat you have KaKie y Bacb npejiecTHbie rjia3a what exquisite eyes you have y Bacb oneHb njioxoft bh^ you look very ill (lit. have a bad look) TO HAVE 137 y Hero 6*ieHB 3aopobbih bha^ he looks very well ckojibko y Bact ftfeen ? how many children have you ? ckojibko y Baa& m'Sct'b Saraaica ? how many pieces of luggage have you ? y Haci> Bcero Tpoe flfeeii we have in all three children y Meira nerape M^CTa 6ara5Ka I have four pieces of luggage y Meira o^eHB MHoro Bemeii . I have a great many things y Heii o^eHB m&jio ReiierB she has very little money y HMX-B HicKOJIBKO HM^EM they have several properties y Meira h'Ickojibko H3,n,aHiH btoh KHiirH I have several editions of this booh y Bact co6aKa ecTB ? have you a dog ? y Meira ;n,a3Ke j^i I have even got two y HMX^ eCTB CBOH aBT0M06HJIB they have their own motor-car y Heii ecTB cboh .hom^ she has her own house 138 TO HAVE y Hac^ ecTt cboh SKHnami we have our own carriages y 9Toro pe6eHKa oieHB KpacnBtie r;na3a this child has very beautiful eyes y 3toh 6apLimHH o^eHb xopoinie 3y6i>i this young lady has very good teeth y 3toh ji;aMi>i npejiecTHLie bojioch this lady has exquisite hair y 3Toro ^ejioBiKa o^eHb 6ojiBm6H poTB this man has a very large mouth y 3Toro CTapHKa fljiniraaa 6opo;a;a this old man has a long beard y 3Toro Majit^HKa o^eHt MHoro bojiocb (gen. pi.) this boy has a great deal of hair y 3toh infeyniKH oneHB MajieHBKia yinn this girl has very small ears y 3Toro qejiOB^Ka o^eHB mnpoma iraera this man has very broad shoulders y 3T0H JKeHHJHHbl 6*ieHB HenpiaTHLift TOJIOCL this woman has a very unpleasant voice y Bainen co6aKH npejiearaaa roaoBa your dog has a lovely head y 3Toro qejiOB^Ka 6ojn>niia ynra, MajieHBKie rjia3a, KopoTKia Horn n ^JiHHHHa pyKH (ynra, rjia3a, Horn, and pyKH : nom. plur.) this man has large ears, small eyes, short legs, and long arms TO HAVE 139 y KajKflaro qeaoB'ljKa ;n,Ba yxa, ;n,Ba rjia&a, ab^ Horn h ab^ pyKii (gen. sing.) every man has two ears, two eyes, two legs, and two arms y MeHH npooryfla = I have a cold in the chest y Hero HacMopKt = he has a cold in the head y Heii Kamejib = she has a cough CHAPTER 41 NEGATION OF THE VERB TO HAVE (cf. p. 109.) y MeHH Hfci) co6aKH = I have no dog y MeHH Hfo-L fteHerb = I have no money y Hero HirL poflHTe;jieH = foe has no parents y Heii H^Tt ji^Tm = she has no children y Hact H^Tt 6HJieTOBi>=t(;e have no tickets y hhx?> h^ts 6a 1 Ta > wz& = they have no luggage y MeHH Hfo-L hh co6aKH hh kohikh I have neither dog nor cat y Hero hh OTii,a hh M&repn h^ti*, ohi> cnpoTa he has neither father nor mother, he is an orphan y Heii h4ti> hh SpaTa hh cecTpti, 0Ha cobc£mi> oflHa she has neither brother nor sister, she is quite alone y Hact h nacnopTt h 6HJiera ecTb we have both passport and tickets nacnopTt y hhxt> ecTb, a 6n;jieT0BT> Hirb they have a passport, but no tickets 140 NOT TO HAVE Questions in the Present are often asked negatively : Hira jih y Te6a nepa ? hast thou a pen ? nepo ecTb, a 6yMarn h^ti* I have a pen, but no paper 6yMara ecTb, a lepHiforL Hiit I have paper, but no ink lepHHJia Tyra, h boti> KapaH^anit here is the ink, and here is a pencil Hira jih y Baci> fleHerfc ? have you any money ? CHAPTER 42 TO HAVE (CONTINUED) The Past of to have is expressed as follows : y MeHa 6him> 6parb =1 had a brother y MeHa 6mia cedpa =1 had a sister y MeHa 6hjio pfejio =1 had business y MeHa 6hjih poAHTejra = I had parents that is to say, the verb was must agree with what in Bussian is the subject but in English is the object in such phrases ; similarly : HAD AND SHALL HAVE 141 y Hero 6HJia co6aKa = 7ie had a dog y Hen 6bun> ROMh=she had a house y HHXTb 6hjio Kukme^they had a property y Moero o*rn;a Sbljio nukme^ my father had a property y Moet Ma/repH 6hjio mime = my mother had a property The neuter singular 6hjio is sometimes used even when the object referred to is in the plural, e.g. : y Hero 6hjio ab^ R6wipii = he had two daughters y Hea 6lijio ABa Cbraa = she had two sons When negatived the neuter is invariably used, the word He withdrawing the accent from the verb. y MeHH He-6i>rao fleHeri^I had no money y Hero He-6mio mraer6 = /ie had nothing y Hen He-6i>iJio Hafl&KflH = she had no hope y MeHa He-6i>iJio hh oji;h6h Kon^HKH = 1 hadn't a single kopek y Hero He-6mio HHKaKHXt p,eHeri> = he had no money at all y Heii HHRor^a He-6tmo ji$Tm = she never had any children y HacL He-6i>iJio HHKoro = we had no one When using the word hhkto = no one, the preposition divides the hh from the kto. hh y Koro He 6tmo j$nevb = no one had any money The Future of to have is expressed as follows : y MeHa 6y,n;eTfc aBTOMo6iijn> = I shall have a motor-car y Te6a 6yfleTT> jioniaflb = thou wilt have a horse y Hero dyflerb %owb=he will have a house y Heii 6y;neTi> c&jip^she will have a garden y Haci» SyAeT'L poHJib=we shall have a grand piano 142 HAD AND SHALL HAVE y BacB 6y,n;eT'L MH6ro 6ara$Ka ? shall you have much luggage ? y hhx^ Sy^eTTb o^eHb m&jio BpeMeHH #iej/ wiW have very little time y Hero 6yp$Tb tocth (nom. sing. rocTb) = he will have visitors y Hea 6y^yTi> ,neHBrH = sfee wZi have money In negative sentences the third pers. singular is always used : y Meira He 6y ( a,eTi> ^eHeri>=I shall have no money y HacB He 6yflera wkc,Ta, = we shall have no room y HHX'b He Sy^eTt rocTeii=#^i/ will have no visitors y MeHa HH^ero He 6y r n,eTi» = / shall have nothing CHAPTER 43 PREPOSITIONS WHICH GOVERN THE GENITIVE y=at the house of, near It must be understood that this preposition is often used in the above meanings as well as in that of ' in the possession of ', e.g. : a 6hjtb y Heii B^epa = I was at her house, or, I went to see her yesterday OHa B^epa 6mia y Hacb=sfee came to see us yesterday bli 6lijih y hhxi> B^epa ? = did you go to see them yesterday ? TpeTbaro flim a 6hjh> y Bamero oma the day before yesterday I went to see your father (lit. of the third day I ivas at your father's) PEEPOSITIONS EEQUIEING GENITIVE 143 TpeTtaro ^ha 0Ha 6mia y MeHH she came to see me the day before yesterday OHt cero^Hfl y Heii = he is at her house to-day OHa ceroflHH y Hero =she is at his house to-day owl 6fj\evb y Haci> cero^Ha he is coming to see us to-day bh 6y,n;eTe y hhxi> cero^HH ? are you going to see them to-day ? * 6yay y hhx^ 3aBTpa I am going to see them io-morrow nocjiisaBTpa ohh 6y^yTi» y HacL they are coming to see us the day after to-morroiv mh 6yaeMi> y Heii cero^HH we are going to see her to-day tli 6y,n,eiHB y Her6 3aBTpa ? art thou going to see him to-morrow ? Obs. When the preposition does not directly govern the words ero, ea, and hxi>, i.e. when these words are used in the meaning of his, her, and their, the h is not inserted, e.g. : y ero OTija 6lijio HM^me his father had a property y ero Marepn 6hjio o^eHt MHoro fleHert his mother had a great deal of money y ea fipara 6hjfb xopomin poajib her brother had a nice grand piano y ek cecTpbi 6*ieHb KpacHBtie bojioch her sister has very beautiful hair 144 PBEPOSITIONS EEQUIKING GENITIVE y nxh po^HTejiea o^eHt 6ojn>maa 6n6jii6TeKa their parents have a very large library y ex's fliTeii oneHt ivraoro khhpb their children have a great many books 6e3 r E>= without (before words beginning with two consonants difficult to pronounce : 6e3o) owl 6e3t 6njieTa = /ie is without a ticket 6es r b nacnopTa nejn>B& = without a passport it is impossible 6e3i> aToro rgstlbA =this is indispensible (it is impossible without this) 9T0 6hjio 6esT> uen&^that was in my absence 6e30 Bcero= without anything (lit. all) 6es r b cojih, 6e3t x^6a — nojioBiraa o6i;n;a without salt and without bread is only half a dinner (proverb) fljra =for jpa kopo 3T0 nncBMO ? =for whom is this letter ? jpa ^eFO 3T0 T&Kb ? =why is this like that ? (lit. for what) 3to jpfl MeHH cjinmKOMTb ;n;6poro that is too dear for me 9to Rim Heii He aobojibho xopomo that is not good enough for her flo =up to, until, before ott> IleTporpa^a ao Mockbli from Petrograd to Moscow OTb JIoH^OHa jj;o IlapHTKa from London to Paris PKEPOSITIONS EEQUIRING GENITIVE 145 0H£ ftO CHXt nop^ T&Wb he is there till now (lit. until those times) OHa ao chxtE) nop-L 3A^Cb sfte is still here flO 3T0r0 OIT& 6bIJTE> TaMTb imfa!? now (or before this) he was there 3T0 6hjio ro MeHa £/ws was before my time ;n;o CBH,o;aHm = till we meet again 113^ =from out of (before words beginning with two consonants difficult to pronounce : H3o) 3T0 IIHCBMO 031. POCCIH this letter is from Bussia 3Ta TejierpaMMa 03^ JIoH^OHa this telegram is from London 3Ta OTKpHTKa H3i> OKC$op;a;a this postcard is from Oxford 3Ta OTKpHTKa H3T. K^pHflSKa this postcard is from Cambridge N.B. o;n,inn> irat hhxi> = one of them (masc.) ojniirb H3i> hxi> ^py3eii = one of their friends ORHa 031. hx^ jiomaAeii = one of their horses OR&Wh 03^ MOHXt 3HaKOMLIX r b one of my acquaintances OftittTB 031. 