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 '^
 
 Aspects of the Speech in 
 the Later Roman Epic 
 
 BY 
 
 HERBERT CANNON LIPSCOMB 
 
 H Dis5ertation 
 
 SOBUITTXD TO THE BOABD OF DNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
 
 IN CONFOEMITY WITH THE BEQDIREMENT3 FOB THE DEGBEK OF 
 
 nOCTOE OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 1 907 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 J. H. FURST COMPANY 
 
 1909
 
 #
 
 / • • ^ 
 
 Aspects of the Speech in 
 the Later Roman Epic 
 
 BY 
 
 HERBEET CANNON LIPSCOMB 
 
 H dissertation 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
 
 IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF 
 
 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 1907 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 J. H. FURST COMPANY 
 
 1Q09
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Introduction 5_(j 
 
 Percentage of Speech in tlie Roman Epics 6-S 
 
 Number of Speeches 8 
 
 Average Length of Speeches 8-9 
 
 Longest and Shortest Speeches 9-10 
 
 Percentage of Speech in Various Books of Different Epics 11-13 
 
 Tables of Statistics for the Roman Epics 13-15 
 
 Speech within Speech 15-lG 
 
 Speakers in Epic 10 
 
 Objects Addressed in Epic 16-17 
 
 Distribution of Speeches among Characters 17-18 
 
 Gods as Speakers in Epic 18-2(» 
 
 Amount of Oratio Obliqua'in Epic 20-23 
 
 Restriction of Direct Speech in Messenger-scenes 23-26 
 
 Speech-scenes 26-30 
 
 Points of Technique Showing Departures from the Greek Usage 30-3S 
 
 L Parenthetic Expressions 30-86 
 
 1. Parenthetic Phrases in General 30-32 
 
 2. Stage-directions 32-35 
 
 n. References to the Speaker 33-34 
 
 b. References to llie Person Addressed 34-35 
 
 c. Oilier References 35 
 
 3. Use of Parenthetic Expression in Lucan and Claudian 36 
 
 IL Speeches Beginning and Ending within the Verse 36-37 
 
 III. Specclieu Immediately Consecutive in Dialogue 37-38 
 
 Mdnologne in the Later Ei)ic 38-43 
 
 Lament for the Dead 43-4 I 
 
 C<d Iccli ve Speeches 44-46 
 
 Summary 46-4S 
 
 G31583
 
 ASPECTS OF THE SPEECH IN THE LATER 
 
 ROMAN EPIC. 
 
 \ The recent monograph by G. W. Elderkin/ dealing chiefly 
 with various external aspects of the speech in the later Greek 
 epic, has suggested a like investigation on the Latin side. It is, 
 therefore, the purpose of this paper to determine to what extent 
 the Vergilian standard was followed by the later Roman epic in 
 its use of direct speech as a constituent of epic technique, and 
 to compare the usages of the various poets of the later period to 
 see how far they diifer among themselvesj With the hope of 
 making this work at the same time a companion study to that 
 cited above, similar lines of inquiry have been pursued ; but 
 little attempt has been made to enter into a discussion of the 
 content of the speeches or of their relation to the movement of 
 the poem in which they occur. 
 
 X^ It is obvious that in the Latin epic one has to deal with a class 
 of poems all of which belong to the same general period ; no great 
 dissimilarity in type exists between Vergil and his successors 
 such as that which separates Homer from the later Greek epic ; 
 and it is to this fundamental difference that Patin largely 
 attributes those characteristics which distinguish Vergil's art 
 from that of HomerJ " En somme, les diirOrences qui, malgr6 la 
 communaut6 du genre et les rapports de I'imitation, separent 
 Virgile <l'Honl^re, se rC'Sument dans la difference gen<^'ralc de 
 l'('p()p('e artificielic dcs flges polis et de l'6pnp6e naVve des 6poques 
 primitives."^ /_Alth()Ugh the Roman epics from (he (iino of 
 Vergil arc all (Ik; jiroducts of such an age of reflection, oiu- may 
 
 ' Aspects of tlic Speech in tlie Later Greek Epic, Baltimore, 190(). 
 
 ' Etiuk's Hiir la Pocsie Latiiie, 2ii<l ed., i, p. '203. It is to be borne !n mind 
 that since I'atin's titiie tlie prevaiiinf? opinion of Ifoincrns tlie rcpicscntative of 
 " l'<ipop(^e naive dcs epoques primitives" epic has l)een consideralily modilied ; 
 this fact, liowevcr, does not destroy tlic force of liie above quotation in lliis 
 connection.
 
 6 Aspects of the Speech in the hitev Roman Epic. 
 
 expect to liiul miieli that will prove of interest in comparing the 
 use of the speech in the Aeneid, in which fable and history are so 
 skilfully interwoven/ with that in the mythological epics of 
 Valerius Flaccus and Statins, and in the historical epics of Lucan 
 and Silius Italicus ; Clandian also offers material for investigation 
 in these two departments as well as in the invectives and 
 panegyrics.^ 
 
 As regards the literature on the subject, little has been done, 
 as far as concerns those phases of the speech which are to be 
 considered here, for such discussions as those found in the studies 
 of Heitland,^ Summers,* aud Legras ^ have to do with the content 
 of the speeches rather than with their external form. The results 
 of Basore's ^ investigation of Lucan have been found useful in the 
 study of the monologue and dialogue, while Heinze's "^ chapter on 
 the speech in Vergil has furnished much in the way of norms of 
 comparison. 
 
 J_^With these few introductory words let us now take up the 
 question first presenting itself for our consideration, that is, the 
 statistical side of the use of the speech in the Homan epic.^ 
 
 ]M. Schneidewin ^ has given the figures shoAving the relative 
 
 ^Cf. Patin, op. cit., pp. 183, 200. 
 
 ^ The fragments of Livius Andronicus, Naevius, and Ennius yield but little 
 worthy of consideration here. 
 
 ' Introd. Haskins's ed. Pharsalia, pp. Ixx-i. 
 
 •* A Study of the Argonautica of Valerius Flaccus, pp. 60-1. 
 
 5 Etude sur la Th^baide de Stace, pp. 280-94. 
 
 «T. P. A. P. A., XXXV (190-4), pp. xciv-vi. 
 
 ' Virgils Epische Technik, pp. 396-424. 
 
 ^ In this investigation the following editions (Teubner text) have been used: 
 Vergil, Ribbeck (1903) ; Lucan, Hosius (1892) ; Valerius Flaccus, Baehrens 
 (1875) ; Statins, Th., Kohlnmnn (1884) ; Ach., Klotz (1902) ; Silius Italicus, 
 Bauer (1890) ; Claudian, Koch (1893). 
 
 It is to be noted that five of the epics considered are unfinished ; were this not 
 the case, it is possible that the results obtained would differ slightly from those 
 to be given here. 
 
 »StatistischeszuHoraerosund Vergilius, N. J. f. Ph., 1884, l,129ff. Schneide- 
 win does not vouch for the accuracy of the figures for Vergil : " Die Vergilischen 
 zahlen, welche einige fleiszige obersecundaner fiir mich zusammenzustellen die 
 gefiilligkeit gehabt haben, konnten kleine unrichtigkeiten enthalten, welche 
 jedoch das gesamtresultat nicht in irgend nennenswertem grade beeintriich-
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 7 
 
 amoiiDt of speech iu Homer and Vergil — 50 per cent, of the 
 Iliad aud Odyssey, 38 per cent, of the Aeneid. In examining 
 the later Roman epic iu this regard one finds that rhetoric does 
 not necessarily mean speech-making, and is met by the sur- 
 prising fact that this marked tendency which Vergil shows, in 
 comparison with Homer,^ to restrict the use of direct speech has 
 been inherited by the later epic poets, who, with the exception 
 of Statius in the Achilleid and Claudian in the historical epics, 
 are even more conservative ; the amount of speech in no case 
 equals the Vergiliau staudardJ |The Roman epic, however, shows 
 no such wide difference in usage as does the Greek,- for no 
 author departs more than 8 per cent, from the practice of Vergikj 
 Of the 9 896 verses of the Aeneid, 3757 (38 per cent.) are 
 devoted to speech. Lucan's Pharsalia contains 32 per cent, 
 speech, 2586 verses in 8060. A slight increase is seen in 
 Valerius Flaccus. The Argonautica has 1911 verses of speech 
 or 34 per cent, of the 5592 verses in the epic. Statius shows 
 a still nearer approach to Vergil, for slightly over 37 per cent, 
 of the Thebaid and Achilleid is given to speech, 4037 of the 
 10868 verses. Of the 1127 verses of the incomplete Achilleid, 
 455 (40 per cent.) are speech. The Thebaid contains 9741 
 verses, of which 3582 (37 per cent.) consist of oratio recta. The 
 Punica of Silius Italicus has but 31 per cent, speech or 3759 
 of its 12202 verses. From an investigation of Claud ian's 
 mythological and historical epics, invectives, and panegyrics it 
 is found that 2403 (30 per cent.) of the 8050 verses in the 
 
 tigcn." From :in exaiijiniitioii of the Aeneid it is found lli;it tlu! porcentiigc for 
 the whole poem varies but liltlo from Schneidewin's results, though the dilTer- 
 ences in the nurnl>er of verses of speech in tiio individual books extend from 2 
 (in, VII ) to lit vv. (viii), causing a iinal decrease of G3 vv. in the total amount 
 of speech, which, according to Schneidewin's statistics on pp. 131-2, should l)e 
 3820 vv., thouKli on the i)reccding page the total is given as 3862 vv. (Note 
 also the different figures given for book ii in the first and second tables). These 
 discrepancies may l>e due partly to the fact tliat in tlio writer's statistics for the 
 Roman epics, tiiose verses within which the speech begins or ends have been 
 considered complete. A rearrangement of the various books of the Aeneid 
 according to their percentages of speech was, therefore, found necessary. 
 
 ' Cf. Ilein/.e, oji. cit., |ip. 397 ff. 
 
 'Ct. Eldcrkin, op. cit., p. C>.
 
 8 Astpecis of the Speech in the later Roma7i Epic. 
 
 poems are given to direct speecli. Of these departments, the 
 historical epics, De Bello Gildonico and De Bello Gothico, have 
 -1(> per cent, speech, 539 in 1173 verses. Next in order is the 
 nntini^hed epic, De Raptu Proserpinae, with the fragment of the 
 Gigantomachia. Of the 1236 verses, 449 (36 per cent.) are 
 speech. If the statistics be based upon these four poems alone, 
 Chuidinn employs 41 per cent, speech. The invectives. In 
 Kufnunn and In Eutropium, have 619 verses of speech or 31 
 per cent, of an aggregate of 2029 verses. A further decrease 
 is found in the 3612 verses of the panegyrics of Probinus and 
 Olybrius, Manlius Theodorus, Honorius, and Stilicho, and in the 
 Laus Serenae, which contain 796 verses of direct speech or 22 
 per cent. 
 
 /L.Again a departure from the Vergiliau standard may be seen in 
 the number of speeches employed, for, with the exception of the 
 Argouautica, none of the later epics uses the speech so frequently 
 as does Yergily In the Aeneid there are 331 speeches (1 in 30 
 verses). The Pharsalia shows a noteworthy decrease with but 
 120 speeches (1 in 67 verses). Valerius Flaccus employs 188 
 speeches (1 in 30 verses), slightly exceeding Vergilian frequency. 
 In the two epics of Statins there are 280 speeches (1 in 39 
 verses) — 248 in the Thebaid (1 in 39 verses); 32 in the Achilleid 
 (1 in 35 verses). The 12202 verses of the Punica contain 299 
 speeches (1 in 41 verses). Direct speech occurs still less fre- 
 quently in Claudian ; the four departments considered yield but 
 102 speeches (1 in 79 verses). In the mythological epics, where 
 direct discourse is most often used, there are only 26 speeches 
 (1 in 48 verses). In the invectives there are 30 speeches (1 in 
 68 verses); in the historical epics, 17 (1 in 69 verses). The 
 widest departure is seen in the panegyrics with 29 speeches 
 (1 in 125 verses). 
 
 [This decrease in the percentage of speech and in the number of 
 speeches, which the later epic for the most part shows, indicates a 
 restriction of the conversational element in keeping with the 
 general characteristics of this period of public recitation. Pass- 
 ing, however, to the question of the average length of the epic 
 Bpeech, one would naturally expect to find an increase in those
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 9 
 
 poems produced in an age when the rhetorical schools flourished, 
 and ostentatious declamation was the chief delight of an idle circle 
 of dilettanti. In point of fact, this tendency is seen in all the 
 poets of the later period, with the exception of Valerius Flaccus, 
 whose speeches are even shorter than those in Vergil — 10.16 vv. 
 in the Argonautica as compared Avith 11.35vv. in the Aeucid. 
 The average length of the speech in Lucau (21.55 vv.) is almost 
 twice that in VergilT] Statins (14.42 vv.) and Silius Italicus 
 (12.57 vv.) are more conservative. The length of the speech in 
 Claudiau (23.56 vv.) is greater than in any other of the epic 
 poets. In the panegyrics (27.45 vv.) and historical epics (31.71 
 vv.) the speeches are longer than in the mythological epics (17.27 
 vv.) and inv^ectives (20.63 vv.). 
 
