HORACE THE ODES AND EPODES C. H. MOORE THE SATIRES AND EPISTLES E. P. MORRIS NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY ilflorrts anto fHorgan'g ILatt'n Series EDITED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF EDWARD P. MORRIS, M.A., PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN YALE UNIVERSITY AND MORRIS H. MORGAN, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY VOLUMES OF THE SERIES Essentials of Latin for Beginners. Henry C. Pearson, Teachers College, New York. 90 cents. A School Latin Grammar. Morris H. Morgan, Harvard University. $1.00. A first Latin Writer. M. A. Abbott, Groton School. 60 cents. Connected Passages for Latin Prose Writing. Maurice W. Mather, formerly of Harvard University, and Arthur L. Wheeler, Bryn Mawr College. $1.00. Caesar. Episodes from the Gallic and Civil Wars. Maurice W. Mather, formerly of Harvard University. $1.25. Cicero. Ten Orations and Selected Letters. J. Remsen Bishop, Eastern High School, Detroit, Frederick A. 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Alfred Gudeman, University of Pennsylvania. Vol.1. Prose: Velleius to Boethius $1.80 Vol. II. Poetry: Pseudo-Vergiliana to Claudianus . . . . . $1.80 Selections from the Public and Private Law of the Romans. James J. Robinson^ Hotchkiss School. $1.25. Others to be announced later. HORACE THE ODES, EPODES CARMEN SAECULARE EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY, BY CLIFFORD HERSCHEL MOORE, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY EDWARD P. MORRIS AND MORRIS H MORGAN. ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL, LONDON. MOORE, HORACE. W. P. I SRU URL MEMORIAE PATRIS PREFACE IN preparing this edition of Horace's lyrical poems, I have had in mind the needs of freshmen and sophomores. The introduction is intended to give the necessary infor- mation as to the poet's life and writings. The text is the vulgate, although in some passages I have preferred the better manuscript tradition. As young students require no little help if they are to understand as well as translate the Epodes and Odes, I have not limited my commentary to the baldest aids, but have tried to give such assistance in interpretation as may help students to some apprecia- tion of Horace's art and charm. The best illustrations naturally are furnished by the poet's own works; but I have endeavored to show his relations to his Greek models by quoting from them as freely as my space and judgment allowed. To all the more difficult Greek passages I have appended translations, both for the benefit of those who cannot call themselves docti sermones iitriusque linguae, and in the hope that these translations may secure the originals more attention than students generally give to them. I have further given a number of quotations from the later Latin poets to indicate in some degree the ready acceptance which Horace's skillful phrases found among his successors. In writing my notes I have drawn freely on the fund of illustrative material which is now common property ; like every other editor, I am indebted to Keller 7 8 PREFACE and Holder's first volume ; and I have used most of the important foreign annotated editions, especially Orelli's fourth edition, and those of Schiitz, Kiessling, and Mueller. Although for obvious reasons I have avoided consulting any American edition, I am aware that my debt to Pro- fessor Smith's excellent book, which I have used in my teaching for some years, must be greater than I know. In the three or four places where I have detected direct in- debtedness, I have acknowledged it. The notes to the earlier Epodes are rather full, as I firmly believe that at least Epodes I, 2, 7, 9, and 16 should be read before the Odes ; but since many teachers do not hold this view, I have adapted my commentary on the first book to meet the needs of beginners there also. I am under obligations to many for criticism and help. My thanks are especially due Miss S. H. Ballou, Instructor in the University of Chicago, for the valuable assistance she gave me in the earlier part of my work ; also to Pro- fessor Morris, who kindly gave me the benefit of his criti- cisms on my notes to the first two books of the Odes ; but above all to Professor Morgan, whose suggestions and criticisms have been of the greatest value at every stage. Notice of errors and suggestions of every kind will be gratefully received by me. CLIFFORD HERSCHEL MOORE. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, June i, 1902. CONTENTS MAPS : PACK Central Italy 10 The Valleys of the Anio and the Digentia . . . \ . 50 INTRODUCTION: Horace's Life, Works, and Characteristics . . . .11 Manuscripts, Scholia, and Editions . . . -25 Metres . - 35 Syntax . 45 ODES, BOOKS 1-3 51 BOOK 4 . . . . . ... . . . 331 CARMEN SAECULAKE . . * * . . . . . 388 EPODES . . . . . .... . . . 398 INDEX TO FIRST LINES . . . - . ' . . . . 464 10 INTRODUCTION i. Early Life and Education. Quintus Horatius Flaccus was born Dec. 8, 65 B.C., at Venusia, a colony founded in the time of the Samnite Wars, on the borders of Apulia, near Lucania. His father had been a slave, but was free at the time of Horace's birth, so that the son was ingenuus. His mother is never men- tioned, and it is probable that she died while the child was too young to remember her. His father was by profession a coacfor, a collector of moneys for goods sold at public auctions, who by his thrift acquired a property sufficient to provide his son with the best education obtainable in his time. In later years Horace paid a most sincere tribute of gratitude to his father's devotion and sagacity. From him he learned a rude but practical code of morals, and it is undoubtedly to his influence that we may at- tribute the poet's marked characteristics of moderation, temper- ance, and self-control ; to his father's training was also due Horace's habit of observing men and manners, which bore fruit in the shrewd and searching comments on life which have en- deared him to many generations of men. Up to the age of nine or ten Horace enjoyed such education as the local school in Venusia afforded. Then his father, whose sole ambition was to provide his son with the best education that could be had, unselfishly gave up his business at Venusia, and took the boy to Rome. Here he gave him proper attendants, provided him with suitable dress that he might not be ashamed among his high-born and wealthy schoolfellows, and with rare devotion attended the boy himself as paedagogus. ii ^^ I] INTRODUCTION During the next nine or ten years Horace received the ordinary literary and rhetorical training ; under the rod of the schoolmaster Orbilius, whom he has immortalized with the adjective plagosus (Episf. 2, i, 70), he studied Latin literature, reading the works of Livius Andronicus and other old Roman poets, for whom he apparently felt little admiration ; his studies also included the Iliad and probably other Greek classics, and we can hardly doubt that this early study of Greek literature roused that enthusiasm for it which lasted all his life. In his twentieth year Horace went to Greece to finish his studies at Athens, which had become a kind of university town to which it was the fashion for young men of his generation to resort. Among his fellow students were Cicero's son, Marcus, and M. Valerius Messala. During the next two years he heard lectures by the leaders of the various philosophic schools, without being seriously attracted by any one system. Speculative thought had little interest for him, or indeed for his fellow countrymen in general : questions relating rather to conduct interested the Roman mind, and while Horace never gave himself up to any system of ethics, Epicureanism attracted him at first ; on growing older he turned more and more to the teachings of the Stoics, as the Stoic maxims and paradoxes in his odes abundantly testify ; yet no one had a keener sense than he for what was absurd in Stoic practice. His good sense always tempered his philosophy, and in all matters of conduct he steered a middle course. It is also most probable that during his stay in Athens he continued his study of the Greek poets, particularly of Archilochus and the early lyricists, especially Alcaeus and Sappho, who afterward be- came his chief models. At this time he was ambitious to excel in Greek verse, but wisely forsook the practice later; yet his consummate skill in handling his own language must have been due to his early exercises in Greek. By studying in Athens he had further the negative advantage of escaping the influence of Alexandrianism which prevailed at Rome and affected all con- 12 EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION [ I temporary poets. There, too, he made many friendships which lasted him through life. In the autumn of 44 H.C. Brutus came to Athens, where the people received him with enthusiasm as a liberator. The young Roman nobles and Horace as well were attracted to his cause. Why the freedman's son was given the office of military tribune in the conspirators' army a position for which he had no training- it is hard to say, and the appointment not unnaturally aroused envy at the time. It is probable, however, that Horace had already made some reputation among his fellow students as a skillful versifier, and Brutus' love of literature induced him to prefer the youth. Of Horace's military service we know little ; his writings show a familiarity with some islands of the Aegean and the famous cities of Asia, which was probably gained at this time, and it is certain that he shared in the defeat at Philippi in 42 B.C. No doubt he gave as good an account of himself during his two years of service as his fellows ; the ironical description of his flight at Philippi ( C. 2, 7, 9 f.) is imitated from Archilochus and Alcaeus, and is not to be taken seriously. The defeat of the conspirators' cause brought a crisis to Horace's life, and at the age of twenty-three taught him the meaning of the vicissitudes of fortune ; it seems also to have cured him of any political or social ambitions he may have cherished. He gradually accepted the new order of things, at first despairing of the state ; but later, after the battle of Actium had freed Rome from external dangers, he enthusiastically proclaimed the permanence of the Empire and celebrated the beneficence of Augustus' rule. But his entire life after his experience at Philippi was that of a man of letters, who mixed much with men rather as an observer than as a participant in their life. His later history falls into three periods of about ten years each : first, from his return to Rome to 29 B.C., the period during which he published his two books of Satires and the collection of Epodes ; second, 29-19 B.C., the period of his maturity, in which his genius reached its height. During 13 i-2] INTRODUCTION these ten years he published the first three books of Odes (23 B.C.) and the first book of the Epistles (20 B.C.) . Of his personal history during the last decennium (19-8 B.C.) we know but little. He was less productive than in the two previous periods, publishing only the Carmen Saeculare (17 B.C.), the fourth 'book of Odes (after 13 B.C.), and the two literary epistles, which, with the Ars Poetica, form a second book of Epistles. 2. Return to Rome. The general amnesty granted by Octa- vian after the battle of Philippi allowed Horace to return to Italy. His father evidently died before his return, and he came back to find that Venusia, where his estate was situated, had been in- cluded in the districts assigned to the veterans of the victorious army, so that he was thrown on his own resources. His means sufficed to buy him a position as clerk to the quaestors, by which his support was secured. In his leisure he turned to writing Latin verses. Horace had now at the age of twenty- four acquired consider- able experience in the good and ill fortunes of life, and had lived through some important national crises. During his school days in Rome he had seen the rupture between Caesar and Pompey, and was old enough to understand something of the serious danger to the state which it involved ; Caesar's supreme position was well established before he went to Athens, and he had had a part in the final struggle between the would-be ' liberators ' and the dic- tator's successors. While he never after showed any desire to have a share in politics, it is most probable that these experi- ences of his early manhood caused him to think and feel earnestly on matters of state, so that in later life, when he had heartily accepted the new regime, he expressed himself on subjects touching the well-being of the nation with a warmth which no other theme except personal friendship called forth. He lived to see the national dangers removed, the Empire firmly estab- lished, and to enjoy the blessings of peace under the rule of Augustus. 14 THE SATIRES AND EPODES [ 3-4 3. The Satires. As has been said above, Horace had prac- ticed Greek verses in the courses of his studies. He now turned to composition in his native language. When he began to write, Varius Rufus was the epic poet of the day, having won that posi- tion by his epic poem on the death of Julius Caesar, published before 39 B.C. ; Asinius Pollio was distinguished in tragedy and Vergil was beginning to be known for his bucolic poems. The field of satire as practiced by Lucilius (ca. 180-1036.0.), com- ments in verse on the most miscellaneous topics, appealed to Horace, and in the leisure which his official duties left him he began to write in hexameters after the manner of his model. He understood that politics could no longer be frankly treated, and, with few exceptions, he avoided personal attack ; but his nature and training had made him a keen observer of the life about him. This life he chose for his subject, and handled its different phases in the familiar tone of a man of the world ; he always speaks as one of the company at whose weaknesses he laughs, never preach- ing or setting himself up as superior to his fellow-mortals. Horace was blessed with a keen sense of humor as well as clear insight, so that these sketches have always been held in high esteem, not only for their cleverness and wit, but also because no other works in Latin literature give us such vivid pictures of the actual life in which the author shared. While Horace made a great advance on the metrical art of his model, he never called his satires poetry. His own name was sermones, ' familiar talks,' and he declared that they were only distinguished from prose by the rhythm. They were written at various times during the decennium follow- ing his return, and many were undoubtedly known before they were gathered together into books. The first book was published before 33, the most probable date is 35/34 ; the second in 30 B.C. 4. The Epodes. At the time when he began to write satire, Horace also attempted to introduce into Latin a new form of verse, the epodic couplet, consisting of two verses, the second of which 15 4-53 INTRODUCTION forms a refrain (epodus, eVwSd?) to the first. In this he was a conscious imitator of Archilochus, who, in the seventh century B.C., had perfected this form in iambic measure, and used it as the sharpest weapon of personal attack. The name which Horace, following Archilochus, gave his verses iambi can apply prop- erly to only the first ten of the seventeen in the present collection. The remaining seven are in different measures, but only one, the seventeenth, lacks the epodic form ; so that in time the name Epodes drove out Horace's designation. While Horace shows himself equal to his model in form, he exhibits little of the passion ascribed to Archilochus. Eight epodes show the invective spirit, two exhibit a coarseness of thought and expression which does not appear later, but others have nothing aggressive in them. The first, for example, is a plea to be allowed to accompany Mae- cenas to Actium ; the ninth is a song of joy over the victory gained there ; the seventh and sixteenth deal with the conditions of the state ; the second is an idyl on the joys of country life ; and the others have little of the invective spirit. They were written at various times between 40 and 316.0.; the sixteenth is probably to be referred to the earlier date, and the ninth is later than the battle of Actium, Sept. 2, 31 B.C. 5. Horace and Maecenas. Horace's verses brought him into notice soon after his return, and gained him the friendship of Vergil and Varius, who introduced him to Maecenas, apparently in the spring of 388.0. Nine months later, in the winter of 38/378.0., Maecenas invited him to join the inner circle of his friends. From this time Horace was free from material cares ; and about the year 33 B.C. he received from his patron a farm in the valley of the Digentia, among the Sabine hills, which was thereafter his favorite home and constant source of happiness. Maecenas was already at this time the trusted friend and adviser of Octavian. In 36 B.C., when Octavian set out from Rome for his campaign against Sextus Pompey, and in 31 B.C., during the final struggle with Antony and Cleopatra, Maecenas was left 16 HORACE AND MAECENAS [ 5 as his representative with almost complete power ; and with the exception of a temporary estrangement in 23 B.C., when he indis- creetly betrayed to his wife Terentia the discovery of the plot which her brother, Licinius Murena, was forming against Augustus, he remained the emperor's most trusted adviser. Naturally, when Augustus' position was firmly established, Maecenas was to a cer- tain extent displaced by the members of the imperial family ; but the friendship between him and Augustus continued to the end. With all his opportunity and power, Maecenas declined politi- cal preferment, and remained a ' knight ' throughout his life. He had a native taste for literature, was a master of the Greek lan- guage, and wrote some mediocre verses himself; but it was by his wise patronage of men of letters that he won a permanent place in the grateful memory of men. He had no doubt a political pur- pose in his patronage also, for he saw that literature might be used to support and establish the new regime. Yet he imposed no fettering conditions on those to whom he gave his favor : we know (Epod. 14) that he urged Horace to publish his Epodes ; that Vergil wrote the Georgics at his suggestion ; that he advised Propertius to undertake some larger themes ; but nowhere is there any hint that he ever exacted any return for his favor which would not have been spontaneously made. Of the circle he gath- ered about him, Vergil, Horace, and Propertius achieved most permanent fame. Others were L. Varius Rufus, Plotius Tucca, Quintilius Varus, Domitius Marsus, and C. Melissus. Maecenas' favor assured Horace the friendship of these and many others be- sides that of Octavian, so that after 37 B.C. he had entrance into the best society of his time. His friendship with Maecenas was commingled with gratitude to him for the material aid he had given ; but the relation between the two men had so genuine a basis that Horace could accept Maecenas' gifts without hesitancy, aware that his friendship was a full return in Maecenas' mind. His acceptance, too, involved no loss of independence, and in many passages he makes it clear that he would readily resign all HOR. CAR. 2 17 5-6] INTRODUCTION the benefits conferred on him rather than lose his freedom in the slightest degree. 6. The Odes. The second period of Horace's literary activity, 29-19 B.C., was devoted chiefly to lyric composition. He had long been a student of Greek poetry, and the models he now fol- lowed were chiefly Alcaeus and Sappho (600 B.C.), whose measures he adopted as his own, and from whose works he drew many themes. While these two poets had the greatest influence on him, still, as the notes to the odes will show, we find evidence of the influence of Homer, Pindar, Bacchylides, Anacreon, Stesichorus, and the three tragedians. He drew also from the Alexandrians, but chiefly from Callimachus and Theocritus. Yet he followed no model slavishly, and even in his closest studies from the Greek, he made the themes his own. The earliest ode to which a date can be assigned with certainty is i, 37, written in 30 B.C., on hearing of the death of Cleopatra. A few may have been written before this, but not many. For seven years Horace gave himself almost ex- clusively to lyric verse. His mastery of form and language was now complete, and his developed taste set a high standard of per- fection. The eighty-eight lyrics which belong to this period were never equaled in variety and perfection among the Romans, and alone would entitle their author to the immortality he has enjoyed. Many of these odes, Horace called them simply carmina, especially those addressed to friends, were privately circulated before they were collected into the present three books ; these were published in 23 B.C., as is clear from internal evidence. 1 1 The young Marcellus died at the end of 23 B.C., but it is hardly probable that Horace would have published the reference to him in I, 12, 45 f. in its present form after his death; further, in 2, 10 (and possibly 3, 19), Horace mentions Licinius Murena, the brother-in-law of Maecenas, who was involved in a conspiracy against Augustus in the latter half of 23 B.C. The publication must have been earlier than the discovery of this plot. The latest reference is t.o the death of Quintilius Varus in i, 24, which Hieronymus records in 23 B.C.; and it is probable that I, 4, in which L. Sestius is addressed, was written about July, 23 B.C., when Sestius entered on his office as consul suffectus. IS THE ODES PS 7 LlJ / 7. Arrangement and Character of the Odes. In arranging his lyrics for publication, Horace placed at the beginning eleven odes, each in a different metre, illustrating all the measures employed by him in the three books with the exception of the unique rhythms in 2, 18; 3, I2. 1 Within this group certain other principles of arrangement can be detected. The first word is Maecenas, and the opening poem virtually dedicates the three books to their author's friend and patron, to whom he had already inscribed his Satires and Epodes. The second ode celebrates Octavian as the divine restorer of order in the state ; the third is a farewell poem to Vergil ; the fourth is addressed to Sestius, consul in the year of publication. The others are arranged to secure variety in subject as well as measure, a principle that is observed generally through- out the three books, so that grave themes are relieved by light, and a succession of similar metres is for the most part avoided. The second book opens with an ode to Asinius Pollio, celebrating his literary powers and touching sadly on the Civil Wars of which Pollio was about to undertake a history. In the first six odes of the third book, Horace comes forward as the teacher of the new generation, and deals earnestly with the problems and dangers of the state. This is the largest group of odes on related themes, and the Alcaic metre is used in all ; but, as if to avoid wearying his reader, Horace did not insert another ode in the same measure until the seventeenth. He had also some regard for chronological sequence, but this was always subordinate to the principle of variety. Each book, too, has certain characteristics. In the first there are a larger number of studies from the Greek than in the other two ; about half the odes are on themes of love and wine ; nowhere is any serious philosophy of life presented ; and only five (2, 12, 14, 35, 37) show deep concern with the state. As. if to emphasize his character as the singer of light themes, and at the same time to offset the serious notes in odes 35 and 37, Horace 1 The tenth ode, while in Sapphic measure like the second, still exhibits certain metrical peculiarities. 19 7-9] INTRODUCTION placed at the end of his book the dainty verses, Persicos odi, puer, apparafjts, which picture him at ease and free from care. The odes of the second book show more reflection, a deeper sense of the poet's personal relationship to his friends, a more serious and a graver attitude toward life. His didactic odes here lay stress on wise conduct, and the checking of untoward desires, rather than on the means of securing enjoyment. The twenty odes, with two exceptions, are composed in the Alcaic and Sapphic measures. In the third book, Horace appears as the poet of the new Rome established by Augustus. He shows a conscious pride in his posi- tion as the priest of the Muses, and his didactic odes have a graver and severer tone ; yet he relieves his serious themes here, as in the other books, by lighter and charming verses nowhere excelled. The unity of the entire collection he emphasized by the form of his epilogue in which he repeats the lesser Asclepiadic measure used in the opening ode of the first book, but not elsewhere in the first three books. With proud assurance he claims that by his verse he has defeated death itself and won immortal fame. 8. The First Book of Epistles. With the publication of his odes, in 23 B.C., Horace seems to have felt that his great work was done, and for some years he wrote no lyrics ; he did, however, re- turn to his earlier habit of recording in verse his observations on life and manners, sermones, which he now presented in the form of epistles. Jn some the epistolary form is only a cloak, but others are genuine letters, one a letter of introduction. Some offer a practical philosophy of life, others give rules of conduct, still others celebrate the delights of quiet country life, one is in praise of wine. The opening letter is to Maecenas, and announces Hor- ace's intention to abandon poetry and devote himself to philoso- phy. The collection, twenty epistles in all, was published after the middle of 20 B.C. 9. The Carmen Saeculare and Fourth Book of Odes. Horace was not allowed to desert the lyric muse. The death of Vergil in 20 ODES AND EPISTLES [ 9-10 19 B.C. left him the chief poet of his day, and even those who had long scoffed at the freedman's son were at last ready to acknowl- edge his preeminence. His position received official recognition in 1 7 B.C. from the Emperor, who commissioned him to write a hymn for the great Secular festival of that year. A little more than two years later, at the personal request of Augustus, he cele- brated the victories of the young Neros, Tiberius and Claudius, over the Alpine tribes ; in two other odes he sang the praises of the Emperor's beneficent rule. With these he joined eleven other lyrics, mostly reminiscent of his earlier themes ; two of them, how- ever, hymn the power of poesy. He published the collection in 13 B.C. It was not dedicated to Maecenas, as all his earlier publi- cations had been ; such dedication would have been out of place in a book the most important odes of which celebrated the imperial house. The significant fact is that, while Horace was ready to serve Augustus with his art, he did not dedicate the book to him. That his friendship with his patron was unbroken is abundantly proved by the eleventh ode in honor of Maecenas" birthday. 10. The Second Book of Epistles. Soon after the publication of the first book of epistles, a young friend of Horace, Julius Flo- rus, asked him for some new lyrics. In answer Horace wrote another epistle, in which he says that he has renounced lyric verse ; he is too old for it ; the distractions of the city prevent composition, and careful work is no longer appreciated ; he will therefore devote himself to philosophy, and seek that golden mean which alone can bring happiness. We hear from Suetonius that Augustus chided Horace for having failed to address any of his sermones to him. This reproach Hor- ace could not neglect, and about 14 B.C. he wrote an epistle to the Emperor, in which he discussed popular taste in literary matters, and defended the modern school to which he belonged against those who had a blind admiration only for the ancient and ruder literature. These two epistles he united with a third addressed to the Pisones, father and two sons, naturally putting the letter to 21 io-i3] INTRODUCTION Augustus in the first place, and published the three about 13 B.C This third epistle is of uncertain date, but probably written about 19-17 B.C. It is a didactic treatise on the art of poetry, but deals chiefly with dramatic poetry, and with the qualifications genius and hard work essential for the poet. The common name, Ars Poetica (or De Arte Poetica Liber}, in all probability was not given it by Horace, but became attached to it before Quintilian's day. By Hadrian's time the epistle had become separated from the two with which it was originally published, and formed the tenth book in an edition of which the four books of Odes, with the Carmen Saeculare, the Epodes, the two books of Satires, and two of Epis- tles were the first nine. In the Mss. it regularly follows the Odes ; H. Stephanus in the sixteenth century restored it to its original position. n. Chronological Table of Horace's Works. Satires, Book i 35~34 B -C- Epodes 30 Satires, Book 2 30 Odes, Books 1-3 23 Epistles, Book i 20 Carmen Saeculare 1 7 Odes, Book 4 ca. 13 Epistles, Book 2 ca. 13 12. Last Years and Death. Of the last years of Horace's life we know nothing. Maecenas died in the spring of 8 B.C. ; his dying charge to the Emperor, Horati Flacci ut met esto memor, bears witness to the unbroken friendship between the two men. Horace survived his patron but a few months, dying after a brief sickness at the close of the same year. He was buried near the tomb of Maecenas on the Esquiline. 13. Personal Characteristics. Horace has left us at the close of his first book of Epistles an interesting description of himself at the age of forty- four : 22 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS [ 13 corporis cxigui, praecanum, solibus aptum, irasci celerem, tauten ut placabilis essern. " Short in stature, prematurely gray, fond of the sun, quick to take offense, but readily appeased." This agrees with the account given in Suetonius' life, where we are told that the Emperor joked the poet on his short, stout figure. In Horace's later years his health was poor. While fond of mixing with society, he had a greater love for quiet country life, and against the protests of Mae- cenas spent much time on his Sabine farm or at his beloved Tibur. Praeneste, Baiae, and Tarentum were also favorite places of resi- dence. He remained a bachelor, and was never deeply moved by love. Of all his flames named in his verses, only Cinara was cer- tainly a creature of flesh and blood. The rest existed in his fancy only, or were borrowed from some Greek. 1 While he can sing very prettily of love, his verses have none of Catullus' fire ; they were for Horace pretty works of art, but did not spring from his own passion. Likewise when he calls his friends to a carouse, we may be sure that temperance, not license, was the chief feature of his comissatio. The subjects of his verse, whether lyric or pedestris, as he calls his muse in a passage in his Satires, were of the most varied sort ; hardly a feature of the life about him was left untouched, and more proverbial sayings bearing on the ways and weaknesses of men have been drawn from Horace's works than from those of any other Latin writer. Certain aspects of nature appealed to him ; and in a number of odes he shows the deepest interest in the welfare of the state. While he frequently shows a jovial spirit, yet there is, especially in the Odes, a melancholy that constantly reappears and overshadows his merrier moods. Many of his lyrics deal with death and the cheerless grave ; and his philosophy of enjoyment and moderation has more in it of resignation than of eager anticipation. Horace does not show that pathetic melan- 1 See Gildersleeve in Am. Jour, of Phil., 18, 121 f. 23 I3-H] INTRODUCTION choly which characterizes Vergil's poetry ; his melancholy is per- sonal, that of a sensitive individual, who has learned not to expect too much of this life, and has no hope beyond. Yet Horace avoids intruding his melancholy on his audience, as he shrinks from preaching, even in his most earnest moods. The highest enthusiasms and deepest feelings were not given to Horace ; but this very fact has in no slight degree made him a place in the affections of ordinary men, who feel that he is one of them. 14. Fame. While Horace never gained among his contempo- raries the honor enjoyed by Vergil, whose imperial epic appealed to the pride, as well as the imagination, of the Romans, still he lived to see himself pointed out by the passers on the street as the lyric poet of Rome, a fact to which he refers in C. 4, 3, 22 f., not without a touch of pride. Augustus' requests (cf. 9), too, show the position in which Horace stood. Many lesser poets honored him as their master and model, but their verses have all disappeared ; also the spurious works which Suetonius says were circulated under his name. His poems were early used in schools, certainly before Quintilian's day ; in Juvenal's time, busts of Vergil and Horace adorned schoolrooms ; so that for nearly nine- teen centuries the works of Horace have formed part of liberal education in western Europe. Learned criticism and interpreta- tion by grammarians began at least as early as Nero's reign. But the best proof of Horace's influence in antiquity is to be seen in the numerous reminiscences, conscious and unconscious, of his verses that are found in almost every Roman writer after him. In the commentary of this book only a few such reminiscences are quoted, but enough to suggest how constantly his phrases reappear in later writers. In fact no other Roman poet but Vergil influ- enced posterity to any like degree. Even in the period of re- adjustment, which we call the Middle Ages, the works of Horace were still read in schools, especially the Satires and Epistles, and verses of moral import were learned by heart ; the Odes and Epodes were less used, and the Carmen Saeculare not unnaturally 24 FAME, MANUSCRIPTS, ETC. [ 14-15 was almost entirely neglected. 1 Yet the number of Mss. earlier than the thirteenth century nearly twenty date from the eighth, ninth, and tenth attest the esteem in which all the works were held in mediaeval cloisters. in the Renaissance and modern times Horace's popularity has been great. Over seventy editions, partial or complete, were printed before 1500. There have been many would-be imitators of Horace's lyric verse in the last four centuries, but no better proof of the perfection of his art can be found than in the marked inferiority of all attempts, both ancient and modern, to repeat his measures. It is not exaggeration to say that no one since Horace's day has written Latin Alcaics or Sapphics that deserve to be com- pared with their models. Naturally Horace's influence on modern writers of lyric verse has been marked. To illustrate this here is not possible, but there is hardly a lyricist who has not felt his spell. Among contemporary English writers, Austin Dobson's methods and verses remind us most of the Roman bard. Yet Horace's lasting popularity is attested, not so much by literature, as by the regard in which men of varied pursuits hold him. His wisdom, his moderation and good-humored satire, coined into perfect form, have won him an unique place in the affections of mankind. 15. Manuscripts, Scholia, and Editions, (a) Mss. There are more good manuscripts of Horace preserved than of any other Latin writer except Vergil ; they number about 250, dating from the eighth (or ninth) to the fifteenth century. All seem to come from a common early archetype, but the cross lines of tra- dition are so numerous that it is impossible to classify them satis- factorily. The most important are : (i) Codex Blaiidinius Vetustissimus. This manuscript was formerly in the Abbaye de St. Pierre on Mt. Blandin, near Ghent, but was burned when the Abbey was destroyed by fire in 1566. It was one of the four manuscripts borrowed from the monastery 1 On Horace in the Middle Ages, see the interesting monograph by M. Manitius, Analekten zur Geschichte des Horaz im Mitielalter, Gottingen, 1893, 25 15] INTRODUCTION in 1565, and collated for his edition of Horace by Cruquius (Jacques de Crusque), professor at Bruges. He states in his edition of 1578 that this manuscript dated from the seventh century, and the readings which he gives from it show that, what- ever its age, it was of prime importance for the text. Keller and Holder deny its very existence, and charge Cruquius with false- hood, but the evidence against them is such that we cannot doubt the existence and value of the codex. Cruquius was at times careless, but his account can in the main be accepted. (2) Codex Bernensis 363, in the city library at Bern, Switzer- land ; written by an Irish scribe in the ninth century. The best single extant manuscript of Horace. Reproduced in photographic facsimile under the direction of De Vries, 1897. (3) Codex Sueco-Vaticanus 1703, in the Vatican Library, writ- ten in the ninth century. These two manuscripts are considered by Keller to be the most important ; some claim high rank for others, especially Parisinus 7900 A, s. IX/X ; Parisini 7974 and 7971, s. X ; Parisinus 7972, s. IX/X, and Leidensis 28, s. X ; but in establishing the text the read- ings of Cruquius' 'Vetustissimus* are ordinarily of first importance. For a description of the other manuscripts, reference may be made to the critical edition by Keller and Holder, 2 vols., Leip- sic, 1864-1870; vol. i in 2d ed., 1899. () Scholia. Comment on the works of Horace began in the first century of our era, with brief introductory notes, giving in each case the name of the person addressed, the metre, and a brief notice of the contents and character of the poem. Under Nero, M. Valerius Probus prepared a critical edition of Horace's works. Among early commentators were also Modestus and Claranus, who flourished apparently in Domitian's reign ; to the time of Hadrian belong the Life, by Suetonius, which is preserved in a fragmentary condition, and the edition in ten books (cf. p. 22), by Q. Terentius Scaurus. Under the Antonines, Helenius Aero wrote an explanatory commentary. 26 SCHOLIA AND EDITIONS [ 15 The work of all these commentators has been lost, save in so far as it is incorporated in the following scholia : (1) The scholia of Pomponius Porphyrio, a grammarian of the third century apparently, who devoted himself chiefly to gram- matical and rhetorical interpretation. (2) The scholia which bear the name of Aero. This collection was drawn from many sources, one of which was Porphyrio, from whom much was taken. Acre's name was not attached to these scholia until the fifteenth century. (3) The scholia of the Commentator Cruquianus. These aru the comments gathered together by Cruquius from many sources, and are of slight value. (c) Editions. The place and date of the editio princeps is unknown, but it was published in Italy before 1471. Bentley's edi- tion in 1711 made a new era in Horatian criticism. Of the modern critical and explanatory editions, the following are important : Keller and Holder, editio maior, 2 vols. Leipsic, 1864-1870; vol. i (Odes, Epodes, and C. S.) in 2d ed. by Keller, Leipsic, 1899; editio minor, 1878. Keller, Epilegomena zu Horaz, Leip- sic, 1879-1880, is also important for its collection of variant readings and discussion of them. Orelli, 4th ed. by Hirschfelder and Mewes, 2 vols., with Latin commentary and complete word index, Berlin, 1886, 1892. Kiessling, 2d ed., 3 vols. Berlin, 1890-1897 ; vol. i in 3d ed., 1898. Wickham, Odes and Epodes, 3d ed. Oxford, 1896 ; Satires and Epistles, 1891. L. Miiller, Satires and Epistles, Leipsic, 1891-1893. Odes and Epodes, 1900. The scholia are not yet fully available in good editions. A be- ginning has been made by Keller and Holder, Porfyrionis commentum rec. A. Holder. Innsbruck, 1894. The scholia of the Commentator Cruquianus are now best printed in Keller and Holder's large edition, vol. i, 2d ed., pp. 343-370. 27 1 6-1 7] INTRODUCTION 16. Translations and Important Books. No classical author has been translated more often than Horace. Among the better complete translations of the Odes and Epodes into English are the following : SIR THEODORE MARTIN, The Odes of Horace translated into English verse, 2(\ ed., London, 1861. JOHN CONINGTON, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace, 3d ed., London, 1865. LORD LYTTON, The Odes and Epodes of Horace, London, 1869. W. E. GLADSTONE, The Odes of Horace translated into English, New York, 1894. C. W. COOPER, Horace's Odes Englished and Imitated by Vari- ous Hands, London, 1880. Among books useful for criticism, interpretation, and illustra- tion, the following may be named : W. Y. SELLAR, Horace and the Elegiac Poets, Oxford, 1892. This is the most important single book in English on Horace. J. W. MACKAIL, Latin Literature, pp. 106-119, New York, 1900. This is a work of real genius, the best short history of Latin literature. ANDREW LANG, Letters to Dead Authors, pp. 223-234, London, 1886. GASTON BOISSIER, The Country of Horace and Vergil; trans- lated by I). H. Fisher, Ix>ndon, 1896. SCHREIBER-ANDERSON, Atlas of Classical Antiquities, London, 1895. BAUMEISTER, Dcnkmaler des klassischen Altertums, 3 vols., Mu- nich, 1889. 17. Language and Style. Horace was well aware that his poetic genius was not great ; but he possessed a highly cultivated sense for poetic form and fitting expression, and a fondness for his art, which led him to take infinite pains in the elaboration of his verses. With wise judgment he therefore chose commonplace 28 LANGUAGE AND STYLE [ 17-18 themes and treated them with all the grace his taste and skill could give. He shows little deep thought or intense feeling ; his verses are either exercises suggested by Greek lyrics, common- places of philosophy, Stoic or Epicurean, pretty but passionless treatment of themes of love, and society verse. Some tributes to friends show greater feeling, as do certain odes dealing with inter- ests of state ; yet in this latter class some seem like perfunctory verses written to please. In his later odes, in which he celebrates Augustus as the restorer of peace and prosperity, he exhibits a warmth of sentiment that he does not show elsewhere in the poems which concern the imperial house. Yet if his themes are com- monplace, his treatment of them is so unapproachably felicitous that his phrases have become part of the world's vocabulary. Horace, therefore, deserves the high place he occupies in men's regard, not for his poetic inspiration, but because he has given beautiful and permanent expression to ordinary truths, which are of universal concern. His vocabulary is not large, partly because the Latin language in comparison with the Greek is poor in words, partly because he chose to be restrained and moderate in statement ; and the diffi- culty of using the Alcaic and Sapphic measures in Latin doubtless restricted the range of expression. He occasionally repeats a happy phrase, either exactly or with slight variation. His admira- tion for the Greeks never led him to violate the genius of his own language ; he did not attempt long compounds, avoided Greek words for the most part, and seldom used a construction that was foreign to the Latin idiom. The study of Horace's style, therefore, is chiefly concerned with the art with which he formed his phrases and fitted them to his measures. The following paragraphs deal briefly with the ^f Order of Words, Prosody, Metres, and Syntax. / \ 18. Order of Words. An inflected language admits greater / freedom in the arrangement of words than is possible in one which is uninflected, so that an idea is often held in suspense until it has 29 18-20] INTRODUCTION been brought into relation with associated ideas. It is therefore necessary for the student to learn to carry in his mind incomplete ideas through groups of words of varying length. Such groups are common to both prose and poetry ; but in prose they are usually brief, combinations of three words being most frequent, e.g. ab exiguis profecta initiis, although larger groups are not unknown. But in poetry the arrangement and grouping of words is much more highly developed. The following examples illustrate the more common arrangements in Horace's lyrics, which the student must train himself to grasp as units. 19. Groups of three words : I, I, I a t 'avis edite regibus I, 15, 8 regntim Priami vetits 1, 22, 22 terra domibus negata 2, 5, 12 purpur eo varius color e 2, 7, 2 Bruto militiae duce It should be noticed that in these groups the first and third words agree grammatically and inclose the word they modify ; and that the places of adjective and noun are varied at pleasure. In the following larger groups the relation of the words is shown by varying type so far as possible. 20. Groups of four words may have the following great variety of arrangement : 2 3 9 pinus ingens albaque populus 2, 6, 5 Tibur Argeo positum colono i, 24, 9 multis ille bomsfa&itis I, 19, II f. versis animosum equis | Parthum 2,8, ii f. gelidaque di-'os \ morte carentis i, i, 22 ad aquae lent- caput sacrae I, 12, 22 f. saevis inimica virgo \ beluis 3, 8, 13 f. cyathos amid \ sospitis centum 4, i, 4 f. dulcium | mater saeva Cupidinum () Often a verb or verbs form part of the group, e.g. : i, i, 34 Lesboum refugit tender e barbiton I, 5, 9 te fruitur cretiulus aurea 3 ORDER OF WORDS [ 21-24 21. Larger groups show more complicated structure : I, 14, 14 f. nil pictis timidus navita puppibus | tidit I, 14, 19 f. interfusa nitentis | vites aequora Cycladas I, 22, ijf. pigris ul)i nulla campis | arbor aestiva recreatur aura 1, 28. 19 f. nullum | saera caput Proserpina fugit 2, 3, II f. quid obliquo laborat | lympha fugax trepidare tivo ? 2, 4, II f. tradidit fessis leviora tolli | Pergama Grais. 2, II, II f. quid aeternis minorem \ consiliis animum fatigas ? 2, 1 2, 2 f. nee Siculurn mare \ Poeno purpureum sanguine 3, i, 5 f. regum timendorum in proprios greges | reges in ipsos im- perium est lovis 3, 1, 1 6 omne capax movet urna nomen 3, 5, 21 f. vidi ego civium \ retorta tergo bracchia libero i, 9, 21 is an unusually complex group : latentis proditor intimo | gratus puellae risus ab angulo. Horace frequently employs position and arrangement to secure emphasis or other rhetorical effect. 22. Emphasis is obtained by placing the word to be emphasized at the beginning of a strophe or a verse, or before a caesura : I, 18, 3 siccis omnia nam dura deus proposuit 1, 34, i pare its deorum cultor et infrequens 2, 9, 9 f. / semper urges flebilibus modis | Mysten ademptum 23. Often the word in this position comes at or near the end of its sentence : I, 28, 5 f. animoque rotundum | percurisse polum morituro 2 9> '5 ft- nec impubem parentes | Troilon aut Phrygiae sorores | flevere semper 4, 9, 25 f. vixere fortes ante Agamemnona | multi 24. Often the words which agree grammatically are widely separated, gaining emphasis from their positions, and at the same time binding the sentence to which they belong into a single word group : I, I, 14 Myrtoum pavidus nauta secet mare I, 2, 39 f. acer et Marsi peditis cruentum \ voltus in hostem 31 24-28] INTRODUCTION Also 3, 4, 9-12. me fabulosae Volturc in Apulo nutricis extra limina I'ulliac ludo fatigatumque somno fronde nova puerum palumbes Observe that the entire strophe is bound into a single group by the two initial and final words. 25. Occasionally a number of emphatic positions are employed in a single strophe or other closely connected group : 2, 10, 9 ff. saepius ventis agitatur ingens pinus et celsae \graviore casu decidunt turres feriuntque summos fulgura mentis 26. Emphasis is also secured by placing contrasted words in juxtaposition : I, 6, 9 tenues grandia I, 3, IO qui fragiltm truci commisit pelago ratem 27. Also by placing words in similar or opposite positions in the verse or strophe : I, I, 9 f. ilium si proprio || condidit horreo \ quicquid cle Libycis || ver- ritur areis 1, 26, 2f. tradam protervis || in mare Creticum | portare ventis || 2, 2, 23 quisquis ingentis || oculo inretorto | spectat acervos. 2, 3, I f. aequam memento rebus in arduis \ servare mentem, non secus in bonis 2, 10, 13 sperat infestis || metuit secundis Also in i, 10, where the initial te, te, tii of the second, third, and fifth strophe emphatically repeat the Mercuri of the first strophe. Cf. likewise 2, 9, 1.9.13.17 non semper, tu semper, at non, flevere semper. 28. Emphasis is further secured : (a) By immediate repetition in the same clause : 2, 17, 10 ilrim us ibinnts, utcumque praecedes. Epod. 4, 20 hoc hoc tribuno militum. 32 POSITION OF PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS, ETC. [ 28-31 (<*) By immediate repetition at the beginning of a new clause (anadiplosis) : 3, 16, isff. subruit aemulos reges muneribus ; || munera navium sacvos inlaqueant duces. (f) By repetition at the beginning of successive clauses (an- aphora), often with the added emphasis of position: 1, 2, 4ft. terruit urhem, terruit gentis, grave ne rediret saeculum Pyrrhae 2, 4, 3 ff. serva Briseis niveo colore movit Achillem; movit Aiacem Telamone natum resurgat murus aeneus auctore Phoebo, ter pereat meis excisus Argivis, ter uxor capta virum puerosque ploret Cf. also i, 10, 1.5.9.17; i, 12, 53.57-59; 1,35,5.6.9.17.21; 2, 9, 1.9.13.17. 29. Often the anaphora serves as a connective : * 5 9f- yui nunc te fruitur credulus aurea, qui semper vacuam POSITION OF PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS, ETC. 30. Horace often makes his point by a reference to himself or his own experience, and introduces his concrete examples by me, etc., in an emphatic position : I, I, 29 f. me doctarum hederae praemia fontium dis miscent superis, me gelidum nemus I, 5, 13 f. me tabula sacer | votiva paries indicat I, 22, 9 namque me silva lupus in Sabina 31. An important word or words may displace a relative or interrogative pronoun or a particle at the beginning of a clause : HOR. CAR. 3 33 3'-37J INTRODUCTION , 2, 7 omne cum Proteus pecus egit ,2, 1 8 f. vagus et sinistra | labitur ripa , 7, 15 albus ut . . . deterget nubila . . . Notus ,22, 17 pigris u/>i nulla campis | arbor aestiva recreatur aura , 1 8, 3 siccis omnia nam dura deus 2, 6, 6 sit meae sedes utinam senectae 3, I, 17 f. destrictus ensis cut super impia | cervice pendet Likewise -que may be forced from its natural position by the requirements of the metre : 2, 19, 32 ore pedes teligHt/ut crura 32. A dissyllabic preposition sometimes follows its noun : 3, 3, 1 1 quos inter Augustus recumbens 33. Sometimes the preposition is placed next the verb : 2, 1 6, 33 te greges centum Siculaeque circum \ mugiunt vaccae 3, 27, 51 f. utinam inter errem | nuda leones PROSODY The following points in the prosody of Horace's lyrics should be noted : 34. The prosody of certain proper names varies : Etrusco i, 2, 14; 3, 29, 35, Etrusca Epod. 16, 4 and 40; ^Dianam i, 21, i, Diana 3, 4, 71 ; Proserpina i, 28, 20, Proserpina 2, 13, 21 ; Ori- onis i, 28, 21, Orion Epod. 15, 7 ; Italos 3, 30, 13, ftalo 2, 7, 4 ; Apuliae Epod. 3, 16, Apuli 2, 42 and usually. 35. The final syllable of the present and perfect indicative act- ive in the thesis occasionally retains its archaic long quantity in Books 1-3 : perrupit i, 3, 36 ; mariet i, 13, 6 ; ridet 2, 6, 14 ; titriet 2, 13, 16; arat 3, 16, 26; figit 3, 24, 5. It is once long in the arsis before the caesura 3, 5, 17 periret || immiserabilis. 36. In Epod. 9, 1 7 verteritnt occurs, but elsewhere in the lyrics the third person plural of the perfect indicative always ends in -~erunt. 37. A final syllable ending in a short vowel is not made long by two consonants at the beginning of the next word. 34 PROSODY AND METRES [ 38-44 38. Synizesis occurs in anteit i, 35, 17; antehac i, 37, 5; Pompei 2, 7, 5 ; vie/is Epod. 12, 7; dehinc Epod. 16,65 > prob- ably also vcipiieris 2, 18, 34 (cf. 56) ; laqueb Epod. 2, 35 (cf. 58) ; inferius 5, 79; mulierculum n, 23 (cf. 58). 39. Hardening of vocalic i to a consonant is found in consilium 3, 4, 41 and principium 3, 6, 6. In both these cases the final syl- lable is elided. 40. Syncope occurs frequently in the perfect indicative forms. Also in puertiae i, 36, 8 ; lamnae 2, 2, 2 ; periclo 3, 20, i ; sur- puerat 4, 13, 20; repostum Epod. 9, i ; vincla 9, 9 and 17, 72. Possibly m pav(i)dum Epod. 2, 35 and#0s(t)/0s 2, 65 (cf. 58). 41. Dialysis occurs only in siluae i, 23, 4 and Epod. 13, 2. 42. Elision is confined chiefly to short syllables ; in his earliest lyrics Horace apparently tried to avoid it altogether, but later he was less careful. There is no elision in the Second Archilochian Strophe of Epod. 13 or in the hexameters of Epod. 16. With the exception of me, te, and a single case of tarn, Epod. 17, i, mono- syllables are never elided. 43. Hiatus is found after the monosyllabic interjections o and a, which naturally cannot be elided. Also in capiti inhumato i, 28, 24, Esquilinae alites Epod. 5, 100, Threicio Aquilone 13, 3; and between the cola of Dactylo-Trochaic verses (cf. 64 ff.). Also in male ominatis 3, 14, u, if the reading be correct. METRES 44. Logaoedic Verses. The greater number of the Odes are in logaoedic rhythms, consisting of trochees ( ^), irrational spondees ( >), and cyclic dactyls (--< ^ or ^w). 1 The mu- 1 Elementary Latin prosody and the lyric metres of Horace are satisfacto- rily treated in the school grammars commonly used. A brief account is given here solely for convenience, and no attempt is made to provide the elemen- tary knowledge which must be gained from the grammars. One point, how- ever, may be noted. The common method of marking an irrational spondee ( >) leads pupils to think that it is not to be distinguished from a trochee, 35 44-48] INTRODUCTION sical time is f. While Horace adopted his measures from the Greeks, he is more strict than his models in certain points. He always uses an irrational spondee in place of a trochee before the first cyclic dactyl ( > | ~^ w , and not w | ^ w) ; and if an apparent choriambus ^ w 1 1_ l is followed by a second apparent choriambus in the same verse, the caesura regularly separates the two. The following logaoedic verses are used by Horace : 45. The Adonic: ~\j ^ I w terruit | urbem (This may also be read A^ \j | ^ I A) 46. The Aristophanic : I- > Lydia \ die per \ omnes (This may also be read -^ w | ^- w | id | ^ A ) 47. The Pherecratic (read as a syncopated tetrapody catalectic) ; 48. The Glyconic: / ^ i / l !/j / A ^ v^ I A grata | Pyrrha sub | an fro | diva po fens Cy\fri i.e. that both equal J * ; whereas the irrational spondee must be represented in musical notation by * Furthermore the musical equivalent of the cyclic dactyl, as commonly expressed, v w = t ,Q 4, is hardly correct; it should rather be In the schemes as here given the form w w is used when the caesura does not fall within the foot or falls between the two short syllables, ^ || \j ; when the caesura occurs after the long syllable the foot is written || \^w. 1 This combination was regarded by the later Roman writers as a choriam- bus, w w , and many still give the name ' choriambic ' to metres in which this succession of syllables occurs. 36 METRES [ 49-53 49. The Lesser (decasyllabic) Alcaic : *0 w I ^ ^1 ^-M ^ flumina \ constite\rint a culo 50. The Greater (hendecasyllabic) Alcaic: di-w I > II A,w I ^lw A per\mitte \ divis II / 4> T 4> T 7 diaeresis is neglected ; caesura occurs after a prefix in i, 16, 21 ex^ercitus ; i, 37, 5 de\\promere ; 2, 17, 21 51. The Lesser Sapphic : iam sa\tis ter\ris || MIVIJ | atque \ dirae In Books 1-3 the masculine caesura is regularly used ; in the Carmen Saeculare and Book 4 the feminine caesura is more fre- quently allowed, e.g. : / I / ^^! ' II 1 / / "**~ w I >| \J II wt \j > Phoebe \ silva riimque II po\tens Di\anae 52. The Greater Sapphic : / i / ^. i / |i 1 1/ |i | / i X ^ - Suf| - ->! - II ^V/|' - II - VA^ I - \_i\ - J> te de os o ro Syba\rin II tr prope\res a mando. Or we may write the second half of the verse as a syncopated tetrapody catalectic : MX I / I I / I V> II Ay w I w I " I - A It should be observed that this corresponds with the Aristo- phanic verse (cf. 46). 53. The Lesser Asclepiadic : Maece nas ata\vis || edite \ regi\bus C. i, i ; 3, 30; 4, 8. In 4, 8, 17, caesura is disregarded, but the text is in doubt; in 2, 12, 25 caesura occurs after the prefix in de \torquet. 37 54-S 6 ] INTRODUCTION 54. The Greater Asclcpiadic : - > I Ay wi 1 ^ II Ay vy '-II Ay vy I -vy| 6 A Nullam | Fartf ja|mz || t/*V* /rt J || severis \ arbo\rem. C. i, ii, 18 ; 4, 10. It should be observed that this differs from the preceding rhythm (53) in having a syncopated dipody || A/ vy I "-^ I inserted between the two tripodies. In i, 18, 16, caesura occurs after the prefix in per\\lucidior. Iambic and Trochaic Verses. The following iambic and trochaic verses are used by Horace : 55. The Iambic Dimeter: y^w^-IV-^w-2. >/ s \ vy vy vy vy w I Or in anacrustic form : a y: / ' vy I / ' : vy 5 I vy A The irrational spondee may be substituted in the first and third feet. Resolution of the thesis is found in four verses (Epod. 2, 62 ; 3, 8 ; 5, 48; 15, 24), and then is limited to the first foot for the apparent dactyl, > w w ; while tribrachs may be used in the first two feet, e.g. : >/ / i *s^ ii y f vy | > II vy vy Oblivio | nem sensibus Efod. 14, 2. / l ^ / \j vy vy vy| ^ vy vy videre prope\rantis domum Epod. 2, 62. ^> / I *> II ast ego vicis\sim riser o Epod. 15, 24. 56. The Iambic Trimeter Catalectic : '- vy -qy ||^ ^ z.| w ^_ A trahuntque sic cas || machinae \ farinas. Or with anacrusis : 1 Whenever iambic verses occur in logaoedic or composite rhythms, they are to be written with anacrusis. 38 METRES [ 56-58 In C. 2, 1 8, 34 possibly resolution occurs in the second foot regumque pueris, > ^ w v^ , unless, as is probable, we should re^d by synizesis, pueris (cf. 38). 57. The Pure Iambic Trimeter: suis et ip\$a\Roma vi\ribus ruit 58. The Iambic Trimeter (with substitutions and resolutions) > Epod. 17. The caesura occurs after the prefix in im\\plumibus, Epod. i, 19 ; and in |j aestuet, Epod. 11,15. The irrational spondee is not infrequently substituted in the first, third, and fifth feet ; the tribrach is used chiefly in the second and third feet, rarely in the first and fourth ; the dactyl is found in the first foot, rarely in the third ; and the anapaest is possibly to be read in the first foot twice (Epod. 2, 35 pavidum, 65 positcs) and three times in the fifth (Epod. 2, 35 laqueo, 5, 79 inferius, u, 23 mulierculunt) ; yet some of these cases may be read by synizesis as iambs (cf. 38). Examples of trimeters with various substitutions : / 'i^n/ ' i / w w I .> || \j \\j v^w per et Dia\nae || non moven\da numina > w Ow'>i| \j \j \j\"> wO vectabor hume\ris || tune ego ini\micis eques. ~s^X 'III/ ' I ' --- / ' ^*\j\j^j |wll w | -> w Canidia par\ce || vocibus \ tandem sacris >/ ' \ *~^ \\ S ' \^~^/ r v^ I .> II wwvy | j> w O optat quie\tem || Pelopis in\fidi pater. / I II / / I / * w w wvyw] w|| ^ |w w w O pavidwnque lepo\rem et || advenam \ laqueo gruem t w w wt pav(f)dumqite, laqueo (cf. 38, 40). 39" 59-65] INTRODUCTION 59. The Euripidean : / / \ / f \j v/ A no it ebur ne que aurewn 60. The Nine-syllable Alcaic : w :- x i / -^i / i / 5 : vj >| \j\ \j sil'.vae la\boran\tes ge luque This consists of two trochaic dipodies with anacrusis. The second foot is always irrational. Dactylic Verses. 61. The Lesser Archilochian : / i / i / \j\j\ w w| A arbori^busque co\mae 62. The Dactylic Tetrameter catalectic : / - 1 / i / i / - v/ \J | w w | w \j | \j A saeva ca put Pro\serpina \ fugit In C. i, 28, 2 a spondee is found in the third foot. 63. The Dactylic Hexameter : The feminine caesura in the third foot is occasionally found, and the masculine caesura sometimes falls in the fourth or second foot. The four cases of spondees in the fifth foot are due to proper names ( C. i, 28, 21 ; Epod. 13, 9 ; 16, 17 and 29). Dactylo-trochaic Verses. 64. In these the cola, rhythmical sentences, are separate ; so that the verses are compound, having a change of time ( J to f, or vice versa} within them. Syllaba anceps is allowed at the end of the first colon in the hmbclegus and Elegiamhus. 65. The Greater Archilochian (a dactylic tetrameter acatalec- tic + a trochaic tripody) : / - I / - ' /" II - 1 It / I / I / -s. \j\j I v^w; II \j w! \j\j II v-> I ^1 ^ solvitur | ticris hi*ttns\\gra tn vice II verts \ et Favoni. 