UC-NRLF E57 flSM I UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. OK" Mrs. SARAH P. WALS WORTH. ' Received October , 1894. Accessions No. l-. Class No. WORD-BOOK ENGLISH SPELLING, ORAL AND WRITTEN. DESIGNED TO ATTAIN PRACTICAL RESULTS IN THE ACQUISITION OF THE ORDINARY ENGLISH VOCABULARY, AND TO^EltVE AS AN INTRODUCTION TO WORD-ANALYSIS. BY WILLIAM SWINTON, A. M., AUTHOR OF "WORD-ANALYSIS," " WORD-PRIMER," "LANGUAGE SERIES,' "CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES," ETC. =M ' *, Q** ~4jr/*.* REVISED EDITION. ^**?*> ^ tr^^-^^t ^ NEW YORK AND CHICAGO : IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. 1881. COPYRIGHT, 1872. BT WILLIAM SWINTON. wo PEEFACE LEARNING to spell the English language correctly is the most difficult task of school life. Hence correct spelling is rightly regarded as a sign of culture, and bad spelling as indicating a lack of it. ^ . Orthography cannot be taught in twelve easy lessons : it can be acquired only by hard study. It is true that the spelling of many words is learned by pupils from the reading-lessons ; but these lessons, valuable as they are, need to be supplemented by a special text-book for special study. The Word-Book is neither a "Primary Speller" nor a Dictionary. It omits the alphabet and the " ab ab's " on the one hand, and on the other, quite a number of sesquipedalian words common to all Id- time "spelling-books." It is designed to precede the author's class-book of "Word- Analysis (though perfectly suited for use by itself), and is adapted to ungraded schools, and to the lower classes of grammar schools. Spelling is the leading idea; but at the same time a foundation is laid for the subsequent study of words and of language. iv PREFACE. Some of the technical points of superiority claimed for the Word-Book over the old-style "spelling-books" are: 1. Short lessons. 2. A careful division of lessons into written spelling and oral spelling. 3. A specific division of lessons into monthly and yearly sections. 4 Systematic monthly, yearly, and general review les- sons, by means of which the spelling of the more difficult words is secured by continued repetition. 5. A careful arrangement of words in Section I. with reference to the vowel sounds, as an aid to correct pro- nunciation. 6. A distribution in Section I. of short lessons includ- ing common abbreviations and given names of persons. 7. A classification in short lessons of the names of common objects, and of words used in various trades and occupations. 8. A classification of words with reference to certain leading ideas, and the use of the principle of association of ideas as an important auxiliary in definitions and dis- criminations. 9. Particular attention to the vocabulary of every-day life, not omitting colloquial words and Americanisms. 10. A distribution in short lessons of French and Latin words and phrases in common use in the daily press. PREFACE. V 11. The introduction of a simple method of word- analysis, with reference to Saxon and classical roots, pre- fixes and suffixes. The main object of these lessons is the orthography, but at the same time the pupil will get at the drift of the meaning of the derivative words. 12. The practical character of the work, which aims to set forth, not the tens of thousands of " long-tailed words in osity and ation" but the actual vocabulary used in sneaking and writing. There seems to be a fair field for a text-book more in harmony with the spirit of modern philology than the old-fashioned " spelling-books." The Word-Book is sub- mitted to the judgment of educated teachers with the hope that it may secure correct English spelling and at the same time awaken an interest in the study of words. W. S. NEW YOKK, 1872. NOTE TO THE EEVISED EDITION. AT the request of many teachers, the present edition has been revised so as to exhibit in the case of each word the exact syllabication and the primary accent. W. S. 1876. SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. SECTION I. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. FIRST MONTH. 1. Objects in a School-Room. Written Exercise. Write on slates or paper, and put a period after each word. desks. chairs. books. slates. charts. maps. 2. Names of Boys and Girls. Written Exercise. They should always begin with a capital letter. Be careful to put a period after each word. Grace. Hel'en. I' da. Jane. Kate. George. Pe' ter. Flo/ ence. Lu' cy. ta ble. black' boards. spong es. chalk. platform. pen' cils. stove. point ers. knives. teach' er. rub bers. rul' ers. bell. pict ures. clock. cray ons. schol ars. pa' per. Al'bert. Hen' ry. Al' ice. Charles. Ja cob. Ber tha. Da' vid. John. Clar a. Ed' ward. Lew' is. Do' ra. Frank. Mo' ses. El' len. SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 3. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the long sound of a, as in fate, marked a. grape ma' tron wa' ger an 7 gel sav' ior bathe pa tron sa tan man ger sales man gate pas try ra ven stran ger trades man paste a corn la tent na val grave yard scrape va por na ture na tion na sal 4. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words in which other letters have the sonnd of long a. brain dai' ly rail' road cray' on snail dain ty sail or may or skein rai ment hei nous day time chain dai sy jail er pay day whey wait er rein deer pay ment 5. Names of Common Animals. Written Exercise. hors' es. po' nies. mas' tiffs. squir' rels. calves. pup pies. lap-dogs. wea' sels. sheep. kit' tens. span' iels. don' keys. lambs. heif ers. ter f ri ers. mules. cows. hounds. rob' bits. cat' tie. 6. Parts of a House. Written Exercise. en' try. at' tic. li bra ry. clos' et. par lor. eel lar. scul' ler y. en' po la. kitch en. gar ret. ve ran da. pi az za. bed room. base ment. clothes-press. bal' co ny. c/tam ber. stair case. wash-room. cup' board. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 7. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the short sound of a in add, marked a. hat bar lad wag' on pas' sion wag ac id pat ent ac tion rap ad der ad die tas sel have al urn cab in gal lop slant an vil Ar ab ham mock 8. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Sound of a. Be careful to give the short sound of a in every word. ac' cent gal' lant flan' nel car' ry ab sence scaf fold las so sal ad hav oc blad der pal ate Ian tern das tard clat ter span gle gath er an gle mar ry an swer rath er 9. Written Spelling. Household Names. Names of Fruits. fa ther. hus' band. ap pies, cur rants. moth' er. wife. ap ri cots. straw' der ries. broth' er. un cle. pears. rasp der ries. sis' ter. aunt. peach' es. goose ber ries. niece. com in. quin ces. black' ber ries. 10. Written Spelling. Names of Tools. Occupations. awl. hatch' et. . hat' ter. butch' er. axe. ham mer. paint' er. coop' er. knife. aii ger. brew' er. car' pen ter. plane. chis' el. print' er. mil' li ner. shears. ra zor. gar' den er. teach' er. SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 11. Oral Spelling. Words having the sound of a in arm and palm, marked a. far far' thest har' vest la' va Ua'ma are dar ling liar ness fa ther bra vo harm mar ble var nish pa pa' gua no farm car cass ^ gar den mam ma gua va cart char coal gar ter lath 7 ing Ja va 12. Oral Spelling. Words having the sound of a or au = a. palm calf aunt laugh laun' dry balm half daunt gaunt gaunt let psalm bath flaunt jaunt jaun dice salve wrath launch haunt saun ter calm gape taunt haunch daunt less 13. Parts of the Human Body. Written Exercise. head. wrists. fore head. knees, hair. throat. eye brows. joints, ears. breast. eye lids. veins, eyes. tlmmbs. fin gers. shoul' ders. tongue. thighs. an kles. stom ach. 14. Months and their Abbreviations. Jan' u a ry. Feb' ru a ry. March. A' pril. May. June. Written Exercise. Jan. Ju ly . Jul. Feb. Au' gust. Aug. Mar. Sep tern ber. Sept. Apr. Oc to ber. Oct. May. No vemf ber. Nov. June. De cem ber. Dec. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 5 15. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words which have the sound of a in ask, marked a. NOTE. This is a difficult sound, and teachers should take special pains to train pupils to give it correctly. last waft task mas' ter aft' er grass pass mask plas ter has ket ask gasp glance pas ture cas ket past pant grant pas tor nas ty dance chant cask raft er pass -word 16. Articles of Dress. Written Exercise. Ion' net. man til' la. tu' nic. neck' tie. man tie. par' a sol. wrap per. col lar. gait ers. pan ta loons'. cor set. slip per. apron. pan ta lets. era vat'. draw ers. trou sers. pet' ti coat. jack' et. o ver coat. 17. Written Spelling. Names of persons are proper nouns. They should always begin with a capital letter. Women. Men. Ag nes. Ju li a. Seth. Wai' ter. Blanche. Lau ra. Si' las. Wil Us. De f li a. Ma ri a. Alfred. Mar tin. El' la. Nan cy. Cy rus. Ar thur. Flo' ra. 01' we. Rich ard. Clar ence. 18. Common Abbreviations. Written Exercise. an' swer. ans. fore' noon. A.M. cents. els. aft' er noon. P.M. pounds. Ids. noon. M. street. st. Doc tor. Dr. num' ber. No. Mis' ter. Mr. BWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 19. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the sound of a in all, marked a. salt malt al' so al' ways hal ter bal sam al' der fal ter talk small waltz al most wal low cal dron pal sy pal try al ter squall y wal rus swamp y 20. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. "Words having the sound of au = a. haul sau' cer cau' cus au' thor maul caul cause caulk-/ sau cy caus tic pau per cau tion sau sage au dit au burn au tumn fault less lau rel gaud y daub ing 21. Monthly Oral Review Lesson. Divide into syllables in spelling. snake snail catch psalm waltz a' ere la' va al' most sa her lath ing wal nut ar id gua no al ter pat ent fore head wal low rath er pas time sau cer haugh' ty dai ly may or mas tiff gayty 22. Monthly Written Review Lesson. knives, span iel. squir Tel. kitch en. pi az za. quin ces. trou sers. cm ger. schol ars. mil' li ner. cor nice, fore' head. cur rants, an kles, hatch et, Ed' gar. Flor ence. FeV ru a ry. Blanche. Ma ri' a. FHIST YEAR'S WORK. SECOND MONTH. 23. Oral Exercise. Words having the sound of a before r, as in care, marked a. mare share pair ware rare bear dare pare hair scare scarce air bare snare wear swear their tear chair glare par' ent prayer stair fair' y stair way 24. Trees and Flowers. Written Exercise. beech, spruce, hem lock, ma pie. hick' o ry. wil' loiu. al der. chest nut. lau rel. syc a more. lit' y. vi' o let. pe o ny. tit lip. poppy. lu pine, dai sy. pan sy. hoi' ly hock, but' ter cup. 25 . Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having as 6 in not. the sound of a in what, marked a. This sound is the same wad wand wan squash squad wan 7 der wal let wab ble wal low war rant wan' ton wad die wad ding warn pum stal wartof qua/ rel quar ry quad rant squab ble squan der 26. Kinds of Colors. Written Exercise. ru' by. yel' low. li' lac. ma roon. dam asJc. lem on. vi o let. rus' set. scar let. crim son. am der. cit ron. or ange. lav en der. sor rel. az ure. ver mil' ion. in di go. sain)' on. em er aid. SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 27. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. "Words having the long sound of e in eve, marked 6. e long. ie = e long. eve peace field shield brief ear lease fiend yield lief sere feast fierce shriek niece hear fear pierce priest siege mere tear tierce grief piece 28. Household Articles. Written Exercise. las' ket. crick' et. la die. pict' ure. ba sin. cur tain. mir ror. sau cer. bol ster. gob let. nap kin. bed stead. Man ket. grat er. pi I low. sauce pan. car pet. grid Me. pitch er. turn bier. 29. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. "Words having the sound of long 6. i before e. a chieve' re lieve/ re lief ag grieve re prieve re trieve be lieve a piece afield chief tain e before i. con ceit' de ceive' con ceive per ceive re ceive re ceipt nei' ther ceil ing seiz ing ei ther 30. Common Abbreviations. Written Exercise. Cred' i tor. Cr. North. Debt' or. Dr. South. Mis' tress. Mrs. East. Gov ern or. Gov. West. Hon or a ble, Hon. North' east. N. 8. E. W. N.E. FIEST YEAR'S WORK. 31. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the short sound of e \n end, marked 8. well egg er 7 rand gest' ure ver 7 y bell elm her ring mead ow pen ny chess else cher ub weath er ech o sense yes ket tie feath er pref ace swell knell rel ic wheth er met al 32. Birds and Fishes. Written Exercise. rob' in. king' bird. perch. pick' er el. spar row. nig ht hawk. roach. salm' on. swal low. bob' o link. pout. mack' er el. plov er. chick' a dee. suck' er. her ring. cuck' oo. night' in gale. shin er. sar dine. stead 7 y read y bur y leath er meas ure 33. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words in which various vowels have the sound of short 8 deaf an 7 y man y heif er peas ant sweat 7 y a gain 7 deaf en a gainst clean ly in stead dead en heath 7 er head ache dread ful 34. Names of Men. Written Exercise. De' los. Hi ram. Pat' rick. Paul. Dan iel. Hor ace. Mat thew. Phil' ip. Eb en. Hugh. Na than. Ralph. Ed win. I' ra. 01' i ver. Reu ben. Eu gene. Lou is. Os car. Rob' ert. 1* 10 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 35. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the sound of e before r, as in verge, marked e. NOTE. Teachers should pronounce these words for the pupils, giving a concert exer- cise in correct pronunciation. fern merge er' mine cer' tain ver'diet serve earth err ing serv ile ver bal verb nerve mer cy ear nest ker nel clerk err per son ser mon mer chant verse earn verd ure cler gy serv ant 36. Articles of Pood. Written Exercise. mut' ton. chick' en. pas' try. sug' ar. po ta' toes. tur key. car rots. pud ding. &au' sa ges. da con. sal ad. pre serves'. dough' nuts. cad bage. eel' er y. rai' sins. beef steak. to ma' toes. pick' les. al monds. 37. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the long sound of i in ice. fine tripe ci' der live' ly high' land pipe snipe ci pher mi nor dial thrive crime li cense bi ped di et night twine fi nite twi light di vers mind strife ti ny i dol Friday 38. Names of Occupations. Written Exercise. The suffixes er and or mean one who. hat' ter. sail' or. writ' er. bro' ker. mill er. gro cer. au thor. butch er. cob bier. teach er. sol dier. paint er. coop er. law yer. act or. wait er. min er. preach er. bank er. print er. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 11 39. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having i in the last syllable. de vise' re vise re side de sire ad vise sub side' sur prise de spise re sign bap tize ar rive' as pire re tire de fine in cline in quire' in spire ex pire in vite per spire 40. A Lesson for Girls. AV i gail, or Ab' bie. Is' a bel, or Belle. Car' o line , or Car rie. Mar' ga ret, or Mag' gie. Cath' a rine, or Ka tie. Mar' tha, or Mat tie. E liz' a beth, or Liz zie. Ma ry, . or Mol lie. Geor gi a' na, or Geor gie. Sa rah, or Sal lie. 41. Monthly Oral Review. Divide into syllables in spelling. their egg par' ent re lieve' kef tie scare err prayer a piece wheth er squash earn fair' y de ceive mar ry beard night square re ceipt any niece swear quar' rel seiz' ing leath er 42. Monthly Written Review. dais' y. salm on. U' lac. Reu' ben. chest' nut. cuck oo. vi o let. Dan iel. pe o ny. au tumn. cur' tain. Mat thew. crim son. rai sins. pig eon. Har r ri et. grat er. pick les. eel' er y. Ka tie. SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. THIRD MONTH. 43. Oral Exercise. Words having the sound of i before r. This is like the sound of 6 in verge. shirt third chirp vir' gin dirt 7 j girth shirk skirt sir loin cir cle flirt dirge whirl stir rap ^ skir misli bird first mirth fir kin firm ness birth dirk thirst squir rel girl hood 44. Names of Occupations. Written Exercise. ed' i tor. nurse. print' er. ship' wright. re port' er. seam stress. sad dler. wheel wright. nov' el ist. ped' dler. sta' tion er. lock smith. mu si' dan. phi/ si' dan. mer' chant. jew' el er. his to rian. plumb' er. shep herd. sur' geon. 45. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the short sound of i in ill, marked L itch since frig" id itt'y brff tie hill rinse rigid vine yard whit tie which wince dig it pic nic Eng land ditch sink liv id live long En glish niche kink tim id tin gle I tal' ian 46. A Lesson for Boys. Names and their Abbreviations. Ben' ja min, Benj. Al ex an der, Alex. Charles, Chas. Chris' to pher, Chris. George, Geo. Wil' Ham, Wm. James, Jas. Sam u el, Sam'l. Thorn' as, Thos. Jon a than, Jona. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 13 47. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the short sound of i in ill. The last syllable of each word in the last two columns has the short sound of i. tim' id nim' ble fer' ule bis' cuit fiddle kin die vil lain bus y piv ot witch es let tuce min ute crit ic rich es mar riage gain ea miin ic sin gle moun tain worn en 48. Written Spelling. Write, and divide the words into syllables, marking the accented syllables. Short sound of i. trib' une. en gine. act' we. tit' bit. vis or. frag He. due tile. mv id. pitch er. hos tile. res pile. lat lice. willful. tor toise. mis sile. ag ile. jas mine. rep tile. na tive. er mine. 49. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the short sound of i. Avoid giving the long sound of I ii the first syllable. di reef di vide' af flict' mal 7 ice cigar di vine a midst nov ice di gest di vorce ac quit of fice di late fi nance in still prac tice di vest ti rade sub sist crev ice 50. Common Abbreviations. Written Exercise. Ed' it or, Ed. General, Gen. Dol' lars, Lois. In ter est, Int. Juri ior, Jr. A mount', Ami. Cap 1 tain, Capt. Ac count', Acct. Post Office, P. 0. Ex am' pie, Ex. 14 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 51. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the sound of o in old, marked 6. Be careful not to shorten this sound into short 6. home smoke most o ral gro'cer bone choke loath o val smok e stone broke folks sto ny on ly whole colt yokes so cial pol ka both sloth spokes tro phy o pen 52. Names of Cities. They should always begin with capital letters, New YorJc. Bal' ti more. Lori don. Cal cut' ta. Phil a del' phia. Cin cm nat' i. Par is. St.Pe ters burg. St. Louis. New Or' le ans. Ber lin. Pe kin. Chi ca go. San Francis' co. Vi eri na. Yed do. os' ton. Buf fa lo. Liv' er pool. Mel bourne. 53. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having 6 long and other combinations of vowels = d. NOTE. Teachers should train pupils to pronounce these words correctly in concert. loaf coax pork por' ter hoar' y road hoax hoarse por tal whol ly toad cloaks hoard por tion poul try boat coats pour por trait poul tice throat jokes mourn for ger bow sprit 54. An Easy Grammar Lesson. RULE. The plural number of most nouns is made by adding s or es to the singular number. The plural of the following nouns ending in/ is made by changing y into v and then adding es. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. knife, knives. wolf, . wolves, wife, wives. loaf, loaves, life, lives. thief, thieves, half, halves. leaf, leaves, calf, calves. wharf, wharves. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 55. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Be careful to give ow in the last syllable the sound of long 6 in old. ar' row mel' low hoF low wid' ow nar row fel low bor row min now tal low shad ow yel low wil low spar row hal low fur row bur row mead ow pil low sal low thor ough 56. Plurals of Common Nouns. RULE. The plural of nouns ending in y after a consonant is made by changing y into i and adding es. Sing. Plur. cher'ry, cher'ries. fer ry, fer ries. sto ry, sto ries. par ty, par ties, ar my, ar mies. 57. An Exercise in Grammar. Write the plurals of the following nouns. Sing. Plur. la'dy, la' dies. ba by, ba bies. dai sy, dai sies. dai ry, dai ries. can dy, can dies. sky. ju ry. jel'ly. bran dy. pit' y. fly- cit y. poppy. slian ty. po ny. pen' ny. dit ty. mer cy. pas try. tro phy. wJier ry. lily. count y. treat y. hob by. na vy. ivy. row dy. bdfry. bod y. 58. Forming Plurals. RULE. Nouns ending in y after a vowel form their plurals in the common way, by adding s. Sing. vaT ley, Plur. val' leys. mon ey, monk ey, chim ney, jock ey, mon eys. monk eys. chim neys. jock eys. ^ Sing. tur' key, jour ney, pul ley, sur vey, don key, Plur. tur' keys, jour neys. pul leys, sur veys. don keys. 16 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 59. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the short sound of o in odd, marked 6. Be careful not to drawl this sound into aw, as sawft for soft. God odd long cross cost bon' net coffee cof fin lost cob bier os tricli nox ious moss col lege frol ic knowl edge oft cop per prop er block head soft pol ish J oll J knot ty frost ob ject col ic office 60. Articles of Furniture. Written Exercise. car' pet. bar' rel. re frig er a tor. cus/i ion. hroom. sofa. book' case. dip per. brush. ket tie. bed stead. mat tress. bu' reau. . pok er. cook' ing -stove, rock' in a -chair. pail. pi an o. look ing-glass, skim mer. sieve. lounge. cov er let. coun' ter pane. bowL crock' er y. soap-dish. flat'-i ron. 61. Hard Little "Words. The... not to be spelled thee, when you mean the definite ar- ticle. Thee... not to be spelled the, when you mean the personal pro- noun. There... not to be spelled their t when you mean the adverb of place. Their... not to be spelled there, when you mean the possessive pronoun. Hear... not to be spelled here, when you mean the act of taking in sound. Here... not to be spelled hear, when you mean the adverb of place. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 17 62. More Hard Little Words. To... not to be spelled too or two, when you mean the preposi- tion. Too... not to be spelled to or two, when you intend the adverb meaning "also." Two... not to be spelled to or too, when you mean the numeral adjective. Its... never to be written with an apostrophe before the s; thus, it's. Theirs... never to be written with an apostrophe before the *; thus, their's. O'er... is an abbreviation of over, the apostrophe marking the place of the letter v. 63. Quarterly Review for a Spelling-Match. schol' ars col' lege pre side' di vorce' a ere knowl edge sir' loin os' trich lath ing man til' la stir rup pol ka al most o' ver coat squir rel whol ly haugh ty bod' ice shep herd poul tice dai ly sau sage sur geon dai ries gait ers wel fare so cial sto ries au ger squat ter por trait ba bies knuck les sap phire wheel wright fai ries an kles sor rel prayer pyg mies re ceipt' bed stead prai' rie dit ties seiz' ing be lieve' vine yard val leys griev ous re ceive pic nic jock eys chest nut a piece live long don keys an y con ceit worn en jour neys rai sins sar' dine guin ea bu reau mar riage ker nel skill ful nox ious car cass butch er agile noz zle B 18 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. la'va twi 7 light tor' toise book 7 case al so bap tize prac tice mat tress prop er mas tiffs at tic Ja va knot ty wea sels ab sence bra vo col ic pup pies rasp 7 ber ries car tridge cof fee clothes-press un 7 cle laun dry heif ' ers cup' board scis sors chim neys I' saac HoV ace Jno. A. M. S. W. Phil ip Eeu ben Win. P. M. Ed. Eu gene Lew is Chas. No. P.O. Mat thew Ear' ri et Jos. Cr. Ex. Blanche Car rie Thos. M. Jr. Ma ri 7 a Mol lie Geo. Hon. Acct. Is 7 a bel So phie Co. Ans. Gov. FOURTH MONTH. 64. Oral Exercise. Words having the sound of o before T as in order. Be careful not to give the sound of aw for or, s&faiom instead of form. storm horse com cork corpse fork lord north sort cord form 7 al nor mal or der or gan cor ner morn 7 ing tor 7 ment bor der tor pid hor net sor did mor tal dor mant or chard gor geous 65. A Lesson for Farmer Boys. rye. fax. bar' ley. oats. Farm Products. po ta toes, pump kins, tnr nips, cot ton. to bac co. Garden Products. eel' er y let' tuce. to ma' toes, cau' liflow ers. cu cum bers. rad' ish es. pars' ley. as par' a gus. rim' barb, pars' nips. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 19 66. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the souud of o in move, marked p. This is the same sound as u in rude. prove grew croup ado/ los' er lose drew wound ca noe' bruis er who crew through bos' om rou tine' you flew shrewd shoe ing ac crue two true era' el rue ful re cruit 67. A Geography Lesson. Written Exercise. Names of States and their Abbreviations. Unit' ed States, U. S. Ken tuck' y, Ky. New York, N. I. Ten nes see, Tenn. Penn syl va ni a, Penn. I' o wa, la. hi' o, 0. Geor' gi a, Ga. II li nois, III. Mick' i gan, Midi. Mas sa chu setts, Mass. Fir gin' i a, Va. 68. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. "Words having the sound of o in done, like short u in us. does month cov' et ov 7 en shov' el doth shove hov er doz en slov en son won none love wont dove com pass ton nage some thing noth ing wor ry won der gov ern hon ey come ly 69. A Natural-History Lesson. Names of Wild Animals. pan' ther bab oon' kan ga roo' sea-li on leop ard rac coon buffalo hy e' na cou gar gi raffe el' e phant o pos' sum ze bra ga zelle go ril' la rhi noc x er os wal rus rein' deer inonk' ey o rang'-ou tang f 20 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 70. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the sound of long u. in use, marked u. Teachers must care- fully train their classes in the delicate and difficult sounds in this lesson. mute due mu' sic du' ty - pu' trid tube view pu pil hu man fluid tune lieu tu lip u nit cu bic dupe muse stu pid un ion nui sauce hue cube hu mor bu gle flu ent 71. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. trib' une vol ume stat ute trib ute cos tume stat' ue vir tue a gue val ue ar gue as suine ob tuse pro fuse pur sue con fuse in duce' re duce se duce a muse ex ude 72. A Lesson in Etymology. RULE. Regular verbs of one syllable, ending in a single consonant after a single vowel, double the last letter on adding ing and ed. Verbs. Pres. Part. Past Part. Verbs. Pres. Part. Past Part. dot dot' ting dot' ted bar bar' ring barred blot blot ting blot ted jar jar ring jarred dip dip ping dipped rub rub bing rubbed dig dig ging digged rot rot ting rot' ted chop chop ping chopped slam slam ming slammed pin pin ning pinned slip slip ping slipped swap swap ping swapped clap clap ping clapped stir stir ring stirred step step ping stepped snap snap ping snapped whip whip ping whipped join join ing joined trot trot ting trot 7 ted fret fret ting fret' ted plan plan ning planned grin grin ning grinned sham sham ming shammed beg beg ging begged fix fix ing fixed FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 73. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the short sound of u iu us, marked ft tip puff gut' ter glut" ton cup' board buzz chum crup per buck et pup pet skull hull hub bub bug gy blub ber muff gull ful some muz zle gus set does doth put ty puz zle gus to 74. Common Abbreviations. Written Exercise. Rail' road, R. R. last month, ult. page, p. this month, inst. ques tion, q. next month, prox. quar ter, qr. by the hundred, per cent. at or to, a. year of our Lord, A.D. 75. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the sound of u before r in urge, marked ft. Be carefid to sound the r. burn purr mur' mur bur' den sur' name hurt blur turn coat fur nish sur face curl burr cur tain tur tie pur chase furl churl gur gle fur ther sur plus curse spur sur feit fur nace sur ges 76 . Kinds of Buildings. Written Exercise. church. cot' tage. ml' la. dun geon . eel' ifice. mosque. pris on. ho tel'. fab ric. ca the' dral. hov' el. cas tie. tern pie. ken net. pa vil r ion. cab in. pal ace. tav ern. tow er. the' a ter. jail. shan ty. fac to ry. bar rack. ware' house. 22 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 77. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the sound of u after r as in rude, marked u. This is the same sound as o in prove. The teacher is referred to the dictionary. Many of these words are often mispronounced. rule prude tru' ant fru' gal prove mood tru ly pru dent school fruit ru ral scru pie brute cruise cru el gru el true rue ru mor bru tal 78. Names of Great Rivers. Nile. Yukon. Ni' ger. In dus. Platle. Gan ges. ine. A moor'. Written Exercise. Mis sou ri. Ar kan sas. Col urn bi a. ri no co. Col o ra do. Yang-lse-Ki ang'. Ri' o Grande. Mis sis sip pi. hi' o. Si. Law' rence. La Pla la. Ni ag a ra. 79. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the sound of u via full, marked u. This is the same sound as oo in/00*. bull put push bush full bur let click' oo bul' wark pul let pul pit full ness bush el cush ion fully butch er bull ion pul ley pud ding bull' ock put ting 80. Kinds of Birds. Written Exercise. vul' lure, con dor. os trich. e mu. buz zard. par' rot. pet rel. pea cock, pig eon. pheas ant, wood' cock, swal low. spoon bill, mag pie. al' ba tross. cor mo rani, par o quel. fla mm go. o ri ole. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 23 81. Oral Spelling. Words pronounced alike, but differing in spelling and meaning. Let the teacher read the sentence and have the catchwords spelled orally by the pupil. all All the poor shoemaker possessed was an awl and some awl lasts. Ann Ann exchanged with Emma an apple for an egg. an ate They ate twenty-eight of the best pears in our gar- eight den. as sent' Did you give your assent to his proposal of making the as cent 7 ascent of the hill this morning ? aught If you have aught against me, you ought to state it ought frankly to myself. bass You will find the bass fiddle lying at the base of the base pillar. bawl These boys should not bawl so loudly, and kick about ball that foot-ball in this beautiful ball-loom. be Be diligent like the busy bee, and you will become rich bee and respected. "bear The bear tore his bare leg in such a manner that I bare could not bear to look at it. beau Look at that beau with a lady on his arm, carrying a bow bow and arrows. coun' oil Members of the town council do not always give nor COun' sel act upon the wisest counsel. 24 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 82. Written Spelling. Let the teacher dictate the sentences and pay particular attention to the spelling of the catchwords. hare John caught a hare by a net made of horse-/j#z>. hair heard I heard that a whole herd of sheep had perished in the herd snow. him 1 heard him sing a beautiful hymn. hymn need You need not knead the dough till evening. knead ore It was curious to see two men carrying a piece of iron oar ore on the oar of a boat, as they walked o'er the nar- o'er row bridge. pare You cannot pare the green pear with an old pair of pear scissors. pair you Did you see our ewe grazing beneath the yew-tree P ewe yew 83. Common Words of Anglo-Saxon Origin. neigh' bor kitch'en was' sail draw'ers kin dred ov en fiddle stock ings fire side ladle wel come him ger sliel ter thresh old ear ly au ger ash es heav en er rand won der cm bers ew er gos sip bit ter pitcli ers buck et rid die bur den era die bun die na ked wea ry swad die ta per man tie sor row smol der mar row pock et mor row FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 84. Monthly Oral Review. gor' geous scrubbed to bac 7 co par 7 tridge rou tine' swapped eel 7 er y pars 7 ley ac crue' muz y zle to ma 7 toes el 7 e pliant shoe' ing gus 7 set pump 7 kins cou 7 gar ca noe 7 1mb 7 bub leop 7 ard drom 7 e da ry through put 7 ting go ril 7 la pa vil 7 ion doz 7 en neigh 7 bor man 7 sion ca the 7 dral com 7 pass swad 7 die pal 7 ace par o quet' stom 7 ach thresh 7 old mosque Mis sou 7 ri nui 7 sance smol 7 der school 7 -house In di an" a re duce 7 ew 7 er the 7 a ter Platte a muse 7 er 7 rand cot 7 tage Rhine blot 7 ting bull 7 ion os 7 tricli Yu 7 kon grin 7 ning bull 7 ock buz 7 zard A moor 7 whipped pul 7 let pig 7 eon Ni 7 ger FIFTH MONTH. 85. Oral Spelling. Words having the short sound of 06 in foot. Be careful not to give the long sound of od in cool. good hook shook look 7 out cuck 7 oo wool brook stood foot man good nes< foot wood rook hood wink fish hook book took soot foot step red wood c;ook nook could wood bine cook y 86. Geographical Spelling. Written Exercise. U nit' ed States, A rner' i cans. Eng land, En glisL Ger' ma ny, Ger mans. France, French. Ens' sia, Bus' sians. Chi' na, Chi' nese. Italy, I tal' ians. Hoi' land, Dutch. Tur' key, Turks. Spain, Span' is/i. SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 87. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the sound of oo in moon, marked 60. Be careful not to shorten the sound. roof loose boo' ty tooth ache bam boo' root poor room y boot black ca boose boot boor noon day los ing co coon soon smooth moon shine whoop ing sa loon hoof wound spoon ful bos om ta boo 88. Written Abbreviations. At tor' ney, Atty. Colo net, Col. Moun' tains, Mis. Pres i dent, Pres. Pop u la tion, Pop. Rep re sent' a tive, Rep. Chap ter, Chap. Sen' a tor, Sen. Major, Maj. Lieu ten' ant, Lieut. 89. Derivative Words. Verbs ending in e drop the e when ing or ed is added. Nouns are formed from the verb by adding the suffix er, which means one who, or that which. Define the nouns. Verb. Pres. Part. Past Tense. Noun. hate hat' ing hat' ed hat' er wade wad ing wad ed wad er dodge dodg ing dodged dodg er joke jok ing joked jok er skate skat ing skat' ed skat er mine min ing mined min er dive div ing dived div er gaze gaz ing gazed gaz er love lov ing loved lov er dine din ing dined din er FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 27 90. Derivative Words. RULE. Words of one syllable ending in a single consonant after a single vowel double the last letter when er is added. The suffix er in nouns means one who, or that which ; in adjectives, it means more. job job' her tan tan'ner rob rob ber run run ner rub rub ber wrap wrap per swim swim mer plod plod der drum drum iner grab grab ber 91. Written Spelling. Write the derivatives of the following words, by adding the suffix er. Write after each word n. for noun ; adj. for adjective. trap. skip. clip. rap. mad. glib. grim. dig. clip. hit. snap. sad. red. dim. sup. trim. bid. plan. slim. thin. wet. spin. grab. trot. sit. fat. big- hot. skin. gun. shut. win. fit. glad. glum. 92. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having the long sound of y in style, like i in pine, marked y. rhyme rye ty' rant ty' phoid gey' ser chyme scythe cy press hy phen sky ward thyme gyves hy son hy brid dye ing lye S PJ ty ro gyrate dye wood dye try ty phus ty ing hy drant 93. Historical Spelling. Written Exercise. Names of Great Men. New' ton. Sc/iil' ler. Shakes' peare. Mil ton. La fay ette. Hum' boldt. Ho mer. Han' ni bal. Bo na parte. Cic e ro. Wash' ing ton. Confu' ci us. Co lum bus. Frank' lin. Jul' ius Ccz sar. 28 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 94. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. "Words having the short sound of y in nymph, marked y. lynch Ijfr'ic crys'tal s^mp'tom lynx cyn ic sys tern strych nine myth syr inge syl van cym bal sylph sym bol gyp sy ca lyx hymn syn tax gym nast i dyl 95. Common Abbreviations. Written JExercise. Cash on Delivery y C. 0. D. Doctor of Divinity, D. D. Doctor of Medicine, M. D. Doctor of Laws, LL. D. Member of Congress, M. C. In the year of our Lord, A. D. Before Christ, B. C. 96. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. "Words having the sound of ou in out. This has the same sound as ow in now. ounce drought lounge spouse hour pound slough frown drowse pow'er howl bow gouge flour ground bough prow gown bow'er crowned now found' ling gout sour flounce 97. Oral Spelling. In the words in the first three columns, ou has the short sound of on in tough, like short U in but ; in the fourth column, it has the sound of oo in. root. rough coup' le tough 7 en route touch doub le south ern tour tough troub le jeal ous wound young cous in zeal ous rou tine' e nough' coun try nerv ous sou chong' FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 29 98. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words having oi as in oil, and oy as in boy. oil joint toi' let oys' ter an noy' boil quoit loi ter loy al de stroy spoil noise clois ter roy al a hoy joist roil poi son boy hood em ploy coin toil coin age joy ous en joy 99. Abbreviations. Written Exercise. be di ent, Obt. Oc to! vo, Dep u ty, Dep. Du o dec' i mo, Svo. Mem o ran dum, Mem. Man u script, MS. Take no tice, N. B. And oth r ers, Etal. Su per in tend' ent, Supt. Vol' ume, Vol. 100. About Verbs. RULE. Verbs ending in y after a consonant form the 3d person, singular number, in the present tense, by changing y into i and adding es. They form all the persons in both numbers, in the past tense, by changing y into z, and adding ed. I he or she we or they / he or she we or they try tries tried cop' y cop' ies cop' ied cry cries cried hur ry hur ries hur ried dry dries dried wor ry wor ries wor ried s py spies spied glo ry glo ries glo ried pit'y pit' ies pit' ied stud y stud ies stud ied fry fries fried emp ty emp ties emp tied fan' cy fan' cies fan' cied defy' de fies' de fied' bully bull ies bull ied de ny de nies de nied mar ry mar ries mar ried com ply com plies com plied car ry car ries car ried reply re plies re plied tar ry tar ries tar ried re ly re lies re lied ral ly ral lies ral lied ally al lies al lied 30 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 101. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words in which various combinations of vowels have the sound of long fl in use. dew ewe hew view due mew ew 7 er ar 7 gues sub due' pew pew ter res cue re new deuce gew gaw sin ew re view news stew ard val ue en sue few beau ty Tues day be dew 102. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. "Words in which various vowels have the sound of long in old. boat court oak road pouF tice coat mourn loath most poul try coarse coach source toast hoar y hoarse pour snow bowl bow sprit hoax foam goal soul coul ter 103. Words relating to Heat and Cold. fire sul 7 try tep 7 id frost 7 i ness frig' id blaze glow ing fer vent i ci ness arc tic warmth scald ing blaz ing ice 7 berg freez ing fe'ver broil ing red-hot hail stone chil ly hec tic fi'er y ig' ne ous i 7 ci cle ice-bound 104. "Written Exercise. Words relating to cleanness, and the reverse. cleanse. wipe. dirt. dregs. slime. soiled. scrub. sponge. filth. dross. slush. unclean. brush. swab. slops. scum. offal. dirt' y. sweep. lave. soot. lees. sew' er. filth' y. scour. bathe. smoke. grounds. ditch. slov' en ly. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 81 105. Monthly Oral Review. oys' ter scythe pit' ied hoo(T wink rhyme mar' ried fish' hook ty' phus ral' lied tooth' ache crys' tal stud' ied room' ful syn' tax frig' id whoop' ing cym' bal froz' eri bam boo' butch' er i' ci cle ta boo' lynch red-hot co coon' sylph scald' ing joked drowse ca' lyx dodged tough' en Tues' day swim' mer sou chong' beau' ty I tal' ians Jap an ese' Span' ish Brit' ain Cic' e ro Schil' ler Hum' boldt Shakes' peare Cse' sar C. 0. D. N.B. 8vo. SIXTH MONTH. 106. Oral Spelling. Ly was originally like, and means m a manner ; ness means state of being. Ly added to an adjective forms an adverb ; ness added to an adjective forms a noun, and means state of being. Adj. Adv. Noun. Adj. Adv. Noun. calm calm' ly calm' ness large large' ly large' ness coarse coarse ly coarse ness mean mean ly mean ness fine fine ly fine ness near near ly near ness fair fair ly fair ness neat neat ly neat ness grim grim ly grim ness shrewd shrewd ly shrewd ness 107. Lesson in Etymology. Ly or y added to a noun makes an adjective ; ness added to the adjective forms another noun ; y is changed to i. Define these words orally. Noun. Adj. Noun. Noun. Adj. Noun. god god' ly god' li ness fleece flee' cy fleec' i ness ghost ghost ly ghost li ness flesh flesh y flesh i ness beast beast ly beast li ness juice jui cy jui ci ness world world ly world li ness might might y might i ness home home ly home li ness fuss fuss y fuss i ness 32 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 108. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words in which a in unaccented syllables has the obscure sound of a in palm, or u in urge. In some words a has nearly the sound of short u in nut. com' ma so' da men' tal in 7 stant tur' ban chi na so fa den tal at las cap stan e ra pol ka dis tance cut lass ten ant ex tra vil la pit tance tres pass sub stance stan za Cu ba bal ance ras cal va grant 109. Oral Spelling. Words in which unaccented a has the sound of 8 in end. cot' tage pref ' ace ag' ate rum' mage car riage sol ace sau sage till age mes sage ter race bag gage vin tage im age pal ate cour age u sage cli mate pi rate pack age or ange 110. Etymology and Defining. Define the adverbs and nouns orally. Adj. Adv. Noun. Er = more. clum' sy clum' si ly clum' si ness clum' si er era zy era zi ly era zi ness era zi er dain ty dain ti ly dain ti ness dain ti er flim sy flim si ly flim si ness flim si er gau dy gaud i ly gaud i ness gaud i er giddy gid di ly gid di ness gid dier hap py hap pi ly hap pi ness hap pi er la zy la zi ly la zi ness la zi er dir ty dirt i ly dirt i ness dirt i er pret ty pret ti ly pret ti ness pret ti er diz zy diz zi ly diz zi ness diz zi er bus y bus i ly bus i ness bus i er haugh ty haugh ti ly haugh ti ness haugh ti er greed y greed i ly greed i ness greed i er FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 111. Pronunciation and Oral Spelling. Words in which unaccented a before r has the sound of e in her. on' ward in ward stew ard gram' mar pil lar dol lar mus' tard or chard wiz ard sea' ward wind ward north ward up ward lag gard slug gard haz ard cow ard schol ar stal wart po lar 112. Oral Spelling. Sound of e in her. The following words are frequently spelled in two ways. The spelling given in the first column is generally called Websterian, from being used in Webster's Dictionary. cen' ter, or ceil' tre. mi' ter, or mi' tre. fi ber, or fi bre. me ter, or me tre. lus ter, or lus tr.e. o cher, or o chre. mea ger, or mea gre. som ber, or som bre. seep ter, or seep tre. the' a ter, or the' a tre. Buffa lo, N. Y. New ark, N. J. Lou is ville, Ky. Cleve land, 0. Pitts burg, Pa. 113. Names of Cities. Written Exercise. De troit', Mich. Mil wau kee, Wis. Prov i dence, R. I. Roch' es ter, N. Y. Al' le glia ny, Pa. Rich'mond, Va. New Ha ven, Conn. Charles' ton, S. C. Syr' a cuse, N. Y. Worces' ter, Mass. 114. Names of Persons. Men. Per' di nand. Sam' u el. Fred' er ick. Ja cob. Nidi o las. Ste phen. Syl ves ter. The o dore. Ru'fus. Tim o thy. 2* Women. A me' lia. E' dith. Eli' za. Fran ces. Han nah. Ma lei. Ma til' da. No ra. liv ia. Rose. 34 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 115. Derivative Words. Written Spelling. The suffix en means to make. Added to an adjective, a verb is formed. The suffix er added to an adjective means more. The final s. a Flor i da, Fla. Ma ry land. Md. Del' a ware, Del. Cat ifor' ni a, Cal. Ne va da, Nev. Con nect' i cut, Conn. Mis sov' ri, Mo. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 144. Monthly Retiew. satch' el full 7 ness coax'^g bought scoun 7 drel soul 7 less fid 7 get "" caught mourn' eth coarse 7 ness broth 7 er taught pray' est sense 7 less tus 7 sle fought cleans' est mot 7 toes co los 7 sal thought ca tarrh 7 car 7 goes e nor 7 mous halve ba zaar 7 bris 7 ties gi gan 7 tic graze a skance' leath 7 er tor na 7 do thieve ga zette 7 med 7 al ty phoon 7 scrap im mense' pas' ture hur' ri cane squall con ceit 7 istli 7 mus inu lat 7 toes gnash con dense' heath 7 er mos qui 7 toes switch con sign 7 prai 7 ries lo co mo 7 tives plaid EIGHTH MONTH. 145. Written Exercise in Derivation. Words having i before e : ie = e. Write out in full on slates or paper the derivatives formed by adding the given suffixes. Verb. Part. p. P. Verb. Part. P.P. Noun. grieve -ing -ed. re lieve -ing .ed, re lief shriek -ing -eel. re trieve -ing -ed, re triev al. piece -ing -eel. reprieve -ing -eel) re prieve '. view -ing -ed. be lieve -ing -ed, be lief. pierce -ing -ed. re view -ing -ed, re view. 146. Oral Spelling. Words having i before e : ie chief niece fierce field fiend lien wield siege tierce lief tier priest liege bier pier priest' ly priest ess chief tain piece'-work piece meal view less bre vier 7 griev' ous priest hood brief less 44 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 147. Oral Spelling. Words having silent w before r. Try to use each of these words correctly in a sentence. wrap wrath wreck wreath wrong wring writ wrench wreak wran' gle wry wrist wrin'kle wrest wretch' ed wretch wren writhe wrist band wres' tie wrin kly write wrist let wrath ful wrong' ful ly 148. Written Spelling. Words having e before i : ei = 6. Verb. seize, re ceive'y de ceive, per ceive, re ceiptj Part. Noun. seiz ing, sciz ure. ei' ther. re ceiv' ing, re cep tion. nei ther. de ceiv ing, de cep tion. de ceit'. per ceiv ing, per cep tion. per ceived. re ceipt ing, re ceipt'. re ceipt' ed. 149. Articles in a Hardware Store. A lesson for boys. awls bits butts nails scales knobs gaug' es wrench' es planes bev els riv ets screws chis els plumb-lines scythes fau cets hand-saws spades trow els com 7 pass es 150. Mountain Ranges. Written Exercise. Rock ' y. An' des. Alps. Al f tai. Al' le gha ny Si er' ra Ne va' da, Pyr' en ees. Si er' ra Mail' re. Ap en nines. Him a la ya. Bal' kan. Can ca sus. At' las. Cor dil' ler as. Kuen-lun. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 151. Written Exercise. "Words having silent b. 45 climb, comb, thumb, be numb', debt, climb' ing, climbed. bomb -shell, comb ing, combed. tomb' stone, thumb ing, thumbed. dumb ness, be numb' ing, be numbed'. numb ness, debt' or, in debt' eel. plumb-line. 152. Proper Nouns. Oral Exercise. Aa' ron Cal vin Her'bert A' da Co' ra Em'ily Jes se Ann E va Em ma Den nis No ah An' na Eve Mo ra Ed mund Eo land An nie Faith I re' ne E li' sha Si las Anne Hope Maud 153. A Lesson for Boys. Written Exercise. gauge, gouge, joist, laths, shin' gles. stuc co. Terms used by Carpenters and Masons. bev el. sleep ers. clap boards, chamfer. stud ding. hearth stones, dove tail. cor nice. fore-plane, mor Use. ga ble. sky' light, man lei. pan el. ridge-pole, scant ling. gav el. door-sills. 154. A Tough Enough Lesson. Ph and gh = the sound of f. phrase phiz sphere phlegm sphinx nymph cough neph' ew sul' phur trough pain phlet tri umph rough proph et ser aph laugh cam pbor graph ic ci' pher mor phine tel' e graph phys ic cam' phene au to graph SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 155. Words often misspelt. Words having silent g, k, and gh. gnaw knell fight though gnawed knack might dough gnarl knead flight weight gnarled knee blight bough gnash knout fright slough gnat sigh wight drought gneiss nigh eight through know high fraught freight knave thigh aught straight knoll sight ought knuck' le knob bight naught naught y knit height sought knowl edge knight light taught neigh bor knife tight bought thor ough kneel rig] it thought daugh ter knot bright wrought spright ly knock dight nought slaugh ter knew gnome brought haugh ty 156. Written Exercise. Words having silent letters. In the first three columns, the words have 1 silent ; in the fourth column, silent n final ; in the fifth, silent ue final. half. calk. psalms. hymn. brogue. calf. alms. qualms. kiln. league. walk. calms. folks. limn. plague. chalk. balms. could. damn. vogue. talk. palms. would. sol' emn. vague. stalk. fal' con. ealves. col' umn. mosque. balk. halves. should. con demri . tongue. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 157. Words hard to pronounce. Oral Exercise. "Words having wh with the full aspirate sound. 47 wharf whit whee' die wharf age what whiff wher ry where a bouts' whack whine whirl ing where' fore when whim whir ring when ev' er where whip whirl pool wher ev' er wheel whisk whip stock where with' whew whiz whip lash where by' whist why whirl wind where in' wheeze which whirl i gig white' wash whelp whit' tie whip ster whet' stone whence whis tie whin ny whim' si cal wheat whif fle whin ing whif fet while whim per whisk er whip' ping white whis ky wlieth er what ev' er 158. Terms relating to Light and Darkness. sun day' light night moon' less day sun light dusk beam less blaze sun shine gloom ray less glare moon light shade dark some flare moon shine dawn som ber glow star light haze murk y sun' ny noon tide dim dusk y brill iant noon day dull tur bid flash ing light ning faint foggy daz zling lus ter mist' y styg' i an bur nished bright ness cloud y E gyp' tian lu' mi nous glim mer lu rid mid' night spark' litig glit ter sun less neb' u lous twink ling ra' di ance star less ob scure' 48 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 159. Orthography and Etymology. The final e is generally dropped before a suffix beginning with a vowel. In some cases it is dropped before a suffix beginning with a consonant, as//, ly, and ment. wide wid' en sale sal' a ble lodge lodged blame blam a ble lose los er gape - gap ing brute brut ish rate rat a ble dye dy er move mov a ble loose loos er cure cur a ble due du ly sue sued true tru ly love lov a ble whole whol ly white whit ish awe aw ful nurse nurs ling woe wo ful ar gue ar gu ment 160. Names of Distinguished Americans. Daniel Webster, Orator and Statesman. Henry Clay, Orator and Statesman. John C. Calhoun, Orator and Statesman. Thomas Jefferson, President and Statesman. Andrew Jackson, President and General. Abraham Lincoln, President and Statesman. William Cullen Bryant, Poet and Editor. Henry W. Longfellow, Poet. John G. Whittier, Poet. William H. Prescott, Historian. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essayist. Samuel E. B. Morse, Inventor. Eobert Fulton, Inventor. Eli Whitney, Inventor. Horace Greeley, Editor. William H. Seward, Statesman. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 49 161. Quarterly Review. griev' ing seiz' ure knowl' edge siege piec' ing con ceit' knuck' le niece re trieve' Gan' ges naught' y sieve be lieve' climb' ing daugh' ter brief re view' dumb' ness thor' ough view pierc' ing numb' ness spright' ly seize shield' ed tomb' stone brooch' es knobs priest' hood lamb' skin sap' phires scythes griev' ous sky' light ear'-rings screws piece' meal clap' boards cor' al thumbs fierce' ness ridge'-pole ru' bies debt friend' ship stud' ding con demn' comb a chieve' shin' gles col' umn gauge wretch' ed neph' ew sol' emn gouge wres' tie pam' phlet wea' sel phiz wrin' kle or' phan whip'-stock sphere wrig' gle cam' phene wharf age nymph de ceive' graph' ic where' fore gnaw per ceive' ser' aph whim' per knack re ceipt' phys' ic whisk' er wrought lu' mi nous whis' tling dog' ged field light' ning bus' tling rag' ged lief twink' ling jos' tling got' ten whiz neb' u lous jog'gling rid' den wheeze ra' di ance loos' er bless' eth whelp sal' a ble brut' ish pray' eth whack blam' a ble mor' tise lov' edst caught mov' a ble .-. cor' nice mourn' edst f bought cur' a ble phon' ic a dieu' heard lov' a ble mot' toes a skew' ace judg' ment leath' er a byss' gape lodg' ment gulf-stream glob' ule loose 3 D 50 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. NINTH MONTH. 162. Oral Spelling. Words having silent t. Often is pronounced, not of-ten,\y\iiqff"n. oft 7 en soft en fast en hast en chas ten chris 7 ten list en bus tie whis tie this tie wres 7 tie tres tie nes tie hus tie jos tie cas 7 tie Christ mas isth mus a pos 7 tie e pis' tie mort' gage chest nut hos tier bou quet' de 7 pot 163. Written Exercise. Words with tch. itch. ditch. hatch. clutch. watch' case. witch, switch. pitch, stitch. latch, match. Dutch, crotch. satch el. stretch er. fitch, twitch. batch, patch. thatch, wretch. crotch' et. hatch et. pitch er. pitchfork. A.' de line Be 7 a trice Con 7 stance Em 7 e line Ev 7 e line 164. Feminine Names. Oral Exercise. Ger 7 trude Ma til 7 da Hen ri et 7 ta O liv' ia Isabel 7 la Ja net 7 Lyd 7 i a Phce 7 be Ea 7 cliel Stel 7 la Lou i 7 sa Vic to 7 ri a Vio 7 la Vir gin 7 ia Ye ron 7 i ca 165. Steamship Advertisement. Written Exercise. Pacific Mail Steamship Co/s Line. To California, Japan, and China, and to Kingston (Jamaica), Aspinwall, Panama, the Pacific Coast of Mexico, Central America, Peru, and Chili, on the 15th and 30th of each month (or the day previous when these days fall on Sunday). Tickets, with state-rooms, for steamer China, from San Francisco, May 1, for Japan and China, also issued. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 51 166. Oral Spelling. Words in which g before e, i, and y has the soft sound, like j. Except before these vowels, it has the hard sound as in got. gin gist gibe gem gill o ^ 167. Written Exercise in Verbs. Verbs which do not have an additional syllable when ed is added. Remem- ber that final consonants after a single vowel are doubled, and final e is dropped. gib' bet ge' nus gyp 7 sum gi gan' tic gen der gen try gym nast gil' ly flow er gen ius gin ger gib bet ge om' e try gen tie rigid gen tian ge og ra phy gi ant gyp sy gest ure ge ol o gy Verb. Past Tense. Verb. Past Tense. Verb. Past Tense. throb, throbbed. bar, barred. rain, rained. earn, earned. cry, cried. seize, seized. pray, prayed. dye, dyed. tease, teased. play, played. lay, laid. try, tried. neigh, neighed. pay, paid. sigh, sighed. 