 It is also a significant fact that although in Lucan, Silius 
 Italicus, and Claudian the percentage of speech is less than in 
 the Aeneid, and the speech is used less frequently, yet these 
 poets show an increase in the number of speeches over 40 verses 
 in length. Statius, on the other hand, employs only about one- 
 half as many such speeches, though the bulk of the Thebaid and 
 Achilleid exceeds that of the Aeneid, and the average length of 
 the speech is greater than in Vergil, who, however, uses the 
 speech more frequently. Here agaiu Valerius Flaccus shows 
 practically no departure from Vergil's custom.^ Of these excep- 
 
 'The Aeneid has 13 such speeches. To Schncidewin's list (1. c, pp. 133-4) 
 are to be added tlie following: iii, 013-54; vi, 756-85'J (the longest speech in 
 Vergil) ; xi, 535-94. No book of the Pliarsalia is without a speech of at least 
 40 verses; tiie entire poem offers 18 instances (l, 299-351; ii, 68-232 (the 
 longest speech in Lucan), 242-84, 531-95 ; in, 307-55 ; iv, 470-520, 593-000; 
 V, 319-01; VI, 777-820; vii, 250-329, 342-82; viii, 202-327, 331-453, 484- 
 535; IX, 5.5-108, 1004-1104; x, 194-331, 353-98). Of the G speeches of this 
 type in Valerius Flaccus, the longest is Phineus's prophecy to Jason in iv, 553- 
 624. Cf. also in, 377-416, 049-89; iv, 351-421; v, 471-518; vii, 35-77. 
 Statius furnishes 7 examples (Tii. I, 557-672 ; v, 49-498 (the longest speech in 
 the Roman cjiic) ; vi, 138-84 ; vn, 294-373 ; viir, 34-85 ; xii, 546-80 ; Ach. 
 II, 96-107); Silius Italicus 18 (ii, 279-320, 330-74; ni, 571-029, 650-712; vi, 
 118-293 (the longest si)eech in the I'unicn), 299-414,432-550 (note the device 
 which the poet here uses to avoid a long iminlerrupted speech of 400 odd verses); 
 VII, 4.37-93 : viir, 110-59 ; xi, 440-80, 502-52, 555-000 ; xiii, 36-81, 523-014 ; 
 XV, 69-120; xvi, 004-43,045-97; xvii, 295-337). Tlic 17 speeches of this 
 class in Claudian are distributed as follows : panegyrics 7 (iv Cons. Hon. 214-
 
 10 Aspects of f/ic Speech in the later lioindu Epic. 
 
 tioiuilly long speeches in the later epic, the narrative type figures 
 most prominently.^ 
 
 The shortest speech iu the Roman epic appears in Claudian, 
 B. Goth. 401, ipse venit. No speech iu Vergil is shorter than 
 VII, IIG, Heus ! etiam mensas' consumimns.^ Four words is the 
 limit for Lucau in ix, 979, Hcrceas . . . non respicis aras? The 
 Argonautiea has two speeches five words in length in iv, 674-5 
 and VI, 29. Summers^ remarks u})on Valerius Flaccus's fond- 
 ness for speeches of not over two or three verses. It is found 
 that of the 188 speeches in the Argonautiea, 46,^ or 24 per cent., 
 fall within this limit. The shortest speech in Statius occurs in 
 Th. X, 393, Cohibete gradual quicumque.^ The Punica contains 
 a speech of three words in xiii, 137, adsis . . . Latonia, coeptis. 
 Of speeches one verse or less in length, other than those cited 
 above, there are seven in Vergil (i, 437 ; ii, 322 ; v, 166 ; vi, 
 620 (speech within speech); x, 481, 737; xii, 296), five in 
 Valerius Flaccus (iii, 45, 475 ; iv, 387 (speech within speech) ; 
 A'li, 529; viii, 467), seven'' in Statius (Th. i, 465; ii, 535, 
 641; V, 647; x, 492, 588; xi, 471), four ^ in Silius Italicus 
 (ii, 258 ; IV, 59, 98 ; xvii, 445), none in Lucan or Claudian.^ 
 
 352 (the longest speech in Claudian), 370-418 ; vi Cons. Hon. 274-319, 3G1- 
 425, 427-93 ; Cons. Stil. ii, 279-339 ; Man. Theod. 276-340) ; liistorical epics 
 5 (B. Gild. 23-127, 139-200, 236-320, 427-66 ; B. Goth. 269-313); invectives 3 
 (In Eiitrop. I, 391-513 ; ii, 112-59, 534-602) ; mythological epics 2 (K. P. m, 
 19-65, 196-259). 
 
 1 Cf. Lucan, ii, 68 ff. ; iv, 593 S. ; x, 194 ff. ; Val. Fl. iv, 351 ff. ; Stat. Th. i, 
 557 fl. ; V, 49fl. ; vn, 294 ff. ; Ach. ii, 96 ff. ; Sil. It. vi, 118 ff., 299 ff., 432 ff. ; 
 vn, 4.37 ff. ; viii, 116 ff. ; xi, 440 ff. ; xni, 36 ff. 
 
 ^ Euhoe Bacclie (vii, 389) has not been considered speech, 
 
 'Op. cit., p. 61. 
 
 *iv, 387 not included, i, 723-4 considered one with the preceding speech; 
 also IV, 757-8. viii, 463 has been read after v. 440. 
 
 * Tlie following monosyllabic outcries have not been regarded as speech : 
 aquae (Th. iv, 804, 805); Mater (Th. ix, 350); Crenaee (Th. ix, 356). 
 
 ® Th. X, 441 considered one with tlie preceding speech. 
 
 ' For the disposition of ii, 045, cf. the above note. 
 
 ^To he noted here are those speeches approaching this limit, though beginning 
 and ending within different verses. In some cases they are much shorter than 
 one verse. Cf. Vergil, v, 615-6, 637-8 (speech within speech); vi, 45-6; 
 Lucan iv, 399-400 ; Val. Fl. v, 212-3 ; vi, 373-4 ; Stat. Th. v, 663-4 ; xi, 257- 
 8, 258-9 ; xii, 458-9, 472-3 ; Sil. It. xii, 168-9.
 
 As2:)ects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 11 
 
 As to the amount of speech iu the various books of the 
 different epics. One would expect the highest percentage to 
 indicate the greatest intensity in dramatic interest ; yet this is 
 not always the case, for it sometimes happens that one book, 
 having a few exceptionally long speeches, ranks higher in the list 
 than another in which the speech occurs with greater frequency, 
 and in which there is much more action. This will be seen in 
 several instances to be cited in the following discussion. In the 
 Aeneid the highest percentage of speech (54) is found in book 
 VI, containing the scene in the lower world, throughout which 
 dialogue is freely employed. Here, too, are the long speeches 
 of 103 and 69 verses by the shade of Anchises and the Sibyl, 
 respectively. Book IV with 49 per cent, is next in order ; it is 
 not surprising to find the speech so freely used in this highly 
 dramatic portion of the Aeneid. Vergil's desire to relieve the 
 monotony in the description of battles may be seen from the use 
 made of direct speech in book x (31 per cent.). In no other 
 section of the Aeneid does there appear so large a number of 
 speeches, one for every 22 verses; here occur scenes in which 
 the gods figure (vv. 6-113, 607-32), addresses to the armies 
 (vv. 279-84, 294-8, 369-78), a command to an armor-bearer 
 (vv. 333-5), prayers for aid (vv. 421-3, 460-3), a combatant's 
 outcry (v. 481), appeals of the fallen for mercy (vv. 524-9, 597- 
 8), the victor's reply (vv. 531-4), the curse of the dying (vv. 
 739-41), lament over the dead (vv. 846-56), a hero's address 
 to his steed (vv. 861-6). Again in book v (27 per cent.), con- 
 taining the account of the funeral games and the departure of the 
 Trojans from Sicily, is direct speech emi)l()yed more frequently 
 than in some otiier i)arts of the poem whore the percentage of 
 speech is higher. In this book occur 35 speeches of an average 
 length of 6.80 verses. The lowest percentage of speech (2 1) 
 and the smallest number of speeches (17) are found in book vri, 
 where more than 200 verses are given uj) (o describing tlic 
 preparations for war and to cataloguing the leaders of the Latin 
 allied forces. 
 
 The percentages of speech in the various books of the I'harsalia 
 extend from 18 (ill) to 52 (iij. The number of long speeches,
 
 12 Afipccfs of the Speech in the later JRoman Epic. 
 
 rather than the frequency with which the speech occurs, accounts 
 chicHv for the higli percentages iu books ii, viii, and x ; three 
 of the twelve speeches in book ii aggregate 273 verses; book 
 VIII, M'itli 51 per cent, speech, has 442 verses of oratio recta, 
 241 of which are due to three of the seventeen speeches. The 
 average length of the four speeches in book x (40 per cent.) is 
 55 verses. The loM^est percentage is used iu book iii, where the 
 average length of the speech is less than in any other book. 
 
 In the Argonautica the highest percentage of speech (46) 
 occurs in book iv, containing Hercules's mission to Prometheus 
 at the command of Jupiter, the contest between Pollux and 
 Amycus, and the long speeches of Orpheus and Phineus. Book 
 VII, with 45 per cent, speech, is the crucial point of the story, 
 representing the struggle in Medea's mind and heart, and her 
 final decision to aid Jason. Book v (40 per cent.) describes the 
 Argonauts' arrival at Colchis in the midst of the excitement over 
 the disposition of the fleece, and Jason's meeting with Medea and 
 Aeetes. The lowest percentage of speech (15) is in book vi, 
 about 145 verses of which are devoted to a catalogue of the 
 forces of Aeetes and Perses, after which follows the description 
 of the battle. 
 
 In the Thebaid the fifth book has the highest percentage of 
 speech (74), owing to the presence of Hypsipyle's long narrative 
 of 450 verses, though in dramatic interest it is inferior to book 
 III (50 per cent.), which contributes largely to the motivation of 
 the action of the poem with the prophecy of Maeon, bringing 
 news of Tydeus's victory, the interference of Jupiter in sending 
 Mars to carry on the war, the meeting of the Argive council, the 
 omens observed by the seers Melampus and Amphiaraus, and 
 Adrastus's response to the appeal of Argia. A high percent- 
 age of speech (48) is also employed in book i, containing the 
 complaints of Oedipus, the Thebans' murmurs of discontent, the 
 meeting of Tydeus and Polynices, and the beginning of their 
 acquaintance with Adrastus. In book xi (47 per cent.) the 
 climax of the story is reached in the encounter of the two 
 brotliers, and Creon's assumption of power. The amount of
 
 Aspects of the Speech m the later JRoman Epic. 
 
 13 
 
 speech iu book vii (42 per cent.)^ is appreciably increased by the 
 narrative of Phorbas, giving the list of the forces united under 
 Eteocles. For Statius's use of direct discourse in books descrip- 
 tive of fighting, compare book ix, with 31 per cent, speech and 
 29 speeches of an average length of 9.96 verses. In the account of 
 the funeral games in book vi, the lowest percentage of speech (11) 
 is used. In the Achilloid 80 per cent, of book ii is direct speech, 
 33 per cent, of book i. 
 
 In the Punica, book vi has the highest percentage of speech 
 (69). Of its 716 verses, 411, or 57 per cent., are concerned 
 witli Marus's recital of the events of the first Punic war ; it 
 contains but 11 speeches, one for every 65 verses, whereas book 
 XIII, with a smaller percentage of speech (56), has 40 speeches, 
 one for every 22 verses. Here, in Scipio's descent into the lower 
 world, dialogue plays an important role.^ Book xiv, giving an 
 account of Marcellus's campaign iu Sicily, has the lowest percent- 
 age (3) ; its four speeches aggregate only 18 verses. 
 
 With the exception of Cons. Stil. i, where there is no case of 
 direct discourse, the lowest percentage of speech (4/5) in the four 
 departments of Claud ian is found in the Laus Serenae, the highest 
 (75) in the historical epic on the Gildonic war. 
 
 The percentages of speech in the different books of the epics 
 and iu the invectives and panegyrics of Claudian are given in the 
 
 following tables. 
 
 St ATI us. 
 
 Vergil. 
 
 Thcbaid. 
 
 VI 
 
 .539 
 
 II 
 
 .357 
 
 IV 
 
 .401 
 
 IX 
 
 .320 
 
 ,'III 
 
 .400 
 
 X 
 
 .312 
 
 XI 
 
 .444 
 
 X il 
 
 .-I'.n 
 
 I 
 
 .440 
 
 V 
 
 .273 
 
 III 
 
 .307 
 
 VII 
 
 .245 
 
 v 
 
 .744 
 
 II 
 
 .3 1 2 
 
 III 
 
 .503 
 
 i\ 
 
 .300 
 
 I 
 
 .483 
 
 VIII 
 
 .209 
 
 XI 
 
 .468 
 
 XII 
 
 .297 
 
 VII 
 
 .117 
 
 X 
 
 .272 
 
 IV 
 
 .319 
 
 VI 
 
 .110 
 
 ' Cf. Aen. VII, containing; Vergil'a ciiUlogiie ; cf. also Val. KI. vi. 
 ' Cf. Vergil's usage in book VI.
 
 14 
 
 Aspivfa of the Speech in the later liovuin Epic. 
 
 LUCAN. 
 
 II 
 
 .524 
 
 I .259 
 
 VIII 
 
 .507 
 
 VII .236 
 
 X 
 
 .403 
 
 IV .222 
 
 V 
 
 .366 
 
 VI .218 
 
 IX 
 
 .316 
 
 III .184 
 
 Valerius Flaccus. 
 
 IV .465 
 
 VII .453 
 
 V .401 
 
 VIII .373 
 
 I .344 
 m .300 
 
 II .268 
 VI .151 
 
 Achilleid. 
 II .802 I .334 
 
 SiLius Italicus. 
 
 VI .687 
 
 XIII .558 
 
 XI .481 
 
 VII .353 
 
 VIII .317 
 
 III .317 
 
 XV .311 
 
 XVI .309 
 
 XVII .284 
 
 II .267 
 
 IX .266 
 
 X .229 
 
 XII .225 
 
 V .193 
 
 IV .183 
 
 I .182 
 
 XIV .026 
 
 Historical epics. 
 
 B. Gild .751 
 B. Goth .223 
 
 Claudia N. 
 
 Mythological epics. 
 
 E. P. Ill .565 
 II .269 
 
 1.212 
 
 Gigan .273 
 
 Invectives. 
 
 lu Huf. II .315 
 
 I .307 
 
 In Eutrop. i .306 
 
 II .294 
 
 Panegyrics. 
 
 Mau. Thcod. .376 
 IV Cons. Hon. .313 
 VI " " .309 
 m " " .118 
 
 Pr. ct 01. .269 
 
 Cons. Stil. II .282 
 
 III .062 
 
 I .000 
 
 Laus Screuae .008 
 
 A statistical summary of the use of the speech in the Roman 
 epic follows.
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 
 
 15 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 < 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 Number 
 of verses 
 in Epic. 
 
 Number 
 of verses 
 
 of 
 Speech. 
 
 Per Cent, 
 
 of 
 Speech. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Speeches. 
 
 Frequency 
 
 of 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Average 
 
 Length of 
 
 Speech. 
 
 Longest 
 Speech. 
 
 Shortest 
 Speech. 
 
 Number 
 over 
 40 vv. 
 
 Vergil 1 
 
 9896 
 
 3757 
 
 38 
 
 331 
 
 1 for 30 vv. 
 
 11.35 vv. 
 
 103 vv.= 
 
 4 words. 
 
 13 
 
 Lucan 
 
 8060 
 
 2586 
 
 32 
 
 120 
 
 1 " 67 " 
 
 21.55 " 
 
 165 " 
 
 4 words. 
 
 18 
 
 Val. Fl 
 
 5592 
 
 1911 
 
 3-1 
 
 188 
 
 1 " 30 " 
 
 10.16 " 
 
 72 " 
 
 5 words. 
 
 
 
 ?tatius^ 
 
 10868 
 
 4037 
 
 37 
 
 280 
 
 1 " 39 " 
 
 14.42 " 
 
 450 " 
 
 3 words. 
 
 i~ 
 
 Th 
 
 Ach 
 
 9741 
 1127 
 
 12202 
 
 3582 
 455 
 
 3759 
 
 37 
 40 
 31 
 
 24S 
 
 32 
 
 299 
 
 1 " 39 " 
 1 " 35 " 
 1 " 41 " 
 
 14.44 " 
 14.22 " 
 
 12.57 " 
 
 450 " 
 72 " 
 
 176 " 
 
 3 worcis. 
 3 vv (?). 
 o words. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Bilius 
 
 IS 
 
 Claudian 
 
 8050 
 
 2403 
 
 30 
 
 102 
 
 1 " 79 '^ 
 
 23.56 " 
 
 139 " 
 
 2 words. 
 
