avl <r 
 
 SOCIAL ABBOWS 
 
 BY 
 
 LOED BKABAZON 
 
 " If there is anytliing which brings still more sadness to the heart 
 than the degradation of the ignorant, it is surely the thought of those 
 called by their own hearts, by education and the needs of others, to 
 some noble purpose, who are yet content to dream away their lives, 
 indifferent spectators of the sorrows, sins, and wrongs of men, when 
 they might have been leaders in the battle against evil. The age of 
 heroic deeds is not gone by. It cannot be but that a ready answer 
 will be given to the voice as of a trumpet call 'Et nos vincamus 
 aliquid !' 'Let us too conquer something 1 "' 
 
 The Life of CharJfs Loicder 
 
 LONDON 
 LONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO. 
 
 1887 
 
 All rights reserved
 
 PRINTED BY 
 
 BPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARB 
 BONBON
 
 TO 
 
 WILLIAM 
 
 ELEVENTH EARL OF ME ATE. 
 
 MY DEAR FATHER, 
 
 I dedicate to you this small volume, which 
 would never have been written had not my thoughts 
 been turned towards the duty of working for others by 
 the example which in your person, since my earliest 
 childhood, I have ever had before my eyes. 
 
 Your simple piety, your attachment to duty, your 
 energy and untiring labours in the service of others, 
 have been my admiration ; and my ambition is to be 
 able to follow in your footsteps. 
 
 Your devoted Son, 
 
 BRABAZON. 
 
 KILLRUDDERY : September 1886.
 
 PEBFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 THE kindly reception accorded by the public 
 to my 'Social Arrows' lias encouraged me 
 to publish a second and amended edition, 
 to which I have annexed some additional 
 
 essays. 
 
 BRABAZON. 
 
 January 1, 1887.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 OPEN SPACES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE OF OUR CITY POPULA- 
 
 TIONS 1 
 
 II. A PLEA FOR PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS . . .32 
 
 III. OPEN SPACES AND THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS 49 
 
 IV. OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION . .57 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE BENEFIT OF YOUNG 
 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN. 
 
 i. A WOMAN'S WORK 79 
 
 II. ADDRESS TO THE DUBLIN YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN 
 
 ASSOCIATION . . . . . .93 
 
 III. THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MEN . . .105 
 
 IV. THE MINISTERING CHILDREN'S LEAGUE . .115 
 
 V. GORDON DIVISION OF THE MINISTERING LEAGUE 123
 
 viii CONTENTS 
 
 OVER-POPULATION: ITS EVILS AND 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION : ITS NECESSITY . 134 
 II. GREAT CITIES AND SOCIAL REFORM . . . 223 
 III. SOME SUGGESTED REMEDIES FOR OVER-POPULA- 
 TION AND ITS ATTENDANT EVILS . 251 
 
 THE CAUSE OF THE OVERWORKED 
 SHOP-ASSISTANT. 
 
 I. THE SHOP HOURS LEAGUE . . . . 071 
 
 II. THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT . . . 284 
 
 in. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK'S SHOP HOURS REGULATION 
 
 BILL AND THE COMPULSORY CLOSING OF 
 SHOPS . . 332 
 
 SOME SOCIAL WANTS OF LONDON. 
 
 I. PUBLIC WASH-HOUSES, LAUNDRIES, AND SWIMMING- 
 BATHS ....... 347 
 
 II. CLUBS FOR YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN . . .357 
 
 THE DUTY OF THE CHURCH IN RESPECT 
 TO RECREATION AND LITERATURE 369 
 
 THE NEED OF NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL 
 
 AND TECHNICAL TRAINING . . . 383 
 
 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISURE . . 396 
 APPEAL TO MEN OF WEALTH . . 407
 
 OPEN SPACES. 
 I. 
 
 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE OF OUE CITY 
 POPULATIONS. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' Nineteenth Century ' 
 of July 1881. 
 
 THE self-complacency of John Bull is pro- 
 verbial ; it is extremely difficult to persuade 
 him that there is any quality in which he is 
 inferior to those born on other soils than that 
 of Britain, and if there is one quality more 
 than another upon which he prides himself, it 
 is his physical superiority to the men of other 
 nations. Has he not over and over again, it 
 is said, given proofs of such superior excel- 
 lence, from Cressy and Agincourt to Waterloo 
 and Inkermann ? Did not the strong right 
 arms and unerring aim of British bowmen 
 scatter the chivalry of France in those victories 
 
 B
 
 2 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ? 
 and has not the same story been repeated 
 under different forms throughout successive 
 ages ? Were not the finest cuirassiers of 
 France driven like chaff before the wind when 
 they came in contact with the superior weight 
 and strength of the Life Guards at Waterloo ? 
 and is it not acknowledged that at Inkermann 
 our little handful of men, overwhelmed by 
 numbers, must have been swept into the sea 
 had it not been for the individual dogged 
 courage and physical strength of the British 
 soldiery, who, with their usual obstinacy, 
 knew not when they were beaten, and snatched 
 a victory, when by all the recognised rules of 
 war they ought to have been annihilated ? 
 
 National pride within certain limits is 
 useful. It produces self-confidence, which is 
 as indispensable to a nation as it is to an 
 army. A people which has lost faith in itself 
 is doomed, but wise men, whilst fostering a 
 healthy national self-respect, will see that it
 
 OF OUR CITY POPULATIONS 3 
 
 is founded on solid foundations ; that the 
 reputed superiority is real ; that it is not a 
 dream of the past, nor the vain imaginings of 
 dwellers in a fool's paradise. It is well that 
 all matters should be brought to the test of 
 truth, the question of ' physique ' not less 
 than others of apparently greater importance, 
 but indeed this is a question not unworthy of 
 serious consideration. Let it not be thought 
 that it is a matter of indifference whether the 
 average breadtli of chest or height of English- 
 men varies an inch or so one svay or the other. 
 National physique depends upon national 
 health, and health is as necessary to the 
 happiness and prosperity of a nation as it is 
 to an individual. Mem sana in corpore sano 
 may be said of the aggregate as of the unit. 
 
 Is it then a fact that we English are 
 physically stronger than our neighbours ? 
 and, if so, are the conditions of life of the 
 mass of our population such as will conduce 
 to the maintenance of this superiority ?
 
 4 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 Injured patriotism will assuredly ask 
 whether the records of athletic sports do not 
 plainly show that not only is the Anglo- 
 Saxon race pre-eminent in the achievement 
 of feats of agility and strength, but that even 
 our own ancestors were unable to reach the 
 pitch of perfection in athletic sports which 
 has been since attained by their sons. It 
 will be asked whether it was not left to the 
 men and even to the women of the nineteenth 
 century, and mainly to those of English race, 
 to overcome the difficulties of ice and snow, 
 crag and precipice, and to scale those virgin 
 mountain heights previously untrodden by 
 the foot of man. We shall be told that to 
 raise such a question when a Whymper has 
 but just returned from his victorious cam- 
 paigns amongst the giants of the Andes, a 
 man to whom it was but an ordinary morn- 
 ing's task ' to w r ipe off,' as he himself most 
 unreverentially expresses it, some mountain 
 Titan which never before, since the found a-
 
 OF OUR CITY POPULATIONS 5 
 
 tion of the world, had been forced to acknow- 
 ledge the supremacy of man ; at such a 
 moment of all others to come forward and 
 express a doubt on the physical capabilities 
 of Englishmen, argues an ignorance of facts 
 which, to say the least, is unpardonable. 
 The sailor might with justice take up the 
 parable and point to the glorious victories of 
 British pluck and endurance in the icy regions 
 of the North, where cold, darkness, hunger, 
 and disease are the daily portions of those 
 adventurous spirits who, for the sake of carry- 
 ing the British flag farther north than that 
 of any other nation, have cheerfully under- 
 gone these hardships, and consider it an 
 honour to be allowed the privilege of par- 
 taking in them. Are these men, it may be 
 argued, in any way inferior to their prede- 
 cessors ? Would not Drake, Anson, or 
 Nelson be proud to command such men ? 
 and would they not consider them quite equal, 
 if not superior, to those brave sea-dogs who,
 
 6 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 in their days, caused the name of England to 
 be feared throughout the four quarters of the 
 globe ? Nor need the traveller be silent. The 
 names of Livingstone, Burton, Speke, Came- 
 ron, Stuart, Warburton, and many others 
 speak to the enterprise and daring of men of 
 English blood. They have performed feats 
 of endurance under tropical skies which oft- 
 times have proved beyond the physical powers 
 of their native followers, men born and bred 
 in the countries they traversed, inured to 
 their climates, and who had never been ex- 
 posed to the alleged deleterious influences 
 of civilisation and of city life. All this is 
 indeed true, and many more instances of 
 strength of body and of undaunted courage 
 may be brought forward to controvert any 
 rash theory of national physical deterioration. 
 Almost all Englishmen are naturally fond of 
 country pursuits and of athletic sports. The 
 number of the well-to-do has vastly increased 
 since the commencement of this century ;
 
 OF CUE CITY POPULATIONS. 7 
 
 means of rapid locomotion permit of large 
 classes living in the country which formerly 
 were forced to reside permanently in towns ; 
 and thus it happens that athletic pursuits 
 engage the attention of a much larger number 
 of well- to-do persons amongst the mercantile 
 and commercial classes than used formerly to 
 be the case. Xever were there so many packs 
 of hounds, and so well attended, as there are 
 at present. So much so is this the case that 
 the railway companies find it worth their 
 while to run, for the convenience of members 
 of the mercantile and professional classes re- 
 siding in our largest towns, special trains 
 during the hunting season, to and from the 
 principal meets of foxhounds. It is hardly 
 possible to take a stroll of a Saturday after- 
 noon in the well-to-do outskirts of a popu- 
 lous town without seeing a game, and it may 
 be several games, of football in winter, and of 
 cricket in summer, being engaged in by a 
 large number of young men who, during the
 
 8 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 rest of the week, have been occupied in busi- 
 ness pursuits. Our rivers are crowded with 
 craft manned by the young men of our com- 
 mercial classes. During the autumn the 
 mountainous parts of our own island and 
 that country which is called the ' playground 
 of Europe ' teem with visitors whose means 
 would formerly not have permitted them to 
 enjoy this healthy exercise and relaxation of 
 mind. These greater facilities for getting 
 into the country have certainly improved the 
 physique of our better-class townsmen. The 
 effeminate shop-clerk, against whom ' Punch,' 
 at the time of the Crimean war, used never to 
 be weary of levelling the shafts of his ridi- 
 cule, has developed into the stalwart volun- 
 teer, the oarsman, or the bicyclist. It is, 
 indeed, unnecessary to multiply instances to 
 prove the presence amongst us of large num- 
 bers endowed with physical powers, and in- 
 spired by a lion-hearted courage, worthy of 
 the best days of our ancestors, Perhaps it
 
 OF OUR CITY POPULATIONS 9 
 
 % 
 
 would be impossible for any country to pro- 
 duce as fine a body of young athletes belong- 
 ing to the well-to-do classes as are to be 
 
 o 
 
 found at our Public Schools and Universities. 
 Xay, more ; taking into consideration the 
 increase of comfort and of population, the 
 England of to-day could probably, under a 
 system of universal military conscription, 
 produce a greater number of fine regiments 
 as regards height and breadth of chest than 
 the England of 1800. But does this admis- 
 sion, or do all these instances of a high stan- 
 dard of physical strength and courage amongst 
 certain classes of the population, prove that 
 other classes, even now the most numerous, 
 and which under the present order of civili- 
 sation must inevitably increase, and that at 
 no slight rate do these instances, I say, in 
 any way prove that these less favoured classes 
 are even now not degenerating in health and 
 strength ? As cities increase, will not the 
 physical powers of their inhabitants assuredly
 
 10 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 decrease, unless steps are taken, and that 
 soon, to counteract the evil effects of the 
 crowding together of masses of human beings 
 within extremely limited areas ? Is it not a 
 fact that the population of these islands is 
 annually becoming more and more a town 
 one, crowded together without light, without 
 air, without the means of obtaining proper 
 exercise, and in the case of many without 
 wholesome, or even necessary, food, warmth, 
 and clothing ? If we do not as yet discover 
 signs of national deterioration in health, may 
 it not be because the average is maintained 
 by the high state of the physical condition of 
 more favoured portions of the community ? 
 Do our athletes, our sportsmen, our travellers, 
 our mountaineers, issue from the crowded 
 lanes of overgrown cities ? Are not their 
 homes to be found rather amongst the plea- 
 sant places of the earth, in rural manor- 
 houses, in retired parsonages, in country 
 villas, or in the healthy portions of well-to-do
 
 OF OUR CITY POPULATIONS 11 
 
 towns, in the midst of comfort and of plenty, 
 with every means of exercising the healthy 
 bodies which they have inherited from healthy 
 and well-to-do progenitors ? Are not our 
 navvies, our merchant seamen, our iron- 
 workers, our gamekeepers, our gillies, and 
 all who require physical strength in the 
 exercise of their employment, obtained as a 
 rule from the country and small town popu- 
 lation ? It may be said that our soldiers arc 
 recruited in towns. Although it is true that 
 the mass of our recruits are enlisted in towns, 
 it does not follow that they have been brought 
 up in them, though no doubt many and per- 
 haps the majority are. Many a country-bred 
 lad walks into the neighbouring large town 
 for the purpose of enlisting. We have no 
 record of the number of town-bred recruits 
 rejected by the inspecting surgeon for physi- 
 cal defects. None but those likely to develop 
 under the influence of good food and healthy 
 exercise are accepted. Even these we do
 
 12 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 not see in the ranks until they have been 
 withdrawn for some months from hurtful 
 influences, and have been carefully trained 
 with a view to the increase of their physical 
 powers under conditions of life most favour- 
 able to their development. 
 
 What are the conclusions to which we are 
 naturally led by the above considerations? 
 That the robust and athletic are to be found 
 amongst the well-fed, the well-clothed, the 
 well-housed ; that good food and clothing, 
 fresh air and exercise, are necessary to the 
 proper growth of the human frame ; and that 
 where these health-requirements are want- 
 ing, physical qualities may be expected to 
 degenerate. 
 
 The police records attest that the finest 
 men physically and intellectually come as a 
 rule from the small country towns, and it is 
 precisely in the small country towns that life 
 amongst the lower class presents its easiest 
 aspect.
 
 OF OUR CITY POPULATIONS 13 
 
 Now that almost all who have any preten- 
 sion to the name of well-to-do can get away, for 
 at all events some short portion of the year, 
 from the smoky and grimy city, there is a 
 real danger lest the health-requirements of 
 those left behind, and they the least influential 
 of the community, should be neglected. For- 
 merly it was the interest of the rich as well 
 as of the poor citizen to secure open spaces 
 and means of recreation, but if even the 
 superior artisan can now afford to live away 
 in a healthy suburb, who is left whose interest 
 will induce him to raise his voice on behalf 
 of the poor against the constant invasions 
 of brick and mortar ? Let the reader walk 
 through the wretched streets of one of our 
 large manufacturing towns, or through those 
 of the eastern and southern districts of London. 
 If he returns satisfied with the results of his 
 investigations, he must indeed be gifted with 
 a very sanguine temperament. Should he be 
 of average height, he will find himself a head
 
 14 
 
 taller than those around him ; he will see on 
 all sides pale faces, stunted figures, debilitated 
 forms, narrow chests, and all the outward signs 
 of a low vital power. Surely this ought not 
 to be. We are not Turks, to cry out ' Kis- 
 met ! ' and then turn on the other side, satisfied 
 that what is is good, and cannot be avoided. If 
 the exigencies of civilisation and the limited 
 size of our island home require that millions 
 shall pass their lives under the unnatural con- 
 ditions consequent on city life, it . is surely 
 incumbent on the nation to see that every 
 assistance is given these unfortunates to enable 
 them to bring up their children in as high a 
 degree of health as the unfavourable circum- 
 stances of their lives will admit. Cities must 
 exist, and will continue to increase. We 
 should therefore turn our attention seriously 
 to the question how to bring health within 
 the reach of our poorer city populations. Had 
 Victor Hugo passed his life within reach of the 
 noxious vapours of a Widnes, in the heart of
 
 OF OUR CITY POPULATIONS 15 
 
 a Newcastle, on the banks of the odoriferous 
 Clyde, or within the purlieus of a Whitechapel 
 court, it may be doubted whether, as on a 
 certain recent occasion, he would have been 
 eloquent in the praise of cities, and have styled 
 them ' divine.' Places which at the beginning 
 of this century were small hamlets are now 
 large manufacturing towns, teeming with 
 people huddled together under conditions 
 adverse to health and to the development of a 
 robust population. What similarity to their 
 present appearance did Glasgow, Dundee, 
 Newcastle, Liverpool, Manchester, Birming- 
 ham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, and a 
 hundred other places, present at the com- 
 mencement of this century? How long will 
 it take before the manufacturing towns and 
 villages with which Lancashire is studded 
 shall have joined one another, and that county 
 become one vast hive of human industry? 
 When will the modern Babylon cease to add 
 town to town, and what will be the limit of
 
 16 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 its extension? Can we look with complacency 
 on the fact that the population of these islands 
 is annually becoming more and more a town 
 one ; that annually more and more human 
 beings are engulfed by the advancing tide of 
 buildings, and become absorbed in endless 
 streets and courts and alleys ; that fresh air 
 and the means of wholesome exercise are 
 daily being withdrawn from larger and larger 
 numbers of people ; that crowded streets and 
 ill-ventilated dwellings produce vitiated air ; 
 tli at the want of a proper supply of oxygen 
 and of means of obtaining healthy exercise 
 weakens the human system ; and that daily 
 and hourly a larger number of men and 
 w T omen, conscious of impaired vitality, resort 
 to the spendthrift habit of drawing upon 
 capital to replace income by permanently 
 injuring their constitutions for the sake of the 
 transitory stimulus which is obtained through 
 the use of alcoholic liquors? Vain are the 
 efforts of temperance societies and reformers
 
 OF OUR CITY POPULATIONS 17 
 
 as long as they leave untouched the condition 
 of things which engenders the mad craving 
 for drink. Are men and women brought up 
 under such circumstances likely to be the 
 parents of healthy children ? Nature is stern 
 she has no compassion as men sow, in 
 like manner shall they reap. Certain well- 
 known laws have been laid down by Provi- 
 dence for the guidance of man, and if he in 
 his obstinate blindness deliberately chooses 
 to violate them, he must abide the conse- 
 quences. Wholesome and sufficient food, 
 warm clothing, fresh air and exercise, are 
 necessary, at all events in childhood, to the 
 healthy development of the human frame. 
 How many of these requisites ordinarily fall 
 to the lot of the children of the poorer 
 classes in our large towns ? Let those who 
 go in and out amongst them answer. Ask 
 the Board School teachers in the poorer 
 districts of London whether children are not 
 sometimes sent to school without having
 
 18 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 tasted food ; whether they do not occasion- 
 ally fall off the benches from sheer physical 
 exhaustion ; whether the teachers, from 
 motives of humanity which do them credit, 
 do not often supply out of their own slender 
 resources the more pressing necessities of 
 these wretched starvelings. Let the district 
 visitors answer whether the children, with 
 just sufficient clothing on their half-starved 
 frames to satisfy the demands of decency, 
 but not sufficient to promote warmth, do not 
 often in the depth of winter return to homes 
 where it is the exception rather than the rule 
 to find a fire burning on the hearth. Ask the 
 medical officer what is the sanitary condition 
 of these houses, and whether it is possible 
 for these children ever to breathe air which 
 is not more or less contaminated. Ask the 
 police constable how far off is the nearest 
 public park or open space where the children 
 now rolling in the neighbouring gutter might 
 enjoy their games free from the dirt and con-
 
 OF OUK CITY POPULATIONS 19 
 
 lamination of the present scene of their sports. 
 It is much to be feared he would stare in 
 astonishment at the remark, and would 
 answer that such a paradise was not within 
 the reach of such as these. 
 
 The truth is that our eyes are blinded to 
 the evil effects of overcrowding by reason of 
 the continued stream of fresh blood which is 
 ever flowing from the more healthy districts 
 into our towns, thus hindering and delaying 
 the natural physical decay of the constitutions 
 of the inhabitants of the latter, which would 
 otherwise be more rapid and consequently 
 more apparent. If we could establish a 
 thoroughly efficient blockade of our large 
 cities, and allow no further immigration into 
 them from the country, it would not be many 
 years before the mortality in our centres of 
 population, as compared with that in healthier 
 districts, would be so marked, and the physi- 
 cal deterioration in our city populations 
 would become so apparent, that we should be 
 
 c 2
 
 20 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 forced to take immediate steps to prevent 
 their utter annihilation. But it may be said, 
 This is an old story, and may have been true 
 before public attention had been called to the 
 overcrowded state of the back slums of our 
 large cities, but since the passing of the 
 Artisans' Dwellings Act, and the establish- 
 ment of working men's dwellings companies, 
 all this has been altered, and the working 
 classes are now housed as well as their in- 
 comes will permit. Would that this were 
 the case ! Alas ! the efforts of these com- 
 panies, great as they have been, are but as a 
 drop in the ocean, and the difficulties which 
 are met with in working Mr. (now Sir 
 Richard) Cross's Act have sadly limited its 
 operation. What then can be done ? If 
 Acts of Parliament and companies whose 
 capital is counted by millions avail but 
 little, what hope is there of a better future? 
 Probably neither private efforts nor indeed 
 public measures, unless of a much more
 
 OF OtJIl CITY POPULATIONS 21 
 
 arbitrary character than in the present state 
 of public opinion are likely to be adopted, 
 would altogether avert the deleterious in- 
 fluences of prolonged existence for several 
 generations in crowded cities : but surely 
 something might be done, if not for the 
 adults, at all events for the children of our 
 city populations, to strengthen their growing 
 frames, and thus give them some chance of 
 contending with success against the hurtful 
 influences which surround them. We said 
 that wholesome and sufficient food, warm 
 clothing, fresh air and exercise, were necessary 
 to the healthy development of the human 
 body in time of youth. Is it quite impossible 
 for this rich country to see that the children 
 educated at its Board Schools shall be 
 provided at all events with some of these 
 requisites ? Amongst not the least of the 
 benefits which the children of the poor have 
 derived from the Education Act of 1870, 
 there are two not to be overlooked : firstly,
 
 22 ' HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 that if a child be ill-clad or starved, the 
 fact must in time be known to the teachers, 
 and through them to the outside world ; and, 
 secondly, that during a considerable portion 
 of the day, that child, instead of shivering in 
 a cold garret, must of necessity be seated in 
 a warm room. Here we have, therefore, 
 warmth provided by the School Board, not a 
 bad substitute for Avarm clothing. Would 
 it greatly shock the nerves of our political 
 economists if we were to suggest that the 
 School Board, having provided warmth for 
 the children attending their schools, might 
 still further benefit them by furnishing two 
 classes of dinners, to be cooked, if possible, by 
 the scholars themselves the first composed 
 of the cheapest food which could be provided, 
 such dinners to be supplied gratis to the 
 most destitute children attending the school ; 
 the second, a more attractive and substantial 
 meal, to be sold to the more well-to-do 
 scholars, and consumed by them on the spot ?
 
 OF OUR CITY POPULATIONS 23 
 
 By good management it might be possible to 
 make the latter class of dinners pay for the 
 former ; and if the dinners were well cooked, 
 it is probable that the parents might find it 
 worth their while to purchase for themselves 
 the meals which their own children had 
 cooked. A profit might thus accrue to the 
 school, whilst the children would have practi- 
 cal experience in the class of cookery which 
 would be of most use to them in after life. 
 We have already said that many School Board 
 teachers are in the habit of providing meals 
 for the more destitute scholars at their own 
 expense. It is not right that a class who as 
 a rule are not too highly paid, or over favoured 
 by fortune, should be called upon either to 
 shut their eyes and harden their hearts, if they 
 can, against the sight of children suffering 
 from the effects of hunger, or else to draw 
 upon their own scanty incomes for the means 
 of affording them relief. If the bill above 
 suggested should be too large a one for the
 
 24 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 contracted gullets of our economists (though it 
 may, en passant, be mentioned that dinners at 
 nominal prices are provided for the children 
 in the National Schools of Germany), philan- 
 thropists might surely be invited to look upon 
 the subject as one not unworthy of their con- 
 sideration. Money might be worse spent than 
 in providing cheap dinners, at all events 
 during the winter months, for the destitute 
 children attending our Board Schools. If this 
 were done, not only would the School Board 
 officers find the list of truant children rapidly 
 diminish, and the schools gain favour with the 
 most obdurate of parents, but we should be 
 sure that every child in a Board School 
 (which ought to mean every child in a large 
 city) was provided with at all events one 
 good meal a day, and that its body was 
 warmed for a certain number of hours during 
 the twenty -four. Now as to fresh air and exer- 
 cise, the other requisites for health. TheKev. 
 S. A. Barnett, Vicar of Whitechapel, has for
 
 OF OUR CITY POPULATIONS 25 
 
 some time been in the habit of boarding out 
 during the summer months the children of his 
 poorer parishioners in the country and at the 
 sea-side. The Leicester Charity Organisation 
 Society has also been instrumental in carrying 
 out a similar scheme, and the London Charity 
 Organisation Society, encouraged by the 
 success which has attended these efforts, has 
 referred the question of boarding out to a 
 special committee, which has reported favour- 
 ably on the subject. It is to be hoped, there- 
 fore, that before long some general organisa- 
 tion will be established, by means of which 
 city-bred children, whether convalescent or 
 not, may from time to time be enabled to 
 breathe true country air, refresh their minds 
 and eyes and ears by the sights and sounds of 
 country life, and lay in a stock of health 
 against the hour of their return to town. 
 Most Board Schools possess a small yard 
 attached to the school, within which the chil- 
 dren are allowed to amuse themselves, and
 
 26 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 sometimes have the opportunity given them 
 of exercising their limbs in running round a 
 * giant's stride.' This is good as far as it 
 goes, but it is a poor substitute for the 
 games which country children enjoy. Would 
 it not be possible, in the absence of a 
 park or open space, to encourage children 
 to do something better than loiter about, or 
 bully one another, or ' talk bad,' as it is 
 called, when congregated in knots ? Might 
 not the ' giant's stride ' be supplemented by 
 a couple of fives courts, a cat's-gallows, or 
 a circular running-path ? Prizes might be 
 given to successful competitors in these healthy 
 exercises in the open air, and provision might 
 be made for proper exercise on wet days by 
 suspending a few ropes, rope-ladders, and a 
 trapeze or two to the ceiling of the schoolroom. 
 These might be so arranged as to be drawn 
 up to the ceiling by means of a pulley during 
 the lesson hours, and thus not interfere with 
 the ordinary work of tuition. The above
 
 OF OUE CITY POPULATIONS 27 
 
 plan, in the absence of a proper gymnasium, 
 has been most successfully carried out in a 
 school with which the writer is acquainted. 
 In Germany and Switzerland gymnastics are 
 made as much a part of the system of educa- 
 tion as reading and writing. If Germans and 
 Swiss, who mostly live in country districts or 
 in small towns, where ample means of exer- 
 cise are to be found, consider it essential for 
 the maintenance of national health that their 
 children should be taught gymnastics, surely 
 it is of some importance that our city-bred 
 English children, who never have any oppor- 
 tunity of using their limbs, should be supplied 
 with these artificial means of strengthening 
 their bodies and of fortifying their nerves. 
 There is no reason why a certain knowledge 
 of gymnastics should not be required of every 
 School Board master, so that he might be able 
 to superintend these exercises during the 
 hours which are now nominally given up to 
 play, but which are really often passed in a
 
 28 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 manner neither conducive to morality nor to 
 health. The teachers, who perhaps suffer from 
 want of exercise more than the scholars, 
 would welcome the establishment of good 
 gymnasia and fives courts, and would find 
 themselves clearer in head and brighter in 
 mind after an hour's bout at the one or 
 the other, whilst their scholars might pos- 
 sibly perceive in them a greater equanimity 
 of temper. Each School Board district in 
 London is provided with a spacious room, now 
 used for meetings of managers and for other 
 similar purposes connected with the business 
 of the schools. These might with very small 
 expense be easily fitted up as gymnasia, with- 
 out in the least interfering with the objects for 
 which they were built, and here might be held 
 advanced classes in gymnastics under properly 
 qualified instructors. 1 In addition to these 
 classes, is there any reason why these rooms 
 
 1 Since this was written the London School Board teachers 
 have been instructed in Swedish gymnastics.
 
 OF OUK CITY POPULATIONS 29 
 
 should not be thrown open, under proper 
 supervision, on week-day evenings, subject to 
 a small annual payment or entrance fee, to 
 former Board School scholars, or, indeed, to 
 any young lads between the ages of thirteen 
 and twenty who choose to spend their even- 
 ings in healthy exercise, rather than in the 
 dissipation of the gin-palace, the music-hall, 
 or the cheap gaff? 1 Prison statistics inform 
 us that men rarely take to a life of crime after 
 twenty-one years of age, and that the criminal 
 classes are as a rule recruited from young men 
 between the ages of fifteen and twenty, who 
 not unfrequently are induced to desert honest 
 industry, and to enter upon a life of crime, 
 by associating of an evening with bad cha- 
 racters in low places of resort. A young 
 man after hard work or close confinement all 
 day must have society and recreation of some 
 sort. Where at present can he find this out 
 
 1 The above suggestion is now (1886) partially put in 
 practice by the School Board of London Evening Recreative 
 Classes Association.
 
 30 HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 
 
 of the gin-palace or music-hall ? English 
 towns, as compared with Continental ones, are 
 lamentably deficient in places where of an 
 evening a young man can find innocent and 
 wholesome recreation. Surely the establish- 
 ment of gymnasia for the use of the youth of 
 our towns would not be foreign to the educa- 
 tional purposes for which School Boards exist. 
 Physical and intellectual education should go 
 hand in hand. The London School Board 
 has so far acknowledged this principle as to 
 allow prizes to be given to their scholars for 
 swimming and drilling, and have encouraged 
 them to become proficients in both exercises. 
 If gymnasia were fitted up, and occasionally 
 thrown open, as suggested above, and made at- 
 tractive to the young men of the neighbourhood, 
 no doubt these establishments would shortly 
 become a source of income to the Board. 
 
 The object of this paper will have been 
 fulfilled if it induces some School Board 
 authorities to devote greater attention to the
 
 OF OUR CITY POPULATIONS 31 
 
 question of improving and of promoting the 
 physique of the city-bred children assigned to 
 their care. The ideas thrown out do not pro- 
 fess to meet all the difficulties of the question 
 of the health of our city populations. The 
 writer is well aware that he has but touched 
 the fringe of the subject ; that a radical re- 
 form can never be effected until much bolder 
 and more important measures than he has 
 proposed, or would venture to suggest, have 
 approved themselves to our parliamentary and 
 municipal authorities. He has therefore con- 
 fined himself to considering the best means of 
 improving the health of our city children, 
 leaving to abler hands the wider question of 
 how to deal with the adults. If some im- 
 provement, even though slight, may reasonably 
 be expected to accrue to the health of the 
 rising generation in cities by the adoption 
 of the above suggestions, surely it would be 
 worth an effort to endeavour to bring them 
 into practice. Salus populi supremo, est lex.
 
 32 
 
 OPEN SPACES. 
 II. 
 
 A PLEA FOE PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' Quiver ' 
 of April 1885. 
 
 THE 5th of May, 1884, was a red-letter day in 
 the life of many a poor child living in the 
 neighbourhood of the crowded district which 
 surrounds the Borough Eoad, in the south 
 of London. On that occasion a large play- 
 ground, about one and a half acres in extent, 
 provided with every requirement for healthy 
 enjoyment, was thrown open to the children 
 of the neighbourhood by Mrs. Gladstone. 
 This ground, which now daily resounds to 
 the noise of running feet, and to the joyful 
 cries and laughter of thousands of merry boys 
 and girls, has witnessed far different scenes in
 
 A PLEA FOR PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 33 
 
 the past. Vice and misery, wretchedness and 
 despair, have had their habitation there. Here 
 the murderer and the criminal have expiated 
 their crimes, and justice has overtaken its 
 victim. The walls which surround the play- 
 ground still testify by their height and 
 solidity to the sad purposes for which they 
 were originally built, but instead of restrain- 
 ing evildoers they now enhance the joys of 
 boys who find that they make most excellent 
 fives-courts, whilst they form an effective 
 protection against adult encroachment on 
 ground which has been devoted to the exclu- 
 sive use of children. ' Horsemongjer Lane ' 
 
 O 
 
 was the name of the old gaol which has now 
 been converted into a playground. The 
 Surrey magistrates have most generously 
 granted to the Metropolitan Public Garden 
 Association a lease at a nominal rent, on short 
 notice to quit, of half the site of the old gaol. 1 
 
 1 This ground lias been taken over from the Association 
 by the Local Vestry, and is now maintained (1886) by that 
 body. 
 
 D
 
 34 A PLEA FOE PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 
 
 Between 300/. and 400/. have been expended 
 by the Association in levelling, in making a 
 running-ground, and in erecting swings, giants' 
 strides, see-saws, jumps, fives-courts, and gym- 
 nastic apparatus for the amusement of the 
 children. How much the ground is appre- 
 ciated may be judged from the large numbers 
 which are in the habit of attending it. A 
 census of the number of children visiting the 
 ground was taken on four days, with the fol- 
 lowing results : 
 
 Sunday, May 25 ... 2 p.m. to G p.m. . . 2,822 
 
 Saturday, May 31 . . .7 a.m. to 7 p.m. . . 2,372 
 
 Sunday, June 1 ... 2 p.m. to G p.m. . . 2,315 
 
 Monday, June 2 ... 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. . . 3,850 
 
 making an average daily attendance of 
 2,839 children. The ground has been divided 
 into two portions, one for girls and infants, 
 and the other for boys, and there are two 
 caretakers appointed by the Association, one 
 of whom is a skilled gymnast. A portion of 
 the ground is covered in as a refuge in case
 
 A PLEA FOE PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 35 
 
 of wet weather, and care has been taken to 
 provide for all the wants of the children. 
 There is a plentiful supply of fresh water, for 
 drinking purposes, and benches are provided 
 for the mothers who bring their charges, and 
 are encumbered with infants. Certain low 
 swings are especially reserved for the use of 
 the ' little ones,' and the pleasures of the palate 
 have not been forgotten. Sweets, cakes, ices, 
 fruit, and cooling drinks can be obtained at 
 the stall of the principal caretaker at the very 
 lowest of prices ; and a band of musicians, 
 who are kind enough occasionally to give their 
 services gratis, add greatly to the enjoyment 
 of all present. 
 
 Notwithstanding the large numbers which 
 daily throng the grounds, no serious accident 
 has occurred, the most complete order has 
 been maintained, and not a single complaint 
 has come to the knowledge of the Association. 
 Every evening at 6.30 the youths of the 
 
 D 2
 
 86 A PLEA FOR PUBLIC PLAYGROUPS 
 
 neighbourhood are permitted, subject to good 
 behaviour, to enter the boys' portion of the 
 ground, but are not allowed to interfere with 
 the swings and gymnastic apparatus, which 
 are reserved for the use of the younger lads. 
 The young men chiefly patronise the running 
 and steeplechase path, with its impediments 
 in the shape of wooden fences and broad 
 jumps, intended to represent w r ater, affording 
 excellent practice in running and jumping ; 
 and as the young men are only allowed in on 
 sufferance, and know that the permission will 
 not be renewed if they misbehave, they have 
 proved of great assistance to the caretakers in 
 maintaining order. As with the young men, 
 so with the young women. Every evening, 
 at 6.30, the girls' enclosure is cleared of all 
 the children, and the numerous young w T omen 
 belonging to the factories of the neighbourhood 
 are permitted the run of both grounds. This 
 experiment was tried at the request of some 
 ladies interested in the girls, and has proved a
 
 A PLEA FOR PUBLIC PLAYGKOUNDS 37 
 
 marked success. The annual cost of mainten- 
 ance is about 100/. This is about the sum 
 which it takes to give 1,000 to 1,500 children 
 one day's holiday in the country. For the 
 same amount the Metropolitan Public Garden 
 Association can give double the number of 
 children a whole day's pleasure every day in 
 the year! The children come from far and 
 near as far, even, as from Brixton. 
 
 that more such public playgrounds, 
 close to the homes of the children in the 
 poorer quarters of our crowded towns, could 
 be established ! There must be many a 
 vacant piece of ground in London which 
 might be turned to public advantage, if only 
 the landlord would convert it himself into a 
 public playground or garden, or communicate 
 with the Association. A public-spirited ex- 
 ample has lately been set by the Duke of 
 Westminster, who has leased Ebury Square 
 to the Association ; and another noble pro- 
 prietor has offered to assist by throwing open
 
 38 A PLEA FOE PUBLIC PLAYGEOUNDS 
 
 several squares l upon his property at present 
 closed to the public. 
 
 It is to be hoped that these excellent 
 precedents may lead many other London 
 landlords to do likewise. Would that the 
 trustees of Lincoln's Inn Fields, for example, 
 would think better of their refusal to permit 
 the Association to provide caretakers, and 
 guarantee them against loss, if only they 
 would throw their gardens open to the poor 
 children of the neighbourhood during the 
 months of August and September, when the 
 offices of the business men inhabiting the 
 square are all closed, and their occupants 
 dispersed over Europe in search of recreation 
 and change of air. The poor children who 
 swarm in the hot, stifling narrow lanes 
 surrounding these pleasant gardens, however, 
 are not gone. The gutter, the close alley, or 
 
 1 These squares Lave since (188G) been beautifully laid out. 
 at the expense of a single individual, and have quite recently 
 been handed over to the care of the local municipal authority, 
 and are much appreciated by the public.
 
 A PLEA FOR PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 39 
 
 the dangerous crowded street are the only 
 places where they can play and stretch their 
 limbs. If they encroach on the pavement 
 they become a nuisance to passengers, and are 
 arrested by the police, whilst if they play in 
 the road they are in constant danger of their 
 lives. 
 
 There is at this moment a neglected open 
 space running for several miles through the 
 East End of London, which might with little 
 cost be made into the most magnificent boule- 
 vard, if planted with trees and shrubs, and 
 would constitute the most delightful recrea- 
 tion-ground for East Londoners, if only the 
 Metropolitan Board of Works, to whom it 
 belongs, could be induced to throw it open 
 to the public and turn it into a public gar- 
 den. I allude to the embankment covering 
 the main drainage-system of London. Some 
 years ago it was proposed to make a road at 
 the top of it. We have enough streets and 
 roads ; let us, for a change, have a boulevard,
 
 40 A PLEA FOE PUBLIC FLAYGEOUNDS 
 
 froni which vehicles shall be excluded. 1 Efforts 
 have been made by the Metropolitan Public 
 Garden Association to obtain permission from 
 the Metropolitan Board of Works to turn the 
 numerous plots of land in their possession, 
 which are advertised for sale as building sites, 
 into temporary playgrounds, by the erection 
 of simple gymnastic apparatus, swings, &c., 
 and the Association undertook at any time to 
 give up possession and remove the apparatus 
 on a fortnight's notice, and to provide care- 
 takers, but for some unexplained reason the 
 offers of the Association have been twice 
 declined. 
 
 It is to be hoped that as public opinion 
 becomes more and more alive to the cruelty of 
 suppressing the playing of games by children 
 in the streets without supplying them with 
 
 1 Representations to the above effect have several times been 
 made to the Metropolitan Board of Works, the question has 
 been brought by Earl Cowper to the notice of Parliament, and 
 large local public meetings have been held on the subject. But 
 as yet the Board have turned a deaf ear to all appeals.
 
 A PLEA FOR PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 41 
 
 any places where they may legitimately give 
 vent to the natural and healthy instinct which 
 leads them to run and jump and dance and 
 laugh, public and municipal bodies will 
 become more willing than they are at present 
 to second the efforts of associations like the 
 Metropolitan Public Garden Association. 
 
 A Manchester Magistrate of my acquaint- 
 ance told me that, on taking his seat for the 
 first time on the bench, a boy was brought 
 before him charged by the police with having 
 played pitch-farthing in the streets. The magis- 
 trate expatiated on the evils of gambling, and 
 suggested to the lad that some amusement, 
 such as marbles, might be substituted. Having 
 dismissed the boy with a caution, the magis- 
 trate ordered the next case to be brought 
 forward, when, to his astonishment and con- 
 fusion, he found that it was a similar one, only 
 that in this instance the unfortunate child had 
 been taken up by the police for playing the 
 very game he had been lately recommending ;
 
 42 A PLEA FOE PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 
 
 and on asking the police why the child had 
 been arrested for playing such an innocent 
 and quiet game as marbles, he was told that 
 any games caused obstruction to traffic, and 
 that children playing in the streets were 
 guilty of a public nuisance, and thus became 
 liable to the law. 
 
 Since then my friend has spared neither 
 time, strength, nor money in endeavouring to 
 persuade the municipality of Manchester to 
 provide public playgrounds, where children 
 may legitimately prosecute their sports, obtain 
 healthy exercise, and breathe air a little 
 fresher than that of the confined courts and 
 alleys in which so many of them reside. The 
 exertions of this philanthropic magistrate have 
 not been without result, and to-day Manchester 
 and Salford hold an honoured position in the 
 front rank of those towns which have provided 
 their inhabitants with public playgrounds 
 and gymnasia. If these towns have found 
 advantage from the establishment of such
 
 A PLEA FOE PUBLIC PLAYGKOU5DS 43 
 
 'healtheries' in their midst, why should not 
 all our large cities, and especially London, 
 follow their example ? 
 
 The question of the health of the younger 
 generation of our city population is a very 
 serious one for England. It should not be 
 forgotten that at this moment two English- 
 men live in a city to one that lives in the 
 country, and that annually some 300,000 more 
 inhabitants are added to our towns. We 
 are, therefore, an essentially urban nation, and 
 are rapidly becoming more and more so ; 
 consequently, the standard of health and 
 physique in our towns will have an ever- 
 increasing influence on the health standard 
 of the nation. 
 
 It is unnecessary to point out that the 
 power and energy of a nation depend upon 
 the power and energy possessed by the units 
 Avhich constitute that nation, and that if 
 individual energy is sapped in the mass of the 
 population by lack of physical strength and
 
 44 A PLEA FOE PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 
 
 vital power, the work of that nation will be 
 lacking in excellence and vigour, and it will 
 have to take a lower rank in the world's 
 hierarchy in exact proportion to the diminu- 
 tion its population has suffered in vital energy 
 and strength, as compared with the progress 
 or decadence which other nations have un- 
 dergone in the physical condition of their 
 populations. 
 
 Although plain living is said to be con- 
 ducive to high thinking, the living, though 
 plain, should be nourishing and sufficient, 
 and should be accompanied by healthy condi- 
 tions. A starved brain and body will, as a 
 rule, produce starved work ; and though it 
 may be possible to- show instances where 
 good mental work has been turned out by 
 exceptional men, who have struggled suc- 
 cessfully against physical hindrances, it is 
 impossible to show how much brain power 
 has been lost to the nation owing to the vital 
 energy of its possessors having been crushed
 
 A PLEA FOR PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 45 
 
 by want of that energy and elasticity of frame 
 of mind which is only enjoyed by those whose 
 bodies are properly nourished, and who are 
 living healthy lives. 
 
 The provision of playgrounds for town 
 children is, of course, only one of many steps 
 which it will be necessary to take if we 
 wish to raise the standard of national health. 
 But it is by no means an unimportant one ; 
 and if, as has been shown by the action of the 
 Metropolitan Public Garden Association, a 
 playground can be daily provided for 2,000 to 
 3,000 children, at a cost of 100/. a year, it is 
 most sincerely to be hoped that the municipal 
 authorities and vestries of London and of our 
 large towns will turn their attention to the 
 provision of playgrounds similar to that of 
 Ilorsemonger Lane, and to those already 
 established in Manchester and Salford. For 
 let it not be forgotten that to a very large 
 proportion of the inhabitants of London, and 
 of many other towns, public parks are practi-
 
 48 A PLEA FOR PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 
 
 cally inaccessible. Mr. Walter Besant, in an 
 article (contributed to an evening newspaper) 
 entitled 4 Gardens and Playgrounds,' says : 
 ' Consider a park is really available for the 
 purpose of habitual resort that is, as a 
 garden in which fresh air, flowers, and trees 
 may be enjoyed, without fatigue and after 
 the day's work when it is within a mile or 
 three-quarters of a mile. At a greater dis- 
 tance, the effort of walking there and back 
 is too great to make its use habitual. For 
 young children and for old people, I doubt 
 whether half a mile is not too great a distance. 
 Take, therefore, a pair of compasses, and 
 plant one leg first at King's Cross : the 
 nearest park is distant a mile from King's 
 Cross. What use, then, are all these London 
 parks to the children of King's Cross that is 
 to say, to those of Somers Town, Gray's Inn 
 Eoad, and Clerkenwell ? Place the point of 
 the compass next at " The Angel," Islington : 
 the nearest park is distant nearly two miles.
 
 A PLEA FOR PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 47 
 
 Try next lioxloii (Square : the nearest park 
 is distant a mile and a half. To the chil- 
 dren and the old people, therefore, of that vast 
 region which lies north of the old London 
 wall a densely populated district, inha- 
 bited almost entirely by the working classes 
 London might as well be without any 
 parks at all. There are, therefore, for all 
 these people no gardens or pleasant walking 
 places ; for them there are no playgrounds ; 
 there are no open spaces where they can sit 
 down and talk at their ease ; there is nothing 
 at all but the streets. The children play in 
 the streets ; whenever it is not raining they 
 live in the streets ; the old people take their 
 walks abroad in the streets ; the working- 
 men in the evenings lounge and smoke their 
 pipes in the streets. There is no chance of 
 observing the approach of spring and the 
 glory of the summer. Xow, when one 
 thoroughly understands that a park can only 
 be daily useful to a small belt surrounding it,
 
 48 A PLEA FOR PUBLIC PLAYGROUNDS 
 
 and that London children, to be counted by 
 hundreds of thousands, can never use the 
 beautiful park because they live too far off, 
 he will, if he be benevolently disposed, take 
 one more step, and inquire if this lamentable 
 state of things cannot be remedied. And it 
 will certainly please him to find out that he 
 can himself assist to find a remedy, and that 
 he can be told how to do so by applying to 
 the Secretary of the Metropolitan Public Gar- 
 den Association, at 83 Lancaster Gate.' 
 
 As Chairman of the above Association, I 
 hope that many will take Mr. Besant's words 
 into serious consideration, and will more par- 
 ticularly not omit to follow the advice con- 
 tained in the last paragraph.
 
 49 
 
 OPEN SPACES. 
 III. 
 
 OPEN SPACES AND THE CULTIVATION 
 OF FLOWERS. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' Philanthropist ' 
 of April 1882. 
 
 ' THE cultivation of flowers is, of all the amuse- 
 ments of mankind, the one to be selected and 
 approved as the most innocent in itself, and 
 most perfectly devoid of injury or annoyance 
 to others. The employment is not only condu- 
 cive to health and peace of mind, but probably 
 more good-will has arisen and friendships 
 been founded by the intercourse and commu- 
 nication connected with this pursuit than from 
 any other whatsoever.' Such are the words 
 of Jesse, and few will be found to question 
 their truth. As our populations are more and 
 more withdrawn from the country districts 
 
 E
 
 50 THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS 
 
 and from the enjoyment of rural sights and 
 sounds, and become congregated in towns 
 (which ever increase their bounds and en- 
 croach on the country), it becomes the im- 
 perative duty of all who have time and oppor- 
 tunity to bring to the city-imprisoned masses 
 a knowledge of the pleasures to be derived 
 from the cultivation of flowers and the means 
 of indulging in the innocent pleasures of 
 gardening. What occupation can be more 
 elevating than the contemplation of the won- 
 derful power of the Almighty, as exemplified 
 in the beauty and exquisite workmanship 
 with which He has fashioned and adorned the 
 covering of that earth on which it is His 
 pleasure that we should dwell ? What pursuit 
 can be better calculated to counteract the 
 debasing influences of city life, where man can 
 find nothing higher to contemplate than the 
 works of his fellow-man ? 
 
 The English have always been known as 
 a country-loving people, and it is sincerely to 
 be hoped that they may long retain tins
 
 THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS 51 
 
 characteristic. But if they are to do so, it 
 must be through the exertions and influences 
 of societies and organisations for encouraging 
 country tastes; for it is a sad fact that we 
 are annually becoming more and more a 
 town-dwelling and city-bred people. The last 
 census shows us that of the 26,000,000 inhabit- 
 ants of England and Wales, 17,600,000 dwell 
 in towns, whilst only 8,300,000 are dwellers in 
 the country ; or, in other words, for every one 
 man who lives in the country, there are more 
 than two that live in the town. 
 
 God made the country, and man made the town ; 
 What wonder, then, that health and virtue gifts 
 That can alone make sweet the bitter draught 
 That life holds out to all should most abound 
 And least be threatened in the fields and groves ? 
 
 The man who is able to enjoy the common 
 pleasures of country life, who loves flowers, 
 who takes a pride in his garden even though 
 it be a window-garden and who retains these 
 tastes, though forced by circumstances to live 
 
 E2
 
 52 THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS 
 
 the year round in a town, will, in nine cases 
 out of ten, be found to be a man of simple 
 tastes, of homely habits, of a religious mind, 
 of a kindly disposition ; he will not be a 
 drunkard, a brawler, or a destructive, but a 
 man well spoken of by his neighbours, a good 
 husband and father, a true friend, and a 
 patriotic citizen. 
 
 Deeply is it to be regretted that our own 
 town population should not possess greater 
 opportunities for cultivating a taste for flowers 
 and a love of nature. Although this Metro- 
 polis is perhaps more amply supplied with 
 squares, gardens, and unbtiilt-on spaces (such 
 as churchyards and disused burial-grounds) 
 than many large towns on the Continent, there 
 are foreign cities far surpassing ours in the 
 number of such places thrown open to the 
 mass of the people. Our squares are closed to 
 all but a few privileged individuals inhabiting 
 the surrounding houses. These privileged 
 persons, however, do not as a rule frequent
 
 THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS 55 
 
 them. They are absent from town during a 
 large portion of the year, and even during the 
 time they reside in London they are not in 
 the habit of using them. The result is that 
 the benefits to be derived from these gardens 
 are confined to a few children and nurses, 
 whilst the mass of the population are rigidly 
 excluded from any participation in them. The 
 churchyards are usually even more rigorously 
 closed, and are only open as a rule on one 
 day in the week. They are in no way utilised. 
 Burial in them is forbidden, and, although 
 they have ceased to be resting-places for the 
 dead, it does not seem to have struck the 
 majority of incumbents that they might with 
 advantage be turned into resting-places for 
 the living. And yet it is only fair to add 
 that some Metropolitan clergymen deserve 
 our best thanks for their enlightened efforts 
 in this direction notably the Dean and 
 Chapter of St. Paul's Cathedral and others 
 whose names are too numerous to mention.
 