40 METRES [ 66-68 The caesura is found regularly after the third thesis, and a diaere- sis after the dactylic colon. The fourth foot is always a dactyl. 66. The lambelegus (a trochaic dimeter catalectic with anacru- sis + a lesser archilochian) : y-^-v, I - y|^ w|6||-^w |- w W|^A tu\vina \ Torqua\to mo\ve || consule \pressa me\o. No substitutions but those indicated are allowed in the first colon ; and spondees are not allowed in the second. 67. The Elcgiambits (the cola of the lambelegus reversed) :. \j\j\ Ty-Hyi w | w I A scribere \ versiculos II a\more \percus\sum gra\vi. STROPHES Most of the Odes are arranged in stanzas or strophes of four verses each ; in a few the distich or the single verse is the metrical unit. In the Epodes, with the exception of the seventeenth, which is written in iambic trimeters, the epodic distich (cf. 4) is the unit. The lyric strophes used by Horace are these : 68. The Alcaic Strophe two Greater Alcaics (50), one Nine- syllable Alcaic (60), and a Lesser Alcaic (49) : y- vy| >IIA^| w I w A 1-2 y;^w |^>| ^ w i^-y 3 2 , i. 3- 5- 7- 9- " *3- M- '5- 1 7- 1 9- 2 5 3, 1-6. 17. 21. 23. 26. 29 ; 4, 4. 9. 14. 15. In 2, 3, 27 and 3, 29, 35 there is elision at the end of the third verse. 69-70 INTRODUCTION 69. The Sapphic Strophe three Lesser Sapphics (51), and an Adonic (45 ) : -v/i- >i^Hv~i-^wi^y 1-3 -^w i-y 4 After the Alcaic the most frequent strophe ; found in C. i, 2. 10. 12. 20. 22. 25. 30. 32. 38 ; 2, 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 16; 3, 8. 1 1. 14. 18. 20. 22. 27 ; 4, 2. 6. ii ; C. 6". The feminine caesura is found in a few cases (cf. 51). In a number of strophes Horace follows Sappho in treating the third and fourth verses as one, so that in three places (C. i, 2, 19; i, 25, n ; 2, 16, 7) words run over from one verse to the next as now printed ; elision at the end of the third verse is found, 4, 2, 23 and C. S. 47 ; hiatus between the verses occurs but four times (C. i, 2, 47 ; i, 12, 7 and 31 ; i, 22, 15); and in most cases the dactyl of the fourth verse is preceded by a spondee at the close of the third. Elision occurs three times also at the end of the second verse (C. 2, 2, 18; 2, 16, 34; 4, 2, 22). 70. The Greater Sapphic Strophe an Aristophanic verse (46) followed by a Greater Sapphic (52) : C. i, 8. 71. The First Asclepiadic Strophe a Glyconic (48) followed by a Lesser Asclepiadic (53) : C. i, 3. 13. 19. 36 ; 3, 9. 15. 19. 24. 25. 28 ; 4, 1.3. Elision at the end of the Glyconic is found 4, i, 35. 42 METRES [ 72-77 72. The Second Asclepiadic Strophe three Lesser Asclepia- dics followed by a Glyconic : C. i, 6. 15. 24. 33 ; 2, 12 ; 3, 10. 16 ; 4, 5. 12. 73. The Third Asclepiadic Strophe two Lesser Asclepiadics, a Pherecratic (47), and a Glyconic : C. 1,5. 14. 21. 23; 3, 7. 13; 4, 13. 74. The Iambic Strophe an Iambic Trimeter (58) followed by an Iambic Dimeter (55) : Epod. i-io. 75. The First Pythiambic Strophe a Dactylic Hexameter (63) followed by an Iambic Dimeter (55) : Epod. 14 and 15. 76. The Second Pythiambic Strophe a Dactylic Hexameter followed by a Pure Iambic Trimeter : _ I _/_ i _/_ II i /_ I _/ I j^ _/_ _,_ i _ _*_ i _/_ /wl C. i, 7. 28; Epod. 12. 43 5 78-83] INTRODUCTION 78. The First Archilochian Strophe a Dactylic Hexameter followed by a Lesser Archilochian (61) : / I / i / ii i / i / i / \.j ww | \J\J | II w ^ I \J\J I \J \J I ** r - Wwl - WW I X C. 4, 7- 79. The Second Archilochian Strophe a Dactylic Hexameter followed by an lambelegus (66) : / - i / i / ii - i / - i / i / w ww I w w I II ^ v-> I ww I ww I ~ y: / i/wi/ I fit I~i ^ I ^ I ^ : wl > I \j \ A wwl wwl Tf Epod. 13. 80. The Third Archilochian Strophe an Iambic Trimeter followed by an Elegiambus (67) : y^z.| y|' ._| y^^^ -wwl-wwI^AllVi-wl-Vl-wl^A Epod. ii. 81. The Fourth Archilochian Strophe a Greater Archilochian (65) followed by an Iambic Trimeter Catalectic (56) : C. 1,4. 82. The Trochaic Strophe a Euripidean (59) followed by an Iambic Trimeter Cataleclic : ' ' I / em ponere fulmina ; i, 15, 33 f. iracunda . . . classis Achillei. 47 loo-ios] INTRODUCTION THE dijro KOivov CONSTRUCTION 100. Occasionally a word is so placed with reference lo two other words that it may grammatically be connected with either, while logically it is necessarily so connected: 2, n, nf. quid aeternis minorem \ consiliis animum fatigas ? In this consiliis belongs equally to minorem and to fatigas. THE VERB ioz. A singular verb is frequently used with two or more sub- jects : 3, 1 6, 29 ff. rivus aquae silvaque . . . segetis certa fides . . . fallit. 102. The future indicative is occasionally used with permissive or hortatory force : i, 7, i laudabunt alii c la ram Rfwdon, 'others may praise,' etc.; i, 12, 57 ff. te minor latttm reget aequus orbem, etc., ' let him rule,' etc. 103. The perfect is used like the Greek gnomic aorist, to ex- press' what has always been true or customary, i.e. a general truth or customary action : i, 28, 20 nullum saera caput Proserpina fugit, 'cruel Proserpina never passes by (i.e. never has, and there- fore, by implication, never does pass) a mortal.' PROHIBITIONS 104. Horace occasionally employs the archaic form of prohi- bition, consisting of the imperative with ne : i, 28, 23 ne farce harenae, ' spare not the sand.' Occasionally a circumlocution is employed : i, 9, \$fuge qitae- rere, ' avoid asking ' ; i, 38, 3 mitte sectari, ' give up hunting." INFINITIVE 105. The 'historical' infinitive is found but once in the Epodes, not in the Odes : Epod. 5, 84 piter iam non . . . lenire verbis S) ' the boy no longer tries to move the wretches by words. 1 48 SYNTAX [ 106-1 10 106. The ' exclamatory ' infinitive is found but twice in the Epodes, not in the Odes : Epod. 8, i rogare fe, etc., ' the idea of your asking ! ' 1 1, 1 1 f. contrane lucnim nil valere candidum \ pan- peris ingenium ? ' to think that against mere gold the purity of a poor man's character has no power ! ' 107. The infinitive of purpose is found occasionally : i, 2, 7 f. pec us egit altos \ visere montis, ' he drove the flock to visit the high mountains'; i, 12, 2 quern sumis celebrare ? 'whom dost thou take to celebrate in song? ' i, 26, i ff. tristitiam et mctus \ tmdam protervis in mare Creticum \ portare ventis, ' gloom and fear will I give to the bold winds to carry to the Cretan sea' ; Epod. 16, 16 malis carere quacriiis laboribus, ' you seek to escape,' etc. 108. The infinitive is used with a large variety of adjectives to complete their meaning: i, 3, 25 audax omnia perpcti, 'with courage to endure all'; i, 10, 7 callidnm . . . condere, 'skilled to hide'; i, 15, 18 celerem sequi, 'swift in pursuit'; i, 35, 2 praesens . . . tollerc, 'with power to raise'; 3, 21, 22 segues nod it in sotvere, 'slow to undo the knot'; 4, 12, 19 spes donare novas largus, ' generous in giving new hope ' ; etc. 109. The passive infinitive is also used as a verbal noun in the ablative: i, 19, 8 lubricus adspici, ' dazzling ;' 4, 2, 59 niveus videri, 'white in appearance.' THE PARTICIPLE no. The future active participle is often used to express pur- pose, readiness or ability, and prophecy, being equivalent to a clause: i, 35, 29 iturum Caesarem, 'Caesar, who proposes to go'; 2, 6, i Septimi, Gadis aditure mecum, ' Septimius, thou who art ready,' etc. ; 4, 3, 20 O mutis quoque piscibits donatura cycni . . . sonum, ' O thou who couldst give,' etc. ; 2, 3, 4 moriture Delli, ' Dellius, who art doomed to die.' HOR. CAR. 4 49 THE VALLEYS OF THE ANIO AND THE DIGENTIA SCALE Or MILES 50 HORATI CARMINA LIBER PRIMVS I This ode forms the prologue to the three books of lyrics published by Horace in 23 B.C. After the first two lines addressed to Maecenas, which virtually dedicate the whole collection to him, Horace rehearses the various interests of men, that at the end he may present his own ambition. ' Some men seek fame in athletic games or in politics (3-8), others have lower aims riches, ease, war, or hunting (9-28) ; but as for me, I have the loftiest aim of all, Maecenas to wear the ivy wreath and be the Muse's dear companion (29-34).' The ode was clearly written after the collection was fairly complete ; that is, not long before the actual publication. Metre, 53. Maecenas atavis edite regibus, o et praesidium et dulce decus meum : i. Maecenas: for Maecenas' and note ; 3, 29, 1 Tyrrhena regum position at Rome and Horace's progenies; S. i, 6, iff. ; Prop. 4, relations with him, see Intr. 5. 9, i Maecenas, eqnes EXrusco de atavis: ancestors, in a general sanguine regum. This habit is sense, in apposition with regibus. referred to by Martial 12, 4, i f. edite regibus : Maecenas was quod Flacco Varioque fuit sum- descended from an ancient line moque Maroni \ Maecenas atavis of princes of the Etruscan city of regibus ortus eques. Arretium. Horace and his con- 2. o et : monosyllabic interjec- ternporaries emphasize the con- tions are ordinarily not elided, trast between their patron's noble Intr. 42. praesidium . . . decus: birth and the equestrian rank he not merely a formal compliment, preferred to keep at Rome. Cf. for there is a warmth in the second 3, 1 6, 20 Maecenas, equitum decus half of the expression that is com- 51 HORATI Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum collegisse iuvat metaque fervidis evitata rotis, palmaque nobilis terrarum dominos evehit ad deos ; hunc, si mobilium turba Quiritium parable to the feeling expressed in Kpod. \. Cf. the more formal phrase 2, 17, 3f. Maecenas, mea- rnm \ grande decus coluinenqiie rernin ; also Epist. i , i , 1 03 rerutn tittela mearnm. Vergil makes a similar acknowledgment of his obligation, G. 2, 40 f. o decus, o famae merito pars maxuma nostrae, \ Maecenas. Horace's phrase proved a striking one and is frequently adopted by later writers. 3 ff. Note how Horace secures variety in the expressions by which he designates the various classes : sunt quos. hunc, ilium, etc. He has also arranged his typical ex- amples with care, contrasting one aim in life with the other, and in each case bringing out the point which would be criticised by one not interested in that particular pursuit. sunt quos . . . iuvat : equiva- lent to aliquos iuvat. Cf. v. 19 est qui. The indicative with this phrase defines the class, rather than gives its characteristics. curriculo : from curricnhis, chariot. Olympicum : i.e. at the great games held every four years at Olympia in Elis. Yet Horace probably uses the adjective simply to make his statement concrete. Cf. note to v. 13. He is speaking here of athletic contests in general. 4. collegisse : to have raised in a cloud. Cf. S. i, 4, 31 pul- vis collectus turbine. meta : the turning post at the end of the spina. which was the barrier that ran through the middle of the cir- cus, and roui.d which the horses raced. See Schreiber-Anderson's Atlas, pi. 31, i and 2. for illustra- tions of the race course. 5. evitata : just grazed. The skill of the charioteer was shown in making as close a turn as possible about the meta without meeting disaster. palmaque; equivalent to quosque palma. The palm, which was the regular prize for the Olympic victor from the time of Alexander, was adopted by the Romans about 293 B.C. Livy 10, 47, 3 translate) e Graecia more. nobilis: with active meaning, modifying palma. the ennobling. 6. dominos : in apposition with deos. The victory exalts the vic- tors to heaven, where dwell the rulers of the world. Cf. 4, 2. 17 f. quos Elea doiniim reducit \ palma caelestis. yff. Political ambition. hunc: so. iuvat. mobilium: fickle; cf. CAKMINA [', ', IO certat tergeminis tollere honoribus ; ilium, si proprio condidit horreo quicquid de Libycis verritur areis. Gaudentem patrios findere sarculo agros Attalicis Condicionibus numquam demoveas, ut trabe Cypria Myrtoum pavidus nauta secet mare; Epist. i, 19, 37 ventosa plebs. tergeminis : the three necessary steps in the republican cursus honor urn, the curule aedileship, praetorship, and consulship. gf. proprio: with quicquid, re- ferring to the avarice which is frequently connected with great wealth. For the expression, cf. 3, 1 6, 26 f. si quicquid arat im- piger Apulus \ occultare meis di- cerer horreis. Libycis : Africa, especially the fertile district of Byzadum about Utica and Ha- drumetum, was at this time the granary of Rome ; later, Egypt became the most important source of supply. i iff. A modest establishment, in contrast to a great estate in Africa. patrios : in this word there is a suggestion of contentment and calm security, as in Epod. 2. 3 pa- terna rura. This security is again contrasted with the vicissitudes and perils of the sailor. sarculo: a hoe used for stirring and loosen- ing the soil. It suggests the small farm that Horace has in mind, too small to make it worth while to use a plow. Attalicis condicion- ibus : with the terms a prince could offer; regiis opibus, says Porphy- rio. The Attali, kings of Perga- mon, were famous for their wealth. In 133 B.C. King Attalus III, at his death, bequeathed his kingdom, with his treasures, to the Romans. This lent to his name the glamour of wealth which we associate with the name of Croesus. 13. demoveas: potential subj., you could never allure. trabe : bark. The part is used for the whole. Cf. Verg. A. 3, 191 vela damns vastumque cava trabe cur- rinms aequor ; Catull. 4, 3 natantis impetum trabis. Cypria : Hor- ace regularly employs a particular rather than a general adjective, thereby making his expressions more concrete and his pictures more vivid a device learned from the Alexandrine poets. So we have in the following verse Myrtoum. 15 Icariis. 19 Massici, 28 Marsus ; and often. 14. pavidus : especially applica- ble to the landsman turned sailor. secet mare: a common figure from Homer's day. Cf. Od. 3, I73ff. UVTU/J o y Tf/juv | Setfe, KUI r/i'ojyci TreAuyos TffJLVUV. 53 '. i. '5] HORATI 15 luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum mercator metuens otium et oppidi laudat rura sui : mox reficit ratis quassas, indocilis pauperiem pati. Est qui nee veteris pocula Massici 20 nee partem solido demere de die spernit, nunc viridi membra sub arbuto stratus, nunc ad aquae lene caput sacrae. Multos.castra iuvant et lituo tubae permixtus sonitus bellaque matribus 25 detestata. Manet sub love frigido 15 ff. Against the struggles of the sea, the trader sets the peaceful quiet of his native country town; yet it has this roseate hue for him only when he is in the midst of danger. 16 f . oppidi rura: 'the country districts surrounding the village in which he was born. 1 mox: his fear quickly passes, and he returns to his old pursuit of money getting. 18. pauperiem: a life of small estate; not to be confused with cgestas or inopia. Cf. I, 12, 43 f. saeva paupertas et avitus apto \ cum lore fundus, also Sen. Epist. 87, 40 non video quidaliud sit pau- pertas quam parvi possessio. pati: with indocilis. Intr. 108. igff. Between the merchant (15- 18) and the soldier (23-25) is in- serted an example of the man who gives himself over to a life of ease and enjoyment, to cups of good old wine and the noonday siesta. Massici: a choice wine from Mt. Massicus, on the southern border of Latium. solido . . . die: unin- terrupted, unbroken ; t'.e. for such strenuous men as the merchant or the soldier, who give their days to trade or arms. Cf. Sen. Epist. 83, 3 hodiernus dies solidus est : nemo ex illo quicquam mihi eripuit. 21 1. stratus: a middle parti- ciple, stretching his limbs, etc. Intr. 84. sacrae: for the foun- tain heads of streams were the homes of the water divinities. Cf. Sen. Epist. 41, 3, magnorum flunti- num capita veneramur, . . . colun- tur aquarum calentium fontes. 24 ff. matribus: dat. with detes- tata; abhorred. Cf. Epod. 16, 8 parentibusque abominatus Hanni- bal. manet : equivalent to per- noctat. sub love : under the skv. Jupiter is often used by the poets for the phenomena of the sky. Cf. Enn. Epich. Frg. 6 M. fstic est is /I'ipiter qtiein die/ ; quern Graft i -,'ocant | derem, qui irfntus est et nubes, imbcr p6stea \ dtqueeximbre 54 CARMINA IX i, 36 3 35 venator tenerae coniugis immemor, seu visa est catulis cerva fidelibus, seu rupit teretis Marsus aper plagas. Me doctarum hederae praemia frontium dis miscent superis ; me gelidum nemus Nympharumque leves cum Satyris chori secernunt populo, si neque tibias | Euterpe cohibet nee Polyhymnia Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton. Quod si me lyricis vatibus inseres, sublimi feriam sidera vertice. frigus, ventus pdst fit, aer denuo. tenerae: young. 28. teretis: stout, close twisted. 29. me: note the emphatic po- sition of this word here and in the following verse. Against the back- ground of other men's aims, Horace now places his own ambition. doctarum . . . frontium : i.e. of poets, the (Tool detSoi, taught by the Muses. hederae : sacred to Bac- chus, on whose protection and favor the poets depend. Cf. Epist. \ , 3, 25 prima feres hederae victricis prae- mia, and Verg. E. 7, 25 pastores, hedera nascentem ornate poetam. 30. miscent: make me one with. Cf. Find. Isth. 2, 28 f. ' A 10? | aAcros Iv aOavdrois criSa/AOu | TrcuSes ev Ti/u,ats 32 f . secernunt : set apart. The poet must rise superior to common folk and common things to fulfill his sacred office. Euterpe . . . Polyhymnia : Horace follows the Greeks of the classical period in not ascribing to each muse a special de- partment of literature or learning. 34. Lesboum: Lesbos was the home of Alcaeus and Sappho, Hor- ace's chief models among the ear- lier Greek lyricists. 35 f . vatibus : applied to poets as inspired bards. Horace may mean specifically the nine great lyric poets of Greece, vates was the earliest word for poet among the Romans, but was displaced by the Greek poeta until the Augustan period. Cf. Verg. A. 6, 662 quique pit vates et Phoebo digna locuti. sublimi feriam, etc.: a prover- bial expression from the Greek rfj Koivi- 6. saeculum Pyrrhae : i.e. the deluge from which Pyrrha with 57 i. 2 7] HORATI omne cum Proteus pecus egit altos visere mentis, piscium et summa genus haesit ulmo, 10 nota quae sedes fuerat columbis, et superiecto pavidae natarunt aequore dammae. Vidimus flavum Tiberim retortis litore Etrusco violenter undis her husband Deucalion alone es- caped to repeople the earth. For the story see Ovid Met. I, 260 ff. nova : new, and therefore strange. 7. omne: of every sort. Pro- teus : the shepherd of the sea who tends Neptune's flocks. Cf. Verg. G. 4, 395 artnenta et turpis pascit sub gurgite phocas. 8. visere: infinitive of purpose. -Intr. 107. Cf. I, 26, I ff. tristitiam et metus \ tradam protervis in mare Creticum \ port are ventis. 9. summa ulmo : cf. Ovid Met. I, 2<)6Azc summa piscem deprendit in ulmo. The description may have been suggested by Archi- lochus Frg. 74, 6 ff. /x^Sei? Iff 1 vfjuav ticropuiv ftttyxa^eVw, | ^778' orav 8cA77?) queen of Eryx. locus : Mirth, the Greek KOJ/U.O?, with Cupido the regular companion of Venus. Cf. Plaut. Bacch. 113 Amdr, Volnptas, Venus, Venustas, Gaudium, focus, Ludus. circum : postpositive. Intr. 33. 35 f. neglectum: cf. n. to v. 30. auctor: the appeal is to Mars as the author of the Roman race. 37. ludo : ' the cruel sport of war. 1 Cf. 2, I, 3 litdumque Fortunae. 38 ff. For the skillful arrange- ment of the words, see Intr. 21, 24. clamor: the battle shout. leves: smooth. Marsi : the Marsi were a mountain folk living in cen- tral Italy, east of Rome. They were noted for their bravery. Cf. Verg. G. 2, 167 genus acre virum, 1,2,41] HORATI 45 5 sive mutata iuvenem figura ales in terris imitaris alrnae filius Maiae, patiens vocari Caesaris ultor, serus in caelum redeas diuque laetus intersis populo Quirini, neve te nostris vitiis iniquum ocior aura tollat; hie magnos potius triumphos, hie ames dici pater atque princeps, Mar sos. Appian, B. C. i, 46 has the proverb ovre Kara Ma/j- isse pntato \ me tibi, si cenas hodie mecum.'' Similarly in Eng- lish, e.g. Tennyson, In Mentor. 17, 1 S0 may whatever tempest mars | Mid-ocean, spare thee, sacred bark ;' and the formula in oaths. 'Sa help me God. 1 diva potens Cypri: Kurrpou juieS .'owa. Venus marina, the pro- tectress of sailors. Cf. 3, 26, 5. 9 ; 4, i r, 15. For the objective geni- tive with potens, cf. I, 6, 10 lyrae mu sa potens; I, 5, \$potenti mar is deo, i.e. Neptune. 2. Castor and Pollux. It was believed that the presence of these two guardians of sailors was at- tested by the electrical phenome- non known to us as St. Elmo's fire. Cf. i, 12, 27 ff. ; Lucian Navig. 9 o vavK\r6f riva 64 aa~Tpa AiotTKOv/awv TOV fTtpov eVt- KaOlViU TW K.LpXrf(Tlto KOI KU.T(.V&VVJLL TTJV vavv ; Stat. SUv. 3, 2, 8 fT. pro- ferte benigna \ sidera. el antemnae gemino considite cornu \ Oebalii fratres ; and in English, Macaulay, Regillus. ' Safe comes the ship to haven | Through billows and through gales, | If once the great Twin Brethren | Sit shining on the sails.' On coins a star is repre- sented over the head of each of the heroes. 3 f . ventorum . . . pater : Aeolus, who is Od. 10, 21 Ta/u.t77? Avifutv. lapyga: the wind blowing from the west or northwest across lapygia, as Apulia was anciently called, was favorable for voyages to Greece. 5ff. Vergil is like a treasure in- trusted to the ship, and therefore owed by it. Note the emphasis on Vergilium before the caesura. CARMINA LI. 3. l6 10 reddas incolumem precor et serves animae dimidium meae. Illi robur et aes triplex circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci commisit pelago ratem primus, nee timuit praecipitem Africum decertantem Aquilonibus nee tristis Hyadas nee rabiem Noti, quo non arbiter Hadriae maior, tollere seu ponere volt freta. finibus: dat. with reddas, deliver. animae dimidium meae : a pro- verbial expression of affection. Cf. 2, 17, 5 te meae part em animae; Meleager Anth. Pal. 12, 52 NOTOS, IWTCS, | rjfjiUTv fjL(.v i^u^as 'AvBpa.ya.6ov. 9 ff. Horace now turns to re- flections on the rash presumption of mankind that seem to us ex- travagant ; but man's attempt to subdue the sea may well have been thought impious in a primi- tive age. These verses reflect this ancient feeling. See intr. n. Cf'. Soph. Antig. 332 ff. mAAa TO, Suva, KOVOGV avOpwirov Sctvorepov 7T Act I TOl'TO KOJL irovTov \f.iu.(.pii- bus credidit aim's. 12 f. praecipitem Africum: the headlong Afric wind, the Sirocco ; called Epod. 16, 22 protervus. Aquilonibus: dative: cf. i, 15 luctantem 1 car Us fluctibus Afri- cum. 14. tristis Hyadas: bringing rain and so 'gloomy/ Cf. Verg. A. 3, 516 pluviasque Hyadas. and of the Auster (Notus) G. 3, 279 pluvio contristat frigore caelitm. Noti : equivalent to Auster. 15. arbiter: ruler; cf. 3, 3, 5 Auster \ dux inquieti turbidus Hadriae. 16. ponere: equivalent to com- ponere. Observe the use of the single seu in an alternative state- meat. HORATI Quern mortis timuit gradum, qui siccis oculis monstra natantia, qui vidit mare turbidurn et inf amis scopulos Acroceraunia ? Nequiquam deus abscidit prudens Oceano dissociabili terras, si tamen impiae non tangenda rates transiliunt vada, Audax omnia perpeti gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas. Audax lapeti genus ignem fraude mala gentibus intulit. 17. mortis . . . gradum: for the conception of death as stalk- ing abroad and pursuing men, cf. v. 33 below; i, 4, 13; 3, 2, 14. 18. siccis oculis : i.e. ' unter- rified.' A man who is not moved by the awful terrors of the sea, lacks all reverence for Heaven's power and is prepared to defy the very gods. Cf. Mil- ton, ' Sight so deform what heart of oak could long | Dry eyed be- hold? 1 20. Acroceraunia : the long promontory on the northwest of Epirus, which had an ill repute (inf amis scopulos) with sailors because of the number of ship- wrecks there. 21 f. nequiquam : emphatic, in vain it is that, etc. prudens : in his wise providence. dissocia- bili : estranging ; active as i , i , 5 nob His. 23 f . impiae . . . rates : the ships are reckless of Heaven's displeasure, since they bound over the water which God has ordained should not be touched (non tan- genda . . . vada). 25 ff. Three examples of hu- man recklessness follow the gen- eral statement : the theft of fire (27-33), Daedalus' attempt on the air (34 f.), Hercules 1 invasion of Hades (36). audax . . . au- dax : emphatic anaphora, Intr. 28c. perpeti: dependent on au- dax. Intr. 1 08. ruit: rushes at random, characterizing the reck- lessness of man, as transiliunt does in v. 24. vetitum: sc. a diis. 27. lapeti genus: Prometheus. Cf. HCS. Op. 5O ff. KpUI/'C & TTVp TO fifV UVTIS ttf TTUIS 'luTTCToTo | tK\\j/' avOpiairouTt A 105 ira.pi /A7/TIOCJTOS I fV KOlAto) VOLpdrfKl, \aOutv Ai TtpiriKipawov. For 66 CARMINA 3, 3 35 Post ignem aetheria domo subductum macies et nova febrium terris incubuit cohors, semotique prius tarda necessitas leti corripuit gradum. Expertus vacuum Daedalus aera pennis non homini datis ; perrupit Acheronta Herculeus labor. Nil mortalibus ardui est ; caelum ipsum petimus stultitia, neque genus, equivalent to ' child,' ' de- scendant,' cf. S. 2, 5, 63, ab alto demissiim genus Aenea, i.e. Oc- tavian ; and collectively of the Danaids, C. 2,14, 1% Danai genus. 29 ff. post ignem . . . sub- ductum : after the theft of; sub- ductum is equivalent to subreptum. macies et nova febrium . . . cohors : the legend has been pre- served to us by Serv. ad Verg. E. 6, 42 (ob Promethei furtum} irati di duo mala immiserunt ter- ris, febres et morbos;- sicut et Sappho et Hesiodus metnorant. incubuit : brooded over. Cf. Lucr. 6, 1143 (he is speaking of sickness), incubuit tandem populo Pandionis omnei. 32 f . Note the cumulative force of semoti and tarda : inevitable death was far removed and slow in its approach. 1 Before Pandora came men lived, according to Hesiod Op. 90 flf. wpwrfv /ACV I viv arep re KUKWV KCU urep 67 OVOIO, voucTtov T apya- Ac'tov, atr' dvSpacri KT/pas ISco/cav. prius : with both semoti and tarda. Intr. 100. necessitas leti : the Homeric Motpa flavaroio. 34 f. Cf. Verg. A. 6. 14 f. Daedalus, nt fatna est, fugiens Minoia regna, \ praepetibus pennis ausus se credere caelo. non . . . datis : i.e. non concessis, imply- ing that wings were forbidden man. 36. perrupit : for the quantity, see Intr. 35. Herculeus labor: for the use of the adjective, cf. 2, 12, 6 Herculea manu and the Homeric /Jw; 'HpaKAeo;. 37. ardui : steep and hard, modifying nil. Cf. Petron. 87 nihil est tarn arduum, quod non improbitas extorqueat. 38. In his blind folly man attempts to emulate the Giants, who with brute force tried to storm the citadel of Heaven. Cf. 3, 4, 49-60, 65, and nn. i . 3. 39] HORAT1 40 per nostrum patimur scelus iracunda lovem ponere fulmina, 40. iracunda . . . fulmina: the cniuia dassis Achillei ; Epod. 10 transference of an epithet from 14 iinpuiin Aiacis ratem. Intr. the person to the action or thing 99. is not uncommon. Cf. i, 12, 59 ponere: equivalent to de- ini mica fulmina', i, 15, 33 ira- ponere. ( The earth is freed from winter's thrall ; Venus leads her bands, the Nymphs and Graces dance; Vulcan stirs his fires (l-8). Now crown thy head with myrtle and with flowers, now sacrifice to Faunus. Life is glad and lures one on to hope (9-12). But Death is near at hand, my Sestius ; to-morrow Pluto's dreary house will shut thee in ; no delight in wine or love is there (13-20).' To L. Sestius Quirinus, probably a son of the P. Sestius whom Cicero defended. He was a partisan of Brutus, and very likely Hor- ace's acquaintance with him began with the time of their service together in Brutus' army. Later Sestius accepted the new order of things without giving up his loyalty to Brutus' memory, and was appointed consul suffcctus (July-December, 23 n.c.) by Augustus. Cf. Dio Cass. 53, 32. Few of the odes are more skillfully planned. The underlying thought is one expressed by Horace in many forms: the world is pleasant and offers many joys ; take them while you may. for death is near.' With this Book 4, Ode 7 should be compared. The verses are apparently based on a Greek model, possibly the same as that of Silentarius in the Anth. Pal. 10, 15; or did Silentarius follow Horace? 7/877 \utv tvpoLcrt /Af/xi'Koru KO\TTOV avoiyu | euipo? ci'Aei/u.&bv iAxofLepty. 'Now the grace of charming spring which brings back fair meadows opens the bay that roars under Zephy- rus' blasts. Only yesterday did the merchantman glide on the rollers, drawn down from the land to the deep. 1 The date of composition is uncertain, but cf. v. 14 and n. which may fix the date at 23 B.C. The position here gives Sestius, who was consul in 23. the fourth place in honor after Maecenas, Augustus, and Vergil. Metre, 81. 68 CARMINA Solvitur acris hiems grata vice veris et Favoni, trahuntquc siccas machinae carinas, ac neque iam stabulis gaudet pecus aut arator igni, nee prata canis albicant pruinis. Iam Cytherea chores ducit Venus imminente luna, iunctaeque Nymphis Gratiae decentes i. solvitur . . . hiems: 'the fetters of winter are broken.' Cf. i, 9, 5 dissolve frigns, and the opposite Verg. G. 2, 317 rura gelu claudit hiems. vice : succession. So Epod. 13, 7 benigna . . .' vice. Note the alliteration in -vice veris et Favoni ; cf. v. 13. Favoni: the harbinger of spring (Zephyrus*). Cf. Lucret. 5, 737 veris praenun- tiits . . . graditur Zephyrns. a. siccas : from their winter position, high on the shore. 3 ff. The whole world feels the pleasant change the beasts, man, and the very divinities them- selves. 5 f. The contrast between Ve- nus and her band of Nymphs and Graces on the one side with glow- ing Vulcan and his workmen on the other is carefully planned. Venus is here the goddess of re- generation, at whose coming the world wakes into life. Cf. Lucret. i . 5 ff. te, dea, te fnginnt venti. te nubila caeli \ advent ittnque //////, libi sttavis daedala fell us \ submit tit flores* tibi rident aeqnora ponti \ placatuinqne nitet diffuso litmine caelum. Cytherea: of Cythera. For this use of a local adjective modi- fying the name of a divinity, cf. 3, 4, 64 Deli us et Pat are us Apollo. choros ducit : the concept is probably borrowed from the Horn. Hymn to Apollo, 194 ff. avrap a/jboi Xapires KGU fvpovfpt), TroA/XaKi? Sc fj.aLVf.rai. pVKTVTTOUTt KV(JUULtoAov Ato/AT/Seu, | fuipyawuv fancy free ; I, 5, 10. sive quid, T aOava.Toi 7, 5J HORATI 5 Sunt quibus unum opus est intactae Palladis urbem carmine perpetuo celebrare et undique decerptam fronti praeponere olivam ; plurimus in lunonis honorem aptum dicet equis Argos ditisque Mycenas. 10 Me nee tam patiens Lacedaemon nee tam Larisae percussit campus opimae quam domus Albuneae resonantis lunonis honorem, etc.: cf. //. 4, 51 f. (Hera speaks) rJToi e'/xoi T/OIS /xcv 7roA.u i oA/?u> fipi9f.iv dfj.av tl>6a\fL T (.VKO.pirf.ia.. ' I have heard that Peneus 1 sacred district, Olympus' footstool most fair, is weighted with great fortune and goodly increase. 1 5 f . sunt quibus: cf. I, I, 3 sunt quos. unum opus, etc. : only task, i.e. poets who devote them- selves to singing in 'unbroken song ' (perpetuo carmine) the glo- rious history of Athens, the city of the virgin goddess (intactae Palladis). Some critics take per- petuo carmine to mean epic in contrast to lyric poetry, but this is not necessary. 7. The poets sing of all the leg- end and history that belongs to Athens, and so their work is com- pared to a garland made of olive leaves plucked from every part (un- dique) of the city. The same com- parison was made by Lucret. i, 928 ff. iiivatqite novos decerpere flores | insignemque tneo capiti petere inde coronam, | nnde prins tin Hi velar int tcmpora musae. olivam: sacred to Athena. 8. plurimus: tunny a one. in g. aptum . . . equis Argos, etc.: //. 2, 287 OTT' Apyeo? iirirofJoroio, 7, 1 80 TToAu^pvaos MVK^JOJ. See Tsountas and Manatt, The Myce- nean Age, Index, s.v. gems, for the treasure found at Mycenae. 10. me: emphatic contrast to alii v. i. Cf. i, i, 29. patiens: hardy. Cf. Quintil. 3. 7, 24 minus Lacedaemone studia litterarum qnam A then is honor es jnerebmi- tur, plus pal 'ten I 'ia ac fort UK do. 11. Larisae . . . campus opimae: Thessaly was famed in antiquity for its grain. Cf. //. 2, 841 A.dpura 12 ff. Tibur (Tivoli), beloved in antiquity as in modern times for its beauty, is situated on the edge of the Sabine Mountains, overlook- ing the Campagna. The Anio flows round the foot of Mount Ca- tillus (Monte Catillo still) and then falls to the valley in a number of beautiful cascades and rapids (therefore Albuneae resonantis; CARMINA t. 7. 21 et praeceps Anio ac Tiburni lucus et uda mobilibus pomaria rivis. Albus.ut obscuro dete/get nubila caelo saepe Notus neque parturit imbris perpetuos, sic tu sapiens finire memento tristitiam vitaeque labores molli, Fiance, mero, seu te fulgentia signis castra tenent seu densa tenebit Tiburis umbra tui. Teucer Salamina patremque praeceps Anio). For Horace's af- fection for Tivoli, see Sellar p. 1 79 f. domus Albuneae : a grotto in which *here was an ancient Italian oracle ; hence the name of the last of the Sibyls. Cf. Verg. A. 7, 82 ff. hicosque sub alta \ consulit Albu- nea, nemorum quae ma.vitma sacro | fonte sonat. 13 f. Tiburni : Tiburnus. grand- son of Amphiaraus, the Argive seer; according to tradition he was ban- ished with his brothers Coras and Catillus, and became with them the founder of Tibur. Cf. 2, 6, 5 Tibur Argeo positum colono. Ca- tillus gave his name to the moun- tain behind the town ; but was also associated with the town itself. Cf. i. 1 8, 2 circa mite solum Tiburis et moenia Catili. lucus : a sacred grove, distinguished from etus, the more general word. uda mobilibus, etc.: the Anio with its restless streams (mobilibus rivis) irrigated the adjoining orchards (pomaria). Cf. Prop. 5, 7, 81 PO- mosis Anio qua spumifer incitbat arvis. 79 15 f . The only connection be- tween the preceding and that which follows is Tiburis umbra tui, v. 21. ' You and 1 love Tibur beyond all other places ; the thought of that spot reminds me of thee ; learn the lesson of an easy life wherever thou mayest be.' It must be acknowl- edged that the connection is very slight. We may have here in reality a combination of two ' fragments ' which Horace never completed. Cf. introductory n. to i, 28. albus Notus: the south wind usually brought rain (nubilus Auster); but sometimes clearing weather (albus, A.v*c6voros), and wiped (deterget) the clouds from the sky. parturit: breeds. Cf: 4, 5, 26 f. quis (pa-seat) Germania quos hvrrida parturit \ fetus. 17. perpetuos: cf. v. 6 above. sapiens, etc. : bewise and remember. 19. molli: mellow. 20. tenent . . . tenebit: notice change in tense. 21 ff. Again the connection with the preceding is slight, but Jj& pointing of a general statement HORATI cum fugeret, tamen uda Lyaeo tempora populea fertur vinxisse corona, sic tristis adfatus amicos : 'Quo nos cumque feret melior fortuna parente, ibimus, o socii comitesque ! Nil desperandum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro; certus enim promisit Apollo (17-20) by a mythological illustra- tion is a favorite device of Horace. This particular story is found only here: Teucer's father. Telamon, refused to receive him on his re- turn from Troy, since he had failed to bring his brother, Ajax, with him; therefore Teucer sought a new home in Cyprus, where he founded a city, named after his birthplace. The tale was a fa- miliar one from Pacuvius* tragedy, Teucer^ which was much admired. Cf. Frg. 12 R. (which is a part of Telamon's reproach) sigregare abs te aiisit's ant sine lllo Salaminam ingredi, \ ntque paternum asptc- tum es veritus, quoin attate exacta indigent \ liber urn lacerdsti orbasti extlnxti,nequefratrlsnecis \ neque cius gnati pdrvi, qui tibi in tutelam est trdditusf Cic. Tusc. 5, 108 re- fers to the story, itaque ad oinnem rationem Teucri vox accomnwdari pot est: 'Patria est^ ttbicumque est bene: 22 f . cum fugeret : when start- ing to exile. tamen : * in spite of his trouble.' Lyaeo: the release r, Aixuos- populea : sacred Herjflules. Cf. Verg. A. 8, 276 Herculea bicolor . umbra; Theocr. 2 . . pdpitlus 121 Kpari 8' 9 Upov tpvos. The appropriateness of Teucer's honoring Hercules at this time lies in the character of Hercules as a traveler (3, 3, 9 vagus Her- cules') and leader (Xen. Anab.. 4, 8, 25 ^ye/xwv), to whose pro- tection Teucer might naturally in- trust himself when starting on this uncertain journey. Furthermore it was in company with Hercules that Telamon took Troy (cf. Verg. A. i, 619 ff.) and captured Hesione, who became Teucer's mother. 25. quo . . . cumque : cf. n. to i, 6, 3. melior parente: kinder than my father. Cf. Telamon's reproach quoted on v. 21 above. 27. Teucro . . . Teucro : note that the substitution of the proper name for me ... me appeals to their loyalty. duce et auspice: formed from the technical Roman phrase; cf. Suet. Aug. 21 doinuit ant em partim ductu, partim auspiciis suis Cantabriam. 28 f. The reason for his confi- dence. certus: unerring, true, 80 CARMINA [1,8,2 ambiguam tellure nova Salamina futuram. 30 O fortes peioraque passi mecum saepe viri, mine vino pellite curas ; eras ingens iterabimus aequor.' . ambiguam . . . Sala- mina: a Salamis to dispute the name (Wickham) ; i.e. when Sa- lamis was named, one could not tell which was meant, the old or the new. Cf. Sen. Troad. 854 hincam- bigua veram Salamina opponunt. 30 ff. Cf. Od. 12, 208 u> 6f.v 8* dra/JdvTes evr)(rop.v evpu 8 'Lydia, in Heaven's name, why wilt thou kill Sybaris with love? 'He no longer takes part in manly sports on the Campus Martius, but hides as did Achilles on the eve of Troy.' The same theme the weakening of a youth by love was adapted by Plautus Most. 149 ff. from a Greek comedy, cdr dolet, qudm scio, ut nunc sum atque ut fui : \ quo neque indiistrior di iuventute erdt \ . . . disco, hastis, pild, airsu, arvris, equd .... The date of composi- tion is unknown. It is probably a study from the Greek, and is Hor- ace's single attempt to write in the greater Sapphic stanza. Metre, 70. Lydia, die, per omnis te deos oro, Sybarin cur properes amando i. Lydia : (A.v8rj) a common poetic name for the heroine in amatory poetry from the time of Antimachus ; cf. I. 13, 1 ; 25, 8. per omnis te deos oro : the usual order in appeals. Cf. Ter. And. 538 per te deos oro ; also in Greek, Soph. Phil, 468 TT/OOS vvv CT 7TUTpO5. . . . iKVOVfMU. 2 f. Sybarin : the name is chosen to fit the effeminacy of the HOR. CAR. 6 81 youth. Cf. the Eng. ' Sybarite.' cur properes, etc. : i.e. ' what possible motive can you have for ruining the boy so quickly?' The rhetorical form of the question, as well as its content, implies that Lydia is doing wrong ; no answer is expected. amando : in mean- ing equivalent to an abstract noun. Cf. Epod. 14, 5 occidis gando, 'by questioning.' ( i, 8, 3] HORATI 10 perdere, cur apricum oderit campum, patiens pulveris atque soils. Cur neque militaris inter aequalis equitat, Gallica nee lupatis temperat ora frenis? Cur timet flavum Tiberim tangere ? Cur olivum sanguine viperino cautius vitat neque iam livida gestat armis bracchia, saepe disco, saepe trans finem iaculo nobilis expedito ? 4. campum: the Campus Mar- tius was the favorite place of exer- cise for the young Romans. patiens : when he once endured. Sun and dust are the two tests of manly endurance. Cf. Symmach. Or. I, I ibi primum tolerans solis et pulveris esse didicisti ; Tacitus, Hist. 2, 99, thus describes the demoralized condition of the Ger- man troops in 69 A.D. non vigor corporibus, non ardor animis, len- tuin et rarum agmen,fluxa anna, segnes equi ; itnpatiens solis, pul- veris, tempestatum. 5 ft. Two centuries later Philo- stratus wrote Epist. 27 ov\ ITTTTOV ava3aivf.i<;, OVK ets atavrov. militaris: modifying aequalis, with the martial youth of his own age', i.e. in the exercises described 3, 7, 25 ff. quamvis non alius flectere equiiin sciens \ aeqtte con- spicitur gramine Martio, \ nee qnisqiiam citus aeque \ Tuscodena- Gallica . . . ora : to ora equorum Gal- lorum. The best cavalry horses came from Gaul. lupatis . . . frenis : bits with jagged points like wolfs teeth, serving the same purpose as the Mexican bit of the 'cowboy. 1 Cf. Verg. G. 3, 208 duris par ere lupatis. 8. Swimming in the Tiber was a favorite exercise ; cf. 3, 7, 27 quoted on v. 5 above, and Cic. pro Cael. 36 /tabes hortos ad Tiberim, quo oinnis invent us natandi causa venit. For the adjective flavum, cf. n. to i, 2, 13. olivum: used by wrestlers to anoint the body. sanguine . . . viperino: thought to be a deadly poison. Cf. Epod. 3, 6 cruor viperinus. 10. livida : with bruises re- ceived in his sports with discus and javelin. gestat: notice the force of the frequentative. Cf. equitat v. 6. trans finem: the winner with discus and javelin was he who threw farthest. Cf. Odysseus' throw Od. 8, 192 f. 6 (SwTKOs) 8* vWpTTTaTO (Tiy/ittTU d',tov airb xpos. 82 CARM1NA Quid latet, ut marinae filium dicunt Thetidis sub lacrimosa Troiae funera, ne virilis cultus in caedem et Lycias proriperet catervas ? 13 ff. A post-Homeric legend told how Thetis, at the outbreak of the Trojan war, knowing the fate that awaited her son. Achilles, if he went to Troy, hid him in maiden's dress among the daugh- ters of Lycomedes, king of Scyros. (Cf. Bion 2, 15 ff. \dvOavf. 8' Iv A.VKOfJ.Tfj8l(Tl /X.OWO9 'A^lA- us, | etptu 8' avff oirXwv e8i8a- (TKCTO, KO.I X f P*- AeiMCa | irapOfVLKOV Kopov v, TrcTrayatrtv 8' poai. | Ka/3/3aAA.e TOV ^t/x,o)i/', CTTI //.ei> TI'^EIS | Trvp, tv 8e oivov a^aSs'ws | /xcAt^pov, avrap a/xoL\Xov. 'Zeus sends down rain, and from the sky there falls a mighty winter storm; frozen are the streams. Break down the storm by heaping up the fire ; mix sweet wine ungrudgingly, and throw round thy head sweet lavender. 1 The last four strophes ^^^ apparently Horace's own. The theme is the same as that oipod. 13. 83 1,9, HORATI The ode clearly suggested to Tennyson the lines, fn Mentor. 107, Fiercely flies | The blast of North and East, and ice | Makes daggers at the sharpen'd eaves, . . . But fetch the wine, | Arrange the board and brim the glass, || Bring in great logs and let them lie, | To make a solid core of heat ; | Be cheerful-minded, talk and treat | Of all things ev'n as he were by. 1 Thaliarchus (v. 8) is only a person of Horace's fancy, although the name was in actual use, as is shown by inscriptions. The ode is evidently a study and not an occasional poem ; while it probably be- longs to Horace's earlier attempts at lyric verse, the skill with which it is written has won admiration from all critics. Metre, 68. Vides ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte, nee iam sustineant onusAJy silvae laborantes, geluque g flumina constiterint acuto. v Dissolve frigus ligna super foco large reponens, atque benignius i. The point of view is appar- ently the neighborhood of Tivoli, from which Soracte can be seen some twenty miles to the west of north ; while Soracte is the highest peak (2000 feet) visible from this vicinity, it is not ordinarily the most conspicuous mountain. Snow is seldom seen on it, and so Hor- ace seems to choose this rare phe- nomenon to suggest extreme cold weather. ut: interrogative. nive candidum : cf. Macaulay, Re- X/ttrts, ' White as Mount Soracte | When winter nights are long.' 3 f. laborantes : with the burden of the snow ; cf. 2, 9, 7 f. where the high wind is the cause of the s. Aqttilonibus \ quer- ani labor ant. flumina 84 constiterint: this degree of cold is not known to the Campagna. Horace here follows Alcaeus TTC- TTttyacrtv 8' vBdrwv pout. acuto : biting, sharp. Cf. Find. P. I, 38 f. Vl6(.(T(T AlTVU, TTaVfTTJS I XIOVOS ofttt9 Tt#r/va, ' nurse of the biting snow the whole year through. 1 5. dissolve frigus: cf. i, 4, I sohiitiir acris /u'ets, and n. foco : the common hearth in the middle of the atrium. 6. reponens : ' keeping up ' the supply of wood ; re- implying a duty to replace what the fire con- sumes ; cf. rt&dere. benignius : without stint, a.i<.8ta>s the com- parative is not opposed to the positive large in any sense, but is simply emphatic. CARM1NA 9, 14 10 deprome quadrimum Sabina, o Thaliarche, merum diota. Permitte divis cetera ; qui simul stravere ventos aequore fervido deproeliantis, nee cupressi nee veteres agitantur orni. Quid sit futurum eras fuge quaerere, et quern fors dierum cumque dabit lucro 7. deprome: broach. Sabine wine was but ordinary 'vin de pays' which would be well aged in four years. Horace means 'a roaring fire and good vin ordinaire will give us warmth and cheer.' Yet the age four years may have been a commonplace of poets ; cf. Theoc. 7, 147 TTpaVs 8c TR&OV aTreAvcTO /cparos aAv e. (T^cov ws O.TTO Aavw. ' And I opened for them Bibline wine, four years old, fra- grant almost as when it came from the wine press. 1 Thaliarche: aAwip^os ; this suggests the mas- ter of the drinking bout, arbiter convivii. Cf. n. to i, 4, 18. diota : SUOTOS ; the two-handled amphora in which the wine was stored in the apotheca. 9 f . cetera : all else, in con- trast to the present moment and its joys. Cf. Epod. 13. 7 f. cetera uiitte loqui ; dens haec fortasse benigna \ redncet in sedetn vice, and Theog. 1047 f. vvv /lev TTIVOVTCS Tp7rwp-wa. KuAa AyovT5 I ao*o"u 8' TTIT'- TTCU, TO.VTO. Qtoicn /xeXfi. ' Now let us take our delight in drinking, speaking words of fair omen ; whatever shall come to- morrow is only Heaven's care.' Cf. also the passages quoted on v. 1 3 below. qui simul. etc. : the fol- lowing illustrates the power of the gods. simul : i.e. simul ac ; cf. i, 4, 17, and n. stravere: so ? ^rjv TUV fiiov Ku.6' ^/u.- pav | 15 uvptov 8*. [jirjdf povTi- ,iiv o TL | tcrrai; 'For what should I who am mortal do. I pray thee save live pleasantly day b/*da\. ' IIORATI '5 20 adpone, nee dulcis amores sperne puer neque tu choreas, donee virenti canities abest morosa. Nunc et campus et areae lenesque sub noctem susurri composita repetantur hora ; nunc et latentis proditor intimo gratus puellae risus ab angulo and have no anxiety for what may come on the morrow?' fuge: shun, cf. 2, 4, 22 fuge suspicari, fors : personified, Dame For- tune. dierum: connect with quern . . . cumque. For the tmesis, cf. i, 6, 3. lucro appone : in ori- gin a commercial expression ; ' carrying to the profit account.' Cf. Ovid, Trist. i, 3, 68 in lucro est quae datur hora mihi. 16. puer : ' while thou art young.' tu: in disjunctive sen- tences the subject pronoun is often reserved for the second member as here, giving emphasis to the charge. Cf. Epist. r, 2, 63 hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce catena ; and luv. 6, 172 parce precor, Paean, et tu depone sagit- tas. 17. virenti canities : notice the forceful juxtaposition ; cf. n. to i, 5, 9. virenti : sc. tibi. Cf. Epod. 13, 4 dum iiirent genua. 1 8 ff. morosa : crabbed. nunc : '.while thou art young/ repeating donee ~tirenti, etc. The Campus Martius and the public squares (areae) were natural trysting places. In our climate we have little idea of the way in which Italian life, from business to love- making, is still carried on in the squares (piazze) of the towns and cities. lenes . . . susurri : cf. Prop. I, II, 13 blandos audire susurros. 21 ff. nunc et: the anaphora weakens the violence of the zeugma by which this strophe is connected with repetantur, be claimed; the opposite of redder e. cf. n. on reponens, v. 6, above. The skillful arrangement of the verses is striking and cannot be reproduced in an uninflected lan- guage ; like an artist, Horace adds to his picture stroke after stroke, until it is complete. Each idea in the first verse has its complement in the second : latentis proditor intinw puellae risus ab angulo Intr. 21. CARMINA [i, 10, 2 pignusque dereptum lacertis aut digito male pertinaci. 23 f. The girl is coquettish. Porphyrio quotes Verg. E. 3, 65 et fugit (sc. puella) ad salices et se cupit ante videri. Cf. also Maximian's verses written in the sixth century A.D. Eleg. I, 67 ff. et modo sitbridens latebras fugi- tiva petebat, \non tamen effugiens tola latere volens, \ sed magi's e\ aliqna cupiebat parte videri, \ laetior hoc potius, quod male tecta fitit. pignus : pledge, either ring or bracelet. male: a weak nega- tive with pertinaci, like minus, feebly resisting. Cf. i 2, 27, and n. 10 The Italian Mercury was early identified with the Greek Hermes, but was chiefly worshiped by the Romans as the god of trade. This ode is a hymn to Mercury with the varied attributes of his Greek parallel: he is celebrated as the god of eloquence (Aoyios), of athletic contests (dyowos), the divine messenger (SiaKropoj), the in- ventor of the lyre (//.OUO-IKOS), the god of thieves (/cAen-T^s), the helper (epiouVio?). and the shepherd of the shades ((/'V^OTTO/XTTOS) , who restrains them with his golden wand (xpwdppaTris) . That this ode is based on a similar ode by Alcaeus is expressly stated by Porphyrio, hymnus est in Afercuriuw ab Alcaeo lyrico poeta, who adds on v. 9 fabula haec aut em ab Alcaeo ficta; furthermore Pausanias (7, 20, 5) informs us that Alcaeus treated in a hymn the theft of cattle from Apollo, but Menander (de encom. 7) says that the chief theme of the hymn was the birth of the god, so that we may safely conclude that Horace's treatment of his original was free. Unfortunately but three verses of Alcaeus' hvmn are preserved, Frg. 5 x a V> E KuAAavas o /is'Scis, (uv evpiOr) VTTO TOV dzov Sia TT)<; fjuavTiKY) 1 ; aireiXovvro; O TOV A 7roAAS 8 ttvre KCU vrrvaioi'Tas eyetpet. The familiar caduceus with which Mercury is often repre- sented is of later origin. levem . . . turbam: flitting crowd ; eiSwAu Ka/xdvTwv. coerces : as a shepherd. Cf. 1 . 24. 1 6 ff. quam (sc. imaginem) virga semel horrida \ nonlenispre- cibus fata recludere, \ nigro com- pulerit Mercurius gregi, and Od. 24, i ff. I, II, I] HORATI II ''Leuconoe, give up trying to learn the secrets of the future. Be me, do thy daily task, and live to-day ; time is swiftly flying.' This is simply a variation of the theme (i, 9, 12 ff.), quid sit futurum eras, fitge quaerere, et \ quern fors dierum cuniqne dabit, lucro \ appone. Probably a study from the Greek, possibly of Alcaeus, as are I, 18, and 4, 10, the two other odes in the same measure. Metre, 54. Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quern mihi, quern tibi finem di dederint, Leuconoe, nee Babylonios temptaris numeros. Vt melius quicquid erit pati, seu pluris hiemes seu tribuit luppiter ultimam 5 quae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare i. tu : emphasizing the requests to his imaginary Leuconoe, whose name is chosen for its pleasing sound. By the collocation, quern mihi, quern tibi, Horace represents her as dear to him. ne quaesi- eris : archaic and colloquial for the ordinary noli with the infini- tive. scire nefas: parenthetical. Cf. Epod. 1 6, 14 nefas videre ; and for the thought as well, Stat. Theb. 3. 562 q uid crastina volveret aetas scire nefas /to mini. 2 f . nee : with temptaris, con- tinuing the prohibition, for the more common neve. Babylonios . . . numeros : the calculations of the, etc., employed in casting horoscopes. After the conquests of Alexander, astrologers made their way to Greece from the east in large numbers and had established themselves in Rome as early as the second century B.C., where they did a thriving business among the superstitious. They had become a nuisance as early as 139 B.C. when the prae- tor peregrinus, Cornelius Scipio, banished them ; but they still con- tinued to practice their art through- out the republic and especially under the empire, in spite of many attempts to rid Italy of them. Cf. Tac. Hist, i, 22 genus hominum potentibus infidiun sperantibus fallax, quod in civitate nostra et vetabitur semper et retinebitur. ut: cf. Epod. 2, \Qitt gattdet decerpens pira. hiemes : of years, equivalent to annos ; cf. I, 15, 35 post certas hiemes. 5 f. oppositis debilitat pumici- bus mare Tyrrhenum : pumices is used of any rocks eaten by the waves; cf. Lucret. i, 326 vesco sale saxa peresa. Sidon. Apoll. 10, 27 prominet alte \ asper ab assiduo lympharum verbere PU- mex. The description given, how- ever, is hardly appropriate to the Tuscan Sea, in the region 90 CARMINA [If 12 Tyrrhenum. Sapias, vina liques, et spatio brevi spem longam reseces. Dum loquimur, fugerit invida aetas ; carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero. best known to Horace. sapias : be sensible, expanded in what fol- lows. With the sentiment, cf. I, 7, 17 sapiens finire memento tris- titiam. vina liques : to free the wine from sediment it was poured from the amphora through a cloth (saccits) or strainer (coluni) . spatio brevi: 'for our life's span is brief; ' opposed to spem longam. Intr. 26. reseces : cut short. 7. dum loquimur . . . fugerit : note the force of the fut. perf. Cf. Lucret. 3, 914 f. brevis hie est f met us homullis; \ iam fuerit nequepost umqiiam revocare licebit. Also luv. 9, 128 f. diimbibimus, . . . obrepit non intellecta senectus. 8. diem : the flitting day, equivalent to ' primo quoque die friierej according to Porphyrio, who adds that the figure is taken from picking (car per e) fruit, 'quae carpimus ut fruamur." 1 Cf. Lucil. 39, 51 M. hiemein unam quamque carpani ; Mart. 7, 47, 1 1 fugitiva gaudia carpe. The spirit of the last line is also expressed in Epist. I, 4, 12 f. inter spem curamque, tinwres inter et iras \ oinnem crede diem tibi diluxisse supremnm ; likewise by Persius, 5, 151-53, who expands Horace's verse, in- dulge genio, carpamiis dulcia, nos- trum est | quod i>ivis, cinis et manes et fabnla fies, \ vive memor leti, fugit hora, hoc quod log nor inde est. credula : of foolish confi- dence, cf. i, 5, 9 qni nunc te frui- tnr credulus aurea. 12 ' What hero, demigod, or god, dost thou prepare to sing, O Muse ? Whose name shall echo on Helicon, on Pindus, or on Haemus' height, where Orpheus charmed all nature with his strains? (1-12). Of gods first surely father Jove ; then his daughter Pallas, then Liber. Diana, and Phoebus (13-24). The demigod, Alceus' grandson, will I celebrate, and the twin brothers, who guard sailors from the angry sea (25-32). Then the great Romans, Romulus, Tarquin, Cato, and the long line of heroes after them (33-44). Marcellus 1 fame is growing; the Julian star out- shines the rest (45-48). Father and guardian of men, in thy care is mighty Caesar, greatest of all the Roman line. May his rule be second to thine only ; may he conquer the Parthians and the remotest Eastern peo- ples, and rule the wide wide world ; still shall he be thy subject, for thou, thou only shalt ever be Lord of Olympus, the Punisher of crime (49-60).' 9 1 I, 12, Ij HORATI This ode, like the second of this book, is in honor of Augustus, who is celebrated as greatest of all the long line of Roman heroes, the vice- gerent of Jove. The mention of Marcellus (46) makes it probable that the date of composition was either 25 B.C., when Marcellus was married to Augustus 1 daughter Julia and adopted as the Emperor's son, or in any case between that date and Marcellus' death in 23 B.C. The opening verses were suggested by Pindar's ode in honor of Theron (O. 2) which begins dvui<6p/atyyes V/AVOI, | TWO. 6(.6v, TW ypoxi, riva 8' av&pa KcAaSiyo-o/iev , Horace proceeds, however, in very different fashion from Pindar, who answers his question at once : ' Of the Gods, Zeus ; of demigods, Heracles; of men, Theron the victor.' Metre, 69. Quern virum aut heroa lyra vel acri tibia sumis celebrare, Clio, quern deum ? Cuius recinet iocosa nomen imago 5 aut in utnbrosis Heliconis oris aut super Pindo gelidove in Haemo ? i. heroa: demigod. lyra . . . tibia : the Greek rhapsodist ac- companied his recital with the lyre, and it is said (Cic. Titsc. 4, 3) that in early times the Romans sang their songs in honor of their ancestors (laudationes) to the music of the tibia. acri : Atyto?, Aiyvpa; of the high clear notes of the pipe. The epithet is praised by Quintilian 8, 2, 9 proprie dic- tum est, id est. quo nihil inve- niri PO ssit signified ntiu s. sumis : clwose, as subject of thy song ; used with similar dependent infin. Epist. I, 3, 7 gut's sibi res ges/as Augtisti scribere sum it f Clio : while Horace does not often dis- tinguish the Muses, it is possible that here Clio is invoked in her pe- culiar character as Muse of History. 3 f . iocosa . . . imago : sportive echo. Cf. I, 20, 6 iocosa . . . Vaticani mantis imago. 5 f . Three homes of the Muses : Helicon in Boeotia, Pindus in Thes- sajy, Haemus in Thrace. At the foot of Helicon was the village of Ascra, in which there was a shrine of the Muses (/xowmoi/) and a guild of poets of which Hesiod (eighth centuryB.C.) was the most famous. The mountain was also famed for the springs of Hippocrene and Aganippe. Pindus was between Thessaly and Epirus ; likewise a haunt of the Muses. Haemus was the seat of an early cult of the Muses and the traditional home of a Thracian school of poetry. Cf. Verg. E. 10, 1 1 f. natn neqite Parnasi vobis iuga, nam neque 92 LI, 2, 14 Vnde vocalem temere insecutae Orphea silvae, arte materna rapidos morantem fluminum lapsus celerisque ventos, blandum et auritas fidibus canoris ducere quercus. Quid prius dicam solitis parentis laudibus, qui res hominum ac deorum, Pindi \ nlla morain fecere, neqne Aonie Aganippe. oris : the bor- ders of . 7 f. temere : blindly, being spell- bound by Orpheus' music. For the story of Orpheus' power, cf. Apoll. Rhod. I, 28 ff. 6p)U.iyyi Ka.rriya.yf. HiepirjOev. But the wild oaks even to-day memorials of that song grow on Zone, the Thracian promontory, and stand there in rows close to- gether ; the oaks that Orpheus charmed with his lyre and brought down from Pieria.' Also Shake- spere, Henry Eighth 3, i ' Orpheus with his, lute made trees, | And the mountain tops that freeze, | Bow themselves when he did sing : | To his music, plants and flowers | Ever sprung ; as sun and showers | There had made a last- ing Spring.' 9 ff. Cf. 3, n, 13 f. tu potes tigris cotnitesque silvas \ ducere et rivos celeris morari. materna : i.e. of Calliope. blandum . . . ducere : for the dependent infinitive Porph)rio compares i, 10, 7 calli- dum condere. auritas: prolepti- cal, ' with charm to give ears to the oaks and draw them after him.' 13-24. The Gods. Notice that Horace in taking up his exam- ples reverses the order of v. i ff. virum . . . heroa . . . deum. 13. solitis parentis laudibus: the customary beginning from the time of the Homeric rhapsodists. Cf. Find. A r . 2, I ff. oOev ?rep KCU 0/J.IJpiOat | paTTTCUV 7Tf(DV Ttt TToAA' aotSot I ap^ovTai, Ato? IK irpooi- (jLiov. And Aratus Phaen. \ f. IK Aios a.pxiafji(.crda. .... TOV yap KCU y/vo? ecrfji-v. Also Verg. E. 3, 60 ab love principiiim. The formula indicates the beginning of a loftier strain than usual, of a song that may be compared with that of Thracian Orpheus. parentis : cf. v. 49 pater atque custos, and I, 2, 2 pater. 14. qui res, etc. : cf. Venus' ad- dress, Verg. A. i, 229 f. o qui res honiinumqite deumque \ aeternis regts imperils. 93 1, 12, I S ] HORAT1 15 qui mare et terras variisque mundum temperat horis ? Vnde nil mains generatur ipso, nee viget quicquam simile aut secundum ; proximos illi tamen occupavit jo Pallas honores, proeliis audax ; neque te silebo Liber, et saevis inimica virgo beluis, nee te, metuende certa Phoebe sagitta. 15 f. mundum : heavens, in con- trast with mare, terras. horis: seasons. Cf. Epist. 2, 3, 302 sub verni temper is horam. 17. unde : equivalent to ex quo, referring to parens. Cf. Verg. A. I, 6 genus unde Latinum. This use of unde, referring to a person, is chiefly found in poetry, cf. ?., 1 2, 7 unde a quibus^ but occurs also in prose, e.g. Cic. de Or. I, 67 tile ipse, unde cognovit. 1 8 f. quicquam simile : sc. ei. secundum . . . proximos : the dis- tinction between these words is clearly shown by Vergil in his account of the boat race, A. 5, 320 proximus huic, longo sedproxi- IHUS intervallo, as earlier by Cice- ro, Brut. 173 duobits sum mis (oratortbiis) L. Philippus proxi- mus accedebat, sed longo intervallo tamen pro.\imns. Secundus is used properly of that which is ' next,' closely connected, while proximus may be used of that which is ' nearest ' although separated by a considerable distance. 21 f. proeliis audax: modify- ing Pallas. et : continuing the negative neque . . . silebo. virgo : Diana (Artemis), not sim- ply as the huntress, but also as the destroyer of fierce monsters (beluis) and a benefactress of mankind. Cf. Callim. Hymn to Artemis 153 f. (Heracles speaks) /?aAAe K :Xai Se 01 :- 8pafj.ov aAAuSis aAAai. ' Yet even so do ye draw forth the ships from the abyss, with their sailors that looked immediately to die ; and in- stantly the winds are still, and there is an oily calm along the sea. and the clouds flee apart, this way and that ' (Lang). Cf. also Verg. A. \ , I, 54 sic citnctus pelagi cecidit fra- gor. refulsit: i.e. in answer to the sailors' prayers. 