 17 
 
 Hist, epics... 
 Myth, epics.. 
 Invectives.... 
 Panegyrics... 
 
 1173 
 123G 
 2029 
 3612 
 
 539 
 449 
 619 
 796 
 
 46 
 3G 
 31 
 22 
 
 17 
 26 
 30 
 29 
 
 1 " 69 " 
 1 " 48 " 
 1 " 68 " 
 1 " 125 " 
 
 31.71 " 
 17.27 " 
 20.63 " 
 27.45 " 
 
 100 " 
 
 64 •' 
 
 123 " 
 
 139 " 
 
 2 Words. 
 
 3 vv ^?). 
 2 vv (?). 
 2 vv ('U. 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 t 
 
 In the custom of inserting one speech within another/ the later 
 epic follows the example of Vergil, who employs seven * such 
 speeches ranging in length from 1 to 42 verses. There are four "^ 
 in Lucan (3 to 11 vv.), four" in Valerius Flaccus (1 to 14 vv.), 
 nine ^ in Statius (2 to 37 vv.), eleven ^ in Silius Italicus (2 to 
 33 vv.), two '" in Claudian (2 to 5 vv.). As indicative of the 
 favorite habitat of these speeches, it is worthy of note that 28 
 
 ' IX, 14G-7 and xn, SOl-2, transpo.'^ed by Kibbcck, have been read after vv. 145 
 and 800, respectively. In books ii and iii, only those speeches occurring within 
 Aenea.s'8 long narrative have been considered. 
 
 'Parenthetic exi)re.«sion3 one verse or more in length have not been included 
 in reckoning the total number of verses in the speech. 
 
 ' Verses removed from the te-\t of the Tiiebaid and Achilleid by Kohlmann and 
 Klotz have i)een restored, with the exception of tlie ver.-^e following Tb. vm, 
 446. Th. IV, 716, bracketed by Koblmami, has been omitted. 
 
 * Cf. Ennius, Ann. 45-6 ( Vahlen.) 
 
 'II, 116-9; V, 637-8; vi, 620; vir, 124-7; viii, 499-503; xi, 252-03, 557- 
 60; the following (piotations from an o|pjument'8 speith not included : i,\, 110; 
 X, 85 ; XI, 399, 442. 
 
 «n, 81-8 ; iv, 646-9 ; vm, 533-5 ; i.\, 87-97. 
 
 'IV, 3G0-4, .387, 581-4 ; vii, 206-87 less vv. transpo.sed by liaehrens. 
 
 "Th. I, 643-61 ; v, 104-42, 136-8 (included within the preceding), 215-7. 
 271-84, 491-2— all within Ilyp-ipyle's narrative; x, 206-11 ; xi, 24S-9 ; xii, 
 333-5. 
 
 "ni, 675-91, 700-12; vi, 242-7, 437-49, 467-89, 500-18— all within Maruh's 
 narrative; vir, 449-57; vm, 140-7; .\m, 15-0, 58-C2, 71-7. 
 
 '"15. Goth. 546-7 ; K. P. m, 41-5.
 
 IG Aspects of the Speech in the later lioman Epic. 
 
 (7G per cent.) of the 37 cases cited occur within speeches 40 verses 
 or more in lenirth. 
 ri'ho speakers in the Roman epics from Verg-il to Claudiau are 
 eon fined to gods and men/ with the possible exception of the 
 Argonantica, i, 302 if., where the figure-head of the Argo, 
 coronatne . . . tutela carinae, hewn from the prophetic oak of 
 Dodona, speaks to Jason in a dream, "-i 
 
 r^^Iu Vergil the speeches, as a rule, "are also addressed to either 
 gods or men, though departures from this custom are occasionally 
 met with. In iv, 651 if. Dido directs the opening words of her 
 monologue to the Trojan robes and the familiar couch. ^/Aeneas 
 appeals to the sacred doves of Venus (vi, 194-6), arm Cybele 
 urges the Trojan ships to leave the shores as goddesses of the sea) 
 (ix, 116-7). Turnus beseeches the winds in x, 676 ff. Mezen- 
 tius, the " despiser of the gods," invokes his right arm and spear 
 in X, 773-4, Dextra mihi deus et telura, quod missile libro. Nunc 
 adsint ! So Turnus, in the conflict with Aeneas, relies upon his 
 spear for aid (xii, 95-100). The presence of Mezentius's speech 
 to his horse in x, 861-6, Heyne, h. 1., justifies in these words : 
 " Sed in naturae humanae indole hoc ipsum videtur alte insitum 
 esse, ut cum iis ipsis animantibus, quibus diu adsuevimus, tam- 
 quam cum familiaribus et sodalibus agamus et confabulemur. . . . 
 Non vero pro epici carminis dignitate nimis humile hoc videri 
 debet in equo bellatore. In Mezentio accommodatum erat 
 commcntum, quia mox equi vulnere ipsi sessori caedes paratur." 
 In XII, 872 ff. a portion of Juturna's complaint is addressed to 
 one of the furies in the form of an owl. 
 
 Of the later epic, the speeches in the Pharsalia are directed to 
 either gods or men. Exceptions to this rule in the Argonautica, 
 are those speeches to the Argo (iv, 335-6), the fire-breathing 
 bulls (vii, 547-8), and the dragon (viii, 75-8, 95-104).2 
 Statins follows the license of Homer and Vergil in the introduction 
 of Hopleus's speech to the horse of Tydeus in Th. ix, 211 ff. 
 
 * The invectives and panegyrics of Claiulian offer no exceptions. 
 'The last three instances are only parts of speeches. Note the situation in 
 vn, 547.
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Homan Epic. 17 
 
 Imitation of the Aeneid appears again in Capanens's invocation of 
 his right arm in Th. ix, 548-50, Ades o mihi, dextera, tantum 
 Tu praesens bellis et iuevitabilc numen, Te voco, te solam superum 
 contemptor adoro. To the serpent sacred to Jupiter, the same 
 hero speaks words of scorn in Th. v, 565 ff. In the Puniea there 
 occur three speeches addressed to horses (iv, 2G5 ff. ; xvi, 380 ff., 
 426 ff.) ; of these, the last two are in the way of exhortation 
 during the chariot race. Other instances worthy of mention are 
 Hannibal's exclamation in ii, 455, Heu quantum Ausonio 
 sudabitis, arma, cruore ! and the prayers of Sabratha (xiv, 440-1) 
 and Bato (xiv, 458-9), addressed to the figure of the protecting 
 divinity of the ship. Compare also the words of Scipio's soldiers 
 in XVII, 129, Fac nostrum hoc, mea dextra, decus. Noteworthy 
 in Claudian is Titan's command to the golden years, rutili . . . grex 
 aureus anni (Cons. Stil. ii, 450).^ 
 
 fjlhe prominence of the different characters in the epic poems is 
 indicated to a certain extent by the frequency with which they 
 appear as speakers." Of the 331 speeches in the Aeneid, for 
 example, 70, or 21 per cent., are assigned to Aeneas, 29 to Tur- 
 nus, 16 to Anchises, and 13 to Dido. In the Pharsalia, Caesar, 
 with 23 speeches out of 120, is followed by Pompey (16), Cato 
 (8), and Cornelia (5). Jason, in the Argonautica, speaks more 
 often tlian Medea, who, however, does not appear until after the 
 beginning of book v ; to the former 38 speeches are given, to the 
 latter 24. In the Thebaid, Statins naturally does not assign so 
 large a ])ercentage to any one character. Tydeus and ^Vdrastus 
 lead with 24 and 21 speeches,' respectively?] In the two books of 
 the Achilloid 25 per cent., represents the proportion allotted lo 
 Thetis. Silius Italicus gives to Hannibal, the most iini)ortant 
 figure in the Puniea, practically the same relative number oi' 
 speeches (62)* as Vergil assigns to Aeneas; Scipio Africanus 
 
 ' For the type of speech addressed to cities, ishinds, etc., cf. Vorgil in, .^inOff. ; 
 Val. Fl. V, -202-3; Slut. Th. iv, 82o fT. ; .\ch. i, 38-1 IT. ; Sil. It. xii, r,:',;? |T. ; 
 Claud. R. P. I, 191 fl. ; In Eutr(.|>. n, 2% IT. 
 
 ''Cf. Kiderkin, op. cit., p. 27. 
 
 »Th. I, 44.SfT. ; v, 6G9 fl. ; vi, 81G1T. included. 
 
 ♦iv, 4«J8 included.
 
 '>i r 
 
 18 A.'^'pcds of the Speech in the later lioman Ejnc. 
 
 maior is next in order with 23. No satisfactory comparison can 
 be Diade of" the four departments of CUiudian. 
 fT^hrough the important place given to the suijernatural as a 
 motivating force, the gods figure conspicuously as speakers in the 
 epic. In discussing this phase of Vergil's art, Sellar ^ says : " The 
 first general impression produced by reading the Aeneid imme- 
 diately after reading the Iliad, is that the supernatural 
 ' machinery,' consisting in a great degree of the agency of the 
 Olympian gods in hindering or furthering the catastrophe, is the 
 most imitative and conventional element in the poem. But a 
 closer examination of its whole texture brings to light beneath the 
 more conspicuous figures of the Homeric mythology, the presence 
 of other modes of religious belief, feeling, and practice." The 
 distribution of the speeches among the greater and lesser divinities 
 attests the truth of this criticismjfor of the^ 4 speeches in the 
 Aeneid assigned to supernatural agents, 49 are spoken by Juno 
 (13), Venus (11), Jupiter (10), Apollo (3), Iris (3), Mercury (2), 
 Cybele (2), Neptune (2), Vulcan (2), and Diana (1). Of the 
 inferior agencies,^ Juturna (xir, 229 ff., G25 if., 872 IF.) and 
 Faunus (vii, 96 ff.) ajjpear as representatives of the creations of 
 Italian mythology, Allecto (vii, 421 ff., 452 ff., 545 ff.) and the 
 Trojan Penates (ill, 154 ff.) as witnesses, respectively, to the 
 reverential fear with which the invisible world was thouo-ht of. 
 and to the widespread belief in the protecting divinities of each 
 home, city, and state. Other supernatural speakers include the 
 nymphs Opis and Cymodocea, Somnus, Aeolus, Tiberinus, and 
 Charon. 
 
 That the gods as speakers are entirely absent from the 
 Pliar.salia* is due to Lucan's choice of the alternatives presented 
 to him in writing an historical epic on recent events : " Histo- 
 rische Ereignisse, welche der Gegenwart so nahe liegen, vertragen 
 nur schwer eine poetische Behaudlung, entweder liiilt sich die 
 Darstellung an die Geschichte, danu kommt nicht viel mohr als 
 
 ' Roman Poets of the Augustan Age — Virgil, 3d ed., p. 365. 
 " .Speeches within speeches not included. 
 
 ^ v4 'Cf. Sellar, op. cit., pp. 307 ff. 
 
 r^ ^/<^ '♦ii, ^1 IT., speff-h within speecli, can hardly be regarded as an exception. 
 
 
 'i
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic, 19 
 
 eine versifizierte Chronik heraus ; oder sie beschrcitet das Reich 
 der Phantasie, daun geriit sie in Widersprueli mit dem histo- 
 rischen Bewusstsein der Zeit. Nur wenn der Dichter iu die 
 diimmernde ^Velt der Sage sich verseukt, ist sein Geist fiir 
 poetisches Schaffen frei. Lucan bewegt sich auf dem historischeu 
 Boden, gibt also eine in Verseu gebrachte Geschichte, er ver- 
 schmiiht sogar den herkommlichen mythologischen Apparat ; das 
 Fatum ist das Lenkende und Bestimraende." ^ In this manner 
 was also solved the delicate question as to how the gods could aid 
 either " Csesar the freethinker or Pompey the proved failure." - 
 In the other epics of the Silver Age, however, one finds a return 
 to the conventional use of the supernatural. It has been observed 
 that 64 of the speeches in the Aeneid (19 per cent.) are given to 
 mythological characters, a proportion very nearly equaled by the 
 Argonautica with 35 speeches from a total of 188. Statins (in 
 the Thebaid) ^ and Silius Italicus allot to supernatural agents 41 
 and 44 speeches, respectively, 15 per cent, of the whole in each 
 case. To the greater deities 31 speeches are assigned iu the 
 Argonautica, 29 in the Thebaid, 31 in the Punica. The distribu- 
 tion of these speeches in the three epics may be indicated as 
 follows: Jupiter* 5, 8, 10; Juno 9, 3, 11 ; Venus 7, 2, 3 ; 
 Minerva 4, 1, 2 ; Apollo'^ 2, 3, 1 ; Diana 0, 3, ; Mars 2, 3, 1 ; 
 Mercury 0, 0, 2; Iris 0, 1, ; Neptune 2, 0, ; Bacchus 0, 4, 
 1; Pluto 0, 1, 0. As types of the inferior deities as speakers, 
 one may cite Fama, Hecate, Boreas, and Hollo from Valerius 
 Flaccus ; Hercules, Virtus, Ismenos, and Tisiphono from Statins; 
 Fides, Anna, Proteus, Cymodoce, and the god of the river 
 Trobia from Silius Italicus. One of the most striking features of 
 the poems of Claudian, the last reprosentativc of the classical 
 world, is the prominence of the role given to lllytholo^i('al liguros, 
 who deliver 40, or 39 per cent., of the 102 speeches in the four dc- 
 
 'Sclianz, liclmische Litteratur, 2^ 2. aufl., p. 88. 
 
 ' Ilfjill.ind, 1. c, p. XXXV. 
 
 Mn the Afliilloid specclies are given to supcniaturnl nKonls ns f.illows : TliHw 
 
 8, Nepluiie 1, Cliiron ). 
 
 ^Th. V, 047 and I'nn. X, ISCfi iT. inchidcd. 
 
 "^Val. Fl. I, 50r)iT. , Sol to .Jupiler, inclnded licre.
 
 20 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 
 
 partinents considered.^ In 17 other instances personified rivers 
 and localities speak, such as Tiberiuus, Africa, Delos, and Henna. 
 The goddess Rome has seven of these speeches. In this connec- 
 tion the comment of Glover ^ is worthy of note : " In the poetry 
 of Claudian we find two noble conceptions, overlaid and marred, 
 it is true, in some measure by uninspired work, by rhetoric and 
 adulation, yet noble still — the eternal grandeur of Rome and the 
 beauty and sufficiency of the old religion." 
 
