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 THE 
 
 
 ITS LEGENDS AND EARLY HISTORY, 
 
 L. \V. BRODHEAD. 
 
 Scenes must be beautiful which, daily viewed, 
 Please daily, and whose norelly survives 
 Long knowledge and tlie scrutiny of years. 
 COWI>ER. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 SHERMAN & CO., FEIN TEES. 
 
 1870.
 
 Kntered according to Act of Cougress, in the year 1870, 
 BY L. W. BKODHEAD, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 CAXTON PRESS OF SHERMAN k CO.
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 THE frequent demand for a book descrip- 
 tive of the scenery and the places of interest 
 about the Water Gap, has induced the prepara- 
 tion of this little volume. 
 
 The addition of some historical account of 
 the place, historical notes, &c., to the object 
 first contemplated, it is thought, will afford in- 
 terest to a portion, at least, of its readers. 
 
 The story of Lover's Leap is given to supply 
 the numerous calls from the younger and more 
 romantic portion of the visitors at the Water 
 Gap for a recital of the legend connected with 
 that place, and which could not always be satis- 
 factorily rendered. It does not aspire to the 
 dignity of an independent romance, and the 
 introduction of more than the leadino- actors in
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 the story was purposely avoided, that too much 
 space might not be occupied in illustrating cer- 
 tain historical incidents, for which there is little 
 authentic data; but which are believed, how- 
 ever, to contain some elements of truth. 
 
 The beautiful Legend, written by Mrs. E. S. 
 Swift, will be read with interest and pleasure. 
 In granting permission for its publication in 
 this connection, that lady says: "I love every 
 foot of ground at the Water Gap ; to me it is 
 full of pleasing memories. I suppose I shall 
 find the place very much altered, improved, 
 people tell me ; but Mature has been so lavish 
 in her loveliness there, I do not think it could 
 bear improvement. I shall be glad to see your 
 book published : it has long been wanted ; the 
 Water Gap being, of late, as familiar as house- 
 hold words." 
 
 The hurried preparation of these pages has 
 led to the contemplation of a larger volume, 
 which may ere long appear, giving a more com- 
 plete topographical and historical account of 
 the Water Gap, together with a History of the 
 Upper Valley of the Delaware. 
 
 It will be difficult for those who read what 
 is here given, to divest their minds of the opin-
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 ion that it is written in the. interest of the Kit- 
 tatinny House. The relation the writer sustains 
 to the place would make the inference natural, 
 hence much delicacy is felt in placing it before 
 the public ; but he hopes for a more liberal ap- 
 preciation of his motives on the part of the 
 intelligent class of readers who visit the Water 
 Gap. 
 
 He has only attempted to furnish that which 
 those who visit the place constantly demand, 
 and which he has failed in inducing those more 
 experienced and more competent than himself 
 to undertake. 
 
 Less mention, however, is made of the House 
 itself than one less interested would, perhaps, 
 have given ; and as to the places described, 
 they have but to be visited to justify all that 
 is said in their praise. 
 
 To the author this maiden effort has been 
 but a labor of love, the anticipation of gain 
 in any form having no impulse, as most of the 
 places described were the play-grounds of his 
 boyhood, the rambles of his youth, and are the 
 admiration of his manhood. 
 
 DELAWARE WATER GAP, 1867. 
 1*
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 THE second edition is now presented, revised 
 and enlarged. 
 
 The historical matter relating to the Upper 
 Valley of the Delaware, proposed to be included 
 in this edition, was found, on partial prepara- 
 tion, to greatly exceed the limits contemplated, 
 and will, therefore, be published in a separate 
 volume. 
 
 The narrative, " Lost on the Mountain," was 
 Avritten by request of friends of the lady in 
 Philadelphia, and contains all the facts relating 
 to that exciting local incident. 
 
 The sketch of the Minisink and its early peo- 
 ple, family genealogy, Indian antiquities, &c., 
 here given will be understood as merely intro- 
 ductory, with the hope that these subjects will 
 awaken an interest in those who can assist the 
 author with data for their successful completion. 
 
 DELAWARE WATER GAP, 1870.
 
 CONTENTS, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 GUIDE, xi 
 
 Delaware Kiver, . . . . . . . .12 
 
 Delaware "Water Gap, 16 
 
 Kittatinny House, ........ 22 
 
 Kebecca's Bath, 23 
 
 Eureka Falls, '-'3 
 
 Moss Qrotto, 23 
 
 Caldeno Creek, ........ 28 
 
 Cooper's Cliff, 30 
 
 Table Eock, . . .' 31 
 
 Moss Cataract, 33 
 
 Diana's Bath, 33 
 
 Caldeno Falls, 33 
 
 Lover's Leap, 36 
 
 The Hunter's Spring, 38 
 
 Prospect Rock, 39 
 
 Summit of Mount Minsi, ...... 40
 
 Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sappers and Miners, ....... 41 
 
 The Gaps in the Mountain, 44 
 
 The Indian Interpreter (Tatamy), . . . . .44 
 The Rev. David Brainerd, . . . . .45 
 
 Mount Tammany, or New Jersey Summit, . . .48 
 
 Indian Chief, Tamanend, 48 
 
 Sunset Hill, 50 
 
 Mount Caroline, . . 53 
 
 Laurel Hill, 54 
 
 Blockhead Mountain, . 55 
 
 Lovers' Retreat, or the Haunted Pine, . . . .56 
 
 Martin's Rest, 59 
 
 Church of the Mountain, 59 
 
 CARRIAGE DRIVES. 
 
 Cherry Valley and Fox Hill, 74 
 
 Stroudsburg, 75 
 
 Cherry Valley and Crystal Hill, 76 
 
 Buttermilk Falls, 77 
 
 Marshall's Falls, 78 
 
 Bushkill Falls, 79 
 
 Falls of Winona, 83 
 
 Transue's Knob, 84 
 
 Castle Rock, 85 
 
 New Jersey Hills, 86 
 
 Lake of the Mountain, 86 
 
 Indian Relics, 87 
 
 Indian Graves, 115
 
 CONTENTS. IX 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Winona ; or, the Story of Lover's Leap, . . . 125 
 Legend of the Delaware Water Gap, by Mrs. E. S. 
 
 Swift, 158 
 
 Passage of the Delaware through the Blue Ridge, by 
 
 Dr. William B. Dey, 190 
 
 Lost on the Mountain, . . . . . . .193 
 
 HISTORICAL. 
 
 Sketch of the Minisink and its early People, . . 214 
 
 Early Settlements in the Minisink, .... 233 
 
 Depui Family, 236 
 
 Van Campen Family, 239 
 
 Brodhead Family, 241 
 
 Stroud Family, .250 
 
 Early Settlements at the Delaware Water Gap, . . 254 
 
 First Visitors, 262 
 
 Durham Boats, 264 
 
 Steamboat -'Alfred Thomas," 266 
 
 First Telegram, 269 
 
 Railroads, ... 270 
 
 Extract from a Letter of M. R. Hulce, Esq., . . 273 
 
 . 
 
 Extract from a Letter of C. L. Pascal, Esq., . . 274
 
 GUIDE 
 
 TO THE PLACES OF INTEREST. 
 
 See from the river in boats, from the carriage-road, from 
 Table Eock and Lover's Leap. 
 
 liebma's 38atlj nreJta J'alls pass Cataratt 
 
 Follow down the carriage-road in the direction of the Gap 
 to the first creek. 
 
 Cooper's Cliff $able |lotk Diana's $at|j poss 
 Cataract Calbnto Jfalls. 
 
 Pass through the gate in front of the Hotel, ascend the first 
 rise of ground, turn to the right, and take the direction 
 of the White lines, which can be seen on every suitable 
 rock and tree. 
 
 JTober's 
 
 Follow the direction of the Eed lines till you intersect the 
 Blue in the path leading to the Left. 
 
 |j.e 
 
 Follow the Red lines till you intersect the White leading to 
 the Right.
 
 XU GUIDE TO PLACES OF INTEREST. 
 
 prospect goeh. 
 
 Follow the Red lines till you intersect the Yellow leading to 
 the Left. 
 
 Jljonnt Iftinsi, or the |Jemtsglfomin Summit. 
 Follow the Red lines. 
 
 Sunset fill. 
 
 Follow the direction of the Yellow lines at the eastern end of 
 the inclosure in front of the Hotel. 
 
 Iftottnt Caroline. 
 
 Follow up the carriage-road in the direction of the village, 
 and ascend the highest peak in the rear of the church. 
 
 laurel fill, 
 Is in front of Mount Caroline, and east of the School-house. 
 
 $lonnt ftammang, or |frfo |erseji Summit. 
 
 Ascend from the opposite bank of the river, below the Slate 
 Factory. 
 
 of tlje fountain. 
 
 Take carriage to Shawnee ; ascend the mountain from the 
 opposite bank of the river under direction of a guide. 
 
 Persons taking any of the carriage-rides without a 
 driver, will obtain directions from the person having 
 the carriages in charge. 
 
 For a more full direction, see description of the places 
 you wish to visit.
 
 THE 
 
 SCENERY, 
 
 Delaware Hiver. 
 
 LITTLE rivulets dripping from rock to rock 
 down the western slope of the Catskill Moun- 
 tain form at its base two wild streamlets, too 
 small and uncertain at first to assume " a 
 local habitation and a name," but being fed 
 by numberless little accessories, at length 
 emerge the Mohawk and Popacton, the west 
 and east branches of the Delaware. Rejoic- 
 ing in their new creation, and gaily dancing 
 in the sunlight down declivities, forming 
 here and there tumultuous cascades, or gur- 
 gling through ravines, wander away from 
 their beautiful mountain source. 
 
 In parallel windings they flourish and 
 grow self-sustaining and self-important, like
 
 14 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 youth at their first departure from the pa- 
 rental mansion. Away they glide through 
 forest and hidden wilds, such as where the 
 hart goeth " panting after the water brooks," 
 and on, on, until the music of their cascades 
 reverberated from the steep mountain-side is 
 lost in the distance. A hundred miles away, 
 like plighted lovers, they meet, embrace, and 
 are commingled in one. 
 
 From such a beautiful source and from 
 such small beginnings, we have the noble 
 old Delaware, the poetry of rivers, and the 
 love and admiration of its " original people." 
 
 The point of junction is near the north- 
 east corner of Pennsylvania, and the united 
 streams thereafter form its eastern boundary. 
 The place of the union of these streams, in 
 the language of the Indians, was beautifully 
 significant. It was called by them &hehaw- 
 kan, meaning " the wedding of the waters." 
 At this point, after having wandered so far 
 from its parent mountain, and, as if desirous 
 of returning again for protection, the stream 
 diverges in a southeasterly direction, and 
 rapidly moving onward receives the waters 
 of the Lackawaxen (Lechawoefcsink), whose 
 wild ravines echo the songs of the merry
 
 DELAWARE RIVER. 15 
 
 raftmen. Approaching the Blue Ridge at 
 right angles it reaches it again at the junc- 
 tion of the three States,* having journeyed 
 in its wild rambles one hundred and fifty 
 miles, yet being only half that distance from 
 its source. Along the western base of the 
 mountain it flows majestically onward, 
 lighting up field and forest, and adding 
 a charm to a hundred landscapes, diverg- 
 ing from the " blue hills " at times to give 
 our New Jersey neighbors a portion of the 
 rich valley, and again washing their rocky 
 base, and receiving the waters of the Bush- 
 kill fresh from its little Niagara, and then 
 Brodhead's and Marshall's Creeks (the pro- 
 lific sources of the speckled trout), the un- 
 wearied stream at length reaches the Water 
 Gap to add the climax to its beautiful crea- 
 tions. 
 
 The forty miles of the course of this stream 
 
 * Near Port Jervis. It was at this point a gentleman 
 once asserted on a wager that he could prove to the satisfac- 
 tion of all present, that he had been inline States on that 
 day. It was easy to see how he could have been in Pennsyl- 
 vania, New York, and New Jersey, but the other two were 
 not so clear, till he explained that in the morning he had 
 been in a state of single unblessedness, and was now in a state 
 of double felicity.
 
 16 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 along the base of the mountain from Port 
 Jervis to this place, is unsurpassed in the 
 variety and beaujy of the pictures it pre- 
 sents ; and taken in connection with the 
 fine character of the roads, the numerous 
 waterfalls adjacent, there is not perhaps a 
 more desirable drive of the same extent 
 along any river in the country. 
 
 Delaware Water Gap. 
 
 The great geological phenomenon bearing 
 the above expressive though not very eupho- 
 nious name, is one of the most striking scenes 
 in our country, and is a subject upon which 
 volumes might be written. The chain of 
 mountains known in general terms as the 
 Blue Ridge, ranging nearly parallel with the 
 Atlantic coast, and having its rise in New 
 Hampshire and terminating in the extreme 
 Southern States, has, in each State through 
 which it passes, some distinguishing feature, 
 as the White Mountains in New Hampshire, 
 Green Mountains in Vermont, Gafokill in New 
 York, Harper's Ferry in Virginia, and the 
 Delaware Water Gap in Pennsylvania and 
 New Jersey.
 
 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 17 
 
 The waters of the Delaware at this point 
 approach the mountain with a gentle cur- 
 rent, and gracefully sweeping from the north 
 toward the east, turn suddenly and pass 
 through the Blue Ridge, cutting it to the 
 base, while its ragged, sloping sides tower- 
 ing up to an elevation of 1600 feet, frown 
 down upon the river as it calmly pursues 
 its course toward the ocean. 
 
 Whether this immense chasm has been 
 caused by one mighty eruption, or by a 
 gradual yielding of stratum after stratum, 
 by the immense pressure of the waters of a 
 lake thousands of acres in area, down to the 
 present bed of the river; or by the active 
 dissolution of the material upon which the 
 foundation of the mountain rested, burying 
 the whole mass deep in the gulf thus created, 
 is of course a subject of mere conjecture, 
 and can never be satisfactorily determined. 
 The depth and solidity of the stratification 
 on either side of the chasm would seem, 
 however, to favor the first hypothesis. 
 
 The evidences of the action of water on 
 rocks hundreds of feet above the present 
 level of the river-bed, and the masses of 
 drift forming isolated hills and alluvial 
 
 2*
 
 18 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 banks, indicate lake-like repose in the coun- 
 try now drained by the tributaries of the 
 stream above the great gate in the moun- 
 tain barrier. 
 
 The Indian name of Minisink, meaning 
 " the water is gone," given by the aborigi- 
 nes to the level country north of the Gap, 
 and extending up the river many miles, 
 would seem to indicate some tradition con- 
 firming the theory of a lake at some remote 
 period of time. 
 
 The mass of matter thrown out from this 
 chasm must have deluged the whole country 
 south of the "Gap" for many miles in ex- 
 tent; but we shall, perhaps, never find a 
 Herculaneum or a Pompeii buried beneath 
 the accumulated debris, although some fu- 
 ture Boucher de Perthes, delving deep in the 
 bowels of the earth for evidences of pre-liis- 
 toric man, may here find some relic of the 
 stone age, very like those now so plentifully 
 found upon the surface. 
 
 The two following paragraphs, giving an 
 estimate of the probable amount of matter 
 thrown out of the opening forming the 
 "Gap," &c., are extracts from a letter writ- 
 ten by the author of this book, some years
 
 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 19 
 
 ago, for the New York Sun, portions of which 
 were afterward published in a History of 
 Northampton and Monroe Counties : 
 
 " Estimating the height of the mountain 
 on either side at 1600 feet, the width of the 
 space or distance between the mountains at 
 half their height to be 1000 feet, the whole 
 distance through at one mile, would give 
 the enormous amount of 8,451,600,000 cubic 
 feet, a sufficiency of matter to overwhelm a 
 township of ordinary size to the depth of 
 five feet. 
 
 "Here there has been a convulsion that 
 must have shaken the earth to the very centre, 
 and the ' elements to give signs that all was 
 lost.' But He who governs the world and 
 has all things at His command; He who 
 holds the globe by the might of His power, 
 can remove the mountains from their foun- 
 dations and bury them in the deep, and the 
 great machinery of the universe continue to 
 move and lose none of its functions." 
 
 The wonderful phenomena of nature wit- 
 nessed in every clime, setting at defiance all 
 human theories and human research, seem 
 to exist only to impress us with the majesty 
 of Omnipotence, and our own fallible insuf-
 
 20 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 ficiency ; and the great geological transfor- 
 mations that have taken place in the pri- 
 mary condition of the earth's surface, and 
 the constant mutations still continuing, to- 
 gether with our own wasting lives, admonish 
 us of the instability of all sublunary things, 
 and that ere long, 
 
 " Like the baseless fabric of this vision, 
 The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces, 
 The solemn temples, the great globe itself, 
 Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve, 
 And, like this unsiibstanti.-tl pageant faded, 
 Leave not a rack behind." 
 
 The Delaware Water Gap may have been 
 so planned from creation. We are told in 
 the beautiful language of inspiration : that, 
 " He putteth forth his hand upon the rocks, 
 He overturneth the mountains by the roots, 
 He cutteth out rivers among the rocks, and 
 His eye seeth every precious thing." 
 
 The Gap should be seen from the river, 
 from Table Rock, Lover's Leap, and from the 
 ctu'i'iac/e-road. Taking a small boat, at the 
 foot of the cliff on which the hotel is situ- 
 ated, and rowing down over the quiet waters, 
 affords, perhaps, the most impressive view, 
 such as you will ever remember with pleas- 
 ure. You can better realize the height of
 
 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 21 
 
 the mountain, the width of the chasm, the 
 serpentine course of the river, and the force 
 required to produce the dislocation. 
 
 The Gap is also seen to good advantage 
 by walking down the carriage-road. By con- 
 tinuing the walk to the Point of Recks, you 
 have the view from a variety of aspects, 
 each of which is a study, and must give in- 
 terest and pleasure to the commonest percep- 
 tions. To the geologist and the botanist, 
 this is a fine field for the exercise of either 
 talent. On the return, you have a view up 
 the Delaware, which, though of an entirely 
 different character, is a pleasing and inter- 
 esting one. 
 
 Few persons from the cities see the Water 
 Gap in winter, and, therefore, lose some of 
 the grandest scenes the place affords. The 
 snows of the entire season accumulate to 
 the depth of several feet on the top and 
 sides of the mountain, appearing like an 
 immense white curtain studded with clumps 
 of evergreen trees, suspended from the sum- 
 mit of the Pennsylvania Mountain, and 
 reaching to its base, of the dimensions of 
 1GOO feet in height by one mile in length, 
 as seen from the hotel. The ice in the Gap
 
 22 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 acquires great solidity and thickness, and 
 presents an impenetrable barrier to that 
 which is brought down from the upper 
 waters, by the first winter freshets. It ac- 
 cumulates here in immense bodies, and is 
 piled up in confused masses, as high as the 
 grading of the railroad, unable to force the 
 solid masonry of winter in the narrow gorge 
 between the mountains. It is not uncom- 
 mon to see these broken cakes of ice piled 
 up to the height of twenty feet above the 
 water, some pieces standing upright from 
 ten to fifteen feet above the general mass. 
 This condition continues until the return 
 of warmer weather, when the gateway is 
 forced, and the whole body passes out with 
 a crashing sound, distinctly heard at the 
 hotel. 
 
 Kittatinny Souse. 
 
 On the side of the Pennsylvania Moun- 
 tain is a series of plateaux or geological 
 steps, and on the first of these, at an eleva- 
 tion of 180 feet above the river, stands the 
 Kittatinny House. The spot commands a 
 fine view of the windings of the river, and 
 the surrounding mountains and hills; but 
 the view of the Gap itself is incomplete,
 
 KITTATINNY HOUSE REBECCA'S BATH. 23 
 
 being obstructed, at this point, by " Block- 
 head" Mountain, which, however, is over- 
 looked by the views from other points higher 
 up the side of the mountain. The situation 
 is well chosen, and has the benefit of every 
 breeze. The hotel buildings are large, though 
 not sufficiently so to accommodate the annu- 
 ally increasing number of visitors, and more 
 extensive accommodations are in contem- 
 plation. The places of interest, hereinafter 
 to be described, are mostly in the immediate 
 vicinity of the hotel. There are several 
 boarding-houses, distant from half a mile to 
 three miles from the Kittatinny House, viz. : 
 " Brainerd House," by Thomas Brodhead ; 
 "Lenape House," by A. B. Burrell; "Glen- 
 wood House," by Samuel Alsop ; " River 
 Farm House," by Evan T. Croasdale; " Ana- 
 loming House," by James Bell ; and " High- 
 land Dale House," by Charles Foulk; also 
 several houses at Stroudsburg, a pleasant 
 town four miles distant. 
 
 Rebecca's Itath Eureka Falls Moss 
 Grotto. 
 
 On the road, about halfway between the 
 hotel and the Point of Rocks, is the ECHO.
 
 24 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 The return of the voice from the opposite 
 mountain in New Jersey is well defined at 
 the parapet which borders the road. Here 
 you cross a little stream, now perhaps very 
 modest, gentle, and almost noiseless ; yet so 
 sparkling and bewitching, half hidden under 
 the canopy of greenwood, and at times dis- 
 appearing between the moss-covered rocks, 
 that you almost fear, in its wild rambles, 
 such "a thing of beauty" cannot be "a joy 
 forever." But it murmurs on, in summer's 
 heat and winter's cold; more voluminous at 
 times, but never less beautiful. So coy, so 
 fickle, and yet so lovely and fascinating, how 
 very apt are we to compare it to one, in 
 our mind, of the lovelier part of our crea- 
 tion. And it has, too, its seasons of frolic 
 and gayety. Now, whilst I write, " winter's 
 icy chains have bound it," and the deep 
 snows have borne down the branches of the 
 trees that skirt its way, till they dip low in 
 the stream, and are festooned with icy pearls 
 that glitter in the sunlight, and almost make 
 you sad to think they cannot endure ; but a 
 few warm sunny days " unbinds the silver 
 rill," and behold the modest little rivulet
 
 REBECCA'S BATH. 25 
 
 with the proportions and the roar of a cata- 
 ract! 
 
 Up this ravine are located " Rebecca's 
 Bath," "Eureka Falls," and " Moss Grotto." 
 The stream has its rise high up the side of 
 the mountain, at " The Hunter's Spring," 
 and the rays of the sun are shut out for the 
 whole distance, causing the growth of mosses 
 and ferns to be uncommonly beautiful, and 
 the strong current of air following down the 
 course of the stream, makes the summer 
 days at Eureka like those of autumn else- 
 where. 
 
 The railroad, though a great improvement 
 over the old method of reaching the Water 
 Gap by stage-coach, has nevertheless made 
 some innovations upon the primitive beauty 
 of the place, that are not pleasant to con- 
 template; besides destroying that charming 
 w T alk once.studded with sycamores, free from 
 underbrush and turfed with green, situated 
 between the base of the cliff on which the 
 hotel rests and the river, which the earlier 
 visitors delighted in calling " Love Lane," 
 it has forced the carriage-road so far up the 
 ravine, at Rebecca's Bath, as to destroy much 
 of its former beauty, and caused the demo-
 
 26 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 lition of many grand old trees below it, and 
 all along the river-bank, under whose shelter 
 passed the carriage-road of former days. 
 
 The following account of the exploration 
 of these places was written by the late la- 
 mented W. Arthur Jackson in the Hotel 
 Register, in 1852. "The Bridge of Sighs," 
 alluded to in this record, heaved its last 
 expiring breath at the first sight of the Irish- 
 man with his pickaxe and shovel. The place 
 was destroyed in the construction of the pres- 
 ent carriage-road: 
 
 "NOTICE TO VISITORS. 
 " Monroe County, ss. 
 
 "Be it remembered that on the twenty- 
 seventh day of August, A.D. 1852, the fol- 
 lowing named persons, to wit : Miss R. D. 
 Smith, Miss Elizabeth Nixon, Miss Lizzie 
 Nixon, Mr. F. C. Foster, Mr. Wm. S. Baker, 
 and Mr. W. A. Jackson, all of the City of 
 Philadelphia, or now, or late there residing, 
 did with great toil, labor, work, and diligence, 
 discover, lay out, survey, and explore, a certain 
 waterfall, cascade, cataract, stream, basin, 
 and grotto, being and lying within the bounds 
 of the county aforesaid, and with divers in
 
 NOTICE TO VISITORS. 27 
 
 struments and tools, to wit: one dull axe, one 
 sharp hatchet, two jack-knives, and one pine 
 tree, did thereto, and thereabout, build, con- 
 struct, and open a certain path or public 
 highway, for the use and benefit of all foot 
 passengers and pedestrians forever; and did, 
 upon and over the said stream, erect a cer- 
 tain bridge or causeway of rocks ; and then 
 and there, by virtue of the powers, privileges, 
 and immunities in them as discoverers of 
 the said location, by the laws of nations 
 vested, did thereto assign the following 
 names, to wit : to the said falls, the name of 
 Eureka Falls ; to the said bridge of rocks, 
 the name of The Bridge of Sighs; to the said 
 bath or basin, the name of Rebecca's Bath ; 
 and to the said grotto, the name of Moss 
 Grotto. 
 
 " And moreover, at the same time and 
 place above mentioned, it was, by the said 
 parties then and there assembled, unanim- 
 ously resolved and determined that the said 
 Falls, Bath, Grotto, and Bridge, so as afore- 
 said more particularly named and described, 
 were, and the same are pronounced and de- 
 creed, and shall ever hereafter be deemed 
 and taken to be, in all respects, superior to
 
 28 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 all other Falls, Baths, Bridges, and Grottos 
 whatsoever and wheresoever situated within 
 ten miles circular of the home and habita- 
 tion of William A. Brodhead, Proprietor of 
 the House commonly known as the Kitta- 
 tinny House. 
 
 " Witness the hands and seals of the said 
 parties hereunto subscribed, the day and 
 year last aforesaid. 
 
 Miss R. D. SMITH, [L. s.] 
 Miss NIXON, [L. s.] 
 
 Miss LIZZIE NIXON, [L. s.] 
 FRANK C. FOSTER, [L. s.] 
 W. ARTHUR JACKSON, [L. s.] 
 WM. S. BAKER, [L. s.] " 
 
 Under this, some justly complaining indi- 
 vidual has written the following : 
 
 " The Falls may have their name from you, 
 
 And be worthy of survey ; 
 But yet, we think, 'tis justly due 
 To point us out the way." 
 
 Caldeno Creek. 
 
 Caldeno Creek has its rise high up the 
 side of Mount Minsi. After tumbling down 
 its rocky precipices, it at length finds its
 
 CALDENO CRCEK. 29 
 
 way into the valley, and after gladdening 
 the inmates of two or three scattered farm- 
 houses, runs close up to the ruins of an old 
 saw-mill, still offering to render willing ser- 
 vice as of yore, when it turned its limpid 
 summersaults around the giddy wheel, arid 
 reminding its old companion of the lively 
 times they once enjoyed together ; but the old 
 mill being too dilapidated to respond, the 
 stream heaves a sigh over departed great- 
 ness, and passes on, meandering through 
 a meadow, dallying in little eddies to give 
 the trout a chance to bask in the sunshine, 
 and again hides itself in the thick woods. 
 Cooled and purified it emerges again at Moss 
 Cataract, where, hesitating a moment on the 
 brink, it dashes away over its mossy bed, 
 fills Diana's bath* afresh, gives a leap over 
 the falls of its own name, and hastens on to 
 the Kittatinny to welcome the newly arrived 
 guest, and after performing its office in the 
 culinary department, takes a final leap of a 
 hundred feet into the river. 
 
 * This place has been generally known as " Venus's Both," 
 but the original and more appropriate name is Diana, and 
 as such will hereafter be known. 
 
 3*
 
 30 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Cooper's Cliff. 
 
 For a morning, or after dinner walk, you 
 pass through the gate in front of the hotel, 
 and follow up Caldeno Creek, and notice as 
 your guide the white Hues on every suitable 
 rock and tree. A walk of a few minutes 
 along the stream brings you to the third 
 geological step, to witness the surrounding 
 hills mirrored in the bosom of a miniature 
 lake, partly natural and partly artificial, 
 known as u Lake Lenape." Turning from 
 the lake to the left, still following the white 
 lines, along a well-defined road, a distance 
 of about one hundred yards, you observe a 
 path to the right leaving yours at an acute 
 angle, as if receding, only however to make 
 the zigzag course up the precipitous eminence 
 more easy of ascent. Follow this path and 
 do not say it looks too tiresome, but save 
 your breath till you reach " Cooper's Cliff," 
 for when you are once there, you will have 
 only enough left to exclaim, " How beau- 
 tiful !"
 
 TABLE ROCK. 31 
 
 Table Roch. 
 
 This is the fourth of the series of geo- 
 logical steps, or rather it is the commence- 
 ment of an extended plateau of nearly hori- 
 zontal rock, dipping slightly to the north- 
 west, and composed of red shale, not inaptly 
 called " Table Rock," and reaching for sev- 
 eral miles along the base of Mount Minsi, 
 cut in twain by the passage of Caldeno 
 Creek at Moss Cataract. Cooper's Cliff is 
 about three hundred feet in elevation above 
 the hotel, and five hundred feet above the 
 river. You will not be in a hurry to leave 
 this spot. Up the river the view is varied 
 and beautiful. The sweeping curve of the 
 mountain ; the green fields cultivated on the 
 sides of the corresponding hills ; the islands, 
 and the river so closely hemmed in by hill 
 and mountain as to resemble a lake, make 
 altogether a picture of rare beauty. The 
 most distant of these clearings, and covering 
 the summit of Shawnee Hill, is Transue's 
 Knob. Looking south, you have a fine, 
 though incomplete view of the Gap. as the in- 
 evitable Blockhead Mountain still obstructs 
 the view. Continue on the eastern edge
 
 32 DELAWARE WATER GAP.. 
 
 of this plateau, following the white lines, as 
 before indicated, and a walk of a few hun- 
 dred yards over a mossy bed, brings you to 
 that portion of Table Rock commanding a 
 favorite view of the Gap. 
 
 The whole scene about this spot is pictur- 
 esque. The confused mixture of forest and 
 hills and cultivated land below the cliff on 
 which you stand, form a beautiful foreground 
 to the finely-developed proportions of the 
 gorge in the distant mountain. The tall 
 trees at the base of the cliff present no ob- 
 struction to the view, being far beneath the 
 elevation on which you stand. The quiet 
 little meadow looks as though it had been 
 brought hither, and not made from the clear- 
 ings of the forest surrounding it. It had not 
 always this tame appearance, however; not 
 many years ago it was a dense thicket, so 
 filled with trees and wild bramble as to be 
 almost impenetrable, and was a famous re- 
 sort for catamount, and other wild animals 
 then infesting the neighborhood. The father 
 of the writer once killed at this place a cata- 
 mount of unusual size and ferocity. Being 
 armed with only a small hand axe, and ac- 
 companied by his dog, the latter was attacked
 
 MOSS CATARACT CALDENO FALLS. 33 
 
 and soon laid prostrate. Just as the beast 
 was springing forward, the axe was thrown 
 with such force and precision as to disable 
 him, so that he was easily dispatched with 
 a club. 
 
 Moss Cataract Diana's Bath Caldeno 
 Falls. 
 
 A few hundred yards further on in the 
 same general direction, and guided by the 
 white lines, will bring you again to Caldeno 
 Creek, wilder now than when you last saw 
 it near the hotel, because farther in the woods, 
 and livelier because it has more room to play. 
 When you are fairly down by the stream, 
 if you had not seen the well-worn path lead- 
 ing to it, you would almost undertake to say 
 no one had ever been here before you ; so 
 untouched is this picture by the hand of man, 
 so perfectly is the whole in keeping with the 
 harmony of nature. Moss Cataract, Diana's 
 Bath, and Caldeno Falls, are all found in 
 this wild ravine, and near each other. 
 
 Moss Cataract is a slide, or rather a tum- 
 ble which the stream indulges in, of about
 
 34 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 a hundred feet in length, down the slope of 
 Table Rock, at an angle of about forty-five 
 degrees. This smooth rocky bed is covered 
 with a thick green moss, not so abundant 
 now as formerly, as frequent depredations 
 are committed upon it by its fair visitors. 
 The ravine is hemmed in by a thick growth 
 of rhododendrons, and beyond these by tall 
 trees, so that the sun never shines upon 
 Diana either in her morning, evening, or 
 noonday ablutions. 
 
 In the centre of this slide, nature has 
 carved out of the solid rock* this little basin 
 for her favorite goddess. Was ever nyrnph 
 so honored ? " You feel like taking a bath 
 yourself?" Don't you do it. Diana's ret- 
 inue of nymphs whom you know were all 
 sworn to celibacy, and by this time are very 
 ancient, and perhaps surly maidens, may be 
 secreted in the thick wood, keeping watch 
 over the sacred precincts, with bow ready 
 drawn, to execute the full measure of their 
 wrath against you for such a desecration. 
 
 * This basin has somewhat the appearance of having been 
 made by the hands of men, but such is not the case. It is 
 known to have existed in its present form, long before the 
 place was resorted to by visitors from the city.
 
 MOSS CATARACT CALDENO FALLS. 35 
 
 Caldeno Falls makes the third of these 
 gems of the romantic. The Falls are not 
 like those of Niagara not quite so much. 
 And this reminds me of an equally profound 
 remark of a lady traveller : " What a most 
 wonderful place would be the Delaware 
 Water Gap, if Niagara Falls were here" 
 
 Caldeno received its title in 1851, by 
 using syllables from the names of the three 
 following gentlemen, who then visited it : 
 
 C. L. Pas-cal 
 C. S. Og-den 
 Jos. McD o-ud.* 
 
 From a spot so entirely secluded, so cool 
 and pleasant, and so picturesque, you part 
 with reluctance. You can return by the path 
 from the Falls, and reach Table Rock at a 
 lower point than that by which you entered 
 this place, anil can vary your route home by 
 going directly across Table Rock, descend 
 the cliff by an easy grade, and take the road 
 through the little meadow, which leads you 
 direct to the Kittatinny House. 
 
 * See letter from Mr. C. L. Pascal, at end of book.
 
 30 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Lover's Leap. 
 
 Leaving the hotel in the same direction 
 as in the route to Caldeno Falls, and after 
 ascending the first rise in front by Caldeno 
 Creek, you turn to the left, and observe the 
 stones and trees in this direction marked 
 Red. You enter the woods in the rear of 
 the bowling saloon, by an open road, and 
 after a short but precipitous ascent, you 
 gain the second elevation, and intersect a 
 wagon road. This is not a highway in the 
 general acceptation of the word, but in gain- 
 ing some of the elevations reached by it, you 
 will think it certainly entitled to that ap- 
 pellation. You have now a pleasant level 
 walk of some distance, sheltered from the 
 rays of the sun by tall trees, and skirted by 
 a thick growth of laurel and rhododendron. 
 Just before entering the little meadow seen 
 from Table Roek, you pass the Cottage 
 d 1 Africaines. Proceeding through the mea- 
 dow, you gain another elevation, and have 
 another level walk of some distance, shel- 
 tered and skirted as before, until you reach 
 the path to the left, leading to " Lover's
 
 LOVER'S LEAP. 37 
 
 Leap," marked at the entrance with blue. 
 Besides the romance connected with the 
 spot, you will pronounce Lover's Leap worthy 
 of more than one visit. The view of the Gap 
 from this point differs from any you have 1 
 witnessed, and is the place selected by artists 
 as affording the finest picture. That pecu- 
 liar sweep in the river is seen to great ad- 
 vantage, as well as the corresponding curve 
 in the mountain on the Pennsylvania side. 
 Could " Winona," the Indian Princess^ who, 
 tradition says, once stood where we are now 
 standing, have witnessed the train of cars as 
 it emerges from behind the mountain in the 
 Gap, she would readily have imagined it a 
 messenger of destruction from some cavern- 
 ous vault an infernal region deep in the 
 bowels of the mountain, and fired up by the 
 fiends inhabiting the dismal abode, and that 
 it had been sent forth to devastate and de- 
 populate the earth's surface. . 
 
 It will be perceived that the spot selected 
 by Winona for the execution of the fatal 
 '' leap," is not so favorable as some others 
 near, as for instance, Prospect Rock; but as 
 Winona, being the most interested party, 
 saw fit perhaps in her great haste, to im- 
 
 4
 
 38 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 mortalize the place, we have no discretion 
 in the matter. But more of Winona here- 
 after. We will now continue our rambles, 
 and have the story of Lover's Leap when 
 we have finished them. 
 
 The Hunter's Spring. 
 
 
 
 You will now retrace the pathway from 
 Lover's Leap to the point of intersection 
 with the road, and follow the red lines. A 
 walk of half a mile brings you opposite 
 "The Hunter's Spring." Now follow the 
 white lines on a path leading to the right, 
 and in a few rods' w^alk from the road, you 
 reach this wild secluded spot, where many 
 a "Lenape" huntsman, as well as those of 
 modern times have been refreshed, and 
 have lain in wait for the deer as they came 
 panting for the cooling waters. The Hun- 
 ter's Spring is the source of the rivulet that 
 has its turbulent course down the mountain 
 to the river, and which gives to the roman- 
 tic ravine its life and beauty.
 
 PROSPECT ROCK. 39 
 
 Prospect Hock. 
 