 54 THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWEKS 
 
 It is to be hoped that many more will in 
 time follow the noble example set them, and 
 that in the future our churchyards, instead 
 of being distinguished for rank grass and un- 
 tidily kept graves, may be known far and 
 wide as bright, fresh spots, where the rush 
 and Avhirl of city life may for a space be for- 
 gotten under the shade of green trees, where 
 the eye may be pleased, the ear lulled, and 
 the weary body refreshed by the sight of 
 flowers, the sound of falling water, and the 
 rest afforded by a comfortable seat, It should 
 be borne in mind that, however important it 
 may be to provide a few large and expensive 
 parks for the people, it is of still greater 
 importance to create small gardens and resting- 
 places within easy distance of their homes. 
 The former, owing to distance, can only be 
 enjoyed at rare intervals of time, but the 
 latter may be a source of daily health and 
 pleasure. There are other spots of vacant 
 ground at present unused besides church-
 
 THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS 55 
 
 yards, sometimes of comparatively large 
 extent and situated in crowded districts, 
 which might easily be converted into pleasant 
 retreats for our city populations I allude to 
 the disused burial-grounds. A bill has lately 
 passed through Parliament, and through the 
 exertions of Mr. Walter James become law, 
 by which district boards and vestries are en- 
 titled to convert such places into public gar- 
 dens, and to maintain them for the perpetual 
 use and enjoyment of the public. It is most 
 sincerely to be hoped that the local authori- 
 ties will avail themselves largely of the pro- 
 visions of this benevolent Act. I do not wish 
 to exaggerate the benefits likely to accrue to 
 the population of our cities if adults were pro- 
 vided with gardens and children with play- 
 grounds. I do not suppose that the immoral 
 would become moral, the drunken sober, the 
 improvident thrifty ; but I do consider that 
 man requires both rest for the body and 
 relaxation for the mind ; that unless some
 
 56 THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS 
 
 innocent means of recreation be provided for 
 him he is apt to seek out amusement for him 
 self, and sometimes to indulge in that which 
 is not innocent. I do assert that there is no 
 pleasure more innocent than that to be derived 
 from the enjoyment of flowers ; that their 
 study and cultivation are fitted to elevate the 
 mind above the petty worries and cares of 
 daily life ; and that the contemplation of the 
 works of nature is calculated to raise the 
 humble inquirer after truth into the highest 
 realms of thought, and, if he be not led away 
 by pride of intellect, to bring him into closer 
 communion with the Divine Source of all 
 being the God of Nature and of Man. 
 
 In all places, then, and in all seasons, 
 
 Flowers expand their light and soul-like wings > 
 Teaching us, by the most persuasive reasons, 
 
 How akin they are to human things. 
 And, with child-like, credulous affection, 
 
 We behold their tender buds expand ; 
 Emblems of our own great resurrection 
 
 Emblems of the bright and better land.
 
 OPEN SPACES. 
 IV. 
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' National Review ' 
 of December 1886. 
 
 OF late years a marked increase has taken 
 place in the number of urban parks, gardens, 
 and playgrounds of the United Kingdom which 
 are accessible to the public. This activity on 
 the part of municipal authorities, and of phi- 
 lanthropic societies and individuals, is largely 
 owing to the growth of a public opinion favour- 
 able to the creation of pleasant oases, refreshing 
 to the mind and body, wherever the undue 
 extension of bricks and mortar has banished 
 man from the humanising influences of nature, 
 and has turned the soil into a stony wilderness. 
 The credit of giving the impulse which set 
 this public opinion in motion is due, in a great
 
 58 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 measure, to Miss Octavia Hill. She it was who, 
 in season and out of season, was never weary 
 of preaching, often to deaf ears, the importance 
 of preserving open spaces for the benefit of the 
 poor, and especially of their children. She it 
 was who first put into practice the principles 
 she preached, and turned a fetid London court 
 into an ' open-air drawing-room.' Her ex- 
 ample has been largely followed. Within the 
 short space of three years the Metropolitan 
 Public Garden Association, through the gene- 
 rosity of the public, has alone been enabled 
 to throw open to the people of London four 
 playgrounds and seventeen gardens, and, of 
 these, one of the former and one of the latter 
 have been permanently transferred to the care 
 of the local municipal authorities. This trans- 
 ference of open spaces from the care of an 
 association supported by voluntary subscrip- 
 tions to that of a public body like a local 
 vestry or district board means, of course, an 
 increase (though an infinitesimal increase) of
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 59 
 
 the rates, and there are those who, from not 
 thoroughly appreciating the important issues 
 involved in the matter, question the justice of 
 the propriety of a public authority increasing 
 the burdens of the people for what they con- 
 sider to be a luxury rather than a necessity. 
 Such a doctrine will find no support at my 
 hands, even supposing these open spaces could 
 be regarded as luxuries. I believe that there 
 are luxuries of a public character, such as 
 museums, art galleries, &c., which the Govern- 
 ment of a rich and prosperous nation is 
 justified in providing for the benefit, refine- 
 ment, and enjoyment of the people committed 
 to its charge ; but the question will arise, Can 
 parks, gardens, and playgrounds, means for 
 the preservation of the public health, be con- 
 sidered luxuries ? Should they not much more 
 justly be ranked amongst public necessities? 
 Health is one of the first of these, and in my 
 opinion no expense should be spared, and no 
 opportunity neglected, to increase the average
 
 60 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 standard of the nation's health and strength. 
 If a people's average standard of vitality be 
 lowered, that people will assuredly be handi- 
 capped in the race of nations by so much as 
 that standard has been lessened. The health 
 of the mind is largely dependent. on the health 
 of the body, and although, occasionally, a 
 powerful and healthy brain may be found in 
 a diseased body, as a rule the mind and the 
 body act and react one upon the other, so that 
 a nation (and it should be remembered that a 
 nation is nothing more than the aggregate of 
 the men and women composing it) will only 
 have as much muscular power and brain force 
 as may be the sum total of these qualities 
 possessed by the men and women of which it 
 is formed. A simple reference to the last 
 census returns will show that this country is 
 increasing at the rate of 300,000 a year, and 
 that these 300,000 are not added to the 
 country population, but are absorbed by the 
 large overgrown cities of Great Britain and
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 61 
 
 Ireland. Now it is a well-known and uni- 
 versally recognised axiom of hygienic science, 
 that, other things being equal, the health of a 
 population is in inverse ratio to its density; 
 in other words, that the more the people are 
 congregated together, the more unhealthy do 
 they become. This being the case, it will 
 be readily seen that unless steps are taken to 
 counteract the operation of this natural law^ 
 the inhabitants of our towns must degenerate 
 in health, which is as much as to say that 
 this is the destined fate of two-thirds of our 
 population, for at this moment there are in 
 Great Britain two men living in towns for 
 every one living in the country. 
 
 Now what are the most obvious steps to 
 be taken to counteract this natural tendency 
 of disease to dog the steps of men when 
 crowded together ? Why, to open out the 
 population as much as possible, or, if this 
 cannot be done, at all events to break up 
 these dense masses of humanity by inter-
 
 62 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 secting them, wherever and whenever possible, 
 with open spaces. If this be the first remedy, 
 then surely it is the duty of those who are 
 the guardians of the public health to provide 
 such open spaces ; for individuals cannot be 
 expected to buy them for the general good, 
 and in no way, in my opinion, could public 
 money be more legitimately spent than in 
 thus preserving and improving the health of 
 the community. I trust that I have clearly 
 shown that the providing of public gardens 
 and open spaces in large towns is no question 
 of ornamental luxury, but one very closely con- 
 nected with the health of the people, and as 
 such should be considered a most legitimate 
 object for the expenditure of public money. 
 
 If it be right that the people inhabiting our 
 large towns should be provided at the public 
 expense with parks, gardens, and playgrounds, 
 for similar reasons I think many will agree 
 with me that, where possible, gymnasia should 
 be attached to elementary schools, and that
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 63 
 
 systematic instruction should be given to the 
 children in gymnastics and calisthenics. The 
 body should be trained as well as the brain. 
 At present our system is entirely a one-sided 
 one. We starve the body and overwork the 
 brain, and the former takes its revenge on us 
 by refusing to nourish the latter ; the brain, 
 unable to bear a strain, which would be no 
 strain if the body were properly cared for, 
 frequently breaks down, and broken health 
 ensues, followed sometimes by insanity, and 
 even death. Germany, Switzerland, as well as 
 Xorway and Sweden, have for long been alive 
 to the necessity of caring for the body in order 
 to get the best work out of the brain ; and 
 although the inhabitants of these States, being 
 mostly country bred, are not in such urgent 
 need of physical training as are the populations 
 of our crowded towns, the sums expended by 
 the Governments of these nations on the com- 
 pulsory gymnastic training of the young would 
 appear incredible to the educational authorities
 
 64 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 of this country. Whilst I have been writing, 
 the physical aspect of the education of women 
 has occupied the attention of the British Medi- 
 cal Association, and its President, Dr. Withers 
 Moore, has been giving the following strong 
 expression to a belief that women are suffering 
 through over-pressure in brain-work whilst at 
 school and college. 
 
 'From the eagerness of woman's nature,' 
 says Dr. Withers Moore, ' competitive brain- 
 work among gifted girls can hardly but be ex- 
 cessive, especially if the competition be against 
 the superior brain-weight and brain-strength 
 of man. They require,' he asserts, ' to be pro- 
 tected from their own willingness to study.' 
 And how, we may add, can they be better pro- 
 tected than by being encouraged to turn some 
 of their energies towards the improvement of 
 their physical natures by means of calisthenic 
 and gymnastic exercises, or by healthy open- 
 air games suitable to their sex ? In a pamphlet 
 which has lately appeared, Mr. Alexander,
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 65 
 
 Director of the Liverpool Gymnasium, discusses 
 the provision in England for physical education, 
 points out its inadequacy in every respect, and 
 states what are the nature and extent of the 
 required reforms. He maintains that there 
 are many teachers in charge of existing gym- 
 nasia who would be glad to have their services 
 utilised in the daytime. That the obstacle 
 to physical training is the eagerness with 
 which result fees are looked after, so that 
 the teachers cannot spare the school-children 
 during the day. Surely the remedy for this 
 is to include gymnastics in the school course, 
 and to grant fees for successful physical as well 
 as mental training, say, in accordance with the 
 school-average width of chest. 
 Mr. Alexander says : 
 
 Let there be a central training-school where 
 certificates will be granted to those who pass an 
 examination of proficiency; let there be a code of 
 exercises decided upon of a light, recreative, and 
 popular character, with plenty of mental stimulus 
 about them, as there should be about all exercises. 
 
 F
 
 66 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Let the exercises be useful, such as swimming drill, 
 by which children can be thoroughly practised in the 
 movements before they enter the water, thus facili- 
 tating their swimming lesson. If the Education 
 Department will not give the necessary half-hour 
 per diem for this, then at least give it directly after 
 school-hours, and watch the beneficial result that 
 will surely take place. One or two professional in- 
 structors could visit the schools in each town in 
 order to keep up the standard of efficiency, and 
 inspections could take place at convenient periods. 
 The experiment, to have a fair chance, should share 
 in the result fees. 
 
 To sliow that it would be an easy matter 
 to calculate the result fees to be given for 
 average increase in circumference of chest in 
 consequence of gymnastic training, I annex a 
 form prepared by Dr. W. P. Brookes, of Much 
 Wenlock, who, for many years, has taken a 
 deep interest in the question of physical train- 
 ing, and by which it will be seen that from 
 statistics taken in the Much Wenlock National 
 School for six months, from August 21, 1871, 
 to February 21, 1872, in the case of six boys
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 67 
 
 who went through a course of drill and 
 gymnastic training consisting of the use of 
 Indian clubs, the vaulting-horse, horizontal 
 and parallel bars, the average increase in chest 
 circumference was If inches ; whilst in the 
 case of six other boys who went through a 
 course of instruction in drill alone, it was but 
 ^ of an inch. I shall produce one more 
 witness to the necessity for physical training 
 namely, Dr. George Fletcher, who has had 
 large experience as a medical officer. In a 
 paper on ' The Management of Athletics in 
 Public Schools,' read before the medical officers 
 of schools in January last, Dr. Fletcher insists 
 that a large amount of exercise in pure air is 
 required to keep lads in bodily health, and he 
 contends that all games and physical exercises 
 in schools should be regulated, and be under 
 supervision. The experience I have gained as 
 Chairman of the Metropolitan Public Garden 
 Association has shown me the wisdom of this 
 remark. Ordinary town lads are unacquainted 
 
 T? 2
 
 68 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 with the games in which English schoolboys 
 of a higher social grade delight. Their ways 
 are rough, they are unaccustomed to discipline, 
 and, if turned loose into a playground without 
 supervision, are unable to avail themselves of 
 the advantages offered them. Their sport de- 
 generates into bullying or horseplay, with no 
 good physical result. Gymnastic apparatus, 
 under these circumstances, becomes a positive 
 danger, and broken heads, arms, and legs are 
 certain to be the result if the lads are allowed 
 to use them without supervision or instruc- 
 tion ; but under a good teacher they soon 
 learn discipline, enjoy themselves, and become 
 as keen followers of organised games as any 
 schoolboy at Eton or Harrow. Dr. Fletcher's 
 words are : 
 
 It should be remembered that, as regards com- 
 pulsion in games, bodily exercise should be as care- 
 fully supervised by the masters as mental exercise ; 
 for it is not wise that boys should be left to manage 
 these physical matters entirely by themselves, think- 
 ing that you can trust nature, and all will come right,
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 69 
 
 and that the boy for whom, exercise is desirable will 
 be prompted by nature to take just the amount 
 required for his health. No such thing. In the 
 general routine of lessons a boy is compelled to 
 conform to certain rules for the education of his 
 mind; this is not here left to nature nor to the 
 boy's disposition, for, if it were, there would, in most 
 instances, be a miserable deficiency of brain exercises, 
 or, in a few rare cases, a mischievous excess. If a 
 boy does not like his Virgil or his Euclid his masters 
 do not leave him to take what he likes of those sub- 
 jects ; he is compelled to enter into them, and to get 
 through a certain amount, and often will soon excel 
 in some branch of study from judicious compulsion ; 
 so with games do not allow the boy to play only 
 when he chooses; at any rate, you are improving 
 his bodily vigour, and he has had every chance of 
 excelling in some branch of athletics. Let it be 
 fairly instilled into the minds of parents by masters 
 that the education of the body is not far behind the 
 education of the mind in importance, and the amount 
 and kind of exercise both of mind and body should 
 be always considered together. 
 
 Englishmen, as a rule, do not look to the 
 Government to introduce reforms unless these 
 reforms are first demanded by a large section
 
 70 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 of the community. This characteristic of the 
 national temperament has its strong and also 
 its weak side. If, on the one hand, it makes 
 the people self-reliant, on the other it is a dis- 
 tinct discouragement to the spirit of amend- 
 ment in governing bodies, who, instead of 
 being continually on the alert to discover 
 and put into practice improvements in the 
 management of their different departments, 
 as a rule consider it rather the duty of an 
 official to throw cold water on all suggested 
 innovations which threaten to alter the 
 orthodox routine of work. The result of 
 this customary apathy on the part of our 
 officials makes it necessary for reformers to 
 acquire popular support before bringing 
 the question of any reform to the notice of 
 governing bodies, and in order to obtain this 
 support the public must be educated, and 
 urged to action, by the subject requiring 
 reform being constantly presented to their 
 attention. Bearing these facts in mind, those
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 71 
 
 of us who believe that in order to preserve 
 the national health and physique at the 
 proper standard, reforms in our system of 
 education and in the management of our 
 towns are imperatively demanded, should not 
 be disheartened because so little apparent 
 progress would appear to be made in the 
 popularisation of national hygiene and of 
 physical training, but should lose no oppor- 
 tunity of promulgating their views, on the 
 platform, through the press, and by all 
 those means of spreading information and 
 of influencing public opinion which modern 
 civilisation affords. Action has already been 
 taken in this direction by the Manchester 
 Open Spaces Committee, and by the Metro- 
 politan Public Garden Association. The 
 former has obtained the signatures of the 
 following influential and eminent persons to 
 a petition urging the appointment of a Eoyal 
 Commission to consider the question of 
 physical training : H. R. H. the Princess
 
 72 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Louise, H.E.H. the Duke of Cambridge, His 
 Grace the Lord Archbishop of York, His 
 Grace the Duke of Westminster, the Et. 
 Kev. Bishop of Bedford, Bishop Suffragan for 
 East London, the Very Eev. the Dean of St. 
 Paul's, London, the Very Eev. the Dean of 
 Manchester, the Ven. Archdeacon Farrar, 
 the Et. Hon. the Earl of Carnarvon, the Et. 
 Hon. the Earl of Meath, the Et. Hon. Lord 
 Wolseley, the Et. Hon. Lord Aberdare, the 
 Et. Hon. Lord Tennyson, His Honour Judge 
 Hughes, Maj.-Gen. E. G. Bulwer, C.B., Edwin 
 Chadwick, C.B., Sir Andrew Clark, Bart., 
 M.D., Sir T. S. Wells, Bart., F.E.C.S., Sir 
 James Paget, Bart., Sir Henry E. Eoscoe, 
 LL.D., M.P., Sir William Eoberts, M.D., 
 Sir Henry Thompson, F.E.C.S., Eev. E. A. 
 Abbott, D.D., City of London School, Eev. 
 E. C. Wickham, M.A., Head Master of Wel- 
 lington College, Eev. J. M. Wilson, M.A., 
 Head Master of Clifton College, Bristol, Eev. 
 Saml. A. Barnett, St. Jude's, Whitechapel,
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 73 
 
 Eev. C. H. Spurgeon, Matthew Arnold, M.A.. 
 LL.D., D.C.L., Robert Browning, D.C.L., Pro- 
 fessor Tyndall, Professor Huxley, Professor 
 J. G. Greenwood, Principal of Owens College, 
 Manchester, Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour, M.P., 
 William Abraham, M.P., Joseph Arch, M.P., 
 Thomas Burt, M.P., E. N. Buxton, M.P., 
 William Crawford, M.P., B. W. Foster, M.P., 
 Albert Grey, M.P., W. H. Houldsworth, M.P., 
 George Howell, M.P., S. Morley, M.P., John 
 Wilson, M.P., J. E. Morgan, M.D., Professor 
 of Medicine, Victoria University, Manchester, 
 Jno. Tatham, B.A., M.B., Medical Officer of 
 Health, Salford, Ernest Hart, Esq., F.E.C.S., 
 Chas. Eoberts, Esq., F.E.C.S., Walter Besant, 
 Esq., John Euskin, Esq. Sympathy and 
 general approval, without signature of the 
 form sent, have been expresed by : The Et. 
 Hon. the Earl of Derby, the Et. Hon. G. J. 
 Goschen, M.P., Sir John Lubbock, Bart., 
 John Tomlinson Hibbert, M.P. The Metro- 
 politan Public Garden Association has sent
 
 74 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 the following Memorial on the subject to the 
 4 Education Commission,' and a somewhat 
 similar one to the School Board of London : 
 
 To the Rt. Hon. SIR RICHARD ASSHETOX CROSS, 
 M.P., G.C.B. (Chairman), and the Members of 
 the Royal Commission on Education. 
 
 The Memorial of the members of the Metro- 
 politan Public Garden Association, respect- 
 fully showeth, 
 
 That your memorialists are of opinion that in- 
 creased facilities for the physical training of the 
 young ot both sexes, and further provision for their 
 wholesome recreation, are much needed in all the 
 larger towns of the United Kingdom; and feeling 
 that this is a subject which is within the lawful 
 scope of the inquiry of the members of the Royal 
 Commission on Education, they humbly beg to urge 
 its consideration. 
 
 They base their belief upon the following 
 grounds : 
 
 1 . That physical training is not at present one of 
 the obligatory subjects for the ensurance of a Govern- 
 ment grant in elementary schools. 
 
 2. That several teachers in Board or Voluntary 
 schools are unable to give instruction in gymnastics
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 75 
 
 or calisthenics either in the playgrounds or the rooms 
 of the schools. 
 
 3. That there is a want of some fund from which 
 the maintenance, out of school-hours, of existing 
 playgrounds can be defrayed. 
 
 4. That there is great difficulty in obtaining, in 
 densely populated districts, adequate open spaces for 
 public recreation. 
 
 5. That there is a marked difference in bodily 
 health and vigour and in a predisposition to disease 
 and immorality between the young in the country 
 and those in towns. 
 
 They believe that these difficulties might be 
 overcome in the following ways : 
 
 1. By the alteration of the Code of Education, so 
 that physical training should be included among the 
 obligatory subjects, and in this way necessarily intro- 
 duced into each department of every elementary school. 
 
 2. By assistance given towards the introduction 
 of instruction in physical training into the curri- 
 culum of all training colleges. 
 
 3. By the enforcement of a regulation that all 
 playgrounds in connection with public elementary 
 schools should be kept open, under supervision, for 
 the use of the children and young people of the 
 neighbourhood between and after school-hours. 
 
 4. By a grant of further powers to local public
 
 76 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 bodies for the purchase of land for open or covered 
 gymnasia, and for suitable recreation grounds for 
 the use of the general public. 
 
 They believe that if these suggestions were 
 carried out, the following results would ensue to the 
 rising generation : 
 
 1. A decrease in juvenile mortality, a better 
 physical development, and a greater amount of 
 bodily health. 
 
 2. An increase in the mental powers. 
 
 3. A decrease in crime, drunkenness, and im- 
 morality. 
 
 It is therefore the earnest desire of your memo- 
 rialists that the members of the Royal Commission 
 on Education should take this matter into their 
 serious consideration, and consent to hear evidence 
 upon the need of better means for physical training 
 and increased facilities for wholesome recreation in 
 all towns. 
 
 And your memorialists will ever pray, &c. 
 
 A National Physical Eecreation Society has 
 lately been established, for the promotion of 
 the physical education of the working classes, 
 under the presidency of Mr. Herbert Glad- 
 stone, M.P., supported by the Hon. A. F. 
 Kinnaird, Colonel G. M. Onslow (Inspector of
 
 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSIC \L EDUCATION 77 
 
 Military Gymnasia), Lord Charles Beresford, 
 M.P., the Hon. T. H. W. Pelham, and Mr. T. 
 C. Edwardes Moss, M.P., of athletic fame, with 
 Mr. A. Alexander, F.E.G.S. (Director of the 
 Liverpool Gymnasium), as Honorary Secretary. 
 An association with such influential leaders 
 should be able to work wonders in the im- 
 provement of the physical education of the 
 people, and in the confident hope that at no 
 distant period the bodies of the poorer child- 
 ren of this country will be as well cared for 
 as their brains, I ask those who read this 
 paper to assist in forming a public opinion 
 favourable to the maintenance, by municipal 
 authorities, of open spaces, playgrounds, and 
 gymnasia in towns, and to such alterations in 
 the Education Code as will bring up a gen- 
 eration of English men and women, physically 
 capable of bearing the burden of the high 
 civilisation and extended empire they have 
 inherited from their forefathers. Civium vires, 
 civitatis vis.
 
 78 OPEN SPACES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Statistics of the Drill and Gymnastic Training given to 
 Twelve Boys in the Much Wenlock National School, 
 from August 21, 1871, to February 21, 1872. 
 
 DKILL AND GYMNASTICS. 
 Increase, after Six Months, in the circumference 
 
 Boy 
 
 
 Of Chest 
 
 
 Of Upper 
 Arm 
 
 Of Fore 
 Arm 
 
 
 Inche 
 
 Inches 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 From 27^ 
 
 to 28| = 
 
 1 inch 
 
 x inch 
 
 Nil 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 29f - 
 
 j " 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 inch 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 3l4 = 
 
 13 
 
 *I 
 
 
 Nil 
 
 4 
 
 
 29 = 
 
 ji 
 
 I 
 
 3 ' 
 
 Nil 
 
 5 
 
 > 28|- 
 
 30J = 
 
 2 inches 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 Nil 
 
 6 
 
 27| 
 
 30 = 
 
 2j 
 
 .1 
 4 
 
 ! inch 
 
 Average increase in circumference of chest = 1| inches, 
 
 i.e. nearly 2 inches. 
 
 Exercises : Indian Club, Vaulting Horse, Horizontal and 
 Parallel Bars. 
 
 DKILL ALONE. 
 Increase, after Six Months, in the circumference 
 
 Boy 
 
 Of Chest 
 
 Of Upper 
 Arm 
 
 Of Fore 
 Arm 
 
 
 Inches Inches 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 From 24| to 24| = inch 
 
 J inch 
 
 Nil 
 
 8 
 
 27i 27* = i 
 
 ^< 4 *'4 ; 8 " 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 | inch 
 
 9 
 
 OQ1 QA _ 1 
 
 ^^ ou 3 ,, 
 
 i ., 
 
 i 
 
 4 M 
 
 10 
 
 26i 26j = i 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 Nil 
 
 11 
 
 25! 26 =| 
 
 1 
 
 4 )) 
 
 ^ inch 
 
 12 
 
 25^ 25| = i 
 
 1 
 4 V 
 
 Nil 
 
 Average increase in circumference of chest = |j inch, 
 i.e. nearly ^ inch. 
 
 W. P. BROOKES, TRUSTEE. 
 EDWARD STROUD, SCHOOLMASTER.
 
 79 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE BENEFIT OF 
 YOUNG MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN, 
 
 I. 
 
 A WOMAN'S WOBK. 
 
 AX ACCOUNT OF THE GIELS' FRIEXDLY SOCIETY. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' National Review ' 
 of September 1884. 
 
 our contemporaries lias lately published 
 an interesting series of articles under the head- 
 ing of ' Women who work,' describing the life 
 and occupations of several classes of women 
 who gain their livelihood by work. It is a 
 satisfactory sign of the times, and of the pro- 
 gress of a sensible public opinion, that women 
 are nowadays not ashamed to confess that 
 they support themselves by honest toil. Side 
 by side with this laudable determination on 
 the part of women of limited means to be no
 
 80 A WOMAN'S WORK 
 
 longer a burden on their relatives, but to take 
 a share in the actual work, and therefore in 
 the rewards of industry, there has sprung up 
 amongst the leisured class of women a similar 
 desire to be of some use in the world, to do 
 some good before they pass away, to be some- 
 thing more than mere ornaments of life. We 
 see this tendency on all sides. The amount 
 of unpaid religious, philanthropic, and social 
 remedial work which is being carried on by 
 women is enormous. Witness the labours of 
 such women as Miss Eobinson, Miss Weston, 
 Mrs. Josephine Butler, or Miss Ellice Hopkins. 
 We may or we may not approve of the objects 
 they have in view. We may or we may not 
 believe in their discretion or their wisdom, but 
 we cannot but respect the energy, the faith, 
 the self-sacrifice, the devotion with which in 
 their different lines, and with the best powers 
 they possess, they are voluntarily labouring 
 for the good of others. Such self-sacrifice, 
 such devotion, such faith, cannot fail to make
 
 A WOMAN'S WOKK 81 
 
 its influence felt on a selfish and cynical world. 
 If there be much to lament in the present con- 
 dition of society, if there be alienation of class 
 from class, if the rich man fears the poor, and 
 the poor man hates the rich, if the world be 
 out of joint, and we cry in our despair that 
 faith and virtue, honour and love, sympathy 
 and brotherly kindness have vanished from the 
 face of the earth, if in our moments of despon- 
 dency and of weakness we should be tempted 
 to exclaim that our upper classes care for 
 nothing but sport and the gratification of sel- 
 fish pleasure, that our middle classes are lost 
 to all higher aims than the pursuit of wealth, 
 and that our working classes are wallowing in 
 the mire of drunkenness and violence, let us 
 but turn to the work of these noble ladies and 
 of the many others who are labouring in 
 similar undertakings for the spiritual, moral, 
 or material welfare of their fellow-creatures, 
 and we shall be forced to confess that the 
 women of England refuse to despair of the 
 
 G
 
 82 A WOMAN'S WORK 
 
 world, and that, holding aloft, in the darkness 
 which surrounds us, the beacon-light of their 
 own purity and self-sacrifice, they are setting 
 an example worthy of imitation, and are acting 
 the angel's part in their devoted efforts to 
 guide the footsteps of mankind into higher 
 and nobler paths. 
 
 Our object in writing this paper is to draw 
 attention to one of the most conspicuous ex- 
 amples of a successful work carried out by 
 women for the benefit of women. It is often 
 said that women do not possess any power of 
 organisation ; but it would be difficult to find 
 a non-political association which, for rapidity 
 of growth, for solidity of foundation, and for 
 amount of work accomplished in as short a 
 space of time, can compare with the Girls' 
 Friendly Society an association which, only 
 starting in 1875, now numbers, according to 
 a Eeport which has just been issued, over 
 124,000 ladies and w r orking women of the 
 English-speaking races. This organisation is
 
 A WOMAN'S WOEK 83 
 
 to be found not only in the United Kingdom, 
 but in America, Canada, the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and in the colonies of Australia and 
 New Zealand. Her Majesty the Queen is 
 Patron of it, and in looking through the List 
 of Associates we find the names of several 
 princesses of the blood royal, and of many 
 women of the highest social distinction. The 
 first question which rises to the lips is, What 
 has been the motive which has prompted so 
 many women of different social grades to 
 unite, and what is the object which they have 
 set themselves to attain? The name of the 
 Association fails to convey any distinct reply 
 to this question. The mind naturally turns 
 to the contemplation of averages and of actu- 
 arial calculations when the words ' Friendly 
 Society ' are uttered ; but the objects of the 
 * Girls' Friendly Society ' are far other than 
 those of an ordinary 'Friendly Society.' 
 There was no idea on the part of the foundress 
 of this organisation to establish a thrift society 
 
 6 2
 
 84 A WOMAN'S WORK 
 
 for women, in imitation of those established 
 by men for the benefit of men. The Friendly 
 Society Mrs. Townsend desired to create was 
 one which should unite women of all grades 
 in a friendly league for the protection of 
 female virtue. She aimed at establishing such 
 a freemasonry amongst women as would raise 
 in the eyes of women themselves, and conse- 
 quently of the world, the value of a woman's 
 purity. She desired to surround every young 
 girl, however humble her social position, with 
 the protection of innumerable loving hearts 
 and hands, ready to support her in trial, 
 shield her in danger, and encourage her in 
 difficulty. She attempted in some measure 
 to span with a friendly chain the gulf which 
 separates the rich from the poor, and to excite 
 so genuine a love for virtue as should make 
 each woman, whatever her social rank, feel 
 that an affront offered to the virtue of the 
 poorest girl was an insult to the richest, and 
 that the degradation of one was the dishonour
 
 A WOMAN'S WORK 85 
 
 of all. That there was need for such an 
 Association, and that it evidently responded 
 to the yearnings of many an honest woman's 
 heart, must be acknowledged, when we con- 
 sider the extraordinary manner in which this 
 Society has grown, and that last year there 
 was an increase of 2,008 ladies and of 11,904 
 working-girl members, making a total in 
 England of 21,414 ladies, and of 83,085 
 working women belonging to this Association. 1 
 The power which these numbers represent is 
 very great, and it is to be hoped that it may 
 ever be wisely directed. It would seem that 
 precautions are taken in the constitution of 
 the Society in England to avoid the dangers of 
 personal government, and that the direction 
 of its affairs is in the hands of a Central 
 Council (having its headquarters at 3 Victoria 
 Mansions, Westminster), composed of some 
 
 1 The Society now (1886) numbers in England 23,916 
 lady associates, and 100,141 working-girl members, and a 
 total of 133,182 associates and members throughout the 
 world.
 
 86 A WOMAN'S WORK 
 
 fifty members, of whom thirty-two are repre- 
 sentatives elected by the lady Associates living 
 in the thirty-two dioceses of England and 
 Wales. The work which this Council has to 
 direct (aided by diocesan councils in each of 
 the dioceses of England and Wales) is not 
 limited, as might be thought from the above 
 remarks, solely to a watchful care over the 
 morals of its members, but embraces a large 
 field of philanthropic labour, which for con- 
 venience of supervision and of organisation 
 has been divided into departments, and has 
 been placed under the direction of separate 
 heads. Amongst these departments we find 
 that the following have already been organ- 
 ised namely, 4 Members in Business,' ' Mem- 
 bers in Mills and Factories,' ' Workhouses and 
 Orphanages,' ' Members in Service,' ' Eegis- 
 try Work,' ' Lodges and Lodgings,' ' Litera- 
 ture,' * Sick Members and Homes of Eest,' 
 ' Domestic Economy,' ' Industrial Training,' 
 and ' Emigration.' Each of these departments
 
 A WOMAN'S WORK 87 
 
 possesses not only a representative on the 
 Central Council, but lias its representative on 
 each diocesan council and in each properly 
 organised branch, of which there are over 700 
 in England and Wales. 1 The branches are 
 composed of the ladies and working-girl mem- 
 bers living within the limits of each rural 
 deanery in the country, and of each parish in 
 the large towns. These regulate their own 
 affairs under the direction of a secretary who 
 is annually elected. The branch secretaries 
 within each diocese form the diocesan councils 
 of which we have already spoken, and which 
 annually elect the Central Council and the 
 President. The Honourable Lady Grey holds 
 this responsible position at present. It will 
 be seen from this sketch of the constitution 
 that it is established on representative prin- 
 ciples, that it is in connection with the Church 
 of England, and that the work of the society 
 is secular as well as moral and religious. 
 
 1 Now 821 (1886).
 
 88 A WOMAN'S WORK 
 
 Although the Lady Associates must be of the 
 English Church, no such restriction is made 
 
 o 
 
 in the case of the working-girl members. 
 The only bar to admission is loss of character. 
 Any member losing her good name ceases 
 ipso facto to belong to the Society. It is 
 found necessary in the interest of the members 
 to adhere firmly to this rule, as this is one of 
 the few, if not the only society, which exists 
 for the benefit of girls of strictly good charac- 
 ter, whilst there are many associations esta- 
 blished for assisting those of bad or doubtful 
 reputation. To show the extent of the work 
 of the Society, and that the labours of a head 
 of a department can be no sinecure, it is only 
 necessary to mention that during the last 15 
 months 5,952 mistresses applied to the Society 
 for servants, that 5,333 girls sought situa- 
 tions, and that 3,976 members were placed in 
 service ; that 1,282 members were assisted in 
 sickness, placed in convalescent homes, lodged 
 in the private residences of ladies, or in
 
 A WOMAN'S WORK 89 
 
 cottages under the supervision of ladies be- 
 longing to the Society, at a cost of some 
 1,500 ; that the Society owns 6 homes of 
 rest and 43 homes called 'Lodges,' 1 where 
 members of the Society can reside, and which 
 contain an aggregate of over 300 beds, and 
 that the funds collected for the support of 
 these homes during the same period amounted 
 to 5,073 4s. 4d. In addition to the above 
 there are 78 club and recreation rooms open 
 to members. 2 The Society possesses three 
 magazines, one of which, Friendly Leaves., has 
 a monthly circulation of 50,000 copies, and 
 there are 23 diocesan circulating libraries 
 containing 10,695 volumes, 306 district 
 schools, and 294 out of 542 unions in 
 England and Wales are visited by Associates 
 and included in the organisation. Members 
 of the Society who desire to emigrate are 
 placed under the special care of Lady Asso- 
 ciates in England and the colonies, whose duty 
 1 Now 60 (1886). 3 Now 167 (1886).
 
 90 A WOMAN'S WOEK 
 
 it is to assist them, to facilitate their de- 
 parture from this country, and to welcome 
 them on their arrival in the land of their 
 adoption. Should it be necessary, places are 
 found for them in the colony to which they 
 are emigrating, so that no time is lost in 
 searching for a situation, and during the 
 voyage they are placed under the charge of a 
 matron, and mess together. A girl, therefore, 
 who has once joined the Girls' Friendly 
 Society should never be in want of a friend, 
 wherever she be living. This great work is 
 maintained by voluntary subscriptions, and 
 by an annual contribution of sixpence from 
 each working-class member and of half a 
 crown from every Lady Associate. Between 
 the 1st October 1882 and the 31st December 
 1883, according to the Eeport from which we 
 quote, the large sum of 3,536 17s. was 
 contributed to the central fund by working- 
 class members, exclusive of gifts to the 
 different departmental funds such as those
 
 A WOMAN'S WORK 91 
 
 for ' Homes of Best,' ' Sick Members,' and 
 ' Lodges.' These are the dry bones of the 
 organisation, of which alone we are capable 
 of taking cognizance ; the inner, religious, 
 spiritual work we are unable to gauge. 
 
 That this Society is destined to exercise 
 great influence on future generations of Eng- 
 lishwomen, should it continue to increase at 
 its present rate, and should it preserve its 
 vitality, is self-evident. It is also apparent 
 that as the social and political power of 
 women increase, so will increase the influence 
 of such an Association as we are describing. 
 Already the Girls' Friendly Society has 
 made its influence felt in both Houses of 
 the Legislature. The careful reader of the 
 newspapers cannot have failed to have noticed 
 the continued repetition of the name of the 
 Society in the list of petitions presented to 
 Parliament, and always in connection with 
 the same subject namely, in favour of the 
 Criminal Law Amendment Bill, which has
 
 92 A WOMAN'S WORK 
 
 just passed the House of Lords. Should this 
 Bill become law, l the exertions of the members 
 of the Girls' Friendly Society will not have 
 been without influence on the result. Irre- 
 spective of the power for good over the rising 
 generation of young women which such a 
 widespread Association should possess, we 
 recognise the healing influence which the 
 inter-communication of women of so many 
 social grades must exercise on the social sores 
 of the day. It is with pleasure that we draw 
 attention to the work of the Girls' Friendly 
 Society, and we wish it God-speed in its 
 benevolent endeavours to raise the moral tone 
 of the women of England and to increase the 
 domestic happiness of the people. 
 
 1 The Criminal Law Amendment Bill received the Queen's 
 Assent on August 14, 1885.
 
 93 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE BENEFIT OF 
 YOUNG MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN. 
 
 II. 
 
 ADDRESS TO THE DUBLIN YOUNG MEN'S 
 CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. 1 
 
 IT used to be said that ' a handful of good life 
 is better than a bushel of learning.' There 
 are some who nowadays loudly assert that if 
 only the bushel of learning be provided the 
 good life will follow, and they point on the 
 one hand to the pure lives of certain ancient 
 philosophers and of some modern cultivated 
 sceptics, and on the other to the wickedness 
 of many professed believers in Christianity, as 
 proofs of the truth of their proposition. I do 
 not intend to enter into a discussion on the 
 
 1 March 29, 1883.
 
 94 ADDEESS TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A. 
 
 influence which systems of moral philosophy 
 divorced from religion may or may not be able 
 to exercise on the human mind and conduct. 
 Such questions are too deep for me, and 
 unfitted for this platform. I only allude to 
 the tendency of certain minds to depreciate 
 the moral power of Christianity, and to ex- 
 aggerate that of secular education, for the 
 purpose of enabling us to ask ourselves the 
 simple question whether individually by our 
 lives and conduct we have shown the moral 
 superiority of Christian over secular training. 
 It may be assumed that all on this platform, 
 and those I am addressing here to-night, have 
 been brought up within the fold of some 
 Christian Church, and, inasmuch as they have 
 taken the trouble to join an Association 
 which has for its object the strengthening 
 of Christian life amongst its members, are 
 presumably more in earnest in their desire to 
 lead Christian lives than some of their fellows. 
 But let each of us ask ourselves how far we
 
 ADDEESS TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A. 95 
 
 have succeeded in our endeavours, and in 
 order that we may obtain a true answer let 
 us consider what would be our reply, if this 
 question, instead of being addressed to our- 
 selves, were asked in regard to the conduct of 
 some other member of the same Association : 
 and if our answer be that we have succeeded but 
 badly, as I fear must be the reply if we speak 
 truthfully, we cannot profess much astonish- 
 ment if the world, arriving at the same opinion, 
 should, in its carelessness, fall into the error 
 of ascribing the failure to the system instead 
 of to its true cause, the natural frailty of man- 
 kind. But, although it may be true that the 
 lives of professing Christians fall far short of 
 the ideal of Christianity, and that in some 
 cases heathens and sceptics have led lives 
 which in their uprightness and purity have 
 hardly been surpassed by Christian saints, it 
 must not be forgotten that religious sentiment 
 lay deep in the hearts of the most eminent of 
 the ancient searchers after truth, and that the
 
 96 ADDRESS TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A. 
 
 modern ' gospel of humanity ' owes its best 
 elements to the Gospel of that Christ Whose 
 divinity it ignores. Seeing that the inconsist- 
 ency between the doctrines of Christianity 
 and the actions of the nominal followers of 
 Christ are the cause of scepticism to many, 
 we should not only take shame to ourselves 
 for having brought reproach upon our pro- 
 fession, but remembering that much of the 
 infidelity of the world is owing to our own 
 shortcomings, and would disappear did we 
 live up to the standard set us by Christ Him- 
 self, let us, and especially such of us as are 
 members of Christian associations, be very 
 watchful over our conduct, and see that it 
 does not give the lie to the profession of our 
 lips. Depend upon it the world scans very 
 closely the conduct of those whose religion 
 takes a more decided character than that of 
 their fellows, and will make very small allow- 
 ance for the weakness of human nature. Let 
 us beware lest even unconsciously we be guilty
 
 ADLRESS TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A. 97 
 
 of the slightest approach to hypocrisy. Con- 
 sistency of conduct and moral courage, blended 
 with humility and consideration for the feel- 
 ings, opinions, and rights of others, will always 
 win the respect of men consideration for the 
 opinions and rights of others, inasmuch as 
 the human mind is not infallible ; and humility, 
 seeing that it is owing to our shortcomings 
 that the Christian religion has proved a 
 stumbling-block to some. How glibly does 
 the tongue talk of consistency of conduct and 
 of moral courage, and how difficult it is to 
 practise these virtues ! ' It is easy enough 
 to be good on 10,000/. a year,' says Becky 
 Sharp in ' Vanity Fair,' and with justice in 
 one sense, though most erroneously in another. 
 The man with 10,000/. a year is no more free 
 from temptations than he of WL a year ; his 
 temptations are only of a different nature. 
 There is, however, this truth in Becky Sharp's 
 assertion namely, that he of 10,000/. is under 
 no temptation to sell his birthright for a mess 
 
 H
 
 98 ADDRESS TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A. 
 
 of pottage, but on the other hand the poor 
 man is by his very poverty exempted from 
 many grievous temptations to which the rich 
 are naturally exposed. ' How hardly shall 
 they that have riches enter into the kingdom 
 of God ! ' The moral of these considerations 
 is that we should be lenient towards the short- 
 comings of those in a different rank of life 
 or station to ourselves, not knowing the exact 
 force with which peculiar temptations may 
 assail them. Thus, where we find it easy to 
 be consistent our brother may find it almost 
 impossible. Elisha the prophet recognised 
 this fact, for he permitted Naaman, the con- 
 fidential minister of the King of Syria, to bow 
 the knee in the house of Eimmon, when his 
 master should be leaning on his arm. Eefusal 
 to accommodate himself to the customs of his 
 country and the practice of his sovereign, 
 might in this case have led to political and 
 social ostracism, perhaps to death itself. The 
 abstention from the heathen temple of a man
 
 ADDRE33 TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A. 99 
 
 in a humbler station of life might have passed 
 unnoticed, and although want of moral courage 
 can under no circumstances be justifiable, it 
 is more excusable in some cases than in others ; 
 and men should be very loth to condemn 
 those with whose circumstances and tempta- 
 tions they have not had practical experience. 
 Compare the position of a soldier, kneeling 
 night and morning to address his God in the 
 presence of coarse, profane, jeering companions, 
 with that of a young man, kneeling at home 
 in his own room in the house of Christian 
 parents. Compare the temptations to lust 
 and to pride of a young, healthy, handsome 
 heir to millions, and of a poor, sickly, half 
 starved man of the people ; on the other hand, 
 reverse the picture and consider the tempta- 
 tions of the latter to theft, dishonesty, and 
 lying, as compared with those of the former. 
 Such pictures might be presented in numbers. 
 Do not misunderstand me, however : because 
 some temptations assail us with more force
 
 100 ADDKESS TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A, 
 
 than our neighbours, that is, of course, no 
 reason why we should yield to them, and no 
 excuse for so doing. We know where we 
 must look for strength, and we as Christians 
 believe that if we rightly ask, sufficient 
 strength will be given us. It is a reason, 
 however, why we should be lenient towards 
 the faults of others, why we should carefully 
 scan our own conduct, why we should asso- 
 ciate ourselves together in societies such as 
 this, in order that those who are less tempted 
 in one direction may give assistance to their 
 more heavily weighted brothers, in confidence 
 that they in their turn will not withhold sup- 
 port when their assistance is required. Great 
 is the power conferred by association. The 
 knowledge that support and sympathy are at 
 hand oftentimes will turn the natural coward 
 into a hero. This is the secret of the supe- 
 riority of a disciplined over an undisciplined 
 force. Each man stands shoulder to shoulder, 
 and knows that his fellows will not desert
 
 ADDRESS TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A. 101 
 
 him as long as breath is in their bodies. 
 Example also is another potent power for 
 good as well as for evil. ' Keep good men 
 company and you shall be of the number.' 
 We are all imitative creatures, and are more 
 influenced by the example of those around us 
 than we usually suppose. For all these reasons 
 association among young men desirous of 
 leading godly lives is good, so long as it does 
 not lead to spiritual pride, hypocrisy, or cant, 
 dangers to which all religious societies are 
 more or less exposed, and against which 
 their members should be ever on the watch. 
 Earnest, definite, active work for God, and 
 for our neighbour, sanctified by prayer, is, 
 when we have leisure for such work, one 
 of the most effectual means of purifying 
 the Christian life. We have not, however, 
 all leisure to employ in this manner. The 
 majority of us are probably masters of but 
 a small portion of our time. But even the 
 most hardly worked can, if he desires it, do
 
 102 ADDRESS TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A. 
 
 some work for God. There are few who 
 cannot during the twelve hours of daylight 
 perform some kind deed, however small, to 
 cheer a neighbour's heart. Such acts done 
 for the love of God will add more happiness 
 to life than untold riches, and speak more 
 eloquently for Christianity than volumes of 
 written sermons. It would be well if we 
 were to ask ourselves each morning, ' What 
 kind act can I do this day ? ' and at eventide, 
 ' Have I by word or deed brought happiness 
 to the heart of a fellow-creature ? ' * See 
 how these Christians love one another ! ' was 
 said by the heathens of old. Would it not 
 be well if these words could be spoken of the 
 members of this Association ? It is gratifying 
 to hear that such a spirit does indeed animate 
 many connected with your society, and that 
 you are able in your Report to say that the 
 majority of your members ' are constantly en- 
 gaged in various works of Christian usefulness 
 and missionary enterprise in different parts of 
 the city and neighbourhood.'
 
 ADDRESS TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A. 103 
 
 Iii these days of scepticism and atheism, of 
 violence and crime, when the hand of man is 
 raised against his fellow-man, and the land is 
 soaked in blood, it is a matter for thankful- 
 ness to think that we possess in our midst so 
 large a body of earnest young men as I see 
 before me this night, banded together in the 
 firm resolve, God helping them, to combat 
 the powers of evil which in weaker moments 
 we may be prone to think have been permitted 
 to take permanent possession of the hearts of 
 men. Away with such coward thoughts, if 
 ever they had existence ! If there is much to 
 deplore there is much more to be thankful for. 
 Never were the Churches of Christ more active 
 than at present ; never was there greater desire 
 for union amongst all denominations of Chris- 
 tians than in the present day (witness the 
 presence of members of so many Christian 
 denominations on the platform) ; never was 
 there more tolerance, more earnestness, more 
 zeal, more real work for Christ, or greater 
 desire to follow in the footsteps of our great
 
 104 ADDRESS TO THE DUBLIN Y.M.C.A. 
 
 Exemplar, and 'do unto others as we would 
 that they should do unto us.' May your 
 Association flourish, your members be con- 
 spicuous in all good works, advance in godli- 
 ness and knowledge, become better citizens 
 and better neighbours, and by noble and 
 consistent lives prove to a sceptical world 
 that the love of Christ is still potent to 
 reform men's lives, and to work such miracles 
 in the heart of man as no human philosophy 
 has yet been able to accomplish.
 
 105 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE BENEFIT OF 
 YOUNG MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN 
 
 m. 
 
 THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MEN. 
 Repriuted, by permission, from ' The Quiver ' of June 1886. 
 
 DISRAELI has said that ; the history of heroes 
 is the history of youth ; ' and again, that 
 * almost everything that is great has been done 
 by youth ; ' but reluctantly he was forced to 
 add that l for life in general there is but one 
 decree. Youth is a blunder.' 
 
 It is the object of several religious or- 
 ganisations, notably the Young Men's Chris- 
 tian Association, the Young Men's Friendly 
 Society, the Church of England Young Men's 
 Society, and lastly, but not least, the London 
 Diocesan Council for the Welfare of Young
 
 106 THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MEN 
 
 Men, to minimise as far as possible the 
 chances of life becoming a ' blunder ' to the 
 young men of London, and, by influencing 
 their lives in the direction of what is good, 
 to endeavour to add yet further brilliant 
 examples to the roll of youthful heroes. 
 
 The latter Council, which has been lately 
 established, hopes to effect this result, not so 
 much by creating new organisations for aiding 
 the young man in his struggle with evil, as by 
 utilising and rendering more effective those 
 which already exist. 
 
 The principal objects of the London 
 Diocesan Council are 
 
 (1) To promote the formation and de- 
 velopment of existing societies in London, as 
 well as to encourage the establishment of 
 youths' institutes, boys' clubs, night-schools, 
 guilds, working-boys' homes, &c. 
 
 (2) To make grants of money, so far as 
 funds will permit, towards starting such insti- 
 tutions ; to afford information as to the dif- 
 ferent societies and best modes of procedure ;
 
 THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MEM 107 
 
 and to put persons willing to work amongst 
 young men in communication with parishes 
 and institutions where their help is required. 
 
 (3) To establish a central corresponding 
 office, to which the clergy and others may 
 recommend young men and boys coming to 
 London, in order that they may be introduced 
 to clergymen or other friends, or to local 
 institutions. 
 
 (4) To provide at the central office, 
 Northumberland Chambers, Northumberland 
 Avenue (which is likewise the address of the 
 Young Men's Friendly Society), and also 
 through the agency of local institutions, 
 registries of suitable lodgings, to which young 
 men may be directed. 
 
 And (5) to foster all movements, such as 
 the establishment of gymnasia, the appropria- 
 tion of open spaces in parks and elsewhere for 
 cricket and athletic sports ; the extension of 
 libraries ; and generally to stir up sympathy 
 with whatever tends to the welfare of young 
 men.
 
 108 THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MEN 
 
 Such intermediary work, far from inter- 
 fering with the labours of the different young 
 men's societies, will be of great service to 
 them ; and as Chairman of the Central Council 
 of the Young Men's Friendly Society, which 
 now numbers over 350 branches, and fifty 
 affiliated institutions, I heartily welcome this 
 latest addition to the organisation of the 
 Church for working amongst the male youth 
 of England. 
 