 It has been noted above that the proportion of direct speech 
 in the Aencid is much less than in Homer, and that the later epic 
 shows a still further decline. In investigating the causes of this 
 decrease in Vergil and his successors, one would expect to discover 
 as a contributing factor the presence of oratio obliqua, due both 
 to the Roman's liabit of thought ^ and to the influence of the 
 historians, by whom this mode of expression was so generally 
 used.'* An examination of Vergil and the later epic, however, 
 shows that little of the difference can be attributed to this source. 
 It is estimated that the Aeneid contains not over 140 verses of 
 such material, which, if converted into oratio recta, would increase 
 the amount of speech in the poem only about one and one-half 
 per cent. The longest of the passages occurs in viii, 10-7, 
 giving the substance of tlie message sent by the Latins to 
 Diomedes. In xi, 227-30 the result of this mission is indicated 
 by the few verses of indirect discourse representing Diomedes's 
 response, which, however, is given in full by Venulus in vv. 
 252 ff., when he appears before the assembled council. Among 
 the other instances in which oratio recta might have been em- 
 ployed, are : i, 742-6, lopas's song at the banquet in Carthage ; 
 IV, 289-94, Aeneas's speech to his companions after receiving the 
 warning from Mercury; vii, 389-91, Amata's song to Bacchus. 
 
 * The number aasigned to each is as follows : Ceres 8 ; Jupiter 4 ; Diana, 
 Cjbele, Mars, Proserpina, and Pluto 2 each ; Venus, Minerva, and Titan 1 each ; 
 Megaera 3 ; Justice 2 ; Rhadamanthus, Lachesis, Allecto, Bellona, Terra, Aurora, 
 Urania, Electra, a naiad, and Pallas, the giant, 1 each. 
 
 ' Life and Letters in the Fourth Century, p. 236. 
 
 'Cf. Gildersleeve-Lodge, Latin Grammar, 3d ed., 649, n. 1 ; Elderkin, op. cit. 
 p. 31. 
 
 *Cf. Stolz and Schinalz, Lateinische Grammatik, 3. aufl., p, 298.
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 21 
 
 An excellent opportunity for the introduction of a collective 
 speech is offered in ii, 229-33, containing the sentiments of the 
 Trojans in regard to Laocoon and the horse. Vergil's choice of 
 the indirect form in giving the invitation to the contests in v, 
 291-2 and 485-6, has been noted by Heinze.^ Worthy of 
 remark is the use of the well-known form of conclusion, Haec 
 ubi dicta dedit, after the passage of oratio obliqua in vii, 468-70. 
 With the exception of Silius Italicus, the later epic is even less 
 fruitful in material for speech than Vergil. The Pharsalia shows 
 only a few examples, such as the inquiry of Pompey in viil, 
 167-70, the advice of his followers in vi, 317-9, and their 
 complaints in vii, 52-5. Opportunities for speech are more fre- 
 quently presented in the Argonautica with 75 odd verses of 
 oratio obliqua. In viii, 387-99 thirteen verses are concerned 
 with the Argonauts' protest against the presence of Medea, the 
 cause of the many perils to which they were exposed. The 
 details of Hercules's encounter with the Amazons are related 
 indirectly in v, 132-9. Again, iu vi, 17-26, the poet might 
 have reported the exact words of Perses's message to Jason, 
 warning him against the treachery of Aeetes. Tlie Thcbaid, 
 though much longer than the Argonautica, contains only about 
 65 verses of speech-material. As typical examples of Statius's 
 use of oratio obliqua, may be cited Apollo's song to the Muses 
 (vi, 360-4), the Argives' appeal to Adrastus (vi, 924-8), and 
 the messenger's announcement of the arrival of the enemy (vii, 
 227-31). The influence of Vergil is seen in the form of' llic 
 invitation to tlie discus-throw in VI, 646-7. Only in the case 
 of the boxing-match (vi, 729-30) is direct speech used in sum- 
 moning the contestants; here again the example of the Acncid 
 (v, 363-4) is followed. The best instance of oratio oblifpia in 
 the Achilleid occurs in i, 475-81, setting forth the (ireeks' desire 
 for the return of Achilles, a passage coneluded by ihf words, 
 Ilaec Graiae castris iterant 1r!idnn<(|tie cohorles. Though the 
 poem of Silius Italieus is but a versified history of tlie Punic 
 war, largely dependent upon the account ol" Livy, it yields no 
 
 'Op. cit., PI). 101-2.
 
 22 Aspects of the Speech in (he later Roman Epic. 
 
 great :uiu)unt of oratio obliqua ; its 200 odd verses, however, 
 represent a slight increase over the other Eomau epics. In one 
 case (xi, 135-54) the indirect speech continues for as many as 
 20 verses — the limit for the Punica. A comparison of several 
 passages in Silius and Livy, noted by Lemaire,^ shows the prob- 
 able influence of the historian in this connection; for instance, 
 e;K'h uses indirect discourse in expressing the fear of the llomans 
 at the approach of Hasdrubal and their lack of confidence in 
 Nero's ability to cope with the enemy (Sil. It. xv, 516-21, 
 578-87 ; Livy, xxvii, 40, 44). Compare also the thoughts of 
 Hasdnibal and the words of the oracle as given by Silius (xv, 
 607-10; XVII, 1-7) and Livy (xxvii, 47 ; xxix, 10, 11). On 
 the other hand, the poet, in ix, 246-8, expresses in a few verses of 
 oratio obliqua the main thought in the long oration of Hannibal 
 which Livy introduces as direct speech in xxi, 43. In like 
 manner the form of an extract from the latter part of Marcellus's 
 speech in Livy, xxiv, 38, is changed in Sil. It. xiv, 294-7. 
 Note Silius's use of the verb of saying with oratio obliqua, either 
 parenthetically, as in ii, 18, clamat, and xv, 516, iactant, or as a 
 form of conclusion, as in xi, 155, Talia iactantes ; xvii, 118, 
 lactarat talia, 182, Haec postquam dicta. The familiar expres- 
 sion, sub corde volutat, introduces the sentiments of the Roman 
 youth in xii, 556-7. The scattered bits of indirect discourse in 
 Claudian aggregate about 55 verses, including the various rumors 
 reported in In Eutrop. ii, 463-73. For other opportunities for 
 speech in this- invective, compare vv. 307-9, 359-64, 365-9. 
 Material for monologue is found in vi Cons. Hon. 148-51. 
 Note the forms of introduction and conclusion here : ingentes 
 pectore curas Volvebat (vv. 147-8) ; Talia dum secum movet 
 anxius (v. 152). 
 
 In all the epic poets, with the exception of Lucan, there occurs 
 at least once instance of a change from indirect to direct speech, 
 as exemplified by the inquiries of Dido in Aen. i, 750 ff., and the 
 song of the Salii in viii, 288 ff., where Vergil, after stating the 
 argument of the hymn, introduces its exact words.^ As an 
 
 » Ed. Sil. It. « Cf. Forbiger's note on v. 293.
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 23 
 
 illustration from the later epic, may be cited Hercules's protest 
 against the delay at I^emnos in the Argonautica, ii, 375 flf. 
 Compare also Stat. Th. vi, 316 fP.; xi, 462 ff. ; Sil. It. xii, 
 668 flf. ; Claud. R. P. in, 33 ff., within Jupiter's speech to 
 the gods. 
 
 A more significant cause of the limitation of the speech in 
 Vergil, as compared with Homer, is the desire of the Roman 
 poet not only to avoid the superfluous and whatever contributes 
 nothing to the movement of the narrative, but also to leave 
 room for the exercise of the reader's imagination.^ Among the 
 indications of this phase of Vergil's art Heinze cites the restricted 
 use of the speech in messenger-scenes, a tendency apparent in the 
 later Roman epic as well as in Apollonius and Quintus.^ The 
 Pharsalia offers but little by way of illustration owing to the 
 absence of divine agency. In the Argonautica, one finds a 
 message repeated in oratio recta in only one instance. Venus, in 
 II, 131-2, gives to Fama the report which she is to spread 
 among the Lemnian women ; the goddess, with the voice of 
 Neaera, speaks at length to Eurynome in vv. 142-60, amj)lifying 
 the words of Venus. Repetition^ is avoided in iv, 78-81, where 
 a simple statement indicates that Iris delivered to Hercules the 
 command which she had received from Jupiter. In iv, 385-6 
 one first learns that Jupiter had given instructions to Mercury 
 through the words, Imporiumque patris celerans Cyllenius ales 
 Advenit. In v, 546-7 Jason, after liis reply to Aeetcs, sends 
 Cast<jr to bear the king's response to the Argonauts, Turn Castora 
 mittit, Qui ferat Aeaei sociis rcsponsa tyranni. The message is 
 delivered in oratio recta in vv. 553 ff. Often messenger-scenes 
 are entirely devoid of sj)cech. So in Vii, 186-7 it is stated that 
 Juno ordered Iris to bring Jason to the grove mentioned by 
 Venus; she immediately seeks the Argonauts (v. IM!)) and 
 returns to the heavens after performing the task (vv. 396-9). 
 
 »Cf. Heinze, op. cit., pp. 398-9. ' Cf. EhU-rkin, op. cit., pp. 32-0. 
 
 'Juno sends MiiuTva willi :i diar^o to PcrsoH in iri, oOl-.'). Aflcr v. ."JOR, 
 11185.13 petit ociiis or.iH, notiiin^ further is iieard of lliis inisHion, llic re.-il oliject of 
 whicli, as stated in vv. 488-91, is to remove Minerva from the scene. Cf. Lcniaire, 
 I, p. 243, note on v. oOl.
 
 24 Aiipects of the Speech in the later Ixoman Epic. 
 
 Through the two verses of oratio obliqua in vii, 544-5 it appears 
 that Jasou had commanded Echiou to inform Aeetes of his 
 readiness to meet the brazen-footed bulls. Perses's message to 
 Jason in Vi, 17 if., as noted in another connection, is given in 
 the indirect form ; its deliverance is prevented by the sudden 
 appearance of Mars, bringing on the conflict. In i, 91-9 
 Minerva and Juno accomplish their purposes without the aid of 
 messengers. 
 
 Statins shows the same tendency to restrict the use of direct 
 speech in such scenes, though once^ repetition of a command in 
 oratio recta is allowed. In Th. i, 292-302 Jupiter sends Mer- 
 cury to communicate to the shade of Laius the command to be 
 delivered to Eteocles ; in ii, 2 (lussa . . . gerens remeat) and 
 7 (succedit Laius) we learn that Mercury discharged this duty 
 and returned from the lower world, accompanied by the shade of 
 the Theban, who, in vv. 116-9, urges Eteocles to hold the king- 
 dom against his brother. Elsewhere Statius avoids a second 
 speech. The message which Jupiter entrusts to Mercury in vii, 
 6-33 is not delivered to Mars in the direct form. In verse 81 
 one finds the simple statement, Ille refert consulta patris. In x, 
 79 ff. Juno, determined to destroy the Thebans when overcome 
 with sleep, makes use of the services of Iris : Orbibus accingi 
 solitis iubet Irim et omne Mandat opus (vv. 81—2). The mes- 
 senger's speech to Somnus is given directly in vv. 126-31. 
 Again, in xii, 683-6, Phegeus might have spoken in the direct 
 form in announcing Theseus's ultimatum as expressed in v. 598. 
 There is no indication of the deliverance of the messages of 
 Parthenopaeus (ix, 891 &.), and Amphion (x, 499 if.), the latter 
 case affording an opportunity for speech. 
 
 An investigation of the messenger-scenes in Silius Italicus 
 discloses an exceptional instance of a double repetition, which 
 Statius carefully avoided in the mission of the shade of Laius to 
 Eteocles. In viii, 30-8 Juno sends the nymph Anna to revive 
 the spirits of Hannibal and to urge him to hasten into Apulia. 
 
 'Though Maeon addresses Eteocles directly in iii, 59 ff., Tydeus's words in n, 
 699-703 are not repeated.
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later JRoman Epic. 25 
 
 In vv. 211-24 she addresses the Carthaginian leader, who, in 
 turn, repeats to his soldiers the essential part of the message 
 (vv. 233-41). Other messenger-scenes' in the Punica are much 
 briefer. So from ni, 168-9, Cyllenius . . . portabat iussa 
 parentis, one learns that Jupiter had despatched ]Mcrcury ; in 
 vv. 172-82 the messenger speaks to Hannibal in the direct 
 form, disclosing the object of his mission. That Iris conveyed 
 Jupiter's message to Minerva, given in ix, 473-8, is indicated 
 by V. 479, Quae postquam accepit dubitaus Tritonia virgo. In 
 book X, vv. 291-2, state that Lentulus bore to Rome the com- 
 mands which he had received from Paulus in vv. 280-2. In 
 IX, 551-6 Iris, sent by Jujiiter, calls Mars from the field of 
 battle, though direct speech is used in neither case. AVe know that 
 the command was delivered from v. 553, Nee vetitis luctatus abit 
 Gradivus. Opportunities for speech are offered again in xi, 
 204—9, where Ave arc told that Hannibal's summons to Decius 
 is treated with contempt. In this connection may be noted 
 the limitation of direct speech in those scenes in the Punica 
 descriptive of political embassies. Exceptional is Saguntum's 
 appeal to Rome in book i; here, in vv. 634-71, the ambassador 
 Sicoris, carrying out the instructions given in oratio recta in 
 vv. 568-73, pleads before the Roman senate. With this mission 
 contrast that of Bostar in book iii. Verses 6-13 state that ho 
 was sent to consult the oracle of Jupiter Hammon ; of the result 
 of this journey one is first informed tlirougli the envoy's speech 
 to Hannibal in vv. 650-712, within whicii tiic response of the 
 oracle is reported. Often such scenes are without direct s])eoch. 
 In I, 691-4 the Romans send ambassadors to Hannibal, wiio, 
 in II, 11-22, scorns their demands — all expressed ihnnioh orntio 
 
 'The Punica contains an interesting ciine of a command carried out by means 
 of an inscription. In ix, 138-1) Satricus, in addressing his son, nrRos that the 
 imf>etuous Varro be prevented from joining iKittle wiih Ilanniltiil. In v. 175 
 the dying Solimiis writes in blood upon liis sliield the \v<irds, I'l'dK I'lvOKLIA 
 VARKO. Tliis message is borne to the leader in v. 'J<'.1, j.andimt . . . nrma 
 vetantia piignam. 
 
 For other instances of inscriptions in tiic llonian epic, cf. Sil. It. xv, 49U ; 
 Verg. in, 288; Luc. Ii, 343-1; viir, 793 ; Claud. P.. (ioth. r..l.'}-7.
 
 *2G AspecL^i of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 
 
 obliijua. lu IV, 808, His avide dictis, Hannibal is informed 
 of the Carthaginians' decision (vv. 804-5) in regard to the fate 
 of his son. In xi, 64 the Capnans, following the advice of 
 Pacnvius, given in oratio obliqua in vv. 59-63, despatch envoys 
 to Home; Virrius delivers the message in vv. 68-9, tota profudit 
 Consnlta et tnmidis incendit vocibus aures ; in vv. 120-1, 129- 
 30 we learn that the reply of the Koman senate was com- 
 munioated to tiie Capuans. In the indirect form are given the 
 Carthaginians' message to Hannibal in xvii, 156-7, and the 
 speech of the ambassadors in vv. 172-81. 
 