 At the road opposite the Hunter's Spring 
 you take the direction of the red lines, as 
 before, and enter the first path bearing to 
 the left, and observe the yellow lines indi- 
 cating the direction to Prospect Rock, which 
 is gained by a pretty steep but not difficult 
 walk of about four hundred yards. This 
 bare platform, though still much below the 
 summit of the Blue Ridge, of which it is a 
 plication, enables the visitor to enjoy one of 
 the finest views of the Delaware. The pros- 
 pect up the river extends beyond the islands 
 to the distant hills, and the mountain, 
 through which the river winds its devious 
 way, and then glides smoothly along the 
 base of the almost perpendicular cliff from 
 which you are gazing. 
 
 In the middle ground of this scene stands 
 the Hotel and its surroundings, apparently 
 as much below as beyond you. 
 
 The guests of the house remaining behind, 
 are distinctly seen from the river balcony, 
 waving signals in response to 3^ours indica- 
 ting your safe arrival at Prospect Rock.
 
 40 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Summit of Mount Minsi. 
 
 After you have sufficiently rested at Pros- 
 pect Rock, proceed in the direction of the 
 red lines, and do not be persuaded that the 
 ascent to the Summit is too difficult. Hun- 
 dreds of ladies and gentlemen have gone 
 before you, and few have regretted the un- 
 dertaking. 
 
 The journey is somewhat tiresome, and 
 at places a little difficult; but, by resting 
 occasionally, it can be overcome without 
 great fatigue. The distance to the Summit 
 is about one mile from Prospect Rock, and 
 three miles from the Hotel. 
 
 This portion of the Kittatinny is named 
 " Mount Minsi," from a particular branch of 
 the Lenape Indians inhabiting the "Mini- 
 sink country" (valley of the Delaware, north 
 of the mountain). It is difficult to do full 
 justice to a description of this view. It 
 must be seen to be appreciated. You over- 
 look an extent of country to the south as 
 far as the eye can reach, a scene composed 
 of mountains and hills in New Jersey and 
 Pennsylvania, villages and farm-houses, cul- 
 tivated fields, groves of woodland, and prim-
 
 SAPPERS AND MINERS. 41 
 
 itive forests ; the river in its sinuous journey 
 filling up the picture. 
 
 Sappers and Miners. 
 
 The Summit is also known as " Sappers' 
 View," so named by a party of gentlemen 
 organized many years ago under the title of 
 " Sappers and Miners," and who until the 
 last year or two, made the annual ascent to 
 the "Summit," placing the dear old flag on 
 the hightest tree to be seen from the Hotel, 
 as well as one on the Summit. The view 
 on the north side of the mountain is called 
 " Miners' View." The object of the organi- 
 zation was primarily to open up some places 
 of interest, not before easily accessible ; and 
 to honor " The Flag," by displaying its folds 
 from the highest tree on the most elevated 
 peak of the Kittatinny. The annual gath- 
 ering increased in numbers and in interest, 
 and the result has been, that under the pro- 
 tection of the Sappers and Miners, hundreds 
 of ladies and gentlemen have visited "Mount 
 Minsi," who would otherwise not have un- 
 dertaken the journey, and thereby missed 
 one of the finest views in the country. 
 
 4*
 
 42 DELAAVARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Of the first organization we have no rec- 
 ord. The first appearing on the Hotel 
 Register is in 1858. Previous to this, it 
 consisted of some eight or ten members, but 
 when the last annual ascent was made, the 
 number present had increased to seventy- 
 five. The officers, from first to last, ranking 
 from general to high private in the military 
 list; and from "Historiographer" to "Pio- 
 neer" on the civil list, number about one 
 hundred. 
 
 A sufficient number of ladies accompany- 
 ing the expedition, usually remain with the 
 commissary at the Hunter's Spring, to have 
 .the dinner, to be partaken of there, arranged 
 in a manner suitable to this important an- 
 niversary, and in time for the return of the 
 main party from the Summit. 
 
 After the repast, an hour or two is spent 
 in patriotic speeches and songs, when the 
 annual election of officers, presenting of 
 badges, &c., take place. 
 
 *i4The following is the list of officers who 
 have at one time or another served in the 
 organization, excepting those whose initials 
 merely are given:
 
 SAPPERS AND MINERS. 
 
 43 
 
 Gen. J. M. Vance, 
 
 William J. McElroy, 
 
 F. Gulager, 
 
 John Siner, 
 
 J. K. Chandler, 
 
 Kobert Staley, 
 
 J. R. Field, 
 
 Morton McMichael, Jr., 
 
 S. M. Lewis, 
 
 A. Engle, 
 
 Philip H. White, 
 
 W. R. Overman, 
 
 H. S. Davis, 
 
 A. M. Burton', 
 
 E. H. Saunders, 
 J. Bassett, Jr., 
 George H. Brodhead, 
 W. H. Eisenbrey, 
 W. B. Knowles, 
 
 A. B Burrell, 
 William Murphey, 
 C. A. Jenks, 
 L. M. Bond, Jr., 
 M. Abbott, 
 
 F. Maben, 
 
 H. B. Benners, 
 R. Dubois, 
 J. Dubois, 
 Mr. Lee, 
 W. H. Davis, 
 William Field, 
 Samuel Williams, 
 Rev. Mr. Wall, 
 Mr. Clarke, 
 W. M. Hodges, 
 M. Poillion, 
 
 G. Baker, 
 
 William Leveridge, 
 C. D'Invilliers, 
 
 J. D. Orton, 
 
 Dr. Bond, 
 
 Dr. Allen, 
 
 Rev. Mr. Edwards, 
 
 E. M. Benson, 
 Thomas E. Bacon, 
 William McMichael, 
 L. Godey, 
 
 G. W. Russell, 
 G. L. Harrison, 
 
 F. A. Drexel, 
 P. Ludlam, 
 J. Ogden, 
 
 J. S. Taylor, 
 
 Arthur Pike, 
 
 Edward L. Brodhead, 
 
 Jos. Wayne, 
 
 Loring Andrews, Jr., 
 
 M. Sommerville, 
 
 L. C. Simon, 
 
 T. B. Belfield, 
 
 David Birch, 
 
 A. A. Hurley, 
 
 H. R. Raiguel, 
 
 S. B. Ely, 
 
 S. A. Stearns, 
 
 Rev. Mr. Cain, 
 
 S. P. Godwin, 
 
 H. Kershaw, 
 
 F. C. Hunnis, 
 
 H. Heberton, 
 
 M. Nagle, 
 
 Mr. Budd, 
 
 Dr. Dunscomb, 
 
 M. Masters, 
 
 Thomas McLean, 
 
 William McDaniels, 
 
 Dr. Ellis, 
 
 Joseph Siner.
 
 44 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 The Rebellion interrupted somewhat the 
 regular gathering of this ancient and honor- 
 able organization ; and some of the young 
 gentlemen who saluted our national emblem 
 on the heights of Mount Minsi, have since 
 honored themselves in its defence against 
 rebels and traitors. 
 
 Gaps in the Klttatinny Mountain. 
 
 There are five depressions in the moun- 
 tain, called " Gaps," between the Delaware 
 Water Gap and the Lehigh Water Gap, over 
 which \v agon-roads pass, and from all of 
 which fine views of the country on both 
 sides of the mountain are to be had, viz. : 
 Tatamy's Gap, Fox Gap, Wind Gap, Smith's 
 Gap, and Little Gap, and distant from the 
 Delaware Water Gap, respectively, in the 
 order named: 2J miles, 5 miles, 11 miles, 
 18 miles, 23 miles; and the Lehigh Water 
 Gap, 29 miles. This is estimating in a di- 
 rect line on the mountain from one Gap to 
 the other. Tatamy's Gap was named after 
 the Indian family of Tatamy's living south 
 of the mountain. Moses Funda Tatamy or
 
 GAPS IN THE KITTATINNY MOUNTAIN. 45 
 
 Tetamy, was an interpreter for the Kev. John 
 Brainerd, the faithful and zealous missionary 
 among the Indians.* 
 
 The late M. S. Henry, in a letter to Dr. 
 Brainerd, author of Life of John Brainerd, 
 says : " The path or road over which Mr. 
 Brainerd passed was the general thorough- 
 fare from Philadelphia to Albany, the near- 
 est route between those cities, and much 
 frequented by travellers. The path (road, 
 'the old mine road '), commenced at or near 
 Kingston, thence up the Esopus Creek, and 
 down the Mackemack (Neversink) Creek to 
 the river Delaware, which it crossed seven 
 miles above Milford, in Pike County, Pa., 
 and continued westwardly along the Blue 
 Mountain to near the Delaware Water Gap, 
 thence to the Lehigh Water Gap (through 
 Cherry Valley), and thence in a nearly 
 southwardly course to Philadelphia." 
 
 Brainerd had a missionary station at what 
 
 * Brainerd visited the Indians in the Minisink in 1743, 
 and, at that time, none of the " Gaps " appear to have been 
 considered passable by men on horseback, excepting the 
 Lehigh Gap, and he went the whole distance of Cherry Val- 
 ley (3D miles) to reach that point on his way to the " Forks," 
 whero Easton now stands.
 
 46 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 is now known as " Allen's Ferry," seven 
 miles below the Gap on the Delaware. The 
 Indian town there was called " Sakauwa- 
 tung," meaning " the mouth of a creek where 
 some one resides." There was another In- 
 dian town, called " Clistowacki," meaning 
 " fine land," where Brainerd built a cottage 
 and lived for a time. It was situated near 
 " the three brick churches," in Mount Bethel 
 township, near the residence of Mr. Baker, 
 and fifteen miles south of the Delaware Wa- 
 ter Gap. A party of ladies and gentlemen, 
 with the writer, visited the place last au- 
 tumn, and obtained information relating to 
 it from persons living there; and in the sur- 
 rounding fields picked up a number of Indian 
 relics of the stone age. The Indian burial- 
 ground is near one of the churches. 
 
 I have before me an article from the 
 u Easton Journal," giving an account of the 
 closing career of " Tattamy Tundy " (a con- 
 fusion of names, meaning, no doubt, Moses 
 Funda Tatamy), an extract from which is 
 as follows : 
 
 " When the Mohicans set out on their 
 pilgrimage towards the setting of the sun, 
 a lone warrior lingered behind. His atfec-
 
 GAPS IN THE KITTATINNY MOUNTAIN. 47 
 
 tions were so riveted to the land of his 
 nativity that he found it utterly impossible 
 to abandon it. He resolved to remain : 
 ' The last rose of summer, left blooming 
 alone.' The proprietaries, or their agents, 
 probably operated upon by a sense of the 
 injustice they had done his tribe, suffered 
 him to occupy a favorite spot on the Lehic- 
 ton Creek, near the present village of Stock- 
 ertown. Here he erected his wigwam, and 
 for many years after the departure of his 
 tribe, Tattamy Tundy might be seen steal- 
 ing along the banks of the Lehicton, or sit- 
 ting before his wigwam and humming the 
 wild war-songs of his ancestors. 
 
 " At the breaking out of the Revolution- 
 ary War, the hostile Indians made frequent 
 inroads upon the frontier settlements, and a 
 change of residence was deemed necessary 
 to secure the personal safety of Tattainy. 
 He was removed to French town, on the 
 Delaware. There he was permitted to oc- 
 cupy a small tract of land, and there he 
 yielded up his spirit, near the close of the 
 Revolutionary War." 
 
 Heckewelder speaks of " Tattemi," a be- 
 loved chief of the Delawares, as having been
 
 48 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 murdered at the Forks (Eastern), about the 
 year 1750, "by a foolish young man." He 
 was succeeded by Tedeuskund. 
 
 See, also, Journal of Moses Titamy to the 
 Minisink, Penna. Archives, vol. iii, p. 504, 
 who also acted as interpreter. There were 
 probably two or three distinguished persons 
 of the same name, brothers, and sons of 
 William Tatamy. The father is probably 
 the " chief" who was killed at Easton. 
 
 Smith's Gap is the one through which the 
 party passed in the famous Indian walk. 
 
 Mount Tammany. 
 
 Mount Tammany,* the New Jersey sum- 
 mit of the Kittatinny, commands a view 
 
 * Mount Tammany was named after the distinguished 
 Indian chief Tamanend, of whom Heckewelder says : " Of all 
 the chiefs and great men which the Lenape nation ever had, 
 he stands foremost on the list. But although many fabulous 
 stories are circulated about him among the whites, but little 
 of his real history is known. The misfortunes which have 
 befallen some of the most beloved and esteemed parsonages 
 among the Indians, since the Europeans came among them, 
 prevented the survivors from indulging in the pleasure of 
 recalling to mind the memory of their virtues. No white
 
 MOUNT TAMMANY. 49 
 
 similar to that witnessed from Mount Minsi. 
 It is more difficult of ascent, but less broad 
 on the top, arid, therefore, enables you to 
 look in all directions, excepting in range 
 with the mountain. The ascent is made 
 from the carriage-road along the river, near 
 the slate factory in the Gap. The " Indian 
 Ladder " was not, as is supposed by some, a 
 
 man, who regards their feelings, will introduce such subjects 
 in conversation with them. 
 
 " All we know, therefore, of Tamanend is, that he was an 
 ancient Delaware chief, who never had his equal. He was 
 in the highest degree endowed with wisdom, virtue, pru- 
 dence, charity, affability, meekness, hospitality, in short with 
 every good and noble qualification that a human being may 
 
 possess In the Revolutionary War, his enthusiastic 
 
 admirers dubbed him a saint, and he was established, under 
 the name of St. Tammany, the patron saint of America. His 
 name was inserted in some calendars, and his festival cele- 
 brated on the first day of May in each year. On that day, 
 a numerous society of his votaries walked the streets of Phila- 
 delphia, their hats decorated with bucks' tails,, and procee'ded 
 to a handsome rural place out of town, which they called 
 the Wigwam, where, after a long talk or Indian speech had 
 been delivered, and the calumet of peace and friendship had 
 been duly smoked, they spent the day in festivities and 
 mirth 
 
 " Since that time, other societies have been formed in 
 Philadelphia and New York, and in other towns in the 
 Union, under the name of Tammany; but the principal ob- 
 ject of these associations being party politics, they have lost 
 much of the charm which was attached to the original society 
 of St. Tammany." 
 
 5
 
 50 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 series of steps up the side of the mountain 
 to the summit, but merely a passage up and 
 over the high sharp projection near the base 
 of the mountain, in the line of the Indian 
 path, a sort of promontory, extending into 
 the river, terminating in an acute angle. 
 The ascent and descent, on the north side 
 of this promontory, was by steps or foot- 
 holds in the rocks, broken out, probably, by 
 stone-mauls ; and on the south side, which 
 was more precipitous, by climbing a tree 
 with the branches remaining on it, placed 
 against the sloping side of this projection. 
 After the path became more frequented by 
 the early settlers, a wooden ladder was con- 
 structed in place of the tree used by the 
 Indians. The present wagon-road was cut 
 through this rocky promontory, and has left 
 no traces of the " Indian Ladder." 
 
 Sunset Hill. 
 
 Whatever may have caused the wild dis- 
 order existing in and about these mountains, 
 the varied and irregular appearance of the 
 strata at one place dislocated from up-
 
 SUNSET HILL. 51 
 
 heavals, at another, only a few rods distant, 
 regular and horizontal will ever continue 
 to be an inexhaustible field for the researches 
 of the inquiring geologist. 
 
 " Crags, knolls, and mounds, in dire confusion hurled, 
 The fragmentary elements of an earlier world." 
 
 The exposed stratum of the bluff upon 
 which the Hotel is situated, is broken, but 
 nearly uniform ; the next elevation immedi- 
 ately in the rear of the Hotel, is entirely 
 horizontal, and to all appearance as undis- 
 turbed as when the plastic mass emerged 
 from beneath the quiet waters, where by the 
 slowly dropping sediment of untold ages, it 
 had grown to its present proportions. 
 
 Only a few rods to the east of these un- 
 disturbed layers, Sunset Hill rises high 
 above them, and is a confused, disjointed, 
 irregular mass of rock from base to apex. 
 
 The dip of the exposed strata, both to the 
 north and south from the summit, is at an 
 angle corresponding with the varying dec- 
 lination of its surface. 
 
 From this spot, so interesting in its geo- 
 logical structure, is a view composed of all 
 the varieties nature makes use of, in forming
 
 52 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 a landscape pleasing to the eye. To the 
 south the proportions of the Gap are well 
 defined, and from this point Mr. Darley, the 
 artist, delighted most to behold it. Looking 
 to the north and east, you trace the waving 
 outlines of the Shawnee Hills, the long 
 stretch of the Kittatinny, and the lake-like 
 repose of the Delaware, with the lower por- 
 tion of Cherry Valley and the village in the 
 nearer view. You will be disappointed in 
 going to see the sun set from this hill, and 
 will conclude there i* a misapplication of 
 the name, as the last rays of the sun are 
 obstructed by the grove of trees to the west. 
 But the pleasure to be enjoyed at this hour 
 of the day, and in which the name has its 
 significance, is to witness the shadows made 
 from the waving outline of hills to the west, 
 as they slowly climb the side of the moun- 
 tain, rising higher and higher as the " dying 
 orb" sinks to the horizon. 
 
 Sunset Hill is the site selected for the con- 
 templated hotel. We hope ere long to see 
 it stand forth in proportions corresponding 
 to the grandeur of the situation ; the addi- 
 tional view of Cherry Valley obtained from 
 the upper balconies, will make the prospect
 
 MOUNT CAROLINE. 53 
 
 altogether one of the finest to be witnessed 
 from any hotel in the Union. 
 
 Mount Caroline. 
 
 Following up the carriage-road in the di- 
 rection of the village until you come to the 
 little " Church of the Mountain," and on an 
 elongated cone immediately in the rear of 
 the church, you have an extended view of 
 rare beauty, and if your stay at the " Gap " 
 is long, you will visit it again and again. 
 To the west you have a beautiful view of 
 the lower portion of Cherry Valley, and the 
 creek lazily winding through it, as if linger- 
 ing in this lap of loveliness before losing its 
 identity in the waters of the Delaware. To 
 the northwest is a long stretch of undulating 
 hill, commencing some ten miles up Cherry 
 Valley, known as " Fox Hill," and skirting 
 its border, abruptly cut asunder by the pas- 
 sage of Brodhead's Creek, rising immediately 
 on the opposite bank, forming a high coni- 
 form bluff, named " Mount Lewis." The 
 range of hill from the creek to its connec- 
 tion with the Kittatinny, some twelve miles 
 further northeast, is called " Shawnee Hill."
 
 54 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Passing the village of Shawnee, and afford- 
 ing a resting-place there in one of its de- 
 pressions for the dead of more than a cen- 
 tury, it rises to its apex at Transue's Knob, 
 and soon after is lost to view from Mount 
 Caroline. As the eye follows down the 
 Delaware, it takes in the Islands, Indian 
 Hill, and down at the base of the cliff, the 
 village of the Water Gap. 
 
 This place, so unmeaningly named hereto- 
 fore, shall be called hereafter " Mount Caro- 
 line," after a lady who has long admired it, 
 and who for twenty-eight consecutive sea- 
 sons has honored the Delaware Water Gap 
 with her presence. It is the more appropri- 
 ate too, as the little church, so quietly nes- 
 tled in these hills, has ever been to her an 
 object of tender solicitude. 
 
 Laurel Hill. 
 
 Laurel Hill stands immediately in front of 
 Mount Caroline. The view from this point 
 is similar to the other, though not so ex- 
 tended ; but during the month of June, when 
 the laurel is in bloom, it is much frequented,
 
 BLOCKHEAD MOUNTAIN. 55 
 
 and much admired by the early visitors at 
 the Gap. 
 
 Blockhead Mountain. 
 
 Blockhead Mountain is a spur of the Blue 
 Ridge on the New Jersey side of the river, 
 branching out from the main mountain a 
 few miles above, and terminating abruptly 
 opposite the inner curve of the Pennsylva- 
 nia Mountain, in range with Prospect Rock, 
 with which it was no doubt at one time 
 connected, and formed the first barrier to 
 the passage of the river. Nobody seems to 
 know when Blockhead Mountain received 
 its name, or why it was so named. It is no 
 great favorite, and there seems to be not 
 much respect entertained for his Highness, 
 though it be sufficiently elevated to shut out 
 the view of the Gap from the Hotel. 
 
 The complaint of those who are obliged 
 to remain at the house who cannot climb 
 the hills for a better view, is, that they may 
 look at the Gap as they will, and contem- 
 plate it as they may, Blockhead Mountain 
 is sure to have its foot in it. Notwithstand-
 
 56 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 ing these complaints, it is not without in- 
 terest. The serpentine course of the river 
 in its passage through the mountains, is 
 " Blockhead's " doings, and adds very much 
 to the beauty of the scene as witnessed from 
 the carriage-road at Rebecca's Bath, or from 
 a boat on the water. Blockhead Mountain 
 also commands a very fine view of the Gap 
 from its summit. 
 
 Lovers 9 Retreat, or the Haunted Pine. 
 
 On the second plateau, the first from the 
 Hotel, and on a rise of one hundred feet 
 from the latter, and only a few rods south 
 of the Bowling Saloon, long years beyond 
 the recollection of the oldest, and until with- 
 in the memory of the younger, there stood 
 on the edge of the precipice, with his roots 
 sunk deep in the crevices of the rocks, 
 among smaller and less important trees, an 
 aged pine. 
 
 The place where it stood was one of the 
 earliest, and still is one of the most favorite 
 near resorts, especially for lovers ; perhaps, 
 because it can only be approached from one 
 direction, and affords no opportunity for
 
 LOVERS' RETREAT, OR THE HAUNTED PINE. 57 
 
 sudden surprisals. The old tree is dead 
 now, and " the place that once knew it, will 
 know it no more," excepting in its spectral 
 apparitions. And of it we might sing, as of 
 the lamented "Grimes :" 
 
 TV old pine is dead, that dear old tree, 
 
 We ne'er shall see it more ; 
 It used to wear that old green coat, 
 
 So often worn before." 
 
 But, as old pines outlive everything about 
 them (who ever heard of one dying from 
 natural causes ?) it was thought proper that 
 an inquiry should be instituted to ascertain, 
 if possible, the cause of its premature disso- 
 lution. On examination, it was found that 
 the willing soil still yielded nourishment to 
 its thrifty survivors, that the canker-worm 
 had not penetrated its vitals, that it had re- 
 ceived no rude cuttings by the hands of the 
 thoughtless axeman, nor in fact any appar- 
 ent injury; but after a long and thoughtful, 
 and ponderous meditation, the committee 
 returned with the stunning verdict, "that 
 the tree came to its death from the effects 
 of heat, engendered by the too ardent appeals 
 of importunate suitors" Nobody, of course,
 
 58 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 gave any credence to such a report; but 
 shortly after, on a bright moonlight night, 
 when at the Hotel there was mirth and 
 gayety, 
 
 " And all went merry as a marriage bell," 
 
 the startling alarm was given, and the " old 
 pine" was seen to be on fire, and as the 
 flames ascended high up in the air and illu- 
 mined the whole cliff, a pair of lovers were 
 seen quietly to emerge from the place and 
 make their descent toward the Hotel, upon 
 which a member of the committee, who hap- 
 pened to be present, had the temerity to 
 make the ungallant remark, that, " now the 
 truth of their verdict was more than con- 
 firmed." Since then the place is reported 
 to be haunted ; and haunted it is, if ever a 
 spot was haunted ; and why may not ghosts 
 inhabit the body of a tree as well as anybody 
 else? Vague and uncertain sounds are heard 
 to issue from the place even on moonlight 
 evenings, in tones from a gentle whisper to 
 plaintive lamentations.
 
 CHURCH OF THE MOUNTAIN. 59 
 
 Martin's Rest. 
 
 On the carriage-road leading north from 
 the Hotel, and as it turns the point at the 
 base of Sunset Hill, there is a view jfery 
 similar to that seen from its summit, here- 
 tofore described. 
 
 A few steps up the side o the hill a seat 
 is erected, on which may be seen on many 
 a warm summer evening, a party long and 
 pleasantly remembered by many a sojonrner 
 at the Kittatinny House. The place is 
 known as "Martin's Rest." 
 
 ChtircJi of the Mountain. 
 
 The church is a few minutes' walk from 
 the Hotel. It was built both for the accom- 
 modation of the visitors at the Gap, and the 
 people of the neighborhood, liberal contri- 
 butions having been made for that purpose 
 by those who, more or less frequently, visit 
 this place.* Previous to its erection, the 
 
 * For the conception and successful prosecution of this 
 design, all who feel an interest in the little Church of the 
 Mountain, will hold in grateful remembrance the names of 
 Mrs. Franklin Peale and Dr. J. Marshall Paul.
 
 60 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 nearest churches were at Stroudsburg and 
 Shawnee. But the zealous and indefatiga- 
 ble Methodists embraced this in their field 
 of Christian labor, and worshipped in the 
 schoolhouse and in private families almost 
 since the village had existence. Twenty- 
 five years ago extra meetings were held, at 
 suitable seasons of the year, in my father's 
 barn. Many pleasant recollections of boy- 
 hood days are associated with the weekly or 
 semi-monthly visits of the youthful itinerant 
 preachers, who, like the schoolmasters of 
 former days, " boarded 'round," and, to each 
 family in turn, were always welcome guests. 
 The church was erected in 1854, and was 
 dedicated in the month of July of that year. 
 The Rev. Horatio S. Howell was the first 
 pastor. He came to the Water Gap in Au- 
 gust, 1853, and organized the church (New 
 School Presbyterian) the following winter. 
 Mr. Howell continued as pastor until March, 
 18G2, when he was chosen chaplain of the 
 Ninetieth Regiment Pennsylvania Volun- 
 teers, commanded by Colonel Lyle, and was 
 killed by a rebel soldier whilst attending to 
 the sick and wounded at the Hospital in 
 Gettysburg, July 1st, 18G3. The following
 
 CHURCH OF THE MOUNTAIN. 61 
 
 report of this melancholy event was made 
 by a correspondent of one of the city papers 
 at the time : 
 
 " DOWNRIGHT MURDER. 
 
 " On the afternoon of the 1st, as the rebels 
 charged through the town, the pistols car- 
 ried by them, and with which they had been 
 abundantly supplied, were fired promiscu- 
 ously at all who might be in the street, look- 
 ing out of windows, or standing in the door- 
 ways. 
 
 " A squadron of this charging party rode 
 directly up to the front of the hospital and 
 deliberately discharged their pistols at those 
 who were standing upon the steps and upon 
 the walks in front. This firing instantly 
 robbed our service of one of its most pious, 
 excellent, and beloved chaplains, the Rev. 
 Mr. Howell, of the Ninetieth Pennsylvania 
 Regiment." 
 
 Mr. Howell's death cast a gloom over the 
 entire neighborhood. He was, indeed, a 
 most beloved pastor, a noble, generous- 
 hearted man, and an ardent patriot. 
 
 6
 
 62 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 The Rev. E. J. Pierce was the successor 
 of Mr. Howell. The present pastor, Rev. S. 
 W. Knipe entered upon his labors in May 
 of this year. 
 
 The following extract from the sermon 
 delivered at the dedication of the Church of 
 the Mountain will be interesting to most 
 persons who visit this place : 
 
 DEDICATION SERMON, 
 
 CHURCII OF THE MOUNTAIN, DELAWARE WATER GAP, 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 BY THE REV. F. F. ELLINWOOD, 
 
 Pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, Belvidere, N. J. 
 
 AUGUST 29, 1854. 
 "THUS SAITH THE LORD OF HOSTS, CONSIDER YOUR WAYS ; Go UP TO 
 
 THE MOUNTAIN AND BRING WOOD, AND BUILD THE HOUSE, AND I 
 WILL TAKE PLEASURE IN IT, AND I WILL BE GLORIFIED, SAITH 
 
 THE LORD." Haggai 1 : 7, 8. 
 
 For many centuries past, has Jehovah 
 dwelt in the rocky fastnesses of this moun- 
 tain. Ere there was a human ear to listen, 
 His voice was uttered here in the sighing 
 of the breeze and the thunder of the storms, 
 which even then were wont to writhe in the 
 close grapple of this narrow gorge. Ere one 
 human footstep had invaded the wildness of
 
 CHURCH OF THE MOUNTAIN. 63 
 
 the place, or the hand of art had applied the 
 drill and blast to the silent rock, God's hand 
 was working here alone delving out its 
 deep, rugged pathway for yonder river, and 
 clothing those gigantic bluffs and terraces 
 with undying verdure, and the far-gleaming 
 brightness of their laurel bloom. Every day 
 since that first dawn w T hereat the morning 
 stars sang joyfully together, has God been 
 present here, in Nature's broad temple., which, 
 as the ancient Germani would tell us, is 
 alone adequate to the indwelling of the In- 
 finite One ; but never, until this day, has He 
 dwelt here in a temple made with hands. 
 
 Never, amid these almost eternal rocks, 
 has an event like this to-day transpired be- 
 fore. We trust that, for years past, there 
 have been individual hearts in which the 
 presence of God has here been felt, and we 
 know not but earlier still, the Red man, 
 catching, it may be, the name of Jesus from 
 the lips of the beloved Brainerd, has tuned 
 here in wild notes the songs of Zion ; or, on 
 this very spot, kneeling at the calm sunset 
 hour, has breathed the prayer of a renewed 
 heart to heaven. But not until this day 
 have God's people here thrown open the
 
 64 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 doors of a consecrated temple, and sat down 
 therein, to wait in prayerfulness together, 
 while the unseen Jehovah heavenly guest 
 should come and make His dwelling in 
 their midst. Thus sit we here together now. 
 The temple has been built; all things are 
 ready, and what wait we for but the pres- 
 ence of our God? "Lift up your heads, 0! 
 ye gates, and be ye lifted up ye everlasting 
 doors, and the King of Glory shall come in. 
 Who is this King of Glory? The Lord, 
 strong and mighty; the Lord, mighty in 
 battle. Lift up your heads, ! ye gates ; 
 even lift them up ye everlasting doors, and 
 the King of Glory shall come in. Who is 
 this King of glory? The Lord of Hosts, 
 He is the King of Glory." 
 
 The present occasion may w r ell be one 
 of great rejoicing to us all, my friends, since 
 to-day a fond hope is realized. It seems but 
 yesterday that we assembled here, in the 
 open air, to lay the corner-stone of this edi- 
 fice ; and while the sultry autumnal sun was 
 beaming warm upon us, and the solemn, yet 
 beautiful October tinge was dappling all 
 these wooded heights, we stood with un- 
 covered heads and commended this unbuilt
 
 CHURCH OF THE MOUNTAIN. 65 
 
 temple to the care of Almighty God feel- 
 ing as the Psalmist felt, that "except the 
 Lord build the house, they do labor in vain 
 that build it." But now we meet to rejoice, 
 with thanksgiving, that our prayer has been 
 heard ; that God's blessing has rested upon 
 this holy enterprise, and that we are here 
 permitted to sit in those heaven-appointed 
 courts, wherein one day, rightly spent, is 
 better than a thousand in the tents of wick- 
 edness. It seems but yesterday, too, that 
 wintry day on which we met in the small 
 school-house opposite, and organized a church 
 who should thenceforth worship God in this 
 mountain, and felt that the place was too 
 strait for those who had assembled, and 
 looked forward with hope to the time when 
 we should meet in God's own house. That 
 hope is now realized to the full extent: we 
 find its fruition in the pleasantness and con- 
 venience of this beautiful structure. "How 
 amiable are thy Tabernacles, Lord of 
 Hosts! Blessed are they that dwell in thy 
 house; they shall be still praising thee!" 
 
 It is an interesting feature in the objects 
 of this occasion, that the result which we 
 here behold is but the consummation of a 
 
 6*
 
 66 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 purpose which God himself had long since 
 formed. It was He who, by one means or 
 another, first said to his people, with refer- 
 ence to this work, " Go up to the mountain, 
 and bring wood and build the house, and I 
 will take pleasure in it, and I will be glori- 
 fied, saith the Lord." It was He who, by 
 the leadings of his Providence and the in- 
 fluence of his Spirit, first put it into the 
 heart of a Christian woman to devise and 
 commence this noble work. It was He who 
 raised up other promoters of his kingdom, 
 who, with responsive and willing hearts, 
 took up and carried forward what had been 
 commenced. It was He who called forth 
 the prayers and efforts of his children in 
 this place ; for, as in the days of Nehemiah, 
 so here " the people had a mind to work," 
 and "all the wall. was joined together." It 
 was God primarily who planned it all, and 
 to Him the sincere thanks of every heart are 
 due. Indeed, He has been preparing for 
 this church during many years and even 
 ages past. There is not a beam in all this 
 edifice but He reared it for the very purpose 
 which it here subserves even when its germ 
 first rooted in the mould of the mountain
 
 CHURCH OF THE MOUNTAIN. 67 
 
 side ; He saw the object of its existence in 
 the building of this house. Neither is there 
 a stone in the edifice which He did not pre- 
 pare for its present use ; and as to the firm 
 foundation whereon this structure rests, God 
 said of it, ages ago, as He did of Peter, " On 
 this rock I will build my church." That 
 fiat is this day brought to complete execu- 
 tion. The rude blasts of six thousand win- 
 ters have howled in undaunted wild ness 
 over the consecrated spot, while yet its pre- 
 dicted destiny was not fulfilled ; but here, at 
 length, stands, in very deed t/ie diurch firmly 
 built upon the rock, and it is our hope and 
 prayer that the gates of hell shall not pre- 
 vail against it. 
 
 But we turn from the past to the future. 
 You have been up to the mountain, and 
 brought wood, and built the house, led on, 
 as we verily believe, by the eternal design 
 and moving power of God ; you have been 
 sanctioned, we trust, and blest by Him in all 
 the work from first to last, and therefore by 
 implication we may plead His promise, that 
 He will take pleasure in this built and 
 dedicated Temple, and be glorified therein. 
 Even in the planning and building of the
 
 68 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 church, though nothing further should be 
 done, though by some casualty this edifice 
 should be now destroyed, even in that which 
 has been already accomplished, God is glo- 
 rified, and yet we would feel that his great- 
 est glory in this church will be derived from 
 that which in future shall here be done. 
 We would regard the temple itself as the 
 means only to a greater end; we would look 
 onward hopefully to the effectual and wide- 
 spread working of God's Holy Spirit here; 
 we would think of the multitudes who may 
 hereafter receive the Word of Eternal Life 
 in this consecrated place ; we would antici- 
 pate the growth of a large and flourishing 
 church and congregation here one whose 
 influence for good shall extend itself over all 
 these mountains, and whose Heaven-reflected 
 light shall shine out through all these val- 
 lej's, so that spiritually, as well as literally, 
 this may prove to be a city set upon a hill, 
 which therefore cannot be hid. And we 
 would rejoice in the thought that hereafter 
 those from our cities, who shall resort to 
 this mountain for health or pleasure, may 
 here find health indeed, in the healing " balm 
 of Life," and " pleasures for evermore," at
 
 CHURCH OF THE MOUNTAIN. 69 
 
 the band of God; that such of their number 
 as love the gates of Zion at home, may here 
 also find a sanctuary with its holy Sabbath 
 service ; while those who love not God 
 whom the business and pleasure and fash- 
 ions of city life have kept ever whirling in 
 the maelstrom of worldliness, may here, at 
 least, in the quiet of this secluded temple, 
 be brought for the first time to Christ, 
 through the simple and earnest preaching 
 of the Word. 
 
 And, my friends, it is a glorious hope 
 which we indulge to-day, that never again, 
 while time shall last, shall there be wanting 
 in this mountain an abode for the living 
 God; that although a hundred centuries 
 more should be added to the unknown age 
 of these solid rocks, they may never be 
 found without at least one church. Indeed, 
 when we reflect upon the progressive nature 
 of the Redeemer's Kingdom, and at the 
 same time the progressive tendencies of this 
 country, now becoming, instead of China, 
 the middle kingdom of the world, we see no 
 reason to suppose that the time ever will 
 come when no church will here be found. 
 We have no fear of a retrograde movement,
 
 70 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 although such cases have indeed been known. 
 We can conceive of and hope for great ad- 
 vancement here ; we can look forward fifty 
 years, and imagine four or five churches 
 standing in the midst of a flourishing vil- 
 lage ; we can conceive of a time, perhaps 
 a centurv to come, when a halo of historic 
 
 V 
 
 interest shall have gathered round each 
 name of the original assembly who dedi- 
 cated the little antique church upon the 
 hill, when those who moved in building it 
 shall be held in grateful honor, and when a 
 leaf of the Dedication Sermon, if found, 
 would be regarded as a quaint relic of a com- 
 paratively barbarous age. All this is per- 
 haps supposable, but we expect no turning 
 back no abatement of interest; we hope 
 for life and action and constant progress. 
 We cannot resist the impression that we are 
 honored of God to-day, in being permitted 
 to begin a work which shall not end till all 
 earthly things shall end, nor even then ; and 
 I would say for your encouragement, my 
 friends, that with faithfulness on your part, 
 in carrying out the holy enterprise which 
 you have commenced, a thousand recipients 
 of blessings here may rise up and call you
 
 CHURCH OF THE MOUNTAIN. 71 
 
 blessed at the last great day. If here, both 
 by your personal effort and your pecuniary 
 means, you lend a liberal hand in maintain- 
 ing the ordinances of grace ; if here unitedly 
 you watch and pray for souls, believing that 
 God will answer; if here you instruct the 
 young, training them from very childhood 
 to labor in your places when you are gone, 
 thus carrying on from generation to genera- 
 tion this glorious work ; then how many, 
 oh! how many precious stars for the Re- 
 deemer's crown will ultimately have been 
 gathered in this place ! How great a good 
 will have been accomplished from this be- 
 ginning ! 
 