 Great is the need of labourers in this field. 
 It is, indeed, difficult to exaggerate the import- 
 ance of the work. The future of England 
 will depend upon the characters of the young 
 men who, in a few years, will have attained 
 their majority, and who, in the exercise of the 
 privilege of manhood, will in due course be 
 called upon to cast their votes into the ballot- 
 box, and by those votes will be required to 
 state what is their will in regard to the course 
 which legislation shall take both at home and 
 abroad. The destinies of the nation will be
 
 THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MEN 109 
 
 in their hands. The seeds, whether good or 
 bad, which have been sown in youth, will 
 assuredly develop in after years, and all effort 
 to change the character of the growth will 
 then be too late. Now is the time for action. 
 Two millions of male voters have recently 
 been added to the electorate of England ! 
 Who and what manner of men will their im- 
 mediate successors be? Some of them will 
 be respectable young men who are already 
 proving their worth, and the excellence of 
 their bringing up as apprentices and assist- 
 ants in small towns, or as farm lads in the 
 country ; but some of them, and I fear no 
 small proportion, will be the hangers-on of 
 public-houses, the idle loafers who stand at 
 the corners of streets or village greens, who 
 have never entered a church or chapel since 
 they were compelled to do so as children in the 
 Sunday-school, who have thrown off all restraint, 
 and glory in their recklessness and disregard 
 of authority, whether civil or religious.
 
 110 THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MEN 
 
 Shall I be told, although this may be true 
 and most regrettable, that it is nobody's fault ; 
 that a certain proportion of young men will 
 inevitably go to the bad, and that neither the 
 Church nor society is to blame for the result? 
 Doubtless, as long as evil is in the world, 
 wickedness will abound, but I cannot believe 
 that every young man who finds his way into 
 the criminal, the dangerous, or the dissipated 
 classes has had a fair chance of doing better. 
 I do not think this can be said of all the 
 human failures in the upper or middle classes, 
 much less of those to be found in the lower. 
 
 To begin with the upper classes : What is 
 the amount or value of the religious instruc- 
 
 c 
 
 tion given to a boy at Eton or Harrow, or 
 indeed at any of our public schools? How 
 many clergymen with cures in fashionable 
 parishes or districts have established Sunday- 
 schools for the children of their well-to-do 
 parishioners? And when, later in life, the 
 young man enters college, or his father's
 
 THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MEN 111 
 
 counting-house, what provision does the 
 Church make to continue his spiritual educa- 
 tion and to prepare him for the religious 
 doubts, difficulties, and objections which, in 
 this age of universal discussion, and of open 
 unbelief, are certain to assail him? Indeed, 
 in the matter of spiritual instruction, as far 
 as the Church is concerned, the labourer's or 
 artisan's son, until the age of thirteen years, 
 has often the advantage over the duke's, for he 
 will probably attend a Sunday-school, whereas 
 the latter will obtain no instruction, should 
 his mother be indifferent to religion. But 
 from the age of thirteen years, both duke's son 
 and labourer's son are pretty well on a par as 
 regards the absence of religious teaching from 
 the course of their daily instruction, if we 
 except the perfunctory attendance at chapel 
 which will be enforced on the former, should 
 he be sent to a public school. Both are left 
 by the Church very much to their own devices, 
 until they have reached the age of discretion.
 
 112 THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MES 
 
 Let us imagine that both have reached that 
 period of life, and have been prepared for ad- 
 mission into the full membership of the Church 
 a supposition which must leave room for 
 large exceptions in the case of the class which 
 the labourer's son represents. This is the 
 time when a great effort should be made to 
 assist the young man in his efforts towards 
 the attainment of a spiritual life. But how 
 little is really done to induce him to continue 
 to communicate, and how large is the percent- 
 age of those who, having once partaken of 
 the Holy Sacrament, never do so again ? 
 Class custom, ridicule, timidity, ignorance, 
 keep hundreds from ever again approaching 
 the Table of our Lord. Here is the opportu- 
 nity for a society like the 'Young Men's 
 Friendly.' Here it can step in, and by its 
 organisation enable a clergyman to keep touch 
 with the young lads of his village or parish. 
 Here he can find occupation for his young men 
 of a higher social standard, and, by teaching
 
 THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MEN 113 
 
 them to think and work for others, assist them 
 in the cultivation of their own moral natures. 
 By means of it, or of some similar organisa- 
 tion, he can get his young men together, 
 instruct them, guide them, sympathise with 
 them, make friends with them, gain their love 
 and esteem, and prepare them for the higher 
 duties of Christian life. Organisation will 
 give courage to the timid, instruction will en- 
 lighten the ignorant, example will inspirit the 
 downhearted, and social intercourse will soften 
 roughness and teach courtesy and good-will. 
 Should a young man leave his parish, he need 
 not be lost sight of ; he can be recommended 
 to the care and kindly offices of the branch of 
 the Society in the place to which he is remov- 
 ing. Herein lies the advantage which mem- 
 bership of a large society possesses over that 
 of a local ' guild.' A member of a local or- 
 ganisation loses all privileges on removing 
 from his native town or village ; the member 
 of a wider organisation only leaves friends in 
 
 i
 
 114 THE WELFARE OF YOUNG MEN 
 
 one locality to meet with equal friendship and 
 brotherly support in another. 
 
 Such an organisation should bring classes 
 together, should draw forth mutual good-will 
 and self-sacrifice, and should materially assist 
 not only in raising a higher moral standard 
 amongst its members, but, through their influ- 
 ence, should be the means of elevating the 
 character of the surrounding population. 
 
 If the London Diocesan Council is deter- 
 mined to do more than play at benefiting the 
 young men of London, its fullest energies will 
 be needed to grapple with the herculean task 
 it has undertaken. 
 
 The names of the Duke of Westminster, 
 of the Earl of Aberdeen, of the Bishop of 
 Bedford, as well as of numbers of other dis- 
 tinguished men both of the clergy and laity, 
 who constitute the Council, encourage the 
 hope that the Church is alive to its duties 
 towards the young men of London, and is 
 determined, God helping it, to fulfil them
 
 115 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE BENEFIT OF 
 YOUNG MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN, 
 
 IV. 
 
 THE MINISTERING CHILDREN'S LEAGUE. 
 Reprinted, by permission, from ' The Quiver' of October 1886. 
 
 WE often hear that the gulf between rich and 
 poor is widening : that there is less sympathy 
 between classes than there used to be, that 
 the poor man hates the rich, and the rich 
 man fears the poor, with an intensity which 
 was unknown to our ancestors ; and we are 
 threatened with social upheavals in the near 
 future which we are told are to overwhelm 
 Society. Personally I doubt the accuracy of 
 these assertions ; but whether the seers of 
 these dismal visions are true prophets or false 
 I care not to consider. I am content to leave 
 
 i2
 
 116 THE MINISTERING CHILDREN'S LEAGUE 
 
 the future in the hands of a beneficent Power 
 which directs all things for the ultimate good 
 of man. 
 
 It is possible, I suppose, that the world 
 may have again to pass through some fiery 
 furnace like that of the French Kevolution, 
 from which it shall issue purified and re- 
 generated. It is of little consequence, however, 
 what may be the individual views and hopes 
 of the writer or of the reader of this paper : 
 they may be founded on the rock of wisdom 
 or on the sands of folly. Time alone will 
 prove this. The one factor in the solution 
 of this question, which is of importance to 
 both reader and writer, and the only one over 
 which they can hope to possess any effectual 
 control, is that of their individual responsibility 
 in the matter. For of this we may be certain 
 that we make our own history. There is 
 no effect without an originating cause, and 
 political and social upheavals are as much 
 the effect of individual, as earthquakes are of
 
 THE MINISTERING CHILDREN'S LEAGUE 11? 
 
 volcanic, action. Now, if we possess this con- 
 trol, it is surely the part of honest and patriotic, 
 not to say of Christian, men to cultivate the 
 philanthropic sentiment, and to take pains to 
 bring up their children with a desire to benefit 
 their fellow-creatures, and with a genuine love 
 of humanity ; to show them that no custom, 
 or prejudice, or class feeling, should ever be 
 permitted to sever them in sympathy from any 
 man or section of men ; to encourage them in 
 the habit of looking at matters and considering 
 arguments from an opponent's point of view ; 
 to teach them to give all men credit for honesty 
 and good intentions until they have been found 
 wanting ; to lead them to make a practice as 
 far as possible of getting to know personally the 
 men or classes of men with whose opinions, 
 social, political, or religious, they have the 
 least sympathy, and never to believe evil 
 of others unless the evidence in support of 
 the accusation is founded upon some better 
 foundation than that of common report.
 
 118 THE MINISTERING CHILDREN'S LEAGUE 
 
 Should the above propositions be granted, 
 the question will still arise, whether sym- 
 pathetic interest in others, and consideration 
 for others, are qualities which are capable 
 of cultivation ; whether it is possible to train 
 the mind and character so that altruism shall, 
 even if only from habit, to a certain extent 
 take the place of selfishness. Love of self 
 is so deeply implanted in the human breast, 
 that the world need be in no fear of any 
 very serious disturbance occurring to the 
 recognised course of events, even should a 
 little more unselfishness have to be taken 
 in future into consideration in calculating the 
 result of human motives. 
 
 There are some who believe that the 
 above questions can be answered in the 
 affirmative, and, as childhood is a time when 
 impressions can be readily made and the 
 character moulded, they have endeavoured 
 to give practical effect to their views by the 
 formation of a 'Ministering Children's League,'
 
 THE MINISTERING CHILDREN'S LEAGUE 119 
 
 the objects of which are to promote kindness, 
 unselfishness, and the habit of usefulness 
 amongst children, and to create in their 
 minds an earnest desire to help the needy 
 and suffering. The little ones who join this 
 Association take no engagement upon them- 
 selves, and make no promises. They may 
 leave the League at any time, and they are 
 not permitted to join without the sanction 
 and approval of their parents. Having joined, 
 however, they are asked to endeavour to 
 do at least one kind deed every day, and 
 they are taught to remember that in the 
 home circle numerous opportunities may be 
 found of being kind to others. Three or 
 four times a year the members of the local 
 branches meet, and on such occasions, in 
 the neighbourhood of the trysting place, 
 may be seen hundreds of little feet trot- 
 ting along in the same direction, the hands 
 of their owners laden with articles of 
 their own manufacture, to be sent
 
 120 THE MINISTERING CHILDREN'S LEAGUE 
 
 to poor districts, for distribution amongst 
 the needy. 
 
 It is hoped that these children, having 
 once acquired the habit of ministering to 
 the wants of others, will, as they grow up, 
 seek out larger opportunities of benefiting 
 their fellow-creatures, and will transmit later 
 on to their children the desire to take an 
 active part in the philanthropic work of their 
 generation, and thus establish amongst the 
 rich and leisured classes of England, in a 
 greater degree than at present, the whole- 
 some feeling that it is their duty and privilege 
 to labour for the good of others. 
 
 The League now numbers over forty 
 branches, in Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, 
 and the United States. In this latter country 
 the idea of the League has been most cordially 
 received, and branches have been organised 
 even in such distant States as California, 
 Texas, and Utah. 
 
 The lady who acts as Honorary Secretary
 
 THE MINISTERING CHILDREN'S LEAGUE 121 
 
 of this League, and who was also its foundress, 
 resides at 83 Lancaster Gate, W. ; and should 
 the readers of this short paper desire any 
 further information on the subject, she will 
 gladly supply it. 
 
 To quote her own words, ' It is sad to 
 note how many, many deeds of kindness 
 remain undone, how many days and hours are 
 wasted, and how much misery remains unallevi- 
 ated, because men, women, and children have 
 never acquired the habit of making them- 
 selves of use to their fellow-creatures, and 
 have never learned to appreciate the luxury 
 of doing good. Children have warm, generous 
 hearts, but these hearts often become hardened, 
 for many little ones are from their very 
 cradles trained in habits of luxury and 
 thoughtlessness of the needs of others. Even 
 self-denying parents have self-indulgent chil- 
 dren, and to the former it is a sore trial to 
 see their offspring growing into selfish men 
 and women. The habit of usefulness in the
 
 122 THE MINISTERING CHILDEEN'S LEAGUE 
 
 world requires cultivation as well as any 
 other ; it is grossly neglected, and yet surely 
 it is calculated to be a greater blessing to 
 those who acquire it than to those who are 
 benefited by it. The Ministering Children's 
 League has been formed in the hope that, 
 under the Providence of God, it may prove a 
 humble instrument for the diffusion of happi- 
 ness and the alleviation of misery, and that 
 it may lead in some small degree to the im- 
 provement of the rising generation.'
 
 123 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE BENEFIT OF 
 YOUNG MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN, 
 
 V. 
 
 GORDON DIVISION OF THE MINISTEEING 
 LEAGUE. 
 
 Reprinted from 'Eastward Ho!' of January 1887. 
 
 Ix the October number of the * Quiver ' for 
 1886 I drew attention to the Ministering 
 Children's League, then recently started by 
 Lady Brabazon, with the view of training 
 children in habits of unselfishness, of kind- 
 liness, and of thousrhtrulness for others. 
 
 * o 
 
 Since then the League has advanced as if it 
 were a living being traditionally shod so as 
 to be capable of clearing at one bound seven 
 times the length of its own name ! It has 
 not only established itself as a recognised
 
 124 GORDON DIVISION 01? 
 
 institution in Great Britian and Ireland, but 
 has crossed the ocean, and now numbers 
 between 100 and 200 Branches in the United 
 States and Canada, as well as some fifty in the 
 British Isles. 
 
 Most encouraging accounts of the progress 
 of the League have been received from Canada. 
 A lady in Toronto writes as follows : 
 
 The M.C.L. has taken strong root, and is 
 doing well. Towards the latter part of the winter 
 very little was done, owing to much illness amongst 
 the little ones ; but in March, when the monthly 
 meetings began regularly, they were all well at- 
 tended, both boys and girls showing much interest 
 in the League. Many poor families were taken in 
 hand, toys mended and made for the sick children's 
 hospital, &c. Indeed, I can truly assure you that 
 all, both associates and children, who have enlisted 
 in the work have their hearts thoroughly in it. 
 
 At Ottawa, before the League had been 
 eleven months established, the associates and 
 members determined to erect a Convalescent 
 Home in memory of their first President, the
 
 THE MINISTERING LEAGUE 125 
 
 late Mrs. Lewis, wife of the Bishop. The 
 Branch Seer etary there writes as follows : 
 
 The one wish of the children is to build a 
 Convalescent Home for children early in the spring, 
 and this winter they will unitedly work for this 
 object. We have already had the land given us, 
 and have been promised the lumber to build it with, 
 and as the want of such a Home has been very much 
 felt this summer, I think every one will help with a 
 will. The idea is for the children to work at home, 
 to meet every second Saturday to show their work, 
 and to get any help they may require with it ; and 
 about Christmas-time to have a Fair, the proceeds of 
 which will go towards their ' Home.' I cannot tell 
 you how thoroughly the little members enter into 
 the spirit of the League, never forgetting that they 
 must try and do at least one kind deed every day. 
 Any suggestions or hints you can send us will be 
 most acceptable, as we always want to be considered 
 simply a branch of the 'Ministering Children's 
 League ' at home. 
 
 From the United States equally encourag- 
 ing accounts continue to arrive, and experience 
 proves that no child need be thought too poor 
 to join the League, as the following extract
 
 126 GOEDON DIVISION OF 
 
 from a letter from the Central Secretary in 
 New York will show : 
 
 Last Thursday my sister and I visited St. John's 
 Hospital, Brooklyn, and when we went into the 
 children's ward you can imagine how pleased I was 
 to see over each little bed a membership card of the 
 M.C.L., with the child's name written on it. I did 
 not know that a branch had been formed there, but 
 the sister-in-charge told me that the children, are all 
 enthusiastic members of the League, and that it is 
 lovely to see how constantly the poor little things 
 try to keep the rule. Those who are able to be 
 about wait on the ones who are in bed, and they 
 are always doing kind things for one another. 
 They say the prayer every evening at 7 o'clock, and 
 the League is evidently a very real thing to them 
 all, besides this they are giving the support of a 
 baby, 20 dollars, in St. Mary's Orphanage, Shanghai. 
 How the poor little creatures get the money I do not 
 know, but they are deeply interested in their baby. 
 They are all the children of the poor, and they are 
 crippled, and diseased in other ways. 
 
 That the work of the League is equally 
 appreciated on the shores of the Pacific will 
 be seen from the following extract from a 
 letter from a worker in California :
 
 THE MINISTERING LEAGUE 127 
 
 Few of these children can give much money, but 
 they all seem willing to learn to do some cheerful 
 work for the Master. They will hang their cards 
 up in their homes, and the sight of them every day 
 will have a good effect in these prayerless houses. 
 This is a true mission-field, but only one of many in 
 California, and the League can do work here which 
 the missionary could not do without the proper 
 support. I hope you will urge the claims of the 
 League on this coast especially, for it is more 
 needed in this country than in any other of which I 
 have any knowledge. 
 
 The League has received the approval of 
 such eminent men as the Archbishop of 
 Dublin, the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, 
 the Bishop of Manchester, Archdeacon Hessey, 
 and others, and it has proved, by the rapidity 
 of its growth, the necessity there was for its 
 existence. 
 
 It was soon felt, however, that there was 
 no reason why it should be confined to chil- 
 dren, and that it would be well if a Branch 
 could be established for boys and young men. 
 The Foundress of the ' Ministering Children's
 
 128 GOEDON DIVISION OF 
 
 League,' in conjunction with her most earnest 
 fellow-workers in this field of labour, has 
 lately started a Boys' and Young Men's Branch, 
 under the name of the ' Gordon Division of 
 the Ministering League,' the office of which is 
 at 83 Lancaster Gate, London, W. 
 
 In this work she is receiving the most 
 encouraging support of Mr. A. Egmont Hake, 
 the cousin and biographer of the gallant 
 General after whom this Division of the 
 League is called. 
 
 Mr. Hake writes as follows : 
 
 It will be a matter of real interest and pleasure 
 to me to help in any way to promote the interests of 
 the Gordon Division of the Ministering League. I 
 feel sure that a scheme so admirable in its aim 
 cannot fail if only taken up with energy and zeal 
 to do great good in the direction intended : it has 
 more than an ordinary attraction for me because, 
 knowing and loving General Gordon as I did, there 
 is nothing I would not do to help in bringing about 
 the widest possible knowledge of his good deeds. 
 
 The members of the Gordon Division are
 
 THE MINISTERING LEAGUE 129 
 
 asked to carry out the same rule laid down 
 for the children of the ' Ministering League ' 
 namely, * To try and do at least one kind deed 
 every day ; ' but the motto of the ' Gordon 
 Division ' is ' With God and for others,' whilst 
 that of the children is ' No day without a 
 deed to crown it.' 
 
 A very handsome card of membership, to 
 which is affixed an excellent photograph of 
 the true Christian and gallant General, is given 
 to each member on payment of sixpence for 
 the card and a subscription of a shilling a 
 year. . '. 
 
 The First Branch of the Gordon Division 
 was started in Kingston, Ireland, on September 
 21, 1886 ; a year and a half after the birth of 
 the Children's League, which took place in the 
 Eev. C. J. Eidgeway's parish, at Lancaster 
 Gate, London, on January 10, 1885. 
 
 There is ample scope in the world for the 
 labours of devoted men such as Gordon. 
 Witness the useless lives led by many members
 
 130 GORDON DIVISION OF 
 
 of our upper classes, the selfish existence of 
 no small proportion of our middle, and the 
 brutalised, sensual habits of a portion of our 
 working classes. Is it not apparent that some 
 of our social, and even political, troubles may 
 be plainly traced to the want of sympathy 
 between class and class ? 
 
 Many men who are living useless, selfish, 
 are not aware of it, and would be most in- 
 dignant if told they were not doing their duty 
 in the world. Some of them would reply that 
 they had no duty, and that they enjoyed a 
 competency, which dispensed them from the 
 necessity of labour ; whilst others would answer 
 that they did perform their duty, inasmuch as 
 they were accumulating a fortune for the bene- 
 fit of wife and children. They would state 
 that they led exemplary, moral lives, and that 
 society would not require any more at their 
 hands. There would be a certain amount of 
 truth in such a reply, but not the whole truth. 
 In the case of men who have to work for their
 
 THE MINISTERING LEAGUE 131 
 
 living, their first energies, of course, are due 
 to their homes and families, but there are few 
 men whose burdens are so heavy that they 
 could not spare a small portion of their time 
 in assisting others to bear theirs. The men 
 of pleasure cannot plead this excuse. A little 
 work for others would enable them, perhaps 
 for the first time in their lives, to learn how 
 sweet is leisure and recreation honestly earned 
 by useful toil. It is custom and want of train- 
 ing which make so many men and women 
 blind to the suffering which exists in the world, 
 deaf to the calls for help, and sceptical of their 
 power of alleviating it. 
 
 We all have read in our childhood the 
 story of ' Eyes and no Eyes.' We remember 
 how two boys were sent out to take a 
 walk, and on their return were asked to 
 give an account of what they had seen : 
 the one had seen nothing ; the other was 
 full of information in regard to all that had 
 attracted his notice on the road. 
 
 K 2
 
 132 GOKDON DIVISION OF 
 
 So it is with the man or woman who has 
 been brought up from childhood to look out 
 for opportunities of doing little kindnesses to 
 his or her fellow-creatures. Whilst another, 
 perhaps possessing just as tender a heart, has 
 had everything done for him or her, and has 
 never been taught (generally unintentionally 
 on the part of the parents) to think of others, 
 but to consider number one the most impor- 
 tant personage in the world. 
 
 It is hoped that the 'Gordon Division of 
 the Ministering League ' may be an instrument, 
 through God's Providence, to produce many 
 young men who in their journey through life 
 will have eyes for the poor and suffering ; and 
 who from experience will know how best to 
 turn their abilities, means, and energies to the 
 relief of all forms of human misery. 
 
 Christians, and indeed many who do not 
 acknowledge the divinity of our Lord, will 
 think it no exaggeration to say that our social 
 and political difficulties would greatly disappear
 
 THE MINISTERING LEAGUE. 133 
 
 were the example of Christ more closely fol- 
 lowed, and were more implicit obedience ren- 
 dered to His words, ' This is my commandment, 
 that ye love one another.'
 
 134 
 
 OVER-POPULATION: 
 
 ITS EVILS AND BEMEDIES. 
 
 I. 
 
 STATE-DIEECTED COLONISATION: ITS 
 NECESSITY. 
 
 Reprinted, with amendments, by permission, from the 
 ' Nineteenth Century ' of November 1884. 
 
 PROFESSOR SEELEY has endeavoured, in his 
 ' Expansion of England,' to make Englishmen 
 realise that the colonies are not merely posses- 
 sions but a part of England. He has taught 
 us that we must cease to think that emigrants 
 when they go to the colonies leave England, 
 or are lost to England, and has urged us to 
 accustom ourselves to contemplate the whole 
 Empire together, and call it England. He 
 has shown that the drift of English history 
 during this and the last century has been
 
 STATE-DIEECTED COLONISATION. 135 
 
 towards a diffusion of our race and the ex- 
 pansion of our State, and that we have, as 
 it were, * conquered and peopled half the 
 world in a fit of absence of mind.' He has 
 proved to us that * Greater Britain ' is an 
 extension of the English State, and not merely 
 of the English nationality, and that it is on 
 the whole free from that weakness which has 
 brought down most empires the weakness 
 of being a mere mechanical forced union of 
 alien nationalities. He has pointed out that 
 there are in general three ties by which States 
 are held together community of race, com- 
 munity of religion, and community of interest 
 and that whilst it is evident that we are bound 
 by the first two, the conviction that we are 
 bound by the third is daily gaining ground. 
 
 If these things be so, and if at the same 
 time we find that the density of population of 
 Great Britain is two hundred and ninety- one 
 to the square mile, whilst in Canada it is not 
 much more than one to the square mile ; if
 
 136 STATE-DIKECTED COLONISATION : 
 
 we also find that in the older portion of the 
 British Empire the increase of the popula- 
 tion outstrips the increase of the demand for 
 labour ; if we find that in the large towns of 
 England and Scotland there are numbers of 
 men and women unable to obtain employment, 
 and living miserable lives of semi-starvation 
 and wretchedness, whilst on the other side 
 of the ocean, but still within the limits of 
 the British Empire, there are immeasurable 
 plains of fertile lands waiting to be tilled ; 
 if we find that, owing to material hindrances, 
 the natural laws of supply and demand fail to 
 equalise the density of population in this por- 
 tion of the Empire and in that, as but for the 
 intervening ocean would undoubtedly be the 
 case is it extraordinary if the question should 
 be asked, in louder and yet louder tones, why 
 the State should not be permitted to bridge 
 over the material hindrances to the natural flow 
 of population from one shore of this Empire to 
 the other, and permit the laws of supply and
 
 ITS NECESSITY 137 
 
 demand free scope for the exercise of their 
 beneficent action ? If the untilled and un- 
 appropriated lands of Canada, of Australia, 
 or of New Zealand were situated in Kent, in 
 Sussex, or in Surrey, and if the Government 
 had it in their power to grant 160 acres 
 free, as the Canadian Government can, to any 
 man who chose to settle upon them and to 
 till them, it cannot be doubted that London 
 would rapidly be cleared of its too redundant 
 population. 
 
 The only hindrance to the more rapid 
 colonisation of Greater Britain lies in the 
 difficulty of traversing the intervening ocean, 
 and in the sentimental but erroneous feeling 
 that a man by emigrating to the colonies is 
 leaving his country behind him. If, conse- 
 quently, the sentimental difficulty be shown 
 to be erroneous, there remains but a material 
 one to hinder the free action of the laws of 
 supply and demand, which but for its 
 presence would long since have made their
 
 138 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 influence felt, and have permitted the different 
 portions of the Empire to intermingle with 
 greater freedom. By advancing under proper 
 guarantee the money necessary to enable the 
 surplus population of one part of Great 
 Britain to remove to the other, Government 
 would not be guilty of an interference with 
 economic laws, but would in reality be set- 
 ting them free from restrictions of a material 
 nature. 
 
 If your watch should fail to mark the 
 time with its usual accuracy, and on investi- 
 gation your watchmaker were to inform you 
 that the machinery only required a little 
 cleaning and oiling, and the affixing of some 
 slight connection which was missing, but that 
 as there was no damage of a more serious 
 nature he must decline to undertake so simple 
 a piece of work, you would naturally be 
 indignant, and would reply that although the 
 oiling of wheels and the affixing of a connec- 
 tion might be an easy matter to the watch-
 
 ITS NECESSITY 139 
 
 maker, it was not so to you, and that as you 
 were willing to pay him for the work, the 
 very simplicity of the repairs needed should 
 make him the more willing to do that which 
 it was distinctly his duty to perform, even 
 though nothing further should be required of 
 him than the cleaning and oiling of wheels. 
 
 The machinery of the national life has for 
 some time been out of order, and the time- 
 piece of emigration which keeps the balance 
 between the supply of and demand for labour 
 has been gradually losing ground, so that 
 the former has been gaining upon the latter 
 at the rate of 1,000 pair of hands a day. 
 Although, metaphorically speaking, nothing 
 further is required than the oiling of the 
 wheels of emigration~and the completion of a 
 simple connection, the owner of the timepiece 
 the British nation has failed in its efforts to 
 place the machinery in proper order, and now 
 turns for assistance to those who are respon- 
 sible for the proper working of the national
 
 140 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 machinery. The reply of the master work- 
 men is, however, most unsatisfactory. They 
 acknowledge that the wheels of the timepiece 
 are clogged, but they refuse to take the simple 
 steps necessary to put matters to rights. They 
 assert that this is none of their business. They 
 cannot attend to such trivialities. If some 
 mainspring of national life were broken, or any 
 other similar serious accident had occurred, 
 they acknowledge that it would then be their 
 duty to take instant steps to repair the damage, 
 but such an insignificant matter as the lubrica- 
 ting of wheels is quite outside their business. 
 This is all very well. But supposing the 
 simple work required to be done should be 
 beyond the powers of the owner of the watch, 
 what then ? Supposing the dust accumulates, 
 and the wheels are stopped, will not the 
 whole machinery rust and stiffen, so that even 
 the watchmaker's attempt will not be able to 
 repair it ? 
 
 As with the watch so witli the nation,
 
 ITS NECESSITY 141 
 
 Our rulers acknowledge that there has been 
 a larger privately conducted exodus of British 
 subjects from these islands during the past 
 year than has ever occurred since the time of 
 the Irish famine ; they confess that it is not 
 likely that private emigration can increase to 
 any large extent beyond this amount ; they 
 allow that annually there is a larger and larger 
 unemployed, or semi-employed, population to 
 be found congregated in the populous districts 
 of the island, and they state that they are fully 
 alive to the grave social and political dangers 
 which await a State the population of which 
 increases at a greater rate than the demand 
 for labour, and which cannot find laud upon 
 which to place its increasing numbers ; and 
 yet this same Government hesitates to take 
 steps which would at once turn starving and 
 desperate men into contented and loyal 
 subjects, and without any recurring expense 
 to the nation would permanently relieve the 
 State from the sense of an impending danger.
 
 142 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 It is well to recall to our memories what 
 is the amount of the decennial increase of our 
 population. Every ten years between three 
 and four million more mouths have to obtain 
 food in this country ; and inasmuch as the 
 soil of England is not elastic and cannot be 
 made to produce a greatly increased quantity 
 of food, as England at this moment cannot 
 supply all her sons with an adequate meal a 
 day, and as she already has to import half the 
 food which she consumes, the problem how 
 we are to feed our surplus population is one 
 which is serious now, wiU annually increase 
 in seriousness, and, unless solved within a very 
 few years by some statesmanlike measure 
 of relief to population, will not be long in 
 settling itself in a very unpleasant way for 
 some of us if we decline to grapple with it 
 whilst it is still capable of easy solution. It 
 should be borne in mind that in addition to 
 this annual increase of population, which is 
 almost entirely confined to our large towns,
 
 ITS NECESSITY 143 
 
 and represents the planting every ten years 
 011 the shores of England of another ' Greater 
 London,' we have, according to Mr. Samuel 
 Smith, M.P., a permanent burden to bear in 
 the cost of maintaining, repressing, punishing, 
 and relieving in time of sickness, by means of 
 official and charitable agencies, some two to 
 three million pauperised and degraded people, 
 including in that number the 900,000 persons 
 in receipt of pauper relief. It is well also to 
 get thoroughly into our heads that no altera- 
 tion in our land laws, however thorough in 
 character, could do more than postpone for a 
 few years the settlement of this important 
 question. Mr. Smith, who has made a study 
 of these social questions, has calculated that 
 the land of England could not possibly 
 support more than an additional four million 
 of persons, were it possible to place them on 
 the land, and this number is just about equal 
 to the present increase of the population in 
 ten years, whilst of course as the population
 
 144 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 increases the decennial increase will become 
 larger ; so it is at once apparent that, even if 
 Mr. Henry George's theories were to obtain full 
 realisation in this country, at the end of ten 
 years from that time the difficulty of over- 
 population would again arise. Let Mr. Smith 
 speak for himself. In a lecture lately pub- 
 lished on 'National Progress and Poverty' he 
 is reported to have said that 
 
 Within the last ten years the island of Great Britain 
 had added more to its population than it did in the 
 six hundred years that followed the Norman con- 
 quest. We were adding to our population every 
 year as much as we did during every century up 
 to the close of the seventeenth century. It rose 
 from five and a half to eleven millions during the 
 eighteenth century, and during this century it had 
 further risen to thirty millions, and before its close 
 it would apparently approach to forty millions. If 
 the increase of our population was to go on during 
 the next century at the same rate, this island would 
 contain one hundred and fifty millions of people 
 before the year 2000, and Great Britain would 
 present the appearance of little else than one con- 
 tinuous city from Land's End to the Firth of Forth.
 
 ITS NECESSITY 145 
 
 .... No country had increased with such 
 rapidity as our own, and that too in spite of much 
 emigration. During the present century we had 
 parted with nearly ten millions of persons by emi- 
 gration, and had these remained at home the over- 
 crowding which we now deplored would have been 
 ten times worse. ... In France the population 
 was almost stationary, while in England it increased 
 about fifteen per cent, every ten years; and we 
 could not disguise the fact that this added not a 
 little to the strain and difficulty of life. . . . He 
 was in favour of all such legislation as proceeded 
 upon a sound and just basis, but he would urge his 
 hearers not to expect a panacea for their poverty in 
 any changes it was possible to make in our land 
 laws. The declining population of the rural dis- 
 tricts was largely owing to causes which laws could 
 not arrest. They were, on the one hand, owing to 
 the enormous importation of foreign food at ex- 
 tremely low prices, and, secondly, to the large 
 adoption of labour-saving machinery. 
 
 We could not, if we wanted, arrest the action of 
 free trade, nor could they hinder land being turned 
 from cropping to grazing when the latter was more 
 profitable. The high price of butcher's meat and 
 the low price of corn had done much to change the 
 character of our rural life, and diminished employ-
 
 146 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 ment for the rural population. It was most difficult 
 to arrest the action of natural laws. Two-thirds of 
 the population of this country now resided in towns ; 
 and even if we could check the influx of the other 
 third part for the next twenty years by means of 
 changes in our land laws, we could not hinder the 
 vast increase of population which took place in our 
 towns. In his opinion, no changes in the land laws 
 could do more than put four million additional people 
 into agricultural employment, so that even that would 
 only carry away the surplus of our population for 
 another ten years. It would be wholly inadequate 
 to deal with that continuous increase which he had 
 already pointed out would bring our population at 
 the end of the next century to one hundred and 
 fifty millions. The land of England, if divided 
 equally among all the people, would only give a 
 little under one and a half acres to each person, and 
 by the end of next century this would be reduced to 
 one-third of an acre. By no possible manipulation 
 of our laws could we get permanent relief for our 
 increasing population from the soil of this little 
 island; but, fortunately, we possessed a splendid 
 safety-valve in our prodigious colonial possessions. 
 In Australia there was but one person to the square 
 mile against 450 in England ; and in Australia and 
 the adjacent islands there were 704 acres to each
 
 ITS NECESSITY 147 
 
 person, while in Canada there were 482 acres to 
 each person. Therefore, it seemed better that the 
 surplus population should distribute itself through 
 these wide and fertile regions. He could not look 
 with any satisfaction to the thought of the cities of 
 this country growing larger and larger until at last 
 the land was covered with nothing but brick and 
 mortar. Huge cities invariably brought with them 
 huge evils. Therefore he thought it would be a far 
 truer policy for patriotic people to try and spread 
 the Anglo-Saxon race more freely over unoccupied 
 portions of the globe than to concentrate them in 
 enormous cities. Our nation was built up like a 
 tower, tier by tier, to a colossal height, and to pull 
 out any rafter would cause the edifice to tumble 
 down. He had no wish to see the tower grow much 
 higher, and he would rather see dwellings of one 
 story than dwellings of ten stories. He would 
 rather see a thrifty and comfortable population 
 spread over countries where there was elbow-room 
 for everybody, than crowded together with a density 
 such as had never been seen in the history of the 
 world. ... If the surplus of our unpaid labour 
 could be drafted off to the British colonies, which 
 offered an almost unbounded outlet, that might to 
 some extent give partial relief to this country. 
 
 If after this powerful argument, showing 
 
 i. 2
 
 148 8tAf-l)LRECTED COLONISATION:. 
 
 that emigration is the antidote to over- 
 population, there should still be some who 
 believe that a reform of the land laws will 
 meet the difficulty, let them divide for them- 
 selves the number of acres of land within 
 these islands, good and bad, rock and marsh 
 (77,828,000), by the population (35,246,000), 
 and they will soon perceive how ridiculous 
 is the notion that any partition of the land 
 of the country could ever prove a permanent 
 cure for over-population. 
 
 It is natural that Associations like the 
 late Democratic Federation or the Society 
 for the Nationalisation of the Land should 
 endeavour to prevent the accomplishment of 
 any scheme of emigration which would per- 
 manently reduce the numbers, and conse- 
 quently the misery and the discontent, of the 
 masses in our large centres of industry. If 
 there were no starving men and women, 
 and no discontent in England, the persons 
 who support these Associations might indeed
 
 ITS NECESSITY 149 
 
 despair of inducing a practical and naturally 
 conservative people like the English to em- 
 brace the wild theories of Professor Wallace, 
 or to throw in their lot with visionary 
 revolutionists of the type of Mr. Hyndman 
 or Mr. Henry George. 
 
 The Democratic Federation, lately reor- 
 ganised under the title of ' The Social Demo- 
 cratic Federation,' was not slow to perceive 
 the hindrances which a well-considered scheme 
 of State-directed colonisation would offer to 
 the acceptance by the people of its peculiar 
 views ; and from the very inception of the 
 movement to bring the question of State 
 emigration prominently before the public the 
 Federation strained every nerve, by organised 
 opposition at public meetings, and by other 
 means, to prevent the adoption by the 
 Government and the country of a remedy 
 for over-population, and its consequent misery 
 and discontent. A contented population is 
 not ffood material with which to revolutionise
 
 150 STATE-DIE ECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 a country. Let the poor man transfer his 
 labour from Great Britain, where it is not 
 wanted, to the Greater Britain where it is im- 
 peratively demanded, and the opportunity for 
 revolution might arrive and find the former 
 battalions of misery and despair so weakened 
 by desertion, and so enervated by the Capua 
 of prosperity, as to be unwilling to risk their 
 lives in a hopeless struggle with the irresis- 
 tible forces of social order. 
 
 And here it would be well to make it 
 clearly understood that the advocates of the 
 State direction of colonisation, as represented 
 at all events by the National Association 
 for Promoting State- directed Colonisation, of 
 which I have the honour to be chairman, do 
 not propose that Her Majesty's Government 
 should transfer the idle, the vicious, the ne'er- 
 do-well, or the pauper from the slums of 
 London to those of Melbourne or of Toronto 
 (as seems to be the idea of some of the oppo 
 nents of State colonisation), nor has it ever
 
 ITS NECESSITY 151 
 
 been proposed that any individual should be 
 sent to the colonies either contrary to his or 
 her desire, or without the concurrence of the 
 authorities of these colonies, nor is there any 
 intention of making a money present to any 
 emigrant to enable him to proceed to the 
 colonies. 
 
 All that the Association desires is that the 
 British Government shall, in conjunction with 
 the colonial authorities, draw up a well-con- 
 sidered scheme of emigration and colonisation 
 by means of which able-bodied and industrious 
 men, who may not be possessed of the means 
 necessary to enable them to emigrate, shall be 
 provided with the means of colonising, or 
 of emigrating with their families, under the 
 strictest possible guarantee that the money shall 
 be repaid with easy interest within a certain 
 number of years. 
 
 That it is practicable to obtain the repay- 
 ment of money advanced to emigrants lias 
 been already proved by those colonies which
 
 152 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 have invited emigration, and have been in the 
 habit of advancing part payment of the cost 
 of passage. Special laws to facilitate and 
 ensure the repayment of emigration loans 
 have been passed, and successfully enforced 
 by these colonies, and where colonisation is 
 encouraged by the free gift of land it is still 
 easier to ensure repayment by means of a 
 statutory mortgage on the land, as has been 
 done by the Canadian Government. It has 
 been asserted that the indebtedness towards 
 the mother country of large numbers of colo- 
 nists would be an encouragement to colonial 
 secession and repudiation of debt. This might 
 be true if the indebtedness were to be per- 
 manent, or if it were exclusively towards 
 the mother country, but the suggestion of the 
 National Association for Promoting State- 
 directed Colonisation is that the colonies and 
 the mother country should join hands and 
 interest in this matter ; that inasmuch as they 
 would equally gain by a well-directed system
 
 ITS NECESSITY 153 
 
 of colonisation they should jointly appoint an 
 Imperial Emigration Commission to select the 
 emigrants, apportion to the mother country and 
 the colonies the proper share of the burden of 
 assistance, select the emigrants, mark out and 
 prepare the lands for the colonists, collect and 
 enforce the payment by the emigrants of the 
 interest and capital sum of the money ad- 
 vanced, and generally supervise and control 
 the entire system of State-directed emigration 
 to the colonies. If at any time a colony con- 
 sidered that immigration to its shores should 
 cease, it would withdraw its accredited repre- 
 sentative from the Imperial Commission, and 
 the stream of State-directed emigration would 
 for the time be diverted to some other depen- 
 dency, until the period should again arrive 
 when the colony might consider that a fresh 
 influx of labour would be of service to it. The 
 fear has been expressed that State-directed 
 would diminish the flow of privately conducted 
 emigration. I do not believe this. When it
 
 154 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 was once known that an emigrant would be 
 obliged to repay with interest within a certain 
 number of years the money advanced, and 
 that the Commission possessed ample legal 
 powers to enforce the claim, only those would 
 have recourse to State aid who were compelled 
 to do so by dire necessity. 
 
 The reluctance with which the working- 
 classes accept pauper relief when accompanied 
 by the restriction of individual liberty is a 
 proof, I think, that there need be no fear of 
 any large number of persons obtaining State 
 aid towards the expenses of their emigration 
 who were not rightly entitled to it. If the 
 colonies were given a complete power of veto, 
 were taken into counsel, and if it were clearly 
 understood that no attempt would be made 
 to foist upon them the vicious, the idle, and 
 the pauper, it can hardly be doubted that 
 they would gladly co-operate with Her 
 Majesty's Government in a scheme of colonisa- 
 tion which would be as great a boon to them
 
 ITS NECESSITY 155 
 
 as it would be to the mother country. It is 
 lamentable to consider how many millions of 
 pounds have been squandered in the mainten- 
 ance of able-bodied men and women in our 
 workhouses, who if some system of State- 
 directed colonisation had been in existence 
 would never have entered the workhouse, 
 and might perhaps have become landowners, 
 possessors of 160 acres or more of the rich 
 soil of Manitoba. Think what the future of 
 thousands of the boys and girls of our streets 
 and of our pauper schools might have been, 
 if, instead of being allowed to run wild 
 or having been sent to large establish- 
 ments to contaminate each other, to graduate 
 in infant roguery, and to relapse in large 
 measure into the evil ways of their parents, 
 they had been planted out in early life on the 
 farms of Canada, where youthful labour is in 
 such great request. Think of them rising in 
 time to be fellow-labourers with their masters, 
 partners with them in the management of
 
 156 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 their farms, and in many instances ending 
 their lives as independent owners of land. 
 Think of the different future which is in store 
 for the girl who returns from the pauper 
 school to the East End of London, and for 
 her who has been fortunate enough to find 
 her way under the guidance of Miss Eye, or 
 of some other benevolent lady, to a happy 
 country household in the colonies of England. 
 This is no idle dream. It has been realised 
 over and over again, and might be the destiny 
 of thousands of our destitute boys and girls 
 if only the country could once be made 
 thoroughly to understand that it is not only 
 a wiser but a more economical policy to give 
 these children a chance of becoming contented 
 and independent citizens in a new country 
 than to coop them up in workhouses or dis- 
 trict schools in the old. Mr. Samuel Smith 
 has calculated that a total expenditure of 25/. 
 per head is sufficient to partially train and 
 plant out a child in Canada, whereas each
 
 ITS NECESSITY 157 
 
 child in our workhouses costs about five times 
 that amount, and is then turned out without 
 any practical knowledge of the world, to in- 
 crease, in all probability, the rates which are 
 raised for the maintenance of gaols and work- 
 houses, not to mention the money raised for 
 the support of hospitals and penitentiaries. 
 
 But even in the more expensive work of 
 adult and family State-directed colonisation a 
 comparatively small expenditure of money 
 say a million sterling, about the cost of a 
 couple of ironclads would suffice to remove 
 some 10,000 families from this country, build 
 houses for them, provide them with agricul- 
 tural implements and seeds, and maintain 
 them, for eighteen months, until, on the crops 
 arriving at maturity, the colonists should be 
 in a position to support themselves. The 
 funds advanced to these men, instead of being 
 lost to the country, as would be the case with 
 money expended on ironclads, would be ac- 
 cumulating interest, would be rolling up, and
 
 158 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 would be used over and over again in sending 
 out other happy emigrants, not leaving Eng- 
 land, as is often the case now, with feelings of 
 bitterness in their hearts, but grateful to the 
 mother country for giving them the means of 
 bettering their condition, and with loyal and 
 kindly feelings towards the institutions and 
 home of their youth. That the Canadian 
 Government is desirous of encouraging colo- 
 nisation, and believes in the possibility of 
 recovering money advanced to settlers on the 
 free grant lands, is shown by the following 
 memorandum, drawn up by the Canadian 
 Government and despatched to the Earl of 
 Kimberley in 1880 :- 
 
 MEMORANDUM. 
 
 On the suggestion made to him by the High 
 Commissioner of Canada in England, Sir A. T. Gait, 
 G.C.M.G., the undersigned has the honour to pro- 
 pose the following as a basis of joint action in pro- 
 moting Irish immigration, should the Imperial 
 Government entertain tlie project.
 
 ITS NECESSITY 159 
 
 The Canadian Government, sympathising with 
 their fellow subjects of Ireland in their distressed 
 circumstances, would cheerfully co-operate in a 
 well-considered measure of relief by means of a 
 systematic immigration from Ireland. If such a 
 system of Irish immigration were established, it is 
 evidently a condition precedent to obtaining the 
 cordial co-operation of Canada that the immigrants 
 should not become a burden upon the existing 
 population. 
 
 In the case of single men and women no serious 
 difficulty would arise, as employment can readily be 
 found. But in the present distressed circumstances 
 of Ireland it is manifest that it is only by the 
 removal of entire families that any sensible relief 
 would be experienced from the pressure of a redun- 
 dant population. 
 
 Provision would have, therefore, to be made, not 
 only for the transport of the families to their place 
 of settlement, but also for their maintenance until a 
 crop can be had from the land. 
 
 In the older provinces of the Dominion, where 
 the land is all heavily timbered, the difficulty of 
 managing a large immigration would be very great. 
 But in the vast fertile plains of the North- West the 
 question becomes comparatively easy of solution. 
 
 By very simple pre-arrangement any required
 
 160 STATE-DIEECTED COLONISATION.' 
 
 number of farm lots could be prepared for occupa- 
 tion in the season preceding the arrival of the 
 immigrants, a small dwelling erected, a certain 
 extent of the prairie land broken up and prepared 
 for seed, and in the case of late arrival actually 
 sown, so as to insure a crop the same season that 
 the immigrants were placed in possession. This 
 work could be done by contract under proper super- 
 vision, and would give employment on arrival to the 
 new immigrant while his crop was growing, thereby 
 greatly reducing the cost of the undertaking, and 
 really limiting it ultimately to little more than the 
 cost of his transport, as the repayment of advances 
 by the earlier settlers would soon be sufficient to 
 meet the annual outlay for preparing new lands. 
 
 The cost of removing an immigrant family con- 
 sisting of parents and three children from the port 
 of embarkation to Winnipeg may now be taken at 
 about 40L, subject to a certain increase for their 
 transport thence to their farm lot. The dwelling 
 and eight acres of land prepared for crop with seed 
 may be estimated at from 3ol. to 40. Some pro- 
 vision for the family might be required on arrival, 
 but the wages of the man ought to suffice for the 
 support of his family till his crop is harvested, after 
 which the immigrant may be regarded as self-sup- 
 porting.
 
 ITS NECESSITY 161 
 
 The Canadian Government provides each settler 
 with a 'free grant' of 160 acres, subject only to a 
 patent fee of 21. The settler can also secure the 
 pre-emption of 160 acres adjoining at the current 
 price and usual conditions. 
 
 For the reimbursement of the outlay for trans- 
 port and for establishing the immigrant upon his 
 farm, it is suggested that the Canadian Government 
 would provide that the total cost, as certified by 
 their agent, and acknowledged by the settler, should 
 form a first charge on the land, payable by certain 
 annual instalments with interest. 
 
 The above memorandum was drawn up 
 with a view to immigration from Ireland, 
 but the Canadian Government would certainly 
 be prepared to do as much for English and 
 Scotch as for Irish immigrants. It may be 
 said that the Government have lately attemp- 
 ted to carry out a system of State-aided emi- 
 gration in the case of Ireland, and that their 
 efforts have been far from successful. Granted. 
 But why did they fail? Because from the very 
 first they started on wrong lines. Because 
 they granted State aid but not State direction, 
 
 U
 
 162 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 and because the most important suggestions 
 made in the above memorandum were ignored. 
 No provision was made for the maintenance of 
 colonists until a crop had been had from the land, 
 and no care was taken that the immigrants did 
 not become a burden upon the existing popu- 
 lation. The farm lots were not prepared for 
 occupation in the season preceding the arrival 
 of the immigrants, no dwellings were erected, 
 land was not broken up and prepared for seed, 
 and, in case of late arrival, actually sown, so 
 as to insure a crop the same season the im- 
 migrants were placed in possession of the land. 
 The emigrants from Ireland were in several 
 cases simply pitchforked on to the shores of 
 Canada and the United States, and allowed to 
 look after themselves as best they could. Natu- 
 rally the United States and Canada objected 
 to such proceedings, and refused to receive 
 immigrants on such terms. It is not to be 
 wondered at that such was the result, es- 
 pecially as this pitchforking of the refuse of
 
 ITS NECESSITY 163 
 
 the Irish population was carried out through 
 the agency of the Irish unions. A more 
 foolish proceeding it is difficult to imagine, or 
 one more likely to excite prejudice, and make 
 the Canadians and Americans believe that 
 England was endeavouring to transfer the 
 burden of her pauper classes from her own 
 shoulders to those of her neighbours across 
 the ocean. The Marquis of Lansdowne, in a 
 despatch to Lord Derby of the olst of March 
 last, lately laid before Parliament, explains 
 very clearly the causes which led the Ontario 
 Government to withdraw assistance from 
 pauper immigrants. 
 
 I have now the honour to enclose copy of a 
 Privy Council Order, in which the future policy of 
 tlie Dominion Government in regard to immigrants 
 from Ireland is stated. I would observe that the 
 stipulation that no assisted passages will in future be 
 given to ' inmates of workhouses or persons subsist- 
 ing on workhouse relief ' is intended to guard against 
 the importation, not of persons who during a time 
 of temporary difficulty may have been relieved out 
 
 M 2
 
 164 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 of the union funds, but of persons habituated to 
 such assistance and having the usual attributes of 
 chronic pauperism. I have assured my Ministers 
 that it has never been the intention of the Irish 
 Government to send such persons to this country ; 
 it is, however, the case that, owing to circumstances 
 which I have already described, a widespread impres- 
 sion prevails that persons of this class have been 
 designedly sent here. The use of the expression 
 ' union emigrants ' to distinguish those who have 
 been sent out through the agency of the Poor Law 
 unions from those selected by other agencies has, 
 I think, led to an erroneous impression that the 
 whole of the former class are of the pauper type, 
 and consequently objectionable. 
 
 It would, I think, be very desirable that every 
 opportunity should be taken of reassuring public 
 opinion here upon this point, and that some steps 
 should be taken, such, perhaps, as those indicated 
 by Mr. Hamilton, in his letter of the 7th of March, 
 in order to afford evidence of the desire of the Irish 
 Government to meet, in the fullest possible manner, 
 the requirements of the Dominion in these respects. 
 An arrangement under which an agent of the 
 Canadian Government would personally inspect and, 
 if necessary, investigate the antecedents of the 
 emigrants before they proceed to Canada would,
 
 ITS NECESSITY 165 
 
 I think, be well received. Such an arrangement 
 might, as Mr. Hamilton suggests, be discussed with 
 the High Commissioner on his return to London. 
 