 In only one of the three messenger-scenes in Claudian's 
 mythological epics is direct speech employed. Pluto summons 
 Mercury in R. P. i, 76-7, Tunc Maia genitum . . . Im])erat 
 acciri. Cylleuius adstitit ales. In the direct form (vv. 93-116) 
 he gives the command^ which the messenger makes known to 
 Jupiter, as stated in v. 118, Audierat mandata Pater. From 
 vv. 278—9, lamque viam Pluto superas molitur ad auras Ger- 
 mani monitu, one assumes that Mercury returned with a reply. 
 In R. P. Ill, 1 ff. and Gigan. 42 fp. Iris, in summoning the gods, 
 appears as Jupiter's ^ messenger ; these scenes are without speech. 
 [A further element affecting the shrinkage in the amount of 
 speech in Vergil as compared with Homer is the tendency, noted 
 by Heinze,'^ to confine the speech-scenes witliiu narrower bounds, 
 that is, to restrict the length of the dialogue and to limit the 
 number of speakers appearing in a given scene. The conserva- 
 tism of the later epic in this respect is even more noticeable. In 
 
 ^ Note the manner in which the poet here avoids a long passage of oratio 
 obliqua ; Pluto addresses Jupiter as if he were present : Kedde lovi : Tantumne 
 tibi, saevissime f rater, In me iuris erit? etc. For other messages in this form, 
 cf. Vergil, xi, 177-81 ; Luc. viii, 218-38 ; ix, 87-97 ; Val. Fl. ii, 601-7 ; Stat. 
 Th. IX, 891-907. The two forms are combined in Sil. It. ix, 474-8 : die, Pallas 
 mitiget iras Nee speret lixas Parcarum vertere leges ; Die etiam : ni desistis, etc. 
 
 ' It is worthy of remark that in Vergil and the later epic, Iris serves Jupiter in 
 six instances (Vergil, ix, 803 ; Val. Fl. iv, 77 ; Sil. It. ix, 471, 551 ; Claud. E. 
 P. Ill, 1 ; Gigan. 42), while she appears as Juno's agent in but four (Vergil, v, 
 606 ; IX, 2 (IV, 694 not included); Val. Fl. vii, 186 ; Stat. Th. x, 81). 
 
 'Op, cit., pp. 397-8. To the two instances of Vergil's use of the dialogue of 
 more than three speeches, cited at this place, add the conversation between 
 Jupiter and Juno in x, 607 fF.
 
 Asjyeds of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 27 
 
 regard to Lucau, Basore, 1. c, has recorded the fact that in only 
 two instances is simple address and reply exceeded, and only once 
 do as many as three speakers appear in a given scene. Like 
 restrictions are placed npon the use of coupled dialoguesTas may 
 be seen from viii, 72 If., where Porapey, after speaking with 
 Cornelia, replies to the requests of the Mitylenians. 
 
 In this limitation of the dialogue Claudian shows a near 
 approach to the practice of Lucan, allowing the first speaker to 
 reply in but four instances (B. Gild. 230 £ ; In Ruf. ii, 206 ff. ; 
 IV Cons. Hon. 214 ff.; Pr. et 01. 126 flP.), while only twice are 
 more than two speakers grouped: in B. Gild. 28 if. Jupiter 
 responds to the complaints of Rome and Africa, and in Cons. 
 Stil. II, 231 fiP. Spain, Gaul, Brittany, Africa, and Oeuotria 
 implore Rome to urge that Stilicho accept the consulship. 
 
 In the Argouautica dialogue plays a more important part. In 
 four instances the first speaker replies (iv, 145 If., 436 ff. ; V, 
 282 ff,, 471 ff.). This limit is exceeded, however, in only three 
 cases. In v, 578 ff. Aeetes twice answers the questions of Jasou, 
 adding a third speech in vv. 596 ff. Medea aud Venus together 
 are given four speeches in \ii, 217 ff. In the long scene in 
 which Jasou and Medea figure in book vii, a dialogue of five 
 speeches begins with v. 477. Rarely are more than two speakers 
 grouped. In i, 211 ff., after the prophecies of the augurs 
 Mopsus and Idmou, Jasou encourages his companions; in iii, 
 617 ff. Jason, Meleager, and Telamon speak in the council of the 
 Argonauts ; in V, 624 if. Jupiter silences the dispute bctwopu 
 Mars aud Minerva. 
 
 In no case in Statins is the dialogue carried to tiie extent of 
 six speeches, as in the scene between Aeneas and Venus in Vergil, 
 I, 321-409. The Thebaid and Adiilleid show seven instances in 
 which the first speaker replies (Th. i, 214 if., 557 (f. ; ii, ;}i»3 If. ; 
 III, 607 ff.; X, 423 If. ; Ach. i, 775 ff.; ii, 3211'.). As many as 
 four speeches are foun<l only in tiic scenes between Manlo and 
 Tiresias (TJj. iv, 518 ff.), Adrastus and Ilypsipyle (Th. v, 20 If.), 
 Antigone and Pliorbas (Th. VII, 247 ff.), and Antigenic and 
 Argia (Th. xii, 3<56 ff.). Statins asscml)les (lie largest nuinlu-r 
 of speakers in Tli. xi, 242 ff. After Aepytns's announcement <»f
 
 28 Ai^'pccL'i of the Speech in the later Boman Epic. 
 
 Polynioes's threat, there follow four short speeches aggregating 
 about five verses, in which various members of the king's retinue 
 advise that he scorn the challenge ; then Creou taunts the king 
 for his hesitiition, and the scene closes with an animated reply 
 from Eteocles. Again, in the scene descriptive of the Argives' 
 protest against Lycurgus's threat upon the life of Hypsipyle 
 in Th. Y, 660 ff., first Tydeus speaks, then Adrastus and 
 Aniphiaraus together, then Tydeus again, and finally Lycurgus. 
 Adrastus, Tydeus, and Polynices appear as speakers in Th. i, 
 438 if. ;^ II, 152 fF.; iii, 348 fT. With these instances compare 
 Th. VI, 816 if., where Capaneus replies to the remonstrances of 
 Tydeus and Hippomedon. In Ach. i, 496 if. Protesilaus speaks 
 with Calchas and Diomedes with Ulysses. In the matter of 
 coupled dialogues Statius's usage is confined within even narrower 
 limits than that of Vergil. In Th. xi, 669 if. Oedipus responds 
 to Creon, w'ho speaks again after Antigone's plea for mercy ; in 
 Ach. I, 712 ff. Ulysses, after answering Diomedes, converses with 
 Ivycomedes ; in Ach. ii, 32 if. Ulysses and Achilles are given a 
 dialogue of three speeches, after which the latter replies to the 
 request of Diomedes. 
 
 ^Vith the exception of the scene between Marus and Serranus 
 (vi, 102 ff.), in which the outcries of Regulus's son (vv. 296 ff., 
 416 ff.), serve to break up the long narrative of the old armor- 
 bearer, the dialogue in Silins Italicus is limited to three speeches, 
 of which type there are nine instances in the poem (iii, 69 ff., vii, 
 426 ff. ; viii, 81 ff. ; ix, 111 ff. j^ xiii, 450 ff., 497 ff., 781 ff., 
 833 ff.;-^ xvii, 344 ff.). In the Punica, as in the Aeneid, the 
 meetings of councils afford favorable opportunities for the intro- 
 duction of several speakers. So in ix, 527 ff. Minerva, Juno, 
 and Jupiter discuss the fate of Hannibal, and in xi, 73-109 
 Torquatus, Faliius, and Marcellus express their views in regard 
 to Capua's demand. Again, in xi, 502 ff., Mago, Hannon, and 
 
 ' Here Adrastus is given a second speech after the replies of Tydeus and 
 Polynices. 
 
 'Here Satricus speaks twice before Solimus's reply. 
 
 'By giving Scipio's question in the indirect form in v. 832 Silius avoids a 
 dialogue of five speeches.
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 
 
 representatives of the Barciue faction speak in the Carthaginian 
 senate. Elsewhere three speakers are grouped but twice : ^ 
 compare the prophecy-scene in i, 106 ff., in which Hamilcar, 
 Hannibal, and the priestess figure, and Scipio's conference with 
 the shades of his father and uncle in xiii, G54 ff.- 
 
 That this restriction of the dialogue is conscious in the later 
 epic, as in Vergil,^ is clearly shown by the employment of various 
 means to bring the speech-scenes wnthin certain limits. Inter- 
 ruption of the dialogue is sometimes allowed, as in the Argonau- 
 tica, Y, 670 ff., where Jupiter prevents a continuation of the 
 controversy between Mars and Juno; or in the Thebaid, iii, 
 669 tf., where the shouts of the crowd and the intervention of 
 night bring to au end the discussion between Capaneus and 
 Amphiaraus. Again, in Th. xii, 404 ff., Menoetes forestalls 
 Antigone about to speak for the third time in the dialogue with 
 Argia. In book xiii of the Punica the shades of Pompouia 
 (v. 648), Hamilcar (vv. 750-1), and Alexander (v. 776) depart 
 immediately after replying to Scipio. 
 
 rA further indication of the desire to reduce the length of 
 speech-scenes appears in the form in which questions are often 
 given. ^ Through the use of oratio obliqua Pompey's conference 
 with the pilot is limited to simple address and reply in the 
 Pharsaliay VIII, 167 ff.; an avoidance of direct speech in incjuiring 
 the object of one's mission ^ may be seen in the following 
 instances : Val. Fl. v, 467-8, rogitant . . . quid ausi Quidve 
 ferant ; Stat. Th. ii, 390—1, causas . . . viae nomenque rogatus 
 Edidit ; xii, 544-5, Explorat causas victor poscitque benigno 
 Ore preces. In the Punica, vii, 27 ff. and viii, 77 if. (ipjxir- 
 tunities are offered for increasing the number of spceciies in the 
 dialogues between Cihiius and Hannibal, and Aeneas and Ainia, 
 respectively. Again, in the scene in the lower world (xni), 
 
 'In book XIII the speeches by Autonoe (vv. 435 fT., 489 IT.) and the Sibyl 
 (vv. 72'J fT. , 757 fT. ) have not been con.sidered parts of tlie speccIi-sccncH at these 
 places. 
 
 ' Here Scipio i.s ^iven a second spcecli. 'Cf. Heiiizc, op. cit., p. 398. 
 
 *Cf. Sinon's conference with the Trojans in Aen. ii, C9 fT. 
 
 *Cf. TIcinze, op. cit., p. 101.
 
 oO AsjHcts of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 
 
 Si'ij)io's (]U05;lions are givcu iu the indirect form iu vv. 752 ff., 
 798, and 831-2. 
 
 In other situations also one frequently finds a simple statement 
 or a few verses of oratio obliqua introduced instead of a direct 
 speech. In the Pharsalia, Vi, 319 ff. Pompey replies to his 
 followers, the substance of whose speech is given in the preceding 
 verses; in ix, 123 ff. the dialogue between Cn. and Sex. 
 Pompeius is followed by the statement, Sed Cato laudatam iuveuis 
 compescuit iram (v. 166). In the Argonautica, ii, 557 ff. 
 Valerius avoids more than address and reply in Laomedon's 
 conversation with Hercules ; again, in v, 570 ff., the scene 
 between Jason and Aeetes might have been lengthened. In the 
 Thebaid, ii, 176-200 Adrastus's reply to the appeals of Tydeus 
 and Polynices is not given in the direct form. Note the restric- 
 tion in the scene between Mago and Hannibal iu Sil. It. x, 372 ff., 
 where only one of the three opportunities for speech is taken 
 advantage of by the poet. A like brevity appears in Claudiau's 
 account of J^cllona's interview with Tarbigilus in In Eutrop. ii, 
 180 ff. 
 
 fxt has been seen above that the largest number of speakers is 
 onen found in the meetings of senates or councils ; but even here 
 there occasionally occurs a noteworthy limitation of direct speech. 
 So in the Argonauts' discussion as to M'hether or not Hercules 
 should be left on the shores of Mysia (Val. Fl. in, 613-714), 
 only three of the speeches are given in the direct form, though 
 four other opportunities for speech are offered^at vv. 614, 629, 
 640, and 691. The scenes descriptive of the assemblies of the 
 Colchians (Val. Fl. v, 261 ff.) and of the Argives (Stat. Th. ii, 
 363 ff. ; viir, 275 ff.) are witliout oratio recta. [Of tlie gods 
 contending before Jupiter as to the fate of Thefes and Argos 
 (St»trThr-?^j-^o-4£), only Bacchus is assigned a direct speecliT) 
 Note the absence of oratio recta from the Puuica, i, 672 ff., where 
 tlie Roman senate debates the question of war with Carthage. 
 £T.\issing to the question of points of technique in which the 
 Roman e])ic affc^rds a contrast to the Greek, one finds standino- 
 out j.roniinently the use of the parenthetic verb ^ and phrase, 
 
 ' Ennius places the verb fatur within the speech in Ann. 360 ( Vahlen).
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 31 
 
 through the presence of which the speech becomes less formal and 
 more colloquial in tone. In addition to the simple verb other 
 phrases were introduced, until finally narrative entirely foreign in 
 purpose to the verb of saying was inserted within the body of the 
 speech."! The first extension is seen in the familiar use of a noun 
 subject with the verb, as in Aen. vi, 259, couclamat vates; Val. 
 Fl. V, 293, Pallas ait ; Stat. Th. vii, 78, Occupat Armipoteus ; 
 Sil. It. XIII, 785-6, iuquit Docta comes Triviae. Additional 
 phrases appear in Val. Fl. iii, 259, attonito couclamat ab agmine 
 Tiphys; Stat. Th. ix, 663-4, confusa vicissim Tirgo relert ; 
 X, 268, hortatur clara iam voce sacerdos. The parenthetic 
 expression is still further lengthened in Aen. vi, 723, Suscipit 
 i^nchiscs, atque ordine singula pandit ; xii, 425-6, lapyx Cou- 
 clamat primusque animos accendit in hostem ; Val. Fl. vii, 546, 
 dixit spesque addidit alas. To be noted here are the two cases in 
 Vergil in which the conclusion of a division of the speech is 
 indicated before the speaker continues ; viz., vi, 628-9, Haec ubi 
 dicta dedit Phoebi lougaeva sacerdos, " Sed iam age ; 854-5, Sic 
 pater Auchises, atque haec mirantibus addit : " Aspice.' In one 
 instance Vergil breaks into the speech twice with diifereut parts 
 of the parenthetic expression : cf. xi, 459-60 : 
 
 " Immo " ait " o cives" arrepto tempore Tiirnus, 
 "Cogite conciliima 
 
 Sil ins Italicus, following the Vergilian precedent, separates tlie 
 noun and verb in ix, 184 : 
 
 *'Non verborum," inquit, " slimulantum," Poenus, "egelis, 
 
 This tendency is niore noticeable in the Argonautica, from whidi 
 (he following types may be cited : 
 
 "Nob" ait " ad Scytliici " Tirynlliiiis "oHtia ponti 
 
 II, o7'l. 
 