3THX1> jnOfleH one of these people 1809 L 146 PREPOSITIONS REQUIRING GENITIVE otb = away from (before words beginning with two consonants difficult to pronounce : oto) 3to iihcbmo otb Moero Apyra this letter is from my friend otb Kor6 3Ta TejierpaMMa ? from whom is this telegram ? HeH3B'tcTH0 OTS> KOr6 3Ta OTKpBITKa I don't know (it is not known) from whom this postcard is 3TH IIHCbMa OTB MOHXI) Apy3eH these letters are from my friends ciofla otb hhxi» AaJieK6 it is far from them here (lit. hither) ciofla otb Mockbbi o^eHB ^aJieKo it is a long way here from Moscow Ty^a orb Haci> 6jih3Ko from our house there (lit. thither) is not far Tyaa otb IIeTporpa,n;a cobcImb 6jih3ko it is quite near from Petrograd there botb iihcbmo otb nero = here is a letter from him BOTb iihcbmo otb ero skghbi here is a letter from his wife BOTb OTKpBITKa OTB Heil here is a postcard from her BOTb OTKpBITKa otb en MyjKa here is a postcard from her husband Bame iihcbmo otb nepBaro $eBpaJia your letter of the 1st of February PKEPOSITIONS EEQUIKING GENITIVE 147 okojio = about, near, around 6kojio AByxt pySjieii = about two roubles CTyjrs okojio CTOJia = the chair is near the table nocjrfc = after (also = afterwards) nocjrfc 3aBTpaKa = after lunch ( = in the afternoon) nocjii *iaa (or qaio) = after tea nocjrfe o6i,n;a = a fter dinner KpoM^ ^besides, except Bci KpoM^ MeHH = all except me Kpoivrfe Toro = besides that bm4cto= instead of B03Jrk = alongside flopora B03jrfc piKH = a road alongside the river CHAPTER 44 THE DATIVE Substantives The dative singular endings are : Masculine ) Hard Soft Neuter J Masculine ) Neuter ) -10 and Feminine -i for both hard and soft nouns, but feminine nouns in -in have dative singular in -in. L2 148 DATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES Examples : IMara3iray 6njieTy crony Hard Nouns { ' M^CTy Neuter • cejiy k 66m;ecTBy |6a6i Feminine \ KOMHart I H36i / Masculine Soft Nouns ^Neuter Feminine aBT0M06HJIK) cjiy^aio COflOBBK) Bacimiio nojno pynctK) ttwkmW ( He^Jii J CTaTB^ apMin , Poccin The dative singular of the other words mentioned on pp. 90-91 is : Komiy ^hio nocny ormo pe6eHKy ^bowI* Feminine surnames in -OBa, -eBa, -iraa have dative singular in -oh : IlaBJiOBOH, ApceHBeBOH, KapcaBHHoii (cf. pp. 54, 104). DATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES 149 Feminine nouns with nominative singular in -b have dative singular in -h, e.g. : JioinaAH U,epKBH Bem,H MaTepn ^o^epn Neuter nouns in -a have dative singular in -erni, e.g. : BpeMeim The dative plural of all nouns, pronouns, and adjectives without exception ends in ~wh. The dative plural endings of the substantives are : Masculine ) Hard - Neuter [ -&wb i Feminine ) Soft - Masculine ] Neuter Y -nwb Feminine J Examples : Mara3HHaMi> 1 Masculine \ 6njieTaMi» I CTOJiaMfc Hard Nouns < Neuter Feminine ■ wkGmWb i 66m;ecTBaM , b 6a6aMi> KOMHaTaM^b i n36aM r f> 150 DATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES aBTOMoSHJiaMTB / Masculine cjiyqaaivrL { COJIOBbHMfc Nouns •{ Neuter j py^KBaivrL l HM^HiflM-L IHejuijiaMt CTaTtaMt apMiaMt Feminine nouns with nominative singular in -b have dative plural in -hmi>. JiomaAaM'B lashadyam ^o^epaM'L dacheryam flfaaMt dye j tyam jnoflaMt lyudyam But those ending in -;>kb, -hb, -hib, -iijb have -aivrb, e.g. : BemaMt v(y)eshcham also UjepKBaMTE* ts(y)erkvam Neuter nouns in -a have dative plural in -eHaivrb, e.g. : BpeMeHaM-L vr(y)emenam The dative plural of all the words of which the genitive plural has been specially given is perfectly normal, viz. -aMt or -RWb> according to whether the noun is hard 01; soft ; it can always be recognized by the ending -Mb. DATIVE OP SUBSTANTIVES 151 The following may be specially mentioned : CTyjibflMt ctic&RSiWb HeSecaM^ 6paTtaMt inepeBbflMfc njieqaivrc* chhobbhm'b ymaivrb KOirknsiMb jipjshAwb Hy^ecaMt CHAPTER 45 THE DATIVE Pronouns Dativs mh^ mnye = to me Te64 tyebye = to thee eMy * yemu = to him, to it eii 1 yei = to her HaM-L nam = to us Baivn> vam =to you wwh * yim = to them ce6& 2 s(y)ebye = to oneself Sing. Plur. M. N. MoeMy may emu F. Moeii mayei mohmi. mayim M. N. TBoeMy tvayemu ) , , _ , J ,. r tbohmt* tvayim Jb. TBoeft tvayei J 1 When governed by a preposition these words assume initial H, e.g. kt> HeMy, kt> Hen, kl hhmt>. 2 Cf. note on p. 96. 152 DATIVE OF PEONOUNS Sing. Plur. M.N. F. HanieMy Hanieit nashemu j nashei HaiHHM'L nashym M.N. F. BaineMy Bameit vashemu vashei BaniHM^ vashym M.N. F. CBoeMy CBoeii svayemu svayei CBOHMT> svayim M. F. KOMy kamii N. ^eMy chemu M.N. F. iteMy Hben chyemii chyei HbHRTb chyfkh M.N. OflHOMy adnamii OflHHM'b adnyim F. oflHoii adnoi -oah£m , l adnye a m M. N. F. caMOMy caMoii samamu samoi CaMHM'L samim M.N. F. 3T0My 9T0H e a tamu e a toi * dmwb e^yim M.N. F. TOMy TOH tamu toi T^Mh tye a m M.N. F. BceMy Bceti fs(y)emu ' fsyei BCilVrb fsye a m 1 This -oi in rapid speech sounds like the letter li. 153 CHAPTER 46 THE DATIVE Adjectives M.N. F. M.N. F. M.N. F. M.N. F. M.N. F. M.N. F. M.N. F. Sing. KpaCHBOMy KpaCHBOH CHHeMy CHHeii MOJiOAOMy MOJIOAOH BblCOKOMy BblCOKOH ^oporoMy Aoporon xoponieMy xopoineii krasivamu krasivoi 1 sinyemu sinyei maladomu maladoi vysokamu vysokoi x daragomu daragoi (k)haroshemu (k)haroshei Plur. KpacHBbiML krasivyin chhhm'l sinyim mojioahml maladym BbicoKHMb vysokim r soporHMi* daragim xopouiHMTb (k)haroshym 6oJibinoMy SoJibinoii bal'shomu bal'shoi 6ojibuiHM'b bal'shym 1 This -oi in rapid speech sounds like the letter u. 154 CHAPTER 47 PHRASES CONTAINING WORDS IN THE DATIVE 9T0 mh4 ? = is this for me ? 9T0 Te64 = this is for thee 9T0 HaMi> ? = is this for us ? 9to BaMT> = this is for you 6ojibmoe Te6i cnacn6o = many thanks to thee Sojitmoe BaMi> cnacii6o = many thanks to you (contracted from cnacn Eon> = God save) 6jiaro;n;apH 9T0My cnacn6o BTOMy cjiaBa Bory ! = (glory to God) thank goodness ! (often=very well indeed) --thanks to this = here you are, take this BOT!> Te6i BOTb B&Wb t boti> BaMt KHiira = here is the book for you boti> BaMT> fteHBrn = here is the money for you B(m> Baivrb nepo = here is a pen for you boti> B&wb MicTO = here is a place for you Bora BaMi> nncLMO = here is a letter for you BOTb BaMi> OTKpHTKa = here is a postcard for you MHi xojioji,ho = J am cold euf Tenjio = he is warm Mirk coBciivrB Teiuio = I am quite warm MHi ^ajKe cjinniKOMTb jKapKO = J am even too hot Baivrc> xojioaho ?=are you cold ? BaMt Tenjio ? = are you warm ? WANTS AND BEQUESTS 155 cnaciiSo, MH-fe cobc£mi> xopoino = thanks, I am quite all right Mirk njioxo = I/ee? bad eMy cero^HH xfme = he is worse to-day HaMt sy&ch ^ajKe Jiy*mie wbwh TaMt we are even better (off) here than there 6oJiBHOMy ceroftHH ropa3^o Jiyqnie the patient (masc.) is much better to-day 6ojibh6h ceroAira ropa3^o xyrae the patient (fern.) is much worse to-day MoeMy OTDiy B^epa 6hjio ayqnie my father was better yesterday mit£ 3aBTpa Sy^eTt Jiynnie I shall be better to-morrow eMy ysKt o^eHB ruioxo he is really very bad eft ym* cobcIm'b xoponio she is quite all right now mh£ 3]5$Q,h xoponio = I am all right here mh^ 3^icb Jiyqme = I am better here mh4 3ji$Gh Hexopomo = I don't like it here (Mirk) mojkho ?=may I ? (b&wl) HejiB3a = you may not mojkho MHi Tyjj;a ? =may I (go) there (lit. thither) ? B&wb Ty,n,a HejiB3a = you may not (go) there a cio;n,a mojkho = but you may here MHi 8to HeB03MO5KH0 = that is impossible for me Mirk 3to Henpiarao = that is disagreeable to me 156 PHRASES WITH THE DATIVE B&wb 9to npiaTHO ? =is that agreeable to you ? yroftHO jih BaM-L ? = do you wish ? (lit. is it pleasing to you) ito BaMfc yroflHO ?=what do you want t KaKt B&wb yroAHO = a5 you like B&wb ya66ho TaK£ ? = are you comfortable like that ? mh^ cobcIjm£ ya66ho = I am quite comfortable MHi Heyn,66HO=*I am uncomfortable, it is awkward for me mh4 HejioBKO = I don't like to 3T0 MHi robojibko^ that is enough for me 9T0 mh4 M.a>3io = ihat is not enough for me (lit. little) 3T0 MHi Syflera MHoro = that will be (too) much for me Mirk 66jh>ho = ^ hurts me rj^h BaM-L 66jibho ? = where does it hurt you ? 3to BaMTb Ta.VKem=that is (too) heavy for you Mirk 3to JierKO=^ is light (or easy) for me MHi bto Tpy,HHO=i£ is difficult for me 8T0 Syflerb Mirk bhtoaho = that will be advantageous for me 9to Syaera BaMt nojie3HO = ^a£ will be good for you 8to 6ynerb b&wl Bpe < a;HO = that will be bad for you (sc. for your health) BaMTb 6yAerB njioxo = j/ow will fare badly mit£ CKyrao =1 /eeZ depressed (bored) MHi rpycrao = J/eeZ sad MHi Tonrao = I feel sick * mh£ AypHO = I feel faint TOO BaMTb Ha^o (or HyjKHo) ? what do you want ? (lit. is necessary) mh£ Ha,o.o HepHrat, nomoBoft 6yMarn, nepo, KapaHAainL I want some ink, some writing (lit. postal) paper, a pen, and a pencil WANTS AND BEQUESTS 157 MHi HySKHO KOHBepTL (or 06jI03KKa) H OTKpHTKa H JIHCPB noiTOBoft 6yMarn I want an envelope, a postcard, and a sheet of writing paper MHi Haflo MapoKt, noacajiyiiCTa I want some stamps, please MHii h&;o;o ropa^eH bo^iS I want some hot water MH'fe Ha;n;o MBijia h nojiOTemje I want some soap and a towel MHi Haflo xoporaaa, iHCTaa h He cjihiekom'b floporaa K6MHaTa I want a nice, clean, and not too expensive room mh4 Ha;n;o acejii3Haa kpob&tb h iHCTaa nooreJiB I want an iron bedstead and clean bedding MHi Ha;n;o noflymKa, *racTaa HaBOJKHKa, BTopoe o^Mjio, h ihctbih npocTBiHH I want a pillow, a clean pillow-case, a second blanket (or quilt), and clean sheets Mirk Haflo HOCH;jiBmHK£ = I want a porter me* Ha^o H3B6m;HK r b = J want a cab ckojibko BaMi* HyaKHO ?