168. Oral Exercise. Words in which g before i arid e has the hard sound as in give. get gicT dy giv' en girl' ish girl' hood gift gib bous gear ing gird le head-gear gig ging ham get ting giv ing gird er gilt gim let gew gaw gey ser gift-horse gills giz zard geld ing au ger gig gling 169. Articles in a Store. Written Exercise. cof fee. all' spice. broad f cloth. sal e ra' tus. ci gars'. whip-stocks. a I' co hoi. ax-hari dies. cod' fish. can dy. choc o late. hoe-han dies. ben zine. wal nuts. cal i co. scythe-snaths. nee dies. rai sins. crock er y. salt pe ter. SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 170 "Written Exercise in the Past Tense. The suffix ed means did. When it is added to some regular verbs, the e is silent and the d is sounded like t. Arch-ed is pronounced archt. Spell, pro- nounce, and define the past tense of the following verbs. Model : " asked, did ask." ask. dip. nip. pack. switch. thrash. balk. dress. ditch. preach. snatch. vex. blush. dock. help. place. sketch. walk. blink. fetch. hack. pass. slake. waltz. brush. flap. hatch. parse. screech. wince. bleach. fleece. joke. patch. shriek. wreak. black. froth. knock. piece. squeak. wreck. bluff. flinch. kick. quake. sneak. whisk. cross. glance. lauffh. rock. search. wax. cuff. grace. lick. rush. thatch. whip. cough. grease. plash. race. tuck. yoke. cease. gape. mix. reap. tax. wish. creak. guess. mass. match. bounce. yelp. 171. Oral Spelling. Silent h, and ch. hard and soft. h silent. eh like k. ch like sh (Fr.). hour' ly ghost 7 ly chord cha' os cham pagne' lion est shep herd chasm chem ist che nille hon or rhu barb school Chris tian cha rade heir ess ca tarrh' cho' rus ech o cha grin rhymes ex hort cho ral mon arch cha teau 172. Abbreviations. Written Exercise. answer, ans. catholic, arithmetic, arith. conjunction, assistant, asst. dejinition, adverb, adv. deputy, adjective, adj. defendant, cath. conj. def. dep. deft. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 5'3 173. Oral Spelling. t = sh. s = z. ti = sh. ti = sh. si- = sb. su' gar vis' ion ac' tion men' tion man' sion sure ly pleas ure fric tion mar tial pas sion sur er meas ure auc tion pa tient ses sion as sure' lei sure cau tion quo tient ver sion in sure o sier frac tion ra tion mis sion 174. Oral Spelling. Nouns which have th soft in the singular and hard in the plaral. Sing. bath Plur. baths Sing. mouth Plur. mouths broad' cloths lath laths wreath wreaths dish cloths path cloth paths cloths sheath oath sheaths oaths foot-paths foot-baths moth moths truth truths neck cloths 175. Common Errors, In many parts of the United States. drown' ded for drowned en' glne for en' gme at tack' ted " at tacked jan ders " jaun dice deef " deaf stid dy " stead y fust " first yal ler " yel low air " are bust " burst aim " earn fahm " farm put " put crit' ter " creat' ure unly " only cuss " curse gownd " gown lee' tie " lit' tie git " get poot y " pret ty huff " hoof sar cer ee sau cer ile " oil bile " boil hen' der " hin' der stomp " stamp ketch " catch thar " there 54 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 176. Oral Spelling. "Words which have d silent. After d, g is always soft, like j. bridge dodge sledge dredge edge fledge bridg' ing lodge lodg' ings ledge dodg er lodge lodg merit sedge sledg ing wedge wedged trudge dredg ing hedge hedg ing budge edg ing ridge hedge hog fidg' et fledge ling judge judg ment cud gel 177. Written Exercise. Words meaning to join, and to separate. tie. knit, hitch, lash, splice. gird. yoke. cut. hew. nnfet' ter, chain. nail. cleave. chop. un latch' . pick' et. bolt. rend. slash. un lock, tetli er. clasp. snap. shiv' er. un screw, harness, riv et. break. whittle, unpin. 178. Words denoting Sounds. Oral Exercise. Er added to these words means an animal that. bark bel 7 low growl yelp bay neigh coo chir'rup screech pur quack twit'ter roar bleat cluck grunt buzz low chirp bray hum caw gob' ble croak squeal 179. Written Exercise. El' Us. Given Names of Persons. I sa iali. A man da. Eu r nice. E noch. Mil' ton. Bar ba ra. Jean. Eth an. Her man Hn bert. Si man. Bridg' et. Jessie. Ly man. Es ther. Le o no ra. Ro ger. En ye nia. Mar' i on. FIRST YEAR'S WORK. aunt ant Brit' on Brit' ain hire high' er met/ al met' tie prin' ci pal prin' ci pie cap' i tal cap' i tol 180. Written Exercise. Words pronounced nearly alike, but spelled differently. Did you say that his aunt sat down on an ant-\\il\ on the heath ? A Briton is a native of Great Britain. If farmers hire servants in summer, they have to pay them higher wages than in winter. A m&tal horse cannot be called a horse of mettle. The principal of our school says that acting on hon- est principles should be one of the principal aims of both old and young. In Rome, the capital of Italy, there is an ancient building called the Capitol. 181. Oral Spelling. Words having th, as in their. those blithe tliith' er moth er north' ern theirs scythe with er fa ther south ern thine loathe weath er feath er far thing thence breathe both er leath er fath om that with otb er netli er with stand' scrub scud scrip scum scull scamp scan 182. Oral Spelling. Words in which c sounds like k. scale scarce score scoff scratch scream screech scrawl scrape scout scoop scare scrap scowl scant' ling scant y scru pie scut tie sculpt ure scat ter script ure 56 SWINTOfl'S WORD-BOOK. TENTH MONTH. 183. Written Exercise. Exceptions to dropping final 6. Words ending in ce ory doz. Radishes, do. U@2. 10@15. 12@20. 50@75. 20@25. Artichokes, do. 50@1.00. Horseradish, do. 10@15. Mushrooms, do. 25@50. Okra, f- ft. 48@50. Peppers, do. 25@35. Garlic, do. 5@8. Eschalots, do. 194. Another Market Report. Written. Straw'ries, ^ ft. 8@10. Rabbits, ty pair, 25@40. Cran'ries^gal.75@1.00. Hare, do. 20@30. Pineapples, each, 50@75. Squirrels, do. 10@15. Anchovies, ^ ft. 5@6. Tomcod, do. 15@20. Sturgeon, do. 4@5. Chickens, do. 50@75. Oysters, ty 100, 1.25@. Shrimps, do. 10@12. Geese, ^pr.,2.00@3.00. Mussels, do. 25@. Porter-h'se st'k,20@25. Turkey, <$>- ft. 22@25. Smelts, ^ ft. Sirloin do. 18@20. mea ; sles con sump'tion bron chi 7 tis dys' en ter y e ry sip 7 e las diph the 7 ri a 195. A Hard Lesson. Common Diseases. whoop 7 ing-cough scar 7 let fever ty 7 phus fe 7 ver bil 7 ious fe 7 ver chick 7 en-pox small-pox neu 7 ral gi a dys pep 7 si a rheu 7 ma tism pa ral 7 y sis scar la ti 7 na pneu mo 7 ni a FIEST YEAR'S WORK. 61 196. Territories of the United States. (1872.) U' tah, U. Ter. Da ko ta, Dak. Ter. New Mex i co, N. M. Ter. Ar i zo na, Ar. Ter. Col o ra do, Col. Ter. A las' ka, Al. Ter. Wash' ing ton, Wn. Ter. Dis trict of \ I' da ho, Id. Ter. Co lum bi a,] Wy o' ming, Wy. Ter. In dian, Ind. Ter. 197. Names of Important Cities. Bir' ming ham, Eng. Mar seilles', Fr. Mos' cow, Eussia. Man' ches ter, Eng. Ly' ons, Fr. Con stan ti no' pie, Ty. Shef field, Eng. Bor deaux', Fr. Na' pies, Italy. Glas' gow, Scot. Ham' burg, Germ. Rome, Italy. Dub' lin, Ireland. Bre' men, Germ. Ma drid', Spain. Ed' in burgh, Scot. Bres' lau, Germ. Am' ster dam, Hoi. [bo ro] 198. "Written Exercise in Compounds. In the following compound words, written without a hyphen, some letters are dropped. See if you can tell of what simple words the compound words are made. al' most. aw fid. ~ fulfill'. al read' y. al ways. careful. Christ' mas. al might y. also. cupful. spoonful. albeit, artful. al though' . with al' . an oth er. 199. Geographical Spelling. Written Exercise. Cities in the United States. Low' ell, Mass. Read' ing, Penn. Port' land, Me. Memphis, Tenn. Co lum bus, 0. Wil' ming ton, Del. Cam bridge, Mass. Pat' er son, N. J. Law' rence, Mass. Hartford, Conn. To le do, 0. In di an ap' o Us, Ind. Scran ton, Penn. Day ton, 0. Kan sas Cit' y, Mo. U' ti ca, N. J". Mo bile, Ala. Charles' town, Mass. SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 200. Yearly Review Lessons. LESSON I. Christ' mas peace' a ble small'-pox wretch christ' en trace' a ble em balm' asked mort' gage tea'-ket tie sta' tion er squeaked chest' nut still' ness t ben'zine screeched isth' mus gaunt' lets sar' dines thatched pitch' fork mus' sels in still' knocked leath' er stur' geon ful fill' bluffed head'-gear on' ions judg' merit swaths ging' ham gawk' y ca tarrh' splice giz' zard badg' er bu' reau quack cha rade' mea' sles good-by' squeal cha grin' col' ic gra' tis throbbed pa ral' y sis bil' ious ho' sier y scrubbed LESSON II. sng' ar aw' f ul tow' el ing scratched broad' cloths al' ways of to mans crease hinge' ing al' most whoop' ing shriek ey' ing bou quet' Steph' en tweak hoe' ing rou tine' don' keys twinge singe' ing fail' cets cas' si meres breadth charge' a ble cam phene' di ar rhoe' a gibe schol' ars sap' phire jour' neys siege lath' ing sir' loin heif ers niece dai'ly squir' rel pup' pies brief gai' ters shep' herd cup' board scythes knuck' les wheel' wright rasp' ber ries gauge an' kles prayer corn' stalk freight FIRST YEAR'S WORK. LESSON III. re ceipt' prai' rie jui' ci ness sphere seiz' ing pic' nic la' zi ness nymph griev' ous live' long diz' zi ness knack rai' sins guin' ea lieu ten' ant wrought mar' riage skill' fill fuss' i ness whiz col' lege tor' toise at tor' ney squeeze knowl' edge dai' ries ba na' nas whack bod' ice ba' bies cin' na mon snooze wel' fare val' leys mo las' ses gouge seiz' ure wrin' kle leop' ard psalm lei 7 sure wretch' ed os' trich qualms weav' er piece' meal buz' zard halves wee' vil pierc' ing pig' eon tongue LESSON IT. rac coon' pam' phlet crook' neck waltz rein' deer neph' ew fish' hook spruce arc' tic or' phan bam boo' squash joy' ous fore' head ta boo' piece loi' ter pe' o ny co coon' square rough' en lark' spur wrap' per gape gym' nast lu' pine syn' tax croup jok' ing ce' dar syr' inge swap spoon' ful If lac ci' pher buzz live' long ped' dler tough' en yearn se duce' can' dies e no ugh' hearth pro fuse' tur' nips un couth' quiz seep' ter los' er mar' ried hymn 64 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. LESSON V. dye'-wood swad' die stud 7 ied plough tres 7 pass gor 7 geous frig 7 id quoit ral' lied rou 7 tine beau 7 ty gnash bow 7 sprit hy 7 son glad 7 den slice Tues 7 day con ceit 7 full' ness joist skat 7 ing con dense 7 mot' toes brooch scoun 7 drel shriv 7 el bris' ties quaff Lou i si an' a U 7 tah Pyr 7 en ees scourge Al a ba 7 ma Geor 7 gia Col o ra 7 do yew-tree Ne bras' ka Tex 7 as Da ko 7 ta tough 7 en Ne va 7 da Maine Ar i zo' na lat 7 i tude Cal i for 7 ni a hi' o I'daho Ion 7 gi tude LESSON VI. A.M. P.M. Dr. Mr. Dep. Obt. N. H. N. Y. B.C. Cr. Pres. N. J. M. C. M.D. No. Hon. Rep. Serv. N. C. N. M. D. D. Gov. Amt. S. C. A. D. Gen. Acct. D. C. R. K P. O. Capt. Lieut. Atty. Mts. E. I. 0. LL. D. Cot ult. W. Ya. MS. Ed. inst. Mo. C. O. D. M. Maj. Supt. prox. P- Miss. Me. SECTION II. ft SECOND YEAR'S WORK. FIRST MONTH. 1. Written Exercise. affin' i ty. con' tract. con' fines. dis tern' per. con san guin 1 i ty. col' league. Urn' its. du> ty. an i mos' i ty. part 1 ner. col' ors. ob li ga' tion. hos til' i ty. cure. flag. like. a gree 1 ment. rem 1 e dy. dis ease 1 . love. 2. Lesson in Distinguishing Words. NOTE. In this lesson, the pairs of words given in the previous lesson are distinguished in application. Let the teacher give out the word, and the pupil define. Affinity, relation by marriage. Consanguinity, relation by blood. Animosity between individu- als. Hostility between nations or states. Agreement, a verbal arrange- ment. Contract, a written agreement. Colleague, an associate in the same office. Partner, one who shares in any employment. Cure, to be effected. Remedy, to be applied. Confines of a country. Limits of a town. Colors of a regiment. Flag of a ship. Disease amongst men. Distemper amongst brutes. Duty, that which morality re- quires to be done. Obligation, that which grati- tude requires to be done. We like tomatoes. We love our sweethearts. 66 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 3. A Suffix Lesson. Oral. Words formed with suffixes which mean one who, one who is, or one who makes, has, practises, or belongs to. Define as you spell. li' ar watch' man Chris 7 tian ed'i tor i dler plough man chief tain re port' er act or work man lead er trav' el er beg gar trades man tat tier mur 7 der er ser vant sales man toil er gen' tie man claim ant milk man squat ter * lum' ber man brag gart sea man med dler boat' man lag gard sail or ped dler wheel' wright slug gard team ster build er ship/ wright dul lard trick ster drug gist en grav' er loaf er whip ster art ist ma chin' ist smok er young ster flo rist mu si/ cian swin dler game ster pi a' nist A mer' i can forg er song ster bot'a nist Span' iard gam bier whis tier of fi cer Rus' sian swear er wres tier voy a ger I tal' ian 4. A Prefix Lesson. Oral. The English prefix a means on or in. "When not accented, it has the short sound of a in an, not the long sound as in ale. a back' a sleep' a stern 7 a loft' a board a top a drift a down a side a foot a float a stir a fire a head a thirst a jar a field a ground a midst a light 5. A art' less joy less law less harm less pit'i less Suffix Lesson. Oral. Less without : fid full. art 7 ful care' less joy ful need less law ful shame less harm ful thought less pit 7 i ful hope less care' ful need ful shame ful thought ful hope ful SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 67 6. Definitions of Time-Words. tern' po ra ry pri or' i ty con tern' po ra ry fu tur' i ty prim 7 i tive an tiq' ui ty e ter' ni ty chro nom' e ter in' ter im chro nol' o gy sue cess'ive e'ra Lasting for a limited time only. The state of being first in time. One who lives at the same time. Time to come. Belonging to the earliest times. Ancient times. Duration, without beginning or end. An instrument for measuring time. In the mean time. The science of computing periods of time ac- cording to their dates. One after another in the order of time. A period of time. 7. Doubling the Last Letter. RULE. Words of more than one syllable, having the accent on the last, on taking a suffix, double the last consonant when it follows a single vowel Words accented on other syllables do not double the final consonant. re mit' re mit' tance re mit' ting re mit' ted com mit com mit tal com mit ting com mit ted ad mit ad mit tance ad mit ting ad mit ted ac quit ac quit tal ac quit ting ac quit ted per mit per mit test per mit ting per mit ted com pel com pel leth com pel ling com pelled re pel re pel leth re pel ling re pelled ex pel ex pel leth ex pel ling ex pelled oc cur oc cur rence oc cur. ring oc curred con cur con cur rence con cur ring con curred re fer re fer rer re fer ring re ferred abet a bet tor a bet ting a bet ted 68 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 8. Two "Ways of Spelling. The derivatives of the following words accented on the first syllable are spelled in two ways. Webster's Dictionary gives the preference to one I ; but in England the final I is doubled. Double / is less used in this country. trav' el trav' el er trav' el ing trav' eled rev el rev el er rev el ing rev eled du el du el ist du el ing du el' lo libel li bel er li bel ing li'beled lev el lev el er lev el ing lev eled jew el jew el er jew el ry jew eled mod el mod el er mod el ing mod eled mar vel mar vel er mar vel ing mar veled e qual e qual ly e qual ing e qualed vict ual vict ual er vict ual ing vict ualed mar shal mar shal er mar shal ing mar shaled quar rel quar rel eth. quar rel ing quar reled 9. One 1 or two. tram 7 mel -led or -ed. tin' sel -led or -ed. em pan' el -led or -ed. pis tol -led or -ed. en am el -led or -ed. par eel -led or -ed. dis hev el -led or -ed. lau rel -led or -ed. can' eel -led or -ed. bar rel -led or -ed. un ken' nel -led or -ed. car ol -ling or -ing. im per il -led or -ed. cav il -ling or -ing. un rav el -led or -ed. chis el -ling or -ing. ri' val -ling or -ing. coun sel -lor or -or. shov el -ling or -ing. cud gel -ling or -ing. shriv el -ling or -ing. driv el -ling or -ing. label -ling or -ing. grov el -ling or -ing. pen cil -ling or -ing. grav el -led or -ed. per il -ling or -ing. gam bol -led or -ed. tuu nel -ling or -ing. tas sel -led or -ed. SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 10. Oral Spelling. Things which bind or connect. 69 thread thong cord 7 age las 7 so fil/ a ment twine screw haws er latch et lig a ment strings hinge tack le shack le lig a ture twist glue tra ces mor tar sur cin gle noose paste gird er stuc co fast en ing braid i'ron hal ter cem ent pack thread 11. Latin Words in Common Use. sta 7 tus = standing. max 7 i mum = greatest. stra 7 ta = layers. min 7 i mum = smallest. da 7 ta = facts. ad den'dum = something added. quo' ta = share. in stan 7 ter = instantly. die 7 turn = assertion. An 7 gli ce = in English. gra 7 tis = free. ver ba 7 tim = word for word. er ra 7 ta = errors. lit er a 7 tim = letter for letter. a 7 li as = otherwise. se ri a 7 tim = in regular order. 12. How Verbs are formed. The English prefix en means to make, or to put in. It also means in or into, and the Latin prefix in or im means the same. en camp 7 en joy 7 en trap 7 in snare' en dear en cour 7 age en twine em balm en a 7 ble en rapt ure en fold en join en fee ble en ti tie en force en liv 7 en en no ble en ven om en chain en list 7 en rich' im bit ter en close en tan 7 gle en slave em bit ter in close en roll 7 en large im per il en graft en shrine en act im pan el in graft en tomb en rage em bat tie in wrought en wrap en dan 7 ger em bo som in' born im plant em pow er en cir cle in crust' im part em bod y en kin die in trust im press em bold en en fran chise en trust im pris 7 on 70 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 13. Words relating to Abstract Number. fig' lire nu' mer al ad di' tion al' ge bra ci plier mul ti pie sub trac tion reck on ing sym bol div i dend di vis ion a rith' me tic dig it dec i raal re due tion cal cu la' tion prod net frac tion al no ta tion com pu ta tion fac tor in tc gral nu mer a 7 tion mul ti pli ca' tion 14. French Words in Common Use. eclat depot bouquet entrepot sobriquet expose elite (a cla'), (da po': Eng. de' po), (boo ka'), (an tre po'), (sob re ka), (ex p5 za'), (a leet'), (per son nel 7 ), brilliance, a station, bunch of flowers, place for storing goods, nickname. exposure, exposition, the flower, the chosen, personal characteristics. 