UC-NRLF SbM 071 CO 8 THE ISRAELITES FOUND IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. THE TEN TRIBES SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN LOST, TRACED FROM THE LAND OF THEIR CAPTIVITY TO THEIR OCCUPATION ISLES OF THE SEA: AN EXHIBITION OF THOSE TRAITS OK CHARACTER AND NATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSIGNED TO ISRAEL IN THE BOOKS HEBREW PROPHETS WILLIAM CARPENTER, AUTHOR OF " SCIENTIA B1BLICA," SCRIPTURE NATURAL HISTORY," " GUIDE TO THE READING OF THE BIBLE," " LECTURES ON BIBLICAL CRITICISM AND INTERPRETATION/' "A POPULAR INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLE," " THE BIBLICAL COMPANION," "CRITZCA BIBLICA," " CALENDARI CM PALESTINE.'' "AN INTRODUCTION TO THE READING AND STUDY OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE," AND EDITOR OF THE FIFTH LARGE EDITION OF"CALMET*S DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE/" AND OF THE ABRIDGEMENT OF THE SAME, ETC., ETC, ETC. GEORGE KENNING, 198, FLEET STREET ; 1,2, and 3 LITTLE BRITAIN; and 175, ALDERSGATE-STREET. LIVERPOOL: 2, MONUMENT PLA.CE. GLASGOW: 145, ARGYLE-STREET. 1874, r ROBERT BANKS & SON RACQUET coui; IPS/3/ C3 PREFACE. THE following pages were written for the Freemason, the organ of the Craft in the United Kingdom, in which periodical they appeared^ from week to week. It will be seen by the Introductory chapter that the subject was suggested by a striking peculiarity which pervades the ceremonial rites of the Craft, and which links it closely with the written and traditional history of the Hebrew race. But, although, such was the circumstance that suggested the penning of these pages, there is nothing in the treatment of the subject that should confine its interest to Freemasons. It is a subject that embraces, in its wide interest, the whole Saxon race, and through that race, the world at large. "The sure word of prophecy " depicts a glorious destiny for Israel, as the messengers or missionaries of Grod's grace and mercy to mankind, through whom Judah is to be regenerated and restored, and the fulness of the Gentiles to be brought in ; and if the identity of the Saxon race with the Israelites is shown to be highly probable which the author has essayed to show in the following pages many passages of prophecy and of history, hitherto doubtful or perplexing, will become clear, as important incidents in the mysterious but merciful working of divine Provi- dence, and as important lessons of divine teaching IV. PREFACE. The author has great pleasure in acknowledging his obligations to Mr. Hine, whose pamphlet on " Our Israclitisli Origin," first directed his attention to the subject, and to whom he has been indebted for many hints and suggestions ; for although. his mode of treating the question differs greatly from the mode adopted by Mr. Hine, and some of whose perity for masses of the indus- trial classes in distant lands greater than they could find at home, where they were " cabin'd, cribbed, con- fined." In the colonies of North America, Australia, &c., they have mightily increased* in numbers and progressed in wealth, and have become prosperous communities, 92 THE ISBAELTTES FOUND Can any one review the colonial growth of Great Britain, and not think of the words of the prophet to the house of Israel, whose descendants we are : " The children which thou shall have, after fchou hast lost the other, shall say again in thine ears, The place is too strait for me; give place for me that I may dwell. Then shalt thou say in thine heart, Who hath begotten me them, seeing I have lost my children, and am desolate, a captive, and moving to and fro ? And who hath brought up these ? Behold, I was left alone ; these, where had they been ?" (Isa. xlix. 20, 21). The Anglo-Saxons, too, unlike the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Romans, and other peoples, ancient and modern, have inherited " the desolate place " (Isaiah xlix. 8) ; and the mountains have been made the way for them, and the highways have been exalted (ver. 11). The desolate one was to bring forth so many children, that she was to " enlarge the place of her tent, and stretch forth the curtains of her habi tations . ' ' She was to ' ' spare not," but to " lengthen the cords and strengthen the stakes " of her tent ; "for thou shalt break forth on the right hand and on the left; and thy seed shall inherit the nations, and make the desolate cities to be inhabited" (Isa. liv. 1-3). Accordingly, Israel was to be sown in the earth (Hos.ii. 23) : And " They of Ephraim shall be like a mighty man ; they shall increase as they have increased ; and I will sow them among the people, and they shall remember me in far countries " (Zech. x. 8, 9). Now look abroad, and find, if you can, any people but the Anglo-Saxons who have thus inherited the " waste " or " desolate " places places either wholly without inhabitants, or inhabited by only a few wandering savages, who rendered desolation more desolate. The American colonies, the Australasian colonies, and the South African colonies were all " desolate places/' which have, being peopled by the Anglo-Saxons, become prosperous colonies. There is a passage in the Book of Deuteronomy (xxxii. 8, 9) which has perplexed commentators. Its precise meaning is, indeed, by no means obvious. " When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance ; when He separated the sons of Adam, He IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 93 set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel. For the Lord's portion is His people, Jacob is the lot [marg. cord'] of his inheritance." Poole, as partially adopted by Bishop Patrick, interprets the passage thus : " When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance, He had then the children of Israel in His mind, before they were a nation ; and He made such a distribution to other people (parti- cularly to the seven nations of Canaan) within such bounds and limits as that there might be sufficient room for so numerous a people as the Israelites, when they came to take possession of that country." Now, if we omit the reference to the land of Canaan, for which reference there seems to be no good reason, we get, I think, something like the genuine sense of the passage. The prescience here ascribed to the Lord, by Moses, is an idea that would seem impossible to enter into the mind of one who had not been enlightened by a Divine revelation. We look in vain for anything like it in all the systems (if systems they may be called) of ancient Oriental Theosophy. But in the sacred writings it is always recognised as one of the incum- municable attributes of the Divine Being. Wonderful, indeed, it is so wonderful that any one contemplating it mustfeel with the Psalmist that it is incomprehensible, and exclaim, " Such knowledge is too wonderful forme; it is high, I cannot attain unto it." What is here ascribed to the Almighty is, that He foresaw the future progress and history of nations ; how some would grow into mighty peoples, and then cease to be how, and in what way, the earth would become subjected to the dominion of mankind, located in different regions, and under totally dissimilar circumstances ; and foreseeing all this, that He so determined the boundaries of their habitations as to make them subservient to His great design of rendering Israel the encompasser of the earth. Bishop Horsley translates thus : " When the Most High assigned the heathen their inheritance, when He separated the sons of Adam, He set the bounds of His own people, according to the number of the sons of Israel, for the portion of Jehovah is Jacob, the peoples are the measured lot of his [Israel's] inheritance." Thus 94 THE ISRAELITES FOUND without altering a tittle in the Hebrew text, except in making a transposition of two words, he brings out the sense above given his inheritance, that is, Jacob's ; according to the constant strain of prophecy, tnat, ultimately, Jacob is to inherit all the nations. " Thus," he says, " the passage describes the call of the Gentiles, and their incorporation with Israel, not without an implied allusion to the exaltation of the natural Israel above all the nations of the earth, in the last ages." But what is the " lot " or cord ? Chebel signifies a cord, or rope, by which things are bound ; and with which, also, they are measured, and the boundaries determined. In Zechariah ii. 1, 2, we read of a man with a measuring line in his hand, with which to determine the length and width of Jerusalem. ; and a psalmist says (2 Sam. viii. 2), '* He smote Moab, and measured them with a line, casting them down to the ground; even with two lines measured he to put to death, and with one full line to keep alive ; and so the Moabites became David's servants, and brought gifts ;" that is, he divided the country of the Moabites into several parts, that he might better know what towns it was proper to demolish a,nd what to preserve. In this sense, the descendants of Jacob were to be the measuring line they who encompassed the inheritance their posterity were to possess. Thus, Jeremiah says (x. 16), "The portion of Jacob is not like them [the Gentiles] , for he is the former of all things ; and Israel is the rod [cord] of his inheritance ;" and so the prophet prays in his distress, in the midst of the desolation of his people : ' ' Remember thy congregation which thou hast purchased of old, the rod of thine inheritance which thou hast redeemed " (li. 19). In accordance with the interpretation of the declaration of Moses which 1 have adopted, the Lord says (Psalms Ixxiv. 2), "I will cause thee to ride upon the high places of the earth, and feed thee with the heritage of Jacob, thy father, for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it." Who, indeed, could make such a promise but " He who worketh all things according to the counsel of His own will ?" " Who doeth as He will in the army of Heaven and among the inhabitants of IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 95 the earth ?" Who could even conceive such a thing, or into whose mind would it enter to disclose it ? Look, again, upon a map of the world, and see how the descendants of Jacob, as preserved in the ten tribes (called by various names in history, the first known after their captivity being that of GetsB, or the bruised ones, and now the best known, that of the Anglo- Saxons) by the multiplicity of their possessions, and in their introduction into countries and lands which they do not absolutely possess, but the people of which they influence, if they do not control, with their presence, have fulfilled the great law-giver's w ords, wonderful and improbable as the declaration seemed to be. They have measured, or encompassed, if they have not occupied, nearJy the whole earth, and are everywhere accomplishing, more or less, the beneficent purposes of the God of Jacob. There is no prodigy, wonderful as it is, in a woman encompassing a man, but Jeremiah speaks of it as a prodigy a new thing in the earth ( xxxi. 22) . The Hebrew word Geler, a man, as distinguished from a woman, is sometimes used to denote the whole of mankind. Is it true that Queen Victoria, alone, of all the sovereigns of the earth, as the head of the Anglo-Saxon race, has a dominion on which the sun never sets ? Once more look upon the map, and beginning with the (British) Islands, cast your eyes northward to Heligoland, then return south- ward, and you have the Channel Islands, Gibraltar, Malta, Gambia, Sierre Leone, the Gold Coast, Lagos, St. Helena, the Cape of Goe d Hope, Natal, Mauritius, the Straits Settlements, India, Ceylon, Labuan, Sarawak, Hong- Kong, Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, and New Zealand, thus completing the circle of the eastern hemisphere. Then take the western hemisphere, and beginning with Hudson's Territory, proceed to Canada, Newfoundland, St. John's, Prince Edward's Island, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, the Bermudas, the West India Islands, the Bahamas, Turk's Island, Jamaica, Antigua, St. Christopher, Nevis, St. Lucia ; Barbadoes, St. Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad, British Honduras, British Guiana, the Talk- 96 THE ISRAELITES FOUND lands, and British Columbia, which completes the second circle. What a dominion ! What a realisation of ancient prophecy ! " Let them know that God ruleth in Jacob unto the ends of the earth " (Psalm lix. 13). u These shall lift up their voice, they shall sing ; the waters shall resound with the exaltation of the Lord, Therefore in the distant coasts, glorify ye the Lord ; in the distant coasts of the sea, the name of the Lord, the God of Israel. From the uttermost parts of the land, we have heard songs. Glory to the righteous" (Isaiah xxiv. 14-16). CHAPTER XIX. MIGRATIONS, CONQUESTS, AND SETTLEMENTS OF TFS ANGLO-SAXONS. WE have glanced at the extent to which the Anglo- Saxon race inhabiting these islands have possessed themselves of the desolate places of the earth, and have there planted more or less prosperous colonies, encompassing the two hemispheres. The achievement has been a marvellous one, and it has so struck foreigners. See what the accomplished and lamented Frenchman, M. Prevost Paradol, writes : " Neither Kussia nor United Germany, supposing they should attain the highest fortune, can impede that current of things, nor prevent that solution, relatively near at hand, of the long rivalry of European races for the ultimate colonisation and domination of the universe. The world will not be Russian, nor German, nor French ; alas ! nor Spanish. For it can be asserted, that since the great navigation has given the whole world to the enterprise of the European races, three nations were tried, one after another, by fate, to play the first part in the fortune of mankind, by everywhere propagating their tongue and blood, by means of durable colonies ; and by transforming, so to say, the whole world to their own likeness. Daring the sixteenth century, it IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 97 was rational to believe that Spanish civilization would spread over all the world. Irremediable vices soon dispersed that colonial power ; the vestiges of which, still covering a vast space, tell of ephemeral grandeur. Then came the turn of Prance, and Louisiana and Canada have reserved the last remembrance of it. Lastly, England came forward. She definitely accom- plished the great work ; and England can disappear from the world without the Anglo-Saxon future of the world being sensibly changed." Such has been the vast scale upon which our colonising enterprises have been carried out, that some, even of our own race, have doubted whether we have not thus been exhausting our own popu- lation. Emerson, describing the "spawning power" of the Anglo-Saxon race, occupying the British islands, says : " It has sufficed to the colonisation of great parts of the world ; yet it remains to be seen whether they can make good the exodus of millions from Great Britain, amounting, in 1852, to more than 1000 a day." Yes, they have made it good, for whereas the population, in 1851, was 27,825,274, it was, in 1861, 28,927,485, and in 1871, 31,817,108: the increase since 1851 having been 3,991,834 that is 14.13 per cent. The prophecies run, that the seed of Abraham were not only to become nations and inherit the earth ; they were to become great and powerful nations, not exhausting themselves by sending their children forth into other regions. To Jacob it was said (Gen. xxxv. 11), " A nation and a company of nations shall be of thee ;" but of Ephraim it was said (Gen. xlvii. 19), "His seed shall become a multitude of nations." In the margin of the English Bible, multitude is rendered fulness, which is the better translation, the Hebrew being mela, which primarily signifies to fill, or to fill up. As applied to a nation, the idea is that of a populous one a considerable one not a petty one. And where shall we find such nations as those planted by the Anglo-Saxon race ? This " right little tight little island," too, is, with one exception, the most densely populated in the world. With a territorial area of less than one-third of France. 98 THE ISRAELITES FOUND (before the late war), it has a population equal to seven- ninths of hers. Prance had a population of 175 to the square mile, while England has 397 to the square mile, and though but " a little spot," she has with- stood the world in arms. Then, look at the nations &he has planted the United States, the Canadas, and other North American states, the peninsula of India, the Australian continent and islands, South Africa, &c. Look, also, at the nations of North Germany, now consolidated, and bidding fair to become the strongest of the continental powers. And although some other nations which are of Anglo-Saxon origin have not such large territorial possessions, they are powerful in pro- portion to their numbers. They do not consist of puny peoples, who bow their heads and crouch down in the presence of hostile powers, albeit they may be of much greater prowess than themselves. Let this fact be noted, that the British colonies, alone that is, the states which Great Britain has planted without taking into consideration lands and countries in which she has settlements, or exercises political influence embrace about one-third of the surface of the globe, and nearly a fourth of its population. If to this we add those independent nations which are of Anglo- Saxon origin, as North Germany, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, part of France, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and those parts of the Turkish Empire west of the Black Sea, which have so far thrown off the yoke of Turkey as now to be little more than the nominal subjects of the Sultan, it may be said that the seed of Jacob already possesses one-half of the earth, and rules the world. Fifteen years ago, Emerson, to give an idea of the Anglo-Saxon power of only England and America, said : " The British empire is reckoned to contain 222,000,000 souls, and to com- prise a territory of 5,000,000 square miles, of these millions perhaps forty are of British stock. Add the United States of America, which reckon, exclusive of slaves, 20,000,000 of people, andaterritory of 3,000,000 square miles, and in which the foreign element, however considerable, is rapidly assimilated, and you have a population of English descent and language of IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 99 60,000,000, and governing a population of 245,000,000 souls." Another thing to be noticed here is the likening the horn of Joseph's posterity to the horn of the unicorn (Beem), with which horn he is to "push the people together to the ends of the earth ; and they are the ten thousands of Ephraim and the thousands of Manasseh" (ver. 17). What does this mean ? Every reader of the Bible knows that the horn is made the symbol of strength the strength of most horned animals being in their horns. To exalt the horn is to augment the strength, power, or importance of an individual or of a people ; and, in like manner, to cut off the horn is to bring them down, or prostrate them. We are by no means certain of the animal Moses calls the " Reem." Amongst the conjectures that have been put forward, that which supposes it to be the rhinoceros appears to me to be the best sustained. The Scripture references to the animal show it to be one possessing great strength, and the horn of the rhinoceros, which stands erect, at a right angle with the osfrontis, unlike the horns of other animals, possesses, as a conse- quence, a greater purchase, or power, as a lever, than a horn could have possessed if in any other position. To this the Psalmist, no doubt, alludes, when he says : " My horn shalt Thou exalt like the horn of a Reem." Mr. Bruce (Travels, vol. v. p. 95) describes the rhinoceros as being so strong in this horn that he thrusts it into the trunk of a large tree, near the ground, and so tears it up as to reduce it to thin pieces, like so many laths. Well, then, the strength of these descendants of Joseph was to be exceeding great, so great as to be comparable with that of the strongest animal known ; and with this strength they were to " push the people together to the ends of the earth." A similar idea occurs in Psalm xliv. : " Through Thee we will push .down our enemies . . . for I will not trust in my bow, neither shall my sword save me." These sons of Israel, then, are to " push the peoples to the ends of the earth." Whereverthey locate themselves, they are thus to drive the aborigines to the ends or extremities of the land (or earth). How markedly this has been 100 THE ISRAELITES FOUND done by the Anglo-Saxons is known to all. In these islands, the Britons were driven to the " ends," taking refuge in Cornwall and Wales. In North America, India, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and other settlements, there has been the same "pushing." The aborigines have been pushed further and further away from the Anglo-Saxon settlements ; would I could add, that in thus pushing them to the ends of the lands, we had always evinced the humanity upon which we so greatly pride ourselves. But the fact remains. With our " horn, "or power, we have pushed them away from our dwelling-places, and have too often treated them, as if they had been wild beasts ; as, indeed, they have sometimes shown themselves to be, in cunning, trea- chery, and ferocity. Nevertheless, the fact, as I have said, remains : that the Anglo-Saxons (Israel), whatever places they have colonized, there, as with the horn of the Reern, they have " pushed" the natives far away. Israel was not only to people many lands, and to encompass the earth, giving birlh to powerful nations, but also to give birth to kings. This was the promise to both Abraham and his wife : " Kings shall come out of thee," said the Lord to the father of many nations (Gen. xvii. 6) ; and the promise was repeated in chap. xxxv. 11 ; while of Sarah it was said : " She shall be a mother of nations ; kings of people shall be of her" (chap. xvii. 16). And so closely were they to be identified with monarchs, that kings were to be their foster-fathers, and queens their nursing mothers (Isa. xlix. 23). How completely, and almost peculiarly, this has been fulfilled in the Anglo-Saxon race every one knows. Even while, as Goths, they dwelt in the wildernesses on the Euxine, they elected a king ( Alaric) , who became the terror of the Roman world, and under whom and his successors the Goths made settlements throughout Europe. After they had founded many well-ordered communities in North Germany, they took possession of these Islands, and here estab- lished seven separate kingdoms, under so many kings, which ultimately became one great state, under Egbert (A.D. 827), the sole descendant of those first conquerors of Britain. His grandson, the great Alfred, settled Itf THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 101 the kingdom upon a basis which has never" 'been sub- verted, and developed those institutions of which Englishmen are justly proud, and which* -thsjj fvrs. gradually spreading throughout the earth:> 'The pre- ponderating power of the aristocracy, which grew out of the feudal system, has, at various times, menaced the monarchy, but the revolutions through which the country has passed have left the monarchy intact ; and with the short interregnum, during which the supreme power was exercised by Oliver Cromwell, the institu- tion has been sustained, and has flourished, the throne being filled by the descendants of the Getse Saxon, Norman, and German. No other people can point to such a line of kings ; and no man who finds a place on the page of history, but Abraham, has given birth to such a line of sovereigns. CHAPTER XX. MORAL AND POLITICAL CHANGES EFFECTED BY THE ANGLO-SAXONS. IN the review I have taken of the migrations, con- quests, and settlements of the Israelites, as represented in that great branch of the stem known as Anglo- Saxons, I have incidentally noticed their instrumen- tality in conferring upon peoples who where previously fast bound in the chains of barbarism the blessings of religion and civilization. It has become, by dint of frequent iteration almost the fashion with Englishmen to speak depreciatingly of England, and to compare her unfavouarbly with her former self. It would almost seem as if Englishmen had become ashamed of patriot- ism, and that it was heroic to depreciate and degrade their country. But that is an hallucination that will have its crisis and die out. He who reviews the past of England, and justly estimates her present place and, 102 THE ISRAELITES FOUND character in the world, will not hesitate to apostrophise k^i- as -' " Fair A.-mi3hitrite 6f the northern wave ! - < "The Vard^ rcotHer-of the great and brave; Thy strength thou dost not wield to crush, oppress, Disturb a world, or make men's pleasures less. Thou bid'st injustice cease, and right be done, Hailing, as brothers, all beneath the sun ; The oppres't afar ne'er plead to thee in vain, The slave that plucks thy robe, lets fall his chain ; The exiled, wronged, what'er their sorrows be, Haste to thy side, and find a friend in thee." She has been, as in God's providence she was destined to be, the standard of the Lord to the nations, who were to be exalted in knowledge and in the fear of the Lord, through the presence and in association with His people. They were to be given as a covenant of the people ; to restore the earth and replenish the desolate places (Isa. xlix. 8). The same Providence which distributed the people, and settled the boundaries of their habitations, at the dispersion of Babel, fixing and limiting their possessions so as to lay out a field, as it were, to be cultivated and made fruitful by the seed of Jacob, in the latter days, is too evidently accomplished to leave the high purposes of God a matter of doubt. It has been well said, that " the events of history have the coherence and unity of a moral drama ;" and God, according to His ancient promises, has made the commerce, the political influence, the naval and military prowess, the language and literature, the civil liberty, and the religious enlighten- ment of the Anglo- Saxons of these our Islands,the means of leavening the world, impressing the progressive race of mankind with holy principles towards God, with the honourable desire and the stedfast resolution of obtain- ing better governments than the old despotisms, and a purer faith than the ancient superstitions. So that the old political and religious absolutisms, which were founded upon the assumption, that states and churches should be established for the benefit of priests and rulers alone, should, instead, be founded, established, and preserved for the peace, happiness, and benefit of the ruled and rulers alike. As Emerson says, " England IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 103 has inoculated all nations with her civilization, intelli- gence, and tastes." When we look through the world, and notice the changes that are taking place, though accompanied by many troubles and much suffering, may we not hope that we are approaching the time when every nation shall regard itself as one political and religions society, honouring and encouraging each other to honour and worship the God of Israel, whose name shall be feared from the west, and His glory from the rising of the sun (Isa.lix. 19). Whatever brightness distinguishes the aspect of society at the present day, is almost wholly due to the principles which the Anglo-Saxons have carried abroad. Heathen virtue received its broadest expansion in the exercise of patriotism, not always free from personal bigotry and pride ; but philanthropy is the nobler product of a more catholic and holy faith. " The dark places of the earth are full of the habitations of cruelty," but the light of The Truth has humanized and expanded the affections, and revealed more clearly the mutual brotherhood of mankind. There is much corruption and misery still in the world, but the world is much better than it was. Bad as war is, it is not the frightful thing it was. As an eloquent writer in one of our daily papers observes " War even the horrible war of last year, which seemed to give the lie to faith and hope, has left us, now that the storm has been swept away from the horizon, a legacy of almost as many memories of generosity and devotion as of national strife. We do unquestionably seek to benefit our brothers more than men did of old, and if grapes cannot grow of thorns nor figs of thistles, the vast crop of modern philanthropic labour and self-sacrifice can grow on no other root than that of love to God and love to man." The world is not now owned by a few despots as uncontrolled and as cruel as were the monarchs of ancient times. For- merly, the great mass of every nation was in a state of bondage, far more oppressive and galling than that under which the negro has groaned in modern times, and when their slaves grew too numerous they were massacred by thousands. We feel that there is. 104 THE ISRAELITES FOtJND something in the very air which now makes these things impossible. We call it public opinion, for lack of knowing what it is. It is easy to give it a name ; but what has given this public opinion its power, and how has this public opinion been formed ? Was there no public opinion in those old times ? Why is the tyrant much more susceptible now than then ? Why is he so much more powerless for evil ? The Greeks were educated men, yet they murdered their Helots without mercy. The Eomans were famed for their manliness and spirit of justice, yet 80,000 of them could assemble in the amphitheatre, to see, and exult over, men and women being thrown to the lions. It is the spirit which the Anglo- Saxons have been the means of diffusing which is raising and liberating the nations nothing else has ever had the power. Let it be observed, too, that there can scarcely be said to beany living power outside of Christendom. The aboriginal races of America, Australia, and Polynesia, if they do not become absorbed, as few of them do, die out. Of Asia, the seat of the great ancient empires, and the oracles of civilization, an intelligent observer thus wrote in 1861, and it is more forcibly true now, " The vast Asiatic monarchies do not merely yield to an external pressure ; they are all, simultaneously, rotting down. The Sultan with difficulty holds together the shattered fragments of his empire. His army is weak, his finances are dependant upon loans from Paris and London, his cities are universally decaying. In India, the only vitality left is that of Europeans. The educated Hindoos, whatever their merits, have lost all their originality. Indeed, if our experience in Hindostan is to be our guide, the vital force of the Asiatic is extinct. For two whole years (during the great mutiny) the people of Upper India were practically free. All India, thus fairly brought to the fcest, did not produce one statesman, one organizer, one leader, with more than the capacity of a bandit. The race who organized the system of castes placidly mimicked the conqueror's notions of civil order. The King of Burmah lives on small monopolies of produce, and his empire is main- tained only because its profitable provinces are in IN THti ANGLO-SAXONS. 