=how much do you want? (or how many) cnacnSo, Mirk (66jiBme) rnraero He HysKHo thank you, I don't want anything (more) Obs. HyaKHHft is often treated as the predicate and must then agree with the noun, e.g. : MHi HysKeHt 9T0T& 5KypHMt = I require this magazine Mirk nymni 9Ta KHnra = I require this book 158 PHEASES WITH THE DATIVE BaMt HpKHbi 9th fleHBrn ? = do you require this money ? nojKajiyiiCTa, ftaiiTe MRi=please, give me nepeflairre mh^ = hand me, pass me CKajKHTe mh^ = tell me noKa^KHTe mh^ = show me npHHeciiTe mh^ = bring me no3BOJiBTe mh^ = permit me npocTHTe MHi = forgive me noMorHTe MH& = help me flairre mh^ 6njieT r b = give me a ticket nepe^aHTe mh^ cojib = hand me the salt CKa^KHTe MErifc, rpik rocTiraiiija tell me where is the hotel noKajKirre mh^ KOMHaTy show me a (or the) room 9TO MH^ (He) HpaBHTCH this (dis-) pleases me, I (don't) like this npHHeciiTe mh^ ropOTeii bo ah, KycoKt Mtuia h raoroe iiojio- TeHn;e bring me some hot water, a piece of soap, and a clean towel Addressing Letters Ero BBicoKo6jiarop6^iio (abbreviated E.B.E.) HBaHy HnKOJiaeBH^y AippeeBy to his highlywellborn-ness (=Esq.) Ivan Nikolayevich Andreyev Eh BLicoKo6jiaropoAiio Airai HBaHOBHi AH,n;peeBOH to her . . . Anna Ivanovna Andreyeva (=Mrs.) WANTS AND EEQUESTS Ero npeBoexoflHTHJibCTBy Ceprkio MnxaHJiOBHqy CojiOMnpcKOMy to his Excellency Sergius Mikhailovich Solomirski Ero CijrrejibCTBy Kh«3K) IlaBJiy IleTpoBHqy JJojiropyKOMy to his Serenity Prince Paul Petrovich Dolgoruki 159 CHAPTER 48 VOCABULARY Clothes my 6a/. shuba fur coat M-fexT> (-a) m. {pi.) mye a kh fur(s) naJibTO n. (indecl.) pal' to overcoat $paKt m. frak evening-dress coat dopTyK-L m. syurtuk frock-coat jKHJieTt m. zhylyeH waistcoat nnff^KaK-L m. pidzhak short day -coat 6pK)KH m. pi. bryuki breeches iHTami m. pi. naHTajiOHLi m. pi. shtany pantalony [ trousers py6auma/. rubashka shirt $y$aiiKa/. fufaika undervest noAiiiTaHHHKH m. pi. patshtanyiki drawers (hoc6kt>) hockh m. pi. naski socks (qyjiOKt) nyjiKii m. pi. chulki stockings (can6n>) canorii m. pi. sapagi top-boots (6aniMaKi>) 6auiMaKHm. pi. bashmaki boots, shoes (Ty<|)jifl) Ty^jin/. pi. tuflyi slippers, light shoes (najioiua) Kajioinn/. pi kaloshy galoshes xaJiarL m. (k)halat dressing-gown KOCTKUVTB m. kastyum suit, coshime 160 CLOTHES nJiaTBe n. platye suit, dress i66Ka/. yupka shirt KyinaKt m. kushak sash n6flci> m. poyas belt npnnma /. pryashka buckle 6ji^3a/. bluza blouse KO$TOHKa /. koftachka lady's jacket (nepnaTKa) nep^aTKH /. pi. perchatki gloves BOpOTHnKT* m. varatnyik collar 3anoHKa /. zapanka stud, link nyroBHi^a /. pugovitsa button raJiCTyKt m. galstuk tie nORTHJKKH /. pi. patyashki braces (pyKaBt) pynaBa m. pi. rukava sleeves no^KJia^Ka /. patklatka lining manna/. shapka marts hat, cap M-BXOB8LH IH. /. m(y)ekhavaya sh. fur cap nnrana /. shlyapa lady's hat (HOCOBoft) nnaTOKt m. platok (hand)kerchief HenpoMOKaeMoe n. (adj.) nyepramakayemoye 1 waterproof 3ohthkt> m. zontyik umbrella najiKa /. palka stick TpOCTOHKa /. trostachka cane d'BJite n. bilyo linen (garment nnaTBe n. platye j- clothes ov£mmf. adye a zhda 66yBB/. obuf footwear CTiipKa /. styirka the wash KpaxMajrB m. krakhmal starch HOJKHHIJBl/. pi nozhnyitsy scissors GyjiaBKa /. bulafka pin aRTJiittcKan 6.f. anglyiskaya b. safety pin uinHJiBKa /. shpil'ka hair-pin nrojiKa /. igalka needle HHTKa /. nyitka thread cyKHo n. sukno cloth nojioTHO n. palatno linen 1 Cf. note 1 on p. 70. s) CLOTHES • inepcTt /. sh^rst' wool meTKa /• shchotka brush rpe6eHKa/. greby onl a comb GpHTBa/. britva razor CaKBOHJK'L m. sakvayash hand-lag nopT$6jit m. partteU' pocket-book KoinejieKt m. kashelyok purse qeMOAaH-B m. chemadan trunk (peM^Hb) peMHH m. pi. remnyi (strap) holdall nsiejj^b m. plyeH rug inajib /. shaft' shawl KapMaHi> m. karman pocket apuiHHt m. arshyn yard kojild;6 n. kal'tso ring ohkh m. pi. achki spectacles 161 CHAPTER 49 AGE ckojibko BaMi> jrfcrc> ? = how old are you ? (lit. how many to you of years ?) mh£ ftB&jmaTb Ji r kvb = I am twenty eMy ^BaTOaTb OR&wh roji^^e is twenty -one evL TpHAU,aTb ji,Ba ro^a = she is thirty-two eMy copoK'b TpH ro^a = he is forty-three e& nflTbRecarb qerape r6Ra = s/ie is fifty -four eMy mecTbji.ecaT'b naTb jrfrrb=fte is sixty-five en Jifc'b ceMb,o,ecHTi> = she is about seventy 3T0My pe6eHKy TOJibKO mecTb n$n otitis child is only six 3toh a^bo wfe noqTH ceMb Jiirb = this little girl is nearly seven eMy 66jibine bocbmh (gen. of comparison) jrfcTfc = /ie is more than eight eMy irfrrb em,e BOCbxMja flirt = fee is not yet eight eMy yace BoceMb jrim* = he is already eight 1809 M 162 EXPEESSION OF AGE flBa ro;n;a TOMy na&kRb = two years ago (lit. to that back) MHoro jrfvrL TOMy na,3a,R r b=rnany years ago h4ckojii>ko aneit TOMy Ha3a,n;i»= several days ago CHAPTER 50 PREPOSITIONS WHICH GOVERN THE DATIVE Kb =tO (before words beginning with two consonants difficult to pronounce : ko) npnxoflHTe Kt HaMi> = come and see us prikhadyitye k nam (lit. come to us) npuxoflirre ko mh^ = come and see me ka mnye Kb MoeMy coJKajitniio hx-l He-omio flOMa to my regret they were not at home Kt MoeMy yAHBJieHiio oh-l Sluts ynce T&wb to my astonishment he was already there KT> C^aCTlH) OHH BCfe 3A0p0BH fortunately, they are all well (lit. to good fortune) Kb Hec^acTiio, hxt> Tyrt h^ts Teneps unfortunately they are not here now Kb Ha^iajiy MapTa a 6y^y onaTt ftOMa by the beginning of March I shall again be at home kt& HOBOMy ro^y a 6fjny onaTB spfecb by the New Year I shall be here again Kb KOHny 9Toro Micaija by (or towards) the end of this month PKEPOSITIONS EEQUIEING DATIVE 163 no = according to, along, on, at (the rate of) (cf. p. 199) nO MH^ ) . /.,xt • =m my {opinion), I consider no MoeMy j v \ r » no BaineMy=m your (opinion) no ero Milium = in his opinion no MoeMy Hejn>3H = I don't think it is possible no BameMy mojkho ? = do you think it is possible ? KaK'L no BameMy ?=what do you think about it? (lit. how in your) no 9T0My =for this reason noqeMy ? =why ? for what reason ? noTOMy, tto = because (lit. for that what) no MOCKOBCKOMy BpeMeHH by Moscoiv'time SBi MapKH no oahoh Kontairfi two stamps at one kopek each flecHTb MapoicB no ceMH KonieiO) ten stamps at seven kopeks each 3th h6jiokh no hhth KonieKT* (nrryKa) these apples are at five kopeks each (piece) but for prices at two, three, and four, cf. pp. 170-71. no jKejrfeHOH floporfc = iy ra n no BocKpeceHBHM r t = on Sundays no noHefl'fcjibHHKaM'B = on Mondays no BTopHHKaM'L = on Tuesdays no cpe^aMt = on Wednesdays no qeTBepraMi> = on Thursdays no naTHHijaM'L = on Fridays no cy666TaMT> = on Saturdays M2 164 PEEPOSITIONS EEQUIEING DATIVE no saKOHy = according to the law no yjinii.i = along the street no Ha6epe5KHOii = along the quay CHAPTER 51 THE ACCUSATIVE The accusative singular and plural of all masculine nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, and the accusative plural of all feminine nouns, pronouns and adjectives is the same as the nominative (singular and plural respectively) in the case of inanimate, and the same as the genitive (singular and plural respectively) in the case of animate, or once animate things. The accusative of all neuter words is always the same as the nominative, singular and plural, with one exception. Feminine Substantives, singular Feminine nouns have the accusative singular : following endings in the Hard Soft -y -K) I 6a6y Hard Nouns \ KOMHaTy ( H36y babu komnatu izbu Soft Nouns h He^Jiio CTaTBK) apMiio , Pocciio nyedyeUyu statyii armiyu Eassiyu THE ACCUSATIVE 165 The accusative singular of all feminine nouns in b- is the same as the nominative singular, viz. : NOM. AND ACC. Jiomaflb ijepKOBB Benns MaTB As regards the accusative plural ending these nouns follow the general rule given on p. 164. Feminine Pronouns and Adjectives, singular The accusative singular endings of feminine pronouns and adjectives are : ee yeyo her MOK) mayii my TBOK) tvayu thy Hainy nashu our Bamy vashu your CBOK) svayii own qtio chyii whose oflHy adnii one caMoe samayo herself 9 T y e a tu this or that T y tu that yonder BCK) fsyti all, the whole KpaciiByH) krasivuyu beautiful CHHIOK) sinyuyu dark blue MOJIOAyH) maladuyu young BLICOKyiO vysokuyu tall flopor^io daragiiyu dear xopomyio (k)haroshuyu nice 6ojibmyio bal'shiiyu big 166 THE ACCUSATIVE The only exceptions to the above rules are that the accusative of kto is always Koro oho is always ero i.e. is always the same as the genitive, while the accusative of ito is always ito CHAPTER 52 PHRASES IN WHICH THE ACCUSATIVE IS USED SjiaroAapio Baci» = J thank you fijiaroflapio Baci» o^em = thank you very much Mirfc ee 5Kajn> = I am sorry for her (lit. to me is pity) uwk ero SKaJib = I am sorry for him MH^ 6tIJI0 6^eHB 5KaJIb HX1> I was very sorry for them flaftTe mh^ BTy KE&ry=give me this book AaiiTe eMy ara ReEbTii=give him this mone% noKajKirre mh^ Banii> nacnoprt show me your passport noKajKHTe MHi Bama 6HJiera show me your tickets npHHeciiTe Mirf* moh Bemn bring me my things cen-qacL = immediately ciio mmyTy= this minute PHEASES WITH ACCUSATIVE 167 The accusative is used to express time : KaaKflHii pa3i>= every time KajKflHH fleHb = every day KajKfltift Be*iepfc= every evening KajKflkift tort* = every year Kaac^oe yTpo = every morning KajKji.yio nei$3m = every week KjfoKflyio hohb = every night 3Ty nejifemo^ihis weefc 8Ty Bemf = ihis spring 8to jr&ro = #m summer 3Ty 6ceHb = #m autumn 9Ty 3&My = this winter but for ttis morning, in the winter, &c, cf. pp. 180-1. With the names of the days of the week (cf. pp. 84-85^ 168) and with those of the seasons KasKABiii is also used in the accusative. 