29 ff . defluit . . . concidunt . . . fu- giunt: observe the effective empha- sis given by position and rhythm. 33 f . Horace now turns to mor- tals the noble Romans dead and gone. quietum Pompili regnum : Numa's peaceful reigS, during which tradition said religious ob- servances were established, is con- trasted with the warlike rule of Romulus. Livy describes the ser- vices of the two kings i, 21 duo deinceps reges* alins alia via, ille (Romulus) bello, hie (Numa) pace, civitate?n auxerunt. superbos Tarquini fascis: the adjective be- longs logically to Tarquini, who served the state by his conquests of the neighboring peoples. Al- though the remembrance of his haughtiness remained, his memory 95 I. 12, 35] 35 Tarquini fascis dubito, an Catonis nobile letum. Regulum et Scauros animaeque magnae prodigum Paullum superante Poeno was not stained with any baseness. Cic. Phil. 3, 9. Tarquinins . . . non crndelis, non impiiis, sed superbits habitus est et dictns . . . niliil /in mile de Tarquinio, nihil sordidum ac- cepimus. 35 f . Catonis nobile letum : Hor- ace passes in his examples of Ro- man virtus from the last of the kings to the last great republican. Cato's choice of suicide at Utica (46 B.C.) rather than of submission to the new order of things, is fre- quently referred to by his con- temporaries and by writers of the following century in terms of the highest praise. Cf. Cic. ad fain. 9, 1 8 Pompeins, Scipio, Afranius in hello civile foede per ier nut, ' at Cato praeclare. ' No question was raised as to Cato's honesty of pur- pose, and he became a kind of canonized hero. Augustus 1 policy of allowing praise of all that was noble in the champions of the re- public made it possible for Horace to do honor to Cato even in an ode glorifying the emperor. Indeed Augustus wisely forestalled his opponents by praising Cato him- self. 37 ff . Horace here returns to the heroes of an earlier time. Regu- lum : Regulus was a traditional 96 instance of that ancient Roman manhood (virtus) that preferred his country's honor to his own life. The fifth ode of the third book holds up his self-sacrifice as an example for the youth of Horace's own time. Scauros: referring chiefly to M. Scaurus and his son. The father was called by Valerius Max. 5, 8. 4 lumen et decns patriae; the son was involved in the defeat on the Adigein 101 B.C. and shared the panic-stricken flight under Ca- tulus. His father sent him a mes- sage saying that he should rather have found his dead body than see him alive after sharing in such a dis- grace, whereupon the young man killed himself. Valer. Max. I.e. ; Aur. Viet. 3, 72 in conspectum suum vetnit accedere; ille ob hoc dedecits mortem sibi conscivit. prodigum : cf. Ovid. Am. 3, 9, 64 sangitinis atque animae prodige Galle tuae. Paullum : L. Aemilius Paullus, who chose to die at the battle of Can- nae (216 B.C.) rather than escape, as he might have done with honor, according to Livy's account (22, 49)- 39. gratus: either of Horace's own feeling of gratitude toward so noble a character, or simply ' pleas- ing,' 'in verse pleasing my readers.' CARMINA [l, 12,48 40 gratus insigni referam camena Fabriciumque. Hunc et intonsis Curium capillis utilem bello tulit et Camillum saeva paupertas et avitus apto cum lare fundus. Crescit occulto velut arbor aevo fama Marcelli ; micat inter omnis lulium sidus velut inter ignis luna minores. Cf. Mart. 4, 55, 10 grata nonpudeat refer re versa. insigni . . . camena : ' with the Muse that gives men fame.' 40 ff. The following illustrations of ancient virtus and continentia are C. Fabricius Luscinus, whom Pyrrhus could neither frighten nor bribe ; M 1 . Curius Dentatus, who was equally incorruptible ; and M. Furius Camillus, who captured Veii (396 B.C.) and saved Rome from the Gauls (390 B.C.). All three, however, are chosen as ex- amples, not of great deeds, but of great characters. Their natures were proverbial. intonsis capillis: barbers were not employed at Rome until about 300 B.C. (Plin. N. II. 7, 21 1); and the custom of shaving the beard and wearing the hair short became general much later. 43 f . saeva : stern, as training men to hardihood. All three wor- thies were men of small estate, but HOR. CAR. 7 97 of great native worth. apto cum lare : 'with humble house befitting their ancestral farms.' 45 ff . While the direct reference here is to the young Marcellus, Octavia's son, no doubt the name in this connection would call up to the Roman mind at once that M. Claudius Marcellus, who in 222 B.C. won the spolia opima for the third and last time, captured Syra- cuse in 212 B.C., and was the first successful general against Hanni- bal. occulto . . . aevo : with crescit, is growing with the unmarked lapse of time. Cf. 2. 2, 5 extettto aevo. 47 f . lulium sidus : the star of the Julian house. This use of sidus ( fortune ') would doubtless call to mind the comet that appeared shortly after Julius Caesar's mur- der (Suet. lid. 88). Cf. Verg. E. g, 47 ecce Dionaei processit Caesaris astrnm. inter ignis luna minores : a reminiscence of his earlier phrase, I. 12,49] HOKATI 55 60 Gentis humanae pater atque custos, orte Saturno, tibi cura magni Caesaris f atis data : tu secundo Caesare regnes. Ille seu Parthos Latio imminentis egerit iusto domitos triumpho sive subiectos Orientis orae Seras et Indos, te minor latum reget aequus orbem ; tu gravi curru quaties Olympum, tu parum castis inimica mittes fulmina lucis. Epod. 15,2 c aelo fulgebat luna se- reno inter minor a sidera. I n both he may have had in mind Sappho Frg 3, I f. acrrepes p*v a.fJL3 I0 13 To contrast with the serious tone of the preceding ode, Horace placed here these impetuous verses to (an imaginary) Lydia. 'When thou praisest Telephus 1 beauty, Lydia, I swell with rage; my self-control all goes ; pale and weeping 1 show my jealous love. The injuries clone thy fair shoulders and sweet lips by that bold boy do not prove a lasting love. Happy they who love till death. 1 Metre, 71. Cum tu, Lydia, Telephi cervicem roseam, cerea Telephi laudas bracchia, vae meum fervens difficili bile tumet iecur. 5 Turn nee mens mihi nee color certa sede manet, umor et in genas f urtim labitur, arguens quam lentis penitus macerer ignibus. Vror, seu tibi candidos ic turparunt umeros immodicae mero if. Telephi ... Telephi : repro- ducing in jealousy Lydia's fond repetition of her lover's name. Cf. the passionate delaration, Anacr. Frg. 3 KAeu/SouAov yu.ev lywy epto, \ 1 8' eTTi/xatvo/xai. \ KAeu- 8c SuxTKc'co. Note the allit- eration, cervicem . . . cerea. 3f. vae: bah! in angry disgust. tumet iecur: i.e. in rage, iecur is to be taken literally as the seat of passion (S. i, 9, 66 meum iecur urere bills') that overflows with savage wrath. bilis: equivalent to xoAos. 5 f. mens . . . color, etc. : for his self-control is lost, and his color comes and goes Cf. Apoll. Rhod. 3, 297 f. ctTraAas 8e es \\6ov, aAAor' cpv$o<, a.Krj8eLy(TL VOOLO. ' Love turned her tender cheeks to pallor, again to blushing, for the weariness of her soul.' certa sede: more closely connected with color than with mens, as its position shows. ma- net: Intr/ 35. umor: cf. Plat. Tun. 68 A. v8i\r}fJM TO viKTaptov /AC'AI. In their efforts to determine the degree of sweetness that Hor- ace means to indicate here, com- mentators have spent an amusing amount of energy without, how- ever, succeeding in their attempts. We cannot be sure that Horace uses the phrase as equivalent to the Pythagorean if Tr^-rrTrj ouaiu. TO vifjurtav ov, the mediaeval quinta essentia (quintessence), satisfac- tory as this explanation would be. 1 8 ff. inrupta : unbreakable, rather than ' unbroken ' ; used like invictus, etc., in the sense of an adj. in -//, -bilis. divolsus amor : cf. 2, 4, 10 ademptus Hector. suprema die : life's last day. 14 Ship of State, beware ! avoid the open sea ; thou art shattered by the storm just past. Put into port. 1 Quintilian 8, 6, 44 uses this ode as an illustration of an allegory at a\\.rryopui quant inversionem inter- pret antur, ant aliud -verbis aliud sensu ostendit ant etiam interim con- trarium. Prius fit genus plermnque continuatis translationibus : ut 1 o navis . . . portumj totusque ille Horatii locus, quo navem pro re publica, fluctus et tempestates pro bellis chrilibus, portinn pro pace atque concordia dicit." 1 This figure is as old as Theognis, and occurs frequently in Greek literature. Horace took as his model a poem of Alcaeus of which the following verses have been preserved, Frg. 18 :- 100 CARMIXA [i,H,4 Topr)/JLt6a (rvv /xeAaiVa, TCS /AydAu> /uuiAa | Trtp /ACV yap di/TAos lO-TOTrt'oW av ^aS^Aov 77877 | xai Ad/8es p.yaAai *aT* avTO 8' dyKuAat I do not understand the winds 1 strife, for the wave rolls, now from this side, now from that, and we with our black ship are car- ried in the midst, struggling hard with the mighty storm. For the flood surrounds the mast step, the canvas is utterly destroyed, great rents are in it ; and the yard-ropes are loosened.' The most familiar modern example of this allegory is Longfellow's The Building of the Ship. ' Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State ! ' etc. Apart from other considerations the poem is interesting as a sign that Horace's attitude toward the new government had changed from that of his student days when he served in Brutus' army (cf. v. 17 f.). The date of composition is most probably between the battle of Actiuin, 31 B c , and the reorganization of the empire in 27 B.C. ; in any case it was written at a time when civil war was lately past, but serious men still had reason to be anxious for the public peace ; and we must remember that however lightly Horace treated many subjects, his attitude toward the state was that of earnest loyalty. See Sellar, pp. 29, 151 ff. Here Horace expresses his feeling that the state can- not endure another civil war. and that peace must be preserved. Cf. with this ode Epod. ^ and 16. Metre, 73. O navis, referent in mare te novi fluctus ! O quid agis ? Fortiter occupa portum ! Nonne vides ut nudum remigio latus i f. in mare : in antiquity sail- 4 ff. This passage is imitated ors kept near the shore. Cf. 2, by Claudian de sexto cons. Honor. 10, i ff. novi fluctus: the new 132 ff. qualis piratica puppis storms of (a possible) civil war. ... viduataqm caesis \ remigibus, fortiter occupa : make a valiant scissis velorum debilis alis, \ orba effort and gain the port before the giibernaclis. antemnis saitcia frac- storm breaks. occupare is tie- tis \ ludibriuin pelagi vento tacu- quently used like the Greek 6d- latur et nnda. vf.iv; cf. Epist. i, 6, 32 cave ne remigio: oars, not 'rowers.' port us occupat alter. Cf. Ovid A. A. 2, 671 mare re- 101 1. 14. 5] HORATI et malus celeri saucius Africo antemnaeque gemant ac sine funibus vix durare carinae possint imperiosius aequor ? Non tibi sunt Integra lintea, non di, quos iterum pressa voces malo. Quamvis Pontica pinus, silvae filia nobilis, iactes et genus et nomen inutile, nil pictis timidus navita puppibus fidit. Tu nisi ventis debes ludibrium, cave. migiis aut voincre fuidite terras. malus : note the quantity ; cf. v. 10 malo. For the rigging of an ancient ship see Torr An- cient Ships, p. 78-98. funibus: v7roo>/AaTa ; cables or girders passed about the ship horizon- tally to strengthen it against the force of the waves, or in the case of warships, the shock of ramming. Cf. Acts 27, 17 ; Torr A. S. p. 41-43- 7 f . carinae : plural, where we use the singular; cf. i. 2. 15 f. tnonuHienta, templa. imperi- osius : equivalent to saevins, in its stern tyranny. 10. di : i.e. the little images of the gods that were carried on the poop deck. Horace means that in the storm of civil war the ship of state lost her protecting divini- ties ; cf. Ovid Her. 16, 114 accipit et pictos pttppis adnnca deos, and Pers. 6, 29 f. iacet ipse in litore et una \ ingentes de pitppe del. ii f. Pontica pinus: Pontus was famous for its ship timber. filia: cf. Mart. 14, 90 silvae filia Matirae of a citrus table. For the arrangement of words, see Intr. 19. 13. iactes : boastest ; emphatic by position. inutile : added predicatively all in vain for thee. pictis : cf. the Homeric vrjes fjuXToirdprjoi. timidus: 'when he is frightened. 1 15 f. tu : in direct address to the ship. debes : cf. Greek ('x^XuTKavtiv 8iKi)v, art bound, doomed to be the sport of the winds. 102 CARMINA [i, 15,2 Nuper sollicitum quae mihi taedium, nunc desiderium curaque non levis, interfusa nitentis 20 vites aequora Cycladas. 17 f. nuper . . . nunc : the fulgentes Cycladas. The south- time of the civil wars in contrast ern Aegean, dotted with frequent to the present moment. sollici- islands (Verg. A. 3, 126 sparsas- tum . . . taedium : anxiety and que per aeqitor Cycladas) is sub- hcartsickness. desiderium : ob- ject to many squalls, but the ject of my longing. particular sea has no significance 19 f . nitentis : cf. 3, 28, 14 in the allegory. 15 1 When faithless Paris was carrying Helen home to Troy, Nereus be- calmed -the sea that he might foretell the doom that was to follow Paris 1 crime. 1 Porphyrio says that the motive was taken from Bacchylides, who made Cassandra prophesy the coming war and disaster, as Horace here has Nereus (Porphyrio read Proteus) . If Porphyrio be right, Horace^ model has been lost to us; the extant fragment 14 Blass, in which Menelaus warns the Trojans to remember the justice of Zeus, cannot be that to which Porphyrio refers. The theme is essentially epic and does not properly fall within the province of lyric poetry; and Horace has not been very successful in his treatment of it. While some dramatic skill is shown, the episode chosen has no natural limits and therefore offered him little opportunity for a climax ; the length of the prophecy was determined solely by the poet's inclination. That Horace learned to handle narrative subjects later is proved by Book 3, Odes 1 1 and 27, with which this ode should be carefully compared. For Horace^ view as to the proper field for lyric verse, see Book 2, Ode 12. For the reasons given above and because of the technical defect of v. 36, we may regard this as one of Horace's earlier studies. Metre, 72. Pastor cum traheret per freta navibus Idaeis Helenen perfidus hospitam, i. pastor: Paris, whom Verg. esl&xv. traheret: was carrying A' 7, 363 calls Phry gius pastor. away. Cf. also Bion 2, 10 apiracre rav 2. Idaeis: i.e. their timber grew 1-60' 6 /JowoAos, aye 8' on Mt. Ida. perfidus hospitam: 103 i. '5. 3] IIORATI ingrato celeres obruit otio ventos ut caneret fera Nereus fata : ' Mala duels avi domum quam multo repetet Graecia milite, coniurata tuas rumpere nuptias et regnum Priami vetus. Heu heu, quantus equis, quantus adest viris sudor ! Quanta moves funera Dardanae genti ! lam galeam Pallas et aegida currusque et rabiem parat. cf. n. to i. 5, 9. Intr. 26. No greater crime was known to an- tiquity than violation of the rights and privileges of hospitality. With this epithet of Paris, cf. 3, 3, 26 famosus hospes, and Prop. 2, 34, 7 hospes in hospitium Menelao venit aditlter. 3 ff . ingrato . . . otio : as the winds favored the lovers in their flight. caneret : the regular word of prophecy. Cf. Epod. 13, 11 nobilis ut grandi cecinit centaurus alumno. 5 ff. Note the dramatic force of the prophecy, and the many reminiscences of the Iliad. Ne- reus : son of Pontus and Tellus, father of Thetis. Cf. Hesiod Theog. 233 ff. N^pea 8' ai//o>8ofta alite. 7 f. coniurata : in solemn com- pact at Aulis. ,Cf. Verg. A. 4, 425 f. where Dido says, non ego cum Danais Troianam exscindere gent em \ Atilide itira-vi; Euripides, Iph. in Aid. 49 fF. makes Agamenr.- non tell of the earlier oath, by which the suitors bound them- selves to protect and avenge the one who should win Helen. regnum : with rumpere as Sen. //. F. 79 Titanas amos rumpere im- perium lovis. g f . quantus equis . . . sudor : Horace had in mind //. 2, 388 ff. i8pw <\fi.(f>i iv | doTTi'Sos a.fJ.t(3p6Tr)<;, irf.pl 8' yx t X^P - Ka f Jif ^ Tal ' I i8/3W(Ti 8e Ttv TTTTTOS fv^oov apfjua TITVLIVWV. funera : disasters. ii. galeam Pallas, etc.: a reminiscence of //. 5, 738 ft". dp.i 8' ap wfjLouriv /2aAcr' utyi&u Ova- crav6c(rim\ov KWfrjV O(TO Ttrpa- the breastplate of Athena, which 104 CARMINA [i, 15, 20 Nequiquam Veneris praesidio ferox pe'ctes caesariem grataque feminis 15 imbelli cithara carmina divides ; nequiquam thalamo gravis hastas et calami spicula Cnosii vitabis strepitumque et celerem sequi Aiacem : tamen, heu, serus adulteros 20 crinis pulvere collines. is represented on statues and paintings as a mail corselet, fringed with snakes and adorned with the Medusa's head in the center. See Baumeister, nos. 166-170. ra- biem parat: cf. Ovid Met. 13, 554 se arm at et instruit ira. 13 ff. Cf. Hector's reproachful words //. 3, 54 f. OVK dv TOI Xpai(T/j.r) KiOapis TO. TC o LTTTTWV | dvSpatri fjuip- KCU 061 \pr/ TTIOV iovra. pugnae: objective gen. with sciens. 26 ff. Merionen : esquire of Ido- meneus ; cf. I, 6, 15. Tydides: Diomedes was one of the greatest heroes after Achilles. melior pa- tre: a reminiscence of //. 4, 405, where Sthenelus says f/fjitis rot evttt. 29 ff. Note the involved order; Intr. 21. 31. sublimi . . . anhelitu: prop- erly of the panting hind, who throws his head high in air (sublimi) as he flees; applied here to Paris through a confusion of the comparison and the thing compared. Cf. Stat. Theb. II, 239 nuntius exanimi snspen- sus pectora cursu. mollis: either weak with running, or timid by nature. 32. Cf. Helens taunt to Paris //. 3, 430 r) /ticv Sr; irpiv y f.v\e tpTfpo r/myc, TO.V \f.vKav atyav avep, and Verg. E. 7, 7 vir gregis ipse caper. Mart. 14, 140, I imitates the phrase in his olentis barba mariti. 9. Martialis : a natural epithet of the wolf as sacred to Mars. Cf. Verg. A. 9, 566 Martins lupus. Faunus as protector of cattle guards them from the mountain wolves. haediliae : my kidlets (sc. metuunt}. This word is found only here : it is formed from haedus, as porcilia from porcus. 10 f. utcumque : temporal. fistula : the god's pipes, the sy- rinx, not Tyndaris' flute, is meant. Vsticae : according to Porphy- rio one of the Sabine mountains with gently sloping (cubantis) sides. 14 if. cordi : dear ; originally Iike_/r#g7, a predicate dative. Note the cumulative force of the follow- ill f 1 15 20 HORAT1 manabit ad plenum benigno ruris honorum opulenta cornu ; hie in reducta valle Caniculae vitabis'aestus et fide Teia dices laborantis in uno Penelopen vitreamque Circen ; hie innocentis pocula Lesbii duces sub umbra, nee Semeleius cum Marte confundet Thyoneus proelia, nee metues protervum ing epithets ad plenum, benigno (i.e. large, generous), opulenta. copia : here the contents of the horn. cornu: the horn of For- tune, which Hercules wrenched from the river god Achelous and presented to the goddess. See Baumeister, nos. 605,2037. ruris honorum : fruits and flowers. Cf. S. 2, 5. 12 f. dulcia poma \ et quos- cntnqne ferel culttis tibi fundus honor es. 17 f. reducta valle : cf. Epod. 2, II f. out in reducta valle inugientiitin \ prospectal errand's greges. Caniculae : properly Pro- cyon, but here not distinguished from Sirius. fide Teia : Teos in Ionia was the native city of Anacreon, who sang of love and wine. dices: shall sing. Cf. I, 6, 5. laborantis: sc. amore, I/jam irovoixrai. The object of their love is expressed by in with the abl. Cf. Catull. 64, 98 (of Ariadne) in flavo saepe hospitesnspirantem. uno : Odys- seus. 20. vitream: a natural epithet of Circe who was a sea nymph. Cf. Stat. Silv. I, 3, 85 vitreae iitga perfida Circes, and C. 4, 2, 3 vitreo ponto. Penelopen . . . Circen : the faithful wife and the treacherous sorceress contrasted. 21 f. innocentis : explained by the following verses, ' no drunken quarrels shall result from its use. 1 duces : shall quaff. Semeleius . . . Thyoneus : a combination of two metronymics imitated by a poet in the Anth. /,#/. i, 751 Se- melete Bacche . . . laete Thy on en. Thyone (cf. Owa = ' to rush,' ' to be violently excited '), whom some legends make the mother of Diony- sus, is identified with Semele in the older Homeric Hymn to Diony- sus v. 21, and by Pindar P. 3. 176. 23 f . confundet . . . proelia : a variation of the common nriscere, committere proelia. 112 CARMINA [i, 18, 2 suspecta Cyrum, ne male dispari incontinentis iniciat manus et scindat haerentem coronam crinibus immeritamque vestem. 25. suspecta : for rude Cyrus is jealous. male dispari: a bad match, i.e. no match, cf. i, 9, 24 male per - tinaci and n. to minus \, 2, 27. 26 ff. Tyndaris is to be in festal dress, which Cyrus would injure if he should find her. Cf. Propert. 2, 5, 21 ff. nee tibi periuro scindam de cor pore vestem, \ nee mea prae- clttsas fregerit ira fores, \ nee tibi conexos iratus carpere crines \ nee duris ausim laedere pollicibns. immeritam : the dress shares Tyn- daris 1 innocence. 18 In praise of wine. ' Thou shouldst before all, Varus, plant the vine about Tibur, for total abstainers find life hard. Wine drives away cares ; but immoderate use brings quarrels, boasting, and bad faith. 1 The ode was suggested by a poem of Alcaeus. of which Horace has translated at least the beginning. Frg. 44 fj.r)8tv aAAo (frvTevcrrp; Trpdrepov SeVSptov afjureXw. He has, however, after his usual manner given his verses an Italian setting. The date of composition is unknown. The Varus addressed was probably Quintilius Varus. whose death is lamented in i, 24. Metre, 54. Nullam, Vare, sacra vite prius severis arborem circa mite solum Tiburis et moenia Catili. the as the vine is Cf. Ennius Trag. vitis i. sacra: gift of Bacchus. 107 f. R. Bacchus pater , inventor sacrae. The position of sacra implies that this gift is not to be abused, but enjoyed in proper fashion as coming from the gods. severis: plant. Cf. Caecilius apud Cic. C. M. 24 serif arbores quae alter i saeclo prosint. arbo- rem : a generic term of wider scope than our English 'tree. 1 HOR. CAR. 8 113 Plin. N. H. 14, 9 vites hire apud priscos magnitiidine quoque inter arbores numerabantur. 2. circa : used in the same loose way as our English ' about ? ; with solum it denotes the place where, with moenia it means 'near 1 , 'in the neighborhood of. 1 mite : soft, and hence fertile. Cf. Verg. G. 2, 226 ff. for an ac- count of the best soil for vines. Tiburis ; for Horace 1 * love of i, 1 8, 3] IIORATI Siccis omnia nam dura deus proposuit neque mordaces aliter diffugiunt sollicitudines. Quis post vina gravem militiam aut pauperiem crepat? Quis non te potius, Bacche pater, teque, decens Venus? Ac ne quis modici transiliat munera Liberi, Centaurea monet cum Lapithis rixa super mero debellata, monet Sithoniis non levis Euhius, i.e. equivalent \.oqni inoduin amat. Cf. i, 27, 3 vcrecundtts Bacchus. 8 f. The first of the examples given to enforce the warning the quarrel between the Centaurs and the Lapithae at the marriage of Peirithoos and Hippodamia was a favorite subject of literary and plastic art. Cf. e.g. Od. 21, 294-304; Ovid. Met. 12, 210 ff. The contest was represented on the pediment of the temple of Zeus at Olympia, and on the metopes of the Parthenon. super mero : local; over their wine. 9. debellata : note the force of the prefix ; the brawl ended in the destruction of the Centaurs. Sithoniis : a Thracian people dwelling on the peninsula Pal- lene. Tradition said that Diony- sus destroyed the giants who once dwelt there. Whether the refer- ence here is to some feature of the myth unknown to us or to the familiar impetuous character of the intemperate Thracians cannot be determined. Cf. i, 27, i f. not is in itsum laetitiae scyphis \ pugnare Thracnnt est. non levis : carrying the emphasis, the harshness of, etc Euhius: a Tibur, see i, 7, u ff. moenia Catili : Cati(l)lus with his brothers Coras and Tiburnus from Arcadia founded Tibur, and gave his name to the mountain that overhangs the town. It is still Monte Catillo. Here the form with the short pe- nult is chosen for the metre's sake. 3. siccis : total abstainers. For the opposite, udus or uvidus, cf. 1, 7, 22 ; 4, 5, 39. nam: for the position, see Intr-3i. dura: 'life's rough side.' 4. mordaces : car king. Cf. 2, 1 1, 1 8 curae edaces ; an d Verg. A . 1 , 26 1 quando haec te cur a remordet. aliter : i.e. without the use of wine. 5. gravem militiam, etc. : the hardships of war or of petty estate. crepat : babbles, harps on. 6. pater : in recognition of the god as giver of the vine and other blessings. Cf. 3, 3, 13; Epist. 2, i, 5 Liber pater. Here he is named with Venus, as wine and love are boon companions. decens : comely, ' fair in face and figure.' Cf. i, 4, 6 Gratiae decen- tes. 7. ne quis, etc : dependent on monet in the following verse. transiliat : lightly abuse. modici : 114 CAkMlNA [i, 18, 14 10 cum fas atque nefas exiguo fine libidinum discernunt avidi. Non ego te, candide Bassareu, invitum quatiam nee variis obsita frondibus sub divum rapiam. Saeva tene cum Berecynthio cornu tympana, quae subsequitur caecus amor sui name of Bacchus formed from the bacchanal cry euoi. Cf. 2, 19, 5. Notice that Horace employs here indiscriminately Latin and Greek names of the god Bacchus 6, Liber 7, Euhius 9, Baosareus 1 1 his purpose being simply to secure variety. 10. exiguo fine, etc. : with ap- petite's narrow bound alone; i.e. when men in their greed (avidi) make their passions the sole meas- ure of right and wrong. In the following verses Horace expresses his thoughts, ' I will not abuse thy gift, fair Bacchus,' in the language of the Dionysiac mysteries. 11. non ego: the common per- sonal note giving force and con- creteness to the general statement. For the order of words, see Intr. 21.30. candide: used of brilliant youthful beauty, 'fair and young 1 (Wickham). Cf. Ovid Fast. 3. 771 ff. Bassareu: an epithet formed from the Greek (3a.cra-a.pa, a foxskin. This was worn by the bacchanals, who are themselves called in the Orphic hymn 44, 2 A. /Baacrdpai. 12. quatiam: arouse, KIVT/O-W, properly applied to the thyrsus and other symbols of the god, as by Catull. 64, 256 harum pars tecta quatiebant cuspide thyrsos. variis obsita frondibus : the sacred symbols (orgia) placed in baskets (cistae) and covered with ivy, grape, or fig leaves, etc. Cf. Catull. 64, 254 ff. and Theoc. 26, 3 ff. 13. sub divum : into the light of day ; cf. I, I, 25 manet sub love frigido venator. saeva tene, etc.: 'And we pray thee, Bacchus, do not excite our minds unduly lest we fall into excess.' saeva: of the sound, 'the wild din of. 1 Cf. Verg. A. 9, 651 saeva sono- ribus arma, and Catull. 64, 261 ff. plangebant aliae proceris tym- pana palm is | aut tereti tenues tinnitus aere ciebant \ multis rau- cisonos efflabant cornua bombos \ barbaraqne horribili stridebat tibia cantu. Berecynthio cornu : cf. 3, 19, 1 8 f. cur Berecynthiae cessant flamina tibiae. This is properly the horn used in the orgiastic cult of Cybele on Mt. Berecynthus in Phrygia ; by extension applied to the horns employed in the wor- ship of Bacchus. 14 f . quae subsequitur, etc. : i,e. in the train of mad ecstasy inspired by the god follow all too readily self-love (amor sui), boasting (glo ria) and faithlessness (arcani fides i. 1 8, 15] HORATI 15 et tollens vacuum plus nimio gloria verticem arcanique fides prodiga, perlucidior vitro. prodiga) . plus nimio : over much, a wine jar) tu . . . arcanum iocoso \ 'too high. 1 Cf. i, 33, i ne doleas consilinm retegis Lyaeo; and the plus nimio, and Kpist. i, 10, 30 proverb in the scholia to Plato, res plus nimio delectavere se- p. 960 Or. TO V Kapoui VJ/^OVTOS, cundce. CTrt Trj yXiixrar) rov /xe^uovros. 16. Drunkenness causes men to fides prodiga : the faith that is babble secrets. Cf. 3, 21, 15 f. (to lavish. 19 ' I thought my days of love were over, but Venus and her allies will not let me go. Glycera inflames me ; Venus forbids me sing of aught but love. Bring turf and let me build an altar to the goddess. The offer of a victim will soften her attack.' This dainty poem should be compared with the thirtieth ode of this book. Possibly its place here was determined by the decens Venus v. 6 of the preceding ode. The date is wholly uncertain. Metre, 71. Mater saeva Cupidinum Thebanaeque iubet me Semeles puer et lasciva Licentia finitis animum reddere amoribus. 5 Vrit me Glycerae nitor splendentis Pario marmore purius ; i f . Mater saeva Cupidinum : re- puella, Verg. E. 3, 64. Licentia : peated years later in 4, i, 5. Cf. "Y/3pis. finitis: predicate to amo- Philod. Anth. Pal. 10, 21 KvTrpi, ribus to loves I thought were past. TToBotv pjrep deAAoTTooW. Cupi- animum reddere: here not as in dinum : the plural is not infrequent i, 16, 28, but almost equivalent to in Hellenistic and Roman litera- me reddere. ture. Semeles puer: for Bacchus' 5 ff. urit . . . urit : Intr. 28 c. association with Venus, see v. 6 of nitor: brilliant beauty ; soniteo'm the preceding ode. Cf. also the 2, 5, i8f. albo sic umero nitens. Anacreontic fragment 2 to Diony- Pario : so Pindar celebrates the sus u>vo, J 8afjui\r)s *E/>to? . . . irop- brilliancy of Parian marble N. 4, 'Aov Trcpippvrav. 10 f . nee patitur Scythas, etc. : the goddess of love will not allow Horace to sing of serious subjects, the dangers that threaten the em- pire, or even of subjects to which she is wholly indifferent (quae ni- hil attinent). Love must be his only theme. 1 1 f . versis . . . Parthum : the famous maneuver of the Parthians, in which they pretended to flee and then, turning on their horses, shot at their pursuers, is frequently mentioned by the Romans. Cf. e.g. 2, 13, 18 ; Verg. G. 3, 31 fiden- temque fuga Parthum versisque sagittis ; also Ovid A. A. 3, 786 ut celer aversis utere Partlius equis. Plut. Crass. 24 vrrt'^tvyov yap a/uia /^aAAovTts ot IldpOoi. KM TOVTO Kpd- TUTTO. 7TOIOWI /XTa ^Kvda?. 13 f. hie ... hie : the anaphora expressed the poet's mock haste. He will build an altar on the spot, of fresh turf (vivum caespitem), and propitiate the goddess with sac- rifice. verbenas: defined by the ancients as anything green, whether branches of laurel, bay, or olive, or even grass.used for sacred purposes. Here branches to decorate the im- provised altar. Cf. 4, 11, 6 f. ara | castis vincta verbenis. pueri : the common address to slaves. 15. meri : pure wine unmixed with water was alone used in li- bation. hostia: ordinarily only bloodless sacrifices were offered to Venus ; but this is not to be taken too literally. lenior : ivith gentler sway ; in contrast to in me tota ruens above. 117 I, 20, l] HORAT1 20 'Cheap Sabine wine in modest cups shall be thy drink with me, my dear Maecenas. I sealed the jar myself some years ago. Choice wines thou hast at home ; but no Falernian nor Formian grape flavors my cups.' These verses have the form of an answer to a letter from Maecenas announcing his intention to visit Horace on his Sabine farm. The event mentioned in v. 3 ff. fixes the date of composition as after 30 B.C. The ode shows a lack of finish, as if written in haste. Metre, 69. Vile potabis modicis Sabinum cantharis, Graeca quod ego ipse testa conditum levi, datus in theatre cum tibi plausus, 5 care Maecenas eques, ut paterni fluminis ripae simul et iocosa 1. vile . . . Sabinum : just vin ordinaire. The Sabine was the lightest of the Italian wines, according to Galen apnd Athen. I, 27 B. who adds airo friov OTTO, eTriT^Stios Trivt&Oai /AC'X/OI irt.vTtKu.L- 8fKa. modicis : with reference to the material of which Horace's drinking cups (canthari) are made; plain earthen cups, not goblets of silver or of gold. 2. Graeca . . . testa : an am- phora in which a Greek and a superior wine had been imported. The cheap Sabine would acquire a better taste from being stored in such a jar. Cf. Columella's in- structions. 12, 28 sivasarecentia ex (jiiibus vinum evemptum sit habe- bis, in ea (sc. vinnni) confitndito. 3. conditum : stored auv\\ov eAar^s ; Catull. 4, II comata silva. Milton P. L. 7 ' bush with frizzled hair implicit.' 6. Algido : a ridge in the Al- ban Hills on a spur of which was a famous shrine of Diana, dea Nemorensis, near the present Lake Nemi. Its name was probably due to the fact that its woods and elevation made it a cool and pleas- ant contrast to the plain about it. Cf. 3, 23, 9 f. (victima) quae ni- vali pascitur Algido \ devota quer- cus inter et ilices. 4, 4, 58 nigrae feraci frondis in Algido. 7. Erymanthi: a high moun- tain in north Acadia, a favorite hunting place of Diana. Od. 6, 1 02 OIT; 8'*ApTe/us dai KO.T ovpeos lo\fatpa, | ^ Kara Trjvytrov TTf.pt- p.rjKf.Tov 17 'KpvfjiavBov. The ad- jective nigris (dark green) is con- trasted 'to viridis (light green). Cf. 4, 12, II nigri colles Arcadiae. - Gragi : Gragus, a mountain in Lycia, and the home of Leto. 9 ff. vos : the boys. Tempe : the valley of the Peneus between Olympus and Ossa. Cf. i, 7, 4. natalem . . . Delon: cf. n. to v. 2 above, and Verg. A 4, 144 Delutn maternam. - totidem : with laudi- bus. 12. umerum: a Greek accu. with insignera (sc. deum). fra- 120 CARMINA [i, 22 Hie bellum lacrimosum, hie miseram famem pestemque a populo et principe Caesare in 15 Persas atque Britannos vestra motus aget prece. terna . . . lyra : the story of the the failure of the crops in 24 presentation of the lyre to Apollo B.C. and Augustus' sickness, 24-23 by Mercury is told in the Homeric B.C. The collocation famem pes- Hymn to Hermes, 490-502. temque may be simply a repro- 13 ff. hie ... hie : Apollo as the duction of the phrase Ai/xos KOL special protector of Augustus is in- Aot/xo?. Hes. Op. 243. principe : voked to avert the ills that threaten 'the first citizen.' Cf. 1,2,50. the state. Cf. the introductory Persas atque Britannos : the remote note to i, 2. bellum lacrimosum: East and West still unsubdued, the Homeric TrdAe/ttov oW/jvoevra Cf. 3, 5, 3 adiectis Britannis \ im- (//. 5, 737), Vergil's lacrimabile perio gravibusque Persis. Note bellttm {A. 7, 604). miseram the confidence expressed by the famem, etc. : with reference to future aget. 22 'The upright man is safe, no matter where he roams. I know that this is true, friend Fuscus, for once in Sabine wood as I sang of Lalage, a monster wolf fled from me, though \ was unarmed. Put me in chill northern gloom or beneath the torrid sun, still will I ever sing my Lalage.' The affected solemnity of the first two strophes has often led com- mentators to interpret this ode too seriously, as if Horace were sol- emnly preaching a moral lesson. While an actual encounter with a wolf may have furnished the opportunity for the illustration, Horace was the last man to use such an event to point a moral, still less take himself for an example of the noblest virtue. He never preaches, and is always free from cant. As a matter of fact, the ode is a piece of humor which Horace knew his friend Aristius Fuscus would appre- ciate. No doubt Horace had had many proofs of Fuscus 1 fondness for joking; he tells of one occasion (S. I, 9, 61-73) when his friend refused to rescue him from a bore. The relations between the two were the closest. Cf. Epist. i, 10, 3f. paene gemelli f rater nis animis. Metre, 69. 121 I, 22, I] IO HORATI Integer vitae scelerisque purus h' 1 \ * non eget Mauris iaculis neque arcu *\ nee venenatis gravida sagittis, Fusee, pharetra, sive per Syrtis iter aestuosas sive facturus per inhospitalem Caucasum vel quae loca fabulosus lambit Hydaspes. Namque me silva lupus in Sabina, dum meam canto Lalagen et ultra terminum curis vagor expeditis, fugit inermem, quale portentum neque militaris Daunias latis alit aesculetis i. vitae . . . sceleris: genitives of reference ; the first is not un- common in Latin poetry, e.g. Verg. A. 9, 255 and Ovid Met. 9, 441 integer aevi. Intr. 93. The second is a Greek construction, Kadapo? d&Kta?, for which the Latin ordi- narily preferred the abl. Cf. S. 2 > 3? 2 ' 3 pitrtim intio cor. 5. Syrtis : the desert coast on the north of Africa, opposite the whirlpools called by the same name; cf. Verg. A. 5, 51 hitnc (sc. diem) ego Gaetulis agerem si Syrtibus exsul. Pliny ,V. //. 5, 26 speaks of this barren tract as the haunt of savage beasts and serpents. 6 ff. facturus : sc. est. fabulo- sus : since the Hydaspes the far- thest river reached by Alexander in India was famed to bear gems and gold, and the entire unknown eastern world for which the river stands was a land of marvels and wonders. lambit: laves. 9. namque me : introducing the special experience shown by the emphatic me to be a personal one to prove the general statement. Intr. 30 Lalagen: AuAuyiy, ' the prattler.' a name chosen to suit the character of the ode. 10 f . ultra terminum : i.e. of his own farm. curis expeditis: cf. Catull. 31,70 quid solntis est (tea- tins curis. 13. quale portentum : such a mon- ster as, etc. 14. Daunias : the Greek Aavvta, Apulia; named from 1). minis, a mythical king of Northern Apulia. 122 CARMINA [I, 22, 24 nec lubae tellus generat, leonum arida nutrix. Pone me pigris ubi nulla campis arbor aestiva recreatur aura, quod latus mundi nebulae malusque luppiter urget; pone sub curru nimium propinqui solis, in terra domibus negata : dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo, dulce loquentem. Cf. 3, 30, ni.et qua pauper aquae \ Daunus agrestium regnavit popu- lonini. Vergil introduced him into the Aeneid (12, 934) as the father of Turnus ; another legend made him the father-in-law of Diomedes, who assisted him against the Mes- sapians. 15. lubae tellus : Mauretania. The reference is probably to the younger luba, son of the king luba who killed himself after the defeat at Thapsus in 46 B.C. The young prince received a Roman education and was established on the throne of Mauretania in 25 B.C. This barren country (leonum arida nu- trix) was a poor return for the kingdom his father lost to the Romans. 1 6. arida nutrix: a weak oxy- moron. Intr. 26 a. Cf. Anon. A nth. Pal. 6, 5 1 /u.*7T/o ep.rj, 70/77 pvyiW, 17-22. The same extremes as 3, 3, 54ff. visere gestiens \ qua part e debacchentur ignes, \ qua nebulae pluviiqnerores. pigris : dull; bar- ren. Cf. Lucret. 5, 746 bruttia nives affert pigrumque rigoretn, and Ovid, Am. 3, 6, 94 pigra hienis. 19. quod latus: a parallel con- struction to quale portentum, v. 13. latus: inasmuch as Horace here thinks of the world as flat. Cf. 3, 24, 38 Boreae finitimum latus. malus : a sullen. 22. domibus negata : in contrast is Vergil's description of the tem- perate zones, G. I, 237 f. mor- talibus aegris \ munere concessae divom. 23 f. Note the liquid sound of these verses. dulce ridentem . . . dulce loquentem: like Sap- pho's aSv (^wvewra? . . . yeAm- aas i/xepdev. Horace's second phrase reproduces the girl's name, AaXay?/. 123 i, 23, i] HORATI 23 A study from a Greek original ; possibly from Anacreon's verses, of which we have a fragment (51) dyayois out rt vtftpov vto&r]\fo. \ yaXaOrjvov, OCTT' fv v\r) KCpoeoxTT/s | a7roA.ei<0is VTTO /AT/rpos firTorj&r). 'Gently as a new-born fawn unweaned, which quivers from terror, when left in the wood by its antlered mother. 1 The name Chloe (x^<7> " a young shoot') was apparently chosen to suit the character of the girl, as was Lalage in the preceding ode and Lydia and Sybaris in i, 8. Metre, 73. Vitas inuleo me similis, Chloe, quaerenti pavidam montibus aviis matrem non sine vano aurarum et siluae metu ; 5 nam seu mobilibus veris inhorruit adventus foliis, seu virides rubum dimovere lacertae, et corde et genibus tremit. Atqui non ego te tigris ut aspera 10 Gaetulusve leo frangere persequor; i ff. inuleo : a fawn. quaerenti: horruit, rustled. Cf. Plato A nth. 'lost and seeking,' airo\(.LOf.i<; Plan. 16, 13 V^LKO/JLOV irapa rdvSf. above. non sine, etc. : a common Ku#i'eo (fxavrjifTtrav \ ^pwro-ovauv form of litotes with Horace. Cf. TTVKIVOIS KWVOV vrro Zee tree mero non sine floribus. With the which is vocal as it shiveis and entire expression, cf. Lucan 8, 5 f. rustles under the frequent gusts pavet ille fragorem motorum ven- of Zephyrus.' (is nemorum. 7. dimovere: have moved aside, 4. siluae: trisyllabic, as Epod. as they slip through the brambles. 13, 2. Intr. 41 . Cf. Verg. E. 2, 9 nunc viridis etiam 5f. veris ... adventus : i.e. the occulta nt spinet a lacertos. tremit: blowing of Favonius, the compan- the subject is the inuleus of the ion of the spring. Cf. I, 4, i sol- comparison, v. i. i>itur acris hie is grata vice veris 9 f. atqui : corrective 'yet thy et Favoni ; 4, 12, I veris comitfs. fear is vain, for. 1 frangere: liter- foliis: instrumental abl. with in- ally 'crush between the teeth. 1 124 CARMINA [1,24,4 tandem desine matrem tempestiva sequi viro. Cf. //. II, 113 f. d>s Se AeW eAav Kparepola-iv 68ava sub imagine formae. 1 6. virga . . . horrida : the wand (aurea I, 10, 19) which strikes the shades with terror (horrida), when Mercury gathers (compulerit) them once for all (semel) for the world below. Cf. long home beneath the earth. 19 f. durum : summing up of the whole matter. The following Propert. 5, n, 3 f. cum semel precept is one of many ancient expressions of the truth. Soph. Frg. 526 dAyeiva, 8r)\ov <1AA infer nas intrarunt funera le- expressions of the truth. Cf. ges, | non exorato slant adamante viae. 17 f. precibus : dative with re- #VT/TOUS ovras evTrcrtos eptiv, cludere ; the same idea is expressed ' Aye, Procne, it is clearly hard, by Propert. 5, u, 2 panditur ad but still, as we are mortals, we nullas ianua nigra preces. re- must bear what the gods send.' 25 The old age of a faded courtesan, when lovers leave her for younger rivals. Metre, 69. Parcius iunctas quatiunt fenestras iactibus crebris iuvenes protervi, i. parcius : in the emphatic were fastened with a bar (sera) at position, marking her waning night. Cf. Ovid ex P. 3, 3, 5 bi fores power. iunctas . . . fenestras : fenestras. These windows were the vah>ae of the windows, which in the second, or a higher story ; 127 i, 25, 3] HORATI nec tibi somnos adimunt, amatque ianua limen, 5 quae prius multum facilis movebat cardines ; audis minus et minus iam ' Me tuo longas pereunte noctis, Lydia, dormis ? ' Invicem moechos anus arrogantis 10 flebis in solo levis angiportu, Thracio bacchante magis sub inter- lunia vento, cum tibi flagrans amor et libido, quae solet matres furiare equorum, 15 saeviet circa iecur ulcerosum, non sine questu, laeta quod pubes hedera virenti gaudeat pulla magis atque myrto, therefore the lovers must attract n f. Thracio : the Tramontana Lydia's attention by throwing of to-day. The verb bacchari, hold sticks or stones (hence iactibus revel, is especially apt with a crebris) from below. 'Thracian 1 wind. sub inter-lunia : 3. amatque limen : hugs the Intr. 69. The common belief threshold. Cf. Verg. A. 5, 163 that changes of the moon influ- litits ama, 'hug the shore.' ence the weather is very ancient. 5. prius: in former days. Porphyrio remarks on this word facilis: modifying quae, 'with quia tune fere concitantur teinpes- ready complaisance. 1 Cf. Tibull. fates. I. 2, 7 iantta difficilis dothini. 15. ulcerosum: inflamed, with multum: modifying movebat. love's wounds. Cf.Theo II, icf. 7 f . The words of the serenade, x a)V vTroKapbtov e AKO? | KinrpiSos the TrapaK\av(TiOvpov. me tuo CK fieyaAas. ' With a sore in his . . . pereunte : temporal, while /, heart inflicted by mighty Cypris. 1 who am thine, perish, etc. 17 f. She bemoans the fact that 9. invicem : now thy turn has youth is preferred to old age. come.' anus . . . levis : equiva- pulla : dusky, 770X109. Ci.Epod.i6, lent to contempta. 46 pulla Jicus. 128 CARMINA [l, 26, 4 aridas frondes hiemis sodali 20 dedicet Euro. 19 f . aridas : note the asyndeton Euro : a winter wind ; cf. Verg. G. here, frequently employed in con- 2, 339 et hibernis parcebant flati- trasts and antitheses. sodali : cf. bus Eurt. i, 28, 22 comes Orionis Notus. 26 ' Beloved by the Muses I can throw to the winds all fears of dangers from abroad. Sweet Muse, weave a chaplet for my Lamia, I pray. My verse is naught without thee. Celebrate him in Lesbian song.' The Lamia here addressed has been identified with L. Aelius Lamia, one of the two sons of Cicero's friend and supporter, L. Aelius Lamia who was praetor 43 B.C. (Cic. ad fam. n, 16, 2; pro Sest. 29). Lamia must have been young at the time this ode was written, for he was consul in 3 A.D. and praefectus urbi in 32 A.D. He died the following year. Tacitus, Ann. 6, 27, mentions him, genus illi decorum vivida senectus ; Velleius Paterculus describes him (2, 116, 3), vir an- tiquissimi moris* el priscam gravitatem semper humanitate temperans. The most probable date of composition is that suggested by the refer- ences in vv. 3-5, as 30 B.C. ; the words fidibus novis, v. 10, cause some critics to regard this as one of Horace's earliest attempts in Alcaic verse ; a view that finds support from the somewhat harsh caesura in v. 1 1 Lesbio || sacrare plectra. Metre, 68. Musis amicus tristitiam et metus tradam protervis in mare Creticum portare ventis, quis sub Arcto rex gelidae metuatur orae, 1. amicus: in the sense of 3 f . portare : I ntr. 107. quis: gratus* as 3, 4, 25 vestris amicum nominative. The following ques- fontibus et charts; it gives the tions depend on securus, v. 6. sub reason why Horace can consign Arcto rex, etc. : Cotiso, king of the his cares to the winds. tristitiam: Dacians, whose threatened inva- glo om ; cf. 1,7, 18. sion at the time of the battle of Ac- 2. protervis: impetuous, rude. tium, 31 B.C.. the Romans greatly CLEpod. 1 6. 2.2 protervus Africiis. feared. Cf. 3, 6, 13 ff. paene oc- in mare Creticum: particular! z- cupatam seditionibus \ delevit wr- ing. Cf. n. to i, i, 13. bem Dacus et Aethiops, \ hie classt HOR. CAR. 9 1 29 1,26,5] HORATI 5 quid Tiridaten terreat, unice securus. O quae fontibus integris gaudes, apricos necte flores, necte meo Lamiae coronam, Pimplea dulcis. Nil sine te mei 10 prosunt honores. Hunc fidibus novis, hunc Lesbio sacrare plectro teque tuasque decet sorores. formidatus, tile \ missilibu s melior 6. fontibus integris: fresh, sagittis ; Verg. G. 2, 497 coniurato descendens Dae us ab Histro. He was finally crushed by P. Crassus in the campaigns of 30-28 B.C. 5. Tiridaten: not long before the battle of Actium, Tiridates suc- cessfully revolted against Phraates, king of the Parthians, and suc- ceeded him on the throne. In 30 B.C. Phraates returned to the con- test and forced his rival to flee for safety to Augustus, who was at that time in Egypt. Cf. Mon. Anc. 5, 54 ff. ad me supp\li~\ces conftig\erunf\ reges Part/torn m Tirida \tes et po- st ea] Phrat\es\ regis Phrati {s fi- liiis]. The accounts of Justin and DioCassius, our chief authorities for these points, are conflicting, but apparently Tiridates was again placed on the throne in 29 B.C. cf. 3, 8, 19 f. Medus infest us sibi Incttiosis | dissidet armis only to be displaced again in 27 B.C. by Phraates, who had collected a large force of friendly Scythians to aid him. Tiridates then fled to Au- gustus, who was in Spain. unice securus : perfectly at ease. pure fountains shall furnish the in- spiration of his new song (fidibus novis). The same figure Lucret. I, 927 iuvat integros accedere fontis atque haurire. 7. necte flores, etc. : i.e. exalt him in song. Cf. Pind. O. 6, 86 f. av8pa.(TLV al^fjMTaiai TrXfKwv \ Trot- KJ.A.OV V/J.VOV. 9 f . Pimplea : Muse of Pim- plea ; named from a fountain of the Muses in Pieria near Mt. Olympus. Cf. Orph. 46 A. IIi/A7r A^iaSes- mei honores : i.e. conferred by my verse. Cf. Verg. A. 9, 446 fortiinati ambo ! si quid mea car- mina possunt. hunc . . . hunc: Lamia. ii. Lesbio . . . plectro : marking his new verse (fidibus nobis) as modelled on that of Alcaeus. Cf. i, I, 34 Lesboum . . . bar bit on. The plectrum was a small ivory or metal instrument with which the strings of the lyre were struck. sacrare: consecrate; 'canonize.' Cf. Stat. St/v. 4. 7, 7 f. si tuas cantu Latio sacravi, \ Pindare, Thebas. 130 CARMINA [i, 27, 6 ,::..._,' 27 ,itoi A dramatic picture of a comissatio at which the poet tries to check his hot companions ; when they fill their cups and will make him drink, he parries their impetuosity by refusing, unless his neighbor tell him the name of his love. The whispered secret makes him exclaim in pity. The ode is based on a similar one by Anacreon, according to Por- phyrio ; possibly the one of which Athenaeus (10, 42, 7) has preserved to us a fragment {Frg. 63) aye Si/tire /XT/KCT' ourw | Trarayw re 2Ku#iK7?v TTWTLV irap" olv y\vKa(av, three by Pliny N. H. 14. 8, 6\.\\taus(erttm (equivalent to scverum), duhe, tenue. dicat : i.e. that we may drink a toast; cf. Mart, i, 71, i Naevia sex cyathis, septern lustina bibatur. Opuntiae frater Megillae : a similar designation, 3, 9, 14 Thurini Calais filii(s Ornyti. The mention of the presumably pretty Megilla is quite in keeping with the occasion and would direct the attention of all to the comrade addressed. ii f. beatus . . . pereat: dies a blessed death. 13 f. cessat voluntas : falters his will? mercede: terms. cumque: cf. n. to I, 6, 3. Venus : in same sense as i, 33, 13 melior Venus ; also Verg. E. 3. 68 parta meae Veneri sunt mini era. 1 6 f. ingenuo . . . amore : ' love for a freeborn girl,' i.e. not a libertina (i, 33, 15) or an an- cilla (2, 4, i). peccas : thy iveak- '32 CARMINA [1,28 quanta laborabas Charybdi, digne puer meliore flamma ! Quae saga, quis te solvere Thessalis magus venenis, quis poterit deus ? Vix inligatum te triform! Pegasus expediet Chimaera. ness is for. quicquid babes, etc. : Horace leans back to his friend reclining above him on the couch, who after a moment's hesitation whispers his loved one's name. tutis auribus: abl. Intr. 95. a miser : in pity for the youth's hard lot. 19 f . Charybdi : for the com- parison of a mistress to Charybdis, cf. Anaxilas, Frg. 22 K. 17 8e Qpvvr) rrjv XapvjSStv oi^i Tropput 7TOV 7TOICL, | TOV TC VaVK\Tf)pOV Aa- fiovcra *caTa7r7ra>K aura) i ; ' But Phryne does not fall far be- hind Charybdis ; she has caught the captain and engulfed him boat and all. 1 laborabas: cf. i, 17, 19. The imperfect expresses the state which has continued to the present moment. You were strug- gling (all the time). Cf. the Greek imperfect with apa. 21 f. saga, . . . magus, . . . deus : a comic climax, wise woman, . . . enchanter, . . . god. Thes- salis . . . venenis : potions ; in- strum. abl. The mountains of southern Thessaly are the home of medicine in Homer; in Greek writers of the classical period the source of love philters and en- chantments of all kinds. 23 f . inligatum : entangled. triformi: cf. //. 6, 181 iOev Sc Spd.Ks p.tv Xtyov- e^wv icrov, O.KO- Aatrrov tvptr) T' ' A.po8iTf) \ cru/x- 7ratouov shrine there was a statue of the 4. aedem : the private shrine goddess by Praxiteles, of which that Glycera has established, the Vatican Venus is a copy. 5- fervidus . . . puer : Cupid Paphi : Aphrodite's ancient home who inflames men with love. in Cyprus, where tradition said solutis Gratiae zonis : the Graces the goddess was born from the were in early art represented with foam of the sea. Cf. Od. 8, 362 f. flowing garments. Cf. Sen. de rj 8' apa Kvrrpov txave fu><; re 0V7/WS, also hymn to Apollo quoted on I, 4, 5. Verg. A. I, 415 f. ipsa Paphum parum: cf. I, 12, 59 and n. to sublimis abit, sedesque revisit \ I, 2, 27. laeta suas. 8. Mercurius: associated with Yc- 2. sperne: abandon. Cf. Ale- nus as god of persuasive eloquence. 31 ' The poet's prayer to enshrined Apollo is not for wealth of land or store. He only asks for simple fare, for health of body and of mind ; an old age not deprived of song.' This ode is Horace's hymn to Apollo on the occasion of the dedication of his temple on the Palatine, Oct. 24, 28 B.C. The temple was vowed eight years before, and the belief that the victory at Actium was due to Apollo's aid gave his worship new significance. With the temple was 140 CARMINA [i, 31, 8 united a Greek and Latin public library. The decoration of its porticoes is described by Propertius 3, 29 ; the interior was adorned with busts and statues of famous writers. The statue of the god was a work of Scopas brought from Greece, described by Plin. JV. H. 36, 28. See also Baumeister 1,99. The motive of the ode may be compared with Find. N. 8, 37 ff. xpv&ov ti'^ovTui, TreSt'ov 8' (repot [ aTrepavrov eyto 8' doTofc d8dvot. 2, 122 si velim canere vel voce vel fidibus. 5. Not that Alcaeus (Lesbio . . . civi) was the first to play the lyre, but the first to perfect lyric poetry. civi : referring to Alcaeus' patri- I, 32, 6] HORATI qui ferox bello tamen inter arma, sive iactatam religarat udo litore navim, Liberum et Musas Veneremque et illi 10 semper haerentem puerum canebat et Lycum nigris oculis nigroque crine decorum. O decus Phoebi et dapibus supremi grata testudo lovis, o laborum 15 dulce lenimen, mihi cumque salve rite vocanti ! otism that made him take a vigor- ous part in the politics of Mytilene, especially against the tyrants Myr- tilus and Pittacus. His sentiments were expressed in political odes, orcwriamKa, of which we have a few fragments, 15-33 B. Cf. 4, 9, 7 Alcaei minaces Camenae. 6 ff. With these verses cf. 2, 13, 26 ff. et te sonantem plenius anreo, \ Alcaee, plectra dura navis, dura fugae mala, dura belli. ferox bello : against the tyrants named in last note, and also against the Athenians in the Troad. The following tamen shows that the phrase is concessive. inter arma, sive, etc. : ' in war or exile.' 7 f . religarat . . . litore : cf. Verg. A. 7, 106 religarat ab aggere classem. Intr. 95. udo : sea- beaten. 9 ff . ' Wine and love were still the subjects of Alcaeus' song, as they must be of mine.' ii f. Lycum: a favorite of Al- caeus. Cf. Frg. 58 written ap- parently in anger, OUKCT' ryw AUKOV tv MoiffTtus oAeyw. nigris oculis, etc. : points of beauty. Note the shift of quantity nigris . . . nlgro. The description is repeated Epist. 2, 3, 37 spectan- dum nigris oculis nigroque capillo. 13 ff. A renewed invocation. dapibus supremi, etc. : cf. //. 1,602 f. OVflV Tt 0V/10S (8tVtTO &ZITOS eiCTT/S | ov fjJev <6p/uuyyo? 7repiKuAAx; rjv t\ 'ATrdAAwi/. testudo : cf. Ar- nold's verses, quoted on I, 10, 6. 15 f . cumque : tem|x>ral. modi- fying vocanti and equivalent to quandocuinque te votabo. No parallel can be adduced to this use of cumque as an independent word, hut we can safely accept Porphyrio's explanation, who did not find the phrase unintelligible. mihi salve : accept my greeting. Cf. Verg. A. u, 97 f. salve aeter- tirtm mihi, max u ma Palla, \ aeter- numque vale. 144 CAKM1NA [. 33. 33 'Albius, thou shouldst not grieve that Glycera prefers another, for Venus finds delight in binding together strange mates ; I too have suf- fered from her whims.' The Albius addressed is probably Tibullus, the elegiac poet, a con- temporary and friend of Horace. The fact that the name Glycera is not found in Tibullus' poems does not make against the identification, which is as old as the first century A.D. There is no indication of the date of composition. Metre, 72. Albi, ne doleas' plus nimio memor immitis Glycerae, neu miserabilis decantes elegos, cur tibi iunior laesa praeniteat fide, 5 insignem tenui fronte Lycorida Cyri torret amor, Cyrus in asperam i ff . ne doleas . . . neu decantes : depending on the examples ad- duced in vv. 5 ff. Translate, You should not grieve . . -.for. plus nimio: over much; connect with doleas. Cf. I, 18. 15 et tollens vac- uum plus nimio gloria verticem. 2. immitis: unkind, unfaithful, to thee. Note the contrast between the epithet and the name, Glycera. decantes : drone and drone. The compound with de- acquired the meaning of continuously sing- ing the same note or strain. Here it is especially appropriate with miserabilis, gloomy. elegos : re- ferring simply to the form, a couplet ibrmecl of a hexameter and a pen- tameter ; the Alexandrian poets associated this form with sentiment and love. For the development HUR. CAR. 10 145 of Roman elegy and its relation to its model, see Sellar, pp. 201-223. 3 f . cur, etc. : the complaint Al- bius repeats in his verses, and at the same time the reason for his sorrow. For the construction, cf. Epist. I, 8, 9 f. irascar amicis \ cur me funesto properent arcere ve- terno. laesa fide : a second cause for Albius' grief. 5ff. The following may have been suggested by Moschus 6, i ff. r)pa.ro Ilav A^ais ras yetVovos. rjpaTO 8' 'A^oo | (TKipTY/To. 2ari;pw. Sarvpos o' fTrefj.ijva.TO A.VOO, | as TOV Dam, TOCTOV v 'Axs ' eer/xv^e T' ap.oi.fta.. 'Pan loved his neighbor Echo; Echo loved | A gamesome Satyr ; he, by her unmoved, | Loved only i, 33. 7] HORAT1 declinat Pholoen ; sed prius Apulis iungentur capreae lupis quam turpi Pholoe peccet adultero. 10 Sic visum Veneri, cui placet imparis formas atque animos sub iuga aenea saevo mittere cum ioco. Ipsum me rrielior cum peteret Venus, grata detinuit compede Myrtale 15 libertina, fretis acrior Hadriae curvantis Calabros sinus. Lyde; thus through Echo, Pan, | 13 ff. ipsum me: the usual per- Lyde, and Satyr, Love his circle sonal experience. Intr. 30. me- ran ' (Myers). lior Venus : in the same sense as i, tenuifronte; a point of beauty, 27, 20 meliore flamma. The con- as Lycus 1 black hair and eyes of the trast is furnished by libertina v. 15. preceding ode. Cf. Epist. i, 7, 26 15 f- fretis acrior Hadriae: con- nigros angusta fronte capillos ; Pe- cessive. The same figure is used tron. 126 frons minima et quae 3, 9, 22 f. improbo \ iracundior apices capillor urn retro flexerat. Hadria. The Adriatic was pro- Lycorida: the name is apparently verbially rough. Cf. I, 3, 15; 2, taken from the elegies of Gallus, 14, 14. curvantis: when it hol- as Pholoe from those of Tibullus lows out ; i.e. in time of storm. (1,8,69). Cf. Ovid Met. n, 229 est sinus 7. declinat : sc. a Lycoride. Haemoniae ctirvos falcatns in 9. turpi . . . adultero : low-born arcns. sinus : the accusative lover. peccet: cf. 1,27, 17 ingenuo expresses the result of the verb's amore peccas. action. 34 'Careless of Heaven, devoted to a mad philosophy. I was forced by a bolt in the clear sky to change my course and to remind myself that God can put down the mighty and exalt the low.' The ode tells its own story and must not be taken too seriously, for it may have been based on a Greek model. For Horace's religious views, see Sellar. p. 159 ff. Metre, 68. 146 CARM1NA [if 34, 12 Parcus deorum cultor et infrequens, insanientis dum sapientiae consultus erro, nunc retrorsum vela dare atque iterare cursus cogor relictos. Namque Diespiter, igni corusco nubila dividens plerumque, per purum tonantis egit equos volucremque currum, quo bruta tellus et vaga flumina, quo Styx et invisi horrida Taenari sedes Atlanteusque finis concutitur. Valet ima summis 2 fi . insanientis . . . sapientiae : Epicurean philosophy, according to which the gods lived a life apart, undisturbed by interest in mortals. Note the oxymoron. consultus: an extended use from such phrases as iuris consultus, ' skilled in the law.' cursus . . . relictos : the old national religion, faith in which was no longer held by men of Horace's education. 5. Diespiter: the ancient name for Jupiter, according to Varro. Cf. our 'Father of light. 1 7. plerumque : with dividens. Note the emphasis given this by position, as i, 31, 14 f. revise us ae- quor Atlanticum \ impune. Intr. 23. per purum tonantis : Lucretius closes his argument that thunder and lightning come from natural causes with the words ^6, 400 f. ) denique cur numquam caelo tacit undique puro \ luppiter in terras fnlmen sonitusqtie profnndit? 9 f . bruta : inert ; contrasted with vaga. Cf. 3, 4, 45 terra iners. Taenari : the southern promontory of Laconia, to-day Cape Matapan, where a cleft in the rocks was said to be the entrance to the lower world. Cf. Verg. G. 4, 467 Tae- narias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis. 11. Atlanteus finis: equivalent to Euripides 1 reproves 'ArAavriKot (Hippol. 3), the western boundary of the world. 12. valet ima summis, etc. : di- vinity's power to humble and exalt is a commonplace of Greek poetry. E.%. Od. 1 6, 21 1 f. p-r)iBiov 8e Otolcri, TOI ovpavov tvpvv I^OVCTIV, KvSrjvai OvrfTov /SpOTov rjBf and Archil. Frg. 56 B. TOIS riOu TO. TTttVTU TToAAa/ClS p.V K 1. 34, 13] HOKAT1 mutare et insignem attenuat deus, obscura promens ; hinc apicem rapax Fortuna cum stridore acuto sustulit, hie posuisse gaudet. dv&pas opOovaiv p.(.\aivrj CTTI \6ovi, | 7roAAa*as 8' KUI /AaA' tv (3f(3r)K6- Ttt? | VTTTIOUS KAtVow'. ' Intrust all things to the gods. Ofttimes from misfortune they set upright men who lie prostrate on the gloomy ground ; ofttimes too they overthrow and cast down even those who have prospered ex- tremely. 