 I observe also that in the annual report of 
 the Minister of Agriculture for this year it is stated 
 that the charge for inland transportation from Quebec 
 to Manitoba will be reduced from $30 to $.12. 
 
 The following is the Privy Council Order 
 referred to : 
 
 The Committee of the Privy Council have had 
 under consideration a despatch, dated the 13th of 
 March, 1884, from the Earl of Derby, covering 
 correspondence on the subject of the settlement in 
 Canada of assisted emigrants from Ireland. 
 
 The Acting Minister of Agriculture, to whom 
 the despatch was referred, reports that, in view of 
 the fact of the difficulties which were found in the 
 way of satisfactory settlement of a considerable per 
 centum of the assisted emigrants from the congested 
 districts of the south and south-west of Ireland sent 
 out last year by the Poor Law unions, arising from 
 the unsuitability or indisposition of those persons 
 to earn a subsistence for themselves, and also in 
 view of the fact of the prejudice which has been 
 created from this cause against the class of assisted
 
 166 STATE-DIKECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 emigrants from the districts in question, he recom- 
 mends that the Dominion-assisted passages should 
 not be afforded to inmates of workhouses, nor to 
 persons subsisting on workhouse relief, and, further, 
 that the Dominion Government should not take any 
 responsibility of settling such persons. 
 
 The Acting Minister observes if, however, the 
 Irish Emigration Commissioners send out such per- 
 sons it should be upon the understanding that they 
 provide the expense of maintenance during the 
 winter in Canada following their arrival, and that 
 one or two of the members of each family, and 
 individual emigrants, shall be of physical ability to 
 earn a living. 
 
 The Acting Minister states that the arrangement 
 which has hitherto existed as respects other classes 
 of emigrants remains. 
 
 The Committee concur in the foregoing report 
 and the recommendations therein made, and they 
 respectfully advise that your Excellency be moved 
 to despatch a cable message in the sense of this 
 report, if approved, to the Earl of Derby, in answer 
 to his despatch of the 13th of March instant. 
 
 The following is the despatch addressed by 
 the Secretary of the Department of Immigra- 
 tion, Ontario, to Mr. H. Hodgkin, of Mr. Tuke's
 
 ITS NECESSITY 167 
 
 Emigration Scheme Committee, on the same 
 subject : 
 
 Toronto : February 13, 1884. 
 
 Dear Sir, I have the honour, under instructions 
 from the Hon. the Commissioner of Immigration, to 
 acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 27th 
 of October last, in reference to the prospects of 
 immigration for the approaching season. It was 
 deemed advisable to wait and see how the immigrants 
 sent out last year under the auspices of the Imperial 
 Government would fare during the winter, before 
 encouraging more of the same class to follow. So 
 far their condition is not encouraging, as many of 
 them are now living on charity, and public feeling 
 has been somewhat strongly expressed, in the public 
 press and otherwise, concerning them. This remark 
 really applies to the people sent out by the unions ; 
 but they are so closely associated in the public mind 
 with those sent out by you, that it will be hard to 
 find employment for either class next summer, as 
 the farmers place but little value on their labour, 
 and the people of the cities are afraid of laying the 
 foundations of pauperism. What makes matters 
 worse, a considerable number of families who went 
 to the United States last summer have been sent 
 
 back to Toronto, and have now to be supported ly 
 
 chariti/.
 
 168 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 The Ontario Government has, therefore, decided 
 that it will no longer be possible to give assistance 
 to any class of workhouse or ' union ' people either 
 in the way of meals or railway passes. This will 
 apply to the agency at Quebec as well as to all 
 agencies in this Province, nor will this Department 
 assume the responsibility of settling them, or finding 
 employment for them. 
 
 Should you send any of that class on your own 
 responsibility, it may be well to appoint an agent 
 here to find work for them, and pay their landing 
 money, &c. Indeed, this would appear to the 
 undersigned to be necessary. 
 
 The numbers of union or workhouse people sent 
 out appear to the Commissioner to have considerably 
 exceeded the numbers of that class suggested by 
 Major Gaskell, when here, as likely to be forwarded. 
 They are also inferior, as a class, to those described 
 by him. I do not, in any sense, wish to impute to 
 Major Gaskell a desire to mislead in any way. The 
 difficulties arising in selection are quite understood 
 and appreciated. For these reasons it will not be 
 possible any longer to continue the arrangement 
 made with Major Gaskell in reference to the Avork- 
 house or union people who may be forwarded, 
 and therefore the special privileges which they 
 have been granted under that arrangement must 
 necessarily be withdrawn.
 
 ITS NECESSITY 1G9 
 
 I take the opportunity of stating, for the benefit 
 of your Committee, that while there is ample room 
 in this Province for all able-bodied persons of both 
 sexes who are willing and able to work, yet these 
 two features are essential to tlie procuring of a 
 livelihood here, namely, ability and willingness to 
 labour. Many persons in the older countries drift 
 into the workhouse from their inability or their 
 unwillingness to earn a livelihood by labour. It is 
 impossible to provide a home here for such people. 
 
 I am extremely anxious that you should under- 
 stand that the foregoing observations are not in- 
 tended to apply to other than workhouse or union 
 people. I have, &c. 
 
 (Signed) DAVID SPENCE, 
 
 Secretary. 
 II. Hodgkin, Esq., 
 
 12 Hereford Gardens, London, VV. 
 
 When too late the Irish Government saw 
 how egregiously they had blundered, and en- 
 deavoured to repair their error by offering to 
 take steps which, if adopted in the first in- 
 stance, would have averted all colonial oppo- 
 sition to what would then have been State- 
 directed instead of simply State-aided inimi-
 
 170 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 gration. On the 7th of March the Chief 
 Secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland 
 addressed the following despatch to the Under- 
 secretary of State for the Colonies : 
 
 With reference to previous correspondence I am 
 directed by the Lord-Lieutenant to state that the 
 attention of His Excellency has been called by 
 members of Mr. Tuke's Committee to communica- 
 tions they have received from Mr. Spence, the 
 Secretary of the Ontario Emigration Department, of 
 which I enclose a copy. 
 
 His Excellency would be glad if you would be 
 good enough to call the immediate attention of the 
 Secretary of State for the Colonies to the subject. 
 
 Lists of emigrants are now being made out, and 
 much dissatisfaction would be caused if those who 
 are provisionally selected for Canada should subse- 
 quently be refused. 
 
 His Excellency would be quite prepared, should 
 the Doniinon Government agree to such a course, 
 to appoint an agent or agents to look after the emi- 
 grants on their arrival in Canada ; but he desires 
 to act entirely in accordance with the Dominion 
 Government in the matter, and would be unwilling 
 to take any step which has not their entire con- 
 currence and co-operation.
 
 ITS NECESSITY 171 
 
 It further occurs to His Excellency that some 
 arrangement might be made with the High Com- 
 missioner, under which emigrants desiring to proceed 
 to Canada should be personally inspected by agents 
 of the Colonial Government before they are finally 
 approved. 
 
 As time is of great importance in this matter 
 His Excellency would suggest that the Canadian 
 Government should be communicated with by 
 telegram, or, if this is not possible, that a despatch 
 should be sent to them immediately by post, to 
 which their answer might be sent by wire. 
 
 It is a pity that the above ideas did 
 not occur sooner to His Excellency, and 
 all this frantic haste and excited endeavour 
 to prevent, when too late, the failure of the 
 Government emigration scheme might have 
 been avoided. 
 
 We now know why the attempt made by 
 the Government last year to assist emigration 
 from Ireland failed so conspicuously. It would 
 be well to recapitulate the causes of failure, 
 for, if ever any general system of State-directed 
 colonisation is to be carried out by this country,
 
 172 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 care must be taken to avoid the errors wliicli 
 the Government were guilty of in 1882-83. 
 The causes of the breakdown then were 
 
 1. Sending out emigrants through the 
 agency of the Poor Law Unions. 
 
 2. Sending out paupers without reference 
 to their character or physical capabilities, and 
 without finding them employment or providing 
 them with the means of subsistence on arrival. 
 
 3. Acting without the thorough co-opera- 
 tion of the colonial authorities, and without 
 submitting the emigrants before embarkation 
 to the approval of an agent appointed by the 
 colony to which they proposed to proceed. 
 
 4. Sending colonists to take possession of 
 virgin land without previously preparing the 
 land for cultivation, erecting dwellings, pro- 
 viding implements and seed, and enabling the 
 colonists to maintain themselves until the 
 first harvest. 
 
 Experience has shown that for the sum of 
 about 110 an emigrant and his family can be
 
 ITS NECESSITY 173 
 
 sent out from Great Britain to Manitoba, can 
 be placed on a 160-acre lot given gratis by the 
 Colonial Government, can be supplied with a 
 rough dwelling, implements, seeds, and main- 
 tenance until, by the advent of the crop, he is 
 able to support himself, and to begin to repay 
 with interest the money which has been ad- 
 vanced to enable him to emigrate. This plan 
 has been most successfully carried out by 
 Lady Gordon Cathcart, who, in a letter ad- 
 dressed to the writer, accepting the position 
 of a Vice-President of the National Association, 
 says : 
 
 I have for two or three years past realised that 
 for the congested districts of the whole of the north 
 and west of Scotland emigration is the only relief 
 and alternative, and consequently last year, in the 
 face of many difficulties, was able to persuade twelve 
 crofter families to take advantage of a scheme we 
 formulated, based upon the lines which were ex- 
 plained by my agent to the meeting lately held at 
 Baroness Burdett Coutts'. It was a test scheme, 
 which we hoped, if successful, might lead to kinder 
 results, and I am glad to say it has answered beyond
 
 174 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 our most sanguine expectations, so much so that 
 forty-five large families from our property on the 
 west coast are leaving to join their friends. ... I 
 think in the end it is a question which the Govern- 
 ment will be obliged to consider, and from experience 
 (provided suitable families are sent out, who are 
 industrious and anxious to get on) I feel certain 
 that in State-directed colonisation is to be found one 
 of the most effectual and humane reliefs for the sadly 
 overcrowded and poverty-stricken districts. 
 
 So high an authority as the Marquis of 
 Lome, late Governor-General of Canada, has 
 shown that it is not only Highland crofters 
 who benefit by removal from overcrowded 
 districts. He has publicly stated that men 
 who have lived all their lives in cities and 
 towns, and are utterly unacquainted with 
 agriculture, make even better colonists than 
 the Highland crofters, and as a proof of his 
 assertion he has pointed out the success which 
 has attended the colonising efforts of Paisley 
 weavers, as shown by the flourishing condition 
 of the town and district of Paisley, in Canada, 
 which was colonised by men who had never
 
 ITS NECESSITY 175 
 
 previously left the loom. A little thought 
 will show the reason of what would appear to 
 be a paradox. The Highland crofter inherits 
 from his ancestors a system of agriculture 
 little removed from that practised by the 
 patriarchs of Bible history. He brings with 
 him to the colony a mind prejudiced against 
 the adoption of new-fangled innovations. He 
 considers the system of agriculture which was 
 good enough for his forefathers to be good 
 enough for him. On the other hand, the 
 town-bred emigrant, with intelligence sharp- 
 ened by education, and by contact with his 
 fellow-men, and entirely ignorant of agricul- 
 ture, is willing to learn, and is not too proud 
 to avail himself of the most effective weapons 
 which science and knowledge can place at his 
 disposal in the conflict he has undertaken 
 with Nature. Success naturally, therefore, 
 attends his efforts. 
 
 State-directed colonisation is not a new 
 idea. For years emigration has been aided
 
 176 STATE-DIKECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 and directed by the Colonial Governments, 
 and in 1820, and again after the Crimean war, 
 the Home Government, with a view to esta- 
 blishing a line of military settlements between 
 the natives and the colonists of the Cape, 
 granted free passages and farms to old soldiers 
 and selected families. The novel part of the 
 present suggestion is that a permanent sys- 
 tem of colonisation should be undertaken by 
 the mother country in conjunction with the 
 colonies, seeing that the former is as much 
 interested in encouraging emigration from her 
 shores as the latter can be in welcoming im- 
 migration. 
 
 The work of emigration and of colonisation 
 should be carefully kept dear of all workhouse 
 taint. It is marvellous that the Govern- 
 ment should not have perceived the neces- 
 sity of this very apparent caution. Let the 
 colonies once suspect that England desires 
 to shunt from her shoulders to theirs the 
 burden of her pauper classes, and the State
 
 ITS NECESSITY 177 
 
 organisation of emigration will become irn 
 possible for many years to come. Who could 
 blame them ? 
 
 We English are perfectly aware that the 
 blundering on the part of our Government, 
 to^which attention has been drawn, was only 
 the result of red-tapeism and of official un- 
 willingness to step beyond the beaten path of 
 precedent in matters relating to the relief of 
 the poorer classes, but we cannot expect the 
 colonists to give us credit for such superlative 
 inflexibility of temperament, and incapability 
 of altering official methods of procedure so 
 as to meet the requirements of novel circum- 
 stances. 
 
 In the official correspondence above 
 quoted, both the Governor-General and the 
 Secretary to the Immigration Department, 
 Ontario, go out of their way to show that 
 the Dominion Government, as well as that 
 of Ontario, had changed its policy in regard 
 to the assistance to be given to immigrants 
 
 5
 
 178 STATE-DIEECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 solely on account of the pauperised and 
 inferior description of emigrants sent out by 
 the Irish unions. Mr. Spence is very care- 
 ful also to show that his observations are 
 not intended to apply to other than union 
 people, and that there is ample room in 
 Ontario for able-bodied emigrants willing to 
 work. It is to be hoped that the experi- 
 ence the Government have gained in this 
 badly managed Irish experiment may not be 
 forgotten, and that when the day shall come 
 as it must shortly when they shall be called 
 upon to institute some system of Imperial 
 colonisation for the whole of the United King- 
 dom, they will know how to avoid the errors 
 they have been guilty of to-day, and will 
 be careful to work in the very closest 
 r'.o-operation with the authorities of the 
 colonies to which it is proposed to assist 
 emigration. 
 
 But it may be argued : If private emigra : 
 tion relieves this country of that portion of
 
 ITS NECESSITY 179 
 
 its surplus agricultural and artisan popula- 
 tion capable of finding the means necessary 
 for its removal, and if our colonies object, 
 as they naturally do, to be invaded by 
 an idle, criminal, or pauper immigration, 
 who are the people you propose to emi- 
 grate ? 
 
 I do not suppose that any one who had 
 personal knowledge of the condition of the 
 working classes in our large towns would 
 make such an inquiry, but it is quite possible 
 that many may not be aware of the present 
 condition of trade and of the labour market, 
 and may be ignorant of the fearful competi- 
 tion existing in the centres of industry, 
 which compels large classes of honest, sober, 
 hardworking men and women to lead such 
 a bitter struggle for mere existence, that 
 the acquisition of the actual necessaries of 
 daily life is sufficient to engross their fullest 
 energies, and which leaves them without the 
 barest margin of time or strength for making
 
 180 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION i 
 
 any provision against the advent of disease 
 and old age, much less for the accumulation 
 of capital. 
 
 As personal knowledge of a subject is 
 infinitely preferable to that obtained at second 
 hand, however trustworthy may be the source 
 whence the information has been obtained, 
 two members of the 'National Association 
 for Promoting State-directed Colonisation ' 
 visited this year three of the docks of 
 London, at the hour when the gates are 
 opened and the hands engaged for the 
 day's work. They found large crowds of 
 men besieging the entrance to the docks, 
 eager and anxious to obtain work. The gates 
 were opened, the hands required engaged, the 
 gates again shut, and 700 disappointed, 
 wretched, hungry men were turned away 
 to spend another day of enforced idleness 
 and of heart-sickening expectancy. If 700 
 men were dismissed without work in one 
 morning from three dock gates in the
 
 ITS NECESSITY 181 
 
 metropolis, 1 consider what must be the 
 number of the involuntary unemployed 
 throughout the entire kingdom, and then, 
 bearing in mind that workmen of this class 
 live from hand to mouth, calculate if you 
 can the number of women and of helpless 
 children dependent for their daily bread upon 
 the wages of these men, and see what a vast 
 abyss of suffering, disease, and misery is 
 opening at your feet, of which perhaps up to 
 the present time you have been unconscious ; 
 then, if you can, be astonished that hatred 
 (insensate, unreasoning hatred, if you will) 
 should be engendered in the minds of these 
 sufferers against social order and against 
 that political economy which is supposed to 
 require, as Mr. Hugh E. Hoare once fitly 
 expressed it, that the lowest classes should 
 act as ' the buffers which interpose between 
 population and the limits of subsistence.' 
 
 1 The Mansion House Committee appointed in 1885 to 
 inquire into the causes of distress in the metropolis report 
 that from 8,000 to 9,000 men apply daily, in vain, at the docks 
 of London for work.
 
 182 STATE-DIEECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 Iii support of the above evidence I shall 
 quote from an article entitled ' Imperial Emi- 
 gration,' written in favour of State emigration, 
 by Mr. George Potter, which appeared in the 
 April number of the ' National Eeview ' of 
 1883. 
 
 It is too often said, but only said by the very 
 ignorant, that a man can always work here if he will. 
 This is a fallacy. There are thousands of poor men 
 who are on the verge of starvation, who would work 
 only too gladly if work was within their reach. . . . 
 Yearly, the state of our labour market is becoming 
 so unwholesomely overstocked, that it is difficult for 
 even many of the very industrious to obtain the 
 necessaries of life to support themselves and families 
 . . . That there is a large surplus of labour in the 
 market at the present time will not be denied 
 except by those who do not take the trouble or have 
 not the means at hand of knowing the facts. 
 
 Similar evidence has been repeatedly given 
 by the Bishop of Bedford, by East-end clergy- 
 men, and by those who come into direct con- 
 tact with the working classes in the over- 
 crowded districts of London and of our large
 
 ITS NECESSITY 183 
 
 towns. Mr. Charrington, whose noble efforts 
 on behalf of the poor of East London are well 
 known in connection with the East-end Emi- 
 gration Fund, has frequently stated in public 
 that there is an ever-increasing congestion of 
 poverty-stricken people in the East of Lon- 
 don, many of whom stint themselves of the 
 necessaries of life, in order to be able to scrape 
 together the sum which the Committee re- 
 quire them to find before they will assist them 
 to emigrate. 
 
 Mr. Potter concludes as follows : 
 
 Emigration, to be beneficial to the country, I 
 contend, must of necessity be aided by the State, 
 for the very classes whom the State can best spare 
 are of themselves unable to emigrate from want of 
 the necessary funds. . . . Whether Imperial emi- 
 gration be advanced by a Liberal or Conservative 
 Government, those who move in the matter will 
 receive a large amount of support from the working 
 classes, and will also earn the blessing of many whose 
 sufferings in this country have been most grievous. 
 It cannot be doubted that, to those who occupy 
 themselves with carrying out this great and good
 
 184 STATE-DIBECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 scheme, will be given the greatest gratification which 
 any statesman can desire, and that is, the earnest, 
 heartfelt thanks of a happy and contented people. 
 
 Hear what another leading representative 
 working-man, but this time one connected 
 with the agricultural interest, has to say on 
 the subject. Mr. Alfred Simmons, Secretary 
 of the Kent and Sussex Labourers' Union, 
 in a pamphlet called ' State Emigration : 
 a Reply to Lord Derby,' published by the 
 ' National Association for Promoting State- 
 directed Colonisation,' says : 
 
 Before the urgency of the demand for State emi- 
 gration and colonisation can he appreciated in its 
 fulness, a frank and impartial consideration must 
 be given to certain hard facts ; and the significance 
 of the logical outcome and the ultimate result upon 
 society of those facts must be clearly faced. To 
 decline to listen to and recognise them is folly ; to 
 ignore them, a crime. Let us then consider them. 
 
 Notwithstanding the large number of emigrants, 
 the population of Great Britain is increasing at the 
 rate of nearly 400,000 souls per annum, and Lord 
 Perby has recently correctly told us that ' the volume
 
 ITS NECESSITY 185 
 
 of our capital and business does not increase corre- 
 spondingly with the population.' But while the 
 general population of the country is thus rapidly 
 increasing, the population of the agricultural districts 
 is seriously decreasing. Considerable numbers of 
 agricultural labourers took advantage of the free 
 ocean passages offered by Queensland, New Zealand, 
 and South Australia during the years 1873-82 ; but 
 taking the figures in the bulk, a very small propor- 
 tion of the decrease of the agricultural labouring 
 population is to be accredited to emigration. 
 Agricultural labourers have migrated in enormous 
 numbers to the large cities and towns and manufac- 
 turing and mining districts. Dr. G. B. Longstaff 
 affirms that ' 75,000 more persons are born every 
 year in the agricultural counties of England that 
 is to say, three-quarters of a million in ten years 
 than can find employment. Of these three-quarters 
 of a million, about 600,000 in round numbers settle 
 in the manufacturing and mining counties, in 
 London, and its suburbs, and only about 150,000 go 
 to the colonies.' Mr. W. H. Paterson, of Durham, 
 who holds a responsible position among the miners' 
 associations, speaking in October last, said : ' I 
 know thousands of men employed in mines who have 
 come from the farms, but who would be glad to 
 return to agricultural work if they could get employ-
 
 186 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 ment.' And Mr. Paterson's statement applies with 
 equal force to the industries of the cities and towns. 
 In my opinion many influences are operating to- 
 gether to drive agricultural people from the farms. 
 Some of those influences are denied, and may be 
 debateable; others are admitted, and are incontro- 
 vertible. It will suffice to refer to two of the latter. 
 Firstly, the amassing of farms ; secondly, the intro- 
 duction of agricultural machinery. The first is 
 preventible, the second is inevitable ; both are 
 enormously influencing the present condition and 
 the future of our peasantry. I am personally 
 acquainted with many parishes in the land which 
 formerly provided regular employment for from 
 200 to 300 labourers, but on which there are now 
 employed not one-half the original number, and 
 many of those at present employed are only casually 
 engaged. In every department of agriculture the 
 machine has taken the best-paid-for agricultural 
 work from the labourer. The steam plough, the 
 hay-mowing and hay-making machines, the reaping 
 machines, and the threshing machines have not only 
 reduced the agricultural labourers' incomes, but have 
 driven thousands of peasants from their country 
 cottage homes into the already overcrowded manu- 
 facturing districts. It has been the custom to 
 depict the English peasant's life in glowing colours.
 
 ITS NECESSITY 187 
 
 His cleanly woodbined cottage has been held up for 
 general admiration. The very smoke from the 
 cottage chimney, c as it curled its silvery career 
 heavenward,' has been surrounded with a halo of 
 romantic moonshine. But what a satire upon the 
 imagination of the romancist is the knowledge that 
 tens of thousands of our ' happy country couples,' 
 from want of work which, interpreted, means want 
 of bread are annually driven from their leafy lanes 
 to swell the ranks, to imbibe the pestilential and 
 reeking exhalations, and to observe the horrible 
 immorality of the rookeries of the courts, and alleys, 
 and ' slums ' of our great cities and towns. Senti- 
 ment is hollow, romance a mockery when placed 
 beside the hard and cruel facts that force themselves 
 upon our everyday observation. On all sides it is 
 admitted that a large proportion of the agricultural 
 people who migrate to the towns degenerate both 
 physically and morally. The process still goes on, 
 and it is a topic well worth the attention of the 
 best thinkers, for there is truth in the lines 
 
 A bold peasantry, a nation's pride, 
 
 When once destroyed can never be supplied. 
 
 Thus, then, it is shown that year by year 
 probably from 50,000 to 60,000 hungry people flock 
 into the towns from the agricultural districts from 
 sheer inability to secure employment. Besides this
 
 188 STATE-DIEECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 influx, the towns themselves rapidly add to their own 
 populations by natural increase. A third addition 
 to English towns arrives in the shape of Irish and 
 Scotch immigrants to the number of upwards of 
 130,000 per annum. A fourth mass reaches us from 
 the Continent German, French, and Italian work- 
 people the returns showing an average arrival of 
 (in round numbers) 70,000 foreigners per annum. 
 Now, it will hardly be contended that this everlasting 
 invasion of our towns by masses of labour-starved 
 people is beneficial, or that it can be permitted to 
 continue with impunity and to go on for ever. 
 Something must be done, or the only one possible 
 result will ensue. It is simply a matter of time. 
 In Manchester it is stated that at this moment there 
 are 10,000 men out of employment. In Bristol, 
 Liverpool, Leicester, Sheffield, Newcastle, and many 
 other of the large provincial cities, thousands lie 
 idle ragged, starving, degenerating. In London 
 well, every one is supposed to know how things are 
 in the ' slums ' and in East London. All that seems 
 to be wanting is one capable enthusiast a master 
 mind, bent on what might be styled mischief and 
 there are many others than myself who would scarcely 
 care to write down or breathe in public what the 
 consequences might be. 
 
 Mr. Simmons concludes :
 
 ITS NECESSITY 189 
 
 Here, are thousands of idle hands. There, are 
 millions of acres of fertile but idle lands. The two 
 pant to be brought into association. But an ocean 
 divides them. "We have the money, we have the 
 ships, we have all the machinery and power necessary 
 but we decline to use or apply them. The unem- 
 ployed and helpless ones declare that they wish to go. 
 Our retort is, that we may want them here. So here 
 they remain in their squalor and rags and misery 
 in case ' we may want them.' We have great and 
 glorious possessions abroad, but instead of peopling 
 them and creating fresh markets for ourselves, we 
 coop up our surplus population in idleness, and set off 
 to build better houses for poor souls who cannot go to 
 live in them, because their pockets are empty. We 
 can all sympathise with and help in the cry for the 
 better housing of the poor ; but at the best that is a 
 partial remedy. Emigration provides a permanent 
 and a complete escape from poverty for those who 
 accept it. It is a boon to the people who go, a 
 benefit to those who stay at home, and an advantage 
 to the colonies where they are received. Conducted 
 on a State-directed, joint home and colonial footing, 
 it will assist in welding together more firmly the 
 interests and affections of the people located in the 
 different sections of the Empire. All this is 
 admitted, but the help necessary to secure so much
 
 190 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 positive good is withheld. As one who is intimately 
 acquainted with the feelings and sentiments of the 
 poorest classes both in London and in the provinces, 
 I emphatically assert that help cannot be withheld 
 much longer without creating a serious danger to 
 the community. 
 
 If space permitted, I could quote from the 
 speeches of many other leaders of the working 
 classes to prove the existence of a terrible 
 condition in our large towns of excessive 
 competition, over-crowding, starvation, and 
 helplessness, and such representative working- 
 men as Mr. J. C. Laird, Mr. J. Maudsley, 
 Mr. E. Memmott, Mr. T. Asliton, and 
 Mr. W. A. Coote have all publicly de- 
 clared their belief that this curse of over- 
 population might easily be turned into a 
 national blessing by the adoption of a well- 
 considered scheme of State-directed coloni- 
 sation. But it is not only working-men who 
 entertain these opinions. Many eminent men 
 of different political parties, and of vary-
 
 ITS NECESSITY 191 
 
 ing religious denominations or lines of thought, 
 have expressed themselves in favour of the 
 adoption by the Government of the principle 
 of directing colonisation. 
 
 The late Archbishop of Canterbury wrote : 
 
 The best and the fittest means by which these 
 miseries of over-pressure can be transmitted into 
 comfort and wise affluence is obviously by the people 
 spreading out that is, settling in other parts of our 
 Greater Britain that is, by emigration to our 
 colonies. This has run its own course so far. But 
 we seem to have now reached a point at which, to 
 enable capable men to take advantage of the best 
 opportunities in the best way, some public action of 
 the State in their favour, or at least some direction, 
 is required in one form or other. 
 
 Cardinal Manning, in reply to an invita- 
 tion to join the National Association for 
 Promoting State-directed Emigration and 
 Colonisation, says : 
 
 Holding as I do that emigration and colonisation 
 are the extension of the mother country, and that 
 in this sense they are the true counteraction of the 
 disintegrating policy which seems to me to be
 
 192 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION! 
 
 threatening the Empire, I believe that I am ill 
 agreement with the Association in its object. If, 
 therefore, you think my name in the list of patrons 
 worth having, I shall be happy to give it. I believe 
 that the maintenance and consolidation of the Empire 
 is vital to England, and that if we lost it we should 
 collapse at home. 
 
 Professor Tyndall, the Earl of Carnarvon, 
 Mr. Spurgeon, the Lord Mayor, the Bishop 
 of Bedford, the Marquis of Lome, the Bishop 
 of Carlisle, Mr. Hodgson Pratt, Mr. . II. S. 
 Northcote, M.P., Mr. F. D. Mocatta, the 
 Dean of Manchester, and other distinguished 
 men, as well as several members of both 
 Houses, have declared themselves in favour 
 of State-directed colonisation. 
 
 The debate in the House of Lords on the 
 28th of March, 1884, when the Earl of Carnar- 
 von moved for copies or extracts of correspon- 
 dence in regard to State-aided emigration to 
 Canada, raised this question at one bound 
 from the rank of a mere theory as regards the 
 action of this country to that of one of prac-
 
 ITS NECESSITY 193 
 
 tical politics. The debate showed that both 
 political parties in the State were prepared to 
 accept the principle of the State direction of 
 emigration, if only the details of organisation 
 could be satisfactorily arranged. Lord Derby 
 acknowledged that ' if it is right to feed a 
 man when he cannot support himself, then 
 there can be no argument on the ground of 
 principle against State-directed colonisation,' 
 Again, he said, ' If it is right in regard to 
 poor-law relief and national education, clearly 
 there can be no argument oil ground of prin- 
 ciple against transferring labour from one 
 place where it is not wanted to another where 
 it is wanted.' It follows, therefore, from the 
 speeches of Lords Carnarvon and Derby, that 
 the principle of the demand of the National 
 Association for Promoting State-directed 
 
 o 
 
 Colonisation is accepted by both political 
 parties in the State. There was no difference 
 of opinion between the Liberal head of the 
 Colonial Office and the Conservative head of 
 
 o
 
 194 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 that department, as to the importance of the 
 question. 1 
 
 Lord Derby agreed with Lord Carnarvon 
 that the question is one which will grow in 
 importance, and which cannot be discussed 
 in an off-hand way. He acknowledged that 
 the subject had never been fully discussed in 
 either House of Parliament, and stated that 
 he was not inclined to argue in a doctrinaire 
 manner how far State assistance should be 
 given. He acknowledged that times and cir- 
 cumstances had changed, and that public 
 opinion had of late years sanctioned the em- 
 ployment of public funds for objects which a 
 few years ago would have been considered 
 beyond the scope of Governmental action, and 
 he, without hesitation, declared that the cry of 
 communism could not with justice be raised 
 against State-directed colonisation, unless it 
 were conceded that, by the adoption of our 
 
 1 Since then the present head of the Colonial Office (1885), 
 Eail Granville, has expressed himself as not unfavourable 
 to the consideration of the suhject.
 
 ITS NECESSITY 195 
 
 present Poor and Educational Laws, we had 
 already entered on the path of communism. 
 There was no difference of opinion in the 
 House, and can be none, as to the distress 
 in the East- end of London, but Lord Derby 
 considered that the distress must be looked 
 upon as a sad but unavoidable evil, which 
 could not be remedied, although always in- 
 creasing ; whilst Lord Carnarvon considered 
 that many of the men and women who are 
 now a standing menace to the stability of 
 social order, and a disgrace to our civilisation, 
 might become useful and prosperous members 
 of society if assisted by Government loan to 
 transfer labour which is not wanted here to 
 Her Majesty's colonies, where it is greatly 
 needed, and where land is abundant. 
 
 Lord Derby stated that the rate of emigra- 
 tion in 1883 was 320,000 persons of British 
 and Irish origin, and that this rate was 
 greater than it had been at any time since the 
 Irish famine, Prom this fact he argued that 
 
 o 2
 
 STATE-DIRECTED COLOKISATIOK J 
 
 there was no necessity for any acceleration df 
 this outflow. He omitted, however, to men* 
 tion that the average annual increase of the 
 population during the last ten years is 340,000, 
 and, as he acknowledged that the labour 
 market in London was already overstocked, 
 he should have told us how he intended to 
 deal with the annual extra increase of 340,000 
 souls over and above the number which is 
 annually removed by private emigration, for 
 by his own showing private emigration does not 
 touch the present over -population of the country 
 by 340,000 souls annually, even at the present 
 exceptional high rate of emigration. 
 
 Lord Derby said he did not consider that 
 the colonies could absorb more labour, and yet 
 he refuted his own argument by confessing 
 that the attractive power of a colony is in 
 proportion to the bulk of the attracting mass, 
 and that the demand for labour in the colonies 
 would increase in the future. Again, he 
 somewhat paradoxically remarked that he
 
 ITS NECESSITY 197 
 
 was not prepared to condemn generally a 
 scheme of colonisation by means of which all 
 money advanced to the emigrant should be 
 repaid and security obtained by way of mort- 
 gage on the land, and yet he stated that 
 colonisation would probably fail ; and he gave 
 as his reason that the places to be colonised 
 would be arranged by persons at a distance. 
 But he did not tell us why these places should 
 not be arranged by persons at a distance, and 
 why a system of colonisation which has proved 
 successful under the management of a Scotch 
 lady of fortune, should fail when carried out 
 with all the means at its disposal to enforce 
 repayment which a Commission appointed by 
 the Government and the colony would possess. 
 Lord Derby rightly said that no scheme 
 of State-directed emigration could answer 
 without the co-operation of the colonies. 
 This is perfectly true ; but no one, as far as I 
 am aware, proposes to emigrate people from 
 this country either contrary to their own
 
 198 STATE-DIEECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 will or to that of the colony to 'which they 
 are sent. I have already shown that the 
 National Association for Promoting State- 
 directed Colonisation lays the greatest stress 
 in its programme on the necessity of main- 
 taining in this matter the most complete 
 co-operation between the colonies and the 
 mother country. 
 
 Finally, Lord Derby doubted whether 
 there was any popular demand for State 
 emigration. In answer to this I would point 
 to the composition of the National Associa- 
 tion for Promoting State-directed Colonisa- 
 tion, which has on its council, besides 
 eminent members of the tipper and middle 
 classes, representatives of some 150,000 l 
 working-men who have expressed themselves 
 in favour of Government direction. This 
 National Association was the outcome of a 
 meeting of seventy representative working- 
 men, held on the loth of October, 1883, when 
 
 1 Now (1886) over 170,000.
 
 ITS NECESSITY 199 
 
 the following resolutions were unanimously 
 passed : 
 
 1. Moved by Mr. H. W. Rowland, General Secre- 
 tary of the Cabdrivers' Association, London; seconded 
 by Mr. J. C. Laird, member of the Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne Council and School Board, and President of the 
 Trades Council of that town ; and supported by Mr. 
 J. Judge, of the Leeds Council, and officially repre- 
 senting the Leeds branch of the National Union of 
 Boot and Shoe Riveters ; Mr. John Potter, member 
 of the Town Council and President of the Trades 
 Council, Maidstone ; Mr. J. Strange, of Birmingham ; 
 Mr. John Fox, officially representing and Secretary 
 of Bristol, West of England, and South Wales Trade 
 and Provident Society; Mr. J. Smith, member of 
 London Trades Council ; Mr. J. Ambler, representa- 
 tive at the Trades Union Congress of the Trades 
 Council, Hull; and Mr. Dyke, of the Cabdrivers' 
 Co-operative Association : 
 
 ' That this Conference of representative working- 
 men, strongly declares in favour of State-directed 
 emigration to the British colonies.' 
 
 2. Moved by Mr. James Maudsley, officially repre- 
 senting the Manchester and Salford Trades Council 
 and the Amalgamated Association of Cotton Spinners, 
 Manchester; seconded by Mr. Edward Memmott,
 
 200 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 President of and officially representing the Sheffield 
 Trades Council; and supported by Mr. W. H. 
 Patterson, Financial Secretary of the Miners' Asso- 
 ciation, Durham ; Mr. D. Merrick, President of the 
 Trades Council, and President of Trades Union 
 Congress for 1878; Mr. Beech, officially representing 
 Amalgamated Trades Council, Oldhara ; and Mr. T. 
 Pilcher, member of Folkestone School Board, and 
 Chairman of Kent and Sussex Labourers' Union : 
 c That seeing the large number of unemployed 
 and indigent people amassed in our cities and 
 towns, the attention of the Government be urgently 
 directed to the necessity that exists for facilities to 
 enable such people to proceed to and settle in our 
 colonies.' 
 
 Since then influential meetings have been 
 beld in the London Mansion House and in 
 the Town Halls of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Liver- 
 pool, and Manchester, and in all cases similar 
 resolutions bave been passed. In London 
 and Manchester tbe resolutions were passed 
 unanimously or nem. con., though the Mayor of 
 Manchester, who was in the chair at the latter 
 meeting, spoke several times strongly against 
 the motion, whilst in Newcastle only about a/
 
 ITS NECESSITY 201 
 
 dozen dissentients voted against the resolu- 
 tions in a crowded meeting. 
 
 The National Association for Promoting 
 State-directed Colonisation is organising a 
 series of meetings to be held in all the large 
 provincial towns of England, and invites 
 assistance, both personal and pecuniary, to- 
 wards the formation of such a strong public 
 opinion in favour of State emigration as may 
 encourage the Government to bring forward 
 a well-considered scheme for the alleviation of 
 the congested condition of our over-populated 
 country. 1 
 
 Whether there is or is not a demand for 
 the State direction of Emigration, of this I am 
 confident, thai means must be found, and that 
 quickly, to put an end to the fearful struggle 
 for life which is to be met with in the East 
 and South of London and in most of our large 
 towns. The disease has got beyond the power 
 
 1 The office of the Association is at 84 Palace Chambers, 
 Westrqiuster, London, S.W.
 
 202 STATE-DIEECTED COLONISATION. 
 
 of private efforts, and lias assumed proportions 
 too gigantic to be dealt with by any power 
 short of a government or a powerful muni- 
 cipality. 
 
 Starving men are not to be argued with, 
 nor are they likely to acquiesce quietly in 
 Lord Derby's fatalistic theory, that their con- 
 dition is the inevitable result of economic con- 
 ditions which are to be deplored but cannot be 
 altered. 
 
 Whether the Government like it or not, 
 they will have to take into their serious con- 
 sideration how best to relieve this deplorable 
 congestion of population in our large towns ; 
 and the adoption of some well-considered 
 scheme of State-directed colonisation appears 
 to me the only remedy for effectually dealing 
 with a social malady which, if allowed to 
 continue unchecked, must inevitably end in 
 some fatal national catastrophe.
 
 203 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 CANADA. 
 
 DOMINION LANDS REGULATIONS. 
 The following Regulations for the sale and 
 settlement of Dominion Lands in ' the Province of 
 
 H.B.[Co's. 
 
 -2|6 
 
 LANDS.
 
 204 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 Manitoba aiid the North-West Territories shall, on 
 and after the first day of January, 1882, be substi- 
 tuted for the Regulations now in force, bearing date 
 the twenty-fifth day of May, 1881 : 
 
 1. The surveyed lands of Manitoba and the 
 North-West Territories shall, for the purposes of 
 these Regulations, be classified as follows : 
 
 CLASS A. Lands within twenty-four miles of the 
 main line or any branch line of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, on either side thereof. 
 
 CLASS B. Lands within twelve miles, on either 
 side, of any projected line of railway (other than the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway) approved by Order in 
 Council published in the Canada Gazette. 
 
 CLASS C. Lands south of the main line of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway not included in Class A or B. 
 
 CLASS D. Lands other than those in Classes A, 
 B, and C. 
 
 2. The even-numbered sections in all the fore- 
 going classes are to be held exclusively for home- 
 steads and pre-emptions. 
 
 (a) Except in Class D, where they may be 
 affected by colonisation agreements as hereinafter 
 provided. 
 
 (6) Except where it may be necessary, out of 
 them, to provide wood lots for settlers. 
 
 (c) Except in cases where the Minister of the
 
 APPENDIX 205 
 
 Interior, under provisions of the Dominion Lands 
 Acts, may deem it expedient to withdraw certain 
 lands, and sell them at public auction or otherwise 
 deal with them as the Governor in Council may 
 direct. 
 
 3. The odd-numbered sections in Class A are 
 reserved for the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. 
 
 4. The odd-numbered sections in Classes B and 
 C shall be for sale at two dollars fifty cents per acre, 
 payable at time of sale. 
 
 (a) Except where they have been or may be dealt 
 with otherwise by the Governor in Council. 
 
 5. The odd-numbered sections in Class D shall 
 be for sale at two dollars per acre, payable at time 
 of sale. 
 
 (a) Except where they have been or may be dealt 
 with otherwise by the Governor in Council. 
 
 (b) Except lands affected by colonisation agree- 
 ments, as hereinafter provided. 
 
 6. Persons who, subsequent to survey, but 
 before the issue of the Order in Council of 9th 
 October, 1879, excluding odd-numbered sections 
 from homestead entry, took possession of land in 
 odd-numbered sections by residing on and culti- 
 vating the same, shall, if continuing so to occupy 
 them, be permitted to obtain homestead and pre- 
 emption entries as if they were on even-numbered 
 sections.
 
 206 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 PRE-EMPTIONS. 
 
 7. The prices for pre-emption lots shall be as 
 follows : 
 
 For lands in Classes A, B ; and C, two dollars 
 fifty cents per acre. 
 
 For lands in Class D, two dollars per acre. 
 
 Payment shall be made in one sum at the end 
 of three years from the date of entry, or at such 
 earlier date as a settler may, under the provisions 
 of the Dominion Lands Acts, obtain a patent for 
 the homestead to which such pre-emption lot 
 belongs. 
 
 COLONISATION. 
 Plan Number One. 
 
 8. Agreements may be entered into with any 
 company or person (hereinafter called the party) to 
 colonise and settle tracts of land on the following 
 conditions : 
 
 (a) The party applying must satisfy the Govern- 
 ment of its good faith and ability to fulfil the 
 stipulations contained in these Regulations. 
 
 (b) The tract of land granted to any party shall 
 be in Class D. 
 
 9. The odd-numbered sections within such tract 
 may be sold to the party at two dollars per acre,
 
 APPENDIX 207 
 
 payable, one-fifth in cash at the time of entering 
 into the contract, and the balance in four equal 
 annual instalments from and after that time. The 
 party shall also pay to the Government five cents 
 per acre for the survey of the land purchased by it, 
 the same to be payable in four equal annual in- 
 stalments at the same times as the instalments of 
 the purchase money. Interest at the rate of six per 
 cent, per annum shall be charged on all past-due 
 instalments. 
 
 (a) The party shall, within five years from the 
 date of the contract, colonise its tract. 
 
 (//) Such colonisation shall consist in placing two 
 settlers on homesteads on each even-numbered 
 section, and also two settlers on each odd-numbered 
 section. 
 
 (c) The party may be secured for advances made 
 to settlers on homesteads according to the provisions 
 of the 10th section of the Act 44 Victoria, cap. 1(5 
 (the Act passed in 1881 to amend the Dominion 
 Lands Acts). 
 
 (d) The homestead of one hundred and sixty acres 
 shall be the property of the settler, and he shall 
 have the right to purchase the pre-emption lot 
 belonging to his homestead at two dollars per acre, 
 payable in one sum at the end of three years from 
 the date of entry, or at such earlier date as he may,
 
 208 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION i 
 
 under the provisions of the Dominion Lands Acts, 
 obtain a patent for his homestead. 
 
 (e) When the settler on a homestead does not 
 take entry for the pre-emption lot to which he has 
 a right, the party may within three months after 
 the settler's right has elapsed purchase the same at 
 two dollars per acre, payable in cash at the time of 
 purchase. 
 
 10. In consideration of having colonised its tract 
 of land in the manner set forth in sub-section (//) of 
 the last preceding clause, the party shall be allowed 
 a rebate of one-half the original purchase-money of 
 the odd-numbered sections in its tract. 
 
 (a) During each of the five years covered by 
 the contract an enumeration shall be made of the 
 settlers placed by the party in its tract, in accordance 
 with sub-section (7>) of clause 9 of these Eegulations, 
 and for each bond-fide settler so found therein a 
 rebate of one hundred and twenty dollars shall be 
 credited to the party ; but the sums so credited 
 shall not, in the aggregate, at any time exceed one 
 hundred and twenty dollars for each loud-fide 
 settler found within the tract, in accordance with 
 the said sub-section, at the time of the latest 
 enumeration. 
 
 (ft) On the expiration of the five years, an 
 enumeration shall be made of the bond -fide settlers
 
 APPENDIX 209 
 
 on the tract, and if they are found to be as many in 
 number and placed in the manner stipulated for in 
 sub-section (6) of clause 9 of these Regulations, a 
 further and final rebate of forty dollars per settler 
 shall be credited to the party, which sum, when 
 added to those previously credited, will amount to 
 one-half of the purchase money of the odd-numbered 
 sections and reduce the price thereof to one dollar 
 per acre. But if it should be found that the full 
 number of settlers required by these Regulations are 
 not on the tract, or are not placed in conformity 
 with sub-section (6) of clause 9 of these Regulations, 
 then for each settler fewer than the required number, 
 or not placed in conformity with the said sub-section, 
 the party shall forfeit one hundred and sixty dollars 
 of rebate. 
 
 (c) If at any time during the existence of the 
 contract the party shall have failed to perform any 
 of the conditions thereof, the Governor in Council 
 may cancel the sale of the land purchased by it, and 
 deal with the party as may seem meet under the 
 circumstances. 
 
 (rf) To be entitled to rebate, the party shall furnish 
 to the Minister of the Interior evidence that will 
 satisfy him that the tract has been colonised and 
 settled in accordance with sub-section (&) of clause 9 
 of these Regulations.
 
 210 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 Plan Number Two, 
 
 11. To encourage settlement by capitalists who 
 may desire to cultivate larger farms than can be 
 purchased where the regulations provide that two 
 settlers shall be placed 011 each section, agreements 
 may be entered into with any company or person 
 (hereinafter called the party) to colonise and settle 
 tracts of land on the following conditions : 
 
 (a) The party applying must satisfy the Govern- 
 ment of its good faith and ability to fulfil the stipu- 
 lations contained in these Regulations. 
 
 (?>) The tract of land granted to any party shall 
 be in Class D. 
 
 (c) All the land within the tract may be sold to 
 the party at two dollars per acre, payable in cash, 
 at the time of entering into the contract. The party 
 shall, at the same time, pay to the Government five 
 cents per acre for the survey of the land purchased 
 by it. 
 
 (d) The party shall, within five years from the 
 date of the contract, colonise the township or town- 
 ships comprised within its tract. 
 
 (e) Such colonisation shall consist in placing one 
 hundred .and twenty-eight lona-fide settlers within 
 each township. 
 
 12. In consideration of having colonised its tract
 
 APPENDIX 211 
 
 of land in the manner set forth in sub-section (c) of 
 the last preceding clause, the party shall be allowed 
 a rebate of one-half of the original purchase money 
 of its tract. 
 
 (a) During each of the five years covered by 
 the contract, an enumeration shall be made of 
 the settlers placed by the party in its tract, in 
 accordance with sub-section (e) of clause 1 1 of these 
 Regulations, and for each bond-fide settler so found 
 therein a rebate of one hundred and twenty dollars 
 shall be repaid to the party ; but the sums so re- 
 paid shall not, in the aggregate, at any time exceed 
 one hundred and twenty dollars for each lona-fide 
 settler found within the tract, in accordance with 
 the said sub-section at the time of the latest 
 enumeration. 
 
 (6) On the expiration of the five years, an 
 enumeration shall be made of the lona-fide settlers 
 placed by the party in its tract, and if they are 
 found to be as many in number and placed in the 
 manner stipulated for in sub-section (e) of clause 11 
 of these Regulations, a further and final rebate of 
 forty dollars per settler shall be repaid, which sum 
 when added to those previously repaid to the party 
 will amount to one-half of the purchase-money of 
 its tract, and reduce the price thereof to one dollar 
 per acre. But if it should be found that the full 
 
 p 2
 
 212 STATE-D1EEOTED COLONISATION: 
 
 number of settlers required by these Eegulations are 
 not ou the tract, or are not placed in conformity 
 with the said sub-section, then, for each settler 
 fewer than the required number or not settled in 
 conformity with the said sub-section, the party shall 
 forfeit one hundred and sixty dollars of rebate. 
 
 (c) To be entitled to rebate, the party shall furnish 
 to the Minister of the Interior evidence that will 
 satisfy him that the tract has been colonised and 
 settled in accordance with sub-section () of clause 1 1 
 of these Regulations. 
 
 OFFICIAL NOTICE. 
 
 13. The Government shall give notice in the 
 Canada Gazette of all agreements entered into for 
 the colonisation and settlement of tracts of land under 
 the foregoing plans, in order that the public may 
 respect the rights of the purchasers. 
 
 TIMBER FOR SETTLERS. 
 
 14. The Minister of the Interior may direct the 
 reservation of any odd or even-numbered section 
 having timber upon it, to provide wood for home- 
 stead settlers on sections without it; and each such 
 settler may, where the opportunity for so doing exists, 
 purchase a wood lot, not exceeding twenty acres, at 
 the price of five dollars per acre in cash.
 
 APPENDIX 213 
 
 15. The Minister of the Interior may grant, 
 Under the provisions of the Dominion Lands Acts, 
 licences to cut timber on lands within surveyed 
 townships. The lands covered by such licences are 
 thereby withdrawn from homestead and pre-emption 
 and from sale. 
 
 PASTURAGE LANDS. 
 
 1C. Under the authority of the Act 44 Viet, 
 cap. 16, leases of tracts for grazing purposes may be 
 granted on the following conditions : 
 
 (<!() Such leases to be for a period of not exceeding 
 twenty-one years, and no single lease shall cover a 
 greater area than 100,000 acres. 
 
 (b) In surveyed territory, the land embraced by 
 the lease shall be described in townships and sec- 
 tions. In unsurveyed territory, the party to whom 
 a lease may be promised shall, before the issue of 
 the lease, cause a survey of the tract to be made, at 
 his own expense, by a Dominion Lands Surveyor, 
 under instructions from the Surveyor-General ; and 
 the plan and field notes of such survey shall be 
 deposited on record in the Department of the 
 Interior. 
 
 (c) The lessee shall pay an annual rental at the 
 rate of ten dollars for every 1,000 acres embraced 
 by his lease, and shall within three years from the 
 granting of the lease place on the tract one head of 
 cattle for every ten acres of land embraced by the
 
 214 STATE-DIEECTEI) COLONISATION: 
 
 lease, and shall during its term maintain cattle 
 thereon in at least that proportion. 
 
 (cfy After placing the prescribed number of cattle 
 upon the tract leased, the lessee may purchase land 
 within his leasehold for a home farm and corral, 
 paying therefor two dollars per acre in cash. 
 
 (e) Failure to fulfil any of the conditions of his 
 lease shall subject the lessee to forfeiture thereof. 
 
 17. When two or more parties apply fora grazing 
 lease of the same land, tenders shall be invited, and 
 the lease shall be granted to the party offering the 
 highest premium therefor in addition to the rental. 
 The said premium to be paid before the issue of the 
 lease. 
 
 GENERAL PROVISIONS. 
 