 "Dicaiii" ait "ac peiiitus caiisas lahemrinc docebo " 
 Mopsus, ct astra tuens " non si niorlalia iiu-inbra 
 
 HI, ;{77-8. 
 
 "Salve vera lovis, vera o lovis" iiridi(iiic "proles" 
 Ingcminant, " o magnaniinis memoranda palawtria 
 
 IV. 3U7-8. 
 
 ' Cf. Withof's punctuation of Sil. It. xill, SoO.
 
 32 Aspeds of the Speech in the later Eonian Epic. 
 
 Note the presence of a second verb with an adverbial phrase in 
 
 VII, 257-9 : 
 
 "quin hoc" ait "audi 
 
 Atque attolle genas" lacrimisque haec infit obortis : 
 "Cum levis aetheriis ad te modo labcrei" auris, 
 
 The parenthetic use of a word connected grammatically with 
 
 other words outside the speech may be seen in the Aeneid, v, 
 
 166-7 : 
 
 " Quo diversus abis ? " itenuu " pete saxa, Menoete ! " 
 Cum clamore Gyas revocabat i ^ 
 
 Here again Valerius Flaccus shows a more varied usage. Com- 
 pare : 
 
 " Sequor, o quicumque deorum" 
 
 Aesonides "ciet" alt us ait, 
 
 IV, 674-5. 
 
 Contra inscius astus 
 "Ergo nee hie nostris derat labor arduus actis" 
 Excipit Aesonides " et ceu nihil aequore passis 
 
 V, 541-3. 
 
 Mars saevus ab altis 
 "Hostis io," conclamat equis "agite ite, propinquat," 
 
 VI, 28-9. 
 
 The connective que is placed within the speech in iv, 473-4 : 
 
 Sustulit hie geminas Phineus ad sidera palmas 
 "Te" que ait "iniusti, quae nunc premis, ira tonantis^ 
 
 As a still further development of this custom, forming a striking 
 feature of the speec^ .n the Roman epic, should be mentioned the 
 use of inter-iol' .a narrative as what may be termed stage-direc- 
 tions • Ae speech in this way gains largely both in naturalness 
 and effectiveness. This practice is especially significant as show- 
 ing the undoubted influence of the drama upon the Roman epic 
 through the medium of rhetoric, and it is a suggestive fact that in 
 the Metamorphoses of Ovid,^ the dramatic story-teller of Roman 
 
 » Cf. also VII, 120-1. 
 
 'Cf. IV, 387; also Ovid, Met. i, 456, 734, 752, 756; ii, 33, 642; in, 644; 
 IV, 337 ; V, 195, 290— et saepe. 
 
 'Often the pure parenthesis is employed (cf. ii, 283 ; iii, 562; v, 280, 282 ; 
 vii, 660 ; IX, 17 ; xii, 88), or narrative descriptive of a gesture of the speaker 
 (cf. I, 590, 050-1; \^II, 575; xi, 693, 725-7, 753; xiii, 132-3, 264, 458).
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the lata' Boman Epic. 33 
 
 literature, one finds a free use of such iuterpolatcd phrases, in 
 many cases similar to that observed in the epic. These phrases, 
 termed stage-directions, representing a conscious adaptation of a 
 custom of the drama, are frequently employed to describe a 
 gesture of the speaker,^ and in two of the following cases are 
 introduced as pure parentheses : ' 
 
 At ramum hunc " (aperit ramum, qui veste latebat) 
 " Adgnoscas." 
 
 Aen. VI, 406-7. 
 
 Cam talis animos iuvenum et tarn certa tulistis 
 
 Pectora." (Sic memorans umeros dextrasque tenebat 
 
 Amborum et voltum lacrimis atque ora rigabat. ) 
 
 " Quae vobis, 
 
 Aen. IX, 249-52. 
 
 Hunc tamen, orba parens, crinem" de.xtraque secandum 
 Praebuit ' ' hunc toto capies pro corpore crinem, 
 
 Stat. Til. IX, 900-1. 
 
 " Accipe digna 
 Et Capua et nobis," inquit, "consulta." Togaque 
 Armatum amota nudat latus, "hoc ego bellum 
 
 Sil. It. XI, 316-8.' 
 
 More often the narrative, witli a verb of saying preceding in 
 some instances, is introduced after a pause in the speech.^ This 
 u,<3e of stage-directions appears in the Aeueid, iv, 657 ff., where 
 
 Note also the extended phrases within the speech (il, 361 ; iii, 116-7 ; iv, 638 ; 
 VI, 263 ; X, 275-6), and the verb of saying separated from its subject (in, 634-5 ; 
 IV, 767-8 ; v, 178-9, 195-6; x, 276 ; xii, 227-8 ; xiv, 37-8). 
 
 '()t)serve the use of such phrases along with the parenthetic verb in Val. FI. 
 IV, 757, Fatur, et ostentans prolem lovis ; Stat. Th. v, 565-6, Claniat, Ft trabe 
 fraxinea Capanuus subit obvius ; Sil. It. Vii, 301, incjuit pariterque maims ad tela 
 ferebat; xiv, 135, Clamat, ciinctantis urgens umbone catervas. 
 
 'Closely related to the above is the use of tlic parenthesis as a means of 
 enabling tlie reader better to understand the words or state of mind of the 
 speaker. The Aeneld affords an ilhistration of such a parenthesis in J.atinus's 
 address to Aeneas in xii, 2ilt)-7, Vl sceptrum hoc" (dextra sceptnim nam forte 
 gerebat) " Numqnam fronde — ." Cf. also Stat. Tli. iii, 7-9; Sil. It. xiii, M9- 
 51, 43.S-11 ; XVI, :il2-3. 
 
 •''Cf. also XII, 70:M1. 
 
 *Such ca-tcs, in whicli no ajipreciabh' interval of time elapses, have been re- 
 garded as one speech. In tlie af)plication of this rub- more JMliliide has been 
 allowed wlierc tiie narrative describes action whicii breaks into the speccli, as in 
 Stat. Th. in, 77-83.
 
 34 Aspcdtt of (he SjKcch m the later Iloman Epic. 
 
 Diilo's action is described before the concluding words of her 
 monologue : 
 
 Felix, heu niniiiim felix, si litora tantum 
 Nuniquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae." 
 Dixit et OS inipressa toro "moriemur inultae, 
 
 In the Arg-onautica, vii, 449-51 the latter part of Medea's speech 
 to Jason is preceded by the following verses of narrative : 
 
 Titania iamque 
 Gramina Perseasque sinu depromere vires 
 Coeperat ; his iterum conpellat lasona dictis : 
 
 In the Thebaid, xi, 625-31 Oedipus's lament closes with a cry 
 of disappointment after his fruitless search for the swords in the 
 bodies of his sons : 
 
 Solvite quaeso manus infestaque vincula tandem 
 Dividite, et medium nunc saltern adraittite patrem." 
 Talia dequestus paulatim insumpserat iras 
 Mortis, et occulte telum, ni nata vetaret, 
 Quaerebat ; sed cauta manu subtraxerat enses 
 Antigone. Furit inde senex : " Ubi noxia tela? 
 Heu Furiae, num totum abiit in corpora ferrum ?" 
 
 For other examples, cf. Val. Fl. i, 723-4; Stat. Th. vi, 173 ; 
 VII, 359-62; ix/73-4; x, 439-40; xii, 92-3; Ach. i, 908 ; 
 Sil. It. XI, 532-6 ; xiii, 762.^ 
 
 The narrative is introduced within the speech not only to 
 describe a gesture of the speaker, but also to represent an act or 
 state of the person addressed. This type occurs in Jason's lament 
 over Idmon and Tiphys in the Argonautica, v, 54 fF. : 
 
 Rectoremque tuae moneas ratis." Haec nbi fatus, 
 Sola virum flammis vidit labentibus ossa. 
 "Quod tamen extremis imum solamen in oris 
 Eestat" ait, " caras humus haec non dividat umbras 
 
 Again, in the Achilleid, i, 785 ff., Ulysses's speech to Diomedes 
 
 ' Occasionally in the later epic, narrative is employed to denote a continuation 
 of the speaker's words, though addressed to a different person, as in Val. Fl. vi, 
 287, Sic furit et patrias coeptis ferus advocat umbras. Cf. also Val. Fl. i, 561-2 ; 
 Sil. It. XI, 542-4 (cf. II, 643-5 and Stat. Th. viii, 80-4, where there is a change 
 of address though not indicated as here); xv, 361.
 
 Asjieds of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 35 
 
 is twice broken into by narrative describing the effect of his 
 words upon Achilles : 
 
 Aspicit intentum vigilique haec aure trahentem, 
 Cum paveant aliae demissaque lumina flectant, 
 Atque iterat : 
 
 (vv. 794-6). 
 
 Exisset stratis, ni provida signo 
 Deidamia dato cunctas hortata sorores 
 Liquisset niensas ipsuiu complexa. Sed haeret 
 Respiciens Ithacum coetuque novissimus exit. 
 Ille quoque incepto paulum ex sermone remittit, 
 Pauca taiuen iunsi-ens : 
 
 (vv. 802-7). 
 
 Cf. also Th. iir, 7G ff. An instance closely resembling that cited 
 from the Achillcid (vv. 794-6) occurs in the Punica, XI, 349-53, 
 within Pacuvius's appeal to his son : 
 
 An tristia vincla 
 Et Decius non erudiunt coruponere mentem ? " 
 Talia comniemorans, famae raaioris amore 
 Flagrantcm ut vidit iuvenem surdunique tiniori : 
 " 2s il ultra posco, refer in convivia gressum ; ' 
 
 A third type of the narrative as stage-directions brings into the 
 
 speech a new element as an occasion for the speaker to continue. 
 
 Compare the Sibyl's words addressed to Aeneas in Vergil, vi, 
 
 oG2 ff. : 
 
 torvosque sinistra 
 Intcntans anguis vocat agmina saeva sororuni." 
 (Turn demuni horrisono stridentes cardine sacrae 
 Panduntur portac. ) " Cernis, custodia qualis 
 
 Vestibulo sedeat ? 
 
 (vv. 571-5). 
 
 Statins .shows an instance of (his use of stage-directions in a 
 speech within a sj>ee(li in 'V\\. v, 129 ff., whore Polyxo takes 
 advantage of tlie aj)pearance of the fleet in the distiince to 
 strengthen lier appeal to the Lemniaii Moiiien : 
 
 Ecfjua tot in caedes aiiitniirn promittit?" Agcbat 
 PIuriliUH ; adverso nitnoruiU vela profiindo : 
 Lemnia clasHis crat. Kapiiit gavissa PdIjxo 
 Forlunam aUjue iterat : " Siiperisne vocantibus nltro 
 Desumus? eccc rates ! deuH hos," 
 
 'Cf. Sil. It. ix, 105 (T. 'Cf. alHoTli. vi, 170(1. ; Sil. It. vi, hVl-b.
 
 36 Aspect,^- of the Speech in the later Bonutn Epic. 
 
 Ill the use of the parentlictic exprcssiou Lucau and Claudiau 
 staiul apart from the other epic poets. In only two instances (vi, 
 762, inquit Thessala ; ix, 979, monstrator ait) does Lucan break 
 into the speech with anything more than the simple verb, while 
 Claudian admits the noun subject with the verb only in R. P. ii, 
 215, Pallas ait; in, 134,subieit Cybele; Pr. et Ol. 127, Dux ait. 
 In one case, R. P. in, 270, the participle vociferans is used 
 parenthetically, though limiting a noun preceding the speech. 
 The parenthesis and narrative descriptive of gesture are totally 
 absent from the speeches of these two poets,^ a fact which, in the 
 case of Lucan, bears out Heitland's ^ criticism of the formal 
 character of the speeches and their lack of spontaneity. 
 
 friiat the Roman epic departed from the formality of the 
 Greek custom in allowing the speech to begin and end within 
 the verse,^ has been noted by Kvicala * and Elderkin,^ who 
 considers this practice an indication of "a less sharply defined 
 feeling as to the objectionableness of a sudden transition from 
 narrative." In this respect the later epic shows even more 
 freedom than Vergil, for, with the exception of the Argonautica, 
 where the speech more frequently closes with the verse, in every 
 case the percentage of speeches beginning and ending within the 
 verse exceeds that in the Aeneid. J A comparison of the usages 
 of the various poets may be made from the following table." 
 
 ' K. P. III. 295 ff. and 31211., have been considered separate speeches ; the inter- 
 vening narrative in both cases serves as a reply to Ceres's complaints. 
 
 ''1. c, p. Ixx. 
 
 *For speeches beginning within the verse in Enniiis, cf. Ann. 45, 111, 394 
 (Vahlen). 
 
 * Beitriige zur Erkliirung der Aeneis, pp. 265-74. 
 
 ^Op. cit., pp. 8, 9, 10 ; cf. aKo Norden, Verg. Aen. vi, p. 135. 
 
 ^ The same liberty is allowed in the use of speech within speech, though the two 
 speeches of this type in Claudian begin with the verse.
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Boman Epic. 
 
 37 
 
 
 Number of 
 Speeches. 
 
 Ko. begin- 
 ning within 
 the Verse. 
 
 ^ beginning 
 
 within the 
 
 Vei-se. 
 
 No. ending 
 
 within the 
 
 Verse. 
 
 ft ending 
 
 within the 
 
 Verse. 
 
 Vero-il" 
 
 331 
 120 
 
 188 
 280 
 299 
 102 
 
 82 
 42 
 68 
 127 
 122 
 39 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 45 
 41 
 38 
 
 81 
 73 
 40 
 120 
 74 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 Lucan - 
 
 61 
 
 Valerius Flaccus 
 
 Statius 
 
 21 
 43 
 
 Silius Italicus 
 
 Claiidian 
 
 25 
 29 
 
 
 
 A further departure from the formality of the Greek epic is 
 seen in the occasional omission of intervening narrative when 
 introducing the speeches in dialogue. With the single exception 
 of Lucan, all the poets of the later period offer one or more 
 instances of this liberty, sanctioned by Vergil in Aen. vi, 719 flf., 
 722 ff. ; IX, 257 ff. The Argonautica yields four examples (iii, 
 377 ff.; IV, 161 ff.; V, 292 ff., 584 ff.), the Thebaid seven ^ (i, 
 465 ; IV, 536 ff. ; ix, 663 ff. ; x, 431 ff.; xi, 258, 259, 260 ff.^). 
 Silius Italicus departs from the conventional method but twice 
 (xiii, 785 ff., 874 ff.), Claudian only once (R. T. iii, 133 ff.). 
 It is worthy of remark that in ten of the seventeen instances 
 cited, there occurs within the speech such an expression as 
 Excipit Ascauius (Aen. ix, 258) or confusa vicissim Virgo vefert 
 (Stat. Th. IX, 663-4). The simple verb ait is found in Val. Fl. 
 