 From the preliminary points which have 
 thus far been touched upon, it will readily 
 be seen that much of God's glory in this 
 church lies yet in the future, and is inti- 
 mately connected with the degree of holy 
 and earnest activity which his people here 
 are expected to put forth in time to come. 
 We see that when by His Providence he said 
 to you, " Go up to the mountain and bring 
 wood and build the house," and when He 
 promised to take pleasure and be glorified 
 therein, something was implied which yet
 
 72 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 remains for you to do. In directing you to 
 build the house, the design with which it is 
 built was kept constantly in view, of course. 
 While, therefore, we have great reason to 
 congratulate you, my friends, and render our 
 heartfelt thanks to Heaven in view of that 
 which already has been done, it becomes an 
 interesting and profitable inquiry for us, and 
 one appropriate to the occasion, how, so 
 far as future effort is concerned, may God 
 best be glorified in this newly-dedicated 
 temple? Let this be the one prominent 
 question, not only for this discourse and this 
 occasion, but forever, so long as the church 
 shall stand. How, according to the promise 
 in our text, shall God best be glorified in 
 this His own holy habitation?
 
 CAF^JAGE DRIVES 
 
 THE places of interest in and about the 
 Gap are divided into two classes : those seen 
 by pedestrians, and of easy access from the 
 Hotel, and those seen by carriage-drives of 
 from three to fifteen miles. Of the latter 
 class are Cherry Valley and Stroudsburg, 
 with the intermediate view from Fox Hill, 
 Cherry Valley, arid Crystal Hill, Buttermilk 
 Falls, Marshall's Falls, and Bushkill Falls, 
 Shawnee Hill, Transue's Knob, Castle Rock, 
 Slate Factories arid Quarries, and the New 
 Jersey hills. The summit of Mount Minsi 
 can also be reached by a circuitous drive of 
 some six miles ; but as the road is rough and 
 precipitous, this journey should be made on 
 horseback, if not, on foot via Prospect Rock. 
 
 The roads to all these points, excepting 
 the last named, are firm and comparatively 
 
 7
 
 74 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 smooth, but hilly; no one, however, who 
 passes over them will wish the hills less 
 elevated, or the valleys less deep, as the 
 beauty of the scenery is much enhanced 
 thereby. 
 
 Cherry Valley from Fox Hill. 
 
 Fox Hill, alluded to in the view from 
 Mount Caroline, is elevated above the river 
 from three hundred feet to five hundred feet, 
 and its whole length, including the portion 
 east of Brodhead's Creek, called Shawnee 
 Hill, about twenty-five miles. It has its 
 termination in the Kittatinny Mountain, a 
 short distance from where the Delaware di- 
 vides it, near Flat Brook in New Jersey. 
 
 At one of the depressions in Fox Hill, 
 the carriage-road passes to Stroudsburg. 
 Near the summit of the road, a portion of 
 Cherry Valley is seen to the left, and so 
 hemmed in with mountains you wonder 
 where the quiet comfortable-looking inhabi- 
 tants find their egress. The creek seems in 
 no hurry to find an outlet, for after slowly 
 wandering on its journey for some distance, 
 it makes an irregular circuit, and returns to
 
 STHOUDSBURG. 75 
 
 within a few rods of the place it left a little 
 while before, and forms a considerable pen- 
 insula, resembling in appearance an exag- 
 gerated pedal member, called the " Giant's 
 Foot." The whole scene is a picture of 
 rural beauty, much admired by visitors. 
 
 Stroudsburg. 
 
 On the west side of Fox Hill, another 
 valley of equal beauty with Cherry Valley, 
 and of greater variety, is witnessed from the 
 carriage-road. It is, like the former, nearly 
 encircled with mountains and hills, the most 
 distant and very prominent is a spur of the 
 Pocono. It stands out like a grand monu- 
 ment, the lesser hills rising one above an- 
 other from the valley, forming a substantial 
 pedestal on which to rest its giant propor- 
 tions. The town, of about two thousand 
 inhabitants, is pleasantly situated in the 
 lower portion of the valley of the Pocono. 
 Three beautiful streams unite on its eastern 
 border. It has a large extent of valley land 
 to spread over, and when the cities of Phila- 
 delphia and New York are reached in a 
 reasonable time by rail, it will afford induce-
 
 76 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 ments for the erection of country residences, 
 equal to any situation on either thorough- 
 fare. 
 
 On your return from Stroudsburg you 
 cross Fox Hill at a point a short distance 
 to the west, and have another and different 
 view of Cherry Valley, and a pleasant ride 
 through it to the Kittatinny House. 
 
 Cherry Valley and Crystal Hill. 
 
 Cherry Valley runs nearly parallel with 
 the Kittatinny Mountain ; the portion west 
 of the Wilkesbarre turnpike to the Lehigh 
 is called Achquonshicola, after the creek of 
 that name, which flows west into the Lehigh 
 above Lehigh Gap, having its rise near that 
 of Cherry Creek, which flows in an opposite 
 direction to the Delaware. The whole length 
 of the valley being about thirty-five miles. 
 
 The usual distance of the drive is from 
 seven to ten miles, and is full of interest 
 and beauty. Crystal Hill requires a walk of 
 half a mile from the valley road to its sum- 
 mit. The whole of the rocky surface is more 
 or less crystalline, and some very fine speci- 
 mens of quartz are sometimes obtained.
 
 BUTTERMILK FALLS. . 77 
 
 A short distance up the valley from here, 
 in Shaw's meadows, are seen those conical 
 hills of diluvial deposit, produced no doubt 
 by the surging of the water and the action 
 of fields of ice against the sides of the moun- 
 tain at the time when the waters covering 
 the valley of the Minisink were supposed to 
 have had their elevated outlet at the Wind 
 Gap, arid before the bursting asunder of the 
 mountain at the Water Gap. 
 
 JButtermilk Falls. 
 
 The ledge over which the creek passes at 
 this point, is composed of fossiliferous lime- 
 stone. Over these dark rocks the stream 
 spreads in tortuous channels, through which 
 it has worked its way in eccentric and even 
 grotesque whirls. The water so fretted and 
 chafed into foam is not unlike in appearance 
 the homely product of the dairy, which has 
 given its name to this unique cascade. 
 
 Buttermilk Falls and Marshall's Falls are 
 on the same stream, and can both be seen 
 in a morning's or after-dinner's ride. The 
 distance to the first is three miles, and to 
 Marshall's Falls seven miles. Their beauty 
 
 7*
 
 78 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 depends much upon the condition of the 
 stream, being greatly enhanced when the 
 volume of water is increased. 
 
 Marshall's Falls. 
 
 The rocks of this vicinity are of a dark 
 color, and are filled with fossil casts and im- 
 pressions; they are seamed all over with 
 fissures and cracks, so much so, as to be 
 easily detached in irregular shaped frag- 
 ments by the action of the elements. The 
 skilful use of the hammer and chisel will 
 reveal some fine specimens of the trilobites, 
 ammonites, and bivalve shells. The waters 
 of Marshall's Creek have worn their way 
 through this ledge in a chasm of some fifty 
 feet in depth, leaving an overhanging cliff 
 on the right side of the spectator, from be- 
 neath which he gazes through a portal be- 
 tween the approaching rocks upon the cata- 
 ract, which falls into an interior basin, in- 
 accessible because filled with water, which, 
 after its short and precipitous career over 
 the rapids above, makes its final leap into 
 the dark basin, and flows thence through 
 the narrow portal above mentioned ; thence
 
 BUSHKILL FALLS. 79 
 
 expanded to a wider sheet, and finally in a 
 rippling course takes its way towards the 
 Delaware. 
 
 Falls. 
 
 On the way to Bushkill Falls, and three 
 miles from the hotel, you pass over a por- 
 tion of the Shawnee Hill projecting from the 
 main range. From this elevation is a fine 
 prospect both up and down the river, and of 
 the lower portion of Cherry Valley ; a view 
 embracing much that has heretofore been 
 described, but now seen from a point so 
 favorable as to give it additional beauty. 
 At the foot of the hill you pass the village 
 of Shawnee, where the first settlement north 
 of the mountain was formed. The whole of 
 the first ten miles of the road to Bushkill 
 is along the river, through a well-cultivated 
 valley, between the parallel range of moun- 
 tain and hill, and adorned with pictures of 
 rural beauty rarely equalled. At the end 
 of this drive you leave the river road, and 
 ascend the Shawnee Hill again. When near 
 the summit, do not fail to climb the bluff, a
 
 80 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 short distance to the right of the road, named 
 Florabunda. 
 
 From this point you overlook the valley 
 through which you have just passed, includ- 
 ing the narrow belt of cultivated land in 
 New Jersey, so beautifully sloping from the 
 base of the mountain to the river, called 
 Pahaqualong. The settlement is contempo- 
 rary with that at Shawnee. 
 
 A short distance below where the moun- 
 tain approaches the river the ancient copper 
 mines are situated. The view up the river 
 is in contrast with that just witnessed. The 
 stream, being closely hemmed in by moun- 
 tain and hill, with a thickly wooded island 
 in the centre, presents a wild foresklike ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 The bold sweep which the river makes to 
 the Pennsylvania shore just below where 
 you stand has carried away a large body of 
 its alluvial banks. It is called by the lum- 
 berman " Loving Shore," the current of the 
 stream giving the rafts a strong inclination 
 in that direction.* 
 
 * It seems to be a fact, and if so, worthy of observation, 
 thut the bunks on the Delaware River are more injured in 
 times of high water on the western or Pennsylvania shore
 
 BUSHKILL FALLS. 81 
 
 Three miles from here you reach the town 
 of Bushkill, pleasantly situated on the^stream 
 of the same name, and here is an inviting 
 place to take a rest at a clean, comfortable 
 Hotel, kept by Mr. Peters. By giving orders 
 you will have an excellent dinner in readi- 
 ness on your return from the " Falls." 
 
 A part of the remaining journey along 
 the Bushkill Creek is picturesque. The lat- 
 ter portion is through a newly-settled coun- 
 try, and the road rough and hilly. After 
 you have lost all signs of civilization and 
 may, perhaps, be wondering whether 
 
 " The sound of the church-going bell 
 These valleys and rocks ever heard," 
 
 you suddenly come upon a clmrcli, standing 
 solitary and alone in the forest; and how- 
 ever much you may be interested in the 
 good work of erecting temples of worship at 
 every suitable place, you will wonder what 
 
 than on that of New Jersey, where the near approach of the 
 mountain does not prevent it, the inclination of the current, 
 in times of freshets, being more in that direction. What it 
 takes from Pennsylvania, however, in alluvium, it gives 
 hack to New Jersey in diluvium, or cleanly washed sand 
 and gravel, of which its citizens protest they have quantum 
 sufflcii.
 
 82 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 extraordinary Christian zeal could have in- 
 duced the building of a church out of sight, 
 and out of sound, of human habitation or 
 human worshipper; but here it is, with its 
 sad accompaniment, a burial-ground, and its 
 silent inhabitants 
 
 " Imploring the passing tribute of a sigh." 
 
 The Falls are a few rods' walk from the 
 church. Nature has wrought very beauti- 
 fully in this wild secluded spot ; and yet, 
 until quite recently, these Falls remained 
 comparatively unknown. Shall we doubt, 
 however, that the rude and uncultivated red 
 men were sensible to their beauty; and that 
 their wild notes of admiration were less ar- 
 dent than our own encomiums ? The chasm 
 is surrounded on three sides by a nearly 
 perpendicular wall of rock. On one of these 
 walls opposite the Falls you stand to witness 
 the stream as it emerges from the thick 
 woods, and leaps over the precipice into the 
 dark interior basin beneath where you stand. 
 Whirled and chafed into a foam it passes 
 into the narrow gorge below, and is lost to 
 view by the overhanging rocks. The Falls
 
 FALLS OF WLNONA. 83 
 
 are ninety-six feet in height, broken in the 
 centre by the abrasion of the water on the 
 upper portion of the cliff, which rather adds 
 to than detracts from their beauty. But 
 you are quite as much impressed with the 
 adamantine chamber below you, and its wild 
 surroundings, as with the Falls themselves. 
 On your return from Bushkill, take what 
 is known as the " middle road," through a 
 well-cultivated portion of high table-land, 
 studded with substantial and comfortable- 
 looking farm-house;:'. 
 
 Falls of Wiuoua. 
 
 These Falls are situated on Saw Creek, a 
 branch of the Bushkill, about eleven miles 
 from the Water Gap. 
 
 They were unfrequented and almost un- 
 known, except by those who occasionally 
 resorted to the mountain stream for trout- 
 fishing, until the summer of 1867, a party 
 visited the place from the hotel. 
 
 The stream is wild and picturesque, and 
 contains in the distance of two miles, six 
 beautiful waterfalls, named respectively by
 
 84 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 the party then present, in their order as you 
 follow up the stream: Clinton, Twin, Mury- 
 briyht, Glen Martin, Wiuo?ia, and Danciinj 
 Waters. Of these, " Winona " is the largest, 
 and was named by the ladies after the hero- 
 ine of the legend of u Lover's Leap." It is 
 difficult to conceive of a more charming and 
 romantic series of pictures than is found in 
 this wild secluded mountain glen. 
 
 Transue's Knob. 
 
 On the Shawnee Hill, six miles from the 
 Hotel, there stands, a hundred feet above 
 the limestone measure of which the hill is 
 a component, a pyramidal deposit of dilu- 
 vium, covering several acres, composed main- 
 ly of pebbles and coarse gravel. Whether 
 this curious formation of the aqueous ele- 
 ment is Noachian, or whether the waters of 
 the Delaware for a time rose above its sum- 
 mit, and made eccentric gyrations around 
 this spot, and deposited in the interior of 
 the irregular circle this mass of drift, at the 
 time when the body of water commenced to 
 find an outlet at the Gap, it is impossible to
 
 CASTLE ROCK. 85 
 
 determine ; but it will always afford an in- 
 teresting subject of inquiry to tlie geologist. 
 From this bald summit there is a panoramic 
 view of great extent and beauty. A blend- 
 ing of the wildest forest scenes with culti- 
 vated fields and scattered farm-houses. 
 
 The river lies spread out before you, calm 
 and serene now, for its work is done. Na- 
 ture's solid masonry having yielded, atom 
 by atom, until the unceasing waters have 
 found their wonted bed. 
 
 Castle Hock. 
 
 On what is called the middle road to Bush- 
 kill, about four miles from the Hotel, is Cas- 
 tle Rock. The strange and sometimes in- 
 explicable forms of geological structure, of 
 which this is a striking example, can only 
 be realized by a visual examination. From 
 the face of the steep slope of Shawnee Hill, 
 the rocks project and overlook the valley 
 through which the road passes, like a fortress 
 of ancient days, to defend the pass. The 
 name is sufficiently indicative, and quite 
 appropriate.
 
 86 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Neiv Jersey Hills. 
 
 This drive is a circuit of twelve miles. 
 Passing the Gap you cross the river in a flat- 
 boat three miles below, and return through 
 the mountains on the opposite side of the 
 river, having a fine view of the Gap on both 
 sides above and below. The road follows 
 the windings of the river and skirts the base 
 of the mountain the whole distance; nearly 
 opposite the Hotel you ascend the hills, and 
 have a variety of pictures that you will ad- 
 mire and long retain pleasant recollections 
 of. You recross the river at the ferry three 
 miles above, and return home by the Shaw- 
 nee Hills. 
 
 Lake of the Mountain. 
 
 This is a sheet of pure transparent water 
 surrounded by an irregular curved outline 
 of foliage, and clear bare fragments and 
 masses of gray sandstone, strangely and 
 unaccountably situated upon the very sum- 
 mit of the mountain on the New Jersey side 
 of the river. A mirror of beauty in the soli-
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 87 
 
 tary wilderness, three-quarters of a mile in 
 length, and something less in breadth, re- 
 flecting the image of the clouds, the only 
 objects above its fair surface, beneath which 
 in its transparent depths, the perch roam in 
 solitary and peaceful independence. 
 
 The lake is reached by a carriage-ride to 
 the ferry at Shawnee, and then by a rugged 
 mountain path, accessible to all who have 
 stout limbs and good lungs, and desire to 
 have these requisites of healthful existence 
 continued. 
 
 Indian Relics. 
 
 The articles of the stone age found so plen- 
 tifully in this valley were, no doubt, those 
 made and used by the Indians last inhabit- 
 ing it; and their abundance seems to be 
 evidence of friendly intercourse with the 
 whites, as they were known to abandon their 
 own implements, and adopt at the first op- 
 portunity those better suited to their pur- 
 pose, introduced by the Europeans. In 
 other sections of the country, known to have 
 been inhabited by Indians in large numbers,
 
 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 comparatively few articles of their own fab- 
 rication are to be found, showing that they 
 left hurriedly, and took with them their own 
 implements. 
 
 The number found in an extent of ten 
 miles in this valley, of stone, bone, and terra- 
 cotta, would appear incredible to relate to 
 one unfamiliar with the locality. 
 
 The collection seen at the Hotel, compris- 
 ing perhaps a thousand pieces, is probably 
 not the one-hundredth part of the number 
 obtained. It is to be regretted that we know 
 so little, comparatively, of a people possess- 
 ing many traits of character we cannot but 
 admire, and who were so friendly to our 
 ancestors, until being dealt unjustly with 
 were driven to seek revenge ; who were the 
 admiring possessors of these beautiful moun- 
 tains and valleys, and who are now entirely 
 passed away, with no record, and scarcely a 
 tradition of their doings remembered. 
 
 We know little, too, of their mode of bu- 
 rial less of the ceremonials. They were 
 not mound builders, like those of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley, yet they appear to have made 
 selection of elevated places, and invariably 
 commanding a view of the water and valley.
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 89 
 
 The two cemeteries spoken of in this locality 
 are remarkable for the beauty of scenery 
 afforded. 
 
 All, however, were not deposited in regu- 
 lar burial-places, as single bodies are some- 
 times exhumed by the plough, and frequently 
 washed out along the river-banks. Whe- 
 ther these were enemies, or those less re- 
 spected, or what caused the discrimination, 
 cannot be determined. Like all the race, 
 they deposited with the dead, articles most 
 highly prized by them whilst living. 
 
 In the construction of implements and 
 tools they never advanced beyond what ar- 
 chaeologists denominate the stone aye. 
 
 In this period of man's progress, however, 
 are included bone and terra-cotta or earthen- 
 made articles. There has been but one ar- 
 ticle found in this valley, so far as known, 
 that can be said to belong to the "bronze age? 
 This was a copper axe, made however from 
 the raw material, and ground down to the 
 required size and form. 
 
 The stone utensils found in the Minisink 
 consist of agricultural implements, pestles and 
 mortars, hand-mill stones, chisels, hammers, 
 axes, flint knives, arrow-points, spear-heads, 
 
 8*
 
 90 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 tomahawks, personal ornament*, and pipes. 
 and those belonging to the fictile art, consist- 
 ing of pot ft, vases, bowls, plates, &c. 
 
 The articles of stone used for agricultural 
 purposes are comparatively few in number. 
 Those most evidently made with that design 
 are circular slate discs, one-fourth of an inch 
 in thickness, notched on opposite sides, and 
 about the size of our broad hoe, and were 
 probably used in the same way and for like 
 purposes, with withe handles. For break- 
 ing up and loosening the soil, they used 
 wood and bone. The shoulder blade of the elk 
 and buffalo answered the purposes of the 
 plough and spade. The pestles were used in 
 stone and wooden mortars, for grinding or 
 mashing corn, the preparation of medicines, 
 &c. In size, they are from six inches to 
 twenty-four inches in length, and from one 
 and a half to three inches in diameter. The 
 method of constructing the pestle is very 
 satisfactorily described by the late lamented 
 Franklin Peale, of Philadelphia, in a com- 
 munication read before the American Philo- 
 sophical Society. 
 
 The process of " pecking " and rubbing or 
 grinding applies to almost all the stone-made
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 91 
 
 articles, excepting the spear-head, arrow- 
 point, and flint knives. Mr. Peale says : 
 
 " A water-worn stone was selected, ap- 
 proximated by natural agency and action, 
 the abrasion of moving masses in water, to 
 the desired form. The superabundant ma- 
 terial was then removed by a process which 
 may be called l pecking,' the characteristic 
 marks of which appear upon a numerous 
 class of instruments, such as pestles, mortars, 
 chisels, &c. It was effected by blows with 
 the sharp points of horn-stone, jasper, or 
 chalcedony, either directly with a mass of 
 those materials held in the hand, or aided 
 by a mallet or club, or secured to wooden 
 handles, by insertion and ligaments of ten- 
 don, or lashings of raw hide ; the said blows 
 were given in a direction perpendicular to 
 the surface, and not with the tool placed at 
 an angle, as is usual in chipping or dressing 
 marble, thus strongly and plainly marking 
 the surface of the larger and rougher imple- 
 ments, and more delicately those of the 
 smaller or lesser. 
 
 " From the number of fragments found it is 
 evident that many implements must have 
 been broken under the operation. It is also
 
 92 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 evident from the numerons unfinished speci- 
 mens found, that the characteristic unsus- 
 tained labor of savages caused many to be 
 abandoned with careless indifference in an 
 unfinished state, after considerable time and 
 work had been bestowed upon them. 
 
 " This manner of working off by crush- 
 ing the surface is analogous in principle to 
 the usages of modern 'stonecutters' when 
 working upon sandstone and granite, but it 
 is not adapted to marble, which requires 
 that the tool should be held and struck at 
 an angle (with this marked difference, that 
 they use tools of steel), so as to lift off chips 
 without crushing, and thus destroying the 
 structure of the marble ; by the first method 
 noted, unskilful workmen destroy or greatly 
 injure works of art. 
 
 "After the implement had been brought by 
 pecking to the required form, a higher degree 
 of finish was given by rubbing with sand- 
 stones, or by rubbing it upon sandstone rocks 
 until the peck-marks were either partially 
 or wholly obliterated, and the implement 
 thus finished. 
 
 " It is evident that the higher degree of fin- 
 ish exhibited by the polish of some articles,
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 93 
 
 was the result of a higher grade of workman- 
 ship, with materials properly selected, upon 
 principles similar to those employed at the 
 present day. 
 
 "The operation of pecking upon a detached 
 rock confined to a circular space, enabled the 
 patient laborer to work out a cavity capable 
 of receiving a quantity of maize or other 
 grain, and thus a mortar was made ; not in- 
 variably, however, upon a detached mass, 
 as they have been observed upon rocks in 
 place. 
 
 " This method of working leaves a mark 
 entirely dissimilar to any produced by natu- 
 ral causes. The rolling of floods has a ten- 
 dency to remove the angles and corners of 
 broken fragments detached from their beds 
 by frost and water or other elemental causes. 
 Changes of temperature are rounding and 
 smoothing, or produce entire disintegration, 
 but the mark made by the above-described 
 means can never, when once observed, be 
 mistaken for anything else than man's work, 
 and the eye that has once carefully observed 
 it will never fail in its recognition. It is 
 also so with the conchoidal fracture of silici-
 
 94 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 ous implements, which unmistakably charac- 
 terizes them." 
 
 The mortars were of two kinds, stationary 
 and portable. The former were circular holes 
 of about twelve inches in diameter, and from 
 two to six inches in depth, cut in a smooth 
 surface rock, situated at some convenient 
 and accessible point. This was the neigh- 
 borhood mill, driven, however, without steam 
 or water-power. Each customer was expected 
 to grind his own grist and take his own toll. 
 
 The portable mortars were made, some of 
 steatite or soapstone, and others of sandstone. 
 
 The pestle and mortar process merely 
 broke the maize in coarse fragments, and 
 this by being boiled made the favorite Indian 
 dish called samp, and from the aborigines 
 we have adopted its use, as well as its name. 
 But the growing fastidiousness of some In- 
 dian damsel demanding a greater variety of 
 edibles in her culinary department, set the 
 inventive genius of her admirer at work, 
 and the result was the production of the up- 
 per and the nether millstone. The method of 
 operation, like the pestle and mortar, was 
 by hand-power, but the principle involved is 
 the same as that in use in our mills at the
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 95 
 
 present day. The nether millstone was a 
 rock of smooth, even surface, and the upper, 
 a stone suitably wrought for the purpose. 
 This process pulverized the grain to the 
 long-desired excellence, and corn dodgers 
 flowed naturally therefrom, to the astonish- 
 ment and delight of the nation. These de- 
 licious cakes were made by wrapping the 
 moistened meal in husks of the corn, and 
 baking them under the embers. 
 
 Our sable countrymen in "Dixie" denomi- 
 nate a similar article the " hoe-cake" which 
 differs from the former only in the manner 
 of cooking. The latter is baked on a hoe or 
 shovel, held before the fire, but not as the old 
 song says : 
 
 "De way to bake a hoe-cake Old Virginia neber tire 
 Stick de hoe-cake on de/oo, and hold it to de fire." 
 
 The axe somewhat resembles our steel tool 
 of that name. In the place of the eye for 
 the helve, a groove was cut near the end, 
 around which the handle was bent, and tied 
 with rawhide. 
 
 They could have been of little use in fell- 
 ing timber, but besides the partial purpose
 
 96 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 of an axe in other respects, they were for- 
 midable weapons of war in close combat. 
 
 Chisels are so called from their resemblance 
 to our steel tool of that name. In England 
 they are called Celts, after the early people 
 who used a similar article, and who formerly 
 inhabited a great part of Central and West- 
 ern Europe. The implements are now found 
 in the tumuli or barrows of these early Celtic 
 nations. They were used by our Indians 
 for a variety of purposes, among others, for 
 skinning animals, and also for removing the 
 charred wood, as they burned the inner por- 
 tion of the log from which they made their 
 canoe, the outer surface, in the meantime, 
 being kept wet, so as to preserve the sides 
 and ends from burning. On these chisels 
 were used bvckhom handles. The same ar- 
 ticles, with buck horn handles, securely fas- 
 tened by an impervious cement, have been 
 found in the bottom of the lake drained a 
 few years ago in Switzerland. 
 
 It is very remarkable that the implements 
 of the stone age belonging to the early peo- 
 ple of Central Europe should be almost in all 
 respects identical with those found in posses- 
 sion of the North American Indians.
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 97 
 
 Besides the ordinary sized chisel found 
 here, usually about six inches in length, we 
 have a huge article of the kind, weighing 
 some fifteen pounds, with a double bevelled 
 edge. It is supposed to have been used for 
 cutting holes in the ice for fishing. 
 
 Another form of the chisel is quite com- 
 mon, resembling as nearly as possible the 
 carpenter's gouge. 
 
 Hammers and sledges were made as de- 
 scribed by Mr. Peale : " By pecking a groove 
 around pebbles of various forms, mostly 
 ovoid, and attaching a handle by bending 
 around the groove a withe of wood. Over 
 the whole was sewed filaments of tendon, 
 'rawhide' in a green state, leaving only the 
 part to be used exposed, which, after becom- 
 ing dry, held all firmly together. This me- 
 thod of making a serviceable tool is not con- 
 jectural ; such implements are still in use 
 among tribes of Indians now existing, made 
 exactly as described, and many of the stone 
 heads have been found of all sizes, from a 
 few ounces in weight to many pounds, as- 
 suming the semblance and efficiency of 
 sledges or mauls used by modern mechanics. 
 We are credibly informed that many of the 
 
 9
 
 98 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 largest size have been found in excavations 
 of aboriginal origin, in the Lake Superior 
 copper region, upon masses of native metal, 
 bearing marks of their employment in the 
 ungrateful task of detaching fragments for 
 use or ornament." 
 
 Flint knives or cutting implements are 
 numerous. They were made by dexterous 
 blows with the stone hammer or sledge 
 against the edge of a compact finely-grained 
 rock, the fracture producing sharp-angled 
 chips, with edges almost as keen as a knife. 
 The usual material is hornstone or jasper, re- 
 sembling what we improperly call flint. The 
 knives were used for all the lighter purposes 
 of cutting, as far as they could be applied. 
 They were employed also in taking off the 
 scalps of their enemies, and it is said some 
 of the white intruders shared the same fate. 
 They no doubt considered this 
 
 "The most unkindest cut of all." 
 
 " It is a curious fact, related by one of our 
 early missionaries," says Mr. Heckewelder, 
 " that the hair was permitted to grow only 
 on the top of the head, thereby affording fa-
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 99 
 
 cilities for this barbarous operation. It was 
 an act of cowardice in any one permitting 
 his hair to grow on other portions of his 
 head, as it would be considered as taking 
 an undue advantage of his adversary. An- 
 other reason given was, that as a man has 
 but one head, and as the warrior is distin- 
 guished by the number of scalps he brings 
 in as trophies, if the Indians permitted the 
 hair to grow all over the head as the white 
 people do, several scalps might be made out 
 of it, which would be unfair. Besides, cow- 
 ards might thus without danger, share in the 
 trophies of the brave, and dispute with him 
 the honor of the victory." 
 
 They commenced pulling out the hair in 
 childhood, and in a few years, it is alleged, 
 it would cease to grow. The same practice 
 was adopted in destroying the beard, hence 
 the erroneous opinion that the Indians were 
 deprived by nature of that troublesome orna- 
 ment to the white man's face. A pair of mus- 
 sel shells answered the purpose of tweezers. 
 
 The arrow-points are by far the most nu- 
 merous of all the stone implements found in 
 the Minisink. It is quite natural they should 
 be. They were in more frequent use than
 
 100 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 any other, and were constantly liable to be 
 lost ; numbers may have been shot but once. 
 The manufacture of arrow-points, then, must 
 have occupied a large portion of the time of 
 those skilled in the art. Places where they 
 were made exhibit spalls and imperfect and 
 broken specimens by the bushel. 
 
 The bow and arrow were the delight of the 
 red man ; they were his constant companions, 
 his defence, his support, and his amusement. 
 Killing his enemies, killing his food, and kill- 
 ing his time. The stern of the arrow was 
 made of wood, and the "point" either in- 
 serted or tied fast to the end. Two varieties 
 are made for this purpose, with and without 
 the barb. The string of the bow was made 
 of rawhide. They also employed the fibres 
 of the wild flax for bowstrings, fish-nets, and 
 other purposes. 
 
 Uncommon accuracy was acquired in the 
 use of the bow and arrow ; they could readily 
 strike a point the size of a shilling piece at 
 fifty yards distance, provided always, that 
 the shilling covered the aforesaid point. 
 
 The spear-heads are from three inches to 
 eight inches in length, fastened to a staff' of 
 convenient size and weight, the staff and
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 101 
 
 point together called a spear, and were the 
 same as those now in use in some of the 
 countries in Europe, called javelins, except- 
 ing that the modern article has a steel point. 
 
 They were war weapons, and were also 
 employed by the Indians in spearing animals 
 and fish. 
 
 Hornstone, yellow and red jasper, and chal- 
 cedony constitute the material from which 
 the spear-heads, as well as the arrow-points, 
 were principally made. 
 
 The following description of the manner 
 of making the arrow-points and spear-heads 
 is taken from the remarks of an eye-witness 
 among the Shastas and North California In- 
 dians, during that part of the United States 
 Exploring Expedition involved in a journey 
 by land, after the wreck of the " Peacock," 
 from the Columbia River to San Francisco :* 
 
 A blow with a round-faced stone repeated 
 upon a mass of jasper, agate, or chalcedony,, 
 until a flake was broken off of a suitable 
 form, and which exhibited the right kind of 
 fracture ; then the edges were chipped by 
 
 * Mr. T. K. Peale, of the Scientific Corps, U. S. Explor- 
 ing Expedition. 
 
 9*
 
 102 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 the application of a notch in a piece of horn, 
 applied as a glazier applies the notches in 
 the side of his diamond-handle to the edge 
 of a pane of glass for a like purpose. The 
 notches were of different sizes and depths, 
 and much practice was doubtless requisite to 
 insure success; as in the localities which fur- 
 nished the material, or where it was worked 
 (many of which spots have been examined), 
 large quantities of flakes, and broken and 
 unfinished spear and arrow-heads are found, 
 proving that many of the efforts were abor- 
 tive, and no exact form or certain result could 
 emanate from even practised hands. 
 
 The forms of arrow-heads are very much 
 varied : some were made without notches or 
 barbs, and are usually called war-arrows ; they 
 were attached to the shaft by cement of res- 
 inous gum, which, when withdrawn, would 
 of necessity leave the head in the wound. 
 .Others made with barbs or notches were se- 
 cured by tendon lashings, in many instances 
 put on with extreme neatness and sj^mmetri- 
 cal interlacing. 
 
 There is no limit to the variety of forms 
 which these stone spear and arrow-heads 
 assume. Many of them Avere rude and rough
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 103 
 
 as the coarse hornstone of which they were 
 made, in fact mere splintered fragments; 
 whilst others, on the contrary, are as perfect 
 in form as the weapon of the classic Greek, 
 and made of the most beautiful jasper or 
 chalcedony, almost gem-like in its beauty of 
 color and shading. 
 
 There are instances of forms that lead to 
 the conviction that novelty is one of the rare 
 things of this world, as Solomon knew and 
 told us long ago ; this allusion is pointed to 
 arrow-heads constructed with bevelled faces, 
 so formed as to cause revolution in their flight, 
 and thus maintain a true direction; a well- 
 known principle employed in the modern 
 rifle. 
 
 The varieties of the tomaliawk are very 
 great, and next to^the arrow-point, are also 
 the most numerous of all the articles obtained. 
 Some of the forms are extremely rude. A 
 half-rounded pebble of slate or sandstone was 
 selected, corresponding in some degree to the 
 required form, which being notched on op- 
 posite sides, a handle was fastened in the 
 same manner as upon the axe and hammer. 
 
 On these simplest forms, no other work 
 than the notching or cutting of the sides has
 
 104 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 been performed, and as the tomahawk ap- 
 pears to have been the constant companion 
 of every Indian man and boy, these ruder 
 varieties may have been the work of the 
 latter. Those skilled in the art of making 
 tools and other implements must have been 
 exempt from the duties of war and the chase, 
 and allowed to pursue their regular occupa- 
 tion, in order to enable them to arrive at the 
 degree of perfection in the art exhibited in 
 some of these specimens. Such skilful arti- 
 sans possessed of course a reputation which 
 they would not allow to be injured by the 
 production of such rude forms as we find 
 classed among the list of tomahawks. 
 
 The rougher specimens are found in almost 
 every field near the river, whilst those so 
 beautifully and symmetrically wrought, with 
 holes perforated through the centre, and 
 which are supposed to have been worn on the 
 person, and kept in view, as badges to distin- 
 guish certain -warriors, are not by any means 
 so abundant. 
 
 The method of drilling the hard material 
 sandstone and jasper of which the finer 
 articles are made, as conceived and experi-
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 105 
 
 men ted on by Mr. Peale, is, no doubt, the 
 true method. 
 
 It is described by him as follows: 
 " The ordinary holes are mere perforations, 
 made by revolving a sharp-pointed flake of 
 jasper, hornstone, or other hard stone, upon 
 the object to be perforated, usually slate, 
 limestone, or soapstone, the perforation being 
 made from opposite sides, until the opening 
 met at the middle ; but in other and more 
 finished works, such as those made for the 
 insertion of handles in tomahawks and ham- 
 mers, and more remarkably in smoking pipes, 
 and the tubes which were probably used for 
 that purpose, there is no reason to doubt that 
 these holes were made by nearly the same 
 means, and identically the same principles 
 that are now used to drill glass and the hard- 
 est gems. A round stick of soft wood was 
 revolved by rubbing the hands against it in 
 opposite directions, with silicious sand and 
 water continually renewed between the end 
 of the stick and the article to be bored. 
 
 " A further supposition is not unreason- 
 able, that a bowstring loosely drawn and 
 passed around the stick, would give increased 
 motion and more rapid effect to the process.
 
 106 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 u The pages of Schoolcraft describe and 
 illustrate similar arrangements in use among 
 existing tribes, for producing fire by rapid 
 friction." 
 
 In the department of personal ornaments 
 are found some of the most finely executed 
 of all the specimens of Indian craft. Not 
 only the highest skill of the workman was 
 required in the production of this class of 
 articles, but his taste and judgment were 
 also put to the test 
 
 To produce a necklace of quartz beads, 
 finely polished and perforated, with the 
 meagre appliances at their command, must 
 have required long, patient, and skilful labor. 
 A great variety of ornaments were made of 
 clay, shells, and the softer stones, in the 
 similitude of flowers, birds, and insects. 
 
 If fashions then, like as at the present 
 day, changed often, and new devices and 
 different material were required at each whim 
 of the fickle goddess, it must have been a 
 severe tax upon the labor and ingenuity of 
 the "personal ornament" makers. 
 
 The fictile art was extensively practised. 
 Fragments of earthen-made articles are found
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 107 
 
 in almost every field near the river, in the 
 Minisink. 
 
 The material was prepared by pounding 
 certain kinds of shells and mixing with suit- 
 able moistened clay; having dried this com- 
 pound in the shade, it was then burned in 
 the oven or kiln made for the purpose, and 
 became hard, and would stand exposure to 
 the fire. 
 
 The earthen pots are made of various sizes, 
 holding from a pint to several gallons. The 
 larger ones were used, among other purposes, 
 for boiling the sap for maple sugar. Of the 
 same material were made pitchers, vases, 
 bowls, plates, &c. 
 