1 Also from the Magnifi- cat, St. Luke i, 52 'He hath put down the mighty from their seats, and exalted them of low degree." 14. apicem: properly the coni- cal cap worn by the rlamines, but used here as 3, 21, 20 regum apices, equivalent to tiara, the symbol of royal power. 15 f. stridore acuto : 'the shrill whir' of Fortune's wings. Cf. Verg. A. i, 387 of the swans stridentibus alis. sustulit : gnomic perfect, has often before now. Intr. 103. 35 6poi. a.1 ye /J.tv avSpOiv \ TroAA* avw. TJL 8' au Kara), t/fevSr; /tCTO/iwvta ra/nvoiaai, KuAiVSmr* eArrt'Ses. 4 1 beseech thee, daughter of Zeus the Deliverer, Saving Fortune, guard wide-ruling Himera. For at thy beck the swift ships are piloted on the sea, and on the land fierce wars and council-giving assemblies. The hopes of men are tossed, often up, but again down, as they cut their way through the high waves of falsity.' Horace's ode forms the basis 148 CAKMINA [. 35. 6 of Gray's Ode to Adversity, while Wordsworth used Gray's poem as a model for his Ode to Duty. The expedition referred to in v. 29 f. was undertaken by Augustus in 27 B.C., when, according to Dio C. 53, 22, e^top/AT/o-e fj.lv ws KOI e's rrjv BpiTTaviav (TTpaTtvatav. s 8 89 rois FaAurtas f\0iav fVTavOa SiTp//tv. The following year he again laid plans for the invasion, but was kept back by an uprising in Spain. In this year, too, preparations were being made for the expedition of Aelius Callus against the Arabians to which vv. 30-32 refer (cf. ode 29 of this book). 26 B.C. is therefore the most probable date of the ode. Metre, 68. O diva, gratum quae regis Antium, praesens vel imo tollere de gradu mortale corpus vel superbos vertere funeribus triumphos: 5 te pauper ambit sollicita prece ruris colonus, te dominam aequoris 1. diva: Fortune, the goddess who rules at will the vicissitudes of life, is here identified with the Fortunae Antiates, whose temple at Antium was a famous shrine until late times. With this shrine was associated a popular oracle ; therefore the goddesses were called by Mart. 5, i., 3 veridtcae sorores. For representations of the god- desses on coins, see Baumeister nos. 606 and 607. gratum : probably equivalent to dilectnin, ' beloved by thee ' ; cf. i, 30, 2 dilectam Cypron. It may, however, refer to the beauty of the place, for Cicero speaking of it says (ad. Att. 4, 8 a, I ), nihil qnie- tius, nihil alsius, nikil amoenins. 2. praesens . . . tollere: with power, praesens being equivalent to patens. Intr. 108. imo tollere de gradu : these words might sug- gest to the Roman reader the story of Servius Tullius, as the following superbos . . . triumphos would surely call to his mind the case of Aemilius Paullus, the vic- tor at Pydna, whose two sons died on the day of his triumph. 3 f . mortale corpus : mans mor- tal clay. vertere : change into. Cf. Epist. 2, 3, 226-uertereseria ludo. 5 f . te . . . te : note the fre- quent and emphatic anaphorae in this ode, by which the goddess addressed is constantly made prominent. Intr. 28 c. ambit : courts. ruris colonus: the farmer and the sailor (v. 7) are types of men especially dependent on the whims of Fortune, the former for his crops, the latter for his life as well as livelihood. '49 '. 35. 7] HORATI quicumque Bithyna lacessit Carpathium pelagus carina ; te Dacus asper, te profugi Scythae 10 urbesque gentesque et Latium ferox regumque matres barbarorum et purpurei metuunt tyranni, iniurioso ne pede proruas stantem columnam, neu populus frequens 15 ad arma cessantis ad arma concitet imperiumque frangat. Te semper anteit saeva Necessitas, clavos trabalis et cuneos manu gestans aena, nee severus 20 uncus abest liquidumque plumbum. 7 f . Bithyna . . . Carpathium : specializing, as I, I. 13 trade Cy- pria Myrtoum . . . secet mare. lacessit : vexes. 9 ff. The wild Dacian and the nomad (profugi) Scythian are contrasted with civilized peoples (urbesque gentesque et Latium ferox). profugi: best explained by 3, 24, 9 f. campestres . . . Scy- thae, \ quorum plaustra vagus rite trahunt domos. ferox : fearless. Cf- 3, 3, 44 Roma ferox. ii f. regumque matres barba- rorum : as Atossa, the mother of Xerxes in Aeschylus' /'ersians; and the mother of Sisera \n Judges 5, 28. purpurei . . . tyranni : the color of the dress being the symbol of power; cf. Verg. (.!. 2. 495 'V/*f/ non Ppuli fasces, non pur pur a reguvi \flexit. 13 f. iniurioso : insolent, v(3pi columnam : symbolical of stability. Cf. Sen. Troad. 6 f. columen eversum occidit \ pollentis Asiae. 15. ad arma ... ad arma : re- peating dramatically the cry or the mob. Cf. Ovid Met. 12, 241 certatimque omnes nno ore ' arma, arma ' loqiiuntur. 17 ft. clavos. cuneos, uncus. plumbum : these devices for fasten- ing together building material the spikes, wedges for loose joints, and clamps fastened with lead are symbolical of the power of stern Necessity, who precedes Fortune, as the lictors go before the Roman consul. clavos: claviim figere was used proverbi- ally of that which was unalterably fixed by fate ; cf. Cic. I'err. 2, 53 150 CARMINA 35 30 Te Spes et albo rara Fides colit velata panno, nee comitem abnegat, utcumque mutata potentis veste domos inimica linquis ; at volgus infidum et meretrix retro periura cedit, diffugiunt cadis cum faece siccatis amici ferre iugum pariter dolosi. Serves iturum Caesarem in ultimos orbis Britannos et iuvenum recens ut hoc beneficium, quein adinodnm dicilur, trabali davo figeret. manu . . . aena : cf. the English ' iron hand. 1 severus : unyield- ing, harsh. 21 ff. The constancy of Hope and Faith, even when Fortune denies her favor, is set over against the fickleness of the com- mon crowd, the harlot, and false friends. Spes . . . Fides: both had temples at Rome; tradition said that it was King Numa who established the festival to Fides (Livy i, 21). rara: since fidelity is seldom found. albo velata panno : in offering sacrifices to Fides the priest wrapped his right hand in a white cloth. It is for this reason, according to Servius, that Vergil, A. i, 292, calls Fides can a. nee comitem abnegat : this is obscure, but the simplest interpretation is to supply se: 'even in adversity. Faith does not refuse to be man's companion/ 23 f. There were not simply Fortunae of places, cities, etc., but also Fortunae of private families. mutata . , . veste : 'changed from festal to mourning garb.' inimica : predicative. 25. volgus infidum : proverbial ; cf. I, i, 7 inobiliitm turba Quiri- tium. 26 f. With the idea expressed, cf. the Greek proverb tt x^Tpa, 77 iAia. 'Friendship lives only so long as the pot boils.' 28. pariter : modifying ferre, which itself depends on dolosi, too false to share. The metaphor ferre iugum is a common one. Cf. Val. Max. 2, i, 6 impari iugocari' tatis. 29 f. ultimos orbis Britannos : cf. 4, 14, 47 remoti . . . Britanni. Catull. II, ii ultiini Britanni. Britain was practically a terra in- cognita to the Roman until the time of Claudius ; the expeditions of Julius Caesar had had no per- manent result except to arouse a desire for Britain's conquest ft" 35. 30 HOKATI examen Eois timendum partibus oceanoque rubro. Eheu cicatricum et sceleris pudet fratrumque. Quid nos dura refugimus 35 aetas ? Quid intactum nefasti liquimus ? Vnde manum iuventus metu deorum continuit ? Quibus pepercit aris ? O utinam nova incude diffingas retunsum in 40 Massagetas Arabasque ferrum. recens : i.e. newly recruited for the expedition of Aelius Callus. timendum: part of the prayer. 32 f. Cf. Verg. A. 8, 686 vic- tor ab Anrorae populis et litore rubro. cicatricum et sceleris . . . fratrumque : note the cumulative force ' the scars of civil strife are our shame, a crime, a crime against our brothers.' Cf. similar cumulations I, 5, n ; 3, 5, 10. 34 ff. quid nos dura, etc. : re- producing the spirit of the first part of Epod. 1 6. 38 ff. utinam, etc. : undoubt- edly Horace expresses in this form his own deepest feeling, which was shared by his more earnest and wiser contemporaries. The disastrous effects of thirty years of civil war were everywhere appar- ent, and the new order introduced by Augustus was the only promise of a security that would enable the state to recover its prosperity. Deeper than all this were the hor- rors of the struggle just ended in which members of the same family had been set in armed opposition to each other. (Cf. the story of the two brothers in Livy I'er. 79.) These did not fail to move even the insensitive Romans. 39 f . retunsum : i.e. in civil strife. in Massagetas : depen- dent on diffingas, forge anew against. The UTassagetae were an Oriental people east of the Cas- pian Sea. 36 A greeting to Numida, lately returned from the wars in Spain. Nu- mida here appears as the warm friend and contemporary of Aelius Lamia ; therefore considerably younger than Horace (cf. introductory n. to i, 26). 152 CARMINA [if 36, The occasion for the ode may have been a dinner given by Lamia in honor of his friend; the date is unknown. Metre, 71. Et ture et fidibus iuvat placare et vituli sanguine debito custodes Numidae deos, qui mine Hesperia sospes ab ultima 5 cans multa sodalibus, nulli plura tamen dividit oscula quam dulci Lamiae, memor actae non alio rege puertiae mutataeque simul togae. 10 Cressa ne careat pulchra dies nota, neu promptae modus amphorae i f . ture et fidibus : the regular accompaniments of sacrifice. Cf. 4, i, 21-24 *Hi c plurima naribns \ ditces tura, lyraeque et Berecyn- thiae \ delectabere tibiae \ mixtis car minibus non sine fistula. de- bito : i.e. vowed to the gods if Nu- mida should have a safe return. Cf. 2,7, 17 obligatam redde lovidapetn. 4! Hesperia . . . ab ultima : from the Romans 1 point of view Spain was the ' farthest west land ' ; for the Greeks, Italy. 6. plura: a larger share. di- vidit : properly used of allotting to each his portion. 8. rege : captain, leader in their sports. puertiae : syncopated as 2, 2, 2 lamnae. 9. mutatae . . . togae : the toga praetexta was usually given up for the toga "uirilis at the age of sixteen or seventeen years ; the occasion was made a family festival. The phrase, therefore, is equivalent to our ' coming of age. 1 cressa : terra creta, chalk. White was the color of joy, and happy days were given a white mark. Cf. Catull. 107, 6 o liicem candidiore nota. Cf. our ' red-letter day.' We are told that another way of marking the course of one^ life was to drop each day a pebble in an urn white for the happy, black for the sad. References in literature are not infrequent ; e.g. Catull. 68, 148 quern lapide ilia dietn candidiore notet] Plin. Epist. 6, u o diem laetum notandutnque mihi candi- dissimo calcnlo. Similar customs are reported as existing among the Thracians and Scythians. ne careat, etc. : best regarded as a purpose clause dependent on the following verses, 11-16. n. neu . . . neu: the repetition of the word six times marks the 153 i. 36. HORATI neu morem in Salium sit requies pedum, neu multi Damalis meri Bassum Threicia vincat amystide, 15 neu desint epulis rosae neu vivax apium neu breve lilium. Omnes in Damalin putris deponent oculos, nee Damalis novo divelletur adultero, jo lascivis hederis ambitiosior. poet's eagerness. promptae: pro- leptic : ' open the jar and let no bounds restrain.' amphorae : dat., cf. i, 24, i. 12. morem in Salium ( = Sali- areni) : the Salii were priests of Mars who danced in triple meas- ure in worship of the god. Here the phrase means no more than ; in the dance. 1 13. multi Damalis meri : TroAuoi- vos. Cf. 3, 9, 7 multi Lydia nomi- tiis; S. i, i, 33 magni formica laboris ; Cic adfam. 9, 26 non multi cibi hospitem . Damalis : Sa/xoAis, a heifer. A common name for a libertina. In the columbarium of Livia's freedwomen were placed the ashes of a Damalis Liviae sar- cinatrix. 14. ' Bassus shall drink deep to- day, deeper than the expert Da- malis.' amystide: afivarl irivf.iv. To drink a bowl of wine at a draught was a diversion learned from the intemperate Thracians. Cf. Anacreont. 8, 2 irulv, TTLUV d/xuori. Cf. intr. n. to i, 27 above. 15 f. Flowers for garlands. vivax . . . breve : chosen for the antithesis. 1 7 f . ' Damalis shall be the object of all eyes, but none shall win her from Numida.' putris : swimming. Porphyrio says, putres vino intel- lege. nee : ' yet Damalis will not.' 19 f. adultero: lover, i.e. Nu- mida ; abl. of separation. lascivis : wandering. ambitiosior : wore clinging than. Cf. Epod. 15, 5 artitts atqite hedera procera ad- stringiturilex. Catull. 61, 34 f. ;// tenaxhedera hue et hue \ arborem implicat errans. 37 ' Now is the time to drink, to dance, to render thanks unto the gods, my friends. Good cheer had no place with us so long as the mad queen with her base following threatened harm to Rome (1-12). But the flames of her ships checked her madness, and Caesar followed her in 154 CARMINA [i, 37, 4 her flight as hawk pursues a clove (12-21). Yet she was no humble woman ; she did not shudder at the sword nor shrink at serpent's bite. She scorned to grace a Roman triumph (21-32).' The ode begins as a song of exultation on hearing the news of Cleo- patra's death, which reached Rome in September, 30 B.C. But in v. 21, after applying the opprobrious fat ale inonstruin to the queen, Horace suddenly changes to a feeling ot admiration for the heroic courage with which she faced death and cheated the Romans of half the glory of their triumph. With this ode should be compared Epod. 9, written in celebra- tion of the victory at Actium. It is noteworthy that in neither is An- tony mentioned, the poet forbearing to glory over a fellow Roman. The poem is probably modeled on Alcaeus' ode on the death of the tyrant Myrsilus ; in any case the enthusiastic verses with which Horace opens were suggested by the verses of Alcaeus preserved by Athen. 10,430 A. {frrg- 2O ) vvv xprj /xe^ucr^r/v KO.L nva TT/OOS (3tiav \ iriavyv, eir(.i8rj KarOavf. Mv/xriAos- ' Now must we drink deep and riotously carouse, for Myrsi- lus is dead.' Metre, 68. Nunc est bibcndum, nunc pede libero pulsanda tellus, nunc Saliaribus ornare pulvinar deorum tempus erat dapibus, sodales. 1. nunc: the triple repetition of bial. Cf. 2, 14, 28 mero pontificum this word strengthens the contrast potiore cents; Porphyrio remarks with antehac nefas of the following on this verse, in proverbio est Sa- strophe. libero : freed, as if the Hares cenas dicer e opiparas et copi- dangers that threatened the state osas. had fettered the very feet of its 3- ornare pulvinar deorum: in citizens. celebrating a lectisternium in 2. pulsanda : the same expres- thanksgiving to the gods, images sion, 3, 1 8, 15 f. gaudet . . . pepu- of the divinities were placed on lissefossor \ ter pede terram. Cf. i , couches (pulvinaria). before which 4, 7 t err am quatiunt. Saliaribus rich banquets were offered for a . . . dapibus : feasts such as the Salii number of days ; with this was asso- enjoy. In the later republic and ciated a dinner for the priests, under the empire the chief sacred 4- tempus erat: the imperfect colleges were very wealthy and be- expresses surprise that this has not came in certain senses select clubs ; been done already, ' Why have we the luxury of the banquets of the not . . . , for it was time.' So Aris- Salii and pontifices were prover- toph. Eccl. 877 TI -noff avSpes ov^ 155 '. 37. 5] HORATI 10 Antehac nefas depromere Caecubum cellis avitis, dum Capitolio regina dementis ruinas funus et imperio parabat contaminate cum grege turpium morbo virorum, quidlibet impotens sperare fortunaque dulci ebria. Sed minuit furorem rjKov(Tiv; wpa 8' rjv TroAui. Ovid Am. 3, I, 23 f. temptis erat thyrso pulsum graviore mover i, \ cessatum satis est, incipe mains opus. This interpretation is not inconsistent with the following antehac nefas. 5. antehac: dissyllabic. Intr. 38. This synizesis, as well as the neglect of the regular caesura in 5 and 14. probably marks this ode as one of Horace's earlier essays in Alcaic measure. Caecubum: cf. Epod. 9, I ff. qitando repostum Cae- cubum ad festas dapes . . . tecum . . . Maecenas . . . bibam. 6. dum Capitolio. etc. : there was genuine fear at Rome that Augus- tus would not be able to defend Italy against Antony and Cleopa- tra; cf. Fast. Amit. to Aug. i,C.I.L. i, p. yfi,feriae ex s(enatus) c(on- sulto), q(uod) e(o) d(ie) imp. Cae- sar divi f(iUiis) rein public(ani) tristissimo periculo liberal . 1 1 was even said that Cleopatra had vowed she would yet administer justice on the -Capitol, and that Antony had promised her the Roman empire as a marriage portion. The Capi- tolium was the symbol of Rome's lasting power. So Horace, in de- claring his fame shall be eternal, says, 3, 30, 8ff. dum Capitolium scandet . . . pontifex, . . . dicar . . . deduxisse modos, etc. 7. regina: even more hateful than rex; cf. Prop. 4, 1 1, 47 ff. quid nunc Tarquinii fractas iuvat esse secures \ nomine quern simili vita super ba notat, \ simulier patienda fuit; and the scornful emancipatus feminae, Epod. 9, 12. dementis ruinas : again the transferred ad- jective. Cf. I, 3, 40 iracunda fulmina. Intr. 99. gf. contaminato grege, etc.: the spadones rugosi of Epod. 9, 1 3 and the roue's of Cleopatra's court are meant. turpium morbo. etc.: de- filed* with lust. Catullus (57, 6) reviles Marmurra and Caesar for their dissolute lives with the words, morbosi pariter. virorum: in this connection is ironical. 10. impotens : weak enough to hope; her passion had blinded her judgment. 12. ebria: cf. Demos. /'////. 1,49 ul/juu (Kfivov p.f.9vf.iv TW fjityedtt rlav 1 S 6 (. A KM IN A vix una sospes navis ab ignibus, mentemque lymphatam Mareotico redegit in veros timores Caesar, ab Italia volantem remis adurgens, accipiter velut mollis columbas aut leporem citus venator in campis nivalis Haemoniae, daret ut catenis fatale monstrum. Quae generosius perire quaerens nee muliebriter expavit ensem nee latentis classe cita reparavit oras ; 13. vix una sospes: the fact that hardly a single ship escaped. As a matter of fact Cleopatra es- caped with sixty ships, while An- tony's fleet was burned. It may be that the first news of the battle reported the destruction of Cleopa- tra's ships as well. 14 ff. Her drunken madness was changed into genuine terror by Cae- sar's pursuit. lymphatam: vvp.- ^>6A?p-Tos, distracted. The word owes its origin to the belief that those who caught sight of water nymphs were bewitched and de- prived of their senses. Mareotico: sc. vino; the best wine produced near Alexandria. i6f. volantem: sc. earn. re- mis adurgens : an exaggeration, as Octavian did not pursue Antony and Cleopatra at once v but went in the autumn of 31 B.C. to Asia, win- tered at Samos, and only reached Egypt in the summer of 30 B.C. accipiter velut : a Homeric figure. Cf. //. 22, I39f. rjvrf. KipKos ope- Sl'toS OLfJirjCTf. fJifTO. TprjpWVU TTf\f.UlV. igf. nivalis Haemoniae :/>.Thes- saly in winter, the hunting season. monstrum quae : construction ac- cording to sense. Cf. Cic. ad fatn. 1,9, 15 ilia furia mitliebrimn re- ligionum gut, etc. 21 f. At this point Horace sud- denly changes to admiration for Cleopatra's courage, that made her prefer death to capture. genero- sius perire : to die a nobler deatli. nee muliebriter expavit : nor like a woman did she fear. Plutarch {Ant. 79) says that on the approach of Proculeius. Octavian's emissary, Cleopatra tried to stab herself. 23 f. nee latentis, etc.: there is a tradition (Dio C. 51, 6; Pint. Ant. 69) that Cleopatra thought of '57 '.37. 25 J HORATI ausa et iacentem visere regiam voltu sereno, fortis et asperas tractare serpentes, ut atrum corpore combiberet venenum, deliberata morte ferocior, saevis Liburnis scilicet invidens privata deduci superbo non humilis mulier triumpho. escaping through the Red Sea. Yet it may well be questioned whether Horace knew of such plans on the queen's part ; he simply means to say that she had no fear of death, and did not run away. reparavit: exchange ; i.e. in return for the king- dom she had lost. Cf. i , 3 1 , 1 2 vina reparata merce. 25 f . Note the emphatic posi- tion of ausa . . . fortis. iacentem: ruined, razed to the ground. trac- tare: dependent on fortis, coura- geous enough to. Intr. 108. 27 f . atrum : the ' deadly ' color. Cf. i, 28, 13 morti. . .atrae; 2, 14, 1 7 ater. . . Cocytos ; 3, 4, 17 atris vi- per is. corpore : in her body ; abl . of instrument. combiberet : the compound is intensive, ' drinking deep. 1 So Cicero (defin. 3, 9) says figuratively, quas (artes) si, dum est tener, combiberit, ad niaiora veniet paratior. 29. The more courageous when once resolved to die. 30 ff. The condensation of these verses makes translation especially difficult. Liburnis: dat. with in- videns. These were small swift ships, modeled after those of the Liburnian pirates, and proved suc- cessful against the unwieldy ships of the enemy at Actium. Cf. Epod. i. i and n. scilicet: no doubt. invidens : cf. Shakespeare, Ant. and Cleopatra, 5, 2 ' Shall they hoist me, | And show me to the shouting varletry | Of censuring Rome ?'- privata: 'no longer a queen,' con- trasted with superbo triumpho. deduci: the object of invidens. non humilis mulier: translate as parenthetical and in the predicate no humble woman she ! Cf. Te n- nyson's Dream of Fair II 'omen, ' I died a Queen. The Roman soldier found | Me lying dead, my crown about my brows, | A name for ever!' It is said that Cleopatra frequently cried ou Qpuififtevaofuii. In Octavian's triumph in August, 29 B.C., an effigy of the queen ap- peared. I S 8 C A KM IN A [i, 38 In contrast with the triumphant note of the preceding ode the book quietly closes with this little ode, in which Horace declares again his love of simplicity. ' Not orient display nor garlands rich please me, but simple myrtle crown and cup of wine beneath the arbor's shade.' Metre, 69. Persicos odi, puer, apparatus ; displicent nexae philyra coronae ; mitte sectari rosa quo locorum sera moretur. Simplici myrto nihil adlabores sedulus euro ; neque te ministrum dedecet myrtus neque me sub arta vite bibentem. i. Persicos: the adjective sug- gests Oriental luxury. Probably Horace had in mind unguents and perfumes from the east. philyra: strips of the inner bark of the lin- den were used to fasten together the flowers of elaborate chaplets. Cf. Ovid, Fasti 5, 335 ff. tempora sutilibMs cinguntur iota coronis \ et latet iniecta splendida mensa rosa. \ ebrius incinctis philyra conviva cnfiillis I saltat. 3 f. mitte : equivalent to omitte. sectari : hunting, rosa sera : the rose out of season, another symbol of luxury. 5f. myrto: dat. with adlabores, which is equivalent to laborando addas: embellish. The subjunctive is independent, parallel to euro. nihil : with adlabores. sedulus : with care, predicate to adlabores. 7. arta: thick grown. As the first three odes of the first book are given in order to Maece- nas, Octavianus, and Vergil, so this book opens with odes addressed to three friends, Pollio, Sallustius Crispus, and Dellius. The place of honor is given to C. Asinius Pollio. who was one of the most distin- guished men of his time ; born in 76 B.C. he belonged in his youth to the literary circle of Catullus, Calvus, and China. He had an honorable political and military career, attaining the consulship in 40 B.C. ; his military services, in the course of which he served under Caesar and after Caesar's murder under Antony, culminated in a successful cam- paign against the Parthini, a tribe in Dalmatia, in 39 B.C. With the booty gained he founded the first public library in Rome. From this time he gave himself up to literary and forensic pursuits, maintaining with honor a neutral position in the struggle between Octavianus and Antony. Quintilian, Seneca, and Tacitus praise his oratory (cf. 13 f.) in which he had hoped to rival Cicero; his tragedies (11-12) were celebrated in 39 B.C. by Vergil (E. 8, 10) as sola Sophocleo tua carmina digna cotlutrno. Horace refers to them in the verse (S. I, 10, 42 f.) Pollioregum \ facia canit pede ter percusso. Following pos- sibly the example of Sallust, he undertook to write a history of the civil wars, with the first triumvirate. 60 B.C., as his starting point. We do not know to what date Pollio intended to bring his work it undoubt- edly included Pharsalus, Thapsus. and probably Philippi, or whether he completed his plan, whatever it may have been ; for while the work is referred to by Tacitus and Suetonius, it is to us entirely lost. Our knowledge of his literary ability is based solely on his letters to Cicero (ad.fam. 10, 31-33) which show a stiff and archaic style; an attempt in recent years to ascribe to him the helium Africnm and a portion of the helium Ale.vandrinutn has utterly failed. Pollio first introduced the practice of reading portions of one's works to a circle of friends (recitationes}, which became a regular habit under the empire, and we 1 60 HORATI CARMINA [2, I, 6 may well believe that Horace had in this way heard portions of the work he praises, apparently the parts dealing with Pharsalus, Thapsus, and Cato's death (17-28). The date of the ode is wholly uncertain, but it is noteworthy that vv. 29-36 express the same weariness of civil strife and bloodshed that we find C. i, 2, and 14. Epod. 9 and 16. Metre, 68. Motuin ex Metello consule civicum bellique causas et vitia et modos ludumque Fortunae gravisque principum amicitias et arma 5 nondum expiatis uncta cruoribus, periculosae plenum opus aleae, i i . motum : disturbance, in- cluding all the troubles from the time of the first triumvirate. ex Metello consule : L. Afranius and Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, coss. 60 B.C. belli: modifying the three following nouns, causas : the defeat and death of Crassus at Carrhae (53 B.C.). Still, the death in 54 B.C. of Julia, Caesar's daugh- ter and Pompey's wife, had al- ready broken the last personal bond between these two mem- bers of the coalition. vitia: mis- takes. modos : phases. 3 f . ludum Fortunae : here con- ceived as the goddess who delights in the arbitrary exercise of her power ; she is so described 3, 29, 49 fF. Fortuna saevo laeta negotio et | ludum insolentem ludere per- tinax | transmutat incertos ho- nores, \ nunc mihi, mine alii benigna. The varied fortunes and tragic deaths of Caesar, Crassus, HOR. CAR. it 161 and Pompey were eminent exam- ples of Fortune's wanton sport. gravisque principum amicitias : the first triumvirate, in which the compact and subsequent quarrels between the leading citizens (prin- cipum) were of serious import to the state. Cf. Caelius, ad fain. 8. 14, 2 sic illi ainores et invidiosa coniunctio (sc. inter Caesarem et Pompeiutit) non ad occidtam re- cidit obtrectationem, sed ad helium se erupit. Also Lucan, i, 84 ff. arma : i.e. those used at Pharsalia. Thapsus, Philippi. 5. nondum expiatis : the sin of fraternal strife is still to be atoned for. Cf. i, 2, 29 ; Epod. 7, 3. 19 f. cruoribus: the plural empha- sizes the different instances. 6 if. opus : in apposition with the foregoing sentence. While Octavian was clearly victor after Actium, the struggles of the civil war were too recent to allow a 2. 1. 7] HORATI 10 tractas et incedis per ignis suppositos cineri doloso. Paulum severae musa tragoediae desit theatris ; mox ubi publicas res ordinaris, grande munus Cecropio repetes coturno, insigne maestis praesidium reis et consulenti, Pollio, curiae, cui laurus aeternos honores Delmatico peperit triumpho. frank historical treatment; old wounds would be torn open and old animosities revived. The ex- pression per ignis, etc., is prover- bial. Cf. Callim. Epig. 44, 2 -jrvp UTTO Trj aTro&iy, Propert. i, 5, 4 f . infelixi properas ultima nosse mala \ et miser ignotos vestigia ferre per ignes. Macaulay, Hist. Eiig. c. 6. ' When the historian of this troubled reign (that of James II) turns to Ireland, his task becomes peculiarly difficult and delicate. His steps to bor- row the fine image used on a similar occasion by a Roman poet are on the thin crust of ashes beneath which the lava is still glowing.' 9 if. Note how skillfully Horace introduces these complimentary allusions to Pollio's other literary attainments. - paulum : for a little: i.e. until the history shall lie finished. severae : solemn. desit: the public will miss the tragedies. theatria : with the plural, cf. I, 2, 15 f. This is not proof that Pollio\s plays were acted ; they were probably in- tended to be read. ii f. ordinaris : set in order, i e. have arranged the details of thy work. repetes : thou shalt re- sume thy glorious task (grande munus). Cecropio coturno : the high buskin (cothurnus) was worn by actors in tragedy, the low slipper (soccus) in comedy. The adjective Cecropio is appropriate, as Athens was the place where tragedy came to its highest perfection. 13 f. praesidium . . . reis : eight of the nine titles of Pollio's speeches are for the defense. This verse was probably in Ovid's mind when he wrote of Germanicus Fasti i, 22 ci-uica pro trepidis cum tulit arma reis. consulenti : in its delihf rut ions. The phrase in- signe praesidium is still applicable here, as Pollio's advice was a de- fense to the welfare of the state. 16. Cf. introductory note to this ode. 162 CAKM1NA [2, I, 20 2 5 lam nunc minaci murmure cornuum perstringis auris, iam litui strepunt, iam fulgor armorum fugacis tcrret equos equitumque voltus. Audire magnos iam videor duces non indecoro pulvere sordidos et cuncta terrarum subacta praeter atrocem animum Catonis. luno et deorum quisquis amicior Afris inulta cesserat impotens 17. iam nunc : Horace dramati- cally represents himself as actually listening to the reading of the his- tory. 1 8 f. perstringis: dinnest. fulgor armorum : cf. the Homeric \I\KOV o-TepoTTT/, and Quint. 10, 30 fulgor em qui t err eat, qua Us est ferri, quo metis sitmil vtsiisque praestringitur. fugacis : pro- leptic with terret, ' throws the horses into terrified flight. 1 - equos equitumque : cf. Tennyson's similar assonance while horse and hero fell. 1 voltus : by zeugma with terret, daunts the riders gaze, etc. To make this refer to the story that Caesar ordered his sol- diers at Pharsalus to strike at the faces of the young nobles in the opposing army is strained and un- natural. The phrase is intended simply to give us a vivid picture of the panic stricken horsemen. 21 ff. audire . . . videor: 'as you read,' continuing the vividness of iam nunc, v. 17. duces . . .. cuncta . . . subacta : both the objects of audire to hear the story of. 23 f. cuncta terrarum : cf. 4, 12, \tyamara cur arum. atrocem : stubborn ; in praise, as Sil. Ital. 13, 369 atrox virtus. Catonis: the canonized object of praise by- stoics and rhetoricians. Cf. n. to i, 12,35. 25 ff. The mention of Cato re- calls Thapsus and the long history of wars in Africa. Juno was the patron goddess of Carthage, in the Aeneid the opponent of Aeneas, and so hostile to Italy. With this strophe Horace passes to ex- pressions of regret for the civil struggles that form the subject of Pollio's history. cesserat: note the tense. ' Once the gods had been forced to withdraw from the doomed African cities, powerless (impo- tens) to help them ; now they have had their revenge. 1 The Romans had a rite (evocatio) foi 163 2, I, 27] HORATI 35 tellure victorum nepotes rettulit inferias lugurthae. Quis non Latino sanguine pinguior campus sepulcris impia proelia testatur auditumque Medis Hesperiae sonitum ruinae? Qui gurges aut quae flumina lugubris ignara belli ? Quod mare Dauniae non decoloravere caedes ? Quae caret ora cruore nostro ? calling forth from a beleaguered city of the enemy the local divini- ties, whose departure was neces- sary before the town could be captured. When the gods had gone, the city was doomed. Cf. Vergil A. 2, 351 f. (of Troy) ex- cessere oMiies, adytis arisque re- lictis. | di, guibtis itnperiitnt hoc steterat, and Tac. Hist. 5, 13, of the capture of Jerusalem by Titus. 27. victorum nepotes. etc. : the commander of the Pompeian army at Thapsus was Metellus Scipio, grandson of the Metellus Numidi- cus who commanded (109-107 B.C.) in the war against Jugurtha. The Pompeians who fell at Thap- sus, ten thousand in number, are here described as offerings at the tomb of the Numidian king. It is interesting to remember in this connection that Sallust had pub- lished \ivs>Jngurtha in recent years. 29. Latino sanguine : cf. Epod. 7, 3 f. parumne campis atqne Neptnno super \ fusnm est Latini sangninis / pinguior : falter. Cf Verg. G. I, 491 f. nee f n it hidig- nuin stiperis, bis sanguine nostro \ Einathiam et latos Haeini pin- guescere cainpos. 30. impia : as pietas denotes the proper relation between rela- tives, the adjective unholy is espe- cially applicable to the unnatural struggles of the civil war. Cf. Epod. 1 6. 9 itnpia . . . aetas. 31 f. auditumque Medis. ?tc. : the Parthians would naturally re- joice at the internal quarrels of Rome. Cf. Epod. 7, 9 f. sett tit se- cundiim vota Parthoruni sua \ urbs haec periret dexter a. He- speriae : i.e. the western world, Italy. 33 f gurges : flood, but often nothing more than the poetic equivalent of mare. Cf. Verg. G. 4, 387 in Carpathio Neptnni gttr- gite. Dauniae: Apulian, in the sense of Italian. Cf. n. to i, 22, 14. 164 CARMINA [2, 2 Sed ne relictis, musa procax, iocis Ceae retractes munera neniae; mecum Dionaeo sub antro 40 quaere modos leviore plectro. 37 ff. Horace suddenly checks 38. Ceae retractes munera ne- himself; as the poet of love he niae : assume again the functions must not allow his muse to raise a of the Cean dirge. Simonides of strain of grief. In a similar fashion Ceos (556-467 B.C.) was noted he suddenly stops his serious verses for the pathos of his elegies (Bprj- 3, 3, 69 f. non hoc iocosae conveniet voi), such as he wrote on those lyrae; \ quo, Musa, tendis? ne who fell at Thermopylae and Sal- . . . retractes : dependent on quaere, amis. etc. You must not, . . . but rather, 39 f . Dionaeo sub antro : Dione etc. Cf. 1,33, iff. procax: bold, was the mother of Venus. The here hardly to be distinguished in poet of love naturally seeks his meaning from lascivus, applicable inspiration in her grotto. leviore to the muse of love poetry. - plectro: cf. Ovid. Met. 10, 150 f. iocis : Trcu'yvia, songs of love and where Orpheus says cecini plectro wine, as e.g. the fourth ode of this graviore gigantas, \ nitnc opus est book. Cf. 3, 3, 69 iocosa lyra. leviore fyra. 'Silver shines from use, Crispus. not when hidden in the earth. Proculeius has won eternal fame by his generosity. He who curbs his eager soul is more a ruler than the lord of Africa and Europe ; ava- rice like dropsy grows by indulgence. True wisdom counts not happy even Phraates seated on the throne of Cyrus, but reckons king only him who has no lingering look for heaps of gold.' The ode is addressed to C. Sallustius Crispus, the grandnephew and adopted son of Sallust the historian, whose great wealth he inherited in 36 B.C. At first he was a partisan of Antony, but later attached him- self to Augustus and became his most trusted confidant next to Maece- nas ; like the latter he was content with equestrian rank, enjoying in reality greater power and position than senatorial dignity could have brought him. The moderation in expenditures here attributed to him is hardly consistent with the statement of Tacitus, whose full account (A tinal. 3, 30) is as follows, atqite illc, quaitiquam prompt o adcapessen- dos honor es aditu, Maecenatein aeinitlatus, sine dignitate senator ia inultos 165 2, 2, i] HORATI trinntphaliitm constilarimnqtie potentia antciit, diversits a veteniin institute per cultum et nninditias copiaque et affluent/a Ittxu propior. Suberat tamen vigor animi ingentibus negotiis par, eo acrior, quo sotn- num et inertiam magis ostentabat. His generosity is celebrated in an epigram of Crinagoras, Anth. Pal. 16, 40 yeiroi/cs ou Tpwcrai fiovvov Tv^ai Zirptirov efvai, | KpT7re, fia.O\nr\ovTOv OT/S evtKtv KpaoY^s, | oAAa Kai at TTOIVTWV Tratrai TI yap avBpi T7rtas when the praenoinen was omitted ; 10. OVK cor' ev avrpoK AevKos. w it possibly belonged to familiar ad- ev', apyvpos. color: luster. dress, but Cicero uses it in his avaris : the adjective describing speeches as well as in his letters, the greed of the miser is here 3 f . nisi . . . splendeat : the applied to the earth, that hides protasis to inimice lamnae. the silver from the light. Intr. 99. 5 f . extento aevo : with life pro- 2. terris: abl. For the senti- longed beyond the grave. Gen- ment, cf. S. i, i, 41 f. quid iwrnt, erosity secures immortality. inntensuin te argenti pom/in- et Proculeius: the brother-in-law of aitri | furtini defossa timiditm Maecenas and one of the closest deponere terra f lamnae : bid- friends of Augustus. He divided //>'. Crispe Sallusti : the inver- his property equally with his two sion of nomen and cognomen bo- brothers Caepio and Murena, who 166 CARMINA f.2, 2, 2C, 10 ilium aget penna metuente solvi fama superstes. Latius regnes avidum domando spiritum quam si Libyam remotis Gadibus iungas et uterque Poenus serviat uni. Crescit indulgens sibi dirus hydrops, nee sitim pellit, nisi causa morbi fugerit venis et aquosus albo corpore languor. Redditum Cyri solio Phraaten dissidens plebi numero beatorum eximit Virtus populumque falsis dedocet uti had lost their wealth in the civil wars. animi paterni : genitive of specification, giving the reason for his fame (notus). Intr. 93. 7 f . metuente solvi : i.e. in- dissolnbili ; ' bear on wing that will not flag.' The idea of ' fear- ing' in metuente has in this phrase faded to that of 'shrink- ing, 1 hesitating. 1 Cf. 3, u, 10 met nit tangi = intacta. super- stes : 'ever surviving' and so ' immortal.' 9. Cf. Proverbs 16, 32 ' He that ruleth his spirit is mightier than he that taketh a city.' ii f. iungas: i.e. as king and owner. uterque Poenus : expand- ing the previous phrase. Horace means the Carthaginians of Africa and of Spain. uni : sc. ttbi. 13. indulgens sibi: the means by which avarice, like dropsy, grows. hydrops: the disease is almost personified. 15 f. fugerit : be driven from ; virtually the passive of fngare. aquosus . . . languor : -weariness caused by the water. albo : pallid, from the disease. 17. redditum : probably in 27 B.C. Cf. n. to i. 26, 5. Note the emphasis, ' for all his return. 1 1 8 f. beatorum: 'the really fortunate and rich.' Note the hypermetric line. Virtus : right reasoning, i.e. the opinion of the wise and good the Stoics opposed to the estimates of the vulgar herd (dissidens plebi). 20. dedocet: teaches the people to give up the use of, etc. 167 2, 2, 21] HORATI vocibus, regnum et diadema tutum deferens uni propriamque laurum, quisquis ingentis oculo inretorto spectat acervos. 21 ft. falsis . . . vocibus: 'to went around the Persian king's call a man beatus simply because tiara. he is rich or powerful is a misuse 22. uni : to him and hint alone, of the term. Wealth and power who. propriam: as his sure POS- are the sure possession of him session, repeating the idea ex- alone who is not moved by greed.' pressed in tutum. Cf. Sen. Thy. 389 f. rex est, gut 23 f. 'Whoever can look at cupiet nihil; \ hoc regnum sibi great heaps of treasure (and pass quisque-dat. regnum . . . defe- on) without one backward glance.' rens : the method by which -virtus inretorto : a compound made drives home her lesson. dia- by Horace with the negative prefix dema : properly the blue band that in- and the participle of retorqueo. In the preceding ode Horace expanded a Stoic maxim; in this he gives us a similar treatment of a favorite Epicurean principle, 'enjoy life while you may, but never too extravagantly, for death is close at hand. Neither riches nor family can save us from the common doom.' The Dellius addressed is undoubtedly Q. Dellius, whom Messala nicknamed desitltor bellorum civilium because of his frequent changes of allegiance during the civil wars. In 31 B.C. he returned finally to Octavian's side, and later became one of his trusted courtiers. The place of the ode here was determined both by the similarity of its sub- ject with that of 2, and especially by Horace's desire to give Dellius a place next Sallust. Cf. intr. n. to 2, i. The date of composition cannot be determined, but is clearly later than the reconciliation between Dellius and Octavianus. Metre, 68. * Aequam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem, non secus in bonis i f. aequam . . . mentem, place. Cf. Archil. Frg. 66 etc.: 'a calm and even spirit is a VLKW afJLd&7jv dyaAAto | defense against every change of viKrjOiis eV OIKW KaraTrtalav oBvpto life.' The sentiment is a common- ' Rejoice not openly when victori 168 CARMINA [2, 3. 10 ab insolent! temperatam laetitia, moriture Belli, seu maestus omni tempore vixens, seu te in remote gramine per dies festos reclinatum bearis interiore nota Falerni. Quo pinus ingens albaque populus umbram hospitalem consociare amant cms, nor when defeated lie down and weep within thy house. 1 arduis : placed at the end of the verse to contrast with aequam, an even mind, . . . a steep and toil- some path. Intr. 27. non secus . . . temperatam : and no less to keep, etc. in bonis : in position as well as in thought contrasted with in arduis. Intr. 27. 3 f . insolenti : unwonted, and so extravagant. moriture : equiva- lent to cum morititrns sis. The knell that gives the reason for the previous advice. Intr. no. 5 f . seu . . . seu : following on moriture, not memento. With the sentiment of the strophe, cf. an anonymous epigram to Ana- creon Anth. Pal. 7. 33 'TroXXa TTltoV TfOvr)KO. Se fjJrj TTIVWV f&at eis 'AiS^v. 1 ' Deep hast thou drunk and art dead, Anacreon. 1 ' Yet I enjoyed it. And thou, though thou drink not at all, wilt still come to Hades.' --in remoto gramine : on some retired and grassy spot. Cf. I, 17, 17 in rc- ducta valle. per dies festos : the preposition is distributive, on every festal day. Cf. 2, 14, \$per antumnos. 8. interiore nota : -with an inner brand. The wine after fermenta- tion was drawn from the dolia into amphorae, which then were sealed with the name of the consuls of the year. Cf. 3, 21. I o nata mecum consule Manlio (sc. testa) . The sealed amphorae were stowed away in the apotheca ; and those in the farthest part of the store- room (hence interiore) naturally contained the oldest and best wine. Falerni : cf. n. to i, 27, 9. 9-12. After vv. 6-8 Horace dramatically imagines that he and his friend are already lying on the grass with cups in hand, and puts the questions naturally suggested by the surroundings, 'Why do these things exist except for our enjoyment ? ' quo : ivhy. pinus . . . populus : the tall Italian pine with its dark shade forms an artistic contrast to the white pop- lar with its trembling leaves. For the order, see Intr. 20. consoci- are: to entwine. amant: literally, 169 4.3. "1 IIORATI ramis ? Quid obliquo laborat lympha f ugax trepidare rivo ? Hue vina et unguenta et nimium brevis flores amoenae ferre in be rosae, 15 dum res et aetas et sororum fila trium patiuntur atra. Cedes coemptis saltibus et domo villaque flavus quam Tiberis lavit, cedes et exstructis in altum 2c divitiis potietur heres. not equivalent to solent. quid oblique, etc. : why does the fleeting water fret its quiver ing way along the -winding stream ? trepidare : for the infin., see Intr. 107 ; for the order, 21. 13 f. nimium brevis, etc. : ' Gather ye rosebuds while ye may ; | Old time is still a Hying ; | And this same flosver that blooms to-day, | To-morrow will be dy- ing. 1 With brevis cf. i, 36, 16 breve lilinni. The adjective em- phasizes the fleeting character of life, expressed in the following dum . . . patiuntur. 15 f. res : fortune, affairs, in general. aetas: i.e. before old age conies on us. Cf. i, 9, 17 donee virenti c unities abest tnorosa. sororum : the Fates who spin the threads of life. Cf. Lowell Villa Franca, ' Spin, spin, Clotho, spin ! Lachesis twist ! and, Atropos, sever!' atra : because the cutting of the thread brings death. Cf. n. to i. 37, 27 atrnm venenum. 17 ff. cedes . . . cedes : thou shall give up..., aye, give up. Intr. 28c. 'All thy riches cannot save thee.' saltibus : upland pastures, in the mountain valleys between the hills, valuable for grazing. Cf. Epist. 2. 2, 177 ff. quidve Calabris \ salti- bus adiecti Lucani (sc. prosunf), si inetit Orcus \ grandia cum par-vis, non exorabilis auro? domo villa- que : the city residence and country seat alike. 19 f . The dreaded specter of the heir who enters into the fruits of his predecessor's labors is common enough in Horace's moralizing. Cf. 2, 14, 25; 3, 24, 62; 4, 7, 19. So Ecclesiastes,2, 19 'And who know- eth whether he shall be a wise man or a fool ? yet shall he have rule over all my labour wherein 1 have laboured, and wherein I have shewed wisdom under the sun.' Ecclesiasticus 14, 4 ' He that gath- ereth by defrauding his own soul gathereth for others, that shall spend his goods riotously.' 170 t 'A KM IN A [2-4 Divesne prisco natus ab Inacho nil interest an pauper et infima de gente sub divo moreris, victima nil miserantis Orci. Omnes eodem cogimur, omnium versatur urna serins ocius sors exitura et nos in aeternu'm exsilium impositura cumbae. 21 f. divesne, etc.: predicate with natus and dependent on nihil in- terest ; the verb is supplied by mo- reris below. Inacho: Inachus, the mythical king pf Argos, typical of antiquity. Cf. 3, 19, i. 'An an- cient noble line is of no more avail than a poor and humble one.' 23 f . sub divo : beneath the light of day, 'under the canopy.' Cf. i, i, 25 sub love- moreris : ' this life is but an inn, no home.' Cf. Cic. C.M. 84 commorandi enim natnra devorsorium nobis, non habit andi dedit. victima, etc. : grammati- cally in apposition to the subject of moreris ; but from its position at the end of the strophe it ac- quires an effective emphasis for none the less (ho it art, etc. 25 f. omnes . . . , omnium : Intr. 28 c. cogimur: the souls of the dead are driven by Mercury like cattle. Cf. i, 24, 1 8 nigro compu- ler it Mercurius gregi. versatur urna: in ancient determinations by lot small billets of wood or pebbles (sortes), each of which had a name written on it, were cast into a jar. This was then shaken until one of the lots leaped out. serius ocius : sooner or later : in such combina- tions, asyndeton is common. 27 f. aeternum : with this hyper- metric verse, cf. 2, 2, 18. exil- ium : 'death is an exile from the joys of life ; thence no man re- turns.' cumbae: Charon's boat. Cf. Verg. A. 6, ys^ferruginea sub- vectat corpora cuinba, and Prop. 4, 1 8, 24 scandendast torvi publica cuinba senis. Horace teases one of his friends who has fallen in love with a maid- servant, and in mock-heroic style brings his victim precedents from the age of heroes. 'Achilles, Ajax, and even mighty Agamemnon have been smitten with captive hand-maidens before you. Be sure that your flame, like theirs, is the child of royal parents ; she must be noble, she is so true. What, jealous ! Bless you, I'm too old to play the part of rival. 171 2, 4, I] HORATI Who Horace's friend was is quite unknown. The name Xanthias of Phocis is an invention, like ' Cnidius Gyges ' in v. 20 of the follow- ing ode. The date of composition is fixed by v. 23 f. as about 25 B.C. Metre, 69. Ne sit ancillae tibi amor pudori, Xanthia Phoceu, prius insolentem serva Briseis niveo colore movit Achillem, 5 movit Aiacem Telamone natum forma captivae dominum Tecmessae ; arsit Atrides medio in triumpho virgine rapta, barbarae postquam cecidere turmae 10 Thessalo victore et ademptus Hector i ff. ne sit : a negative purpose clause, depending on the following illustrations. Cf. I, 33, I ff. ; 4, 9, i . We may translate, You need not be ashamed . . ., for Briseis, etc. ancillae : objective geni- tive with amor. prius: used ad- verbially, belonging to all three examples; 'you are not the first.' insolentem : for all his haughti- ness. Cf. Horace's directions for the portrayal of Achilles, Epist. 2, 3, 1 20 ff. scriptor si forte reponis Achillem, \ impiger, iraciindtis, inexorabilis, acer \ iura neget sibi H at a, nihil non arroget arm is. niveo colore: instrumental abl. with movit. So Helen's fair beauty was described by the Alexandrians, 4ff. movit . . . movit . . . arsit : 1 ntr. 28 c. Telamone natum : the Homeric forma : connect with Tecmessae. captivae dominum: the contrast is emphasized by the juxtaposi- tion. Intr. 26. Tecmessae: for the quantity, cf. Intr. 34. 8. virgine rapta : Cassandra, who was torn from the altar of Athena by Ajax Oileus ; in the division of the spoils after the capture of Troy she fell to Agamemnon's share. 9-12. The strophe fixes the time and gives the details of the triumph in the midst of which the victor was humbled by love for his captive. barbarae : i.e. Phrygiae, a term fre- quently used by the Latin poets in imitation of the Greek. cecidere . . . Thessalo victore : i.e. when Achilles returned to the battle after 1'atroclus' death, and drove the Trojans in flight before him. ademptus Hector: the lots of Hec- tor. Cf. i, 3. 29 and n. 172 ' CARM1XA [2, 4, 24 20 tradidit fessis leviora tolli Pergama Grais. Nescias an te generum beati Phyllidis flavae decorent parentes; regium certe genus et penatis maeret iniquos. Crede non illam tibi de scelesta plebe dilectam, neque sic fidelem, sic lucro aversam potuisse nasci matre pudenda. Bracchia et voltum teretisque suras integer laudo : fuge suspicari cuius octavum trepidavit aetas claudere lustrum. ii. fessis : i.e. with the ten years 1 war. leviora tolli : an easier prey. Intr. 108. Horace seems to have had in mind //. 24, 243 f. prftrtpoi yap fjuiXXov ' A^atoLffiv 817 tafcrOf. Kftvov T0VT/u>Tos fvaipffjifv. 13 f. nescias: potential, you can- not tell, it may well be that. generum : in bantering tone, you really will marry her.' beati: cf. n. to 2, 2, 18. flavae : a point of beauty. Cf. I. 5, 4. decorent: in contrast to the ne . . . sit amor pu- dori with which the ode opens. 15. regium certe genus : in the same construction as Penatis ini- quos : the nnkindnessof her Penates. ' Phyllis will prove to be of no less royal birth than Briseis, Tecmessa, and Cassandra. 1 17 ff. Another proof of noble lineage. scelesta plebe: the vol- gus infidum, on whom doubtless Xanthias looked with scorn. sic ... sic : in mocking irony, as she is. lucro aversam : likewise in mockery, for Phyllis' class was noted for its greed. 21 f. teretis, shapely. integer : heart-whole* as 3, 7, 22 (Gyges) adhuc integer. fuge suspicari : Intr. 104. 23 f . trepidavit : a favorite word with Horace. Cf. its use, 2, 3, 12. 1 1 , 4 : 4, 1 1 , 1 1 . His life has hur- ried to the verge of forty years. Horace says this almost with a sigh, ' I am too old, or faith. I would have been your rival. 1 claudere: Intr. 107. 173 2, s, i] HORATI ' Lalage is too young to bear'the yoke of love. Wait a bit, and she will follow you and outshine your former loves.' The comparison of the young Lalage to the heifer and the unripe grape, as well as the bluntness of expression, did not offend the ancient as it does the modern taste. The ode lacks the unity of the better lyrics, for the last strophe distracts our attention from the central object. There is no hint of the date of composition. Metre, 68. Nondum subacta ferre iugum valet cervice, nondum munia comparis aequare, nee tauri ruentis in venerem tolerare pondus. j Circa virentis est animus tuae campos iuvencae, nunc fluviis gravem solantis aestum, nunc in udo ludere cum vitulis salicto 10 praegestientis. Tolle cupidinem immitis uvae ; iam tibi lividos if. The figure is as old as Homer, girl ; so Sa/iuAt? and Tropris in la- ter writers. valet: the indefinite subject is to be supplied from the context, either puella, iuvenca, or Lalage. munia: continuing the figure of the first line, 'to do her part in dragging the plow. 1 5. circa ... est : is busy with; an extension of the local use, first found in Horace ; evidently in imi- tation of the Greek emu irf.pt TI. 6f . nunc . . . nunc : now . . . again. fluviis : instrumental abl. with solantis. jf. udo . . . salicto: i.e. which grows on the banks of the stream. 9 f. praegestientis : a doubly em- phatic compound, in place of the simple gestio, expressing eager de- sire. Lalage's only thought is to gambol with her mates. cupidi- nem . . . uvae: the figure of the heifer is abandoned for that of the unripe grape, made familiar by Alexandrian poetry. Ci.Antk,Pal. 5, 19, 3f. to; /LU/T* ofj.a racetnis \ ducere purpit- fugax : coquettish. reiti, nondum malura, color em. 19. pura: unclouded. varius : many-colored, with almost 21 f. si ... insereres : as Achilles active meaning. was concealed by his mother among 13! sequetur: sc. Lalage. fe- the daughters of Lycomedes, king rox aetas : not Lalage's youth, but of Scyros. that he might not go to time in general, that unrelentingly Troy. Cf. n. to i, 8. 13. mire: hurrieson. tibi dempserit, etc. : as with falleret. hospites: stran- if time took from the lover's years, gers ; with reference to Ulysses and of which too many already have Diomedes, who came in disguise to gone,toaddtothechild'sSmallsum. Lycomedes' court that they might 15 f. proterva fronte: half re- find Achilles. turning to the figure of the heifer. 24. crinibus . . . voltu : ablative Lalage : the name is reserved to of means with obscurum, which is this point to avoid conflict with equivalent to obscmratunt. '75 ' 2, 6, I] HORATI Addressed to the poet's devoted friend Septimius, probably the same whotn he commends to Tiberius, Epist. i, 9; he is also named in a letter by Augustus to Horace, of which a fragment has been preserved by Suetonius in his life of Horace (p. 297 R.). A melancholy strain runs through the ode : the poet is filled with thoughts of his old age and prays that Tivoli, or if that spot be refused, beautiful Tarentum, may be the home of his last years. There Septimius shall shed a tear over the ashes of his friend. The exact date of composition cannot be determined, but it has been conjectured with good reason that the ode was written during an illness, or when Horace was oppressed with fears of early death ; it was cer- tainly at a time when he felt his position established so that he could speak of himself as ' votes," 1 i.e. it was after the publication of the epodes. Possibly the reference in v. 2 may fix the date as between 27 and 25 B.C. See n. below. Metre, 69. Septimi, Gadis aditure mecum et Cantabrum indoctum iuga ferre nostra et barbaras Syrtis, ubi Maura semper aestuat unda : 5 Tibur Argeo positum colono sit meae sedes utinam senectae, 1. Gadis: the modern Cadiz; Augustus conducted campaigns 'to the limits of the world.' Cf. against them in person in 27-25 2, 2, n remotis Gadibus. B.C., but they were not finally aditure: who ivouldst go. Intr. subjugated until 19 B.C. Cf. 3, no. So Catullus says ironically 8, 22 Cantaber sera domitus ca- ll, i f. Furi et Aureli, comites tena, and 4, 14, 41 Cantaber non Cat ' Hi, | sivein extremos penetra- ante dotnabilis. bit Indos, etc. 3. barbaras Syrtis : so called 2. iuga ferre: dependent on alike from their situation and cruel indoctum. This figure taken from nature. Cf. I, 22, 5 per Syrtis the breaking of cattle is a poeti- . . . aestuosas and Verg. A. 4, 41 cal commonplace. The Cantabri inhospita Syrtis. were a fierce people in northwest- 5. Tibur : for Horace's affec- ern Spain who successfully re- tion for Tivoli, cf. i. 7, 1-21. sisted the Romans for many years. Argeo positum, etc. : i.e. Tiburtus. .76 CARMINA 6, 14 sit modus lasso maris et viarum militiaeque. Vnde si Parcae prohibent iniquae, dulce pellitis ovibus Galaesi flumen et regnata petam Laconi rura Phalantho. Ille terrarum mihi praeter omnis angulus ridet, ubi non Hymetto who with his brothers came from Greece and founded Tiber. Cf. n. to I, 7, 13. qolono: dat. of agent. 6ff. Cf. Mart. 4, 25, 7 voseritis nostrae requies portusque senec- tae. sit . . . sit : Intr. 29. utinam : for the position, see Intr. 31. modus : bound. Cf. Avien. orb. terr. 100 H. hie modus est orbis Gadir. lasso : sc. mihi. maris et viarum: cf. Epist. I, u, 6 odio maris atque viarum ; the phrase was adopted by Tacitus Ann. 2, 14 si taedio viarum ac maris finem cnpiant. g S. Cf. Epist. i, 7, 44 f. par- vim parva decent : mihi iam non regia Roma, \ sed vacuum Tibnr placet aut inbelle Tarentum. prohibent : sc. me. iniquae : ' re- fusing their favor.' 10. pellitis ovibus : the sheep bred in the valley of the Galaesus near Tarentum had such fine fleeces that they were protected by skin blankets, according to Varro R. R. 2, 2. The river val- ley seems to have had an especial HOR. CAR. 12 177 charm. It is praised by Archilo- chus Frg. 2 1 ou yap n KuAos ^upos ovS' ei 2t/oios poas. 'For no spot is fair or charming or lovely, as is that by Siris' streams.' ii f. regnata . . . rura Pha- lantho : tradition said that Taren- tum was founded by Phalanthus, who led hither a band of Lace- daemonian youth after the second Messenian war. Phalantho: dat. of agent. Intr. 87. 13 f. angulus : nook, corner, a snug retreat for his old age. Cf. Epist. I, 14, 23 angulus iste feret piper, of Horace's own farm, and Prop. 5, 9, 65 f. angulus hie nnindi . . . me . . . accipit. ridet : has a charm for. For the quantity, see Intr. 35. Hymetto: equiva- lent to melli Hymettio. The honey of Mt. Hymettus was famous for its white color and its sweetness. With this use of the name of the place for the local product, cf. Venafro v. 16, Aulon v. 1 8, and 2, 14. 28 mero . . . pontiji- cum potiore cents. 2, 6, I 5 ] HORATl '5 20 mella decedunt viridique certat baca Venafro ; ver ubi longum tepidasque praebet luppiteV brumas et amicus Aulon fertili Baccho minimum Falernis invidet uvis. Ille te mecum locus et beatae postulant arces, ibi tu calentem debita sparges lacrima favillam vatis amici. 15 f. decedunt : yield to. baca i.e. the olive. Venafro : Vena- frum, in Campania near Minturnae, was famed for its olives. 17 ff. Ausonius four centuries later praises his native Burdigala in the same terms ord. urb. nobil. 20, 9 f. ubi . . . ver longum bru- maeque novo cum sole tepentes. Aulon : it is disputed whether this was a mountain or a valley near Tarentum, but in all probability it was a mountain side suited for sheep grazing and the production of grapes. Cf. Martial's descrip- tion 13, 125 nobilis et lanis et felix vitibus Aulon \ det pretiosa tibi vellera, virta mihi. 19. Baccho: dative with amicus. Falernis: cf. n. to I, 27. 9. 21 ff. te mecum . . . postulant : invite, returning to the sentiment of the first strophe. - beatae : because of their mild climate and productiveness. ibi tu . . . sparges: the future is half pro- phetic and half appealing. Horace will die first, he cannot bear to lose his friend. Cf. the appeal Anth. Pal. 2, p. 855]. fj.ifj.vto KTJV (1WHS ffJitOtV KOL TTO\\aKL TV/Jiftw aTroi\o/j.vrj. ' I pray thee remem- ber me even among the living, and let fall ofttimes from thine eyelids tears on my grave as thou turnest away.' calentem . . . favillam: when the ashes of the dead were gath- ered from the pyre and placed in the funeral urn, wine and per- fume were regularly sprinkled over them, but Horace asks Septimius for the tribute of the tear due their friendship. vatis amici : effec- tively placed at the end, the last word emphasizing the relation- ship between them. Cf.. however, 4, 6. 44 vatis Mural i. where Horace reserves the mention of his name to the end for other reasons. See n. on the passage. 178 CAKM1NA A welcome home to Pompeius, Horace's old companion in arms. ' Who has restored thee to thy home. Pompeius mine, with whom I once endured the dangers of the field and shared the joys of revelry (1-8)? The hurry of Philippics rout we knew together. Yes, I ran away and saved myself thanks be to Mercury. But thee war's tide swept off upon the sea of further trouble (9-16). Come then, make sacrifice and drain full cups of wine saved up against thy coming. Away with all restraint, for thou art home again (17-28)!' We know nothing more of Pompeius than the ode tells us. Appar- ently Horace had not seen his friend from the year of Philippi (42 B.C.) to the time at which the ode was written ; this was most probably 29 K.C., when Augustus' mild policy allowed those who had taken arms against him to return to Italy in safety. Metre, 68. O saepe mecum tempus in ultimum deducte Bruto militiae duce, quis te redonavit Quiritem dis patriis Italoque caelo, 5 Pompei, meorum prime sodalium, cum quo morantem saepe diem mero fregi coronatus nitentis malobathro Syrio capillos ? i. saepe: possibly somewhat Quiritem: i.e. a citizen, with no of an exaggeration for the two loss of civic rights, years preceding Philippi. tern- 5 ff. Pompei : dissyllabic, Intr. pus in ultimum : i.e. into extremest 38. prime: in point of time, peril. So Catullus, 64, 151, and earliest. morantem . . . diem 169, uses tempus supremum, tetii- . . . fregi: cf. Tennyson /;/ Mem. pus extremum. 