15. Negation. Reversion. The negative prefix dis, joined to verbs, means off, or to deprive of, or to reverse the action of the: verb ; joined to adjectives, it means not. Verbs. dis lodge' dis mount dis place dis own dis band dis arm dis please dis like dis grace dis a gree' dis in ter dis in feet dis o bey dis u nite Verbs. dis sev' er dis pir it dis cour age dis mem ber dis fig ure dis qui et dis hon or dis heart en dis a vow' dis af feet dis cred' it dis trust' dis con tin' 11 dis an nul' Adjectives. dis used' dis trust' ed dis joined' dis col' ored dis sat' is fied dis in clined/ dis en chant' ed dis hon'est dis u nit' ed dis a' bled dis closed' dis mount' ed dis sim' i lar dis loy' al SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 71 ter res' tri al ge og' ra phy sub ter ra' ne an earth' quake pla teau/ ter' race lat' i tude ge oF o gy ter ra' que ous 16. Relating to the Earth. Oral Exercise. Belonging to the earth. A description of the earth. Lying under the earth. A convulsion of the earth. An elevated plain. A raised bank of earth. Distance on the earth from the equator to the North or South pole. The science which treats of the structure of the earth. Composed of land and water. 17. Negative Prefixes. Joined to verbs, and forming other verbs, they mean oj f, or to deprive of, or they reverse the action ; joined to adjectives, they mean not. un wind 7 for bear 7 in ac' tive in di rect' un bind for bid in con stant in com plete un fold fore go in for mal in dis creet un furl fore fend in de cent in dis tinct un hinge for swear im prop er in sin cere un twine for give im pru dent un de served un seat for get im per feet un de fined un nerve for sake im pa tient un hon' oral un veil un coil in hu man un tu tored un say un bar un a ble un aid ed un lock un buck' le un sta ble un bought' un make un bur den un civ il un stead' y with stand un chain' un luck y un done' with draw un clasp nei' ther un read with hold un do nev er un versed gain say un dress none un kempt SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 18. Compound Words. Written without a hyphen. back' bite down' right no' where t] brow beat up right yes ter day h way lay fort night o ver done tl ful fill' boat man un der done h white 7 wash Christ mas pick pock et tl home spun earth quake peace mak er n fore tell' some times tale bear er n side' ways al ways ship build er al side wise now a days black smith al length ways oth er wise wheel wright al length wise break fast there a bout a god send an' y how more o' ver al god like an' y where here af ter al god head an' y bod y hence for ward b; 19. Oral Spelling. lob' ster god' fa ther warmth is land step-moth er sleet light ning fa ther-in-law loam thun der son-in-law heath ad der daugh ter-in-law yew hor net step-fa ther elm bee tie grooms' man i' vy bus tie bride groom stock sad die weath er wart bri die sick le roe stir rup knight stork hal ter weap' on snipe fod der wel kin eel hon ey bram ble flea tal low bios som beak thence' forth hence forth thence forward hith'er ward thith cr ward nev er the less 7 not with stand' in<>- aft'er wards aft er clap aft er thought a fore' said al to geth' er al though' back slide fleece wain hose helm shire folks wren moth wasp sprout flail yoke sleeve spear queen SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 73 (With heart'-break ing truth -tell ing all-see' ing moth'-eat en woe-be gone well-bred ox-eyed shame-faced long-head ed four-sid ed far-fetched well-meant 20. Compound "Words. a hyphen.) spir' it-stir ring li on-heart ed high-wrought a ble-bod ied so ber-mind ed o ver-charged blunt-wit ted half-wit ted bra zen-faced air-tight air-pipe heav en-born (Without.) back slide' bare' faced bare' head ed black' leg black guard blame' wor thy blun der buss grey' hound bread stuffs hard ware bride groom breast plate SECOND MONTH. 21. The English Prefix be. The prefix be means to make. It is called intensive because it makes stronger the meaning of the word to which it is joined. It makes transitive verbs out of intransitive verbs. be calm' be cloud be moan be dim be fit be fall be friend' be stir' be grudge be witch be take be lie be seem be numb be think be ware be grime be stow be wail' be speak be fool be daub be rate be smear 22. The English Prefixes fore and mis. Fore = beforehand or before ; mis = wrong or wrongly. fore see' fore tell fore warn fore show fore stall fore close fore' sail mis call' mis lay' fore deck mis date mis lead fore lock mis chance mis take fore man mis deal mis print fore thought mis spend mis step fore head mis quote mis deal 4 74 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 23. Nouns meaning state of being. The English suffixes th, hood, dom, ship, ery, and ness mean state of being. With the suffix ness, about thirteen hundred derivatives are formed. truth man' hood false' hood white' ness strength worn an hood live li hood deaf ness length child hood like li hood bus i ness breadth ba by hood hard i hood heav i ness width boy hood friend ship weight i ness health girl hood heir ship clean li ness youth wife hood re la' tion ship sau ci ness warmth moth er hood ap pren tice ship la zi ness depth fa ther hood thrall dom kind ness height broth er hood serf dom knight hood wealth sis ter hood free dom pro fess' or ship sloth maid en hood wis dom slav' ery stealth wid ow hood mar tyr dom tough nesb dearth bach e lor hood Chris ten dom fierce ness 24. Adjectives meaning having the quality oj The English suffixes ish, ed, some, like, en, ly, and y, mean like, * faving the quality of. slav' ish wea' ri some fiend' like love' ly clown ish wor ri some la dy like wa ter y brack ish met tic some life like live ly fool ish vent ure some child like sug ar y girl ish troub le some death like death ly child ish med die some ghost like ghost ly fiend ish whole some god like godly wretch ed lone some man like man ly dog ged loath some war like sil ver j rag ged toil some ash en clay ey crook ed tire some flax en silky learn ed glad some gold en air y ug li est hand some drunk en moss y might i est win some silk en jui cy SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 75 25. How Adjectives are formed. En made of: ish is often used iu contemptuous epithets. beech' en knave knav' ish four fourth birch en swine swin ish five fifth oak en hog hog gish twelve twelfth wood en fool fool ish fif ; teen fif 7 teenth wool en fiend fiend ish two twen ty lead en thief thiev ish south south ern hemp en shrew shrew ish north north ward wax en blithe blithe some west west ward earth en hand hand some east east er ly oat en tooth tooth some stub stub born wheat en fore fore most ten ten fold bra zen hind hind most hate hate ful brass y up 7 pei- up per most home home ward ink y top top most home home sick 26. How Adverbs are formed. RULE. Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to adjectives, Other end- ings of adverbs are ways, wise, wards, and ward. no' ble no 7 bly end end 7 ways foul'ly able ably end end wise gloom i ly four fourth ly cross cross ways nois i ly five fifth ly cross cross wise sleep i ly fee ble fee bly length length ways bus i ly peace peace a bly length length wise right ly scarce scarce ly side side ways blithe ly eas y eas i ly side side wise might i ly sin gle sin gly edge edge ways strange ly doub le doub ly edge edge wise harsh ly loose loose ly like like wise hum bly back * back wards some some what plain ly fore for wards aft/ er aft er ward friend ly sea sea ward down down ward heav i ly 76 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 27. A Lesson in Derivation. Nouns and verbs formed by suffixes aud changes in spelling. laugh . laugh' ter found' ry cruml) crum 7 ble slay slaugh ter smith y wry wrig gle spin spin die nurs er y weak weak en thumb thim ble rook er y wade wad die shoot shut tie writ ing whim whim per wind win dow draw ing wave wa ver shade shad ow cleans ing soil sul ly shove shov el wed ding sway swag ger hire hire ling paint ing spit sput ter steal stealth din ner beat bat ter dry drought sup per heave heav en dear dearth build ing burn bur nish weal wealth break er flow er flour ish 28 , Diminutives. The suffixes ling, ie, kin, le, let, et, and ow, mean little. man man' i kin close clos' et lamb'kin goose gos ling shade shad ow lord ling dear dar ling mead mead ow strip ling pipe pip kin pile pil low year ling hill hil lock shoal shal low duck ling bull bul lock hole hoi low fledge ling sack satch el hack hatch et found ling nose noz zle dame dam sel first ling seed seed ling cat kit ten suck ling latch latch et babe ba by eye let flow er flow er et lass las sie ring let cask cask et lad lad die stream let creep crip pie ball bul let isl et cramp crum pie riv' er riv u let crotch et home ham let mall mal let king ling SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 77 29. A Lesson in distinguishing Words. Fault in his conduct. De feet 7 in his education. Glo' ry to the Divine Being. Hon / or to great and good men. Mur' der is applied to men. Slaugh' ter is applied to brutes and men in large numbers. Pros per' i ty results from good management. Good for' tune arises from chance. Re venge'. Man takes revenge. Vengeance, God takes ven- geance. Great man. Large field. II leg' i ble because indistinct, as writing. Tin read' a ble because bad or worthless, as a book. Par' tial to a friend. De vot' ed to a cause. 30. French Words in Common Use. The French nasal sound of n is denoted by the letter in a larger type. This sound must be taught by the teacher; it cannot be represented by letters. protege canaille connoisseur cuisine trousseau soiree crochet employe contretemps coterie abandon nonchalance rendezvous (rez u ma 7 ), (pro ta zhaO, (can aye'), (con i serO, (kwe zeen'), (troo s50, (swor ra'), (cro shaO, (en ploy a'), (con tra tan), (co' te ree), (a ban don'), (non sha lance'), (ran da 00^, summing up. one protected, the rabble, a critic in art. a kitchen, wedding outfit, evening party, to knit with a hook, one employed, a ludicrous mishap, private circle, freedom, negligence, carelessness, place of meeting. 78 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 31. Words relating to Mountains and Rivers. moun 7 tain ous Pull of mountains. moim tain eer 7 An inhabitant of a mountain country. vol ca 7 no A burning mountain. al' pine Mountainous, like the Alps. riv 7 U let A small river. chan 7 nel The bed of a river. con 7 flu ence The junction of two or more rivers. ba 7 sin The entire tract of country watered by a river. wa 7 ter-shed A range of high land from which rivers flow in different directions. hip po pot 7 a mus The river-horse. 32. How Words are formed. The meaning of some words is changed by a change of accent, or by a slight variation in spelling. di 7 vers di verse 7 bal 7 sam balm con jure con jure nigh est next an tic an tique po 7 e sy po 7 sy hu man hu mane et i quette' tick 7 et ur ban ur bane cro' ny crone gen tie gen teel corpse corps cus torn cos 7 tume ghost 7 ly ghast 7 ly 33. Another Lesson in Word Formation. es 7 say as say 7 per 7 son par 7 son nour isli nurse can cer can ker bios som bloom zeal ous jeal ous tri umph trump con sort con cert hap pi ly hap 7 ly shat ter scat ter shal lop sloop chat tel cat tie sir' up shrub poth er both er SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 79 34. Latin Words and Phrases. pei' di' em -= by the day. pro et con. = for and against. per an 1 num = by the year. pro for' ma = in a formal way. per se = by itself. pro tern' po re = for the time. per cen'tum = by the hundred, post mor' tern = after death. per cap 1 i id = by the head. post scrip' turn = written after. pro rd' id = in proportion. pri 1 md fa' ci e = on the face. 35. A Lesson in distinguishing Words. Pret' ty cottage. Hand' some house. Splen' did mansion. Re nowned' in history for great achievements. Cel' e brat ed for his good ac- tions. No to 7 ri ous for his bad ac- tions. Vain of accomplishments. Proud of superiority. Choked by food. Suf ' fo cat ed by foul air. Smoth' ered by being forcibly excluded from the air. As ton' ished at what is great. Sur prised' at what is unex- pected. We dif fer about a matter. We dis pute' about it after dif- fering. We quar' rel after disputing. 36. French Words and Phrases. In French words the final t is silent debut (da bu), bon-mot (bon mo'), on dit (on de'), petit (pe tee'), ragout (ra goo'), corps (core), entre nous (antr ndo'), a la mode (al a mode), in fashion. the first appearance, a witty saying, a pun. a rumor, a report, small, as a petit jury, stewed meats, part of an army, between us. 80 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 37. Words of Difficult Terminations. Accented on the first syllable. ag' ate brit' tie bil' ious crim' son an gle bris tie cab in chis el an gel bur den can on cen sure ac tor big ot cir cle cot ton a ere bra zen cam el cred it ar dor bar ren cas tie cor dial an cient bea con cas tor cult ure al ien beck on cheap en Christ ian baffle but ton clam or con science bun die bra zier era ven court ier bar rel bas tion cot tage con scious bee tie brill iant char ter cap tious bush el bull ion chap el cau tious beg gar bins ter cack le cur tain bar ter bond age can eel cym bal 38. "Words relating to Water. 0' cean The largest division of water. lake Water surrounded by land. a quat'ic Pertaining to water; as, aquatic animals. res' er voir A place where water is collected and kept for use. ir' ri gate To water land by causing a stream to flow over it. in un da' tion An overflow of water, a flood. stag na' tion The state of water or other fluid being without motion. aq' lie duct A structure made for carrying water over uneven ground. sluice A vent for water, a flood-gate. hy drom' e ter An instrument for measuring the velocity, force, etc., of water and other fluids. SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 81 39. Old British Words. NOTE. These words have come down British Islands before the German tribes went to Britain, in the fifth century A. D. to us from the Celtic language, spoken in the who laid the foundation of the English nation bas' ket cab/ in bag crag paw both er pig gin bald crock nod bar rack pil low bard darn loop bog gle sol der beak dale plaid bau ble tack le beast bran pour bon fire tank ard bog bourn slab bat ten rash er bug dirk sham but ton flan nel brand glen squall era die hov er clan gown toss dain ty min now clog hog toll dan draff tar ry cloy kiln tuck pi broch tin gle coil jolt waist clay more wan ton curd mug welt sham rock wick et club lick wire 40. Words relating to Time. Written Exercise. morn' ing. day' break. re 1 cent. prompt' ness. e 1 ven ing. nightfall. nov el. read i ness. fore 1 noon. noon day. mod ern. quick ness. twi light. mid night. an dent. tar di ness. sun rise. noon tide. an tique 1 slow ness. sun set. curfew. prim' i tive. late ness. 41. Names of Flowers. Written Exercise. daf'fo dil. ca mel' lia. cac' tus. mar' i gold. pe tu 1 ni a. dah' li a. hy f a cinth. ver be f na. fuch' si a. col 1 urn bine. nas tur' tium. ge ra' ni um. he' li o trope. car na' tion. mign o netted sun' flow er. dan' de li on. gil' lyjlow er. 82 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. THIRD MONTH. 42. Changes in Words. sire sir brood brat sweep swoop suite suit hurl whirl wrest wrist launch lance school shoal gad goad weal wealth creak croak spike spoke phi 7 al vi'al float fleet snake sneak thrice trice sleek slick deal dole chant cant shine sheen truth troth thrill trill pique pike quail quell price prize spear spire loose lose dyke ditch bliss bless tenth tithe heal whole hood hat shirt skirt milk milch e'vil ill swal 7 low swill lace latch drop drip val et var 7 let stick stitch wag 7 on wain bea con beck on 43. Words of French Origin. Written Exercise. har'ass. med' ley. pup' pet. re view'. haz ard. me ni al. pur port. refresh. ha ugh ty. mes sage. pur pose. re mark. hum ble. mis chief. quit tance. re lease. hei nous. man age. rap id. re peat. in voice. nur ture. rab ble. re sort. J-s sue. nour ish. ram part. re suit. jan gle. prof it. ran som. re volt. jar gon. proffer. res pite. re trench. levy. pam per. ral ly. re treat. lit ter. pilfer. rea son. re trieve. lei sure. peas ant. rev el. re gard. league. pleas ant. rel ish. re ward. main tain'. poig nant. re but' re buff. SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 83 44. Words relating to the Horse. e ques' trian Pertaining to horses or horsemanship ; as eques- trian feats. Belonging to the horse tribe; as the equine species. One who shoes horses ; one who cures the dis- eases of horses. One who rides a horse in a race ; a horse-dealer. A horse for parade or war ; a poetical name for a horse. Two or more horses yoked together. Bu ceph' a lus The famous horse of Alexander the Great ; so named because its head resembled that of an ox. hob by-horse A wooden horse on which children ride. cav al cade' A procession on horseback. hip 7 po drome A course for horse-races. e' qume far' rier jock' ey steed team 45. Words of French Origin. Written Exercise. sal' ly. treat' y. ar 1 mor. ar rest 1 . sea son. toe sin. ban ner. as size. surfeit. trem ble. bar on. es tate. sur vey. troub le. buck ler. es quire. sup pie. um pire. dow er. as mult. sav age. um brage. curfew. for 1 est. mm mer. vague. her aid. horn age. stran ger. val or. en voy. trum pet. tal ly. va cant. jus tice. ten ant. tin sel. val ue. sen tence. vas sal. ten der. val iant. stat ute. voy age. tor ment. van quish. sure ty. war den. trea son. va grant. coup le. quar ry. tran quil. ven geance. cov ert. ven 1 i son. 84 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 46. Words relating to Books. Bi/ ble The Book, by way of eminence. Pen 7 ta teuch The first five books of the Bible. al' bum A book for inserting autographs or photographs. di' a ry A book containing every-day events. OC ta 7 VO A book in which a sheet is folded into eight leaves. quar' to A book in which a sheet is folded into four leaves. fo 7 li A book of the largest size, formed by once folding a sheet. Ko' ran The Mohammedan's book of faith, or his Bible. lib' ra ry A collection of books. book-worm A name sometimes given to a person who is very fond of books. 