 18. Payments for land may be in cash, scrip, or 
 police or military bounty-warrants. 
 
 19. These Regulations shall not apply to lands 
 valuable for town plots, or to coal or other mineral 
 lands, or to stone or marble quarries, or to lands 
 having water power thereon ; or to sections 11 and 
 29 in each Township, which are School Lands, or 
 Sections 8 and 26, which belong to the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. 
 
 By Order, LINDSAY RUSSELL, 
 
 Surveyor-General. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, OTTAWA : 
 23rd December, 1881.
 
 APPENDIX 215 
 
 The following statement, which was read at the 
 Home and Colonial Conference convened by the 
 National Association, held at the Colonial and Indian 
 Exhibition, June 1880, correctly describes the objects 
 of the movement. 
 
 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR PROMOTING 
 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION. 
 
 STATEMENT. 
 
 THE Council of the National Association for promot- 
 ing State-directed Colonisation, cordially welcoming 
 the members of this Conference, especially those who 
 are from distant parts of the empire, consider it ad- 
 visable that, prior to discussion, a statement should 
 be placed before the Conference explanatory of the 
 public work in which the Association is engaged. 
 
 Much misapprehension has existed, both at home 
 and abroad, concerning the movement for State- 
 directed colonisation. This misapprehension has 
 arisen partly as the result of misrepresentation by 
 persons indiscriminately opposed to emigration and 
 colonisation, and partly from the failure of the news- 
 paper press to grasp the full significance of the term 
 ' colonisation,' as distinguished from simple ' emigra- 
 tion.' So lately as three weeks since several of the 
 leading journals, reporting the annual meeting of the 
 Association, described that meeting as one convened
 
 216 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION: 
 
 to consider ' State-aided emigration.' As a matter 
 of fact the meeting was convened for nothing of the 
 kind, but was precisely announced as a meeting of 
 persons favourable to the adoption by the Home and 
 Colonial Government of a system of State-directed 
 colonisation. It is to be feared, too, that the official 
 mind is not clear concerning the emphatic distinction 
 between colonisation and simple emigration. In 
 February last a powerful deputation from our Asso- 
 ciation waited upon Lord Granville, H.M. Secretary 
 of State for the Colonies, and subsequently a circular 
 appears to have been addressed by the Colonial 
 Office to the various Colonial Governments. From 
 official answers to questions asked in both Houses 
 of Parliament it would appear that the inquiries 
 addressed to Colonial Governments almost invite un- 
 favourable replies. The Colonial Governments were 
 invited to state ' how far their respective Govern- 
 ments might be prepared to receive, suitable immi- 
 grants early in the current year, if satisfactory 
 financial arrangements were made by her Majesty's 
 Government.' This inquiry merely touches simple 
 emigration, and does not in any sense embody the 
 proposals placed before the Government by the 
 deputation to Earl Granville. It was distinctly 
 asserted and reasserted that it was not considered 
 desirable at this time to despatch large numbers of
 
 APPENDIX 217 
 
 simple immigrants from the United Kingdom to the 
 Colonies; depression of trade rules there as at home. 
 The question addressed by the Colonial Office to 
 individual Colonial Governments should rather have 
 been an invitation to state ' how far their respective 
 Governments might be prepared to co-operate with 
 the Home Government by placing land for colonisa- 
 tion purposes at the disposal of a colonisation board, 
 of which their agents-general should be ex-officio 
 members, and providing Her Majesty's Government 
 were to make satisfactory financial arrangements for 
 carrying such a system into operation.' 
 
 It thus appears to be necessary that, once for all, 
 the broad distinction between ' State-aided emigra- 
 tion ' and c State-directed colonisation ' should be 
 made clear. 
 
 ' State-aided emigration ' is popularly understood 
 to imply that money should be furnished from the 
 public exchequer to assist needy people to proceed 
 from the United Kingdom to other countries to work 
 for wages. 
 
 ' State-directed colonisation ' steps far beyond 
 this. We interpret it to mean the planting of our 
 industrious surplus and unemployed population 
 not our ' ne'er-do-weels ' upon the lands of British 
 Colonies, under the direction of an officially consti- 
 tuted joint Home and Colonial authority. Further,
 
 218 STATE-DIKECTED COLONISATION : 
 
 it is not suggested that the Home Government 
 should raise money by taxation or expend funds for 
 this purpose from the public revenue. The demand 
 is that the Home Government should merely use the 
 public credit for procuring a public loan for colonisa- 
 tion purposes, the people who are colonised (V.r. 
 planted on colonial lands) being required to repay in 
 easy instalments the cost incurred on their behalf, 
 together with a charge to cover the cost of adminis- 
 tration, security for the repayments being taken in 
 the shape of mortgages upon the homesteads created. 
 Colonisation systematically carried through on this 
 footing requires the cordial co-operation of the 
 colonial authorities taking part therein. It then 
 becomes absolutely self-supporting, the rates and 
 taxes of the mother country remaining untouched ; 
 we shall be relieving the United Kingdom of her 
 superabundant population, and consolidating the 
 supremacy of the Empire by the gradual establish- 
 ment of colonial peasant proprietories, at the ultimate 
 cost of the individual colonial peasant proprietor 
 himself. 
 
 The principal misrepresentation indulged in by 
 persons opposed to emigration and colonisation is to 
 the effect that the Association is proposing to cause 
 to be sent to the Colonies large numbers of working 
 people to undersell and overstock the colonial labour
 
 APPENDIX 219 
 
 markets. When the distinction between simple 
 emigration and colonisation is realised the absurdity 
 of this misrepresentation will immediately be per- 
 ceived. We are not only not proposing to overstock 
 the colonial labour markets, but the National 
 Association boldly affirms that a judiciously con- 
 ducted system of colonisation must produce a 
 directly contrary effect. Shortly after the formation 
 of settlements, successful settlers will require and 
 will call for the assistance of additional working 
 people, and thus there will arise a new and greater 
 demand for labour than heretofore. In addition to 
 this, from the settlements proposed to be formed 
 there will necessarily emanate a demand for all the 
 various commodities the mechanical and general 
 trades of existing colonial towns provide. In due 
 time better houses will be erected ; new agricultural 
 implements and tools will be demanded, and old 
 ones will require to be repaired. The mechanics of 
 colonial towns and cities will find a greater demand 
 upon their respective handicrafts ; shopkeepers and 
 tradesmen will find more customers ; colonial mer- 
 chants and salesmen will be called on to deal with 
 larger supplies of agricultural produce. Instead, 
 then, of a State-directed system of colonisation being 
 calculated to overstock colonial labour markets, it 
 will positively -give an appreciable impetus to the
 
 220 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION 
 
 general trades of every colonial town witliin reason- 
 able distance of a settlement. 
 
 It is notorious that our colonies are suffering 
 from depressed trade, and in some cases from some- 
 what burdensome taxation. An increase of healthy 
 population, backed by the credit and capital of the 
 home country, will tend to improve internal colonial 
 trade, and by its distribution among larger numbers 
 colonial taxation will press less heavily upon in- 
 dividual shoulders. At home we are suffering not 
 only from excessive depression of trade and commerce, 
 but also from over-population. Is it not possible 
 that a well-directed system of colonisation, in which 
 both the Home and Colonial Governments cordially 
 co-operate, may prove to be the panacea for these 
 troubles troubles which, so far as Great Britain is 
 concerned, are growing more and more difficult and 
 dangerous every day ? The development of the 
 agricultural areas of our colonies is equivalent to the 
 creation of new markets for our manufactures. It is 
 an indisputable fact that our colonies are our best 
 customers. It is also absolutely certain that by 
 developing our colonies we shall be opening up and 
 strengthening existing markets for our home manu- 
 factures. Hands idle through want of work, but not 
 through want of will, and useless mouths will be 
 transplanted before they become impoverished and
 
 APPENDIX 221 
 
 pauperised, aud in due time will take their place as 
 wealth-producing members of the Empire. Thousands 
 of these people are steadily drifting downwards, and 
 sooner or later will become a burden upon our parish 
 rates. A State-directed colonisation will take hold 
 01 them before they thus descend into poverty and 
 helplessness. Located on colonial lands, under favour- 
 able conditions, they will swell the volume of colonial 
 products and expand the dimensions of colonial 
 revenues ; the advantages to the mother country 
 and the colonies will clearly be mutual. It will 
 perhaps be as difficult as it is unnecessary to decide 
 upon which side the balance of advantage will lie. 
 It is sufficient for the purpose to observe that by 
 husbanding our surplus population, instead of per- 
 mitting it to drift away by hundreds of thousands 
 annually to foreign flags, the wealth and strength of 
 the British Empire will be immeasurably advanced. 
 
 The National Association consider that as a first 
 advance three cardinal points require to be enforced : 
 
 1st. Cordial co-operation of the Colonial Govern- 
 ments with the Home Authorities in. carrying out 
 the colonisation. 
 
 2nd. That satisfactory financial arrangements 
 should be made by the Home Government. 
 
 3rd. The appointment of a colonisation board, 
 with the colonial agents-general as ex-ojfido members.
 
 222 STATE-DIRECTED COLONISATION 
 
 With these material objects secured, the details 
 may be regarded as of secondary importance, and the 
 National Association recognises no substantial diffi- 
 culty concerning their arrangement. 
 
 Many of the leading statesmen at home accept 
 the principle involved in State-directed colonisation, 
 and admit that our demand is economically sound. 
 The National Association therefore invites this Home 
 and Colonial Conference to declare that the time has 
 arrived when the Governments at home and abroad 
 should, without further delay, join hands in a work 
 that will bring about incalculable advantages to all 
 classes of Her Majesty's subjects. 
 
 (Any one interested in the subject oi: the foregoing papers 
 can obtain a draft of the scheme of colonisation alluded to, on 
 application at the offices of the Association, 84 Palace Chambers, 
 Westminster, S.W.)
 
 223 
 
 OVER-POPULATION: 
 
 ITS EVILS AND EEMEDIES. 
 
 II. 
 
 GEE AT CITIES AND SOCIAL EEFOEN. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' Nineteenth Century 
 of November 1883. 
 
 THE census of 1881 has shown Englishmen 
 that they are rapidly becoming a population 
 of town-dwellers, and to a large extent inhabit- 
 ants of one great city. Every seventh Briton 
 is a cockney by residence, and only one in 
 three lives in the country, or in country towns 
 and villages with a population of less than 
 3,000. Out of a total population in England 
 and Wales of 25,968,000, 17,285,000 live in 
 towns and 8,683,000 in the country. These 
 latter figures are within 200,000 of the entire
 
 224 GREAT CITIES AND SOCIAL EEFOEM 
 
 population of England and Wales at the be- 
 ginning of this century. Speaking broadly, 
 we may say that a city equal in population to 
 * Greater London ' is planted every ten years on 
 our shores ; for the increase of population is 
 3,250,000 souls per decennial period, and this 
 increase is almost entirely confined to our large 
 towns. Do not these figures furnish matter for 
 serious reflection ? What is to be the end of this 
 continually increasing aggregation of human 
 beings within certain already over-populated 
 districts in these islands ? If the actual rate 
 of increase and present economic conditions 
 of life should continue, the population of Eng- 
 land and Wales will have doubled itself in the 
 year 1936, and 50,000,000 human beings will 
 be massed within the streets and lanes of some 
 twenty overgrown cities, at the head of which 
 will stand a Babylon of which the world has 
 never dreamt. 
 
 Statisticians inform us, and experience 
 teaches us, that, other things being equal, the
 
 GREAT CITIES AND SOCIAL REFO&VI 225 
 
 rate of mortality is in direct proportion to 
 the density of population, or, in other words, 
 the nearer people live to each other, the shorter 
 are their lives. If this axiom be true and 
 I would refer any who may doubt it to the 
 elaborate statistics on the subject drawn up 
 by Dr. Farr, and to be found in the Supple- 
 ment to the Thirt}-- fifth Annual Eeport of 
 the Registrar- General for 1875 what might 
 we reasonably suppose would be the average 
 length of life of the inhabitants of these 
 islands, and what their physical condition, in 
 the same year of 1936, if between this and 
 then no serious attempts were made to 
 counteract the natural fatal effects on human 
 life of density of population ? Happily 
 society is awakening to the necessity of be- 
 stirring itself in matters of public health and 
 sanitation. In towns it is felt that the ques- 
 tion is one of self-preservation. There is a 
 feeling abroad, entertained at present by a 
 minority (a minority, however, which is 
 
 Q
 
 226 GREAT CITIES AXD SOCIAL REFORM 
 
 rapidly growing, and which promises shortly 
 to become a majority) that questions of health 
 and sanitation are of more consequence than 
 questions of local politics ; and, alas ! that it 
 should have to be confessed, there are some 
 who might be disposed to add than ques- 
 tions of changes of Ministry or of ' haute 
 politique.' This growing public opinion lias 
 already made itself felt. It is apparent in 
 the frequent interpellations on matters of 
 public health addressed to members of the 
 Government in both Houses of Parliament ; 
 in the increased readiness of Government to 
 legislate on the subject : witness the Factory, 
 Public Health, Vaccination, and other Acts 
 which have been passed with a view to im- 
 prove the health of the governed ; it may be 
 seen in the quickened action of Town Cor- 
 porations and Vestries (though here there 
 is still much to be desired) when questions 
 of sanitation are brought before them. The 
 
 c 
 
 press the most sensitive barometer of the 
 general feeling acknowledges the increased
 
 GEEAT CITIES AND SOCIAL KEFOKM 227 
 
 importance attached by a portion of the pub- 
 lic to such questions by the readiness with 
 which its columns are thrown open to the 
 discussion of subjects relating to hygiene. 
 The periodicals of the day are not less ready 
 than the daily press to permit questions bear- 
 ing on the health of the people to be brought 
 to the notice of their readers. Xumerous are 
 the societies and private bodies which have 
 arisen within the last few years for the pur- 
 pose of acting as vigilance committees in the 
 interest of the public health. Sanitary asso- 
 ciations of all kinds have sprung up in the 
 metropolis and our large towns, and it is 
 pleasant to feel that their labours have not 
 been in vain. Had Government, local bodies, 
 and people made no efforts to provide some 
 antidote to the poison of density of popula- 
 tion, the last decennial periods would have 
 witnessed a lamentable increase in the death- 
 rate of our large towns ; but, in fact, the 
 reverse has been the case. 
 
 Q2
 
 228 GREAT CITIES AND SOCIAL REFORM 
 
 According to the .Registrar-General, in the 
 last three decenniads up to 1870, the mortality 
 was at the annual rate per 1000 of 22-86 in 
 1841-50, 22-24 in 1851-60, and 22-51 in 
 1861-70, whilst between 1871-77 the mortality 
 was at the rate of 21-64, or -87 per 1000 less 
 than in the ten years last quoted. ' Thus, 
 he adds, 'we may hope that there is a reduced 
 mortality in the last seven years, and that 
 thus about 20,000 lives are saved annually. 1 
 This fact is encouraging. It is to be hoped 
 that we may learn our lesson aright, and not 
 flatter ourselves that experience has proved 
 the statisticians to be in error, and that in 
 reality there are no dangers to be apprehended 
 from density of population. The true moral, 
 and it is an encouraging one, to be drawn 
 from these facts is, that man has been gifted 
 with intelligence, which, if he uses aright, 
 will enable him to live in health and happi- 
 ness under conditions of life adverse to his 
 existence. There is no reason why cities
 
 GREAT CITIES AND SOCIAL REFORM 229 
 
 should not be made perfectly healthy and 
 pleasant places of residence, and in time they 
 probably will be ; but before that time arrives 
 we shall have discovered that such a happy 
 result cannot be obtained by chance, nor, 
 indeed, without a liberal though enlightened 
 expenditure of public money. 
 
 As long as cities were of moderate size 
 and the mass of the inhabitants of these 
 islands dwelt in country districts or small 
 towns, sanitary matters might without much 
 appreciable waste of life be left to take care 
 of themselves, or be placed in the hands of 
 Vestrymen, Town Councils, or Corporations ; 
 but when the time arrives (and it is rapidly 
 approaching) that only a small minority of 
 the population shall be residents in the coun- 
 try, it will become necessary to look more 
 closely after these matters ; and when public 
 opinion has been thoroughly aroused to the 
 primary importance of the national health 
 question it will demand the enactment of
 
 230 GREAT CITIES AND SOCIAL REFORM 
 
 stringent laws making urban authorities re- 
 sponsible, under heavy penalties, for the sani- 
 tary condition of the towns and cities under 
 their charge. A Minister of Health, with a 
 seat in the Cabinet, and a staff of scientific 
 advisers, whose duty it shall be to plan and 
 see carried out an organised system of sani- 
 tation for the whole of these islands, will 
 probably be found a necessity. It will be his 
 duty to see that the laws in respect to health 
 are properly carried out, to prosecute public 
 bodies, or private individuals, whose sins of 
 omission or commission endanger the public 
 health, and it will probably be found neces- 
 sary to place in his hands powers which at 
 the present day would be considered vexatious 
 and inquisitorial. Interference with the liberty 
 of the subject, which in monarchical countries 
 would lead to riots and revolts, are submitted 
 to unmurniuringly in republics. We are 
 rapidly advancing in this country along the 
 path of democracy, and if it could be clearly
 
 GEEAT CITIES AND SOCIAL BEFOKM 231 
 
 shown that it would lead to an improved 
 condition of the public health, and a raising 
 of the standard of the national physique 
 amongst the poorer populations of our great 
 cities, there are many who would be reconciled 
 to a course which they at present regard as 
 full of danger. ' Grandmotherly ' legislation; 
 as it would now be termed, would then pro- 
 bably follow the whole course of the life of 
 the citizen from the cradle to the grave. 
 The State would see that a sufficient number 
 of ' Maternity ' hospitals were provided for the 
 wives of working men, where they would be 
 allowed to remain until they had thoroughly 
 recovered their strength, and could return to 
 their work and homes ; public creches could 
 be established where for a small fee working 
 women could leave their children, in confi- 
 dence that they would be looked after and 
 cared for ; systematic instruction in gymnas- 
 tics and swimming for both sexes, and the 
 consequent erection of gymnasia and swim-
 
 232 GREAT CITIES AND SOCIAL REFORM 
 
 ming baths in connection with every school, 
 would be insisted on ; proper playgrounds, 
 with due supervision, where the children 
 would be taught to use their limbs in healthy 
 games, due provision of public parks, 1 gar- 
 dens, cricket and football grounds, would be 
 compulsory on urban authorities ; and such 
 provision would be in proportion to the num- 
 ber of houses within a given area, and would 
 have to be within reasonable distance of their 
 inhabitants. The system of drainage of each 
 town would have to be submitted to the 
 central department for approval, so as to 
 avoid the danger of one town carrying out a 
 system hurtful to the health of another ; the 
 prevention of pollution of air or water and of 
 encroachments on common arid waste lands 
 would not be left, as at present, to the action 
 of private individuals or of philanthropic 
 societies. 
 
 1 For present urban park accommodation in the United 
 Kingdom, see Appendix.
 
 GREAT CITIES AND SOCIAL REFORM 233 
 
 It would not be left to Early Closing 
 Associations or Shop Hours Labour Leagues 
 to agitate for the shortening of hours of 
 labour, injurious to the health of the workers, 
 nor would it be necessary for private benevo- 
 lence to establish a system of ambulance for 
 the conveyance to and from hospitals of cases 
 of infectious diseases. Vaccination would 
 not be brought into disrepute owing to the 
 raivlessness of some medical men, and the 
 difficulty nay, almost impossibility of ob- 
 taining a proper supply of vaccine. Builders 
 would not be allowed to run up mere shells 
 of houses, one brick thick, built without 
 proper foundations, on the refuse and scour- 
 ing of the streets, having previously sold the 
 soil or gravel upon which the house should 
 have stood. Drains would be properly con- 
 nected, and builders would be compelled to 
 lodge in the Town Hall or Vestry l a plan of 
 
 1 A somewhat similar system is already in operation in 
 tlu> parish of Kensington.
 
 234 GEEAT CITIES AND SOCIAL EEFOEM 
 
 each house and its drains, with the signature 
 of the inspecting sanitary officer attached, 
 certifying the house to be in a healthy and 
 habitable condition before any tenant would 
 be permitted to enter it. Provided with 
 healthy houses, pure water and pure air (by 
 that time it will be as criminal an act to 
 poison your neighbour by pouring vitriolic 
 vapours or smoke into the atmosphere, or by 
 polluting the water he drinks with the refuse 
 of your manufactory, as to mix arsenic in his 
 food or drink) ; with pleasant parks and gar- 
 dens for the old, and with playgrounds where 
 the young may exercise their limbs ; with 
 unadulterated food and well-regulated hours 
 of labour, there is no reason why the standard 
 of life in cities should not be a high one, and, 
 as science advances, it will probably be found 
 that in well-regulated cities the mortality will 
 be less than in the country, where greater 
 carelessness in matters of hygiene would 
 probably prevail. But in the meantime.
 
 GEEAT CITIES AND SOCIAL EEFORM 235 
 
 and until public opinion insists on Govern- 
 ment becoming responsible for the sanitary 
 condition of these islands, and places the 
 necessary legal powers in their hands, what 
 can individuals do who are dissatisfied with 
 the happy-go-lucky manner in which these 
 matters are treated by Vestries, Corporate 
 bodies, Guardians of the Poor, and others 
 whose duty it nominally is to look after the 
 health of the public ? Let them agitate, we 
 say, and again agitate ! It is a sad fact that 
 no reform has ever yet been obtained in this 
 country without agitation, and we suppose 
 that in a country governed by Parliamentary 
 majorities it is hardly to be expected that 
 Governments will go out of their way to 
 introduce reforms which are not loudly de- 
 manded by the public voice, and which do 
 not promise to increase the number of their 
 followers or to strengthen their own position. 
 Agitation, therefore, is necessary. Agitation 
 for the purpose of enlightening the public in
 
 236 CHEAT CITIES AND SOCIAL REFOEM 
 
 regard to the danger which attends any in- 
 fringement of the laws of nature laws which 
 can never be evaded without punishment 
 swiftly falling on the head of the evader. 
 Let them agitate for improved building laws, 
 for open spaces in our large towns, for gym- 
 nastic training of the young in all schools 
 supported by public money, for the early 
 closing of houses of business, for greater 
 strictness in carrying out existing sanitary 
 regulations, and for improvement in the laws 
 for the suppression of noxious vapours and 
 smoke and the pollution of rivers ; let every 
 town form sanitary and vigilance committees 
 to see that the authorities are active and do 
 their duty ; to organise lectures and educate 
 public opinion in matters of hygiene, to look 
 after the registration of municipal voters, to 
 encourage the more enlightened citizens to 
 take a part in the government of their town, 
 and, irrespective of party, to support men 
 who, if elected on Town Council or School
 
 GfcEAT CITIES AND SOCIAL KEFORM 2.37 
 
 Board, will turn their first attention to the 
 improvement of the sanitary condition of the 
 municipality and the health of their fellow- 
 citizens ; let them support and encourage the 
 formation, on sound economic principles, of 
 companies for the erection of artisans and 
 labourers' dwellings ; for, until our working 
 classes are decently housed, it is useless to 
 look for any improvement in their moral, 
 social, or physical condition : finally, let them 
 take some thought for the amusements of the 
 people, remembering that men and women 
 must and will seek amusement, and if they 
 cannot get healthy and innocent recreation, 
 they will take what they can get even though 
 harmful to mind and body. 
 
 'The Park Band,', the 'Kyrle,' the 
 1 People's Entertainment,' the ' Popular Bal- 
 lad Concert' Societies, provide good music 
 for the people in and out of doors, either 
 gratis 01 at a cheap rate, and the thanks of 
 the public are due to them for their success-
 
 238 GREAT CITIES AND SOCIAL REFORM 
 
 ful exertions. The ' Kyrle,' the ' National 
 Health,' and the ' Metropolitan Public Gardens 
 Association' are indefatigable in their efforts 
 to provide parks, playgrounds, and gardens 
 for the inhabitants of the crowded streets of 
 London, whilst the ' Commons Preservation 
 Society ' looks after the interests of the public 
 living outside the metropolitan area. The 
 ' Early Closing Association ' and the ' Shop 
 Hours Labour League ' have been instrumen- 
 tal in enabling many to avail themselves of 
 these open spaces, and of obtaining for the 
 overworked opportunities for using their 
 limbs and muscles in healthful exercise. The 
 numerous Artisans' Dwelling Companies of 
 London have, in conjunction with thePeabody 
 Trustees, provided thousands of healthy and 
 cheap dwellings for the working classes, both 
 in and outside London. The 'Metropolitan 
 Public Fountain Association ' has supplied in 
 our public thoroughfares pure water for man 
 and beast, where formerly there was no means
 
 GREAT CITIES AND SOCIAL REFORM 239 
 
 of quenching thirst. The ' Coffee Tavern 
 Companies' and the 'Working Men's Clubs 
 and Institute Union ' have been the means of 
 furnishing the artisan with some alternative 
 places of refreshment and recreation to the 
 public-house. All these societies, and many 
 others, have, within the last few years, sprung 
 into existence, and are all working in the 
 direction of improving the condition and 
 health, and consequently happiness, of the 
 people. There is much, however, still to be 
 done. The improvement of the health of the 
 people, and especially of our city populations, 
 is a work worthy of the attention of political 
 men, and presents a field wide enough to 
 exhaust the energies of the highest intelli- 
 gence. 
 
 The object of this short paper will have 
 been attained if it leads a few thoughtful 
 minds to consider the best means of counter- 
 acting the dangers which increasing density 
 of population threatens to bring upon the city
 
 240 GfcFAT CITIES AKD SOCIAL KEFOfiM 
 
 dwellers of England ; and let us hope that an 
 ever-increasing number of practical statesmen, 
 leaving empty party wrangles to the Tapers 
 and Tadpoles of political life, will seriously 
 turn their attention to those all-important 
 questions of national hygiene which are of 
 real and vital importance to the masses of the 
 population.
 
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 251 
 
 OVER-POPULATION: 
 
 ITS EVILS AND KEMEDIES. 
 
 III. 
 
 SOME SUGGESTED REMEDIES FOR OVER. 
 POPULATION AND ITS ATTENDANT EVILS. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from ' Eastward Ho ! ' 
 of July 1885. 
 
 MR. SAMUEL SMITH, in an interesting article 
 in the ' Contemporary Review ' of January 
 1885, has drawn public attention to a proposal 
 for establishing a national system of indus- 
 trial training for destitute children. He shows 
 that whilst ' the bulk of the nation has made 
 wonderful progress both morally and materi- 
 ally in the last forty years,' yet ' there remains 
 a large deposit of human misery in our midst, 
 wholly untouched by the progress of the
 
 '252 SOME SUGGESTED EEMEDIES 
 
 nation ; ' and he believes, and I think most 
 well-informed people will agree with him, 
 that a ' larger proportion of the population is 
 now on the verge of starvation than was the 
 case ten years ago.' He is of opinion that 
 the destitution is mainly due to two causes : 
 1, To the rapid increase of the urban popula- 
 tion ; 2, To the want of a national system of 
 industrial training in our elementary schools. 
 
 Mr. Smith has not included the love of 
 intoxicating beverages as another fruitful 
 cause of destitution, probably because he 
 conceives drunkenness to be not so much a 
 cause as an effect. Should this be his view, 
 I most cordially agree with him, for misery 
 is a fruitful source of drunkenness. If his 
 system of industrial training were established, 
 not only for destitute but for all children, and 
 if juvenile paupers were entirely separated 
 from the evil influence of their parents and of 
 pauper associations if they were shipped to 
 the colonies in early youth, and trained there
 
 FOE OVER-POPULATION 253 
 
 on model farms until such time as they were 
 fit to be apprenticed to colonial farmers and 
 settlers, I believe that in a few years it would 
 be found that drunkenness, pauperism, crime, 
 and destitution would have appreciably di- 
 minished in this country, that the colonists 
 would be furnished with a supply of young 
 lads trained to agriculture, and accustomed 
 to discipline, who would prove invaluable to 
 them as labourers on their farms, whilst the 
 assistance of girls who could cook and sew, 
 wash, and tend cows and poultry would be 
 equally welcomed by their hard-worked part- 
 ners in life. I therefore cordially endorse the 
 opinion of Mr. Smith, that destitution would 
 appreciably diminish, and that the wages of 
 the working classes would increase, were child- 
 ren taught to use their hands, and were 
 the mother country relieved of the pressure 
 on the means of subsistence of a proportion 
 of the rising generation. I cannot so rea- 
 dily agree with Mr. Hyndman, who has re-
 
 254 SOME SUGGESTED EEMEDIES 
 
 cently criticised my article in the ' Nineteenth 
 Century ' on the necessity of State-directed 
 emigration and colonisation, and who asserts 
 that if his land theories were adopted there 
 would be room on the shores of England for 
 the millions of additional people which every 
 decade adds to our population. Although I 
 believe with Mr. S. Smith that the industrial 
 training of destitute children would appre- 
 ciably diminish pauperism, I do not think 
 that it would be sufficient in itself to meet 
 the vast and serious problems of how to find 
 food for the ever-increasing numbers which 
 crowd our shores. The annual increase of 
 the population, notwithstanding the large 
 emigration which is constantly taking place, 
 is so enormous, that the land, even if equally 
 divided, would in a short time be found in- 
 capable of supporting so vast a multitude. 
 It must be remembered that the soil of these 
 islands is a fixed quantity, as also are its 
 mineral resources ; that there is a limit to
 
 FOR OVER-POPULATION 255 
 
 the demand of the world for our productions, 
 as we are finding out at this moment to our 
 cost ; that our people forced to remain at 
 home will from their very numbers keep per- 
 manently down the rate of wages will lead 
 miserable, poverty-stricken, wretched lives, 
 fighting and struggling for bare existence, 
 incapable of purchasing or enjoying the pro- 
 ducts of their own labour, and unable, owing 
 to their numbers, to extract a decent living 
 from either industry or the soil. 
 
 These men, if placed on the shores of 
 Canada, the Cape, or Australia, would within 
 a short time be flourishing farmers, with 
 broad acres of their own, paying good prices 
 for the goods which the industry of the 
 mother country would supply, whilst the 
 money thus paid would go to keep the workers 
 in England (no longer so overweighted by 
 numbers) in the enjoyment of decent comfort. 
 
 Mr. Smith appears, indeed, himself to 
 doubt whether his excellent proposal for
 
 256 SOME SUGGESTED REMEDIES 
 
 industrial training of destitute children would 
 by itself prove a sufficient remedy for over- 
 population ; for although he says that he sees 
 great difficulties in the way of State-directed 
 emigration, he adds, ' I do not wish to say 
 that this plan may not have to be tried in 
 some exceptional crisis possibly we may be 
 driven by dire necessity to adopt it.' I fear 
 that this dire necessity has already arrived ; 
 and I think Mr. Smith proves this himself 
 when he says : 
 
 This country, like all the settled aud prosperous 
 States of the world (France excepted), is confronted 
 by a rapidly growing population : it has increased from 
 five and a half millions in the year 1 700 to ten and 
 a half millions in the year 1800, and is now (1884) 
 thirty-one millions in Great Britain alone, and will 
 apparently be thirty-six or thirty-seven millions by 
 the end of this century, and over 120 millions 
 by the end of next, if the same rate of increase 
 is maintained. Tt is also to be noted that the rate 
 of increase is steadily becoming more rapid, owing 
 to the great saving of life caused by improved 
 sanitary arrangements, superior medical science, and
 
 FOE OVEK-POPULATION 257 
 
 abundant provision for nursing the sick and poor. 
 Up to the beginning of the eighteenth century the 
 rate of increase was extremely slow in all European 
 countries, ours included. War, pestilence, and famine 
 carried off a great portion of the people, and it is 
 computed that the population of England only in- 
 creased three millions in the 600 years after the 
 Norman Conquest or just about the increase of the 
 last ten years. It is further to be added that 
 emigration was very small until the present century, 
 and that the huge increase of this century, which 
 will be three to four-fold in Great Britain, is in spite 
 of an emigration of several millions of our people. 
 I see no reason why this process should be stayed in 
 the next century, unless some national catastrophe 
 occur. The death-rate is always falling, the birth- 
 rate keeps up. Agencies for saving life are always 
 increasing; and we ought, as prudent people, to 
 provide against contingencies which are patent to 
 the most careless observer. 
 
 We have, further, to face the fact that all this 
 increase goes into our cities the rural population 
 is steadily decreasing. Possibly this may be checked 
 by changes in our Land Laws; but no changes in them 
 can hinder arable land being turned into pasture 
 where it pays better, nor can hinder labour-saving 
 machinery being introduced. I believe that any 
 
 S
 
 258 SOME SUGGESTED EEMEDIES 
 
 relief that can be got from a more minute cultivation 
 of the soil of this little island will not do much to 
 change the course of events I have described. Our 
 cities will keep growing larger and larger, and, I may 
 add, more and more unmanageable. London has 
 grown within this century from one to five millions 
 of inhabitants, if we include the suburban area ; 
 and, at the same rate of increase, will reach twenty 
 to thirty-five millions at the close of the next century. 
 Let us remember that the world has never seen a city 
 of more than two or three millions of people except 
 this gigantic metropolis of ours. Ancient Babylon 
 and Eome never contained such multitudes as 
 London already contains; and its growth is faster 
 now than ever before in its history. In ten years 
 another million will be added to ' Greater London ' ; 
 and when or how is this process to stop ? 
 
 Nothing short of a destructive earthquake, a 
 war, a pestilence, or a largely augmented emigration 
 can stop it. Of course a complete change in the 
 habits of the people could do so. If reckless 
 marriages were never entered on; if many women 
 only married when they were assured of means of 
 bringing up a family in comfort and happiness, there 
 would be no necessity to look for other remedies ; 
 but, taking the world as we find it, we must seek 
 some means to increase the stream of emigration 
 from the mother country to the colonies.
 
 FOE OVEE -POPULATION 259 
 
 It is because I desire to see the people 
 avail themselves of this wonderful safety- 
 valve of emigration, and because I perceive 
 plainly that vast numbers of them are unable, 
 without assistance, to make use of this instru- 
 ment of their salvation, that I wish the State 
 to organise a self-supporting system of State- 
 directed colonisation, 1 which shall enable the 
 honest, sober man who desires to emigrate, 
 and who is physically fit, but who has not 
 the means to do so, to begin life afresh, as a 
 settler in Canada, Australia, or the Cape, on 
 land which by a system of annual payments 
 shall eventually become his freehold. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Smith misunderstands the 
 suggestions of the National Association for 
 promoting State-directed Colonisation when 
 he says, ' The demand for emigration would 
 be made by the most useful and productive 
 
 1 See the ' State-directed Colonisation Series,' published 
 by the National Association for promoting State-directed 
 Colonisation, 84 Palace Chambers, Westminster, S.W. 
 
 s2
 
 260 SOME SUGGESTED KEMELIES 
 
 part of the population.' This is an error, 
 as no applicant for State aid would, under 
 the proposals of the Association, be accorded 
 assistance unless he were physically lit, 
 could prove that he was destitute, and could 
 produce a character for general good con- 
 duct and sobriety. It may be thought that 
 it would be difficult to find such. This is 
 not the case. It has been calculated that 20 
 per cent, of the so-called ' unemployed ' in 
 London are men who have fallen into dis- 
 tress from no fault of their own, who find 
 it impossible to rise, and who, if given the 
 opportunity, would work hard to retrieve 
 their fortunes arid position. It may be said 
 that 20 per cent, is but a small proportion. 
 True ; but if one man per cent, could alone 
 be saved from pauperism, the effort should be 
 made, and the country would be so much the 
 richer and happier. But the truth is that there 
 is no single remedy for over-population, and 
 for the misery and wretchedness consequent
 
 FOR OVER-POPTJLATION 261 
 
 thereon. It is also true that many who now 
 swell the pauper, the criminal, the vicious, 
 and even the honest ' unemployed ' classes 
 might often readily obtain employment if in 
 their youth they had been trained to habits of 
 industry, and had been taught the use of their 
 hands. Mr. Smith very truly says that ' mul- 
 titudes of poor women are pinching themselves 
 to live on 5s. a week on slopwork, while mis- 
 tresses cannot get cooks and housemaids at 
 20/. or 30/. per annum with their food. It is 
 a strange anomaly, yet so it is. I can only 
 account for it by the want of any system for 
 transforming the slatternly girl of the slums 
 into the neat and tidy domestic servant. Why 
 could not cookery and housework form an 
 essential part of a school girl's education?' 
 Of course it could, and within a very few 
 years it will. But as yet, even our State- 
 aided industrial schools, from a mistaken 
 though benevolent wish to raise their pupils 
 in the social scale, are apt to turn them out
 
 262 SOME SUGGESTED REMEDIES 
 
 better scholars than cooks. Farmers' wives 
 complain bitterly that it is almost impossible 
 to obtain the old class of farm servant who 
 was up at five, and who could milk and churn, 
 look after the poultry, and cook and do the 
 general work of the house. Landlords, and 
 probably farmers, make the same complaint 
 about the farmers' wives. Whereas formerly 
 they not only superintended but did much of 
 the actual work of the dairy and of the 
 poultry-yard, now the wives of the larger 
 farmers know as little of the actual working 
 of a farm as the finest lady in Belgravia, 
 whose female aristocratic ancestors would 
 have considered themselves disgraced could 
 they not with their own delicate hands have 
 made the conserves, the strong waters, and 
 the sweetmeats which found a place on their 
 husbands' tables, or had they not known how 
 to extract many a useful specific remedy from 
 the herbs growing on their ancestral manors. 
 An absurd idea is abroad amongst all classes
 
 FOB, OVER-POPULATION 263 
 
 that manual labour is degrading. We hear of 
 certain professions being menial and others 
 honourable. Alas ! How imperfectly have 
 we learnt the lesson which Carlyle was ever 
 trying to teach us, that 'All true work is 
 sacred ; in all true work, were it but true hand- 
 labour^ there is something of divineness. Labour, 
 wide as the earth, has its summit in heaven.' 
 Would it not be well also to study more tho- 
 roughly our Euskin, wherein we are taught 
 the aristocratic origin of the word ' menial ' ? 
 
 Those of us who feel that all labour 
 honestly performed is honourable, and who 
 believe that much preventible misery, not 
 only in the lowest, but even in the middle and 
 upper-middle classes, is due to the fear of 
 losing caste if a manual or menial occupation 
 be undertaken, should endeavour to show 
 by word and action that no man or woman 
 was ever yet degraded by an occupation not 
 in itself morally wrong. Let it become the 
 fashion for the daughters of our upper classes
 
 264 SOME SUGGESTED KEMEDIES 
 
 to prepare themselves for the management oi 
 a household ; let the sons be taught a handi- 
 craft ; let those destined to inherit property, or 
 who desire to emigrate, be placed for some years 
 under the charge of a working farmer, where 
 they may learn practical as well as theoretic 
 agriculture, and we shall not be long before it 
 will become as rare to find an English man or 
 woman who cannot use his or her hands in 
 some useful labour, as I fear it is now in 
 certain classes to find one who can. What 
 an impetus would such an education give to 
 voluntary emigration ! Many poor but idle 
 men and women are now hindered from seek- 
 ing their fortunes in the colonies from the sad 
 conviction that they are unfurnished with the 
 educational outfit to enable them to succeed 
 in countries where it is necessary to be able 
 to work with the hands. Ask at the emigra- 
 tion offices, especially at the offices of the 
 agencies for female emigration, how many 
 educated men and women in straitened cir-
 
 FOE OVER-POPULATION 265 
 
 cumstances desire to leave this country, but 
 are dissuaded by the colonial authorities from 
 so doing, owing to their inability or unwilling- 
 ness to use the hands which God has given 
 them. The colonies can absorb any number 
 of hardworking farmers and respectable 
 women, especially women of education, but 
 they must be able and willing to take their 
 share in manual labour. 
 
 I repeat There is no single remedy for 
 over-population and its attendant evils of 
 misery and degradation, which, to be over- 
 come, must be combated in several ways. 
 
 The following appear to me the most 
 imperative and practical remedies for over- 
 population and destitution : 
 
 1. Teaching every child in the national 
 elementary schools some trade or occupation by 
 means of which he or she can gain a living. 
 
 2. Removing our pauper and destitute 
 children from the evil influences of their 
 homes, and training them for a life of agri-
 
 266 SOME SUGGESTED EEMEDIES 
 
 culture, on farms either at home or in the 
 colonies, until such time as they are fit to 
 be apprenticed as labourers. 
 
 3. Establishing technical schools and 
 colleges where the higher branches of indus- 
 trial and technical arts could be taught to 
 those scholars who, in the industrial depart- 
 ment of the elementary schools, had shown 
 marked ability. 
 
 4. Founding scholarships in connection 
 with these technical schools. 
 
 5. The establishment of a self-supporting 
 system of State-directed colonisation, which 
 should enable carefully selected voluntary 
 emigrants, not possessed of capital, to settle 
 as farmers on Government land in the colonies. 
 
 (The details of such a scheme I have 
 already laid before the public in an article 
 which appeared in the ' Nineteenth Century ' 
 for November 1884.) 
 
 6. The reform of restrictions to the easy 
 possession, sale, and transfer of land.
 
 FOE OVEE-POPULATION 267 
 
 7. The gradual sale by the Government of 
 Crown lands, in small lots and on easy terms 
 of payment. 
 
 8. The establishment of companies like 
 the Small Farm and Labourers' Holdings 
 Company, for the purchase of land and its 
 resale in small holdings. 
 
 9. The adoption of some system of Im- 
 perial Federation, which shall draw the colonies 
 nearer the mother country, encourage mutual 
 trade, and get rid of the popular notion that a 
 man by emigrating is leaving his native land. 
 
 10 . A reform of the Licensing Laws. 
 
 If, in the above enumeration of suggested 
 remedies for over-population and its attendant 
 evils, I have made no mention of the influences 
 of religion and of morality, which teach the 
 individual to be sober, thrifty, self-restrained, 
 and self-disciplined, it must not be thought 
 that I am insensible to their value. 
 
 I am well aware that without these in- 
 fluences all legislation would be inoperative ;
 
 268 SOME SUGGESTED EEMEDIES 
 
 but I have not mentioned them simply because 
 it is self-evident that such virtue must be the 
 foundation of all improvement, whether indi- 
 vidual, social, or national. 
 
 Societies and nations but represent the 
 sum of the good and bad qualities of the 
 individuals which compose them, and the 
 virtues which raise the individual must of 
 necessity raise the society and the nation of 
 which the individual is a unit. 
 
 I am of opinion that under the influence 
 of free trade, and the consequent low price 
 which can be obtained by the British farmer 
 for the produce of the soil, no very great 
 success must be looked for from the selling of 
 lands in small lots or by the establishment of 
 a peasant proprietary. Our climate is not one 
 which favours the farmer, whether great or 
 small ; our land requires to be constantly 
 reinvigorated by manure, which the small 
 farmer cannot produce, and which he has not 
 the capital to purchase. But I am, never-
 
 FOR OVEK-POPULATION 269 
 
 theless, strongly of opinion that the experi- 
 ment of establishing small peasant proprietors 
 should be tried. If the experiment prove 
 successful, England will have great cause to 
 rejoice in the re-establishment of the ancient 
 sturdy race of yeomen, who stood England in 
 good stead during many a perilous crisis in 
 her history; and if it should fail, it will have 
 served the purpose of laying at rest theories 
 which might become dangerous to society if 
 not permitted the means of giving to the 
 world a practical proof of the error on which 
 they are based. 
 
 But in order that these theories may have 
 free and fair play, and that it should not be 
 possible to say that they were hindered in 
 their action, all artificial or legal restrictions 
 to the sale or transfer of land should be re- 
 moved ; and, by the adoption of Imperial 
 Federation, the British race should be taught 
 the lesson of its unity and the extent of its 
 inheritance.
 
 270 OVER-POPULATION 
 
 The history and geography of the outlying 
 portions of ' Greater Britain ' should be care- 
 fully taught in every school, and it should be 
 impressed on the rising generation that the 
 poorer natives of Cornwall and Sutherland 
 were practically farther removed from each 
 other at the beginning of this century than, 
 owing to cheap and rapid means of communica- 
 tion, Her Majesty's subjects in Canada, or even 
 in Australia and the Cape, are at present from 
 their fellow-subjects in England or Scotland. 
 
 If the above measures were taken, I think 
 that socialistic agitators would soon be made 
 aware that a sad demoralisation had taken 
 place amongst their followers ; whilst a 
 happy and contented population at home 
 would rejoice in the consciousness of the 
 living sympathy and of the moral, as well 
 as physical, strength which millions of loyal 
 fellow-subjects on the distant shores of 
 ' Greater Britain' would give them in the face 
 of the world.
 
 THE CAUSE OF THE OVERWORKED 
 SHOP-ASSISTANT, ; , 
 
 I. 
 
 THE SHOP HOUES LEAGUE. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from 'The Philanthropist 
 of January 1883. 
 
 THE question of the legislative restriction of 
 the hours of labour, irrespective of age or sex, 
 is no new one. As long ago as 1848, the 
 Earl of Shaftesbury, the veteran philanthropist, 
 whose name can never be too highly honoured 
 in an assembly of Englishmen, and who was 
 then a comparatively young man, was in the 
 chair when a lecture was delivered by Dr. 
 Guy, which has since been published as the 
 first of a series of ' Contributions to Sanitary 
 Science,' in which, speaking of the long hours 
 of labour of journeymen bakers, Dr. Guy said:
 
 272 THE OVERWORKED SHOP-ASSISTANT 
 
 I contend, then, that without legislative in- 
 terference your case is hopeless. The individual 
 journeyman cannot, as is absurdly contended by your 
 opponents in the House, make his own bargain ; 
 the whole body of journeymen cannot bind over the 
 whole body of masters to the side of humanity and 
 justice, and strikes have failed and will fail again, 
 and are at the best but temporary remedies. But 
 the Legislature can help you if it will, and it will 
 help you if you can succeed in enlisting public 
 sympathy in your behalf. To that object all your 
 efforts ought to be directed. Let the public be once 
 fairly roused to a sense of the hardships under which 
 you suffer, and their awakened sympathy will react 
 upon the House of Commons, and put a little heart 
 into their political economy. We shall then hear 
 less about ' interference ' and more about humanity 
 and justice ; less about the difficulty of inspecting 
 your places of work, and more about the insuffer- 
 able hardships of you the workmen ; less about 
 unfavourable temperature and indifferent yeast, and 
 more about excessive night toil and foul air. 
 
 Again he said : 
 
 For my own part, so far from fearing or con- 
 demning the principle of inspection, or limiting it to 
 factories, which I think an injustice, I would extend
 
 ?EtE OVERWORKED SHO^-ASSISTANT 2?3 
 
 the principle till it applied to every trade and occu- 
 pation in which abuses existed calling for legislative 
 remedy. I believe that that system of inspection 
 and reporting has done infinite good, and is yet 
 destined to be carried further. 
 
 At the time this gentleman spoke the 
 hours of journeymen bakers were something 
 too horrible to contemplate. The ordinary 
 hours were from eleven at night till five, six, 
 seven, and eight o'clock in the evening of the 
 next day, making eighteen to twenty-one 
 hours of continuous occupation, with irregular 
 intervals of such rest as could be obtained by 
 lying down on a hard board in the bakehouse ; 
 and in one case which came under the notice 
 of Dr. Guy, and which we have no reason to 
 suppose an isolated one, a journeyman baker 
 began work on Thursday night at eleven 
 o'clock, and continued without rest or sleep 
 till one o'clock on Sunday, beginning again 
 on Sunday evening at eleven o'clock. This 
 poor fellow worked no less than sixty-two 
 
 T
 
 274 THE OVERWORKED SHOP-ASSISTANT 
 
 hours on the stretch, and after an interval of 
 ten hours had to begin again. The dis- 
 closures then made led to legislative action 
 regulating the labours of journeymen bakers 
 under eighteen years of age, and the publicity 
 given to these terrible instances of overwork, 
 and the inspection of bakehouses which fol- 
 lowed in consequence of these disclosures, has 
 led to an improvement in the hours of adult 
 labour in the trade ; but as legislation was 
 limited to minors it would Appear that Dr. 
 Guy's prophecy has been verified in regard to 
 the hopelessness of improving satisfactorily 
 the condition of adult journeymen bakers with- 
 out legislative action, for only a few months 
 ago (1882) a crowded meeting of operative 
 bakers was held at the Pimlico Rooms, at 
 which it is reported to have been stated that 
 the bakers of London were very much over- 
 worked, their hours of work being practically 
 unlimited, a fact which it was said had the 
 worst possible effect upon their health, and 
 which lowered them morally and socially.
 
 THE OVERWORKED SHOP-ASSISTANT 275 
 
 The employers and employed who have 
 joined the Shop Hours Labour League, 1 recog- 
 nising that their interests in the early closing of 
 places of business are identical, and impressed 
 with a conviction that a general closing of 
 shops can never take place as long as a 
 minority of traders insist on long hours, have 
 come to the conclusion that compulsory legis- 
 lation is the only solution to this difficult 
 question, and that in the interest of the em- 
 ployers as much as in that of the employed. 
 The object of the League is to arouse interest 
 in the question amongst the public generally, 
 to lay before them the arguments in favour 
 of legislation, to establish a committee to 
 obtain evidence on this subject, and having 
 done this to authorise the committee to ap- 
 proach Parliament with a humble petition that 
 a Parliamentary Committee may be appointed 
 to confer with the Committee of the Shop 
 
 1 Shop Hours (compulsory closing) League, and Traders' 
 Parliamentary Association. 
 
 T2
 
 276 THE OVERWORKED SHOP- ASSIST ANT 
 
 Hours Labour League with a view to the 
 drafting of a compulsory early closing Bill. 
 