79 ' And break the livelong sum- 2 f . deducte . . . duce : a play mer day | With banquet in the on words similar to that in v. 7 distant woods.' coronatus : a fregi and v. 1 1 fracta. redonavit: middle participle. Intr. 84. found only here and 3, 3, 33, where malobathro Syrio : connect with the sense is different. Stronger nitentis. malobathrum is the than the common reddere. Latinized form of the Indian 179 2, 7. 9] HOKATI 10 Tecum Philippos et celerem fugam sensi, relicta non bene parmula, cum fracta virtus et minaces turpe solum tetigere mento. Sed me per hostis Mercurius celer denso paventem sustulit acre ; te rursus in bellum resorbens unda fretis tulit aestuosis. ' tamalapattram,' the leaf of the 'tamela' tree, identified with the fragrant laurel. Here of course the oil prepared from the leaf. The adjective Syrius was applied in general to all oriental goods, for which Antioch was the empo- rium. 9 f. tecum : emphatic. Cf. me 13, tei5- relicta . . . parmula: no doubt Horace ran away with the others at Philippi, but only blind pedantry could take these words literally. If Horace had been very earnest he would not have used the diminutive parmula ; he was ' reconstructed ' and recon- ciled so that he was ready to joke at his own expense after the model of Arch i loch us Frg. 6 do-Tri'St /tev 2aiwv TIS dyaAAtTot, rfv irapa. 6d.fj.vfjir)Tov KaAAiTroi/ OVK e#e'A.cjv | auros 8' ft\pooirr) | pe?a /taA.' d>s re 0eos, tKaA.ui/'e 8' ap' rfipi iroXXfj. Mercurius : the guardian of poets. Cf. 2, 1 7, 29 viri Mercuriales and n. paventem: another hit at himself as imbellis. 15 f . te : emphatic contrast with me v. 13. rursus in bellum : connect with both resorbens and tulit. The figure is that of the retreating billow that sweeps its victim out to sea. Horace says of his own entrance into war, Epist. 2, 2, 47 civilisque rudem belli tulit aestus in arma. fretis: abl., with its boiling flood. 1 80 CARMINA [2, 7. 28 Ergo obligatam redde lovi dapem, longaque fessum militia latus depone sub lauru mea, nee parce cadis tibi destinatis. Oblivioso levia Massico ciboria exple, funde capacibus unguenta de conchis. Quis udo deproperare apio coronas curatve rnyrto ? Quern Venus arbitrum dicet bibendi ? Non ego sanius bacchabor Edonis ; recepto dulce mihi furere est amico. 17. 'Enough of these reflec- tions on the past. You are safe back once more, so then (ergo) we'll turn to revelry.' Horace is unwilling to awaken in his friend bitter memories of events during his long absence from Italy. obligatam : i.e. the offering you vowed for your safe return ; a technical word for obligations in- curred by vows to the gods. 1 8 f. longa . . . militia : 44- 29 B.C. See the introductory note above. latus : self. lauru mea : the scene of the welcome is Hor- ace's own farm. 21 f . oblivioso : that brings for- getfulness. Alcaeus' olvov Xa$L- Ka&sa.. ciboria : cups made in imitation of the pods of the Egyp- tian bean. In the use of this for- eign word some imagine that there is a reference to Pompeius' ser- vice with Antony in Egypt. exple : fill to the brim. capaci- bus : 'abundance shall prevail.' 23 f . quis, etc. : hurried ques- tions that dramatically take us into the midst of the preparations. deproperare : have prepared with all speed; the compound with de- is intensive as i, 18, yrixa . . . debellata, 2, i, 35 decolor a- vere caedes. apio : the fragrant parsley was regularly used in chap- lets. Cf. Verg. E. 6, 68 floribus atque apio crinis ornatiis ainaro. 25 f. Venus : i.e. the tact us Vene- n's, the best throw at dice in which each of the four tali fell on differ- ent sides. arbitrum ... bi- bendi : i.e. to preside over the drink- ing bout. Cf. i. 4, 1 8 nee regna inni sortiere talis and the note. 27 f. Edonis : Thracians, noto- rious for their heavy drinking and riotous bouts. Cf. i, 27, if. furere : cf. 3, 19, 18 insanire iuvat. 181 2, 8, I] HORATI 8 To Barine, a heartless coquette. 'All thy false oaths go unpun ished, else I would believe thee. But with all thy perjuries thou growest still more beautiful, and the gods of love laugh in favor toward thee (1-16). The number of thy suitors grows from day to day (i 7-24). ' Horace must not be taken here too seriously. For the depth of his love poems, see Intr. 13. There is no hint of the date of composition. Metre, 69. Vila si iuris tibi peierati poena, Barine, nocuisset umquam, dente si nigro fieres vel uno turpior ungui, 5 crederem ; sed tu simul obligasti perfidum votis caput, enitescis pulchrior multo, iuvenumque prodis publica cura. Expedit matris cineres opertos 10 fallere ct toto taciturna noctis i. iuris . . . peierati: formed the punishments she has invoked after the analogy of ins inrandum ; on herself if she forswear. eni- equivalent to peiurii. tescis : i.e. thy beauty is not climin- 3 f . dente . . . ungui : both ished (cf. vv. 2-4), but becomes ablatives of degree with turpior. all the more brilliant. si fieres : generalizing, if ever. 7 f. prodis: contest forth, with nigro . . . uno : with both nouns. thy admirers about thee. cura : For the arrangement of words see technically used of the object of Intr. 21. The ancients believed one's love. Cf. Prop. 3, 25, i that perjury was punished by unica nata meo pulcherrima cura bodily blemish; and the Greeks dolori, and Verg. E. 10,22 tua cura had the same superstition which is Lycoris. Pindar/'. 10, 92 says current with us, that white spots of Hippocleas ve'euo-iV rt -jrapBi- on the nails are caused by lying. vouri /leAr/pz. 5 f. simul: cf. n. to 1.4. 17. 9- expedit: sc. te. 'So far obligasti: for this technical from perjury harming you, you ac- \vord, see n. to 2. 7. 17. votis: tually profit by it.' matris fal- dative, equivalent to devotionibus, lere, etc. : to swear falsely t>y. etc 182 CAKM1NA [2, 8, 20 signa cum caelo gelidaque divos morte carentis. Ridet hoc, inquam, Venus ipsa, rident simplices Nymphae ferus et Cupido, semper ardentis acuens sagittas cote cruenta. Adde quod pubes tibi crescit omnis, servitus crescit nova, nee priores impiae tectum dominae relinquunt, saepe minati. So Propertius swears 3, 20, 15 ossa tibi iuro per matris et ossa parentis \ (si fallo, cinis heu sit milii uterque gravisl) \ me tibi ad extremas manstirum, vita, tene- bras. opertos : i.e. sepultos. She prays her mother's shade may haunt her, if she be not true. 10 f . taciturna . . . signa : ' the silent stars ' that look down on the passionate loves of men. Cf. Epod. 15, i f. and n. gelida divos, etc. : the ad vantage by which gods excel mankind. 13. ridet . . . rident: Intr. 28 c. This gives the reason for Barine's escape. The idea that the gods laugh at lovers 1 perjuries is old as Plato, Symp. 183 B. Cf. Pseudo- Tibul. 3, 6, 49 periiiria ridet amatttiim \ Itippiter et ventos in- rita ferre inbet. Echoed by Shakespere, Romeo and Juliet 2, 2 ' At lovers' perjuries | They say Jove laughs. 1 14. simplices: easy going, Cf. Verg. ".3, 9. sedfaciles Nymphae 183 risere. ferus . . . Cupido : since he pitilessly wounds and fires men's hearts. acuens sagittas : Cupid is represented on ancient gems as sharpening his arrows on a grind- stone. cruenta: transferred from the arrows to the whetstone. Intr. 99- 17 f. adde quod, etc.: in place of the common prose accedit quod. Translate, to say nothing of the fact that. It introduces with em- phasis a new ground for the poet's distrust, -7- the number of her vic- tims grows so that she has no need to be faithful. pubes . . . omnis : repeated in the predicate servitus nova, to be a new band of devoted slaves, thereby expressing the com- pleteness of Barine's conquest. crescit : is growing up. nee pri- ores, etc. : i.e. while Barine entraps the rising generation,she still keeps her hold on the former. 19 f. impiae: for her perjuries. saepe minati: her lovers cannot carry out their threats to leave her. 2, 8, 21] IIORATI Te suis matres metuunt iuvencis, te senes parci miseraeque nuper virgines nuptae, tua ne retardet aura maritos. So Horace once made determined sons. Cf. 2, 5, 6. senes parci: vows, but still returned to his heart- who know she will squeeze their less Inachia, Epod. \ I, 19-22. Cf. money bags if once she gets Tibul. 2, 6, 13 f. iuravi quotiens the chance. miserae : proleptic, rediturutn ad litnina numquaml \ 'made wretched by their fear.' cum bene zuravt, pes tainen ipse virgines : like puellae, not infre- redit. quently used of newly married 2iff. te. . .te: Intr. 280. Three women. Cf. 3, 14, n. tua aura : classes fear Barine : mothers for the breath of thy charm. Cf. i, 5, their sons, miserly old men for their 1 1 popularis aura, and Propert. 3, money, and brides for their new 27, 1 5 si modo clamantis revocave- husbands. iuvencis: their dear rit aura puellae. Horace exhorts his friend Valgius to give' up mourning for his favor- ite Mystes. 'Winter rains and winds are not eternal, Valgius. It is not always the gloomy season. Yet you weep without ceasing (1-12). Not so did Nestor mourn for his Antilochus, nor Troilus 1 relatives for his loss. Give up your weak plaints, and rather sing the triumphs of Augustus Caesar (13-24).' The reproof at the end runs into a celebration of the Emperor's deeds, and shows the court poet. The name Augustus (v. 19) proves that the date of composition is later than 27 B.C., but it cannot be more exactly fixed. See. however, notes to vv. 20 ff. C. Valgius Rufus. consul suffectus in 12 B.C., was an elegiac poet belonging to Maecenas' circle. According to the Scholiast, Vergil al- ludes to his elegiac verses in /.". 7. 22. An epic was apparently expected from him. Pseudo-Tibul. 4, i. I79f. est tibi* qiti possit tuagnis se accin- gere rebus, \ I'algius: aeterno propior non alter Homem. We hear also of his rhetorical and medical works, but none of his writings are preserved to us. His friendship with Horace is further attested by S. i. 10, 8 1 f. Plotins et VariHs. Maecenas Vergiliusque, \ Valgius et probet haec Octavitis. Metre, 68. 184 CAKM1NA [2, 9, 10 Non semper imbres nubibus hispidos manant in agros aut mare Caspium vexant inaequales procellae usque, nee Armeniis in oris, amice Valgi, stat glacies iners mensis per omnis aut Aquilonibus querceta Gargani laborant et foliis viduantur orni : tu semper urges flebilibus modis Mysten ademptum, nee tibi Vespero i ff. For the careful arrangement of words, see Intr. 28 c. non semper, etc. : cf. 2, 1 1, 9, and Her- rick, 'Clouds will not ever poure down rain ; | A sullen day will cleere again. | First, peales of thunder we must heare, | Then lutes and harpes shall stroke the eare.' hispidos : unkempt and dank ; i.e. covered with stubble (cf. 4, 10, 5) and drenched by the winter's rains. The comparison is between such fields and Valgius' countenance. 2. mare Caspium: the stormy character of this sea is mentioned by Mela 3, 5 marc Caspium omne atrox, saevum, sine portubus, pro- cellis undique expositum. It is probable, however, that Horace's choice of this concrete example and of Armeniis in oris (cf. n. to i, i, 14) was determined by the coming reference to Augustus' successful diplomacy in the East (vv. 20-24). 3! inaequales: gusty, squally. usque: temporal, as i, 17, 4. 185 Armeniis in oris : i.e. on Mount Taurus. 5. stat : expressive of the sta- bility of the glacier. glacies iners : cf. 4, 7, 12 bruma iners. yf. Gargani: with this Horace returns to Italy for his example. Garganus is a thickly wooded mountain in Apulia, especially ex- posed to storms. Cf. Epist. 2. i, 202 Garganum mugire putes nemus aut mare Tuscum. quer- ceta . . . laborant: cf. i, q.^silvae labor antes. viduantur : are wid- owed of, the climax of his figures of desolation. The temporal idea, varied by semper usque, mensis per omnis, continues to the end of the second strophe. 9 f. tu semper : contrasted with Nature. urges: pursuest* divell- est on; used by Propertius (5. n. i ) as if the mourning distressed the dead, desine, Paulle, meum la- crimis urgere sepulcrum. i off. Vespero surgente, etc. : so 9, HORATI surgente decedunt amores nee rapidum fugiente solem. At non ter aevo functus amabilem ploravit omnis Antilochum senex annos, nee impubem parentes Troilon aut Phrygiae sorores flevere semper : desine mollium tandem querellarum, et potius nova Orpheus mourned for his lost Eu- ridice, Verg. G. 4, 466 te veniente die, te decedente canebat. Cf. Hel- vius Cinna's lines, te matutinus flentem conspexit Eons \ et flentem paulo vidit post Hesperus idem ; and Tennyson's Mariana, 'Her tears fell with the dews of even ; | Her tears fell ere the dews were dried. 1 amores : i.e. his elegies. rapidum: placed in contrast with fugiente. It is a stock epithet of the sun. Cf. Mimn. 10, 5 WKC'OS 'HeAtoio OKTIVCS, and Verg. G. i, 92 rapidive potentia solis. 13 ff. ter aevo functus: Nestor, described //. I, 250 ff. TO> 8' f)8rj 8vo fj.(v ytvtai /ipO7rtov dvdpwirwv I e6iaO\ 01 01 irpo&Qfv afJM Tpdtv 1/8* eyc'vovro | tv IIuAai rjyuOer), /Ltera 8c TptraToiaiv avaaerev. Cf. Cic. C. M. 3 1 tertiatn enim aetatem hotni- num videbat. amabilem: placed here with adversative force, in spite of all his loveliness. Cf. impubem (v. 1 5), a mere child. The two adjec- tives doubtless are chosen as apply- ing also to Mystes, whom Valgius has lost. non ploravit omnis an- nos : when, in the Odyssey, Te- lemachus and his companion visit Nestor at his home in Pylus, they find him cheerful in spite of the loss of his son Antilochus, whom Memnon slew. Troilon: Priam's young son, whom Achilles caught and slew near a spring. This was a favorite scene with vase painters of the early fifth century (Baum. p. 1901 f.). Troilus' sister Polyxena is frequently represented as wit- nessing his death. His fate was in poets the type of early death : cf. e.g. Verg. A. 1, 474 ff., where indeed Vergil is describing a wall painting, and Chaucer, T. and C. 5, 1806 'dispitously him slough the fiers Achille. 1 17. desine . . . querellarum : this construction with the genitive of separation is in imitation of Greek usage with Xr/yw, TTUVO/JML, etc. Cf. 3, 17, 1 6 opermn solntis ; 3, 27, 69 abstineto irarunt. i8f. nova tropaea : what successes are meant is uncertain. Some think of Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabri, 27-25 B.C. ; others regard 1 86 CARMINA [2, cantemus Augusti tropaea Caesaris et rigidum Niphaten Medumque flumen gentibus additum victis minores volvere vertices, intraque praescriptum Gelonos exiguis equitare campis. tropaea as a general term, defined by what follows Niphaten, Me- dum flumen . . . volvere, Gelonos . . . equitare. It is probable, however, that Horace had no definite victo- ries in mind, but wished to say, ' Come, Valgius, let us turn to epic song; our subject is ready Au- gustus' new successes (in general) and (in particular) the Niphates,' etc. 20 ff. These were victories of diplomacy rather than of arms. rigidum : ice-bound. Niphaten : according to Strabo and Dio Cas- sius, a mountain of Armenia. But Lucan 3, 245 and Sil. Ital. 1 3, 765 and I uv. 6, 409 consider it a river. Verg. G. 3, 30 celebrates the same exten- sion of the empire, addam urbes Asiae domitas pulsumque Nipha- ten. Medum flumen: the Euphra- tes. The construction changes from the simple accusative to the accusative and infinitive, ' sing the Niphates, sing that, 1 etc. Proper- tins has a similar construction, 2, 1 , 1 9 ff. 11011 ego Titanas canerem, non Ossatt Olyinpo \ inpositam, ut caeli Pelion esset iter | . . . Xerxis et imperio bina coisse vada. mi- nores : in token of its submission. Cf.Verg. A. 8, 726 Euphrates that iain mollior undis. 23. Gelonos : a nomad Scythian people on the river Don. The poets of this time, however, use tlieir name for the Scythians in general. exiguis: for they are now limited intra praescriptum. equitare : ride their raids. Cf. I, 2, 51. The reference in the last two verses is probably to an em- bassy from the Scythians which Augustus received at Tarraco in Spain. Cf. Mon. Anc. 5, 5 1 nostrum amicitiam petierunt per legatos Bastarnae Scythaeque et Sarma- taruin qui sunt citra flumen Ta- naint et ultra reges. 10 A series of sententiae on the dangers of high and low estate and the advantages of the golden mean, which should be compared with 2. 2 and >. The ode is an expansion of the Greek /XT/Scv ayav ; more weight. 187 2, io, i] HORATI however, is laid on the disadvantages of great position than on the wretchedness of extreme poverty. Licinius Murena, to whom the ode is addressed, was apparently the son of the Murena whom Cicero defended; he was adopted by M. Te- rentius Varro, and so became the brother-in-law of Proculeius (2, 2) and of Terentia, Maecenas' wife. In 23 B.C. he was consul with Augustus ; during this year he entered into a conspiracy with Fannius Caepio against the emperor, but was detected and put to death. This is clear evidence that Horace's poem was published before that date. It is said that he was inordinately ambitious, so that the advice here given acquires a special significance in view of his later fate. Metre, 69. Rectius vives, Licini, neque altum semper urgendo neque, dum procellas cautus horrescis, nimium premendo litus iniquum. 5 Auream quisquis mediocritatem diligit, tutus caret obsoleti sordibus tecti, caret invidenda sobrius aula. Saepius ventis agitatur ingens io pinus et celsae graviore casu iff. rcctius : bearing the empha- nimium et parum. tutus caret, sis ; more fitly. neque altum, etc. : etc. : is safe and free from a squalid the common allegory of the voyage tumble-down house. of life is a favorite with Horace. 7f. caret ... caret : Intr. 28 c. Cf- i, 5, 13- 34, 3 ; 3, 2, 28. 29, 62 ; invidenda . . . aula : cf. 3. i, 45 f. Epist. 2,2,202. urgendo : by press- invidendis postibus. sobrius: in ing out to, in contrast to hugging his temperance, the Greek os (sc. tabellas) ex arbore -vertit in usutti, | convincam piiras non habuisse mantis, \ praebuii ilia arbor misero suspendia collo, \ carnifici diras praebuit ilia crnces: \ ilia dedit turpes ravis btiboni- bus umbras ; \ volturis in ramis et strigis ova tulit. nefasto . . . die : technically the days on which the magistrates might not give judgment, i.e. utter the three words do, dico, addico. Cf. Ovid Fasti i, 47 f. ille tie fast its erit. per q item tria verba silentur \ fastns erit, per quein lege licebit agi. Gradu- ally extended, the word came to include all unlucky or ill-omened days. 2 ff. quicumque primum : par- enthetical, sc. te posuit from the preceding verse. produxit in, etc. : reared to be. pagi : district. 5. ilium: emphatically repeat- ing the initial ille above ; itself repeated by ille v. 8 below. Intr. 28 c. crediderim : potential. 6 f. fregisse cervicem : stran- gled. Cf. Epod. 3, 2 si quis . . . senile guttur fregerit. penetralia : the shrines of the household gods, the sacred hearthstone. Protection of one's guest was a holy obligation. nocturne : giving an added touch of horror to the description, -with blood of his guest slain by night. 196 CARM1NA O, 13. '8 10 5 sparsisse nocturne cruore hospitis; ille venena Colcha et quicquid usquam concipitur nefas tractavit, agro qui statuit meo te triste lignum, te caducum in domini caput immerentis. Quid quisque vitet, numquam homini satis cautum est in horas. Navita Bosporum Poenus perhorrescit neque ultra caeca timet aliunde fata ; miles sagittas et celerem fugam Parthi, catenas Parthtis et Italum 8 ff. Colcha : a standing epi- thet, as Medea, whose home was Colchis, was chief of sorceresses. Cf. Epod. 5, 24; 17, 35. trac- tavit : has had a finger in ; ex- tended by a slight zeugma from venena to quicquid nefas. For this meaning, cf. Epod. 3, 8. ii f. triste lignum: fatal log. Cf. 3, 4, 27 devota arbor', and Verg. E. 3, 80 triste lupus stabnlis. Nearly the same meaning appears 2. 14, 8 tristi unda, said of the Styx. te . . . te : the anaphora shows the poet's earnestness. caducum : ready to fall. domini : owner, showing that Horace's escape took place on his own farm. 13 ff. 'No one ever knows the particular danger he should avoid : with all the timid caution of sailor. soldier, or Parthian, death still comes in unexpected forms.' - homini : dat. of agent with cautum est. in horas : from hour to hour, formed after the analogy of in dies. navita . . . Poenus : of Sidon or Tyre. Cf. Soph. Frg. 823 N. Bosporum: i.e. the Thracian Bos- phorus, notorious for its storms. Cf- 3, 4, 30 insanientem . . . Bos- porum. ultra . . . aliunde : from any other source besides. timet : for the quantity, see Intr. 35- 17 ff. miles: i.e. the Italian. whose most dreaded foe was the Parthian. sagittas, etc. : cf. n. to I, 19, ii. The Parthian in his turn most fears subjection to the Romans (catenas) and the brave soldiers of Italy (Italum robur). 197 2, 13. '9] HORATI robur : sed improvisa leti vis rapuit rapietque gentis. Quam paene furvae regna Proserpinae et iudicantem vidimus Aeacum sedesque discriptas piorum et Aeoliis fidibus querentem Sappho puellis de popularibus, et te sonantem plenius aureo, Alcaee, plectro dura navis, dura fugae mala, dura belli. sed inprovisa : emphatic, still it is the unexpected, etc. 21 ff. Horace returns to reflec- tions on his own possible fate and to thoughts of the shades he would have seen in the lower world. As a poet he would desire to be- hold his great models, Sappho and Alcaeus ; exactly as Socrates, in his cheerful anticipation of Hades (Plat. Apol. 4oE-4iC), wished to meet Palamedes, Ajax son of Telamon. and all others who had been victims of unjust judgments like himself. furvae : dusky, the proper epithet for regna. here transferred to Queen Proserpina. Intr. 99. Seneca had the same thought in mind when he wrote H. F. 547 ff. qua spe praecipites actus ad inferos \ audax ire i>ias inre- meabiles \ vidisti Sicitlne regna J'roserpinae / PrSserpinae : here the first syllable is short, but ordi- narilj it is lon^. Cf. I, 28, 20. Aeacum: with Minos and Rhada- manthus. judge of the dead. 23 f . sedes discriptas : homes set apart (separatas), i.e. from the place of punishment. So Vergil A. 8, 670 has secretos pios. Note the order of progress : the throne of Proserpina, the judgment seat, and after that the Elysian fields. Aeoliis: the Aeolic dialect was the speech of Lesbos, the home of Horace's chief models, Sappho and Alcaeus, so that this adjective instantly suggested to the educated Roman these two poets. queren- tem, etc. : because the maidens of her city were so cold in love. 25 ff. Sappho : accusative - sonantem plenius : sounding a fuller strain. Alcaeus sang of war and exile, as well as love. aureo . . . plectro : instrumental abl. The adjective marks the splendor of Alcaeus' song. Cf. Quint. 10. I. 63 Alcaeus in parte open's aureo plectro nierito dona- fur. fugae : exile. For the triple anaphora dura, dura, dura, see Intr. 28 c. 198 CARMINA [2. '3 38 35 Vtrumque sacro digna silentio mirantur umbrae dicere ; sed magis pugnas et exactos tyrannos densum umeris bibit aure volgus. Quid minim, ubi illis carminibus stupens demittit atras belua centiceps auris et intorti capillis Eumenidum recreantur angues ? Quin et Prometheus et Pelopis parens dulci laborem decipitur sono, 29 ff . utrumque . . . dicere : de- pendent on mirantur, listen with wonder at. sacro . . . silentio : such as was observed during pray- ers and religious rites. The very song is divine. The phrase is re- produced by Milton P. L. 5, 555 4 Worthy of sacred silence to be heard. 1 sed magis : i.e. the com- mon crowd is stirred more by Alcaeus 1 songs of battles and civil strife than by Sappho's softer strains. exactos tyrannos: the expulsion of tyrants. Cf. 2. 4, 10. Alcaeus took part in the struggles of his native island against the tyrants. One of the fragments of his poems (No. 37) is an invec- tive against the tyrant Pittacus ; another (No. 20) a triumphant ode over Myrsilus 1 death. Cf. intro- ductory note to I, 37. 32. densum umeris : crowded shoulder to shoulder, in desire to hf-ar. bibit aure : a common phrase for eager attention. Prop. 4, 6, 8 suspenses auribiis ista bibam ; Ovid. Trist. 3, 5, 14 auri- biis ilia bibi; cf. Verg. A. 4, 359 aitribiis hausi. 33. quid minim, ubi : i.e. i what wonder that the shades listened, when even fierce Cerberus and the Furies relaxed their rage. 1 stu- pens : charmed, hilled by. demittit auris : i.e. under the spell of Alcae- us' music he gives up his fierce- ness. centiceps : possibly Horace had in mind the snakes about Cer- berus 1 head. recreantur \findrest, with this strophe cf. VergiPs ac- count, G. 4, 481-483, of the power of Orpheus' song quin ipsae stu- pnere domus atque intima Leti | Tartara caeruleosque implexae crinibus anguis \ Eumenides tenu- itque inhians tria Cerberus ora. 37. quin et : introducing a still greater marvel. Cf. i, 10, 13. Prometheus: only Horace places Prometheus' punishment in the lower world. Cf. 2, 18, 35 : Epod. 17, 67. He is probably chosen simply as typical of those who 199 2, 13, 39] HORATI nec curat Orion leones 40 aut timidos agitare lyncas. suffered the severest punishments ; Orion: Odysseus on his visit to or was Horace following Maece- the lower world found Orion still nas' Prometheus? Pelopis pa- engaged in his favorite sport, rens : Tantalus. Od. n, 572 f. TOV Sf per' 'fipiwva 38 ff . laborem decipitur : are TreAoiptov ettrevoiycra | &ijpa<; 6/u.or peguiled to forget their toil. In eiAevvra /car' ao&e\ov Act/xwi/u. sense the phrase is like laborem Milton seems to have had vv. 33-40 fallere S. 2, 2, 12. Probably de- in mind, P. L. 2, 552 ff. 'Their song cipitur is to be regarded as a was partial, but the harmony | Sus- middle. For the meaning of pended Hell and took with ravish- labor, cf. n. to Epod. 17, 64. ment | The thronging audience. 14 A lament on the fleeting character of life. 'Alas, good friend. do what we will, old age and death come on apace. No sacrifice can stay the hand of the pitiless lord of death ; rich and poor alike must come unto his realm, and all thy efforts to avoid war, the sea, or fell disease are vain. Thou must leave all behind that thou holdest now most dear. Then thy stored wine, thy heir, worthier than thou, will waste/ In the last strophe Horace in negative fashion returns to his philosophy of life, Seize the pleasure of the passing hour, and do not waste your time in gathering wealth you do not use yourself. To-morrow we all die and another wastes our savings.' The Postumus to whom the ode is addressed was an imaginary personage ; at least the name was so used by Martial 2, 23, i f. non dicant, licet usque me rogetis, \ quis sit Postumus in meo libello, and 5, 58, 7 f. eras vives? hodie iam vivere, Postume, serum est: \ ille sapit, quisquis, Postume, inxit heri. Horace's thoughts frequently turned to death ; but this and 4, 7 are his finest treatments of the theme. There is no indication of the date of composition. Metre, 68. Eheu fugaces, Postume, Postume, labuntur anni, nec pietas moram 1-4. eheu : the opening word fleeting character of life ; and the is a sigh, which indicates the repetition of the proper name gloomy nature of the entire o(U . shows the poet's earnestness. The second word emphasizes the labuntur: slip by, before we notice 200 CARM1NA [2, 14, 10 rugis et instanti senectae adferet indomitaeque morti, non si trecenis quotquot eunt dies^ amice, places inlacrimabilem Plutona tauris, qui ter amplum Geryonen Tityonque tristi compescit unda, scilicet omnibus, quicumque terrae munere vescimur, it. Cf. Ovid. Fasti 6, 771 temper a labuntur tacitisque senescinuts annis. pietas : i.e. toward the gods, expanded below in vv. 5-7. rugis . . . senectae . . . morti : note the climax. instanti : cf. Sen. Q. N. praef. 3 premit a tergo senectus. Mimner. 5, indomitae . . . morti : i.e. in- domabili) the Homeric 'Ai'Sr;; rot d/u.et'Ai^os 178' dSdpMTTOs (//. 9, 158). Cf. also Aeschylus Frg. l6l /AOVOS 6eS)v yap 0dvaTos ov Su'tpwv epu, | owS* av Ti dvwv ovB CTrtcTTrevScjv dvots, | ouS' tfcrri J3d)fju>s ov8e 7rcuuw'cTai. ' For alone among the gods death cares not for gifts : thou canst not stay him a whit by sacrifice or libation ; no altar has he nor is he praised in paean hymns.' 5 f . non si : no, not even if. trecenis . . . tauris : three heca- tombs every day. amice : for the short anacrusis, cf. 2, 9. 5. places : conative. inla- crimabilem : tearless, not moved to tears. Cf. n. to i, 3, 22. The same adjective is passive 4, 9, 26. 7 f . ter amplum : a translation of the Greek Tptcrw/xarov, which Euripides H. F. 423 applies to Geryones. Cf. Verg. A. 8, 202 tergemini . . . Geryonae. Gery- onen : the monster with three bod- ies whom Hercules slew and then drove off his cattle. For a vase painting illustrating the fight, see Baumeister, p. 662. Tityon : the son of earth, who offered violence to Leto. Cf. Verg. A. 6, 595-600. tristi: cf. n. to triste lignum 3, 13, 1 1 ; Verg. G. 4, 478 ff. quos circum limns niger et deformis arundo \ Cocyti tardaqne pains inamabilis itnda \ alligat, et noviens Styx in- terfusa coercet. 9 f . scilicet omnibus, etc. : which all of us in very truth ; dat. of agent with enaviganda. quicum- que terrae, etc. : imitated from the Homeric phrases //. 6, 142 /3poroi ot dpouprjs KapTrov cSovcrtv, and Od. 8, 222 ocrcroi vvv fiporoi dcnv etrl %0ovl criTov ISoi/res- munere : bounty. 201 14,11] HORATI enaviganda, sive reges sive inopes erimus colonL Frustra cruento Marte carebimus fractisque rauci fluctibus Hadriae, frustra per autumnos nocentem corporibus metuemus Austrum. Visendus ater flumine languido Cocytos errans et Danai genus infame damnatusque longi Sisyphus Aeolides laboris. Linquenda tellus et domus et placens uxor, neque harum quas colis arborum ii f. enaviganda : an intensive compound formed by Horace to express the idea of sailing com- pletely across to the further shore of the gloomy stream. reges : the rich in contrast to the poor farmers (coloni). Cf. our term ' merchant-princes.' See also i, 4, 14- 13 f. Notice the alliteration and assonance in this and the fol- lowing line. frustra . . . frus- tra : emphatic anaphora ; it is all in vain that ive . . . , in vain. Intr. 28c. carebimus: try to avoid. rauci : i.e. as the waves break on the shore. 15 f. per autumnos, etc. : par- ticularly the latter part of August and the month of September when the Sirocco (Austcr) blows. corporibus : with both nocentem and tnetuemits. Intr. 100. 17 f. ater . . . Cocytus : cf. Verg. G. 4, 478-80 quoted on v. 8 above, and A. 6, 132 Cocytosqtiesinu labens circumvenit atro. genus infame : because they all, save Hypermes- tra, killed their husbands on tne wedding night. Cf. 3, n, 23 ff. and notes. 19 f . damnatus . . . laboris : the genitive of the sentence in- flicted is here used after the anal- ogy of the objective genitive of the crime. longi : in the sense of aeterni. Cf. 2, 16, 30; 3, 11, 38. For an archaic vase painting illustrating the punishment of the Danaids and Sisyphus, see Baum. p. 1924. 21 f. Possibly Horace had in mind here Lucretius' beautiful verses, 3, 894 ft", iamiam non do- mus accipiet te laeta neque uxor | optima nee Juices occurrenl 202 CARMINA te praeter invisas cupressos ulla brevem dominum sequetur. Absumet heres Caecuba dignior servata centum clavibus et mero tinguet pavimentum superbo, pontificum potiore cenis. oscnla nati \ praeripere et tacita pectus dukedine tangent. Cf. also Gray's Elegy 21 ff. 'For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, | Or busy housewife ply her even- ing care ; | No children run to lisp their sire's return, | Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share.' placens : beloved. quas colis : thou now prizest. 23 f. invisas cupressos : because the cypress is the sign of mourn- ing. Cf. Epod. 5, 1 8 cupressos f u- nebris ; Whittier, ' Alas for him who never sees the stars shine through his cypress trees. 1 brevem : short-lived. ( Your very trees out- live you.' Cf. 1,4, 15 vitae sitmina, brevis spent nos vetat incohare longam, and Tennyson's ' little lives of men.' 25. heres: the dreaded heir. Cf. n. to 2, 3, 19 f. Caecuba : cf. n. to i, 20, 9. dignior: because he knows how to use wealth. 'You hoard it.' With this taunt Horace drives home his lesson of the folly of treasuring one's pos- sessions too highly. 26 f . centum : an indefinite num- ber. mero . . . superbo : the very wine is conscious of its excellence and proud that it outlives man. Cf. Petron. 34 eheul ergo diutins vivit vinum quam homuncio. tinguet: in his riotous commissa- tio. 28. pontificum : whose dinners were proverbial for their luxury and splendor. Cf. i, 37, 2 Sa- liaribus . . . dapibus and n. potiore cenis : better than that drunk at the, etc. A compendi- ous expression. Cf. n. to 2, 6, 14. 15 A protest against the increasing luxury of the time. ' Palaces and fish ponds now leave little ground for cultivation ; vineyards and or- chards have given way to shade trees and flower beds. It was very different in the good old days, when private fortunes were small and men's first care was for the state : then private houses were not great ; public buildings and temples only were of marble.' 203 2, IS, I] HOKATI Such protests are common to all times of wealth and luxury. Another example is 3, 6. Augustus tried to restrain the growth of private extrava- gance, and to restore the agricultural prosperity of Italy. Some editors have wished, therefore, to connect this ode with the date (28 B.C.) at which Octavian assumed the duties of censor, and indeed it is quite pos- sible that it was written at the emperor's request. The verses are stiff, and bear the marks of being made to order. The position here after 14, from which in some manuscripts it is not separated, is a natural one, for it continues the attack on the folly of great wealth. The ode is, however, wholly impersonal, not even the indefinite second person being used, and lacks the poetical quality of 14. Metre, 68. lam pauca aratro iugera regiae moles relinquent ; undique latius extenta visentur Lucrino stagna lacu, platanusque caelebs 5 evincet ulmos ; turn violaria et myrtus et omnis copia narium i ff. Cf. with the the general sen- to Roman epicures were raised. timent of the ode Seneca Epist. 89, 21 quousque nullus erit lacus, cut non villarum vestrarutn fastigia immineant, nullutn /lumen, cuius non ripas aedificia vestra prae- texant? . . . ubicntnqite in aliquem sinum litus curvabitur vos proti- nus fundamenta facietis, nee con- tent i solo, nisi quod manii ftceritis, mare agetis introrsus (cf. C. 2, 18; 3, 24). regiae moles : i.e. the pal- aces of the rich. Cf. n. to 2, 14, II, also 3, 29, i o, where Maecenas' city house is called molent propin- quatn nubibns arduis. 3!. visentur: will be seen with wonder. Lucrino . . . lacu : near Baiae, famous for its oysters and fish. Cf. n.to Epd. 2,49. stagna: piscinae, in which the fish dear platanus caelebs: during the last century B.C. the plane tree became a favorite for parks and gardens. Cf. 2, n, 13. The thick shade which its broad leaves cast made it unsuited as a support for the vine therefore called caelebs. Cf. n. to Epod. 2, 10. Martial, 3, 58, 3, names it vidua platanus. 5. evincet: shall drive out. violaria : violet beds; with the myr- tle a flowering shrub and other sweet-smelling flowers, typical of luxury. 6 ff. omnis copia narium : all the wealth (of flowers) that fills the nos- trils; an intentionally artificial ex- pression for odor, used here to hint at Horace's dislike for such elabo- rate flower gardens. olivetis: lo- 204 CARMINA 3, 5. 18 1C spargent olivetis odorem fertilibus domino priori ; turn spissa ramis laurea fervidos excludet ictus. Non ita Romuli praescriptum et intonsi Catonis auspiciis veterumque norma. Privatus illis census erat brevis, commune magnum ; nulla decempedis metata privatis opacam porticus excipiebat Arcton, nee fortuitum spernere caespitem leges sinebant, oppida publico cative ablative. fertilibus: predi- cate, that "were productive. With the preceding, cf. Quintilian's ques- tion, 8, 3, 8 an ego fundum cul- tiorem putem, in quo niihi quis ostenderit lilia et violas et anemo- nas, fontes surgentes, quam ubi plena messis aut graves fructu vites erunt? sterilem platanum tonsasque myrtos quam maritam nlmnm et uberes oleas praeoptave- rim ? gf. ramis: instrumental abl. The laurel was trimmed into fan- ciful shapes, and grew thick and close (spissa). laurea: sc. arbor. ictus: sc. soli's. non ita, etc.: 'it was different in the good old days. 1 Romuli: like Catonis, modi- fying auspiciis. 1 1 . praescriptum : sc. est. Ca- tonis : Cato the Censor, who died 149 B.C.. devoted his best efforts to an attempt to stem the modern Hellenizing tendencies of his time; as a sign of his conservatism he is said to be bearded, like Curius in i, 12, 41. He became typical of the stern, old-fashioned Roman. au- spiciis : the example. The auspicia could be taken only by high magis- trates, so that the sentence means 'when men like a Romulus or a Cato ruled the state.' 1 3 f . census : income. brevis : i.e. the record of their property was short. nulla, etc. : i.e. as nowadays. decempedis : survey- ors 1 rods, perticae, used in measur- ing the new-fashioned porticoes of private citizens. privatis: gram- matically connected with decempe- dis. but emphasizing the fact that these are private buildings. 16. excipiebat: caught, i.e. opened to the cool north. 17 f. fortuitum: the first chance turf that came to hand, opposed 205 2, is, 19] HORATI sumptu iubentes et deorum 20 templa novo decorare saxo. to novo saxo v. 20. caespitem: for pire. Pliny N. H. 36, 48 says that building a simple altar (cf. i, 19, Mamurra, in the time of Julius 13) or for thatching roofs. Verg. Caesar, was the first Roman to E.\,(x)congestutncaespiteculmen. use marble slabs for lining the leges: i.e. the prescriptions of walls of his house, but marble ancient ritual. oppida: i.e. the columns had been used in private public buildings. publico sumptu: houses for half a century before in contrast to the private luxury this date. On the changes in the typified in 14-16. appearance of Rome during Au- 20. novo. . .saxo: undoubtedly gustus' reign, cf. his famous state- marble is meant, which came into ment (Suet. Aug. 28) niannoreain use for private dwellings only in se relinquere (urbew), quam la- the last half-century before the em- tericiam accepisset. A collection of sententiae on Horace's favorite theme : ' a contented spirit is beyond all other possessions.' ' Peace is the prayer of all men the sailor on the stormy sea, the warlike Thracian and Mede. Peace thou canst -not buy. Neither wealth nor power will drive away men's wretched cares. He only lives well who lives on little, undistressed by fear or greed. Why should we move from land to land and put forth our weak efforts ? Care follows hard upon us. No, life is mingled sweet and bitter, and all things have their compensation. Perhaps the flitting hour gives me something thou hast not. For thee an hundred herds low, thou hast thy stud and royal pur- ple ; yet I possess my little farm, a slight inspiration for Greek verse, and the power to scorn the envious.' The Grosphus here addressed is probably the same Pompeius Gros- phus recommended by Horace, Epist. I, 12, 22-24, to his friend Iccius (cf. introduction to t, 29), when the latter was managing Agrippa's estates in Sicily. That Grosphus also had large possessions there is evident from vv. 33-37, but that he was still a man who could appreciate Horace'?, expansion of his life's text may be a fair conclusion from the character given him in the epistle mentioned above, nil nisi veriini orabit et aequum. The exact chite of composition cannot be determined, but the men- tion of Thrace and the Medes may point to a date before 27 H.C. In 206 CARMINA [?, 16, 10 July of that year M. Licinius Crassus enjoyed a triumph over the Thra- cians and Getae. In any case the verses came from the time when Horace felt his happiness secured and his position as lyric poet sure, so that he could scorn those who grudged him his position. Metre, 69. Otium divos rogat in patenti prensus Aegaeo, simul atra nubes condidit lunam neque certa fulgent sidera nautis ; otium bello furiosa Thrace, otium Medi pharetra decori, Grosphe, non gemmis neque purpura ve- nale neque auro. Non enim gazae neque consularis submovet lictor miseros tumultus i f . otium : peace, in its widest meaning escape from the dan- gers of the storm, relief from war, and freedom from the anxiety that ambition brings. patenti : the open . : prensus : caught, for the more common deprensus. simul : cf. n. to I, 4, 17. 3 f . certa : predicate, with sure and certain ligJit. The constella- tions by which the ancient sailor directed his vessel are meant by the general term, sidera. 5 f . For the emphatic anaphora, see Intr. 28c. bello furiosa, etc.: Thrace is called by Vergil A. 3, 13 Mavortia terra. 7. purpura: calling to mind the stripe on the praetexta of the Roman magistrates, or the ' royal purple ' of kings ; in either case symbolizing power, ve-nale : for close connection between the third and fourth verses, see n. to I, 2, 19. Intr. 69. 9 f . gazae . . . lictor : repeat- ing the thought of the two preced- ing verses ' neither wealth nor power can free the anxious mind.'' This is a common moral senti- ment ; the most famous expres- sion of it is by Lucretius 2, 37-52. Cf. also Tibull. 3, 3, 21 non opibits tnentes hoininutn curaeque levan- tur ; | nam Fortnna sua tempora lege regit. submovet : a techni- cal term for clearing the road be- fore a magistrate, or making a crowd 'move on.' Gf. Liv. 3, 48, 3 t. lictor, sitbmove turbam. The figure is continued in tumul- tus. 207 2, 16, ii J HORATI 20 mentis et curas laqueata circum tecta volantis. Vivitur parvo bene cui paternum splendet in mensa tenui salinum nee levis somnos timor aut cupido sordidus aufert. Quid brevi fortes iaculamur aevo niulta ? Quid terras alio calentis sole mutamus ? Patriae quis exsul se quoque f ugit ? ii. laqueata . . . tecta: pan- eled ceilings, of the rich man's house, round which cares batlike flit. 'Wealth brings anxiety with it.' Cf. Sen. H. O. 646 f. aurea ruinpunt tecta quietem \ vigilesqne trahit purpura nodes. 13 f. vivitur, etc. : sc. ab eo ; he lives -well on little, etc. bene : well and happily. paternum . . . salinum : the one piece of family plate on his modest board is the sacred saltcellar kept brightly polished. In the old days of Rome's greatness a saltcellar and a plate for offerings to the gods were all the silver that a Fabri- cius or an Aemilius possessed. Val. Max. 4, 4, 3 in C. Fabricii et Q. Aemilii Papi, principum sae- culi SHI, domibus argentum fuisse confitear oportet: uterqne enint Patellavi deorum et salinum ha- buit. The saltcellar is used by Persius 3, 24 ff. as typical of 'little and enough,' sed rure pa- ter no | esttibi far modicum, pur urn et sine labe salinum : \ quid ine- tuas ? Notice that Horace is commending not poverty, but small estate as the proper envi- ronment for happiness. It is the desirable aurea mediocritas again. 15. levis somnos : cf. n. to 2, ii, 8 faciletn soinnum, and to Epod. 2, 28. cupido : always mas- culine in Horace, in other writers generally feminine except when personified. 17!. brevi . . . aevo: the jux- taposition of brevi and the ironi- cal fortes, so brave, lends a certain concessive force to this ablative, despite our fife's brief span. multa : emphatically placed. quid . . . mutamus : sc. patria. For the construction, see Intr. 98. 20. fugit : perfect, has ever, etc. With the sentiment cf. Epist. i, ii, 27 caelum. non animum mutant, qui trans ntare currunt. 208 CARM1NA O, Scandit aeratas vitiosa navis Cura nee turmas equitum relinquit, ocior cervis et agente nimbos ocior Euro. Laetus in praesens animus quod ultra est oderit curare, et amara lento temperet risu : nihil est ab omni parte beatum. Abstulit clarum cita mors Achillem, longa Tithonum minuit senectus, et mihi forsan tibi quod negarit porriget hora. Sen. Epist. 28, 2 quaeris, quare te fuga ista non adiuvet? tecum fugis; and Emerson Self-Reli- ance, ' 1 pack my trunk . . . and at last wake up in Naples, and there beside me is the stern fact, the sad self, unrelenting, identi- cal, that I fled from. 1 21-24. An amplification of the preceding two verses ' neither ship nor horse is swift enough to escape pursuing care.' The same idea is better expressed 3, i, 37 ff. aeratas : bronze-beaked. viti- osa : carking, morbid. ocior . . . ocior: emphasizing the swiftness with which care moves. Intr. 28c. 25. ' Take with joy the present hour, do not be " careful " of to- morrow. 1 Cf. with the injunction contained in the subject laetus . . . animus, 3, 8, 27 f. donaprae- sentis cape laetus horae ac \ lin- HOR. CAR. 14 209 que severa. oderit : subjunctive, shrink from. lento : quiet, as befits a man who knows how to meet life's changes. 29 ff. Concrete illustration of the general statement in v. 27 f. clarum: glorious. Notice its position next to cita mors, 'for all his glory death came quickly. 1 30. The opposite fate of Titho- nus. Cf. n. to 1,28,8. longa: i.e. aeterna, as 2, 14, 19. 31 f . et mihi : Horace here, as frequently, drives home his state- ments by personal illustrations at the close. The following two strophes give the details of the bold comparison between himself and Grosphus. The contrast is modestly put. but the poefs pride rings in the last words, malignum spernere volgus. tibi : with nega- rit. hora : the chance hour. 2, 1 6, 33] HORATI 35 40 Te greges centum Siculaeque circum mugiunt vaccae, tibi tollit hinnitum apta quadrigis equa, te bis Afro murice tinctae vestiunt lanae : mihi parva rura et spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae Parca non mendax dedit et malignum spernere volgus. 33-36. te . . . tibi . . . te : making Grosphus' wealth promi- nent in comparison with Horace's parva rura. centum : like mille a round number. hinnitum : whinny. For the hypermetric verse, see Intr. 69. equa : cf. Verg. G. i, 59 Eliaditm palmas . . . eq itar it in. bis . . . tinc- tae : tu'ice dyed, the Greek 8i'.fiaa, a technical term. Cf. Epod, 12,21 niuricibiis Tyriis iteratae vellera lanae. Afro murice : the shell- fish from which the scarlet dye was obtained was found on the coast of Africa as well as on the southern shore of the Peloponnesus. 37 f. Note the modest parva, tenuem. For the meaning of the latter here, cf. i, 6, 9 nee conamut tenues grandia. spiritum : in- spiration. Camenae: identified completely with the Greek Mowa. Cf. i, 12, 39. 39 f . non mendax : who does not deceive, true. A stock epi- thet. Cf. C. S. 2$ -veraces ceci- nisse Parcae. Pers. 5, 48 Parca tenax vert. spernere : in the same construction as rura, spiri- tum. Horace's rise in the world aroused much envy and ill-natured comment among those of better birth but poorer talents. That he was sensitive to this is shown by his references here and elsewhere, and his pride is most natural. Cf. 2, 20, 4 invidia tttator, and n. 17 The following ode seems to have been called forth by Maecenas' gloomy forebodings that his end was near. He was a great sufferer from insomnia and fever, but shrank from death. The verses open with a rebuke, but presently become an assurance of the deepest affection : the very gods have willed that the poet shall not outlive his friend. Moreover, the hour set by the Fates is not yet come, else Maecenas had not recovered from his last illness and Faunus had not saved Horace from the falling tree. So then they both must offer to the gods the sacrifices due. CARMINA [2, 17, 10 Horace's prophecy was fulfilled, for he outlived Maecenas but a short time ; both died in 8 B.C. The date of the occasions referred to in 25 ff. is 30 B.C. Cf. i, 20, 3 ff. ; 2, 13. The ode was probably written soon after. Metre, 68. Cur me querellis exanimas tuis ? Nee dis amicum est nee mihi te prius obire, Maecenas, mearum grande decus columenque rerum. 5 A, te meae si partem animae rapit maturior vis, quid moror altera, nee carus aeque nee superstes integer? I lie dies utramque ducet ruinam. Non ego perfidum 10 dixi sacramentum : ibimus, ibimus, i f . exanimas : half kill me. Cf. Epod. 14, 5 occidis saepe rogando. amicum est : the Greek i Aoi/ eori, equivalent to placet. 3 f. obire : sc. diem supreimim. grande decus columenque : cf. i, i , 2 o et praesidiutn et dulce decus meum. The figure is old, e.g. Pindar O. 2, 89 calls Hector Tpoazs Kt'ova, but Horace invented this phrase, which in his verse is no mere formal expression. It was adopted by the later poets, Auso- nius, Prudentius, and Apollinaris Sidonius. Cf. e.g. the last's C. 23, 2 Consenti columen decusque mo- rum. mearum . . . rerum : TO. lfj.d, me and all 1 have. 5 f. partem animae : sc. al- terant, i.e. the half. Cf. the term of affection applied to Vergil i, 3. 8 animae dimidinm meae. ma- turior: too early, untimely. vis: the same as 2, 13, 19 impro-visa leti vis. altera : sc. pars, predi- cate to moror. 7 f . carus : i.e. mihi. aeque : ' as before thou wert snatched away.' superstes: modifying both carus and integer. integer : for half his life will then be gone. utramque : with possessive force, equivalent to utramque nostrum ru- inam. Cf. the full form v. 2 1 below. 9. ducet : with a reminiscence of the figure in columen, will drag down. Cf. traho in the same sense Verg. A. 2, 465 (t arris) elapsa repente ruinam cum sonitu trahit. non ego : both emphatic. Cf. n. to i, 1 8, u. The negative affects perfidum alone. 10 f. dixi sacramentum : the technical term for the soldier's 211 2, 17, HORATI 5 20 utcumque praecedes, supremum carpere iter comites parati. Me nee Chimaerae spiritus igneae nee, si resurgat, centimanus Gyas divellet umquam ; sic potenti lustitiae placitumque Parcis. Seu Libra seu me Scorpios adspicit formidulosus, pars violentior natalis horae, seu tyrannus Hesperiae Capricornus undae, oath of allegiance to his com- mander, by which he bound him- self to follow wherever he might lead. ibimus, ibimus : the repe- tition marks Horace's earnestness. Intr. 28a. utcumque: temporal, as always in Horace. Cf. i, 17, 10. 13 f. Chimaerae: cf. n. to i, 27, 23. igneae: cf. Pindar O, 13, 90 \ifjuiipav Trvp Trviotcrav. si resur- gat : i.e. from beneath the earth to confront me. Gyas : like Briareus (//. i, 401-405) a hundred-handed giant, son of Uranus and Earth. 15 f. divellet: sc. a te. lusti- tiae: the Greek Themis. placi- tumque : for the position of the conjunction, see Intr. 31. 17 S. ' It matters not what stars presided over my natal hour, our horoscopes agree in marvelous fashion.' This reference to as- trology is an indulgence to Mae- cenas 1 belief in the art. for Horace had no faith in the numeri of the Babylonians ( i . 1 1 ) . Scorpios . . . formidulosus : the adjective is apt, for under this sign warriors were born. Cf. Manil. 4, 220 f. in helium ardent is animos et Mar- tia castra \ efficit (sc. Scorpios) et mnltum gaudentem sanguine ci-vem. Libra, however, gave a more favorable destiny. Cf. Manil. 4, 548 felix aequato genitus sub Ponder e Librae'. adspicit : the present is used since astrologers taught that the constellation which presided over the child's birth affected him through life. pars violentior : the member (any one of the three constellations named) with greater power. tyrannus, etc. : the various quarters of the earth were assigned to the differ- ent signs of the zodiac ; the sys- tem of astrology current in the early empire gave Capricornus the western part of the world. Cf. Manil. 4, 791 ff. tit, Capricorne. regis, quicquid sub sole cadente I est positum, gelidamque Helicen quod tangit ah illo, \ Hispanas gentes et quot fert Gallia dives 212 CARMINA [2, 17.3 utrumque nostrum incredibili modo consentit astrum : te lovis impio tutela Saturno refulgens eripuit volucrisque fati tardavit alas, cum populus frequens laetum theatris ter crepuit sonum ; me truncus inlapsus cerebro sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum dextra levasset, Mercurialium custos virorum. Reddere victimas ai ff. utrumque, etc. : cf. n. to v. 8 above. consentit : the passage is imitated by Persius 5, 45 f. non eqnidem hoc dnbites, amborum foedere certo \ consentire dies et ab uno sidere duci. te : the con- trasted me follows v. 27. 'Thou art under the protection of supreme Jove.' Possibly in Maecenas' horoscope Jupiter was in the as- cendant. impio . . . Saturno: connect with both refulgens and eripuit. According to the as- trology of the time Saturn's influ- ence was baneful. Cf. Prop. 5, I, 84 grave Saturni sidus in ovine caput ; and our ' jovial ' and ' sat- urnine.' refulgens : flashing out against. Jupiter offsets Saturn's power to harm. 24. volucris : with alas. fati: here equivalent to mortis. Cf. .S". 2, i, 58 sen mors atris circunrvo- lat a/is. 25 f . cum . . . crepuit : the date was 30 B.C. For the occa- sion, see n. to i, 20, 4. theatris : locative abl. ter: a stock num- ber. Cf. Prop. 4. 9, 4 Camenae . . . manibus faustos ter crepuere sonos. 27 f. me truncus, etc. : cf. 2, 13. sustulerat: the indicative emphasizes the certainty of Hor- ace's fate which was suddenly averted by Faunus. Cf. 3, 16,3. 28 f. Faunus : the kindly wood- land spirit, who loved to visit Horace's farm and to care for his flocks (i, 17), is named here as protector. The Muses hold this position 3, 4, 27 ; Liber 3, 8, 7. Mercurialium, etc. : Mercury as god of speech and inventor of the lyre (3, 11. I ff.) is here made the guardian of poets. Ordinarily the phrase means the devotees of Mer- cury, the god of gain, as S. 2, 3, 24 f. hcrtos egregiasque donws mercarier units cum lucro noram : unde frequentia Mercuriale \ in- posuere mihi cognomen compita. 30. reddere : to pay, because the offering vowed is due the gods. 213 2, 17, 3O HORATI aedemque votivam memento ; nos humilem feriemus agnam. Cf. 2, 7, 17 ergo obligatam redde in their estate. So Horace says lovidapem. victimas : i.e. many (4, 2, 53 f.) to his rich friend large cattle. Julius Antonius te decem taun 32. humilem . . . agnam : in totidemque vaccae, \ me tener sol- playful reference to the difference vet vitulus. 18 'No lordly pile or fortune great is mine, but a kind poetic gift, a little farm, are all that I possess. 'Tis quite enough for me. But you, though life is insecure, still build your palaces and grudge the very sea its shore ; you drive your poor clients from their homes that you may satisfy your greed for land. Your sure home is the halls of Death ; Earth's doors open for rich and poor alike. No bribes move the grim ferryman.' This ode handles again Horace's favorite theme the vanity of riches and ambition, the wisdom of the golden mean. The same senti- ments are expressed I, 31 ; 2, 16; 3, 1,40-48. 24, i ff. As frequently elsewhere he takes his own case as an illustration of the ideal lot, in which man is content with his moderate estate, and contrasts it with that of the rich man whose greed defies the sacred laws of nature and of man. Horace has no individual in mind, but with his fondness for concrete statement gives his verses a dramatic turn by the direct form of address. His model may have been a poem of Hacchylides, l-'rg. 21 111. ou ftofav TrcipetTTi (rw/xar', oirre xpuvptoi raTTr/res, | a\Aa OvfJios ev/u.V7/s | Movcra re yA.UKta, KOI fiouaTtouriv \ eV ri8vf. The date of composition is uncertain. Metre (only here), 82. Non ebur neque aureum mea renidet in domo lacunar, 1-5. Horace has in mind the eburneum ; ivory and gold were splendid atria adorned with rare used to adorn the panels (lacit- marbles which the rich had begun nart'a) of the atrium. Cf. Lucr. to build toward the end of the Re- 2, 27 f. nee dotntis argento fiilgft public. Cf. n. to 2, 15, 20. auroque renidet nee citharae re- ebur: equivalent to the prose boant laqueata aurataqtie tecta. 214 CARMINA [2, 1 8, 14 !0 non trabes Hymettiae premunt columnas ultima recisas Africa, neque Attali ignotus heres regiam occupavi, nee Laconicas mihi trahunt honestae purpuras clientae ; at fides et ingeni benigna vena est, pauperemque dives me petit : nihil supra deos lacesso nee potentem amicum largiora flagito, satis beatus unicis Sabinis. 3 f. The architraves of this splendid atrium are made of the bluish white marble from Mt. Hy- mettus ; the columns of yellow giallo antico from Numidia. 5 f . neque Attali, etc. : the in- heritance of great fortunes by per- sons not related to the testator was already known in Horace's day. In the following century inheritance hunting became a busi- ness. The ancient commentators believed that Horace here ex- pressed his disapproval of the in- heritance by the Romans of King Attalus 1 wealthini33B.c. Whether this be true or not, it is certain that many of the conservative Ro- mans dated the introduction of luxury and the consequent degen- eracy at Rome from this time. ignotus : i.e. to the testator. The heir has no right to the fortune lie greedily seizes. occupavi: note the greed expressed in this word. 7 f . ' Nor am I so rich that I have high-born clients to spin me robes dyed with the purple. 1 Laconicas : the murex from which the purple dye was obtained was found in great abundance on the shore of the island Cythera and along the Laconian coast. 9 f. at : marking the sharp transition to what the poet does possess. benigna : kindly. - pauperemque, etc. : instead of going to the rich man's house to give him the morning greeting (salutatio), Horace is visited in his humble home by the rich who honor his poetic talent. 12. lacesso : vex with my de- mands ; with two accusatives as a verb of asking. amicum: Mae- cenas, as is shown by v. 14. 14. satis beatus : enriched enough ; beatus has here an original participial sense. Cf. Epod. i, 31 f. satis sitperque me benignitas tua \ 215 2, i8, 15] HORATI 20 2 5 Truditur dies die novaeque pergunt interire lunae : tu secanda marmora locas sub ipsum funus, et sepulcri immemor struis domes, marisque Bais obstrepentis urges submovere litora, parum locuples continente ripa. Quid quod usque proximos revellis agri terminos et ultra limites clientium salis avarus ? Pellitur paternos ditavit. unicis Sabinis : my one dear Sabinefarm. For this mean- ing of unicus, cf. 3, 14, 5 unico marito. 15 ff . ' Time hurries on, and yet you are unmindful of your ap- proaching end.' truditur : cf. Epod. 17, 25 urget diem nox et dies noclem, and also Petron. 45 quod hodie non est, eras erit: sic vita truditur. interire: Intr. 107. 17 f. tu: emphatic, still you. secanda . . . locas : a technical expression for letting out a con- tract ; the work to be done being expressed by the gerundive. mar- mora : i.e. slabs to adorn the walls. Cf. n. to 2, 15, 20. sub: almost with concessive force, though you are on the very brink of. 1 19. domos: in contrast to sepul- cri, 'you should be thinking of your tomb.' 20 ff. Bais: dat. with obstrepen- tis. The town, situated about ten miles northwest of Naples, was a favorite resort of the Romans of this time. urges submovere : strive to push out. The rich man is not content with the natural shore line, but must push out his seaside villa into the very sea. Seneca, de tran- quil. 3, 7, uses the same expression as typifying luxury, incipiemus ae- dificia alia ponere* alia subvert ere et mare summm>ere. parum: cf. n. to I, 12, 59. continente ripa : abl. abs., so long as the shore re- strains you. 23 ff. quid quod : a rhetorical tran- sition to a new point ; quid direct- ing the attention to the substantive clause that follows. Cf. Epod. I, 5 quid nos. usque: still, used to express the continuation and repe- tition of the action. revellis: a strong word to express the man's unscrupulous greed. Cf. salis v. 26. The ordinary t/iovere, exarare would be colorless here. To move 216 CARMINA [2, 1 8, 36 35 in sinu ferens decs et uxor et vir sordidosque natos. Nulla certior tamen rapacis Orel fine destinata aula divitem manet erum. Quid ultra tendis ? Aequa tellus pauperi recluditur regumque pueris, nee satelles Orci callidum Promethea revexit auro captus. Hie superbum the boundary stone without war- rant was an act of the greatest impiety. Cf. Paul. p. 368 Numa Pompilius statuit eum qui termi- num exarasset et ipsmn et boves sacros (accursed) esse ; and Deu- teronomy, 27, 17 'Cursed be he that removeth his neighbour's land- mark.' ultra limites, etc. : the sa- cred duty of patron toward client likewise has no weight with such a man. The laws of the Twelve Tables condemned the patron who should do his client wrong, PATRONVS SI CLIENTI FRAVDEM FECERIT, SACER ESTO. 26 ff. salis : cf. revellis v. 24 and I, 3, 24 transiliunt. Horace may have seen an eviction like this in his own district. pellitur: for the number, see Intr. 101. pater- nos . . . decs: the little images of his household gods are all that the evicted client now possesses. sor- didos: ragged. 