 Unbroken articles of earthenware are now 
 rarely met with, but fragments, sometimes 
 in large pieces, are found in quantities, 
 some of these showing a degree of taste and 
 skill in ornamentation. The earthen vessels 
 supplied a desideratum ; as the manufacture 
 of these articles was not by any means the 
 first of the stone age. Ruder nations cooked 
 their food without the use of pots. This 
 process was simple in the extreme, though 
 quite ingenious:
 
 108 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 " When meat was to be boiled, a hole was 
 dug in the ground, about the size of a com- 
 mon pot, and a piece of the raw hide of the 
 animal, as taken from his back, was put in 
 the hole and pressed down with the hands 
 close around the sides, and filled with water. 
 At a fire which was built near by, several 
 large stones were heated, which were succes- 
 sively dipped in the water until the meat 
 was cooked." 
 
 Smoking was a habitquite prevalent among 
 the Indians. The pipe or calumet was carved 
 of stone or modelled in clay. Some of the 
 latter are rude in form and structure, whilst 
 others are artistic in design and elaborate 
 in finish. The front of the bowl is often 
 carved with devices representing sometimes 
 the human face and various animals. 
 
 The calumet used in councils contains gen- 
 erally an emblem of the tribe represented. 
 These are large and wrought with skill, and 
 the long reed stem ornamented with gay 
 feathers. It is used only on occasions of 
 state, and when the deliberations are ended 
 is handed from one to the other, commencing 
 with those highest in authority. 
 
 It is used as a symbol or instrument of
 
 INDIAN RELICS. 109 
 
 peace or war. To accept the "calumet" is 
 to agree to the terms of peace, and to refuse, 
 is to reject them. The calumet of peace is 
 used to seal or ratify contracts and alliances, 
 to receive strangers kindly, and to travel 
 with safety. The calumet of war, differently 
 made, is used to proclaim war. 
 
 At the council held in Philadelphia, in 
 1758, Teedyuscung, the chief of the Dela- 
 wares, addressed Governor Denny as follows: 
 
 "The Governor, and all you wise men pres- 
 ent, hearken to what I am going to say : At 
 the treaty at Easton, you desired me to hear 
 you and publish what passed there to all the 
 Indian nations. I promised you to do it; I 
 gave the Halloo, and published it to all the 
 Indian nations in this part of the world, even 
 the most distant have heard me. 
 
 " The nations to whom I published what 
 passed between us have let me, Teedyus- 
 cung, know that they heard and approved 
 it, and as I am about so good a work, they 
 sent this pipe, the same that their grand- 
 fathers used on such good occasions, and de- 
 sired it might be filled with the same good 
 tobacco, and that I, with my brother, the 
 Governor, would smoke it. 
 10
 
 110 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 " They further assured me that if at any 
 time I should perceive any dark clouds arise, 
 and would smoke but two or three whiffs out 
 of this pipe, those clouds would immediately 
 disappear." 
 
 The next day Governor Denny replied as 
 follows : 
 
 " Brother : I smoked with a great deal of 
 pleasure out of the pipe that the far Indians, 
 formerly our good friends, sent you on this 
 joyful occasion, and I must now desire you 
 for them, as you represent them, to smoke 
 out of my pipe, in which I have put some 
 very good tobacco, such as our ancestors 
 used to smoke together, and was at first 
 planted here when this country was settled 
 by Onas (William Penn). 
 
 " We have found by experience that what- 
 ever nations smoked out of it two or three 
 hearty l whiffs,' the clouds that were between 
 us always dispersed, and so they will again, 
 as often as they arise, if these Indians will 
 smoke heartily of it." 
 
 Here the Governor smoked and gave it to 
 
 Teedvuscung. 
 
 ./ 
 
 The clothing of the Indians was almost en- 
 tirely made from the skins of animals, and
 
 INDIAN RELICS. Ill 
 
 their conical-shaped " wigwams " were also 
 covered with the same material. 
 
 They possessed the knowledge of dressing 
 skins in such a way as jnade them pliable. 
 An Indian damsel, with the underdress of 
 the fawn, and a robe in winter of the match- 
 less fur of the beaver, was very comfortably, 
 if not imposingly dressed. 
 
 Reference cannot here be made to the cw- 
 toms of these people : to do so would exceed 
 the limits designed. 
 
 Mr. Heckewelder says : 
 
 " When the Indians were first visited by 
 the whites, and after our people commenced 
 to erect houses among them, they thought 
 very strangely of the white people locking 
 their doors, and could not for some time be 
 made to understand the motive. When they 
 left their homes they set up a pestle or corn- 
 ponnder against the outside of the door, 
 which was enough to show that there was no 
 one at home, and the premises were then 
 considered sacred, no one thinking of enter- 
 ing the house. Missionaries have recorded, 
 that as. late as 1771 they have known large 
 quantities of goods received from traders 
 protected in no other way.'
 
 112 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 All accounts represent the war-dances as 
 frightful and terrible to behold. They are 
 always performed previous to going out to 
 an engagement, around a painted post, a sort 
 of " recruiting station." It must have been 
 frightful too to witness the Indian warriors 
 return home after a successful engagement, 
 with their prisoners and the scalps taken in 
 battle. These "last were carried in front, 
 strung on a pole, behind \vhich came the 
 victorious column, rending the air with 
 shouts. The dwelling of each warrior was 
 ornamented with these terrible memorials of 
 victory, together with all the accoutrements 
 of warfare, skins of animals, &c. 
 
 " Thus all around the walls to grace, 
 Hung trophies of the fight or chase; 
 A target there, a bugle here, 
 A battle-axe, a hunting-spear, 
 And war-club., bows and arrows, store, 
 "With tusked trophies of the boar. 
 Here grins the wolf as when he diod, 
 And there the wild cat's brindle hide 
 The frontlets of the elk adorns, 
 Or mantles o'er the bison's horns ; 
 Strange devices, defaced and stained, 
 The crimsoned streaks of blood retained, 
 And deer-skins, dappled, dun and white, 
 With otter's fur, and seals unite, 
 In rude and uncouth trappings all, 
 To garnish forth the warriors' hall."
 
 INDIAN 11ELICS. 113 
 
 To jugglers, soothsayers, conjurors, astrolo- 
 gers, and all the long list of impostors of 
 that character, the poor Indians gave too 
 much countenance. Besides the regular 
 physicians, they had their quack doctors 
 also, and were almost as badly afflicted in 
 that respect as the present generation. On a 
 small scale they had their Brandreth, Ayres, 
 Hembold, Wishart, ad infinitum, and may 
 also, perhaps, have had a type of that volu- 
 ble, yet mythical personage, Mrs. Winslow. 
 
 The Lenapes were present in great num- 
 bers, Mr. Heckewelder says, at the landing 
 of the Hollanders at Manhattan (New York), 
 in 1620, and some traditions of the event 
 were still preserved by their people. 
 
 They supposed the vessel at first to be a 
 whale, then a great bird resting on the waters, 
 and as it approached nearer supposed it to 
 be a house drifting to the shore, but were 
 terror-stricken when they saw the men de- 
 scend and come in small boats to the land. 
 
 They looked upon these men as messen- 
 gers sent from the Great Spirit to destroy 
 them. They fled in numbers to the wilder- 
 ness, others prostrated themselves to the 
 10*
 
 114 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 earth, and filled the air with cries and lamen- 
 tations. 
 
 It was a long time before the captain could 
 cause them to become reconciled, and assure 
 them by signs, that they were only men, like 
 themselves, and intended them no harm. 
 
 By the bestowal of a few presents on the 
 part of the sagacious officers, they soon won 
 the hearts of these simple-minded people, 
 and the god-like strangers were made wel- 
 come to the homes of the red men with 
 joyful demonstrations. 
 
 It is not very creditable to our Holland 
 ancestors, that this ceremony was terminated 
 in a general scene of intoxication. 
 
 The liquor was at first partaken of with 
 hesitation and distrust, and was utterly re- 
 fused, until the officers and crew first set the 
 vicious example. 
 
 In commemoration of this event, the 
 Indians named the place Manahachtanieuk 
 (Manhattan), the island where we all got 
 drunk.
 
 INDIAN GRAVES. 115 
 
 Indian Graves. 
 
 LAKE OP THE MOUNTAIN. 
 
 In the year 1811, John Arndt, of Eastern, 
 wrote to the Rev. Mr. Heckewelder concern- 
 ing an Indian grav.e found at this solitary 
 spot, near the shore of the lake. He was 
 buried in a stone vault, " the rock having 
 been rent apart for a considerable length, 
 and wide enough to admit the body, and 
 covered with large flat stones. With the 
 skeleton were found a small brass kettle, 
 some beads, some circular bones or ivory of 
 the size of a silver dollar, pierced with two 
 holes through the diameter ; also a parcel of 
 bone or ivory tubes, resembling pipe-stems, 
 four and a half inches in length. Nearly 
 opposite, down the mountain from this grave, 
 on the flats or lowland, there was a large 
 Indian burial-ground. Could this spot have 
 been the special choice of this solitary in- 
 habitant? Here was a lake with plenty of 
 fish, abundance of large whortleberries, ex- 
 cellent hunting-grounds, &c. Can it be pre- 
 sumed that he was a noted chief or warrior 
 to whom such distinguished respect was
 
 116 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 paid, as to deposit him so much nearer 
 heaven and the Great Spirit?" 
 
 Several years ago, the author visited the 
 Indian burial-ground at the base of the 
 mountain alluded to in the letter of Mr. 
 Arndt. It is situated about seven miles 
 north of the Gap, on an elevation of two 
 hundred or three hundred feet from the river, 
 which it overlooks, together with a beauti- 
 ful portion of the Valley of the Delaware. 
 The ground had then just been cleared for 
 cultivation, the forest trees had yielded to 
 the axemen, and the virgin soil, so long held 
 sacred by another race, was about to be vio- 
 lated with the plough. Three graves had 
 already been opened, but a number of mounds 
 were visible all over the field before the 
 plough had done its work. The articles ob- 
 tained from the three which I saw, were as 
 follows : A large quantity of beads, variously 
 colored, of stone and glass, and others of 
 bone. Several clay ornaments, rounded and 
 in shape like the beads, but larger, pierced 
 through the centre ; the image of an owl 
 made of clay, and several round pieces of 
 clay and bone about the size of an American 
 half-dollar, dotted round the edge and twice
 
 INDIAN GRAVES. 117 
 
 through the centre. A great number of 
 pieces of clay pipe, and fragments of other 
 articles, so broken as. to be undefined. In 
 one of the graves some small bells were 
 found, also fragments of blankets, the me- 
 tallic remains of two guns, brass plates con- 
 taining the crucifix, brass tobacco-boxes, &c. 
 This was evidently a modern burial, as the 
 articles must have been obtained from Eu- 
 ropeans, as well as the glass beads mentioned 
 above. 
 
 The place was visited by some gentlemen 
 stopping at the Gap last summer, and per- 
 mission given by the owner of the field to 
 make excavations. One grave was found 
 about three feet below the surface and ex- 
 humed. The skeleton was incased in a 
 stone box. But few relics were obtained. 
 
 The following extracts from a letter writ- 
 ten by a gentleman who, with others, visit- 
 ed the Indian burial-place near the Gap, in 
 the autumn of 1865, is deemed not out of 
 place in this connection. The letter was 
 published in the North American and United 
 States Gazette: 
 
 " A portion of the company now pleasant- 
 ly sojourning here, treated themselves, to-
 
 118 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 day to an excursion somewhat different from 
 climbing Mount Minsi, Prospect Rock, the 
 Indian Ladder, or even revelling at that 
 crystal fount, Rebecca's Well, or that still 
 more beautiful spot, Caldeno Falls. They 
 visited and explored an Indian cemetery, 
 where those who lived and loved, warred 
 and hunted, in long anterior days, have lain 
 in quiet, and, until recently, undisturbed 
 repose. 
 
 " The site of this early cemetery is on the 
 point of an elevated diluvial plain above the 
 mouth of Brodhead's Creek. The plateau 
 is about ninety feet above the river level, 
 and embraces, perhaps, four acres. The 
 view is very fine, commanding the Delaware, 
 Shawanee Island, Cherry Valley, and the 
 superb scenery along the outlying arms of 
 the grand old Kittatinny. The nomadic 
 tribes who occupied these beautiful and fer- 
 tile valleys exhibited faultless taste in se- 
 lecting the spot they did for the repose of 
 their kindred. 
 
 " Of the wild tribes who once plied the 
 light canoe on the Maccariskittang, and 
 hunted their game along the Minisink, we 
 have positive information of the Shawanees
 
 INDIAN GRAVES. 119 
 
 and Lenni Lenapes, or Delawares. The 
 tawny warriors, Titans of a dark and mys- 
 tic race, have left here the impress of their 
 great and imperishable names. Mountain, 
 valley, river, and purling brook bear the 
 record of many a stalworth brave. 
 
 " Various localities of interest are pointed 
 out as the sites of Indian villages and burial- 
 grounds; but of what particular tribe or 
 nation, not even tradition or legendary song 
 can tell.* One of these early cemeteries 
 has long been regarded with interest by vis- 
 itors to the Gap and residents of the neigh- 
 borhood. In vain, however, did those desi- 
 rous of exploring it apply for permission to 
 the proprietor of the soil. But the love of 
 gain proved stronger than dread of supersti- 
 tious awe, and a few years since certain par- 
 ties met, not having the fear of Mr. Zimmer- 
 man or ghouls or goblins before their eyes, 
 and under the cover of night and a dense 
 young forest, perpetrated that which men of 
 science had ineffectually attempted. The 
 night despoilers had roughly but surely done 
 
 * The Minsi, a branch of the Lenape Indians, inhabited 
 this portion of the Valley of the Delaware. The Shawanues 
 were mere sojourners here. L. W. B.
 
 120 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 the work of exhumation in several of these 
 interesting memorials of the dead. The 
 parties who had despoiled the graves were 
 actuated by a single motive, gain. They 
 hoped to secure valuable relics, which could 
 be sold to curiosity-gatherers from the cities. 
 Some of these ill-got gains were offered to 
 gentlemen of intelligence and probity whom 
 I have seen, who declined to purchase. 
 Others, however, in quest of ' curiosities, 
 did buy. It may not positively be known 
 what articles have been taken from the de- 
 spoiled graves, but I have been informed 
 that among the articles found was a finely 
 wrought stone pipe. 
 
 " With this digression, I will give a brief 
 account of our operations to-day. 
 
 " We found the cemetery composed of nu- 
 merous ' graves,' in close proximity to one 
 another. These were scarcely distinguish- 
 able, so slight is the elevation. Each grave 
 is encircled by a trench, and a group of some 
 half a dozen had evidently been surrounded 
 by a gravel ditch. The circumvallation was 
 quite distinct. 
 
 " Selecting an undisturbed spot, we put a 
 couple of stout men to work. Removing
 
 INDIAN GRAVES. 121 
 
 the soil, we were convinced human agency 
 had been at work. Instead of the gravel, 
 which marks the diluvial, we found a coarse 
 yellow sand, intermingled with clay. At 
 the depth of about two and a half feet, we 
 found an ulna, or some other parts of a hu- 
 man frame. The skeleton was in tolerable 
 preservation. The cranium is in good con- 
 dition, with the exception of a portion of 
 the right superior maxillary, which appeared 
 missing. The teeth are in good preserva- 
 tion, but much worn by the use of maize. 
 The sections indicate a person of about mid- 
 dle age. The frame was large, and doubt- 
 less that of a male. The mode of burial had 
 been by inhumation ; placing the body in a 
 recumbent posture, extending from east to 
 west, the face looking eastward. A slight 
 cist had been excavated, which received the 
 body, free from cement or 'stone incasement, 
 and having placed with it the few personal 
 articles which ornamented it in life, a care- 
 ful covering of sand was made to the height 
 of the cist, and terminating in a small tumu- 
 lus. The sand had evidently been carried 
 from the river's beach, as it is not found at 
 a nearer point. This is a peculiarity, and 
 n
 
 122 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 worth attention. Respect for the dead would 
 not permit him to be buried in the coarse 
 gravel of the plain where the graves are 
 located. 
 
 "Of the articles of personal adornment 
 recovered were parts of two metallic orna- 
 ments, brooches, or ear-drops, found in close 
 proximity to the head. They are an alloy, 
 pewter perhaps, circular in form, and two 
 inches in diameter. Also, two spiral wire 
 sprigs of brass, one inch in length and half 
 an inch in diameter, and three bone or shell 
 beads, one quite large. These are by far 
 the most valuable and interesting relics re- 
 covered, as they are purely aboriginal, while 
 the metallic articles are of European fabri- 
 cation. In addition to those discovered was 
 the rude form of a pocket-knife, but so oxid- 
 ized as to be almost undistinguishable. Of 
 course, these articles, with the exception of 
 the bone beads, are of white men's manu- 
 facture, and utterly valueless to the archae- 
 ologist. The occupant of this humble tomb 
 lived after interviews had been established 
 between the whites and Indians. This dis- 
 covery dispelled all illusions of great anti- 
 quity. It was interesting, however, as show-
 
 INDIAN GRAVES. 123 
 
 ing the mode of burial practised by the wild 
 tribes who roamed these forests at the period 
 of settlement by the whites. Such discov- 
 eries are valuable to science, and the gentle- 
 men who made the researches considered 
 themselves amply remunerated for their trou- 
 ble. 
 
 " The cranium is worthy the attention of 
 ethnologists. It is properly orthognathous, 
 resembling the round-headed Calmuck, fig- 
 ured by Huxley. The forehead is tolerably 
 full, the zygornatic processes prominent, but 
 not the maxillary and orbital conforma- 
 tions which distinguish the common Indian. 
 These indicia, with a fair facial angle, might 
 raise a doubt with some as to the true char- 
 acter of the person buried, were it not for 
 counterbalancing proofs. Part of the right 
 superior maxillary being gone, it is some- 
 what difficult to determine how much of a 
 prognathous form there may be, which is an 
 almost unfailing characteristic of all noma- 
 dic races. I write these hasty notes with- 
 out having given the skull a careful exami- 
 nation. Perhaps further examination may 
 support some additional facts. It is in pos-
 
 124 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 session of my friend, L. W. Brodhead, Esq., 
 and will constitute a feature in his collection 
 of antiquities for this locality. To Mr. B. 
 the public are mainly indebted for these ex- 
 plorations."
 
 LEGENDS, 
 
 Winona ; or, The Story of Lover's Leap. 
 
 AN HISTORICAL LEGEND. 
 
 " She loves, but knows not whom she loves, 
 Nor what his race, nor whence he came ; 
 Like one who meets, in Indian groves, 
 Some beauteous bird without a name, 
 Brought by the last ambrosial breeze, 
 From isles in th' undiscover'd seas, 
 To show his plumage for a day 
 To wondering eyes, and wings away." 
 
 MOORE. 
 
 Two centuries ago there reigned, in the 
 valley of the Minisink, a noble chieftain 
 named Wissinoming. He was the head of 
 that once most powerful and ancient people, 
 known as the " Lenni Lenape." Their pos- 
 sessions extended from the highest sources 
 of the rivers Delaware and Susquehanna 
 to the ocean, and every valley and hill- 
 
 11* ( 125 )
 
 126 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 top drained by their tributaries echoed the 
 praises of Lenape's chieftain.* 
 
 The Lower Minisink was the headquarters 
 of this nation. Here Wissinoming resided, 
 and here emanated the decrees dispatched 
 by fleet-footed couriers, in case of war or 
 apprehended danger, or signalled by "fire- 
 lights" kindled on a hundred hill-tops,f 
 which reassured, and thus preserved the 
 unity of the confederate tribes. For how 
 many centuries Wissinoming's ancestors 
 reigned in this beautiful valley, and plied 
 their boats on these quiet waters, and chased 
 the deer in these forests, and defied their 
 enemies in these rocky fastnesses, and wor- 
 shipped on these mountain-heights, time 
 will never reveal to us. And when the red 
 
 * " The compound word Lenni Lenape signifies ' original 
 people,' a race of beings who are the same that they were 
 from the beginning, acknowledged by near forty Indian 
 tribes as being their grandfathers. All these tribes, derived 
 from the same stock, recognize each other as Wapanac/iki or 
 Lenape, which among them is a generic name.'' Hecke- 
 welder. 
 
 f It is a well-established fact that "signal lights " were 
 used by the Indians, and that important intelligence was 
 communicated from one eminence to another, hundreds of 
 miles away, with the certainty, and almost the celerity, of 
 electricity. The adoption of a similar system proved of great 
 importance to our army in the late Rebellion.
 
 WIXONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 127 
 
 man first visited the shores of our continent, 
 whether before or after the departure of the 
 Israelites from Egypt, is not material to our 
 present story. 
 
 Winona was the beloved and only daugh- 
 ter of Wissinoming. She and her brother 
 Manatamany were the pride of this noble 
 chieftain, arid were the objects of his greatest 
 care and solicitude ; all the instruction that 
 a wise but uncultivated parent could impart 
 were bestowed on these children. They, 
 consequently, grew up at least free from the 
 ruder habits of their people, and Winona 
 manifested a character of great strength and 
 beauty. Her father had impressed her with 
 the fact, that she was of the descent of a 
 noble race of chieftains, and that her people 
 could claim great antiquity, and she readily 
 saw that they were greatly superior to all 
 the other tribes whose representatives at 
 times visited her father's home. 
 
 The Lenape were bold and fearless, but 
 considerate and just; and having enjoyed 
 years of peace, paid some attention to the 
 cultivation of the soil, and were acquiring 
 habits bordering on civilization ; and when 
 the whites first appeared among them, that
 
 128 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 civilization was ready to dawn. The first 
 settlers were, therefore, received with open 
 arms. They continued their friendly inter- 
 course, and were not averse to their per- 
 manent residence amongst them. The im- 
 proved methods to promote comfortable 
 existence by the new-comers, their ready 
 discernment led them to at least appreciate, 
 if not to adopt, and all that was now needed 
 was fair and honorable dealing ; and had the 
 policy of the elder Penn been continued, 
 it is fair to presume that the Lenape would 
 have at this day existed in this valley, a 
 comparatively enlightened and cultivated 
 people. 
 
 The first appearance of the whites was 
 only to explore the country. They were 
 from the Holland settlement on the Hud- 
 son. They found a considerable extent of 
 land under cultivation, and were delighted 
 with its appearance, and with the friendship 
 manifested by the natives, and soon there- 
 after arrangements were made for the intro- 
 duction of a colony. A number of families 
 at length arrived, and formed the first set- 
 tlement in the Minisink country, and per- 
 haps in the State.
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 129 
 
 Winona seemed to be drawn instinctively 
 to the society of the cultivated ladies form- 
 ing the settlement. On account of her po- 
 sition as the daughter of an illustrious chief, 
 she was well received. Her beauty of per- 
 son, her dignified but gentle manners, her 
 desire to learn of the white ladies and adopt 
 their customs, soon made her a great favor- 
 ite, and she came to be styled by them, Prin- 
 cess Winona. She continued to be ever after 
 the firm friend of the whites, and proved 
 herself, on more than one occasion, a very 
 Pocahontas, indeed. 
 
 The exploring party, just named, with 
 the prevailing thirst for gold, had discovered 
 in the mountain at Pahaqualong, a few miles 
 above, evidences of what they supposed to 
 be a rich mine of copper, and the informa- 
 tion having been forwarded to their mother 
 country, a company was speedily formed 
 under the auspices of the Holland Govern- 
 ment, and an expedition fitted out and placed 
 in charge of a young man of rank named 
 Hendrick Van Allen.* He was a gentle- 
 
 * These mines were worked to a considerable extent, but 
 with what success is not known. They are situated near the 
 base of the Kittatinny Mountain, eight miles above the Del-
 
 130 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 man of fine- accomplishments, pleasing ad- 
 dress, and fair exterior, full of adventure, 
 and the kind of wild frontier life he was for 
 a time obliged to lead, seemed well suited to 
 his inclinations. He soon became accus- 
 tomed to the hardships incident to a life 
 where few evidences of civilization were to 
 be witnessed, much less enjoyed. 
 
 He visited the settlement a few miles be- 
 low, soon after his arrival, and there heard, 
 at the house of one of the colonists, the fame 
 of the " Indian Princess." The thought of 
 Prince or Princess had not entered Hen- 
 drick's mind since he left the land of civil- 
 ization, and he supposed himself now far 
 beyond the influences of nobility; hence 
 to hear of an embryo " Queen " in this re- 
 mote wilderness struck him as rather ludi- 
 crous. He, however, promised his friend 
 to see her when he visited the settlement 
 again. 
 
 aware Water Gap, on the New Jersey side of the river. A 
 company was organized, about twenty years ago, in New 
 York, for the purpose of re-working them, but failed of suc- 
 cess. When they commenced operation?, they found large 
 trees growing upon places where excavations had been made 
 nearly two hundred years before. The place is now called 
 Pahaquarri, a corruption of " Fahaqualong," the original
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 131 
 
 The young adventurer having satisfied 
 his own mind that about one-half of the 
 Kittatinny Mountain was composed of cop- 
 per ore, he commenced the construction 
 of the Great Wagon Road from Pah aqua- 
 long to the Hudson River, a distance of one 
 hundred miles. Whilst this work was in 
 progress, he employed himself in the sports 
 of the chase. He fancied himself an expert 
 in the use of the rifle, and found the wild 
 game as abundant as he could wish. 
 
 At Hend rick's next visit to the settle- 
 ment, he met the young " Princess " at the 
 house of his friend, where, ever since their 
 arrival, she had been a frequent and wel- 
 come visitor. Hendrick expected to see in 
 the daughter of the famous chief less rude- 
 ness of manner, perhaps, than in the other 
 daughters of the forest; but he was unpre- 
 pared for what he now witnessed. 
 
 Winona's modesty, refinement, and dig- 
 nified deportment were unaccountable to 
 him ; and though he had heard her beauty 
 highly praised, she far excelled in his mind 
 the most favorable descriptions given of her. 
 Not having measured the character of her 
 mind, he introduced such conversation as
 
 132 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 he thought adapted to her understanding 
 and suited to her inclinations. He spoke of 
 the enjoyment he had experienced in imi- 
 tating the free and unrestrained life of her 
 people ; the excitement of the chase ; the un- 
 bounded park filled with game that had not 
 yet learned to flee at the report of his gun, and 
 was not too modest to mention the skill he 
 had acquired in its use by frequent practice. 
 Winona, though accustomed to the wild 
 sports of her people, and confident of her 
 skill in the use of the bow and arrow, hav- 
 ing often employed them as an exercise and 
 an amusement, was more modest in the esti- 
 mate of her prowess ; and Hendrick learned, 
 too, from the tenor of her conversation, that 
 there were other themes better suited to the 
 character of Winona's mind, and more pleas- 
 ing for her contemplation. A friendship, 
 very natural under the circumstances, was 
 at once formed, and Hendrick henceforward 
 fancied that the better hunting-grounds were 
 in the direction of the new settlement and 
 Winona's home. 
 
 Not long after this event the old chief 
 Wissinoming died. It was the saddest pe- 
 riod of Winona's life. She grieved, not only
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVEll's LEAP. 133 
 
 on account of her own loss, but she mourned 
 also the loss her nation had sustained. The 
 affairs of her people were in a critical con- 
 dition. The Lenape had been invaded by 
 some tribes from the North, and though the 
 latter had been severely chastised during 
 her father's reign, Winona and her brother, 
 Manatamany, feared a renewal of hostili- 
 ties. 
 
 The following incidents, though having 
 no direct connection in this narrative, are 
 still important, as relating to the Lenape 
 nation, and on that account their recital 
 will, perhaps, be justified. 
 
 The power of the Lenape was undis- 
 puted, and they had enjoyed untold years 
 of undisturbed quiet; but before the reign 
 of Wissinoming, a cloud had gathered in 
 the North. Some ambitious tribes had com- 
 menced invading their territory, and though 
 they had always been repulsed with severe 
 losses, the Lenape were at length confronted 
 by that powerful union of hostile tribes, 
 composed of the Mohawks, Onondagas, Sen- 
 ecas, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Tuscaroras, 
 and known as the " Six Nations." The 
 clouds that had been gathering culminated, 
 
 12
 
 134 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 and a terrific storm burst upon the devoted 
 heads of the Lenape. The war raged for 
 many years, with varying success ; the peo- 
 ple of the Minisink maintained their an- 
 cient prestige, though other portions of the 
 Lenape nation were forced to succumb, or 
 accept annihilation. It was not until near 
 the middle of the eighteenth century, when 
 the Six Nations received the countenance 
 and encouragement of the whites, that the 
 Minsi, the elder sons and occupants of the 
 ancient heritage of the Lenape, yielded to 
 power and intrigue. The conduct of cer- 
 tain of the whites at the memorable conven- 
 tions held at Philadelphia and Easton, 
 where the Delawares (as they were now 
 called) were browbeaten and disgraced, and 
 their chiefj on one occasion, led out of the 
 convention by the hair of his head by an 
 upstart of the Six Nations, is unaccount- 
 able upon any other hypothesis, than that 
 by the dispersion of the Delawares, and by 
 the encouragement extended to the Six Na- 
 tions, they could more readily gain posses- 
 sion of territory to which neither themselves 
 nor the Six Nations had a shadow of claim. 
 It has been alleged that the Delaware
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 135 
 
 chief behaved cowardly on this occasion. 
 The assertion is unwarranted by the facts. 
 Surrounded by enemies greatly superior in 
 numbers to his own people, and who were 
 supported by the wealth and influence of 
 the English, he well knew that resistance 
 would end in the destruction of his remain- 
 ing followers. Hence, the course he pur- 
 sued is such as a wise man would have 
 adopted. 
 
 At a subsequent council, held at Easton, 
 it is said, " the English had made so many 
 presents to the Six Nations, that they would 
 hear no explanations from the Delawares." 
 Well might Tedyuskuug have said, with 
 reference to the whites, " And you, too, my 
 brothers /" 
 
 To the credit of William Penn and his true 
 followers, be it ever remembered, that they 
 did not desert the Delawares in their ex- 
 tremity, but stood up for them on all occa- 
 sions, and condemned the unjust treatment 
 they received. 
 
 The subjugation of this people, and their 
 exile from the Valley of the Delaware, form 
 one of the saddest episodes in the history of 
 nations. Is it to be wondered that they
 
 136 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 lingered long upon the waters of their favor- 
 ite river? That they viewed with terror, 
 from the heights of the Kittatinny, the ap- 
 proach of the white man to take possession 
 of the homes they were compelled by their 
 enemies to abandon ? To be despoiled of 
 all they held dear, even the places made 
 sacred by the dead of centuries? I fancy 
 I can see them as they meet in the last hur- 
 ried council : no fire is kindled ; no glad 
 voices are heard; no songs of mirth and 
 rejoicing, naught but a saddening wail, the 
 requiem of departing glory. The corn and 
 dried venison are collected together. The 
 aged chief, who has cheered his followers in 
 the thick strife of contending hosts, now 
 trembles with emotion at his exile from the 
 land he loves. Hear him, for his utterance 
 is choked : " Let us take a last lingering 
 look as the departing rays of light are shed 
 upon the Blue Hills, and then go hence to 
 that strange land, whilst the sun sleeps be- 
 hind the mountain, that the white robber 
 may not laugh at our tears." 
 
 This digression has led to a view of the 
 condition of the Lenapes, nearly a century 
 subsequent to the main incidents of our
 
 WINOXA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 137 
 
 story. At the death of Wissinoming, Man- 
 atamany was looked upon as the natural 
 and legitimate successor to his father, whom 
 he much resembled in strength of mind and 
 heroic deportment. Being younger, how- 
 ever, than his sister Winona, she was looked 
 up to as the " guardian angel " of her people; 
 and as much consulted in matters of state as 
 her brother. To add to their other troubles, 
 a serious outbreak now occurred between a 
 portion of their people and the colonists, in 
 which a young man, a favorite of the col- 
 onists, was killed. Much excitement was 
 manifested by both parties. The cause of 
 the quarrel was the attempted occupancy 
 and cultivation, on the part of the settlers, 
 of the Great S1iaiva.no Island opposite the 
 Indian town of Wyomissing. This island 
 was a favorite resort of the Indians, and was 
 a cherished part of their possessions. Its 
 great productiveness* excited the cupidity 
 
 * That these islands in the Delaware, as well as the adja- 
 cent main land, were under cultivation by the Indians, there 
 is scarcely a doubt remaining. The evidence of the early 
 settlers on the subject is confirmed by the discovery, a few 
 years ago, on Shawnee Island, of a dozen or more articles of 
 the stone age, differing from those ordinarily found, which, 
 on being submitted to Mr. Franklin Peule, of Philadelphia, 
 12*
 
 138 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 of the colonists, and frequent attempts had 
 been made for its purchase; but no offer, 
 however liberal, would be entertained for a 
 moment. In the quarrel Manatamany took 
 no part, though his heart was with his peo- 
 ple. Winona, the friend of the colonists, as 
 well as the beloved oracle of her own na- 
 tion, was looked to by the friends of peace 
 in both parties, as the only hope of an ami- 
 cable settlement of the difficulty. Winona 
 felt the responsibility of her position, but 
 did not shrink from the performance of her 
 duty. 
 
 The town of Wyomissing was the ancient 
 home of the Lenape chieftains. In front of 
 the lodge of Winona and her brother, were 
 assembled the excited multitude. On the 
 rocky parapet, bordering her little flower- 
 garden, stood the Queen of the Forest, the 
 heroine and orator of the occasion ; to her, 
 all eyes were directed ; to her, all were ready 
 to listen with reverence, and now waited in 
 breathless silence the Sibylline utterances : 
 
 " Winona is the daughter of Wissinom- 
 
 perhaps the best authority on this subject in the country, 
 were unhesitatingly pronounced implements of agriculture, 
 answering the purpose of our common hoe.
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 139 
 
 ing, who lies sleeping on yonder hill-top, 
 overlooking the waters of Lenape's river. 
 The island, the cause of this quarrel, also 
 lies before him. For how many centuries 
 Wissinoming's fathers reigned in the Mini- 
 sink, Winona knoweth not; but the moons 
 will count in number as the hairs of Wi- 
 nona's head. Winona's father sometimes 
 speaks from the spirit-land, and Winona 
 hears his words of love and wisdom in the 
 whispering winds. She listens to catch the 
 music of his voice to-day ; but the winds do 
 not speak, and Winona's heart is heavy with 
 grief. Winona loves the people of her fathers, 
 and desires to do them good. She rejoices 
 in their successes, and mourns over their 
 misfortunes. Their song of joy, or wail of 
 grief, is echoed in Winona's heart. Winona's 
 heart is sad now ! Winona loves her white 
 neighbors also, and hoped to live with them 
 in peace and friendship forever. Their ladies 
 are kind and gentle to Winona, and have 
 taught her many ways that Winona loves, 
 and filled her mind with many wonderful 
 thoughts that are beautiful, and that Wi- 
 nona dreamed not of. Winona's heart is 
 very sad ! The weight of grief would melt
 
 140 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 in tears, but Winona cannot weep now. 
 Winona loves not strife nor bloodshed ; but 
 Winona is not herself afraid to die. 
 
 " A young man has been slain by our 
 people. He was much beloved by our neigh- 
 bors. Who committed the fatal deed we 
 know not. It is but justice, and according 
 to the custom of our own nation, that his 
 death should be avenged, and one of our 
 number be offered to appease the just wrath 
 of our neighbors. Winona is not afraid to 
 die ! Hear, then, what Winona saith : On 
 the morrow, on the first wake of the morn- 
 ing, before the sun shows his face from be- 
 hind the hills of the Kittatinny, let Winona 
 be slain by the hands of her own people, 
 and let her be buried beside her noble father, 
 Wissinoming. Let Hendrick be called from 
 the mountain ; let him raise Winona's head, 
 as in the custom of the burial of my people,* 
 that the earth may rest lightly upon it, and 
 let him pray to his God for the spirit of 
 Winona. The Shawano Island is loved by 
 our people. It is fair to look upon, and the 
 
 * It was the custom of the Indians to bury distinguished 
 persons of their own tribe with the head elevated to nearly 
 a sitting posture, and to encase the body in a stone box.
 
 TVIXONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 141 
 
 corn has ripened upon it for my people for 
 more summers than the numbers of our na- 
 tion. Winona's canoe has passed many 
 times around it, and touched at every shore. 
 
 " The white man must not take it from 
 my people ; but let my good brother give to 
 them the Island Manwallaminlc^ and may 
 the dove of peace descend, and hover over 
 the people of my fathers and our white 
 neighbors forever ! " 
 
 A saddening wail, mingled with murmurs 
 of discontent, rose upon the still air, and 
 Manatamany essayed to give utterance to 
 these incoherent mutterings ; but the shouts 
 of the colonists drowned his voice: " Wi- 
 nona must not, shall not die ! She shall live 
 to bless us and you ! We ask no sacrifice ; 
 we only ask, that if it please Manatamany, 
 Winona may be adopted as our sister, and 
 be to us, as to you, a princess and ' guardian 
 angel.' " 
 
 This interesting event proved most aus- 
 picious ; years of uninterrupted friendship 
 followed, and, indeed, its influence was never 
 entirely lost upon either the natives or the 
 colonists. The settlement increased in num- 
 bers, and amity reigned, and an apparent de-
 
 142 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 sire to benefit the condition of each by the 
 other manifested itself upon all occasions. 
 How easily this policy might have been 
 continued, and how glorious would have 
 been its results ! All that was now needed 
 was honesty of purpose, and a little forbear- 
 ance. How readily on all occasions might 
 the truths of the Christian religion be in- 
 troduced among a people who are strangers 
 to its teachings, if its beautiful precepts 
 were practised by those desiring its promul- 
 gation ! Winona had become to the colony 
 an object of love and veneration, and con- 
 tinued to be the idol of her people ; and 
 when Hendrick visited the settlement again, 
 he found the praises of Winona on every 
 tongue. His visits now became more fre- 
 quent, and he found himself fascinated by 
 Winona; and yet it does not appear that 
 he took much thought beyond the present 
 pleasure of her society; into the future he 
 did not stop to gaze. He had now become 
 more occupied in his duties at the mines ; 
 the hours of relaxation, however, afforded 
 him, were entirely devoted to her, not dream- 
 ing that he was awakening a passion of dan- 
 gerous intensity in the susceptible heart of
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 143 
 
 Winona. She at first seemed to look upon 
 Hendrick in the character of a brother and 
 instructor in things that delighted her and 
 filled her mind with wonder; and such he 
 had been*to her. He had taught her many 
 customs and things that were entirely new, 
 and she was a most apt pupil. 
 