1 CHAPTER 53 PREPOSITIONS WHICH GOVERN THE ACCUSATIVE bt>= into, to (before words beginning with two consonants difficult to pronounce: bo) b'l Pocciio = fo Russia KB A.H.vmx) = to England Bt repMaHiio = fo Germany 1 Other words similarly so used are npouiJiBiii =last (sc. the previous) 6ynyuj\pL =the next CJi-iffyiomiH =the following 168 PEEPOSITIONS EEQUIEING ACCUSATIVE bo HTajiiio = fo Italy B'b MocKBy = io Moscow bt» Ofteccy^o Odessa bs> mKOJiy = to school Bt Te&rpt = to the theatre Bt cas'B = into the garden bi> aoM'L = into the house 1 bi> ropoftt = into the town bt> pecTopaHt^o the restaurant b^ rocTHHHuy = to the hotel SHJierL bt. KieBT» = a ticket to Kiev 6n;jieTi> b-l MocKBy = a ticket to Moscow b-l BocKpeceHte 6y^eT^ npeflCTaBJieme on Sunday there will be a performance bs» noHe r n ( ijibHHK r b Sy^eTt KOHijepT'L on Monday there will be a concert bo BTopmiKT* He 6yn;eTi> npe^CTaBJienia on Tuesday there will be no performance bt> cpefly He 6j%erb KomjepTa on Wednesday there will be no concert b'l qeTBepr-L ecTb napoxoflt on Thursday there is a steamer bt> naTHHii;y h^ts napoxo^a on Friday there is no steamer bi> ey66oTy SyflerL napoxofli. on Saturday there will be a steamer 1 But jhomoh -home, to one's home, homewards. PKEPOSITIONS EEQUIEING ACCUSATIVE 169 n6 r fe3,ni r B b-l ffBa qaca the train, is at 2 o'clock nofeflTb bi» naTB qacoBfc the train is at 5 o'clock nofefli* vb nojioBHHy nepBaro the train is at 12.30 saBTpaKt b^ ^acfc lunch is at one o'clock oSiflt bt> ceMt qacoBt dinner is at 7 bt. nojiOBiray oAHHHaOTaTaro a Sy^y sjvfccb at 10.30 I sfeaM &e here Ha^ajio npeAdaBJieHia b^ noJiOBiray BOCbMoro the beginning of the performance is at 7.30 pKHHi> 6yfler& Bt ,o;6BaTb ^acoBt supper will be at 9 o'clock a Bflict B^ nepBLift pasi* I am here for the first time 9to dyneTb b'l Apyroii pa3T> that will be for another time bi> 3to BpeMa a 6bim> 66jiein> at that time I was ill 17$ bli 6bijih Bt 3T0 BpeMa ? where were you at that time ? ohi> Bcer,n;a Bo-BpeMa he is always in (good) time bo BpeMa ypoKa during the (time of the) lesson 170 PKEPOSITIONS REQUIEING ACCUSATIVE Ha = on to nojiosKHTe KHHry Ha ctojtb lay the book on (to) the table nocT&BbTe CTaK&HTb Ha noftHoci, put the tumbler on (to) the tray nojiosKHTe qeMOftaHfc Ha-nojrb put the trunk on (to) the floor 3to Syfle-TL Ha moh mevb that will be on my account a oieHb paflfc Ha c^era 3Toro I am very glad about this (on account of this) MHi oneHB acajib Ha c^en. 9Toro ^ijia I am very sorry about this business Ha KaBKa3'B = ^o the Caucasus Ha B0K3ajrb ! = fo the station! (sc. terminus, big station) Ha CTaHH.no \ = to the station! (sc. small station) Ha npiiCTaHB ! = to the landing-stage ! 3a =for Sjiaro/japK) Bact 3a Bame nncBMO thank you for your letter 6jiaroAapio Bact 3a 9to thank you for this BOTb cwdvb 3a Bamy KOMHaTy here is the bill for your room BOTb fleHbrn 3a Shjictbi here is the money for the tickets no =at(d. pp. 163, 199) naTb MapoK'B (nom. sing. MapKa) no-flBi Kontacn five stamps at 2 kopeks each PREPOSITIONS REQUIRING ACCUSATIVE 171 qenipe MapKH n6-Tpn KoniiiKH four stamps at 3 kopeks each Tpn MapKH no ^erape Konifen three stamps at 4 kopeks each hhtb OTKpHTOKT> no ie™pe KOn'tllKH five postcards at 4 kopeks each flBi OTKpiiTKH n6-TpH KOnfelKH two postcards at 3 kopek's each *iepe3T> (or qpe3t, or nepe3o) = through, via, across qepe3B MocKBy = through, or ma Moscow iepe3B nojie = across the field iepe3B Mope = across £fee sea qepe3B BecB ropo^t = through the whole town nepes'B Koro ? = by whose agency ? through whom ? CHAPTER 54 THE INSTRUMENTAL Substantives The instrumental singular endings are : {Masculine ) Neuter J Feminine -oft (or -oio) {Masculine ) Neuter ) Feminine -eft (or -eio) 172 INSTEUMENTAL OP SUBSTANTIVES Examples : / Masc. MarasHHOMT* 6HJieTOMTE> . CTOJIOMT* EARD f M^CTOML Nouns { Neut.j cejioMt i 66ni;ecTBOM'L \Fem. magazmam bilyeHam stalom mye a stam s(y)elom opshchestvam 6a6on or 6a6oio baboi \ -oyu KOMHaToii or KOMHaTOio komnatoi *, -oyu > h366h or H36610 izboi, -oyu Soft J Nouns / aBT0M06HJieMt Masc. ca^iaeMB COJIOBLeMt BacHJiieM^ InoJieMTE, py^beMt HMiHieMl> ' Heaijiefi or He^ijieio Fern J CTaT ^ or CTaTeio apMien or apMieio Poccieii or Poccieio aftamabilyem sluchayem salavyom vasfliyem polyem ruzhyom imye^iyem nyedyeUyevyeyu statyoi, -yoyu armiyei, -yeyu Rassiyei, -yeyu Masculine nouns ending in -up (also neuter nouns in -ijo, -ije, -me) have instrumental singular in -omi. 1 The fern. inst. ending -oil when unaccented sounds almost like -H. INSTEUMENTAL OF SUBSTANTIVES 173 when the ending is accented and in -eMi> when it is not, e.g. : Masc. NOM. SING. INST. SING. ( KOHei],T> kohd,6mt> kantsom OTeip* OTIJOM'L atsom M'tcHU.'L wkcnuewb mye'syatsem v H^Meii^ E&MnfiWb nye^mtsem jihijo (face , person) jihu,6mi> litsom , nojiOTemje (towel) nojioTeHiiieM^ palaty^ntser Neut. Feminine nouns with nominative singular in -u,a have instrumental singular in -eft, e.g. : NOM. SING. INST. SING. yjiHija (street) yjiffljeii (or yjinijeio ulyitsei ulyitseyu) Masculine nouns with nominative singular in -3KT>, -*te>, -nn,, -mt, and feminine nouns with nominative singular in -5Ka, -*ia, -ma, -ma have instrumental singular in -owl, -oh when the ending is accented, and in -eMT», -en when it is not (nevertheless the masculine accented ending is still often written -eMT>, of course pronounced -omt>, because e after jk, h, m, m; becomes o), e.g. : NOM. SING. INST. SING. k;jiio*i6mi> * KJIKHeMT) KJIIOTb klyuchom H05KI> CBi^a HOEKOMT. H03KeMT> j J CB^HOH [ CBiHOK) nazhom sv(y)echoi sv(y)echoyu 174 INSTRUMENTAL OF SUBSTANTIVES NOM. SING. INST. SING. aKHnaact BKunajKeivrb ekipazhem HBaHOBHq'B or HBaHBiqt Kajioma T , , . HBaHOBH^eM'L • Ivanych 1 TT t J or HBaHLraeMT> Ivanychem = son of Ivan f Kajiomeii kaloshei I KaJiomeio kalosheyu Masculine surnames in -obi,, -eBT, and -hhi> have the instrumental singular in -uwb, like adjectives : Typre- HeBHMt, JlepMOHTOBHM'L, IlymKHHHM'L ; feminine surnames in -OBa, -eBa, -HHa have -oh. Feminine nouns with nominative singular in -b have instrumental singular in -lio (sometimes spelt -iio), e.g. : jiomaflBio loshadyu njepKOBbio ts(y)e i rkavyu Bemtio vye^hchyu MaTeptio matyeryu AO^eptio docheryu The masculine noun ujTh=way 9 means, which is other- wise declined exactly like Jioina^b, has instrumental singular : nyreMi. ( = by means of) putyom Neuter nouns in -a have instrumental singular in -eiieM^, e.g. : BpeMeHeMTb vr(y)e i menyem raeHeM'L ( =by name) imenyem The instrumental plural of all nouns, pronouns, and adjectives without exception ends in -mh. 1 Patronymics are in talking always ruthlessly thus abbreviated. INSTEUMENTAL OF SUBSTANTIVES The instrumental plural endings are : I Masculine I Neuter r -aMH Feminine I {Masculine ] Neuter [ -hmh Feminine ) 175 Examples Hard Nouns IMara3HHaMH 6njieTaMH CTOJiaMH f M^CTaMH Neuter \ cejiaMH ( 66m;ecTBaMH ( 6a6aMH I Feminine \ KOMHaTaMH I H36aMH ( aBT0M06HJIHMH ( Masculine \ cjiy^iaaMH ( COJIOBBHMH Soft Nouns \ Neuter InOJIHMH pyjKBHMH HMtHiHMH IHefltjIflMH cxaTtaMH apMiaMH 176 INSTEUMENTAL OF SUBSTANTIVES The instrumental plural of all the words of which the genitive plural has been specially given is perfectly normal, viz. -aMH or -aMH, according to whether the noun is hard or soft ; it can always be recognized by the ending -mh. The following may be specially mentioned : CTjmaMH flepeBbHMH SpaTBHMH yniaMH CBIHOBBaMH qyflecaMH ^py3BaMH njie^aMH COcfeftaMH KOJiiiraMH Feminine nouns with nominative singular in -b have instrumental plural in -aMH, though some can also have -bmh, e.g. : jiomaflBMH lashad'mi or JiomaflHMH lashadyami ^o^epBMH dacher'mi or AO^epaMH dacheryami ± \ have only ftTBTH l jho^bmh lyud'mi A^tbmh dyet'mi Those ending in -jkb, -hb, -hib, -hjb have -aMH, e.g. : BenjaMH v(y)eshchami also ii,epKBaMH ts(y)erkvami Neuter nouns in -a have instrumental plural in -eHaMH, e.g.: BpeMeH&MH vr(y)emenami 177 CHAPTER 55 THE INSTRUMENTAL Pronouns mhoII {or mhoh)) mnoi (mnoyu) to66h {or to66io) M. N. HMT> 1 F. eii {or eio) x taboi (taboyu) yim yei (yeyu) HaMH nami BaMH vami HMH * yimi co66h {or C06610) saboi (saboyu) SINGULAR PLURAL M. N. MoAwb mayim F. Moefi {or Moeio) mayei M. N. tbohmt> tvayim F. TBoeii {or TBoeio) tvayei M. N. HamHMTb nashym ) F. Hameii {or Hameio) nashei J M. N. BamHMi» vashym ) , ™ „ , , v , , . \ BamHMH F. Bainen (or Bameio) vasnei J MOHMH TB0HMH HaniHMH mayimi tvayimi nashymi vashymi CBOHMH svayimi M. N. cbohm^ svayim F. CBoeii {or CBoeio) svayei M. F. icem^ kye a m N. *iiwb ch(y)e a m 1 When governed by a preposition these words assume initial H, e.g. CT> HHMT>, CT> Heft, CT> HHMH. 1809 N 178 INSTEUMENTAL OP PEONOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL M. F. N. IBHMt iLeii (or qteio) chyim chyei *IBHMH chyimi M. F. N. 3THM1> 9T0H 1 (or &TOK)) eHyim e a toi * 3THMH e^yimi M. F. N, CaMHMt caMOH (or caMoio) samim samoi - CaMHMH samimi M. N, OflHHMt adnyim OflHHMH adnyimi F. OflHOH (or OflHOK)) adnoi O^H^MH adnyehni M. F. N. TOH (or TOK)) tye a m toi • T^MH ty^mi M. F. N. BC^M^ Bceit (or Bceio) fsye a m fsyei • BC^MH fsy^mi CHAPTER 5 6 THE INSTRUMENT 'AL Adjectives SINGULAR PLURAL M. N. KpaCHBLUVTB _ , „ i , ^ \ KpaCHBLIMH F. KpaCHBOH^Or-OK)) J M. N. CHHEMTB F. CHHeft (or -eio) M. N. MOJIOflLIM'B F. mojio^oh (or -OK)) M. N. BBICOKHMt F. BBICOKOH 1 (or -OK)) 1 This -oft in rapid speech sounds like -h. CHHHMH MOJIORBIMH BBICOKHMH INSTEUMENTAL OF ADJECTIVES 179 SINGULAR PLURAL M. N. floporHM^ F. floporon (or -610) M. N. xopomHM'L F. xopomeii (or -eio) M. N. 6oJibmHM r & F. 6ojn>m6it (or -6k>) ^oporHMH xopomHMH 603IbmHMH CHAPTER 57 USES OF THE INSTRUMENTAL The instrumental is used as a rule to indicate the agent by whom or the instrument by which anything is done : KiMfc 9Ta KHHra HairacaHa ? (past participle passive) by whom was this booh written ? K^Wb 3T0 6bljio CKa3aH0 ? by whom was this said ? wbwh oHt 6tijr& y6nT r B ? by what was he killed ? vfewb 9to 6hjio cji,ijiaHO ? by what was this done t owb 6hjt& y6irrb cbo6h SKeHoii he was killed by his own wife 3T0 6LLJIO Cfl^JiaHO HOJKeMfc that was done by a knife nfcwh 6oraTbi, ri&Mfc h paflH what we are rich in, that we will gladly give (proverb) N 2 180 USES OF THE INSTEUMENTAL A very common and, to the foreigner, puzzling use of this case is that known as the ' predicative ' ; when a con- dition or position, usually of a temporary, accidental, or hypothetical kind, is indicated in the past or the future, the predicate, if a substantive, is very frequently put in the instrumental, e.g. : Kor,n,a a 6hjt& MajitraKOM'L =when I was a boy 6yjsj> Moeft 5KeH6io \-bemy wife ! si HHKor,o;a He 6yny ero 5KeH6io I will never be his wife npHTOHOio ero 6ojtIj3hh 6tuia npocTy.ua the cause of his illness was a chill owb B£\)x6m>=he is on horseback (lit. he is the upper part, nom. Bepxi») The instrumental is used to indicate times and seasons as follows : MH 6tIJIH TaMTE> BeCHOH we were there in the spring jrfcroM'B mli 6fnewb y ce6a ^6Ma in the summer we shall be at our own home oceHbio 0Ha 6HJia o^eHb 6ojn>Ha in the autumn she was very ill 3hmoh ohh Bcer;n;a 3a rpaHmjeii in winter they are always abroad but N.B. 3Ty BecHy, 9to jrfcro, 3Ty oceHb and 3Ty 3HMy in the accusative. B^epa Be^epoM'L OHa 6bDia y Hac^ yesterday evening she came to see us USES OP THE INSTEUMENTAL 181 ceroflira yTpoMT> a 6biJTb y Her6 this morning I went to see him ceroflHH ^HeMt He Cyders npe^CTaBJieHia this afternoon (lit. by day) there will be no performance 3aBTpa BeiepoMt SyneTi) npe^CTaBJieme ? will there be a performance to-morrow evening ? ceroftHa BenepoM'L 6*ieHB xopomiii KOHijeprB this evening there is a very good concert CHAPTER 58 PREPOSITIONS WHICH GOVERN THE INSTRUMENTAL 3a, = behind OHH y5Ke 3a CTOflOMTb they are already at table 3a flOMOMt ecTb cas'L behind the house there is a garden saniwh bh 3j^Gh ? why are you here ? (lit. behind what, after what, for what) OHa 3a-My^ceMi» she is married (lit. is behind a husband) OHa flaBHo y^ce sa-My^ceMTb she has been married a long while already 3a wkwb OHa sa-My^eMt ? to whom is she married ? 