 'The statistics for the Aeneid differ slightly from tho.se given by Kvicala 
 (1. c. ), who includes the beginning of Aencas's narrative at n, 3, as well as the 
 speeches witiiin speeches, witli the exception of vi, 620. Kvicala omits v, 166, 
 615-6; VII, 116; x, 7:^7, 739-41. The following are wrongly cla.ssilied : iii, 
 560 ; JV, 3.'«, 573 (?) ; viii, 185. In the above figures for Vergil, iv, 651-62 has 
 been regarded as one speech ; also vi, 562-632 and 756-859. 
 
 'P'ora detailed arrangement of these speeches in the Pharsalia, cf. the recent 
 dis-scrtation by K. Faust, De Lucani Orationibus, Pars i, Kegimont. 1908, i)p. 6-7. 
 The writer first had an opportimity to examine this monograpli whih- the i>ri'sont 
 work was in pres.s. Faust's cla.ssification embraces speeches within speeches in 
 IF, 81 ff. ; IV, 646 ff. ; viii, 4.'53 ff. ; ix, 87 ff. ; also Pompey's massage to the Pnr- 
 thians, given in tiie direct form in viii, 218 ff. (cf. N. 1, p. 26, supra.), iv, 
 399-400 is not included in Faust's list. 
 
 ■■'Th. Ill, 516, (2uid furtim lacrimas? has been construed as part of Amphia- 
 raus'g speech. Cf. Amar-Lemaire and Lactantius, li. 1. 
 
 'These three speeches addressed to Eleocles are not strictly dialogue.
 
 38 Ai<})ccis of the Speech in the later Roman Epic, 
 
 IV, 101 J Stat. Til. IV, 536. The words, lUe refert coutra, follow 
 Polyuices's brief reply iu Stat. Th. i, 465. Six of these speeches 
 begin within the verse (Stat. Th. i, 405; xi, 258, 259, 260 ff. ; 
 Sil. It. XIII, 785 If. ; Claud. R. P. in, 133 ff.). 
 
 Among the questions yet to be considered concerning the use 
 of the speech in the later epic is that of the monologue. Here 
 Valerius Flaccus ' is especially deserving of study, for in the 
 Argouautica one finds monologues assigned not only to Medea iu 
 books VII and viii, but also to various other characters, such as 
 Jason (I, 150 ff.; IV, 704 ff.), Pelias (i, 712 ff.), Hercules (iv, 
 51 ff.), Hecate (VI, 497 ff.), Juno (i, 113 ff.; ill, 510 ff.), Nep- 
 tune (I, 642 ff.; IV, 118 ff.), Jupiter (vi, 624 ff.), and Minerva 
 (vi, 741 ff.). In this respect Valerius affords a notable contrast 
 to Apollonius, who confines the monologue to Medea and Mene.^ 
 In the forms of introduction the poet avoids the repetition of set 
 phrases, as may be seen from the following instances : Quos 
 talibus amens Insequitur solitosque novat Saturnia questus (i, 
 111-2); Ingemuit luno tandemque silentia rumpit (in, 509); 
 Ingemit ac tales evolvit pectore questus (iv, 117); has imo 
 referebat pectore voces (vi, 496) ; Talibus aegra movens nequi- 
 quam pectora curis (vi, 623) ; medio sic fata dolore est (vii, 8) ; 
 molli semet sic increpat ira (vii, 127) ; talia fatur (vii, 197) ; 
 haec .... gemuit (viii, 9) ; secum (i, 150 ; Vi, 741) ; inquit 
 (i, 643; IV, 51, 700); ait (i, 713; vii, 331). Following the 
 custom of Vergil,^ Valerius frequently allows the monologue to 
 be addressed to an imaginary hearer rather than to the speaker's 
 self, as in i, 712 ff., Pelias to Acastus and Jason; iv, 51 ff., 
 Hercules to Hylas ; 118 ff., Neptune to Melie, Jupiter, and 
 Amycus; 704 ff., Jason to the sea; vi, 497 ff., Hecate to Medea; 
 VII, 198 ff., Medea to Jason (in part); 338 ff., Medea to Aeetes 
 and Circe (in part) ; viii, 10 ff., Medea to Aeetes. 
 
 The type of monologue which serves to portray the state of 
 mind of the speaker in a definite situation is given a much 
 
 ^ For Lucan's use of the monologue, v. Basore, 1. c. 
 »Cf. Elderkin, op. cit., p. 39. 
 'Cf. Heinze, op. cit., p. 422.
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 39 
 
 more important place in the Argonautica than in the Aeucid.^ 
 Illustrative of this class is the monologue of Pelias in i, 712 If., 
 expressing his fear for the safety of Acastus, liis disapproval of 
 the motive which led liis son to enlist in the cause of the 
 Argonauts, and his determination to wreak vengeance upon the 
 parents of Jason. Again, in iii, 510 ff., Juno, complaining that 
 her efforts against Hercules have been of no avail, resolves to 
 gain her purpose at any cost. Each of these monologues, while 
 characterizing the speaker, at the same time prepares the way for 
 some subsequent event, the former for the death of Aeson and 
 Alcimede, the latter for the withdrawal of Hercules from the 
 band of Argonauts. The monologues of Neptune (iv, 118 ff.) 
 and Jupiter (vi, 624 ff.) also show this double purpose, though 
 introduced more especially to foretell the fate awaiting Amycus 
 and Colaxes, respectively. In the psychological portrayal of 
 Medea struggling against her love for Jason and her desire to 
 assist him in the accomplishment of his task, Valerius has used 
 the monologue with excellent effect ; the poet employs this means 
 to depict the various stages through which her love passes before 
 it obtains the final mastery over her will.^ Thus in the begin- 
 ning of book VII she first confesses the cause of her disquietude, 
 for such sleepless nights were unknown before the stranger's 
 arrival. Yet why, she asks, should her thoughts be only of 
 Jason? It was not for her sake he came to Colchis, and even 
 if he should care for her, there is but little chance that they will 
 ever see each other again, Nam quando domos has illc rcviset? 
 Aut mens Haemonias quando pater ibit ad urbes? (vv. 16-7). 
 Through the reference to the good fortune of those allowed to 
 follow such a leader she intimates her desire to return with 
 Jason, onlv to close with a half-hearted wish that he depart 
 from her sight, scd sic (pUKpie earns abito (v. 20). Jason's 
 spirited reply (vv. 89-100) in accepting the conditions imposed 
 by the treacherous Aectes serves to deepen the love already begun 
 
 ' Cf. Ilcinze, op. cit. , pp. 420-'J. 
 
 ^Summers (op. cit., pp. 21-5), in his disciis'^ioii of Valcriu.s'H Irc-atiiienl of llic 
 passion of love as coiiH)art<l with that of Apolloniiis and Vergil, refere to several 
 of the monologues to be examined here.
 
 40 Aspects of the Speech in the later Boman Epic. 
 
 and to increase tlic anxiety of Mcdca, until finally (vv. 128 ff.) 
 she reproaches herself for all that she suffers on account of one 
 who, perchance, will forget even her name : why should it make 
 a difference to her whether he perish or not ? A reason for her 
 interest appears in the very words with which the question is 
 concluded, et tanto turbetur Graecia luctu ? This self-reproach 
 and feigned indifference is followed immediately by the wish that 
 his fate had been placed in the hands of others, and that he had 
 never come to the shores of Colchis. She next seeks to justify 
 her commingled feelings of pity and love for Jason through the 
 mention of his relationship to Phrixus, the concern of her sister 
 Chalciope, and the circumstances under which he entered upon 
 the voyage ; in the end she wishes that he may return to Greece, 
 whether victorous or not, unmindful of the prayers which she has 
 offered in his behalf and bearing no ill will toward her father. 
 The arrival of Venus in Colchis has its effect upon the heart of 
 Medea even before the goddess appears to view. In vv. 198- 
 209 she no longer protests against her love for Jason ; now the 
 thought of his death is uppermost in her mind. In the opening 
 words of her monologue Medea suggests the means of escape 
 which she herself is to offer later : would that his mother or wife, 
 if, alas ! there be such a one, might come to his rescue with 
 Thessalian potions ! For what can she, a maiden, do but weep 
 for his misfortunes, Quidne tuos virgo possim nisi flere labores? 
 (v. 200). As if this inability to render assistance were not hard- 
 ship enough, she, as her sister's companion, must even witness 
 his death. How can she bear to have Jason believe her, too, 
 unmoved by his fate, when she is so deeply concerned ? Her 
 one solace is in the thought that she can honor his last remains, 
 though unable to prevent his death. But Venus comes in the 
 disguise of Circe and with skillful voice pleads the cause of 
 Jason. Medea is unable to resist the entreaties of the goddess, 
 and her love for the stranger finally wins in the conflict with her 
 loyalty to her father. She enters the innermost chamber with the 
 determination to bring forth the magic drugs ; the sense of shame 
 overcomes her, and thinking of death as a ready means of escape, 
 she hesitates once more before the final surrender :
 
 As2:)ects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 41 
 
 "Tune sequeris" ait "quidquam aut patiere pudendum, 
 
 Cum tibi tot mortes scelerisque brevissima tanti 
 
 EfEugia?" 
 
 (vv. 331-3). 
 
 She delays, gaziug at the fatal drugs, but soon the desire to live 
 
 triumphs. How can she die upon the very threshold of life and 
 
 give up all the joys of youth and the compauionship of a brother 
 
 not yet grown to manhood ? Then, too, she could not be so cruel 
 
 as to forsake Jason, who had placed his trust in her alone. Again 
 
 the consciousness of guilt returns and she attempts to justify her 
 
 course of action : her father should have exposed Jason to the 
 
 fury of the fire-breathing bulls at the very outset, ere her heart 
 
 was touched with compassion for him ; she cannot do otherwise 
 
 than yield to the persuasions of one so experienced and powerful 
 
 as Circe : 
 
 Tester cara tuas, Circe Titania, voces, 
 
 Te ducente sequor, tua me grandaeva fatigant 
 
 Consilia et monitis cede minor." ^ 
 
 (vv. 347-9). 
 
 In Statins the monologue is less freely used ; the Thebaid 
 and Achilleid together oifer but eight clear cases, distributed 
 among the following characters : Etcocles (Th. iii, G if.), Apollo 
 (Th. VI, 372 ff.), Diana (Th. ix, 713 ff.), Pietas (Th. xi, 465-70, 
 471), Argia (Th. xii, 209 ff.), Thetis (Ach. i, 31 ff), Achilles 
 (Ach. I, G24 ff.). In introducing the monologue Statius favors 
 the use of a simple parenthetic verb, such as ait (Th. xi, 465, 
 471 ; xir, 209 ; Ach. 1, 31) or clamat (Th. in, 6) or inquit (Th. 
 IX, 713). The phrase secum is employed iu Tli. vr, ;'>72, and 
 Ach. I, 624. in regard to fj^nn, the monologues of Diana and 
 Argia appear as illustrations of the type addressed to an imaginary 
 hearer. Statius furnishes a single example of the Entscheidungs- 
 monolog in Tli. vi, 372 ff. : Apollo, uncertain as to whether he 
 should favor Admetus or Ampliiaraus in liie chariot race in which 
 they are about to engage, fnially determines to cast his intluence 
 on the side of the augur, whom so few joys await in the short 
 
 ' If vv. 331-3 and .3.38 fT. he conKidcrcd together, wo have lioie tlio one instance 
 of the KnUscheidungsmonolofj occurring in the .Vrgonautica. 
 
 In the above analyHiH the various notes of Leinaire have proved helpful.
 
 42 Aspects of the Speech in the later lioman Epic. 
 
 time that he is to live. The soliloquies of Eteocles (Th. in, 6 ff.) 
 aud Thetis (Ach. i, 31 if.) may be cited as representative of 
 Statius's use of the monologue for the purpose of characterization. 
 lu the former the poet pictures the forebodings of the Tiieban 
 king suffering the torments of a guilty conscience, in the latter 
 the feelings of Thetis at the approach of the Trojan fleet — her 
 solicitude for Achilles and her determination to appeal to Neptune 
 for aid. A parallel to Valerius's usage in the Argonautica, iv, 
 118 ff. is afforded by Statius in the monologue of Diana (Th. ix, 
 713 ff.), serving to prepare for tlie approaching death of 
 Parthenopaeus. 
 
 Of the fifteen ^ monologues in the Punica seven are allotted to 
 Hannibal as follows: vii, 147 ff. ; ix, 421-2; xii, 497 ff. ; 
 XVII, 221 ff., 260 ff., 558 ff., 606 ff. Other speakers include 
 Jupiter (VI, 600 ff.), Solimus (ix, 169 ff.), Varro (ix, 646 ff.), 
 Apollo (xii, 407 ff.), Hasdrubal (xv, 508 ff.), the genius of Italy 
 (xv, 523 ff.), Cato (xv, 731ft*.), the soldiers of Scipio (xvii, 
 127 ff.). In the forms of introduction the phrase secum often 
 appears, as in vii, 146, ita secum immurmurat ; xv, 522, His 
 super infrendens sic secum ; XVii, 221, Haec secum infrendens ; 
 606, Cum secum Poenus. Note the combination of favorite 
 phrases in xii, 496, Sic igitur secum eurasque ita corde volutat. 
 The simple verb inquit is used in vi, 600 ; ix, 171, 646 ; xv, 
 508, 731 ; xvii, 559. The introductory verb is omitted in xii, 
 407 and xvii, 127. Instances of the type of monologue tending 
 in form toward the half-dialogue are offered by Silius Italicus in vi, 
 600 ff. ; IX, 169 ff'. ; xii, 407 ff. ; xvii, 260 ff., 606 ff. The 
 nearest approach to the Entscheidungsmonolog is seen in xii, 
 497 ff., where Hannibal, hesitating whether or not to withdraw 
 from Capua, finally reaches the decision to march on Rome. The 
 class of monologues which characterize the speaker in a definite 
 situation figures prominently in the Punica. The following may 
 be cited by way of illustration. In vil, 147 ff. Hannibal, 
 discouraged and irritated by his lack of success in the contest with 
 
 'Such cases as iv, G06ff., ix, 375 ff., 481 ff., in which the speaker may have 
 intended that his words should be heard by others present, have not been in- 
 cluded here.
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 43 
 
 Fabius, wonders if his former victories would have been won, had 
 he been opposed by the Roman leader. In ix, 646 ff. Varro's 
 realization of the baseness of his flight leads him to think of 
 suicide as preferable to returning to Rome in disgrace. In xvii, 
 221 ff. Hannibal, indignant that he should have departed from 
 Italy without having captured Rome, resolves to return at once 
 and accomplish his purpose ; again, in vv. 558—65, the poet por- 
 trays Hannibal's despair at the opposition of the gods and his 
 sense of responsibility for the miseries resulting from the war ; 
 finally, in vv. 606-15, the words of the boastful Carthaginian 
 leader reveal a spirit defiant of the gods and uncrushed by defeat. 
 