29. tamen: 'in spite of all thy wealth and unrestrained greed, no palace is so sure for thee as Orcus 1 hall.' fine . . . destinata: to be taken together ; ablative with cer- tior. It is the end which Orcus fixes ; the Greek Oavaroio reXevn/j. finis is feminine only here and Epod. 17, 36. 30. rapacis Orci: the adjective is emphatic the rapacity of Orcus outdoes that of the greedy rich at last. 31 f. divitem . . . erum: in sharp contrast to the position which he will presently hold. ' Now thou art rich and lord, but in Orcus' home thy riches will not help thee.' ultra : i.e. ' strive to gain more than thou now possessest.' ae- qua : impartially, without distinc- tion. Cf. i, 4, I3f. pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauper um taber- nas | regumque turris. 34 ff . pueris : equivalent tofiliis ; for the metre, cf. Intr. 56. nee satelles Orci. etc. : an attempt by Prometheus to bribe Charon to ferry him back is referred to only here. Cf. n. to 2, 13, 37. calli- dum : predicate, for all his clever- 2, 1 8, 37] HORATI Tantalum atque Tantali genus coercet, hie levare functum pauperem laboribus vocatus atque non vocatus audi from ness; imitated from the Greek aioA.6/Ai/Tis, dyKuAo/tiT/TT/i, epithets applied to Prometheus. 37 ff. Tantali genus : Pelops, Atreus. Agamemnon, and Orestes. levare: Intr. 107. functum"... laboribus : done with life's toils. Cf. the Greek 6avovra KCU TTOI/WV 40. Crfr rtesop's fable, ' Death and the Old Man,' and Suidas s.i>. TOS 6 0eos Trape'oTui. Horace gives the phrase a somewhat different turn in applying it to the poor. Note the oxymoron in non vocatus audit. Cf. the opposite 3, 7, 21 f. scopnlis sttrdior Icari voces audit. 19 In dithyrambic strains Horace hymns the power of Bacchus. He pre- tends that he has unexpectedly discovered the god in a retired spot, and then filled with a divine frenzy bursts into song, celebrating the deeds and attributes of the divinity who has inspired him. Much of the ode was probably suggested by Euripides 1 Bacchae. It may be compared with the praise of Mercury i, 10; cf. also the beginning of 3, 25. The date of composition is uncertain. Metre, 68. Bacchum in remotis carmina rupibus vidi docentem, credite posted, Nymphasque discentis et auris capripedum Satyrorum acutas. i f . remotis . . . rupibus : i.e. far eating the eagerness with which from the busy paths of men. The lonely mountain tops are Bacchus' favorite haunt. Cf. Soph. O. T. 1105 o BaK^ao? 0eos vuiwv lir' U.K()MV optwv. carmina : hymns, dithyrambic verses in his honor. 2 ff. Cf. 1,1,31. Nymphas : who nursed the infant Bacchus. auris . . . acutas : the pricked ears ; indi- they listen, rather than calling at- tention to the shape of the satyrs' ears. capripedum : the character- istics of Pan (rpuyoTrot's. aiyiTroS^j. Tpuytxr/ctA^s) and the Panisci are here transferred to the satyrs, as by Lucretius 4, 580 f. haec loca capri- pedes satyros nymphasque tenere I fin Hi HI i fin git nt '. 218 CARMINA [2, 19, 12 Euhoe, recenti mens trepidat metu plenoque Bacchi pectore turbidum laetatur ; euhoe, parce Liber, parce gravi metuende thyrso ! Fas pervicacis est mihi Thyiadas vinique f on tern lactis et uberes cantare rivos atque truncis lapsa cavis iterare mella ; 5 f. The sight of the god has filled the poet with mingled fear and joy and raised him to ecstasy, n which he joins in the Bacchanal cry euhoe, euhoe (euoi). Cf. 2, 1 1, 17. trepidat: the sight of a divin- ity was always fearful to mortals. Cf. //. 20, 131 ^aAeTroi 8e Ocoi fyawiaOai ei/apyets- pleno . . . pec- tore : the god possesses him fully. Cf. 3, 25, i quo we, fiacche, rapis tui plenum? luv. 7, 62 satur est cum dicit Horatius enoe. turbi- dum: accusative expressing the manner of his joy; cf. 2, 12, 14 liicidum fulgentis oculos. 7 f. parce . . . parce : in eager ap- peals to the god to spare him the maddening touch of the thyrsus. gravi metuende thyrso: cf. I, 12, 23 metuende cert a Phoebe sagitta. g. fas . . . est, etc. : without fur- ther warning the ecstatic poet be- gins his song, for the vision has given him certain inspiration. pervicacis : the never tiring* persis- tent. Cf. Epod. 17, 14 where the adjective is applied to Achilles. Thyiadas : properly the women who celebrated the opyio. in honor of the god ; from 6vI/TU<;. 'To honor most of all the sacred interpreters of the Mu- ses'; likewise Ovid. Am. 3, 8, 23 tile ego Musarum pur us Phoebique sacerdos. Horace claims that his sacred office gives him a right to speak with authority. virginibus puerisque: i.e. the rising genera- tion, on whom the state's whole hope depends. 5f. regum timendorum: modi- fying imperium of the next verse ' Kings rule their peoples, but are themselves the subjects of Jove.' The expression seems almost pro- verbial. Cf. Philemon Frg. 31,4. SouAoi /3apv(Ti veuae KpoviW | d/M/3p6, or by book 22 where Hec- tor is killed and dragged away before the eyes of his parents and wife. Cf. also //. 3, 154 ff., and Verg. A. 11, 475 ff. ilium : em- phatic such a Roman. tyranni : the lord of the besieged town. adulta : i.e. tittbilis, l of a mar- riageable age.' 231 3. 2. 9] HORATI 10 suspiret, eheu, ne rudis agminum sponsus lacessat regius asperum tactu leonem, quern cruenta per medias rapit ira caedes. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori : mors et fugacem persequitur virum nee parcit imbellis iuventae poplitibus timidoque tergo. 9 ff. suspiret. etc. : the verb belongs grammatically with both matrona and virgo, but its posi- tion makes it felt only with the latter. eheu : the sigh which the maiden utters, skillfully placed between the verb and the follow- ing clause, ne . . . lacessat, which expresses the fear that calls forth the sigh. ne, etc.: for fear that. agminum : armed lines ; obj. gen. with rudis, equivalent to rudis belli. sponsus . . . regius : some allied prince to whom the maiden is betrothed, as Cassan- dra was to Coroebus (Verg. A. 2, 342 ff. ) . lacessat : vex, attack recklessly. Cf. I, 35, 7 quicuinque . . . lacessit Carpathiuin pelagus. asperum tactu leonem : the com- parison of a warrior to a lion is Homeric. //. 5, 136 ff. : 20. 164 ff. cruenta : ' transferred ' to ira from leonem. Intr. 99. 13. dulce, etc. : emphasizing the preceding wish. ' Death may come, but how can the young Ro- man die better than for his coun- try ? ' The expression is almost a commonplace. Cf. Tyrtaeus Frg. 10 Ttdva.fj.tvat yap xoXov i/t irpofjua.'xpt.ai ireowTa | dvSp ayaOov TTf.pl ij iraTpiBi fMipvafitvov. II. 15, 496 f. OU Ot alKS d/AVVO/AVU 7Tpi TTClTpT/S | TtOvdfUtV. Troad. 386 f. Tpuit? fltV. TO KaAAiOTOV KAeOS, | VTTfp TraYpus ZOvrpTKOv, and Cic. Phil. 1 4, 3 1 o fortitnata mors, quae na- turae debita pro patria est potissi- ninm reddita. 14 ff. ' Better die gloriously, for death overtakes the coward as well as the brave man.' mors: em- phatically continuing the idea of mori. Intr. 28 b. et: as well. The verse is probably a reminis- cence of Simonid. Frg. 65 6 8' av ddvaros Ki^f. KOI TOV vy6pa.^ov. Cf. also Curt. 4, 14 effitgit mortem quisquis contempserit, timidissi- ium quemqtie consequitur. fu- gacem : not simply one who runs away, but also one who avoids bat- tle. 'Death finds him as well. 1 Cf. Callinus Frg. i. 14 ft. vroAAaKi 81710- TT/Va Vyt>)V KUt OOVTTOV OLKOVTiDV \ ^' O " K 4 J /Aotpa KL^IV Oavti- 'Often a man escapes safe from the strife of battle and din of 232 CARMINA [3. 2, 25 20 Virtus repulsae nescia sordidae intaminatis fulget honoribus, nee sumit aut ponit securis arbitrio popularis aurae ; virtus recludens immeritis mori caelum negata temptat iter via, coetusque volgaris et udam spernit humum fugiente penna. Est et fideli tuta silentio (striking) spears yet in his house death's doom finds him.' imbellis iuventae : ' such as we see about us to-day ' is implied. poplitibus, etc. : the final dis- grace of the coward he is killed by a wound in the back. 17 ff. Horace here develops the Stoic paradox that the virtuous man, the man truly sapiens, is the only one who is really rich, free, and kingly. Cf. 2, 2, 9, and Epist. I, I, 1 06 f. ad sum mam, sapiens uno minor est love, dives, \ liber, honoratns, pulcher, rex deniqiie regum. virtus : true manhood, T] dpcTT/. repulsae: technical for defeat in an election ; connect with nescia. intaminatis : predi- cate still unsullied. 19 f . ponit : lays aside. se- curis : symbolical of power. aurae : a common metaphor, mark- ing here the fickleness of the peo- ple. Cf. I, 5, 5 ; 2, 8,24 and nn. Also Livy 22, 26 aura favoris Popularis. ^ 21 ff. 'True manhood secures immortality;' Cf. the epigram on those who fell at Thermopylae Anlh. Pal. 7, 251 ouSe reBvaai. Savovres, eTret 9 yap fwtwr/ifas TrXoiov eixrtfirjs avrjp \ vavTuucri @fpfioi<; lv -jravovpyui nvl | o\ta\tv avftpwv vv Qtonrrvana yivti. 'For the pious man who has embarked with sailors hot in some rascality, has often perished with the god-detested lot.' Eurip. Siippl. 226 ff. Kotva; yap 6 $eos ras rv^as rfyovp.cvo<; \ Tols rov vo- crovvros irrjfUKTLV SiwAecrt | TOV ov votrouvTa Kov&fv rfBiKrjKOTu. neg- lectus : disregarded. integrum : cf. i, 22, i integer vitae. 31 f . raro : emphatically stat- ing the opposite of saepe above, ' seldom does the wicked man es- cape/ deseruit : given up the pursuit of. pede claudo : con- cessive. The thought is a com- monplace in all literature. Cf. Eurip. Frg. 979 ^ AiVoy . . . /3puSei TTO&i (TTtixovaa. /wpi// TOUS KOLKOVS. OTUV Tvxg- Tibul. i, 9, 4 sera tainen tacitis Poena venit pedibus ; and Herbert, 'God's mill grinds slow, but sure.' 234 CARMINA [3, 3, 2 The theme of the third ode is similar to that of the second : the praise of two great virtues, iustitia and constantia, justice and stead- fastness of purpose. The ode opens with the famous picture of the upright and constant man who is unmoved by the fury of the populace or by the raging elements ; the fall of heaven itself would not shake him (i-8). Such were the qualities which secured immortality for Pollux, Hercules, Augustus, and Quirinus (9-16). Then with the men- tion of Romulus Horace seems to turn from the theme with which he began, and reports to us the speech of Juno before the council of the gods, in which she gives up in part her hatred toward the Trojans and their descendants, and prophesies for Rome an empire coterminous with the world, so long as her people shall keep themselves from avarice and not try to rebuild Ilium (17-68). Then he suddenly checks him- self with a mock reproach to his lyre and muse for venturing on such mighty themes (69-72). The introduction of Juno's long speech was apparently due to a desire to avoid the monotony of a long moral discourse ; it further allowed Horace to drive home the lesson he wished to teach by making it part of Juno's prophecy. The protest against any attempt to rebuild Ilium has puzzled commentators. Some take it to refer to a design to move the capital to Ilium which rumor had attributed to Julius Caesar. Cf. Suet. Div. fill. 79 quin etiam varia fama percrebuit, migraturum Alexandream vel Ilium, translates siinul opibiis imperil. Others regard it as an allegorical condemnation of Asiatic vice and luxury, which Rome must avoid if she is to maintain her empire. Both views are improbable. Horace wished to represent Juno's fateful wrath toward Ilium as but partially appeased : she will allow the descendants of the Trojans to rule, but only in exile. The name Augustus (v. 11) shows that the date of composition is after 27 B.C.J Metre, 68. lustum et tenacem propositi virum non civium ardor prava iubentium, i ff. Cf. Herrick's imitation. But what he doth at first entend, | ' No wrath of Men or rage of Seas That he holds firmly to the end.' | Can shake a just man's purposes: | Psalms 46, 2 -Therefore will we No threats of Tyrants, or the Grim not fear, though the earth do | Visage of them can alter him ; | change, and though the moun- 235 3. 3. 3] HORATI 10 non voltus instantis tyranni mente quatit solida, neque Auster, dux inquieti turbidus Hadriae, nee fulminantis magna manus lovis : si fractus inlabatur orbis, impavidum ferient ruinae. Hac arte Pollux et vagus Hercules enisus arcis attigit igneas, tains be moved in the heart of the seas ' ; and Tennyson's Will. The first two strophes were re- peated by the great Cornelius de Witte while on the rack. civium ardor, instantis ty- ranni : ' neither the fury of the populace nor the insistant tyrant's look can shake him. 1 So Soc- rates was quite unmoved by the demands of the people, when pre- siding at the trial of the generals who had commanded at Arginu- sae. Plat. Apol. 32 B. Xen. Mem. 4, 4. 2. Cf. also Juvenal's exhortation 8, 81 ff. Phalaris licet imperet nt sis \ falsus et admoto dictet periiiria tanro. \ sninmiiin crede nefas, animatn praeferre pndori \ et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas. mente : loca- tive abl. solida: suggesting the simile which Seneca developed de Consol. Sap. 3 quemadmodum prfliecti in altitm scopnli mare frangi4nt, . . . ita sapient is ani- mus solidtts est. 5 ff. dux . . . Hadriae : cf. i , 3, 15; 2, 17, 19. inquieti: rest- less. nee fulminantis, etc.: cf. 1, 1 6, II f. orbis : (the vault of) the sky. impavidum : still undis- mayed. 9 ff. Pollux, Hercules, Bacchus, and Quirinus are types of mortals who by their virtues attained im- mortality. Cf. 4, 5, 35 f. Graecia Castoris \ et magni memor Her- culis. Tacitus says (Ann. 4, 38) that when Tiberius refused divine honors the people murmured : fiptimos qiiippe mortalium altis- sima cupere ; sic Herculem et Li- berum apud Graecos, Quirinum apud nos deitm nnmero additos : . . . melius Angnstitm qiii spera- verit. hac arte : i.e. by means of the institia and constantia which form the theme of the ode. vagus : a favorite epithet of Hercules. Cf. Verg. A. 6, 801 ff. where Augustus 1 travels in the East are compared to the wander- ings of Hercules and Bacchus, nee vero Alcides tantuin telluris obivit, etc. enisus : striving upward. arcis igneas : cj". Ovid. Am. 3, 236 10, 21 stderea arx. CARMINA [3- 3. 20 quos inter Augustus recumbens purpureo bibet ore nectar ; hac te merentem, Bacche pater, tuae vexere tigres indocili iugum collo trahentes ; hac Quirinus Martis equis Acheronta fugit, gratum elocuta consiliantibiis lunone divis : ' Ilion, Ilion fatalis incestusque iudex et m'ulier peregrina vertit ii f. This prophecy marks the court poet. Cf. I, 2,41-52 ; Verg. G. i, 24-42. recumbens: at the banquet. purpureo : ruddy, with the bloom of a divine youth. So Vergil says of Venus, A. 2, 593 roseoque haec insuper addidit ore. 13 ff. hac : sc. arte ; connect with merentem, winning (heaven). Cf. Ovid. Trist. 5, 3, 19 (also of Bacchus) ipse quoque aetherias merit is invectus es arces. vexere : i.e.adcaelum. tigres : the tamed tigers symbolize the god's civiliz- ing power. Quirinus : for the story of Romulus 1 apotheosis, cf. Livy I, 16; Ovid. Fast. 2, 481 ff. Note the contrast between enisus (v. 10), indicating the efforts of Pollux and Hercules, and vexere (v. 14), Martis equis fugit (v. 16), applied to Bacchus and the Roman Quirinus. 17 ff. Horace now represents the gods as debating whether Romulus shall Be admitted to heaven and become one of them. Juno's speech affords him an op- portunity to show the destiny of the Roman State if it be just, steadfast, and without greed. gratum : modifying elocuta. The gods were pleased that she abated her hatred toward Ilium. elocuta lunone : abl, abs., fixing the time. Ilion, Ilion : the repe- tition marks the speaker's emo- tion. Cf. Eurip. Orest. 1381 ff. lAioi/, lA.ioi', tofjioi /J.OL . . . oi? cr' oA.d/u.evov a~rfvw. Intr. 28 a. 19 f. fatalis : fateful. Cf. the epithets Aixnrapis, Aivorrupis. incestus : base, foul, because his decision in awarding the prize for beauty was determined by a bribe. Cf. 3, 2, 30 incesto. peregrina : the Greek /Sap/Sctpos, scornfully applied to Helen. Cf. Eurip. Andr. 649, where Helen is called ywrj /3dp/3apo<;. Notice that Juno in her wrath will not name either Paris or Helen. 237 3. 3, 2i J IIORATI 3 in pulverem, ex quo destituit deos mercede pacta Laomedon mihi castaeque damnatum Minervae cum populo et duce fraudulento. lam nee Lacaenae splendet adulterae famosus hospes nee Priami domus periura pugnacis Achivos Hectoreis opibus refringit, nostrisque ductum seditionibus bellum resedit : protinus et gravis iras et invisum nepotem, Troica quern peperit sacerdos, 21 ff. ex quo: fixing the time of damnatum v. 23. Troy was doomed from the day of Laome- dorfs default ; indicium Paridis spretaeque iniuria formae were then only one of the causes of Troy's fall. deos: Apollo and Poseidon served Laomedon a year ; according to the Homeric form of the story (//. 21, 441 ff.), Posei- don built for him the walls of Troy while Apollo pastured his herds ; but Laomedon refused to pay the price agreed on for the service. Other forms of the myth make Apollo Neptune's partner in building the walls. castae Mi- nervae : cf. I, 7, 5 intactae Palla- dis. duce : Laomedon . 25 ff. iam nee : no longer now. splendet: reproducing the Ho- meric KaAAei T(. aTi\(3n nomen 4? '5 '3- it | integer et millo temeratns corpora damno. It was natural then that Europa should pray for death before her beauty had faded. 53 ff. decentis: comely; cf. i, 4,6. sucus: cf. Ter. Etni. 318 of a girl, color -!>er?ts. corpus soli- 317 3. 27. SSl HORATI 55 60 defluat praedae, speciosa quaero pascere tigris. Vilis Europe, pater urget absens. Quid mori cessas ? Potes hac ab orno pendulum zona bene te secuta laedere collum ; sive te rupes et acuta leto saxa delectant, age te procellae crede veloci, nisi erile mavis carpere pensum regius sanguis, dominaeque tradi barbarae paelex.' Aderat querenti dtim et sitci plenum. praedae : said in self-pity, which is height- ened by the adjective tenerae. speciosa : while still fair. 57 f . vilis : she recognizes that she has cheapened herself by her folly. pater urget: the thought of her father spurs her on to sui- cide. potes hac ab orno, etc. : so Helen cries, Eurip. Hel. 298 ff. Kpa.Ti(TTOv irois Odvotfj.' av vai fJif.Ta.pcncn | . . . atftayal &' t\ov(Tiv evyevt? 11 KU.L KoAov, ' To die is best. How then can I die nobly? Unseemly is choking by the noose in mid-air, . . . but the sword's blows have something fair and noble in them. 1 59 f. zona bene te secuta : which fortunately you have iuith you. Spoken in irony : her girdle. emblem of maidenhood, will be a fit instrument of her death. lae- dere : in place of the harsher eli- dere. 61 ff. sive: or if, cf. 1, 15, 25. leto : dative. The rocks below the cliffs (rupes) are sharpened for her death. procellae : which blow off the cliff's and will carry her out as she leaps to her doom. erile : set by a mistress. car- pere pensum : the duty of en- slaved women was to card and spin the wool assigned them by their mistress. Cf. Hector's fear for Andromache, //. 6, 456 KCU Kfv (v "Apyti covtru Trpos a\\rft iarov {i^xiiVots, and Prop. 4. 6, 1 5 t. tristis erat dotnus, et tristes sua pensa urinistrae \ carpebant, me- dia nebat et ipsa loco. 65 f. regius sanguis : spoken with proud indignation, which prompts the adjective barbarae C A KM IN A [3,2* 75 perfidum ridens Venus et remisso filius arcu ; mox, ubi lusit satis, ' Abstineto ' dixit ' irarum calidaeque rixae, cum tibi invisus laceranda reddet cornua taurus. Vxor invicti lovis esse nescis. Mitte singultus, bene ferre magnam disce fortunam : tua sectus orbis nomina ducet.' also. Cf . Creusa's speech Verg. A. 2, 785 ff. non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopumve superbas \ aspici- arn, aut Gratis servitum matribns ibo, | Dardanis, et divae Veneris mints. aderat querenti : the goddess comes and interrupts the maiden's sell-reproaches. 67 f . perfidum : cf. I, 22, 23 ditlce ridentem. remisso . . . arcu : with bow unstrung, for his task is ended. So Tennyson says, Elea- nore, ' His bowstring slackened, languid Love.' 69 ff. lusit : sc. Venus. irarum . . . rixae : genitive of separation. Intr. 94. laceran- da. etc. : referring in mockery to Europa's wish v. 45 if. 73 ff . uxor esse : a Greek con- struction for the more common te uxor em esse. invicti: n in posttneridiannm tempus die. et : and yet. stet : were standing still. 7 f . deripere : to hurry down. Cf. 3, 21, 7, descende and n. With the infin., cf. Epist. i, 3, 16 tit tangere "vitet. horreo : i.e. the apotheca. cessantem : as if the jar were reluctant. Bibuli : M. Cal- purnius liibulus. consul in 59 K.c. 9 f. nos : /, as lu, v. II shows : cf. i, 6, 5 and n.-^ invicem: in my turn. viridis : the tradi- 320 CARMINA [3. 29 10 Neptunum et viridis Nereidum comas ; tu curva recines lyra Latonam et celeris spicula Cynthiae ; summo carmine quae Cnidon fulgentisque tenet Cycladas, et Paphum iunctis visit oloribus ; dicetur merita Nox quoque nenia. tional color of the sea-nymphs. In general the colors and ap- pearance of the sea are attributed to the divinities whose home is in it ; hence Thetis is mater caerula, Epod. 13, 16. Cf. also Stat. Silv. i, 5, 1 6 f. tie deae virides liquidosqiie advertite ind- ti4s | et vitreutn teneris crincm redimite corymbis. ii f. recines: sing in anyiver- ing strains. Latonam . . . spicu- la : note the correspondence with v. 10. With the theme, cf. Eurip. Hec. 462 f. e (quis) carmen condidisset. ius est iudiciumque : there is right of action and a legal remedy; the offended party has a legal right to sue. 83. mala : Horace represents himself as understanding this word, which in the law meafls 154 SERMONES 2, I, 86 iudice concliderit lauclatus Caesare ? si quis 85 opprobriis dignum latravcrit, integer ipse ? Treb. Solventur risu tabulae, tu missus abibis. injurious, abusive, in the esthetic will go free,' and the figure in sense, bad poetry. solvent ur is used elsewhere 84. Caesare : Caesar is named (Quint. 5, 10, 67, cum risu tola rather than some recognized critic res solvitur ; Cic. de Orat. 2, like Quintilius Varus because he 58, 236, res . . . ioco risuque would be accepted by a lawyer as dissolvit), but the exact meaning the highest authority. of tabulae (the indictment, the 86. The sense of this line is voting tablets, the benches of perfectly clear, ' the case will be the jury-men) cannot be deter- laughed out of court and you mined. There is no internal evidence to fix the date of this satire; it was written between 35 and 30 B.C. 'The advantages of plain living I am repeating what I once heard from a wise old farmer cannot be properly set forth in an after-dinner conversation ; only a hungry man can know how good plain food may be. At a dinner party your judgment is confused by the elaborate cookery and still worse by the rarity or the novelty of the viands. Indeed, the very over-abundance sometimes drives you back in disgust to simple flavors. For it is only lately that you have learned, in obedi- ence to fashion, to like stork ; roast sea-gull will be the next whim, I suppose. 'But you must not think says my old farmer that simplicity means stinginess. Do not rusli to the other extreme ; keep to the middle course of a plain neatness. ' Consider, now, the advantages of such a way of living : health, vigor, the pleasure of occasional indulgence, hospitality, good repute, money left in your purse, and, chief of all, readiness to meet the buffets of for- tune. I used to hear the old farmer, then a hired laborer on the farm he had once owned, discoursing about this to his sons : " I have lived a temperate life and my wants^re few. Let Fortune do her worst ; he that is down need fear no fall. 1 " In form, this satire, like 3, 4, 7, 8 of this book, consists of a main body of didactic discourse set in an introductory framework. In the '55 2, 2, i] , HORAT1 other satires, however, the framework is in dialogue, generally very skilfully adapted to its special purpose, while here the setting is not clearly conceived (cf. vs. 7 note), the introduction is too brief (vss. 2 f.). and the quotation passes from indirect to direct without sufficient mo- tive and with a second and superfluous introduction (vss. 112-115). In the main discourse also there is a similar lack of clearness of outline. The change from the plural (vss. 1-7) to the vague /// breaks the con- tinuity. The reference to Ofellus in vs. 53 is not distinct enough to preserve the illusion of quotation. The knowledge of places, fashions, and persons in Rome is quite inconsistent with the circumstances of an Apulian peasant; this is in part to be explained by the fact that the whole satire is a parody of a Stoic sermon, in which allusions to Roman affairs would be quite in place, but the inconsistency remains and adds nothing to the humor. The explanation of these incongruities in struc- ture is that Horace is here experimenting with a form of satire which is a compromise between the dialogue form of Satires 3, 4. 7, and 8 and the frankly personal monologue of Satire 6, and is inferior to either. There is a similar compromise or combination in the subject-matter; on the one hand, the satire contrasts country life with the life of the city, as is done in greater fulness and with greater effectiveness in Satire 6 ; on the other hand, the luxuries and fashions of the table, which are ridiculed here, are treated more fully and more humorously in Satires 4 and 8. But the two subjects harmonize more easily than the two forms. The combination, however, is marked enough to sug- gest the hypothesis that this satire is the earliest of the book in date of composition, and that both form and subject were worked out to greater perfection in the later satires. Quae virtus et quanta, boni, sit vivere parvo (nee meus hie sermo est, sed quae praecepit Ofellus rusticus, abnormis sapiens, crassaque Minerva), 1. boni: wya&n, as a friendly sect. So Cicero, rtfc Amic. 5, 18, form of address. says that certain Roman worthies 2. nee meus . . . est: the same were not philosophers, ad istornin phrase, KOVK c/xos 6 /xr$os, occurs nor main. crassa Minerva: of a in a fragment of Euripides and is rmgh-and-ready wit. Cf. pitigni quoted by Plato, Syinp. 177 A. _ .\finerva, Cic. de Amic. 5. 19. 3. abnormis : unschooled, not Minerva is the goddess of intelli- bound by the doctrines of any gence. 156 SKRMuM - [2, 2, 12 cliscite, non inter lances mensasque nitentis, cum stupet insanis acies fulgoribus et cum acclinis falsis animus meliora recusat, verum hie impransi niecum disquiritc. 'Cur hoc?' Dicam, si potero. Male verum examinat omnis corruptus index. Leporem sectatus equove lassus ab indomito, vel, si Romana fatigat militia adsuetum graecari, sen pila velox, molliter austerum studio fallente laborem, 4 f . nitentis, fulgoribus : the gleaming of silver plate, which the Romans used very freely, is often alluded to in descriptions of the tables at a banquet, e.g. Catull. 64, 44 ft". stupet acies : the eyes are dazzled, of course in a figura- tive sense, 'the judgment is dis- tracted.' 7. hie impransi : here, not at a table, and fasting, hungry, not after an elaborate dinner. The two words seem to suggest a par- ticular scene and certain definite circumstances a group of friends or neighbors waiting for their lunch, but if such a setting for the discourse was in Horace's mind, it is lost sight of at once and not again alluded to in the satire. Cf. note on vs. 17. Cur hoc: i.e. 'why impransi f 8. si potero : this gives the air of a lecturer : ' I will endeavor to tell you.' Male : with examinat. The sentence can be best trans- lated by turning it into the negative form ; ' no judge who has been bribed . . .' 9-16. The outline of this loosely constructed sentence is simple ; ' get an appetite by hard exercise, and then see whether you are dis- posed to refuse plain food.' But after mentioning two kinds of Roman exercise, hunting (cf. Epod. 2. 29 ff.; Car in. i, i, 25 ff.) and riding (Carm. 1, 8, 5 ft".), he intro- duces as an alternative two kinds of Greek athletics, ball-playing and the throwing of the discus, each in a conditional clause, sen pila (te agit}, sen discus te agit ; the first is left without a formal apod- osis, but pete is the apodosis to the second. Then as the formal structure of the sentence has been disturbed, the substance of 9-13 is condensed into cum . . . extmierit and repeated in siccus, inanis. militia 1 : with special reference to riding. graecari: there is a suggestion of effeminacy in this verb. velox : the game consisted in rapid passing of the ball from one player to another. molliter . . . laborem: i.e. ' in which the interest in the game makes the 157 2, 2, 1IORATI seu te discus agit, pete cedentem aera disco ; cum labor extuderit fastidia, siccus, inanis 15 sperne cibum vilem ; nisi Hymettia mella Falerno ne biberis diluta. Foris est promus, et atrum defendens piscis hiemat mare : cum sale panis latrantem stomachum bene leniet. Vnde putas aut qui partum ? Non in caro nidore voluptas 20 summa, sed in te ipso est. Tu pulmentaria quaere sudando ; pinguem vitiis albumque neque ostrea nee scarus aut poterit peregrina iuvare lagois. Vix tamen eripiam, posito pavone, velis quin player enjoy the exercise, forget- ting how severe it is.' This abl. abs. clause takes the place of an apodosis to sen pila. discus : a large flat quoit, thrown for dis- tance, not for accuracy. agit : stirs, rouses, attracts. A rare use, but exactly paralleled in Cic. Arch. 7, 1 6, haec stndia adulescen- tiam agunt, senectutem oblectant. pete : strike. disco : abl. extuderit : i.e. ' has knocked the nonsense out of you ' ; a collo- quial use. Hymettia, Falerno : the finest honey and wine. promus : the butler or steward, who keeps the keys of the store- room. 17. hiemat mare: this has been taken to indicate that the scene of the discourse was a villa on the seashore, where Horace repeats the precepts of Ofellus to a group of friends. But the reference is too general for that ; tisli are men- tioned here, as in 31 if., 48 f., 95, merely as other kinds of food are specified. 18. leniet: the future implies 'you will find that it will soothe.' 19. qui partum : whence or how do you suppose that this comes about, that you are glad to get the plainest food? 20. Tu: emphatic, with refer- ence to te ipso. pulmentaria: the Scholiasts refer to the story that Socrates, being asked why he was taking such a long walk, replied wf/ov , which is almost pulmentarium quaero. Cf. also the saying fames opti- mum condimentnm. 21 f. vitiis: excesses in eating and drinking. ostrea, scarus, lagois : three expensive delicacies. But neither the scarus, a kind of fish, nor the lagois, a game bird, can be precisely identified. iu- vare: to give you pleasure. 23. eripiam : with prohibitive force and therefore followed by 158 SERMONES t*. 2, 32 hoc potius quam gallina tergere palatum, 25 corruptus vanis rerum, quia veneat auro rara avis, et picta pandat spectacula cauda ; tamquam ad rem attineat quicquam. Num vesccris ista quam laudas pluma ? Cocto num adest honor idem ? carne tamen quamvis distat nihil, hanc magis ilia 30 imparibus formis deceptum te petere esto, unde datum sentis, lupus hie Tiberinus an alto captus hiet, pontisne inter iactatus an amnis quin. posito : on the table, as in Sat. i, 3, 92. pavone: the peacock was first used as an article of food by Hortensius the orator and was afterward regarded as a necessary part of a banquet. Cf. Cic. ad Fam. 9, 20, 2, scd vide aitdaciain ; etiam Hirtio cenam dedi sine pavone, 24. tergere : almost exactly like the English to tickle the palate. 25. corruptus : cf. vs. 9. vanis rerum: = vanis rebus ; so fictus rerum, Sat. 2, 8, 83. veneat: the subjv. suggests the real, though unexpressed, motive for the preference. 28. Cocto . . . idem: the pea- cock was cooked with its plumage, but the brilliancy of the feathers would be lost. num adest : mon- osyllabic hiatus with a word end- ing in -in or a long vowel; cf. si me ainas, Sat. i, 9, 38. 29-32. ' You pretend to prefer peacock to fowl, .but it is a mere pretence; you could not tell them apart if it were not for the differ- ence in size. Let me try you with two pike of the same size and see if you can distinguish the one caught in the Tiber which you epicures consider so much better from one caught in the sea.' quamvis : frequently with the in- die, in Horace, e.g. Sat. 1.3, 129. hanc ilia : sc. car item, carne. imparibus . . . deceptum : this does not mean that the epicure could not distinguish fowl from peacock, but that he allowed the fact that the peacock was bigger to delude him into thinking that it was also better. It is the same as cor- rupt us vanis rerum, vs. 25 ; mis- led by the false standard of size. esto : grant that. unde datum sentis : whence do you get the power to distinguish ; i.e. ' when there is no difference in size, there is no way in which you can distin- guish, as you pretend to do. 1 Cf. vs. 1 8 and unde pet it urn )wc in me tact's? Sat. i, 4, 79. hiet : this should be made subordinate in the translation ; k whether this pike with its mouth open was caught . . .' pontis inter : bet-ween the 159 2, 2, 33] 1 [<)R ATI ostia sub Tusci ? Laudas, insane, trilibrem mullum, in singula quern minuas pulmenta necesse est 35 Ducit te species, video : quo pertinet ergo proceros odisse lupos ? Quia scilicet illis maiorem natura modum dedit, his breve pondus. leiunus raro stomachus volgaria temnit. ' Porrectum magno magnum spectare catino 40 vellem,' ait Harpyiis gula digna rapacibus. At vos, praesentes Austri, coquite horum obsonia ! Quamquam bridges, i.e. from the shore of the island which was connected by bridges with the two banks. The fish caught in the swift current here (iactatiis) were thought to have a finer flavor. This passage is reminiscent of Lucilius, 1176 (Manc} f j^tfttfef Tiber inns duo inter captus catillo (scavenger, i.e. a pike). 33. insane : a Stoic form of address; cf. Sat. 2. 3, 81, and 326. trilibrem : the mullet was usually a small fish, rarely weigh- ing as much as two pounds, and enormous sums were paid for those of abnormal size. 34. pulmenta : helps, portions. minuas . . . necesse est : para- taxis, as often with necesse est. The argument is that there is no real reason for preferring the large mullet, since it must be divided into portions to be served. 35 ff. The sententious brevity of the clauses is in parody of the Stoic manner. Quia scilicet : giving the real reason in an ironi- cal form ; 'it is mere fashion with- out taste which leads you to prefer the rare and unnatural small pike and large mullets.' The modern parallel to this is serving fruits out of season. 38. raro: with ieiunus ; 'it is because you seldom feel real ap- petite that you seek for such varieties.' 39. magno magnum : a sort of outcry as if from some one who feels himself free from the whims of fashion ; ' but I should really like to see a big fish in a big dish.' The answer is, 'your gluttony is no more natural than the caprices of fashion.' 40. At : not adversative, but, as frequently in curses, a particle of transition. 41. praesentes: i.e. 'come yourselves and cook (taint) the food of such people.' Austri: the warm south winds. Quam- quam : * ii>ie, as the Scholiast says, a joke of the kind called irapa TrpoaSoKiuv, the substitution of aceti for an expected inni. 64. aiunt: as the saying is. The 162 2. 77 65 Mundus erit, qua non offendat sordibus, atque in neutram partem cultus miser. Hie neque servis, Albuci senis exemplo, dum munia didit, saevus erit, nee sic ut simplex Naevius unctam convivis praebebit aquam ; vitium hoc quoque magnum. 70 Accipe mine victus tenuis quae quantaque secum adferat. In primis valeas bene : nam variae res ut noceant homini credas, memor illius escae quae simplex olim tibi sederit; at simul assis miscueris elixa, simul conchylia turdis, 75 dulcia se in bilem vertent, stomachoque tumultum lenta feret pituita. Vides ut pallidus omnis cena desurgat dubia ? Quin corpus onustum verb aiunt is often used paren- thetically in the quotation of a proverb. 65. Mundus erit, qua : ' the phi- losopher will be refined in his way of living, but will not carry refine- ment to such an extreme that it will seem to be mere stinginess.' The meaning of miindtts {mundi- tia) is limited in the same way in Sat. I, 2. 123 and in Cic. de Off. I, 36, 130; cf. also Carm. 2, 10, S ff. 66. cultus : with miser, anxious about his wiy of living. 67-69. Albucius (not to be connected with the Albucius of Sat. 2. i. 48.) is so overanxious to have all the service at dinner perfect that he scolds his servants even when he is assigning their duties ; Naevius (a mere name) is so careless that he allows his slaves to be slovenly. unctam . . . aquam : greasy water for rinsing the hands after the meal. vitium . . . magnum : this solemn condemnation of a rather trifling fault (cf. Sat. I, 3, 80 f. and Sat. 2, 8) comes with bur- lesque effect from the lips of an old farmer. 71. valeas: potential, as is credas in the next line, with protases implied in the general sense and in mentor, if you recall. 73. sederit: like the colloquial English Ho set well on the stomach.' 75 f . dulcia, bilem, lenta .pituita : phrases of popular physiology, to describe indigestion. Pituita is in three syllables. 77. cena . . . dubia : a quota- tion from Terence. Phorm. 342, cena dubia adponitur. j quid istuc verbi est ? || ubi tu dubites quid sumas potissurrium.' i.e. a dinner 2, 2, 7 8] HORATI hesternis vitiis animum quoquc pracgravat una, atque affigit humo divinae particulam aurae. 80 Alter, ubi dicto citius curata sopori membra dedit, vegetus praescripta ad munia surgit. Hie tamen ad melius poterit transcurrere quondam, sive diem festum rediens advexerit annus, seu recreare volet tenuatum corpus, ubique 85 accedent anni et tractari mollius aetas imbecilla volet ; tibi quidnam accedet ad istam quam puer et validus praesumis mollitiem, seu dura valetudo inciderit seu tarda senectus ? so good that you don't know what to take first. Quin: cor- rective, as often, of the inade- quacy of the previous sentence ; nay more. 78 f . vitiis : excesses in eating, as in vs. 21. The conception of the soul as a part of the divine spirit imprisoned within the body is often expressed in Latin litera- ture ; it was a fundamental doctrine of Stoic philosophy and is intro- duced here, in words that are inten- tionally too elevated for the context and the speaker, to give a burlesque of the Stoic preacher. 80 f. Alter: the philosopher, the man of simple habits. dicto citius : *a colloquialism, with the exaggeration common in the lan- guage of conversation. curata membra : i.e. he refreshes himself with supper; cf. corpora curare, cibo se curare and the frequent use of inemhra of health or strength. e.g. Sat. \, 1,5. The whole phrase curata . . . dedit goes together, as the order suggests, and dicto citius goes with the whole; 'in less time than it takes me to tell it he has had his supper and fallen asleep.' 82-88. 'A man who lives ordi- narily on plain fare can indulge himself on occasion, but the man who is always self-indulgent has exhausted his possibilities of pleasure.' 82. Hie: referring to alter. tamen : in spite of his habitual self-restraint. 83-84. sive . . . seu . . . ubique : three reasons for re- laxation, a feast-day, illness, old age. To avoid a too elaborate accuracy in expression, a different conjunction, ubi-qne for si-ve, is used to introduce the third clause. 87. praesumis : ' take before the time, allow yourself pre- maturely.' 164 SERMON KS 2, 99 Rancidum aprum antiqui laudabant, non quia nasus 90 illis nullus erat, sed, credo, hac mente, quod hospes tardius adveniens vitiatum commodius quam integrum edax dominus consumeret. Hos utinam inter heroas natum tellus me prima tulisset ! Das aliquid famae, quae carmine gratior aurem 95 occupat humanam ? Grandes rhombi patinaeque grande ferunt una cum damno dedecus ; adde iratum patruum, vicinos, te tibi iniquum et frustra mortis cupidum, cum derit egenti as, laquei pretium. 'lure,' inquit, ' Trausius istis 89-93. * The economical farmer will always have a reserve of food , even though it may not be of the freshest for a chance guest.' 89 f . Rancidum . . . laudabant : intentionally put in a paradoxical form in order to burlesque the seriousness of the speaker. non quia . . . sed quod : there is no difference between quia and quod in this form of sentence, but the subjv. is used in the second clause because it gives the motive of the antiqni. 91 f. vitiatum: rancidum. integrum : with double meaning, the whole of it while it was still fresh. 1 commodius : i.e. they thought it more suitable, they praised such conduct more. 93. The wish is, of course, comic, though the Stoic is repre- sented as uttering it in all serious- ness. Cf. vitiuin . . . magiiuin. vs. 69. 94-99. ' A display ot luxury brings notoriety and, in the end, ruin. 1 Das aliquid : i.e. l Do you consider that a good name is of some account ? 1 patruum : the uncle is in Latin literature a type of severity, so that patruus in Sat. 2. 3, 88, tie sts patruus mihi, be- comes almost equal to iniquus. iniquum : hateful. derit : = de-erit. laquei pretium : a standing comic situation (e.g. Plaut. Pseud. 88 f.), in which a bankrupt tries to borrow a penny to buy rope enough to hang himself. 99^111. 'You may think that your income is sufficient for any expenses, but if you do not care to bestow any of it upon others all men suffer losses and your course of life is a poor preparation for meeting misfortune.' 99. Trausius : unknown ; a mere name to represent a man who lives beyond his income. For the form of argument, which is a favorite one with Horace, cf. Sat. I, 4, 52 ; 65 2, 2, IOO] HORATI loo iurgatur verbis ; ego vectigalia magna divitiasque habeo tribus amplas regibus.' Ergo quod superat non est melius quo insumere possis? Cur eget indignus quisquam te divite ? Quare templa ruunt antiqua deuni ? Cur, improbe, carae 105 non aliquid patriae tanto emetiris acervo ? Vni nimirum recte tibi semper erunt res, o magnus posthac inimicis risus ! Vterne ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius, hie qui pluribus adsuerit mentem corpusque superbum, no an qui contentus parvo metuensque futuri in pace, ut sapiens, aptarit idonea bello ? Quo magis his credas, puer hunc ego parvus Ofellum i, 10, 5; i, 10, 21-23. I* consists in the mere mention of a name which suggests circumstances that refute the previous statement. xoa. quod superat: your sur- plus. non . . . possis : construe non est quo melius, etc. 103-105. Exhortations to charity or to the giving of money to public objects are less common in classic literature than in modern times (cf., however, Carm. 2, 15, 18 ff. ; 3, 6, 2 ff. ; Cic. de Off. 3, 1 5. 63), but such donations to individuals and to com- munities were not uncommon. Cf., e.g.. Sat. 1,9, 1 8 note ; and Pliny's endowment of a library (Epist. I, 8, 2) and of a school (4, 13, 5). 106. Vni: with emphatic irony ; 'Do you expect to be the only- exception to the general law of change in human fortunes?' 107. Vterne: the interrogative -ne is occasionally appended even to interrogative pronouns ; so 2, 3, 295>3! 7- 109. pluribus : ' to superfluities, to a variety of luxuries.' super- bum : with predicate force ; ' and thereby have made them his mas- ters.' in. This is a reference to a proverbial saying, ' in time of peace prepare for war,' which appears in Latin in various forms (si vis pa- cem, para helium') and. like other proverbs, is still accepted by the unsophisticated as the essence of wisdom. 112-115. At this point Horace assumes, more distinctly than in vss. 2 f. and 53, the person of the narrator, adding to the effective- ness of the closing argument (t/no inagis /us < -ruins) by personal remi- niscence (pner ego parvus) and specific details (tutnc ace/sis, me- tdto, mercede). The skill of the 166 SERMONES [2, 2. 124 integris opibus novi non latius usum quam nunc accisis. Videas metato in agello 115 cum pecore et gnatis fortem mercede colonum, ' Non ego,' narrantem, ' temere edi luce profesta quicquam praeter olus fumosae cum pede pernae. Ac mihi seu longum post tempus venerat hospes, sive operum vacuo gratus conviva per imbrem 120 vicinus, bene erat non piscibus urbe petitis, sed pullo atque haedo ; turn pensilis uva secundas et nux ornabat mensas cum duplice ficu. Post hoc ludus erat culpa potare magistra, ac venerata Ceres, ita culmo surgeret alto, artifice is so great that many com- mentators have taken it for reality, but cf. Sat. 2, 6, 1 1 f. for a similar, though less detailed, reference. latius: so Juv. 14, 234, indul- gent sibi latins ; august us is fre- quently used of the opposite. metato : i.e. measured by the. land- commissioners appointed to survey and apportion confiscated land ; as in ordinary circumstances farms were marked by boundary stones and not surveyed, the verb metari came to be used especially of the surveys preliminary to confiscation and allotment. mercede : i.e. the new proprietor hired the former owner to carry on the farm. 116. Non . . . temere : not 'with- out reason, only when there was some special reason ; the ordinary sense of non (hand) femere. 118 ff. ' Even on the rare occa- sions our food was still simple.' hospes : a guest from a distance, who came infrequently (longum post tempus). vicinus : the cele- brating of a neighbor's visit is excused by the additional circum- stances, operum vacua, per im- brem. pensilis uva : raisins. duplice ficu : split for drying. The point is that only the products of the farm were used, even for special occasions ; cf. dapes inemptas, Epod. 2, 48. 123. Post hoc : the wine was served according to the country custom after the dessert (secundae mensae). and was drunk without the formal etiquette of elaborate dinners (cf. Sat. 2, 6, 67 ff.) ; instead of selecting a magister bibendi to regulate their drinking, they were governed only by their own sense of propriety (ctdpd). 124. ita ... surgeret : the in- direct form of the prayer ita Ceres surgat or ita tu surgas, often fol- lowed by a statement of some evi- 167 2, 2, las] HORATI 125 explicuit vino contractae seria frontis. Saeviat atque novos moveat Fortuna tumultus, quantum hinc imminuet ? Quanto aut ego parcius aut vos, o pueri, nituistis, ut hue novus incola venit ? Nam propriae telluris erum natura neque ilium 130 nee me nee quemquam statuit : nos expulit ille, ilium aut nequities aut vafri inscitia iuris, postremum expellet certe vivacior heres. Nunc ager Vmbreni sub nomine, nuper Ofelli dictus, erit nulli proprius, sed cedet in usum 135 nunc mihi, nunc alii. Quocirca vivite fortes, fortiaque adversis opponite pectora rebus.' dent truth in an /-clause. Cf. there is abundant evidence that Sat. 2,3, 300; Car tn. I, 3, I ff. the veterans who were suddenly ' And the wine that we drank as changed from soldiers to farmers we prayed to Ceres, "so may you often made but poor use of their rise on the high stalk/' smoothed property, managing it badly, fall- the wrinkles from our brows. 1 ing into debt, and suffering, per- 126. tumultus : like the dissen- haps unfairly, from their ignorance sions that preceded Philippi and of civil life. resulted in the confiscation of the 132. postremum: ace. masc. farm of Vergil's father. with //////// ; but translate, at last. 128. pueri: his sons, gathered 134. proprius: contrasted with about him as he watches the herds cedet in tisitm ; we merely use our (vs. 115). novus incola: Um- possessions, we do not really own brenus, the veteran to whom the them. farm had been allotted. 135 f. These lines return to the 129. propriae: predicate; to thought of vss. 107-111,35 if to hold it as his own. prove by an example the general 131. nequities, inscitia iuris: statement made there. 3 The allusion in vs. 185. plausus quos fert Agrippa, shows that the satire was written as late as the year 33 B.C., when Agrippa. as aedile, gave the games with unusual splendor. The reference to the Saturnalia 1 68 SERMONES [2, 3 (vs. 5) fixes the time of year when the dialogue is supposed to take place, but indicates nothing in regard to the time when it was composed. In structure this is the most carefully arranged of all the satires. The main body is a sermon by the philosopher Stertinius (alluded to in Epist. I, 12, 20, but otherwise unknown to us) upon the Stoic Paradox Tras dr omnibus, to preserve the Stoic doctrine that only the sapiens is .sane. 121. iactatur: of the tossing about of a fever-stricken man. 122. libertus: the wretched con- dition of the old miser is increased by the suggestion (more fully ex- pressed in Sat. i, i, 80 ff.) that he has alienated his natural heirs. ebibat : with special reference to the preceding illustration, vss. 1 1 5- 117, though of course with general application to in ff. and 117 ff. The same thought was afterward more effectively expressed by Horace in Carm. 2, 14, 25 ff. 123. dis inimice: God-forsaken. 124. enim : not for, but like the English use of HOW or why to strengthen an argumentative ques- tion. summae: dat. ; for the sense cf. vs. 84. quisque dierum : i.e. each of the few days still left tu a man of your age. 126 f. These details of per- 182 SEKMOXES 0, 3. 125 unguere si caules oleo meliore caputque coeperis impexa foeclum porrigine ? Quare, si quidvis satis est, periuras, surripis, aufers undique ? Tun* sanus ? Populum si caedere saxis incipias servosve tuos quos acre pararis, 130 insanum te omnes pueri clamentque puellae : cum laqueo uxorem interimis matremque veneno, incolumi capita es ? Quid enim ? Neque tu hoc facis Argis, sonal untidiness and moral obli- quity are part of the conventional picture of the miser. They are used occasionally in Sat. i, i (e.g. vss. 96 if.), but always with a hu- morous recognition of their extrav- agance ; here the fanatical Stoic attributes the sins of the individual (a malefactor of great wealth) to the whole class, as if he were us- ing a serious argument. si quid- vis satis est : i.e. i if you accept the doctrine of philosophy that enough is as good as a feast. 1 Cf. Turpil. 144 R., ;// philosophi ainnt isti quibus quidvls sat est, and Sat. i, i, 59, qtti taut uli eget quanta est opus. 128-141. 'You in your senses? Most certainly not. To be sure, the common judgment is that madness shows itself in violence, but when you poison your mother, do you think that theabsence of vio- lence proves you sane ? What, you think it does? You are no Orestes, you say, the madman who went to Argos and killed his mother with a sword, for you did the deed without bloodshed and not in Argos either. But it is the crime, not the manner or the place of it, that proves a man mad. As to Orestes, his madness began before his violent outbreak and in fact, after the act that is commonly considered evidence of his mad- ness, his conduct was most nor- mal and exemplary except a little harmless cursing.' 129. servos tuos : a little hit at the Jover of money, who would be quite unlikely to injure the money-value of his own slaves. 130. pueri . . . puellae : pro- verbial, as in Sat. I, i, 85. 131. cum. . . interimis : i.e. ' when you are engaged in some quiet crime, all in the family. 1 There is, of course, no implication that any- such crime has been committed ; much less, as is generally said, that the miser had murdered his mother for her money. That motive is suggested in the parallel passage. Sat. 2, i, 53 if., but not here. 132. Argis : locat. from Argi. The point is to show that the nee ferro ut demens genetricem occidis Orestes. An tu reris eum occisa insanisse parente, 135 ac non ante mails dementem actum Furiis quam in matris iugulo ferrum tepefecit acutuni ? Quin, ex quo est habitus male tutae mentis Orestes, nil sane fecit quod tu reprehendere possis : non Pyladen ferro violare aususve sororem 140 Electram, tantum maledicit utrique, vocando hanc Fiiriam, hunc aliud, iussit quod splendida bilis. Pauper Opimius argenti positi intus et auri, qui Veientanum festis potare diebus Campana solitus trulla vappamque profestis, manner of the crime is wholly un- essential, as unessential as the place where it was committed. 134. occisa insanisse : * that his madness began after he had killed his mother.' 135. dementem actum : driven mad. 137. Quin: 'why, on the con- trary.'' male tutae: non tutae] one of the synonyms for insanus. 138. sane: strengthening ///'/; he certainly did nothing. 139 if. Pyladen. Electram : the friend and the sister who had helped him to carry out his pur- pose. The passage in which he calls his sister a Fury is in Eurip- ides, Orest. 264, but there is no place in an extant play in which he uses hard words of Pylades. The whole reference in 140 f. has nothing to do with the argument; it may be introduced as a bit of Stoic precision in trifles or it may be mere burlesque of a tragic sit- uation. splendida bilis : bile was considered to be the cause of madness and splendida is ap- parently used literally, shining, from the descriptions in medical books. It is entirely in the man- ner of Horace to drop the argu- ment here, without drawing a conclusion, and to go on without preface to a new illustration. Cf , e.g., Sat. i, i, 67 f. and below, vss. 1 86 f. 142. Opimius : coined from opi- ttts, as JV0VIMS, in Sat. i, 6, 40, from novHS, and contrasted with pauper. argenti: gen. with pauper. 143 f. Veientanum: a poor wine, but better than vappa, mere lees of wine. Campana : cheap ware, which Horace himself used for ordinary purposes {Sat. i, 6, 118), though perhaps not for drinking. trulla. the ladle, so that he 184 SERMONES [2, 3, 158 145 150 155 quondam lethargo grand! est oppressus, ut heres iam circum loculos et clavis laetus ovansque curreret. Hunc medicus multum celer atque fidelis excitat hoc pacto : mensam poni iubet atque effundi saccos nummorum, accedere pluris ad numerandum ; hominem sic erigit. Addit et illud, ' Ni tua custodis, avidus iam haec auferet heres.' ' Men' vivo ? ' ' Vt vivas, igitur, vigila, hoc age.' ' Quid vis ? ' ' Deficient inopem venae te, ni cibus atque ingens accedit stomacho fultura ruenti. Tu cessas ? Agedum, sume hoc ptisanarium oryzae.' ' Quanti emptae ? ' ' Parvo.' ' Quanti, ergo ? ' ' Octus- sibus.' ' Eheu! quid refert, morbo an f urtis pereamque rapinis ? ' Quisnam igitur sanus? Qui non stultus. Quid avarus ? did not need to have a drinking- cup. 147. multum : with celer and fidelis; cf. Sat. I, 3, 57. 148. hoc pacto : i.e. in the way which is described in the next verses. 149 ff. The details (pluris to make a little confusion, tarn, im- mediately, this very moment) are added to show the directness of the appeal to the tenderest sensi- bilities of Opimius. 152. vigila: both in the literal sense and in the freer meaning. hoc age : a general form of ex- hortation to pay attention ; attend to business I 154. ingens: immense, with in- tentional exaggeration. fultura ruenti : fulcire and its derivatives are used in a half-technical sense of food and stimulants, and the figure is carried on in ruenti. 155. Tu cessas: he hesitated at the thought of the expense. ptisanarium oryzae : rice-gruel. 157. furtis . . . rapinis : i.e. the cost, which seemed to him so great, of the gruel which the doctor was trying to get him to take. With this exclamation he falls back in despair. 158-160. On the short (Jues- tions and answers cf. vs. 97 and note. They are all spoken by 2, 3 159] HORATI Stultus et insanus. Quid, si quis non sit avarus, 160 continuo sanus ? Minime. Cur, Stoice ? Dicam. Non est cardiacus (Craterum dixisse putato) ^ hie aeger. Recte est igitur surgetque ? Negabit, quod latus aut renes morbo temptentur acuto. Non est periurus neque sordidus : immolet aequis 165 hie porcum Laribus ; verum ambitiosus et audax : naviget Anticyram. Quid enim differt, barathrone dones quicquid habes, an numquam utare paratis ? Servius Oppidius Canusi duo praedia, dives Stertinius, but the questions ex- press the supposed attitude of a listener. The use of Stoice, how- ever, with its suggestion of some slight scorn (cf. vs. 300), is not dramatically correct ; cf. crepat, vs. 33 and note. continuo : i.e. 1 may we at once conclude that he is sane?' 161 f. cardiacus: dyspeptic. Craterum : a physician of the Ciceronian time, referred to in ad Att. 12, 13, i; 12, 14, 4, as worthy of confidence. Recte est : sc. et, but translate personally. 163. temptentur : a half-tech- nical word of illness. The subjv. is used to imply that this is the reason given by Craterus for his refusal to let the patient get up. 164-167. The application of the story and the transition from the folly of avarice to the folly of ambition. periurus. sordidus : these adjectives go hark in par- ticular to vss. 125 flf.. l>ut with a general reference to the avaricious man. immolet . . . porcum: i.e. 'let him thank the gods for his sanity so far.' In Platitus, Men. 289 ff., a pig is to be of- fered to the gods to bring about a recovery from insanity : here it is in gratitude for exemption from insanity ; the two ideas are essen- tially the same. ambitiosus et audax : recklessly ambitions. naviget : he may as well engage passage for the land of helle- bore ; ' i.e. he is beyond question a mad-man. barathro dones : the emphasis through vs. 186 is upon the heavy expense of a political career, so that this paragraph serves as a transition from avarice, through its opposite, to ambition. numquam utare : cf. nescitis nti com posit is, vss. 109 f. 168. Canusi : Canusium was not far from Venusia and this story of Servius Oppidius (of>f>i- t/f/tti.') belongs in the same class as the Ofellus satire (2, 2) and the story told by Cervius (Sat. 1 86 SERM<>\ I S [2,3. 79 antique censu, gnatis divisse cluobus 170 fertur, et hoc moriens pueris dixisse vocatis ad lectum : 'Postquam te talos, Aule, nucesque ferre sinu laxo, donare et ludere vidi, te, Tiberi, numerate, cavis abscondere tristem, extimui ne vos ageret vesania discors, 175 tu Nomentanum, tu ne sequerere Cicutam. Quare per divos oratus uterque Penatis, tu cave ne minuas, tu ne mains facias id quod satis esse putat pater et natura coercet. Praeterea ne vos titillet gloria, iure 2, 6, 77 ff.). They are bits of prac- tical philosophy which are most appropriately clothed in the guise of homely tales from the country. 169 f. antiquo censu : accord- ing to old-fashioned standards. pueris : they were still young enough for boyish games. 171. talos. nuces : for games like jack-stones and marbles. So Augustus (Suet. Oct. 83) : animi laxandi causa . . . talis ant ocel- latis nucibiisqtie ludebat cum pueris minutis. 172 f. sinu laxo: the fold of the toga served as a pocket ; in this case a pocket with a hole in it. donare: with careless gener- osity. ludere : i.e. to gamble and. occasionally, to lose. tris- tem : with anxious look. 174. ageret : cf. agit, vs. 44. vesania discors : two different kinds of madness. There is no suggestion of discord between the brothers. 175. Nomentanum: Sat. I, I, 1 02. Cicutam : above, vs. 69. 176. oratus : agreeing with nterqite, but the words must be freely rendered ; ' wherefore I be- seech you both.' 177. minuas, maius facias : the same idea of frugal contentment with a modest patrimony was urged upon Horace by his father (Sat. i, 4. 107 f.) and, he says, became his rule of life (Sat. 2, 6, 7 f.). 178. natura coercet : i.e. within the limits set by natural desires ; cf. Sat. I, I, 50. Strictly, quod is the obj. of coercet ; ' the patri- mony which nature limits.' 179 ff. The warning against political ambition is apparently addressed to both sons, but it has little meaning in its applica- tion to Tiberius and. indeed, no connection at all with the first part of the story, the point of which is the vesania discors, the ,87 2, 3, ItORAll 180 iurando obstringam ambo : uter aedilis fueritve vestrum praetor, is intestabilis et sacer esto. In cicere atque faba bona tu perdasque lupinis, latus ut in Circo spatiere et aeneus ut stes, nudus agris, nudus nummis, insane, paternis ? 185 Scilicet ut plausus, quos fert Agrippa, feras tu, astuta ingenuum volpes imitata leonem ! ' ' Ne quis humasse velit Aiacem, Atrida, vetas cur?' ' Rex sum.' ' Nil ultra quaero plebeius.' ' Et aequam contrast between the different dispositions of the two boys. 181. intestabilis: 'shall forfeit his legacy.' sacer esto : the common legal formula for one who violates a law ; here a part of the oath which the sons were to take. 182. cicere. faba, lupinis : gifts of food to the common people to win favor and votes. The refer- ence is to customs in Rome, as the other local and personal allusions show (175, 183, esp. 185). 