3a wwb = to him (h inserted after preposition, cf. p, 177) 182 PEEPOSITIONS EEQUIEING INSTRUMENTAL OHa 3a-MpKeM r B 3a aHrjiiraaHHHOM'L she is married to an Englishman ea CTapmaa cecTpa 3a-My3KeM r B 3a $paHu,y30Mi> her elder sister is married to a Frenchman ea MJiaflmaa cecTpa sa-MpKeMt 3a pyccKHMt her younger sister is married to a Russian ea ;n;o*n> 3a-My5KeMi> 3a aMepHKamjeMfc her daughter is married to an American ohh TenepB 3a rpaHHijeH they are now abroad (lit. beyond the frontier) ohi> flaBHo jme 3a rpaHinjeii he has been (lit. is) abroad already long since mh sflict KaKi» y XpncTa 3a na3yxoii we are in clover here (lit. as in Christ's breast-pocket — a proverb) hoa'l = under Ha^Tb = above (before most words beginning with two consonants written no,a;o, Ha,o;o) Ha^o-MHoit He6o, noAO-MHoii 3eMJia above me is the sky, under me the earth coSaKa noflfc ctoji6m£ the dog is under the table uojj^ CTOJiOMt cooaica there is a dog under the table PEEPOSITIONS EEQUIEING INSTEUMENTAL 183 nepeji.'L = in front of, before (before most words beginning with two consonants written nepe,q;o) 3a mhoh JiicL, nepe/jo mhoh Mope behind me is the forest, in front of me the sea nepeflfc ^omom^ yjiinja, a 3a yjiHU.en p&ca before the house is the street, and beyond the street the river nepers* cejiOM^ py^eii, a 3a py^teMt nojie in front of the village is a stream, and behind the stream afield nepers, dthm^ oHa 6biJia 3a rpaHHijeH before this she was abroad a. 6hjte> Gojieirb nepe,p» t4ml I was ill before that M&Kfly ^between M&K,a,y j4.Hrjiieii h (Dpamjieii — Mope between England and France is the sea Meac^y niBeHijapieH h Hiajiiei: — Ajimh between Switzerland and Italy are the Alps Me3K/j,y Poccien ii CnfiiipLio — ypara between Bussia and Siberia are the Ural Mountains CDnHJiaH^ia MesK^y Poccieii h HlBei4eii Finland is between Bussia and Sweden BoiiHa MesK^y Poccien h TypijieH the war between Bussia and Turkey 184 PBEPOSITIONS REQUIRING INSTRUMENTAL (before most words beginning with two consonants written co) 1T0 CI> BaMH ? what is (the matter) with you ? mraero co mhoh Hfoi» there is nothing the matter with me co mhoh ftypno I feel bad CI) K^Wh BH 6HJIH TaMt ? " with whom were yon there ? ct> mohmt> flpyroMt with my friend a He-6LiJTL hh ct> k^mi, I was not with any one qan c& caxapoM-L h ct> jihmohom'l tea with sugar and lemon KO$e CL MOJIOKOM'B H CO CJIHBKaMH coffee with milk and cream xjrk6i> ob MacjiOMt bread and butter nHpOJKKH Ct MHC0MT> little pies with meat (in them) y MeHa ct> coooH nannpocL H^rt I have no cigarettes on me (lit. with myself) y Te6a fleHbrn ct> co66h ecTb ? ftcwe i/ow any money on you ? 185 CHAPTER 59 THE LOCATIVE General use The locative case is only used after the five preposi tions : bi> (or bo) =m Ha = on o (or 061) or 060) = about, concerning ( in the presence of iron in the time of in addition to in spite of no = after It can never be used except when preceded by one of these prepositions (some of which, it must be remembered, take other cases as well) ; hence it is fairly easily to be recognized ; hence, too, it is sometimes called the pre- positional case. Substantives The locative singular endings are : Masculine ] Feminine r -i Neuter ) for both hard and soft nouns ; but masculine nouns ending in -in (-i) feminine nouns ending in -in (-iya) and neuter nouns ending in -ie (-iye) all have locative singular in -in (-iyi) 186 LOCATIVE OP SUBSTANTIVES Examples : IBfc Mara3HHi Ha 6iuieTi Ha CTOJii Hard . Nouns \ I Ha Midi bt> oSn^ecTBi [ o SaSi k Feminine -j bt> KOMHarf* 1 BT> H36i f BT> aBTOMOfiHJrfe MasculineJ 00 ^^, O COJIOBL'B V o BacHJiin Soft / Nouns \ Neuter Ha nojii Bt pyncbi bi> Minima L Bi POCCIH vmagazinye nabily^tye nastalye namye^tye fs(y)elye vopshchestv(y)e ababye fkomnatye vizbye vaftamabilye ashichaye asalavye avasilyi napolye vruzhye vimy^nyiyi vrassiyi ' o neftini y Feminine - bt> CTaTbi ( bt> apMin Masculine nouns which contain e or o anyedy^lye fstatye varmiyi in the last syllable of the nominative singular and lose it throughout the rest of the declension : NOM. SING. LOC. SING. K0HeH,1> Ha KOHIji nocojn> o nocjii Hard Nouns Soft Nouns neHB oroHb o ah* bt> onii LOCATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES 187 A large number of masculine nouns have a locative singular in -y (if hard) and in -10 (if soft) when used with the prepositions B1) = { n Ha = ow This form of the locative singular always has the accent on the end. These nouns are mostly of one syllable (at most two) in the nom. sing., e.g. : NOM. SING. LOC. SING. 6eperb b(y)e i rek shore Ha 6epery naberegii 6oK , h bok side Ha 6oKy nabaku Bepxi vy^rkh top Ha Bepxy nav(y)erkhu B03i> vos cart Ha B03y navazu roflt got year bi> ro;n,y vgadu Kpaii krai edge Ha Kpaio nakrayii KpHMt krym Crimea bi> KpHMy fkrymii Jiyra luk meadow Ha Jiyry nalugu jrfcab lye a s forest bt> jrfecy vlyesii MOCTt most bridge Ha MOCTy namastii nom pol floor Ha nojiy napalii paflfc ryat row Ha pa,o;y naryadu ca^i» sat garden bt> ca^y fsadii CH'fcr'b snye a k snow bt> CH'fery fsnyegii yrojra ugal corner bi> yrjiy vuglu iaci> chas hour B'L iacy f chasii mKant shkap cupboard bi» micany f shkapii and many others. Notice especially jieflfc lyot ice Ha JiBfly nal'du poTi> rot mouth bo pTy vartii •^ u ^ : KHHra O KpLIM^ a book about the Crimea 188 LOCATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES Feminine surnames in -OBa, -eBa, -iraa have loc. sing, in -oft, like the adjectives : o IlaBJioBOH, ApceHteBoft, KapcaBiraoft Feminine nouns with nominative singular in -h have locative singular in -h. NOM. SING. LOC. SING. jiomaflB Ha jiomaAH 1 naloshadyi Benns B£ Benpi vv(y)e i shchi ii;epKOBB bt> ijepKBii fts(y)6 i rkvi MaTb npn M&repn primatyeri ;n;o*n> npn ftoiepn prid6cheri Neuter nouns ending in -a have locative singular in -eHH, NOM. SING. LOC. SING. BpeMH o BpeMeHH avr(y)e i menyi The locative plural of all nouns, pronouns, and adjec- tives (except that of two pronouns) ends in -xt. The locative plural endings are : I Masculine ] Neuter r -axt Feminine j ' Masculine Neuter k Feminine -axt Soft - 1 = on the horse, not on horseback, cf. p. 180. LOCATIVE OF SUBSTANTIVES 189 Examples : Hard Nouns Ibi> MarasHHax^ Ha 6mieTaxfc Ha CTOJiaxt Neuter Feminine bi> MicTax-L Wb cejiaxt . bt> 66m;ecTBax'L o 6a6axi» bt> K6MHaTaxt i bt. nsSaxTb ( b^ aBTOMo6Hjiax r b f Masculine j b'l cjiygaaxi* ( O COJIOBLaXT* Soft Nouns J Neuter Ha nojiax r b Biy pyacbaxt bt» HMfeiaxt [ o He.o.'fejiax^ { Feminine \ Wb CTaTBax'b ( Bt apMiaxt Feminine nouns with nominative singular in -h have locative plural in -hxi>: . SING. NOM. PLUR. LOC. PLUR. jiomaflB jioina^H Ha Jiomaflaxt 1 flora fto^epu o flo^epaxt [ffHTa] ^ iH^TM npn flfaax'B [qejiOB'liK'L] JIIOflH npn jiioahxi* 1 This phrase means : by carriage, driving. 190 LOCATIVE OP SUBSTANTIVES But those ending in -act, -it, -mt, -mi> have -axT>, e.j NOM. SING. NOM. PLUR. LOC. PLUR. Benjt Bem;H bt> Bemax'b also ijepKOBt u;epKBH bi i^epKBaxt Neuter nouns in -h have loc. plur. in -eHax'B, e.g. : NOM. SING. NOM. PLUR. LOC. PLUR. BpeMfl BpeMeHa o BpeMeHaxt 060 mh4 Te64 HeM£ * Heft 1 Haob Bact O HHX'L 1 ce6i Masc. Neut. Fern. Masc. Neut. Fern. CHAPTER 60 THE LOCATIVE Pronouns abamnye = about me atyebye = about thee any6m = about him, or it = about her anyei anas avas anyikh as(y)ebye = about oneself = about us = about you = about them SINGULAR MoeMi* amayom Mo6it amayei TBoeMt atvayom TBoeft atvayei PLURAL MOiixt amayikh -* about my tbohxi» atvayikh about thy 1 These three forms of the pronoun never occur without the initial H, being always preceded by a preposition. LOCATIVE OF PEONOUNS 191 SINGULAR PLURAL j- / [ o Hamem anashem I o Hanraxt anashykh ™ , e * . j about our Fern, o Hamen anasnei j Masc Neut. o BameMt avashem I o BanraxL avashykh Fern, o Bamen avashei ) r Masc Neut, Fern, o CBoeit asvayei Masc o CBoeM^ asvayom I o cbohxl asvayikh about one's own i o koml akom= about whom Fern. Neut. o *iewb ach(y)6m = about what SINGULAR PLURAL Masc. Neut. Fern. B'L %eii fchyei B'B qteMt fchyom [ b^ qLHXL fchyikh in whose bl o^homl vadnom bl ojuhhxl vadnyikh Fern, b-l oflHoii vadnoi B'L oah^xl vadnye a kh in one, %n some • bt» caMOM^ fsamom ! Bt caMiixL fsamikh Masc „ ' ' ,„ „ ,. [in -self, -selves Fern. B^ caMOH fsamoi ) J Masc. Neut. „ , , , a , ) oS'L BTHxt abe'tyikh • o6t 3toml abe a tam , , A% ., • ' r about this, that, these, Fern. o6l btoh x ab6 