105 English hands. The empire of Cochin-China is too weak to drive 150 sickly Frenchmen from the gates of its capital. Bussia takes slices from Turkey at her own convenience. An English remonstrance sends the Shereef of Mecca into exile. The action of Persia is regulated from St. Petersburgh. The King of Siam speaks English, and releases Europeans from the opera- tions of his laws. Malaga is a tributary of a London bonding warehouse. The islands of the Archipelago are ruled by princes who succeed or fail, as they please or displease the Dutch. In China, the Emperor of one- third of the human race has had his capital entered, his palace burned, and absolute submission extorted from him, by an Anglo-Saxon army, half as large as his own body-guard. Japan, the last of these Eastern peoples, is succumbing to the power of these nations." What is the marvellous phenomena which passes before our eyes ? It is a phenomena to which history shows us no parallel. It is evident that among the Christian nations, by some means, and for some reason, there has appeared an energy hitherto unknown among men. There is a power which is breaking every yoke of body and of mind, and setting all captives free. And this, because, first of all, it sets thought free or, rather, it creates thought, by which man releases and engages in his service agencies that have slept in the cavern of nature during all past ages. This Divine influence, in the countries into which it has been introduced, has created for us modes of thought and principles of action from which no man can escape. Its effects have been accumulating for ages, and in many ways. The influence penetrates into every family, every society, every institution, and every government. It influences and directs every educational effort, and becomes, re- cognized and unrecognized, as universal in its opera- tions as the air we breathe. Literature, even language itself, becomes impregnated with it. It becomes part of our mental nature, aud thence it builds up organs in the brain itself, so as to fix its foundations in the corporeal structures of men. Its claims continually become more urgent. It quickens intellect and the moral nature. It continually becomes less possible o 106 THE ISRASELITES FOUND resist it, without visibly sinking into ruin by its rejection. Even bad men are obliged to pay deference to its righteous principles, while labouring to depreciate and destroy the medium through which they come. Before this power, old corporations, old religions, and old systems stand paralysed. Among the Anglo-Saxon nations alone, has this new power appeared ; and the rest are withering away, like the trees of a forest in the breath of a conflagration. It is but stating a simple fact to say that they "sit in darkness" it is as though an infernal power had charmed them into a living death. They wait, benumbed and torpid, some change which no one foresees which may awaken them to new life or utterly destroy them. CHAPTER XXI. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANGLO-SAXONS AND ISRAELITES. HITHERTO we have regarded the Anglo-Saxons as identical with Israel, chiefly, as it is seen in their relations with other peoples, and in their occupation of, or estab- lishments in, a considerable portion of the globe, continental and insular ; and, in a general way, in the influence they have exercised where they have mixed themselves up with other peoples, in the social, moral, and religious character they have impressed upon them. We have seen them operating as the salt of the earth, purifying what was base, and preserving what had in it the principle of vitality, and was capable of a right- eous and beneficent expansion. We must now consider, more particularly, the characteristics which they exhibit amongst themselves religious, political, and social and see in how far these agree with what was predicted of Israel after the overthrow of the kingdom. For it is to be observed, that the prophecies touching Israel do not deal in mere generalities describing what was to happen to them as a people, in fulfilling the early prophecies, which gave them the earth for their posses- sion, and depicted them as the progenitors of many aad IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 107 powerful nations, the ancestors of kings, and the heralds and teachers of those divine truths which are to subdue all peoples, and, ultimately, in the consum- mation of God's gracious purposes, to bring all men and all things into subjection to the Divine will ; so that " judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness reside in the fruitful field the work of righteousness be peace, and the effect of righteousness perpetual quietness and assurance ; while the people shall dwell in a peaceful mansion, and in secure habitations, and in resting-places undisturbed " (Isaiah xxxii. 16-18). Amongst those things which we have now to notice some may seem to be trivial, or, at best, of but small importance, hardly worth notice ; nor would they be if they stood alone ; but forming, as they do, parts of a great mass of the particulars which it was foretold Israel should possess, or exemplify, or perform, they assume a different character ; and all concentrating in the Anglo-Saxons, and in them alone, they possess a weight and an importance which ib is impossible to over-estimate, seeing that they form part of that aggregated mass of evidence which is strengthened by every added item. We have seen that Israel was to lose its identity that is, not to be known as Israel that it was to become so far blinded as not to know itself; so that being called by another name it should not, until the fulness of the time had come for the realisation of the most compre- hensive of the premises and prophecies relating to it, perceive, though performing its allotted work, that it was indeed the Lord's witness and messenger to the ends of the earth, putting down all false gods, over- throwing the inhuman aud debasing rites of idolatry and demon- worship, and introducing, in their place, the knowledge and worship of the one true God. Hence, Israel was to become a pre-eminently religious people, setting up a standard for the nations, so that they should walk in its light and kings in the brightness of its sunrising. Israel was not only to bless the nations by her presence, and her settlements ; she was while diligent in business, to be fervent in spirit^ 108 THE ISKAELITES FOUND serving the Lord. She was to proclaim the great truths of which she had been made the depository. See how clearly and repeatedly this is written on the roll of prophecy : " I, the Lord have called thee in righteous- ness, and will hold thine hand, and will keep thee, and will give thee for a covenant of the people, for a light of the nations " (Isaiah xlii. 6) ; "Israel shall blossom and bud, and fill the face of the world with fruit " (ch. xxvii. 6) ; " This people have I formed for myself: thou shalt show forth my praise " (xliii. 21) ; " Thou art my servant, Israel, in whom I will be glorified" (xlix. 3) ; "I will also give thee for a light to the nations, that thou mayest be my salvation unto the ends of the earth " (ver. 6); " And I will strengthen them in the Lord, and they shall walk up and down in his name, saith the Lord " (Zech. x. 12) ; " Thus shalt thou [Israel] say unto them, The gods that have not made the heavens and the earth, even they shall perish from the earth " ( Jer. x. 11) ; " And the remnant of Jacob shall be in the midst of many people, as a dew from the Lord, and as showers upon the grass " (Micah v. 7) ; " And the Lord will be magni- fied from the border of Israel " (Malachi i. 5). Great and glorious as this mission was, it has been though not fully, yet largely fulfilled by the Anglo-Saxons, and by no other people in the world. By their translations of the Bible into nearly every known language, and the distribution of it over the whole world, they have, indeed, testified that " the gods which have not made the heavens and the earth shall perish from the earth ;" and in every region it has been said of those who have been sent forth, " How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that publish eth peace ; that bringeth good tidings of good, that publishefch salvation ; that saith unto Zion, Thy God reigneth " (Isaiah lii. 7). They have been, and still are, the missionaries of the good tidings throughout the con- tinent and in almost every island of the ocean, so that " the uttermost parts of the earth have heard songs, even glory to the righteous" (chap. xxiv. 16) ; and the Lord has been "glorified in the valleys : evea IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 109 the name of the Lord God of Israel in the Isles of the sea " (ver. 15). Nevertheless, though thus to be made the witnesses to The Truth, and to constitute the true church, the body was not to be so religiously united as to be of one mind on all points appertaining to religion. They were to be divided among themselves, and to have distinctive religious designations. " One shall say, I belong to Jehovah ; and another shall be called by the name of Jacob; and another shall subscribe his hand to Jehovah, and shall be surnamed by the name of Israel" (Isaiah xliv. 5). How characteristic this is of the church as it exists amongst the Anglo-Saxons, and their kindred peoples, every one knows. One is of the Church of England, another of the Church of Rome ; one is of Luther, another of Calvin ; one is of John Wesley, while others are of the Independents, Baptists, Swedenborgians, or other sectional denominations. One says, " I am of Paul; another, I am of Apollos ; another, I am of Cephas; and another, I am of Christ." This becomes a matter of reproach, for many aver that if these Christians had the truth, they would be all of one mind pertaining to it. But whatever may be the object of a man's pursuit, however earnest he may be in that pursuit, and however disposed to embrace and act consistently with such light as he obtains, he is, after all, but a man ; and seeing that man differs from man in the power of his intellect and in the breadth and soundness of his judgment, scarcely less than in the expression of his countenance, and in the height of his stature, it necessarily follows, that, though, on the broad and vital truths of religion, they who avow their acceptance of revealed truth, and their willingness to be governed by it, may be, and are of one mind, there will be subordinate things, such as church government, and ceremonial services, and interpreta- tions of particular passages of Scripture, on which they separate, because holding diverse views. It may be observed, too, that if we looked more at the diversities of opinion existing among men who form part of the same body, we should think less of the differences which divide men into separate bodies. The Church 110 THE ISRAELITES FOUND of Rome, with its Dollingers and its Passaglias, its Antonellis and its Hyacinthes, its Mannings and its Newmans ; that is to say, with its latitude of views, from the verge of Protestantism to the depths of Ultra- montanism, can only be vaguely regarded as a unity. The Church of England, in like manner, does not present the same face of a sober and somewhat mono- tonous uniformity as it did to our forefathers. From Archdeacon Dennison to Dean Stanley, from Dr. Pusey to Dr. McNeil, from Canon Close to Mr. Maurice, how wide the separation! Among Nonconformists, the diversities observable are fully as great as within the Church. Among the ecclesiastical descendants of the Puritans, who shuddered at the sinfulness of the dance and the play, the love-song and the novel, we have eloquent pulpit-sentimentalists who are authors of dramas and tales, and regard as unimportant things for which their fathers would have suffered martyrdom. All things are progressing, Christian communities among the rest ; and as an eloquent writer has said (Christian Society, p. 43) : " A great untutored strength, a gigan- tic force, impetuous in its manifestations, but essentially healthy ; a central heat of moral impulse and whole- hearted devotion to truth, may be discerned amid the weltering confusion of religious phenomena in our time. Better the short-comings, the offences, the extravagances of life, than the silence of death. Earnest heresy, reverent scepticism, are more hopeful phenomena than .the ecclesiastical formalism and infidel frivolity of the last century. The age has been one of extending knowledge. Science and criticism have widened the horizon embraced within man's intellectual vision. Difficulties have been felt, debate has arisen in harmonizing the new knowledge with the old faith. The religious man has been compelled to admit, if not the conviction, at least the surmise, that there may be more of mystery in the words of God with man than his fathers believed that Revelation may have been a more complicated and wonderful process than was supposed that the Spirit of God may have moved more extensively upon the waters of the human soul, leaving the vestiges on civilizations and in forms of IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. Ill national life where devout men of thu lust century did not suspect His presence. The faith which has been knit to the heart by the links of clear conviction the faith which has been accepted, not blindfold, but with open eye and assenting mind the fait hi which is a man's own, as well as his father's, which he found, indeed, growing upon an honoured grave, but which, with loving hand and joyfully-accepting heart, he has planted in his own garden this manly, vigorous storm-tried faith is more common in our days than in any former generation." And, then, be it observed that whatever may have been done in times past in the way of mutual recriminations and persecutions amongst religious sects, this ground of reproach is continually narrowing. The Protestant and the Catholic; the Churchman, and the Dissenter, and the Jew, work together for the accomplishment of a common object in philanthropy and religion. The wolf dwells with the lamb, and the leopard lies down with the kid, and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together ; the cow and the bear feed together, and their young ones lie down together. How little of the bitterness of sectarianism exists in our day is seen in the fact, that Churchmen and Dissenters of various sects occupy the same pulpits, advocate on a common platform the claims of benevolence, and exchange in our lodges and chapters all the courtesies and kindnesses of fraternal union. By-and-bye, we shall, perhaps, see eye to eye, even in this world. Meanwhile, it would not be difficult to show that a mere difference of opinion, upon however many points, is rather a good than an evil, in our present state of imperfection. At all events, it is not a thing to be sweepingly or indiscriminately con- demned, for while this sectarianism was foretold of Israel, the prophet, speaking in the name of the Lord, says : " I will pour out my spirit on thy seed ; and my blessing on thine offspring ; and they shall spring up as the grass among the waters, and as willows by the water-courses" (Isaiah xliv. 3, 4). 112 THE ISRAELITES FOUND CHAPTER XXII. ANGLO-SAXON PHILANTHROPY. RELIGION and philanthropy are inseparably united. He who wrote, u If a man love God, he will love his brother, also," wrote that which must approve itself to every man's judgment. It is a proposition that admits of no denial. What is religion ? The love of God. What is philanthropy ? The love of man. In both, the affection, if it exists, must exemplify itself in action. Love to God exhibits itself in serving Him ; that is, in worshipping and obeying Him doing what He enjoins, and avoiding what He prohibits. Love to man exhibits itself in sympathy, and in rendering active service on his behalf in relieving his wants, when within the compass of our power. In. both cases it is a reasonable service. If a man says he is religious, and is deaf to the claims of his fellow-man, he is but a pretender. " If a man love not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love God whom he had not seen ?" If men or people exhibit a zealous activity in promulgating the knowledge of God, by circulating His written revelation ; by expounding and enforcing its doctrines ; by becoming, in a word, His messengers or missionaries making Him known where he is not already known, putting down idolatry, and everything which exalteth itself against Him, while they are indifferent to the distresses or wants of individual men, they fall under the just condemnation pronounced upon those who affected to be zealous in attending to the word of the Lord, and showing much love to Him, while their hearts went after covetousness (Ezek.xxxiii.30-32,&c.) If Israel, then, is to raise up a standard to the nations, making known the True God, and inviting men to love and serve Him, they are to be animated by the love of their fellow-men, as they are animated by the love of God. And we shall see the proof of the one as of the other; that is, in their works. " Brotherly love, relief, and truth" will be combined. Religion and philan- thropy will go hand in hand. Of Israel, in their new state, this was predicted, in one of the most IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 113 impressive, and, as to style and construction, one of the most perfect pieces of Isaiah's writings (chap. Iviii.) After solemnly reproving Israel for her sins, especially for her hypocrisy, the people are introduced as making confession, and deploring their wretched condition, as the fruit of their wickedness. Then comes the Divine promise, that they shall be delivered that their light shall break forth as the morning, and that their righteousness shall go before them. Here is what was required of them, and what, having entered upon, the blessing was realised : " Is not this the fast which I choose ? to dissolve the bonds of wickedness ; to loosen the oppressive burthens ; to deliver those that are crushed by violence ; and to break asunder every yoke ? Is it not to distribute thy bread to the hungry, and to bring the wandering poor into thy house ? When thou seest the naked that thou clothe him ; and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh" (ver. 6, 7). If the Anglo-Saxons are really of the Israelites, this must be one of the most marked of their charac- teristics ; and that it is so the world not grudgingly testifies. England stands foremost of all nations in its works of philanthropy, but other members of the great Saxon family take part in the Divine work for such it is. To speak of England, first. May we not refer to the millions we have expended, and the sacrifices we have made not always wisely and well, it must be admitted on behalf of the oppressed and trodden-down, in almost every part of the world ? What is our National Debt, but a standing proof of that fact ? It was not to achieve territorial conquests, though we necessarily made some ; it was to defend peoples against their invaders, and for the maintenance of their independence that the wars involving such an expenditure of blood and treasure were waged from 1793 to 1815. We may have made some mistakes, and may have done some wrong, as I believe we did ; but the motive was not a selfish one. For twenty-two years we fought as if for our own existence. An eloquent American testifies, that " The stability of England is the security of the modern world. If the English race were as z THE ISRAELITES ' FOUND mutable as the French, what reliance ?" he asks, but he adds, " The English stand for liberty. The con- servative, money-loving, lord-loving English are the liberty-loving ; and so freedom is safe, for they have more personal force than any other people. The nation always resist the immoral action of their govern- ment. They think humanely on the affairs of France, of Turkey, of Hungary, of Poland, and of Schleswick- Holstein, though sometimes overborne by the state- craft of their rulers. ' ' How often have we interfered ? too often, perhaps though some tell us that we now often stand aloof when we should interfere. Be that as it may, the page of history gives abundant proof of the fact, that, in every international quarrel or difficulty the voice of England is heard, and is never treated with lightness. And as England has, at great cost to her- self, ever evinced sympathy, and often afforded help to foreign nations and peoples struggling against internal or external oppression, so she has afforded an asylum to all exiles, without distinction of race or nation, who have either been expelled from their own country, or have expatriated themselves, for political reasons. As Dr. Fischel, in his work on the English Constitution, observes, " not only has England afforded an asylum to foreigners, at all times, but she has likewise abstained from legislating to oppress them." This is true, upon the whole, but it is not to be denied, that, at times, some of our kings have emancipated themselves from our humane laws and customs towards strangers, and that there have been occasional exhibitions of jealousy, by the mercantile community, and efforts made to restrict the liberty of foreigners in regard to trade and commerce. The fact, nevertheless, remains, that one of the brightest jewels in the crown of England is her sympathetic treatment of oppressed foreigners. Other Saxon nations participate in the honour, but she stands foremost of all. This philanthropic spirit and conduct may be said to cost England nothing. But her deeds of active philan- thropy and benevolence are of great magnitude. The kingdom is literally covered with evidences of them ; and the sums voluntarily contributed to sustain institu- IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 115 tions of various kinds are prodigious, and excite the admiration of the world. The charitable institutions of London, alone, acknowledge the annual receipt of voluntary contributions amounting to about two millions and a half sterling; independent of numerous and munificent donations. The Lancet has been at the pains of ascertaining how many donations of 1,000, anonymous or otherwise, have been given to the me- tropolitan hospitals, within the last five years. Its list may not be quite complete, but it cannot be far off. These donations appear to have been seventy-five in number, the greater part from anonymous benefactors. In addition, there were gifts, which brought the total up to 94,000. I have just cast my eye upon an appeal on behalf of St. Thomas's Hospital. The new building it seems, has cost 590,000, exclusive of fittings, museums, furniture, &c. The former had been paid for, and the appeal was for funds to pay for the latter. The response was contributions amounting to 15,000, exclusive of gifts to the hospital and chapel, by the President and others. In the same day's Times appeared advertisements stating that the contributions to the Bishop of London's Fund, for building churches and supplying the means of worship where needed and called for, amounted to 439,821 and was still pro- gressing ; and that the fund for the relief of those who had suffered through the loss of the Captain had reached 56,000. Every week, too, brings before the readers of the public journals, considerable amounts bequeathed by deceased persons to charitable institutions ; and if to these we could add the large sums dispensed in private charity, and given to numberless associations which do not find a place among public institutions, the amount dispensed in charity, in the metropolis, alone, would be seen to be immense. And then come local provincial charities, such as hospitals, asylums, dispensaries, and schools of various kinds, in almost every city and town, throughout the United Kingdom all the fruits of philanthropy. Could we but add the amount of these to the metropolitan charities, the sum would be almost incredible. Nor can we omit to notice our national poor-rates 116 THE ISRAELITES FOUND which in the year last past (1871) amounted to no less than 7,644,309, being about 30,000 less than in the previous year. By many, this is not regarded with much complacency, but as a matter of reproach. But in whatever circumstances our pauperism may originate, the fund raised, and devoted to the relief of the poor, must be held to be a philanthropic fund. It should be remembered, too, by those who reproach us with the number of our paupers, that with no poor-law to be found abroad, or none so lenient as ours, the natural inducement to quit the country is taken away ; and that, on the other hand, there is every inducement to the needy of other lands to come here. Thus, it is the fate of England to retain her own poor, and to attract those of other countries. So long as cheap Belgian and German labour is invited hither, we cannot hope to escape the duty of supporting foreign poor, as well as our own. The circumstance that sustenance is here provided for all, and that elsewhere it is not, necessarily draws to our shores the failures and incapables of other countries. The Registrar- General states that every day there land in the United Kingdom 11 70 foreigners and aliens. JSTo wonder that our poor are numerous, and our poor-rates heavy. Whether it be more philanthropic to sustain them than it would be to starve them, need not here be said. But the philanthropy of Englishmen is not confined within the limits of their own island-home. Does a misfortune befall a people in a distant land are they suffering from war, or fire, or famine, or plague it is at once suggested, from many quarters, that there is a cry for help ; the national spirit is stirred, hearts are warmed, pockets are opened, cheques are drawn, and money flows in from all quarters and all classes. No one pauses to inquire what is the race, or the religion, or the character, or the habits of the sufferers. No matter whether Turks or Parsees, Jews or Christians they suffer, and the great heart of England promptly sends them aid. I say England, for that is the brood- nest of the Saxon race, which everywhere exhibits the same sympathy and solicitude for the distressed. Many evils xist amongst us evils taking their rise in the IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 117 long rule of an oligarchy although the last forty years have seen the extinction of many of them. Game laws, land laws, ignorance, able-bodied pauperism, and some other crying evils remain to be got rid of; and now that the reins of power have been taken out of the hands of the oligarchy, we shall get rid of these evils, as the enfranchised classes acquire wisdom and prudence I have already spoken of the influence which the propagation of Anglo-Saxon principles has had on the character of war. That it will ultimately suppress war altogether, I do not doubt, for it is as certain as that the sun opens and enlivens the day, that the time will come when the nations " shall beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks, and nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more'* (Isaiah ii. 4). Nations are a long time learning the lesson, and submitting to the principles out of which this blessed state of things is to arise : but no one who reads history can fail to see, that though wars are still horrible, they are not now waged with the ferocity they once were. Another thing we see, too : that is, that amidst these sanguinary contests some of the best and deepest feelings of our nature are evoked. During the late war between Germany and France, the deeds of heroism and benefi- cence performed by multitudes of both sexes, in the perils of the battle-field, tending the wounded and assuaging the sufferings of the dying, will never be for* gotten. We were sometimes horrified by reading of devilish atrocities committed by the belligerents on either side. At Bazeilles, for instance, it was reported that the Germans drove the women back into the burning houses, shot children as they fled down, the streets, tossed up babies and caught them on the points of their bayonets, and committed other cruelties unknown in civilized countries. Later testimony has happily removed this stigma, which was put upon the German troops, as it has also set aside many other stories of cruelty that were put into circulation. In like manner, the treatment of French prisoners by our German kinsmen was reported to be unfeeling, and in many cases most cruel. These statements are now 118 THE ISRAELITES found to have been amongst the stories got up to embitter the French soldier against his German foe, as also to blacken the German character. We knew, at the very time these stories were circulating in France, that the Queen of Prussia, the Crown Princess, and numerous Prussian ladies of rank and fortune, left their quiet and luxurious homes, and, donning the dress of sisters of charity, or hospital attendants, devoted their days and nights to visit the sick and wounded, admin- istering such comforts as words of sympathy could convey, and supplying what was needful for those who languished on beds of suffering, making no difference between friends and foes, but rendering to French and German alike. The blessing of many who were ready to perish fell upon their ears, and sank into their hearts, so that they wept with those who wept, and rejoiced with those who rejoiced. A Parisian correspondent of the Times, whose com- munication appeared in that journal, on the 23rd of August, 1871, describes the treatment which the French sick and wounded prisoners received in Germany, and from that description I make a short extract or two. It appears that after the capitulation of Metz, the Comte de Damas, Chaplain-General of the French forces at that place, applied to the then King of Prussia, now Emperor of Germany, for leave to visit the French prisoners, to afford them spiritual consolation, and to obtain for them such alleviations of their lot as were compatible, \vlth their position. The request was immediately granted, and the Comte set off on what he called " his pilgrimage, "armed with the fullest powers. Popular feeling was at the time very bitter in France. Metz had fallen. Sedan was doomed. The iron grip of Germany was firm upon the unhappy country, and Gambetta was about to prolong the war. It might, consequently, be expected, that the report of the Comte would have been at once scattered broadcast, if it had in any way tended to confirm the exaggerated state- ments which were at the time so current, as to the bad treatment of the French prisoners in the German towns to which they had been sent. On the contrary, the Comte had quite a different tale to tell. There were, ttr TfiE ANGLO-SAXONS. 