47. Partially Anglicized French Words. NOTE. Some of these words are fully Anglicized in pronunciation ; others retain the French spelling and accent. The teacher must give to the class the correct pronunciation. clique ca nard' pres' tige qua drille' brusque re gime prai rie bru nette blonde de tour bu reau co quette forte cro chet de pot vign ette role cro quet fra cas gri mace bla se 7 chi cane chign on che mise pas se cha grin pick et ro sette rou e pla teau foi ble phy sique cou pe de bris biv ouac par quette ou tre des sert et i quette ta 7 pis me lee hau teur om e let pat ois' en tree fi nesse par ve nu gla' cier va lise cor tege bad i nage per son nel' sa vant mi rage mill ion aire' es cri toire SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 85 48. Words derived from Various Languages. Hebrew. Persian. Hindoo. Chinese. sab 7 bath az 7 ure loot tea ser aph tur ban chintz junk a men' li lac cool 7 ie chi/ na ju 7 bi lee der vish jun gle sat in bo san 7 na chess mus lin hy son hal le lu'jah car 7 a van sug ar bo hea 7 le vi 7 a than jas mine tod dy sou chong shib 7 bo leth ba zaar 7 cal i co nan keen 49. From the American Indian Languages. Indian Names. maize gua' no Mis sis sip 7 pi hi 7 o squaw ca tal 7 pa Mas sa chu setts Da ko ta skunk to ma to Yo sem 7 i te Mer 7 ri mac sa 7 chem horn 7 i ny Ni ag a ra Min ne so 7 ta wig warn choc o late On ta ri o ri no co warn pum moc ca sin Am 7 a zon Sar' a nac pa poose 7 torn a hawk Con nect 7 i cut Ten nes see 7 to bac 7 co tap i o 7 ca Mis sou ri Ken ne bee 50. Words from the Italian. pi az 7 za mac a ro 7 ni pro vi so laz za ro ni re gat ta ver mi eel li si roc co man i fest o vol ca no mez 7 zo tint um brel la mot to so pra no grot to sti let to stan za fi as co dit to ven det ta la va dom 7 i no can to stuc co gus to im brogl 7 io in flu en 7 za ma la 7 ri a fres 7 co so lo al to bas so op 7 e ra cu po la stu di o por ti co vis 7 ta 86 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 51. Words from Romance Languages. big 7 ot mon 7 grel a skance 7 trom bone 7 brig and par lor a lert ve dette bra vo nap kin a vast car toon sea son pig eon bas soon la goon cap tain pis tol bro cade gen 7 er al car riage pil grim bur lesque cit a del cas tie pro file gro tesque ped es tal coz en cous in ga zette por cu pine cur ry niece bou quet ar te ry cut lass ten 7 or dis patch of fi cer gran ite peo pie can teen par a sol flow er treat y con ceit. dom i no in voice may or con cert bal co ny lus cious pal ace cas cade cam e o 52. Words derived from the Spanish. car 7 go gran dee' em bar 7 go bra va' do cor sair pa rade em bar rass du en na ere ole stam pede mo las ses des per a 7 do ne gro gre nade mu lat to El Do ra do jun to pam' phlet tor na do pec ca dil lo sher ry jave lin po ta to sar sa pa ril 7 1* gala bat tie door ve ran da bar ri cade 7 so da cas ta nets va nil la par o quet pla za coch i neal punc til i o al 7 li ga tor gua va can ni bal mos qui to fil i bus ter al cove buf fa lo gue ril la si er 7 ra cigar 7 sas sa fras me ri no plat' i na segar qui nine flo til la Sa van 7 nah gar rote in di go fan dan go al bi no an cho'vy don gar ot er pa la ver ar ma da cin cho' na com 7 mo dore ham 7 mock SECOND YEAK'S WORK. 53. Words derived from the Arabic. 87 cof ' fee cot ton ze'ro al tar cam 7 phor a lem' bic lau' da num al co hoi crim son car mine tariff di van sul' tan haz ard al ge bra al ka li jas mine ci pher ha rem Ko'ran Is lam ot to mum my mosque musk al ma nac ar se nal am u let mos lem cam phor naph tha na dir so fa saf fron sen na slier bet ga zelle' gi raffe rnon soon si moom chem is try min a ret tarn a rind tal is man ze nith lem on Sa ha 7 ra az i muth 54. Spanish-American "Words. The teacher will explain the meaning of these words. ranche can' on a do' be tor til' la ran' cho cor ral' se ra pe som bre ro las so lar i at coy o te ma dro fie mus tang ri a' ta a ras tra man za ni ta pla cer ran che ro si es ta chap ar ral' pu eb' lo ro de o va que ro ha ci en' da 55. Words from Names of Places and Persons. bay' o net (Bayonne) pla ton' ic (Plato) cur rants (Corinth) ' plu ton ic (Pluto) cop per (Cyprus) her cu le an (Hercules) cam brie (Cambray) vol ca no (Vulcan) cal i co (Calicut) jo' vi al (Jove) dam ask (Damascus) hec tor (Hector) span iel (Spain) mes mer ism (Mesmer) wors ted (Worstead) gal va nism (Galvani) mag net (Magnesia) dah li a (Dahl) gas con ade' (Gascony) fuch si a (Fuch) la con' ic (Laeonia) at las (Atlas) 88 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 56. French-American, Spanish, and Indian "Words. caout/ chouc ca noe' tap i o' ca va nil' la gua' no Words. great fleet, deep, narrow gorge, mountain ridge, snowy, cattle-pen, saddle rope. Sir, Mr. Mistress, Mrs. Miss, young lady, conclusion, end. Sir, Mr. Mistress, Mrs. quarrel, confusion. 58. French Words and Phrases. cache bay' ou tu' le butte ba teau' co coa lev' ee go' pher a ga f ve ere vasse' shan ty po ta to port' age cal u met mag' uey 57. Spanish and Italian V armada (ar ma/ da), canon (can' yon), Sierra (Se er' ra), Nevada (Na va' da), corral (cor ral'), lariat (la ri at 7 ), Senor (san yor'), Senora (san yo' ra), Senorita (san yo re' ta), finale (It.) (f i na' le), Signor (It.) (seen' yor), Signora (It.) (seen 7 yo ra), imbroglio (It.) (im bro' lio), surveillance embonpoint nom de plume mediocre bizarre faux pas 2id vive carte blanche de trop recherche par excellence nous verrons en rapport (sur val yance), (an bon pwan), (non), (me di o' kr), (be zar'), (fo pa'), (ke veve 7 ), (cart blansh'), (de tro'), (re sher sha'), (par ex' a lance), (noo va ron'), (an rap por'), supervision. corpulence. assumed name of an author. ordinary. fantastic, odd. false step, mistake. who 's there ? lookout. full permission. too many. select ; of rare attractions. pre-eminently. we shall see. in harmony with. SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 89 59. Geographical Names often misspelled. Cal i for' ni a... not to be spelled Cala. Cin cm na' ti...not to be spelled with two t's. Ten nes see'... with double n, double s, and double *. Charles' ton, S. C....not to be spelled town. Charles' town, Mass.... not to be spelled ton. Con nect' i cut... not to be spelled net. Min ne so' ta...not to be spelled with one . Da ko' ta...not to be spelled tali. U' tah. . .not to be spelled Yuta. Ed' in burgh... not to be spelled burg. Nar ra gan' sett... to be spelled with two r's and two t'a. Ha va' na...not to be spelled with two n's. 60. Latin Phrases. In common use in the newspapers. e plu' ribus u 1 num, muV turn in par' vo, ne plus uV trd, non com 1 pos men'tis, si 1 ne qua non, ex post fac 1 to, sub ro' sd, vi' ce ver 1 sd, nem. con., ad valo' rem, ad in 1 terim, ad lib 1 itum, in terro' rem, in memo' riam, sine die, per an' num, lap 1 sus I'm' gua, one of many. much in little. nothing beyond. riot of sound mind. something indispensable. after the deed. under cover ; secretly. the reverse. no one contradicting. according to value, in the mean time. at pleasure. as a warning. in memory of. without day. by the year. a slip of the tongue. 90 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 61. Quarterly Review. ped' dler scram 7 ble bou quet' cal' i co dah li a schoon er al though horn i ny fuch si a squan der re trieve choc o late gus to wain scot re peal par a sol gra tis dwin die re lease sas sa fras a li as di a mond es quire cam e o ci pher gawky cha grin al co hoi vying ghost ly Ten nes see' lau da num buy ing rid dance be twixt' pi a' nist ty ing lunch eon be queath trav' el er al ways shriv el main tain pit i ful Christ mas stead fast a dieu hy a cinth fore head haugh ty bur lesque ,-inar i gold knowl edge gor geous gro tesque e qual ly bus i ness haz ard ga zette max i mum slav ish poig nant ve dette now-a-days fiend ish quit tance ci gar clean li ness hand some mis chief sou chong sau ci ness wool en sur feit ba zaar like li hood bra zen quar ry re gat' ta live li hood thiev ish prai rie um brel la ug li est swin ish sug ar --mos qui to par ve nu fifth ly hy son me ri no ere vasse' edge ways wig warn re mit tance moc' ca sin flour ish gua no ac quit tal mac a ro' ni wran gle napli tha a bet ting ver mi eel li slaugh ter cam phor bag a telle' tap i o ca found ry torn a hawk ac quaint' mas quer ade' hatch et la va ex pelled ser e nade crotch et lus cious con curred char/ la tan dai ry pain phlet ir 7 ri gate fil i bus ter gher kin qui nine et i quette' coch i neal fur lough whole some quar' rel ing al ma nac star board fif teenth shov el ing chem is try SECOND YEAR'S WORK. FOURTH MONTH. 62. Latin Prefixes. a, ab = from. ob = against. ad = to. per = through. ante = before. pro = for. con = with. pre = before. contra = against. post = after. de = from. re = again, back. dis = apart. retro = backwards. je, ex = out of. super = above. extra = beyond. sub = under. in = on, in. semi = half. in = not. se = apart. intro = within. trans = across. inter = between. ultra = beyond. 63. Illustrating Latin Prefixes. Written. a verse'. ad here 1 . an te di lu' vi an. con tra diet'. ad hor. ac cede. an tic 1 i pate. con tro vert'. ab scond. affix. con nect f . defied'. ab jure. an- nex. cor rode. de vote. a void. ap pend. con sign. di s pel. a vail. as sign. col lect. dis cuss. 64. Illustrating Latin Prefixes. Written. e rase 1 . ex traor f di na ry. in ' no cent. in ter cepti. e vade. ex trav' a gant il le 1 gal. in terfere. e red ex tra di 1 lion. in cor reef . in ter pose. ex empt. in vent 1 . in se cure. in ter sect. ex plore. in hale. in tro duce. in 1 ' ter course. ex haust. in nate. in tro mil. in ter jec' tion. SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 65. Illustrating Latin Prefixes. Written. object'. per am' bu late. prefer'. re deem 1 . ob lige. per'fo rate. pre' sent. re dine. <>b struct. per em nidi. pre' ma ture. re lapse. oc cur. pro ceed'. post pone'. ret 1 ro grade. op pose. pro tect. post' script. ret 1 ro sped. ob 1 vi ous. pro mo 1 tion. pos ter 1 i ty. ret ro gres' sion. 66. Illustrating Latin Prefixes. Written. se cede 1 . sub mit'. su per sede* . tran scribe'. se lect. sue ceed. su per'Jiu ous. trans gress. se elude. suffuse. su per la tive. trans port. sem f i tone. sug gesi. sur pass'. ul tra ma rine' . sem 1 i cir cle. sup plant. sur mount. ul tra mon 1 tane. sem i lu' nar. sus pend. su per t/at 1 u ral. ul tra mun' dane. 67. Words of Double Origin. Latin and French. Words in the first column are derived directly from the Latin into English ; words in the second column are derived from the Latin through the French The words in the third and fourth columns are all from Latin, but each of the pairs introduced at different times. fact feat qui' et coy ca dence chance cap tive cai' tiff ca lyx chal ice se curef sure com pute count fac/ tion fash' ion bal sam balm pen' i tence pen' ance fra' gile frail fi del' i ty fe' al ty gran' a ry le' gal hos' pi tal ma' jor par' ti cle per se cute pau' per po tion re gal ra' di us probe spe' cies gar' ner loy al ho tel' may' or par eel pur sue 7 poor poi' son roy al ray prove spice SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 95 68. Sentences for Dictation. I. 1. Gunpowder was used in China and India at a very remote period of time : in Europe it came into use in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. 2. Artillery was first used in Asia : it was introduced into Europe during the thirteenth century. 3. The mariner's compass was invented by the Chinese at a very early period : it was introduced into Europe during the thirteenth century. 4. Printing by means of carved wooden blocks was invented by the Chinese at a very early date : but printing by means of movable types was the invention of Gutenberg and Faust, A. D. 1450. II. 5; The steam-engine was invented by James Watt, a Scotch- man, in the eighteenth century. 6. The electric telegraph was invented by Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, in the nineteenth century. 7. Robert Fulton, of New York, first successfully applied the steam-engine to- the navigation of vessels. He built and ran the first successful steamboat on the Hudson River, in 1807. 8. The spinning jenny was invented by Hargreaves, an English- man, in 1767. 9. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney, an American, in 1793. 10. The sewing machine was invented by Elias Howe, Jr., an American, whose machine was patented in 1846. 11. Charles Goodyear, an American, in 1839 discovered the process of making vulcanized rubber. 12. Locomotive engines were invented in 1814, by George Ste- phenson, an English engineer. The Liverpool and Manchester Railroad was built in 1830. 94 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 69. Words relating to Buildings. ar' chi tect A person skilled in the art of building. ar' chi tect ure The art of building. fa cade' (fa sad') The front of a building. ga ; ble The triangular end of a building from the eavec to the top. ves' ti bule The porch or entrance into a building. cu' po la A dome on a building. ro tun' da A building round both inside and out. pyr' a mid A body standing on an angular base and termi- nating in a point at the top. lab' y rinth A building or place full of windings. pa go' da A large building or temple in the East Indies in which idols are worshiped. 70. Sentences for Dictation. An indictment is a written accusation of one or more persons of a crime or misdemeanor, presented upon oath by a grand jury. Antipodes are those situated on that part of the globe diamet- rically opposite to us. A real circular motion is always accompanied with a centrifu- gal motion. We must not swallow down opinions as silly people do an empiric's pills, without knowing what they are made of. A fastidious individual affects or arrogates superior taste and discernment. The Emperor Julian himself, that most bitter adversary of Christianity, who had openly apostatized from it, did not deny the reality of our Lord's miracles. They had no authority, either by diocesan or provincial synods. The English vocabulary is mainly composed of Celtic, Saxo French, and classical words. ul - .SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 95 71. A Lesson of Corrections. Correct the errors in strong ail pure ere a rightful air the ark of a circle ate men too fishes swam a bate for fishes a bear arm a beach-tree beat- root a glass of bier the bow of a tree wry bread a but of wine the cord of a harp a sight for a new church course cloth a core of troops a deer price a draught of a bill the railway fair a great feet the bird flue away a strong forte enter by the iron gait a glaire of light a hail old man do you here him speaking sing a him the isle of a church indict a letter a watch quay a lime kill a led mine the leek in a vessel a door loch a servant made a lion's main a haughty mean did you meat him the knave of a wheel the ore of a boat % a pain of glass a peace of money a peel of bells the stone peer a quire of singers the rain of a king he rote a letter a long rode the sale of a ship ceil the letter sow the mustard cede the steps of a stare the knife was made of steal a strait road tare the cloth a tear of guns the throws of conscience a bad tray in his character vains and arteries of the body a heavy wait a yolk of oxen a yew tied to a ewe-tree 96 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 72. Anglicized Latin Words. Adopted in English without change. ar' dor pas' tor hu' mus ul ti ma' turn ar' bi ter ru mor o nus max' i mum an i mal se ries sta tus min i mum ax' is spe cies ma jor al lu' vi urn. cir cus splen dor mi ii or spec' u la tor col or ge nus stra turn nu' cle us er ror ter ror la bor me di urn fa vor val or da ta stim u lus gen ins ve to a pex mi nu' ties mi ser vig or mi nus mo men turn hu mor vi rus fo ci stam' i na o dor fo cus fun gi vis ce ra 73. Sentences for Dictation. Sir James Mackintosh wrote an excellent dissertation on meta- physical science. Prom yonder realms of empyreal day ! The guillotine was first proposed to the National Assembly of France by a physician, and from him received its name. Here sacred pomp and genial fete delight, And solemn dance and hymeneal rite. We ought sometimes to suspend our judgment, till the first effervescence is a little subsided. It is unfortunate that we should be harassed by implacable persecution, or excruciated by irremediable pains. And sought, By pyramids and mausoleum pomp, Short-lived themselves, to immortalize their bones. These men, republicans from servility, who published rhetorical panegyrics on massacres, and who reduced plunder to a system of ethics, are as ready to preach slavery as anarchy. SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 