 Riding on horseback, though practised by 
 the male members of her people, could not 
 be indulged in to any extent by Winona, as 
 the condition of the roads (being mere trails 
 or footpaths) forbade it; But Hendrick now 
 used his new road, originally constructed for 
 , the transportation of ores from the mines, to 
 a more satisfactory purpose, and much to the 
 delight of this flower of the forest. In the 
 absence of Hendrick, it was the custom of 
 Winona to spend much of her time alone, 
 and with her little red canoe^ and bow and 
 arrow, she passed many hours in that por- 
 tion of the river which flows between the 
 islands and the mainland on which Wyo- 
 missing was situated. The borders of this 
 stream were skirted on both sides, then as 
 now, by a growth of large and beautiful 
 trees, some of which are still standing, no 
 doubt, upon which Winona once gazed with
 
 144 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 delighted admiration, and from whose up- 
 permost branches the wild-fowl and other 
 game, then so abundant, were brought down 
 with absolute certainty, when she was in- 
 clined to exercise her skill with the bow 
 and arrow. On one of these occasions, 
 when Winona's canoe was gliding leisurely 
 over these quiet waters, she heard on the 
 island, and quite near her, the report of a 
 rifle. At first, the report of a gun was a 
 terror to Winona ; but Hendrick's visits to 
 the settlement being now always announced 
 in that way, it had become, instead, a feel- 
 ing of delight, and her first thoughts now 
 were of the near presence of Hendrick. 
 She moored her boat to the shore, and 
 quietly waited and watched. Hendrick con- 
 tinued to fire, and she soon discovered a 
 black squirrel upon one of the loftiest 
 branches of a large tree near her. Taking 
 up her bow, and selecting from her quiver 
 a choice arrow, with deliberate, well-di- 
 rected aim, she brought down the animal 
 bleeding at Hendrick's feet. He picked up 
 the squirrel, thinking it had fallen from the 
 effect of the discharge of his own gun a mo- 
 ment before, but was greatly astonished to
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 145 
 
 find it pierced with an arrow still sticking 
 in its body. Recollecting to have seen Wi- 
 nona's skill with the bow and arrow before, 
 he at once divined her near presence, and 
 soon sought out his fair rival, with her little 
 bark moored under the edge of the beach, 
 near where he stood. This unexpected 
 meeting gave mutual delight. Hendrick 
 complimented Winona on her prowess, and 
 though she could not indulge him with 
 equal compliment, she gave expression only 
 to the pleasure the circumstance of their 
 meeting afforded her; and before parting, 
 on this occasion, Hendrick should have dis- 
 covered the spark he was kindling, and the 
 danger of fanning to a flame that which, in 
 a breast like Winona's, would continue to 
 burn forever. 
 
 It would be most interesting to know the 
 manner and character of thought indulged 
 in by a child of nature with the active pow- 
 ers of mind possessed by Winona, before 
 coming in contact with any other light than 
 that furnished by the vague traditions of 
 her own people. Winona spent many hours 
 with no other companion than her little 
 boat ; these were her hours of solitude. 
 
 13
 
 146 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 That great mind could not be idle. Of 
 what did she muse? She could not wander 
 in thought far back into the past, and if so, 
 the traditions of her people were not suffi- 
 cient to supply much food for thought, and 
 the successive days of the passing present 
 were a uniform round of uninteresting same- 
 ness. She could, perhaps, -run over in her 
 mind the uncertain stories of a long line of 
 noble chieftains, and could recite deeds of 
 daring heroism performed; but Winona need- 
 ed something more than all this. Her mind 
 yearned for more refined food for thought. 
 Yearned for the light, that light her pene- 
 trating vision had caught in faint glimmer- 
 ings through the misty clouds that had in- 
 veiled her people for centuries. Could she 
 behold the sun as it rose from behind the 
 great mountain, and picture to herself that 
 it had for some hours before it appeared to 
 her, lighted up cities filled with gay and 
 lively people, such as she since came in 
 contact with, and which had given her so 
 much pleasure, without any other light 
 than that furnished by her own unassisted 
 imagination? She may have heard her no- 
 ble father speak of the " great flood of wa-
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 147 
 
 ters," lying towards both the rising and set- 
 ting sun, and may have accompanied him 
 on one of his visits of state to where the 
 blue waters of the great ocean were revealed 
 to her astonished vision. If so, could it have 
 been to her mind only an unending flood, 
 extending beyond the utmost stretch of her 
 imagination into vast illimitable infinity? 
 or could she, by the powers of her mind, 
 give to its bounds comprehension, and to its 
 measure limits? 
 
 Might she not in these hours of solitude 
 have been led to inquire into the first great 
 cause, and by communion in spirit with her 
 Heavenly Father have had revealed to her 
 by impressions we, who have clearer light, 
 do not conceive of, the blessed story of Re- 
 demption? It would be terrible to think, 
 that that communion could not be enjoyed 
 by the multitudes who, like Winona, must 
 have felt an "aching void" without it, and 
 who may have lived lives of comparative 
 freedom from actual transgression. 
 
 It is natural to suppose that after Wi- 
 nona's introduction into the society of the 
 colonists her mind took a different turn, 
 and that she now had new elements of
 
 148 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 thought furnished her; and during her in- 
 terviews with Hendrick at this period, which 
 had become quite frequent, the whole effort 
 of her mind was employed in making him 
 the active medium of intelligent thought. 
 She labored for new ideas, new facts, and 
 new emotions. She was inquisitive without 
 the power of asking directly for that which 
 gave her so much delight to hear ; and her 
 efforts, therefore, were incessant to make 
 Hendrick talk, and he could converse on no 
 subject without affording her both instruc- 
 tion and pleasure. To Hendrick this was 
 the most agreeable and interesting of em- 
 ployments, and such promptings as he re- 
 ceived were calculated to bring into active 
 employment the full measure of his capa- 
 city. Winona was a charming listener, and 
 he an equally good talker, the former qual- 
 ity almost as rare in the general world as 
 the latter. Hendrick was intelligent and 
 observing, and had seen much of that world 
 he was revealing to her, which Winona 
 termed " the world of light," and all his re- 
 citals were to her astonishing. 
 
 After the conclusion of one of his lively 
 descriptions, Winona appeared sad, arid he
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 149 
 
 was at no loss to divine the cause. She 
 grieved that she could give but such poor 
 return for the great boon to her of Hen- 
 drick's conversation ; and felt so much her 
 inferiority in this respect as to cause her on 
 this, and other occasions, to shrink away in 
 sadness and dejection. But Hendrick saw 
 in her a precious bud awaiting the light and 
 heat of the sun of intelligence to develop 
 the beautiful, fragrant, full-blown rose of 
 lovely womanhood. She would try, how- 
 ever, to interest him in subjects relating to 
 her own people. She spoke of the wealth 
 of her nation in unbounded forests, plains, 
 and rivers ; the numerous tribes whose chiefs 
 looked up to her people and called them 
 " Fathers ;" the heroism and endurance of 
 the warriors of her nation ; scenes of the 
 chase in which she was permitted to partici- 
 pate; some remarkable skill displayed in 
 the use of the bow and arrow. But she felt, 
 at the same time, the meagreness of the in- 
 tellectual repast she was furnishing to him 
 whom it would be her highest ambition and 
 enjoyment to please. On one subject, how- 
 ever, she did not hesitate to speak with some 
 degree of confidence, and with the assurance 
 
 13*
 
 150 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 that its contemplation would be a source of 
 delight to Hendrick, as it always was to her- 
 self: the great natural beauty of the country 
 she inhabited. 
 
 She spoke in raptures of the grand old 
 river that lay before them; of the lovely 
 Valley of the Minisink, of many days' travel 
 in extent, which the waters of this river 
 adorned. She described the numerous water- 
 falls on its tributaries, and gave the eupho- 
 nious and expressive titles by which they 
 were known. And, above all, the majesty 
 of the surrounding hills, and that grand 
 stretch of mountain bordering the river that 
 shut out the light of early day, and which 
 had no ending.* 
 
 She spoke of the old tradition of this beau- 
 tiful valley having once been a deep sea 
 of water, and the bursting asunder of the 
 mountains at the will of the Great Spirit, to 
 uncover for the home of her people the vale 
 of the Minisink ; the mighty chasm in the 
 mountain, and the twin giants overlooking 
 the vast extent of country to the rising sun, 
 as far as the eye can reach. Hendrick had 
 
 * Kitochtanemin, Kittatinny, endless mountain.
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 151 
 
 only seen the Delaware Water Gap* from the 
 town where Winona resided. She now pro- 
 posed to him a visit from Wyomissing in her 
 canoe to the foot of the cliff, and to ascend 
 by the Indian trail to the summit, and Hen- 
 drick's next visit was agreed upon for this 
 excursion. 
 
 In the meantime, the English government 
 had obtained possession of New York, and 
 after the surrender of Stuyvesant, the Dutch 
 Governor, orders were sent out to Van Allen 
 to abandon ^the mining operations in the 
 Minisink, and to report to his government 
 without delay .f The news fell like a leaden 
 weight upon Hendrick's heart; all his fair 
 prospects were blasted in a moment, and his 
 first thoughts were, how to break the sad 
 intelligence to Winona. 
 
 * The " Gap " was called by the Indians Pohoqualin, which 
 word signifies the termination of two mountains with a stream 
 passing between them. 
 
 The river was called Lenapewihittuck, the river of the 
 Lenape. Mack-er-isk-iskan, seems to have been a place in 
 the river, and not the name of the river itself. 
 
 f In the expedition fitted out by the English government, 
 in 1664, which captured New Netherlands (New York) from 
 the Dutch, the writer's great-great-great-grandfather was a 
 captain.
 
 152 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 He met her at the appointed time. She 
 appeared lovelier than ever before, and mani- 
 fested more than her accustomed vivacity. 
 She was dressed mostly after the custom of 
 her white lady friends, through whom she 
 had ordered from abroad, a habit of rich 
 crimson cloth, trimmed with gold lace, made 
 somewhat after the style, which in modern 
 days has vainly struggled for supremacy, 
 known as the " Bloomer." She wore her 
 long hair in plaits reaching near her feet. 
 Her head was usually adorned with a wreath 
 made from the gay plumage of birds; but 
 was now crowned with wild flowers. Her 
 jewels were the finer quality of the minerals 
 common to the country. She wore a neck- 
 lace of beads composed of crystallized quartz, 
 party-colored jasper, and some of the varie- 
 ties of agate.* And estimating their value 
 by the amount of labor bestowed upon their 
 finish, they would rival the more costly of 
 those worn by modern belles. 
 
 Winona made the best use of her knowl- 
 
 * Some stone beads, of the above-described material, have 
 been obtained from Indian graves along the river, of such 
 finished workmanship, as almost to baffle modern skill, as- 
 sisted by modern appliances.
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 153 
 
 edge of the locality, and conducting the 
 canoe herself, she let it glide so quietly over 
 the waters as to afford the best opportunity 
 for witnessing the different objects of inter- 
 est, none of which escaped Winona's obser- 
 vation. And she gave such vivid descrip- 
 tions of the lovely scenes before them as to 
 startle Hendrick from the sad reverie in 
 which he was indulging. At the junction 
 of the Analoming with the Delaware, which 
 she termed " the marriage of the waters," 
 she rested her boat to point out one of the 
 favorite haunts of her youth, in the grove 
 bordering these two streams, and where her 
 father first permitted her to prove her skill 
 with the bow and arrow, on as large and 
 highly prized game as the forest elk ; and 
 though he stood with his own bow ready 
 drawn, he did not have occasion to speed 
 the arrow, as hers proved quite effectual. 
 
 The contrast between this and former 
 meetings of Winona and Hendrick was 
 marked. Winona now afforded the intel- 
 lectual entertainment. They each had ac- 
 quired a good knowledge of the other's lan- 
 guage ; but, at the request of Hendrick, on 
 this occasion Winona spoke in her native
 
 154 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 tongue, and he thought her truly eloquent. 
 In their ascent up the mountain, Winona 
 proved herself familiar with every crag and 
 cliff; every murmuring rill or gurgling brook, 
 to most of which she had herself been the 
 intelligent nomenclatress ; and she discov- 
 ered and pointed out beauty everywhere, 
 from the mossy carpet under their feet to 
 the extended panorama from the towering 
 summit; and but for the sorrowful revela- 
 tion Hendrick was soon to make, this would 
 have been the charmed day of 'their lives. 
 They had now descended from Mount Minsi, 
 and were seated on a mossy bed overlooking 
 the river as it slowly wound its way through 
 the narrowing gorge. Hendrick had tried 
 to conceal the burden that was pressing so 
 heavily upon him ; but Winona had discov- 
 ered his unwonted quiet, and after having 
 several times rallied him from his abstracted 
 moods, she now, in sympathy with him, was 
 silent and contemplative. 
 
 This silence reigned for several minutes ; 
 the fated moment had now arrived. He"n- 
 drick could not endure the thought of leav- 
 ing without communicating the cause of his 
 separation ; and though he loved Winona
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 155 
 
 sufficiently well to make her his bride, his 
 relation to his government was such as to 
 forbid the possibility of his taking her with 
 him as his wife, even if she should consent 
 to such an arrangement (her relation to, and 
 fondness for her own people rendering it 
 quite improbable), and Hendrick did not dare 
 to hold out the promise of ever being able 
 to return to claim her in her own country, 
 though he entertained a secret hope that 
 such happiness might be in store. It does 
 not appear, however, that Hendrick dreamed 
 of the extent of Winona's passion for him, 
 and how it had deepened since their last 
 meeting. 
 
 At length, he drew forth the fatal letter 
 containing the peremptory orders from his 
 government, and made known to Winona 
 its startling contents. 
 
 She gave vent to no unusual emotions; 
 did not shriek ; did not shed a tear ; did not 
 even murmur at the terrible blow that fell 
 upon her with a force sufficient to crush a 
 weaker mind to earth. She paused but for 
 a moment, then standing firm and erect as 
 the forest oak, displaying the heroism of her 
 noble ancestry, but, alas, resolved upon a
 
 156 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 purpose so common with her people, and 
 which Hendrick did not in time discover. 
 
 With unfaltering voice she addressed him 
 in the following words : 
 
 " Winona's sun has set forever! 
 She awakes from a beautiful dream ; 
 But such a dream, 
 
 The gladdening beams of morning light 
 Do not dispel. 
 
 O thou loveliest of Winona's images ! 
 Thou fairest of her creations, 
 And thou skilfullest of limners ! 
 Canst thou behold the picture 
 Thy noble self hath painted, 
 On the virgin heart of Winona? 
 It shall not be blotted out ; 
 Winona will wear it 
 In the spirit land, 
 And cherish it there. 
 Winona doubteth not 
 The love that Hendrick bears her ; 
 But the fashion of his love 
 Is not like Winona's. 
 Hendrick's love may melt away 
 Like the snows of winter 
 In a new sunlight. 
 The current of the deep river 
 Flows on forever ; 
 
 So does the love of Lenape's daughter. 
 But Winona will not stay 
 To stem the current alone. 
 The Great Spirit who rules the heavens 
 Is the father of Winona's people : 
 He calls Winona home.
 
 WINONA, OR THE STORY OF LOVER'S LEAP. 157 
 
 Hendrick's duty Lids him away 
 
 Beyond the great waters. 
 
 Let him go hence, 
 
 Beloved of Winona! 
 
 Winona would not chide 
 
 The dear author of these fleeting joys ; 
 
 The unwilling cause 
 
 Of this deadliest sorrow. 
 
 Winona would die, 
 
 And live to die again, 
 
 Once more to feel the gentle current, 
 
 The rising, swelling, joyous torrent, 
 
 Flowing from this fount of love. 
 
 Farewell, brother I 
 
 Tutor, lover 1 
 
 "Winona's sun has set forever." 
 
 In a moment she disappeared from view. 
 Hendrick ran to the cliff, caught her in his 
 arms; they reeled on the precipice, and 
 
 14
 
 158 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 A Legend of the Delaware Watet* Gap. 
 
 BY MRS. E. 8. SWIFT. 
 
 " And then their love was secret. O, it is 
 Most exquisite to have a fount of bliss 
 Sacred to us alone!" 
 
 Miss LANDON. 
 
 I "WAS spending a week with a party of 
 friends, at the Delaware Water Gap. We 
 had just returned from a delightful ramble 
 through the woods to Flat Rock, and were 
 seated on the piazza of the hotel, watching 
 the lights and shadows of the passing clouds 
 on the Jersey Mountain, which rose to the 
 height of sixteen hundred feet, immediately 
 opposite to us. The day, though late in 
 August, was as capricious as one in April. 
 Sunshine and showers had alternated with 
 the hours ; the sun, a few moments previous, 
 had been bathing the wooded summit of the 
 mountain in a flood of golden radiance, 
 piercing the thickets of underwood, and re- 
 vealing to the curious eye many a leafy 
 nook of vernal beauty ; now it was rain- 
 ing heavily, and the dull plashing sound of
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 159 
 
 the rain-drops, as they fell upon the river 
 immediately beneath us, imparted to us all 
 a sensation of melancholy. We were sud- 
 denly aroused by Emilie exclaiming : " Look 
 down the Gap ; see, the sun is already shin- 
 ing there ; surely this place is bewitched ; 
 do look at the rainbow on the water !"* 
 
 We all arose, and gazed in the direction 
 to which she pointed our attention, and one 
 of the most vivid-colored rainbows I ever 
 beheld, lay pictured across the river from 
 shore to shore. In vain we strained our 
 eyes in all directions towards the sky ; the 
 dull, leaden-hued clouds above us gave no 
 history of the beautiful vision. For a few 
 minutes the bow of promise rested on the 
 stormy waters, then its rich painting of 
 many colors faded from our sight. 
 
 In about half an hour the sun was again 
 shining merrily, and every leaf and sprig 
 seemed hung with precious gems. The air 
 was laden with the perfume from the woods, 
 and as the cool breezes swept across the 
 piazza, we knew they had passed over lone 
 coverts of romantic beauty, where fairies 
 
 * The landlord of the Gap Hotel told us that, once before, 
 he had witnessed a similar sight.
 
 160 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 might hide, and where the ferns, the mosses, . 
 and the wild-flowers grew. We had worn 
 out dresses and shoes in our daily visits to 
 the Pennsylvania and Jersey Mountains; 
 we had been pioneered by our good-natured 
 landlord and his pretty little twins to all 
 the known lions of the Gap ; but we were 
 hourly making voyages of discovery for our- 
 selves ; and when we assembled around the 
 well-provided table of our host, each had his 
 or her adventure to relate. One had found 
 out an echo in the deep forest that answered 
 to every word ; another had been botanizing, 
 and the mantel-stand was filled with tum- 
 blers of gorgeous-colored flowers; another, 
 a disciple of old Isaac Walton, had been 
 angling, and a dish of fine sunfish attested 
 his success. In the evenings, the piazza was 
 our favorite promenade. We had some de- 
 lightful musicians with us, and in music and 
 conversation the hours glided away with 
 such rapidity, that we always expressed sur- 
 prise at the shortness of the evening, when 
 our host announced that eleven o'clock had 
 struck. Our party consisted of six ladies 
 and four gentlemen, all unmarried ; but, very
 
 A LEGEND OP THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 161 
 
 unfortunately, we were too closely related 
 for Cupid to show his face amongst us. 
 
 " What !" I hear my reader exclaim, " no 
 love ! I would not give a fig for such a 
 story." Nor I either, dear reader ; particu- 
 larly as the scene is laid in the Delaware 
 Gap the very headquarters of the wily 
 god, where nature, in her most glorious 
 dress, keeps jubilee; 
 
 "And where, beneath, around, above, 
 Earth, water, air, seem full of love." 
 
 Ah ! the deep recesses of those forest 
 shades, the close intricacies of those verdant 
 aisles, how often have their silence and soli- 
 tudes been the chosen sanctuaries for love's 
 impassioned confessions ; and hearts have 
 been united in those solemn old woods, 
 never again to be riven asunder ; and there, 
 perchance, 
 
 " Young hearts were plighted when the storms 
 
 Were dark upon life's sky, 
 In full, deep knowledge of their task, 
 To suffer and to die." 
 
 " The rain was over and gone," and the 
 afternoon was so serene and beautiful, we 
 all sailed down to the shore, and soon filled 
 
 14*
 
 162 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 the only boat belonging to the establish- 
 ment. Josephine, a very lovely girl from 
 Baltimore, sat, like the queen of beauty, on 
 the prow of the boat, singing snatches of 
 old songs, in the gayety of her heart. She 
 was one of the brightest-looking beings I 
 ever beheld ; tall and graceful, with a face 
 of uncommon loveliness; her complexion 
 was soft and transparent, and the slightest 
 emotion tinted her delicate cheek with the 
 glow of damask rose ; her eyes of dark blue 
 were shaded by long black lashes, which 
 imparted a peculiar tenderness to their ex- 
 pression ; her hair, also black, clustered in 
 short thick curls around her small and finely 
 shaped head. Occasionally, she would pause 
 in her songs, and a shade of sorrow, it might 
 be of memory, would flit across her face. 
 An enthusiast in her love of nature, she 
 sat gazing upon the beautiful scenery, now 
 warbling like a bird, and anon calling our 
 attention to some bold projecting cliff, that 
 looked from its elevation ready to fall and 
 crush us. 
 
 As our boat glided into the deep waters 
 of the Gap, we all kept silence. Shut out 
 from the world by the towering mountains
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 163 
 
 on each side of us, with naught but the sky 
 above, and the dark river rolling beneath 
 us, an awe as of some mighty presence fell 
 upon our spirits ; and as we emerged from 
 the solemn gloom of that magnificent scene, 
 the tones of our voices were more softened, 
 conversation took a more serious cast, and 
 we felt like those who had recently been 
 engaged in some holy religious service. 
 
 But, full of life and youth, as a few rapid 
 strokes of the oar brought our boat into the 
 glad sunshine, we again awakened the echoes 
 with songs and laughter. Cousin Tom, as 
 we called a fine-looking young man of five- 
 and-twenty, had arrayed himself in all the 
 various-colored shawls of the party, and 
 from his picturesque appearance, might have 
 been mistaken for Osceola, or some other 
 renowned Indian warrior ; he now proposed 
 to land us on the Jersey shore, just at the 
 point where the river makes an abrupt turn, 
 one of the most romantic spots imaginable. 
 Here, while we were seated on the trunk of 
 an enormous tree, that had been struck by 
 lightning some years previous, and still laid 
 as it had fallen, close to the shore, Emilie 
 impatiently exclaimed
 
 164 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 " What a pity it is that there is no legend 
 connected with this sublime place ; how de- 
 lightful it would be now to listen to some 
 interesting story of the past." 
 
 " Why, ladies !" replied her brother, 
 " among so many fair creatures, surely you 
 have some modern reminiscences that would 
 make very pretty wayside tales ; some diary 
 of a heart, for instance ; some stray leaves 
 from Love's Album." 
 
 " Yes," said Cousin Tom, " I am sure 
 these girls have lots of love secrets ; here is 
 Josa, now, looking so demure and modest, 
 she has never arrived at the age of twenty 
 without making some acquaintance with 
 Cupid, I know ; come, blossom, let us have 
 the last passion." 
 
 We all turned our eyes on Josephine ; but 
 the agitation and annoyance depicted on her 
 sweet face was distressing; her brow and 
 cheek for a moment mantled with the tell- 
 tale crimson, and, the next instant, the pal- 
 lor of death settled on every feature. Cousin 
 Tom, in his careless badinage, had evidently 
 touched a wound, not yet closed. An em- 
 barrassing silence followed ; but we were re- 
 lieved by Emilie exclaiming
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 165 
 
 " See, we shall have company, at last, at 
 the Gap House; there are two gentlemen 
 on horseback on the opposite side." 
 
 For a short period they were seen slowly 
 ascending the rough and hilly road ; but the 
 thick hedge of laurels by which it was bor- 
 dered, soon concealed them from our view. 
 Our next movement was to try and arrive 
 at the Hotel before them, and make our- 
 selves presentable at supper, for the sun 
 had already disappeared, and the twilight, 
 which in this mountainous pass is so rapidly 
 succeeded by night, was fast approaching. 
 Hitherto, we had been the only visitors at 
 the Gap, and had the house all to ourselves; 
 consequently, being a family party, we were 
 not as particular in our costumes as we \vould 
 have been had strangers been present. A 
 half an hour of fast rowing soon brought us 
 to the landing-place at the foot of the rocks, 
 close to the Hotel; and we had just time to 
 arrange our dresses and meet together on 
 our favorite lounge, the piazza, when the 
 sound of hoofs warned us that the travellers 
 had arrived ; but, strange to say, but one 
 solitary horseman appeared. Here, then, 
 was a mystery. What had become of the
 
 166 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 other ? We had all distinctly seen two gen- 
 tlemen, and there was no other house on the 
 road, except an old dilapidated tavern, far 
 down in the gloomiest part of the Gap, a 
 place we w r ere sure no traveller in his senses 
 would halt at, with our commodious Hotel 
 in prospect, for, as it was situated upon a 
 high hill, it could be seen from a considera- 
 ble distance. 
 
 Cousin Tom capered about as if he had 
 gone mad, declaring " it was delightful, a 
 perfect Radcliffe adventure; he had no doubt 
 the next morning the traveller would be 
 found concealed in a laurel thicket, stark 
 dead, with a bowie-knife sticking in his 
 heart." 
 
 Emilie laughed, and averred " that here- 
 after she should be a convert to old Cotton 
 Mather; henceforth, she would be a faith- 
 ful believer in witchcraft. That lonely road 
 looked like a haunt for gnomes, witches, and 
 all the dread family of evil spirits." 
 
 In the midst of our conjectures and dis- 
 cussions the supper-bell rang, and I believe 
 each of us felt some curiosity to see the new- 
 comer. A slight-made young man, dressed 
 in black, with a very intellectual face, stood
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 167 
 
 conversing with our host in the supper-room, 
 who introduced him to the company by the 
 name of the Reverend Mr. Bennett. I ex- 
 changed a hasty glance with Cousin Tom ; 
 his conceit of a murdered traveller by such 
 white clerical hands seemed so ridiculous 
 that I could with much difficulty refrain 
 from laughing, as I returned the gentleman's 
 salutation. An hour was spent after supper 
 in social conversation, when Mr. Bennett, 
 pleading fatigue, retired for the night. 
 
 We immediately called the landlord to 
 know if Mr. Bennett had mentioned having 
 a companion with him. 
 
 "Yes; a friend of his had intended to 
 have accompanied him to the Gap, but his 
 horse had unfortuately fallen lame on the 
 route, and he was for the present obliged to 
 remain a short distance behind." 
 
 " But, where ? where ?" we all exclaimed. 
 
 " The gentleman did not mention where 
 he had left his friend," but our host supposed 
 about two miles below, opposite Columbia; 
 the only stopping-place that he was aware 
 of, near the Gap. 
 
 We did not think it expedient to tell him 
 that we had seen both gentlemen not a mile
 
 168 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 from his hotel ; and we thought it hardly 
 probable that a traveller would journey two 
 miles over one of the worst roads in Penn- 
 sylvania, to shelter a lame animal, when his 
 stables were direct in his way, and not half 
 the distance. 
 
 Long, that night, after we had sought our 
 chambers, we conversed about the missing 
 traveller. Josephine and myself shared the. 
 same room, and I was sitting at the window 
 gazing down the road, now illuminated by 
 the moonlight, when a sob from my com- 
 panion made me start. She was standing 
 by the dressing-table, reading a closely writ- 
 ten note ; so absorbed was she in her occu- 
 pation, that she appeared unconscious of my 
 presence; twice she perused the note through 
 blinding tears ; then, passionately kissing 
 the paper, she threw herself on the bed in a 
 paroxysm of grief. Surprised as well as 
 alarmed by such a display of sorrow in one 
 generally so cheerful, I approached, and 
 throwing my arms around her begged her to 
 be calm, and tell me the cause of such sud- 
 den distress. 
 
 " Oh, cousin ! I cannot be calm," she ex- 
 claimed ; " he is here."
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAAVARE WATER GAP. 169 
 
 "Who, dear Josa?" 
 
 " Henry," answered she, wildly gazing at 
 me ; " my Henry, whom I love better than 
 life ; he whom my father has forbidden me, 
 on pain of his endless displeasure, to see or 
 speak to again ; and cousin," added she, with 
 trembling lips, " I have solemnly promised 
 to obey him ;" and again she buried her sweet 
 tearful face in the pillow. For some time 
 she wept as if her heart were breaking ; but, 
 by degrees becoming more calm, she confided 
 to me her " story of true love." 
 
 Her father, Mr. Gorden, was an eminent 
 physician in Baltimore, in a successful prac- 
 tice of about ten thousand a year. He was 
 one of those fortunate individuals with which 
 our country abounds, who, by superior tal- 
 ents and industry, had risen from the mid- 
 dle ranks of life, to take an acknowledged 
 station among the aristocracy of the land. 
 Josephine was his idol; proud and over- 
 bearing to all the world beside, in the pres- 
 ence of his beautiful child his nature be- 
 came softened to almost feminine tenderness. 
 Her education and accomplishments had 
 been his peculiar care; his indulgence to- 
 wards her knew no bounds ; the expensive 
 
 15
 
 170 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 presents he constantly Wished upon her 
 silently attested how well he loved her; 
 money was dross in his eyes compared to 
 her happiness or enjoyment ; yet, strange to 
 relate, he had refused the hand of his daugh- 
 ter to Harry Le Roy, because he was not 
 rich. 
 
 A gentleman, whose only recommendation 
 was his immense wealth, was the suitor upon 
 whom his choice fell. Married to him, Jo- 
 sephine's establishment would be of almost 
 regal splendor, his ambitious dreams for her 
 aggrandizement would be fully realized; and 
 he still trusted that her filial affection and 
 reverence i'or his wishes and opinions would 
 prevail over the love she confessed for Le 
 Roy ; and in his proud imaginings he already 
 beheld his darling girl the wife of the mil- 
 lionnaire. 
 
 Harry Le Roy had been dismissed with 
 coldness and hauteur, that to one of his ar- 
 dent temperament and Southern blood had 
 been interpreted into a direct and deliberate 
 insult. The bitterness of his outraged feel- 
 ings had been increased by several letters 
 that he had written to Josephine being re- 
 turned unopened, and his being informed
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 171 
 
 tli at she had left Baltimore to visit some 
 relations in a distant State. No definite in- 
 formation could be obtained, and, wretched 
 and hopeless, he had resorted to travel to 
 deaden the misery of his mind. 
 
 By the merest chance, in Philadelphia, he 
 obtained intelligence that she had accom- 
 panied a party of her relations in an excur- 
 sion to the Delaware Water Gap. His reso- 
 lution was instantly formed; he would follow 
 her, see her, and learn his doom from her 
 own lips. 
 
 The mystery was now solved. Harry Le 
 Roy was the missing traveller. His tender- 
 ness for the feelings of Josephine would 
 not permit him to appear before her unan- 
 nounced ; and he had remained in the soli- 
 tary old house in the 'Gap, whilst his friend, 
 Mr. Bennett, had preceded him to our hotel. 
 
 " Here, dearest Josephine," the note went 
 on to say, " I await your decision ; to me, it 
 will be happiness or, r misery, life or death. 
 The yearning love that fills my heart for 
 you must be satisfied with a sight of that 
 dear face. I feel that I cannot any longer 
 exist without your presence. My Josephine; 
 my beautiful, my own ; yes, my own ! for
 
 172 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 hearts that have been cemented like ours 
 cannot be disunited by any earthly fiat. 
 When and where we shall meet, I leave to 
 you, my best beloved ; but in a few hours I 
 hope to hold you to a heart which, since we 
 parted, has been filled with but one long 
 thought of thee only thee." 
 
 I confess, after reading this note, I never 
 felt more perplexed in my life. I was some 
 years older than Josephine, and I knew she 
 would depend upon me for advice and as- 
 sistance; but I also knew that her father 
 would never forgive any interference with 
 his commands; for the lovers to meet would 
 be madness-^ but how was I to prevent it ? 
 After a few moments of troubled cogitation, 
 I determined to remain neutral, and let 
 things take their course. I knew that wicked 
 urchin, Cupid, was not to be told, " Thus 
 far shalt thou go, and no further;" and I 
 foresaw that he intended to play some of his 
 most mischievous pranks in this sequestered 
 spot, that looked as if it had been expressly 
 created to be the earthly Eden of his vota- 
 ries. Josephine sat watching my countenance 
 with breathless eagerness; she looked like a 
 sculptured image, so pale and still. Gently
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 173 
 
 lifting the dark ringlets that shaded her 
 cheek, I softly kissed it; the electric chord 
 of sympathy vibrated in each bosom, and 
 without my uttering a word, she felt that I 
 would aid and assist her ; and, throwing 
 herself on my bosom, she wept like a child. 
 After much persuasion, I induced her to 
 retire to rest ; but her slumbers were broken 
 and uneasy ; she repeatedly murmured the 
 name of her lover ; and I saw, by the night- 
 lamp, large tear-drops glistening on her 
 fringed eyelids. Once, in supplicating ac- 
 cents, she exclaimed, " Father ! dear father !" 
 The next morning, Mr. Bennett proposed an 
 excursion to Stroudsburg, a village a few 
 miles distant from the Gap. Josephine, on 
 the plea of a nervous headache, had not 
 appeared at the breakfast-table ; and when 
 the rest of the party gladly acceded to his 
 proposal, I excused myself as nurse to the 
 invalid. Mr. Bennett gave me a quick 
 glance of intelligence, and handing me a 
 bouquet of wild roses, begged " I would pre- 
 sent them, with his compliments, to Miss 
 Gorden." 
 
 The carriages were soon at the door ; and 
 with many regrets that I could not go with 
 
 15*
 
 174 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 them, to my great relief they departed. I 
 immediately ascended to Josephine's cham- 
 ber, and found her sitting by the window, 
 quite calm and composed. In my absence, 
 bhe had taken a sudden resolve to see Le 
 Koy. " She would," she said, " tell him of 
 the solemn promise her father had exacted 
 from her; she would convince him it were 
 better that they should not meet again ; for 
 the last time she would hear his voice and 
 see his face. O !" continued she, with quiv- 
 ering accents, - ; situated as I now am, even 
 my dear father would not object to this in- 
 terview." 
 
 I had given her the bouquet of roses, and 
 whilst speaking she had loosened the cord 
 that bound them together, intending to ar- 
 range them in a china vase that stood on 
 the table, when a small twisted note, that 
 had been concealed in the centre of the 
 bunch, fell to the floor; with a glowing 
 cheek she raised it, saying, " 0, this is so 
 like Harry ! How many bouquets of white 
 camelias he used to send me ! but in my 
 eagerness to secure the dear little billet doux 
 that I knew nestled inside, the poor flowers 
 often perished."
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 175 
 
 She eagerly perused the well-known char- 
 acters, and whilst she did so, her beautiful 
 face became radiant with happiness. I never 
 saw joy so vividly depicted on any other 
 countenance. 
 
 " 0, cousin !'' she exclaimed, " he will be 
 here in ten minutes, and I have not seen 
 him for, ah, me ! so many long months." 
 
 Tears of rapture glittered in her soft eyes, 
 and she yielded herself to the delicious in- 
 toxication the certainty of seeing him again 
 inspired, apparently thoughtless of all con- 
 sequences. I will not portray their meeting, 
 for Josephine insisted upon my being pres- 
 ent. Theirs was no common attachment; 
 every impulse of their souls was given to 
 each other; few words were spoken, but as 
 he held her to his heart, every feature pro- 
 claimed, the victory of love. The hours to 
 them seemed but minutes ; and when at 
 last, fearful of being surprised by our return- 
 ing party, I gently hinted to him it was time 
 to depart, he saucily told me " he did not 
 intend to go at all." But at length, after 
 Josephine promising him, if I would accom- 
 pany her, to meet him in the afternoon, in 
 the old road, a sequestered spot near a water-
 
 176 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 fall immediately beneath the Hotel, but by 
 a steep bank of rocks completely concealed 
 from observation, he consented to leave her. 
 