119 at that time, lie assures us, about 300,000 prisoners in German hands. At Cologne, there were 17,000, com- fortably lodged in brick huts, with raised floors, weather proof roofs, and good and well constructed German stoves. Of those who were wounded and in hospital, the Comte writes : " It is difficult for them to content themselves with the ordinary distributions of food. Accordingly, the sisters undertake to make five a day. At one time it is coffee, at another chocolate, or soup, or roast meat. The same labour is renewed every day, with the same ardour, and we left Cologne with our hearts consoled." At Stettin, there were 17,000 prisoners, who unanimously spoke in the highest terms of the German officers under which they were placed. At Posen there were 10,000 prisoners, and at Glozau 13,700 ; and it seems that in these Polish towns so much sympathy was shown to the French, by the population, that the Prussian officers in charge of the convoy had considerable difficulty in maintaining order, Nevertheless, the Comte reports, all was done that was possible to render the hard lot of the captives endurable. " These men have met danger bravely," said the Prussian authorities; " it were unjust to let them suffer now." At Glozau there were some children, followers of the French camp, whom the victorious army had not found it in its heart to leave to starve. " God," writes the Comte, " has given these little ones a father, in the leader of the Prussian battalion, who looks after them with tender solicitude. This superior officer has ordered the subalterns to look after their education. He superintends their play. He even chose to distribute toys to them on Christmas night." Surely, this good old soldier has his reward laid up for him ! "In general," the Comte goes on, " I am struck with the way in which the heads of authority look after the soldier. These gentlemen, sometimes very stiff at first, are animated by real solicitude for their inferiors." At Posen, he found an order recalling him to Berlin. He was full of uneasiness, lets his mission was about to be stopped ; but it was only a letter from the War Minister, requir- ing from the prelate, in the name of the king, his word, as a gentleman and a priest, never to discuss any 120 THE ISRAELITES FOUND political or military questions with the prisoners. He said : " A very easy promise to make, for in truth, these poor fellows have more need of the bread of the Word of God than of fine phrases about chassepots or breechloaders, or even about European equilibrium. With this easy condition they were willing to let me collect the prisoners together, wherever I went, and even sent orders to that effect to the Commanders." At Glatz, he found a colonel who looked after the French prisoners as if they were Prussian soldiers. He dis- tributed among them shirts, shoes, and the pieces of cotton and woollen stuff in which the Prussian soldier wraps his feet ; and he asked the French Government whether they would not send them cotton vests and drawers. At Neisse, where he found 14,000 prisoners, he was told that the General in command came himself to see that the men wanted for nothing, and that their rooms were well warmed. And so he concludes his report, with several other striking instances of personal kindness, to which he himself had been an eye-witness. This, be it remembered, is the testimony of a French- man, speaking of the treatment his fellow-citizens received at the hands of the enemy, into whose power they had fallen. In old times, says the Echo, referring to this report, no prisoners were made. Plato, the most humane of all the Greeks, declares that the man who is coward enough to allow himself to be taken alive, deserves no consideration. If a whole batch of prisoners was made at a swoop, they were either butchered at once, or else shipped off as slaves ; while the side which remained in possession of the field wandered over it, and deliberately put the enemy's wounded to death. All this has changed, and when we look at the conduct of the Prussians, who suddenly found themselves obliged to feed, lodge, clothe, and warm more than 300,000 prisoners, all of whom were ragged, hungry, broken down, and destitute, many wounded sorely, and not at a few at the point of death, we are filled with admiration, and may surely feel gratified to find in them so noble a trait of the Saxon character. The Goths are represented in most histories, as a wild and ferocious people, warring as barbarians war, and showing no IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 121 mercy. In tlioso days war was, indeed, a sanguinary thing ; but it must be borne in mind, that while historians describe the Goths as the most civilized of the northern tribes, their armies were joined by many barbarous tribes who ran into great and dreadful excesses, the blame of which the Goths have generally borne. Since the fifth century, however, those noble qualities for which even the Homans gave them credit, have exhibited the Goths as a generous people ; and, as Anglo-Saxons, having no superiors. While thus recounting the philanthropic and bene- volent deeds of our race, I am not forgetful that there is another side to the picture. I have already said, we have much ignorance, much vice, and much misery amongst ns, which challenge the attention of all who are capable and who is not ? of aiding in their Suppression. Much of the ignorance, and much of the vice and crime which are its natural fruits, will be removed by the Education Act of 1871, and by the extension of the Factory Acts to all children employed in trades and other occupations ; while the modifications made, from time to time, in the Poor Law are bringing it much more in harmony with the national character for sympathy and benevolence. We have much to do before we shall fully recognise our obligations and faithfully discharge them. But we are going forward, Meanwhile, " Let us all be up and doing, With a heart for any fate ; Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labour and to wait!" CHAPTER XXIII. MILITARY AND MARITIME QUALITIES OF THE ANGLO- SAXONS. ONE is sometimes startled by the very opposite qualities that are united in the same person or the same race. In the Saxon race, this is especially noticeable. You shall sometimes, and not unfrequently, find a noisy boasting bully sneak away if but a comparative child 122 THE ISRAELITES FOUtfD bravely rebuke his brutality ; and you shall find a hero of indomitable courage exhibiting the tenderness and sympathy of a woman. Who forgets FalstafF ? Who remembers not Havelock ? As Emerson says, " The English delight in the antagonism which combines in one person the extremes of courage and tenderness. Nelson, dying at Trafalgar, sends his love to Lord Col- lingwood, and, like an English schoolboy that goes to bed, says, * Kiss me Hardy,' and turns to sleep. Lord Collingwood, his comrade, was of a nature the most affectionate and domestic. Admiral Rodney's figure approached to delicacy and effiminacy, and he declared himself very sensible to fear, which he surmounted only by considerations of honour and public duty. Clarendon says the Duke of Buckingham was so modest and gentle that some courtiers attempted to put affronts on him, until they found that this modesty and eniminacy was only a mask for the most terrible determination. And Sir James Parry said of Sir John Franklin, that if he found Wellington Sound open, he explored it ; for he was a man who never turned his back on a danger ; yet of that tenderness that he would not brush away a mosquito. Even for their highwaymen the same virtue is claimed, and Robin Hood comes to us described as the gentlest thief." A people who unite in themselves these qualities, are not formed to be conquered and subdued. They know as the writer just quoted says, " where their war dogs lie. Cromwell, Blake, Marlborough, Chatham, Nelson, and Wellington are not to be trifled with, and the brute strength which lies at the bottom of society, the animal ferocity of the quays and cockpits, the bullies of the costermongers of Shoreditch, Seven Dials, and Spitalfields, they know how to wake up." Was anything like this predicted of Israel ? Was Israel, after its dissolution as a kingdom, to become a powerful people, in the presence of all the nations, withstanding and overcoming all who should rise up against them, and compelling an acknowledgment of their superiority, while they evinced an all-embracing sympathy and benevolence ? We have seen that it was thus predicted ; and we have seen, in part, the IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. fulfilment of the predictions, in tracing the progress westward of the Getse, or Goths, from their settlements on the Euxine, their conquests in the Roman Empire, and their settlement in these islands. They were to be " terrible " in their anger, when attacked by others. They were to be exposed to great vicissitudes of success and loss, but they were not to be finally conquered. It was said to them, several years after they had been carried into captivity, " Fear them not, for I am with thee ; be not dismayed, for I am thy God : I will strengthen thee ; yea, I will help thee ; yea, I will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness. Behold, all fchey that were incensed against thee shall be ashamed and confounded ; they shall be as nothing ; and they that strive with thee shall perish They that war with thee shall be as nothing, and as a thing of nought" (Isaiah xli. 10-12). I know that many revolt from the idea, that God, in His moral government of the world, uses peoples, as He does His angels, to execute His judgments, and to effect those changes in the condition of nations recorded on the pages of history, and which the devout student discovers to be in dispensable to the fulfilment of His final purpose, which is the happiness of the creation. But I think it is impossible to read history, with a mind open to conviction, and not discover in it the hand of God. No doubt much will be inexplicable and irreconcilable with our imperfect ideas of His justice and mercy, but the historical facts remain, and if they are properly weighed, and their results carefully gathered up, and estimated in their relation to the world at large, there are few cases in which it will not be seen, that how- ever startling and distressing the occurrences in them- selves may appear to have been, mankind has, upon the whole, been benefitted by them, in the foundation they have laid for an improved condition of things. It will be difficult for those who deny the moral government of the world to account for this fact, while those who admit the moral governmeut of the world, find no small consolation in wading through the darker pages of history. Well, then, Israel was to be not only invin- cible, putting to shame all who might contend with her; 124 THE ISRAELITES FOUND she was to subdue peoples, and to bring them into subjection to her. " Behold I will make thee a new sharp threshing instrument ; a new corn-drag armed with pointed teeth : thou shalt thresh the mountains, and beat them small, and shalt reduce the hills to chaff ; thou shalt winnow them, and the wind shall bear them away ; and the whirlwind shall scatter them : but thou shalt rejoice in the Lord; in the Holy One of Israel shalt thou triumph" (Isaiah xli. 15-16). From the beginning it was foretold that they were to possess the gate of their enemies ; and subsequently it was said that nations should bow down to them (Genesis xxii. 17, xxiv. 60, xxvii. 29). And then, and long after, even while they were in captivity, it was declared that they should i( trample on princes like the mortar, even as the potter treadeth out the clay " (Isaiah xli. 25) ; and still more emphatically, and with more particularity, Jeremiah says, "Thou art my battle-axe and weapons of war : for with thee will I break in pieces the nations ; and with thee I will overthrow kingdoms ; and with thee will I break in pieces the horse and his rider ; and with thee will I break in pieces the chariot and its rider ; with thee also will I break in pieces man and woman ; and with thee will I break in pieces old and young ; and with thee will I break in pieces the young man and the maiden ; I will also break in pieces the shepherd and his flock ; and with thee will I break in pieces the husbandman and his yoke of oxen ; and with thee will I break in pieces captains and rulers " (chap. li. 20-23). Let any one read " The Eise and Fall of the Boman Empire," " The great European Battles," and the " History of India," and see in them how far these prophecies and promises have been accomplished in the Saxon race. And let him also look at the progress and issue of the late terrible war between the Germans and the French, and therein see how, " Through Thee, they shall thrust down their enemies, and in Thy name trample on those who rise up against them." These are the same people, descendants of the old Getas (Israel), against whom the Romans so long fought in vain, and who, after a war of centuries, were broken. IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 125 to pieces by them. In the old empire, the rumour ran, that there was never any that meddled with them that repented it not. The Roman legions, during the last century of the commonwealth, and in the first of the empire, assailed and subdued Gaul, Britain, Rhoetia, Vindelicia, and Pannonia. One people alone of all the European nations that Rome attacked, maintained their independence. These Goths, or Germans, as they came to be called, conquered and dismembered Rome's Western Empire ; but ft was still more to their glory that they resolutely withstood her, when in the very zenith of her power ; when there went forth a decree from Caesar Augustas that " all the world should be taxed ;" and when the earth seemed almost void of independent nations. The Germans extorted the respect as well as the fear of Rome, by their indomitable valour in maintaining their independence, not less than by their domestic virtues, and the free, but orderly, spirit of their internal governments. For ages, the power of this race was dreaded ; nations bowed down to them, and kings submitted to them. Long after their conquests in the Empire, the fleets of Norway and Denmark grieviously vexed all western Christendom ; and after Charle- magne's death, a large province in the north of France was ceded to them, and they became the civilized and Christianized chivalry of Normandy. This is the people that was carried captive by the Assyrians into those regions in the North of Europe where we first found them, and whence we have traced them coming westward, by the marks they left in their progress, and which exist at this day. They have subdued many nations, but they are not to be subdued. Nations may make war upon them, but they are not to fall. The Lord their Redeemer says, " Whosoever shall gather together against thee shall fall, for thy sake; no weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper." "All they that devour thee shall be devoured ; and all thine adversaries, every one of them, shall go into captivity ; and they that spoil thee shall be a spoil ; and all they that prey u^on thee shall be a prey" (Jeremiah xxx. 16), These prophetic promises, be it 126 THE ISRAELITES FOUND remembered, have reference to Israel, and iiot to Judah ; and they have been to a considerable extent fulfilled in the history of the Saxon race. The Norman conquest of England presents no difficulty, for the Normans were of the same Saxon race. But England, to maintain her high position, must be mistress of the seas. Situated in the midst of nations, some of whom envy her power and regard her great- ness and wealth with jealousy r- she has sedulously to guard her shores, and while ever putting forth efforts to promote and maintain peace among other nations, she has to be on the alert, lest herself should be taken at a disadvantage. It is a remarable fact, in relation to the theory I am maintaining, that Israel, to the exclusion of Judah and Benjamin, the two tribes who united when the revolt took place, was educated in maritime affairs. The inheritances of Dan and Ashur lay along the s hores of the Mediterranean, and it was, no doubt, with the seamen here trained that Hiram's servants, " who had knowledge of the sea," sailed, when Solomon's ships made a voyage to Ophir, and fetched gold (1 Kings ix. 28). That Israel, after her captivity, was to become a maritime people is obviously implied in those prophecies and promises which give her her possession of THE ISLANDS of the sea, and colonies and settlements in both hemispheres. These colonies and settlements could not have been acquired by any but a maritime people. " The abun- dance of the sea " (Isaiah Ix. 5) could not have been given to any other people. It has been given to the Anglo-Saxons ; and the world concedes to them pre- eminence on the seas. It is said that Charlemagne, one day, looking out of a window in a town of Narbonnese Gaul, saw a fleet of Northmen cruising in the Mediterranean, and then entering the port of the town, creating great alarm. As they went out to sea again, the Emperor gazed after them, his eyes bathed iu tears, " I am tormented with sorrow," he said, "when I foresee the evils they will bring on my posterity. " His forbodings were not without good reason. The Anglo-Saxons took after their kindred Norsemen. " As soon as this land got a hardy people IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 127 into it," says Emerson, " they could not help becoming the sailors and factors of the globe. From child- hood, they dabbled in water ; they swam like fishes ; their playthings were boats. In the case of the ship money, the judges delivered it for law, that England being an island, the very midland shires therein are all to be accounted maritime ;" and Fuller adds, " The genius even of land-locked countries driving the natives with maritime dexterity," As early as the Conquest, it is remarked, in explanation of the wealth of England that " its merchants traded to all countries." CHAPTER XXIV. VICISSITUDES IN ANGLO-SAXON HISTORY. WE have glanced at the military and maritime qualities united in the Anglo-Saxon race, by the exercise of which they have asserted and maintained their high position amongst the nations of the earth. Notwith- standing the comparatively small extent of their home territory, and the inferiority of their military strength and appliances, they have achieved the conquests and hold the possessions already described. What they have lacked in the numerical strength of their armies, they have made up in their wonderful pluck and endurance. They are brave in fight, and heroic in suffering. No privations or discomforts have sufficed to make them succumb in the face of an enemy, however numerous and powerful, or advantageously circum- stanced he might be. They have " supreme endurance in war and in labour :" and their kindred in Germany and in America exhibit the same invincible strength and heroism, and the same self-sustaining qualities. One of the most ardent desires of the first Napoleon was to secure the alliance of England, believing that France and England united might rule the world. But it was not to be. The pre-eminence was reserved for the Saxon; and England, Germany, and America one race now rule the world. To England it has been 128 THE ISRAELITES FOUND given to occupy the more prominent part in diffusing the truth, for the preservation and promulgation of which Israel was selected, and for the accomplishment of which, power and independence were indispensable. Accordingly, the Anglo-Saxon history is a continuous record of triumphs over difficulties, and of conquests over the opposing powers of darkness and oppression. On this I must be permitted to quote the testimony of one of a rival race, the Abbe* Milot, a French Roman Catholic and professor, to whom I have before referred, In the preface to his " Elements of the History of England" he thus writes, and although his sketch is tinctured by the bias which we might except in one so far removed from us in race and religion, his admiration for our character and achievements was not overcome by his predilections and prejudices : " No modern history, it must be confessed, presents to our view so great a number of striking pictures as that of England. We see here a people free, warlike, unconquerable, and a long time ferocious, preserve the same characteristic qualities through a successive train of bloody revolutions. Depressed by the arms and the despotism of the ambitious William, Duke of Nor- mandy ; gloriously governed by Henry the Second, the most powerful monarch of Europe, though embroiled with the Church ; they groaned afterwards under the tyranny of King John ; and this very tyranny pro- cured them the Great Charter, the eternal basis of their freedom. The English then imposed their crown on France, drove out the French prince they had called to the throne, and became the terror of the monarchy of Clovis, which seemed on the point of submitting to the yoke. But France, at length, after an interval of calamity and madness, called forth its resources, recovered its ancient glory, inseparable from the cause of its kings ; triumphed over a haughty enemy, whose victories were the fruit of our fatal dissensions ; and to revenge itself had only to leave its enemy a prey to dissensions still more cruel. Two rival, but kindred, houses, impelled to arms by rage and ambition, snatched from each other's brow a diadem drenched in blood; princes assassinated princes; the people IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 129 massacred each other for the choice of a master, and England became a theatre of anarchy and carnage. Under the Tudors we see tranquillity restored, and the national strength augmented ; but liberty destroyed. A prince, violent and capricious, habituates to the chains of despotism this proud and restless nation. He domineers over religion itself; and Rome, for having opposed him, loses, at one blow, a kingdom which had ever been one of its most fruitful sources of services and of riches. Mary attempts, in vain, to restore, by severe punishments,a worship, which, having truth for its basis, ought to subdue minds by no arms but those of persuasion. She succeeds only in making inconstant hypocrites, or inflexible fanatics; she renders for ever detestable herself and the faith she wishes to establish. At length Elizabeth reigns. Her genius enchains fortune, fertilizes .the earth, animates all the arts, opens to her people an immense career of commerce, and fixes in the ocean the foundations of the English Dominion. Continually surrounded by enemies, foreign or domestic, she defeats conspiracies, by her prudence, and triumphs over the forces of Philip the Second by her courage. Happy had she known how to conquer her own heart, and to spare a rival, whose blood, alone, tarnishes her memory ! But how impenetrable are the decrees of Heaven ! The son of Mary Stuart succeeds to Elizabeth ; the scaffold, on which his mother received the stroke of death, serves him as a step to mount the throne of England, from which his son is destined to be precipitated, to expire also on a scaffold. It is at this period we see multiply- ing before our eyes those celebrated scenes of which the universe furnishes no example : an absurd fanati- cism forming profound systems of policy, at the same time that it signalises itself by prodigies of folly and extravagance, an enlightened enthusiast, a great general and statesman, opening to himself, under the mask of piety, the road to the supreme power; subjects carrying on judicially the trial of a virtuous monarch, and causing him to be publicly beheaded, as a rebel. The hypocritical author of all this, reigning with as much glory as power ; making himself the arbiter of crowns, S 130 THE ISRAELITES FOUND and enjoying, even to to his tomb, the fruits of his tyranny : the Parliament the slave of the Tudors, the tyrant of the Stuarts, the accomplice and dupe of Cromwell, exercising the noblest right which men can possess over their fellow creatures that of making laws, and maintaining their execution. At length, from this chaos of horror, comes forth a government which excites the admiration of Europe. A sudden revolution again changes the face of affairs. The lawful heir is acknowledged ; his stormy reign develops the sentiment of patriotism: the imprudence of his successor alarms the national spirit of liberty ; his subjects revolt ; they call in a delivery ; the Stadtholder of Holland dethrones, without bloodshed, his timid and irresolute father-in-law ; the usurpation is established by the sanction of the laws; but those very laws impose conditions on the prince, and whilst he holds the balance of Europe, his will is almost without force in England. After him a woman presides over the destinies of nations, makes France tremble, humbles Louis the Fourteenth, and covers herself with immortal glory, by giving him peace, in spite of the clamours of an ambitious cabal. Aime, with less talent and more virtues than Elizabeth, has merited one of the first places among great monarchs. The sceptre passes again into foreign hands, complicated interests embarrass the government, and the British Constitu- tion seems declining from its original principles." The averment with which the Abbe concludes is true. Upon the death of Anne, George, Elector of Hanover, was proclaimed king. The Whigs having thus secured their object, the Tories opened a correspondence with " the Pretender." The West of England and Scotland, rising, proclaimed Charles Stuart king, and a day was fixed for his coronation. But the Whigs again triumphed. The Pretender and many of his dis- tinguished adherents escaped to France, and the Hano- verian family was established on the throne. The party contests of the Whigs and Tories, however, waxed fiercer and fiercer ; and in the time of George the Second, bribery and intimidation were unscrupu- . lously employed by ona party to put down the other, so IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 131 that Parliament became a hotbed of corruption, and the instrument of aristocratic misrule and violence. The electoral system was an impudent sham, employed for the purpose of maintaining and strengthening the power of which the aristocracy had possessed them- selves. As Sidney Smith wrote, " The country belongs to the Duke of Rutland, Lord Lonsdale, the Duke of Newcastle, and about twenty other holders of boroughs. They are our masters." So far was the House of Commons from being a representation to the people, that when Pitt informed the king that the House of Commons desired his mercy to be exercised in favour of Admiral Byng, his Majesty replied, " You have taught me, sir, to seek for the popular opinion else- where than in the House of Commons." In the few boroughs that were not absolutely ruled by the aristocracy, bribery and intimidation formed the "con- stitutional " power. Foote, in one of his comedies, makes an elector say, when I first became an elector I got only thirty guineas for a pair of knight's boots, whereas my neighbour, for just the same affair, had the luck to receive a fifty-pound note for a pair of wash-leather breeches." This was only a fair representation of parliamentary corruption. In 1790 a gooseberry bush was sold, during an election, for 800. The polling, in case of a contested county election, lasted forty days, during which time the public-houses were thrown open, and the candidates paid for all that was therein eaten or drank. In 1767 Lord Chesterfield wrote to his son, that rotten boroughs were to be had for from 3,000 to 5,000 : but they soon rose to 9,000, and then very much higher, for, at the election of 1794, Gatton fetched 70,000, and Lord Monson is said to have given as much as 180,000 for it. To bribery was added coercion ; and Court influence made itself felt by the withdrawal of custom, or the dismissal of functionaries. What was done in the Palace was done elsewhere, and wherever intimidation or coercion could be substituted for bribery, it was unsparingly used. And all this was openly defended in Parliament itself, as necessary for the well-being of the country. "According to the 182 THE ISRAELITES FOUND theory of the Constitution," said the Earl of Chatham, " there should a constant connection between the representatives and the electors. Will any man say that this connection now exists?" Speaking of the .close boroughs, he said, " They are the rotten parts of the Constitution, but like the evils of the body, we must bear them patiently we must carry them about with us ; the limb may be mortified, but amputation would be death.'