183. latus . . . spatiere : such a man is described in Epod. 4, 7 f. : Sacram inetiente te viam \ cum bis trium ulnarum toga. aeneus : i.e. may have a bronze statue of you erected in some public place. 185 f . Agrippa : see introd. to this satire. Agrippa was one of the really influential men of the period. The next line can- not be an allusion to the fable of the Ass in the Lion's Skin (Sat. 2. i, 64 f.), and there is apparently no fable which quite corresponds to this ; it may very well be general, ' like a fox who tries to act a lion's part.' 187-207. A scene in the camp before Troy. Ajax. having been defeated in the contest for the arms of Achilles and becoming insane from disappointment, at- tacks the flocks of sheep under the delusion that they are his rivals and finally takes his own life. Agamemnon forbids the burial of the body and a common soldier comes to remonstrate. There is no attempt to avoid anachronisms ; on the contrary, the humor consists largely in the introduction into a Homeric situa- tion of modern words, like ple- beius, consulere, and of Stoic forms of sentence and methods of argu- ment. 187. Ne quis . . . velit : legal phraseology, in which the perf. infin. is often used. 188 f . Et aequam : the pre- tended humility of the soldier obliges the king to add a further 1 88 SE KM ONES \2, 3, 201 rem imperito; ac si cui videor non iustus, inulto KJO dicere quod sentit permitto.' ' Maxima regum, di tibi dent capta classem reducere Troia ! Ergo consulere et mox respondere licebit ? ' ' Consule.' ' Cur Aiax, heros ab Achilla secundus, putescit, totiens servatis clarus Achivis ? 195 Gaudeat ut populus Priami Priamusque inhumato, per quern tot iuvenes patrio caruere sepulchre ? ' ' Mille ovium insanus morti dedit, inclutum Vlixen et Menelaum una mecum se occidere clamans.' ' Tu, cum pro vitula statuis dulcem Aulide gnatam 200 ante aras, spargisque mola caput, improbe, salsa, rectum animi servas ? ' ' Quorsum ? ' ' Insanus quid enim Aiax justification ; ' and, besides, what I am ordering is just. 1 The rest of the sentence is a still more rapid descent from rex- sum. inulto : with impunity. 191. A complimentary wish, to introduce the request with a cour- teous formula : translated from the Iliad, i, 1 8 f. 192. consulere : the technical term for consulting a jurist. mox respondere : the jurist then gave his formal ' opinion ' upon the case. Strictly, the thought would require tibi libebit instead of licebit with respondere. 194. putescit : i.e. lie unburied. 195. Gaudeat : from the Iliad, i, 255. 197. Mille : a subst. with the gen. This construction is common in early Latin, but is retained in the classical period only rarely in the singular. insanus : this turns the dialogue in the desired direction. 199. pro vitula: the important words and the basis of the argu- ment that follows ; ' of course Ajax was mad when he mistook a sheep for a man. but so also were you when you mistook your daughter for a heifer.' 200. mola . . . salsa : the sprinkling of salted meal on the head of the victim was a part of the ordinary ceremonial, but its mention here serves to make the scene more vivid. 201. rectum animi servas : an- other periphrasis for the fre- quently recurring idea of sanity. Quorsum: tJie point f Short for quorsum haec tendunt ? Cf. Sat. 2, 7. 21. 189 2, j, 202] HO R ATI fecit, cum stravit ferro pecus ? Abstinuit vim uxore et gnato ; mala multa precatus Atridis, non ille aut Teucrum aut ipsum violavit Vlixen.' ' Verum ego, ut haerentis adverse litore navis eriperem, prudens placavi sanguine divos.' ' Nempe tuo, furiose.' ' Meo, sed non furiosus.' Qui species alias veris scelerisque tumultu permixtas capiet, commotus habebitur, atque stultitiane erret nihilum distabit an ira. Aiax immeritos cum occidit desipit agnos : cum prudens scelus ob titulos admittis inanis, 203. mala . . . precatus: as the violent language of Orestes to his sister and his friend was not inconsistent with sanity (vss. 140 f.). 204. ipsum : Ulysses was his successful rival in the contest for the arms. 205 f . adverse : hostile, ' on a lee-shore. 1 prudens : intention- ally, after careful deliberation, not on a mad impulse. ' And the act was a pious one ; I pacified the gods.' 207. furiose : a much stronger word than itisaims. At this point the dialogue ends as ab- ruptly as it had begun and the following lines (208-213) are the comment of Stertinius. 208 f . The terms here used are colored with Stoic meanings. Sfiecies are the impressions re- ceived through the senses ; if they do not correspond to the reality (u lifts veris), that fact is evidence of illusion, as in vss. 53-58. If they are still further distorted by passion (tumult it permixtas), the evidence of insanity is complete (coiHHiotus habebitur) . The sense of scelus also is technical, for the Stoic refused to distinguish crime from madness (ct. vss. 278 ff.) ; sceleris tiiiiniltii is hardly more than insano tnmnltn. 210. stultitia : the fault of Aga- memnon, who claimed pnuientia. ira : the cause of the madness of Ajax. 212. titulos : the inscriptions under the masks in the atrium of a Roman house. They recited the public offices held by each person represented and consti- tuted the claim of the owner of the house to nobility. admittis: the contrast with vs. 211 suggests that this is addressed to Agamem- non, as if he were present, but it is also addressed to the hearer, the ambitious man: 'when you 190 SERMONES [2, 3. 225 stas animo, et purum est vitio tibi, cum tumidum est, cor ? Si quis lectica nitidam gestare amet agnam, 215 huic vestem, ut gnatae, paret, ancillas paret, aurum, Rufam aut Pusillam appellet, fortique marito destinet uxorem, interdicto huic omne adimat ius praetor, et ad sanos abeat tutela propinquos. Quid ? si quis gnatam pro muta devovet agna, 220 integer est animi ? Ne dixeris. Ergo ubi prava stultitia, hie summa est insania ; qui sceleratus, et furiosus erit ; quem cepit vitrea fama, hunc circumtonuit gaudens Bellona cruentis. Nunc age, luxuriam et Nomentanum arripe mecum ; 225 vincet enim stultos ratio insanire nepotes. commit such a crime for empty honors . . .' 213. stas animo : the same figure as that in commotus, 219. tumidum : absolute ; when it is in the tumult of passion. 1 For this contrast with philosophic calm see Cic. THSC. 3,9, 19, where intumore, tmnidits, and tutnens are all used absolutely, and esp. sapient is autem animus semper vocat vitio, niiin- quatn turgescit, numquam titmet. 214 ff. gestare: i.e. to have it carried. Rufam, Pusillam: or- dinary feminine names, taken at random. interdicto : to be trans- lated as a verb ; * the praetor would lay his interdict upon him and . . .' This was a regular pro- ceeding under Roman law and this is only an elaborate way of saying that he would be adjudged insane. 221. sceleratus: cf. scelcris tu- multu, vs. 208 ; the same contrast as that between stultitia and ira, vs. 210. 222. vitrea : not infrequent in this general sense, glittering, daz- zling. fama : = gloria, \ 79. 223. Bellona : an eastern god- dess whose rites were celebrated with crazy orgies and self-inflicted wounds (gaudens cruentis}. 224-280. The third head of the discourse, the folly of luxury. 224. Nomentanum: cf. vs. 175. arripe mecum : = arripiamus, 'let us attack. 1 The verb is suited either to the Stoic preacher or to the satirist, 2. i. 69. 225. vincet . . . ratio: cf. vs. 83 and Sat. I, 3, 115. stultos: with insanire; are fools and mad- men . 191 Ill )R ATI Hie simul accepit patrimoni mille talenta, edicit, piscator uti, pomarius, auceps, unguentarius, ac Tusci turba impia vici, cum scurris fartor, cum Velabro omne macellum, 230 mane domum veniant. Quid turn ? Venere frequentes. Verba facit leno : ' Quicquid mihi, quicquid et horum cuique domi est, id crede tuum, et vel mine pete vel eras.' Accipe quid contra iuvenis respondent aequus : ' In nive Lucana dormis ocreatus, ut aprum 235 cenem ego ; tu piscis hiberno ex aequore verris ; segnis ego, indignus qui tantum possideam : aufer ! 226-238. A picture of the Rake\s Progress, not inferior in its irony and its real moral power to Ho- garth's engravings. The effec- tiveness of it lies in the artifice of representing the essentials of a spendthrift's career as if the events had actually occurred in this bare form. For Horace does not mean that such a gathering as this took place or that these words were uttered, but that this is what the whole story really amounts to, if we go below the surface. There is a grave irony in the lines and the burlesque of the Stoic manner is dropped. 227 ff. edicit : proclaims by his attitude and conduct. Cf. Sat. 2, 2. 51 for a similar, ironical use of this formal word piscator, pomarius. . . . : purveyors of va- rious luxuries. Tusci . . . vici: a street leading from the Forum toward the river, one of the dis- reputable quarters of the city. scurris : a scnrra was a hanger-on of some richer man, a professional diner-out who lived by his wits. fartor : perhaps the sausage-maker. Velabro : a street opening from the Titscus victts, a center of the trade in various kinds of pro- visions. Quid turn : what next? 231. leno: the procurer is the suitable spokesman. 233. aequus: fair-minded; for their valuable services he proposes to make a fair return. 234. Lucana : the boars of Lu- cania were especially esteemed for food. ocreatus : greaves were worn to protect the hunter from the tusks of the boar. These de- tails of hardship and danger carry on the irony of aeqnus. 235. hiberno : cf. Stif. 2, 2, 16 f. 237. deciens : sc. centena in ilia sestertium, a million, of course an absurd sum. 192 SERMONES [2, 3. 247 sume tibi deciens ; tibi tantundem ; tibi triplex, unde uxor media currit de nocte vocata.' Filius Aesopi detractam ex aure Metellae, 240 scilicet ut deciens solidum absorberet, aceto diluit insignem bacam : qui sanior ac si illud idem in rapidum flumen iaceretve cloacam ? Quinti progenies Arri, par nobile fratrum, nequitia et nugis pravorum et amore gemellum, 245 luscinias soliti impenso prandere coemptas, quorsum abeant ? Sanin' creta, an carbone notandi ? Aedificare casas, plostello adiungere mures, 238. unde : - a quo. Notice again the abrupt ending of one story and beginning of another. 239. Aesopi : a distinguished actor of Cicero's time, of whose follies some reports have come down to us. He left to his son, however, a large fortune and a taste for extravagance. Metel- lae: probably the wife of Cor- nelius Lentulus Spinther, several times referred to in Cicero's letters. 240. solidum : agreeing with deciens as a substantive ; 'a whole million,' somewhat as we say ' a lump sum.' This story is also connected with Antony and Cleo- patra. But pearls do not dissolve in wine or vinegar. 243. Arri: cf. vs. 86 and note. par nobile fratrum : often quoted as if nobile meant noble and were used here ironically. It is the not infrequent use of nobilis in pre- cisely the sense of no/us, with HOR. SAT. 13 193 either a good or a bad sense; here notorious. 244 f . pravorum : with amore. gemellum: agreeing with par, but to be rendered freely- im- penso : at vast expense. Stories quite incredible have come down to us of the cost of a single night- ingale. 246. quorsum abeant : into which class shall they be put? creta, carbone: so albus el ater, Epist. 2. 2, 189, and albus an ater homo. Catull. 93, 2. All these are merely expressions of the natural association of black with evil and white with good. For complete- ness insani would be used with carbone, but it is unnecessary to supply it. 247-280. The madness of lovers. This subject is not announced in the introduction (vss. 77-81), but may be considered to be included under the third heading, the pas- sion for luxury. HORATI ludere par impar, equitare in arundine longa, si quern delectet barbatum, amentia verset. 250 Si puerilius his ratio esse evincet amare, nee quicquam differre utrumne in pulvere, trimus quale prius, ludas opus, an meretricis amore sollicitus plores, quaero, faciasne quod olim mutatus Polemon, ponas insignia morbi, 255 fasciolas, cubital, focalia, potus ut ille dicitur ex collo furtim carpsisse coronas, postquam est impransi correptus voce magistri ? Porrigis irato puero cum poma, recusat : ' Sume, catelle ! ' negat ; si non des, optet : amator 247-249. The children's games here mentioned are still in vogue. barbatum : i.e. after he had come to manhood. amentia ver- set : synonym for insanns sit. 250. amare: subj. of esse, of which puerilius is predicate. 251 f. in pulvere: in the sand, with a suggestion of the waste of labor which is again expressed in Indas opus, l fool away your labor.' prius : agreeing with opus to be supplied and referring back to vss. 247 ff. 254. Polemon : an example of the reforming power of philoso- phy, often referred to by Greek and Latin writers. He was a young clubman in Athens who, as he was returning from a drinking- bout, heard the voice of Xenocrates expounding the philosophy of the Academic school. He entered the room, was immediately converted (mutatus) by the doctrine, and afterward became the successor of Xenocrates as head of the school. 255. fasciolas: bindings about the ankle, a kind of decorative garter. cubital : an elbow-cushion^ apparently carried about for use at any time. focalia: wrappings for the throat, neckcloths. These are all signs of that effeminacy an affectation of which was fash- ionable in the Augustan period ; it is difficult to tell in regard to Maecenas, for example, how far it was real and how far assumed. 256. furtim: as he began to realize how the signs of dissipation looked to serious people. coro- nas: he was still wearing flowers from the banquet. 257. impransi: cf. Sat. 2, 2. 7. 259. catelle : a humorous term of mingled reproval and endear- ment, without any of the sugges- tions of the English ' puppy ' or 'whelp ' ; little scamp, little rogue. 194 SEKMONES [2, 3, 270 260 exclusus qui distat, agit ubi secum eat an non, quo rediturus erat non arcessitus, et haeret invisis foribus ? ' Nee mine, cum me vocat ultro, accedam, an potius mediter finire dolores ? Exclusit ; re vocat : redeam ? Non, si obsecret.' Kcce 265 servus, non paulo sapientior : ' O ere, quae res nee modum habet nequc consilium, ratione modoque tractari non volt. In amore haec sunt mala, bellum, pax rursum : haec si quis tempestatis prope ritu mobilia et caeca fluitantia sorte laboret 270 reddcre certa sibi, nihilo plus explicet ac si 260. qui distat: cf. quid sit/rile, 262 ff. This passage is a trans- vs. 99; qui discrepat istis, vs. 108. position of the first lines of Ter- The endeavor to prove all men ence's Eunuchiis from iambic equally mad leads to the frequent senarii into hexameters. The cor- use of this kind of phrase. agit : responding verses of the Eunuchns considers, argues. (46 ff.) are as follows : Phaedria, the lover, speaks : Quid i'gitur faciam? ndn earn ne mine quidem quam accersor ultro? an p6tius ita me cdmparem, non perpeti meretricum contumelias? exclusit; revocat: redeam? non, si me 6bsecret. Parmeno, the slave, replies (vss. 57 ff.) : ere, quad, res in se ndque consilium ndque modum habet ullum, earn consilio regere n6n potes. in am6re haec omnia insunt vitia : iniuriae, suspfciones, mimicitiae. indutiae, bellum, pax rursum ; incdrta haec si tu pdstules rati6ne certa facere, nihilo plus agas quam si des operam ut ciim ratione insanias. 265. sapientior : the confiden- changeable as the weather. In lial slave in the comedies is usually this use ritu is no more than nwiia. in the position of advisor to his caeca . . . sorte: the direct op- young master. posite of certa ratione. 267. non volt : i.e. cannot, does 270. explicet : untangle. not submit to such treatment. straighten out, i.e. reduce the 268 f. tempestatis . . . ritu: matter to system and certainty. 195 2, 3.271 J IIOKATI insanire paret certa ratione modoque.' Quid ? cum, Picenis excerpens semina pomis, gaudes si cameram percusti forte, penes te es ? Quid ? cum balba feris annoso verba palato, 275 aedificante casas qui sanior? Adde cruorem stultitiae, atque ignem gladio scrutare. Modo, inquam, Hellade percussa Marius cum praecipitat se, cerritus fuit ? An commotae crimine mentis absolves hominem, et sceleris damnabis eundem, 280 ex more imponens cognata vocabula rebus ? 272 f. Picenis : specified merely for vividness. Picenum was a re- gion of good orchards. The moist appleseeds were pinched out between the thumb and the forefinger ; if one could be made to strike the ceiling (cameram), it was an omen of success in love. 274 f. feris : the words of love are stammering because the organs of speech (palato) are those of an old man and the sounds stum- ble over them. For the rather forced feris Persius, imitating this passage (in i, 35). uses tenero supplantat ('trips up') verba pa- lato. aedificante: this refers back to vs. 247. 275. cruorem : i.e. the violent crimes into which men are led by love. 276 f . ignem . . . scrutare : a reference to the Pythagorean say- ing TTiyj fj.u\a>'pa fir] ^- tiata) in meaning. 196 SKK.MOM.S [2, 3, 291 Libertinus erat, qui circum compita siccus lautis mane senex manibus currebat et ' Vnum ' (' quid tarn magnum ? ' addens), ' unum me surpite morti, dis etenim facile est ! ' orabat ; sanus utrisque 285 auribus atque oculis ; mentem, nisi litigiosus, exciperet dominus cum venderet. Hoc quoque volgus Chrysippus ponit fecunda in gente Meneni. ' luppiter, ingentis qui das adimisque dolores,' mater ait pueri mensis iam quinque cubantis, 290 'frigida si puerum quartana reliquerit, illo mane die, quo tu indicis ieiunia, nudus 281-295. Fourth head, the folly of superstition. This is a subject in which Horace felt little interest ; he scarcely touches it elsewhere in the satires, and the brief treatment of it here is rather lifeless. 281 f. The details are not insig- nificant. The man was old, so that death was not far away ; he was a freedman, probably a foreigner, and therefore more inclined to superstition; he observed the for- eign (perhaps Jewish) customs of fasting (sieciis) and of ceremonial washings (laiitis manibus) and one shrine was to him as good as another (circum compita). 282 f . Vnum : not tne only, in preference to others, but 'ex- ercise your power just once such a little thing to do. 1 surpite: surripite ; the shortened forms are colloquial. 286 f . exciperet : * would have made a distinct exception ' in giving a guaranty of soundness. The tense refers back to the tfme when he was still a slave. hoc . . . volgus : the superstitious, as exemplified in the case just de- scribed, with the implication that there are many of them. fecunda . . . Meneni : the general sense is plain, that the superstitious are to be reckoned among the insane, but no contemporary Menenius is known, to whom the allusion would apply. 288 ff. As so frequently, the next illustration begins abruptly, without explanation. 289. cubantis : lying ill; cf. Sat. i, 9, 1 8. 290 f. quartana : one of the forms of recurrent malaria, quartan chills. illo . . . die : there was no Roman week, but there are traces of the eastern week here and there in Latin literature. Tibullus (i, 3, 1 8) refers to Satitrni dies (Sat- 197 2, 3, 292] IIORATI in Tiberi stabit.' Casus medicusve levarit aegrum ex praecipiti : mater delira necabit in gelida fixum ripa febrimque reducet, 295 quone malo nientem concussa ? Timore deorum.' Hacc mihi Stertinius, sapicntum octavus, amico arma dedit, posthac ne compellarer inultus. Dixerit insanum qui me, totidem audiet, atque respicere ignoto discet pendentia tergo. 300 Hor. Stoice, post damnum sic vendas omnia pluris, qua me stultitia, quoniam non est genus unum, urday) and the dies lovis was Thursday, i.e. Thor's day. On this day the stricter sects of the Jews fasted (ieiunia) and ceremo- nial bathing in the early morning (marie) was an Oriental observ- ance. All this indicates that this instance, like the preceding, was regarded by Horace as foreign. Our native superstitions do not attract our notice. 292. Casus medicusve : not the god. 293 f . ex praecipiti : from the crisis of the illness. necabit . . . febrimque reducet : i.e. ' will kill him by bringing back the fever.' fixum : cf. stabit ; the child is to stand still, perhaps during prayer. 295. quone : cf. utcnie. Sat. 2, 2, 107. Timore deorum: the Greek SiunBaifiovia, quite different from the Roman pit-tin or from that fear of God ' which is the beginning of wisdom. 296-299. An epilogue, spoken by Damasippus in his own person and corresponding to the intro- duction by Stertinius, vss. 77-81. octavus: as Sappho was some- times called the Tenth Muse. amico : spoken with pride that the great man calls him a friend. inultus : amplified in the next two lines. totidem: i.e. shall be called a madman himself. pen- dentia : with reference to the fable of the two sacks ; the one in front contains the faults of other people, but each man puts his own faults into the sack that hangs behind him, where he will not see them. 300-326. The concluding con- versation. Horace rouses him- self after the long sermon and inquires with no expectation of a reply, whether it applies to him. Uamasippus, with Stoic directness, points out various applications. 300. sic vendas: the introduc- tory wish : cf. vs. 16 note, vs. 191. pluris: at a profit, so that he may, if he chooses, resume his life as a business man. 198 SKK MONKS [2, 3. insanire putas ? Ego nam videor mihi sanus. Dam. Quid ? caput abscissum manibus cum portat Agaue gnati infelicis, sibi turn furiosa videtur ? 305 Hor. Stultum me fateor (liceat concedere veris), atque etiam insanum ; tan turn hoc edissere, quo me aegrotare putes animi vitio ? Dam. Accipe : primum aedificas, hoc est, longos imitaris, ab imo ad sum mum totus moduli bipedalis ; et idem 310 corpore maiorem rides Turbonis in armis 302. videor mihi sanus : i.e. under the cover of asking for his particular form of insanity Horace is really implying that he is not insane at all. Damasippus goes straight to the point. 303 f . The story is told in the Bacchae of Euripides, where Agave, the mother of Pentheus, appears, carrying the head of her son, whom she and the other Bacchantes have torn to pieces, mistaking him in their frenzy for an animal. The argument is that, as no madman recognizes his condition, such a statement as videor mihi sanus proves nothing. 305 f. Horace represents himself as yielding to the Stoic's argument, as indeed he must, but, he does it grudgingly, at first admitting only the milder stidtus and then at last making full submission in clique etiam insanutn. liceat: let me yield to facts, i.e. 'permit me to yield as gracefully as I can.' 306. edissere : a rather formal word, Tell we fully. The question quo . . . vitiof repeats qua ne sttdtitia . . . pittas? in different words and with much less confi- dence that the Stoic will find it a difficult question to answer. 307 ff . primum : as if there was to be a series of charges. aedifi- cas: this must be a reference to some building operations on Hor- ace's farm. See introd. to this satire. longos: big people* i.e. the rich ; but the word is selected for its double meaning. The Vita of Suetonius says ' Horatius . . . habitu corporis fuit brevis atque obesus' and he speaks of himself as corporis exigui (f-'pist. i, 20. 24) . bipedalis: of course ironical, as if he had said ' you who are little better than a dwarf in comparison with really big people like Mae- cenas.' idem : with restrictive or adversative force, as often ; cf. vs. 279. Translate, in spite of that or and yet you. Turbonis : a gladi- ator of small size, but great spirit. 199 2,3.3"] HORATI spiritum et incessum : qui ridiculus minus illo ? An quodcumque facit Maecenas, te quoque verum est, tan turn dissimilem, et tanto certare minorem? Absentis ranae pullis vituli pedc pressis, 315 unus ubi effugit, matri denarrat, ut ingens belua cognates eliserit. Ilia rogare : ' Quantane, num tan turn,' sufflans se, ' magna fuisset ? ' ' Maior dimiclio.' 'Num tantum ? ' Cum magis atque se magis inflaret, ' Non, si te ruperis,' inquit, 320 ' par eris.' Haec a te non multum abludit imago. Adde poemata nunc, hoc est, oleum adde camino ; quae si quis sanus fecit, sanus facis et tu. Non dico horrendam rabiem Hor. lam desine ! Dam. Cultum maiorem censu Hor. Teneas, Damasippe, tuis te. 312. Maecenas had laid out gardens and built a splendid palace on the Esquiline, to which Horace refers in Sat. i, 8, 7 as if it were not yet completed. In Epod. 9, 3 and Carm. 3, 29, 10, Maecenas was living in it. Other passages (Sat. 2, 6, 3r ; 2, 7, 32 ff.) show that Horace was not unwilling to joke about his relation to his great friend. verum : proper, suitable. 314 ff. The Fable of the Ox and the Frogs. Horace took the story from some Greek source, different from that of Phaedrus (i, 24). 317. Quantane : cf. yitone, vs. 295. 320 ff. non multum abludit : hits pretty near. poemata : the epodes and lyrics which Horace was beginning to write ; cf. vss. 1 1 ff. There is a similar reference to the divine inspiration of poets in Sat. 2, 7, 117, out insanit fwnio- ant versus facit, si quis . . . et tu : i.e. you can no more be free from the insanity of the poet than others have been. 323. rabiem: cf. Epist. i, 20, 25, irasci celerem, tauten ut placa- bilis essetn ; but cf. also Sat. i. 9, 1 1 f., where he wishes he had a temper. The expression here is a humorous exaggeration. lam desine : it is, of course, a very neat touch to represent himself as made angry by the charge of having a hot temper. For the outbreak cf. Sat. 2, 7. 116 ff. 323 f . Cultum : way of living. censu: here no more than in- come, not as in Sat. 2, i, 75. 200 SERMONES [2, 3, 326 325 Dam. Mille puellarum, puerorum mille furores Hor. O maior tandem parcas, insane, minor! ! 326. This turns the teaching of Damasippus (vss. 298 f.) back upon himself. The date of this satire cannot be fixed, but its character is such that the precise date is of no importance. It was probably written after Sat. 2,2. In form it is, like the preceding satire, a main body of discourse enclosed in a framework of dialogue. Horace meets upon the street an acquaintance who is hurrying home to commit to writing certain precepts of gastronomy which he had just heard. At Horace's request he consents to repeat them and after he has done so, in the main body of the satire (vss. 12-87), Horace, deeply impressed, begs that he may himself be allowed to attend the next lecture on the important subject and hear with his own ears. The introductory dialogue and the con- cluding request are less dramatic than the corresponding parts of the preceding satire, but they contrast in a somewhat similar way the enthusiasm of the believer with the attitude of Horace and they are admirable specimens of ironical deference. The main discourse consists of a series of precepts for the selection and serving of the courses of a dinner. They follow in general the order of the Roman dinner, the gustatio* the main course, wines and sauces, and the dessert, with advice about the service of the table. Each precept is given separately, as if it were an oracle which needs no explanation or logical connection. The style is serious and almost epic, as befits the seriousness of the speaker, but there is no such parody of the manner of the philosopher as in Satires 2 and 3. The irony which is easily felt in the dialogue is here less apparent, especially to the modern reader, to whom many of the details of Roman cookery must remain unknown. The reader of Horace's time, however, would feel at once the absurdity of the precepts, both in general and in details, and would therefore be conscious of the humor of lines which to the modern reader are rather dull. The speaker is called Catius and he is represented (vs. 1 1 ) as quoting from the discourse of an authority on gastronomy whose name he avoids giving. This is. in form, the same device that is used in Sat. 2, 3, where Damasippus quotes from Stertinius, and in Sat. 2, 7, in which the slave 201 2, 4, I] HORATI repeats the teachings which he had learned from the door-keeper of C'rispinus (vs. 45). Such machinery of the satirical form is not to be taken seriously ; in Sat. 2, 7 it is plainly a mere joke and the Damasip- pus-Stertinius relation in Sat. 2, 3 serves only to give a background for the parody of Stoic preaching. Of the various identifications of Catius the only one which has both plausibility and point is the one proposed by Manso and revived by Palmer, that the name is a disguise of Matins, the friend of Cicero, Caesar, Trebatius and Augustus. But, in fact, the precise identification of either Catius or the mysterious aiictor is of no more importance than the precise determination of the date of composi- tion- The satire contains in itself its own best commentary. It is a bit of humorous and not unfriendly irony, directed primarily against some person whose name is ostentatiously withheld and, more broadly, against the science and art of gastronomy. So far as there is any per- sonality in it, it is of a kind which would be especially understood and appreciated by Horace's intimate friends, and the satire belongs, in this respect, to the same class as Sat. I, 9 and Sat. 2, 8. In all three there is the note of intimacy and it is not at all impossible that the learning of this satire is a parody of gastronomic conversations which Horace had heard at the table of Maecenas. Hor. Vnde et quo Catius ? Cat. Non est mihi tempus aventi ponere signa novis praeceptis, qualia vincant Pythagoran Anytique reum doctumquc Platona. Hor. Peccatum fateor, cum te sic tempore laevo 5 interpellarim ; sed des veniam bonus, oro. Quod si interciderit tibi nunc aliquid, repetes mox, sive est naturae hoc sive artis, minus utroque. 1. Vnde et quo : two questions 3. Anyti reum: Socrates. In condensed into one ; c(.Saf.i,g, his trial Anytus was the chief 62. accuser. 2. ponere signa: to set down 7. naturae, artis: (he dislinc- or fix upon his mind, as he went tion between natural and artilici.il along, the mnemonic signs which memory, by the aid of mnemonic would assist him in recalling the signs (imagines, signa), was tiudi- wliulr discourse and putting it into tional in rhetoric, and is briefly dis- writing. cussed in a<1 1 lereii.^ 16-17,28-30. 202 SERMONES [2, 4, 23 Cat. Quin id erat curae, quo pacto cuncta tenerem, utpote res tenuis, tenui sermone peractas. 10 Hor. Ede hominis nomen, simul et Romanus an hospes. Cat. Ipsa memor praecepta canam, celabitur auctor. Longa quibus facies ovis erit, ilia memento, ut suci melioris et ut magis alba rotundis, ponere ; namque marem cohibent callosa vitellum. 15 Cole suburbano qui siccis crevit in agris dulcior ; irriguo nihil est elutius horto. Si vespertinus subito te oppresserit hospes, ne gallina malum responset dura palato, doctus eris vivam mixto mersare Falerno ; 20 hoc teneram faciet. Pratensibus optima fungis natura est ; aliis male creditur. Ille salubris aestates peraget, qui nigris prandia moris finiet, ante gravem quae legerit arbore solem. 8. id : with a reference back to 18. malum responset : defy, re- vs. 6; the idea is then amplified sis/, as in Sal. 2, 7, 85, 103. in quo . . . tenerem. dura: tough, because the fowl was lo-n. These lines suggest a killed after the unexpected guest joking reference to some friend, had appeared, whose name would be known to 19. doctus : ' you will show the inner circle of readers. yourself learned in the art of canam : with a certain formality. cookery by smothering it.' 12. facies : shape. 20. Pratensibus . . . fungis : 14. callosa : compact, solid. ' mushrooms that grow in the vitellum : chick : this is merely an meadows. 1 elaborate way of saying that male 22. moris : Mulberries. This fowls are hatched from long eggs. advice about lunch and the pre- 15 16. Cole: cabbage. subur- ceding lines on the preparation of bano : in a garden near the city a fowl for supper show that there water for irrigation would be more is no intention of following pre- abundant. elutius: more in- cisely the order of the courses of sipid \ literally, washed out. a dinner. 203 2, 4 , 24] HOKATI Aufidius forti miscebat mella Falerno, 25 mendose, quoniam vacuis committere venis nil nisi lene decet ; leni praecordia mulso prolueris melius. Si dura morabitur alvus, mitulus et viles pellent obstantia conchae et lapathi brevis herba, sed albo non sine Coo. 30 Lubrica nascentes implent conchylia lunae ; sed non omne mare est generosae fertile testae ; murice Baiano melior Lucrina peloris, ostrea Circeiis, Miseno oriuntur echini, pectinibus patulis iactat se molle Tarentum. 35 Nee sibi cenarum quivis temere arroget artem, non prius exacta tenui ratione saporum ; nee satis est cara piscis averrere mensa ignarum quibus est ius aptius et quibus assis languidus in cubitum iam se conviva reponet. 24-26. Aufidius: unknown. He of the line is that they should be is quoted with formality as a rival gathered when the moon is in- authority, to be refuted in the sin- creasing, during the first half of gle word wendose. The mulsutn, the lunar month, a mixture of wine and honey, 32-34- murice : cockle. pelo- was drunk at the beginning of ris : giant mussel. echini : sea- tlie meal. The error of Aufidius urchins. pectinibus : scallops. was in using a strong wine, forti These lines give the proper places Falerno ; the emphasis of the for getting the best shell-fish of correction is upon lene, leni. each kind, like Little Neck clams, 27-29. Si ... alvus: i.e. for Blue Point oysters, constipation. mitulus : mussel. 36. non prius : i.e. ( until he conchae: a general term for shall have learned thoroughly.'- shell-fish. lapathi : sorrel. tenui : fine, subtle, as in vs. 9. brevis : small-leaved, or perhaps 37. averrere : to snueep up from low-growing. Coo : a Greek the table of the fish-dealer, but wine. with a reference also to the use of 30. conchylia : another general nets in catching the fish, term for shell-fish. The meaning 38 f. assis: broiled. langui- 204 SERMnN KS [2,4,55 jo Vmber et iligna nutritus glande rotundas curvat aper lances carnem vitantis inertem ; nam Laurens mains est, ulvis et arundine pinguis. Vinea submittit capreas non semper edulis. Fecundae leporis sapiens sectabitur armos. 45 Piscibns atqne avibus quae natnra et foret aetas, ante meum nulli patuit quaesita palatum. Sunt quorum ingenium nova tantum crustula promit. Nequaquam satis in re una consumere curam, ut si quis solum hoc, mala ne sint vina, laboret, 50 quali perfundat piscis securus olivo. Massica si caelo supponas vina sereno, nocturna, si quid crassi est, tenuabitur aura, et decedet odor nervis inimicus ; at ilia integrum perdunt lino vitiata saporem. 55 Surrentina vafer qui miscet faece Falerna dus : i.e. even a sated guest will to originality in vs. 73 and the raise himself again on his elbow similar claim in Sat. 2, 8, 51. at the sight of the appetizing dish. 47. promit : produces, i.e. in- 40-42. iligna glande: acorns, vents. The line seems to be a curvat : bends ; the platters veiled reference to some particular were of silver. vitantis inertem : person. the important words ; ' the epi- 50. securus : careless, govern- cure, the man who avoids tasteless ing the clause quali . . . olivo $ meat, will get an Umbrian boar ' as if one should take great pains that has lived on acorns.' ulvis : to get good wine, but be careless sedge. about the quality of the olive oil.' 44. fecundae : prolific, in gen- 51-54- crassi : roughness, harsh- eral ; but the use of the feminine ness of taste. tenuabitur: will appears to be intentional. The be refined out of it. lino: 'the emphasis is upon armos ; the true straining of wine through a piece epicure will select for his guests of linen spoils the flavor.' the forelegs of the female hare. 55-57. vafer: cf. doctus, vs. 19, Cf. Sat. 2, 8, 89. sapiens, vs. 44. faece: a slight 46. ante meum: cf. the claim mixture of the lees of Falernian 205 2, 4, 5 6 ] 1IOKATI vina, columbine limum bcne colligit ovo, quatenus ima petit volvens aliena vitellus. Tostis marcentem squillis recreabis et Afra potorem cochlea : nam lactuca innatat acri Go post vinum stomacho ; perna magis ac magis hillis flagitat immorsus refici; quin omnia malit, quaecumque immundis fervent allata popinis. Est operae pretium duplicis pernoscere iuris naturam. Simplex e dulci constat olivo, 65 quod pingui miscere mero muriaque decebit, non alia quam qua Byzantia putuit orca. Hoc ubi confusum sectis inferbuit herbis Corycioque croco sparsum stetit, insuper addes pressa Venafranae quod baca remisit olivae. 70 Picenis cedunt pomis Tiburtia suco ; nam facie praestant. Venucula convenit ollis ; rectius Albanam fumo duraveris uvam. Hanc ego cum malis, ego faecem primus et allec, primus et invenior piper album cum sale nigro gives body to the light Surrentine 64-69. The simple sauce con- wine. limum: the sediment. sists of olive oil mixed with thick volvens aliena : gathering the for- wine and brine (inuria) from a eign matter. vitellus : the yolk, jar in which fish from Byzantium 58-63. Various kinds of food had been pickled. This is called which will tempt the appetite of duplex when it has been poured one who has taken much wine over chopped herbs and boiled, (i/iarcenlem potorem). Tostis then sprinkled with saffron and . . . squillis: fried shrimps. allowed to stand, and finally mixed cochlea : snails. lactuca : lettuce. with Venafran oil. perna: ham. hillis : sausages. 71. Venucula : sc. Hva ; grapes immorsus: bitten, i.e. stimu- for preserving. latt'il to fresh appetite-. 72. duraveris: dry into raisins. 63. Est operae pretium: an epic 73-75- cum malis: i.e. he first phrase. used raisins with fruit. allec: 206 SERMONES [2, 4, 91 75 incretum puris circumposuisse catillis. Immane est vitium dare milia terna macello angustoque vagos piscis urgere catino. Magna movet stomacho fastidia, seu puer unctis tractavit calicem manibus, dum furta ligurrit, So sive gravis veteri craterae limus adhaesit. Vilibus in scopis, in mappis, in scobe quantus consistit sumptus ? Neglectis, flagitium ingens. Ten' lapides varies lutulenta radere palma et Tyrias dare circum inluta toralia vestis, 85 oblitum, quanto curam sumptumque minorem hacc habeant, tanto reprehendi iustius illis quae nisi divitibus nequeant contingere mensis ? Hor. Docte Cati, per amicitiam divosque rogatus, ducere me auditum, perges quocumque, memento. 90 Nam quamvis memori referas mihi pectore cuncta, non tamen interpres tantundem iuveris. Adde something like caviare. incre- sawdust sprinkled upon the floor turn: sifted on. puris . . . before sweeping, catillis : on plates which held 83 f. The emphasis is upon nothing else. liitnlenta and inluta. palma': a 76-77. milia . . . macello : this broom of palm leaves. is the same thing that is said in 86 f. illis quae: in general, the vs. 37. that mere spending of things which only the rich can money is not enough. vagos: have; neatness requires only care, the line expresses in high-flown not money. language the rule that fish should 88. Docte : this is an ironical not he crowded together on too acceptance of the attitude of small a platter. Catius, that such knowledge is 79. furta ligurrit: cf. Sat, 1,3, tnie learning. 80 f. 91. interpres : Catius can give 80. limus: sediment left in the only second-hand reports. Adde: mixing bowl because it had not and, besides, think of the look and been properly washed. bearing. All this has especial 81. scopis: brooms. scobe: point, if Horace was really refer- 207 2,4,92] HOKATI voltum habitumque hominis, quern tu vidisse beatus non magni pendis, quia contigit ; at mihi cura non mediocris inest, fontis ut adire remotos 95 atque haurire queam vitae praecepta beatae. ring to some friend who was at 94 f. A parody of Lucret. I, times earnest in laying down the 927 and 4. 2, im'nt integros ac- gastronomic law. cedere fontis atque haurire. The date of this satire is fixed by vss. 62 fF. The phrase tdlitre inariqitc inagnns would not have been used in the years just before Actium, when it was increasingly apparent that the supremacy by sea was still to be decided. After Actium there was a general expectation that Octavius would carry out the project of his uncle for a war of con- quest in the East and it is 'to such expectations that Parthis horrendus refers. The satire was written soon after the battle of Actium, late in 3 1 or early in 30. The subject-matter is the practice of seeking legacies. To treat this as a profession, however, is to take satire too seriously ; it was a social evil, like free divorce or political bribery, which the satirist ridicules by assuming an ironical seriousness. The custom of leaving legacies, often small, but not infrequently of substantial amount, to many friends was already common in the Ciceronian period. It was to be expected that the custom would lead to the cultivation of friendships in the hope of a legacy and the tendency was strengthened by the large increase of wealth in the hands of men who did not know how to use it. Such men, often of the freed man class, sometimes without family connections, would be especially open to the flattering approaches of persons of higher position. The satire is a continuation, in burlesque, of a scene in the Odyssey, ii. 90 ff. The shack- of the Theban seer, Tiresias, meets Odysseus in the lower world and at his request tells him how he may secure his return to Ithaca and how he may summon the shade of his mother. After this interview the seer returns (vss. 150 f.) to the home of Hades. At this point Horace interjects the conversation which forms this satire. The selection of the venerable prophet of Thebes to give advice such as this is as happy as the selection of Trebatius in Sat. 2, I, and Odys- 208 SERMONES [2, 5, 8 seus, with the mingling of the crafty and the heroic in his traditional character, is admirably suited to receive the doctrine. Travesty of heroic legends had a considerable place in Greek litera- ture, especially in comedy; Plautus has one example in the Amphitnto and Varro had used it in his Saturae Menippeae. It has been fre- quently used in modern literature ; Thackeray's Rebecca and Rowena and Mark Twain's A Yankee in King Arthur's Court are familiar ex- amples. Horace has combined the humor of travesty with the humor of pretended seriousness in the treatment of his subject-matter, like the seriousness of De Quincey in Murder as a Fine Art. Vlixes. ' Hoc quoque, Tiresia, praeter narrata petenti responde, quibus amissas reparare queam res artibus atque modis. Quid rides? Tiresias. lamnedoloso non satis est Ithacam revehi patriosque penatis 5 aspicere ? Vlix. O nulli quicquam mentite, vides ut nudus inopsque domum redeam, te vate ; neque illic aut apotheca procis intacta est aut pecus ; atqui et genus et virtus, nisi cum re, vilior alga est. 1. praeter narrata: i.e. the 6. nudus inopsque: this had prophecy as to his safe return to been distinctly said (Od. u, 114 Ithaca. Narrare in its colloquial ff.). te vate: according to your sense, tell, speak. prophecy ; not quite as if he 2. amissas . . . res: the seer doubted the seer, but as if he had told him of the havoc that accepted it unwillingly. neque the suitors were making of his illic : nor, when I get there. property at home. 7. procis : the suitors of Penel- 3. Quid rides : the seer smiled ope, avSpas v7repera invohietts (Aen. 6, 100). 13. honores: fruits and flowers, as in Car in. I, 17, ifi. 14. ante larem: the first-fruits were properly offered to the Lar Familiaris. 15. sine gente: of no family ; a freedman or a slave had no legal claim to be gentilis. There is no necessary connection with fngiti- vr/s, since no definite person is in mind ; the various discreditable attributes are piled together, as in Car in. 2, 13. 5 ff. ; Epod. 3, I f. 17. comes exterior: 'to escort him, walking on his left side 1 ; this is expressed in the next line by tegam . . . latns. It was the Greek and the Roman custom for the inferior, as escort, to walk-on the left side. The explanation given was that the left side was more open to attack, the right being protected by the drawn sword. si postulet: in the collo- quial sense of postulare, to expect, desire. 18. Vtne tegam : a common form of repudiating exclamation. Da- mae: a common name of a slave; cf. Sat. I, 6, 38. 2IO SERMONES [2. 5. 27 me gessi, certans semper melioribus. Tir. Ergo pauper eris. Vlix. Fortem hoc animum tolerare iubebo ; et quondam maiora tuli. Tu protinus, unde divitias aerisque ruam die, augur, acervos. Tir. Dixi equidem et dico : captes astutus ubiquc testamenta senum, neu, si vafer unus et alter insidiatorem praeroso fugerit hamo, aut spem deponas aut artem illusus omittas. Magna minorve foro si res certabitur olim, 19. melioribus: dat. ; the phrase appears to be a reminiscence of //. 21, 486, KpcitrcrofTiv fj.a.^er- ncgabo atqne obdiiraho ; Catull. 8, 212 SKK.MMNKS [2,5.5' 40 infantis statuas,' seu pingui tentus omaso Furius ' hibernas cana nive conspuet Alpis.' ' Nonne vides,' aliquis cubito stantem prope tangens inquit, ' ut patiens ! ut amicis aptus ! ut acer ! ' plures adnabunt thynni et cetaria crescent. 45 Si cui praeterea validus male filius in re praeclara sublatus aletur, ne manifestum caelibis obsequium nudet te, leniter in spem adrepe officiosus, ut et scribare secundus heres, et, si quis casus puerum egerit Oreo, 50 in vacuum venias : perraro haec alea fallit. Qui testamentum tradet tibi cumque legendum, \\, perfer, obditra ; Ovid, Trist. 5, 11,7, Puffer et obditra. 39 ff. The quotations are from a lost poem of M. Furius Bibacu- lus, of Cremona, a contemporary of Cicero, still living at the time this was written and already al- luded to in Sat. i, 10, 36. The first phrase, r libra . . . stadias, meaning ' in extreme heat,' is tur- gid in conception and in single words, especially infantis, ' speech- less. 1 The second is quoted also by Quintil. 8, 6, 17 as an example of poor rhetoric, with luppiter as the first word ; Horace has sub- stituted the poet's own name. The personal allusion in pingui . . . (vnaso, ' s'tuffed with fat tripe,' is offensive to modern taste and the particular justification for it is not known. 42. prope : with stantem ; stand- ing ne.\'t to him in the law-court. 44. cetaria : this must mean a fish-pond or weir, which is at the same time a trap and a place for keeping fish alive until they are wanted for the table. The figure is not exactly the same as that in vs. 25. 45 . praeterea : furthermore. \ n - troducing the special precepts of vss. 45-50. validus male : = in- validus. 46. sublatus : recognized, lit., taken up ; the new-born child was placed before the father, who recognized it as his by taking it up. 47. caelibis : objective gen. with obsequium. nudet te : ex- pose you, betray your plans to your victims. 48 f. ut : the clause is explica- tive of spem. secundus heres : i.e. to inherit in case of the death of the first-named heir. Oreo : the seer uses epic language. 51-69. A warning against being taken in by the testator. 213 , 5. 52] H< -KATI abnuerc ct tabulas a tc removere memento, sic tamen, utlimis rapias, quid prima secundo cera velit vcrsu ; solus multisne coheres, 55 veloci percurre oculo. Plerumque recoctus scriba ex quinqueviro corvum*deludet hiantem, captatorque dabit risus Nasica Corano. Vlix. Num funs? an prudens ludis me obscura canendo ? Tir. O Laertiade, quicquid dicam aut erit aut non : 51 if. Qui . . . cumque: cf. (jnando . . . cumque, Sat. \ , 9, 33. memento : be sure, dotft forget . The point is to make a show of indifference to the question of money. sic tamen : in such a way, however. limis : sc. oculis ; the noun is so frequently omitted that in late Latin limis was mis- taken for a nom. sing. ; with a side glance. prima . . . cera : the will was written on wax tab- lets with raised edges, which could be tied together and sealed. On the inside of the first leaf the name of the testator was written in the first line and the name of the heir in the second (secundo versii). The fixed position of the names made it easy to read them at a glance. quid . . . velit : what the first page says; the sense is different when sibi is added, as in vs. 61. 55 ff. This instance of the un- happy result of a neglect of the precautions just mentioned is put in the form of a reference to an event of Horace's time, which the seer relates as a prophecy (lielndct, dabit) and in the ambiguous lan- guage of an oracle. Of course all the Roman words and names (scriba, quinqueuir, Nasica, Cora- nus) are unintelligible to Ulysses, and the fable of the Fox and the Raven was unknown to him. recoctus : boiled over, with a ref- erence to the Medea legend. quinqueviro: a subordinate police official Coranus who had risen to the unimportant office of scriba. The details increase the perplexity of Ulysses and help to make the whole incident ridiculous. 59 f . aut erit aut non : as Tire- si as is supposed to mean it, this would be ' what I say will happen, will, and what I say will not hap- pen, will not,' but the possible double meaning makes it a bur- lesque of the solemn claims of sooth-savers. The verse is quoted by Boethius (de Cons. 5, 3) as vaticinium ill mi ridiculum Tirc- siae. The absurdity is heightened 214 SKKMONKS [2, 5, 69 60 divinare etcnim magnus mihi clonat Apollo. Vlix. Quid tamen ista velit sibi tabula, si licet, edc. Tir. Tempore quo iuvenis Parthis horrendus, ab alto demissum genus Aenea, tellure marique magnus erit, forti nubet procera Corano 65 filia Nasicae, metucntis reddere soldum. Turn gener hoc faciet : tabulas socero dabit atque ut legal orabit; multum Nasica negatas accipiet tandem et tacitus leget, invenietque nil sibi legatum praeter plorare suisque. by the next verse in Homeric style. donat : present, as if he felt the gift of the god at that moment. 61. The reply of Ulysses is more humble (si licet) than vs. 58, as if he had been impressed by the lofty tone of vss. 59-60. tamen: i.e. ' but nevertheless I should like to understand the story, if I may.' Quid . . . velit sibi : ivJiat it means. 62 ff. The seer re-tells the story in plain language, with an intro- duction in the heroic style. On the date see introd. to this satire. 62 f. iuvenis : Octavius was a little over thirty. demissum: cf. A en. i, 288, a niagno demissum no men lulo. genus: cf. Sat. i, 6, 12, I 'alert genus, in apposition with a proper noun, as here with invents. 64. forti, procent : stock epi- thets (cf. Sat. 2, 3, 216) used in derision in this case, where the inducement to the marriage was neither courage nor beauty, but the payment of a debt. 65. metuentis: the sense of metuo is frequently weakened, es- pecially when it takes an infin., to meanings like hesitate, be unwill- ing; cf. Carm. 2, 2. 7, penna metuentesolvi. soldum: the syn- copated colloquial form for soli- dum, the principal of the debt. The point is that as Nasica was unwilling to pay a debt (presum- ably to Coranus), he gave Coranus his daughter instead, hoping that the son-in-law would leave to him or to his daughter a sum which would more than counterbalance the debt. The relative age of father-in-law and son-in-law is left out of account, or the case is like the marriage of Pompey to Caesar's daughter. 66 ff . tabulas : the will, as in vs. 52. multum . . . negatas : i.e. having made a great show of refusing, as advised in vs. 52. praeter plorare : the prepos. gov- 215 5 73 HORATI 70 Illud ad haec iubeo : mulier si forte dolosa libertusve senem delirum temperet, illis accedas socius ; laudes, lauderis ut absens ; adiuvat hoc quoque, sed vincit longe prius ipsum expugnare caput. Scribet mala carmina vecors : 75 laudato. Scortator erit : cave te roget ; ultro Penelopam facilis potiori trade. Vlix. Putasne perduci poterit tarn frugi tamque pudica, quam nequiere proci recto depellere cursu ? Tir. Venit enim magnum donandi parca iuventus 80 nee tantum Veneris, quantum studiosa culinae. Sic tibi Penelope frugi est, quae si semel uno erns the infin. as a noun. Plorare means to lament and, as used in the will, it would mean that Cora- nus left to Nasica the legacy of grief which his death would cause, but with an ironical suggestion of the grief that he would feel at receiving no legacy in money. Cf. Sat. I, 10. 91. 70-74. ' Do not disdain to play a second part as a helper to others who may be managing an old man.' ad haec : cf. praeterea, vs. 45. mulier . . . libertusve : i.e. un- der the most discreditable and humiliating influences. delirum : childish; cf. Cic. de Sen. II, 36, setiilis stultitia quae deliratio ap- pellari solet . ipsum . . . caput: the old man himself. 74. Scribet : a condition ex- pressed without si, in parataxis. vecors : cf. excors. St. 2, 3, 67. 76 f. potiori : so in Epod. 15, 13. Putasne . . . poterit: para- taxis like the English, do you think she can . . . ? This is very com- mon in colloquial Latin, e.g. Plaut. Rud. 1269, censen hodie desponde- bit earn mihi f 78. nequiere proci : the faith- fulness of Penelope had become in Horace's time the main ele- ment in the story of the suitors, and it is alluded to here as a well- known fact, but it had in truth been barely hinted at by Tiresias (Od. 11, 117) and would not be known to Ulysses. 79. enim : of course, for. magnum : obj. of donandi, which depends upon parca. They gave gifts, but not big enough gifts ; this adds a touch to the travesty of the heroic, to which, indeed, this part of the story is particu- larly exposed ; cf. Od. 1 8, 275-280. 81. Sic . . . quae si: under such conditions (with stingy suit- ors) . . . , but if she ... semel 216 S I. K MONKS [2. 5. 91 do scne gustarit tecum partita lucellum, ut canis a corio numquam absterrebitur uncto. Me sene quod dicam factum est: anus improba Thebis 85 ex testamento sic est elata : cadaver unctum oleo largo nudis umeris tulit heres, scilicet elabi si posset mortua ; credo, quod nimium institerat viventi. Cautus adito, neu desis operae, neve immoderatus abundes. 90 Difficilem et morosum offendet garrulus ; ultra non etiam sileas ; Davus sis comicus, atque uno : just once from one old //tan. 83. The line is a condensed comparison ; ' it will be as hard to get her away as to . . .' a corio . . . uncto: a Greek saying, like the English 'to drive a dog away from his bone.' 84-88. A story to enforce the need of caution in one's atten- tions. Me sene : Tiresias had long been dead, and he refers back to the time when he was an old man, as an old man refers to his youth with me puero or me iuvenc. Cf. Sat. 2, 2, 112 f., puer . . . ego . . . Ofellum . . . novt. sic est elata : i.e. was to be car- ried out for burial, if the heir could fulfil the condition. scilicet . . . si : to see, you understand, whether ; this use of si is explained in the grammars. nimium in- stiterat : i.e. she had never been able to slip away from him while she was alive. 88. Cautus : the moral of the story, expanded in the following lines. 89. operae: dat., as in hand mihi dero, Sat. I, 9, 56. 90 f . Difficilem. morosum : these words are used of old men by Cicero (de Sen. 18, 65). ultra: 'don't even be too silent.' Cf. the rebuke of the impatient judge to the talkative lawyer : ' The Court wants nothing from you but silence and not very much of that? non : there are occa- sional uses of non with a subjv. like this scattered through Latin writers [Schmalz, Lat. Syni? 205], especially in poetry and in Low Latin. Such instances are usually explained by connecting non with some single idea in the sentence, other than the verb, or by twisting the subjv. into a potential meaning. comicus : he like Davits in the comedy. Davus was a stock name- for the confidential slave. 217 2, 5- 92] HO R ATI stes capite obstipo, multum similis metuenti. Obsequiograssare ; mone, si increbuit aura, cautus uti velet carum caput ; extrahe turba oppositis umeris ; aurem substringc loquaci. Importunus amat laudari ; donee ' Ohe iam ! ' ad caelum manibus sublatis dixerit, urge, crescentem tumidis infla sermonibus utrem. Cum te servitio longo curaque levarit, et certum vigilans, ' Quartae sit partis Vlixes ' audieris ' heres ' : ' Ergo mine Dama sodalis riusquam est ? Vnde mihi tam fortem tamque fidelem ? ' 92. capite obstipo : this is the attitude of extreme deference, rep- resented in vase-paintings and in the illustrated Ms. of Terence. multum : with inetitenti\ Mike a man deeply respectful. 1 [Usually taken with similis, on the basis of Epist. i, 10, 3; in that passage, however, the contrast demands an emphasis upon disshniles, which is quite out of place here. There are parallels enough to the use of iniiltHin (as well as multd) with such a verb as tticiuo.'] 93. Obsequio: the emphatic word ; it makes a slight inten- tional contrast with grassare, which carries the suggestion of approach with an unfriendly pur- pose ; gfl tit him hy flattery. 95. substringe : i.e. gather n/> your ear with your hand, as if anxious not to lose a word. 96. Importunus : insatiate, e.v- acting. as in Kfn'st. . 2, 185. amat: a paratactic comlitioH, like scribet, 74. Ohe iam: the full form, ohe iatn satis est, is used in Sat. 1.5, 12 f. and ohe iam satis in Plaut. Stick. 734. The phrase was so fixed that the meaning was suggested without satis. 98. tumidis : swelling, in the active sense ; cf. Verg. Acn. 3, 357, tninido inflatur . . . Anstro. A similar figure is used in Sat. 1,4, 19. 99. levarit : shall release yon by his death. 100. certum vigilans : 'be per- fectly sure that you are wide awake, that it is no dream. 1 Quartae sit : as if quoted from the will, though the exact formula would be Vlixes hcres ex qna- drante esto. 101 f. Ergo : so then ; the con- ventional word to introduce an expression of grief. Cf. Car HI. i, 24. 5 ; Ovid, Trist. 3, 2, I . soda- lis: cf. vs. 1 8. spnri i> Daniae. nusquam est : one of the many periphrases for death. 218 SKKMnM.-, [2,5, no sparge subinde, et, si paulum potes, illacrimare : est gaudia prodentcm voltum celare. Sepulchrum 105 permissum arbitrio sine sordibus exstrue; funus egregie factum laudei vicinia. Si quis forte coheredum senior male tussiet, huic tu die, ex parte tua sen fundi sive domus sit emptor, gaudentem nummo te addicere. Sed me no imperiosa trahit Proserpina : vive valeque ! 103 f . sparge : the object is the other considerations ' ; the form preceding remark. paulum: in of legal sale is gone through in sense with illacrimare as well as order to make the gift valid, with potes. est: it is your part, no. imperiosa: so sae-va Pro- it is for yon to. gaudia: obj. of serpina, Car in. I, 28, 20; she is prodentem. the mistress of the dreaded under- 105 f . permissum arbitrio : i.e. world. But there is a bit of trav- when no specific directions are esty in the abruptness of the given. The emphatic words are farewell, which is quite different sine sordibus and (in 106) egregie from the dignified withdrawal of factum. Tiresias in the Homeric scene, 108 f. sive sit emptor: if he Od. u, 150 f. The common for- shoidd wish to buy . nummo: our mula of farewell, vive valeque, is formula is, ' for one dollar and also used with humorous effect. This satire was written at about the same time as the preceding (2, 5), late in 31 B.C. or early in 30. The 'chilling rumor about the Dacians 1 (vss. 50, 53) refers to the popular fear of an invasion of Italy by the Daci after the battle of Actium, and the uncertainty in regard to the allotment of land to the veterans (vss. 55 f.) was terminated by the brief visit of Octavius to Brundisium early in 30. Other indications (38) point to the same date. The connection of thought is simple: 'I now have in my Sabine farm more than I had dared to hope for, and my only desire is that my present happiness Thay continue without change. No better subject than this could offer itself to my humble Muse, as I begin the day here. For at Rome the day begins quite differently, with one engagement after another, and even though a visit to Maecenas may be one of them, 219 2,6] IIORATI yet the pleasure is half spoiled by the requests of my acquaintances that I should use my influence with Maecenas on their behalf. They do* not understand that my friendship with him has nothing to do with public affairs ; in fact, we never speak of such things, and I am glad to escape from it all and get back into the country, and to hear the simple talk of my good neighbors, like Cervius' story of the Town Mouse and the Country Mouse.' This satire is a partial return to the forms used in the First Book. The main body of the discourse (vss. 77-117) is, it is true, formally separated from the rest and put into the mouth of another speaker; in so far Horace uses the newer form with which he had been experiment- ing in Sat. 2, 2 ; 2. 