 From the four departments of Claudian seven monologues have 
 been gathered ; of this number, three occur in the mythological 
 epics (R. P. Ill, 313 ff., 407 ff. (Ceres) ; Gigan. 98 ff. (Pallas)), 
 three in the invectives (In Ruf. ii, 11 ff. (Rufiuus), 88 ff. (citizens 
 of Constantinople) ; In Eutrop, i, 373—4 (Rome)), one in the 
 panegyrics (vi Cons. Hon. 274 ff. (Alaric)). As forms of intro- 
 duction, one finds the phrase, Haec etiam sccum (In Ruf. ii, 11), 
 and the verbs profatur (R. P. iii, 406), fatur (vi Cons. Hon. 
 273) and inquit (Gigan. 98). In R. P. iii, 313 ff. ; In Ruf. ii, 
 88 ff. ; In Eutrop. i, 373-4 no introductory form is employed. 
 For the type of monologue addressed to an imaginary hearer, 
 compare R. P. ill, 407 ff. ; In Ruf. ii, 88 ff. (in part) ; vi Cons. 
 Hon. 274 ff. (in part). An examination of this class of speeches 
 with reference to their content discloses no case of the Entschci- 
 dungsmonolog. An excellent example of the monologue used for 
 the purpose of characterization is offered by Claudian in vi Cons. 
 Hon. 274 ff., expressing Alaric's despair in the midst of (lie mis- 
 fortunes which iiavc come upon him ; the monologues of Ceres 
 (R. V. Ill, 313 ff.) and Rufinus (In Ruf. ii, II IT.) also serve a 
 second purpose in motivating the action ; the on(! jjrcpares for the 
 goddess's search for Proserpina, the other for renewed invasiona 
 by the barbarian forces. 
 
 Tlie lament for the dead, though not really monologiu*,' is (o 
 be considered in a discussion of this phase of the later epic 
 
 ' C'f. Ilcinzc, op. cit., [». 421.
 
 44 Axpecti^ of (he Speech in the later Roman Epic. 
 
 spceeli. The Pharsalia furnishes an instance worthy of mention in 
 Cornelia's lamentations (ix, 55 if.), provoked by the sight of the 
 flames arising from the funeral pile of Pompey.^ In Valerius 
 Flaccus, Jason (in, 290 flP.) and Clitc (in, 31G ff.) mourn over 
 the body of Cyzicus, and Jason again, in v, 37 If., over Idmon 
 and Tiphys. In Statins the lament naturally appears with more 
 frequency ; the Thebaid yields as many as nine examples, scat- 
 tered through the various books as follows : in, 151 if. (Ide) ; v, 
 608 ff. (Hypsipyle) ; vi, 138 ff. (Eurydice); ix, 49 ff. (Polynices), 
 376 ft'. (Ismenis) ; x, 793 ff. (the mother of Menoeceus) ; xi, 
 605 ff. (Oedipus) ; xii, 72 ff. (Creon), 322 ff. (Argia).' In these 
 laments in the Thebaid one finds certain similarities in the modes 
 of thought of the different speakers, though there occurs but 
 little repetition of phrase : so the one lamenting grieves over the 
 change in the condition or appearance of the loved one (in, 154— 
 6 ; Y, 613-5; ix, 381-4 ; xii, 322-4), or refers to the wounds 
 of the dead (in, 153; ix, 69-70; x, 813-4; xi, 624; xii, 340), 
 or places the responsibility upon the gods or others, who in some 
 cases are immediately exonerated of all blame (vi, 143-50; xi, 
 617-23 ; V, 620-4 ; x, 795-803 ; xii, 333-7). No example of 
 tliis type of speech is found in either Silius Italicus^ or Claudian. 
 r The collective speech, representing the words of several or 
 many speakers,' is seldom made use of by Vergil ; only four 
 instances are found in the Aeneid. / The warning of the Trojan 
 Penates is expressed in in, 154 ff., and the lament of the Trojan 
 women in Y, 615-6. viii, 293 ff. is devoted to the priests' song 
 to Hercules, and xi, 483 ff. to the prayer of the Latin matrons. 
 In the later epic the collective speech is more prominent. Nine 
 cases appear in Lucan (i, 248 ff. ; ii, 45 ff., 68 ff.; in, 307 ff. ; 
 lY, 399-400; y, 261 ff., 682 ff.; Yin, 110 ff.; ix, 848 ff.), five 
 in Valerius Flaccus (i, 627 fi'.; n, 113-4; iv, 327 ff.; v, 17 ff., 
 
 *Cf. Cornelia's words (viii, 639 ff. ) uttered just before the death of Pompey. 
 
 '^Thc complaints of Lycurgus(vi, 197 fP. ) and tlie Argives (viii, 174 £f.) 
 should also be noted here, though differing either in content or situation from 
 the laments cited above. 
 
 ' V, 594 ff., Hannibal to Sychaeus, is not a clear case. 
 
 *Cf. Ennius, Ann. 110 ff. (Vahlen).
 
 Asj^ects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 45 
 
 550 ff.), seveu in Statius (Th. i, 173ff.; vii, 123 f F. ; viii, 174ff.; 
 X, 67 ff., 584 ff., 588; xii, 472-3). Silius Italiciis furnishes 
 nine examples (i, 568 ff., 598 ff.; vii, 78 ff. ; viii, 659 ff. ; xi, 
 603 ff.; XII, 643 ff.; xv, 571 ff.; xvi, 342-3; xvii, 127 ff.), 
 Claudian ten (B. Gild. 488 ff. ; B. Goth. 461 ; R. P. ii, 367 ff.; 
 In Ruf. II, 88 ff., 228 ff., 261 ff., 385 ff. (?) ; In Eutrop. i, 350 ff., 
 359 ff. ; VI Cons. Hon. 570 ff.).^ In connection with Statius 
 several additional instances are to be noted in which two char- 
 acters speaks simultaneously, as in the reply of Tydeus and 
 Polynices in Th. i, 447 ff. : Vix ea, cum mixto clamore obliqua 
 tuentes Incipiuut una : " Rex o mitissime Achivum, Quid verbis 
 opus? Of. also Th. v, 669-71; vi, 816-7. Note the abridg- 
 ment in the singular example occurring in Th. xii, 458—9, where 
 the poet gives in turn the words of Antigone and Argia de- 
 manding punishment from the soldiers of Creon : haec fratris 
 rapuisse, haec coniugis artus Contenduut vicibusque probant. 
 " Ego corpus, ego ignes, Me pietas, me duxit amor." Elsewhere 
 in the later epic but one case appears in which the same words 
 are given to two speakers : cf. the formula of exhortation in Sil. 
 It. IV, 98, "Arma, viri, rapite arma, viri," dux iustat uterque. 
 f^As significant of the content of these collective speeches, the 
 following typical classes may be mentioned : complaints of sol- 
 diers and citizens (Luc. i, 248 ff. ; ii, 45 ff. ; v, 261 ff. ; ix, 
 848^.' ; Stat. Th. i, 173 ff. ; Claud. In Ruf ii, 88 ff.) ;_oxpres- 
 sions__of_iiAr (Stat- Th. vii, 123 ff.),^orrow (Th. viii, 174 ff.)^ 
 wonder (Th. xir, 472-3), joy (Val. Fl. iv, 327 ff. ; Claud. B. 
 Goth. 461 ff.) ; ojjinions in regard to political affairs (Stat. Th. x, 
 584 ff., 588 ff. ; "Claud. Tn Eutroj). i, 350 ff., 359 ff.) ; ])rayers to 
 the_j£ods (Val. Fl. v, 17(1'.; Stat. Tli. x, 67 ff. ; Sil. II. xii, 
 643 ff.); wonlsjffi-diQi^iti^ (Sil. It. xv, 571 ff. ; xvii, 127ff. ; 
 Claud. B. Gild. 488 ff. ). Ojdv oc casionally is the subject singular 
 in forni.'7As ])arallels to the Greek usage," one finds the indefinite 
 aliquis'in Luc. ii, 67 ; Stat. Tli. i, 171 ; Claud. In Kulrop. i, 
 
 'Speeches within speeclics in Stat. Th. v, 41)1-2, ;n((l Sil. It., xiii, 10-G, not 
 included. 
 
 ' Cf. Elderkin, op. cit., j)p. 4'2-3 ; also Faust, op. cit., p. 21, witii rrviiw liy H. 
 Helm in Woch. Fiir Kl. I'l.il., 1908, no. o'J, cols. 1423-4.
 
 4() Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 
 
 350 ; the iiulcfiiiite alter iu In Eutrop. i, 358 ; the distributive 
 quisqiie in Sil. It. XV, 571 ; xvii, 127. For quisque in the form 
 of conclusion, compare Luc. i, 257. 
 
 I The results of the preceding investigation may be briefly sum- 
 mhrizcd as follows : 
 
 1. In the later Roman epic, iu general, one finds a restriction 
 of the conversational side of speech with a nearer approach to 
 declamation, for, compared with the standard of Vergil, the later 
 epics show a decrease in the amount of speech employed as well 
 as in the number of speeches, with the exception of Statius's 
 Achilleid and Claudian's historical epics in the one case, and of 
 the Argonautica of Valerius Flaccus in the other. Moreover, the 
 average length of the speech tends to increase in the later epic, 
 though here again Valerius Flaccus affords a contrast to his 
 contemporaries, for the speeches in the Argonautica are even 
 shorter than those in the Aeueid. Lucan, Silius Italicus, and 
 Claudian employ a larger number of speeches exceeding 40 verses^ 
 in length than does Vergil, while Statius's poems contain only 
 about oue-half as many such speeches ; the Argonautica shows 
 practically no departure from the Vergilian practice. Again, the 
 tendency which Vergil shows to restrict the length of dialogue and 
 to confine the speech-scenes within narrow limits is even more 
 noticeable in the later epic, especially in Lucan and Claudian. 
 
 2. An examination of the various books of the different epics 
 with reference to their percentages of speech reveals the fact that 
 dramatic interest and lively action are frequently indicated by a 
 large number of speeches rather than by a high percentage of 
 speech. 
 
 3. In the practice of inserting speech within speech the later 
 epic follows the example of Vergil ; the large majority of such 
 speeches occur within those 40 verses or more in length. 
 
 4. The speakers in the Roman epic are confined to gods and 
 men, unless the case in which the figure-head of the Argo speaks 
 
 'The longest speech in the Roman epic (450 vv.) is found in Statins, the 
 shortest (2 words) in Claudian.
 
 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 47 
 
 to Jason in a dream be considered an exception. In regard to 
 objects addressed, greater liberties are allowed ; one finds speeches 
 directed to the sacred doves of Venus, the Trojan ships, a hero's 
 arm and spear, to horses, the Argo, the dragon, etc. 
 
 5. In the diiFerent epic poems the principal characters are 
 naturally the most prominent speakers ; in Vergil, for example, 
 Aeneas has 21 per cent, of the 331 speeches, practically the 
 same proportion as that assigned to Hannibal in the Punica. 
 Through the conventional use of the supernatural as a motivating 
 force the gods are given an important place as speakers in all the 
 Roman epics with the exception of the Pharsalia. Especially 
 noteworthy in this respect is the usage of Claudian, who allots to 
 mythological figures 39 per cent, of the total number of speeches 
 in the various poems, exclusive of those instances in which per- 
 sonified rivers and localities speak. 
 
 6. But little of the decrease in the percentage of speech in the 
 Roman epic, as compared with Homer, is due to the presence of 
 oratio obliqua, for in the Punica, where speech-material is most 
 
 A^abundant, there occur only 200 odd verses of indirect discourse, 
 ^"^ which, if converted into the direct form, would increase the 
 amount of speech in the poem less than one and three-fourths 
 per cent. 
 
 7. A more perceptible cause of the decrease iu the percentage 
 of speech in Vergil, due to the more cultivated taste of the 
 artificial epic, is the restriction of direct speech in messenger- 
 scenes, a tendency to avoid superfluous repetition, noticeable also 
 ill the later epic ; a simple statement or the ])rescnce of the 
 messenger or a few verses of oratio obliqua indicates that the 
 envoy had been despatched, or that the message was delivered. 
 
 8. Striking dej)artnres f'loin the cusloiii ol' (he Greek epic are 
 found in the hal)it of l)cginning and ending the speech witiiin 
 the verse (extended in the \i\ivv epic) ' and in the ])rivilege of 
 introducing the speeches in dialogue without intervening narra- 
 tive;' tlie Roman epic thus avoids the formality of tiie Greek 
 
 ' Note the exception in the Argonautica. 
 ' Liican ofTcre the only exception licre.
 
 •IS Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 
 
 e\y\Q aiul at the same time adds to the realism and effectiveness 
 of the situation, as may be seen from Polynices's ready reply 
 to Tydeus in the heated argument before Adrastus (Stat. Th. i, 
 4G5). His speech follows immediately that of his rival ; the poet 
 purposely avoids the use of narrative to conclude the former 
 speech or to introduce the latter. A still more marked contrast 
 to the Greek epic is afforded in the introduction within the speech 
 of increased phrases and narrative serving as stage-directions. 
 The Roman epic here shows the influence of the drama in its 
 desire to give a natural and life-like portrayal of the situation, 
 an influence not observed in Lucau and Claudian, as such inter- 
 polated narrative descriptive of gesture and the like is entirely 
 absent from the more formal speeches of these two poets. 
 
 9. The Vergilian type of monologue addressed to an imaginary 
 hearer frequently occurs in the later epic ; in the forms of introduc- 
 tion there is found but little repetition of stereotyped phrase. 
 The class of monologues which serve to portray the state of mind 
 of the speaker in a definite situation figures more prominently 
 than in the Aeneid ; in Valerius Flaccus particularly is this the 
 case/]} The Eutscheidungsmonolog is rarely used ; the later epic 
 offers but three instances. Only in the Thebaid is there any 
 considerable amount of lament for the dead. 
 
 10. The collective speech appears with greater frequency in 
 the later epic than in Vergil. As in Apollonius and Quintus,^ 
 the purpose of this class of speeches is to express feeling and 
 opinion rather than to assist the action of the poem. ) 
 
 'Cf. Elderkin, op. cit., pp. 42-3.
 
 LIFE. 
 
 Herbert Cannon Lipscomb was born in Salisbury, Md,, 
 September 17, 1882. In the autumn of 1898 he entered Ran- 
 dolph-Macon College, where he graduated with the degree of A. 
 B. in 1901, and A. M. in 1902, having served as Instructor in 
 Latin during the last two years of his course. The two sessions 
 following his graduation were spent in teaching in Randolph- 
 Macon Academy at Bedford City, Va. In October, 1904 he 
 entered the departments of Latin, French, and Italian of the 
 Johns Hopkins University, where he studied under Professors 
 Smith, Wilson, and Armstrong, Associate Professor Ogden, and 
 Doctors Barrett and Shaw, to all of whom he wishes to acknowl- 
 edge his obligations. To Professor Smith, under whom his work 
 in Latin was mainly done, he is especially indebted. Also to 
 President R. E. Blackwell of Randolph-lMacon College, to 
 Associate Professor D. M. Robinson of the Johns Hopkins 
 University, and to Dr. G. W. Eldcrkin of the American School 
 at Athens he desires to express his appreciation of the interest 
 shown in the present work and of the many helpful suggestions 
 offered during its preparation.
 
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