a toi * ) or those 1 This -oft in rapid speech sounds like -H. 192 LOCATIVE OF PEONOUNS SINGULAR Masc. ) Neut. j B1> T0M * ftom Fern, kb to# ftoi Masc. ) Neut J B0 BcgM1> va %° m Fern, bo Bceft vafsyei PLURAL I BtTfe, ftye a kh r in that yonder, in the ) former I bo Bcfext vafsye a kh in the whole, in all Masc. Neut. Fern. Masc. Neut. Fern. CHAPTER 61 THE LOCATIVE Adjectives Hard Singular O KpaCHBOMt O KpaCHBOH 1 Soft Plural O KpaCHBLIX^ BTE> CHHeMT, Bi) CHHeit BT> CHHHXt Hard (accent on termination) Masc. ) , ) Neut. j ° MOJIO * omj o Moaoaiteb Fern, o mojio^oh j 1 This -oh in rapid speech sounds like -bl Masc, Neut. , Fern. Neut. Fern. Plural Ha BblCOKHXt LOCATIVE OF ADJECTIVES Stem in k r x Singular Ha BblCOKOM'b Ha BbicoKoii 1 j Same, with accent on termination Masc o ffoporoM* i AOporte o Aoporon j Stem in jk h hi m 193 Masc. Neut. Fern. Bfc xoponieML Bt xoponieii j Same, with accent on termination • BT> dOJIblHOlVTb Bt 60JIbHI0H Masc. Neut. Fam. Bt XOpOHIHX'b Bl, OoJIbHIHX'b CHAPTER 62 EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THE LOCATIVE WITH THE PREPOSITIONS B£ (or bo) Bt *ieMT> a^jio ? = what is the matter f (lit. in what is the business) fleHbrn 6hjih y mchh 2 Wb KouiejibK'l the money was in my purse 1 This -oft in rapid speech sounds like -H. 2 This is better than saying Bt MoeMt KOinejibK'B. 1809 O 194 PBEPOSITIONS REQUIRING LOCATIVE a KoinejieKi, 6bun> y MeHa b-l KapMaHi and the purse was in my pocket a Tenept ero TaMT> h^tt, and now it isn't there nacnoprt 6biJTb y Meim Bt ^pyroMt KapMairfc the passport was in my other pocket h ero TOJKe Hin> and that isn't (there) either (lit. also) 6njieTH 6hjih y MeHa bi> Tp&rbeivrb KapMaHi I had the tickets in a third pocket h Tenepb RzbKe hxt> TaMTb H^T-b and now not even they are there bi> 9tomt> nois^i o^eHL MHoro Hapo^y in this train there are a lot of people bt> TeaTpi cero^HH o^eHb Mano Hapo^y in the theatre there are very few people to-day bi> Bainen KBapTHpi Bcer^a Temio in your flat it is always warm Moa HeB^CTa Tenept bi> JIoHAOHi my fiancee is now in London moh ^KeHHX'L Tenept bt» Mockb4 my fiance is now in Moscow BT> 3TOMT> TOpO^i H^TT) XOpOUieil rOCTHHHIJbl in this town there is no good hotel bt> aTOMT. cejii ecTb o^eHb KpacHBaa u,epKOBb in this village there is a very beautiful church bt> 9tomt> pecTopaHi Beer#a MHoro Hapoay in this restaurant there are always a lot of people PEEPOSITIONS EEQUIEING LOCATIVE 195 moh cecTpa b^ ca,ny = ?m/ sister is in the garden Molt 6parB bi> Jiicy = my brother is in the forest B% Cafly MHOrO IJ.B'fcTOB'B in the garden there are many flowers bb Jiicy MHoro rpH6oBi> in the forest there are many mushrooms BB 3T0M1> TOftf MBI 6bIJIH Bt KpBIMy this year we have been in the Crimea oin> Beet BTb nhiJiA = he is all covered with dust OHa Bca bt> rpa3H =■ she is all covered with mud Bci moh BemH bb uiKany all my things are in the cupboard bi> kotopom'b Hacy at what o'clock ? nacti TaMt m yray the clock is there in the corner 1TO-TO BT> dTOWh po^ something in this style dtot'l ca^t bt> po/vk Hainero this garden is like ours (in the kind of) B'B H^KOTOpOMt pOfli in a certain way, to some extent b'b H^KOTopBix^ MicTax-B ecTB jrfeca, a bi> ftpyriix'B nojia in some places there are forests and in others fields bbi 6bijih Korjja-HnSyflB bb PoccIh ? have you ever been in Russia 1 a bt> Aurjiin bi> nepBBiii paa'B I am in England for the first time o 2 196 PKEPOSITIONS EEQUIEING LOCATIVE Ha 9tomi> napoxo/vfc H-frra Sojitine Mida there is no more room on this steamer Ha btoh ynmsfe oneHb xopomie Mara3HHH in this street there are very good shops boti> Hann> homs. Ha btoh yjiniji here is our house in this street Hamn a^th Ha depery Mopa our children are at the seaside bli 6hjih B^epa Ha btomt> KOHijeprfe were you at that concert yesterday ? Ha btomt> nofefli ecTL BaroHT^pecTopaHt on this train there is a restaurant-car Ha 3Toft CTaHD,iH eari> xoponiin 6y$eTT> at this station there is a good refreshment-room Bania KOMHaTa Ha nepBOMi>, btqpomt>, TpeTbeMt hjih leTBep- TOWb BTaaci ? is your room on the first, second, third, or fourth floor ? Ha #Bopi = aceHa/rb Ha pyccKoft he is married to a Bussian oht. 6hjfb jKeHaTt Ha aHrjinqaHK'k he was married to an Englishwoman co6aKa Ha nojiy, a Konma Ha CTyjrfc the dog is on the floor, and the cat is on the chair na nojiy co6aKa, a Ha CTyjrfc KomKa on the floor there is a dog, and on the chair there is a cat Ha MOCTy 6bijtl aBTOMo6njiB, a Ha aBTOMo6nJii Slijtl *ieMo;n;aH r & on the bridge there was a motor-car and on the motor-car was a trunk Ha btom'b nojrfc 6hjio BticoKoe ;n,epeBo, a Ha RepeBi 6mia GojiBinaa nTHi];a in this field was a tall tree, and on the tree there was a big bird na He6i ceroftHfl MHoro oSjiaKOB^ in the sky to-day there are many clouds y hhxi> Ha CT^Haxt MHoro KapTHHl. there are many pictures on their walls raaeTa Ha ctoji^, a mypHajrb Ha flHB&H'k the newspaper is on the table, and the magazine is on the sofa 198 PKEPOSITIONS EEQUIEING LOCATIVE o = about (06^ before words beginning with a vowel, occasionally 060 before some words beginning with two consonants) CKaJKHTe MHi 06t 3T0MT, tell me about this ^ewb 9Ta m>eca ? what is this play about ? ecTt CTaTba bt> Hobomt* BpeMemi ceroflmt 06^ Anrjiin there is an article in the Ndvoye Vremya to-day about England bt> PyccKOMt Cjiob^ B^epa 6tma oqeHB xopoman CTaTta JlBBi HHKOJiaeBH^i ToJICTOMfc in the Busskoye Slovo yesterday there was a very good article about Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoi npn = in the presence of, in the time of npn IleTpi BejiiiKOM'B = in the time of Peter the Great npn EKaTepHHi BejiHKoii = in the time of Catherine the Great 3T0 6hjio npn mh4 = that was in my presence (or, in my time, 1 was there then) npn tomT) = in addition to that npn newb = in addition to which npn BceMt tomt> = in spite of all that npn komt> ? = in whose presence ? npn Bcfcxt = in the presence of all 9to He npn *ieMi> = that has nothing to do with it ohs> sjtfach He npn HeMi> = this doesn't concern him PREPOSITIONS REQUIRING LOCATIVE 199 no = after iiotom'& = then, thereupon no vewb ? = at what price are ? (cf. pp. 163, 170-1) no *iewh hSjiokh ? = how much are the apples each ? no MoeMt npifefl'li (nom. npife^) = after my arrival no ero OT'bfeft'fe (nom. OTT> r ksR r b) = after his departure no HameMfc B03BpamemH = after our return no ieMi> bli 3HaeTe ? = how do you know ? no nojiyflHH = in the afternoon INDEX OP WORDS AND PHRASES a great deal 1 1 about (approximately) 147 — (concerning) 185-93, 198 above 182 abroad 180, 182 according to 163 account 170 acquaintance 80 across 171 act 101 addition (in — to) 185, 198-9 address 40, 64 advantageous 156 affair 46 after 147, 198-9 afternoon 147, 181, 199 afterwards 147, 198 again 11, 16 ago 162 — (long), v. long since all 57, 65 all right 7, 17 ; 155 alone 56, 69 along 163 alongside 147 already 9, 1 1 and passim also 11, 15 always 10. 16 ambassador 35 amiable 75 amusing 75 and 10 and passim and so forth 129 ancient 78 angry 22 animal 80, 131 annoyed 22 another 84 — time 169 any 83, 87 anyhow ( = somehow or other) 13 any one 86 anything 86 any time 13 anywhere 12 apple 5, 37, 93, 108 apple-tree 133 are, v. is arm 130 arm-chair 41 army 32 around 147 arrival 199 arshin 114-19, 161 article (newspaper) 32, 100 artist 101 as 12 as much 11 ass, v. donkey astonishing 75 at (table) 181 at (what price) 163, 170, 198-9 at (the rate of) 163, 170, 198-9 at (-o'clock) 119-20, 169, 194 at (the house of) 142 at all (not) 11, 18 at home 15, 16 attractive 75 aunt 58 au revoir 12 author 101 automobile, v. motor-car autumn 47, 180 autumn (adj.) 78 avenue 40 awful 76 INDEX OF WOED8 AND PHEASES 201 bachelor 80 back (adj.) 74 back (subst.) 130 back(-wards) 162 back of head 129 bad 75 bad (I feel) 155 bad (it is) 17, 19 bad (for the health) 20 baker's 39 bank (building) 39 bank (shore) 45 barley 133 barrier 40 basin 41 bath 41 bathing-place 45 bath- room 40 baths 39 be (can it— that ?) 12 be (to) 27 beans 107 bear 132 beard 129 beast 131 beautiful 70, 75 because 163 bed 41 bed (in garden) 133 bedding 41, 44 bedroom 40 bedstead 41 be 132 beef 106 been 28 beer 9, 108 beetroot 107 before 144, 183 beginning 45 behind 181 belfry 39 bell (church-) 39 bell (house-, room-) 40 belt 160 bench 41 berry 108 besides 147 better (it is) 17, 19, 122, 155 between 183 big 71, 73, 81 bigger 73 biggest 87 bill 45 birch- tree 133 bird 132 biscuits 108 bit 109 bitter 77 black 77 blame (to be to) 23 blanket 41 blind 76 blinds 42 blood 130 blossom 133 blotting-paper 42 blouse 160 blue (dark) 70, 78 blue (light) 78 boat (rowing-) 45 body 8, 129 boiled egg 107 boiling water 108, 113 bone 130 book 42 boots 159 bored 156 boring 76 both . . . and ... 10 bottle 43 boulevard 40 box 41 boy 6, 36, 61 braces 160 brandy 109 bread 106 breakfast, v. tea, coffee breeches 159 brick 40 bridge 40 bright 78 202 INDEX OP WOEDS AND PHEASES bring me 158, 166 broad 74 brother 37, 58, 95 brown 77 brush 161 buckle 160 buckwheat 133 bug 133 building 38 business 46 but 10, 11, 15 and passim butter 106 button 160 by (alongside) 147 by carriage 189 by means of 174 by name 174 by (whom, what) 179 cab 43 cabbage 107 cabin 45 cafe 39 calf 131 camel 131 can it be that ? 