 It has been estimated that one thousand 
 lives are sacrificed annually in London alone 
 to overwork, and that three thousand to four 
 thousand more shop assistants go back home 
 to die. This loss of life goes on unseen and 
 unsuspected. If the loss were open and 
 sudden the public would be so horrified that 
 legislation would at once be demanded. Not- 
 withstanding the praiseworthy efforts of the 
 Early Closing Association, which for nearly 
 forty years has been endeavouring, by means 
 of moral persuasion, to induce shopkeepers to 
 close their doors at reasonable hours, this 
 happy result (owing to the opposition of a 
 minority) is still far from having been ob- 
 tained, and, if we take into consideration the 
 increased size of London, it may well be 
 doubted whether there are not now a larger 
 number of shops open at unreasonable hours 
 than when the Association first commenced its
 
 THE OVERWORKED SHOP-ASSISTANT 277 
 
 labours. These remarks are not intended in 
 any degree to reflect upon the admirable work 
 which this Association has been the means of 
 carrying on, but simply to show how gigantic 
 and growing is the evil to be contended with, 
 and how hopeless it is to think that it can 
 be overcome by individual or private efforts, 
 however powerful and energetic. It is common 
 to hear of assistants who are kept at work for 
 fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, and even 
 eighteen hours out of the twenty-four, and it 
 has been ascertained on undoubted testimony 
 that female assistants at some refreshment bars 
 are kept at work from seven a.m. till ten p.m., 
 and from seven a.m till one a.m. on alternate 
 days, thus working one day fifteen hours, and 
 the next eighteen hours, out of the twenty-four. 
 It has been said by some that instead of 
 seeking legislative aid the shop assistants 
 should combine and strike against these ex- 
 cessive hours of labour. The Shop Hours 
 Labour League is not of this opinion, It is
 
 278 THE OVERWORKED SHOP-ASSISTANT 
 
 not a Trades Union. It has been established 
 for the single purpose of bringing the griev- 
 ances of shopkeepers and shop-assistants in 
 the matter of long hours to the notice of 
 the public, and through publicity to obtain 
 relief at the hands of Parliament in a legal 
 and constitutional manner ; but supposing, for 
 the sake of argument, that the League was 
 willing to advocate a strike with all its atten- 
 dant loss of capital and of temper, and was 
 willing to set class against class irrespective 
 of the consequences, the question still arises, 
 Could it be done ? All who know the circum- 
 stances of the case must answer, No. The sup- 
 ply of shop-assistants, both male and female, 
 far surpasses the demand ; the places of those 
 who struck would be instantly filled, and it 
 is dreadful to think what would be the fate of 
 the unfortunate men and women who had been 
 foolish enough to listen to such evil counsels. 
 If the Shop Hours Labour League does not 
 advocate strikes in order to attain its object
 
 THE OVERWORKED SHOP-ASSISTANT 279 
 
 much less does it approve of any acts of 
 intimidation or of an illegal nature. It looks 
 upon all who break the law, or whose zeal has 
 got the better of their discretion, as its worst 
 enemies. I rejoice to hear that the young men 
 who foolishly attempted the other day to 
 ' boycott ' a tradesman who had declined to 
 join the Early Closing Movement were in no 
 way associated with the League, and I trust 
 that no hesitation will be shown in expelling 
 any whose conduct might endanger the popu- 
 larity and ultimate success of the cause. 
 Legislation regulating the hours of labour of 
 adults will not be obtained without a severe 
 constitutional struggle, and we must be careful 
 that no unnecessary difficulties are raised. 
 There already exist precedents for the regula- 
 tion of the hours of adult labour in the ' Act 
 to amend the Law for regulating the hours 
 of receiving and delivering goods and chattels 
 in Pawnbrokers' Shops,' which was passed 
 in 1846, and in the Acts for closing Public
 
 280 THE OVEBWOBKED SHOP-ASSISTANT 
 
 Houses during the hours of Divine Service, 
 and in the Sunday Closing Bills for Ireland 
 and Cornwall ; and although it may be argued 
 that these are restrictions made in the interest 
 of the public rather than of the shopkeepers, 
 they are still restrictions on adult labour and 
 limitations as to hours of work. I am given 
 to understand that the Government are under 
 a promise to Lord Stanhope to bring in some 
 Bill next session dealing with the question 
 of early closing, 1 but it will probably be 
 drawn up, unless I am greatly mistaken, on 
 lines similar to that of Lord Stanhope, and 
 will only refer to women, young persons, and 
 children. Such restrictions do not commend 
 themselves to the League. It would be 
 foolish, however, in my opinion, for - the 
 League to oppose such a Bill. It should be 
 accepted as an instalment of justice. The 
 discussion which must take place in and out 
 
 1 Never introduced. Sir John Lubbock has (I860) brought 
 a Bill into the House of Commons.
 
 THE OVERWORKED SHOP-ASSISTANT 281 
 
 of Parliament before it could be passed would 
 ventilate the subject, and within a very few 
 years after the passing of such a Bill it would 
 probably be found (in the interests of the 
 women and children for whose relief the 
 Government Bill was drafted) that it was 
 necessary to pass a Supplementary Act in- 
 cluding- men. The effect of passing a compul- 
 sory closing Bill for women and young persons 
 only w r ill be to throw out of employment 
 many young women, as those shopkeepers who 
 may be opposed to legislation and to the Early 
 Closing Movement, in order to avoid coming 
 under the operation of the law, will dismiss 
 their female assistants and exclusively employ 
 young men. Before any Bill, however, can 
 be drafted, it will be necessary to take 
 evidence from both employers and employed, 
 and in such a work I trust that the League 
 will take a prominent part. 1 Composed of 
 
 1 Very valuable evidence has been given by members of 
 the League before a Committee of the House of Commons.
 
 282 THE OVERWOKKED SHOP-ASSISTANT 
 
 both employers and employed, it will be ad- 
 mirably fitted to collect much reliable and 
 useful information which would be invaluable 
 to any Government or private Member of 
 Parliament contemplating legislative action. 
 The great questions of national health of body 
 and mind and of national morality are mixed 
 up in this matter of early closing. Bodily ex- 
 haustion is unfavourable to the exercise of self- 
 control. It engenders a feverish condition of 
 mind and body which craves for the stimulus 
 and excitement of drink ; drink is apt to lead 
 to debauchery ; evils which entail others in 
 their train ; which ruin their victims body and 
 soul, and are the fruitful source of crowded 
 workhouses, lunatic asylums, penitentiaries, 
 and gaols, and lead to increased expenditure 
 of public money, expenditure which in its 
 turn becomes the ruin of many an honest but 
 struggling ratepayer. It has been well said 
 that 'if mankind in the present day were 
 strictly to adhere to those practices which pro-
 
 THE OVERWORKED SHOP-ASSISTANT 283 
 
 mote the health and well-being of their minds 
 and bodies, and as strictly to abstain from 
 those which tend to injure them, there would 
 be little or no cause to complain that our race 
 is degenerating, and that the men of modern 
 days scarcely possess the sixth part of the 
 strength of their forefathers.'
 
 284 
 
 THE CAUSE OF THE OVERWORKED 
 SHOP-ASSISTANT, 
 
 II. 
 
 THE EAELY CLOSING MOVEMENT. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' Nineteenth Century ' 
 of October 1882. 
 
 THE Bill for the limitation of the hours 
 during which shops and warehouses may be 
 open for the sale of textile fabrics and articles 
 of wearing apparel where young women and 
 ' young persons ' are employed, and which was 
 introduced by Earl Stanhope into the House of 
 Lords this session (1882), is a laudable attempt 
 to alleviate the undoubted sufferings of thou- 
 sands of young women who are at present 
 the victims of the long hours of labour need- 
 lessly entailed on them by the action of 
 trade competition, the mutual jealousy and
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 285 
 
 love of greed of employers, and the thought- 
 lessness of the public. 
 
 The subject of long hours of labour is 
 closely connected with another which has 
 already found a place in the pages of this 
 Eeview namely, that of the ' Health and 
 Physique of our City Populations.' The 
 young woman who is kept continuously 
 at work behind a counter for fourteen or 
 sixteen hours out of the twenty-four, with only 
 twenty minutes' interval for dinner and fifteen 
 for tea, and who, under pain of dismissal, is 
 forbidden to sit down during these long 
 hours, can scarcely be expected to develop 
 into the healthy mother of healthy children ; 
 and yet these are the conditions under which 
 thousands of women, the future mothers of 
 future Englishmen, are wasting young lives 
 which, under more favourable circumstances, 
 might have been productive of happiness 
 and blessings to themselves and to their 
 children. Close rooms, vitiated air, want
 
 286 THE EAELY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 of proper exercise, and confinement, hurried 
 and interrupted meals, often added to badly 
 cooked food and unventilated sleeping-rooms, 
 will tell upon all but the strongest constitu- 
 tions. It is no wonder, then, that they 
 who go in and out amongst these young 
 women have sad tales to tell of insanity, 
 consumption, bronchial affections, chronic 
 dyspepsia, and other maladies taking hold of 
 constitutions which at their age should be 
 free from such maladies, and would be, had 
 these young women remained in their country 
 homes, and not been tempted by the fas- 
 cinating idea of becoming * young ladies ' 
 in some fashionable London shop. The 
 fashionable-shop idea is usually found to be 
 not quite so easy of realisation as at iirst 
 imagined, and the silly girl is thankful before 
 long to accept service on any terms in some 
 very unfashionable bar or tobacconist's shop 
 in some quarter of the town not particularly 
 famous for its aristocratic connections.
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 287 
 
 Lord Stanhope quoted in the House of 
 Lords extracts from a letter by a lady 
 belonging to the Girls' Friendly Society 
 an association of ladies and working girls 
 established for the purpose of befriending 
 and protecting the young of their own sex. 
 This lady, who has taken an active interest 
 in the class of young women which Lord 
 Stanhope's Bill was intended to benefit, gives 
 the following interesting account of how 
 the question of long hours of work was first 
 forcibly brought to her notice : 
 
 On a hot night in the beginning of June, about 
 10.30 P.M., my servant came into the drawing-room, 
 saying there was a young woman asking if she 
 might speak to me. Going at once to see her, I 
 found one of the members of the Girls' Friendly 
 Society (a bright stylish girl from one of the shops 
 in the neighbourhood). Poor child! she looked 
 ready to drop, and after my insisting on her sitting 
 down, she said, ' I made bold to come and see you 
 to-night, for I knew you cared for us, and oh ! do 
 you think the Girls' Friendly Society could do any- 
 thing to get us shop-assistants shorter hours ? It is
 
 288 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 not only for myself I care, but for the younger ones 
 these hours are ruining them, body and soul. We 
 all went into business at a quarter to eight this 
 morning, and it was exactly a quarter past ten when 
 I came out fourteen hours and a half on our feet ! 
 
 ' We may only sit down for twenty minutes for 
 dinner, and fifteen minutes for tea, and to-day I was 
 interrupted "to go and serve customers " three times 
 from dinner, and twice from tea ! ' This interview, 
 and all she told me of their life and ways the ex- 
 pedients to which they are driven to keep themselves 
 up, to brighten their eyes, and to do without food, 
 { which is often so badly cooked and served we cannot 
 eat it ' made a deep impression on me, and I deter- 
 mined to verify if possible the statements. I found 
 the shop in which she worked bears a high character. 
 There are some twelve or fourteen young women, 
 and the master seems a kind man. But ' we must 
 keep open as late as the others, or we should lose 
 our customers,' is his plea. 
 
 Since then it has been my lot to correspond and 
 confer with ladies interested in this class in all parts 
 of England, and all I have learnt has made me very 
 anxious some Bill might be passed for the shop-assist- 
 ants in the same way as the Factory Act, for though 
 in our small provincial towns the hours are not very 
 long, in many places, such as Liverpool, Manchester, 
 and Bristol, they are quite as bad as in London.
 
 TIIE EABLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 It is not in the West-End or even City house?, 
 but in such places as Islington, Newington, the 
 Borough, Wandsworth, Walworth, Clapham Junction, 
 in each of which places I know individual girls 
 working in shops where the rule is from 8 A.M. to 
 10 P.M. every day and on Saturdays, and when 
 stock-taking (which they seem to do twice a year), 
 to 11 and 11.30 P.M. In these places there are 
 thousands of girls employed as shop-assistants. 
 
 Only a month ago one of these was laid up at 
 the ' Lodge ' by an illness entirely brought on by 
 over long standing, and when the doctor told her if 
 she went back her health would be irrecoverably 
 ruined, she said, ' I must go back, for what else can 
 I do? Oh ! I wish there could be a law to take 
 care of us ! ' Poor child ! She was an orphan, and 
 this work was her daily bread. 
 
 Another, who came on a Saturday to rest t?ll 
 Monday, suffered so much from her feet that the 
 matron had to ait her loots off! Two, almost worn 
 out, literally crawled into the ' Recreation Room ' 
 about 10 o'clock from a shop close by, and on the 
 matron asking them why they came out when so 
 weary, answered, ' We knew you would give us a 
 cup of hot tea and let us rest ; and we need not 
 be in till twelve ; the others are going for a walk.' 
 Does not this result of late hours seem all too 
 
 U
 
 290 THE EARLY CLOSING- MOVEMENT 
 
 terrible? The only time for a walk between 10 
 and 12 P.M., and that, too, when heated, excited, and 
 overstrained! and some are very young, many but 
 fourteen! Surely if the House of Lords do but 
 realise the issues at stake, in the common cause of 
 humanity they will support Lord Stanhope's Bill ? 
 
 Sometimes in talking to my girls I laughingly 
 ask them why they do not strike surely, if there 
 are 300,000 shop-assistants in London, they could 
 make themselves felt; but they are far too fright- 
 ened. If they show they are dissatisfied, or even 
 look anything but happy and smiling, they are dis- 
 missed. For alas ! the supply is even greater than 
 the demand. On Saturday night, my brother, who 
 is a clergyman, and happened to be staying here, 
 took me to see for myself how late the shops are 
 open. We went about ten o'clock into one where 
 some of my young people work, and he had some 
 conversation with the master, who chanced to be 
 standing about ; he said how much he wished he 
 could close earlier, for the expenses, gas, labour, all 
 was more than his profit, only he dared not close 
 when others were open! I heard on Sunday that 
 shop closed at a quarter to twelve the night before ! 
 
 Here is evidence of overwork the truth of 
 which, coming as it does from a lady intimately
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 291 
 
 acquainted with the lives of these young 
 women, is beyond all doubt. But, indeed, we 
 do not require in this matter the evidence of 
 experts; we have only to use our own eyes. 
 The scandal is one which is open, acknowledged 
 on all hands, universally deplored. The very 
 shopkeepers who keep these young women 
 for so many hours in bondage deplore the 
 necessity of it, and usually respond in the 
 affirmative when requested by such a Society 
 as the Early Closing Association to sign a 
 memorial requesting their fellow shop-owners 
 to close at a more reasonable hour than is 
 customary; but the competition between shop 
 and shop is so sharp that, if but a small mi- 
 nority hold aloof and insist on a late trade, the 
 majority feel themselves, rightly or wrongly, 
 obliged to yield for fear of losing their cus- 
 tomers. Whether this result would really 
 follow a bolder and more independent line of 
 action on the part of the majority may well be 
 doubted ; but the fact remains that a small, 
 
 u2
 
 292 THE EAKLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 sometimes infinitesimally small, minority is 
 able in a given neighbourhood to checkmate 
 the wishes of the vast majority of traders, and 
 to doom thousands of young men and women 
 to a bondage hurtful to mind and body. 
 
 Lord Stanhope brought forward in support 
 of his Bill the evidence of several Government 
 inspectors, who, in their reports, had deplored 
 the sufferings to which these young people 
 were unnecessarily exposed, and who advo- 
 cated legislative action as the only remedy 
 likely to prove effective. In the debate which 
 followed the introduction of the Bill, all the 
 speakers (including Lord Kosebery on behalf 
 of the Government), the Earl of Shaftesbury, 
 the Earl of Aberdeen, the Duke of Somerset, 
 and Earl Fortescue, spoke in favour of the 
 principle of the Bill, and consequently in 
 favour of legislation of some kind ; but doubts 
 were expressed whether the Bill as drafted 
 would be practically efficacious, and whether 
 legislation exclusively for women and young
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 293 
 
 persons might not have an injurious effect on 
 their employment. The absence also of pro- 
 visions in the Bill for the prosecution and 
 punishment of offenders excited just criticism, 
 and the House was evidently relieved when 
 Lord Stanhope, on the advice of Lord Shaftes- 
 bury, consented to withdraw the Bill, and to 
 bring in next session a more complete and 
 better-considered measure. 1 
 
 The public, whilst grateful to Lord Stan- 
 hope for having brought to the notice of the 
 House of Lords and the country the sufferings 
 of a large class of useful members of society, 
 will probably rejoice that no hasty legislation 
 was attempted this year. 2 Before next session 
 there will be ample time to collect informa- 
 tion to gauge the opinion of those classes 
 most directly interested in the matter, and 
 to perfect a scheme of legislation which may 
 
 1 This Bill was not brought in again by Lord Stanhope. 
 
 2 Sir John Lubbock's Bill for the compulsory closing ot 
 houses cf business was brought into the House of Commons 
 in the session of 188o.
 
 294 THE EAELY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 prove a real remedy for the present evils, and 
 may meet with the hearty welcome and co- 
 operation of both employers and employed. 
 Without the good-will and support of both 
 these important classes legislation would be 
 most difficult, and would probably prove a 
 failure. To the success, also, of any legisla- 
 tion for the closing of houses of business at an 
 earlier hour in the evening than is usual at 
 present, it is necessary that the general public 
 should be taken into confidence, should be 
 shown the hardships which the practice of 
 late shopping entails upon both shop-owners 
 and assistants, and that their sympathies 
 should be enlisted in support of any contem- 
 plated legislation. 
 
 The Early Closing Association, which lias 
 been at work for many years, and which, with 
 the assistance of the Duchess of Sutherland 
 and other influential ladies, was instrumental 
 in establishing the much-appreciated Saturday 
 half-holiday (which has now taken firm root
 
 THE EAKLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 295 
 
 in the land, and without which our volunteer 
 army could scarcely exist), has also done good 
 work in bringing about in the West-End of 
 London and in the City a much better state 
 of things than existed not many years ago ; 
 but although the Association can boast of 
 success in the provinces, and in certain dis- 
 tricts of London, the mass of the metropolis 
 is still given over to late hours and all its 
 attendant evils. This fact has led many to 
 believe that nothing short of legislation will 
 ever effectually grapple with the difficulty, 
 and has called into existence a new Associa- 
 tion, bearing the name of the Shop- Assist- 
 ants' Labour League. 1 This organisation, 
 which is only in its infancy, is composed of 
 shop-owners and shop-assistants, who, per- 
 ceiving that their interests in the matter of 
 early closing are identical, have wisely com- 
 bined for the purpose of obtaining legislative 
 
 1 Since reorganised under the title of the Shop Hours 
 Reform League.
 
 296 THE E1BLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 prohibition of long hours of trade labour. 
 Several crowded meetings have been held by 
 this Association and by similar organisations 
 in London, Liverpool, Glasgow, and Dublin, 
 and it was at the request of the Liverpool 
 organisation that Lord Stanhope brought 
 forward his Bill. Whilst Lord Stanhope is 
 desirous of legislating only on behalf of women 
 and young persons, the shop-owners and shop- 
 assistants themselves, as represented by the 
 Shop-Assistants' Labour League, are content 
 Avith no such restriction, but desire compulsory 
 legislation in the interest of both sexes. The 
 Early Closing Association, on the other hand, 
 deprecates legislative interference with labour, 
 either female or male, and, notwithstanding 
 past discouragements, is still willing to put 
 its trust in the power of a slowly growing 
 public opinion. Although there are differ- 
 ences of opinion regarding the measures 
 which would be most likely to lead to a 
 general early closing of shops and ware-
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 297 
 
 houses, all seem to be agreed that the hours 
 during which shop-assistants are kept at 
 work are excessive, injurious to health, 
 destructive of spiritual and mental vigour, 
 and should be shortened. Between these 
 conflicting views the public will have ulti- 
 mately to decide. It is well, therefore, that 
 it should clearly understand the subject upon 
 which it will shortly be called upon to give 
 an opinion. The shop-assistant population 
 is estimated at some 320,000 : about equal 
 to the population of Leeds, and larger than 
 that of Edinburgh and Newcastle. Notwith- 
 standing all Factory and Workshop Acts, 
 notwithstanding the active and benevolent 
 exertions of the Early Closing Association 
 for the last thirty years, according to the last 
 report of this Society ' there are still in 
 London alone no less than 30,000 shops, 
 employing about 100,000 assistants, who 
 work continually twelve, thirteen, and 
 fourteen hours a day, without any oppor-
 
 298 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 tunity for relaxation ; and the same state 
 of things prevails in other towns. Tims very 
 large numbers of persons are yet slaves to 
 the system which has already slain its 
 tens of thousands, and are debarred the op- 
 portunity of lieathful exercise, of mental im- 
 provement, and of religious training. Behind 
 unnumbered counters, and in countless work- 
 shops and workrooms secluded from public 
 gaze, they toil through the midnight hours, 
 and often, slaving through the whole week, 
 are driven by the assumed necessities of their 
 avocation to work far into the Sunday morn- 
 ing ere their week's labour is closed.' 
 
 . But some will say, How can this be the 
 case? Has not Parliament passed Factory 
 Act on Factory Act, and Workshop Act 
 on Workshop Act ? We thought legisla- 
 tion, on behalf of women and children at 
 all events, had been carried to such a point 
 that it would be impossible for any employer 
 to overwork them and yet escape being
 
 THE EAELY CLOSING MOVEMENT 299 
 
 caught in the toils of one of the numerous 
 Acts relating to employment of women. 
 The answer to these remarks is that the 
 Factory Act of 1878 limits the hours of 
 labour to twelve hours on ordinary weekdays, 
 from six in the morning to six at night, or 
 from seven in the morning to seven at night, 
 and to eight hours on Saturdays, with inter- 
 vals for meals of one hour and a half on the 
 former, and half an hour on the latter, only 
 to children, ' young persons,' and women in 
 non-textile factories and in workshops ; it only 
 refers to women in addition to children and 
 ' young persons ' when the latter are em- 
 ployed in them. In workshops where there 
 are no children or young persons, women 
 may be employed for fifteen hours, though 
 they may not be actually engaged in work 
 for any longer number of hours than eleven, 
 the hour of closing on ordinary weekdays 
 being at nine instead of six. The words of 
 the Act are :
 
 300 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 In a workshop wliicli is conducted on the system 
 of not employing therein either children or young 
 persons 
 
 (a) The period of employment for a woman 
 shall, except on Saturday, begin at six o'clock in 
 the morning, and end at nine o'clock in the evening, 
 and shall on Saturday begin at six o'clock in the 
 morning, and end at four o'clock in the afternoon ; 
 and 
 
 (/>) There shall be allowed to a woman for meals 
 and absence from work during the employment not 
 less, except on Saturday, than four hours and a half; 
 and on Saturday than two hours and a half. 
 
 Thus, both women and ' young persons ' 
 may be legally employed for twelve hours 
 a day, with one hour and a half for meals, 
 and women alone may be employed for fifteen 
 hours with four and a half hours for meals, 
 whilst the workshops in which the latter are 
 employed need not be closed before nine 
 o'clock at night. Many persons will think 
 that the law is too lenient in permitting 
 the employment of women for so long a 
 period as eleven hours of actual labour, but
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 301 
 
 it should be widely known that even this 
 limited amount of protection is beyond the 
 reach of the majority of female shop-assist- 
 ants. Lord Stanhope's clients are as a rule 
 employed in neither factories nor ' workshops ' 
 as defined by this Act, and are therefore 
 entirely unprotected by law. The expres- 
 sion ' workshop ' in the Act of 1878 is thus 
 defined : 
 
 Any premises, room, or place, not being a factory 
 within the meaning of this Act, in which premises, 
 room, or place, or within the close, or curtilage, or 
 precincts of which premises, any manual labour is 
 exercised by way of trade or for purposes of gain, in 
 or incidental to the following purposes or any of 
 them, that is to say: 
 
 (a) in or incidental to the making of any article 
 or of part of any article ; 
 
 (/>) in or incidental to the altering, repairing, 
 ornamenting, or finishing of any article ; or 
 
 (c) in or incidental to the adapting for sale of 
 any article, and to which or over which premise?, 
 room, or place, the employer of the persons working 
 therein has the right of access or control.
 
 302 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 The ordinary business of a female shop- 
 assistant would therefore not come under 
 this Act, for she is not engaged in the manu- 
 facture of any article, but only in retailing 
 it ; nor would the large class of barmaids 
 and attendants at places of refreshment, 
 whose hours are peculiarly long, come under 
 the protection of this Act. AYith respect 
 to this class the Early Closing Association 
 state that ' it has been ascertained from un- 
 doubted testimony that the female assistants 
 serving at some of these bars are kept at 
 work from 7 A.M. to 10 P.M., or from 7 A.M. 
 to 1 A.M. on alternate days, with very short 
 intervals for meals,' thus working one day 
 fifteen hours and the next eighteen hours out 
 of the twenty-four. These hours remind us 
 of the long hours of labour of the journey- 
 men bakers brought to light by Dr. Guy in 
 his * Contributions to Sanitary Science,' l where 
 
 1 The Case of the Journeymen Bakers. By Dr. Guy. Henry 
 Renshaw, 35G Strand.
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 303 
 
 lie gives a few of the answers to the questions 
 he addressed to the operative bakers who 
 sought his advice at the Hospital. Some of 
 these poor men were actually worked sixty- 
 two hours on a stretch, night and day, and 
 after ten hours had to begin work again ! 
 Since Dr. Guy's pamphlet was written, legis- 
 lation has happily limited the hours of work 
 of youths under eighteen years of age in this 
 particular trade, and it is to be hoped that, 
 owing to the disclosures which were then 
 made, these excessive hours of labour, even 
 for adult males, no longer exist, though in 
 all probability they are still lengthy. But to 
 return to the classes with which we are more 
 immediately concerned, it will be apparent 
 that their present situation is one which satis- 
 fies neither Lord Stanhope, the Early Closing 
 Association, the Shop-Assistants' Labour 
 League, nor indeed, we may safely add, the 
 British public. No doubt the case of the 
 female attendants at bars and restaurants is
 
 304 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVK.MKM 
 
 an exceptional one : eighteen hours' consecu- 
 tive labour is not the rule in other trades, nor 
 even, should we hope, in all bars ; but that 
 it should be possible for a young girl to l>e 
 worked on alternate days for the entire week 
 for fifteen and eighteen hours a day, and that 
 from year's end to year's end, proves that 
 some reform in these matters is needed. \\V 
 have heard lately of very much longer hour* 
 than these, during which men are kept ;it a 
 work which requires the coolest brain and the 
 steadiest nerve, men upon whose vigilance and 
 clear-headedness the lives of thousands are 
 daily depending namely, railway servants ; 
 we have also heard, and are daily hearing, 
 what comes of overwork, and some of us 
 have been made to pay dearly, by loss of life 
 or limb, or of dear friends, for this wroii'j 
 done to our fellow-men. There is no wrong 
 without its retributive action, and we may be 
 sure that in the matter of the overworked, 
 whether in the case of railway
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 305 
 
 journeymen bakers, or barmaids, and indeed 
 of all that class of the overdriven and the 
 underpaid which Carlyle designates as 'poor 
 slaves,' we shall as a nation not escape un 
 punished. Our Nemesis may be halting in 
 gait, and she may come in disguise ; but she 
 will overtake us none the less, and every 
 hour and every day that we allow this grievous 
 wrong to continue we shall be running up a 
 score of reckoning against ourselves of which 
 we little reck, and which will be presented for 
 payment at a time we little imagine. But 
 leaving these abnormally long hours, which 
 even the most ultra disciple of the doctrine of 
 laiss&s faire would hardly attempt to justify 
 the very recital of which is apt to make us feel 
 that Darwin is not far wrong, and that some 
 of us are in nature nearer the jellyfish, with 
 its cold conscienceless existence, than many 
 of us believe leaving these terribly long 
 hours of labour, we have only to use our eyes 
 in order to discover that the majority of 
 
 X
 
 306 THE EARLY CLOSING- MOVEMENT 
 
 shops in London do not close before nine or 
 ten at night, and that thus the assistants are 
 kept at work for thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, 
 and sixteen hours out of the twenty-four. 
 
 This being the present situation (an emi- 
 nently unsatisfactory one), let us hear what 
 Lord Stanhope, the early Closing Associa- 
 tion, and the Shop- Assistants' Labour League 
 have to say on the subject. 
 
 The peer, as is his due, shall have pre- 
 cedence. His speech, having been duly de- 
 livered, reported in the newspapers, read, and 
 criticised, need not be repeated here. It will 
 be sufficient for our purpose to read the text 
 of his Bill, which, happily for us, is a short 
 one too short, said some of his critics in the 
 House of Lords. Here it is : 
 
 Whereas by reason, of the present labour in shops 
 and warehouses for the sale of textile fabrics and 
 articles of wearing apparel, many women and young 
 persons are grievously injured in health : 
 
 Be it enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 307 
 
 Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Lords spiritual and temporal, and Commons, in this 
 present Parliament assembled, and by the authority 
 of the same as follows : 
 
 1. This Act may be cited as the Shop Hours 
 Eegulation Act, 1882. 
 
 2. On and after the first day of January, one 
 thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, it shall 
 not be lawful for any shop or warehouse for the sale 
 of textile fabrics and articles of wearing apparel, 
 where women and young persons are employed, to 
 be open for more than ten hours in each day. 
 
 3. ' Women ' and ' young children ' shall have the 
 same significance in the Act as in the Factory and 
 Workshops Act, 1878. 
 
 4. To meet the exigencies of the season trade, 
 permission may be granted by the Secretary of State 
 for the Home Department for an extension of time 
 to any establishment making an application therefor, 
 but such extension shall not exceed sixty days in 
 each year, nor be for more than two hours in each 
 of said days, and the employers receiving permission 
 for each extension must forward an intimation to 
 the Home Office each night the extension is taken 
 advantage of. 
 
 The substance of the debate which fol- 
 
 x2
 
 308 THE EAELY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 lowed the introduction of this Bill has already 
 been given ; and finally, as previously stated, 
 the Bill was withdrawn, in deference to a 
 very general expression of opinion that a 
 more complete measure should be introduced 
 next session. 
 
 In contrast to the views held by Lord 
 Stanhope, the Early Closing Association in 
 1874, on the last occasion that the subject 
 of legislation on behalf of shop-assistants was 
 brought to its notice, reported as follows : 
 
 Although the Board of Management are pre- 
 pared to consider any well-devised project for legis- 
 lating on the subject of early closing, thus far they 
 see no reason to depart from their reliance on that 
 mode of operation which has achieved such valuable 
 results in the past a method which has conferred 
 inestimable benefits on multitudes, without giving 
 any one reason to complain of coercion or injury. 
 
 Whether the Bill which is to be intro- 
 duced next year will be considered a suffi- 
 ciently ' well-devised project ' to merit their
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 309 
 
 consideration remains to be seen. But al- 
 though they differ from Lord Stanhope and 
 his friends as regards the best mode of dealing 
 with the question of late hours, they entirely 
 corroborate all his statements relating to the 
 facts of the case and the gravity of the evil. 
 In a circular issued to the ministers of re- 
 ligion in the metropolis they say : 
 
 On the ordinary days of the week the shops are 
 kept open, except in comparatively few cases, till 
 nine or ten o'clock, and on Saturdays till midnight, 
 and thus the assistants are kept at work for thirteen, 
 fourteen, or sixteen hours out of the twenty-four. 
 The physical evils produced by this system are in- 
 tensified by the vitiated atmosphere of the shops, 
 the inadequate time allowed for meals, and by the 
 circumstance which particularly affects young 
 women that no rest is obtainable during the hours 
 of business. 
 
 These protracted hours of labour, and the attend- 
 ant circumstances, produce weariness and exhaus- 
 tion, impaired health, and in many cases premature 
 death. 
 
 The effect upon the moral and mental conditions 
 of the assistants is equally disastrous. They have
 
 310 THE EAKLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 no time which they can apply to their own advan- 
 tage and improvement, to intellectual pursuits, or 
 to any benevolent or Christian work, and by the 
 lengthened labour on Saturday nights the proper 
 observance of the Sunday must be seriously inter- 
 fered with. 
 
 The state of things we have thus briefly de- 
 scribed prevails in every part of London and the 
 suburbs. 
 
 The Association has done much in alleviating 
 the evil, but much remains to be done, and the 
 growth of the metropolis, as well as the keen com- 
 petition amongst tradesmen, place enormous ob- 
 stacles in our path. 
 
 Again, in a circular addressed to retail 
 employers, the following words are used : 
 
 As the winter season is again approaching, we 
 feel it incumbent upon us to direct attention once 
 more to the importance of securing, if possible, an 
 earlier closing of the shops in your neighbourhood, 
 and thus lessening the inconveniences and hardships 
 inflicted upon both employers and assistants by the 
 present system of late hours. 
 
 We fully appreciate the difficulties which beset 
 this question, but we feel assured, from past expe-
 
 THE EAELY CLOSING MOVEMENT 311 
 
 rience, that they are not insuperable, and that if we 
 can secure the hearty co-operation of the employers, 
 a great and beneficial change might very soon be 
 brought about. 
 
 From our communications with the firms in all 
 parts of the metropolis, we find that all are agreed 
 in denouncing the present protracted hours as both 
 unreasonable and unnecessary. 
 
 We feel sure also that public opinion concurs in 
 this, and that purchasers would willingly acquiesce 
 in a better system, and would readily accommodate 
 themselves to earlier hours of shopping. 
 
 The question is therefore really in the hands 
 of the employers. If the present unwillingness to 
 co-operate as regards the hours of closing could be 
 put aside, combinations might be formed which 
 would settle this matter to the satisfaction of all 
 parties. 
 
 The Association gives the following inter- 
 esting account of its origin, and of the work 
 which it has set itself to accomplish : 
 
 The Early Closing Association has been in exist- 
 ence for more than thirty years. It originated in a 
 very small beginning, having nothing in its aspect 
 to foretell its future success. But it had its seat in
 
 312 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 a few earnest hearts, strong in their consciousness 
 of right, and in their hatred of injustice and wrong, 
 and ever content to oppose fortitude to defeat, per- 
 severance to opposition, and to rise unsubdued from 
 every apparent overthrow to renewed exertions 
 well knowing that what they had resolved to accom- 
 plish was but a deed of righteousness towards God 
 and their fellow-creatures. Experience has shown 
 that they were right in the objects they held in 
 view, and the mode of action they adopted. Re- 
 garded at first as dreaming Utopians or agitating 
 malcontents, they overcame suspicion and distrust 
 by the exercise of candour and conciliation. By 
 degrees it became manifest that, while they laboured 
 to free the servant from toils and exactions that 
 enfeebled his body, crushed his spirit, and paralysed 
 his mental faculties, they were also labouring, in an 
 equal degree, to benefit the employers themselves. 
 As might have been expected, some of the most 
 intelligent employers in the metropolis were amongst 
 the very first to appreciate the true philosophy of 
 the movement by the recognition of this fact ; and 
 it is very much to their countenance, and liberal 
 support and co-operation, that the subsequent pro- 
 gress of the movement is due. 
 
 Previous to the existence of this Society, the 
 destructive and fatal effects of immoderately pro-
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 313 
 
 longed labour upon the bodily and mental constitu- 
 tion were practically known only to the victims of 
 the system which enforced it. The evil, which was 
 one of comparatively modern growth, had gone on 
 unchecked, and increasing in oppressiveness, from 
 the beginning of the second quarter of the present 
 century. In 1800 the largest shop in London a 
 haberdasher's only employed sixteen persons on 
 the premises. By the year 1825 the development 
 of the present class of large houses had commenced. 
 From causes connected with the gradual breaking 
 down of the divisions of textile trade maintained by 
 the ancient City Guilds, the invention of improved 
 machinery, and the opening up of the American 
 cotton-fields, the discovery of gas and of the motive 
 power of steam, the hours of toil and the sharpness 
 of competition had gradually increased. 
 
 Formerly the apprentices and trade assistants of 
 London were noted for their vigorous and healthy 
 frames, independent bearing, and fondness for 
 athletic exercises ; but the gradual substitution of 
 a class of paid assistants for the more domestic 
 relations of a past age inflicted untold hardships 
 upon these employes. Twelve hours a day, includ- 
 ing two hours for meals and relaxation or ten 
 hours of work is, by prescription and old custom, all 
 that a master is entitled to in return for a day's
 
 314 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 wages. Such was the law of labour for centuries, 
 and it is still so with agricultural labourers and 
 operatives. But, in our cities, and more especially 
 in the capital, this just custom has been gradually 
 set aside, until its violation had become the rule, 
 and its observance the exception. In 1800, nine 
 o'clock, the ideal hour of closing recommended in 
 Defoe's 'Complete British Tradesman,' had been 
 exceeded. The twelve hours first became thirteen, 
 then fourteen, and so on, until the only limit to 
 labour was the power of endurance on the part of 
 the servant ; in fact, the custom fast changed into 
 one decreeing the maximum of exertion as the 
 minimum of service. Such, we are sorry to say, is 
 still the law practically in operation in numberless 
 instances where men can be forced to submit to it. 
 Fifteen, sixteen, and on Saturday even longer hours 
 of unremitting toil became no uncommon lot for 
 either shopman or journeyman and often the 
 entire Sunday had to be sacrificed as well. The 
 results of this tyrannous sacrifice to the Moloch of 
 business were mostly hideous and deadly. Multi- 
 tudes fell victims to it, and no man heeded then- 
 fall. They languished on sick beds they returned 
 home, broken in constitution and spirits, to be 
 supported by parents and relatives they died in 
 hospitals, or, worse still, they lingered in madhouses 
 and lunatic asylums. These facts, and others such
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 315 
 
 as these, the Early Closing Association brought into 
 the light of day. When their startling revelations 
 were first made, the public could not credit them ; 
 they shrank from the recognition of such a state of 
 affairs, and needed corroborative testimony. That 
 testimony the Society produced in overwhelming 
 force it was not the testimony of individuals, but 
 of multitudes not of the parties personally inter- 
 ested alone, but of philanthropists and men of science, 
 ministers of religion and members of the faculty, 
 who made rigid investigations in reference to the 
 startling facts alleged, and, finding them true, boldly 
 published the truth to the world. It was against 
 this system, thus fatal and ruinous in its effects, 
 that the Society commenced its labours. For many 
 years it has worked unweariedly, in behalf not only 
 of those who fight the battle of life at odds against 
 capital and circumstances, but in behalf of capital- 
 ists and employers themselves, whose true interests 
 are, as the labours of the Society have proved, bound 
 up with, and inseparable from, those of the em- 
 ployed. Amid much success, the managers of 
 the Society feel that a large portion of the work 
 has yet to be done. It has been estimated by 
 eminent medical men that 1,000 lives are sacrificed 
 annually, in London alone, to overwork, and 
 that 3,000 or 4.000 more shop-assistants go back 
 home to die.
 
 316 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 It will be seen, therefore, that the Early 
 Closing Association and Lord Stanhope are 
 equally impressed with the gravity of the evils 
 attendant on long hours of labour. The 
 Association also recognises the fact that none 
 are more to blame than the working classes in 
 this matter of late shopping, and that it is 
 most desirable that it should be explained to 
 them how much unnecessary suffering they 
 are thus entailing on their fellow-labourers ; 
 that although working-men, being employed 
 all day, may be unable to make their purchases 
 at an earlier hour, still their wives are at 
 liberty to buy whenever they choose ; and 
 that late hours, in working-class districts, are 
 more owing to force of habit than necessity. 
 
 It was considered that the best way to 
 approach the working classes would be 
 through their clubs. A deputation from the 
 Board therefore, we are informed, attended 
 two meetings of working-class delegates at 
 the offices of the Working-Men's Club and
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 317 
 
 Institute Union, and fully stated their case, 
 obtaining the hearty approval of the delegates. 
 The Early Closing Association complain that 
 it is not ad-aquately supported by the class it 
 desires to benefit. 
 
 The Early Closing Association, working for the 
 whole metropolis, and giving advice and assistance 
 to applicants in all parts of the kingdom, has, 
 within a quarter of a century, brought about an 
 enormous change in the condition of many thou- 
 sands of shop-assistants, while supported by less 
 than a tenth part of those whom it has benefited. 
 In many provincial towns local associations have 
 effected their purpose; and it is a notorious fact 
 that along the whole line the Early Closing Associa- 
 tion is supported, not by the bulk of the assistants, 
 but by the employers and the few assistants who 
 form the exception to the rule that the majority of 
 their fellows are sunk in senseless apathy in regard 
 to the question of early closing, or if they do feel 
 any interest in it move neither hand nor foot for 
 themselves, but cry to others for help. 
 
 Shop-assistants (grocers', and others) have alike 
 immense power to help themselves if they would 
 only use it. Let them grapple with their grievance
 
 318 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 as other classes have done. They have not to fight 
 such a battle for shorter hours as the artisans fought. 
 In their case there need be no antagonism whatever 
 between employers and employed, for the vast 
 majority of employers, and a sympathetic public, are 
 on their side. The artisan paid his eightpence 
 or shilling per week to the short-hours movement. 
 The assistant need only pay one penny. This sum 
 contributed by assistants in all trades would produce 
 a sum (40,OOOL per annum in London alone) suffi- 
 cient to sweep the late-closing system from every 
 corner of the kingdom. 
 
 On the other hand, the employes, as re- 
 presented by the Shop-Assistants' Labour 
 League, assert that their reason for holding 
 aloof from the Early Closing Association is 
 that they despair of reform being brought 
 about by moral persuasion. They point to 
 the comparatively small result (as it appears 
 in their eyes) which, after thirty years' labour, 
 the Association can show ; and they claim 
 for themselves the liberty of agitating for what 
 they believe to be, under the circumstances, 
 the only effectual remedy namely, legislative
 
 THE EAKLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 319 
 
 restriction. It is asserted that, taking into 
 consideration the increase in the number of 
 shops within the metropolitan area during the 
 last fifty years, the number of victims to over- 
 work and long hours is greater than it was 
 at the commencement of that period ; and, 
 in their own words, that 
 
 the moral suasion system lias been tried over and 
 over again, and lias proved delusive and worthless. 
 In fact it has signally failed times out of number. 
 It has been tried, and found that in any given 
 district the shops have been kept open to late hours 
 by the stupidity of a factious minority or majority 
 of traders. This proves the utter fallacy and abor- 
 tiveness of moral suasion to cope with this evil. 
 Three hundred thousand shopkeepers have a right 
 to ask the Legislature to step in and protect those 
 who are, from a variety of causes, unable to protect 
 themselves. The evil can only be cured by Act of 
 Parliament. Much of the social and moral evil 
 and degradation which pervade London is markedly 
 due to the long hours of labour young men and 
 ladies undergo in shops. Coming as they do from 
 quiet healthy country homes, and penned up in 
 fetid atmospheres they long for liberty, and very
 
 320 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 often grow weary of their bondage, and throw up 
 in despair and disgust (especially the young ladies) 
 their situations. Some of the greatest wrecks and 
 waifs (male and female) in this great sink of London 
 were once in shops, and, but for the want of 
 healthier recreation of mind and body, might have 
 been filling useful and lucrative and honourable 
 positions. The Shop-Assistants' Labour League 
 have been entreated to act on the Trades Union 
 plan, and have refused great offers of help, simply 
 because we (sic) hold that Trades Unions may be a 
 means to an end ; it (sic} has its few good point*, 
 but also very bad ones. ... A strike of shop- 
 assistants, even in London, would be a terrible 
 calamity, and would almost, if not entirely, stop the 
 trade of the world. 
 
 Such are the arguments in favour of legis- 
 lative action put forward by the League. It 
 claims the support and sympathy expressed 
 in writing of many eminent statesmen, philan- 
 thropists, and medical men, but it does not 
 appear clear that these are more than simple 
 declarations of sympathy, and need not neces- 
 sarily imply in all cases approval of the course
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 321 
 
 of legislation which the League advocates. 
 Amongst these may be mentioned the Earl 
 of Shaftesbury, Earl Cairns, Mr. Gladstone, 
 Cardinal Manning, Mr. Fawcett, Sir William 
 Gull, Dr. Eichardson, Dr. Norman Kerr, and 
 many other men of note. 1 
 
 The Shop-Assistants' Labour League, al- 
 though only started in June of 1881 and 
 carried on without capital by men who are 
 themselves the victims of these long hours, 
 and have only one day in the week on which 
 they can meet namely, Sunday and are 
 therefore forced to sacrifice their hard-earned 
 Sunday's rest for the purpose of endeavour- 
 ing to emancipate themselves from this heavy 
 bondage, numbers already 350, of whom sixty 2 
 
 1 Alas ! Since the above was written many of these 
 eminent men have died (1886). 
 
 2 The Shop Hours Reform League (1886) is now a numer- 
 ous and powerful body, and receives the support of repre- 
 sentative men like Sir John Lubbock, Cardinal Manning, the 
 Right.IIon. O. Morgan, and the Right Hon. H. Broadhurst, &c., 
 who lately spoke in its favour at a banquet of 800 traders held 
 in St. James's Hall.
 
 322 THE EAKLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 are employers of labour. It has held over 
 twenty public meetings in different parts of 
 London. Only on one occasion was there any 
 opposition, and that proceeded from a single 
 individual an employer, whose men were 
 found to be at work at the very hour 10.2-5 
 P.M. at which he was speaking in opposition 
 to the movement. This incident, therefore, 
 only tended to strengthen the cause of the 
 
 tf 
 
 League. On all other occasions there was 
 not even an attempt at opposition, and the 
 following resolution was invariably carried 
 nemine contradicente : 
 
 That the very long hours of labour from wliich 
 shop-assistants suffer, twelve to seventeen hours a 
 day, is highly detrimental to the moral, social, and 
 physical welfare of those who are in shops, and that 
 nothing short of Parliamentary relief can cure the 
 evil. 
 
 The League assert that the drapers and 
 pawnbrokers employ their assistants for the 
 shortest number of hours, usually from eight
 
 THE EAELY CLOSING MOVEMENT 323 
 
 to eight, or eight to nine or half-past ; whilst 
 the longest hours, from seven A.M. till nine, 
 ten, eleven, twelve, and half-past twelve, are 
 kept by grocers, cheesemongers, jewellers, 
 clothiers, tailors, publicans, hatters, shoe- 
 makers, stationers, butchers, fruiterers, green- 
 grocers, chemists (very long), coffee-palace 
 and restaurant managers, and tobacconists. 
 Finally they say that nine-tenths of the fallen 
 women of the metropolis have at one time or 
 another of their lives been shop-assistants, and 
 have been driven to prostitution owing to the 
 confinement, long hours, and monotony of 
 their labour. 
 
 We have now heard the statements of 
 those who profess to have studied the subject, 
 and it rests with the reader, after sifting the 
 chaff from the wheat, and giving the subject 
 his best consideration, to arrive ut the justest 
 conclusion of which he is capable. Having so 
 decided, let him endeavour to give effect to 
 this decision by influencing his neighbours, 
 
 T2
 
 324 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 and thus assist in some small degree to build 
 up that public opinion which must ultimately 
 influence the decision of Parliament. We 
 should remember that the question which is 
 submitted to our decision is no light one. 
 We are called upon to be jurymen in no in- 
 significant cause. The health, the happiness, 
 and the lives of some 300,000 of our fellow- 
 creatures are at stake. The slaves of the 
 West Indies were emancipated at a cost to the 
 nation of 20,000,000/. This large sum was 
 considered as of no account when weighed in 
 the balance against the freedom and happiness 
 of the emancipated. The statesmen of those 
 days did not say, We will leave the question 
 to be settled by the progressive civilising force 
 of public opinion some century hence ; or, We 
 will liberate the children and ' young persons ' ; 
 or, We will liberate the women and children, 
 but we cannot so far violate the principles of 
 political economy as to interfere with the 
 labour of man. And if some should answer,
 
 THE EAELY CLOSING MOVEMENT 325 
 
 ' Yes, but these West Indian slaves were not 
 free agents ; they were compelled to labour, 
 and could not escape from their masters ! ' it 
 may very fairly be asked in return, 'Are these 
 shop-assistants free agents ? Are they not, 
 by the pressure of competition and of want, 
 driven to labour whether they will or no, on 
 whatever terms their masters choose to impose ; 
 and have they any more chance of escape from 
 their thraldom than the negroes had ? ' The 
 negro might have exercised his free will and 
 have refused to work, and he would probably 
 have died under the lash ; the shop-assistant 
 may refuse to labour, and he may if he choose 
 die of starvation or in the workhouse. 
 
 It is useless to say he could change his 
 employment. He can no more do so than 
 the slave could. All trades similar to that 
 of a shop-assistant are filled to repletion. It 
 would be impossible for a clerk or shop-assistant 
 suddenly to turn navvy, labourer, or artisan, 
 even were he permitted to do so by the trades
 
 326 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 union societies, for he would lack the necessary 
 strength, experience, and knowledge. A man 
 or a woman once embarked on a career in this 
 over-populated country can rarely change ; for 
 better or for worse the choice of a trade or 
 profession must be made in early life and 
 adhered to. In new countries like America or 
 the colonies it is otherwise. There the labour 
 markets are not so over-stocked, and the 
 labourer can make terms, and advantageous 
 ones too, with his employer. Here he must 
 accept such terms as are offered to him, and 
 make the best of them. 
 
 Since the passing of the Irish Land Act, 
 Liberals at all events can no longer assert that 
 their party principles necessitate a rigid ad- 
 herence under all circumstances to the doctrine 
 of freedom of contract. In dealing with Ire- 
 land they have not allowed politico-economic 
 dogmas to interfere with the measures of re- 
 form which they considered necessary for the 
 pacification of the country, although by vio-
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 327 
 
 lating these doctrines they have entailed severe 
 loss and sufferings on large and influential 
 classes. It is to be hoped that when the 
 English shop-assistants come to plead in Par- 
 liament for shorter hours of labour, they will 
 not be met with the old reply that the 
 principle of freedom of contract between 
 man and man forbids the consideration of 
 the subject. This argument can no longer 
 with justice be employed. The Irish Land Bill 
 was framed on the supposition that the tenant- 
 farmers of Ireland were not free agents, and 
 that therefore they were not in a position to 
 contend for their rights on equal terms with 
 their landlords. It was asserted that con- 
 tract could not be said to exist in their case. 
 Whether this argument was or was not based 
 on just premises we will not here discuss. 
 It will be enough for us to remark that the 
 tenant-farmers of Ireland were sufficiently in- 
 dependent to make their influence felt both 
 by Parliament and by their landlords. That
 
 328 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 whilst their representatives obstructed and 
 for a whole session rendered nugatory all 
 legislation in Parliament, in Ireland these 
 same helpless tenant-farmers were able to 
 refuse successfully all payment of rent, to 
 forbid their landlords the enjoyment of sport 
 on their own lands, to ' boycott ' them, to 
 make their lives a burden to them, and finally, 
 in some instances, to shoot them. 
 
 The shop-assistants have only lately learnt 
 the art of organisation. They have not as 
 yet attempted to return special representative 
 members to Parliament ; they have not struck 
 work or attempted to intimidate or ' boycott ' 
 their employers ; they have not adopted the 
 practice of maiming animals or otherwise de- 
 stroying the property of their masters ; and 
 it is not as yet necessary even for the most 
 tyrannical of the latter to go about armed 
 under police protection. Whether this differ- 
 ence in the action of the shop-assistants as 
 compared with that of the practised organi-
 
 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 329 
 
 sers of the sister country will act detrimen- 
 tally to the cause of the former, time alone 
 will show. The shop-assistants are certainly 
 as dependent on the good-will of their em- 
 ployers for their daily bread as any Irish 
 tenant-farmer ever was. Freedom of contract 
 can no more be said to exist in their case 
 tli an in that of the clients of Mr. Parnell ; 
 for were the shop assistants to be so foolish 
 as to strike to-morrow, double their number 
 would come forward the clay after to fill their 
 places ; and yet Parliament devotes day after 
 dav, and session after session, to the consider- 
 
 / 7 
 
 ation of the grievances of the latter, whilst 
 the grievances of the former are scarcely heard 
 of. If a rigid adherence to the supposed laws 
 of political economy can be dispensed with in 
 the one case, they certainly can, and ought 
 to be, in the other. Seeing how successful 
 agitation attended with violence has of late 
 years proved itself to be in this country, we 
 are tempted to inquire whether there can be
 
 330 THE EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT 
 
 any connection between violence and success 
 in the attainment of political objects. We 
 trust not. It would be a sad day for England 
 if such an idea were ever to take possession 
 of the minds of the people, and yet it would 
 appear from recent events as if there were 
 cause for such fear. 
 