 She watched him, as he slowly paced 
 along the road, until he was hidden from 
 her sight ; and then, for the first time, the 
 thought was awakened in her mind, that 
 she had broken the pledge she had given 
 her father, and, contrary to his known com- 
 mand, was again about to hold a clandestine 
 interview with her lover. The struggle in 
 her mind was intense ; her wounded con- 
 science rebelled against her disobedience ; 
 she was distracted with contending emo- 
 tions, for she was most tenderly attached to 
 her father, who to her had ever been, except 
 in this only instance, the most kind and in- 
 dulgent of parents. But then, again, she 
 had centred every hope of her life upon 
 Le Roy. What should she do ? Repel him 
 see him no more, forever? The thought 
 had too much agony in it to be endured. 
 No; she would meet him once more, and 
 then they would part, and be to each other 
 like the dead only a memory ! 
 
 Ah, delusive sophistry of a fond heart! 
 The path of duty is a straight one ; and he
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 177 
 
 or she who deviates from its narrow track 
 becomes bewildered in a labyrinth from 
 which there is no return. 
 
 The old road, as it is called, now entirely 
 disused, was shady and retired ; it was close 
 to the river's brink, and covered with a rich 
 greensward, thickly gemmed with the blue 
 forget-me-not ; the same flowers so carefully 
 cultivated in our gardens, which, in this 
 mountain region, grow wild and abundant. 
 A waterfall of considerable height fell over 
 a precipice above, imparting a refreshing 
 coolness to the air; huge rocks, of strange 
 and irregular shapes, carpeted with thick 
 moss, lay piled along the shore, forming lux- 
 urious resting-places for the loiterer. To 
 this spot I accompanied Josephine to bid 
 a last farewell to her lover. We had been 
 now a week at the Gap, and our arrange- 
 ments were already made to leave it the 
 next day. As a turn in the road brought 
 us in view of the cascade, we saw Le Roy 
 standing with folded arms, leaning against 
 the trunk of a huge sycamore tree, whose 
 dense foliage threw a deep shadow across 
 the path, broken by the golden sunshine 
 piercing through its twisted branches into
 
 178 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 bright chequers on the verdant turf. Here, 
 then, 
 
 " Amidst the fall of waves, the fountain's gush, 
 
 The sigh of winds, the music heard 
 At eventide, from air and bush,. 
 The minstrelsy of leaf and bird," 
 
 these two fond hearts, full of warm human 
 love, met again, trusting in their own strength 
 to part forever ! I had seated myself on a 
 shelving projection of rock that commanded 
 a view of the river for some distance ; my 
 own heart was full of sad memories, phan- 
 toms of the things that were, and are not ; 
 and as I gazed upon the lovers, both so 
 young and devoted, imaginations of Dryads 
 and forest spirits, that in the olden time 
 were thought to haunt the greenwood shade, 
 stole over my senses, and I almost wished 
 that from among the ancient trees around 
 me some oracle would speak and divine their 
 future ! 
 
 Le Roy was a model of manly grace and 
 beauty ; he was reclining at Josephine's feet, 
 drinking deep draughts of love from eyes 
 whose tender glances told him, without the 
 aid of words, how dear he was; they had 
 been for some time conversing in low, earn-
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 179 
 
 est tones, he evidently pleading his passion, 
 when Josephine called me to come to her, 
 and, with much perturbation, informed me 
 that she had consented to a secret marriage 
 to take place that evening. It was in vain 
 I remonstrated, and painted in vivid colors 
 the folly of such a proceeding. I spoke of 
 the anger of her father; the deceit she 
 would be practising upon his fond and trust- 
 ing affection ; the remorse she must expe- 
 rience from such wilful disobedience to his 
 wishes. I appealed to Le Roy's honor and 
 generosity ; but with Josephine's hand close- 
 ly clasped in his own, he swore he never 
 would resign her but with life. The very 
 name of Mr. Gordon appeared to awaken 
 all the angry passions of his nature ; he said 
 he had wronged and insulted him; that in 
 his wanton pride he had sought to crush the 
 affections of both their hearts, and offer up 
 his daughter a sacrifice at the shrine of mam- 
 mon. Josephine pleaded for her father, and 
 bitterly wept, but it was upon her lover's 
 bosom. She seemed to be surrounded by a 
 magnetic spell that she was unable to break ; 
 all her resolves had melted away before the 
 impassioned eloquence of Le Roy. Before
 
 180 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 
 
 we had left the spot, moved by her tears 
 and entreaties, I had pledged myself to si- 
 lence and secrecy, and promised to be a wit- 
 ness of their nuptials. It was arranged to 
 take place at midnight, in the old house at 
 the Gap. Mr. Bennett, who had been in 
 orders for some years, was to perform the 
 ceremony. 
 
 Le Roy was not to claim her as his wife 
 for one year; and, in the meantime, Joseph- 
 ine trusted to soften her father's prejudices, 
 and, in some favorable moment, to reveal to 
 him her disobedience, and to be forgiven. 
 
 The clock in the dining-room had told the 
 hour of twelve. The full moon shone with 
 unclouded lustre, as with noiseless steps we 
 left the portico of the hotel. I gave a search- 
 ing glance at the windows of the chambers, 
 but the white curtains were closely drawn, 
 and the deep stillness that reigned through 
 the mansion convinced me that we had 
 nothing to fear from the prying eyes of cu- 
 riosity. I thought Mr. Bennett seemed more 
 agitated than Josephine; not a word was 
 spoken by either of us. A few yards from 
 the house, emerging from the shadow of a 
 tree near the spring, we met Le Roy. In
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 181 
 
 silence he folded Josephine to his breast, 
 and pressed a kiss upon her cheek, that I 
 saw by the moonlight was as pale as mar- 
 ble! 
 
 Arrived at the house, we were met by the 
 old man and his wife, the only occupants of 
 that solitary dwelling; they had, of neces- 
 sity, been taken into our confidence. On a 
 table in the small parlor, over which a dip 
 candle shed a ghostly light, I observed an 
 Episcopal prayer-book, opened at the ordi- 
 nance of marriage. All Josephine's firmness 
 seemed to forsake her at the sight of these 
 preparations, and she sank half-fainting on 
 a chair. 
 
 There was a dread, an awe upon my own 
 spirit, as if some ntisfortune was lowering 
 over us ; I tried to shake off the ominous 
 feeling, and inspire the trembling girl with 
 the courage I needed myself, but in vain; 
 and as the solemn words were pronounced, 
 so pregnant with the happiness or misery of 
 her future life, I thought I heard the slow 
 tolling of a bell, as if for a soul just depart- 
 ed ! The measured tones fell upon my ear 
 with such distinctness that it was difficult 
 
 16
 
 182 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 for me to convince myself that it was a de- 
 lusion of my excited senses. 
 
 Le Roy insisted upon accompanying us to 
 the door of the hotel, where he took a pas- 
 sionate farewell of his bride; and without 
 accident or interruption we regained our 
 chambers. As I pressed my throbbing head 
 on the pillow, I could scarce believe that the 
 events of the last few hours were not the 
 illusions of a distempered dream. Joseph- 
 ine, exhausted by such unwonted excite- 
 ment, was soon wrapt in profound slumber. 
 She never appeared more touchingly lovely 
 in my eyes : her cheek, reposing upon an 
 arm that looked as if it were chiselled from 
 marble, was flushed to the hue of a ripe 
 pomegranate ; her rich dark hair in grace- 
 ful ringlets lay in disordered confusion on 
 her brow and bosom ; a smile yet lingered 
 upon her lips, and a childlike purity and 
 beauty was beaming from every lineament 
 of her sweet face. And, alas ! she, now 
 slumbering so tranquilly there, had taken 
 the destiny of her life in her own hands. 
 A sickness of the heart oppressed me as I 
 asked myself the momentous question 
 would it be for good or for evil ?
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 183 
 
 The next morning, while the mists were 
 climbing up the sides of the mountains in 
 many fantastic shapes, we left the Water 
 Gap." 
 
 On arriving in Philadelphia, we found 
 Mr. Gorden awaiting his daughter. The 
 father met his child with delighted affec- 
 tion ; she sprang towards him and hid her 
 face on his shoulder, and I feared the excess 
 of her emotion would arouse his suspicions. 
 Her open and guileless nature shrank ap- 
 palled from the task she had imposed upon 
 it. Hitherto, there had been entire confi- 
 dence between them ; now, in the hidden 
 recesses of her heart there lay a dread se- 
 cret in which that dear father must not par- 
 ticipate. I foresaw that, with her quick sen- 
 sibilities, ere long all would be revealed. 
 
 They returned to Baltimore, and, six 
 months afterwards, I received a letter from 
 Josephine, beseeching me to come to her ; 
 she said " that her life was a burden too 
 heavy to be borne ; the deceit she w r as hour- 
 ly practising upon a parent, whose every 
 thought was for her happines, was preying 
 upon her health. Her alarmed and anxious 
 father was constantly heaping upon her
 
 184 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 manifestations of his affection, and devising 
 some new scheme of pleasure to divert her 
 mind; but this only increased the remorse 
 of her spirit. Le Roy, too, forgetful of his 
 promises made at the Gap, was anxious to 
 claim her as his wife ; he pleaded the suffer- 
 ings he endured in hearing vague reports of 
 her indisposition, and being unable to ap- 
 proach her; he said it was impossible for 
 him, situated as they now were, to pursue 
 his profession with any success; that with 
 the absorbing love that filled his very being 
 for her, he could no longer consent to this 
 separation, and live. 
 
 There remained, then, no alternative but 
 to hasten to Baltimore, and declare the po- 
 sition of Josephine to Mr. Gorden. I found 
 the sweet girl looking harassed and care- 
 worn. For several days, our minds were 
 much engaged in what manner we should 
 reveal her marriage to her father. At length 
 it was arrangetl that I should be the person 
 to communicate the intelligence ; it was an 
 agitating task, and fearful that my courage 
 would completely fail me, if/lfcwere any 
 longer deferred, I sought an interview that 
 afternoon with Mr. Gorden.
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAAVARE WATER GAP. 185 
 
 I was ushered into a large and well-filled 
 library, fitted up with all the appliances that 
 wealth can command, or luxury desire. He 
 was a fine-looking old gentleman of about 
 sixty-seven, bland and courteous in his man- 
 ners, with all the refinement and polish of 
 the " old school," as it is now termed. He 
 received me with much politeness, and order- 
 ing the servant to place a chair for me, beg- 
 ged me to be seated. My heart beat almost 
 audibly. He observed my agitation, and 
 tried to dispel it, by producing from a small 
 rosewood box a magnificent set of pearls he 
 had purchased that morning, as a birth-day 
 present for his darling daughter. I felt still 
 more oppressed by this communication. I 
 dreaded the revulsion of feeling he would 
 experience when I had made known my 
 mission ; for a moment I hesitated ; but I 
 concluded it was more advisable to impart 
 my intelligence at once than to defer it to 
 some other period. 
 
 In as few words as possible, I told my 
 story ; but I had not estimated its effects 
 upon Mr. Gorden. The treachery of his 
 daughter seemed more terrible to him than 
 death itself; his countenance became fear- 
 
 * 16*
 
 186 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 fully convulsed ; he arose from his seat, his 
 face livid with passion, and raising his 
 clenched hands above his head, he impre- 
 cated a fearful curse upon Josephine and 
 her husband. A moment more, and, struck 
 with paralysis, he lay like a ghastly corpse 
 at my feet. 
 
 For some weeks, Mr. Gorden lingered in 
 a critical situation ; all access to his cham- 
 ber was strictly forbidden by his physicians. 
 Josephine's agony and remorse may be imag- 
 ined, but not described ; she had not seen 
 her father since the fatal hour in which I 
 had revealed her disobedience. He was now 
 pronounced convalescent. The first words 
 he uttered, were to inquire if his daughter 
 was yet an inmate of his house? On being 
 answered in the affirmative, he sent her his 
 commands to leave it, and forever ! He 
 ordered her wardrobe, and all articles be- 
 longing to her, to be packed up and sent to 
 her address; he commanded a beautiful full- 
 length portrait of her, by Imnan, to be taken 
 from the drawing-room ; and forbade any 
 member of his household ever to name or 
 allude to her in his presence : he said, from
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 187 
 
 henceforth he had no daughter Josephine 
 no father ! 
 
 Two days thence, the heart-stricken girl 
 and her husband were on the way to the 
 South. There, in the bosom of the Le Roy 
 family, as the wife of their darling Harry, 
 " the winds of heaven were not suffered to 
 visit her cheek too roughly," and she expe- 
 rienced all the kindness and affection her 
 gentleness and beauty were so calculated 
 to inspire. Idolized by her husband, who 
 seemed each day to become more devoted 
 to her; every effort that the fondest love 
 could devise, to make her forget the past, 
 was resorted to by him ; and, to the super- 
 ficial observer, her cup of happiness appear- 
 ed full; but there was one drop whose bit- 
 terness poisoned the draught. Remem- 
 brances of her father, left desolate in his 
 old age ; of that happy home, where so much 
 indulgence had been lavished upon her, now 
 closed against her forever, thronged upon 
 her mind. The present was lost in the past ; 
 she yearned with painful longings to throw 
 herself upon the breast that had nurtured 
 her childhood ; she pined for the forgiveness 
 she feared would never be accorded to her.
 
 188 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Letter after letter had been written to her 
 incensed parent, and had been returned with 
 the seals unbroken. 
 
 Before her husband and his family, Jo- 
 sephine never uttered one repining word; 
 but, alone with her God, she prayed for the 
 pardon of the sin, whose consequences were 
 blighting her young life. 
 
 Her situation quickened her sensibilities 
 to the sacredness of the tie between parent 
 and child; and when the thought intruded 
 itself that her sacrilegious hand had broken 
 that holy bond ; that her guilty disobedience 
 was perhaps bringing her father's gray hairs 
 in sorrow to the grave, the remorse of her 
 wrung spirit was almost beyond her endur- 
 ance. 
 
 I had received several letters from her 
 since her residence in Charleston, and in 
 the last she had written to me she com- 
 plained of severe indisposition. Anxious 
 to hear tidings of her, one evening, when 
 the same party that had accompanied her to 
 the Delaware Water Gap were again assem- 
 bled together, I sent to the post-office. A 
 letter was handed to me, bearing the Charles- 
 ton post-mark ; on opening it, I found it was
 
 A LEGEND OF THE DELAWARE WATER GAP. 189 
 
 from Le Roy's mother, stating, " that three 
 days previous, Josephine had died in her 
 first accouchement!" 
 
 Silence and dust on that beautiful brow ! 
 How could we realize an affliction so sudden 
 and overwhelming ? " How many hopes 
 were borne upon thy bier, oh, bride of 
 stricken love !" 
 
 The sad intelligence was abruptly com- 
 municated to Mr. Gorden; a second attack 
 of paralysis was the result ; and in a few 
 weeks the broken-hearted old man was laid 
 beside his daughter ! 
 
 In the Cemetery at Baltimore, as you en- 
 ter the south gate, a monument of chaste 
 and exquisite design arrests your attention. 
 Reposing on a broad slab of Italian marble 
 is an urn, wreathed with a light and grace- 
 ful foliage of leaves and flowers; the em- 
 blems are a torch reversed and a rose-bud 
 broken symbols of Love and Death. 
 
 Beneath this is simply inscribed the name 
 of Josephine! 
 
 E ASTON, PA., 1841.
 
 190 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Passage of the Bine Ridfje at tlie Dela- 
 iv are Water Gap. 
 
 BY DR. WILLIAM B. D K Y. 
 
 HUGE pile of Nature's majesty ! how oft 
 
 The mind, in contemplation wrapt, lias scann'd 
 
 Thy form serene and naked ; if to tell, 
 
 That when creation from old chaos rose, 
 
 Thou wert as now thou art; or if some cause, 
 
 Some secret cause, has rent thy rocky mantle. 
 
 And hurl'd thy fragments o'er the plain below. 
 
 The pride of man may form conceptions vast, 
 
 Of all the fearful might of giant power 
 
 That rent the rampart to its very base, 
 
 Giving an exit to Lenape's stream, 
 
 And wildly mixing with woods and waters. 
 
 A mighty scene to set enchantment free, 
 
 Burst the firm barrier of eternal rock, 
 
 If by the howling of volcanic rage, 
 
 Or foaming terror of Noachian floods. 
 
 Let fancy take her strongest flight ; she ne'er 
 
 Can reach the state of primoidal things, 
 
 As darkness brooded o'er the deep abyss; 
 
 Where at the fiat of Eternal might. 
 
 E'en the vast fabric of our planet Earth, 
 
 Arose most beauteous from its Maker's hand, 
 
 With flower, plant, and noble oak o'erspread, 
 
 And made the dwelling-place of man himself, 
 
 In form majestic, but in soul a god. 
 
 But, as for us, let speculations go, 
 
 And be the food of geologic sons ; 
 
 Who from the pebblejudge the mountain's form, 
 
 And oft the structure of this dark terrene. 
 
 Most all abstractionists assign a cause, 
 
 If cause it be, for all created things ;
 
 PASSAGE OF THE BLUE RIDGE. 191 
 
 And in their wisdom dive into the deep, 
 
 Or search the secret of the carbon mine; 
 
 Or scan the structure of a human skull, 
 
 To prove the essence of the thought within ; 
 
 Whilst to their minds, thus wrapt in darkness deep, 
 
 The sun of light affords no ray of knowledge. 
 
 Apart from these we'll carry on our theme, 
 
 The wild and fearful pass, whose grandeur speaks 
 
 A language known to every fearful eye ; 
 
 Breathing enchantment through the very bosom. 
 
 Here was the home of Nature's hardy sons, 
 
 The freeborn dwellers of their native soil. 
 
 They had no equal they were Nature's chief 
 
 Mighty ; magnanimous. But where are they ? 
 
 Let echo answer, where ! The earth can tell 
 
 A long sad tale of desolate despair, 
 
 The broken mound, and moss-clad stone at best, 
 
 Denote the spot where Indian grandeur sleeps. 
 
 All else is still ; a death-shade to the mind ; 
 
 The land of woe, of dark forgetfulness. 
 
 The white man came with plunder on his wings, 
 
 With cursed love of gold hypocrisy 
 
 And e'en the Cross, outstretch'd before his arms, 
 
 To bring destruction on this happy race, 
 
 And make a waste of all their fatherland. 
 
 The mountain bird, the emblem of the free, 
 
 Wild as old ocean in his boundless range, 
 
 Here held his empire free at will to roam. 
 
 Praise be to thee, them monarch of the winds: 
 
 However humble be the strain I give, 
 
 Yet still to thee, thou king of native plumes I 
 
 I willing give the off'ring of my heart. . 
 
 Lo ! my eyrie I form, far, far away, 
 
 On the mountain's rocky crest ; 
 The eaglet securely reposes there, 
 
 In his wild and moss-bound nest.
 
 192 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 There, the wild tempest's rage disturbs it not, 
 
 For, lo ! 'tis the place of the free ; 
 And the nightwind's moan, as it passes by, 
 
 Is a dulcet-tone to thee. 
 
 The lightning's flash, and the thunder's sound, 
 That shakes the stern mountain form, 
 
 Securely leave the bleak eyrie there, 
 Untouched by the wrath of the storm. 
 
 The warrior chief, as he hastened by 
 
 In pursuit of the flying deer, 
 Found not the home of the monarch bird, 
 
 'On his mountain crag so drear. 
 
 A health to thee of the crested form, 
 
 Thou pride of a nation's land ! 
 May the foeman that aims a blow at thee, 
 
 Lie low as his broken brand ! 
 
 Forever perch on the mast of the brave, 
 
 Forever be 'mid the fight, 
 "When the sulphury smoke on the blast rides high, 
 
 And the warrior tries his might. 
 
 What are the monuments of art, compared 
 To nature's varied forms? Lenape's pass, 
 "Where flows the Delaware in silent pride, 
 As if well conscious of his mighty name, 
 "Will ever claim the freeman's honest praise. 
 The gorgeous temple that proud prelates reared, 
 Drawn by the genius of an Angelo; 
 The moss-grown monuments of Palenque; 
 The mighty structures of the plain of Thebes; 
 The hundred columns of Persepolis; 
 The Hindoo works among the rocks of Goa, 
 Or Trajan's pillar on the banks of Tiber, 
 Alike attest the wondrous art of man. 
 

 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. 193 
 
 But nature's self appears ! Her majesty 
 Bewilders every thought, and loud proclaims 
 The hand of Deity in all her works. 
 Through nuture we can look to nature's God, 
 If in the zephyr, or the whirlwind blast; 
 The green savanna, or the burning desert; 
 The foam of ocean, or the forest wood ; 
 The purling stream, or wild Lenape's form ; 
 The ragged rocks, majestic, bold, and grand; 
 That rear their frowning battlements on high, 
 "Where glides the glassy stream of Delaware, 
 The stranger's heart with ecstasy will fill, 
 Till Time himself shall slumber on his car, 
 And darkness reign amid the vast profound. 
 
 Lost on the Mountain, 
 
 THE early autumn days in the country 
 are the loveliest of the year : an atmosphere 
 not yet obscured by the haze of Indian sum- 
 mer, yet so cool and invigorating, that 
 rambling over hills and climbing rugged 
 summits, so tiresome hi the sultry days of 
 summer, are now delightful employments. 
 
 Though the bright flowers of spring have 
 withered on the frail stem, and the richer 
 profusion of summer varieties are faded and 
 falling, autumn fields are arrayed in a wealth 
 of orange, purple, and gold, peculiarly their 
 own. The outer foliage is tipped with the 
 
 17
 
 194 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 same rich hues, whilst the forest itself still 
 retains the vernal bloom of summer days. 
 Ferns have attained their perfection of 
 growth and beauty, and the mosses, the never 
 changing, ever beautiful mosses, offer their 
 humble tribute, alike to autumn, spring, 
 summer, and winter. 
 
 A rare enjoyment was afforded the visitors 
 at the Water Gap on one of the lovely days 
 of this season, in the autumn of 1867. 
 
 At its close the guests were assembled at 
 the supper-table, each relating his own ad- 
 ventures, the discoveries made, and the en- 
 joyments experienced. The name of one 
 was mentioned who was observed by several 
 during the afternoon as untiring, and who 
 seemed to have visited almost every place of 
 interest within reach of the day's excursion. 
 
 Gifted to a high degree, refined and culti- 
 vated, she found a multitude of objects for 
 admiration and study : the mountain brook 
 passing stealthily by in suppressed murmur- 
 ings, or roaring and foaming over cascades 
 and through wild ravines, is equally musical; 
 the verdure-clad rocks are not passed by un- 
 heeded, nor the trees, in their varied form 
 and beauty, some grown gray in years, and
 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. 195 
 
 from whose wide-spreading branches the 
 mosses hang their silken tassels, and adorn 
 the venerable trunk with crimson and frosted 
 coraline. 
 
 It was not a surprise that this lady did 
 not appear first, at the evening meal, but 
 when not found in her room, some anxiety 
 began to be felt. 
 
 She had been last seen by a returning 
 party, near Prospect Rock, and though she 
 expressed a desire to witness the setting sun 
 from the summit of Mount Minsi, they did 
 not suppose she would undertake the journey 
 alone at that late hour. 
 
 The supper is finished in silence. The 
 sun is sinking deep behind the western hills. 
 The chirping of winged insects in the over- 
 hanging trees, always most welcome, now 
 speak too plainly of coming night. The even- 
 ing is chill and uncomfortable. The dew is 
 falling, and darkness has thrown her mantle 
 over the broad face of nature, closing the scene 
 of an enchanting day, and leaving the drama 
 of the night to be performed in darkness. 
 
 All eyes are directed to the mountains. 
 How dark and how solitary they appear ! 
 Can it be that a lonely female is wandering
 
 196 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 
 in those gloomy shadows, over ragged rocks, 
 through tangled woods and broken ravines ! 
 Darker still grows the night and she does 
 not appear ! The alarm has become wide- 
 spread, and among the ladies 
 
 " There was hurrying to and fro, 
 
 And gathering tears, and tremblings of distress." 
 
 Stalwart men are collecting in numbers 
 from the village, and propose to organize 
 with the guests of the Hotel for a thorough 
 exploration of the mountain. Companies 
 are formed and sections apportioned. 
 
 All is hurry and confusion amid the din 
 of preparation, but in half an hour signal 
 guns are heard echoing along the mountain 
 side and through the gorge. Fires are 
 kindled on every prominence. How they 
 glow and sparkle and roar, and how beauti- 
 fully the bright blaze jets forth in eccentric 
 currents, rising high in the still air, lighting 
 up the tall old trees, and picturing ghostly 
 shadows against the face of the pinnacled 
 rocks. But how wonderfully circumscribed 
 the extent of the illumination; the brilliant 
 coruscations but make the blackness of night 
 visible, and deepen the gloom of its shadows 
 beyond.
 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. 197 
 
 The inmates of a few scattered dwellings 
 along the base of the mountain are aroused 
 from their early slumbers by a party sent in 
 that direction. In answer to the inquiries 
 about the lost lady, one of them had heard 
 cries in the thicket further up the mountain, 
 which sounded like some one in distress. He 
 had cajled, but the cry then ceased, and he 
 concluded it was a " painter." 
 
 These tidings gave painful apprehensions 
 to those who did not know the story was 
 pure fiction, and manufactured for the bene- 
 fit of " city people." 
 
 The " thicket," however, is diligently 
 searched, with silent forebodings of the fate 
 of the lady in this dismal, tangled woods, 
 while some, entertaining a more selfish view 
 of the situation, are shuddering at the thought 
 of a panther dropping suddenly upon them 
 from an overhanging tree. 
 
 A returning party from the summit at 10 
 o'clock give no encouragement to the anxious 
 numbers collected and in waiting at the foot 
 of the mountain. 
 
 They had reached the end of the pathway, 
 and should the lady, in the darkness, have 
 attempted to go further, or, by accident have 
 
 17*
 
 198 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 fallen upon the loose stones of the descend- 
 ing slope, she must have gone down and 
 over the precipice, and we could only expect 
 to find her mangled body on the projecting 
 rocks hundreds of feet below. None are dis- 
 posed to entertain this fearful conjecture, 
 but more willing to conclude she must still 
 be on the north side of the mountain. 
 
 The night is growing colder. If she has 
 fallen or become disabled, she must perish 
 before morning. Eagerly the search is con- 
 tinued. Every thicket in which she might 
 be deliriously wandering, and every known 
 cliff from which she might have fallen, is 
 thoroughly examined. 
 
 A party is now sent to explore the ravine 
 from "The Hunter's Spring" to "Eureka." 
 And whilst this search is in progress, let us 
 turn to what was really transpiring, as sub- 
 sequently revealed. 
 
 After her friends had left her, the lady 
 entered the open pathway leading up the 
 mountain. Her impulse to follow it was 
 irresistible. She had over two hours of day- 
 light, and could readily reach the summit 
 and return to the Hotel at a seasonable hour. 
 
 She is now in the forest and alone, but
 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. 199 
 
 not in solitude, for she communes with a 
 multitude that speak the language and 
 poetry of nature, with which her soul is in 
 sweet harmony. She hears the winds, that 
 have been sighing through the branches of 
 these stately forest trees for a century, still 
 croaking the melancholy tale heard by the 
 red man with sad forebodings of his own un- 
 happy fate, when he rested wearily under 
 its shadows. 
 
 Eureka's gurgling source, in concert with 
 the music of the woods, grows wild, but not 
 discordant, when from far down the ravine 
 comes up the loud laughter of its foaming 
 waters. 
 
 Hard by is a little grotto, with its moss- 
 covered floor. How inviting it looks ! She 
 cannot resist resting a moment on its rocky 
 parapet. How gracefully the rhododendrons 
 bend over the fairy little chamber to afford 
 a perpetually cooling archway ! The ferns 
 stoop to kiss the tiny waters that ooze from 
 the side of the grotto and trickle down the 
 face of the rocks, like joyful tear-drops down 
 the cheeks of a happy maiden. 
 
 Near the grotto lies the trunk of a great 
 old tree. The hand of man long since strip-
 
 200 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 ped it of its own covering and left it naked 
 to the elements. She pauses to witness how 
 lovingly the mosses have entwined it, re- 
 clothing its weather-stained form with their 
 own "silken verdure," and how beautified it 
 appears in its green old age. But the little 
 germs of kindred trees already growing upon 
 its ruined body, and taking nourishment 
 from its decaying fibres, speak of its speedy 
 dissolution, and nature's generous effort to 
 replace the fallen monarch, and restore the 
 forest to its wonted beauty. 
 
 Further on piles of huge rocks appear, 
 covered with great sheets of velvet lichen, 
 now, during the dry season, parched and 
 rolled, but when moistened again, spread 
 themselves over the granite surface, to com- 
 mence life's struggle anew. What instruc- 
 tive lessons the mosses and lichens teach us! 
 Was ever so much beauty joined with such 
 humility ? Yet we step aside from our own 
 pathway to trample on the tapestried mound, 
 and ruthlessly destroy in a thoughtless mo- 
 ment, the accumulated beauty and growth 
 of a century ; not discerning that, 
 
 "The tiny moss, whose silken verdure clothes 
 The time-worn rock, and whose bright capsules rise,
 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. 201 
 
 Like fairy urns on stalks of golden sheen, 
 
 Demand our admiration and our yiraise, 
 
 As much as cedar kissing the blue sky, 
 
 Or Krubuls' giant flower. God made them all, 
 
 And what He deigns to make, should ne'er be deem'd 
 
 Unworthy of our study and our love." 
 
 Our lady friend, though lingering long in 
 her communings with nature, gained the 
 rugged summit in season to witness the glory 
 of the sun's declining rays resting on the 
 crest of the opposite mountain. 
 
 It is not surprising that her mind was 
 greatly absorbed in the contemplation of a 
 scene like this. At this hour of the day 
 the effect produced upon the commonest ob- 
 server, is one of wonder and admiration. 
 To her, it was positive enchantment. It 
 awakened, too, the memories of her far-off 
 mountain home. In imagination she is 
 dwelling again in the highlands, surrounded 
 by familiar objects, familiar faces, and re- 
 ceiving pleasant greetings. 
 
 She heeds not the passing moments, and 
 is only awakened from her reverie by the 
 shades of night falling gloomily upon the 
 enchanting scene. Arousing herself and 
 feeling chilled by the falling dew, she starts
 
 202 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 rapidly on her return to the Hotel, three 
 miles away. 
 
 No fear has yet come upon her. She has 
 the confidence acquired amid loftier ranges 
 in her native mountains, and feels she can 
 accomplish the journey without fear or fa- 
 tigue. Once upon the open path she can 
 keep it without difficulty. 
 
 Proceeding but a short distance, however, 
 she sees, or imagines she sees, a man ap- 
 proaching. She steps aside from the path in 
 the thick bushes to avoid being seen. Strange 
 it is, that in solitary places, we are so much 
 startled, and for a moment affrighted in com- 
 ing suddenly in presence of beings like our- 
 selves, though we may not "stand in awe of 
 such a thing" in the sense used by Shak- 
 speare. 
 
 In attempting to regain the pathway, it is 
 supposed she took the opposite direction, and 
 is soon wandering wearily through the wild 
 woods, and in darkness, and for the first 
 time fear comes upon her, she is lost. 
 
 Those only who have had the experience 
 can understand the strange hallucination of 
 mind produced by being lost on a cloudy 
 day in the woods, and to what a painful de-
 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. . 203 
 
 gree this delirium is increased when occur- 
 ring at night and in a strange locality. It 
 will be impossible for any one without this 
 experience to comprehend the suffering con- 
 dition of this young lady. 
 
 To be lost is, for the time, to be non com- 
 pos mentis. If one reasons at all, his reason- 
 ing is upon false premises, and as to conclu- 
 sions, he never arrives at any, or if he 
 imagines he does, he has too little faith in 
 his own perverted judgment to adopt them. 
 He is at sea without chart or compass, and 
 with a novice at the helm. The position of 
 every object he sees or comes in contact 
 with is reversed. The hills, the rocks, the 
 trees, and all the landmarks with which he 
 may have been once familiar, are familiar 
 no longer; they are changed, and the direc- 
 tion they point to is not the one his judg- 
 ment inclines him to follow. 
 
 The friendly light in the distant cottage 
 is a star in the firmament. Even the streams 
 flow in contrary directions, and he feels a 
 little staggered to see for the first time, water 
 running up kill; but he knows it does, as 
 well as he knows where he is, and if he 
 could place sufficient confidence in anything
 
 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 to swear by, he would be willing to make 
 the declaration. 
 
 Neither is he exactly sure that the ground 
 he stands upon is terra firma, for it certainly 
 swims, and as to the conformation of the 
 earth's surface, there is a monstrous delusion 
 about it somehow, for there is no level land 
 nor descending grade, but the whole thing 
 is an " up-hill business." He wanders about, 
 never going straightforward, but travelling 
 a mile or two in the direction he wishes to 
 go, finds himself presently at the place of 
 starting, slightly irritated and a little dis- 
 composed. Again and again he makes the 
 trial, with the same unfortunate results, until 
 at last he begins seriously to discuss that 
 most difficult of all questions, his own sanity. 
 
 He finds it impossible to settle satisfac- 
 torily this knotty question, but remains as 
 much in doubt as to what step next to take 
 to extricate himself from his unpleasant di- 
 lemma, when he sits down quietly, and phi- 
 losophically resolves to "wait for something 
 to turn up." 
 
 The young lady, bewildered and in dark- 
 ness, is wandering in the same toilsome 
 weary round, fearful to rest, and yet suffer-
 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. 205 
 
 ing increasing terrors at every advancing 
 footstep. All the sounds of the never-silent 
 woods, the croaking vibrations of the tall 
 trees, whose pinnacled branches catch the 
 current of the passing winds, which made 
 sweet music an hour ago, now send forth 
 dismal sighs and unearthly meanings. 
 
 Spectral shadows dance before her, darker 
 than the forest gloom of night. The rustling 
 of the leaves produced by her own weary 
 tread, startle her, and she almost feels the 
 fearful touch of some pursuing monster. 
 
 From the summit runs a slope at a sharp 
 angle to the edge of the precipice, covered 
 with loose rocks and stones, detached from 
 the crest by the frosts of many winters; along 
 the edge of this precipice grow a few stunted 
 trees, receiving precarious nourishment from, 
 earth filling the deep fissures in its exposed 
 surface. 
 
 As the tired deer through the thick forest 
 by yelping hounds long pursued, leaves its 
 only place of security and flies recklessly to 
 the open plain, exposing itself to new and 
 untried dangers, so this lady, pursued by her 
 own desperate fears, and seeking relief from 
 the terror of the woods, coming at length in 
 
 18
 
 206 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 view of the open space, runs hurriedly out 
 upon the rocky slope, and in a moment is 
 carried down struggling with the moving 
 mass to the edge of the precipice, and fran- 
 tically clasps a tree, providentially in posi- 
 tion to save her from impending destruction. 
 She does not at first realize the peril of 
 her new situation, but for a moment ex- 
 periences a sense of relief in having escaped 
 from what her harassed mind was no longer 
 capable of enduring. She can now see the 
 stars in the broad expanse of heaven, and 
 a ray of comfort is afforded her in the wel- 
 come light from a few scattered dwellings 
 far below her along the margin of the river. 
 In the dark woods she feared the sound of 
 her own breathing, but now, for the first 
 time, calls loudly for assistance. Too far 
 below the summit for those to hear who were 
 in search on the north side, and yet too high 
 for the sound to strike the dwellings nearest 
 the base of the mountain, she continues her 
 cries with the full strength of her lungs 
 for long, weary hours, but without any evi- 
 dence that she is either heard or regarded. 
 Her voice at length grows weak, and her 
 frame is becoming exhausted, but her mind
 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. 207 
 
 is fully alive to the hopelessness of her con- 
 dition. Her life depended upon keeping the 
 exact position in which she found herself 
 placed. She could move neither to the right 
 nor left. Behind her the treacherous rocks 
 were ready to move with a touch and carry 
 her over the precipice ; before her, the yawn- 
 ing chasm. She could never wish herself 
 back in those terrifying woods, yet she real- 
 izes now that her last condition is worse than 
 the first. 
 
 ! the agony, the fearfully protracted, 
 the momentarily increasing agony of these 
 despairing hours ! " Will no one hear me?" 
 " Will no one come to my relief?" " Hope 
 is dying within me ; I must perish here, and 
 alone ?" 
 
 Still clinging to the tree, she endeavors 
 to write upon her tablet an account of her 
 situation. Her whole life passes in review 
 before her. Her home and the cherished 
 associations of her childhood. One by one 
 she calls her friends and kindred by name, 
 and gives to each a lasting farewell, and in 
 prayer commits her soul to God. 
 
 At about the hour of eleven a messenger 
 arrives at the Hotel, with the joyful intelli-
 
 208 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 gence that the cries of the lady had been 
 heard on the south side of the mountain, 
 and that two men had gone to her rescue. 
 But can they reach her from that direction ? 
 
 The men were hardy and strong, and fa- 
 miliar with every pass. None knew better 
 than they the hazardous nature of the enter- 
 prise they were about to engage in, but none 
 more able nor more willing to execute it. 
 An irregular circuitous journey of at least 
 three miles must be performed before reach- 
 ing that portion of the summit. 
 