3. The main body, however, is not enclosed in a framework of formal dialogue, but is introduced by an expression of personal opinion and feeling, like that with which Sat. i, 6 concludes. It was, undoubtedly, the strength of personal feeling to be expressed that led Horace to return to his earlier method of treatment instead of using the form of Sat. 2, 2 and 2, 3, which is better suited to burlesque and persiflage than to serious discussion. In general tone, also, this satire which has in it little of the satirical element is a return to the manner of the First Book. It is not, how- ever, a mere turning back. The intervening years had left their health- ful mark upon Horace, and in his personal attitude he shows the good effect that success in honest endeavor has upon all men of large nature ; he is not less modest, perhaps he is more modest (vss. 40-58), but he no longer needs to explain himself or to defend his conduct. The sense of easy security centered about his closest friend, Maecenas, and about the farm which was the gift of that friend, and he felt the impulse to express his contentment. It is to be remembered, also, that Horace was, as Kiessling reminds us, a 'country boy. 1 It was in Rome that he had done his work, and there he had made himself a place, but his profoundest interest was not in the life of clubs and dinners. He never ceased to feel the desire for the quieter life of the country, as this satire and Epod. 2 sufficiently testify. Meanwhile, a change had come over public affairs, not unlike the change in his own circumstances. The rule of Octavius had justified itself, so far as such rule can ever be justified, and the security which Horace had received from Maecenas, Rome had had as a gift from Mae- cenas' chief. Between Octavius and Antony no sane man could hesi- tate, and beneath tin- personal contentment which this satire expresses it is easy to hear the note of political repose and contentment which followed the decision at Actium. This satire was not written by the 220 SERM0NES [2, 6, 6 young republican who fought at Philippi, or by the satirical follower of the more satirical Lucilius, but by a contented friend and citizei Hoc erat in votis : modus agri non ita magnus, hortus ubi et tecto vicinus iugis aquae fons et paulum silvae super his foret. Auctius atque di melius fecere. Bene est. Nil amplius oro, Maia nate, nisi ut propria haec mihi munera faxis. Si neque maiorem feci ratione mala rem, 1. Hoc : elaborated in the rest of the sentence, but with reference also to the scene that lay before him, as he looked out from his farm-house in the morning. in votis : l was one of the things for which I made my vows.' 2. iugis : in form either gen. or n.om., but the balance vicinus -fons, iugis-aquae requires a genitive. 3. super his : the ace. is more common, but the abl. is freely used by Horace (super foco, Carm. I, 9, 5; super Pindo, Carm. i, 12, 6). His usage favors the local ^ meaning above these (not in addi- tion to these things), i.e. on the overhanging ridge of the hill. This little wood-land is referred to also in Carm. 3, 16, 29 f.. silva iugerum paucorum and in Epist. i, 14, i, and there is a fuller description in Epist. i, 1 6, 5 ff. Auctius : more liberally. 5. Maia nate : cf. Vergil's nate dea. Mercury, as the god of gain (e.g. Sat. 2, 3, 25), was the god to whom the prayer for am- plius would be addressed. haec . . . munera : even more distinctly than hoc. vs. i, a reference to the scene before him. faxis : the archaic form (fac-s-ts, a sigmatic aorist optative), still used in pray- ers and curses. 6 f. Cf. the advice of the father to his two sons, Sat. 2, 3, 177 f., and the note there. The thought here is the same, but it is expressed somewhat elliptically and with a careful contrast of phrasing which covers up the thought. The real emphasis is upon Horace's contentment with what he has and his determination to avoid in the future, as he has in the past, either of the extremes against which so much of his preaching is directed, either the extreme of money-loving or the opposite extreme of wastefulness. There is no contrast between ratione mala and some ratio bona nor between vitio cnlpave and some creditable way of lessening one's property, e.g. by charity ; the contrast is between the avarns with his usual ratio mala and the nepos with his I'itinm cutyave. 221 2, 6, 7 ] II OK ATI nec sum facturus vitio culpave minorem ; si veneror stultus nihil horum : ' O si angulus ille proximus accedat, qui mine denormat agellum ! 10 O si urnam argenti fors quae mihi monstret, ut illi, thesauro invento qui mercennarius agrum ilium ipsum mercatus aravit, dives amico Hercule ! ' si quod adest gratum iuvat, hac prece te oro : The sense of the whole is, ' I am content with what I have. I have not tried (and shall not try) to increase it as men usually do and I (have not been tempted and) shall not be tempted into the common fault of wastefulness.' 8. veneror : a rather infrequent use, with cognate ace. or ace. of the thing asked for, without the ace. of the person. Cf. Carm. Saec. 49. ' If I utter no such prayer as these. 1 si : this ex- pression of a wish is explained in the grammars and is familiar to us from the corresponding English ; ' oh, if only . . / 9. accedat : were added to his farm. denormat: a technical term in surveying : expressive of the natural and common desire to have a farm marked by straight border-lines. 10. urnam argenti : almost ex- actly the English a pot of money, in its original sense. ii f. mercennarius: this would naturally be in the main clause, but is put into the relative clause in ordertobring it intoclosercontrast with mercatus. The whole should be very freely rendered into Eng- lish : 'the man who found a buried treasure and with it bought and cultivated the very farm on which he had been before a hired laborer." 13. Hercule : there are a few references, not perfectly clear, to Hercules as the god of hidden treasures, but the explanation of the reference to him here is to be found in the folk-story that Horace is alluding to, which is given by Porphyrio : ' traditur fabula, fuisse quendam mercennarium qui sem- ^per Herculem deprecatus sit. ut sibi boni aliquid praestaret. Quern Hercules ad Merctirium duxit et obsecratum thesaurum fecit ostendi. Quo effosso ille eundem agrum, in quo operam mercen- narium faciebat. comparavit et labori solito operam dedit; sique probavit Mercurius. quod de eo praedixerat Herculi. nulla re ilium posse Ix-atum vivere. cum in eadem opera post inventionem thesauri perseveravit.' In his allusion Hor- ace has omitted Mercury, who is the real god of gain, and hasdropped the 222 SKRMoNKS [2, 6, 20 pingue pecus domino facias et cetera praeter irigenium, utque soles, custos mihi maximus adsis ! Ergo ubi me in montis et in arcem ex urbe removi, quid prius illustrem saturis Musaque pedestri ? Nee mala me ambitio perdit nee plumbeus Auster autumnusque gravis, Libitinae quaestus acerbae. Matutine pater, sen lane libentius audis, moral. si . . . iuvat: this repeats the substanceof the conditions st . . . fed, si veneror, after the long in- terruption, in order to bring them near the apodosis oro. 14 f . pingue pecus, ingenium : a pun upon the literal meaning of pingnis, fat, and the derived sense, //t'rt7>/,as in the English fat-witietf. ut soles: other references to Mercury as his guardian divinity are Carm. 2, 7. 13 (at Philippi) ; 2, 17, 29 ff. 1 6 f. in montis : Horace says of the site of his farm continui mantes (Epist. i, 16, 5). in ar- cem ex urbe : the play upon the similar sound of the words is intentional (cf. Enn. et arce et nrbe and Livy's famous host is pro hospite) and may be rendered by citadel and city. prius : like the English rather, i.e. sooner, in preference to my farm. Musa pedestri : cf. Sat. i , 4, 39 f., ego me illoruin dederiin qttibits esse poet as excerpam nuniero, with the argu- ment which follows. "The ambition to be a true lyric poet lies behind this estimate of the work he had alreadv done. 1 8 f. ambitio: something of the original meaning (amb ire, to go about, canvassing for votes) is still left in this word, though here the reference is to the social struggle (23 if.), rather than to the political. plumbeus : the sirocco, A ttster, brings a peculiar sense of oppression, like a weight. Libitinae quaestus : at the temple of Venus Libitina funerals were registered and fees paid, and the things necessary for a funeral were obtained by undertakers. A season of ill-health, like the autumn (Epist. i, 7, 1-9), was therefore a time of gain (y/ttu-s- tus) for the goddess. 20 ff. As the references to the farm, especially vss. 16 f., are meant to indicate the place where this satire was written, so these lines are meant to indicate the time of day, the early morning. And the peaceful beginning of the day in his place of refuge suggests to Horace both the invocation to the god of morning and of all be- ginnings and also, by contrast, the hurried and senseless round of duties to which the morning sum- 223 2, 6, 21] HORATI unde homines operum primes vitaeque labores instituunt (sic dis placitum), tu carminis esto principium. Romae sponsorem me rapis. ' Heia, ne prior officio quisquam respondeat, urge ! ' Sive Aquilo radit terras seu bruma nivalem interiore diem gyro trahit, ire necesse est. Postmodo quod mi obsit clare certumque locuto, mons him at Rome. seu lane: it was customary in ritual to ad- dress the divinity by several differ- ent names, leaving it to him to select, as it were, the most accept- able (libentitts) \ cf. Carm. Saec. 15 f., sive tu Lncina probas vocari ( = libentiiis atidis) seu Genitalis. The vocative is used as a direct quotation from the prayer. audis : art called] so rexque paterque audisti, Epist. I, 7, 37 f., and often. unde : = a quo, ' with an invo- cation to whom. 1 In the rather heavy phrases operum vitaeque labores* instituunt* sic dis placitum there is a playful formality, as if in his cheerful morning mood Horace amused himself by adopt- ing the formal ritualistic style. 23 ff . These half-humorous lam- entations over the so-called so- cial duties which waste the time in Rome are quite in the vein of Sat. I, 9. He is struggling be- tween a sense of what courtesy demands and an impatient desire to be rid of the annoyances. It is annoying to have to go to court on a cold day, but it would be still more annoying to feel that he had failed to meet the claims of friendship ; it is highly un- pleasant to him to push his way through the crowd and give just cause for remonstrance, and his consciousness of being in the wrong only makes it the harder to bear the impudent remonstrance of the man whom he has jostled. 23! Romae: emphatic; 'at Rome how differently the day be- gin sponsorem : ' to be secu- rity for a friend ' ; to be asked to perform this office would be evi- dence that one was regarded as an intimate friend and would often be an honor. rapis : addressed to the god ; the morning brings the de- mand and expresses it in the words which follow, heia . . . urge. 25 f. The details the cold wind, mid-winter, snow, the short day picture from different sides the discomfort of going out of the house. interiore . . . gyro : as the sun sinks lower in approaching the winter solstice, each daily circle seems to be within that of the preceding day. 27. Postmodo: hereafter, at some future time. This is the 224 SKRMOXKS [2, 6, 34 luctandum in turba et facienda iniuria tardis. 'Quid tibi vis, insane, et quam rem agis?' improbus urget 30 iratis precibus ; ' tu pulses omne quod obstat, ad Maecenatem memori si mente recurras.' Hoc iuvat et melli est, non mentiar. At simul atras ventum est Esquilias, aliena negotia centum per caput et circa saliunt latus. ' Ante secundam regular meaning of postmodo and it is usually joined with some ex- pression of futurity, as in Carm. i, 28, 31 with nocituram ; it is to be taken here with obsit, not with luctandnin in the sense of next, afterwards. quod obsit : if the friend should fail to meet his obli- gation. The hazards of such sponsiones are often alluded to in classical literature, as the dangers of financial endorsements are in modern literature. clare certum- que : i.e. having had the disagree- able experience of being told to * speak out, so that the Court can hear.' 28. facienda: it seems worse to him to be forced to be rude than it would be to suffer rude- ness. 29. Quid tibi vis, insane : a com- mon phrase of colloquial speech. quam rem agis : scarcely less frequent in Plautus than quid agis? [The text of this line is taken from Bentley's convincing note.] im- probus : some impudent fellmv ; though the remonstrance is justi- fied, the manner of it and the HOR. SAT. 15 225 reference to Maecenas are im- pertinent. 30 f . precibus : curses, like di te perduint, which in form are prayers. This sense of preces is usually marked by some dis- tinguishing word in the context (Jwstilis, Thyesteus), as here by iratis. tu: as the speaker turns and recognizes Horace, he goes on from general curses to a direct and individual taunt : ' oh, it's you, is it ? you would of course be in a hurry, on your way to see your great friend ! ' memori . . . mente : i.e. 'your mind is so full of him that you can't remember to be decently polite to the rest of us. 1 32. Hoc: the thought of his friendship with Maecenas. non mentiar : i.e. 1 1 acknowledge it, though it is inconsistent with my argument that Rome isn't a pleas- ant place to live in. 1 At : but even this pleasure is half-spoiled. atras : the Esquiline. where the palace and gardens of Maecenas were, had been the site of a large burial-place. 34. per caput, circa latus: the 2. 6, j 5 J I10KAT1 35 40 Roscius orabat sibi aclesses ad Puteal eras.' ' De re communi scribae magna atque nova te orabant hodie meminisses, Quinte, reverti.' ' Imprimat his cura Maecenas signa tabellis.' Dixeris, ' Kxperiar : ' ' Si vis, potes,' addit et instat. Septimus octavo proprior iam fugerit annus, figures are slightly different from ours, but we say ' it runs through my head,' 'it springs into my mind' Ante secundam : before seven o'clock ; Roman business began at an early hour. ' 35. orabat: like the epistolary imperfect. adesses : on banking or court business. The I'nteal was a stone curbing around a spot in the Forum where lightning had struck ; the praetor's tribunal was not far from it. 36 f. These lines afford an in- teresting little glimpse into the professional relations of Horace as a member still of the onfa of minor government officials, the scribae. It is. in effect, a notice of a meeting of the organization ('important business'), given orally to Horace, who is ad- dressed familiarly by his ' first ' name. orabant meminisses: par- ataxis. reverti: i.e. 'to come back to the meeting-place to which he used to come when he was an active member of the organization.' 38. Imprimat . . . cura : para- taxis, likerwnz valeas, fac sisfidelis. signa : i.e. he wished Horace to ask Maecenas to set his seal and signature on the document. This would be like putting 'OK' and initials on a paper. As it is known that, during the months within which the composition of this satire must fall. Maecenas was the repre- sentative of Octavius in Rome and had authority to use his seal, the document was probably one that had to do with public business. 39. Dixeris: as if putting the reader into Horace's position, to make the situation more vivid. 40 ff. The form of expression is apparently intended to suggest increasingly definite reminiscence: 'it's seven years almost eight since . . .' iam fugerit: will soon ]im>e passed. For the story of the introduction, see Sat. i, 6, 54 ff. The expression here is al- most the same as the one used there, tubes esse in atniconini nn- incro, with the evident intention of recalling that satire, as the next words recall the journey to Brundi- sium. Sat. i, 5. The earlier claims to friendship are here qualified, to guard ngainst the interpretations which had been put upon them. The friendship has nothing to do with public affairs. 226 SERMONES 53 ex quo Maecenas me coepit habere suorum in numero, dumtaxat ad hoc, quern tollere reda vellet iter iaciens, et cui concredere nugas hoc genus : ' Hora quota est ? ' ' Thraex est Gallina Syro par ? ' 45 ' Matutina parum cantos iam frigora mordent ;'- et quae rimosa bene deponuntur in aure. Per totum hoc tempus subiectior in diem et horam invidiae noster. Ludos spectaverat una, luserat in Campo : ' Fortunae filius ! ' omnes. 50 Frigid us a Rostris manat per compita rumor : quicumque obvius est, me consulit : ' O bone (nam te scire, deos quoniam propius contingis, oportet), numquid de Dacis audisti ?' 'Nil equidem." ' Vt tu 44 f . Humorous under-state- ments. The things about which Horace and Maecenas talked were, to people who were thinking of political influence, no more im- portant than remarks about ath- letics or the weather. Thraex : a particular kind of gladiator armed like a Thracian. Gallina : the Chicken, the name given to him in sporting circles. Syro : a slave name, here borne by the gladiator who was to be matched against Gallina. 46. deponuntur: used of plac- ing valuables or money ' on deposit' in safe hands. rimosa: /.. 'Maecenas tells me none of the state secrets ' like those mentioned below. 48 ff . noster : our friend, as if holding himself up as an object of sympathy. This use is colloquial and the following illustrations are told in colloquial manner. spec- taverat : paratactic with the verb of omnes. The plupf. tense makes the relation of the clauses plainer: 'he had been to the shows with Maecenas ; then every- body said . . .' luserat : Sat. i, 5^8; i, 6, 126. 50. a Rostris : the platform in the Forum decorated with the beaks of ships was the center of public discussion and announce- ment. per compita : i.e. through the city, wherever men were gath- ered ; Sat. 2, 3, 25 f. 52. deos : a slang word for the prominent men in the state: 'the bosses,' 'The.Hig Four.' 53 f . numquid : frequently used in colloquial Latin, as here, \\ilh- 227 HORATI semper eris derisor ! ' 'At omnes di exagitent me, 55 si quicquam.' ' Quid, militibus promissa Triquetra praedia Caesar, an est Itala tellure daturus ? ' lurantem me scire nihil mirantur, ut unum scilicet egregii mortalem altique silenti. Perditur haec inter misero lux non sine votis : 60 O rus, quando ego te aspiciam ? quandoque licebit nunc veterum libris, nunc somno et inertibus horis ducere sollicitae iucunda oblivia vitae ? out the expectation of a negative answer ; ; have you heard anything about the Dacians?' Cf. introd. to this satire and Carm. 3, 6, 13 ff., paenc. , . delevit urban Dacus. Vt . . . eris: 'how determined you are to prove yourself a mere jester! 1 At: very common in such asseverations. For the gen- eral form of .the sentence cf. di me perdant, si bibi, Plaut. M. G. 33- 55 f . The allotment of land to the soldiers of Octavius (Caesar) after the battle of Actium was expected and there was great desire among those who were likely to be affected by confisca- tions or forced sales to know where the lands were to be taken and especially whether they were to be in Italy or perhaps in Sicily. 57 f. unum : the one man. This is not very different from ;/;///.. with the superlative, egregii alt iii ne supplying the standard of comparison ; cf. Sat. 2, 3, 24. scilicet: ironical; lie was credited with great power of keeping a secret which was, in fact, not known to him. 59. Perditur : the only occur- rence of a passive form of perdo in classical Latin, the forms of pereo being elsewhere used. Aero glosses it with consumitur. misero : it is hardly necessary to supply t/iifi/' ; the thought is still somewhat impersonal, as in vs. 48. votis: such as follow. But the wishes pass over easily and imper- ceptibly into a description of an evening in the country and so to the story of Cervius. 61. veterum libris: like those Greek books which he had taken with him for his Christmas vacation, Sat. 2, 3, 1 1 f. Horace did not care much for the early Latin literature, though he speaks with respect of Ennius. somno : an undisturbed siesta. 62. ducere . . . oblivia : drink in for&'tfitlnt'ssi so souls about to l>e born again longa oblivia fmtaiil (.If/i. 6, 715) at the water of Lethe. 228 SEK.MOM.S [2, 6, 70 O quando faba Pythagorae cognata simulquc uncta satis pingui ponentur holuscula lardo ? 65 O noctes cenaeque deum ! tjuibus ipse meique ante larem proprium vescor vernasque procacis pasgo libatis dapibus. Prout cuique libido est, siccat inaequalis calices conviva, solutus legibus insanis, seu quis capit acria fortis 70 pocula, seu modicis uvescit laetius. Ergo 63 f. The simple fare of the country. Pythagorae cognata : the relative of Pythagoras ; a iittle fling at the Pythagorean philoso- phy. Pythagoras forbade the eat- ing of the flesh of animals because the soul of a human being might be inhabiting the body of the animal. He also forbade the eat- ing of beans ; whatever may have been the reason for this prohibition (and many different explanations are given), it was attributed to the same motive, to the belief that the soul of a man. even of a relative, might be dwelling in the bean, and the doctrine in this probably perverted form was made a matter of derision. uncta satis: the fat bacon took the place of olive oil in the salad. 65 ff. This is an ideal picture of the cheerful supper with its pleasant details (ipse, the host; mei. the intimate friends ; larem, the sacred hearth ; proprium, at home ; vernas, the old family ser- vants : procacis, on easy terms with the master : libatis dapibus, there is enough for all). A simi- lar scene is suggested, though with less detail, in Cic. Cat. mat. 14,46. libatis dapibus : abl. with pasco. the food which the guests have left is enough for the slaves. Cf. Sat. I, 3, 80 f. 67. Prout . . . libido : 'each guest, according to his , .own taste. . . .' 68 ff. inaequalis : defined in the following clauses, seu . . . seu. The etiquette of a formal dinner (legibus insanis) obliged the guests to drink their wine and water mixed in the same propor- tion, without regard to the taste of the individual. capit : holds, car- ries. acria : strong. fortis : strong-headed. uvescit : grows mellow. These are all words of half-specialized meaning, in use as a kind of slang in regard to drink- ing. There is a considerable vocabulary of such words in English, euphemistic and half- humorous. 70. Ergo : so then, in con- sequence of all that has been said of the character of the. gathering. 229 2, 6, 71] HORATI sermo oritur, non dc villis domibusvc alicnis, nee male necne Lepos saltet ; seel quod magis ad nos pertinet et nescire malum est agitamus : utrumne clivitiis homines an shit virtute beati ; 75 quidvc ad amicitias, usus rectumne, trahat nos ; et qtiae sit natura boni, summumque quid~eiuZ Cervius haec inter vicinus garrit anilis ex re fabellas. Si quis nam laudat Arelli sollicitas ignarus opes, sic incipit : ' Olim So rusticus urbanum murem mus paupere fertur 71 f. non de villis : not the en- vious or silly gossip that one may hear at more ambitious city din- ners. Lepos : Charm, the Charmer, a nickname of some dancer on the stage ; a real person, admired by Caesar, the Scholiast says. 73 ff. nescire malum est : these fundamental doctrines -of ethical philosophy cannot be ignored with- out loss and discredit. divitiis . . . an virtute : i.e. whether happiness comes from within, from character, or from external advantages, like wealth. usus rectumne : whether friendship is the result of need and of a sense of its advantages (tisns) or comes from the attractive power of high character. This is one of the questions on which Epicureans and Stoics held opposite views. It is discussed by Cicero in the tie Anii^itia. natura honi : the na- ture and essence of the Good and the Highest Good - stoitniiim the funil.uucnt.il question in all ancient philosophy, of which Cicero wrote in the de Finibus Bononim et Malornm. 77 ff. garrit anilis . . . fabel- las : there is a touch of modesty in these words ' he recounts some little story that he had heard from some old woman ' not the tone of contempt that is in < old-wives' fables, 1 but enough to disarm criticism. ex re : to the point, connected with the talk, perhaps with the question divitiis an virtute. Arelli : Greenough's note on this is thoroughly Hora- tian : 'so that, after all, human nature was too much for them, and they did talk " de villis domibusve alienis." 1 ignarus : not knowing that money brings anxiety (solli- citas). Olim: once upon a time. 80 ff. The old story of the Town Mousr ;ind the Country Mouse is ictold ;ind put into the month of .1 Sabine farmer with a purpose like so much of Horace at once serious and humorous. 230 SE KM ONES [2, 6, 90 accepisse cavo, veterem vetus hospes amicum, asper et attentus quaesitis, ut tamen artum solveret hospitiis animum. Quid multa ? neque ille sepositi ciceris nee longae invidit avenac, 85 aridum et ore fercns acinum semesaque lardi frusta cledit, cupiens varia fasticlia cena vincere tangentis male singula dente superbo ; cum pater ipse domus palea porrectus in horna esset ador loliumque, dapis meliora relinquens. 90 Tandem urbanus ad hunc: 'Quid te iuvat,' inquit, ' amice, It enforces in genera! terms the lesson of Horace's own preference, and it is at the same time an anilis fabella, at which one smiles while he recognizes its underlying truth. The actors are Lilliputian, but their 1 action embodies a large truth. This double purpose is re- flected in the style, which has a kind of old-fashioned formality. The tone is carefully set in the elaborate structure of the first sen- tence ; the four words ntsticns . . . tuns balance vetereitt . . . aniicnin adj.-adj., noun-noun ; nom-acc., ace. -n om ; rnsticiis-iirbaniiin.mn- rein-nius. This is the manner of the serious teller of an old story, conscious of his moral purpose and not quite conscious of the incongruity between the puqiose and the vehicle by which he con- veys the lesson. 82. asper, attentus: like the ideal Sabine or New England farmer. ut tamen : but yet such that he could . . . fta is com- monly used in this kind of sen- tence. 83. solveret : to balance artinn ; he could relax his closeness. Quid multa : the same phrase is used in Sat. I, 6, 82 and cf. ne te awrer, Sat. I, I, 14. 84. ciceris : the gen. after />/- viiia is a Greek construction. sepositi : set aside as too good for ordinary days. The kinds of food peas, oats, seeds, bits of bacon are specified in order to heighten the contrast between the solemn moral tone and tlTe littleness of the actions and objects. 86. fastidia : the dainty appe- tite. 87. male : with tangent is ; scarcely touching. 88. pater . . . domus : the mas- ter of the house ; an intentionally fine phrase. 89. esset : from edo. ador loliumque : spelt and darnel, sup- 231 2, 6, HORATI praerupti nemoris patientem vivere dorso ? Vis tu homines urbemque feris praeponcre silvis ? Carpe viam, mihi crede, comes, terrestria quando mortalis animas vivunt sortita, neque ulla est 95 aut magno aut parvo led fuga : quo, bone, circa, dunj licet, in rebus iucundis vive beatus, vive memor quam sis aevi brevis.' Haec ubi dicta agrestem pepulere, domo levis exsilit ; inde ambo propositum peragunt iter, urbis aventes ioo moenia nocturni subrepere. lamque tenebat nox medium caeli spatium, cum ponit uterque in locuplete domo vestigia, rubro ubi cocco tincta super lectos canderet vestis eburnos, posedly easy for a mouse to col- lect and therefore standing for ordinary food. 91 f . These lines drop back into the purely human attitude ; to a mouse praernpti. nemoris, dorso are not hardships nor homi- nes urbemque advantages. pati- entem: 'enduring a hard life.' Vis tui: -why don't you . . . ? with hortatory effect. [Bentley's note on the difference between ins tu and inn tu is, repeated in sub- stance by most editors, with a reference to Sat. i . 9, 69 as a true interrogation. But Tin tu . . . oppedere?\'& not a simple question and Bentley's dictum, though fairly correct for vis tit. is entirely fanci- ful for vin tu, many examples of which in Plaut. and Tor. are paral- lel to his vis tu. The evidence is collected in A. J. P.. X. 4 (40), i>- 4'5-] 93 f . mihi crede : a parenthetic exhortation, to add force to carpe viam. terrestria . . . : the Epi- curean doctrine, put into fine phrases. sortita : the idea of getting by lot is almost lost or re- solved into a vague sense of destiny. 95. aut magno aut parvo : as commonly used, this means ' even the greatest of us cannot escape 1 ; spoken by the mouse, the meaning is comically reversed. quo . . . circa: an unusual tmesis. 98. pepulere: struck, influenced his decision. levis: light-heart- edly. xoof. In the epic style; cf. Sat. i, 5, gf. Cf. also Sat. I, 5, 20 for iam tenebat . . . cum. 102 f. cocco^. . . eburnos: the contrast of the red covering with the ivory couch is used also in Catull. 64, 47 ff. in a description of a splendidly furnished palace. 232 SKKMOM - [2,6, 115 multaque de magna superessent fercula cena, 105 quae procul extructis inerant hesterna canistris. Ergo, ubi purpurea porrectum in veste locavit agrestem, veluti succinctus cursitat hospes continuatque dapes, nee non verniliter ipsis fungitur officiis, praelambens omne quod affert. 1 10 Ille Cubans gaudet mutata sorte bonisque rebus agit laetum convivam, cum subito ingens valvarum strepitus lectis excussit utrumque. Currere per totum pavidi conclave, magisque examines trepidare, simul domus alta Molossis 115 personuit canibus. Turn rusticus ' Haud mihi vita 104 f. fercula : trays, and then the courses served on them. procul : set aside, removed from the table to a sideboard. hesterna : i.e. of the evening before, it being now after mid- night. io6ff. All the appointments of the feast are in contrast to the entertainment in the country (vss. 83 ff.) and the host hurries about like a slave girt up (sued nt us) for waiting on the table. continuat : i.e. brings on the courses in quick succession. verniliter : in true servant-fashion ; denned by prae- lambens. He took stealthily a taste of the food before he brought it to his guest again in contrast with the true hospitality of the country mouse, vss. 88 f. 1 10 ff. bonis rebus : with agit . . . coHinvam, not with laetittn alone. agit : he plays the joyous guest ; this use of agere is technical of actors, e.g. egit in the Didas- caliae to the plays of Terence. strepitus : made by the ser- vants coming in the early morn- ing to put the dining-room in order. excussit : a very graphic word. 1 13 f . Currere : the name which Lane gives to this, the infinitive of intimation, is here very apt, while the ordinary name, histori- cal infinitive, is particularly inap- propriate. trepidare : often used in connection with cursare, dis- cursu, concursare, as here with ctfrrere, of aimless and terrified running about. simul : when. Molossis : large hounds kept as watch-dogs. iiSff. Haud . . . est: ' I do not care for such a life as this.' For this slightly weakened collo- quial sense of opus est cf. Sat. \. 9, 27 and the common phrase nil inoror. It appears to be 233 2, 6, u6J HORATI est opus hac,' ait, 'et valeas; me silva cavusque tutus ab insidiis tenui solabitur ervo.' most marked in negative sentences. solabitur : i.e. for the loss of the splendors of a city life. The precise date of this satire cannot be fixed. The allusion in vs. 23 may be either to Sat. 2, 2 or to the second half of Sat, 2, 6, and vs. 28, Rotnae rus optas, may also refer to Sat. 2, 6, 59 ff. These indica- tions point in a general way to a late date. The form is the characteristic form of this book, which is used also in Satires 3, 4, and 8. The main body of the satire is a discourse addressed to Horace himself, which is introduced and then brought to a close by bits of dialogue suited to the subject and to speaker and listener. The resemblance to the third satire is particularly close : both are on the feast of the Saturnalia, in both Horace is interrupted by the intrusion of the speaker and in turn interrupts the speaker before the main discourse is reached (3, 26 and 31 ; 7, 21 f.), and both close with an outbreak of anger on Horace's part. In substance also this satire is much like the third. That is a dis- course upon the Stoic Paradox that all men except the philosopher are insane : this has for its text the other Paradox that all men but the philosopher are slaves, ort /xovos 6 aopv SorAos. This is the subject of Cicero's Parad. V. and Horace follows in part the same line of reasoning, using in vss. 89 ff. the illustration of the lover enslaved by a woman and in vss. 95 ff. the illustration of the infatuated admirer of works of art, almost precisely as they are used by Cicero. As in the third satire the preacher upon the insanity of men is the half-crax.y Damasippus, so here the person who discourses upon the slavery of men is Horace's own slave, Davus, and as Dama- sipi>us gets his wisdom from Stertinius (and Callus, in the fourth satire, from an unnamed anctor}, so in this satire, with a clever parody, Davus has learned his philosophy from the door-keeper of the philosopher Crispimis. The form of Stoic discourse is less distinctly parodied than in Sat. 3, perhaps only in vs. 83, and it is evident that Horace was less inclined to burlesque this Paradox than he had been to flout the doc- trine that all men arc insane. The truth that men are the slaves of their follies and vices is so familiar to us, that we are, in fact, obliged 234 SERMOXKS [2,7,0 to remind ourselves that slavery was an ever-present reality in the Roman world, in order to understand how the doctrine could have been called a paradox at all. This satire is, therefore, even more than the third, and more, indeed, than any other in the Second Book, a direct attack upon the follies of mankind. But the sharpness which shows itself in some of the satires of the First Book is entirely avoided by the humorous expedient of representing the satire as directed against Horace himselt, as in the close of the third. That Horace is not drawing a picture of himself, however, is plain from such passages as vs. 53, vss. 89 ff., 102 ff., no f. : the faults there attacked are not those to which Horace was prone. But there is enough caricature of himself (vss. 23 ff., 29 ff.) to add a pleasant humor to the whole. It must be said also that there is some return to the intentional coarseness of Sat. I, 2. Davits. lamdudumausculto, etcupienstibi dicere servus pauca, reformido. Horat. Davusne ? D. Ita, Davus, amicum mancipium domino et frugi, quod sit satis, hoc est, ut vitale putes. H. Age, libertate Decembri, 5 quando ita maiores voluerunt, utere ; narra. D. Pars hominum vitiis gaudet constanter et urget 1. ausculto : the slave has lis- to goodness; ' honest, or at least tened at the door to see whether honest enough.' Horace has a caller with him; 4. vitale: ci.Sat. 2, I. 60 f., nt finding that his master is alone, sis vitalis mefuo; he is good, but he ventures to speak. The hesi- not so good as to be in danger of tation and humility (servus) of the dying young. Decembri: at the first words are meant to contrast feast of the Saturnalia slaves were with his boldness later. given a considerable liberty of 2. Davusne: Horace is preoc- speech and action, in memory of cupied and only half recognizes the Golden Age when there were the slave's voice. The name is a no masters and no slaves. traditional name for a slave. 5. narra: speak; this is the 3. frugi: the ordinary adjec- early meaning, not tell, narrate. tive in comedy for a geed slave, 6-20. ' Men are not governed as neqnam is the adjective for the by reason even in their vices, opposite. quod sit satis: a hu- Priscus swings from one extreme morons modification of the claim to the other, as if he were the very 2, 7, 7] HORATI propositum; pars multa natat, modo recta capessens, interdum pravis obnoxia. Saepe notatus cum tribus anellis, modo laeva Priscus inani, vixit inaequalis, clavum ut mutaret in horas, aedibus ex magnis subito se conderet, unde mundior cxiret vix libertinus honeste ; iam moechiis Romae, iam mallet doctus Athenis vivere, Vertumnis quotquot sunt natus iniquis. Scurra Volanerius, postquam illi iusta cheragra contudit articulos, qui pro se tolleret atque mitteret in phimum talos, mercecle diurna conductum pavit ; quanto constantior isdem in vitiis, tanto levius miser ac prior illo, god of change himself, while Vola- nerius hangs on to his follies with as much determination as if they were virtues.' 7. propositum : cf. iustum et tenacem propositi vintm, Car in. 3, 3, I. natat: figurative of hesita- tion and uncertainty ; float, drift. 8. obnoxia : submissive to, agree- ing with pars. 9. tribus : one ring was usual, two were conspicuous, three would be effeminate. laeva . . . inani : i.e. without any ring, as they were worn only on the left hand. 10. inaequalis : cf. nil aequale homini fuit illi, in the description of Tigellius at the beginning of Sat. i, 3. clavum: he changed within an hour from the broad stripe of the senator to the narrow stripe of a knight. 12. mundior: more respectable, a freedman of self-respecting hab- its. honeste : decently. But the contrast is between the refine- ments of his palace and the dirt and squalor of a hut obsoleti sor- dibus tecti, Carm. 2, 10, 6. 13. doctus Athenis : like Cicero's friend, T. Pomponius Atticus. 14. Vertumnis: the god of the changing year and so of all change. quotquot sunt : a colloquialism, a little more emphatic than omni- bus. natus iniquis: dt.Sat. I, 5, 97 f. ; 2, 3, 8. 15. Volanerius : unknown. iusta: deserved by his habits. 17. in phimum talos: put the dice into the box. diurna: he was too poor to own a slave, but hired a man by the day. 1 8. pavit: from /to .SVY? ; kept. 19. levius: equal to minus', cf. vs. 78. 236 SERMONES [2, 7, 34 20 qui iam contento, iam laxo fune laborat. H. Non dices hodie quorsum haec tam putida tendant, furcifer? I). Ad te, inquam. H. Quo pacto, pessime? D. Laudas fortunam et mores antiquae plebis, et idem, si quis ad ilia deus subito te agat, usque recuses, 25 aut quia non sends, quod clamas, rectius esse, aut quia non firmus rectum defendis, et haeres nequiquam caeno cupiens evellere plan tam. Romae rus optas ; absentem rusticus urbem tollis ad astra levis. Si nusquam es forte vocatus 30 ad cenam, laudas securum olus, ac, velut usquam vinctus eas, ita te felicem dicis amasque quod nusquam tibi sit potandum. lusserit ad se Maecenas serum sub lumina prima venire convivam : ' Nemon' oleum fert ocius ? Ecquis 20. contento, laxo : the sense of 30! securum olus: the 'dinner this figure is plain, but the precise of herbs where love is.' usquam : comparison is not clear. i.e. l as if you never went out 21. hodie: in the weakened col- anywhere except on compulsion loquial sense, as often in comedy ; (irinctns}.' 1 amas: the nearest 'aren't you ever going to tell English phrase is 'you hug your- me . . . ?' There is no reference self; cf. Sat. I, 2, 54. to the Saturnalia. 33. serum : the invitation comes 24. ilia : the old ways. deus so late that Horace had already subito : as in Sat. I, i, i5fF., a god himself invited some unimportant is represented as suddenly fulfilling guests, whom he is represented as wishes that were not sincere. abandoning in order to accept the 28. absentem : not often used, invitation of Maecenas. as here, of things. 34. Nemon'. Ecquis: these are 29. levis: fickle. This is the colloquial forms of question used point of the criticism ; the accu- in Plautus and Terence with im- sation of affectation (vs. 25) is perative force ; ' won't some one aside from the main course of bring the oil? Won't some one thought. listen? 1 237 2, 7, 35] HORATI t 35 audit ? ' cum magno blateras clamore f ugisque. Mulvius et scurrae, tibi non referenda precati, discedunt. ' Etenim fateor me,' dixerit ille, 'duel ventre levem, nasum nidore supinor, imbecillus, iners, si quid vis, adde, popino. 40 Tu, cum sis quod ego et fortassis nequior, ultro insectere velut melior, verbisque decoris obvolvas vitium ? ' Quid, si me stultior ipso quingentis empto drachmis deprenderis ? Aufer me voltu terrere; manum stomachumque teneto, 45 dum quae Crispini docuit me ianitor edo. Te coniunx aliena capit, meretricula Davum. Peccat uter nostrum cruce dignius ? Acris ubi me natura intendit, sub clara nuda lucerna quaecumque excepit turgentis verbera caudae, 50 clunibus aut agitavit equum lasciva supinum, dimittet neque famosum neque sollicitum ne ditior autformae melioris meiat eodem. Tu CwiT: proiectis insignibus, anulo equestri 35. f ugis : and off yon go. point ; ' you are proved to he a 36. non referenda : things that worse fool than I, and I am a cheap / must not repeal. precati: cf. slave, too. 1 aufer: like noli ; cf. Sat. 2, 6, 30, iratis precibus. tnitte sectari, Carm. I, 38, 3. 37. ille: Mulvius. 44. manum: as if Horace, an- 39. si quid vis: if you choose. noyed by vs. 42 f., had started up popino : a haunter of cheap tav- to strike the slave. erns. 45. Crispini: r Sat. I, i, 120. 40 f. Tu . . . insectere: arepu- note. The absurdity of quoting dialing question or exclamation. him to Horace as an authority is verbis decoris : with fine words heightened by the fact that the about his obligations to Maecenas, wisdom had trickled down to when in fact he is, Mulvius implies, Davus through the philosopher's going simply to get a /)'; cf. Sat. my master proves nothing ; accord- 2, 4, 18. The infin. depends upon ing to your own customs a slave fortis. 240 SERMONES [2 , 7, 101 $5 responsare cupidinibus, contemnere honores fortis, et in se ipso totus, teres atque rotundus, externi ne quid -valeat per leve morari, in quern nianca ruit semper fortuna. Potesne ex his ut proprium quid noscere ? Quinque talenta 90 poscit te mulier, vexat foribusque repulsum perfundit gelida, rursus vocat : eripe turpi colla iugo. 'Liber, liber sum,' die age! Non quis; urget enim dominus mentem non lenis, et acris subiectat lasso stimulos, versatque negantum. 95 Vel cum Pausiaca torpes, insane, tabella, qui peccas minus atque ego, cum Fulvi Rutubaeque aut Pacideiani contento poplite miror proelia rubrica picta aut carbone, velut si re vera pugnent, feriant, vitentque moventes ioo arma viri ? Nequam et cessator Davus ; at ipse subtilis veterum iudex et callidus audis. 86 f. in se ipso: with totus is traditional; cf. Ter. Eun. 46- only ; self-contained, independent 49. of all else. The phrase is usually 94. stimulos, versat : as a rider quoted wrongly, as if totus by itself subdues a horse by wearying were an adjective like teres. ex- him. terni . . . morari: < so that nothing 95. Pausiaca: a picture by the foreign may be able to rest upon famous Greek painter Pausias of (morari) its smooth surface the fourth century. torpes : cf. (leve).'' stitpet, Sat. i, 4, 28, of unbounded 88. manca : powerless. admiration for works of art. 89. ex his: of the qualities just 96. Fulvi: names of gladiators, mentioned. The answer to the whose performance was advertised question is given in the following by pictures in black and red lines ; he cannot be sibi imperi- drawn on the walls. osus who is infatuated with a ioo. cessator: i.e. 'you blame woman or a picture. J*. me for having stopped to look at 91. rursus vocat: cf. Sat. 2, 3, the posters when you had sent 260 ff. The picture of the lover me on an errand.' HOR. SAT. 16 241 2, 7, 1 02] HORATI Nil ego, si ducor libo f um ante : tihi ingens virtus atque animus cenis responsat opimis ? Obsequium ventris mihi perniciosius est cur ? 105 Tergo plector enim. Qui tu impunitior ilia, quae parvo sumi nequeunt, obsonia captas ? Nempe inamarescunt epulae sine fine petitae, illusique pedes vitiosum ferre recusant corpus. An hie peccat, sub noctem qui puer uvam no furtiva mutat strigili ; qui praedia vendit, nil servile, gulae parens, habet? Adde, quod idem non horam tecum esse potes, non otia recte ponere, teque ipsum vitas, fugitivus et erro, iam vino quaerens, iam somno fallere curam : 115 frustra : nam comes atra premit sequiturque fugacem. H. Vnde mihi lapidem ? D. Quorsum est opus ? H. Vnde sagittas ? D. Aut insanit homo, aut versus facit. H. Ocius hinc te ni rapis, accedes opera agro nona Sabino ! 102. Nil ego: sc. sum. libo: satire, seem to be a condensation pancake. of Lucr. 3, 1053-1070. 105!. plector enim: < I get a 116. lapidem: of Sat. 2, 3, thrashing, to be sure, but that 128 f., where a master throws proves nothing, for you suffer stones at his slaves. sagittas . worse penalties. 1 these unusual weapons of attack 107. inamarescunt: turn sour. are named in order to give an sine fine: with petitae. opening for the final remark of no. mutat: 'gets a bunch of Davus, versus fac it ; that is", untie grapes in exchange for a scraper sagittas ? sounds as if it might be that he has stolen.' taken from a play. in. nil servile . . . habet: has 118. opera . . . nona: 'You nothing of the slave about him. shall be the ninth slave.' The parens: with the subject of vendit. threat to send a slave from the 111-115. These lines, which are city' to- the harder work of the rather more serious and penetrat- farm is frequent in comedy, ing than any other part of the 242 SERMONES 8 Nothing in this satire fixes the date of composition. It can only be said that it was written between 35 and 30 B.C., and that in subject and general treatment it is like the other satires of this book. In form it most closely resembles Sat. 2, 4; the main part of it is an account of certain sayings and doings related by another person to Horace at his request, with a brief introductory dialogue. The sub- ject-matter connects it both with Sal. 2, 2, as a contrast to simple living, and with 2, 4, as a satire in a different vein upon the serious- minded epicure. The main body of it is a description of a dinner, given in much detail. The names of the guests are mentioned and their places at the table and there are elaborate descriptions of the food and cookery. After the dinner had advanced a little and the host had shown a dis- position to brag of his food and wines, some of the guests proposed heavy drinking. The host turned their attention again to the food, but while he was describing one of the dishes, a canopy over the table fell and covered the whole company with dust. The host at -this mishap burst into tears and was with difficulty induced by the encouragements of some of his guests, which he did not perceive to be ironical, to pro- ceed with the feast. When he did go on, he continued to talk so much about the food, that the guests, in revenge, declined to eat it. The satire ends abruptly, without the concluding dialogue or comment which is generally found in the satires of this book. This is not a description of some actual dinner at the house of an individual who might be identified. All attempts to connect the host, Nasidienus Rufus, with some person known to us, for example, with Salvidienus Rufus, fail in details and are mistaken in their purpose. It is quite inconceivable that Horace should have made public the story of such a dinner, at which Maecenas and Varius were guests, and should have represented a well-known man like Fundanius as guilty of the extreme discourtesy of ridiculing the host whose invita- tion lie had accepted. To readers of Horace's time the mere fact that the story is told by Fundanius, the writer of humorous plays, would at once have given the clew to the burlesque character of the whole. It is no more to be taken as serious narrative than the legal consultation in Sat. 2, I, the discourse of Ofellus in 2, 2, the sermon of Damasippus in 2, j. or in fact any satire of this book except the earlier half of the sixth. 243 2, 8, i] IIOKATI But though the setting and the details are pure burlesque, there 5s a certain amount of serious purpose underneath, as in Sat. 2, 3, for example, where the Stoic is burlesqued, but the follies of mankind are also satirized. The host at the banquet, who is here ridiculed on his lighter side, is a type of the same man who is attacked with savage directness in Epod. 4, the man of low station and no culture, whose suddenly acquired wealth has not changed his nature. He is repre- sented here as an aspiring epicure, proud of his knowledge of the art of cookery and seeking to advance his acquaintance with Maecenas by giving him a particularly fine dinner. But the ridicule is directed quite as much, perhaps even more, against the absurd solemnities of the epicure. There are passages (vss. 6 ff., 43 ff., especially 85 ff.) which are indistinguishable in tone and manner from parts of Sat. 2, 4, and which have no point at all unless we understand them as we do that satire, as ironical parodies of the precepts of fine cookery. This is not one of the best of the satires. The humor is not always in good taste; there is too close an approach to horse-play and, though Maecenas and the literary men are kept in the background, with the evident purpose of guarding their dignity, the rest of the guests are not superior in good-breeding to the host whom they ridicule. The scene is, with some differences, not unlike the supper described in Sat. \, 5, 51 ff. and, in general, this satire has many of the characteristics, both positive and negative, of Sat. I, 5. The explanation is that Horace is here also, as in I, 5, following a satire of Lucilius (Charis. in Gr. Lat. p. 100 K., Lucilius . . . deridens rusticatn cenam ; the fragments are in Marx. 193 ff.), doubtless improving upon the form, but hampered by his model. The grave and sustained irony of Sat. 2, 4, when no Lu- cilian influence is discernible, is much superior to this. Horatius. Vt Nasidieni iuvit te cena bead ? Nam mihi quaerenti convivam dictus heri illic i. Vt . . . iuvit te : change tion, intentionally used in the first the construction in translating; line. beati : rich, the million- 'how did you enjoy yourself at airt, with a touch of irony. thedinnerof ?' Nasidieni: 2. quaerenti convivam : sc. fe ; in four syllables, tin- second / be- < when I tried to get you to come ing consonantal and lengthening and dine with me.' dictus: sc. (he preceding syllable; this is es ; tin- omission is not at all in- probably a plebeian pronuncia- frequent in colloquial Latin, as in 244 SKKMnNKS [2, 8, 8 de medio potare die. Fundanius. Sic, ut mihi num- quam in vita fuerit melius. Hor. Da, si grave non est, quae prima iratum ventrem placaverit esca. Fund. In primis Lucanus aper leni fuit Austro captus, ut aiebat cenae pater ; acria circum rapula, lactucae, radices, qualia lassum comedy. heri : the pronuncia- tion of the last letter was so indistinct that the word was writ- ten sometimes fieri, sometimes here. 3. de medio die : the dinner be- gan before the usual hour, which was three o'clock or later, as it was to be a formal affair. The Roman custom in this respect was the opposite of ours. 4. fuerit melius : ;////// bene est, 'I am enjoying myself.' is a com- mon colloquialism ; cf. Sat. 2, 2, 1 20. 5. iratum ventrem: cf. latran- tem stomachum. Sat. 2, 2. 18. The question is ironical, as if the object of a formal dinner was to satisfy a natural hunger. 6-9. Our knowledge of Roman dinner customs is imperfect, the fashions changed from time to time, and this description is meant to be only a series of allusions. It is therefore quite impossible to arrange the menu or even to de- cide whether this course consti- tuted {\\zgustatii* (promulsis) : the relishes served with the boar would indicate that it did ; the fact that no drink (mulsum) is mentioned would, however, be a strange omission. 6 f . leni . . . Austro captus : not predicate with fuit ; i one of the first things was a Lucanian boar, killed, as the host said, when a mild southerly wind was blowing.' The Lucanian boar was especially prized and the state of the weather at the time the animal was killed was supposed to affect the flavor of the meat ; cf. Sat. 2, 2, 32 fF. and the modern superstitions about the 'dark of the moon.' cenae pater: he is called also erus (vss. 16, 43), ipse (23), parochns (36), and coniri'vator (73), as well as Nasidienus (i, 75, 84) and Rufus (58). 7 f. acria: introducing the whole list and repeated in qualia . . . stomachiiin. The relishes are only partly in use now nor is the precise identification of them at all important : ' rape, lettuce, radishes, skirret. fish-pickle, and burnt tartar from Coan wine.' These were arranged around (- en 111} the boar, perhaps on the same platter. 2 45 2, 8, 9 ] HORATI pervellunt stomachum, siser, allec, faecula Coa. His ubi sublatis puer alte cinctus acernam gausape purpureo mensam pertersit et alter sublegit quodcumque iaceret inutile quodque posset cenantis offendere, ut Attica virgo cum sacris Cereris procedit fuscus Hydaspes Caecuba vina ferens, Alcon Chium maris expers. 10. ubi: introduces pertersit et sublegit ; ' when these had been removed and after a slave had wiped . . .' alte cinctus : the same as succinctus, 2, 6, 107 ; the slave was in the proper dress for waiting at the table. acernam : maple, one of the more valuable woods for dining-tables ; as one might speak of ' the mahogany table, 1 not as a rarity, but as the 'proper thing.' n. gausape purpureo: abl.; this was a bit of unnecessary dis- play. Lucilius, in a corresponding passage (Marx, 568), has pur- pureo tersit tune latas gausape mensas. 12. sublegit : this is mentioned merely as a part of the ordinary table service in order to prepare for the formality of the next event ; 'a slave in proper dress wiped the table with a purple cloth, to be sure and the crumbs were gath- ered up, when in came . . .' 13 f. ut: with -i'/r^ei ; 'like a girl at Athens in a religious pro- cession.' The K6pos (cf. Sat. 1,3. 10 f.) carried the sacred symbols in a basket on her head and walked with slow step and upright carriage. Hydaspes : an Eastern slave-boy, named after the river of his native land. 15 f . Alcon : another slave. The fact that his name is given would seem to indicate that there was some point in it, as in Hydas- pes, but we do not know what it was. Caecuba : one of the best of the Italian wines, as were also the Alban, in the time of Horace, and Falernian. The Chian was a fine Greek wine, with which sea- water was sometimes sparingly mixed to give it a tang. Horace frequently mentions these and other special kinds of wine, con- trasting them with the ordinary Sabine wine, as we might contrast special French or German wines with Californian claret, but he docs not make sharp distinctions be- tween them. The preference for Caecuban came .later, when the vineyards were dying out and the wine was becoming rare. The many attempts of commentators to find hidden meanings in these lines are all misleading. The slaves brought in the best of wine, 246 SE KM ONES [2, 8, 20 Hie erus : ' Albanum, Maecenas, sive Falernum te magis appositis delectat, habemus utrumque.' Hor. Divitias miseras 1 Seel quis cenantibus una, Fundani, pulchre fuerit tibi, nosse laboro. Fund. Summus ego, et prope me Viscus Thurinus, et infra, with a trifle more ceremony than was necessary, and the host, also with unnecessary display, said ' if you prefer, I can give you some Alban or Falernian. 1 The wines are all right, the very best, but why such a fuss about them ? maris expers: i.e. not mixed with sea-water. This was a proper, if less usual, way of serving Chian wine, but it might have been left to the guests to discover it, instead of making a formal announcement, as it is implied that the slave did. 1 8 f. Divitias miseras : ' oh, the curse of being so rich ! ' or perhaps like saying, ' oh, poor millionaire!' This exclamation interprets to us the point of the preceding lines. The unfortunate host thinks that the wines and cookery which his money can buy are the things that make a successful dinner. But Horace goes to the root of the mat- ter by asking who the other guests were. quis : quibus, interroga- tive. The English structure would make cenantibus the leading verb : 'but who were dining there with you, that you should have such a good time ? That's what I want to know.' 20 ff. The guests reclined on couches on three sides of the table. The arrangement can be understood from the following diagram : i. Fundanius; 2. Viscus; 3. Varius; 4. Servilius Balatro; 5. Vibidius; 6. Mae- cenas; 7. Nomentanus; 8. Nasidienus Ru- fus; 9. Porcius. 20. Summus : the three places numbered i, 4, and 7 were the sttmini loci, in position, not in honor, and infra and super refer to this designation. Viscus: one of the brothers mentioned in Sat. I, 10, 83, here distinguished by the addition of Thnrinus. 247 2, 8, 21] 1IURAT1 si memini, Varius ; cum Servilio Balatrone Vibidius, quas Maecenas adduxerat umbras; Nomentanus erat super ipsum, Porcius infra, ridiculus totas simul absorbere placentas ; 25 Nomentanus ad hoc, qui, si quid forte lateret, indice monstraret digito : nam cetera turba, nos, inquam, cenamus avis, conchylia, piscis, longe dissimilem noto celantia sucum, ut vel continue patuit, cum passeris atque 21. Varius : cf. Sat. i, 5, 40; i, 10, 44. and often; one of Horace's and Vergil's closest friends. There is probably some little joke in si memini. 22. Maecenas : he was in the place of honor, the locus consu- laris, numbered 6 in the diagram. umbras : persons whom the chief guest might bring with him, without special invitation from the host. So Horace, inviting a friend, says (Epist. i, 5, 28), locus est et plurihus utnbris. Men who came in such a way would ordina- rily be of lower rank, and Servilius and Vibidius were evidently scur- rae (see note on Sat. 2, 3, 229), who were expected to furnish entertainment for the others. In fact all the conversation reported (vss. 34, 65 ff., 80 ff.) comes from them or from the host and his own scurrae. 23. Nomentanus, Porcius: two parasites of the host. Nomen- tanus is not the spendthrift men- tioned in other satires (r, i, 102; i, 8. ii : 2, i, 22; 2. 3. 175. 224). The name Porcius is coined from porcus ; cf. the next verse. super ipsum : i.e. Nasidienus had given the host's place (no. 7) to his more fluent parasite, for the reason given in vs. 25. 24. totas simul : all at once. Various kinds of buffoonery like this are alluded to in Plautus as practiced by parasites. 25 f. ad hoc: also in Sat. 2, i, 36, to introduce a clause of pur- pose. lateret: pass unnoticed^- the guests. indice digito : i.e. he should not only speak of it, but also point to it. cetera turba : the instruction was obviously given to Maecenas and the others were a mere turba, left for the most part uninstructed as to the nature of the food before them. 27. inquam : not strengthen- ing the previous statement, but explaining it ; we, I mean. 28 ff. celantia: neut., agreeing with the three nouns of different gender. noto : sc. suco ; dat. after dissimilem. vel : /;/ fact. passeris : flat-fish ; the name 248 SK KM ONES [2, 8, 3n turn parochi faciem, nil sic metuentis ut acris of a bird transferred to a fish, as in ' sea-robin. 1 ingustata : ap- parently found only here; it can mean either untasted, i.e. 'which I did not taste,' or untasted hith- erto, ' of such a flavor as I had never known before.' prorrex- erat : the subject is Nasidienus. ilia : the roe. The sense is : ' Nomentanus explained the excel- lence of the dishes to Maecenas only, for the rest of us were of no importance (titrba) and ate all sorts of things without knowing what was fish, flesh, or fowl ; for the ordinary taste was covered up by some extraordinary sauce. I in fact made a mistake at the out- set by failing to recognize some' fish-roe which my host had passed to me and which had a taste that I had never known before.' 31. melimela rubere : 'that the honey-apples were red because they were picked . . .' mino- rem: the waning moon. This verse has nothing to do with the preceding, but is a bit of esoteric wisdom which the epicure oblig- ingly imparted (docuit) to his ignorant guest. Cf. vs. 6 f. This is exactly in the ironical manner of Sat. 2, 4. 32 f . ab ipso : i.e. ( you will have to ask him ; / don't pre- tend to know.' audieris: the potential with a comparative, as often. 34. damnose : i.e. to the ruin of the host; 'drink him bank- rupt.' moriemur inulti: this is the cry of the epic hero facing death ; so Hector, //. 22, 304 f., pr) pay a