 She would be considered but a bad mother 
 who, yielding to the every whim of the 
 violent and unruly of her children, yet denied 
 justice to the obedient and long-suffering. 
 She would cease to deserve the title of mother, 
 and would rather merit that of step-mother. 
 
 The chief and almost the only husiness of the 
 Government is to take care that no man live idle, 
 but that every one may follow his trade diligently ; 
 yet they do not wear themselves out with perpetual 
 toil from morning till night, as if they were beasts 
 of burden, which as it is indeed a heavy slavery, so 
 it is everywhere the common course of life amongst 
 all the mechanics, except the Utopians ; but they, 
 dividing the day and night into twenty-four hours, 
 appoint six of these for work, three of which are
 
 THE EAELY CLOSING MOVEMENT 331 
 
 before dinner, and three after; they then sup, and 
 at eight o'clock, counting from noon, go to bed, and 
 sleep eight hours ; the rest of their time besides 
 that taken up in work, eating, and sleeping, is left 
 to every man's discretion ; yet they are not to abuse 
 that interval to luxury and idleness, but must 
 employ it in some proper exercise, according to 
 their various inclinations, which is for the most 
 part reading. 
 
 Utopia ! cries the reader. Yes, you are 
 right, it is Utopia ; and, perhaps, if the 
 Government and Parliament of England were 
 to endeavour by wise legislation to enable her 
 to approach in condition somewhat nearer 
 than at present to the ideal commonwealth 
 imagined by the great Sir Thomas, this fair 
 land of ours might become a happier place to 
 some few millions of its poorer, and possibly 
 also to some not insignificant fraction of its 
 richer, inhabitants.
 
 332 
 
 TEE CAUSE OF THE OVERWORKED 
 SHOP-ASSISTANT, 
 
 in. 
 
 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK'S SHOP HOURS REGU- 
 LATION BILL AND THE COMPULSORY 
 CLOSING OF SHOPS. 1 
 
 SIR, Will you be so good as to permit me 
 to make a few comments upon the Shop 
 Hours Eegulation Bill, which has already 
 evoked a somewhat considerable correspond- 
 ence in the Times and other newspapers ? 
 There seems to be a confusion of ideas in the 
 minds of many persons as to the scope of the 
 Bill, the objects of our movement, and the 
 nature of the propositions which have not yet 
 advanced beyond the stage of discussion. The 
 
 1 Copy of a letter sent to the Times by Mr. Sutherst, 
 president of the Shop Hours Reform League.
 
 SHOP HOURS REGULATION BILL 333 
 
 Bill referred to the Select Committee over 
 which Sir John Lubbock presides is of the 
 most modest description, the cardinal provi- 
 sion being a limitation of the employment of 
 young persons in shops and warehouses to 
 twelve a clay, under a penalty of one pound. 
 The proposition is simply a mild extension of 
 that beneficent principle which has already 
 been acted upon for the protection of those 
 who are unable to protect themselves. It is, 
 of course, necessary in every case in which the 
 aid of the State is invoked to prove something 
 more than a sentimental grievance. This, I 
 submit, has already been done. In the 
 crowded parts of our large cities and towns 
 the majority of boys and girls, of young men 
 and women, are obliged to stand and work 
 behind the counter for thirteen, fourteen, and 
 up to fifteen hours a day. They have, as a rule, 
 no half-holiday, their mealtimes are irregular 
 and inadequate, and on a Saturday it is mid- 
 night before they are released from the heated,
 
 334 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK'S 
 
 vitiated atmosphere of the shop. The boys 
 and men feel these long hours acutely, but 
 the long standing alone is a cruel torture 
 to the girls and women, whose constitutions 
 are speedily undermined by it. The summer 
 months are near, the fields and parks are 
 becoming attractive, and the young of all 
 social grades will soon revel in outdoor sports 
 and rural delights, but during the sweltering 
 summer months the shop-assistant will be tied 
 to the counter day in and day out. What 
 opportunities are there of mental culture, 
 social intercourse, or physical exercise, at 
 nine and ten o'clock at night with a weary 
 body and jaded mind ? Far better the dark- 
 ness of winter than a summer's sun which 
 merely intensifies the monotonous toil of the 
 shop. I do not, of course, allude to shops in 
 the fashionable quarters, but to the legions 
 of retail establishments situated in populous 
 localities. It is for the overworked majority 
 I am anxious to appeal, and it is satisfactory
 
 SHOP HOURS REGULATION BILL 335 
 
 to know that employers are as anxious as 
 their assistants to have a speedy remedy for 
 a state of things which affects them almost as 
 much as their employes. Yet there are men 
 callous enough to allege before a Parliamen- 
 tary Committee that these harsh conditions 
 are not injurious to health. To refute such 
 assertions I need only appeal to the evidence 
 of medical men, the majority of whom declare 
 ' that there is no more fruitful source of 
 blighted health and early death by consump- 
 tion and other diseases than the prolonged and 
 late hours to which shopkeepers and their 
 assistants are subjected.' Such testimony is, 
 I take it, scarcely needed to convince those 
 who know the facts. But on being driven 
 from one point our opponents tenaciously seize 
 another. They allege that if the Bill passes 
 young persons will be thrown out of employ- 
 ment, that retail establishments will be dis- 
 organised, and that the measure will be a 
 fruitful source of irritation and annoyance. I
 
 336 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK'S 
 
 reply, Nothing of the kind. It has already 
 been proved that, as a rule, the services of 
 young persons as beginners cannot be dis- 
 pensed with ; that the seniors will not do the 
 work of the juniors ; and that the difference 
 in the wages between young persons and 
 adults would operate in favour of those below 
 eighteen years of age, and further, that the 
 custom of boys and girls beginning work at 
 thirteen and fourteen years of age would not 
 be interfered with to any appreciable extent. 
 But, not satisfied with these answers, such 
 meaningless phrases as ' drastic interference 
 with the liberty of the subject,' 'grandmotherly 
 legislation,' and ' the curfew bell,' are dis- 
 interred and paraded before the public in 
 new garments in order to obscure their 
 identity. But they are old and threadbare, 
 having been marshalled against every 
 measure intended for the protection of the 
 health of the people. The inference reluct- 
 antly forced upon my mind by the conduct of
 
 SHOP HOUKS REGULATION BILL 337 
 
 those who decry ameliorative legislation is 
 not that they care for the welfare of those 
 who are overworked, but that they are too 
 solicitous for their own interests ; and desire, 
 if necessary, to keep their establishments 
 open the clock round, regardless of the con- 
 sequences. Fortunately, however, such men 
 are in a minority, and will, I trust, be speedily 
 obliged to comply with the wishes of the more 
 generous majority, for I cannot believe that 
 the country will refuse to limit the hours of 
 young persons to seventy-two or seventy-four 
 per week, when ,the employment of those en- 
 gaged in workrooms is limited by law to fifty- 
 four hours a week, and when the consequences 
 are of the serious nature already indicated. 
 
 So much for the Bill as it stands. But it 
 is urged that our proposal is too modest, and 
 that we should pray Parliament to go further. 
 In support of this view it should be remem- 
 bered that there are probably about half a 
 million adult women employed in shops who 
 
 z
 
 338 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK'S 
 
 are wholly unprotected, whose physical 
 powers are shamefully overtaxed, and who 
 need legal protection quite as much as young 
 persons. This surely concerns not only the 
 women themselves, but, unless we are to 
 become a race of degenerate dwarfs, it vit- 
 ally affects future generations, and, indeed, 
 the well-being of the nation at large. The 
 employment of women engaged in millinery 
 and dressmaking establishments is limited by 
 law, and hence we have the strange anomaly 
 of protected labour in the workroom upstairs 
 and unprotected in the sale-room below. Xow, 
 it seems to me that if it is right to protect 
 women in one part of the building it cannot, 
 cceteris paribus, be wrong to protect them in 
 the other parts of the same building. Then, 
 it may be said, why not extend the provisions 
 of the present Bill to women ? Because w r e do 
 not wish to run the risk of depriving them of 
 an employment for which they are admirably 
 suited, and because there is a remedy which
 
 SHOP HOUKS REGULATION BILL 339 
 
 will go to the root of the matter and protect 
 all concerned. Different associations of 
 traders have striven for nearly half a century 
 to close shops by persuasion, but their efforts 
 have invariably been thwarted by a small 
 minority who refuse to accede to the wishes of 
 the majority. The result, as a rule, has been 
 failure, for it would be unreasonable to expect 
 the majority to close, leaving the whole of the 
 trade to be done by the minority. Eetail 
 traders have, therefore, come to the conclusion 
 that the sanction of law should be given to 
 the will of a majority, so that there may be a 
 general uniform hour of closing. This prin- 
 ciple is roughly embodied in the following 
 ' compulsory closing ' or ' local option ' clause 
 which has been handed to Sir John Lubbock 
 as a suggested amendment of the Bill : 
 
 Every Town Council, Local Board, or other rural 
 or urban authority (in the metropolis the Home 
 Secretary) shall, upon receiving requisitions desiring 
 the adoption of compulsory early closing or a general 
 
 z 2
 
 340 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK'S 
 
 weekly half-holiday, and signed by two-thirds of the 
 shopkeepers of each particular trade who are em- 
 ployers of one or more assistants within the district, 
 make by-laws compelling all shops, excepting fish 
 and oyster shops, chemists' shops, coffee-houses, con- 
 fectioners', eating-houses, fruit and vegetable shops, 
 restaurants, tobacconists' shops, booksellers' and 
 newsagents' shops, to close at the hour specified in 
 the requisition, provided that no shops (except those 
 exempted above) shall be open after eight of the 
 clock on five days of the week, and ten of the clock 
 on one day of the week, or on any day preceding a 
 public holiday. In the excepted shops above men- 
 tioned, and in bookstalls and public-houses, no young 
 person shall be employed for a longer period than 
 twelve hours a day. 
 
 If an enactment on these lines can be 
 secured early closing will speedily become 
 universal, because the traders will not only 
 .have the general hours of closing in their own 
 hands, but it will be open to them to obtain, 
 either in addition or separately, a weekly half- 
 holiday on the least busy day of the week. 
 We also propose, if possible, to prevent 
 Sunday trading, which unfortunately prevails
 
 SHOP HOUES REGULATION BILL 341 
 
 to a lamentable extent, by increasing the pen- 
 alty of live shillings to five pounds, so as to 
 stamp out a system which is as unnecessary as 
 it is degrading. The only objection there is 
 to the suggested compulsory closing clause 
 is that it coerces an unwilling minority, but 
 surely it is a much sounder policy to allow a 
 majority of two-thirds to coerce the other third 
 than that the latter should continue to coerce 
 the former as they do under existing circum- 
 stances. But even if the proportions are re- 
 versed, it is, I venture to submit, the duty of 
 the State to interfere in every case in which the 
 public health or morals are concerned, and 
 in principle no better justification is needed 
 for an enactment of this description than 
 the health of upwards of a million per- 
 sons engaged in the retail trade. I deplore 
 meddling legislation as much as any one, but 
 in this instance there is an unparalleled con- 
 currence of favourable circumstances with an 
 almost total absence of really valid opposing
 
 342 S1E JOHN LUBBOCK'S 
 
 arguments. The public are in favour of such 
 a reform, and would not be at all inconve- 
 nienced by it. Traders would do the same 
 amount of business, with a diminution of 
 working expenses. The hours (8 P.M. on 
 five days, and 10 P.M. on Saturdays, with the 
 option of a weekly half-holiday) are on the 
 side of being too late rather than too early. 
 The exemptions are more than sufficient to 
 meet the public requirements. The Act 
 would remain inoperative unless called into 
 force by two-thirds of the traders themselves, 
 and no one not employing one or more assist- 
 ants would be affected. If, however, these 
 considerations were not self-evident, the 
 immense gain to traders and assistants alike, 
 as well as to the community at large, would 
 justify even a wider departure from the 
 ordinary trammels of legislation. Parliament 
 is a human institution whose functions are, 
 among others, to remove anomalies and to 
 promote the welfare of every section of the
 
 SHOP HOUES REGULATION BILL 343 
 
 community, even at the risk of inconveniencing 
 or irritating a refractory minority, for, I hold, 
 there is no social transformation so great that 
 the representatives of the people would not 
 be justified in effecting if it could be clearly 
 shown to be for the good of the people as a 
 whole. 
 
 This problem has already been solved by 
 the Legislative Assembly of Victoria. An 
 Act came into operation last month of which 
 the following are the chief provisions with 
 regard to the closing of shops : 
 
 All shops other than those of the kinds specified 
 in the Third Schedule hereto [which are those 
 exempted in the clause we propose to add to our Bill 
 as given above], and other than such as may be 
 licensed to remain open at night under any by-law 
 made under the authority of this Act, shall be closed 
 on each and every evening of the week, except 
 Saturday, at the hour of seven of the clock, and on 
 Saturday evening at the hour of ten of the clock. 
 Provided that on the day immediately preceding 
 any public holiday any such shop may be kept open 
 until ten of the clock in the evening.
 
 344 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK'S 
 
 Any municipal council may, if it think fit, from 
 time to time, make, alter, and repeal by-laws in and 
 for the municipality for all or any of the following 
 purposes : 
 
 The limiting the hours during which shops men- 
 tioned in the Third Schedule hereto may be kept 
 open ; but no by-law shall be made limiting such 
 hours unless a petition, certified to by the munici- 
 pal clerk as being signed by a majority of the 
 shopkeepers keeping shops of the class within 
 such municipal district to be affected thereby, 
 has been previously presented to such municipal 
 council. 
 
 For permitting shops of any particular class (not 
 included in the Third Schedule hereto), on obtaining 
 a licence to keep open after the hours hereinbefore 
 mentioned, and during such hours as shall be speci- 
 fied in such licence ; but no by-law shall be made 
 authorising the issuing of such licence unless a peti- 
 tion, certified to by the municipal clerk as being 
 signed by a majority of the shopkeepers keeping 
 shops of such class within such municipal district, 
 have been previously presented to such municipal 
 council. 
 
 Requiring shops (not included in the Third 
 Schedule hereto) to close before the hours hereinbefore 
 mentioned, but no such by-law shall be made 
 except on receipt of such a petition as aforesaid.
 
 SHOP HOURS REGULATION BILL 345 
 
 For limiting the total number of hours persons 
 may be employed during the day and night in shops 
 licensed to remain open at night; provided that such 
 limit shall not be less than eight hours in each full 
 day and night. 
 
 For imposing penalties not exceeding ten 
 pounds ca any shopkeeper failing or neglecting to 
 close his shop in accordance with the provisions of this 
 Act or of any by-law made in pursuance hereof. 
 
 For closing all shops within its municipality 
 other than those mentioned in the Third Schedule for 
 one afternoon in each week ; provided that before any 
 such by-law be made a petition, certified by the 
 municipal clerk as signed by a majority of the 
 shopkeepers substantially interested and affected 
 thereby, shall be presented to such municipal 
 council. 
 
 This is a much more sweeping measure 
 than we propose, because certain shops are 
 commanded to be closed regardless of the 
 wishes of the owners, but our proposal is 
 simply to give the sanction of law to the will 
 of a majority of two -thirds, and then under 
 safe restrictions. 
 
 My apology for troubling you at such
 
 346 SHOP HOUKS REGULATION BILL 
 
 length is the importance I attach to our move- 
 ment, which is unquestionably of national im- 
 portance. We are not asking for a limit of 
 eight hours a day, but twelve. We are not 
 endeavouring to set class against class, but to 
 promote a measure which will equally benefit 
 employer and employed. We are seeking to 
 make toil honourable and elevating instead 
 of harsh and degrading ; and I submit, in 
 conclusion, that if our only aim were to 
 protect the girls and women of our shops, the 
 effort would merit the sympathy of all who 
 have any regard for the principles of justice 
 and humanity. 
 
 I am, Sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 T. SUTHERST, 
 
 President Shop Hoars Compulsory 
 Closing League. 
 
 3 Dr. Johnson's Buildings, Temple, E.G. : 
 April 26, 1886. 
 
 (It is gratifying to know that Sir John Lubbock's Bill has 
 received the Queen's assent and become law since the publica- 
 tion of the first edition of this work.)
 
 347 
 
 SOME SOCIAL WANTS OF LONDON, 
 I. 
 
 PUBLIC WASH-HOUSES, LAUNDRIES, AND 
 S WIMNING-BA THS. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' Pall Mall Gazette ' 
 of February 8, 1884. 
 
 MR. E. GURNET has told us that one of the 
 social wants of East London would be sup- 
 plied if a first-rate band could be permanently 
 engaged, at an annual cost of 4,000/., to dis- 
 course sweet music ' daily, or rather nightly, 
 throughout the year in a large covered space.' 
 Mr. Gurney, however, from the tone of his 
 article, would I am sure acknowledge that 
 there are other social wants in London, and 
 especially in the east and south, at least as 
 pressing as the establishment of a permanent
 
 348 PUBLIC WASH-HOUSES, LAUNDRIES, 
 
 band, which some might be tempted to look 
 upon as a luxury. Among many other social 
 wants the attention of your readers might 
 profitably be drawn to the consideration of 
 the absence of an adequate supply in London 
 of public wash-houses, laundries, and swim- 
 ming-baths. I venture to think that the 
 provision of these is of more real import- 
 ance to the masses than that even of the 
 best music. I do not wish to draw away one 
 single penny from the fund which Mr. Gurney 
 hopes to see established for the musical in- 
 struction of the dwellers in the East-End, for 
 I am bold enough to assert that the social 
 wants I have mentioned are of such primary 
 necessity to the health of the people that 
 they should be provided for out of public 
 or municipal funds. Although the proposition 
 that ' cleanliness is next to godliness ' is not, 
 as many suppose, to be found in Holy Writ, 
 I believe that it contains a considerable 
 element of truth, and that there is a close con-
 
 AND SWIMMING-BATHS 349 
 
 nectiori between cleanliness and the cultivation 
 of the civic and social virtues. At all events, 
 the converse of this proposition namely, that 
 dirt is closely allied to ungodliness, general 
 disorder, and human wretchedness must be 
 apparent to all, and requires no demonstration. 
 The upper and middle classes of England 
 believe in the gospel of cleanliness, and 
 practise it both in their homes and in their 
 persons. The rich Englishman considers it 
 necessary to his health that he should daily 
 cleanse his body with water, or, at all events, 
 that he should not allow many days to elapse 
 without doing so ; but I would ask my 
 readers how many families of the working 
 classes live up to a similar high standard of 
 cleanliness? Some of us are in the habit of 
 talking of the ' great unwashed,' but have the 
 wealthier classes of this country ever asked 
 themselves whether, if they w r ere suddenly 
 placed in conditions similar to those in which 
 the poorer live, they would for long be able
 
 350 PUBLIC WASH-HOUSES, LAUNDRIES, 
 
 to retain their habits of cleanliness ? Consider 
 the conditions adverse to this virtue under 
 which the poorer classes live, and how little 
 has been done to encourage or make possible 
 these desirable habits. Consider how con- 
 fined are their dwellings, the number inhabit- 
 ing each room, the impossibility of obtaining 
 privacy, the limited water supply, the wear 
 and tear upon clothing, the dirty and often 
 filthy nature of their employments, the limited 
 wardrobe, the smoky atmosphere in which 
 their dwellings are often situated, and the 
 utter neglect by the nation at large of all 
 opportunities of assisting them in their efforts 
 towards cleanliness. That the working classes 
 in many cases rise superior to all these hin- 
 drances and impediments, and that many 
 homes in districts the most unfavourable to 
 cleanliness are models of perfection, is no 
 argument in favour of leaving matters in statu 
 quo., though it is a strong argument for 
 modesty on the part of those who, while more
 
 AND SWIMMING-BATHS 351 
 
 happily circumstanced, find fault with the 
 unwashed, and yet take no step to render 
 cleanliness possible to them. 
 
 Owing to the want of proper accommoda- 
 tion for the washing and drying of clothes in 
 working-class houses, these disagreeable oper- 
 ations have to be carried on in the dwelling 
 and sleeping apartments of the inmates. Is it 
 astonishing if the husband and sons take 
 refuge from the scene of discomfort in the 
 nearest public-house, and if the frequent cleans- 
 ing of clothes be voted a nuisance in the 
 family, and the use of soap and water when 
 applied to garments be associated in their 
 minds with damp linen, steaming clothes, 
 general discomfort, and rheumatism ? What 
 a different aspect would the washing of clothes 
 present to the husband's mind if the operation 
 did not necessitate the upsetting of all domes- 
 tic comfort, if it were carried on out of sight 
 in a public laundry belonging to the parish, 
 to which his wife would in turn with her
 
 352 PUBLIC WASH-HOUSES, LAUNDRIES, 
 
 neighbours have the right of access for a 
 certain number of hours on payment of a small 
 fee! 
 
 When we pass from the consideration of 
 wash-houses and laundries to that of swim- 
 ming-baths, _ it may be said that while the 
 former may be considered necessities the 
 latter are decidedly luxuries. I decline to 
 accede to this proposition. Healthy exercise 
 is necessary to the proper physical develop- 
 ment of the people, and the nation which 
 neglects the physical condition of its people is 
 not only doomed to destruction, but richly 
 deserves the national effacement which is 
 certain to overtake it. I do not ask that the 
 people shall be admitted free to any of these 
 institutions, but only that they shall be placed 
 in their midst, and that the payment shall be 
 made so low as to enable the population to 
 make large use of them. The Vestry of Pad- 
 dington has actually built a swimming-bath 
 and gymnasium out of public funds, and as a
 
 AND SWIMMING-BATHS 353 
 
 ratepayer in the parish I heartily approve 
 of their conduct. I believe also that other 
 vestries have acted in a similarly enlightened 
 manner. Whatever may be said with regard 
 to the duty of the nation to provide means of 
 healthy recreation for adults, I believe that 
 most people would agree that the physical 
 development of children should not be left to 
 chance, and will rejoice that the School Board 
 of London has recognised the importance of 
 teaching its scholars the art of swimming, and 
 that prizes are annually offered for competition 
 among those who have obtained the greatest 
 proficiency in this useful and healthy exercise. 
 Unfortunately comparatively few of the child- 
 ren are able to learn to swim, as in many 
 districts it is impossible to teach this art owing 
 to the absence of any bathing-places. How 
 eagerly the children of the metropolis avail 
 themselves of the scanty opportunities for 
 bathing which the police regulations allow 
 them is shown by the hundreds who may be 
 
 A A
 
 354 PUBLIC WASH-HOUSES, LAUNDRIES, 
 
 seen of a summer evening waiting on the 
 banks of the Serpentine expectant of the signal 
 which will permit them to plunge into its 
 waters. Why should not every parish follow 
 the example of Paddington ? If one parish 
 can do it others could. The ruins of Borne 
 and Pompeii attest the importance which the 
 ancients attached to the provision of public 
 baths for the people. Why should we with 
 our higher civilisation, and with our enormous 
 aggregations of population within crowded 
 areas, from whence Nature with her streams 
 and lakes has been driven, fail to do what 
 the ancients in their small, village-like towns, 
 and with their comparatively imperfect water 
 supply, considered necessary for the health of 
 the people ? We have at our door the most 
 magnificent natural swimming-bath running 
 for miles through the very heart of the city, 
 and yet how little use is made of it ! I am 
 not aware of more than one floating bath in 
 the whole course of the Thames through
 
 AND SWIMMING-BATHS 355 
 
 London, whereas in Paris there are several 
 on the Seine. Why should not floating public 
 swimming-baths for both sexes be established 
 by scores from Greenwich to Putney ? Why 
 should not washing establishments such as are 
 to be seen on the Seine be likewise erected, 
 both paid for and managed by the municipal 
 authorities ? These floating baths and wash- 
 houses would cost but little in their erection, 
 and their maintenance would be a mere trifle 
 compared with the sums which are thrown 
 away by corporations and vestries on much 
 less profitable objects. I see the political 
 economist rise in indignation at the proposal. 
 And yet it is not supposed to be iniquitous for 
 the nation to pay for the free opening to the 
 people of a National Gallery, nor when the 
 least admirable portion of the plebs has drunk 
 itself into penury is it thought to savour of 
 Communism if the prudent and respectable 
 portion of society be compelled by the State to 
 support the former in workhouses. The pre- 
 
 A A 2
 
 356 PUBLIC WASH-HOUSES, LAUNDRIES, ETC. 
 
 servation of the health of the people is in iny 
 opinion the first duty of the State ; and by 
 the erection in towns of public wash-houses, 
 laundries, and swimming-baths an important 
 step would, without doubt, be taken towards 
 improving the health and increasing the 
 happiness of our city populations.
 
 357 
 
 SOME SOCIAL WANTS OF LONDON. 
 
 IT. 
 
 CLUBS FOE YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' Quiver ' 
 'of November 1884. 
 
 THE announcement which lately appeared in 
 an evening journal ' that an attempt is about 
 to be made, under good auspices, to form a 
 Company for the establishment of residential 
 clubs for young men ' is satisfactory, inas- 
 much as it shows that some practical out- 
 come is likely to result from the attention of 
 the public having been drawn by that journal 
 to the existence of this social need. The 
 suggestion, though on the whole most 
 favourably received, as shown by the tenor 
 of the correspondence on the subject which
 
 358 CLUBS FOE YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN 
 
 has appeared in the press, has not escaped 
 criticism. 
 
 It has been said that club life is calculated 
 to encourage luxury and selfishness, and to 
 indispose young men from entering into the 
 married state. We have been warned that 
 the fast element in such a club would get 
 the upper hand of the steady-going, and that 
 in a short time the institution would degener- 
 ate into a gambling hell, unless supervision 
 and restrictions were imposed which would 
 be resented by the young men. I am not 
 aware that the young men who fill our West- 
 End clubs, or the working lads who frequent 
 our numerous working-men's clubs, are less 
 moral, less self-restrained, more addicted 
 to drinking or gambling, or more averse 
 to marriage, than were their ancestors at 
 a similar period of life ; nor do I see any 
 reason to believe that the class for whose 
 comfort it is proposed that these residential 
 clubs shall be established is less capable
 
 CLUBS FOE YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN 359 
 
 of self-restraint and of self-government than 
 the classes which have already tried the 
 experiment, and found it succeed. To say 
 that club life discourages marriage is only 
 to say that the selfish man, if he belongs to 
 a club, finds it suits his purpose better to 
 remain unmarried than to make a drudge 
 and a slave of some poor woman whom he 
 has solemnly promised to love, comfort, and 
 honour. The man who is worthy of marriage 
 will not be induced to forego linking his lot 
 for better or for worse with the woman of 
 his choice, because he may have to renounce 
 some small measure of material comfort. 
 Better that a woman should remain unmarried 
 than that she should be linked for life to a 
 worshipper for self ; better for the State and 
 for society that the curse of selfishness 
 should not, perchance, be transmitted to 
 another generation. 
 
 My present object, however, is not so 
 much to combat the arguments of those who
 
 SCO CLtBS FOB YOUNG tvIEN AND 
 
 prophesy failure in any attempt to establish 
 residential clubs for young men in offices 
 and warehouses, as to plead for the formation 
 of similar establishments for the use of the 
 weaker sex employed in similar lines of life. 
 I would wish to point out that the arguments 
 which are brought against the establishment 
 of clubs for young men do not apply to the 
 formation of similar institutions for young 
 women, whilst the need of residential clubs 
 is much greater in the case of the women 
 than in that of the men. 
 
 No one surely will assert that the young 
 woman who has had the advantage of living 
 in one of these clubs, and who has conse- 
 quently learnt to appreciate a standard of 
 domestic comfort and cookery above that 
 which is known to her less favoured sister 
 living in lodgings, will be likely to make a 
 worse wife, or to make her home less happy, 
 nor will it surely be said that she will 
 be less likely to marry ; for where is the
 
 CLUBS FOR YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN 361 
 
 woman, whatever her position, who does 
 not look forward to marriage as the coping 
 stone of the edifice of life ? It cannot be 
 asserted that the refinements of a home-like 
 life, or the companionship of respectable 
 members of her own sex, will make a young 
 woman less moral, or less self-restrained, or 
 will lead to gambling, or to any. other re- 
 prehensible Bohemian courses. Quite the 
 contrary. It must be acknowledged that in 
 the case of women, at all events, the civilising 
 influences of a home-like life are distinctly 
 in favour of the moralities and of religion. 
 But see how adverse to such good results are 
 the present conditions under which many 
 young women employed in our post-offices, 
 in our warehouses, in our refreshment-rooms, 
 are at present living. What can be more 
 demoralising than for a girl of tender years 
 to be suddenly thrown on the streets of 
 London without experience, without a guide, 
 without a home, without a friend ? And yet
 
 362 CLUBS FOR YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN 
 
 this is literally the case with thousands 
 brought up in honest country homes, who, 
 by the pressure of competition, are forced 
 to seek their own living far from home and 
 friends, alone in London, or some other of 
 our large towns. 
 
 Let it not be thought that these young 
 women are of one class only. They are of all 
 classes from the daughter of the clergyman, 
 of the officer, or of the professional man, who 
 has just obtained a situation in the superior de- 
 partments of the Post Office, down the several 
 social grades till we come to the bar attendant 
 or the factory girl. All these, should they 
 have the misfortune to possess no friends in 
 London, labour under the same sad necessity 
 of having to seek a solitary lodging in some 
 cheap quarter of the town. If there are 
 restaurants, musical entertainments, and the 
 like for the young man, what places of refresh- 
 ment and of amusement are open to the young 
 woman who entertains a proper sense of the
 
 CLUBS FOE YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN 363 
 
 respect due to herself and to her sex ? None 
 not one. Concerts and other high-class 
 entertainments are too expensive to be often 
 attended ; the public galleries and museums 
 are closed in the evening ; the cheaper places 
 of amusement are impossible to her ; public 
 libraries there are none, or as good as none, 
 as far as she is concerned ; a piano she 
 cannot afford ; flowers, which might remind 
 her of her early life, of her parents, and of 
 her country home, are not easily obtainable ; 
 add to this the depressing effect of long hours 
 of labour, of scanty food (for what but tea 
 can be obtained at a lodging ?), of dismal 
 and monotonous surroundings, of a prover- 
 bially heavy atmosphere, and is it matter 
 for astonishment if, with lowered physical 
 strength and a weakened will, virtue should 
 occasionally be found unable to cope with 
 vice, and the first step be taken in the down- 
 ward path of ruin and disgrace ? 
 
 Recognising that comfortable lodgings,
 
 364 CLUBS FOU YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN 
 
 cheerful society, and innocent recreation 
 would prove a valuable protection to young 
 women against the dangers of the city, 
 philanthropic and religious organisations 
 have established here and there in London, 
 as well as in our large provincial cities, 
 comfortable homes, where young women can 
 find board, lodging, and good food ; but 
 most, if not all, of these institutions are 
 supported by the contributions of the wealthy 
 and of the philanthropic, and as a conse- 
 quence can never supply the needs of the 
 large class of girls who, being in the re- 
 ceipt of good salaries, and holding respon- 
 sible positions, very properly decline to be 
 recipients of charity. 
 
 There is no reason why residential clubs, 
 or even social clubs which are not residential, 
 fitted up so as to suit the requirements of 
 the better-paid young women of our offices 
 and business houses, as well as of our art, 
 literary, and medical female students, should
 
 CLUBS FOE YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN 365 
 
 not prove as remunerative speculations as 
 such establishments will assuredly become 
 when managed by a well-directed Company 
 or by an enterprising and judicious capitalist 
 in the interest of young men. Such a Com- 
 pany or proprietor should be careful to pro- 
 vide for the needs of the different classes 
 of young women engaged in business or in 
 professional work, by providing separate 
 houses and a graduated scale of accom- 
 modation and of price, so as to enable each 
 young woman to choose her house and her 
 companions. 
 
 It might be possible for such a Company 
 to solve the difficult problem of how to 
 provide decent accommodation for the lowest 
 class of female workers without the inter- 
 vention of charity. In such a large concern 
 as we are contemplating it might be quite 
 practicable to make the better class of house 
 pay such a profit as would cover a possible 
 loss on the lowest, and yet return a dividend
 
 366 CLUBS FOE YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN 
 
 high enough to satisfy shareholders who 
 would probably have been moved to invest 
 their money in the business as much from 
 motives of philanthropy as of gain. It is 
 well known that at present it is impossible 
 to provide these poorer female workers with 
 decent accommodation, except through the 
 aid of charity. Until, therefore, it has been 
 found possible to solve this difficulty, the 
 public should support with their best energies 
 the philanthropic societies such as the 
 Girls' Friendly Society and the Young 
 Women's Christian Association which are 
 nobly carrying on a good and useful work 
 in providing these Homes for the working 
 girls of London and the provinces. 
 
 There is, however, room for all. Charit- 
 ably conducted homes would not suffer from 
 the competition of commercially conducted 
 ones, inasmuch as they would cater for the 
 accommodation of different classes of workers. 
 
 A house conducted on commercial prin-
 
 CLUBS FOE YOUNG- MEN AND WOMEN 367 
 
 ciples has lately been opened for the accom- 
 modation of young women at 8 South 
 Crescent, Tottenham Court Eoad, London. 
 It contains, besides bed-rooms, a dining-room 
 and a club-room provided with a pianoforte, 
 books, magazines, and newspapers. Far 
 from finding that prices calculated on a 
 higher scale than those usually charged by 
 the charitable and philanthropic homes deter 
 young women engaged in government offices 
 or in superior branches of business from enter- 
 ing this house, experience shows that the 
 inmates gladly pay a higher price for the 
 privilege of feeling that they do not owe th 
 comforts they enjoy to the charity of the public, 
 and that they secure the society of their social 
 equals. 
 
 Inasmuch as there is room for many 
 another effort in the same direction, and as 
 the need of such commercially conducted 
 houses for young women is great, I trust that 
 some of the practical public support which
 
 368 CLUBS FOE YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN 
 
 has been accorded to the suggestion I lately 
 made in an evening paper, with regard to 
 the establishment of residential clubs for 
 young men, may be widened so as to include 
 within its operations a similar scheme for the 
 benefit of their hardworked and sorely tried 
 sisters.
 
 369 
 
 CHOECH CONGRESS, WAKEFIELD. 
 
 ADDRESS BY LORD BRABAZON. 
 
 THE duties of the Church in respect to 
 
 I. Literature. 
 II. Amusements. 
 
 Such is the subject which we are called upon 
 to discuss this day. 
 
 It is taken for granted by those who 
 have drawn up this Congress that the Church 
 has a duty in respect to both literature and 
 amusements, and we are relieved therefore of 
 the onus of showing that such an obligation is 
 incumbent on her. There cannot be many 
 who would question the existence of such an 
 obligation. If by the word ' Church ' we 
 mean the general body of Christians believing 
 
 B B
 
 370 CHURCH CONGRESS, WAKEFIELD 
 
 in the doctrines of the Church of England, it 
 assuredly is incumbent on that corporate 
 body to take every step which may conduce 
 to the spiritual improvement of its members, 
 or, in other words, of itself ; and in order to 
 effect this purpose every effort should be made 
 not only to recommend to men the practice of 
 virtue through the medium of the recognised 
 services and preaching of the ordained 
 ministers of the Church, but by utilising all 
 the secular influences which move men in this 
 nineteenth century to thought and action. 
 Amongst these influences may be reckoned 
 literature and amusements. These two motive 
 powers the Church cannot afford to neglect. 
 As long as the world lasts men will seek 
 recreation as a means of refreshment after 
 labour, and, though literature is a more 
 potent power in our day than it ever was in 
 the past, it promises to exert still greater 
 influence in the future. Eeading is now an 
 almost universal acquirement. The number
 
 CHURCH CONGRESS, WAKEFIELD 371 
 
 of daily and weekly newspapers in circulation 
 in Great Britain is enormous ; add to these 
 the fortnightly and monthly magazines, the 
 organs of special movements, societies, and 
 bodies, the innumerable penny novelettes, 
 which circulate amongst the young of the 
 lower and lower middle classes, and the three- 
 volume novels which are devoured by their 
 brothers and sisters of a higher social standing, 
 and it will be seen that the current literature 
 of the day cannot fail to exercise a tremendous 
 influence for good or for evil on the national 
 life. 
 
 Is it possible for the Church to avail itself 
 of literature as an instrument for the dissem- 
 ination of wholesome, moral, and ennobling 
 thought, and for the spread of religious 
 principles ? I think it is. 
 
 The large circulation which those two ex- 
 cellent magazines, ' The Boy's ' and The Girl's 
 Own Paper,' have attained is a good example 
 of the way in which moral influence can be 
 
 a B 2
 
 372 CHURCH CONGRESS, 
 
 exercised through the press over a special 
 class of readers. 
 
 In these papers the ' goody goody ' type of 
 writing, which repels more than it attracts, is 
 entirely absent. The tastes of the readers are 
 carefully studied, and every effort made to 
 make the publication attractive ; at the same 
 time all that is base, vulgar, or immoral is 
 rigidly excluded, with the result that a boy 
 or girl cannot well fail to rise from the perusal 
 of such a paper not only entertained but with 
 moral principles strengthened. 
 
 When we consider how numerous are the 
 publications which exercise upon the public 
 mind a distinctly contrary effect, we may 
 rejoice that there are some, and those with a 
 large circulation, which represent vice and 
 virtue in their proper colours. 
 
 These papers, though published by a 
 religious society, are not directly under the 
 influence of or in connection with the Church, 
 and it is well that such should be the case
 
 CHURCH CONGRESS, WAKEFIELD 373 
 
 their power is all the greater for it ; indeed, 
 few of the readers of these papers are aware 
 that they have any connection with a reli- 
 gious society, and a certain proportion would 
 perhaps cease to read them were the fact 
 blazoned on the title-page. Cannot the 
 Church still further extend its influence on 
 the reading public of other classes in a some- 
 what similar and indirect manner ? Some of 
 our bishops have lately surrounded themselves 
 with an able band of preachers whose duty 
 it is to act as a kind of reserve in the battle 
 of the Church, ready at the command of their 
 superiors to attack the foe wherever the stress 
 of conflicts may be greatest. I rejoice over 
 this addition to the forces of the Church 
 militant, but would point out that the written 
 is now often more powerful than the spoken 
 word ; and that it would be well if a portion 
 of this episcopal reserve were composed of 
 men ready with the pen as well as with the 
 tongue, and if the special duty were assigned
 
 374 CHURCH CONGRESS, WAKEF1ELD 
 
 to this section of studying the literature most 
 read amongst the people of the diocese, and 
 of turning their attention to the best means 
 of influencing and elevating thought and 
 conduct through the local press. It probably 
 would be found that this could best be done 
 by anonymous composition. The competition 
 between local prints is great, and really well 
 written articles on scientific, artistic, literary, 
 social, or philanthropic subjects would always 
 be welcome. It would probably be more 
 difficult to obtain the insertion of strictly 
 religious articles, though even these might 
 occasionally be received if dealing with the 
 philosophical and speculative questions of the 
 day, but it would be wise for a general veto 
 to be placed by episcopal authority on con- 
 troversial or political writing, even when con- 
 tributed anonymously. 
 
 In the demesne of more serious thought 
 
 D 
 
 and writing the Church has always taken a 
 prominent position a position which it is in-
 
 CHUECH CONGKESS, WAKEFIELD 375 
 
 cumbent on her to maintain if she is to retain 
 her hold over the cultivated and thoughtful 
 classes of society, and perhaps in no way can 
 she exercise her influence with greater effect 
 than through the written contributions of her 
 gifted sons to the high-class magazines of the 
 day. 
 
 It is a matter for deep thankfulness that 
 the days of ease, luxury, and even sloth 
 amongst the prelates of the Church have 
 passed away, and that the position of a Bishop 
 or other high dignitary of the Church is one 
 of such continual toil that only strong con- 
 stitutions can stand its wear and tear ; but 
 this enforced activity is purchased somewhat 
 dearly by the want of leisure which robs the 
 Church of much valuable thought, learning, 
 and research, which in former days would 
 have been transferred to paper and have 
 enriched the world. It would be well if the 
 Church, recognising its altered condition, could 
 reserve certain positions of emolument to be
 
 376 CHUECH CONGRESS, WAKEFIELD 
 
 held by men who had proved by useful 
 literary work their fitness and ability for a 
 post the possession of which would give them 
 the opportunity of doing still better literary 
 work in the interests of religion. 
 
 I think I have shown that there are many 
 opportunities in the realm of literature 
 within which the Church may, and indeed 
 ought to, exercise her influence. 
 
 Is this less so in the case of the amuse- 
 ments of the people ? I think not. 
 
 England is no longer the ' merrie England ' 
 of old. Our people, as a rule, are congregated 
 in towns, where the pressure of life is so great 
 that the majority have very little time for 
 amusements, even if opportunities of innocent 
 and healthy recreation presented themselves. 
 But as a fact the amusements to be found in 
 an English town are few, and still fewer are 
 those which could be called either healthy 
 or innocent. Let us consider what are the 
 amusements of our people living in towns.
 
 CHURCH CONGRESS, WAKEFIELD 377 
 
 We might almost begin and end the list with 
 the word ' drinking,' throwing in an occasional 
 reference to a travelling theatrical company 
 (not visited by the masses), a perambulating 
 circus or menagerie, or show of some hmis 
 naturae (the more horrible and sensational the 
 better) ; then we should not forget the local 
 races, with their annual demoralisation of the 
 neighbourhood, nor should the periodic 
 saturnalia which take place on the occasion 
 of Bank holidays be omitted. The list is, I 
 think, now complete, and a very edifying one 
 it is doubtless calculated to throw brightness 
 into the lives of the people, and to enable 
 them to return to their daily work refreshed 
 and invigorated in mind and body. 
 
 The question of the amusements of the 
 masses is very closely connected with that of 
 the national health, and it cannot be denied 
 that the latter is intimately connected with 
 national morality. This being the case, I 
 assert that it is the duty of the Church to
 
 378 CHURCH CONGRESS, WAKEFIELD 
 
 encourage both in town and country (for in 
 many a rural village monotony and dulness 
 are at the bottom of much vice) every 
 innocent amusement which may conduce to 
 the increased health, instruction, sociability, 
 mutual good-feeling, brightness, and happiness 
 of the people. To descend to practical 
 methods, I am persuaded that no village 
 should be without its ' Eecreation Kooin ' 
 or town without its ' Working-Men's Club ' 
 or 'Mechanics' Institute,' institutions which 
 should be provided with at least one large 
 room. Such a building should be under the 
 care of a person who should be responsible 
 for order, and if possible reside on the 
 premises. 
 
 Here would be a centre for the in- 
 numerable amusements which would suggest 
 themselves as soon as the town or village 
 possessed a local habitation dedicated to 
 recreation. Every effort should be made to 
 interest the people in the building by giving
 
 CHUECH CONGRESS, WAKEFIELD 379 
 
 them a share in its management, though if 
 it be a distinctly Church institution I think 
 it would be well to vest it in the incumb- 
 ent and churchwardens for the time beim?. 
 
 c 
 
 Experience has proved that people care more 
 for that for which they have to pay, and I 
 would therefore suggest that an exceedingly 
 low subscription should be asked of all who 
 make use of it, so low as not to exclude the 
 poorest ; that the latent talent of the village 
 or town should be gradually drawn out, so 
 that the members of the institute should not 
 be dependent for their amusement on out- 
 siders. A brass or drum and fife or string 
 band, or all three, might be organised, 
 concerts, readings, and lectures given, and 
 (although I know I am treading on delicate 
 ground) I am bold enough to add an occasional 
 dance, but with this restriction, that no girl 
 should be permitted to attend without being 
 accompanied by her mother or some other 
 female relative. If this precaution were taken,
 
 380 CHURCH CONGRESS, WAKEFIELD 
 
 which after all is only carrying into lower 
 social circles the universal custom of the 
 higher, I see no reason why young men and 
 women of the working class should not be 
 permitted to enjoy the pleasures of the dance 
 as much as the sons and daughters of the 
 middle and upper ranks of society. 
 
 In the country all outdoor games, such as 
 cricket, football, &c., should be encouraged, 
 and in towns, where it is difficult to obtain 
 facilities for these exercises, I trust the Church 
 will promote and favour the establishment 
 by municipalities of parks, open spaces, and 
 public playgrounds for children. The Govern- 
 ment have lately given great facilities for 
 the formation of cadet volunteer corps. 
 One such corps has been recently started 
 in Birmingham, and another amongst the boy 
 population of the East-End of London, and I 
 am told that not only is the exercise of drill 
 good for the health of the lads, but it teaches 
 them discipline, trains them in habits of order
 
 CfiURCH CONGRESS, WAItEFIELD 381 
 
 and obedience, and implants in their hearts 
 feelings of esprit de corps and of patriotism. 
 
 Every amusement which draws a man out 
 of his shell, which makes him exert himself for 
 the honour or advantage of others, be it only for 
 the sake of an abstraction, raises him morally. 
 It is useless for temperance reformers to ex- 
 pect the people to desert the public-house and 
 its attractions as long as no effort is made to 
 furnish them with more rational enjoyment. 
 I would therefore more especially ask all who 
 desire to see our people renounce those 
 drinking habits which are the cause of so 
 much national misery to turn their attention 
 towards providing the masses with rational 
 and elevating amusements. 
 
 This is a work in which the Church may 
 well take the lead. It is one which will 
 enable her to draw closer to large classes 
 which at present hold aloof from her. and 
 the closer she draws to the people the 
 greater will be her influence, the greater will
 
 382 CHURCH CONGRESS, WAKEFIELD 
 
 be their respect for her, and the easier will 
 it be for her to bring to them the message 
 of love with which she has been entrusted 
 by her Divine Master. 
 
 I shall conclude these observations by 
 expressing a hope that the Church of England 
 will cast off the timidity which too often 
 paralyses her best efforts, and, careless of the 
 opinion of those who judge her by ancient 
 standards, will recognise the altered condition 
 of life in the nineteenth century, will boldly 
 take the lead in all social and philanthropic 
 movements calculated to benefit the mass of 
 the people, and which are in accordance with 
 the spirit of the Gospel of Christ, resting 
 assured, if she follows in the footsteps of her 
 Lord, who even took thought for the poor 
 and the suffering, that she will not suffer in 
 influence, no matter what may be the forces 
 arrayed against her, or what may be the 
 opinions of a hostile and sceptical world.
 
 383 
 
 THE NEED OF NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL 
 AND TECHNICAL TRAINING, 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from ' Time,' May 1886. 
 
 ENGLAND owes the late Mr. Forster and the 
 Parliament of 1870 a debt of gratitude for 
 passing an Education Act which, whatever its 
 defects (and that it has some it is the object of 
 this short paper to show), has on the whole 
 proved a blessing to the country. Indeed, 
 without it we could hardly have continued, 
 with any chance of success, to compete in the 
 markets of the civilised world. The nation 
 whose workers possess the greatest general 
 intelligence will, in the long run, drive out of 
 the market the productions of a people of in- 
 ferior culture ; unless, indeed, the latter should 
 make up for inferior general culture by paying
 
 384 THE NEED OF NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL 
 
 marked attention to the training of their 
 producers, with a view to attain the highest 
 perfection in the handling of the tools of their 
 several arts and handicrafts, when a modifica- 
 tion, though not a cpmplete reversal, of the 
 above rule might be expected. Now it appears 
 to me (and T know that I am not singular in 
 rny belief) that in desiring to obtain for the 
 nation a high standard of general culture, and 
 in omitting to teach them the use of the tools 
 by which the mass of them will hereafter have 
 to earn their living, we are unintentionally lead- 
 ing them to believe that the bread which has 
 been gained by the sweat of the brow is less 
 honourably earned than -that which is the 
 result of intellectual literary effort, or even of 
 mechanical quill-driving. Now I am sure this 
 was not the intention of the late Mr. Forster 
 or of the promoters of the Bill of 1870. They 
 did not wish to cast a slur upon labour, or to 
 make a difference in the honour attaching to 
 different kinds of work. All work is honour-
 
 AM) TECHNICAL tKAINlfrG 385 
 
 able, says Carlyle. All work is not equally 
 profitable, for the reason that we are not all 
 born with equal capacities, nor with equal 
 opportunities for improving ourselves. It is 
 easier to find a good hedger and ditcher than 
 a good judge or prime minister; but if both 
 conscientiously do their work to the very best 
 of their ability, they are both worthy of 
 honour, though the world will ever give the 
 latter a larger share of its praise than the 
 former. This is no reason, however, why the 
 State should intensify this distinction by train- 
 ing the brain to the neglect of the hand and 
 eye. The practical result of this one-sided 
 training is that every boy and girl on leaving 
 school is desirous of engaging in work which 
 is neither manual nor what is mistermed 
 menial. There are few occupations within the 
 reach of a poor boy which do not fall within 
 the above category, and the result is that they 
 have to be content with an occupation which 
 is really manual, though for some unknown 
 
 CO
 
 386 THE NEED OF NATIONAL INDUSTEIAL 
 
 reason it is in popular parlance exempted from 
 being included in that category ; I mean quill- 
 driving. As the demand for clerks is limited, 
 the only result of this overstocking of the 
 supply of writers or copyists is that those who 
 obtain employment are obliged to be content 
 with wages which the despised artisan would 
 reject with scorn, and the remainder who are 
 not fortunate enough to obtain this miserable 
 pittance well, what becomes of them God 
 alone knows ; they are ignorant of a trade, they 
 have been brought up to be ashamed of work- 
 ing with their hands, and they sink into the 
 vast army of unemployed ; they are useless at 
 home, useless as emigrants ; and, with bitter- 
 ness and despair in their hearts, they are 
 ready to blame every one Providence, society, 
 capitalists, any one but themselves for the 
 miserable condition of their existence. And 
 yet there is ample room in the world for these 
 men, and millions more, if only they could use 
 their hands ; there is room in this country,
 
 AND TECHNICAL TRAINING 387 
 
 and there is practically unlimited space in our 
 colonies. Millions of acres of the most fertile 
 land in the world are waiting for tillers ! 
 Canada alone offers 160 acres of land free to 
 any man who will reside on them ; and several 
 of our Australian colonies offer free land- 
 grants. But these new lands require strong, 
 healthy men, fit for manual labour, farmers, 
 labourers, or artisans ; clerks and scribblers 
 are useless to them. What I have said of the 
 boys is, with a slight alteration, true of the 
 girls. These mainly desire to become gov- 
 ernesses, a class notoriously overstocked and 
 underpaid. Of the four subjects, a knowledge 
 of which is most essential to women of all 
 classes, hygiene (including an acquaintance 
 with the rudiments of the art of healing), 
 cookery, household work, and needlework, 
 only the latter is compulsorily taught at school, 
 and that imperfectly, according to Lady Leigh, 
 who lately wrote a letter on the subject to the 
 Times. If it is of importance that men's 
 
 c c 2
 
 388 THE *EED OF NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL 
 
 demand for employment should be addressed 
 equally to all branches of labour, it is infinitely 
 more important in the case of girls, for there 
 exists a very close connection between starva- 
 tion and prostitution. 
 