 They shout as they clamber along the base 
 of the cliff, and she indistinctly hears the 
 joyful signal, which gives her the first gleam 
 of hope she has experienced in her long 
 painful captivity. As they recede along the 
 side of the mountain the sound of their 
 voices die away, and she hears it no longer. 
 She feels now that she has been but mocked 
 and is abandoned to her fate, and the hope 
 of rescue, entertained for a moment, is suc- 
 ceeded by an overwhelming despondency. 
 Her aching arms still cling to the friendly 
 tree, but she feels she can retain her pre- 
 carious position but a little while longer. 
 The suffering cold, long endured, is now pro-
 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. 209 
 
 ducing a stupefying drowsiness, against 
 which she struggles with all the power of 
 her strong will, well knowing that one 
 moment's sound unconscious sleep would 
 loosen her hold, and then all would soon be 
 over. But how hard to resist this imperative 
 demand of nature ! If she could only move 
 about, she might overcome the stupor, but 
 she is a captive, held by flaming daggers 
 bristling on every side. There is but one 
 little spot upon all the broad earth on which 
 her feet are permitted to rest. That dread- 
 ful sensation of falling from giddy heights, 
 which we sometimes experience in our 
 dreams, is fearfully magnified during one of 
 these drowsy intervals, but the horrible sen- 
 sation produced, assists her in rallying to 
 wakeful consciousness. 
 
 She looks up to the stars of heaven no 
 longer, and the glimmering lights in the 
 distant cottages flicker, faint, and die. Her 
 dearest friends are but dim shadows in her 
 fast-fading recollection, and the busy world, 
 with all its beauties and its joys, is receding 
 from her memory, and forever disappearing. 
 
 There is at this moment floating upon the 
 still air, the far-off sound of human voices, 
 
 18*
 
 210 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 whether dreaming, she knows not, but it 
 is soothing balm to her weary, sick soul. 
 Nearer as it approaches becomes the con- 
 sciousness of its reality. Her ear is growing 
 alive to the welcome music. Louder and 
 more distinct appears the sound, and surely 
 approaching. ! what joyful tidings, it 
 is the call of the two faithful, trusty men ! 
 
 " Thank heaven my prayers are answered ! 
 I live to see my rescue, and my reason is not dethroned !" 
 
 The chilled, almost lifeless body, is revita- 
 lized, and to the weakness of a child is im- 
 parted, in a -moment, the wonted strength 
 and firmness of a hero. 
 
 So much has the mind a controlling in- 
 fluence over the body, that it is fair to pre- 
 sume that one less highly cultivated, logical, 
 and vigorous in intellect, with a body of 
 twice the strength of her own, would scarcely 
 have survived this terrible ordeal. 
 
 It will be remembered, that, in the expe- 
 dition of Lieutenant Strain across the Isth- 
 mus, the able-bodied laboring men, with the 
 average lack of intellectual culture of their 
 class, were the first to yield to the hard 
 necessities of their situation, and the first
 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. 211 
 
 to miserably perish ; whilst the Lieutenant, 
 with the physician and two or three engi- 
 neers, men of high order of culture, each of 
 whom performed twice the amount of his 
 share of labor, and endured a greater amount 
 of privation from hunger, w r ere the only ones 
 of the party who survived the rigors of that 
 terrible campaign. 
 
 The two men had now gained the summit, 
 but at what toil and fearful risk of life, can 
 only be understood by an examination of 
 their route. Few men would be willing to 
 make the ascent by daylight. They came 
 along the edge of the summit, avoiding a too 
 near approach to the sliding rocks, and at 
 length arrived at the point where they ex- 
 pected to find the lady ; but they were hor- 
 rified on hearing the answer to their call, to 
 find that she was far below them and on the 
 very verge of the precipice. They did not, 
 however, need to offer her words of assur- 
 ance or encouragement; she was herself 
 again, and felt that whatever of fortitude or 
 courage might be required in the accomplish- 
 ment of her rescue, she was disciplined for 
 the work. 
 
 For the first time the men found them-
 
 212 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 selves at fault. They needed now what 
 seemed indispensable to her rescue a rope. 
 With it, one of the men could easily let him- 
 self down the rocky slope, and support him- 
 self by it in bearing up the precious burden. 
 But no time was to be lost. They returned 
 a short distance on the brow of the moun- 
 tain, and found a place of easy descent to 
 the crest, along which they passed with cau- 
 tious steps, steadying themselves by support 
 received from each other, and an occasional 
 tree or twig, until they arrived near that 
 most fearful position, where the moving mass 
 of rocks had crowded on the edge of the 
 precipice. She hears the cautious move- 
 ments of the men, and gives kind encoura- 
 ging words to their generous exertions. 
 They are now almost within reach of her, 
 yet fearing to take another step lest they 
 set in motion the treacherous mass, and all 
 be carried down together; but they must 
 pass over to her, or she to them. She will 
 listen but to the one suggestion : she is will- 
 ing and anxious to make the trial. She 
 swings herself round the tree, one dexterous 
 sprightly leap upon the angry rocks, a sec- 
 ond bound with fairy lightness, a third,
 
 LOST ON THE MOUNTAIN. 213 
 
 and she is safe in the hands of her rescuers. 
 She scarcely needs assistance in following 
 the footsteps of the men along the edge of 
 the dangerous cliff. They gain the narrowed 
 slope, which she ascends with the proffered 
 aid of the men, and once more stands se- 
 curely on the summit of Mount Minsi, grate- 
 ful beyond the power of language to express. 
 The three miles' walk to the Hotel is ac- 
 complished easily and expeditiously, where 
 she arrives atone o'clock in the morning; 
 fervently acknowledges the earnest congrat- 
 ulations of the anxious joyous multitude in 
 waiting, walks firmly on to her chamber, 
 and falls fainting on the floor.
 
 HISTORICAL, 
 
 Sketch of the Minisink and its Early 
 People. 
 
 FROM the earliest intercourse of our ances- 
 tors with the aboriginal inhabitants, that 
 portion of the Delaware situated north of 
 the Blue Ridge or Kittatinny Mountain, has 
 been known as the Minisink. It properly 
 comprises all the territory north of the moun- 
 tain up to an uncertainly defined limit 
 drained by the river Delaware and its tribu- 
 taries. We speak of it, however, as that 
 portion adjacent to the river and the valley 
 lands of its branches, near their confluence 
 with the Delaware. Its extent up the river 
 is not definitely fixed. It is sometimes 
 spoken of as terminating at the Naversink, 
 then at the mouth of the Lackawaxen, while 
 
 ( 214)
 
 THE MINIS1NK AND ITS EARLY PEOPLE. 215 
 
 others contend that the name embraced the 
 whole of the upper valley of the Delaware. 
 
 The signification of the word " Minisink " 
 is said to be, the water is gone. There is lit- 
 tle authority in proof of this definition, and 
 that only traditional, hence it will always 
 be entertained with much doubt. There 
 seems, however, to be no doubt that there 
 was such a tradition, and if the wonderful 
 phenomenon of the bursting asunder of the 
 mountain at the Water Gap, and the sudden 
 disappearance of a lake of such magnitude 
 as must have then existed, occurred at any 
 time during which the natives occupied this 
 portion of the country, it would have been 
 an event of such moment as to cause its ready 
 transmission from generation to generation, 
 down to the period of their intercourse with 
 the European settlers.* 
 
 * The tradition was that long ago, and before the Dela- 
 ware broke through the mountain at the Water Gap, these 
 lands, for thirty or forty miles along it, were covered by a 
 lake, but became drained by the breaking down of that part 
 of the dam which confined it. And the people who lived 
 upon the lands from which the water had retired were called 
 " Minsies," because they lived upon land from which the 
 water hud gone. 
 
 The name in the first instance was descriptive of the land, 
 and afterwards applied to the Indians who lived upon it. 
 Eager' 's History of Orange County.
 
 216 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 The wonderful action of the aqueous ele- 
 ment in this valley is abundantly evident. 
 It is visible on the sides of the mountain, 
 as well as in the valleys and table lands. 
 Conical-shaped hills, such as are so promi- 
 nent in Shaw's meadows, in Cherry Valley, 
 and the sand-hills near the mouth of the 
 Bushkill, are to be seen all through the Mini- 
 sink. 
 
 These diluvial cones are not composed of 
 the surrounding material, nor are they like 
 the eternal hills in their inner structure, 
 but a mass of pebbles and sand from base to 
 apex, with an occasional well-rounded boul- 
 der; proving conclusively the action of water 
 in their formation. There is also evidence 
 of glacial action in the striated find furrowed 
 rocks in place. All theories, however, of 
 the formation of the passage of the Dela- 
 ware through the mountain are in doubt, 
 and to each are presented obstacles which 
 the light of science may or may not hereafter 
 remove. The whole valley presents an in- 
 teresting field for geological investigation, 
 and is studded with beautiful landscape pic- 
 tures. 
 
 In this valley, and among these moun-
 
 THE MLNISINK AND ITS EARLY PEOPLE. 217 
 
 tains, or perhaps on the borders of the Great 
 Lake, once dwelt a branch of the ancient 
 Lenni Lenape nation, known as the Minsi 
 tribe. For how many centuries their " coun- 
 cil fires" were lighted on the margin of these 
 waters, we shall perhaps never know with 
 any degree of certainty. 
 
 The "Minsis" were distinguished not only 
 for their valor, when that quality was brought 
 into requisition, but equally distinguished for 
 honesty and integrity. It appears really 
 wonderful to those who have inquired closely 
 into the character of these simple-minded 
 dwellers of the forest, how many they pos- 
 sessed of those nobler traits of character 
 which adorn civilized life, and how much 
 more exalted a sense of Deity they enter- 
 tained than is ordinarily manifested in sav- 
 age nations. "They worshipped a spirit 
 whom they called the Great Mannitto, which 
 answers to our sacred word God or Creator, 
 and who, though invisible, was recognized 
 as the great First Cause." 
 
 After all we have heard in general dero- 
 gation of the character of the North Ameri- 
 can Indians, we should be almost incredu- 
 lous at this evidence of the intuitive per- 
 
 19
 
 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 ception on the part of the Lenapes, of that 
 which not only the light of civilization, but 
 the sacred truths of Divine Revelation seem 
 scarcely sufficient to inspire in the minds 
 of enlightened nations, were it not derived 
 from sources we cannot question. And it 
 appears, also, that they were to a remark- 
 able degree susceptible to the impressive 
 teachings of such men as David and John 
 Brainerd, Heckewelder, Ziesberger, and 
 others ; and that the light of Christian civ- 
 ilization for which they seemed to be yearn- 
 ing was already beginning to dawn. 
 
 But it is melancholy to contemplate, that 
 the good seed sown by these earnest and 
 zealous men, after giving signs of a perma- 
 nent growth and the promise of a fruitful 
 harvest, should be trodden under and almost 
 eradicated by others, professing to believe in 
 and be governed by the same Christian pre- 
 cepts, but whose conduct showed them to 
 the poor Indians to be more vile and wicked 
 than the most abandoned of their own peo- 
 ple. Whose sole object appeared to be, to 
 cheat them of their lands, destroy their hum- 
 ble habitations, and, finally, to exterminate 
 the race.
 
 THE MINISINK AND ITS EARLY PEOPLE. 219 
 
 The missionary labors among the Lenapes 
 were at first attended with good results. 
 The Moravians established their mission at 
 Bethlehem, in 1742, and David Brainerd 
 commenced his labors at Crosswicks, in New 
 Jersey, the year following. 
 
 There was an Indian village in Cherry 
 Valley not far from the Wind Gap, which 
 the Moravians visited by invitation in 1747. 
 The place was called Miniolagameka (mean- 
 ing a spot of rich land amidst that which is 
 barren) . 
 
 Besides the mission-house at Bethlehem, 
 the Moravians had various stations through- 
 out the Delaware, Lehigh, and Susquehanna 
 Valleys. There was a station at Dunsbury 
 (Stroudsburg), on the west side of Brodhead's 
 Creek, near the iron bridge ; and one at 
 Walpack in the Minisink. 
 
 The mission at Bethlehem was visited in 
 one year by 800 different Indians. 
 
 The first one baptized was Joshua, in 1742. 
 He lived a Christian life and died in 1775. 
 He was an assistant in the missionary work, 
 and was the instrument of much good among 
 his people. After our Indians were driven 
 first to the Susquehanna and then to the
 
 220 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 West, Joshua labored among them at their 
 settlement near Pittsburg. 
 
 It appears very wonderful to us who live 
 in this progressive age, that these people, en- 
 dowed with many capacities and who seemed 
 to be on the very verge of civilization, should 
 have remained for hundreds and perhaps 
 thousands of years, without approaching any 
 nearer; doing just what their fathers did 
 and nothing more. No one mighty mind to 
 break the frail trammels that bound him to 
 the dusky past, and soaring high above the 
 rest, lift the thin veil that shut out from his 
 vision the light of intellectual day. 
 
 Does it not teach us that there is no real 
 progress in the human races, outside of the 
 influences of the Christian religion, and a 
 recognition of the truths of the Bible ? The 
 wild Arabs of to-day are those of long cen- 
 turies past. As they were seen and known 
 then, we see them and know them now 
 still groping in the dark, still wandering in 
 the desert. 
 
 There seems to be no doubt that these In- 
 dians desired to live on terms of friendship 
 with the white settlers; they evidently look- 
 ed upon them as a superior order of beings,
 
 THE MINISINK AND ITS EARLY PEOPLE. 221 
 
 and, at first, thinking to be made wiser and 
 better by their teaching and example, they 
 were made welcome, so far as the simple na- 
 tive manners of these people could testify. 
 
 Could we have more conclusive evidence 
 of the friendly disposition of the Minsis, 
 than is derived from the fact, that for more 
 than half a century they lived quietly and 
 peaceably with the white settlers in this 
 valley, and permitted them to cut down 
 their forests and cultivate their best hunting 
 grounds, all unprotected as the confiding 
 settlers were, against their overpowering 
 numbers, and the means they possessed of 
 exterminating them without warning, should 
 they be disposed at any time to do so ! 
 
 Yet, in all this long period of years, we 
 hear of the commission of no single act of 
 violence on the part of the Indians. And 
 when the general outbreak occurred in 1755, 
 those who had dealt fairly and honorably 
 with them, were as secure in their persons 
 and property as before, and were never known 
 to have been disturbed. 
 
 But was there not sufficient provocation 
 for this outbreak ! Was there not already 
 cause for it in 1737, in the infamous " walk- 
 
 19*
 
 222 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 ing purchase," when the full effect of that 
 outrageous fraud became apparent in the loss 
 of their long-cherished possessions in the 
 Minisink ! 
 
 At the council held at Philadelphia, in 
 1742, called at the request of the Governor, 
 Thomas Penn, the Delawares and Six Na- 
 tions were each represented. The Governor's 
 object was to make complaints to the latter, 
 of the Delawares, as he had threatened in 
 his letter of 1741, and induce the Six 
 Nations to enforce his claim for the lands in 
 the Minisink, as well as in the Forks, and 
 oblige them to quit the country. There were 
 of the Six Nations then present 230 in num- 
 ber. The Delawares now being under a 
 species of vassalage to that nation. 
 
 The question of the " walking purchase," 
 which took place in 1737, was discussed at 
 this council. 
 
 When settlers began to move upon the 
 lands in the Forks and the Minisink, which 
 they did soon after this purchase was made, 
 great dissatisfaction was expressed by the 
 Delawares. They declared the "walk" a 
 fraud as to the whole of the territory em- 
 braced in its limits, and particularly that
 
 THE MINISINK AND ITS EARLY PEOPLE. 223 
 
 portion claimed north of the Kittatinny 
 Mountain, which included the Minisink, and 
 they declared their determination to main- 
 tain its possession by force. 
 
 Several versions of the walk have been 
 given, differing, however, but slightly. That 
 rendered to Mr. John Watson by Moses 
 Marshall, son of Edward, who had often re- 
 ceived it from his father, is subjoined, be- 
 cause 'it is concise, and embraces, perhaps, 
 all the facts. 
 
 " Notice was given in the public papers, 
 that the remaining day and a half's walk 
 was to be made, and offering 500 acres of 
 land anywhere in the purchase, and <5 in 
 money to the person who should attend and 
 walk the furthest in tne given time. By 
 previous agreement the Governor was to 
 select three white persons, and the Indians 
 a like number of their own nation. The 
 persons employed by the Governor were 
 Edward Marshall, James Yates, and Solomon 
 Jennings. One of the Indians was called 
 Combush, but the names of the other two are 
 forgotten. 
 
 " About the 20th of September (or when 
 the days and nights are equal), in the year
 
 224 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 1737, they met, before sunrise, at the old 
 chestnut tree at Wrightstown Meeting-house, 
 together with a great number of persons as 
 spectators. The walkers all stood with one 
 hand against the tree, until the sun rose, and 
 then started. 
 
 "In two hours and a half they arrived at 
 Red Hill in Bedminster, where Jennings 
 and two of the Indians gave out. The other 
 Indian (Combush) continued with them to 
 near where the road forks at Easton, where 
 he laid down a short time to rest ; but on 
 getting up was unable to proceed further. 
 Marshall and Yates proceeded on, and ar- 
 rived at sundown, on the north side of the 
 Blue Mountain.- They started again next 
 morning at sunrise. While crossing a stream 
 of water at the foot of the mountain, Yates 
 became faint, and fell. Marshall turned 
 back and supported him until others came to 
 his relief, and then continued the walk alone, 
 and arrived at noon on a spur of the Second 
 or Broad Mountain (Pocono), estimated to 
 be 86 miles* from the place of starting, at 
 
 * It is only about 65 miles to the Pocono, or Broad Moun- 
 tain, from Wrightstown Meeting-house in a direct line.
 
 TIIE MINISINK AND ITS EARLY PEOPLE. 225 
 
 the chestnut tree below Wrightstown Meet- 
 
 ing-house. 
 
 " He says they walked from sunrise to sun- 
 set, without stopping, provisions and refresh- 
 ments having been previously provided at 
 different places along the road and line that 
 had been run and marked for them to walk 
 by to the top of the Blue Mountain; and 
 persons also attended on horseback, by relays, 
 with liquors of several kinds. When they 
 arrived at the Blue Mountain they found a 
 great number of Indians collected, expect- 
 ing the walk would there end ; but when 
 they found it was to go half a day further, 
 they were very angry, and said they were 
 cheated Penn had got all their good land 
 but that in the spring every Indian was 
 to bring him a buckskin, and they would 
 have their land again, and Penn might go 
 to the devil with his poor land. An old 
 Indian said, ' No sit down to smoke, no 
 shoot a squirrel; but Inn, lun, lun, all day 
 long!' 
 
 " Marshall says his father never received 
 any reward for the walk, although the Gov- 
 ernor frequently promised to have the 500
 
 226 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 acres of land run out for him, and to which 
 he was justly entitled." 
 
 The injustice of this walk was complained 
 of at the time by the Indians. An ordinary 
 day's walk was a well-defined distance by 
 the Indians, and a day and a half's walk, as 
 computed according to their understanding 
 of the expression, reached from the place of 
 starting to the south side of the Blue Moun- 
 tain. But when they found Marshall's walk 
 embraced their favorite hunting-grounds in 
 the Minisink, and the seat of the ancient 
 council fires of the Minsis, they were indig- 
 nant beyond measure. 
 
 The Governor seems to have attached 
 great importance to the "walking purchase," 
 forgetting, however, that his predecessor 
 made sale of lands in the Minisink eight or 
 nine years before that purchase was consum- 
 mated, and what was still more outrageous, 
 if possible, the government sent up a party 
 to survey the land and dispossess those who 
 had previously purchased of the Indians. 
 
 This was the expedition headed by Nicho- 
 las Scull, the Surveyor General, in 1730. 
 On this occasion they led their horses through 
 the Water Gap, and had great difficulty in
 
 THE MINISINK AND ITS EARLY PEOPLE. 227 
 
 passing over the Indian trail along the river. 
 This was just seventy years before the road 
 through the Gap was built 
 
 Scull and his deputy, J. Lukens, both 
 spoke the Indian language and had employed 
 Indian guides. They had, no doubt, as ap- 
 pears, "a very fatiguing journey, there being 
 then no white inhabitants in the upper part 
 of Bucks or Northampton counties." 
 
 The venerable Samuel Preston, from whose 
 interesting letter, written in 1828, the above 
 information is derived, was slightly in error 
 in speaking of Northampton County at that 
 date, as that stronghold of democracy was 
 not organized into a county until twenty- 
 two years after the event spoken of. Bucks 
 County then extended in the Minisink, and 
 Smithfield township had no definite limits 
 excepting on the south, commencing at the 
 Gap, and extending north and west as far 
 as the white inhabitants had the temerity to 
 penetrate in the wilderness. 
 
 When the surveying party arrived at the 
 venerable Samuel Depui's, they found great 
 hospitality, and plenty of the necessaries of 
 life. The first thing that struck them with
 
 228 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 admiration was a grove of apple trees, of size 
 far beyond any near Philadelphia. 
 
 As Samuel Depui had treated them so 
 well, they concluded to make a survey of his 
 claim, in order to befriend him, if necessary. 
 When they began to survey, the Indians 
 gathered round ; an old Indian laid his hand 
 on Scull's shoulder, and said, " Pat up iron 
 string go home" They quit, and returned. 
 
 This may perhaps have been one of the 
 Indians, Waugoanlenneggea or Pennoggue, who 
 had conveyed the same lands to Nicholas 
 Depui three years before, in 1727, the deed 
 for which is now in possession of the Penn- 
 sylvania Historical Society. 
 
 Mr. Depui was obliged to repurchase the 
 land of William Allen, three years after this 
 visit. 
 
 There is probably an error in the fore- 
 going statement, either on the part of Mr. 
 Preston or Nicholas Scull. The- " venerable 
 Samuel Depui " spoken of, must have been 
 Nicholas Depui, the first settler. He was 
 certainly alive when the deed from Allen 
 was executed, in 1733. Samuel was his son. 
 
 It is perhaps unnecessary to state that 
 long before the occurrence of the incidents
 
 THE MINISINK AND ITS EARLY PEOPLE. 229 
 
 here related, the " Minsis " and other tribes 
 of the " Lenape " nation, living on or near 
 'the Delaware, were called, indiscriminately, 
 by the white people, Delaware Indians, with- 
 out regard to their tribal relation. 
 
 This designation commenced, of course, 
 some years after the name of the river was 
 changed. 
 
 Lord Delaware, in honor of whom it was 
 renamed, came to Virginia about 1610.. 
 The Lenapes called the river Lenape-Wihittac 
 river of the Lenapes. 
 
 For many years after the white settlers 
 first came to the Minisink, the degradation 
 and suffering of the Delawares, though com- 
 menced, had not penetrated this beautiful 
 valley. They had escaped behind this moun- 
 tain fastness, the devastating storm that was 
 raging without, and their scattered numbers 
 who felt its withering blast came here for a 
 refuge, and to cluster round the seat of their 
 ancient council fires, to chant anthems of 
 the glorious past and to weep over the ruin 
 that was portending. 
 
 They felt that they had one spot left, and 
 one very dear, that they could yet claim as 
 20
 
 230 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 their own, and call by the fond name of 
 home. 
 
 Alas! how few the years before the com-* 
 pass and "iron string" encircled the last 
 forest and blasted the last hope of the great- 
 est of the Lenapes on the banks of Lenape's 
 river. 
 
 The continued peace and security which 
 the early settlers enjoyed in this valley, and 
 particularly at this juncture, when the In- 
 dians were suffering so much on every hand 
 by the intrigues of the whites and the cruelty 
 of their enemies, is proof of the amiable char- 
 acter of the Minsi Indians, and that they 
 were at all times inclined to deal justly and 
 live fraternally with those who manifested 
 a like disposition. 
 
 What remains to be said of these people, 
 or all that can be said in this connection, is 
 but little, and that little very sad. 
 
 Teedyuscung had since the cruel decree 
 of 1742, been collecting the scattered rem- 
 nants of the Delawares together for their 
 final exit. No rest for the soles of their feet 
 in all this broad domain. Scarce a hiding- 
 place for the hunted fugitives, whose nation 
 once ruled an empire of such grand propor-
 
 THE MINISINK AND ITS EARLY PEOPLE. 231 
 
 tions. They fled to Wyoming, where, in 
 1763, their chief was burned to death in his 
 own wigwam, by some emissary of the Six 
 Nations. 
 
 A Christian of their tribe named Netawat- 
 aicees, was chosen chief. They moved to 
 Wyalusing, formed a colony, commenced the 
 cultivation of the soil, built a church and 
 comfortable dwellings, and were pursuing 
 the lives of civilized men. They prospered 
 greatly, and all things seemed for a time en- 
 couraging. 
 
 But the inevitable " John Smith," in the 
 form of a land speculator, was on their track. 
 A warrant was laid upon the lands they 
 had chosen, and the government sustained 
 the claim. The " iron string " again en- 
 circled their home ; their houses and church 
 as well as their lands became the property 
 of others. 
 
 And now, fugitives again, we hear of them 
 next on the Muskinguni, their chief dead 
 from grief, and Coquehageton his successor. 
 They are now in the midst of the Revolution. 
 The Six Nations as well as some of their own 
 scattered numbers have joined the British 
 forces. What will this remnant of the Dela-
 
 232 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 wares do ? They dare not remain neutral, 
 and what hope have they in the success of 
 either of the contending parties ! General 
 Brodhead has command at Fort Pitt. He 
 sends for the chief Coquehage ton. He states 
 the perilous situation of his army, and sues 
 for the aid of the Delawares. 
 
 The chief of a ruined nation, not in anger 
 but in sorrow, relates their grievances and 
 the sufferings his people have endured by 
 those who now call upon them for assistance. 
 Moved to tears by the recital of his own sad 
 history, he ends by teaching us 
 
 "How beautifully falls from human lips, 
 The blessed word forgive." 
 
 He joins the American standard. The 
 war-cry is once more heard among those 
 who were so recently taught by Christian 
 men the lessons of peace ; but this time they 
 are to engage in a cause from which they 
 have all to lose and nothing to gain. 
 
 "Mad from life's history, 
 Glad of death's mystery, 
 Swift to be hurled 
 Anywhere, anywhei-e, 
 Out of the world."
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN THE MINISINK. 233 
 
 Early Settlements in the Minisink.* 
 
 It is difficult to determine the exact date 
 of the first European settlement in the upper 
 valley of the Delaware. That there were 
 white people here at an early period, even 
 before the arrival of William Penn at Phila- 
 delphia, seems now to be generally admitted ; 
 but it must be confessed that concerning 
 those who inhabited the Minisink previous 
 to 17^5, we have very little knowledge. 
 
 The Depuis and Van Campens, were the 
 first settlers in the lower Minisink whose 
 family we are enabled to trace. 
 
 It is quite certain that the first tide of 
 immigration into this valley, flowed from 
 the direction of the Hudson, and so down 
 the valleys of the Mamakating and Naver- 
 sink, and entering the Minisink at the Dela- 
 
 * The History of the Minisink, now in course of prepara- 
 tion, and from which u few extracts are here given, will em- 
 brace some account of each of the early families settled in 
 the neighborhood, and the author will be glad to receive 
 from any member of such families, whatever information of 
 general interest he may possess the date of their arrival 
 in the country, the names of each of the descendants still re- 
 siding here, fcc. 
 
 20*
 
 234 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 ware, spread throughout its borders. Pre- 
 vious to 1780 there were very few settlers 
 here from any other direction. They made 
 selection of the level lands along the river, 
 and in a few instances their descendants oc- 
 cupy the original possession. 
 
 A receding wave as it may be termed, set 
 in from the southwest after 1780, bringing 
 mainly descendants from the early settlers 
 in Philadelphia, Bucks, and Northampton 
 Counties. This class, located in Cherry 
 Valley, on Brodhead's Creek, and the Valley 
 of the Pocono. This immigration continued 
 till about the year 1800. 
 
 A second wave flowing from the same di- 
 rection, brought to Stroudsburg and vicinitj*, 
 a considerable class of our most respectable 
 citizens, mostly from Bucks County. In the 
 same tide came the Germans from what is 
 known as the "Dry Lands," of Northampton 
 County. They swept by the valley settlers 
 and located on the higher lands overlooking 
 the river. The whole range of what is 
 known as the Shawnee Hills, extending from 
 Brodhead's Creek to the Delaware, below 
 the mouth of the Bushkill, is almost entirely 
 owned and occupied by this class of people.
 
 DEPUI FAMILY. ' 235 
 
 This immigration took place between the 
 years 1800 and 1820. 
 
 Among the first settlers of the Minisink, 
 up to 1780, many of whose decendants still 
 reside here, we find the names of Depui, 
 Van Campen, Van Auken, Van Etten, Van 
 Demark, Westbrook, Westfall, Brink, Shoe- 
 maker, Chambers, De Witt, Brodhead, Hynd- 
 shaw, McMichael, McDowell, Drake, Stroud, 
 Rosenkrance, Quick, Jayne, Fish, Price, Cort- 
 right, Transue, Storm, Middaugh, Dingman, 
 La Bar, Hanna, Decker, Bossard, Bittenben- 
 der, Wills, Detrick, Keller, Smith, Long, 
 Miller, Logan, Hauser, Bush, Hilborn, Ben- 
 son, Van Vliet, Learn, Shaw, Overfield, Cool- 
 baugh, Peters, Brown, Kuykendall, &c. 
 
 The first families, settled in the lower por- 
 tion of the Minisink, of whom we can now 
 give a connected genealogy, are the Depuis, 
 Van Campens, Brodheads, and Strouds. 
 
 Depui Family. 
 
 Nicholas Depui was a Huguenot French 
 Protestant of the period of the religious wars 
 in that country who, with many others,
 
 236 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 fled from France to Holland in the year 
 1685, when Louis XIV exposed them to 
 Papal vengeance by revoking the edict of 
 Nantes. 
 
 It was, probably, soon after this date that 
 Mr. Depui, having fled to Holland, came 
 with others from that country, and settled 
 in New York. 
 
 He lived a short time at Esopus, and came 
 to the Minisink in 1725. 
 
 He purchased a large portion of the level 
 land in which the present town of Shawnee 
 is situated, of the Minsi Indians, in 1727, 
 and likewise the two large Islands in the 
 Delaware Shavvano and Manwalamink. He 
 also purchased the same property of William 
 Allen in 1733. 
 
 Few communities can lay claim to a family 
 of greater worth and respectability ; and 
 fewer still can witness a reputation, such as 
 this family possessed, maintained untarnished 
 for five successive generations. 
 
 For nearly half a century, Mr. Depui and 
 other members of his family continued in 
 undisturbed friendship with the Indians of 
 the Minisink ; and after the main body of 
 the tribe were exiled, the few who fondly
 
 DEPUI FAMILY. 237 
 
 lingered until the outbreak of 1755 when 
 they were hunted like wild beasts of the 
 forest ever found a generous welcome at his 
 door. 
 
 Mr. Robert Reading Depui, of Strouds- 
 burg, is the sole surviving representative of 
 this branch of the family in the Minisink. 
 He still owns the large stone mansion, located 
 on the original purchase, and also the upper 
 island, known in the earlier records as 
 " Manwalamink." 
 
 His father was named Nicholas; his grand- 
 father, Nicholas ; his great-grandfather, 
 Samuel ; his great-great-grandfather, Nicho- 
 las. 
 
 A more complete genealogy will be given, 
 in the work contemplated, of this and other 
 families in the Minisink, and also their con- 
 nection with the history of the Valley. 
 
 There was another family of Depuis, 
 probably relatives of the first Nicholas, in 
 the Minisink, residing first in New Jersey, 
 near Flat Brook. 
 
 Daniel, Benjamin, Aaron, and John, are 
 mentioned at an early period. The venera- 
 ble Aaron Depui, who died a few years ago, 
 was a descendant of one of these, and whose
 
 238 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 children, grandchildren, and great-grand- 
 children number many hundreds at this 
 time. Daniel Depui purchased the grist 
 mill and 54 acres of land of Nicholas Depui 
 in 1753. Aaron Depui, with Charles Brod- 
 head and Benjamin Shoemaker, were com- 
 missioned by Governor Morris to treat with 
 the Susquehanna Indians in 1755. Soon 
 after, Aaron Depui had charge of a company 
 to go to the Susquehanna, but was detained in 
 order to give protection to the settlers in the 
 Minisink, who were invaded by the Indians. 
 There was also a Moses Depui here, who 
 was appointed a magistrate in 1747. 
 
 Van Campen Family. 
 
 Col. Abram Van Campen came to the 
 Minisink about the same time as Mr. Depui. 
 He purchased a large body of land in what 
 is now called Pahaquarra (Pahaqualine), on 
 the opposite side of the river, five miles 
 above Nicholas Depuis. 
 
 Abram Van Campen had four sons, Ben- 
 jamin, Moses, Abram, and John. Benjamin 
 died young.
 
 VAN CAMPEN FAMILY. 239 
 
 Abram had two sons, named James and 
 Abram. 
 
 John had one son, named Abram. 
 
 Abram* the son of Abram, and grandson 
 of Abram, had one son, who is the venerable 
 Moses Van Campen, now living on a part of 
 the original purchase of his great-grand- 
 father. 
 
 The Van Campens were always an influ- 
 ential and highly respectable family in the 
 Minisink. Col. Abram Van Campen was 
 prominent in the early history of this portion 
 of New Jersey. He was actively engaged 
 in defending the frontier, during the Indian 
 war of 1755, and was one of the first judges 
 of the county of Sussex, in New Jersey 
 (which then embraced a portion of the Mini- 
 sink), which was organized on the 20th No- 
 vember, 1753. Jonathan Robeson,f Abram 
 
 * John Adams, while attending Congress, during its ses- 
 sions at Philadelphia, as late as 1800, passed down the " Mine 
 road " as the most eligible route from Boston to that city. 
 He was accustomed to lodge at Squire Van Campen's, in the 
 Jersey Minisinks. Information from Albert G. Brodhead, 
 Esq., of Bethlehem ReicheVs Memorials of the Moravian 
 Church. 
 
 f Jonathan Kobeson was the grandson of Andrew Kobe- 
 son, who came to America with William Penn, and was a
 
 240 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Van Campen, John Anderson, Jonathan 
 Petitt, and Thomas "Wolverton, Esqs., were, 
 by the order of his Majesty, King George II, 
 commissioned Judges of the Pleas, with 
 power likewise to act as Justices of the 
 Peace. 
 
 John Van Campen, son of Col. Abram, 
 actively espoused the cause of the Pennamites 
 in the Connecticut troubles, and was in fre- 
 quent correspondence with President Reed 
 during the Revolution. He lived in the 
 stone house which stood in Shawnee, where 
 the residence of Mr. George V. Bush is now 
 located; the latter, with Benjamin V. Bush, 
 Esq., are his grandsons. 
 
 BrodJiead Family. 
 
 Daniel Brodhead was the ancestor of those 
 who bear the name in the United States. 
 He was born in Yorkshire, England, and 
 
 member of Governor Markham's Privy Council. The 
 present Secretary of the Navy is a descendant in the seventh 
 generation. The Secretary's father, grandfather, great- 
 grandfather, great-great-grandfather, great -great -great- 
 grandfather, and great-great-great-great-grandfather each in 
 his turn have worn the judicial ermine.
 
 BRODHEAD FAMILY. 241 
 
 was a captain of grenadiers, and a royalist 
 in the reign of King Charles II, by whom 
 he was ordered to join the expedition under 
 Col. Nichols, which captured New Nether- 
 lands (New York) from the Dutch in 1664. 
 He settled in Ulster County, N. Y., was 
 commander-in-chief of the militia forces at 
 Kingston in 1665, and died in 1670. By 
 his wife Ann Tye, he had three sons, Daniel, 
 Charles., and Richard. 
 
 SECOND GENERATION. 
 
 1. Daniel, died young. 
 
 2. Charles, married Maria Tenbrook, of 
 Ulster County, and had four children, one of 
 whom was named Wessel. 
 
 3. Richard, was born in 1666, in Marble- 
 town ; married Miss Jansen, by whom he 
 had one son, named Daniel. 
 
 THIRD GENERATION. 
 
 1. Wessel Brodhead, son of Charles, was 
 the father of the Rev. Jacob Brodhead, who 
 preached many years ago in the Dutch Re- 
 
 21
 
 242 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 formed Church in Crown Street, Philadel- 
 phia, and afterwards in Brooklyn, at which 
 city he died. Jacob Brodhead was the father 
 of John Roraeyn Brodhead the historian, 
 now living in New York. 
 
 2. Daniel Brodhead, son of Richard, was 
 born at Marbletown, N. Y., in 1693; he 
 married Hester Wyngart, and moved to 
 Pennsylvania in 1737. He settled on Ana- 
 loming Creek, called since that time Brod- 
 head's Creek. He purchased 640 acres of 
 land, in the centre of which East Strouds- 
 burg is now located. The western boundary 
 line started near the old forge, passed near 
 the graveyard, and continued on the west 
 side of the creek till beyond what is called 
 the " Flower Garden." Besides East Strouds- 
 burg, the tract embraced the properties now 
 owned by Mr. Robert Brown and Mr. Chris- 
 tian Smith. He afterwards purchased what 
 is now the eastern portion of Stroudsburg, 
 as far as the mill-dam of Mr. William Wal- 
 lace. He called the settlement Dansbury, 
 and it was known by that name till Strouds- 
 burg was founded by Jacob Stroud in 1769. 
 
 In 1744 Daniel Brodhead first became 
 acquainted with the Moravian Missionaries,
 
 BRODIIEAD FAMILY. 243 
 
 Shaw, Bruce, and Mack, whose way to 
 Shekomeko (in Dutchess Co., N. Y.), passed 
 through his settlement. With the character 
 of these self-sacrificing Christian men he was 
 very favorably impressed, and was their warm 
 friend and supporter ever after, in the face 
 of much influential opposition at the time. 
 They established a mission-house on his 
 property, which was situated on the west 
 side of the creek, near the iron bridge, and 
 was called Dansbury mission. In the out- 
 break of 1755, he is represented as a man of 
 great courage and intrepidity, remaining 
 with his sons and defending his family, and 
 others who came there for assistance, against 
 the attacks of the Indians, when the whole 
 surrounding country had been abandoned. 
 