* And Burke declared that the Parliament was still, and ever had been, exactly what it should be ; and that whoever wished to reform it, would be attempting to overthrow the Constitution. It needs hardly be said, that the result of this * state of the parliamentary "representation," as it is called, was to place the millions at the mercy of the upper ten thousand. This was described by Lord Erskine, in alluding to the trial of Hardy for high treason, he having been his counsel. Referring to the pressure against which he had to contend, he said, "Under all this I could have looked up for protection, in other circumstances ; I could, as defending one of the people in a fearful extremity, have looked up to the Commons of England, to hold a shield before the subject, against the Crown ; but in this case I found that shield of the subject a sharp and destroying sword, in the hands of the enemy the protecting House of Commons was itself, by corruption and infatuation, the accuser, instead of the defender, of the subject : it acted as an Old Bailey solicitor, to prepare briefs for the Crown, and that in a case which the judges declared to be so new that they were obliged to try experiments in the legal constitution, to find a way of trying it." The power of the aristocracy, as exercised through their landowning, and their control of the legislature, was such as can now scarcely be conceived of. As Emerson remarks, " The Selwyn correspondence, in the reign of George the Third, discloses a rottenness in the aristocracy which threatened to decompose the State. The sycophancy and the sale of votes and honour, for place and title ; lewdness, gaming, smuggling, bribery, and cheating ; the sneer at the childish indiscretion of quarrelling with 10 ? 000 a IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 133 year ; the want of ideas ; the splendour of the titles, and the apathy of the nation are instructive, and make the reader pause, and explore the firm bounds which confine these vices to a handful of rich men. In the reign of the Fourth George, things do not seem to have mended, and the rotten debauchee lefc down from a window, by an inclined plane, into his coach, to take the air, was a scandal of Europe." This might seem to have been enough to sink the nation into a slough of despond ; but, " Fear not, for I am with thee; be not dismayed, for I am thy God ; I will strengthen thee ; yea, I will help thee ; yea, I will uphold thee by the right hand of my righteousness' ' (Isaiah xli. 10). Through all insurrections, and intrigues, and political and religious corruption ; through wars and conspiracies, the nation has been borne, and we have lived to see the day in which the buttresses raised to preserve aristocratic rule and misrule, and all the exclusive privileges which they had taken to them- selves monopolising not only the seat of power, with all its appendages and emoluments, but the great seats of learning also colleges and universities are being thrown down, one after another, and all classes are taking their proper places within the portals of the Constitution, while the foundations of that glorious edifice are being so enlarged and strengthened that we may foresee the time when it shall be said of the race, " Behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colours, and thy foundations with sapphires : and I will make thy battlements of rubies, and thy gates of carbuncles : and the whole circuit of thy walls shall be of precious stones; and all thy children shall be taught by Jehovah ; and great shall be the prosperity of thy children. In righteousnessshalb thou be established. Be thou far from oppression ; yea, thou shalt not fear it ; and from terror, for it shall not approach thee. . ; . . Whosoever is leagued against thee shall come over to thy side Whatsoever weapon is formed against thee it shall not prosper ; and against every tongue that contendeth against thee thou shalt obtain thy cause. This is the heritage of Jehovah's servants, and their justification from me, said thy Jehovah" (Isaiah liv, 11-17), 134 THE ISRAELITES FOUND CHAPTER XXV. MONETARY POWER OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS. THE money-power of the Saxon race is one of the most noticeable traits in their character. The scale of living amongst their industrial classes is much higher than is to be found among either Celts or Franks. They feed better, clothe better, are housed better, and their social habits ensure them comforts and luxuries to which the other races are comparative strangers. But while the Saxons thus expend more upon them- selves than others do, they save more money; that is, accumulate more than any other peoples. What enor- mous sums England, America, and Germany have expended in wars during the last century, and yet what a mass of accumulated wealth they each possess ! England stands first in this, as in most other things. " In spite of her huge National Debt," says Emerson, " the valuation mounts. During the war, from 1789 to 1815, whilst Englishmen complained that they were taxed within an inch of their lives, and by dint of enormous taxes were subsidizing all the Continent against France, they were every year growing rich, faster than any people ever grew before. It is their maxim, that the weight of taxes must be calculated, not by what is taken, but by what is left." The creation of wealth in England, during the last century, is a main fact in modern history. The wealth of England determines prices all over the globe. All things, precious, or amusing, or useful, or intoxicating, enter into her commerce, and are floated to London. Some English private incomes reach, and some exceed, 250,000 a year. Ahundred thousand mansions adorn the land. All that can feed the senses and passions ; all that can succour the talent, or increase the comfort, of the intelligent middle classes, who never forego anything for their own consumption ; all that can gratify taste or secure enjoyment, is in the open market. Whatever is excellent and beautiful in civil, rural, or IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 135 ecclesiastical architecture in fountain, garden, or grounds, the English nobleman crosses land and sea to obtain, or to copy at home. Such a wealth has England earned ever new and augmenting. But the question suggests itself, " does she take the step beyond ; namely, to the wise use in view in the accumulated wealth of nations ? We estimate the wealth of nations by seeing what they do with their surplus capital." Well,' we have seen that a part of her wealth goes to establish schools and hospitals, and in a thousand other ways to minister to the minds and bodies of those who need it. Hundreds of churches, schools, hospitals for every ailment to which humanity is liable ; with asylums for the deaf, the dumb, the blind, the idiot, and the mad ; and refuges for sorrowing Magdalens and penitent thieves ; and beneficent socities for helping the aged, the crippled, and the temporarily embarrassed, abound. But after having dispensed so largely as England does, in this way, she has so much left in hand that she supplies the world, or any part of it, with all the money it requires. But to this I shall more particularly speak further on. Whence, we may ask, is all this wealth obtained ? Chiefly from our manufacturing and mercantile industry* The products of our labour are estimated at between seven and eight hundred millions sterling a year. Our foreign commerce is so vast that the declared value of the exports exceeds 220,000,000 a year. During the first seven months of 1871, their declared value was 121,455,961. The sums passed through the Bankers* Clearing-house in the city of London the centre of this commerce amounted, in the first six months of the year to 2,205,549,000. If I had the materials at hand to give, approximately, the sum of the accumulated savings, only, of England, America, Germany, and the rest of the Saxon nations, the figures would be bewildering. I have adverted to the superior condition, as regards the various comforts of life, which characterizes the Saxon peoples, especially the Anglo- Saxons, and, above all, England and her colonies. An English artizan, an English labourer of any description, in his home-land, in America, or in Australia, consumes. 136 .THE ISRAELITES FOUtfP much more than fche artizan or labourer of &n.y other race does ; and the middle classes live much more freely and luxuriously than those of other peoples. But while they all thus live, they do not consume all they acquire. They have a surplus, as savings' banks, benefit societies, of various kinds, freehold land societies, life insurance companies, and stocks and shares of all descriptions testify ; for while savings' banks, benefit societies, and some other descriptions of investments are almost wholly sustained and derive their funds from the middle and working classes, these classes also invest a comparatively large amount in British and Foreign Funds. " Foreign Stocks" that is, money lent to foreigners is a familiar phrase ; for although foreigners have borrowed so freely, that, after all they have repaid, they still owe no less a sum than 2,800,000,000, the greater part of it to England, they are continually coming for more, and are never sent empty away. Nor have they to wait long for what they ask. A loan is announced for some state in the -Old World, or the New, and the subscriptions so pour into the banks appointed to receive them, that the usual thing is for many millions more than are required to be offered, in a week, sometimes in a day; the applications for permission to lend to the borrower being so numerous that an applicant is not permitted to con- tribute more than a half, or a third, or less than that, of what he offers. So enormous are the loans, that the amount of interest paid upon them, in England, alone, sometimes exceeds five or six millions sterling in a single month. And while we have thus lent, and are still lending, the amount of unemployed capital is often so great, that, though offered, on loan, at from 2 to 3 per cent, borrowers cannot be found. The Saxons never go to the Celts or the Franks, to borrow. To them they are ever lenders. They borrow amongst themselves Germany and England are large creditors of the Americans, their kinsfolk ; and England has sometimes, not often, helped the Germans, her kinsfolk. England herself has, in times past, borrowed largely ; but it has been the state borrowing of the nation the rulers borrowing of the people; for Itf THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 137 tilthough a considerable amount of British Stocks is held by foreigners, it is not because we borrow the money from them, but because they, having such con- fidence in our resources and our honesty, have purchased the securities from those who originally held them, as .securities a long way a-head of anything they could .find elsewhere. The chief ground of this confidence is the unswerving rectitude of the English character. I have quoted Emerson two or three times, as describ- ing traits in the English character, and I quote him once more, because, not being an Englishman, he can- not be supposed to speak under the bias with which an Englishman might be supposed to speak of his country- men's character. He says : " They have a national singleness of heart, a name which has a proverbial significance of sincerity and honest meaning. The arts bear testimony to it. In old sculptures and illuminated missals, the faces of clergy and laity are charged with earnest belief. Add to this hereditary rectitude, the punctuality and precise dealing which commerce creates, and you have the English truth and credit. The Government strictly .performs its engagements. The subjects do not under- stand trifling on its part. When any breach of promise occurred in the old days of prerogative, it was resented by the people as an intolerable grievance. And, in modern times, any slipperiness in the Government, in political faith, or any repudiation or crookedness in matters of finance, wo aid bring the whole nation to a .committee of inquiry and reform. Private men keep their promises, never so trivial. Down goes the flying word on their tablets, and it is as indelible as Doomsday Book. Their practical power rests on their national sincerity. They are blunt in saying what they think; sparing of promises ; and require plain dealing of others. They will not have to do with a man in a mask. ' Let us know the truth. Draw a straight line, hit whom and where it will.' To be king of their word is their pride. When they unmask cant they say, 1 The English of this is ' so and so ; and to give the lie >s the extreme insult. The phrase of the lowest of the people is, 'Honour bright;' and their vulgar phrase 138 THE ISRAELITES POUND * His wordis as good as his bond.' They hate shuffling and equivocation ; and the cause is damaged, in the public opinion, on which any paltering can be fixed. An Englishman understates, avoids the superlative, checks himself in compliments, and alleges that one cannot speak in the French language without lying. They confide in each other. English believe in English. .The French feel the superiority of this probity. The Englishman is not springing a trap for admiration, but is honestly minding his own business. The Frenchman is vain. Madame de Stael says that the English irritated Napoleon, mainly, because they had found out how to unite success with honesty." Have we any intimations in the ancient prophecies of the wealth and monetary power of the Israelitish race ? We certainly have, although these prophecies are not so numerous as those of many other traits in their character, which I have already produced, and which we have found to be the characteristics of the descendants of the Getae, of which the Anglo-Saxons constitute the chief branch, and which characteristics are not to be found in any other people on the face of the earth. The prophet Hosea, after exhorting Israel, in the midst of the calamities into which she had fallen through her iniquities, to return to the Lord in prayer and supplication that He might take away her iniquity and receive her graciously, pronounces the Divine promise thereon, not only of spiritual blessings, but of abundant and diversified temporal ones, also : " I will be as the dew unto Israel ; he shall grow as the lily, and cast forth his roots as Lebanon ; his branches shall spread ; his beauty shall be as the olive tree, and his smell as Lebanon" (Hosea xiv. 1-6). This imagery was familiar to the people, who could not mistake its meaning, but who would interpret it as a sure prophecy of their secular as well as of their spiritual prosperity ; and no selection or accumulation of Oriental metaphors could more vividly describe the future flourishing con- dition of the people of whom the words were spoken. But it is to the great prophet of the restoration and future of Israel that we must turn for an amplification of these prophetic promises. In Isaiah lx., we find a. IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 139 long and beautiful description of Israel's future pros- perity and final restoration, uttered while she was yet in captivity : " The riches of the sea shall be poured in upon thee ; the wealth of the nations shall come unto thee all of them from Saba shall come : gold and frankincense shall they bear thy gates shall be open continually ; by day or by night they shall not be shut Thou shalt suck the milk of nations ; even by the breast of kings shalt thou be fostered. Instead of copper I will bring gold ; and instead of iron I will bring silver ; and instead of wood brass ; and instead of stones iron The little one shall become a thousand ; and the small one a strong nation." The chapter in which these extraordinary promises are made, has, no doubt, to receive a much more com- prehensive and glorious fulfilment, in the progress of time, for it stretches onward until the restoration of the tribes, and their re-establishment in their own land, where they are to become the praise, or admiration, or wonder , of the whole earth. The history of * he world, which records the fulfilment of the roll of prophecy, so far, shows that all things are brought about by the employment of human agency, and there- fore in a gradual, and, sometimes, in an almost imper- ceptible manner. We read of few sudden and apparently miraculous changes in the history of nations. They rise and fall by degrees by gradually advancing or retrogressing steps. And this gradual advance appears to be destined for the chosen people. Their growth in numbers, in power, and in wealth will furnish the means for consummating the Divine purpose, in their final and unparalleled exaltation. No one can read the history of the Gothic race, and take note of its wonderful progress, its mighty achievements, and its present and advancing position in the world, without a conviction, if the subject be duly reflected upon, that it is destined for some great purpose in the order of the Divine economy. How well the passages I have quoted from the prophet Isaiah describe a wealthy mercantile people a people trading largely with foreign countries, exchanging their metals and 140 THE ISRAELITES FOUND other commodities for silver and gold, and growing' wealthy thereby must be obvious to all who read them. The nations and their kings are to pour their wealth into their lap, so that "the little one shall become athousand, and the small one a strong nation ;" the sons of strangers building up their walls, and their kings ministering unto them. But what was Israel to do with her wealth ? As we have seen, she was to unloose the bonds of oppression : to give slaves their freedom ; to clothe, feed, and house the destitute poor ; in a word to help all who were cast down, and comfort all who were distressed. And what was she to do with her superfluous wealth ? She was to lend it to others. One of the rewards of obedience, especially of con- sideration for and bounty to the poor, promised to the collective descendants of Jacob, was that they should be so largely blessed blessed in their storehouses, and in all that they set their hands to ; so plenteous in goods, in the fruit of their body, in the fruit of their cattle, and in the fruit of their gronnd, that they should lend to many nations, and borrow of none (Deut. xv. 6, xxviii. 12). This, it must be admitted, is so extra- ordinary a prophetic blessing a thing so unlikely to come to pass in the history of a people not then formed into a nation, whose views of territorial occupation were confined within very narrow limits, and who, as a nation, were to have but little intercourse with other people that no impostor would have ventured to utter it. But there it stands recorded, in two several places, amongst the especial blessings that were pre- dicted of His people by the great and inspired Lawgiver. It obviously implies that the people of whom it was spoken, though then just escaping from slavery, poor, despised, and opposed by all the nations whose path they crossed, should exceed all others in accumulated wealth. Other nations would require monetary assistance from without, but these, never. On the contrary, they were to lend all others. They were not only to possess abundance, but of their superfluity, they were to lend to all others. That this was said of them as a nation, and not as individuals, is clear, for IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 141 all the blessings and curses pronounced in these two chapters, were addressed to them in their collective or national character ; as is also clear from the terms in which the borrowers are spoken of "nations;" and what I have already said as to the amount of foreign debts the greater portion which is owing to England, shows the literal fulfilment, in a most remarkable manner, of this most remarkable prophecy, and iden- tifies the Anglo-Saxons with the people of whom it was spoken. CHAPTER XXYI. THE SEED OF ISRAEL TO BE A DISTINGUISHED PEOPLE* NOTWITHSTANDING the space I have occupied in exhibiting what I consider to be some of the proofs to be found in history of the identity of the Gothic race, especially of its great Saxon branch, with the Ten Tribes of Israel, I have by no means exhausted them. There are other points of idendity which will present themselves to the student, and which, if not so striking as those I have selected, are sufficiently so to suggest that proofs of Israel's identity with the Saxon race are to be found in great profusion in sacred scripture and in profane history. If they are not proofs of the identity of the Saxons with "Israel," "Ephraim," or the " Ten Tribes" so long supposed lost, they exhibit a number of coincidences of the most extraordinary kind known in ancient or modern times. No believer in the history of the Hebrew race, from the call of Abraham to the overthrow of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, and the final overthrow of the latter by the Romans, in the first century of the Christian era, can I think, reconcile to himself the idea, that ten-twelfths of that people who had been chosen by the Almighty to preserve, as in a sacred depository, the knowledge of His being and worship when all the world had plunged into the darkness and licentiousness of idolatry 142 THE ISRAELITES FOUND and whose preservation, restoration, and final and unparalleled glory, as a people, occupy so large a portion of the prophetic writings, were destined to be kept out of sight " lost" in no way employed in bringing about that emancipation, restoration, and universal dominion so emphatically and reiteratedly predicted of them,asto constitute, as it were, the central page of prophecy. The two tribes known as Judah, or the Jews, are not "lost," but are, and have been for nearly two thousand years, the witnesses, all over the world, of the truth of those terrible prophecies which foretold the punishments, dispersion, and affliction that should follow upon their persistent violation of the Law, and rejection of the Divine promises. With a conviction of their obligation to keep the Law, but unable to do so, as outcasts from their land, and destitute of an altar and of a sacrifice, Judah, or the Jews, wander abroad, sighing and praying for a return to the land of their forefathers. But while Judah is thus answering one of the greatest purposes of God, in testifying to the verity of the Word that was written so many ages ago, can it be believed that Israel, of whom it is written, " 0, Israel, thou hast destroyed thyself, but in me is thine help, I will be thy king : where is any other that may save thee in all thy cities ?" (Hosea xiii. 9, 10), and of whom, also, so many and such wonderful things are predicted, as to themselves and as to their re 1 ations with the nations can it be believed that these were to be as a light put under a bushel, for the space of 2500 years, and then, in some miraculous way, to come forth as a numerous people a great people, possessing the Islands a people unto whom kings shall bow down, into whose lap the nations shall pour fcheir riches, and at whose foot-stool they shall do homage ? This is not the way in which the Almighty has been found, in past history, to govern the world. Progression seems to be the Divine law ; and it is exhibited in nations as in individuals. Under the Divine guidance, men and nations prepare them- selves to occupy the place and do the work which tend to the consummation of the Divine purpose in relation to the human race ; and it is reasonable to believe, IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 143 independently of all predictions pointing in that direction, that during the time the world and the church have been fancying the Ten Tribes to be " lost/' or to have been found only in a few isolated spots in the East, living in small communities, in no way con- tributing towards the accomplishment of the Divine purpose, they have been instrurnentally employed in effecting those great changes which, during the last 1500 years or so proceeding from the very regions iuto which Israel was carried captive, and having their foundation laid by the Gothic race, in the diffusion by them of those Divine truths which were revealed to their forefathers have been progressively making "the wilderness and the solitary place to be glad for them, and the desert to rejoice and blossom as the rose," because preparing a " highway for our God." I thus put the question upon a purely rational basis, apart from all prophetic intimations, in the hope that it may lead to such reflection, on the part of some who have followed me in these disquisitions, as will induce them to meditate more deeply on the wonderful harmony between the prophecies relating to Israel, after her captivity, and the history and character of the Saxon race, of which I venture to think I have given some glimpse. But there is one prophecy to which I cannot help referring, as it appears to me to be, more, perhaps, than any other, incompatible with the common notion of the disappearance of these tribes, until shortly before the time shall arrive for their restoration to their own land. In Isaiah Ixi. 9-11, we read, " their seed shall be known [or illustrious] among the nations, and their offspring among the people : all who see them shall acknowledge them, that they are a seed which the Lord hath blessed For as the earth pusheth forth her tender shoots, and as a garden maketh her seed to spring forth, so the Lord Jehovah shall cause righteousness and praise to spring forth in the presence of all the nations." It is thus that the people that have come of Israel are to become known, or illustrious, as a people, among, or in the midst, of, the nations not as Israel ; for, as we have seen, they were for a time not to be known, or identified, either by them- 144 THE ISRAELITES FOUND selves or by others, although, as we now know, they' have all along been doing Israel's work; or the work which it was predicted Israel should do. The meaning of the prophecy, I take it, is, that they are to be dis- tinguished amongst the nations, as an extraordinary and a superor people whom the Lord hath blessed. They are to be a prosperous people pre-eminently prosperous. And they are to be a people eminently religious, for they are to clothed with " the mantle of righteousness, and with the garments of salvation " (ver. 10). They are thus to appear as a nation. The worship and service of God are to be identified with them ; and the acknowledgment of Him as their Creator, Redeemer, and Governor, is to be nationally made, as is found to be the case, not only in England and her dependencies, bat in all Saxon nations. This, as I have said, is not a people who are to break forth suddenly upon the world. They are progressively to become thus distinguished ; their growth is to be gradual, and, like the seed which has sprung forth and arrived at maturity, they are to cast their seed abroad, gradually widening the area they occupy. They are to " take root." " Israel shall blossom and bud, and fill the face of the world with fruit " (Isaiah xxvii. 