12 candle 36, 42 candle-stick 42 cane 160 cap 160 capital 46 car (motor-) 32 cards 101 carpet 41 carriage 36, 43 carriage (by) 189 carriage (railway-) 44 carrot 107 cart 187 case, v. incident cat 131 cathedral 39 cauliflower 107 cause 180 caviar 106 ceiling 41 cellar 40 central 48 certain (a) 69, 82, 87 chair 37, 41, 95 change (coins) 44 chamber-pot 41 charcoal 42 charming 75 chauffeur 43 cheap 76 cheap (it is) 24, 26 cheek 129 cheese 106 chemist's 130 cherries 108 chess 101 chest of drawers 41 chicken 36, 107, 131 child 4, 33, 36, 58, 59 children 38, 58, 59, 96 chill 180 chimney 39 chin 129 chocolate 108 Christian 50 Christian name 54 church 33, 38 cigar 109 cigarette 109 class 44, 102 clean 76 clear 78 cloak-room 44 clock 42 cloth, v. towel cloth (material) 160 cloth (table-) 41 clothes 160 cloud 48, 95 coach-house 40 coal 42 coarse 77 coat (fur) 159 cock 131 cockroach 133 coffee 108 INDEX OF WOEDS AND PHEASES 203 cognac 100 cold (subst.) 130 cold (it is) 24, 25 cold (I am) 154 cold (adj.) 77 collar 160 collection 100 colour 37, 95 comb 161 come 162 comfortable 76 coming (adj. ) 78 community 48 companion 59 company 32 company, v. visitor compartment 44 complex 76 composition 100 concerning 185-93, 198 concert 101 concierge 43 confectioner's 39 consider (I) 163 consumption 130 content(ed) 22 continually 57 convenient 76 conversation 101 cool (it is) 24, 25 cool (adj.) 77 copper 45 cork 43 corkscrew 43 corner 41 corridor 44 costume 159 cough 130 Count 61 Countess 61 country 46 court-yard 39 cover (knife and fork) 43 cow 131 cream 106, 109 cucumber 107 cup 42 cupboard 41 currants 108 curtain 42 cushion 41 custom (habit) 46 custom-house 2, 38 cutlet 106 damp 77 dangerous (adj.) 76 dangerous (it is) 25, 27 dangerously 21 dark (it is) 24, 25 dark (colour) 77 dark (complexion) 78 darkness 48 dates 108 daughter 33, 58 dawn 47 day 8, 35, 46 day after to-morrow (the) 30 day before yesterday (the) 121 143 dav (to-) 10, 16, 30 deaf 76 deal (a great) 11 dear (adj.) 71, 75, 76 dear (my) 132 dear (expensive, it is) 24, 26 death 131 deck 45 deep 74 deer 132 degree 130 departure 199 depressed 156 desyatin 114-19 dictionary 101 difficult 76 dining-car 44 dining-room 40, 80 dinner 109 direct (adj.) 76 dirty 76 disagreeable 155 204 INDEX OP WOEDS AND PHEASES disgusting 76 dish 43, 80 dislike (I — ) 158 displeased 22 displeases (it— me) 158 district 46 do (how do you — ) 12 doctor 130 aog 131 done 179 donkey 131 door 40 door (front—) 6, 39 doors (out of) 196 doubtful (it is — whether) 12 dough 107 dove 132 drawer 41 drawers (pants) 159 drawing-room 40, 80 dress 160 dress- coat 159 dressing-gown 159 driving 189 drought 133 dry 77 duck 5, 107 Duchess (Grand) 61 Duke (Grand) 61 dumb 76 during 169 dust 47 each 82 eagle 132 ear 37, 95, 129 early (it is) 24, 25 early {adj.) 78 earth 48 easier 125 east(ern) 48 easy 7, 76 edge 187 edition 100 egg 95, 107 either . . . or . . . 10, 14 elbow 130 elder 78, 88 elderly 78 eldest 88 electric light 42 elephant 131 elk 132 Emperor (the) 61 Empress (the) 61 empty 74 end 35, 45 engaged (it is) 25 enormous 73 enough 11, 23 enough (not) 11 envelope 42 especial 76 essential 76 establishment 39 etc. 129 even (adj.) 74 even (conj.) 11 evening 47 evening (adj.) 78 evening clothes 159 ever (at any time) lf.5 every 82, 84, 167 everything 8 everywhere 10 excellency 159 excellent 75 except 147 excuse (me) ! 12, 23 exists (there) 27 expensive, v. dear expensive (adj.) 71, 76 exquisite 75 extra (adj.) 76 eye 35, 37, 93, 95, 129 face 129 factorv 39 faint 156 fair-haired 78 faith 101 far (it is) 25, 26, 128 INDEX OP WOEDS AND PHEASES 205 fare badly 156 fat 74 father 57, 58 fathom 45, 114-19 fence 39 festival 47 fever 130 few (a) 11 few (a — more) 113 few (how) 12 few (so) 12 few (some) 11 fiance(e) 59 field 32, 45 figs 108 fillet 106 fine 75 finger 130 fir 133 fire (flame, light) 35, 42 firm 77 first 82 fish 106, 132 flat 39 flaxen 78 flea 132 floor (of room) 6, 8, 41, 187 floor (story) 39, 196 flower(s) 37, 95, 133 flower-bed 133 fly 132 foal 131 fog 48 following (the) 74 foot 130 foot (ft.) 45 footwear 160 for (conj.) 11 for (prep.) 144 for (you) 154 forehead 6, 8, 129 forest 45 forget-me-not 133 forgive me 12, 158 fork 43 former (the) 57 former, v. first former (previous) 78 formerly 13 forth (and so) 129 fortunate, v. happy fowl 107 fox 132 free (adj.) 76 free (it is) 25 fresh 77 friend 37, 59, 95 frock-coat 159 frog 132 from (away from) 145 from (out of) 145 front (adj.) 74 front (in — of) 183 front door 6, 39 frontier 43 frost 47 fruit 93, 108 fuel 42 full 74 fur(s) 159 furniture 41 future (adj.) 78 gallery 39 galosh(es) 36, 159 game (to eat) 107 game (to play) 101 garden 133 garret 40 gate 39 gay, v. merry general (adj.) 76 gentleman 60 girl (little) 36, 61, 94 give me 158, 166 glad 21, 22 glass (wine-) 43 glass (tumbler) 42 glasses, v. spectacles gloves 160 gnat 132 goat 131 206 INDEX OP WOEDS AND PHEASES God 7, 27 gold 45 good 71, 75 good (for the health) 20 good (it is) 18 good-bye 12 good time (in) 169 goose 107 gooseberries 108 granddaughter 58 Grand Duchess 61 Grand Duke 61 grandfather 58 grandmother 58 grandson 58 grapes 108 grass 133 gravy 106 gray-haired 78 great 73 great deal (a) 11 green 78 green vegetable 107 grey 77 grouse 107 guard 44 guest(s), v. visitor gulf 46 gum 129 habit (custom) 46 hair 93, 129 hair-pin 160 hairdresser's 39 half 119-20 half an hour 119 half a rouble 44, 109 hall 40 ham 107 hamlet 46 hand 130 hand me 158 hand-bag 161 handkerchief 160 handle 42 happiness 101 happy 22, 76 hard 77 hare 132 harvest 133 hat 160 have (to) 134 have been 28 hay 133 he 13, 14, 55 head 129 health 130 healthy 76 heart 130 heathen 50 heating 44 heaven 37, 48, 95 heavy 76 heel 130 Heir- Apparent (the) 61 help (me) 158 hen 131 her 105, 165 here 3, 10 here is 11, 15 herring 132 herself (56), 68, 96 high 71, 74 high-road 40 hill 45 himself (56), 68, 96 hip 130 his 105 holdall 161 holiday 47 home (at) 15, 16 homewards 168 honey 8, 108 hope 101 horrid 75 horrid (it is) 18 hors d'oeuvre 106 horse 33, 131 horseback 180 hospital 38 host 60 hostess 60 INDEX OP WORDS AND PHRASES 207 hot (adj.) 77 into 168 hot (I am) 154 iron 45 hot (it is) 24, 25 is 3, 13, 27 hotel 38, 128, 168 island 45 hound 131 it 13, 14, 55 hour 47, 114-19 itself (56), 68, 96 hour (at what) 169 • house 8, 35, 39, 168 jacket 159, 160 house (at the — of) 142 jam 107 how 12 joint 106 how do you do 12 judge 33 how few 12 jug 41 how little, v. what a little how many 11 key 5, 36, 44, 94 how much 11, 198-9 kid 131 how old 161 killed 179 however 11 kind (adj.) 75 huge 73 kind (subst.) 108 hurry up ! 128 kind (of such a) 102 hurts (it) 156 kind (what, every) 82, 87 husband 7, 59 kind (no, some) 83 hut (peasant's) 32 king 61 kitchen 40 I 16, 55 kitchen garden 133 ice 8, kitten 131 ice-cream 80, 108 knee 3, 37, 93, 130 ill 21 knife 36, 43, 94 illness 130 kopek 44, 114-19, 163, 170-1 immediately 166 kvas 109 impossible (it is) 12, 155 in 185-95 lad 61 in (addition to) 185, 198-9 lady 60 in (the possession of) 134-44 lake 5, 45 in (the presence of) 185, 198-9 lamb 131 in (the time of) 185, 198-9 lamp 42 in front of 183 lamp-shade 42 in good time 169 land, v. earth, country incident 46 landing-stage 45, 128 inconvenient 76 language 101, 125 indispensable 144 lantern 42 inflammation 130 large 71, 73 ink 42 larger 73 ink-stand 42 largest 87 insect 80, 132 last (the) 74 instead of 147 last (adj.) 78 interesting 75 late (it is) 24, 25 208 INDEX OP WOKDS AND PHBASES late {adj.) 78 lately 10, 17 latter (the) 57 , latter, v. last laundry, v. wash law 101 lay 170 left (adj.) 74 left (to the, on jfehe) 10 leg 130 lemon 108 lesson 101 * letter 46 library 40 lid 43 life 9, 131 light (it is) 24, 25 light (colour) 77 light (weight) 76 light (the) 48 light (artificial) 42 lighting 44 like (I — ) 158 likewise 11 lilac (subst.) 133 lilac 78 linen 160 lining 160 link(s) 160 lion 104, 132 lip 129 literature 101 little 74, 81-2 little (a) 11 little (a — more) 113 little (but) 11 little (such a) 12 little (too), v. not enough little (what a) 12 loaf 106 lobby 40 local 74 locality 67 long 74 long (a — way), v. far long (not), v. lately long ago, v. long since long since 10, 17 longer (no) 11 look well, ill 136-7 lot (a) 11 lot (such a/ 12 lot (what a) 12 love 101 low 74 lower 74 luck (with) 13 lucky, v. happy lugg a g e 44, 112 lumber-room 40 lunch 109 lungs 130 Madam 61 magazine 100 magnificent 75 maid 60, 80 maize 133 malicious 75 man 33, 61, 62 many (how) 11, 112 many 11, 112 many thanks 154 market 39 marvel 37, 95 marvellous 75 many (so), v. so much married (woman) 181-2 married (man) 197 master 60 match 42 matter (what is the) 184, 193 mattress 41 mauve 78 may I ? 155 may (one) 12 mayn't (one) 12, 155 meadow 7, 45, 187 means 44 means (by — of) 174 meat 106 medicine 130 INDEX OP WOEDS AND PHKASES 209 melon 108 merry 75 middle 45 middle (adj.) 74 milk 5, 109 mill (water-) 39 millet 133 minute 47, 114-20 mirror 41 miserable 75 Miss, Mr., Mrs., Messrs. 60 mistress 60 money 36, 44, 95 moneychanger's 44 monkey 132 month 46 moon 46, 48 more (em;e) 9, 11, 112 morning 47 morning (good), v. how do you do morning (adj.) 78 mosquito 132 most (the) 87 mother 2, 33, 57, 58 motor-car 32, 43 mountain 45 moustache 129 mouth 8, 129 much 11 much (followed by a comparative, e. g. better, worse) 18 much (as) 11 much (how) 11 much (so) 11 much (too) IV mud 47 museum 39 mushroom 107 music 101 must 23 must (one) 12 mustard 106 mustn't (one) 12 mutton 106 my 4, 55, 62 myself (56), 68, 96 1809 nail 130 name (by — ) 174 napkin 43 narrow 74 nasty 75 near (it is) 25, 26, 128 near (prep.) 142, 147 nearly 11 necessary (it is) 12, 111 neck 129 necktie 160 need (I) 157 needle 160 neighbour 37, 95 neither . . . nor ... 