 Daniel Brodhead had ten children. Four 
 sons and one daughter survived him, named, 
 Daniel, Garret, Charles, Luke, and Ann Gar- 
 ten. 
 
 He died on a visit to Bethlehem, July 22d, 
 1755.
 
 244 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 FOURTH GENERATION. 
 
 Sons of Daniel : 
 
 1. Daniel, married Elizabeth Depui, daugh- 
 ter of Samuel Depui, of Smithfield. After 
 her death, he married Gov. Mifflin's widow. 
 He left several daughters, and one son, named 
 Daniel, who died when a young man. 
 
 He was a general in the army of the Revo- 
 lution, and had command at Fort Pitt, in 
 1780, and after the war, was appointed Sur- 
 veyor-General. 
 
 2. Garret Brodhead was also an officer of 
 the Revolutionary army. Richard Brodhead 
 and John Brodhead were his sons. 
 
 Albert Gallatin Brodhead, of Bethlehem, 
 William Brodhead and Garret Brodhead, of 
 Pike County, Charles Brodhead, who died 
 several years ago, and the late Hon. Richard 
 Brodhead, U. S. Senator, are sons of Richard. 
 The sons of John were Daniel Mimin Brod- 
 head, John Hena Brodhead, Henry Brod- 
 head, and William Franklin Brodhead. John 
 H. is the only one living of the sons of John. 
 
 Charles Brodhead, of Bethlehem, is a son 
 of Albert Gallatin; Frank Brodhead, of Port
 
 BRODHEAD FAMILY. 245 
 
 Jervis, is a son of William ; Albert G. Brod- 
 head, Jr., of Mauch Chunk, is a son of Gar- 
 ret; Charles D. Brodhead, of Stroudsburg, is 
 a son of Charles ; John Brodhead, formerly of 
 Philadelphia, and President of the Camden 
 and Atlantic City Railroad, is a son of Daniel 
 Mifflin ; Rev. Augustus Brodhead, mission- 
 ary to India, is a son of John H.; Richard 
 Brodhead, at Bethlehem, is a son of the late 
 Hon. Richard. 
 
 3. Charles Brodhead was appointed one of 
 the first magistrates in the Minisink.* He 
 was also appointed by Gov. Morris to treat 
 with the Indians on the Susquehanna, in 
 1755, and gave great offence to the chief of 
 the Delawares, Teedyuscung, by reporting 
 him to the governor as secretly unfriendly 
 to the English. He married, and moved to 
 the State of New York. He was the father 
 of the Hon. John C. Brodhead, and Daniel 
 Brodhead, M, C. from that State. 
 
 * The first commissions appear to have been made out to 
 Charles Brodhead and Moses D,epui in 1747. But Nicholas 
 Depui certainly seems to have acted in the capacity of an 
 officer of that kind several years before. " In 1740 Nicholas 
 Depui, of Smithfield, in the Minisink, gave an order on the 
 treasurer of Bucks County, for the payment of bounty on six- 
 teen wolf scalps, delivered to him and killed by one man." 
 21*
 
 246 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 4. Luke Brodhead was a captain during a 
 greater part of the Revolution, and was com- 
 missioned a colonel the same day as his bro- 
 ther, the general. He was an intimate friend 
 of Lafayette, and was desperately wounded 
 at the battle of Brandy wine. 
 
 He was appointed magistrate during the 
 Connecticut troubles in Wyoming, though 
 still residing in Smithfield. He married 
 Elizabeth Harrison, and had five spns and 
 three daughters: Thomas, John, Luke. Dan- 
 iel, Alexander, Elizabeth, Ann, and Rachel. 
 He died in Smithfield, in 1805. 
 
 FIFTH GENERATION. 
 
 Sons of Luke : 
 
 1. Thomas Brodhead went from Smith- 
 field to the State of New York when 3 7 oung; 
 married Miss Livingston, of " Livingston's 
 Manor." He was a physician of great emi- 
 nence, and died about 1830. Col. Thomas 
 Brodhead Van Buren is his grandson. 
 
 2. John Brodhead left Smithfield for New 
 Hampshire at 18 years of age ; was a Metho- 
 dist clergyman and Presiding Elder; was also
 
 BRODHEAD FAMILY. 247 
 
 member of the Legislature of that State, and 
 was for several years member of Congress. 
 He married Mary Dodge, and had six sons 
 and three daughters: Col. Daniel Dodge, of 
 Boston, late Navy Agent; John Montgomery, 
 Second Comptroller, Washington; Joseph 
 Crawford (died recently) ; George Hamilton, 
 Secretary Board of Brokers, New York; 
 Thornton Fleming, Colonel of the Third 
 Michigan Cavalry Regiment, was killed in 
 the second Bull Run engagement; and Josiah 
 Adams, of Boston. Rev. John Brodhead 
 died April 7th, 1838. 
 
 3. Luke Brodhead married Elizabeth 
 Wills, granddaughter of Col. William Wills. 
 They had eight sons and one daughter. Of 
 the excellence of his own parents it does 
 not become the writer to speak. His father 
 died in Smithfield, March 21st, 1845. His 
 venerated mother is still living. 
 
 4. Daniel Brodhead moved to Owasco, N. 
 Y., and married Miss Hardenburg. He had 
 three sons and three daughters: Jacob, Luke, 
 and Dr. John Alexander. 
 
 5. Alexander Brodhead moved to Hunter- 
 don County, N. J., and married Miss Bloom. 
 He had three sons and three daughters, 
 John, Jacob, and Herbert.
 
 248 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 SIXTH GENERATION. 
 
 Daughter and sons of Luke and Elizabeth 
 Brodhead: Elizabeth, William Alexander, 
 Thomas, Theodore, Lewis, Luke Wills, 
 Horace Binney, De Witt Clinton, and Ben- 
 jamin Franklin. 
 
 SEVENTH GENERATION. 
 
 1. Mary A. and William Augustus, daugh- 
 ter and son of Elizabeth and Thomas J. Al- 
 bright. 
 
 2. Edward Livingston and John Davis, 
 sons of William A. and Mary Brodhead. 
 
 3. Eugene, son of Thomas and Hannah 
 M. Brodhead. 
 
 4. Harrv Wills, son of Theodore and 
 
 ./ 
 
 Emma H. Brodhead. 
 
 5. Cicero, son of Luke Wills and Leonora 
 S. Brodhead. 
 
 6. Bella, daughter of Benjamin F. and 
 Emily K. Brodhead. 
 
 EIGHTH GENERATION. 
 
 To this generation belong the children of 
 Charles Brodhead, of Bethlehem, and those
 
 BRODHEAD FAMILY. 249 
 
 of his cousins named as descendants of Gar- 
 ret, of the fourth generation; the grandchil- 
 dren of Mrs. Hollinshead, .of Stroudsburg; the 
 children of Dr. Garret Linderman, of Mauch 
 Chunk, and grandchildren of Judge Packer; 
 William Hollinshead, of Stroudsburg, is also 
 of this generation, and the children of Dr. 
 H. R. Linderman, Dr. G. B. Linderman, and 
 the Hon. M. M. Dimmick, of Mauch Chunk; 
 Edward Pinchot, and J. Wallace, of Milford, 
 and Jesse R. Smith, who owns and resides 
 upon a portion of the original purchase made 
 by his great-great-great-great-great-grand- 
 father, in 1737. 
 
 NINTH GENERATION. 
 
 Of this generation are the children of Dr. 
 A. R. Jackson, Mrs. Jane Hollinshead, and 
 the grandchildren of Hon. M. M. Dimmick. 
 
 The writer hopes to escape the charge of 
 partiality, in giving so extended an account 
 of the Brodhead family. It is only done be- 
 cause he happens to know most of that 
 family. He will be only too glad to be able
 
 250 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 to give as full an account of each of the old 
 families in the Minisink. 
 
 Stroud Family. 
 
 Jacob Stroud was born at Am well, N. J., 
 in 1735. He, with three brothers, entered 
 the provincial army, and participated in the 
 engagement at "Fort William Henry" and 
 at the " Plains of Abraham," at the taking 
 of Quebec, where the commanders of both 
 the English and French armies, General 
 Wolf and General Montcalm, lost their lives. 
 
 Jacob Stroud, John Fish,* and Mathias 
 Hutchinson,f were the three persons nearest 
 General Wolf when he fell, and carried him 
 behind the rocks before he expired. 
 
 One of the Stroud brothers lost his life in 
 this engagement. 
 
 Soon after the close of the French and In- 
 dian war, Jacob Stroud came to this valley, 
 
 * John Fish was the father of Ashbel Fish and grandfather 
 of fighting Abner, who lived near Stroudsburg a few years 
 ago. 
 
 Hon Paul S. Preston, from whom this information is de- 
 rived, calls them " a giant race of men." 
 
 f Mathias Hutchinson was an Associate Judge in Bucks 
 County, previous to the Revolution.
 
 STROUD FAMILY. 251 
 
 then a young man about 28 years of age. 
 He purchased the property on McMichael's 
 Creek, now owned by John W. Huston, of 
 John McMichael, in 1769. This property is 
 about two miles west of where he afterwards 
 located the town of Stroudsburg. 
 
 The first buildings erected at the latter 
 place, were the large stone mansion now the 
 residence of his grandson James H. Stroud; 
 the frame dwelling which stood in the cen- 
 tre of the town, opposite the Stroudsburg 
 House, and the Fort Penn mansion on the 
 site of the old fort of that name, which 
 formed a part of the block damaged by the 
 late freshet. Fort Penn was erected during 
 the Revolution, and Fort Hamilton in 1756; 
 the latter stood near the dwelling of the late 
 Samuel Stokes. Jacob Stroud was a colonel 
 in the Revolutionary Army, and had com- 
 mand here of Fort Penn, He was a mem- 
 ber of the Convention which formed the first 
 Constitution of Pennsylvania, A. D. 1776. 
 
 He married a sister of John McDowell, 
 whose father came to the Minisink in com- 
 pany with Nicholas Depui in 1725, and pur- 
 chased the property in Cherry Valley, now 
 known as Shaw's Meadows, in 1748.
 
 252 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Jacob Stroud raised a large, influential, 
 and highly respectable family, some of the 
 descendants of whom now hold honorable 
 positions in the country. 
 
 The children of Jacob Stroud were : 
 Hannah, who married John Starbird ; John, 
 who married Elizabeth Depui ; Jane, who 
 married John Bush ; Sarah, who married 
 James Hollinshead; Daniel, who married 
 Elizabeth Shoemaker; Rachel, who mar- 
 ried Samuel Rees ; Ann, who married Peter 
 Hollinshead; Deborah, who married James 
 Burson ; Elizabeth, who married William 
 Colbert ; Jemima, who married Edward Bur- 
 son ; and Jacob, who died young. 
 
 'Colonel Jacob Stroud died in 1806, and 
 was then the owner of 4000 acres of land in 
 this neighborhood. 
 
 Daniel Stroud, son of Colonel Stroud, was, 
 during his life, one of the most intelligent 
 and influential men of this community. 
 
 He laid out the town on its present liberal 
 plan of broad avenues, and, in addition, en- 
 joined in his deed of sale to all purchasers, 
 that they should set their houses thirty feet 
 back from the sidewalk. This gives to the 
 residences of this beautiful town, that quiet
 
 STROUD FAMILY. 253 
 
 rural air so much admired in New England 
 villages. 
 
 The memory of Daniel Stroud is cherished 
 by many now living in this community. . 
 
 The Hon. George M. Stroud, of Philadel- 
 phia, and James H. Stroud, Esq., of Strouds- 
 burg, are the surviving sons of Daniel. There 
 is a large family connection, which we hope 
 to trace hereafter. 
 
 There are many interesting incidents in 
 the life of Hannah, who married John Star- 
 bird. She was on many accounts a most re- 
 markable woman. 
 
 Her memory was so retentive that she 
 could name the birthday of all the young 
 people of her acquaintance, when their pa- 
 rents were married, to whom they were re- 
 lated, where they were from, and when- the 
 family came in the country, &c. Great events, 
 as well as the minor incidents of domestic 
 life, were equally well remembered. When 
 an aged lady she could tell the number of 
 pounds of butter sold from her dairy at each 
 year, for the long period her husband had 
 been engaged in farming, the price at which 
 it was sold and the name of each individual 
 
 22
 
 254 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 purchaser, and so with regard to all the other 
 products of the farm. 
 
 Before her marriage she assisted her father 
 in the store, and frequently did the buying 
 of the goods as well as the selling. For this 
 purpose she would ride to Philadelphia on 
 horseback unattended. At that early period, 
 between 1780 and 1790, much of the coun- 
 try, especially between Stroudsburg and 
 Easton, was an almost unbroken wilderness. 
 The Revolution for the first part of the time 
 was not yet ended, and prowling bands of 
 Indians not unfrequent. The roads were 
 rough, the streams unbridged, the forests 
 long and gloomy, and the places of enter- 
 tainment few and far between. 
 
 Early Settlements at the Delaware 
 Water Gap. 
 
 Long after the settlements made north of 
 the mountain, the Water Gap remained a 
 solitary wilderness, and the wild beasts, 
 common to the primitive forest, resorted 
 hither as a place of security after their other 
 haunts had been invaded by the early pio-
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 255 
 
 neers.* The Gap offered no inducement to 
 the tillers of the soil, and the dark gloomy 
 gorge, then overshadowed with the forest 
 oaks and pines of the growth of centuries, 
 was too forbidding in its aspect for the 
 abode of any but those who wished to avoid 
 contact with civilized men. The story is 
 told of a solitary individual inhabiting a 
 hut in summer, near the Indian Ladder, in 
 which he coined money from metals pro- 
 cured in some cavern in the mountain, and 
 in winter lived in a palatial residence with 
 his family in a remote city. 
 
 An Indian trail wound along the base of 
 the mountain through the gorge on either 
 side of the river, and an occasional eques- 
 trian managed to lead his horse over the 
 Indian path. 
 
 In the year 1730, the government of the 
 province of Pennsylvania sent up agents to 
 the Minisink, to dispossess certain persons 
 of lands, held by purchase of the Indians. 
 This party, it is said, managed with great 
 
 * An old and respectable citizen of the neighborhood re- 
 members, when a boy, to have seen a herd of deer, five in 
 number, feeding in what is now the lawn in front of the 
 Kittatinny House.
 
 256 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 difficulty to lead their horses through the 
 Gap. At a later period, in 1743, as has been 
 stated elsewhere, the Eev. David Brainerd, 
 in a missionary tour amongst the Indians in 
 the Minisink, did not, it appears, consider 
 the passage practicable. 
 
 It was not until the year 1800, that the 
 construction of a wagon-road was under- 
 taken, and then by individual subscriptions 
 on the part of those residing above and below 
 the mountain. 
 
 About this time, a small log house was 
 erected by some daring adventurer, within 
 a few feet of where the Kittatinny House 
 now stands. For a time, about the year 
 1808, and for some years after, there lived 
 in this house of two rooms and an attic, a 
 tall, white-haired, dignified-looking man, 
 with wife and daughter of corresponding 
 gentility. The interior of the rude dwell- 
 ing had an air of refinement, and its inmates 
 bore evidence of having seen more pros- 
 perous days. The costly furniture, gilded 
 mirrors, and a well-stocked library, con- 
 trasted strangely with the simple abode and 
 its wild surroundings ; and marvellous, in- 
 deed, were the tales passing current for a
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 257 
 
 time with the rustic youth of the neighbor- 
 hood of the wonderful wealth and mys- 
 terious doings of its isolated inhabitants. 
 The master occupant of this establishment 
 was none other than the notorious Alex- 
 ander Patterson. 
 
 In the year 1793, there came to the Water 
 Gap from St. Domingo a Frenchman named 
 Anthony Dutot, having left there hastily 
 with others, at the time when the order of 
 possession on that island was reversed, when 
 the servants became the masters of the soil, 
 and the masters became fugitives. He was 
 said to be wealthy, and buried on his plan- 
 tation a considerable amount of gold and 
 silver, and brought with him what coin he 
 could conveniently transport. Mr. Dutot 
 was a man of some degree of culture and 
 refinement, and after spending a short time 
 in Philadelphia, he proceeded up the Dela- 
 ware in search of a future home. He was 
 impressed with the grandeur of the scenery 
 at the Delaware Water Gap, and eagerly 
 made purchase of a large tract of land, pre- 
 viously considered as worthless, including 
 the portion on which the Kittatinny House 
 is situated, and the hills on the north side 
 
 22*
 
 258 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 of the mountain where the village is located. 
 At the latter place he laid out a city and 
 called it after his own name, and, like the 
 founder of the Roman commonwealth, chose 
 for its location the hills overlooking the 
 plain. In the centre of the plot, around 
 which he built a dozen or more small dwell- 
 ings, he left a large triangular lot for a mar- 
 ket-place. The " city " has never grown, 
 however, to the proportions of more than a 
 hamlet. The name has been changed to 
 Delaware Water Gap, and the buildings erect- 
 ed by Mr. Dutot have long since disappeared, 
 and others more substantial have taken their 
 place ; but the market-grounds still remain 
 uninvaded. 
 
 The first wagon-road through the Gap 
 passed round the east end of the inclosure 
 in front of the Kittatinny House, and over 
 Sunset Hill, intersecting the present road 
 near the Church of the Mountain. Soon 
 after the building of this road, Mr. Dutot 
 obtained a charter for a toll-road, extending 
 from the foot of the hill along the bank of 
 the river, where the railroad now passes, to 
 the village. He lived at this time in a house 
 which stood near the old saw-mill, and there
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 259 
 
 the " gate " was located. The toll-road was 
 never profitable, and caused him much an- 
 noyance. Various devices were resorted to, 
 on the part of travellers, to avoid payment, 
 sometimes by driving rapidly through the 
 gateway, and at others by pretending not to 
 understand his meaning. Mr. Dutot never 
 learned to speak the English language cor- 
 rectly, and his courteous demand for " von 
 leetle toll" accompanied with a polite bow, 
 was pretended to be understood for the usual 
 salutation at parting, and a polite "good 
 day, sir," with an equally profound bow on 
 the part of the delinquent traveller, was 
 usually the only compensation received, un- 
 til he was obliged, at length, to resort to 
 harsher measures. The toll-road was super- 
 seded in 1823 by the construction of the 
 present state road, along the southeastern 
 slope of Sunset Hill. 
 
 Mr. Dutot built the saw-mill upon the 
 foundation now to be seen at the boat-land- 
 ing, and it was continued in use till burned 
 by sparks from a locomotive soon after the 
 opening of the railroad. 
 
 In the year 1829, he commenced the erec- 
 tion of a small portion of what is now the
 
 260 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Kittatinny House, but unfortunately failed 
 in business before its completion. 
 
 He had made an injudicious use of his 
 funds, and among other non-paying enter- 
 prises, spent large sums of money in making 
 excavations in the mountain in search of 
 minerals. He had also a number of ex- 
 pensive lawsuits with his neighbor, Ulrick 
 Hauser. 
 
 Mr. Hauser resided on the property now 
 known as the " River Farm," owned by Mr. 
 Evan T. Croasdale. He was a German, and 
 came to the country a few years previous to 
 the arrival of Mr. Dutot. 
 
 It is said they seldom met without dis- 
 puting, but how they managed to quarrel, 
 when neither understood the other's lan- 
 guage, is not easily explained. That there 
 was a 'misunderstanding is quite evident, and 
 that unfortunate condition of things seems 
 to have continued after both began to be 
 understood in the same dialect, for we find 
 in later years that Mr. Dutot was indicted 
 by the grand jury at Easton for an assault 
 and battery on the person of Mr. Hauser. 
 
 The version given of the affair by Mr. 
 Dutot before the court, as far as remem-
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 261 
 
 bered, is as follows: u Mr. Hause, he von 
 grand what you call him he no tell ze true; 
 he call my little ceete Hard Scrab (Hard 
 Scrabble) ; then I say, 'Zounds, Mr. Hause, 
 you be von Hard Scrab yourself;' then Mr. 
 Hause, he put his fist in his hand and strike 
 me; then I lift my foot and I strike Mr. 
 Hause." 
 
 Soon after Mr. Dutot's settlement here, he 
 made selection of Sunset Hill as his last 
 resting-place, and some twenty years before 
 his death, purchased a bell and cannon, the 
 former to be rung from the belfry of his own 
 house, on which it was erected, and the lat- 
 ter to be fired from his grave when certain 
 events transpired, affecting the prosperity of 
 the place, which he predicted would occur. 
 Among the incidents remembered were the 
 completion of a railroad through the Gap, 
 and the landing of a steamboat at the wharf 
 he had made selection of on the bank of the 
 Delaware. He died in 1841, and fifteen 
 years after, the whistle of the locomotive 
 was first heard echoing in the gorge of the 
 mountain, but the old gentleman's repose 
 was undisturbed by the ringing of bell or
 
 262 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 the firing of cannon over his solitary and 
 neglected grave. 
 
 The cannon long since exploded in salut- 
 ing the dawn of a national anniversary from 
 the summit of Mount Caroline. But the 
 old bell is this morning pealing, in unaltered 
 tone, from the belfry of the old stone semi- 
 nary at Stroudsburg, summoning the reluc- 
 tant girls and boys of a third generation. 
 
 First Visitors. 
 
 The first visitors at the Delaware Gap 
 remembered were from Philadelphia, and 
 about the year 1820. At that time there 
 was no building on the present site, except- 
 ing the hut heretofore alluded to. 
 
 Primitive forest trees then studded the 
 lawn, and an occasional traveller, who 
 wished to evade the payment of toll on Mr. 
 Dutot's better road along the river-bank, 
 passed by Mr. Patterson's solitary abode. 
 
 These first visitors sojourned at the home 
 of the writer's father in the village, and the 
 names of Horace Binney and Caleb Cope 
 are among those remembered by his mother.
 
 FIRST VISITORS. 263 
 
 In 1832, Samuel Snyder purchased the 
 property, with the view of making it a place 
 of resort; and to his memory the credit is 
 due of bringing it into public notice, and for 
 giving the Kittatinny House a character for 
 neatness, cleanliness, and comfort, that has 
 required much effort on the part of his suc- 
 cessors to maintain. Mr. Snyder moved here 
 in the spring of 1833, and enlarged and 
 completed the building commenced by Mr. 
 Dutot. The house then accommodated about 
 twenty-five persons, and was filled the same 
 summer, and before it was fairly furnished. 
 Among the first guests were Mrs. Swift, Miss 
 Coffman, Caleb Cope and family, and Gen- 
 eral Cadwalader. 
 
 William A. Brodhead rented the Kitta- 
 tinny House, and moved here in 1841. In 
 1851, he purchased, and increased its capa- 
 city to accommodate sixty persons. In 1853, 
 it was again increased to seventy-five. In 
 1860, to one hundred and fifty. In 1862, 
 to one hundred and seventy-five; and in 
 1866, to two hundred and fifty.
 
 264 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 Durham Boats. 
 
 Long before any facilities, other than the 
 rough wagon-roads of the times, were afforded 
 the people, both north and south of the moun- 
 tain, for the transportation of the products 
 of the Valley of the Delaware to market, the 
 old Furnace at Durham, on the Delaware, a 
 few miles below Easton, had constructed, 
 about the year 1750, a class of boats, some- 
 what longer and narrower than the present 
 canal-boats, and in shape resembling a weav- 
 er's shuttle. The deck extended a few feet 
 only from stem and stern. The "captain," 
 or steersman, stood on the stern-deck, and 
 guided the boat with a long rudder. A nar- 
 row planking on either side afforded the 
 walking-place for the pikemen, who with 
 long poles or pikes propelled the boat up the 
 current: 
 
 These were called Durham boats, and 
 soon came into general use on the Delaware. 
 
 They were used as early as 1758, by John 
 Van Campen, for the transportation of flour 
 to Philadelphia, manufactured from wheat 
 grown in the Minisink. Mr. Van Campen's
 
 DURHAM BOATS. 265 
 
 mill was at Shawnee, and stood near where 
 Mr. Wilson's mill is now located. 
 
 " In 1786, one Jesse Dickinson came from 
 Philadelphia, and laid out a city in Dela- 
 ware County, New York, called ' Dickinson 
 City.' It was situated near what is now 
 called Cannonsville. Mr. Dickinson brought 
 his men and building materials up the Dela- 
 ware in Durham boats."* 
 
 The old firm of Bell & Thomas at Ex- 
 periment Mills, known for their energy and 
 integrity, and pleasantly remembered by 
 many still living, used the Durham boats 
 extensively in their day, both in the trans- 
 portation of flour to Philadelphia, and in 
 bringing up supplies for the neighborhood. 
 
 The semi-monthly arrival of these boats 
 at "Armat's Landing," in those days, was 
 an event of much greater interest to the 
 people of the neighborhood than the landing 
 of a steamer from Europe is to the citizens 
 of Philadelphia, at the present day. 
 
 The boatmen were a strong, hardy set of 
 men, and seemed to enjoy their laborious 
 occupation. The " captain," feeling the re- 
 
 * Gould's History of Delaware County. 
 23
 
 266 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 sponsibility of his position, bore himself with 
 great dignity, especially on his arrival at 
 " port ;" and the boys who collected about 
 the wharf when the vessel hove in sight, 
 were terror-stricken at the imperious man- 
 ner of the captain, and the stentorian tones 
 by which he commanded all alike, on board 
 and on shore. 
 
 After the completion of the Delaware di- 
 vision of the Pennsylvania Canal, the Dur- 
 ham boats began gradually to disappear, so 
 that now one is seldom seen on the waters 
 of the Delaware. 
 
 Steamboat "Alfred Thomas." 
 
 Mr. Dutot's prediction in reference to 
 steamboat navigation on the upper waters 
 of the Delaware is not yet verified. 
 
 The attempt, however, has been made, 
 and but for the unfortunate occurrence at- 
 tending the first effort, we should now have 
 the pleasure of one of the finest excursions 
 to be enjoyed on any river in the States, 
 between Belvidere and Port Jervis. 
 
 An act of incorporation was granted in
 
 STEAMBOAT "ALFRED THOMAS." 267 
 
 1860 to the " Kittatinny Improvement Com- 
 pany," with power to improve the naviga- 
 tion of the Delaware River, and " to run one 
 or more boats propelled by steam or caloric 
 engines, or otherwise, with such appurte- 
 nances and equipments as may be deemed 
 adequate, &c., between the head of Foul 
 Rift and the village of Matamoras." 
 
 After considerable money was expended 
 on the most difficult portions of the river, 
 an experienced committee was appointed, 
 who, after examination, pronounced the nav- 
 igation between the points named, entirely 
 practicable. 
 
 A steamboat was accordingly built at 
 Easton in the winter and spring of 1860, 
 called the " Alfred Thomas," of the following 
 dimensions: fourteen feet in width, eighty- 
 five feet in length, and of one hundred tons 
 burden, and on the 6th of March of that 
 year, was ready for the previously-arranged 
 excursion. 
 
 "On the morning of the 6th of March, 
 1860, with a beautiful Union flag flying 
 from her upper deck, and with about one 
 hundred persons on board, including the 
 proprietors, and a number of other gentle-
 
 268 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 men from Belvidere, she steamed off from 
 the boat-yard, where she had lain so long, 
 and passed down the Lehigh to the bosom 
 of the Delaware, where she was destined. 
 Crowds of people lined the shores of the 
 river, watching her appearance, and a beau- 
 tiful sight was presented as the gallant little 
 boat ploughed her way up the stream, while 
 crowds on the shore, as well as those on 
 board, cheered heartily. 
 
 " At the bridge, which she reached at 
 noon, the steamer stopped, when all but 
 about thirty on board got off, the remainder 
 intending to go to Belvidere, where the boat 
 was expected shortly to arrive, and where 
 numbers of citizens were waiting with joy- 
 ful anticipations. . . . 
 
 " The day was, indeed, a most beautiful 
 one, and the navigation of the upper Dela- 
 ware by steam seemed truly to have an au- 
 spicious beginning ; but, one short hour suf- 
 ficed to bring about the sad change. The 
 engineer ran the pressure of steam up to 
 one hundred and twenty-five pounds to the 
 square inch, when it should not have ex- 
 ceeded eighty, the consequence of which 
 was the explosion of the boiler, and the
 
 FIRST TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGE TO WATER GAP. 269 
 
 most appalling calamity that has ever oc- 
 curred in this place was witnessed."* 
 
 Thirteen of the number on board were 
 killed, or died soon after, and several were 
 more or less seriously injured. Among the 
 former were Judge William R. Sharp and 
 Richard Holcomb, who, with Alfred Tho- 
 mas, were the original projectors of the en- 
 terprise. 
 
 First Telegraphic Message to the Dela- 
 ware Water Gap. 
 
 MESSAGE No. 1. 
 
 EASTON, July llth, 1855, 9 o'clock A. M. 
 
 " To the ladies and gentlemen now at the 
 Kittatinny House : 
 
 "The Easton office takes pleasure in be- 
 ing the medium of congratulation to you on 
 the part of the citizens of Easton upon the 
 completion of the lightning line to the 'Gap.' 
 We are no longer separated by time or 
 space ; and we heartily and most cordially 
 salute your introduction into the great mag- 
 
 * Reporter of the Easton Daily Express. 
 23*
 
 270 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 netic circle, which now includes almost the 
 entire civilized world. Our compliments to 
 the beauty and manly gallantry of the pic- 
 turesque Gap" 
 
 " J. L. MINGLE." 
 
 Railroads. 
 
 The Delaware Water Gap is reached from 
 Philadelphia by the Philadelphia and Tren- 
 ton Railroad, and Belvidere, Delaware, and 
 Flemington Railroad to Mauunka Chunk* 
 and from thence by the Delaware, Lacka- 
 wanna, and Western Railroad. From New 
 York by the " Central, of New Jersey," to 
 New Hampton, and thence by the Warren 
 and the Delaware, Lackawanna, and West- 
 ern. The last-named road passes through 
 the gorge of the mountain and along the 
 bank of the river at the base of the cliff on 
 which the Hotel is situated. It runs at near- 
 ly right angles with the Delaware soon after 
 leaving the station at this place, and follows 
 
 * The Indian name of the range of hills terminating at the 
 station was Penungauchung, and it is to be regretted that it 
 was not preserved in naming this station.
 
 RAILROADS. 271 
 
 up the windings of Brodhead's Creek, some 
 ten miles, thence through a wild, picturesque 
 country, for nearly the whole distance, to 
 Scranton. When on the summit of the Po- 
 cono Mountain, which is gained by a rapidly 
 ascending grade from the river, a view is 
 afforded of great extent, variety, and beauty, 
 and is worth a journey over the road to wit- 
 ness. 
 
 A wilderness of vast extent, covering 
 thousands of acres between the Pocono and 
 Blue Ridge, lies before you ; and, deep be- 
 low you, a valley of hills, a grand foreground 
 to the wonderful, inimitable picture Nature 
 has wrought, with the deep mountain gorge 
 in distant perspective. 
 
 This view is obtained immediately after 
 you pass through the tunnel on the point of 
 the mountain, and by an intimation to either 
 of the gentlemanly conductors on this road, 
 you will be afforded facilities for witnessing 
 it, that, perhaps, would not otherwise be ob- 
 tained. 
 
 The Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western 
 Railroad was completed in 1855, at a cost, 
 including equipments, of over 12,000,000 
 dollars. The total length from Great Bend
 
 272 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 to the Delaware River is one hundred and 
 thirteen miles. It was a work of great mag- 
 nitude, and is a monument to the enterprise 
 and perseverance of its original projectors. 
 
 The Belvidere, Delaware and Flemington 
 Railroad passes for the whole distance, from 
 Trenton to Manunka Chunk, along the bank 
 of the Delaware River, " and one's eyes sel- 
 dom look upon a more enchanting serial of 
 landscapes than stretches along this river, 
 in one long and varied line of beauty, from 
 New Hope and the Nockamixon Rocks to 
 the Delaware Water Gap." 
 
 This road possesses the reputation of ad- 
 mirable management, of which its cleanly 
 and comfortable passenger cars give good 
 evidence.
 
 EXTRACT OF A LETTER OF M. R. HULCE, ESQ. 273 
 
 Extract from a Letter of M. H. 
 Hulce, Esq. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR: Lake "Utsayantha'' is near the 
 bead of the main or Mohawk branch of the Dela- 
 Vk are River (sometimes called the west branch), and 
 is situated partly in Delaware and partly in Scho- 
 harie Counties, the line of the counties running 
 through it. Its outlet is in the town of Harpers- 
 field, and in a map of 1779 is named Ustayantha. 
 The lake is clear as crystal and circular in form, 
 and contains, I should judge, about 60 or 70 acres. 
 It is above tide-water, 1888 feet. 
 
 The Cochecton Valley was first settled by white 
 men from Connecticut, in 1757. In 1762, there 
 were thirty houses, one sawmill, one grist mill, and 
 a blockhouse, or wooden fort. Daniel Skinner ran 
 the first raft from Cochecton, soon after the close 
 of the old French War, or between 1760 and 1770, 
 with Josiah Parks as fore-hand. 
 
 The Delaware rises on the western slope of the 
 Cutskill. Mount Prospect, a mile or two southeast 
 of its source, rises about 1500 feet higher, and from 
 its summit, Albany, some 70 miles distant, can be 
 plainly seen on a clear day. Your beautiful and 
 picturesque home and delightful summer resort is 
 nestled in one of the gorges of the oldest of earth's 
 upheavals. Long before the snow-clad Alps or the 
 Rocky Mountains emerged from their ocean beds, 
 and before the carboniferous period, the crests of
 
 274 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 the Kittatinny pierced the clouds, while their sides 
 were laved by the vast expanse of waters whence 
 they had risen when " the mountains were brought 
 forth." 
 
 The grand scenery of our noble Delaware, for 
 the first two hundred miles, as it hugs the north- 
 western slopes of this Titanic range, seeking an 
 outlet, well repays a visit on a raft. It is evident 
 that for ages a barrier existed at your place, which 
 dammed back the river, perhaps one hundred 
 miles. Whether the " Gap " was made by the slow 
 action of the waters over a fall like Niagara, or by 
 some earthquake convulsion, it is difficult to deter- 
 mine. The draining of the waters left the valley 
 of the Minisink, as it now exists, a rich garden. 
 This valley was settled by the Dutch, about one 
 hundred years before Penn founded Philadelphia. 
 A road was built from " Sopies " (now Kingston) 
 into the valley, the remains of which are still to be 
 seen. It was called " The Mine Eoad," having been 
 constructed to reach some copper and other mines 
 in the vicinity. 
 
 Yours, truly, 
 
 M. E. HULCE. 
 
 Extract from a Letter of C. L. 
 Pascal, Esq. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR: It affords me much pleasure to 
 comply with your request for the particulars in 
 regard to the naming of Caldeno Fulls.
 
 EXTRACT OF A LETTER OF C. L. PASCAL, ESQ. 275 
 
 In August, 1851, while on a visit to the Gap, it 
 was my pleasure to make the acquaintance of Mr. 
 Charles S. Ogden, of Philadelphia, a very pleasant 
 and agreeable young man, and one quite as fond 
 of rambling over the mountains as myself. 
 
 One day, after climbing to the top of the Jersey 
 Mountain, we observed a charming little stream of 
 water, and followed it down to the river below, 
 rich in its falls, basins, troughs, and mossy grottos. 
 
 After dinner, while recounting the many beau- 
 ties of this stream, and particularly its falls, to our 
 host, your amiable brother William, he informed 
 us that the beauty of stream and falls back on the 
 Pennsylvania Mountain, far surpassed any we had 
 seen. Not feeling inclined to doubt him, and anxi- 
 ous to see all the beauties of the Gap, we started 
 eagerly in pursuit of it. 
 
 A Mr. McLeod accompanied us up the long steps, 
 over the old mountain road, across the meadow, 
 and up the steep cliff on the right, to the top of an 
 extended flat rock, which inclined down to a con- 
 tinuous line of thicket, indicating the course of a 
 stream leading towards the hotel, until we heard 
 the thrilling music of falling water. 
 
 The scene was perfect. The grand old trees 
 formed an arch above us, and as their branches 
 were swayed by the breeze, bright patches of sun- 
 light darted across the falling water. 
 
 Then it was suggested by one of the party that 
 we should name the fall, and direct the attention 
 of visitors to a spot so beautiful and so secluded. 
 
 Many names were proposed and rejected; finally
 
 276 DELAWARE WATER GAP. 
 
 we concluded to form a new name out of syllables 
 taken from our own, thus, "Cal" from Pas-cal; 
 " den " from Og-den ; and " o " from McLe-o-d. 
 In this way, Cal-den-o Falls received its name. 
 
 Having refreshed ourselves, we climbed again 
 to the top of the fall, then a little further on, we 
 found a spot almost rivalling in its beauty the one 
 we had just left. 
 
 Here we sat down and drank of the cold running 
 stream, and were grateful to your brother for add- 
 ing so much pleasure to our visit to the "Water 
 Gap. 
 
 And now, my good friend, I thank you for draw- 
 ing my thoughts back over the years that have 
 elapsed since Cal-den-o Falls was first known to 
 me in all the wildness and grandeur it then pos- 
 sessed. 
 
 With great respect, I am, dear sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 CHARLES L. PASCAL. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, April 4th, 1870.
 
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