97 74. A Suffix Lesson. Nouns formed with Latin and French suffixes meaning state or quality of being, or place. bond 7 age safe' ty pi' ra cy Diminutives. do tage pan try pri va cy cir' cle mar riage pi' e ty de cen cy cas tie vas' sal age odd i ty con stan cy par' ti cle pu pil age loy al ty apt i tude re hi cle per son age ped ant ry grat i tude glob' ule slav er y a bil' i ty Ion gi tude Place. pil grim age den' si ty plat i tude fac' to ry pa tron age chas ti ty serv i tude rec to ry fin er y pu ri ty his to ry nun ner y pleas ant ry in fin' i ty or' a to ry dor' mi to ry rev el ry in firm i ty tran si to ry sane tu a ry re vers' al pres' ence mi gra to ry par' son age re hears al con science mat ri mo ny res tau rant 75. Suffixes meaning relating to. brute bru' tal pu' er ile trib' u ta ry fate fa tal in fan tile cus torn a ry use us' u al ju ve nile plan e ta ry bi' ble bib lie al mer can tile cap il la ry crit ic crit ic al cir cu lar el e ment' a ry type typ ic al glob u lar com pli ment a ry farce far ci cal an nu lar in tro due to ry office of fi' cial he ro' ic lit' er a ry trop ic trop' i cal an gel ic nee es sa ry log ic log i cal mag net ic de tract 7 o ry poet po et' ic ma jes tic pre par' a to ry cyn' ic cyn' i cal ter rif ic sat is fac' to ry top ic top i cal op er at' ic stel' lar gram mar gram mat' i cal mas' cu line e pis' to la ry 5 G 98 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 76. The Suffixes ant and ance. Ant = having condition of. ' the power or quality de fi' ant de fi' ance a bun dant a bun dance ac cord ant ac cord ance con' so nant con' so nance dis cord' ant dis cord' ance ex pect ant re luc tant * ex pect ance re luct ance el' e gant sig nif i cant ob seiV ant el' e gance sig nif i cance ob serv'ance rel' e vant rcl e vance tol er ant tol er ance res o nant res o nance sup pli ant sup pli ance ox or' bi tant re pug' nant ra' di ant com pli' ant pur su ant in dig nant be nig nant ex ult ant un pleas ant im port ant re sist ant dis' tant dom' i nant par tic' i pant state or -ance -ance -ance -ance -ante -ation -ity -ation -ness -ance -ance -ance -ance -ance 77. The Suffixes out and once. Ent = "having the power or quality of. Ence state of being. The fol- lowing words are derived from the Latin. be nev' o lent be nev' o lence im per' ti nent -ence de spond ent de spond ence in 7 di gent ^ence pen' i tent pen' i tence dif fer ent -ence con cur' rent con cur' rence af flu ent -ence con' se quent con' se quence con fi dent -ence re spleiuV ent re splend' ence dif fi dent -ence ab' sti nent ab' sti rience em i nent -ence prev a lent prev a lence prom i nent -ence rev er ent rev er ence im mi nent -ence in no cent in no cence mu nif i cent -ence ev i dent ev i dence ve' he ment -ence prov i dent prov i dence in dul' gent -ence cor pu lent cor pu lence ab hor rent -ence pes ti lent pes ti lence re cur rent -ence SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 99 78. The Suffixes ablo and ihlo. Able and ible that which may or oan be. Final e of the root word is dropped except after c and g. tarn 7 a ble sal' a ble fus' i ble e ras' i ble blam a ble cur a ble pass a ble trace a ble fore i ble hor ri ble de due i ble dif fus i ble eat a ble lov a ble pay a ble bear a ble mov a ble rat a ble change a ble charge a ble de fiV a ble man 7 age a ble re ceiv' a ble con ceiv a ble ter ri ble leg i ble cred i ble au di ble plans i ble fal li ble in vis i ble con tempt i ble re vers i ble per cep ti ble con vert i ble ad mis si ble tax a ble read a ble per ceiv a ble de test a ble tan gi ble fea si ble im press i ble ex haust i ble teach, a ble ford a ble ob tain a ble ob serv a ble ed i ble flex i ble re press i ble di vis i ble read a ble main tain a ble ris i ble im pos si ble 79. The Suffixes ive and ion. Ive = having the adjectives : ion added quality of: ion = act of. to verbs forms nouns. dif fuse' dif fu' sive ad here ad he sive at tend at ten tive at tract at tract ive de cide de ci sive con vulse con vul sive ex elude ex clu sive ex plode in struct ex plo sive in struct ive de fend de fen sive re pulse con elude re puls ive con clu sive de lude de lu sive con struct con struct ive Ive added to verbs forms dif fu' siori ad he sion at ten tion at trac tion de ci sion con vul sion ex clu sion ex plo sion in struc tion de fense re pul sion con clu sion de lu sion con struc tion 100 SWINTON'S WOUD-BOOK. 80. Written Tve = having the power Verbs. . Adjectives. Nouns. de Jine', de Jin* i live -tion. de ceive, de cep' five -tion. pre vent, pre vent we -ion. in vent, in vent we -ion. de duct, de duct we -ion. pro duce, pro duct ive -ion. re strict, re strict ive -ion. refect, refect ive -ion. afflict, afflict ive -ion. in duct, in duct ive -ion. e lect, e lect ive -ion. per ceive, per cep tive -ion. con ceive, con cep tive -ion. at tract, at tract' ive -ion. Spelling. to: ion = act of. Adjectives. Nouns. sub mis' sive -ion. e va' sive -ion. ag gres sive -ion. pro gres sive -ion. sed uct ive -ion. e rupt ive -ion. il lu sive -ion. at tent ive -ion. con struct ive -ion. ex ten sive -sion. sub ver sive -sion. in die' a tive -ation. -at lit' er a tive -ion. a bu 1 sive -ness, 81. Oral Spelling. Ous, ious, eons = having : relating to. pre ten' tious right 7 ecus won' drous fie ti tious du' te ous mon strous in fee tious pit e ous fi brous vex a tious cour te ous griev ous am bi tious plen te ous cum brous sen ten tious boun te ous en' vi ous nu tri tious er ro' ne ous glut ton ous se di tious cour a geous om in ous re lig ions out ra geous mis chiev ous con ta gious ad van ta ; geous cov e tous la bo' ri ous spon ta 7 ne ous vir tu ous no to ri ous in stan ta' ne ous ri die' u Ious con sci en' tious mis eel la ne ous in iq ui tous per ni' cious far i na ceous so lie i tous OfW. / SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 10 P/ 82. The Suffix ous. r Having, relating to, tending to. "Words spelled with cious. gra' cious ca pri' cious vi va' cious men da' ciou spa cious sus pi cious lo qua cious fal la cious " vi cious de li cious te na cious ra pa cious pre cious fe ro cious ve ra cious sa ga cious of fi' cious a tro cious pre co cious pug na cious ma li' cious ca pa cious au da cious av a ri' cious 83. Monthly Review. ex act' frig' id ma lign' por' ous ex empt im age o paque pre cious dis (lain frag ile ma rine pre cincts ef fete" li cense" re sume se quel de vow liq uid pol lute traf fie ap plaud/ meas ure ex pect pres ence de cease ' mea ger ad here con science con vulse men ace in struct ves tige FIFTH MONTH. 84. Lesson in Word-Forming. Written Exercise* The suffix ize means to make : the suffix ation means act of. The sign + indicates the addition of the suffix, and is read. plus. Example of dictation by the teacher : " General plus ize." (The pupil Avill write general + ize = generalize.} " General plus ize pius ation." (The pupil will write general + ize + ation = generalization.} gen' er al f ize + ation. fer' tile + ize + ation. nat n ral f ize + ation. re al + ize + ation. sec n lar \- ize + ation. e qual + ize ^. ation. col o ny f ize + ation. vo cal + ize + ation. crys' tal f ize 4- ation. au thor + ize + ation. cen tral f ize + ation. le gal + ize + ation. ci ml \- ize + ation. char' ac ter + ize + 'ation. 102 RWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 85. Oral Exercise in Word Formation. The suffix ity means slate of being. Model for exercise : The teacher gives out the word and suffix, " sensual plus ize." The pupil recites: "Sen su al, sensual plus ize = sensualize, to make sensual ; sensual plus ity ~ sensuality, state of being sensual. sen' su al + ize spir' it u al na' tion al + 4- ize ize trail' quil Christ ian + 4 ize ize vi tal 4- ize au thor 4- ize bru tal 4 ize neu tral 4 ize hu man 4- ize sen' su al + ity spir' it u al 4 ity na' tion al + ity trail' quil 4 ity Christ ian + ity vi tal 4- ity au thor 4 ity bru tal + ity neu tral 4- ity hu man 4- ty 86. "Words ending in tion. Ion means the act of. con tend' con ten' tion as ser' tion dis tend dis ten tion in no va' tion in tend in ten tion de ser/ tion re tajn re ten tion in ser tion de tain de ten tion in flee tion con vene con ven tion con nee tion re duce re due tion op po si' tion in duce in due tion sup po si tion con duce con due tion com po si tion pro duce pro due tion rec i ta tion pre diet pre die tion rec ol lee tion re ject re jec tion in ter ven tion e lect e lee tion in ter rup tion at tend at ten tion ap pli ca tion SECOND YEAtt'S WORK. 10:) 87. Words ending in sion. sus pend' sus pen' sion in vert' in ver' sion per suade per sua sion ex pel ex pul sion de cline de clen sion^- pre tend pre ten sion pre cise pre cis ion>v pro fess pro fes sion col lide col lis ion di gress di gres sion de ride de ris ion con vulse con vul sion ex plode ex plo sion se elude se clu sion ex pand ex pan sion ex elude ex clu sion as cend^ as cen sion re vise re vis ion con elude con clu sion suf fuse suf fu sion a vert a ver sion in vade in va sion sue ceed sue ces sion pro ceed pro ces sion 88. A Suffix Lesson. ee one to whom, or object of action ; er or or = one who, or actor. trust ee/ trust' er pay ee do nee pay er do nor grant ee les see grant or' les' sor draw ee draw er leg a tee' mort ga gee ref er ee as sign ee con sign ee nom i nee leg a tor' mort gage or 1 ar' bi trat or as sign' er con sign or nom' i na tor 89. Suffixes of Profession or Occupation. The suffixes yer, ier, eer, ist, ian, mean one who follows a certain profes- sion or is skilled in something. law' yer sol dier brig a dier' fu sil eer den' tist art ist harp ist vi o liri' ist rhet o ri' cian math e ma ti' cian ge o me tri cian en gi neer' ar til' Ier ist cloth' ier gren a dier' aue tion eer pi a' nist pol i ti' cian al' ge bra is't or' a tor sci en tist gram ma' ri an a rith me ti' cian phi lol' o gist 104 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 90. Use s. S with the sound of z. ad vise' ad ver tise' en fran' chise sup pose' ap prise cat' e chise pos ses sion dis guise chas tise crit i cise . cos met ic re serve de spise su per vise' re pris al pre serve com prise com' pro mise bap' tism pre sent de mise en ter prise col lis' ion dis ease re vise ex er cise de ris ion ap plausc pre mise irn pro vise de cis ion ap praise sur mise mer clian disc mu si cian re suit sur prise a the ism re fus al pre side de vise fa tal ism mo sa ic re solve a rouse res er voir pro sa ic re sem' ble ca rouse in va' sion al lu sion de ser tion 91. The Letter 7. dry shy dry' ly pit' y ing pit' i less dri' er shy' er slyly stead y iug stead i est dri est shy est shy ly mud dy ing mud di er spry fly dry ness fan cy ing fan ci ful spry' er fly'er spry ness lob by ist lob bied spry est fly est shy ness put ty ing put tied try flies dries pit i ful mud di est tried fly' ing dry' ing mud 'di est wit ti ly 92. Y changed to i. In words of more than one syllable, final y after a consonant is changed to i before any suffix not beginning with i. ti'dy ti' di ness ti ny ti ni est eas y ea si est co ny co nies tro phy tro phies good ly good li er beau' ty beau' ti ful de cen cy de cen cies effigy ef fi gies de ny' de ni' al defy de fi ance com ply com pli ance SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 105 93. Nouns used only in the Plural. an' nals bust' ings twee' zers a mends' as sets mat ins tid ings ash' es ar ehives mea sles vict uals shears bel lows imp tials ' vi tals spec' ta cles bill iards pin cers wa ges prem is es bow els scis sors trou sers in tes' tines en trails snuf fers ves pers man' ners fil ings pan ta loons 7 trap pings mor als 94. Written Exercise in Word Formation. The suffix ^/y or ify means to make. beau 1 ty + fy = beau 1 tify. just + ify = just' ify. pure + ify = pu rify. sim 1 pie + ify = simplify. gU ry + ify = glo rify. note + ify = no tify. class + ify = d as &ify> am 1 pie -f ify = amplify, false + ify = fal sify. intense' + ify = in te.'dfy. rare +tfy = rar efy. clear + ify = clar'ijy. act' or heir he'ro hunt er host li' on po et 95. Masculine and Feminine Suffixes. act' ress au' thor au' thor ess heir ess ne gro her o ine ti ger hunt ress priest host ess trai' tor li' on ess po et ess em' per or mas' ter ne'gress ti gress priest ess trai tress em press mis tress 96. "Words relating to Teaching. teach' er in struct' or learn' er col' lege tu tor pre cept or schol ar u ni ver' si ty mas ter pro fess or pu pil a cad' e my mis tress ped' a gogue stu dent sem' i na ry men tor school-mas ter school-boy in sti tute mon i tor prin ci pal school-girl ly ce r um 106 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 97. Number. Written Exercise. Singular and plural forms of nouns from the Latin and Greek. al urn' nus, al um r ni. an al y sis, ax 1 is, an al y ses. ax' es. da turn, da ta. e/Jlu' m um, er ra' turn, efflu' m a. er ra 1 ta. me? di um, me 1 di a. neb' u la, neb 1 u la. o a sis, ra di us, o a ses. ra di i. stra 1 turn, fo ens, sir a' ta. fo ci. ge nus, stim' u lus, gen e ra. stim' u U. 98 Places of Worship and Religious Acts. tern' pie church prayer kneel' ing min ster shrine serv ice pe ti' tion chap el mosque wor ship sac' ri fice al tar pa go' da horn age in vo ca' tion clois ter ca the' dral de vo' tion sup pli ca tion con vent tab' er na cle ad o ra' tion ben e die tion God. Lord. Deity. Jehovah. el' e gance sym me try come li ness pret ti ness love li ness brill iance ra di ance splen dor 99. Words denoting Deity. Written Exercise. Always begin with a 'capital letter. The Father. The Infinite. The Maker. The Eternal. The Ruler. The Omnipotent. The Creator. The Omnipresent. The Preserve)'. The Supreme Being. 100. Beauty and Ugliness, er 7 na ment dec o ra' tion de form' i ty plain' ness home li ness hid e ous ness ca dav' er ous re pul sive un couth' mon' strous fright ful hor rid squal id slouch ing ghast ly gris ly SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 107 101. Evil Spirits and Mythology. fiend imp spir' it Mars fV 17 witch vis ion Jove bar py ghost gob lin Nep' tune de mon si' ren vam pire Cu pid dev il sa tyr hob gob lin Mer cu ry Sa tan \j spec ter ap pa ri' tion Ju pi ter 102. Relating to Rulers, Officers, and Servants. em' per or com mand' er may' or serv' ant au to crat com man dant' pre feet vas sal sov er eign com' mo dore al der man foot man die taf or ad mi ral con sta ble coach man pres' i dent gen er al di reef or val et gov era or colo' nel po lice man wait er mon arch ma' jor leg' is lat or lack ey ty rant cap tain law giv er flunk y sul tan lieu ten' ant sen a tor me ni al chief tain en' sign sher iff slave mas ter ser geant judge serf 103. Food and Taste. al' i ment eat' a bles fla' vor bit' ter nu tri ment bread stuffs sa vor ac id nour ish ment co mes' ti bles spic y vap id sus te nance vict' uals pun gent sweet reg i men lun cheon lus cious sour pro vis' ions des serf piqu ant nau' seous 104. Pleasure and Pain. hap' pi ness com' fort suf fer ing mis' e ry lux u ry de light' anx i' e ty an guish sat is fac' tion glad' ness de jec tion tort ure grat i fi ca' tion rapt ure vex a tion tor ment en joy' ment fe lie' i ty sor' row ago ny en chant went ec' sta sy dis tress' trib u la' tion, 108 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 105. Monthly Review. prayer crit 7 i cise con ces' sion piqu' ant schol' ar ad ver tise 7 a ver sion des serf shy est mem 7 o rize con nee tion lunch 7 eon dri est su per vise mud 7 di er mort gage dry ness ec sta sy eas' i est dis guise' spry ness mer chan dise ti ni est ap praise si ren an gli cize mud dy ing dis ease sa tyr en ter prise stead i est sur prise Sa tan in ven' tion stead y ing sur raise ser geant in ver sion rar e fy ad vise colo nel at ten tion liq ue fy neu' tral ize SIXTH MONTH. 106. Words relating to Bills. bill of ex change' draw 7 ee pay' ee ac cept 7 ance ma tu 7 ri ty to hon 7 or to dis 7 hon or proc 7 n ra tion pro 7 test days of grace at par A bill drawn on one person for the payment of money to another. The person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn. The person to whom a bill or money is paid. A promise to pay a bill when due. The time when a bill becomes due. To accept a bill, and pay it when due. To decline to accept or pay a bill. The signing of a bill by an agent or clerk. A written declaration made by a notary-public, declaring a bill has been refused acceptance or payment. Three days allowed for the payment of a bill after it becomes due. Bills of exchange are at par when they sell for their nominal value ; above par or be- low par when they sell for more or less, SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 109 107. The Suffix ate. The Latin suffix ate with verbs = to make. The pupil is not expected to define the words in the following lessons. Teachers who are familiar with Latin can give the more important roots. ar tic' u late al le vi ate ab bre vi ate ae com mo date af fil i ate as so ci ate ca lum ni ate co ag u late ca pit u late com mu ni cate con cil i ate con tarn i nate ap pro' pri ate ap prox i mate an tic i pate as sim i late ac cu mu late an ni hi late cor rob o rate dis crim i nate de nom i nate de pre ci ate de gen er ate de pop u late al ien ate ag gra vate ag gre gate al tern ate am pu tate ar bi trate cal cu late cul ti vate cas ti gate cir cu late dev as tate dec i mate 108. The Suffix ate. dec' o rate e man' ci pate ex hil' a rate dis lo cate e rad i cate ex co ri ate dom i nate e vap o rate ex pos tu late doc trin ate in tox i cate ex pa ti ate du pli cate ex as per ate ex pec to rate del e gate ex on er ate ex ten u ate e vac' u ate in' su late fa cil i tate e Km i nate in ti mate fe lie i tate ex' tri cate ir ri gate flue' tu ate em i grate im pre cate ful mi nate im mo late in di cate 1m mil' i ate in sti gate germ i nate hy poth e cate rep ro bate pop u late ob fus cate pro eras' ti nate em' u late de bil i tate rec' re ate cog i tate pre var i cate 110 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 109. Adjectives ending in ate. Ate having, or pertaining to. ac' cu rate con fed' er ate in vet' er ate as pi rate con sid er ate in vi o late ad e quate con sum 7 mate in sa ti ate ag gre gate af fee tion ate im me di ate con glom' er ate ef fern i nate im mod er ate in' tri cate e lab o rate in ver te brate ul ti mate il lit er ate pre cip i tate 110. Difficult Monosyllables of Greek Origin. balm jot pore sphinx chord lamp psalm sphere chyme lobe pyre spleen chyle mock plague sylph clang myth rheum theme cone nymph rhomb throb disc ode scene thyme dose pause scheme tomb dram phrase zone tome gnome phlegm scope trope 111. Words relating to Medicine. me die' in al Belonging to medicine. pan a ce a A medicine that cures all diseases. e met' ic A medicine that excites vomiting. rec' i pe A medical prescription. an' o dyne A medicine which allays pain, or causes sleep. an' ti dote A medicine which counteracts the effects of poison. a poth' e ca ry One who prepares and sells medicines. dis pen' sa ry A place where medicines are dispensed to the poor. ho mo3 op' a thy The curing diseases by medicines which pro- duce effects similar to those of the disease. hy drop' a thy Water-cure, SECOND YEAR'S WORK. Ill 112. Words often misspelled. Sep' ar ate... not to be spelled with er, because its Latin root is paro. Aq' ue duct... not to be spelled ac-gue, because its first root is aqua (water). Wednes'day,..not to be spelled Wew, because it comes from Woden, the name of the Scandinavian god of war. Remember to spell dn, and not den. Prin ci pal... not to be spelled pie when most important is meant, or when you mean the master of a school. Prin ci pie... not to be spelled pal when you mean rule. Which... not to be spelled without the Jt. In Anglo-Saxon it was spelled kw, but now it is wh. These... not to be spelled Ikes. Dai' ly . . .not to be spelled 113. French Words and Phrases. Nasal n denoted by bold-faced type. reveille (re val' ya), morning call by beat of drum. tout ensemble (toot an sambl'), general appearance. ci devant (ce de van'), formerly. double entendre (doobl an tandr'), double meaning. tete-a-tete (tat-a-tat), close talk ; head to head. vis-a-vis (veez-a-vee'), opposite ; face to face. sangfroid (san frwah'), coldness ; self-possession. an fait (o fa'), well-skilled ; perfect. beau monde (bo mond'), fashionable society. bon ton (bon ton), ,good style. en route (an root), on the way. en suite (an sweet'), in company ; together. en masse (an mass'), in a body. en passant (an passan'), by the way. 112 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 114. Lesson in distinguishing Words. Em u la' tion for equality. Com pe ti' tion for superiority. Im ped' i ment hinders progress. Ob' sta cle prevents progress. bilged' by necessity. Bound by obligation. Dis creet' in advising. Pru' dent in taking advice. Fa' ded, but may revive. With' ered, and cannot revive. Im prac' ti ca ble, not in the circumstances possible. Im pos' si ble, not in nature possible. Li' bel, slander written or pub- lished. Def a ma' tion, slander spoken. De tained' by waiting for some- thing. Hin' dered by the badness of the roads. 115. Americanisms. X OTE. The teacher will explain the peculiar use of these words. cau' cus lynch-law stump-speech spread -ea' gle green back war-whoop cal cu late shod dy bo gus lynch-law loaf er row dy scalp-lock back woods pros pect ing yan kee hoo' sier buck eye hoe-cake bun combe risk y horn i ny lob by mile age mail-car do nate dick er clear ings dig gings squat ter grog ger y fresh et fix' ings husk ings chow der clam-bake corn-cake mass-meet ing bread stuffs smoke-stack fore hand ed bam boo' zle straw '-bail dead-head dead-beat log-roll out sid 7 ers sue' co tash SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 113 116. Common Errors in Pronunciation. New England. South and West. ften for been bar for bear chist chest thar " there jist just whar " where dew do star " stair dee' strict " dis' trict do " door sar ten " cer tain har " hair sass sauce skeart " scared haouw " how i' dea " i de' a waal " well wunst " once ruff roof yere " here jiste joist char " chair dawg " dog gwine " going gawd " god tiik " took laaf laugh haalf " half 117. French Words. attache (at ta sha'), an official. souvenir (soov' neer), a keepsake. ennui (an wee), weariness. morceau (raor so^, morsel. coiffure (kwof ' fure), head-dress. chignon (shin' yon), a style of dressing hair. reconnaissance (re con' m zance) , examination. retrousse (ret roo sa'), turned up. parole (pa r5lO, word of honor. deshabille (des a bil'), an undress. parterre (par tare'), flower-bed. cortege (cor' tazh), train of attendants. denouement (da noo' mon), end of a plot. decollete (da col ta'), low-necked. H 114 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 118. Color and Appearance. speck' led pie' bald sight land' scape freck led mot ley scene seen er y mar bled rud dy view spec ta cle dap pled florid phase pag eant griz zled clar et guise spec ter brin died chest nut mien phan torn mot tied sor rel hue pan o ra' ma cloud ed ha zel vis' ta vis' age spot ted ol ive vis ion com plex' ion j striped taw ny as pect coun' te nance streaked rus set pros pect lin e a ment check ered eb on pict ure phy si og' no my 119. Lesson in distinguishing Words. We choose one from a number. We pre fer' one to another. We com pre hend' what we ful- ly understand. We ap pre hend' what we do not fully comprehend, as eter- nity. We cease talking. We leave off work. We dis cov' er what before ex- isted. We in vent' what did not exist before. We join hands. We u' nite two into one, We lead a blind man. We guide a traveler. We re mil' ner ate for services received. We com' pen sate for injury or loss. We re turn' what we have bor- rowed. We re store' what we have taken. We sur ren'der what is ours by right. We sym' pa thize with the af- flicted. We pi' ty the distressed. We have com pas' sion on the miserable, SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 115 120. Means of Conveyance. car cart cab hack coacli chaise dray sleigh sled sledge truck wain wag' on kuggy sulk y car riage pha' e ton char i ot cur ri cle ve hi cle car i ole rock a way am bu lance stage-coach ship boat bark brig sloop junk craft ca noe' ves' sel steam er steam boat steam ship clip' pei- pack et frig ate schoon er cut ter light er shal lop pin nace lug ger gun boat mon' i tor i ron clad 121. Words relating to Law. bar The place where lawyers plead. The seat of justice. bar 7 ris ter A lawyer admitted to plead at the bar. at tor' ney A person appointed by another to transact business for him. A person who is legally authorized to attest contracts or writings. A law officer who arrests persons, collects fines, &c., in the name of the sheriff. A law officer that inquires into the causes of violent death. An inferior laAvyer. One who employs a lawyer. An analysis of a lawyer's argument. no' ta ry-pub' lie bail' iff cor' o ner pet' ti fog ger cli' ent brief conn' sel bench A lawyer charged with a case which he is to manage before the court. Where the judge sits in the court-room. 116 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. \ / 122. Wealth, Wit, and their opposites. mon' ey pov 7 er ty 1m' mor jest 7 er rich es beg gar ry fan cy jok er fort une des ti tu' tion droll er y pun ster mam mon in 7 di gence wag ger y buf foon 7 pi-op er ty pau 7 per ism wit ti cism clown com pe tence in sol' ven cy fa ce 7 tious hu 7 mor ist rev e nue pen 7 ni less com 7 ic stu pid in come bank rupt jo cose 7 stol id af flu ence ne ces 7 si tous laugh 7 a ble plod ding op u lence need 7 y lu di crous hum drurti 123. Words relating to the Law. le' gal Belonging to law ; as legal proceedings. le git' i mate According to law, lawful ; as, a legitimate heir. il le' gal Contrary to law ; as, an illegal act. a nom/ a ly Deviation from the common rule or law of things. to leg' is late To make laws. code A collection of laws. ju 7 rist One skilled in civil law. ju ris pru 7 dence The science of law. de fault' Failure of appearance in court, as of a defend- ant. to ab' ro gate To repeal or revoke a law. lit 7 i gant One engaged in a lawsuit. non' suit The end of a suit by failure to prosecute. plain' tiff The person in whose favor a lawsuit is brought. de fend' ant A person against whom a lawsuit is brought. chi cane' A trick in law proceedings. out 7 law One excluded from the protection of the law. e' diet A law proclaimed by order of the sovereign ; as, an edict of the Russian emperor. SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 117 124. "Words relating to Poetry. met' ric al Belonging to poetry ; as, a metrical version. po' et as ter A person that writes poetry of inferior quality. verse One line of poetry ; also poetry itself. blank verse Poetry without rhyme. stan'za A number of lines of poetry connected with each other. coup' let Two lines of poetry making complete sense ; a distich. trip' let Three lines of poetry making complete sense. foot A certain number of syllables forming part of a line of poetry. scan' ning Examining poetry by counting the feet. hex am' e ter A verse consisting of six feet. pros' o dy That part of grammar which treats of poetry. ode A poem that may be set to music, or sung. el' e gy A. mournful poem ; a funeral song. lyr' ics Poems which directly express the emotions of the poet ; anciently, songs sung to the lyre. ep ; ic A poem which relates a story, real or fictitious, in an elevated style. pas' tor als Poems descriptive of the life and manners of shepherds. mon' o dy A poem sung by one person only. a cros' tic A poem of which the first letters of the lines make up a name. po' et-lau' re ate A poet employed in England by the sovereign to write poems on special occasions, as OH the birth or marriage of a prince. The pres- ent (1872) poet-laureate of England is Alfred Tennyson. dog' ger el Mean, irregular verse. di' a lect Verses written in a particular dialect, as the " Heathen Chinee," by Bret Harte. SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 125. Common French Words, apropos (ap ro po 7 ), to the point. garqon (gar son 7 ), a boy or waiter. naivete (na ev ta 7 ), simplicity. mile (sal), a hall. chapeau (shap po 7 ), hat. chateau (shat to/), country-seat. regime (ra zheem 7 ), system. roue (roo a 7 ), a dissipated man. <-i 126. Quarterly Review,/ 'fl&- ^-^7 sphinx 1 ar tic 7 u late at tensive nymph al 7 ien ate e lect ive thyme con cil' i ate cov 7 e tous phlegm as so ci ate far i na 7 ceous scheme ex pa ti ate mea 7 ger rec 7 i pe e lab o rate fer til ize cau cus pan a ce 7 a na tion al 7 i ty shod dy ho mce op 7 a thy rec ol lee 7 tion chign on chiv 7 al ry sue ces 7 sion spec ter sep a rate ad vise 7 phase phys i og' no my en 7 ter prise stol id lin 7 e a ment mo sa 7 ic wag on rev e nue pol i ti 7 cian lyr ics pros o dy phi lol 7 o gist re gime 7 spe cies sly 7 ly a byss hos pit al stead i est balm pyr a mid a nal 7 y sis fa c.ade' con science ra 7 di us col 7 or el e gant al tar da ta un pleas 7 ant Je ho 7 vah safe ty be nev o lent si 7 ren ve hi cle con 7 se quence an guish pi e ty au 7 di ble reg i men dis tance a mi a ble nau seous ev 7 i dent di vis 7 i ble spic y V SECOND YEAR'S WORK, 119 SEVENTH MONTH. 127. Derivations from Latin Root to stretch. Ten 1 do, ten 1 sum = to stretch. 162 words are formed from this root. NOTE. In the following lessons, pupils are not expected to give exact and discriminat- ing definitions of all words classified under the several root words. They will get the general drift of the meaning, however ; and the extent to which defining shall be carried must depend upon the time of the teacher, and the age and advancement of pupils. at tend' in ten' tion pre ten' sion at ten tion in ten sive pre ten tious at tend ance con tend dis tend at ten tive con tent dis ten sion ex tend con ten tion por tend 'ex ten sion con ten tious por tent ous ex tent con tend ing su per in tend' in tend pre tend os ten ta' tious in tense pre tense os ten/ si ble 128. To lead. Du'co, duc'tum = to had. re duce' re due' tion con duce' tra duce/ in duce in due tion con duct ed' u cate e duce e due tion con' duct ed u ca' tion pro duce de duce de duct pro due tion de due tion de duct ive due tile prod uce prod uct in tro duce in tro due tion aq' ue duct 129. To make. Fa f cio,fac f ti r m = to make. More than 500 words are formed from this root. de feet 7 in feet de fee' tion in fee tion pa cif ' ic ef fi cient de fi' cient of fie iate per feet af feet per fee tion af fee tion for' feit for feit ure ben e fac' tor de fee' tion ef feet de face ef feet ive de face merit suf fice' suf fi cient de fi cien cy man u fact' ure 120 SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. 130. To malice. Fa 1 do, fac 1 turn = to make. fact pu' ri fy de fi' cient fac' tor glo ri fy de fi' cien cy fac tions rar e fy ef fi cient fac to ry clas si fy def ' i cit office fal si fy sat is fac' tion of fi' cial just i fy ben e fac tion of fi cious sim pli fy be nef ' i cence per feet no ti fy ben e fi' cial per fee tion am pli fy art' i fice prof it clar i fy art i fi' cial pro fi' cient de i fy cer tif ' i cate pro fi cien cy beau ti fy or 7 i fice 131. To call Vo'co, voca'tum = to call. voice ad' vo cate in vo ca' tion in voke' vo' cal vo cab' u la ry prov o ca tion pro voke vow el con' vo cate con vo ca tion re voke vo cal ize e quiv' o cate av o ca tion con voke vouch er e quiv o ca' tion rev o ca tion vo' cal ist voc a tive e quiv' o cat or ir rev' o ca ble vouch safe' vo ca'tion e quiv o cal vo cif er ate vo cif er ous 132. To come. Ve'nio, ven'tum = to come. ad' vent con ven' tion con vene' ven' ture ad vent' ure con ven tion al con 7 vent ven ture some ad vent ur ous pre ven tion cov e nant e vent' ad ven ti' tious in ven tion in vent 7 e vent u al ad vent 7 ur er cir cum vent' in vent or e vent u ate con ven ience in ter vene in vent ive pre vent ive SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 121 133. To send. Mit'to, mis 1 sum = to send, to let go. 174 words are formed from this root. mis 7 sion ad mis 7 sion dis miss 7 mis sive ad mit tance dis mis siou mis sile ad mis si ble dis mis sal o mit' com mit per mit o mis 7 sion com mis sion per/ mit* e mit com' mis sa ry per mis' sion e mis' sion com mit' tee per mis si ble ad mit com' pro mise re mit prom' ise sub mit 7 re mit tance prom is ing sub mis sion re miss prom is so ry sub mis sive re miss ness pre mise 7 trans mit re mit tal prem 7 ise trans mis sion sur mise 134. To take. Ca'piOy cap f tw n to take, to lay hold of. 197 words are formed from this root. cap 7 tive de ceit 7 re cip' ient cap ture per ceive 4 re cep tive cap tious ex cept oc' cu py ca pa 7 cious re ceive oc cu pa' tion ac cept con ceive par' ti ci pie pre' cept re ceipt par tic 7 i pate con ceit 7 rec 7 i pe par tic i pant 135. To hold. Ten'eo, ten'tum = to hold, to keep. 168 words are formed from this root. con tain' ten 7 ant ob tain' a ble con tent ab sti nence im per ti nent de tain en ter tain' per ti na' cious de ten tion ap per tain per ti nac i ty con tin ue ap pur 7 te nance coun' te nance con' ti nent main tain con tin' u ance ab stain 7 main' te nance en ter tain' meiit SWINTON'S WORD-BOOK. Po'no, pos'itum com pose de pose dis pose ex pose im pose op pose 136. To put to put. 250 words are formed from this root, trans pose' pur' pose pro pose pos i live re pose op po site pro pound im pos' tor com pound im post ure post pone com pos i tor 137. To turn. Ver 1 to, ver'sum == to turn. in vert' in ver' sion ver' sion ver' sa tile a vert a ver sion vor tex in verse sub vert sub ver sion ob verse . ad verse con vert con ver sion trav erse con verse' per vert per ver sion trans verse con ver sa' tion re vert re ver sion re verse' ad ver tise' 138. To carry. Fe'ro, la'tum root. = to bear, carry, bring. * 198 words are formed from col late' col la' tion re fer' ref ' er ence di late di la tion con fer con fer ence re late e late e la tion re la tion pre fer de fer pref er ence def er ence trans late trans la tion differ dif fer ence leg' is late leg is la' tion in fer' in fer ence 139. To draw. Tra'ho, tracHum = to draw, drag. at tract' de trac' tion sub tract' ab strac' tion at trac' tion ex tract' sub trac' tion ex trac tion at tract ive ex' tract sub' tra hend in tract a ble con tract' re tract' dis tract' con tract i ble con' tract re trac tion dis trac' tion con trac tion SECOND YEAR'S WORK. 123 140. To fold. Pli'co, plica'tum to fold. 200 words are formed from this root. ap ply' ap pli ca' tion pli' ant dis play' im ply im pli ca tion pli a ble com plex com ply com pli' ance sup ply' per plex com' pli cate com pli ca' tion sup' pli an reply im pli cate du' pli cate sim ply trip' le sup pli cate sup pli ca' tion sim pli fy trip let mul ti ply mul ti pli ca' tion ex plic' it treb le 141. The end. Fi'nis = end or limit. fi' nite in' fi nite con fine' definable fi nal fin ish fine ness in fin' i ty in fin i tive in fin i tude con fine ment de fine def ' i nite af fin' i ty su per fine' in def i nite fin er y fin i cal re fine re fine ment de fin' i tive def i ni' tion un fin ished un de fin' a ble 142. To carry and to writQ. Potato, porta f tum = to carry ; scri'bo, scrip 1 tunt = to write. ex' port port' al in scribe' scrib' ble im port port li ness in scrip tion script ure pur port port a ble de scribe post script re port' port fol' io pro scribe tran script sup port im port ant as cribe con script trans port de port rnent in scribe scrive ner 143. To turn, and to flow- Fled to, flee 1 turn = to (urn, bend; jh