 The writer has lately returned from a visit 
 to America, where he visited several of the 
 eastern cities, and was pleased to find that the 
 municipal authorities were aware that their 
 otherwise excellent system of education was 
 deficient on the side of technical and industrial 
 training. In Philadelphia a central institution 
 has been established, in connection with the 
 common schools of the city, to which three 
 boys from each school are annually sent. 
 These lads are selected by competitive exami- 
 nation. The three successful lads from each 
 school are educated free of charge for five years 
 in the central institution, and cne of the prin- 
 cipal branches of the education they receive 
 during these years is a practical workshop- 
 training in the use of tools in iron and wood.
 
 AND TECHNICAL TRAINING 389 
 
 In order to avoid the opposition of trades 
 unions, the boys are not taught any particular 
 trade, but when a lad has passed through the 
 course he has received such a thorough 
 practical training that he is fit to turn his 
 hand to any trade he likes. The advantage 
 of this system of selection is, that it is impos- 
 sible for any one to assert that these lads are 
 working with their hands because they are 
 unable to work with their heads, for they 
 have proved themselves by competition to be 
 the intellectual elite of their respective schools. 
 Whilst the writer was being shown through 
 this institution, a deputation from the great 
 manufacturing town of Pittsburg arrived with 
 a view to obtain information and report to the 
 school authorities of that place on the success 
 of the experiment. A very perfect technical 
 school has also been established in Gerard Col- 
 lege, in Philadelphia. A public-spirited citizen 
 of New York, struck by the difficulty which a 
 young man met with who was desirous of
 
 390 THE NEED OF NATIONAL INDUSTEIAL 
 
 learning a trade, has established a private 
 technical school in that city, where of an even- 
 ing numbers of young men may be seen 
 learning the arts of bricklaying, stonecutting, 
 papering, carpentering, blacksmithery, &C. 
 So difficult have the trades unions, by their 
 rules, made it in New York for a man to 
 learn a trade, that the actual leaders are 
 feeling the pressure, and some have gladly 
 availed themselves of the tuition offered, and 
 have sent their sons to this school. 
 
 It is not only in America that greater 
 attention is being paid to technical and 
 industrial education. The Governments of 
 France and Germany have taken steps to 
 make instruction in handicrafts part of the 
 curriculum of their national schools. 
 
 The present distress (April 1886) leads 
 one to inquire how much of it is due to the 
 existence of an over-abundance of unskilled 
 labour in the country, and how far this state 
 of things is due to the neglect of technical and
 
 AND TECHNICAL TKAINING- 391 
 
 industrial training in our national schools. It 
 appears to me self-evident that, unless we are 
 prepared to be left behind in the competition 
 of nations, we must follow the example of our 
 neighbours, and make technical and industrial 
 training a prominent and compulsory portion 
 of our educational system. 
 
 If school boards were encouraged to pro- 
 mote the technical and industrial training of 
 their scholars, it would be a comparatively 
 easy matter, as a first step, to establish, in 
 each of our large towns, one school which 
 should combine intellectual, technical, and in- 
 dustrial instruction, and which would serve as 
 a model to the schools of the neighbourhood. 
 
 The country is fully alive to the necessity 
 of giving our artisans a higher technical educa- 
 tion ; and the elementary technical instruction 
 which, as boys, they might receive at school 
 could easily be supplemented, in case of the 
 more proficient, by attendance at some of the
 
 392 THE NEED OF NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL 
 
 excellent technical colleges which have 
 recently been established throughout the 
 country. 
 
 If any general system of elementary tech- 
 nical instruction were established, money 
 would not be wanting to found scholarships, 
 so that clever young artisans might be enabled 
 to study the higher branches of their respec- 
 tive handicrafts. 
 
 Technical classes have lately been 
 established in connection with Firth College, 
 Sheffield ; a technical school has been opened 
 at Leicester ; the technical school at Manchester 
 will shortly have to be enlarged, as it has 
 proved too small for the students who crowd 
 it ; the engineering department of University 
 College, Nottingham, is said to be making 
 satisfactory progress. In London, the Fins- 
 bury Technical College is said to have 108 
 students in regular attendance, whilst in the 
 evening classes there are no less than 685 
 
 *._>
 
 AND TECHNICAL TRAINING 393 
 
 " . students. The South London School of 
 Technical Art reports an increased number of 
 students, and it is proposed to establish there 
 a class for instruction in the old English art 
 of ornamental work in wrought iron. Finally, 
 the building of the City and Guilds of London 
 Institute, for the advancement of technical edu- 
 cation, lately opened in Exhibition Eoad, has 
 been provided with fittings aud apparatus, 
 and is now ready for the reception of 
 students. 
 
 It has been said that the trades unions 
 would oppose technical education. No proof 
 is given of the truth of this assertion, and I 
 have shown that they do not oppose it in 
 America. The leaders of the working classes 
 are men of intelligence, and it is not likely 
 that they would seriously countenance op- 
 position to any scheme of education which 
 would enable the workmen of England to 
 compete on more equal terms with their
 
 394 THE NEED OF NATIONAL 1NDUSTKIAL 
 
 fellow-craftsmen of the Continent. Our pre- 
 sent system of education is an excellent one 
 for the exclusive manufacture of clerks and 
 scholastic teachers of both sexes professions 
 which are not wanted in the colonies, and for 
 which sufficient work cannot be found at home. 
 Our population is increasing at the rate of 
 300,000 a year, and we cannot feed that which 
 is with us at present, and yet we continue to 
 educate our children as if the necessity for 
 labour had disappeared from amongst us. The 
 country wants handicraftsmen, and we produce 
 scriveners ; the colonists are crying out for 
 men who can handle a plough, shoe a horse, 
 and mend a cart, and we send them out clerks 
 or would-be gentlemen. Our farmers and 
 working-men want wives who can cook, bake, 
 and wash, who understand a dairy and the 
 management of poultry, and we supply them 
 with young women who are incapable of doing 
 any of these things.
 
 AND TECHNICAL TEAINING 395 
 
 In view of the present distress and 
 depression in trade and agriculture, when all 
 classes must exercise the greatest economy 
 and thrift, it is imperative that our boys 
 should be taught to labour, and our girls to 
 become good housewives.
 
 396 
 
 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISURE. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' National Review ' 
 of April 1885. 
 
 ' I AM possessed of a considerable amount of 
 energy, which, now that I have left the army 
 and have nothing to do, I am obliged to work 
 off by travelling about Europe.' 
 
 The above remark was made to me by a 
 most intelligent officer who had retired from 
 the army with the rank of colonel, who was 
 still in the prime of life, and who was gifted 
 not only, as he himself said, with energy, but 
 Avith health, strength, and apparently with 
 excellent abilities. 
 
 It struck me as sad that a good man's 
 energies should be thus wasted, when there
 
 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISUEE 397 
 
 was so much work needing to be done in the 
 world, and this led me to consider why and 
 how it was that so few men of leisure devote 
 themselves to useful or philanthropic work. 
 
 Notwithstanding the splendid example 
 which has been set by Lord Shaftesbury, how 
 few men of position and of leisure have 
 followed in his footsteps ! Those who have 
 done so, whose names are known to the public, 
 may almost be counted on the fingers of one 
 hand ; and if Lord Shaftesbury were to die l 
 to-morrow, there is not one of them who 
 would be capable of occupying with equal 
 ability, energy, and dignity the high position 
 which he has for so long maintained as a leader 
 of the religious and philanthropic world. I 
 do not mean to say that there are not probably 
 more men now who devote themselves, their 
 money, and their time to the good of their 
 fellow-creatures than during any previous 
 period of our national history. It is only 
 
 1 The Earl of Shafteslury died October 1, 1885.
 
 398 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISURE 
 
 natural that such should be the case. As the 
 age we live- in is essentially an active one, it 
 would indeed be remarkable if philanthropy 
 were to be the only field of activity which had 
 not benefited by the stirring influences of our 
 time. I quite believe that there is more 
 voluntary and unpaid work undertaken by 
 men for the love of God and their neighbour 
 at the present time than there ever was before ; 
 but this does not alter the fact that the 
 proportion of the men of the leisured class 
 which devotes itself to unpaid, useful, religious, 
 and philanthropic work is a small one, and 
 that among the younger generation of philan- 
 thropists we may look in vain for the equals of 
 a Howard, a Clarkson, a Wilberforce, a Zachary 
 Macaulay, or a Shaftesbury. Why is this ? 
 Surely the career of a philanthropist is as noble 
 as that of a politician ! It cannot be less 
 interesting. It is probably of more genuine 
 service to the world. True it is, that in this 
 direction lies not the path of worldly honours
 
 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISUKE 399 
 
 and distinctions ; but the gratitude of a people 
 and the sense of useful work accomplished 
 should be reward enough for the genuine 
 philanthropist. If he obtain these, and the 
 approval of his own conscience, he may 
 ungrudgingly leave the stars and the titles to 
 the politician, the successful general, or the 
 lawyer. The lack of first-class men in this 
 department of the world's work is not due to 
 any falling off in the demand for their labour, 
 or to any overstocking of the religious and 
 philanthropic labour market. Just the reverse. 
 Never were there so many philanthropic en- 
 terprises endeavouring to enlist the sympa- 
 thies of the world ; never was religious work 
 more active and more desirous of availing 
 itself of lay help ; never was personal work 
 amongst the poor and suffering in body or 
 in spirit more needed than at present ; never 
 was there greater separation between rich and 
 poor, and, consequently, at no time was it 
 more necessary to apply to the social sores of
 
 4CO AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISUBE 
 
 our time (irritated and inflamed by the poison 
 of class ignorance and prejudice) the healing 
 remedies of personal ministration and Christian 
 sympathy. 
 
 Women (all honour to them !) can be 
 found in plenty, who make it the duty and 
 pleasure of their lives to minister to the wants 
 and to alleviate the miseries of the poor suf- 
 ferers who, in life's battle-field, have fallen 
 victims to the shock of the social forces of 
 our time; but the men those thousands of 
 them who are not engaged in the strife, who are 
 simple spectators of the fight why do they 
 hold aloof from the work of rescue ? How can 
 they reconcile it with their manhood to permit 
 feeble women to descend into the arena a] one, 
 and amidst all the horrible surroundings of 
 the fight, and at the peril of their own health, 
 and often at the sacrifice of their lives, to 
 labour single-handed in the cause of mercy ? 
 the men looking on the while indifferent, or, 
 what is worse, so engrossed in their own sport
 
 AX APPEAL TO MES OF LEISURE 401 
 
 or selfish amusement, as, in sooth, not to per 
 ceive that there is indeed any struggle in 
 progress, or any wounded who need attention. 
 Shall I be told that the care of those who 
 have fallen on the battle-field of life is as 
 strictly a woman's duty as is the nursing of 
 the maimed and wounded on the actual and 
 material field of slaughter, and that men are 
 not fitted for such work, and would only do 
 it badly did they attempt it? that woman's 
 nature is more sympathetic than man's, and 
 that she is never so happy as when employed 
 on some mission of mercy, and that, conse- 
 quently, she is the fit and proper person 
 to undertake the philanthropic work of the 
 world ? True ; yet the Ambulance Corps does 
 not consist solely of nurses. Are there not 
 doctors and surgeons, ambulance men and 
 bearers, professional and volunteers ? As on the 
 material field of strife, so on the battle arena 
 of the world, there is ample scope for the 
 philanthropic energies of men, without inter -
 
 402 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISUKE 
 
 fering with that portion of the work of rescue 
 for which women are more peculiarly fitted. 
 For want of men, women are frequently 
 obliged to undertake branches of philanthropic 
 work for which they are unsuited, with the 
 natural result that the work is badly done, 
 and much good female energy wasted which 
 might have been better employed if directed 
 into other and more appropriate channels. 
 
 Now, supposing a man of leisure, of in- 
 dependent means, of cultivation, possessed of 
 a good heart, and the desire to make himself 
 of use in the world, were to inquire what 
 branches of useful work were open to him 
 outside the recognised lines of political, magis- 
 terial, and literary labour, what answer could 
 be returned him ? There are many who seem 
 to think that if a man of leisure and means 
 does not go into Parliament, attend Petty 
 Sessions, or write a book, there are only two 
 other ways in which he can spend his days 
 as a sportsman or as an idler. It never seems
 
 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISURE 403 
 
 to enter the heads of these people that there 
 can be any other choice. Let us see, however, 
 if, outside the above orthodox masculine occu- 
 pations, we cannot discover several ways in 
 which a man may profitably and agreeably 
 spend his time, and taste of that happiness 
 which they alone feel who are working for the 
 good of others. 
 
 Altruistic unprofessional work may be 
 either secular or religious. If secular, it would 
 include such unpaid labour as that of poor-law 
 guardians, town councillors, vestrymen, man- 
 agers of public libraries, baths and wash- 
 houses, gymnasia, cricket and football clubs, 
 penny banks, boys' homes and clubs, orphan- 
 ages, industrial schools, hospitals, convalescent 
 homes, working-men's clubs, coffee-taverns, 
 debating and penny reading societies, sanitary 
 and vigilance associations, Hospital Sunday 
 and HospitalSaturday movements, emigration, 
 temperance, benefit, thrift, charity organisa- 
 tion, Kyrle, open spaces, national health, 
 
 D D 2
 
 404 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISUKE 
 
 public playground, drinking-fountain, ambu- 
 lance, early closing, people's entertainment, 
 popular ballad concert, workhouse concert, and 
 country and seaside convalescing societies, &c. 
 
 Religious work would include that of 
 deacons and lay readers appointed by the 
 bishops of the Church of England, similar work 
 as carried on by other Churches, Sunday-school 
 teaching, membership of such associations as 
 the Young Men's Christian Association, the 
 Young Men's Friendly Society, the Church of 
 England Purity Society, the White Cross 
 Army, &c. 
 
 Are not these lists sufficiently com- 
 prehensive ? Yet they do not profess to be 
 exhaustive. There are, doubtless, many other 
 ways in which men of leisure might turn their 
 talents to useful account. I have only jotted 
 down those which first arose in my mind. 
 Let others add to them. 
 
 Many a good work is languishing for want 
 of help, not pecuniary, but personal help.
 
 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISTlKE 405 
 
 How different would be the condition of things 
 
 o 
 
 in our East-End and South London parishes, 
 or in our large manufacturing towns, if settle- 
 ments of young men like those established 
 by some of the Universities were more com- 
 mon. I can myself witness to the good work 
 performed by two young men engaged in busi- 
 ness in the City, who have taken a house to- 
 gether in the far East of London, have added 
 a large room to the building, have surrounded 
 themselves with a band of young lads and 
 men, and after working hours devote them- 
 selves to their welfare, instruction, and amuse- 
 ment. May others follow their example ! 
 
 I shall be content if the few words I have 
 written may lead some men of leisure, whose 
 lives are at present devoid of all serious or 
 useful occupation, to think whether, after all, 
 that life is worth living which is exclusively 
 
 o *- 
 
 devoted to sport or pleasure, or, still worse, 
 to idleness or vice, and whether it would not 
 be more truly worth living if some portion
 
 406 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF LEISUKE 
 
 of the time, talents, health, and energy with 
 which God has endowed them were to be de- 
 voted to the benefit of their fellow-creatures, 
 and to the advancement of His kingdom upon 
 earth.
 
 407 
 
 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF WEALTH. 
 
 Reprinted, by permission, from the ' National Review ' 
 of July 1885. 
 
 Ix an article recently published in this maga- 
 zine I ventured to make an ' Appeal to Men 
 of Leisure ' to devote some portion of the 
 time at their disposal to the furtherance of 
 works of philanthropy and charity. The 
 favourable reception accorded to my remarks 
 encourages me to make a further appeal on 
 behalf of similar objects to men of wealth 
 and position. 
 
 Such an appeal may, perhaps, draw forth 
 the remark that men of wealth in England 
 are notoriously generous, and that men of 
 high social position are never wanting to take
 
 408 AN APPEAL TO MEN OE WEALTH 
 
 the lead in works of genuine charity. These 
 remarks are true in one sense, but untrue in 
 another. It is true that large sums of money 
 are always forthcoming on the occasion of 
 any special appeal to the generosity of the 
 British public, and that the voluntary sub- 
 scriptions annually contributed to works of 
 charity in this country are larger than in any 
 other ; it is also true that there is hardly any 
 institution in the kingdom which cannot show 
 its list of aristocratic, and often royal sup- 
 porters ; but it would not be in accordance 
 with facts to assert that men of wealth and 
 of social position take as active an interest in 
 works of philanthropy and of charity as they 
 do, for instance, in the pursuit of politics, or 
 of mere luxury or amusement, or that they 
 spend on the former as large a proportion of 
 their income as they do on the latter. Now, 
 although it may be thought, and very possibly 
 really may be, Utopian to expect the average 
 man of wealth to expend upon his less fortu-
 
 AN APPEAL TO MES OF WEALTH 409 
 
 nate fellow-creatures as much as he spends 
 upon his own amusements, I certainly am 
 quixotic enough to believe that a much larger 
 proportion of men would be found capable of 
 such madness if in their youth they had been 
 brought up to consider the wants of others ; 
 if, instead of being led to understand that 
 philanthropy and charity were right and 
 proper subjects for the consideration of 
 parsons and women, but were beneath the 
 attention of men of the world, it had been 
 pointed out to them that there was no nobler 
 work than the relief of human suffering and 
 the elevation of mankind, whether viewed 
 from the Christian or the humanitarian point 
 of view ; if it had been shown them that 
 exceptional opportunities for engaging in this 
 work had been placed within their reach, that 
 the mass of mankind were constantly engaged 
 in a never-ending struggle for bare existence, 
 and that questions affecting their social well- 
 being were of vastly more importance to the
 
 410 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF WEALTH 
 
 people than the most exciting topics of poli- 
 tical or even of international warfare, except 
 in so far as the latter, by raising prices, still 
 further increased for them the difficulties of 
 living. 
 
 I do not think that many persons who are in 
 the habit of watching the currents of public 
 opinion will disagree with me when I say that 
 social questions not only hold a vastly more 
 important position in the public mind than for- 
 merly, but that they are annually encroaching 
 on the domain of pure politics, and that no 
 statesman or party will, in the near future, 
 be able with impunity to leave them out of 
 calculation. Indeed, I would go so far as to 
 say that the political party which has the 
 courage to grapple firmly with such social 
 questions as the housing of the poor, the 
 regulation of the hours of labour, the State 
 direction of colonisation, the prevention of 
 adulteration, the reform of our Poor Laws, the 
 sanitation of our public cities, the establish-
 
 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF WEALTH 411 
 
 ment of a Government Department of Health 
 with a Minister at its head of Cabinet rank, 
 the reform of our sanitary laws, the increase 
 and better payment of inspectors of nuisances 
 and of factories, and the appointment of a real 
 and not of a sham Public Prosecutor, whose 
 duty it shall be to defend the individual 
 against all action, whether corporate or 
 private, calculated to injure the public health 
 that the party, in short, that is bold enough 
 to break loose from superstitious worship of 
 the doctrine of laissez faire, and recognises 
 that the happiness of the people is the true 
 end and aim of its existence, will obtain a 
 lengthened monopoly of political power. Even 
 supposing all this to be desirable, I hear the 
 reader say, Why appeal to wealthy men? 
 What have they to say to it? Why not 
 rather, in these democratic days, descend into 
 the streets, and address your appeal to the 
 masses with whom now rests the fate of 
 Ministries. That is just what I want you rich
 
 412 AN APPEAL TO MEN OP WEALTH 
 
 men of England to do ! I do not so much care 
 that you should increase your subscriptions 
 to charitable objects (though this might often 
 be done with advantage), as that you should 
 use the great influence you possess in the cause 
 of the happiness of the greatest number. I 
 want you to show the poor man (what I 
 know to be the case) that he is not forgotten 
 by you ; that you are alive to his sorrows, 
 that you sympathise with him in Ins troubles, 
 that you respect him for his honest struggles 
 against penury and want, that you admire 
 him for his patience ; that you willingly 
 acknowledge that moral worth is superior 
 to all social distinction ; that you recognise 
 wealth as a talent which has been given you 
 from above, and that your greatest pleasure 
 in life is to use it for the good of your 
 less favoured brethren. If wealth descended 
 oftener into the streets, there would be less 
 animosity between capital and labour. Sym- 
 pathy would soon produce love, and self-
 
 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF WEALTH 413 
 
 sacrifice reverence. Let the rich man take for 
 his motto, ' Not alms but a friend ' a friend 
 who should use his wealth and his education, 
 not to pauperise, but to elevate and encourage, 
 to dissipate prejudice, to soften hatreds, and 
 to bridge the yawning chasms of society ; for 
 is it not true that separation begets ignorance, 
 and ignorance hatred ? 
 
 Let the poor man and the rich, the working- 
 man and the man of leisure, join hands in 
 works of general utility and philanthropy, 
 and there will be an end to class hatred. 
 ' One touch of nature makes the whole world 
 kin.' The poor man will 'not begrudge the 
 wealth which he sees is being used to good 
 purpose ; he will recognise, without anger, the 
 advantages which education, wealth, leisure, 
 and social advantages have given to his 
 fellow -workers of the upper classes, and 
 respecting the unselfishness which prompts the 
 latter to devote their advantages to the benefit 
 of mankind in general, will freely accord the
 
 414 AN APPEAL TO MEN OF WEALTH 
 
 honour which he might have been tempted to 
 withhold from the possession of mere wealth 
 or social position, unsustained by personal 
 merit. I appeal, then, to the wealthy and 
 the socially distinguished to throw themselves 
 into all movements of a non-political character 
 which are calculated to insure the happiness 
 of the people, and by this I mean not happi- 
 ness only which is the outcome of physical 
 content, but that also which results from a 
 good conscience and a well-regulated life. 
 
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 1 vol. crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 
 Cox's (Homersham) The First Century of Christianity. 8vo. 12*. 
 Davidson's Introduction to the Study of the New Testament. 2 vols. 8vo. 30*. 
 Edersheim's Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. 2 vols. 8vo. 24*. 
 
 Prophecy and History in relation to the Messiah. 8vo. 12*. 
 Ellieott's (Bishop) Commentary on St. Paul's Epistles. 8vo. Galatians, 8*. 6d. 
 
 Ephesians, 8*. 6d. Pastoral Epistles, 10*. Sd. Philippians, Colossians and 
 Philemon, 10*. 6d. Thessaloniaus, 7*. 6d. 
 
 Lectures on the Life of our Lord. 8vo. 12*. 
 Ewald's Antiquities of Israel, translated by Solly. 8vo. 12*. 6d. 
 
 History of Israel, translated by Carpenter & Smith. 8 vols. 8vo. Vols. 
 
 1 & 2, 24*. Vols. 3 & 4, 21*. Vol. 5, 18*. Vol. 6, 16*. Vol. 7, 21*. 
 
 Vol. 8, 18*. 
 
 Hobart's Medical Language of St. Luke. 8vo. 16*. 
 Hopkins's Christ the Consoler. Fcp. 8vo. 2*. 6d. 
 
 London: LONGMANS, GEEEN, & CO.
 
 General Lists of Works. 
 
 i Jukes's New Man and the Eternal Life. Crown 8vo. 6.?. 
 
 Second Death and the Eestitntion of all Things. Crown 8vo. 3*. 6d. 
 
 Types of Genesis. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Mystery of the Kingdom. Crown 8vo. 3*. 6<J. 
 
 Lenormant's New Translation of the Book of Genesis. Translated into English. 
 
 8vo. 10*. 6d. 
 
 ] Lyra Germanica : Hymns translated by Miss Winkworth. Fcp. 8vo. 5*. 
 ' Macdonald's (G.) Unspoken Sermons. Two Series, Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. each. 
 
 The Miracles of our Lord. Crown 8vo. 5s. fid. 
 Manning's Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost. Crown 8vo. 8*. M. 
 Martineau's Endeavours after the Christian Life. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 
 Hymns of Praise and Prayer. Crown 8vo. 4*. 6d. 32mo. 1*. M. 
 
 Sermons, Hours of Thought on Sacred Things. 2 vols. 7*. 6d. each. 
 Monsell's Spiritual Songs for Sundays and Holidays. Fcp. 8vo. 5*. 18mo. 2*. 
 MUUer'g (Max) Origin and Growth of Eeligion. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6<i. 
 
 Science of Religion. Crown 8vo. It. 6d. 
 Newman's Apologia pro Vita Sua. Crown 8vo. 6*. 
 
 The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated. Crown 8vo. It. 
 
 Historical Sketches. 3 vols. crown 8vo. 6*. each. 
 
 Discussions and Arguments on Various Subjects. Crown 8vo. 6*. 
 
 An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine. Crown 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Certain Difficulties Felt by Anglicans in Catholic Teaching Con- 
 
 sidered. Vol. 1, crown 8vo. It. 6d. Vol. 2, crown 8vo. 5s. 6d. 
 
 The Via Media of the Anglican Church, Illustrated in Lectures, &c. 
 
 2 vols. crown 8vo. 6*. each 
 
 Essays, Critical and Historical. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 12*. 
 
 Essays on Biblical and on Ecclesiastical Miracles. Crown 8vo. 61. 
 
 An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent. 7*. 6d. 
 Overton's Life in the English Church (1660-1714). 8vo. 14*. 
 Supernatural Religion. Complete Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. 36*. 
 Tounghnsband's The Story of Our Lord told in Simple Language for Children. 
 
 Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. cloth plain ; 3s. 6d. cloth extra, gilt edges. 
 
 TRAVELS, ADVENTURES, &c. 
 
 Alpine Club (The) Map of Switzerland. In Four Sheets. 42*. 
 Baker's Eight Tears in Ceylon. Crown 8vo. 5*. 
 
 Rifle and Hound in Ceylon. Crown 8vo. 5*. 
 ! Ball's Alpine Guide. 3 vols. post 8vo. with Maps and Illustrations : I. Western 
 
 Alps, 6s. 6d. II. Central Alps, 7s. 6d. III. Eastern Alps, 10*. 6d. 
 Ball on Alpine Travelling, and on the Geology of the Alps, 1*. 
 Brassey's Sunshine and Storm in the East. Library Edition, 8vo. 21*. Cabinet 
 Edition, crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. Popular Edition, 4to. 6d. 
 
 Voyage in the Yacht ' Sunbeam.' Library Edition, 8vo. 21*. Cabinet 
 
 Edition, crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. School Edition, fcp. 8vo. 2*. Popular 
 Edition, 4to. 6d. 
 
 In the Trades, the Tropics, and the ' Roaring Forties.' Library Edition, 
 
 8vo.21*. Cabinet Edition, crown 8vo. 17*. 6d. Popular Edition, 
 4tO. ftil. 
 
 Fronde's Oceana ; or, England and her Colonies. Crown 8vo. 2*. boards ; 2*. 6d. 
 
 cloth. 
 
 Howitt's Visits to Remarkable Places. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 Three in Norway. By Two of Them. Crown 8vo. Illustrations, 6s. 
 
 London : LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.
 
 10 General Lists of Works. 
 
 WORKS OF FICTION. 
 
 Beaconsfield's (The Earl of) Novels and Tales. Hughenden Edition, with 2 
 Portraits on Steel and 11 Vignettes on \Vood. 11 vols. crown 8vo. 2. 2*. 
 Cheap Edition, 11 vols. crown 8vo. Is. each, boards ; 1*. Gd. each, cloth. 
 Lothair. I Contarini Fleming. 
 
 Sybil. 
 Coninggby. 
 Tancred. 
 Venetia. 
 
 Alroy, Ixion, &c. 
 The Young Duke, &c. 
 Vivian Grey. 
 Endymion. 
 
 Henrietta Temple. 
 
 Black Poodle (The) and other Tales. By the Author of 'Vice Versa.' Cr. 8vo. 6s. 
 Brabourne's (Lord) Friends and Foes from Fairyland. Crown 8vo. 6*. 
 Caddy's (Mrs.) Through the Fields with Linnaeus : a Chapter in Swedish History. 
 
 2 vols. crown 8vo. 16*. 
 
 Haggard's (H. Rider) She: a History of Adventure. Crown 8vo. 6*. 
 Harte (Bret) On the Frontier. Three Stories. 16mo. 1*. 
 
 By Shore and Sedge. Three Stories. 16mo. It. 
 
 In the Carquinez Woods. Crown 8vo. 2s. boards ; 2s. 6d. cloth. 
 Melville's (Whyte) Novels. 8 vols. fcp. 8vo. Is. each, boards ; Is. 6d. each, cloth. 
 
 Digby Grand. 
 General Bounce. 
 Kate Coventry. 
 The Gladiators. 
 
 Good for Nothing. 
 Holmby House. 
 The Interpreter. 
 The Queen's Maries. 
 
 Molesworth's (Mrs.) Marrying and Giving in Marriage. Crown 8vo. Is. Gd. 
 Novels by the Author of ' The Atelier dn Lys ' : 
 
 The Atelier du Lys ; or, An Art Student in the Reign of Terror. Crown 
 
 8vo. 2s. Gd. 
 
 Mademoiselle Mori : a Tale of Modern Rome. Crown 8vo. 2s. Gd. 
 In the Olden Time : a Tale of the Peasant War in Germany. Crown 8vo. 2s. Gd . 
 Hester's Venture. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 Oliphant's (Mrs.) Madam. Crown 8vo. 3*. Gd. 
 
 In Trust : the Story of a Lady and her Lover. Crown 8vo. 
 
 2s. boards ; 2t. Gd. cloth. 
 Payn's (James) The Luck of the Darrells. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6<f. 
 
 Thicker than Water. Crown 8vo. '2s. boards ; 2s. 6<i. cloth. 
 Reader's Fairy Prince Follow-my-Lead. Crown 8vo. 5s. 
 
 The Ghost of Brankinshaw ; and other Tales. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. Gd. 
 Ross's (Percy) A Comedy without Laughter. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 SewelTs (Miss) Stories and Tales. Crown 8vo. Is. each, boards ; Is. Gd. cloth ; 
 2s. 6d. cloth extra, gilt edges. 
 
 Amy Herbert. Cleve Hall. 
 The Earl's Daughter. 
 Experience of Life. 
 Gertrude. Ivors. 
 
 A Glimpse of the "World. 
 Katharine Ashton. 
 Laneton Parsonage. 
 Margaret Percival. Ursula. 
 
 Stevenson's (R. L.) The Dynamiter. Fcp. 8vo. Is. sewed ; Is. Gd. cloth. 
 
 Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Fcp. 8vo. Is. 
 
 sewed ; Is. 6d. cloth. 
 
 Trollope's (Anthony) Novels. Fcp. 8vo. Is. each, boards ; Is. Gd. cloth. 
 The Warden Barchester Towers. 
 
 London: LONGMANS, GBEEN, & CO.
 
 General Lists of Works. 11 
 
 POETRY AND THE DRAMA. 
 
 Armstrong's (Ed. J.) Poetical Works. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. 
 (G. F.) Poetical Works : 
 
 Poems, Lyrical and Dramatic. Fcp. 
 
 8vo. 6*. 
 
 TJgone : a Tragedy. Fcp. 8vo. 6*. 
 A Garland from Greece. Fcp. 8vo.9*. 
 
 King Saul. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. 
 King David. Fcp. STO. 6*. 
 King Solomon. Fcp. 8vo. 6s. 
 Stories of Wicklow. Fcp. 8vo. Ss. 
 
 Bowen's Harrow Songs and other Verses. Fcp. 8vo. 2*. 6d. ; or printed on 
 
 hand-made paper, 5s. 
 
 Bowdler's Family Shakespeare. Medium 8vo. 14*. 6 vols. fcp. 8vo. 21*. 
 Dante's Divine Comedy, translated by James Innes Minchin. Crown 8vo. 15*. 
 Goethe's Faust, translated by Birds. Large crown 8vo. 12*. Sd. 
 translated by Webb. 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 edited by Selss. Crown 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Ingelow's Poems. Vols. 1 and 2, fcp. 8vo. 12*. VoL 3 fcp. 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Lyrical and other Poems. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. cloth, plain ; 3*. cloth, 
 
 gilt edges. 
 Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Home, with Ivry and the Armada. Illustrated by 
 
 Weguelin. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. gilt edges. 
 
 The same, Popular Edition. Illustrated by Scharf. Fcp. 4to. 6d. swd., 1*. cloth. 
 Nesbit's Lays and Legends. Crown 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Reader's Voices from Flowerland, a Birthday Book, 2s. 6d. cloth, 3*. 6d. roan. 
 Southey's Poetical Works. Medium 8vo. 14*. 
 Stevenson's A Child's Garden of Verses. Fcp. 8vo. 5*. 
 Virgil's JEneid, translated by Conington. Crown 8vo. 9*. 
 
 Poems, translated into English Prose. Crown 8vo. 9*. 
 
 AGRICULTURE, HORSES, DOGS, AND CATTLE. 
 
 Dunster's How to Make the Land Pay. Crown 8vo. G*. 
 
 Fitzwygram's Horses and Stables. 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Lloyd's The Science of Agriculture. 8vo. 12*. 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture. 21*. 
 
 Miles's Horse's Foot, and How to Keep it Sound. Imperial 8vo. 12*. 6d. 
 
 Plain Treatise on Horse-Shoeing. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Remarks on Horses' Teeth. Post 8vo. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Stables and Stable-Fittings. Imperial 8vo. 15*. 
 Nevile's Farms and Farming. Crown 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Horses and Riding. Crown 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Steel's Diseases of the Ox, a Manual of Bovine Pathology. 8vo. 15*. 
 Stonehenge's Dog in Health and Disease. Square crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 
 Greyhound. Square crown 8vo. 15*. 
 
 Taylor's Agricultural Note Book. Fcp. 8vo. 2*. 6<i. 
 Ville on Artificial Manures, by Crookes. 8vo. 21*. 
 Yonatt's Work on the Dog. 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Horse. 8vo. 7*. Gd. 
 
 London: LONGMANS, GKEEN, & CO.
 
 12 General Lists of Works. 
 
 SPORTS AND PASTIMES. 
 
 The Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes. Edited by the Duke of Beaufort 
 and A. E. T. Watson. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 10*. 6<J. 
 each. 
 
 Hunting, by the Duke of Beaufort, &e. 
 
 Fishing, by H. Cholmondeley-Pennell, &c. 2 vols. 
 
 Racing, by the Earl of Suffolk, Sic. 
 
 Shooting, by Lord Walsingham, &c. 3 vols. 
 
 Cycling. By Viscount Bury. 
 
 %* Other Volumes in preparation. 
 
 Campbell-Walker's Correct Card, or How to Play at Whist. Pep. 8vo. 2*. 6d. 
 Dead Shot (The) by Marksman. Crown 8vo. 10*. 6d. 
 Francii'i Treatise on Fishing in all its Branches. Post 8vo. 15*. 
 Longman's Chess Openings. Fcp. 8vo. 2*. 6d. 
 
 Pease's The Cleveland Hounds as a Trencher-Fed Pack. Royal 8vo. 18*. 
 Pole's Theory of the Modern Scientific Game of Whist. Fcp. 8vo. 2*. 6<i. 
 Proctor's How to Play Whist. Crown 8vo. 5*. 
 Ronalds's Fly-Fisher's Entomology. 8vo. 14*. 
 Verney's Chess Eccentricities. Crown 8vo. 10*. 6d. 
 Wilcocks's Sea-Fisherman. Post 8vo. 6*. 
 
 ENCYCLOP/EDIAS, DICTIONARIES, AND BOOKS OF 
 REFERENCE. 
 
 Acton's Modern Cookery for Private Families. Fcp. 8vo. 4*. 6d. 
 Ayre's Treasury of Bible Knowledge. Fcp. 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. 3 vols. medium 8vo. 68*. 
 Cabinet Lawyer (The), a Popular Digest of the Laws of England. Fcp. 8vo. 9*. 
 Cates's Dictionary of General Biography. Medium 8vo. 28*. 
 Doyle's The Official Baronage of England. Vols. I.-IH. 3 vols. 4to. 5. 5*. 
 Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Architecture. 8vo. 52*. 6d. 
 
 Keith Johnston's Dictionary of Geography, or General Gazetteer. 8vo. 42*. 
 M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce and Commercial Navigation. 8vo. 63*. 
 Maunder's Biographical Treasury. Fcp. 8vo. 6*. 
 _ Historical Treasury. Fcp. 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Scientific and Literary Treasury. Fcp. 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Treasury of Bible Knowledge, edited by Ayre. Fcp. 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Treasury of Botany, edited by Lindley & Moore. Two Parts, 12*. 
 
 Treasury of Geography. Fcp. 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Treasury of Knowledge and Library of Reference. Fcp. 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Treasury of Natural History. Fcp 8vo. 6*. 
 
 Quain's Dictionary of Medicine. Medium 8vo. 31*. 6d., or in 2 vols. 34*. 
 
 Reeve'i Cookery and Housekeeping. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 
 Rich's Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 
 Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases. Crown 8vo. 10*. 6d. 
 
 Tire's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines. 4 vols. medium 8vo. 7. 7*. 
 
 Willich's Popular Tables, by Marriott. Crown 8vo. 10*. 6<J. 
 
 London: LONGMANS, GEEEN, & CO.
 
 A SELECTION 
 
 OF 
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORKS. 
 
 TEXT BOOKS OF SCIENCE 
 
 FULLY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Abney's Treatise on Photography. Fcp. 8vo. 3*. 6d. 
 Anderson's Strength of Materials. 3*. 6rf. 
 Armstrong's Organic Chemistry. 3*. 6<i. 
 Ball's Elements of Astronomy. 6*. 
 Barry'i Railway Appliances. 3i. 8d. 
 Bauennan's Systematic Mineralogy. 61. 
 Descriptive Mineralogy. 6*. 
 Blozam and Huntington's Metals. 5*. 
 Glazebrook's Physical Optics. 6*. 
 Glazebrook and Shaw's Practical Physics. 6*. 
 Gore's Art of Electro- Metallurgy. 6*. 
 
 Griffin's Algebra and Trigonometry. 3*. 6d . Notes and Solutions, 3*. 6d. 
 Holmes's The Steam Engine. 6.t. 
 Jenkin's Electricity and Magnetism. Ss. Bd. 
 Maxwell's Theory of Heat. 3*. 6<J. 
 
 Merrifield's Technical Arithmetic and Mensuration. 3s. 6d. Key, a. 6<J. 
 Miller's Inorganic Chemistry. 3*. 6<J. 
 Preece and Sivewright's Telegraphy. 5*. 
 Rutley's Study of Bocks, a Text- Book of Petrology. 4*. 6d. 
 Shelley's Workshop Appliances. 4*. 6d. 
 Thome's Structural and Physiological Botany. 6*. 
 Thorpe's Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 4. 6d. 
 Thorpe and Muir's Qualitative Analysis. 3*. 6d. 
 
 Tilden's Chemical Philosophy. 3*. 6d. With Answers to Problems. 4*. 6d. 
 Unwin's Elements of Machine Design. 63. 
 Watson's Plane and Solid Geometry. 3*. 6<J. 
 
 THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 Bloomfleld's College and School Greek Testament. Fcp. 8vo. 5*. 
 Holland & Lang's Politics of Aristotle. Post 8vo. It. 6d. 
 Collis's Chief Tenses of the Greek Irregular Verbs. 8vo. 1*. 
 
 Pontee Grseci, Stepping-Stone to Greek Grammar. 12mo. 3*. 6d. 
 
 Praxis Grseca, Etymology. 12mo. 2*. 6d. 
 Greek Verse-Book, Praxis lambica. 12mo. 4*. 6cf. 
 
 Farrar's Brief Greek Syntax and Accidence. 1 2mo. 4i. 6d. 
 
 Greek Grammar Rules for Harrow School. 12mo. li. 6A 
 Geare's Notes on Thucydides. Book I. Fcp. 8vo. 2t. 6d. 
 Hewitt's Greek Examination-Papers. 12mo. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Isbister's Xenophon'-s Anabasis, Books I. to III. with Notes. 12mo. St. 6d. 
 Jerram's Graece Reddenda. Crown 8vo. Is. 6d. 
 
 London: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.
 
 14 A Selection of Educational Works. 
 
 Kennedy's Greek Grammar. 12mo. 4s. Gd. 
 
 Liddell & Scott's English-Greek Lexicon. 4to. 36*. ; Square 12mo. Is. 6d. 
 
 MahafCy's Classical Greek literature. Crown 8 vo. Poets, 7s. Gd. Prose Writers, 
 
 7*. Gd. 
 
 Morris's Greek Lessons. Square 18mo. Part I. 2s. Gd. ; Part II. 1*. 
 Parry's Elementary Greek Grammar. 12mo. 3.. Gd. 
 
 Plato's Republic, Book I. Greek Text, English Notes by Hardy. Crown 8vo. 3s. 
 Sheppard and Evans's Notes on Thucydides. Crown 8vo. Is. Gd. 
 Thucydides, Book IV. with Notes by Barton and Chavasse. Crown 8vo. 5s. 
 Valpy's Greek Delectus, improved by White. 12mo. 2*. Gd. Key, 2*. 6rf. 
 White's Xenophon's Expedition of Cyrus, with English Notes. 12mo. 7s. Gd. 
 Wilkins's Manual of Greek Prose Composition. Crown 8vo. 5s. Key, 5*. 
 
 Exercises in Greek Prose Composition. Crown 8vo. 4*. Gd. Kev,:>j. Gd. 
 
 New Greek Delectus. Crown 8vo. 3s. Gd. Key, 2*. Gd. 
 
 Progressive Greek Delectus. 12mo. 4*. Key, 2.J. Gd. 
 
 Progressive Greek Anthology. 12mo. 5s. 
 
 Scriptores Attici, Excerpts with English Notes. Crown 8vo. It. Gd. 
 
 Speeches from Thucydides translated. Post 8vo. Gs. 
 Yonge'g English-Greek Lexicon. 4to. 21*. ; Square 12mo. 8s. Gd. 
 
 THE LATIN LANGUAGE. 
 
 Bradley's Latin Prose Exercises. 12mo. 3*. Gd. Key, 5s. 
 
 Continuous Lessons in Latin Prose. 12mo. 5*. Key, 5*. Gd. 
 
 Cornelius Nepos, improved by White. 12mo. 3s. Gd. 
 
 Eutropius, improved by White. 12mo. 2s. Gd. 
 
 Ovid's Metamorphoses, improved by White. 12mo. 4s. 6rf. 
 
 Select Fables of Phasdrus, improved by White. 12mo. 2s. Gd. 
 Collis's Chief Tenses of Latin Irregular Verbs. 8vo. 1*. 
 
 Pontes Latini, Stepping-Stone to Latin Grammar. 12mo. 3s. Gd. 
 Hewitt's Latin Examination-Papers. 12mo. 1*. Gd. 
 Isbister's Caesar, Books I.- VII. 12mo. 4s. or with Reading Lessons, 4*. Gd. 
 
 Caesar's Commentaries, Books I.-V. 12mo. 3s. Gd. 
 
 First Book of Caesar's Gallic War. 12mo. 1*. Gd. 
 Jerram's Latine Reddenda. Crown 8vo. 1*. Gd. 
 
 Kennedy's Child's Latin Primer, or First Latin Lessons. 12mo. 2*. 
 
 Child's Latin Accidence. 12mo. 1*. 
 
 Elementary Latin Grammar. 12mo. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Elementary Latin Reading Book, or Tirocinium Latinum. 12mo. 2*. 
 
 Latin Prose, Palaestra Stili Latini. 12mo. Gs. 
 
 Latin Vocabulary. 12mo. 2s. Gd. 
 
 Subsidia Primaria, Exercise Books to the Public School Latin Primer. 
 
 I. Accidence and Simple Construction, 2s. Gd. II. Syntax, 3*. Gd. 
 
 Key to the Exercises in Subsidia Primaria, Parts I. and^II. price 5s. 
 
 Subsidia Primaria, III. the Latin Compound Sentence. 12mo. 1*. 
 
 Curriculum Stili Latini. 12mo. 4s. Gd. Key, Is. Gd. 
 
 Palaestra Latina, or Second Latin Reading Book. 12mo. 6*. 
 
 London: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.
 
 A Selection of Educational Works. 
 
 Millington's Latin Prose Composition. Crown 8vo. 3*. Gd. 
 
 Selections from Latin Prose. Crown 8vo. 2s. Gd. 
 
 Moody's Eton Latin Grammar. 12mo. 2s. Gd. The Accidence separately, 1*. 
 Morris's Elementa Latina. Fcp. 8vo. I*. Gd. Key, 2s. Gd. 
 Parry's Origines Romanse, from Livy, with English Notes. Crown 8vo. 4s. 
 The Public School Latin Primer. 12mo. 2s. Gd. 
 
 Grammar, by Rev. Dr. Kennedy. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 Prendergast's Mastery Series, Manual of Latin. 12mo. 2s. Gd. 
 Kapier's Introduction to Composition of Latin Verse. 12mo. 3s. Gd. Key, 2s. 6d. 
 Sheppard and Turner's Aids to Classical Study. 12mo. 5s. Key, 6s. 
 Valpy's Latin Delectus, improved by White. 12mo. 2s. Gd. Key, Ss. 6d. 
 Virgil's MneiA, translated into English Verse by Conington. Crown 8vo. 9*. 
 
 Works, edited by Kennedy. Crown 8vo. 10*. Gd. 
 
 translated into English Prose by Conington. Crown 8vo. 9*. 
 Walford's Progressive Exercises in Latin Elegiac Verse. 12mo. 2*. 6<i. Key, 5s. 
 White and Riddle's Large Latin-English Dictionary. 1 vol. 4to. 21.S. 
 White's Concise Latin-Eng. Dictionary for University Students. Royal 8vo. 12s. 
 
 Junior Students' Eng.-Lat. & Lat.-Eng. Dictionary. Square 12mo. 5*. 
 
 Qor,ovofoW (The Latin-English Die ionary, price 3s. 
 ltely ( The English-Latin Dictionary, price 3*. 
 Yonge's Latin Gradus. Post 8vo. 9s. ; or with Appendix, 12*. 
 
 WHITE'S GRAMMAR-SCHOOL GREEK TEXTS. 
 
 .SIsop (Fables) & Palsephatus (Myths). 
 
 32mo. 1*. 
 
 Euripides, Hecuba. 2*. 
 Homer, Iliad, Book I. Is. 
 
 Odyssey, Book I. 1*. 
 Lucian, Select Dialogues. 1*. 
 Xenophon, Anabasis, Books I. III. IV. 
 
 V. & VI. 1*. Gd. each ; Book II. 1*. ; 
 
 Book VII. 2s. 
 
 Xenophon, Book I. without Vocabu- 
 lary. 3d. 
 
 St. Matthew's and St. Luke's Gospels. 
 2s. fid. each. 
 
 St. Mark's and St. John's Gospels. 
 1*. 6d. each. 
 
 The Acts of the Apostles. 2s. Gd. 
 
 St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. 1*. Gd. 
 
 The Four Gospels in Greek, with Greek-English Lexicon. Edited by John T. 
 White, D.D. Oxon. Square 32mo. price 5*. 
 
 WHITE'S GRAMMAR-SCHOOL LATIN TEXTS. 
 
 Caesar. Gallic War, Books I. & II. V. 
 
 & VI. Is. each. Book I. without 
 
 Vocabulary, 3d. 
 Caesar, Gallic War, Books HI. & IV. 
 
 9d. each. 
 
 Csesar, Gallic War, Book VII. Is. Gd. 
 Cicero, Cato Major (Old Age). 1*. Gd. 
 Cicero, Lselius (Friendship). 1* Gd. 
 Eutropius, Roman Histoiv, Books I. 
 
 & H. It. Books III. & IV. 1*. 
 Horace,0des, Books I. II. & IV. It. each. 
 Horace, Odes, Book III. Is. Gd. 
 Horace, Epodes and Carmen Seculare. 
 
 1*. 
 
 Nepos, Miltiades, Simon, Pausanias, 
 Aristides. 9d. 
 
 Ovid. Selections from Epistles and 
 Fasti. 1*. 
 
 Ovid, Select Myths from Metamor- 
 phoses. 9d. 
 
 Phssdrus, Select Easy Fables, 
 
 Phtedrus, Fables, Books I. & H. 1*. 
 
 Sallust, Bellum Catilinarium. 1*. Gd. 
 
 Virgil, Georgics, Book IV. 1*. 
 
 Virgil, ^i.eid. Books I. to VI. U each. 
 Book I. without Vocabulary. 3d. 
 
 Virgil, .Sneid, Books VTI. VIII. X. 
 XI. XII. Is. Gd. each. 
 
 London: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.
 
 16 A Selection of Educational Works. 
 
 THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Albites's How to Speak French. Fop. 8vo. 5i. 6d. 
 
 Instantaneous French Exercises. Fcp. 2*. Key, 2s. 
 Cassal's French Genders. Crown 8vo. 3*. 6d. 
 Oassal & Karcher's Graduated French Translation Book. Part I. 3*. 
 
 Part II. 5*. Key to Part I. by Professor Cassal, price 5s. 
 Contanseau's Practical French and English Dictionary. Post 8vo. 3*. Gd. 
 
 Pocket French and English Dictionary. Square 18mo. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Premieres Lectures. 12mo. 2j. 6d. 
 
 First Step in French. 12mo. 2s. 6d. Key, 3*. 
 
 French Accidence. 12mo. 2*. 6d. 
 
 Grammar. 12mo. 4s. Key, 8*. 
 Contanseau's Middle-Class French Course. Fcp. 8vo. ; 
 
 Accidence, 8d. 
 
 Syntax, 8d. 
 
 French Conversation-Book, 8d. 
 
 First French Exercise-Book, 8d. 
 
 Second French Exercise- Book, 8d. 
 
 French Translation-Book, 8d. 
 Easy French Delectus, 8d. 
 First French Reader, 8d. 
 Second French Reader, 8d. 
 French and English Dialogues, 8d. 
 
 Contanseau's Guide to French Translation. 12mo. 3*. 6d. Key 3*. 6d. 
 
 Prosateurs et Poetes Francais. 12mo. 5s. 
 
 " Precis de la Litterature Francaise. 12mo. 3s. Gd. 
 
 Abreg6 de 1'Histoire de France. 12mo. 2*. 6d. 
 
 Fe>al's Chouans et Bleus, with Notes by C. Sankey, M.A. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Jerram's Sentences for Translation into French. Cr. 8vo. 1*. Key, Is. 6d. 
 
 Prendergast's Mastery Series, French. 12mo. 2.J. 6d. 
 
 Souvestre's Philosophe sous les Toits, by Sti&venard. Square 18mo. 1*. Gd. 
 
 Stepping-Stone to French Pronunciation. 18ino. \s. 
 
 Stievenard's Lectures Francaises from Modern Authors. 12mo. 4a. 6d. 
 
 Rules and Exercises on the French Language. 12mo. 3s. 6d. 
 Tarver's Eton French Grammar. 12mo. 6*. fid. 
 
 THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 Blackley's Practical German and English Dictionary. Post 8vo. St. 6d. 
 
 Btichheim's German Poetry, for Repetition. 18mo. 1*. 6d. 
 
 Collis's Card of German Irregular Verbs. 8vo. 2*. 
 
 Fischer- Fischart's Elementary German Grammar. Fcp. 8vo. 2*. Gd. 
 
 Just's German Grammar. 12mo. 1*. 6d. 
 
 German Reading Book. 12mo. 3.. 6d, 
 
 Longman's Pocket German and English Dictionary. Square 18mo. 2*. 6<t 
 Naftel's Elementary German Course for Public Schools. Fcp. 8vo. 
 
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