6). Nothing could more beautifully, or more expressively, depict the gradual mingling of Israel with the people, in all the regions of the earth, just as the Saxon race has been, and are being mingled. And it is through them that " the Lord God will cause righteousness and praise to spring forth before all the nations," as we see He is doing. Wonderful, indeed, must the course of the Divine government appear to the diligent and reflecting student as he traces it from the mission of Abraham, through the chequered history of Israel, if he even go no further than the captivity of the Tribes by the Assy- rians and Babylonians. To speak of nothing beyond the captivity of the chosen people, and their future, with the relation which one portion of them was to bear to the rest of mankind, and the blessings they were to be the means of conferring upon them it may be unhesitatingly affirmed, that the captivity of .the IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 145 Tribes was, in itself, the instrument of incalculable benefit to the rest of the world. It brought them into contact with the Western races. In place of the Shemitic Assyrians, with whom Israel had to do at the close of the seventh century before Christ, and of the Hamitic Chaldeans, under whose power a portion of them were, during the first two generations of the sixth century, the Indo- Germanic (Japhetic) race of Persia now comes to the front. At the same time Grecian influence was beginning to make itself felt in Egypt, and Daniel made known the true God and exercised those wonderful powers which compelled an acknow- ledgment of His omniscience and omnipotence. That the Persians " bring about a purer conception of God, and introduce a purer code of morality," says Haneberg, " is not to be regarded as an isolated fact. There was felt among all civilized nations, about a generation before the appearing of Cyrus, a great intellectual awakening. That period was characterised, in Greece, by the first movements of the comprehen- sive philosophy of Pythagoras ; in Bactria, by the rise of Buddha ; in China, by that of Kong-fu-tse (Con- fucius) and Laotse. But nowhere was this movement carried out more systematically and successfully than among the Persians." Daniel was not a prophet of Israel, but of the nations ; and, for becoming so, the position he occupied in the Babylonian and Medo- Persian courts peculiarly fitted him. It is impossible to estimate the amount of true light and Divine knowledge which, through the prophet Daniel and his captive companions, who occupied so high a position in the courts of Babylon and Medo- Persia, was diffused, or how far they were the means of influencing the religion and morals of the nations around. But we know, as already said, that the outburst of light which thus occurred, and which, spreading, as it were, from that region in which the captive tribes originally had their place, was not a solitary instance of such an outburst from the midst of these chosen, wonderfully preserved, and wonder- fully ^employed people. 146 THE ISRAELITES FOUND CHAPTER XXVII. ISRAEL'S PROPENSITY TO IDOLATRY. ONE of the most remarkable traits in the character of the Israelites was their propensity to start aside from the ordinances and worship prescribed by the Mosaic Law, and to adopt, or mix with them, the vicious and debasing rites of idolatry. The repeated chastisements to which they were subjected, declaredly on account of these forbidden practices, and the repeated miracles by which the authority of the Mosaic system was attested, ceased, after short intervals, to impress their minds ; and, again and again they lapsed into this sin of idolatry. In the very midst of the solemn covenant into which they were entering with the one true and only God, at Mount Sinai, where they had been over- whelmed by the awful manifestations of the Divine presence, they insisted upon Aaron's making a god which might go before them in the wilderness. This golden calf, or ox, of Aaron, in imitation of the Egyp- tian god Apis, was followed by numerous aberrations from the true worship, as was exemplified in the adoption, for a time, of the abominations of Baal Peor, and others similar to them. But it is to the apostacy of Solomon that we must chiefly refer for the almost universal prevalence of idolatrous rites united with the worship of the true God. As the Misses Rothschild write, " The decline of Solomon's reign was a melancholy foreshadowing of the subsequent decline of the Hebrew nation. . . . He took many wives, a thousand, we are told, idolatrous maidens of Moab, Ammon, and Edom, of Canaan and Phoenicia, and they infested Jerusalem with their own superstitions. The pure faith of the Hebrew king and his people was sullied. Instead of one service in the Temple, offered to the one true God, Solomon bowed down before the most hideous idols. He tolerated the licentious worship of Astarte ; he burnt incense to Cheinosh, the god of the Moabites ; and he sanctioned the detestable rites of Milcom and Moloch, the deities of the Ammonites, IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 14?. in whose honour children were burnt" (Hist, and Lit. of the Israelites) . Israel exceeded Judah, after the division of the kingdom, in their propensity to thus mingle the true and the false to sully and debase the pure worship of their covenant God, by the foul, cruel, and polluting rites of idolatry. But almost throughout the two kingdoms the abominations prevailed, and Ezekiel was commanded thus to address himself to Israel, after they had been delivered into the hands of the Assyrians : " Thus they have done unto me : they have defiled my sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my sabbaths, for when they had slain their children to their idols, then they came, the same day, into my sanctuary, to profane it ; and, lo ! this have they done in the midst of mine house" (chap, xxiii. 88, 39). Nor were they, as Judah were, cured of their propensity to this profane mixing of holy and unholy things. They continued in their idolatrous course, notwith- standing the terrible judgments to which it had already subjected them, for as the same prophet testifies, more than 130 years after their deportation into Assyria : " Thus saith the Lord . . . I will sanctify my great name, which was profaned among the heathen, which ye have profaned in the midst of them ; and the heathen shall know that I am the Lord, saith the Lord God, when I shall be sanctified in you before their eyes" (chapter xxxvi. 23, 33). " Ephraim (Israel) had joined himself to idols." The people lost the knowledge of the true God, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt, and made them a peculiar people. And, as in all such cases, they departed further and further from the " old ways" of truth and righteousness, and became more deeply immersed in superstition and vice. The idolatry of the Saxons was of a very gross form, but there was in it much which, we can hardly doubt, was founded upon imperfect.traditions of their old faith and worship ; of which, indeed, they preserved some striking points. The Saxons are described as having been acquainted with the doctrine of one Supreme Deity, the author of everything that exists $ the Eternal, the Living, the 148 THE ISRAELITES FOUND Awful Being ; the Searcher into all hidden things ; the Being that never changes ; who lives and governs during the ages, directing everything that is high or that is low. Once they esteemed it impious to make any visible representation of this great Being, or to imagine that he could be confined within the walls of a temple. Their change in this respect is said to have arisen in consequence of having received a mighty conqueror from the East, as their god in human nature, correspondent to the expectation of Israel, with regard to their Messiah. The name of this supposed deliverer was Odin or Woden. He was esteemed the great dis- penser of happiness to his followers, and of destruction to his enemies; and when he was removed from amongst them, they placed his image in their most holy place, on a raised dais a kind of ark, as in imitation of that at Jerusalem, where, between the cherubim, the Divine Presence manifested itself. They placed, near Woden, the image of his wife, Frigga ; and between the two, the image of Thor ; outward of these three, by the side of Woden, was the image of Tuesco, and by the side of Frigga, Seater, or Saturn ; and outward of Tuesco, a representation of the moon ; and outward of Saturn, an image of the sun. These gods, it may be remarked, are those with which Israel had been threatened, the sun and moon, and gods which their fathers had not known. Before the ark, in the holy place, in which their idols were placed, stood an altar on which the holy-fire continually burnt, and near it a vase for receiving the blood of the victims, and a brush for sprinkling it upon the people ; thus reminding us of the Mosaic system of sacrifice and atonement. They had generally a temple for the whole nation, in which twelve priests served, having under their charge the religious concerns of the whole people, and being presided over by a high priest. In addition, they had their rural worship, which was generally in groves, as was the practice of Israel in its early history. IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 149 CHAPTER XXIII. SAXON HOSTILITr TO SPIRITUAL TYRANNY. THE commingling of truth, and error, the union of the old Hebrew ceremonies with the worship of idols, in the ceremonies of which were bloody rites and horrible cruelties, was one of the remarkable traits in the Saxon race, as we have seen it to have been in ancient Israel. But like as it was during their location in Assyria, Babylonia, and Media, the light at length burst forth. At the very time when Christianity had become over- laid with formalism and superstition, and Mahomedan- ism had been making rapid strides in the world, the Anglo-Saxons were converted from their idolatry, embraced Christianity, and ultimately became, and have continued to be, its most constant and efficient teachers, and foremost champions. " The Christians of the seventh century," says Gibbon, "had insensibly relapsed into a semblance of Paganism ; their public and private vows were addressed to the relics and images that disgraced the temples of the East ; the throne of the Almighty was darkened by a cloud of martyrs, and saints, and angels the objects of popular veneration; and the Colliridian heretics, who flourished in the fruitful soil of Arabia, invested the Virgin Mary with the name and honours of a goddess. Each of the Oriental sects was eager to confess that all, except themselves, deserved the reproach of idolatry and poly- theism." The forms and objects of idolatry were diversified ; but they spread themselves abroad, and had again cast their blighting influence over the greater part of the earth. At this juncture, a man came forth from the peninsula of Arabia, and, with the sword in one hand and the Koran in the other, erected his throne on the ruins of Christianity. Increasing myriads acknowledged Mahomet as their king and prophet, so that, as Gibbon observes, " a hundred years after his flight from Mecca, the arms and the reign of Jhis successors extended from India to the Atlantic ocean, over the various and distant 150 THE ISRAELITES FOUND provinces which may be comprised under the names of Persia, Syria, Egypt, Africa, and Spain." Commencing with the promulgation of a creed which asserted the glorious truth of the unity of God, enforced the worship and adoration of this infinite and eternal Being, without form or similitude, present to our most secret thoughts, existing by the necessity of His own nature, and deriving from Himself all moral and intellectual perfection, he inculculated a morality much purer than anything he found about him. But Mahomedanism at length became a mass of degrading superstition, com- posed of the most heterogeneous materials, debasing -alike to the souls and bodies of men. Mohomedanism .and the Papacy dominated the world. Near the end of the sixth century, Pope Gregory, having set his heart upon the conversion of the Anglo^ Saxons, sent Augustine, a Roman monk, on a religious mission to England, and he, by adroitly adapting the doctrines and discipline of the Church to the super- stitious notions and practices of the Anglo-Saxons, succeeded in converting Ethelbert ; and the Christian faith was at length formally adopted in the Heptarchy. The fruit produced, however, answered to the corrupt source whence it was derived. " As," says Hume, " the Saxon received the doctrine through the corrupted channel of Rome, it carried along with it a great mixture of credulity and super- stition, equally destructive to the understanding and to the morals : the reverence towards saints and relics seems to have almost supplanted the adoration of the Supreme Being ; monastic observances were esteemed more meritorious than the active virtues; the knowledge of natural causes was neglected, from the universal belief of miraculous interpositions and judgments ; bounty to the Church atoned for every violence against society ; and the remorses for cruelty, murder, treachery, assassination, and the more robust vices, were appeased, not by amendment of life, but by penances, servility to the monks, and an abject devotion." The Papacy gradually exalted itself above all human power, and its pretensions were generally submitted to by the southern kingdoms of Europe. But neither IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 151 by the Anglo-Saxons nor by the Normans another branch of this great Saxon family was the supremacy of the Pope acknowledged, without sundry and impor- tant) limitations, though .Rome struggled hard and long to bring them to submission. Such was the superstitious attachment to the Papacy, however, that " pilgrimages to Rome," as the historian remarks, " were represented as the most meritorious acts of devotion. Not only noblemen and ladies of rank undertook this tedious journey, but kings themselves, abdicating their crowns, sought for a secure passport to heaven at the feet of the Roman Pontiff ; new relics, perpetually sent from that endless mint of superstition, and magnified by lying miracles, operated on the astonished minds of the multitude." Pope Alexander, who had assisted the Norman William to achieve the conquest of England, imagined that he might prevail upon him to break the spiritual, as the civil, indepen- dence of the Anglo-Saxons ; but all his adroit schemes to bring this about failed. The arbitrary sway of the king retained the church as well as the laity in great subjection. No one might be acknowledged as Pope, unless the king had himself previously received him ; and all ecclesiastical canons, in whatever synod voted, were required to be laid before him, to be ratified by his authority. No Bull or Letter from Rome could be legally produced, until it had received the same sanction ; and none of his ministers or barons, what* ever their offences, could be subjected to spiritual censure, until he had himself given his sanction to their excommunication. The bold, ambitious, and unscru- pulous Hildebrand (Pope Gregory VII.), after deposing emperors and kings, and asserting his right of the investiture of bishops, abbots, and other spiritual dignitaries, and extending his usurpations over almost the whole of Europe, resolved to try his strength with the king of England. But he found more than his match, for William not only refused to do homage to Rome, but, as if in defiance, forbade the Bishops to attend a General Council which the pontiff had sum- moned. The barons were not less resolute in their opposition 152 . THE ISRAELITES FOUND to the papacy than was the king. They extended and confirmed the civil and political rights of the people, .by restricting the powers of the clergy ; and their arrogant champion, Thomas a Beckett, was himself humbled, after a fierce conflict, being compelled to accept and sign the famous Constitutions of Clarendon, which had been voted in a general council of barons and prelates. These Constitutions provided that no one holding under the Crown should be excommuni- cated, or have his lands put under an interdict, with_ out the king's consent; that, appeals in spiritual causes should not be carried to Rome ; that none should be , accused in spiritual courts, except by legal and reputable promoters and witnesses ; and that ecclesiastics accused of any crime should be tried in civil courts. At length, however, the pusillanimous John, who had seized the crown on the death of Richard the Lion- hearted, succumbed to the papacy. He did homage to the Pope's legate, with all the humiliating rites which the feudal law required of vassals before their liege lord and superior ; and agreed to pay a tribute, for England and Ireland, of 1000 marks of silver a year. England thus became a fief of the church of Rome, and its king a vassal of the Holy See. Out of this baseness of the usurper, however, came the great charter of English liberty. The barons, disgusted with John's submission to Rome, made common cause with the people, and the king was reduced to such extremities that he was compelled to hold a conference at Runny- mede, where after a debate of some days, Magna Charta, which secured important rights for every order of men in the kingdom, was signed and sealed. Rome, of course, resisted ; the charter was annulled by the Pope, and revoked by the king. The people, however, would not submit to the papal yoke, and, after many severe and sanguinary struggles, they triumphed. The Anglo-Saxons instinctively hated despotism, whether secular or ecclesiastical, and could not be long held in its fetters, by king or pontiff. But neither emperors, popes, nor kings, who have clothed them- selves with despotic power, are easily deprived of it, or induced to circumscribe its exercise. To yield ever IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 153 so little is felt to be incompatible with the foundation on which despotism rests, and they hold it with a tenacity like that with which they cling to life. The papacy was not wholly beaten, though greatly discomfited, for a time, by the sturdy resistance of the English barons and people. The great charter was often violated by kings and nobles, and the papacy was not behind-hand in its encroachments. Every now and then, however, kings, nobles, and popes were checked in their wil- fulness. " Though often violated," says Hume, " this famous charter was still claimed by nobility and people, and rather acquired than lost authority from the frequent assaults on it, in several ages, by legal and arbitrary power." Sometimes it was king and pope against the people ; sometimes it was the pope against king and people ; and sometimes barons and people against pope and king. Occasionally the conflict was long and fierce; the victory sometimes inclining to this side, and sometimes to that. CHAPTER XXIX. SAXON HOSTILITY TO PAPAL DOMINION. THE noon of papal dominion, as Hallam calls it, was the thirteenth century. Rome inspired, daring this age, all the terror of her ancient name. She was once more the mistress of the world, and kings were her vassals. The promulgation of the canon law, which was almost entirely founded on the legislative authority of the Pope, tended greatly to- secure this dominion. The superiority of ecclesiastical to temporal power, or at least the absolute independence of the former, was a sort of keynote regulating every part of it. It was expressly declared, among other things, that subjects owe no allegiance to an excommunicated lord, if, after admonition, he is not reconciled to the church. This was followed by the institution of the mendicant orders, eminently of the Dominicans and the Fran- ciscans, a kind of regular troops or garrison of the 154 THE ISRAELITES FOUND Papacy, who repaid their benefactors by a more than usual obsequiousness and alacrity in their services, and vied with each other in magnify ing the papal supremacy. In the reign of Edward III., the hierarchy had again so entrenched itself in privileges and immunities, and so far exempted itself from all secular jurisdiction, that no civil penalty could be inflicted on it for any malversation in office ; and, as even treason itself was declared to be no canonical offence, nor sufficient reason for deprivation or other spiritual censures, it had insured almost total impunity, and was not bound by any political law or statute. Archbishop Stratford, in a letter to the king, told him that there were two powers by which the world was governed the Holy Pontifical Apostolic dignity, and the Hoy al subordinate authority : that, of these two powers, the clerical was evidently the supreme, since the priests were to answer at the tribunal of the Divine judgment for the couduct of kings themselves ; that, prelates had heretofore cited emperors before their tribunal, had sat in judgment on their life and behaviour, and had anathematized them for their offences. Again, these pretensions, and the acts accompanying them, raised the nation against the church. The Parliament asserted that the usurpations of the Pope were the cause of all the plagues, injuries, famine, and poverty of the realm ; were more destructive to it than all the wars, and were the reason why it contained not a third of the inhabitants and commodities which it formerly possessed : that the taxes levied by him ex- ceeded by five times those paid to the king ; that every- thing was venal in the sinful city of Rome ; and that even the patrons in England had thence learned to practice simony without shame or remorse. They petitioned the king to employ no churchman in any office of state ; and they even spoke in plain terms of expelling by force the papal authority, and thereby providing a remedy against oppressions which they neither could nor would any longer endure. Similar, but more sanguinary, contests were being carried on in Germany, between the civil and the ecclesiastical powers ; the latter claiming, and, as far as IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 155 they could, exercising their power over crowns and peoples. In the fourteenth century, Pope John deposed and excommunicated the Emperor Louis, and, after^ wards threw him into prison ; and John's successor confirmed all the bulls that had been issued against the Emperor. These and similar acts, however, produced their "natural results, and the princes of the empire, ecclesiastical as well as secular, in a diet held at Frank- fort, established the famous coustitution by which it was irrevocably decreed that the plurality of the suffrages of the electoral college was sufficient, without the sanction of the Pope, for the settlement of the imperial dignity ; that the Pope had no superiority over the Emperor, nor any right to approve or reject his election; and that to maintain the contrary was high treason. The claim of the Popes to the govern- ment of the empire, during a vacancy, was disallowed, and the right declared to belong, by ancient custom, to the Count Palatine of the Rhine. The contest was renewed by succeeding Popes, but they were always, eventually, baffled. Their pretensions, however, were not circumscribed by the things of this life. They not only claimed the power of disposing of crowns, and of releasing nations from their oaths of allegiance, but of absolving individuals from the obligation of moral duties. They assumed and exercised the power of pardoning all offences and crimes ; and, by the sale of indulgences, and of plenary pardons, assumed, not only to remit the sins of the living, but to release the dead from the pains of purgatory. The revolting profanity of openly selling these indulgences in the alehouse and the market place, to even' the vilest of the rabble, avowedly to raise a revenue for the papacy, produced a deep impression and a burning indignation in men's minds, and Luther's indignant and fervid denuncia- tions awakened the slumbering spirit of not only the Germans, but of the nations throughout Europe. In England, the labours of Wy cliff and his followers had long been preparing the public mind for a revolt against the usurpations of the papacy. The Bible had been read in the vernacular tongue, and this branch of the great Saxon family hailed the progress of the 156 THE ISRAELITES FOUttD Reformation amongst their kinsmen in Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, &c. While the people and their rulers were pressing towards the light, the Reformers were striving to produce a general revival, and to penetrate the whole mass with the principles of Christianity. The struggle with the papacy was no slight one. The strife was hard, but the glory was great. The Reformation had on its side many prayers, the sympathy of the people, and the rising influence of mind, which no power could arrest. The Papacy had in its favour the ancient order of things, the power of old customs, the zeal and hatred .of formidable princes, and the power of that great emperor whose dominion extended over two worlds. At a critical juncture, the Pope (Clement VII.), seized with a strong infatuation, turned against the Emperor, and threatened him with excommunication. The result was, that Charles abruptly turned towards the Protestant princes, Mahomet himself having como to their aid by the invasion of Hungary ; and, as Daubigney observes, " the puissant Charles, instead of marching with the Pope against the Reformation, as he had threatened at Seville, marched with the Refor- mation against the Pope.'' He addressed a manifesto to the people, in which he reproached the Pope for not -behaving like the Father of the Faithful, but like an insolent and haughty man ; and declared his astonish- ment that he, Christ's vicar, should dare to shed blood, to acquire earthly possessions, which was quite con- trary to the evangelical doctrine. During these transactions in Germany, the dawn of truth rose upon other Saxon nations. I have already referred to England, which had been prepared to receive it. Henry VIII. was the instrument by which the first great blow was struck against Rome. He had previously so resolutely opposed the doctrines of the great reformer, that he received from the Pope the honorary title of " Defender of the Faith." A quarrel of the king with the Pope, however, touching his desired divorce from Queen Catherine, and his marriage with Anne Boleyn, induced him to renounce the juris- diction and supremacy of the Pontiff ; and the Parlia- IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 157 ment, who with the people generally, had become impatient of the foreign yoke, declared the king supreme head on earth of the Church of England. The monasteries were suppressed and their revenues seized, and the power and authority of the Pope were abrogated and overturned. This deposition of the papal power, however, was of but little benefit to the nation, or to the progress of the Reformation. Henry, self-willed and capricious, regarded himself as the religious centre of his subjects, and prescribed modes of faith according to his fancy. During his life and reign the face of religion was constantly changing, according to his caprice and unsteady character. During the short reign of his son and successor, Edward VI., some efforts were put forth, and some progress was made towards relieving the nation from many of the absurd fictions and debasing ceremonies which Henry had retained ; but after his death, his sister, Mary, who was a fierce bigot, despotic and cruel, imposed anew upon the country the arbitrary laws and tyrannical yoke of Rome. Barbarous tortures, and death, in the most shocking forms, awaited those who opposed the sovereign will, and it was not until Elizabeth ascended the throne that the despotic yoke of papal authority was broken down, and the nation delivered from the bondage of Rome. The Reformation, thus triumphant in Germany and England, spread itself far and wide, and almost all the European states welcomed its salutary beams, and exulted in the prospect of an approaching deliverance from the yoke of despotism. CHAPTER XXX. THE SAXON RACE THE INSTRUMENT OF LIGHT. WE have seen that, while the world, east and west, was being brought into bondage, its intellect blighted Dr dwarfed, and its religious aspirations perverted into $ corrupting and debasing channel, by the ambitious 158 THE ISRAELITES FOUND and despotic machinations of a power which, assuming to be Christian and Apostolic, was intent upon the acquisition of worldly power and wealth ; and by the equally ambitious and despotic, but more coarse, gross, sensual, and hebetating system of Mahomet at a time when it might be truly said, " Darkness covered the earth, and gross darkness the minds of the people " the Saxon nations were being prepared to combat these mighty and mischievous powers, and again to become instruments of deliverance and a means of light to the nations. It had been said, ages previously,, " Thou art my servant . . . O Israel, in whom I will be glorified " (Isaiah xlix. 3). "Shall the spoil be taken from the mighty, or the prey seized from the terrible be rescued ? Yea, thus saith the Lord, even the prey of the mighty shall be retaken, and the spoil seized by the terrible shall be rescued ; for with those who contend with thee I will contend, and thy children I will deliver . . . and all flesh shall know that I, the Lord, am thy Saviour, and that thy Reedeemei- is the Mighty One of Jacob" (verse 25-26). The deliverance was not to come from the Celtic but from the Saxon race the descendants of Israel, to whom were the promises. These were to deliver the spoil aad the prey from the mighty and the terrible ; and from the midst of them was to break forth " a strong light " and " her salvation like a blazing torch : and the nations shall see thy righteousness, and all the kings thy glory; and thou shalt be called by a new name, which the mouth of the Lord shall put upon thee." [Protestants ?] A power like that of the Papacy, which aims to exercise a direct spiritual, and an indirect when a di- rect is impracticable temporal supremacy throughout the world, though it may often be checked, and some- times prostrated, will never yield, while there are even faint hopes of recovery. The Reformation having deprived it of a large number of its subjects, and greatly abridged its powers, a new instrumentality was employed to bring back its lost subjects, and revive and extend its dominion. The Society of Jesus, originated by Ignatius Loyola, in 1534, was adopted by Pope Paul III ; and the Jesuits soon became IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 159 the active and unscrupulous emissaries of the Papal power throughout Europe. The intrigues and the plots against kings and governments which they originated in different countries, exposed them, every now and then, to the resentment of the civil powers. They were banished from several kingdoms, but they pursued their work with an energy and amidst multi- farious difficulties which must always excite admiration, if not wonder. But the complaints against them became, at length, so loud and general, that Clement XIY. appointed a Commission of Inquiry ; and, in 1773, he abolished the Order. They were too useful a body however, to be thus set aside, and, in 1814, they were re-established by Pius VII. The present Pope, Pius IX. threw himself into their arms, and became fasci- nated with their ambitious design of realizing the fond dream of the most aspiring of the Popes, which was nothing less than the spiritual dominion of the successors of St. Peter, and the bringing of the civil powers of all Europe into subjection to them. This was to be accomplished by the (Ecumenical Council of 1870, which claimed for the Papacy the highest eeclesistical and political supremacy that was ever claimed, even in the palmiest days of pontifical dominion. But as the Saxons resisted the usurpations and pernicious doctrines and practices of the Papacy in the sixteenth century, so do they seem likely to successfully resist and humble it in the nineteenth century. The novel and monstrous doctrine of the Pope's infallibility, declared and pro- mulgated by the Council, produced a shock in the Roman Catholic Church, which already threatens more mischief to Rome than any occurrence since the days of Luther, The inordinate pretentious, spiritual and temporal, which menaced everything like liberty, not only of action, but of speech and thought, beyond the sacred limits of the Vatican, created great consternation amongst the more enlightened and independent mem- bers of the hierarchy, as well as of the laity ; and now, as in the sixteenth century, a flame has been kindled in Germany which bids fair to consume many of the gross abuses which have again been introduced into the church, and were fast extinguishing the light on 160 THE ISRAELITES FOUND Divine truth therein. The excommunication of Dr.: Dollinger aroused the churches, and 500 professors, priests, and laymen assembled at Munich in solemn congress, to uphold their independence against the. aggressions of the Papacy. Already, ecclesiastical censures have been set at nought ; and in spite of them, priests have ministered, congregations accepting their services. The rubicon once passed, the move- ment]grows in area and intensity. The " Old Catholics," with Dr. Dollinger's acquies- cence, have resolved to supply their congregations, everywhere, with priests and services, and to demand for them legal recognition, and their proportion of Church property and of ecclesiastical edifices. They transfer priests from place to place, if necessary, and invest in the congregation, lay as well as clerical , the general government. This is, to all intents and purposes, a new Establishment. The " Old Catholics " have ceased to be a portion of the Roman Catholic Church ;1they have become a new religious denomina- tion. In Munich and other Bavarian cities large con- gregations of the new Church have been constituted, and it appears likely that within a few months every important town of the German Empire will have its own congregation. Dr. Dollinger has resumed his activity, and is lecturing at Munich University upon the desirable reunion of the various Christian Churches ; or, what is practically the same, the overthrow of the Pope. And the German governments are supporting ^he " Old Catholics " and their churches, which have also the sympathy of a large portion of the Roman Catholics in Germany. Up to within the last two or three months, the Vatican seemed to be beyond danger in Prussia a quarter where it was the fashion to look for succour in case of the defection of Napoleonic France, after Austria and Spain, had fallen away. " In Prussia," it was said, " although so largely leavened with Protestantism and indifference, we have not only perfect freedom and equality, but something of the status of an Establishment, and our value as a moral influence is appreciated by so sedate and discreet a Government." And, in truth, there was in the Ministry IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 161 of Religion and Education at Berlin a special and separate department charged with regulating the relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the State. In July 1871, this department was summarily suppressed ; and in February last, Prince Bismarck, in reply to the complaints of Ultramontane members of the Prussian Parliament, made no secret of his resolution to defend the State from the invasions of an ecclesiastical party which pretended to set up its Church above the common law and the national life," This was in February, 1871, and since then scarcely a week has passed over without the government making a move against the priests, or the priests reciprocating the compliment by word or deed. The fight has fairly begun along the whole line, and though confined to skirmishing, yet, by the alacrity displayed on both sides, we have a good idea of what the battle will be. In one case the Government requested the Bishop of Ermeland to explain how he could take upon himself to excommunicate two persons, when the law of the land does not permit his proceeding to such a,n extre- mity, without the express consent of the Cabinet. It appears that no Church is legally permitted to inflict penalties calculated to impair the social position of her members, and injure them in the enjoyment of their civil rights. Exceptions, under the same statute, may only be made with the special sanction of the Ministry. Now, the Bishop of Ermeland pronounced the Great Anathema against two recusant sheep of his fold, there- by interdicting all true believers from communion with the victims of his wrath. To make bad worse, the excommunicated ones have brought this dismal fate upon themselves, by declaring against that Infallibility which the Government regards as dangerous, and the German Bishops stoutly denounced before its adoption, by their Latin and Oriental colleagues. One of the excommunicate, moreover, is a teacher in a Government school, and has been kept in office notwithstanding the demand of his ecclesiastical superior that he should be dismissed forthwith ; the other is a Canon, whom the Government continues to salary, despite his ejectment from the velvet seat, The enactment of the Schools 162 THE ISRAELITES FOUND Inspection Law, as sanctioned by the Emperor of Germany, is another severe blow struck at the Papal Power. The chief feature of this measure, that over which a great fight took place, is, that it takes from the clergy the power of appointing Inspectors of Schools, and puts it into the hands of the State. The Bill was the German phase of the struggle which is going on in France, and elsewhere, for lay-predominance in educa- tion. Prince Bismarck has in this matter been on the same side as M. Gambetta. The struggle has not been one against religious education, but simply against exaggerated clerical claims. It was Prince Bismarck versus the Pope ; and the Chancellor has won. The measure was passed by a considerable majority in the Parliament, and a Committee of the Upper House having modified it, in the Ultramontane sense, the House rejected the modification. The whole Bill was eventually passed, just as the Chamber of Deputies set it up, by 125 against 76. Clerical school inspection is now abolished throughout Germany ; but the boldest step yet taken remains to be noticed. A number of petitions having been presented to the Lower House, praying for the expulsion of the Jesuits, the House passed a resolution, requesting the Chancellor to "regulate the position of all religious orders, con- gregations and societies, decide whether they shall be admitted, and on what terms, and enact adequate penalties, should they imperil public order and safety, special regard being had in all this to the action of the Order of the Jesuits." Prince Bismarck lost no time in making known to the Federal Government, that, in accordance with the recent debate of the Imperial Parliament, on the conduct of the B/oman Catholic Church in Germany, he meant to submit a Bill for denaturalizing all German members of the Company of Jesus. The Bill, it is said, will be so expressed that the police will be able to expel every Jesuit from German soil. Thus the Prince is to follow the example of those statesmen who drove the Society out of France and Spain, and the deed demands a higher kind of daring even than the acts of audacity which have made him the first of living Ministers. Virtually, IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 163 it is the German reply to the promulgation of the dogma, that the Pope is infallible. It is a distinct challenge to Rome. In effect, Prince Bismarck says, " that the pretensions of the Pope trench on the rights of the German Empire ; that the Jesuits are especially responsible both for the passing of the dogma and the subversive political teaching to which it leads ; and that Germany will not tolerate a society which is an organised conspiracy against political life." He seeks to banish the Society from German soil. Should he succeed, the expulsion of the Jesuits may be one link in a series of acts, which taken collectively, will form another Reformation. It is evident, certainly, thai a discussion is opened which will lead much further, and will end in most important results. The question raised is the old and simple one of the right of nations to act on their own judgment and conscience, and to be independent in all matters, spiritual and temporal, of external authority. The Pope has but put into a definite form his ancient claim to control all other authority ; and, happily, at the very moment when he has done so, the only national power which, since the Reformation, could successfully resist such a claim has been called into existence. The (Ecumenical Council and the German Empire are predestined foes. The Jesuits and Priests have instinctively perceived it, and have at once declared war. The German Govern- ment and people are more reluctant to proceed to extreme measures ; but they too have drawn the sword, and the sympathy of all the friends of intel- lectual, moral, and spiritual freedom must accompany them to their certain victory. With the Prussian Government co-operate those of Saxony and Baden. The Sexon Parliament has passed a Ministerial Bill, abolishing clerical supervision of elementary schools. Going even beyond this, the Carlsruhe Chamber have voted a law forpidding monks to give instruction and non- German priests to ascend the pulpit in their State. The former prohibition likewise relates to priests who belong to a religious society or fraternity of any kind. The Baden Cabinet, using their administrative powers, have declared that 164 fHE ISRAELITES FOUND they will leave " Old Catholic " priests in the enjoy- ment of their salaries : that they will protect the same denomination in the use of their old churches and chapels ; and that no pupil in a public school shall be compelled to attend religious lessons, if given by an Infallibist priest. Simultaneously with these energetic measures an inquiry is being instituted in that Princi- pality into the administration of the seminaries for the education of young clergymen, and of other schools connected with convents. Hence we may see that Old Catholicism, by the circumstances of its origin, and still more by the personal influence of its founders, has struck that chord of religious romance which is ever thrilling in the German heart. Its reverence for the best traditions of the past, and its fervent auguries for the future, have elevated it into a power, which has made converts among the statesmen of Berlin, of Munich, and of Vienna. The policy it suggested has been executed by the master-hand of the Imperial Chancellor. Eome has been warned oft the domain of Frederick Bar- barossa. The ecclesiastical rights claimed " by the Old Catholics " have been conceded even beyond the limits of the empire, and the permission now given to remain within the Church is tantamount to a guarantee that in a few years Germany will be purged from Jesuitism and all the sacerdotal usurpations of the Vatican. In Germany the purgation will be rapid ; and whilst Prince Bismarck continues Chancellor, it promises to be facile. He has cowed the Ultramontanes too thoroughly for them to make a stand against him. Such are the immediate consequences, in the mother- land of the Reformation, of the famous Encyclical Letter, the Syllabus, and the Dogma of Infallibility. It has been pointed out that this " Old Catholic " movement strikingly contrasts with that of the " German Catholics, " which disappeared in the Revolu- tion of 1848. That was a vague and visionary enter- prise, which had no root in reality or common sense ; there was nothing precise or definite in its aims, and it could not lay hold of the reason or the imagination of a practical age. On the contrary, this " Old Catholic " movement is a clear, explicit, and positive protest on IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 165 the part of the reason and conscience of civilized man- kind against spiritual despotism ; and it is sustained in every country, whether Protestant or Catholic, by natural susceptibilities, and by all the higher interests of moral freedom and human culture. No doubt, as Mr. Lowry Whittle (Catholicism and the Vatican), himself a zealous Irish Catholic, remarks, the circum- stances of Germany, at the present time, not less than the historical traditions and intellectual tendencies of the German people, give a vantage ground to these powerful agitators for the emancipation and purification of Catholicity, whilst the circumstances of France might have discouraged the efforts of a Hyacinthe, and silenced the reverberations of a Montalembert's dying voice. Was not the war against Germany regarded by the Imperial Court of the Tuilleries as in some sort a crusade which deserved the benedictions of the Vatican ? And now we are permitted to contemplate a nobler spectacle than that of military conquest and invasion the spiritual alliance of Catholic France and Catholic Germany on behalf of a purer faith and a freer Church ; for in France and in Germany, the schism which has occurred among the Paris clergy will shake the Catholic Church in France to its centre. It .seems that M Michaud, the vicar of the Madeleine, recently asked whether the Archbishop of Paris would allow the priests of his diocese to give absolution to communi- cants who do not believe in the dogmas promulgated by the Vatican Council, and whether priests who did not in their hearts believe in those dogmas would be allowed to celebrate mass. The answer was a decided negative. Thereupon M. Michaud resolved to resign his office in the church, rather than submit to the tyranny sought to be imposed upon him. He will, however, remain a priest, he says, and baptize, marry, confess, bury, and give absolution, whenever called upon, and wait for better times until he can preach again. The decision of the new Archbishop of Paris, Hippolyte of Tours, was precisely what might have been expected from the Ultramontane prelate, who, when the Minister of Justice of the Delegation was lodging under his roof, came into M. Creraieux's study, 166 THE ISEAELITES FOUND and publicly, in the presence of secretaries and clerks, said he would not allow the threshold of his palace to be soiled by the foot of Garibaldi ; and that if M. Crmieux cared to see him, it must be elsewhere. His Grace, however, has provoked a terrible schism among his clergy. His uncompromising adoption of Papal infallibility has brought matters to a head, and a large and influential section of his clergy has declared open war against him. The Abbe" Michaud says : " You, Monseigneur, at one time, when you were Bishop of Viviers, declared that the Ultramontane party was anti- Catholic ; but now you treat as heretics and schismatics the Catholics who persevere in rejecting Ultramontanism. You formerly denned Catholic truth to be that universal truth, which, in the words of Vincent de Lerins, had * always been believed every- where and by everybody' quod ulique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus creditum est ; but now this Catholic truth has degenerated in your mind to Roman truth. Formerly the Catholic Church was the agglomeration of all particular churches, but now in your eyes and those of your adepts the Church is nothing else but Eome and the Pope. The universality of the Church of Jesus Christ is degraded to the individualism of one man. You, in fact, ignore Jesus Christ, aud care only for his vicar, whom you make his master ; for with you the Gospel is subordinate to the interpretation which the Pope may choose to put upon it the Gospel is no longer that of Jesus Christ, but the bull which it may be the good pleasure of any present or future Borgia to issue." M. Michaud then proceeds to say that, rather than submit his conscience to the tyranny sought to be imposed upon it, he resigns his Church preferment. His friends tell him he will be excommunicated, but he cares not. In resigning the vicarship of the Madeleine he breaks a career, and gives up brilliant worldly prospects. He does not know in what way he may be enabled to earn the merest necessaries of life. But he prefers poverty with honour to riches with remorse. He will, as I have said, still be a priest. m THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 167 He will baptize, marry, confess, bury, and give absolu- tion whenever called upon, and he will wait for better times when he may again preach. Meanwhile he will write and unmask the Ultramontanists. A Committee meets at his house in the Boulevard de Neuilly, in con- nection with anti-Ultramontanist Committees of Russia, Germany, England, Italy, and Spain ; and as soon as sufficient money is collected churches will be opened in which independent priests will try the question, whether Christ and His Gospel are to govern the Pope, or whether the Pope is to supplant Christ by the Syllabus. The example of the Abb6 Michaud has been followed with even more ostentation by the Abbe's Junqua and Mouls, at Bordeaux. It seems that Cardinal Donnet had been pressing the consciences of these ecclesiastics upon the vexed dogma, beyond what they could bear, and the Abbe" Junqua, who signs himself " Docteur en theologie de l'Universit6 Eomaine de la Sapience/' published a letter addressed to the Archbishop of Bordeaux, in which, in his own name, and " in those of a great number of the members of the Girondin clergy," he rejects the dogma of Pontifical Infallibility, and calls upon all Christians to do the same. " Some among us," he adds, " will have their churches, where one can breathe freely outside the erroneous teaching of your decrees; others who are parish curates, preachers, writers, will remain in their churches. They will be externally with you, but their hearts will be with us." The letter, which fulminates violently against the dogma, the Council of the Vatican and " New Catholicism " generally, terminates with this postscript : " After to-morrow, a committee of action will be established, having its centre with me, at Bordeaux, and in union with all the other Committees of Paris, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Russia, Belgium, England, and the United States." Subse- quently, the Abb6 wrote a letter to the people of Bordeaux, in which he says, that during the war, they led the way in patriotically resisting the enemy ; after facing- the " Prussians of Prussia," they must now face the " Prussians of the Vatican, " How these fresh 168 THE ISRAELITES FOUND enemies are to be met, the Abb6 explains to the people of Bordeaux in the following terms : " First raise a solemn protest agains the decrees of the Syllabus and the Credo of the Vatican, which the league is trying illegally to promulgate and acclimatise in France. 2nd. Send to all the towns in France and to the Government, the protector of the law of the outraged old French faith, this protest of holy indignation, in order that it may assume the proportions of an immense and unanimous national resistance. 3rd. Assist the priests of the Grironde, of whom we are the echo, in securing the triumph of true religion against Roman idolatry ; the true Grod against the false god ; the approaching national Council against the cabal of the Vatican ; the temples of the true Christ against the Mosques of Romanism : liberty of thought against the servitude of the intellect ; science against obscurantism ; civilza- tion against barbarism ; '89 against the Syllabus , in a word, France and the French against their sworn enemies at home and abroad. People of Bordeaux, two great systems are opposed to each other ; one is expressed by the word Jesuitism the other by the word Democracy. On the attitude which you may take, depends perhaps the triumph of one or the other ; that is to say, the grandeur or the decadence of the country." This new Reformation, as it promises to be, which, as in Lather's time, comes forth out of the Church, itself; was anticipated by many bishops of the Church, as the result of such pretensions being put forth by the Papacy as those which obtained the vote of the so-called (Ecumenical Council, The Archbishop of Olmutz declared that " he trembled because he foresaw that the faithful would not only have to endure an intolerable scandal in the imposition of the novel dogma, but also because the Church would be exposed to the most eminent shipwreck." Another prelate told the Council that " the dogma would be rejected by most people as an unheard-of novelty ; that hence- forth the doctrines of the Church would be assailed as changed and falsified ; and that the authority of the Pope and the Council would perish together." Another declared, before heaven and the assembled fathers, that IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 169 " with fear he felt that the mystical Body of Christ would be rent asunder by the promulgation of such a dogma ; that if it were passed, peace and charity in the Church of the faithful would henceforth be con- tinually disturbed ; that the ingenuous love which the whole Catholic world then bore to the Holy See of Rome would be everywhere weakened, or, rather, smothered, and that even the Council itself would be subject to the pain and suspicion of having been assembled merely for the securing of temporal ends." Lastly, the Bishop of Mayence, Dr. Kettler, who was a moderate Ultramontane, prophecied that if the doctrine passed the Council, the certain outcome would be, that " it would cause schism within the Church, and, outside of it, the bitter and irreconcilable hatred of all non- Catholics." Thus has " vaulting ambition o'erleapt itself, and fallen on t'other side." The Papacy had already lost the States of which it had from time to time taken possession, calling them its "Patrimony," and asserting them to be indispensable to the exercise of its spiritual rule ; and, now, from the depths of what Pio Nono calls his " Vatican prison," in which, as it has been said, he has his choice of as many gilded and sunny dungeons as there are days in the year, he hurls anathemas against the members of his Church, who, foreseeing the calamities which must necessarily follow from the maintenance of the monstrous pretensions put forth under the sanction of a Council, falsely called (Ecumenical, refuse to accept them, and protest against their sacrilegious character. The Germans, our Saxon kinsmen, hive again the distinction of awakening the church and the nations to a sense of the dangers by which they were menaced, and of bringing to the light of day the ambitious designs and crooked devices of the Papacy, which still cherishes the notion it has for so many centuries clung to, of finally establishing an universal spiritual and temporal despotism. I am not apprehensive that any of my Roman Catholic brothers will take offence at the freedom with which I have treated the ambitious policy and corrupt 170 THE ISRAELITES FOUND practices of the Papacy, and the approving tone in which I have spoken of the hostility exhibited towards it by the Saxons of Germany and England. I offer no judgment here on the purely religious doctrines of the Church of Rome. I speak only of the secular power arrogated by the Papacy, and of the way in which it has wielded its authority to enslave the minds and the bodies of men, making them passive instru- ments of its ambitious designs, which embraced nothing less than universal dominion. There are comparatively few Roman Catholics in the present day who approve of those gigantic abuses which were begotten by the exercise of an ecclesiastical power which has for centuries struggled to hold the human intellect in a state of bondage, and to reduce all virtue and religion to a superstitious reliance on, and passive obedience to, clerical authority. The great majority of Roman Catho- lics, in these times, no more approve of the political machinations, nor submit their understandings to the condemnatory fulminations of the Papacy of the middle ages, than they do to the anathemas it now pro- nounces against Freemasons and Freemasonry. They regard them, alike, as an unauthorised and reprehen- sible exercise of spiritual tyranny. Whatever they may think of the Reformation in Germany, England, and other countries inhabited by the Saxon race ; whether they be satisfied or dissatisfied with the circumstances attend ing its advent, the means employed for its establishment, or the religious changes effected by it, they will not deny that it operated a change in the intellectual and moral character of Europe, trans- forming it from a condition of darkness, mental slavery, and debasing superstition into one of intellectual activity and moral healthfulness, the benefits of which are spreading themselves throughout the world. IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 171 CHAPTER XXXI. ALL NATIONS WORSHIP WITH ISRAEL. THE 27th day of February, 1872, was a memorable day in the annals of the British Empire. I speak not of the pageantry and paraphernalia of royalty, and the external show and dazzling manifestations of rejoicing which the great capital put forth, in connection with the Thanksgiving for the recovery of the heir to the throne from his apparently fatal illness, but of the acknowledgment which was made by the whole Empire of the moral government of Him by whom kings reign, and princes decree justice. Whatever some may think of the uselessness of prayer, for the removal of calamities which appear to come in the natural course of things, and therefore of returning thanks to the Almighty Ruler upon their removal, that day must be regarded and held in remem- brance as one on which there was a solemn national acknowledgment of the Great Architect of the Universe, as the Supreme Governor of the World, and the arbiter of nations ; and also, as a confession of our dependence upon Him, as the supreme Disposer of events. It was a distinct national proclamation of faith in the reality of a special and personal Providence. As it was said, there might be varieties of depth in the conviction, and varieties in the sense of the mystery that encom- passes it, but the general impression must have been made on almost every heart. And it is one which time will hardly efface. It was a day on which all ranks and degrees of men were represented in one temple of common worship. The Royal Family, Nobles, Com- moners, Church, Army, Navy, Diplomatists, Munici- palities, Law, and Science, all formed one united body, and engaged in solQmn acts of devotion and thanks- giving to Him who doeth according to His will in the army of heaven, and amongst the inhabitants of the earth - } acknowledging His providential dealing with men, and His wise and beneficent ordering of nations. I know of no more beautiful or touching picture, 172 THE ISRAELITES FOUKD though but slightly sketched, than that in the Daily News : " The Queen, having entered her pew, kneels for a moment. On her right the Prince of Wales has taken his place, with his little heir on his left, the child's head just shoeing over the rails, as he looks with curious baby face upon the unwonted sight. Next to the child is the Duke of Edinburgh, in naval uniform, and beyond him, again, in the dark green uniform of the Rifle Brigade, is Prince Arthur. The Princess of Wales is on the Queen's left, with her second boy on her left, again ; then Princess Beatrice in light mauve dress, trimmed with swansdown, then Prince Leopold in full Highland dress, and, on the outside, the Duke of Cambridge in Field-Marshal's uniform. And so down there under the vast dome of the noblest cathedral in her realm, her family by her side ; in her front, her faithful Lords and Commons, her judges, her wise men, the great territorial barons of Britain, and the men of Britain who earn their bread by the sweat of their brow ; the sage whose white hairs fall over the eye, whose fire age has not quenched, and the youth on whose lip the down is but budding ; the representatives of her allies, and her subjects of another race and clime ; with, behind her, her army and navy a support in peace, as ever in war a shield and buckler before her the Queen bends her head in prayer. A deep silence falls upon the vast upstanding assemblage. The nation, as a whole, Queen and people, were thanking God Almighty that He had been pleased to save alive him who stood there by his mother's side, with his child holding his hand." There was one feature of this great day the most noticeable, perhaps, of all the striking incidents by which it was characterized. The great temple of Christian worship comprised in its congregation, not only Christians of all fche various denominations who worship, each after the way they deem most in accordance with the primitive form which has apostolic example or sanction, but those also who represented nations and peoples who have not yet embraced the Christian^faith. There were Brahmin and Buddhist, IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 173 Mahomedan and Parsee, in that vast assemblage. One of the first to arrive, says the daily papers, was the representative of the Turkish Embassy, then came his Imperial Highness, Higshia Fushimi-No-Mija, and his companion, with their dusky features, and large rolling black eyes, under the green and gold turban, or a diamond studded Fez. Again, there was the Maharajah Duleep Singh, with the Maharanee, and their suite, in a flash of diamonds, and a glitter of cloth of gold ; and some unknown, but evidently Oriental personage of distinction, with his bosom of scarlet embroidered with foliage of gold, and a broad belt of red and gold crossing his manly chest. What a sublime spectacle ! what an impressive and glorious acknowledgment of a nation's dependence upon Him who reigns in righteousness, and makes his sun to shine on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust ! It will not be forgotten as a day on which men emancipated themselves from the trammels of party, and raised themselves above the alienation of sectarian differences. Bowing at one common altar, they poured out their united thanksgiving to one common Father and God. As the writer I have already quoted describes it : . " In quaint court dress and cocked hat, there sat, with canons and bishops, the Moderator of the General Assembly of Scotland the Church of Knox, the Church that burnt the cathedrals and smashed the organs the Church that furnished the Covenanting Martyrs, who lived the lives of the persecuted and died the death of martyrs, rather than accept the prelatic ordinances of James and Laud. Unitarians, Methodists, Baptists, Roman Catholics every sect and many creeds met under the noble sacred roof, to give thanks to the common God." The grand metropolitan Cathedral encompassed within its wall, on that memorable day, the representa- tives of many diversified views and convictions, touching politics, religion, and science. Many who occasionally contest with each other principles and opinions of most varied and almost opposing aspect, here met on common 174 THE ISRAELITES FOUND ground, and on bended knee, and with hearts beating in sympathy, adored him from whom all good emanates. It was, indeed, a temple of peace, harmony, and united devotion. In what was thisThanksgiving Service extraordinary ? It was extraordinary, in the first place, I think, for the various and diverse persons taking part in it. It was a solemn Thanksgiving to the Father of Mercies for the recovery of the heir- apparent to the throne from the jaws of death. As the Archbishop reminded the congregation, prayers had been offered for the Prince's recovery from his seemingly fatal illness, not only in all the national established churches, but " in the broad circuit of the British Empire many joined in our prayers, who scarcely knew the God to whom we prayed ; and none were more hearty in their prayers than God's ancient people." And now here was gathered up into one great national act of worship, in the form of Thanksgiving for the Prince's recovery, the representatives of all nations and tribes, and kindreds and people. As a contemporary writer remarked, " the tendency of modern thought, while it infinitely enlarges our conceptions of the Divine operations, is, perhaps to diminish the vividness and directness with which we feel them. The tendency of modern habit and fashion, without any conscious thought, is to discourage those frequent references to His working which belonged to the simpler times of our forefathers, and in a spirit which surely is the reverse of philosophical to be content merely with reference to second causes. This Thanksgiving Service had a striking significance, as a formal rejection of those supposed modern ideas.'' There was no evidence, on that memorable day, that the nation was becoming tired of monarchy, and were impatient for a republic. There are, perhaps, few young men of ardent temperament, who have seriously given their attention to politics, who are not, more or less imbued with the notion that republicanism is the perfection of human government, and who do not fancy that, with a republic, we should get rid of all the ills that flesh is heir to, under a monarchy. But as they IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 175 advance in life, and acquire knowledge and the habit of reflection, they generally become convinced that this is a mistake, and expose themselves to the imputa- tion of being renegades from their purer faith. The Monarchy under which we live, and the dynasty which occupies the throne, are evidently and deeply seated in the affections and judgment of the English people, as a nation. But on this memorable occasion, it was the Prince, chiefly, that commanded the deep sympathy of the " masses," for they, not less than the " upper ten thousand," evinced it in their most expressive way. But what had all this to do with Israel ? Much every way. No other people in ancient or modern times could ever bring together, without violence or coercion, nor indeed by it, such a mass of heterogeneous elements as was presented on this day of Thanksgiving. A mere invitation brought into the great Metropolitan Christian Temple, the representatives of all civilized nations and peoples, excepting the still separated remnant of the kingdom of Judah, who are not yet to unite with their ancient brethren of Israel, worshipping at the same altar, and offering up common prayers to their common Father. The Hindoos, besides being here represented, thronged their temples in India, the Mohammedans their mosques, and the Jews their synagogues, in order to unite with us in their devotional thanksgiving. I cannot resist the temptation to quote a portion of a descriptive article in the Bombay Gazette, of March the 4th, since it places in a very striking light the extraordinary fact I am desirous to impress on the minds of my readers. " It has been gratifying in no ordinary degree," says the Gazette, " to observe the cordiality and earnestness with which all classes of the mixed community of Bombay Europeans, Mussulmans, Parsees, Jews, &c. -have celebrated the occasion. In the weeks of painful suspense during which the life of the Prince was almost despaired of, it was impossible not to note the anxiety of the natives, and to observe that their expressions of sympathy were profoundly sincere; and when the telegraph bulletins gave more ground for 176 THE ISRAELITES FOUND hope of recovery, and, later on, when we learned that there was no further cause for anxiety, natives rejoiced equally with E uropeans, throughout the whole of India. There was at that time no united demonstration of rejoicing, because it was known that there would be a Thanksgiving Day, on which the whole Empire might together rejoice and offer up thanks ; but if manifesta- tion of the sympathetic feelings of all classes was required there was no want of it on the 27th. It was but reasonable to anticipate cordial demonstrations on the part of the European community, but the spon- taneous and universal action of the natives has far exceeded what might have been expected. Thanks- giving Day has not been confined to the Presidency towns, but has been celebrated, in even small towns, in all parts of the country. In Calcutta, the Governor- General proceeded in state to the Cathedral, as did also the Governors of Bombay and Madras, and in all the Christian churches special thanksgiving services were held ; and as the day was observed as a general holiday, all business being suspended, the people nocked in crowds to their mosques, synagogues, and temples, in each of which special prayers were offered, and in most of which addresses were delivered to the worshippers. JudgiDg from the reports which have come to us from the other Presidencies, the people of Bombay seem to have observed the occasion with even great fervour than those of the sister cities, for here, in the evening, some of the Jewish places of worship, and most of the mosques and temples were illuminated, as were also many private houses. His Highness the Guicowar of Barodar, at a durbar held on Tuesday, for the purpose of announcing formally the recovery of the prince, made a speech, in which he intimated that, as a thank- offering, it is his intention to devote one lac of rupees for a work of public utility, to be chosen by his Excellency the Governor of Bombay, and to bear the name of His Royal Highness. And here we inay mention, that, to commemorate the happy restoration to health of the Prince, the Hon. A. D. Sassoon, C.S.I., on Monday last made a formal offer to the Governor of Bombay of half a lac of rupees, in addition to a lac IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 177 already given, for building a new Elphinstone High School. Of all the addresses that were delivered to the congregations on Tuesday, perhaps the one which, for its speciality, particularly merits notice was that made to the Khojas a division of the Mussulman community by their high priest, his Highness Aga Khan. Our report of his address mentions that after speaking of the happy recovery of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, he referred to the lamented death of the Viceroy, and quoted a tradition from the Prophet Mahomet * That it is a great duty upon his followers (Mahommedans), to pray for the heaJth and prosperity of their Hakam (king or ruler) under whose authority they are protected, even if the Hakim were unjust.' His Highness further said he recollected having seen many other traditions from his Holiness the Prophet Mahomet, confirming the above tradition. The British Raj, he pointed out, was very just and kind, always caring for the welfare of her subject ; and it was a fact, that wherever the intentions and purposes of the King were directed towards the welfare of his subjects, God Almighty always sent His blessings upon the country of such ruler, and it was always prosperous. He also impressed upon his hearers, that, at the present time, all the people under the British rule were comfortable, while the people in many other parts of Asia were in trouble, through famine, sickness, and other causes ; and this, he said, showed that that l the intentions and purposes of the British power were more kind and better to their subjects than those of any other kingdom. Therefore, according to their belief, it was necessary to pray for the health'and prosperity of the Hakam, and this being a special occasion, to pray and offer up thanksgiving to Almighty God for the recovery of the Prince and Heir Apparent to the kingdom, under whose protection lives and property were safe and religion free.' Can we fail to perceive in all this, the expression of a spontaneous and general desire for the prolongation of the power that now rules the Indian Empire ? Or can we fail, while reflecting on so remarkable and exceptional a religious phenomenon, to call to mind the N 178 THE ISRAELITES FOUND words of the prophet, concerning Israel's future : " Behold, thou shalt call a nation which thou knowest not ; and nations that knew thee not shall run into thee, because of the Lord thy Grod, and for the Holy one of Israel ; for He hath glorified thee . Soshallmy word be, that goeth forth out of my mouth ; it shall not return unto me void ; but it shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in that whereto I sent it " (Isaiah lv., 5, 11.) And again although the glorious prophetic promise will not be wholly fulfilled until after the final gathering snd uniting of Judah and Israel, it seems to have a partial and is obtaining a progressive fulfilment, in like manner as all the Divine purposes appears to have hitherto had " Also, the sons of the stranger that join themselves to the Lord, to serve him, and to love the name of the Lord, to be His servants ; everyone that keepeth the Sabbath from polluting it, and taketh hold of my covenant, even them will I bring to my holy mountain ; and make them joyful in my House of Prayer ; their burnt offerings and their sacrifices shall be accepted upon mine altar ; for mine house shall be called a House of Prayer for all people " (Chapter Ivi. 6, 7.) The Lord's ancient " house," in His " holy mountain," is still desolate and desecrated by the foot of the Moslem, for the " times of the Gentiles " are not yet fulfilled. But, while He said of Judah, that they should be wanderers throughout the earth, finding no rest for the sole of their foot, He said of Israel, " the place of my throne, and the place of the soles of my feet, where I will dwell in the midst of the children of Israel for ever, and my holy name, shall the House of Israel no more defile, neither they nor their king, by their whoredom (idolatry), nor by the carcases of their kings in their high places Let them put away these from me, and I will dwell in the midst of them forever" (Ezekiel xlii. 7, 9.) So that, though the Lord's house, which stood in His "holy mountain," in the midst of the earth, is thrown down, and the land defiled, He still has His chosen temple, and His word goeth forth from this favoured Island a mountain rising up in the midst of the sea thus rendered, in IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 179 the theocratic sense of the word, " holy," even as Zion was called "holy," though possessed by a "a sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, a seed of evil doers " (Isaiah i., 4.) This great day of Thanksgiving, of which I write, had the Heir Apparent for its object. The Prince, as far as he is known, has not done anything to place himself on a higher level in our national affections than some other persons who might be pointed to, outside the royal circle. He has afforded many proofs of his desire to promote the public welfare, and to aid the cause of beneficence ; nevertheless, it cannot be denied that many people regard him with doubtful feelings, and even speak of him in disparaging terms. The wherefore need not here be inquired into ; enough that it is the fact. But, for his recovery from a con- dition of extreme danger, the united prayers of all ranks and degrees of men, with only such exceptions as tend to confirm the general proposition, were offered up to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe. And now, his recovery being pronounced, there was an equally united thanksgiving offered to the same Divine Ruler, for what they believed to be an answer to their prayers, Is there not all in this something more than can be accounted for on ordinary principles ? They who deny that Q-od governs the world, by the continuous exercise of His Divine wisdom and omnipotence, and rather believe that there is nothing by which our world is affected, beyondthe constant and nevervarying operation of " natural laws " laws operating by no more intelli- gence than the movement of a clock can not, of course, acquiesce in any idea of an inspiring impulse or suggestion from Him, without whom not even a sparrow falls to the ground, and who has promised to Israel, that He will direct them in all their ways. They are, in relation to this at least, " without Godin the world." But it is otherwise with those who agree with the view taken of prophetic scripture throughout these pages. They will agree with me also in this, that Israel, as the chosen instrument for the accomplishment of God's gracious purposes, in the government of the world, and for the well-being of mankind, will ever have afforded 180 C THE ISRAELITES FOUND to them the means of realising those purposes. " Thou, Israel, art my servant, Jacob, whom I have chosen, the seed of Abraham, my friend. Thou whom I have taken from the ends of the earth, and called thee from the chief men thereof, and said unto thee, Thou art my servant ; I have chosen thee ; and not cast thee away. Fear thou not; for I am with thee ; be not dismayed, for I am thy God ; I will strengthen thee, yea, I will help thee ; yea, I will uphold thee with the right hand of my righteousness . . . fear not, I will help thee, saith the Lord, thy Redeemer, the Holy one of Israel " (Isaiah xli., 8-14). " This people have I formed for myself, they shall show forth my praise " (Chapter xliii., 21). The prophetic word (Isaiah lv., 5), as it stood upon record thousands of years since, says, "Behold, thou shalt call a nation which ihou knowest not; and nations that know thee not shall run unto thee, because of the Lord thy God." The bringing of a vast portion of India under British rule, and the calling of many nations there to become subject to the sceptre of the British Monarch, are circumstances unparalleled in history. That 200,000,000 of people, of various races, some of them forming large and powerful states, possessing great wealth, commanding large warlike resources, and having a fierce and warlike population should, some of them after a brief resistance, have bowed themselves down to the power of England, while others that " knew it not," but by more or less vague reports of its prowess, should have "run unto it," and have become faithful subjects, or have placed themselves under its protection, is a marvellous thing. But we are, every now and then, obtaining evidence that the like marvel is extending itself far beyond the extremities of our Indian empire, in which people, who, but a short time since, knew us not, have submitted themselves to our dominion, and identified themselves with our good and ill fortunes . In a most interesting book, just published, describing the author's "Visits to High Tartary, Yarkland, and Cashgar,' 5 in the mysterious regions of Central Asia, Mr. Robert Sha.w gives an account of the journey by which he the IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. l8l first Englishman that ever succeeded in doing so reached Eas tern Turkistan, by crossing- the great barrier of the Himalayas, and making his way across the high table-lands which form the western boundary of Thibet, his course lying over huge walls, raised thousands of feet above the sea, and occasionally starting into snowy cones, or sinking into dark, hideous steppes, or in depressions between craggy steeps, shooting high their crests of glacier and ice ; or along watercourses that seemed to refuse life and verdure to the desolation around ; the whole landscape, for hundreds of miles, forming a lonely and interminable desert, which seemed to defy the boldest traveller. He at length, as I have said, reached Eastern Turkistan once forming part of the north-western portion of the Chinese Empire, but now an independent state, ruled by a native called the Atalik Ghazee, who from , this centre, says Mr. Shaw, " has made his power felt from Thibet to the Russian Empire," and who is probably destined to become the first of a line of princes who may play an important part in Asiatic history. Situated in the immense region known by the name of Tartary, and stretching into the unexplored deserts which reach into the centre of China, what should the Tartar ruler of such a spot know or care about the Anglo-Saxons who occupy these Islands, though the sceptre of their monarch commands the obedience of millions of various races in both hemi- spheres? Not enough, one would think, to create any desire to cultivate the friendship or secure the alliance of " the conquering race." But here is a brief description of the honours paid to Mr. Shaw, as an Englishman, by the Atalik Ghazee. Though only an adventurous traveller, he was, as he reproached the frontier, met by a body of Tartar horsemen, sent to escort him, as a guard of honour. Roads were repaired for his passage, whole villages turned out to do him honour, as a great personage, wherever he went. At Cashgar he was received in state by the Sovereign Prince, whose martial court is thus described : " From my door to the entrance of the palace, a distance of a quarter of a mile, abroad avenue had beeu 182 THE ISRAELITES FOUND formed in the crowd, whose bright robes of many colours had the effect of a living kaleidoscope. Entering the gateway, we passed through several large quadrangles, whose sides were lined with ranks upon ranks of brilliantly attired guards, all sitting in solemn silence, so that they seemed to form part of the architecture of the buildings, whose want of height would otherwise have given them a mean appearance. Entire rows of these men were clad in silken robes, and many seemed to be of high rank, from the richness of their equipments. Men of divers tribes, and with strange arms, were mixed with the mass. For the first time I saw soldiers armed with bows and arrows. They were Kalmaks. The whole effect was curious and novel. The numbers, the solemn stillness, and the gorgeous colouring gave a sort of unreality to this assemblage of thousands." But all these honours, were, as I have said, paid to Mr. Shaw as an Englishman ; for far off, in the almost unknown region of Central Asia, where these Tartars dwell, the sovereign ruler knew enough of the Anglo-Saxons and their government thus to express himself, to the somewhat astonished traveller: "The Queen of England is like the sun, which warms every- thing it shines upon. I am in the cold, and desire that some of its rays should fall upon me. I am very small a man of yesterday. In these few years, God has given me this great country. It is a great honour for me that you have come. I count upon you to help me in your own country. Whatever services I can render you here, you may command ; and you must do the same forme." That nations which "knew us not," beyond report or rumour, rude and warlike in character, though some- times living in oriental magnificence, separated from us by many thousands of miles of land and wafcer, should thus exhibit a desire for our alliance, and seek to ensure our friendship, and even evince a disposition to kiss the Anglo-Saxon sceptre, " bringing their sons on their arms, and their daughters on their shoulders," (Isaiah xlix., 22), is, as I have said, a marvellous thing. But that the majority of these nations, some of them IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 183 Brahmins, some Buddhists, some a strange compound of the two, and others uniting with this again some of the dogmas and traditions of Mahommedanism, together with orthodox Mussulmans, Parsees, and Jews, should have exhibited such an unanimity and spontaneity of feeling and affection towards the heir to the sceptre which has broken in pieces the sceptres of their native princes, and now rules them, as they did on the Thanksgiving Day, is more marvellous still. Having prayed for his restoration ; these multifarious peoples now went up to their several places of worship to i hank God for his restoration. CHAPTER XXXII. THE UIVINE MONARCHY. A MONARCHY appears to me to be one part of the apparatus by which the Divine purposes in relation to mankind are, through the instrumentality of the Israelites, to be effected ; and, if so, its preservation will always be with them an object of peculiar solicitude, whether they be conscious of its reason or ultimate object, or not. " The Lord of hosts hath sworn, saying, Surely as I have thought so shall it come to pass, as I have proposed, so shall it stand " (Isaiah xiv., 24). The Israelites were not left to determine their own form of government, they were to be " a peculiar people," as witnesses for God in the world, asserting His unity, Divine attributes, and moral perfections, and also His government of the world He had created. And the God, whom they were thus to serve, prescribed the form of government they were to adopt and main- tain. The collective tribes formed the kingdom of Israel, and after their separation, when Rehoboam succeeded to the throne of Solomon, they formed the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Their form of government was to be a monarchy ; not an aristo- cracy, nor a democracy. And this seems to have been adumbrated when we first read of this race. 184 THE ISRAELITES FOUND Abram and his family dwelt in Ur of the Chaldees, one of the earliest despotic monarchies of the east, whence they received a Divine command to depart; this they did, and never afterwards became the subjects of a foreign monarchy. Abram, as the head of his tribe and adherents, exercised sovereign or kingly power ; so did Isaac and Jacob, and though Joseph was, in one sense,a subject of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, he exercised kingly power ; for Plmraoh said to him, " according unto thy word shall all my people be ruled, only in the throne will I be greater than thou. See, I have set thee over all the land of Egypt. And he took off his ring from his hand, and put it upon Joseph's hand [a symbol of the regal power] and arrayed him in vestures of fine linen, and put a gold chain about his neck ; and he made him to ride in the second chariot which he had ; and they cried before him, bow the knee (or, as the word Abrech is rendered by the Targums, "Father of the King !" in like manner as theVTyrian artificer is called Hiram Abiff" Father of Hiram), and they made him ruler over all the land of Egypt. And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I am Pharaoh and without thee shall no man lift up his hand or foot in all the land of Egypt" (Genesis xli., 40-44). Hence we find that when Joseph desired to inspire his father Jacob with confidence in his power to receive and protect him and his house, he said to his brethren, " God hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his house, and ruler throughout all the land of J%ypk Haste ye, and go up to my father, and say unto him, thus saith thy son Joseph, God hath made me lord of all Egypt ; come down unto me, tarry not" (Chapter xlv., 8, 9). When Jacob and his family, with a large body of retainers, went down upon this summons, it was not to become part of the Egyptian community. The kingdom had attained to a high degree of civilization. It had a well regulated court, dignified courtiers, a royal life guard, a strict ceremonial, a powerful prime minister, high officers of state, a state prison, under the captain of the^life guard, and a scrupulous distinction of rank all indicating a rich, flourishing, and well-ordered Iff THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 185 kingdom. The Theban, or Diospolitic dynasty, had become extinct, and all Egypt was united under the sceptre of the Memphian Pharaoh ; and so celebrated was the country for its wealth, that caravans of Ishmaelite and Moabite merchants went thith er, through Palestine and Arabia Petrea, with the productions of their country. Joseph exercised the supreme power, with only such limitation as is implied in the king being greater only on the throne. The natural thing would seem, that Jacob and all who came down with him, should have been absorbed in the Egyptian population, and have become subjects of the Egyptian monarch. But it was otherwise ; they were to " dwell alone," as Balaam afterwards said. The Land of Goshen was assigned to them : and therein they grew until they became so great and powerful a nation, that the Pharaohs ultimately stood in dread of them (Exodus i., 7-10). This location of the Israelites can hardly be thought upon by the Biblical student, I imagine, without per- ceiving in the fact, one of the providential arrangements which are so conspicuous throughout the whole history of that people. Goshen was a region lying to the north-east of Lower Egypt, bounded, apparently, by the Mediterranean, on the north, by the desert, on the east, by the Taniti branch of the Nile, on the west hence called the field of Zoan, or Tanis (Psalm Ixxviii., 12, 43), and probably extending south as far as the head of the Red Sea, and nearly to Memphis. It appears to be called the Land of Rameses, in Genesis xlvii., 11 ; and the Israelites, before the exodus, are said to have built in it the cities of Raamses and Pithom (Exodus i., 11). It was probably, though nominally under the dominion of the Pharaohs, only on the confines of Egypt, hence the LXX call it " Gesen of Arabia." Here the Israelites were placed, in " the very best of the land" (Genesis xlviii. 7,) a region which even now, as the Province of Es Shurkiyer, is said to bear the highest valuation and to yield the largest revenue of any in Egypt. Here, then, on the confines of Egypt nearest to Palestine, which they were afterwards to possess, and near to Joseph himself 186 THE ISRAELITES FOUND (Genesis xlv., 10) Memphis, or Tanis, being then, probably, the metropolis of Egypt, the Israelites were located, and dwelt apart, under their own rulers. They multiplied and grew abundantly, so that, "the land was filled with them.;" i.e., the large and nourishing district allotted to them, extending probably from the eastern branch of the Nile, to the borders of the desert ; and so numerous and mighty were they, that, as already stated, when the new king the head, as is thought, of the 18th dynasty, who completed the expulsion of the Shepherd-Kings, or Hyksos of Manetho became aware of the fact, he said, " they are more and mightier than we," and, at once, adopted means to reduce their numbers, " lest it come to pass, that when there falleth out any war, they join also unto our enemies, and fight against us" (Exodus i., 9, 10). But the more they were oppressed and afflicted, the more they multiplied andgrew, and waxed very mighty (verses 12, 20). Their bondage was made bitter, by increased oppression and cruelty ; and Moses was at length made their deliverer, and carried them forth from Egypt, after a sojourn of more than 400 years, during 80 of which they were subjected to intolerable suffering. As we advance with the history of the Hebrew race, the children of the promises made to Abraham and his descendants, we find the form of government under which they were to live more fully developed. Having reached the foot of Mount Horeb, after they had passed the confines of Egypt, now hateful to them, on account of the oppression to which they had been for good part of a century subjected, and had discomfited Amalek and his army, who had made an unprovoked attack upon the sick and fatigued in the rear of their march, (Moses then being king in Jeshurun, as Israel was called, Deuteronomy xxxiii., 4, 5), the law was solemnly promulgated by Jehovah, through the ministration of angels (Acts ix., 53 ; Gralatians iii., 19 ; Hebrews ii., 2), and the people entered into a peculiar relation with God, upon which their whole civil constitution was unalter- ably grounded, the fundamental principle being that of a monarchy. The people, during their residence in Egypt, had IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 187 become so infected with the idolatry then prevalent, that all the miracles they had witnessed there, at the Red Sea, and at Mount Sinai, were insufficient to cure them of their superstition, and bring them back to the constant worship of the true God, to whom they acknowledged they were to be attributed. But they were to fulfil a high destiny, through succeeding ages, and civil institutions were created, by which the knowledge and worship of Him should be connected with the political structure of the nation so intimately as to be imperishable, so long as the nation remained a nation, and which could be annihilated only by the annihilation of the political existence of the people. Jehovah condescended to become, in accordance with the prevalent notions of those ages, their titular deity. Through the intervention of Moses, he suffered himself to be elected their king (See Exodus xix., 4, 8; Judges viii., 23 ; 1 Samuel viii., 7; x., 18 ; xi., 1 ; and 1 Chronicles xxix., 23). The Land of Canaan was regarded as the royal possession, of which the Israelites were to be hereditary occupants, and from, which they were to render to Jehovah a double tithe, as the Egyptians did to their king. And that they might have their peculiar relation to God kept constantly before their eyes, He, as their king, caused a tent to be erected, in the centre of the encampment (where the pavilions of Eastern kings were usually erected), and fitted up with royal splendour, as a moveable palace. It was divided into three apartments, in the innermost of which was the royal throne, sup- ported by golden cherubs ; and at the footstool of the throne, a gilded ark containing the tables of the law, the Magna Charta of Church and State. In the ante- room, a gilded table was spread with bread and wine, as the royal table ; and precious incense was burned. The exterior room, or court, might be considered the royal culinary apartment, and there music was per- formed, as at the festive tables of the Eastern monarchs. The divine king made choice of the Levites for his courtiers, state-officers, and palace guards ; and Aaron for the chief officer of the court the first minister of state. For the maintenance of these officers, he 188 THE ISRAELITES FOUND assigned one of the tithes which the Hebrews were to pay as rent, for the use of the land. He finally required all the Hebrew males, of a suitable age, to repair to his palace every year, on the three great annual festivals, with presents, to render homage to their king ; and as those days of renewing their homage were to be celebrated with festivity and joy, the second tithe was expended in providing the entertainments neces- sary for the occasions. In short, every religious duty was made a matter of political obligation, and all the civil regulations, even the most minute, were so founded upon the relation of the people to God, and so inter- woven with their religious duties, that the Hebrew could not separate his God and his king. In every law he was reminded of both. Hence, as already stated, the nation, as long as it had a national existence could not entirely lose the knowledge or discontinue the worship of the true God. It is on this ground that we perceive the reason of some of the laws and punish- ments which in themselves appear to be excessive in severity. As God was the King of the Hebrews, says Jahn. a defection from God was a defection from their rightful sovereign. Whoever, in the Hebrew nation, over which Jehovah was king, worshipped another God, or practised any superstitions, by this very act renounced his allegiance to his king, and deserted to another. He committed high treason, and was properly regarded as a public criminal. Whoever incited others to idolatry, incited them to rebellion, and was a promoter of sedition. Therefore death was justly awarded as the punishment of idolatry, and of its kindred arts, magic, necro- mancy, and soothsaying. Nor was this fundamental principle of the govern- ment changed when a visible king was granted at the people's desire. The theocratic principle was still religiously preserved. The invisible king, Jehovah, was in reality the only Chief Magistrate of the State. The sacred tabernacle, and after wards the Holy Temple, was His palace, and by it the people were made sensible of His presence. The visible king was the representa- tive of the Invisible King, and was bound to administer the laws as he found them, they being unalterable by IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 189 any human power or authority. The high priest was the prime minister of the Invisible King, and decided all cases of difficulty or importance. The principles of the theocracy were, as I have said, so interwoven with the fundamental and unchangeable laws of the state, that the elected king must act as the viceroy and vassal of Jehovah. Those only were to occupy the throne who were designated by Jehovah himself. As monarchs called " king of kings," were accustomed to appoint sub-kings, in the several provinces of their kingdoms, so were the kings of the Israelites to be called to the throne by King Jehovah, and to receive the kingdom from Him, and were, in all respects, to view themselves as His representatives or viceroys. Hence we find, in following the history of the people, who, upon the death of Solomon, became divided into two kingdoms, that Jehovah always governed them on this funda- mental principle of theocracy. If they revolted from Him, their lawful king, He brought them, by suitable chastisements, to repentance and reformation ; until they had become so utterly corrupt and incorrigible, that after having borne with them for about 250 years, the kingdom, of Israel was extinguished, and the people carried into captivity. These are now spoken of as the ten tribes, or the lost tribes. About 130 years afterwards, Judah, for the like cause, was visited with the like punishment ; but their captivity was limited to 70 years. In their captivity, Judah formed, as it were, a nation within a nation, not amalgamating with the Baby- lonians, and although some of them took wives from the daughters of the land, they were compelled, upon theirreturnto Judea,to put them away, lest they should be the means, as had been the case in the earlier periods of their history, of seducing them to idolatry. Under Zerubbabel, of the royal house of David, they restored the temple and worship ; and under the ministration of Ezra and Nehemiah, the walls of Jerusalem were rebuilt, and the nation in some measure restored. Neither temple nor nation, however, was restored in its integrity. Both exhibited a greatly inferior aspect to that which they wore before the captivity. The temple, 190 THE ISRAELITES FOUND which had been the glory of the former kingdom, was destitute of its great characteristics under Solomon ; that is, the fire from heaven to consume the sacrifices ; the Urim and Thummim, though which the Divine answers were given, in critical or difficult cases, to the high priest ; the ark of the covenant ; the schechinah or manifestation of the Divine presence ; and the spirit of prophecy. So inferior, indeed, was this second temple to that of Solomon, that the prophet Haggai, though rejoicing with the people over the completion of the work, was so impressed with a sense of its comparative littleness and deficiencies, that he appealed to the people, saying, " Who is left among you that saw this house in her first glory ? And, how do you see it now ? Is it not in your eyes, in comparison of it, as nothing?" (Haggai ii., 3), and although there were subsequent migrations of the Jews from Babylon to their own land it remained in a very poor and troubled condition. After the departure, probably by death, of Ezra, and the termination of Nehemiah's first mission, which had endured for twelve years, great disorders crept in ; so that on his return, he found much to deplore. The detention of the tithes, defective offerings, and heathen marriages had become general. There was increasing bitterness between the Jews and the Samaritans, who had built a rival temple on Mount Gerizim ; there was a growing alienation between the Jews who had returned from captivity, and those who had remained in the land, and whom the former treated with derision and contempt ; and there were the evils to which they were all exposed, by the frequent eruptions of the armies of the Macedonians, Syrians, Egyptians, &c., all form- ing a combination of circumstances which depressed the nation, and gave rise to many social and moral evils. The nation passed under the dominion of the great foreign states ; and although their independence was partly achieved by the valour of the Maccabees, and the Idumean Herod who had married into the Maccabean family occupied the throne at the time of Christ's birth, his power was limited, and a few years after his death the dissessions among his sons, and the commotions arising therefrom, brought the partially- IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS, 191 restored but dilapidated kingdom to an end, and it was annexed, as a Province, to the great Eoman Empire. The promised Shiloh, or He whose right the sceptre was (Genesis xlix., 10) had come, and when a sufficient time had been given to publish His gospel throughout the cities of Israel, and from the chosen, but now con- demned, city of God's prescribed ceremonial worship, to send it forth into all nations, then came the end. The Children of Israel, still in captivity, were to " abide many days without a king, and without a prince, and without a sacrifice " (Hosea iii., 4). But though " lost " to their own name and country cast out, trodden down, and called by another name a monarchy was still dear to their hearts, and was the subject of their constant aspirations. They were not satisfied, as some of the northern " barbarians " were, with leaders to command in the time of war they must have Kings to lead and govern them. As soon as circumstances favoured it, Alaric, the Goth, was pro- claimed king, upon the shields of his soldiers. We know little of their history, for some centuries after- wards, except as the conquering race of the western world, but we know that the Saxon branch brought with them into Britain that monarchical institution in which the supreme power is limited by the subjects themselves, by due course of law. It is no despotic power which the Anglo-Saxon sovereign wields. At his coronation, he swears to rule in accordance with the statutes of parliament and the laws and customs of the realm ; to maintain right and justice ; and to uphold the Established Church. Once since the establishment of the Anglo-Saxon monarchy it has been set aside ; but this, so far from having been legally recognised, has been erased from the national records, and the Monarchy survives, surrounded by republican institu- tions. And, as if all had been penetrated by a common inspiration, we witnessed the striking phenomenon on the day of the thanksgiving, which I have endeavoured to depict. We then witnessed, for the only time recorded m history, a union of all ranks, conditions, and religions of mankind Roman Catholics and Protestants, members of the Scottish Presbyterian, and 192 THE ISRAELITES FOUND of the Anglican Episcopal Churches ; the multiform Christian nonconformists ; the Eastern and Western Jews, reformed and unreformed ; Brahmins, Buddhists, Parsees, bitterly hostile Mahommedans ; England and her colonies, the conquering and the conquered races in India all uniting in religious thanksgiving. For what ? For deliverance from some threatened calamity plague, fire, earthquake, famine F No, for none of those, but for the restoration of an individual from what was believed to be a fatal illness, to life and health. But that individual is the heir apparent to the Anglo-Saxon throne, with which is identified in the Anglo-Saxon mind, the continued peace, prosperity, and happiness of this great nation and her dependencies. CHAPTEE XXXIII. CONCLUSION. IT is now time that I should bring these too long, perhaps, extended papers to a close. Not that the subject is by any means exhausted, for the further it is pursued the more evident it is that many points of history, at first passed over unnoticed, have more or less relation to the subject of our inquiries, and furnish collateral proofs of the descent of the Saxon race from the ten captive tribes of Israel, and of their being the people to whom pertain the promises, which, in so many forms, and given under so many circum- stances, are to be found in the sacred writings, from the days of Moses to those of the last of the Hebrew prophets ; and a due understanding of the bearing of which invests those writings with much additional interest, linking them, as they do, with our own times. If the Israelitish history were, as I believe it WK-S, a typical representation of the history of God's charch and people in all time if the derilections of duty and lapses into idolatry, and the repeated chastisements and manifold restorations to the Divine favour of that IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 193 people, pourtray, as I believe they do, the chequered course of all men in this their mortal career, then do the pages of sacred and profane history throw a flood of light on the Divine government, and enable us to read in unmistakeable languages, many of the things that shall come to pass, as the descendants of Israel proceed in the fulfilment of their mission in the world. With how much more interest will the history of the Israeltish people, and the prophecies and promises pertaining to them, be read, when we discern in them, not what relates to a people long since passed away "lost," and living only in their history but to a people now living a people of whom we form part, and a people who are destined by God's special pro- vidence to be the instruments of bringing the whole world into the fold of the Great Shepherd, and of sowing the seeds of civilization, with all its attendant blessings, throughout the four quarters of the globe ! And has not such a reading of the Hebrew history and prophecy a tendency to impress us with a deeper and more abiding sense of those obligations which devolve upon us, as a portion of the privileged instruments thus employed, and into which, as Masons, we have voluntarily entered, to promote the great and sacred principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth ? Through- out our ceremonies, especially in the Master's degree and in the Royal Arch, we identify ourselves with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and we claim them as our forefathers. What life would it infuse into our ceremonies, if we realized this as a truth, and with what life should we ourselves be animated, if we knew, indeed, that we formed part of that race which is to be employed by the Almighty in turning men from dark- ness to light, and transforming a world of ignorance, and vice, and misery, into a world of knowledge, and virtue, and righteousness, and happiness ! Then shall " a king reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule with equity ; and a man shall be as a covert from the storm, as a refuge from the flood ; as streams of water in a dry place ; as the shadow of a great rock in a land fainting with heat : and the eyes of those that see shall regard, and the ears of those that hear shall harken, Q 194 THE ISRAELITES FOUND Even the heart of the rash shall consider and acquire knowledge, and the t stammering tongue shall speak readily and plainly. The fool shall no longer be called honourable, and the niggard shall no more be called liberal. The wilderness shall become a fruitful field, and the fruitful field be esteemed a forest : and judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and in the fruitful field shall reside righteousness ; and the work of righteousnes shall be peace, and the effect of right- eousness perpetual quiet and security." (Isaiah xxxii.) I have traced, very briefly, and therefore very imper- fectly for, to do so fully would occupy volumes the migration and history of the Getse, or Goths, or Scythians, or Saxons Angles and Jutes that is Anglo-Saxons to their settlement in these our islands "THE ISLES OF THE SEA " from the north-eastern parts of Europe and southern parts of Asia the very regions into which the Israelites were deported by the Assyrians, about 725 B.C. and, subsequently, their missions, colonizing and evangelizing 5 in to every quarter of the globe ; and, in this, their fulfilment of the mission which it was predicted should be that of Israel to occupy the Isles, to raise up a standard for the nations, and to make known the true God and His salvation to the ends of the earth. Throughout these inquiries I have endeavoured to keep constantly in the mind of my readers the distinction between Judah and Israel, very markedly made in the prophecies ; the head or leading tribe of the latter being Ephraim, the descendant and inheritor of the birthright of Joseph, and of whom the God of Abraham declared, by the prophet Jeremiah, u I am a Father unto Israel, and Ephraim is my first-born" that is, possessing the privileges and possessions of the first son. Writing for the columns of THE FREEMASON, in which I have been compelled to avoid everything of a sectarian character, and everything that might throw an obstacle in the way of my Jewish brethren following me in a truly Masonic or Catholic spirit, I have been deprived of many arguments and proofs which I should have availed myself, had I been writing for those only of my own faith. Nevertheless, I think I have shown IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 105 even in the brief and imperfect sketch I have given of the recorded prophecies, promulgated many years ago, and of the literal fulfilment of many of them as written on the pages of ancient and modern history, that it would demand a great amount of credulity to believe that the exact agreement, in so many particulars, between the one and the other, is the result of mere chance, or that it only exhibits a series of coincidences, which, though the like is not to be found elsewhere, constitute a rational solution of the problem. The reading of a series of arguments in detached por- tions cannot possibly produce the impression which they would be likely to produce if they were made the subject of uninterrupted reading and study. Still, I venture to hope, that, even under the disadvantages necessarily incident to such a reading, no one can have followed me in these brief sketches, and have failed to perceive that there is at least a great weight of evidence in favour of the Israelitish origin of the Saxon race, of which our own island may be regarded as the cradle and the home, whence have gone forth the progenitors of those vast populations now taking a leading part in the civilization and evangelization of the rest of the world. In the preface or introduction to " Lectures on Ancient Israel and the Fulness of the Gentiles," by the late Mr. John Wilson, to whom I, and all who write upon this interesting subject, must be indebted for many valuable suggestions, are found the following queries on the Israelitish origin of the British nation, and I feel that I cannot do better than conclude by laying them before my readers : "1. Is not the House of Israel, and especially the tribe of Ephraim, clearly distinguished from that of Judahin the historical and prophetic parts of Scripture ? (1 Chronicles v., 2 ; Jeremiah iii., 2). Were not of Ephraim, especially, to come the many heirs of the promises made unto the fathers, just as of Judah was to come the One Heir from whom the blessing was immediately to descend?" (Genesis xlviii., 15-20, xlix., 8-12.) "$. Were not the lost tribes of Israel to bo found 196 THE ISRAELITES POUND in these, the latter days, as a seed whom the Lord hath blessed?" (Hosea ii., 14-23 ; Isaiah xxix., 17-23 ; Ixi., 9-10;lxvi., 8-14 ; Jeremiah xxxi., 1-10; Ezekiel xi., 15-20 ; Hosea i., 10-11). "3. Have not all previous attempts to find the lost tribes of Israel proved abortive, especially as to the accounting for Ephraim, the heir of the promises, and of which was to come the promised ' fulness of the Gentiles,' or ' multitude of nations ?' (Eomans xi., 25; Genesis xlviii., 19 ; Isaiah xli., 25-29.) Does not the Scripture declare that the previous non-discovery of Israel has been occasioned by its blindness, and not by God's having failed to fulfil his word ? (Isaiah xlii., 18-25 ;xliii.,l-13; xlv,, 17-21.) Do not the Scriptures expressly recognise our present condition as being that in which Israel would be found ? And do they not predict matters which can be fulfilled only in these nations ? (Isaiah xxvii., 6-10 ; Jeremiah xxxi., 10-11 ; Micah vii., 16; Jeremiah in., 18 ; Ezekiel xi., 16 ; &c.) " 4. Does history (which traces our Saxon ancestry back to the very countries into which Israel was carried captive by the Assyrians) present anything opposed to this view ? (Turner's Anglo-Saxons, vol. 1, pp. 94-102.) Is it likely that the God of truth would utterly cast away the people unto whom the promises were made, and out of the same place bring forth a people to have fulfilled in them the promises freely made to Israel, and so solemnly confirmed to them by oath ? (Micah vii., 18-20 ; Isaiah xxv., 1-7 ; Psalm cv., 10.) Could it be said in such case, that ' the gifts and calling of God are without repentance ?' " (Isaiah xli., 8-9). "5. Are not the intellectual, moral, and physical characteristics of the Anglo-Saxons exactly those that were to be expected of the nations that were to come of Ephraim ? Can our ancient religious rites, political institutions, acquirements, and manners better be accounted for than as having been derived from ancient Israel ? Do not the favours bestowed upon these nations in the north-west, and the whole course of God's dealing with the English nation, clearly indicate that they are under the kindness and care of IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 197 the Good Shepherd of Israel?" (Genesis xlix., 22-26; Psalm Ixxx., 1-3 ; cxlvii., 19, 20.) Let me add one question to these : Do we not seem to recognise our Israelitish origin in our Masonic Constitution and Ritual ? It matters not, in this respect, to what period in history our origin may be carried back. One of our brethren is endeavouring to show that we take our rise in ancient Roman times, Numa Pompilius being our founder ; that would be, probably, thirty or forty years after Israel was carried captive into Assyria. Another is carrying back our birth to a period long antecedent to that. Well, guilds and architecture may have flourished, as I believe they did, at the times respectively referred to ; but I venture to say that the Israelitish traditions and ceremonial rites which are to be found in Masonry, show, at least, that if we do not derive our origin from the early times to which some of our historians would carry us back, there is some- thing still more striking than guilds and buildings, which links us with the extraordinary race, that, in God's mysterious but beneficent dealing with mankind, has been destined to be the salvation of the world, and the glory of its Creator and Governor. In conclusion, let me observe, that, if the reasons that have been assigned show that the Anglo-Saxons are identical with the people who, in the Divine councils have been selected as the instruments to bring about this blessed state of things, it should, surely, stimulate us to further investigation and study. The truth, if it be one, is of no slight importance. The race is made up of its units ; and if the high mission and tha glorious privilege to enlighten, civilize, and exalt in righteousness the human family if the uniting of Israel and Judah, and the preparing of the way for the return of the chosen people to their own land, whore they are to form the centre of attraction to all nations, which, through them, shall be brought to the knowledge and worship of the true God if this be our mission, then, we cannot trifle with it and be guiltless. The work will be accomplished, though we should bo indifferent to it ? or even turn our backs upon it, for it 198 THE ISRAELITES FOUND is God's purpose, and His purpose shall stand. There will be a " remnant," as there ever has been, and through them Grod will do His own work ; for " Thus said the Lord Grod : I myself will take from the shoot of the lofty cedar, even a tender scion from the top of his scions will I pluck, and I myself will plant it on a mountain high and eminent. On the lofty mountain of Israel will I plant it, and it shall exalt its branch and bring forth fruit ; and it shall become a majestic cedar ; and under it shall dwell all fowl of every wing ; in the shadow of its branches shall they dwell and all the trees of the field shall know that I, Jehovah, have brought low the high tree ; have exalted the low tree ; have dried up the green tree ; and have made the dry tree to flourish : I, Jehovah, have spoken it, and will do it" (Ezekiel xvi., 22-24). " Thus, saith the Lord, Sing with gladness for Jacob, and shout among the chief of the nations : Publish ye, praise ye, and say, Lord, save thy people, the remnant of Israel. Behold, I will bring them from the north country, and gather them from the coasts of the earth, and with them the blind and the lame, the woman with child, and her that travaileth with child together : a great company shall return thither. They shall come with weeping, and with supplications will I lead them : I will cause them to walk by the rivers of waters in a straight way, wherein they shall not stumble ; for I am a Father to Israel, and Ephraim is my first-born. Hear the word of the Lord, ye nations, and declare it in the Isles afar off, and say, He that scattereth Israel will father him, and keep him as a shepherd doth his ock. . . . Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will sow the house of Israel and the house of Judah with the seed of man and with the seed of beast. And it shall come to pass that like as I have watched over them, to pluck up, and to break down, and to throw down, and to destroy, and to afflict, so will I watch over them to build and to plant, saith the Lord. . . . Thus, saith the Lord which giveth the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the moon and of the stars for a light by night, which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar ; the IN THE ANGLO-SAXONS. 199 Lord of Hosts is His name : If those ordinances depart from before me, saith the Lord, then the seed of Israel also shall cease from being a nation before me for ever" (Jeremiah xxxi.). 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