10, 14 nest 3, 132 never 10 new 78 newest 87 newspaper 3, 100 newspaper article 32, 100 next (the) 74, 78 nice 71, 75 nice (it is) 17, 18 nice (to taste) 24, 26 night 46 nightingale 132 no 10, 13, 28 no longer 11, 110 no one 111 nor 10, 14 north(ern) 48 nose 8, 129 not 10, 13, 27 and passim not at all 11 not enough 11 not in the least, v. not at all not long, v. lately not much, v. some not nice (it is) 17 not nice (to taste) 24, 26 not quite 11, 21 not really ?, v. can it be that 1 not very 11 not yet 11 not (there is) 10, 27, 91 210 INDEX OP WOEDS AND PHEASES note (money) 44 note-book 42 nothing 111 novel 100 now 10, 11, 15, 16, 25 and pas- sim nowhere 10 number (on anything) 45 nursery 40, 80 nursing-home 130 oak 133 oats 133 occupied (it is) 25 o'clock (at — ) 119-20, 169, 194 office 44 official 43 oil 106 old 78 oldest 87 old-fashioned 78 old (how) 161 old man 61 old woman 61 omelet 107 one 56, 69, 145 one's own 56, (105) onion 107 only 11, 56 on 163, 168, 185-93, 196-7 on to 170 once 83 open (it is) 25, 26 open country 45 opinion 101, 163 or 10, 14 and passim orange 108 orphan 139 orthodox 50 other 82 our 55, 63 ourselves (56), 68, 96 out of doors 196 overcoat 159 own (adj.) 56, 137-8 ox 131 pain 130 painter 101 painting 101 palace 39 pale 78 pants 159 paper 42 parents 58 pass (me) 158 passport 43 past (adj.) 78 pastry 107 path 133 patronymic 54 pavement 40 peace 4, 101 peaches 108 pear 108 peasant (man) 36, 62 peasant (woman) 32, 62 peasant's hut 32 pen 42 pencil 42 penholder 42 people 38, 96 people (the, a) 46 pepper 106 performance 101 permit me 158 person 129 piano 101 picture 101 pie 106, 107 piece 109 piece of luggage 67, 112 pig 131 pigeon 132 pillow 41 pillow-case 41 pin 160 pink (subst.) 133 pipe 109 place 32, 46 plain (clear) 78 plant 133 plate 43 INDEX OF WOEDS AND PHEASES 211 platform 44 play 101 pleasant 75 please 12 pleased 22 pleases (it — me) 158 pleasure 101 plum 108 pocket 161 pocket-book 161 poem 101 police (man) 43 police-court 43 poor 75, 76 poplar 133 poppy 133 pork 107 porter 43 portrait 41 possible (it is) 12 post-card 42, 171 post-office 39 potato 107 pound (lb.) 45, 114-19 presence (in the — of) 185, 198-9 present (adj.) 78 pretty 75 previous (the) 78 price 45 priest 60 priest's wife 60 Prince 61 Princess 61 profitable 156 property (land) 9, 32, 46 province 46 pud 45, 114-19 pupil 60 puppy 131 purse 161 put 170 quarter 119-20 quay 40 queen 61 quick 77 quiet 77 quilt 41 quite 11, 21 quite (not) 11, 21 rabbit 132 radish 107 railway 44 railway-carriage 44 rain 8, 47 ram 131 rapid 77 rare 74 raspberries 108 rather more, rather less 128 raw 77 razor 161 ready 23 ready (adj.) 76 really 11, 25, 26 reaping 133 receipt 44 red 78 red-haired 78 refreshment-room 38 region 46 regret 101 require (I) 157 restaurant 38 return 199 rich 76 rifle 32 right (adj.) 74 right (all) 7, 17 right (to be) 23 right (to the, on the) 10 ring 161 ripe 77 river 45 road 44 roast beef 106 Roman Catholic 50 room (a) 32, 40 room ( = place), v. place rose 133 rouble 44, 80, 114-19 P 2 212 INDEX OF WOEDS AND PHEASES rough 77 round 74 rowing-boat 45 rows (covered) 39 rude 77 rug 161 rye 133 sable 132 gad 76 safe (it is) 25, 27 safety pin 160 said 179 salmon 132 salt 5, 6, 8, 106 same (the) 88 sash 160 satisfied 22 sauce 106 saucer 42 sausage 107 school 39 scissors 160 scrambled eggs 107 screen 42 sea 5, 45 seat (in train etc.) 67 second 82 see (come and) 162 self 56, 68, 96 sentry 80 serious 23 seriously 21 servant 60 shall be 30 shallow 74 shawl 161 she 13, 14, 55 sheaf 133 sheep 8, 131 sheet 41 sheet (of paper) 42 shelf 41 shirt 159 shop 32, 39 shoes 159 shore 35, 45 short 74 short (a — way) v. near should be 29 should have been 29 shoulder(s) 37, 93, 130 show me 158, 166 shrine 39 shut (it is) 25, 26 sick 76, 156 side 46, 187 sideboard 41 silver 45 simple 76 Sir 61 sister 58 skin 129 skirt 160 sky 8, 37, 48, 95 sledge 43 sleeping-car 44 sleeve(s) 160 slippers 159 slow 77 slower! 128 slush 8, 47 small change 44 small 73, 81-2 smaller 74 smallest 87 smooth 77 snake 132 snow 47 so 12 so few 12 so little, v. such a little so many, v. so much so much 11, 12 soap 41 society 32 socks 159 soda-water 113 sofa 41 soft 77 soldier 93 sole (of foot) 130 INDEX OF WOEDS AND PHEASES 213 some 11, 56, 69, 82, 83, 87, 112, 113 somehow 13 somehow or other 13 some one 86 something 86 some time 13 some time or other 13 sometimes 10 somewhere 12 somewhere or other 12 son 37, 58, 95 song 101 sorry (1 am) 166 sort (what, every) 82, 87 sort (no, some) 83 sort (subst.) 108 sort of 13 soul 129 soup 106 sour 77 south(ern) 48 Sovereign (the) 61 sparrow 132 sparse 74 spectacles 161 spinster 61 spirit 129 sponge 41 spoon 43 spring (season) 47 spring (adj.) 78 square 40 square (adj.) 74 squirrel 132 stables 39 stage 101 stairs 40 stamp(s) 42, 163, 170 star 48 starch 160 station 38, 128, 170 steak 106 steamer 45 steed 8, 131 steel 45 steppe 45 stewed fruit 107 stick 160 still (conj.) 9, 11 stockings 159 stomach 130 stone 40 store-room 40, 80 stork 132 story (floor) 39 story (of house) 3, 39, 196 story, v. tale straight 76 strap 161 strawberries 108 street 40, 196 string 42 stroke (a) 7 strong 76, 77 stud 160 study 40 subject (of a state) 80 such 83, 86 such a little 12 such a lot 12 such as 13 sugar 90, 108 suit 159 summer 47 summer (adj.) 78 sun 48 superfluous 76 supper 9, 109 surely ? 12 surely not ? 12 surname 54 surprise 101 swallow 132 sweet 77 sweet(s) 93, 107, 108 swift 77 sympathetic 75 table 32, 41 table (at) 181 table-cloth 41 214 INDEX OF WORDS AND PHRASES tailor's 39 take 154 tale 100 tall 71, 74 taxi 44 tea 90, 109, 112 tea-pot 42 tea-urn 42 teacher 60 tedious 76 telegram 46 telegraph-office 46 telephone 46 tell me 158 temperature 130 terminus 38 terrible 76 than 18, 19 thank you 12, 166, 170 thanks 154 that (those) 13, 14, 57 thaw 47 theatre 38 their 105 themselves (56), 68, 96 then 10, 198-9 there 10, 14 and "passim there are, v. there is there is (bott>) 11, 15 there is not 10, 27, 91 there is (ecTb) 27 thereupon 198-9 thermometer 130 they 13, 14, 55 thick 74 thin 74 thing 33, 44 third 82 this (these) 3, 13, 57, 65, 167 thou 16, 17, 55 thread 160 throat 129 through 171 thus 12 thy 55, 63 thyself (56), 68, 96 ticket 32, 43 ticket-office 44 tie 160 tiger 132 till 144 time 9, 33, 46 time (a) 7, 46, 93, 112, 169 time (at that) 169 time (in the— of) 185, 198-9 time (a long) 17 time (in good) 169 tip 43 to 162, 167 to-day 10, 16, 30 to-morrow 30 tobacco 90, 109 toe 130 toilet 44 tomato 107 tongue 107, 129 too 11, 25, 26 too little 11 too much 11 tooth 129 top (on the) 187 total (sum) 45 towel 41 tower 39 town 35, 46 train 44 tram 44 tray 170 tree 37, 95, 133 trousers 159 trunk 161 Tsar (the) 61 Tsaritsa (the) 61 tsar 2, 60 tsarevich 60 tsaritsa 60 tsesarevich 60 tub (bath) 41 tumbler 42 tumbler-stand 42 turkey-hen 107 turnip 107 INDEX OF WORDS AND PHRASES 215 ugly 75 umbrella 160 uncle 58 uncomfortable 76 under 182 undervest 159 unfortunate 22 unhappiness 101 unhappy 22, 76 uninteresting 76 university 39 unjust (it is) 18 unlucky 22 unnecessary (it is) 12 unpleasant (adj.) 75, 155 unpleasant (it is) 18 until 144 unusual 76 unwell 20 up to 144 upper 74 usual 76 vacant (it is) 25 veal 106 vegetable 107 vegetable -bed 133 verst 45, 114-19 very 11, 18 very well 18 very (the) 83 vessel (ship) 37, 95 vest 159 vestibule 40 via 171 view 46 villa 39 village 32, 46 vinegar 106 violet (subst.) 133 visitors ) 142 vodka 108 volume 8, 100 wagon, v. cart waistcoat 159 waiting-room 40 wall 41 walnut 108 want (I) 156-7 war 101 warm (it is) 24, 25 warm (I am) 154 warm (adj.) 77 was 4, 28 wash (the) 160 wash-stand 41 wasp 132 watch (clock) 42 water 27, 108, 113 water-bottle 43 water-melon 108 waterproof 160 way (subst.) 44, 174 way (a long), v. far way (a short), v. near W.C. 40 we 16, 55 weather 47 week 32, 46 weight 45 well ! 10 well (far from) 21 well (in health) 20 well (very) 18, 154 were 28 west(ern) 48 wet 77 what 13, 56, 82, 84, 86 what a little 12 what a lot 12 what like 82, 87 wheat 133 wheel 44 when 10 where 7, 10 and passim which 82, 84 whiskers 129 white 78 who 7, 13, 56 whole (the) 57, 65 whose 56, 67 216 INDEX OP WORDS AND PHRASES why, 144, 163 wicked 75 wife 59 will be 30 wind 47 window 41, 95 wine 108 wine-glass 43 winter 47 winter (adj.) 78 with 184 without 144 wolf 132 woman (peasant) 32, 62 woman 61-2 wood, v. tree wood (forest) 45 wood fuel 42 wool 161 word 101 work 46 work (literary) 100 world 4, 48 worse (it is) 18, 19, 122, worthless 75 would be 29 S» 155 would have been 29 wrist 130 writer 101 writing-paper 42 writing-table 41 written 179 wrong (it is unjust) 18 wrong (to be) 23 yard (measure) 93, 161 yard (court-) 39 year 7, 46, 47, 114-19 yellow 78 yes 10, 13, 28 yesterday 30 yet 9, 11 and passim yet (not) 11 yonder (that — ) 57 you 16, 17, 55 young 70, 78 younger 78, 88 youngest 88 young lady 60 your 56, 62 yourselves (56), 68, 96 SUBJECT-INDEX age (expression of) 161 authors (names of) 80, 104 countries (names of) 49, 167-8 date (the) 121-2 days of the week (the) 47, 84, 163, 168 food and drink (portions of) 112-13, 115, 119, 126-7, 184 meals 109, 169, 184 money (expression of money- values) 44, 80, 109, 111, 114- 19, 163 months (names of the) 47, 121 names (family) 54, 80, 104, 124 names (personal, use of) 54 names (personal) 33, 52, 80, 104, 125, 126 nationalities 49, 79, 181-2, 197 numerals 69, 82, 114-22, 161 personal names (use of) 54 price (expression of) 163, 170. 198-9 rivers (names of) 51, 196 seasons (the) 47, 167, 180 time of day 119-20, (cf. 167), 169, 180-1 times (of the year), v. seasons towns (names of) 51, 196 Printed in England at the Oxford University Press UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. . l3May54Ylp 25Feb'58J N REC'D LD FEB 25 1958 17Nov59Afr REC'D NOV 4 260c*60TD LD 21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 J)CT121960 19Jan'61RT| .JAN ' l LD AUG 27 1963 fcV. 03*94 r YB 60294 U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES CO^ID^S 1 ^ Z* f 327991 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY