Ai , A = A = — c^ = 01 =- - n: 1 ^= j:: 4 m ==^^ 3 1 7 s S— IS ;::; — T- 7 = T . ^ -C 4 =i — 2> 7 = — ~ ^^ 1 ^OFCAllFnp^/ OC V<^ ■JiiijNv;>ui-"^^ ^^MF I'NIVER^/A C3 5^ ^OF-CAtlFO^I'^ Co ^7 ■l^ V^ v^lOSANCElfj-^> o ^^^t•LIRRARYa^^ ^F-CAllFWr, ^nM \ ^.l/OJilVJjO' v< .'^"^ >&Aav«an-^\\^ .^ ^ ^WFUNIVEi >- ex. < ?:. AOSANCEia ;^ A: O ,'>a3AiNn-3HV ^^ ■^/ mv .^ //^ osl05ANGEl% ,0V~^" iUk- A '^ViiJMINQ'JUV > -< .vVinSANCFlfx ^i; ^. -< ^^^M•LIBRARY• ^, S '^ .-v(>F-CAllFOff,!'. ^y. W •er of verses of speech in tiio individual books extend from 2 (in, VII ) to lit vv. (viii), causing a iinal decrease of G3 vv. in the total amount of speech, which, according to Schneidewin's statistics on pp. 131-2, should l)e 3820 vv., thouKli on the i)reccding page the total is given as 3862 vv. (Note also the different figures given for book ii in the first and second tables). These discrepancies may l>e due partly to the fact tliat in tlio writer's statistics for the Roman epics, tiiose verses within which the speech begins or ends have been considered complete. A rearrangement of the various books of the Aeneid according to their percentages of speech was, therefore, found necessary. ' Cf. Ilein/.e, oji. cit., |ip. 397 ff. 'Ct. Eldcrkin, op. cit., p. C>. 8 Astpecis of the Speech in the later Roma7i Epic. poems are given to direct speecli. Of these departments, the historical epics, De Bello Gildonico and De Bello Gothico, have -1(> per cent, speech, 539 in 1173 verses. Next in order is the nntini^hed epic, De Raptu Proserpinae, with the fragment of the Gigantomachia. Of the 1236 verses, 449 (36 per cent.) are speech. If the statistics be based upon these four poems alone, Chuidinn employs 41 per cent, speech. The invectives. In Kufnunn and In Eutropium, have 619 verses of speech or 31 per cent, of an aggregate of 2029 verses. A further decrease is found in the 3612 verses of the panegyrics of Probinus and Olybrius, Manlius Theodorus, Honorius, and Stilicho, and in the Laus Serenae, which contain 796 verses of direct speech or 22 per cent. /L.Again a departure from the Vergiliau standard may be seen in the number of speeches employed, for, with the exception of the Argouautica, none of the later epics uses the speech so frequently as does Yergily In the Aeneid there are 331 speeches (1 in 30 verses). The Pharsalia shows a noteworthy decrease with but 120 speeches (1 in 67 verses). Valerius Flaccus employs 188 speeches (1 in 30 verses), slightly exceeding Vergilian frequency. In the two epics of Statins there are 280 speeches (1 in 39 verses) — 248 in the Thebaid (1 in 39 verses); 32 in the Achilleid (1 in 35 verses). The 12202 verses of the Punica contain 299 speeches (1 in 41 verses). Direct speech occurs still less fre- quently in Claudian ; the four departments considered yield but 102 speeches (1 in 79 verses). In the mythological epics, where direct discourse is most often used, there are only 26 speeches (1 in 48 verses). In the invectives there are 30 speeches (1 in 68 verses); in the historical epics, 17 (1 in 69 verses). The widest departure is seen in the panegyrics with 29 speeches (1 in 125 verses). [This decrease in the percentage of speech and in the number of speeches, which the later epic for the most part shows, indicates a restriction of the conversational element in keeping with the general characteristics of this period of public recitation. Pass- ing, however, to the question of the average length of the epic Bpeech, one would naturally expect to find an increase in those Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 9 poems produced in an age when the rhetorical schools flourished, and ostentatious declamation was the chief delight of an idle circle of dilettanti. In point of fact, this tendency is seen in all the poets of the later period, with the exception of Valerius Flaccus, whose speeches are even shorter than those in Vergil — 10.16 vv. in the Argonautica as compared Avith 11.35vv. in the Aeucid. The average length of the speech in Lucau (21.55 vv.) is almost twice that in VergilT] Statins (14.42 vv.) and Silius Italicus (12.57 vv.) are more conservative. The length of the speech in Claudiau (23.56 vv.) is greater than in any other of the epic poets. In the panegyrics (27.45 vv.) and historical epics (31.71 vv.) the speeches are longer than in the mythological epics (17.27 vv.) and inv^ectives (20.63 vv.). It is also a significant fact that although in Lucan, Silius Italicus, and Claudian the percentage of speech is less than in the Aeneid, and the speech is used less frequently, yet these poets show an increase in the number of speeches over 40 verses in length. Statius, on the other hand, employs only about one- half as many such speeches, though the bulk of the Thebaid and Achilleid exceeds that of the Aeneid, and the average length of the speech is greater than in Vergil, who, however, uses the speech more frequently. Here agaiu Valerius Flaccus shows practically no departure from Vergil's custom.^ Of these excep- 'The Aeneid has 13 such speeches. To Schncidewin's list (1. c, pp. 133-4) are to be added tlie following: iii, 013-54; vi, 756-85'J (the longest speech in Vergil) ; xi, 535-94. No book of the Pliarsalia is without a speech of at least 40 verses; tiie entire poem offers 18 instances (l, 299-351; ii, 68-232 (the longest speech in Lucan), 242-84, 531-95 ; in, 307-55 ; iv, 470-520, 593-000; V, 319-01; VI, 777-820; vii, 250-329, 342-82; viii, 202-327, 331-453, 484- 535; IX, 5.5-108, 1004-1104; x, 194-331, 353-98). Of the G speeches of this type in Valerius Flaccus, the longest is Phineus's prophecy to Jason in iv, 553- 624. Cf. also in, 377-416, 049-89; iv, 351-421; v, 471-518; vii, 35-77. Statius furnishes 7 examples (Tii. I, 557-672 ; v, 49-498 (the longest speech in the Roman cjiic) ; vi, 138-84 ; vn, 294-373 ; viir, 34-85 ; xii, 546-80 ; Ach. II, 96-107); Silius Italicus 18 (ii, 279-320, 330-74; ni, 571-029, 650-712; vi, 118-293 (the longest si)eech in the I'unicn), 299-414,432-550 (note the device which the poet here uses to avoid a long iminlerrupted speech of 400 odd verses); VII, 4.37-93 : viir, 110-59 ; xi, 440-80, 502-52, 555-000 ; xiii, 36-81, 523-014 ; XV, 69-120; xvi, 004-43,045-97; xvii, 295-337). Tlic 17 speeches of this class in Claudian are distributed as follows : panegyrics 7 (iv Cons. Hon. 214- 10 Aspects of f/ic Speech in the later lioindu Epic. tioiuilly long speeches in the later epic, the narrative type figures most prominently.^ The shortest speech iu the Roman epic appears in Claudian, B. Goth. 401, ipse venit. No speech iu Vergil is shorter than VII, IIG, Heus ! etiam mensas' consumimns.^ Four words is the limit for Lucau in ix, 979, Hcrceas . . . non respicis aras? The Argonautiea has two speeches five words in length in iv, 674-5 and VI, 29. Summers^ remarks u})on Valerius Flaccus's fond- ness for speeches of not over two or three verses. It is found that of the 188 speeches in the Argonautiea, 46,^ or 24 per cent., fall within this limit. The shortest speech in Statius occurs in Th. X, 393, Cohibete gradual quicumque.^ The Punica contains a speech of three words in xiii, 137, adsis . . . Latonia, coeptis. Of speeches one verse or less in length, other than those cited above, there are seven in Vergil (i, 437 ; ii, 322 ; v, 166 ; vi, 620 (speech within speech); x, 481, 737; xii, 296), five in Valerius Flaccus (iii, 45, 475 ; iv, 387 (speech within speech) ; A'li, 529; viii, 467), seven'' in Statius (Th. i, 465; ii, 535, 641; V, 647; x, 492, 588; xi, 471), four ^ in Silius Italicus (ii, 258 ; IV, 59, 98 ; xvii, 445), none in Lucan or Claudian.^ 352 (the longest speech in Claudian), 370-418 ; vi Cons. Hon. 274-319, 3G1- 425, 427-93 ; Cons. Stil. ii, 279-339 ; Man. Theod. 276-340) ; liistorical epics 5 (B. Gild. 23-127, 139-200, 236-320, 427-66 ; B. Goth. 269-313); invectives 3 (In Eiitrop. I, 391-513 ; ii, 112-59, 534-602) ; mythological epics 2 (K. P. m, 19-65, 196-259). 1 Cf. Lucan, ii, 68 ff. ; iv, 593 S. ; x, 194 ff. ; Val. Fl. iv, 351 ff. ; Stat. Th. i, 557 fl. ; V, 49fl. ; vn, 294 ff. ; Ach. ii, 96 ff. ; Sil. It. vi, 118 ff., 299 ff., 432 ff. ; vn, 4.37 ff. ; viii, 116 ff. ; xi, 440 ff. ; xni, 36 ff. ^ Euhoe Bacclie (vii, 389) has not been considered speech, 'Op. cit., p. 61. *iv, 387 not included, i, 723-4 considered one with the preceding speech; also IV, 757-8. viii, 463 has been read after v. 440. * Tlie following monosyllabic outcries have not been regarded as speech : aquae (Th. iv, 804, 805); Mater (Th. ix, 350); Crenaee (Th. ix, 356). ® Th. X, 441 considered one with tlie preceding speech. ' For the disposition of ii, 045, cf. the above note. ^To he noted here are those speeches approaching this limit, though beginning and ending within different verses. In some cases they are much shorter than one verse. Cf. Vergil, v, 615-6, 637-8 (speech within speech); vi, 45-6; Lucan iv, 399-400 ; Val. Fl. v, 212-3 ; vi, 373-4 ; Stat. Th. v, 663-4 ; xi, 257- 8, 258-9 ; xii, 458-9, 472-3 ; Sil. It. xii, 168-9. As2:)ects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 11 As to the amount of speech iu the various books of the different epics. One would expect the highest percentage to indicate the greatest intensity in dramatic interest ; yet this is not always the case, for it sometimes happens that one book, having a few exceptionally long speeches, ranks higher in the list than another in which the speech occurs with greater frequency, and in which there is much more action. This will be seen in several instances to be cited in the following discussion. In the Aeneid the highest percentage of speech (54) is found in book VI, containing the scene in the lower world, throughout which dialogue is freely employed. Here, too, are the long speeches of 103 and 69 verses by the shade of Anchises and the Sibyl, respectively. Book IV with 49 per cent, is next in order ; it is not surprising to find the speech so freely used in this highly dramatic portion of the Aeneid. Vergil's desire to relieve the monotony in the description of battles may be seen from the use made of direct speech in book x (31 per cent.). In no other section of the Aeneid does there appear so large a number of speeches, one for every 22 verses; here occur scenes in which the gods figure (vv. 6-113, 607-32), addresses to the armies (vv. 279-84, 294-8, 369-78), a command to an armor-bearer (vv. 333-5), prayers for aid (vv. 421-3, 460-3), a combatant's outcry (v. 481), appeals of the fallen for mercy (vv. 524-9, 597- 8), the victor's reply (vv. 531-4), the curse of the dying (vv. 739-41), lament over the dead (vv. 846-56), a hero's address to his steed (vv. 861-6). Again in book v (27 per cent.), con- taining the account of the funeral games and the departure of the Trojans from Sicily, is direct speech emi)l()yed more frequently than in some otiier i)arts of the poem whore the percentage of speech is higher. In this book occur 35 speeches of an average length of 6.80 verses. The lowest percentage of speech (2 1) and the smallest number of speeches (17) are found in book vri, where more than 200 verses are given uj) (o describing tlic preparations for war and to cataloguing the leaders of the Latin allied forces. The percentages of speech in the various books of the I'harsalia extend from 18 (ill) to 52 (iij. The number of long speeches, 12 Afipccfs of the Speech in the later JRoman Epic. rather than the frequency with which the speech occurs, accounts chicHv for the higli percentages iu books ii, viii, and x ; three of the twelve speeches in book ii aggregate 273 verses; book VIII, M'itli 51 per cent, speech, has 442 verses of oratio recta, 241 of which are due to three of the seventeen speeches. The average length of the four speeches in book x (40 per cent.) is 55 verses. The loM^est percentage is used iu book iii, where the average length of the speech is less than in any other book. In the Argonautica the highest percentage of speech (46) occurs in book iv, containing Hercules's mission to Prometheus at the command of Jupiter, the contest between Pollux and Amycus, and the long speeches of Orpheus and Phineus. Book VII, with 45 per cent, speech, is the crucial point of the story, representing the struggle in Medea's mind and heart, and her final decision to aid Jason. Book v (40 per cent.) describes the Argonauts' arrival at Colchis in the midst of the excitement over the disposition of the fleece, and Jason's meeting with Medea and Aeetes. The lowest percentage of speech (15) is in book vi, about 145 verses of which are devoted to a catalogue of the forces of Aeetes and Perses, after which follows the description of the battle. In the Thebaid the fifth book has the highest percentage of speech (74), owing to the presence of Hypsipyle's long narrative of 450 verses, though in dramatic interest it is inferior to book III (50 per cent.), which contributes largely to the motivation of the action of the poem with the prophecy of Maeon, bringing news of Tydeus's victory, the interference of Jupiter in sending Mars to carry on the war, the meeting of the Argive council, the omens observed by the seers Melampus and Amphiaraus, and Adrastus's response to the appeal of Argia. A high percent- age of speech (48) is also employed in book i, containing the complaints of Oedipus, the Thebans' murmurs of discontent, the meeting of Tydeus and Polynices, and the beginning of their acquaintance with Adrastus. In book xi (47 per cent.) the climax of the story is reached in the encounter of the two brotliers, and Creon's assumption of power. The amount of Aspects of the Speech m the later JRoman Epic. 13 speech iu book vii (42 per cent.)^ is appreciably increased by the narrative of Phorbas, giving the list of the forces united under Eteocles. For Statius's use of direct discourse in books descrip- tive of fighting, compare book ix, with 31 per cent, speech and 29 speeches of an average length of 9.96 verses. In the account of the funeral games in book vi, the lowest percentage of speech (11) is used. In the Achilloid 80 per cent, of book ii is direct speech, 33 per cent, of book i. In the Punica, book vi has the highest percentage of speech (69). Of its 716 verses, 411, or 57 per cent., are concerned witli Marus's recital of the events of the first Punic war ; it contains but 11 speeches, one for every 65 verses, whereas book XIII, with a smaller percentage of speech (56), has 40 speeches, one for every 22 verses. Here, in Scipio's descent into the lower world, dialogue plays an important role.^ Book xiv, giving an account of Marcellus's campaign iu Sicily, has the lowest percent- age (3) ; its four speeches aggregate only 18 verses. With the exception of Cons. Stil. i, where there is no case of direct discourse, the lowest percentage of speech (4/5) in the four departments of Claud ian is found in the Laus Serenae, the highest (75) in the historical epic on the Gildonic war. The percentages of speech in the different books of the epics and iu the invectives and panegyrics of Claudian are given in the following tables. St ATI us. Vergil. Thcbaid. VI .539 II .357 IV .401 IX .320 ,'III .400 X .312 XI .444 X il .-I'.n I .440 V .273 III .307 VII .245 v .744 II .3 1 2 III .503 i\ .300 I .483 VIII .209 XI .468 XII .297 VII .117 X .272 IV .319 VI .110 ' Cf. Aen. VII, containing; Vergil'a ciiUlogiie ; cf. also Val. KI. vi. ' Cf. Vergil's usage in book VI. 14 Aspivfa of the Speech in the later liovuin Epic. LUCAN. II .524 I .259 VIII .507 VII .236 X .403 IV .222 V .366 VI .218 IX .316 III .184 Valerius Flaccus. IV .465 VII .453 V .401 VIII .373 I .344 m .300 II .268 VI .151 Achilleid. II .802 I .334 SiLius Italicus. VI .687 XIII .558 XI .481 VII .353 VIII .317 III .317 XV .311 XVI .309 XVII .284 II .267 IX .266 X .229 XII .225 V .193 IV .183 I .182 XIV .026 Historical epics. B. Gild .751 B. Goth .223 Claudia N. Mythological epics. E. P. Ill .565 II .269 1.212 Gigan .273 Invectives. lu Huf. II .315 I .307 In Eutrop. i .306 II .294 Panegyrics. Mau. Thcod. .376 IV Cons. Hon. .313 VI " " .309 m " " .118 Pr. ct 01. .269 Cons. Stil. II .282 III .062 I .000 Laus Screuae .008 A statistical summary of the use of the speech in the Roman epic follows. Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 < 8 9 Number of verses in Epic. Number of verses of Speech. Per Cent, of Speech. Number of Speeches. Frequency of Occurrence. Average Length of Speech. Longest Speech. Shortest Speech. Number over 40 vv. Vergil 1 9896 3757 38 331 1 for 30 vv. 11.35 vv. 103 vv.= 4 words. 13 Lucan 8060 2586 32 120 1 " 67 " 21.55 " 165 " 4 words. 18 Val. Fl 5592 1911 3-1 188 1 " 30 " 10.16 " 72 " 5 words. ?tatius^ 10868 4037 37 280 1 " 39 " 14.42 " 450 " 3 words. i~ Th Ach 9741 1127 12202 3582 455 3759 37 40 31 24S 32 299 1 " 39 " 1 " 35 " 1 " 41 " 14.44 " 14.22 " 12.57 " 450 " 72 " 176 " 3 worcis. 3 vv (?). o words. 1 Bilius IS Claudian 8050 2403 30 102 1 " 79 '^ 23.56 " 139 " 2 words. 17 Hist, epics... Myth, epics.. Invectives.... Panegyrics... 1173 123G 2029 3612 539 449 619 796 46 3G 31 22 17 26 30 29 1 " 69 " 1 " 48 " 1 " 68 " 1 " 125 " 31.71 " 17.27 " 20.63 " 27.45 " 100 " 64 •' 123 " 139 " 2 Words. 3 vv ^?). 2 vv (?). 2 vv ('U. 5 2 t In the custom of inserting one speech within another/ the later epic follows the example of Vergil, who employs seven * such speeches ranging in length from 1 to 42 verses. There are four "^ in Lucan (3 to 11 vv.), four" in Valerius Flaccus (1 to 14 vv.), nine ^ in Statius (2 to 37 vv.), eleven ^ in Silius Italicus (2 to 33 vv.), two '" in Claudian (2 to 5 vv.). As indicative of the favorite habitat of these speeches, it is worthy of note that 28 ' IX, 14G-7 and xn, SOl-2, transpo.'^ed by Kibbcck, have been read after vv. 145 and 800, respectively. In books ii and iii, only those speeches occurring within Aenea.s'8 long narrative have been considered. 'Parenthetic exi)re.«sion3 one verse or more in length have not been included in reckoning the total number of verses in the speech. ' Verses removed from the te-\t of the Tiiebaid and Achilleid by Kohlmann and Klotz have i)een restored, with the exception of tlie ver.-^e following Tb. vm, 446. Th. IV, 716, bracketed by Koblmami, has been omitted. * Cf. Ennius, Ann. 45-6 ( Vahlen.) 'II, 116-9; V, 637-8; vi, 620; vir, 124-7; viii, 499-503; xi, 252-03, 557- 60; the following (piotations from an o|pjument'8 speith not included : i,\, 110; X, 85 ; XI, 399, 442. «n, 81-8 ; iv, 646-9 ; vm, 533-5 ; i.\, 87-97. 'IV, 3G0-4, .387, 581-4 ; vii, 206-87 less vv. transpo.sed by liaehrens. "Th. I, 643-61 ; v, 104-42, 136-8 (included within the preceding), 215-7. 271-84, 491-2— all within Ilyp-ipyle's narrative; x, 206-11 ; xi, 24S-9 ; xii, 333-5. "ni, 675-91, 700-12; vi, 242-7, 437-49, 467-89, 500-18— all within Maruh's narrative; vir, 449-57; vm, 140-7; .\m, 15-0, 58-C2, 71-7. '"15. Goth. 546-7 ; K. P. m, 41-5. IG Aspects of the Speech in the later lioman Epic. (7G per cent.) of the 37 cases cited occur within speeches 40 verses or more in lenirth. ri'ho speakers in the Roman epics from Verg-il to Claudiau are eon fined to gods and men/ with the possible exception of the Argonantica, i, 302 if., where the figure-head of the Argo, coronatne . . . tutela carinae, hewn from the prophetic oak of Dodona, speaks to Jason in a dream, "-i r^^Iu Vergil the speeches, as a rule, "are also addressed to either gods or men, though departures from this custom are occasionally met with. In iv, 651 if. Dido directs the opening words of her monologue to the Trojan robes and the familiar couch. ^/Aeneas appeals to the sacred doves of Venus (vi, 194-6), arm Cybele urges the Trojan ships to leave the shores as goddesses of the sea) (ix, 116-7). Turnus beseeches the winds in x, 676 ff. Mezen- tius, the " despiser of the gods," invokes his right arm and spear in X, 773-4, Dextra mihi deus et telura, quod missile libro. Nunc adsint ! So Turnus, in the conflict with Aeneas, relies upon his spear for aid (xii, 95-100). The presence of Mezentius's speech to his horse in x, 861-6, Heyne, h. 1., justifies in these words : " Sed in naturae humanae indole hoc ipsum videtur alte insitum esse, ut cum iis ipsis animantibus, quibus diu adsuevimus, tam- quam cum familiaribus et sodalibus agamus et confabulemur. . . . Non vero pro epici carminis dignitate nimis humile hoc videri debet in equo bellatore. In Mezentio accommodatum erat commcntum, quia mox equi vulnere ipsi sessori caedes paratur." In XII, 872 ff. a portion of Juturna's complaint is addressed to one of the furies in the form of an owl. Of the later epic, the speeches in the Pharsalia are directed to either gods or men. Exceptions to this rule in the Argonautica, are those speeches to the Argo (iv, 335-6), the fire-breathing bulls (vii, 547-8), and the dragon (viii, 75-8, 95-104).2 Statins follows the license of Homer and Vergil in the introduction of Hopleus's speech to the horse of Tydeus in Th. ix, 211 ff. * The invectives and panegyrics of Claiulian offer no exceptions. 'The last three instances are only parts of speeches. Note the situation in vn, 547. Aspects of the Speech in the later Homan Epic. 17 Imitation of the Aeneid appears again in Capanens's invocation of his right arm in Th. ix, 548-50, Ades o mihi, dextera, tantum Tu praesens bellis et iuevitabilc numen, Te voco, te solam superum contemptor adoro. To the serpent sacred to Jupiter, the same hero speaks words of scorn in Th. v, 565 ff. In the Puniea there occur three speeches addressed to horses (iv, 2G5 ff. ; xvi, 380 ff., 426 ff.) ; of these, the last two are in the way of exhortation during the chariot race. Other instances worthy of mention are Hannibal's exclamation in ii, 455, Heu quantum Ausonio sudabitis, arma, cruore ! and the prayers of Sabratha (xiv, 440-1) and Bato (xiv, 458-9), addressed to the figure of the protecting divinity of the ship. Compare also the words of Scipio's soldiers in XVII, 129, Fac nostrum hoc, mea dextra, decus. Noteworthy in Claudian is Titan's command to the golden years, rutili . . . grex aureus anni (Cons. Stil. ii, 450).^ fjlhe prominence of the different characters in the epic poems is indicated to a certain extent by the frequency with which they appear as speakers." Of the 331 speeches in the Aeneid, for example, 70, or 21 per cent., are assigned to Aeneas, 29 to Tur- nus, 16 to Anchises, and 13 to Dido. In the Pharsalia, Caesar, with 23 speeches out of 120, is followed by Pompey (16), Cato (8), and Cornelia (5). Jason, in the Argonautica, speaks more often tlian Medea, who, however, does not appear until after the beginning of book v ; to the former 38 speeches are given, to the latter 24. In the Thebaid, Statins naturally does not assign so large a ])ercentage to any one character. Tydeus and ^Vdrastus lead with 24 and 21 speeches,' respectively?] In the two books of the Achilloid 25 per cent., represents the proportion allotted lo Thetis. Silius Italicus gives to Hannibal, the most iini)ortant figure in the Puniea, practically the same relative number oi' speeches (62)* as Vergil assigns to Aeneas; Scipio Africanus ' For the type of speech addressed to cities, ishinds, etc., cf. Vorgil in, .^inOff. ; Val. Fl. V, -202-3; Slut. Th. iv, 82o fT. ; .\ch. i, 38-1 IT. ; Sil. It. xii, r,:',;? |T. ; Claud. R. P. I, 191 fl. ; In Eutr(.|>. n, 2% IT. ''Cf. Kiderkin, op. cit., p. 27. »Th. I, 44.SfT. ; v, 6G9 fl. ; vi, 81G1T. included. ♦iv, 4«J8 included. '>i r 18 A.'^'pcds of the Speech in the later lioman Ejnc. maior is next in order with 23. No satisfactory comparison can be Diade of" the four departments of CUiudian. fT^hrough the important place given to the suijernatural as a motivating force, the gods figure conspicuously as speakers in the epic. In discussing this phase of Vergil's art, Sellar ^ says : " The first general impression produced by reading the Aeneid imme- diately after reading the Iliad, is that the supernatural ' machinery,' consisting in a great degree of the agency of the Olympian gods in hindering or furthering the catastrophe, is the most imitative and conventional element in the poem. But a closer examination of its whole texture brings to light beneath the more conspicuous figures of the Homeric mythology, the presence of other modes of religious belief, feeling, and practice." The distribution of the speeches among the greater and lesser divinities attests the truth of this criticismjfor of the^ 4 speeches in the Aeneid assigned to supernatural agents, 49 are spoken by Juno (13), Venus (11), Jupiter (10), Apollo (3), Iris (3), Mercury (2), Cybele (2), Neptune (2), Vulcan (2), and Diana (1). Of the inferior agencies,^ Juturna (xir, 229 ff., G25 if., 872 IF.) and Faunus (vii, 96 ff.) ajjpear as representatives of the creations of Italian mythology, Allecto (vii, 421 ff., 452 ff., 545 ff.) and the Trojan Penates (ill, 154 ff.) as witnesses, respectively, to the reverential fear with which the invisible world was thouo-ht of. and to the widespread belief in the protecting divinities of each home, city, and state. Other supernatural speakers include the nymphs Opis and Cymodocea, Somnus, Aeolus, Tiberinus, and Charon. That the gods as speakers are entirely absent from the Pliar.salia* is due to Lucan's choice of the alternatives presented to him in writing an historical epic on recent events : " Histo- rische Ereignisse, welche der Gegenwart so nahe liegen, vertragen nur schwer eine poetische Behaudlung, entweder liiilt sich die Darstellung an die Geschichte, danu kommt nicht viel mohr als ' Roman Poets of the Augustan Age — Virgil, 3d ed., p. 365. " .Speeches within speeches not included. ^ v4 'Cf. Sellar, op. cit., pp. 307 ff. r^ ^/<^ '♦ii, ^1 IT., speff-h within speecli, can hardly be regarded as an exception. 'i Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic, 19 eine versifizierte Chronik heraus ; oder sie beschrcitet das Reich der Phantasie, daun geriit sie in Widersprueli mit dem histo- rischen Bewusstsein der Zeit. Nur wenn der Dichter iu die diimmernde ^Velt der Sage sich verseukt, ist sein Geist fiir poetisches Schaffen frei. Lucan bewegt sich auf dem historischeu Boden, gibt also eine in Verseu gebrachte Geschichte, er ver- schmiiht sogar den herkommlichen mythologischen Apparat ; das Fatum ist das Lenkende und Bestimraende." ^ In this manner was also solved the delicate question as to how the gods could aid either " Csesar the freethinker or Pompey the proved failure." - In the other epics of the Silver Age, however, one finds a return to the conventional use of the supernatural. It has been observed that 64 of the speeches in the Aeneid (19 per cent.) are given to mythological characters, a proportion very nearly equaled by the Argonautica with 35 speeches from a total of 188. Statins (in the Thebaid) ^ and Silius Italicus allot to supernatural agents 41 and 44 speeches, respectively, 15 per cent, of the whole in each case. To the greater deities 31 speeches are assigned iu the Argonautica, 29 in the Thebaid, 31 in the Punica. The distribu- tion of these speeches in the three epics may be indicated as follows: Jupiter* 5, 8, 10; Juno 9, 3, 11 ; Venus 7, 2, 3 ; Minerva 4, 1, 2 ; Apollo'^ 2, 3, 1 ; Diana 0, 3, ; Mars 2, 3, 1 ; Mercury 0, 0, 2; Iris 0, 1, ; Neptune 2, 0, ; Bacchus 0, 4, 1; Pluto 0, 1, 0. As types of the inferior deities as speakers, one may cite Fama, Hecate, Boreas, and Hollo from Valerius Flaccus ; Hercules, Virtus, Ismenos, and Tisiphono from Statins; Fides, Anna, Proteus, Cymodoce, and the god of the river Trobia from Silius Italicus. One of the most striking features of the poems of Claudian, the last reprosentativc of the classical world, is the prominence of the role given to lllytholo^i('al liguros, who deliver 40, or 39 per cent., of the 102 speeches in the four dc- 'Sclianz, liclmische Litteratur, 2^ 2. aufl., p. 88. ' Ilfjill.ind, 1. c, p. XXXV. Mn the Afliilloid specclies are given to supcniaturnl nKonls ns f.illows : TliHw 8, Nepluiie 1, Cliiron ). ^Th. V, 047 and I'nn. X, ISCfi iT. inchidcd. "^Val. Fl. I, 50r)iT. , Sol to .Jupiler, inclnded licre. 20 Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. partinents considered.^ In 17 other instances personified rivers and localities speak, such as Tiberiuus, Africa, Delos, and Henna. The goddess Rome has seven of these speeches. In this connec- tion the comment of Glover ^ is worthy of note : " In the poetry of Claudian we find two noble conceptions, overlaid and marred, it is true, in some measure by uninspired work, by rhetoric and adulation, yet noble still — the eternal grandeur of Rome and the beauty and sufficiency of the old religion." It has been noted above that the proportion of direct speech in the Aencid is much less than in Homer, and that the later epic shows a still further decline. In investigating the causes of this decrease in Vergil and his successors, one would expect to discover as a contributing factor the presence of oratio obliqua, due both to the Roman's liabit of thought ^ and to the influence of the historians, by whom this mode of expression was so generally used.'* An examination of Vergil and the later epic, however, shows that little of the difference can be attributed to this source. It is estimated that the Aeneid contains not over 140 verses of such material, which, if converted into oratio recta, would increase the amount of speech in the poem only about one and one-half per cent. The longest of the passages occurs in viii, 10-7, giving the substance of tlie message sent by the Latins to Diomedes. In xi, 227-30 the result of this mission is indicated by the few verses of indirect discourse representing Diomedes's response, which, however, is given in full by Venulus in vv. 252 ff., when he appears before the assembled council. Among the other instances in which oratio recta might have been em- ployed, are : i, 742-6, lopas's song at the banquet in Carthage ; IV, 289-94, Aeneas's speech to his companions after receiving the warning from Mercury; vii, 389-91, Amata's song to Bacchus. * The number aasigned to each is as follows : Ceres 8 ; Jupiter 4 ; Diana, Cjbele, Mars, Proserpina, and Pluto 2 each ; Venus, Minerva, and Titan 1 each ; Megaera 3 ; Justice 2 ; Rhadamanthus, Lachesis, Allecto, Bellona, Terra, Aurora, Urania, Electra, a naiad, and Pallas, the giant, 1 each. ' Life and Letters in the Fourth Century, p. 236. 'Cf. Gildersleeve-Lodge, Latin Grammar, 3d ed., 649, n. 1 ; Elderkin, op. cit. p. 31. *Cf. Stolz and Schinalz, Lateinische Grammatik, 3. aufl., p, 298. Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 21 An excellent opportunity for the introduction of a collective speech is offered in ii, 229-33, containing the sentiments of the Trojans in regard to Laocoon and the horse. Vergil's choice of the indirect form in giving the invitation to the contests in v, 291-2 and 485-6, has been noted by Heinze.^ Worthy of remark is the use of the well-known form of conclusion, Haec ubi dicta dedit, after the passage of oratio obliqua in vii, 468-70. With the exception of Silius Italicus, the later epic is even less fruitful in material for speech than Vergil. The Pharsalia shows only a few examples, such as the inquiry of Pompey in viil, 167-70, the advice of his followers in vi, 317-9, and their complaints in vii, 52-5. Opportunities for speech are more fre- quently presented in the Argonautica with 75 odd verses of oratio obliqua. In viii, 387-99 thirteen verses are concerned with the Argonauts' protest against the presence of Medea, the cause of the many perils to which they were exposed. The details of Hercules's encounter with the Amazons are related indirectly in v, 132-9. Again, iu vi, 17-26, the poet might have reported the exact words of Perses's message to Jason, warning him against the treachery of Aeetes. Tlie Thcbaid, though much longer than the Argonautica, contains only about 65 verses of speech-material. As typical examples of Statius's use of oratio obliqua, may be cited Apollo's song to the Muses (vi, 360-4), the Argives' appeal to Adrastus (vi, 924-8), and the messenger's announcement of the arrival of the enemy (vii, 227-31). The influence of Vergil is seen in the form of' llic invitation to tlie discus-throw in VI, 646-7. Only in the case of the boxing-match (vi, 729-30) is direct speech used in sum- moning the contestants; here again the example of the Acncid (v, 363-4) is followed. The best instance of oratio oblifpia in the Achilleid occurs in i, 475-81, setting forth the (ireeks' desire for the return of Achilles, a passage coneluded by ihf words, Ilaec Graiae castris iterant 1r!idnn<(|tie cohorles. Though the poem of Silius Italieus is but a versified history of tlie Punic war, largely dependent upon the account ol" Livy, it yields no 'Op. cit., PI). 101-2. 22 Aspects of the Speech in (he later Roman Epic. great :uiu)unt of oratio obliqua ; its 200 odd verses, however, represent a slight increase over the other Eomau epics. In one case (xi, 135-54) the indirect speech continues for as many as 20 verses — the limit for the Punica. A comparison of several passages in Silius and Livy, noted by Lemaire,^ shows the prob- able influence of the historian in this connection; for instance, e;K'h uses indirect discourse in expressing the fear of the llomans at the approach of Hasdrubal and their lack of confidence in Nero's ability to cope with the enemy (Sil. It. xv, 516-21, 578-87 ; Livy, xxvii, 40, 44). Compare also the thoughts of Hasdnibal and the words of the oracle as given by Silius (xv, 607-10; XVII, 1-7) and Livy (xxvii, 47 ; xxix, 10, 11). On the other hand, the poet, in ix, 246-8, expresses in a few verses of oratio obliqua the main thought in the long oration of Hannibal which Livy introduces as direct speech in xxi, 43. In like manner the form of an extract from the latter part of Marcellus's speech in Livy, xxiv, 38, is changed in Sil. It. xiv, 294-7. Note Silius's use of the verb of saying with oratio obliqua, either parenthetically, as in ii, 18, clamat, and xv, 516, iactant, or as a form of conclusion, as in xi, 155, Talia iactantes ; xvii, 118, lactarat talia, 182, Haec postquam dicta. The familiar expres- sion, sub corde volutat, introduces the sentiments of the Roman youth in xii, 556-7. The scattered bits of indirect discourse in Claudian aggregate about 55 verses, including the various rumors reported in In Eutrop. ii, 463-73. For other opportunities for speech in this- invective, compare vv. 307-9, 359-64, 365-9. Material for monologue is found in vi Cons. Hon. 148-51. Note the forms of introduction and conclusion here : ingentes pectore curas Volvebat (vv. 147-8) ; Talia dum secum movet anxius (v. 152). In all the epic poets, with the exception of Lucan, there occurs at least once instance of a change from indirect to direct speech, as exemplified by the inquiries of Dido in Aen. i, 750 ff., and the song of the Salii in viii, 288 ff., where Vergil, after stating the argument of the hymn, introduces its exact words.^ As an » Ed. Sil. It. « Cf. Forbiger's note on v. 293. Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 23 illustration from the later epic, may be cited Hercules's protest against the delay at I^emnos in the Argonautica, ii, 375 flf. Compare also Stat. Th. vi, 316 fP.; xi, 462 ff. ; Sil. It. xii, 668 flf. ; Claud. R. P. in, 33 ff., within Jupiter's speech to the gods. A more significant cause of the limitation of the speech in Vergil, as compared with Homer, is the desire of the Roman poet not only to avoid the superfluous and whatever contributes nothing to the movement of the narrative, but also to leave room for the exercise of the reader's imagination.^ Among the indications of this phase of Vergil's art Heinze cites the restricted use of the speech in messenger-scenes, a tendency apparent in the later Roman epic as well as in Apollonius and Quintus.^ The Pharsalia offers but little by way of illustration owing to the absence of divine agency. In the Argonautica, one finds a message repeated in oratio recta in only one instance. Venus, in II, 131-2, gives to Fama the report which she is to spread among the Lemnian women ; the goddess, with the voice of Neaera, speaks at length to Eurynome in vv. 142-60, amj)lifying the words of Venus. Repetition^ is avoided in iv, 78-81, where a simple statement indicates that Iris delivered to Hercules the command which she had received from Jupiter. In iv, 385-6 one first learns that Jupiter had given instructions to Mercury through the words, Imporiumque patris celerans Cyllenius ales Advenit. In v, 546-7 Jason, after liis reply to Aeetcs, sends Castetuous Varro be prevented from joining iKittle wiih Ilanniltiil. In v. 175 the dying Solimiis writes in blood upon liis sliield the \vee(li in 'V\\. v, 129 ff., whore Polyxo takes advantage of tlie aj)pearance of the fleet in the distiince to strengthen lier appeal to the Lemniaii Moiiien : Ecfjua tot in caedes aiiitniirn promittit?" Agcbat PIuriliUH ; adverso nitnoruiU vela profiindo : Lemnia clasHis crat. Kapiiit gavissa PdIjxo Forlunam aUjue iterat : " Siiperisne vocantibus nltro Desumus? eccc rates ! deuH hos," 'Cf. Sil. It. ix, 105 (T. 'Cf. alHoTli. vi, 170(1. ; Sil. It. vi, hVl-b. 36 Aspect,^- of the Speech in the later Bonutn Epic. Ill the use of the parentlictic exprcssiou Lucau and Claudiau staiul apart from the other epic poets. In only two instances (vi, 762, inquit Thessala ; ix, 979, monstrator ait) does Lucan break into the speech with anything more than the simple verb, while Claudian admits the noun subject with the verb only in R. P. ii, 215, Pallas ait; in, 134,subieit Cybele; Pr. et Ol. 127, Dux ait. In one case, R. P. in, 270, the participle vociferans is used parenthetically, though limiting a noun preceding the speech. The parenthesis and narrative descriptive of gesture are totally absent from the speeches of these two poets,^ a fact which, in the case of Lucan, bears out Heitland's ^ criticism of the formal character of the speeches and their lack of spontaneity. friiat the Roman epic departed from the formality of the Greek custom in allowing the speech to begin and end within the verse,^ has been noted by Kvicala * and Elderkin,^ who considers this practice an indication of "a less sharply defined feeling as to the objectionableness of a sudden transition from narrative." In this respect the later epic shows even more freedom than Vergil, for, with the exception of the Argonautica, where the speech more frequently closes with the verse, in every case the percentage of speeches beginning and ending within the verse exceeds that in the Aeneid. J A comparison of the usages of the various poets may be made from the following table." ' K. P. III. 295 ff. and 31211., have been considered separate speeches ; the inter- vening narrative in both cases serves as a reply to Ceres's complaints. ''1. c, p. Ixx. *For speeches beginning within the verse in Enniiis, cf. Ann. 45, 111, 394 (Vahlen). * Beitriige zur Erkliirung der Aeneis, pp. 265-74. ^Op. cit., pp. 8, 9, 10 ; cf. aKo Norden, Verg. Aen. vi, p. 135. ^ The same liberty is allowed in the use of speech within speech, though the two speeches of this type in Claudian begin with the verse. Aspects of the Speech in the later Boman Epic. 37 Number of Speeches. Ko. begin- ning within the Verse. ^ beginning within the Vei-se. No. ending within the Verse. ft ending within the Verse. Vero-il" 331 120 188 280 299 102 82 42 68 127 122 39 25 35 36 45 41 38 81 73 40 120 74 30 24 Lucan - 61 Valerius Flaccus Statius 21 43 Silius Italicus Claiidian 25 29 A further departure from the formality of the Greek epic is seen in the occasional omission of intervening narrative when introducing the speeches in dialogue. With the single exception of Lucan, all the poets of the later period offer one or more instances of this liberty, sanctioned by Vergil in Aen. vi, 719 flf., 722 ff. ; IX, 257 ff. The Argonautica yields four examples (iii, 377 ff.; IV, 161 ff.; V, 292 ff., 584 ff.), the Thebaid seven ^ (i, 465 ; IV, 536 ff. ; ix, 663 ff. ; x, 431 ff.; xi, 258, 259, 260 ff.^). Silius Italicus departs from the conventional method but twice (xiii, 785 ff., 874 ff.), Claudian only once (R. T. iii, 133 ff.). It is worthy of remark that in ten of the seventeen instances cited, there occurs within the speech such an expression as Excipit Ascauius (Aen. ix, 258) or confusa vicissim Virgo vefert (Stat. Th. IX, 663-4). The simple verb ait is found in Val. Fl. 'The statistics for the Aeneid differ slightly from tho.se given by Kvicala (1. c. ), who includes the beginning of Aencas's narrative at n, 3, as well as the speeches witiiin speeches, witli the exception of vi, 620. Kvicala omits v, 166, 615-6; VII, 116; x, 7:^7, 739-41. The following are wrongly cla.ssilied : iii, 560 ; JV, 3.'«, 573 (?) ; viii, 185. In the above figures for Vergil, iv, 651-62 has been regarded as one speech ; also vi, 562-632 and 756-859. 'P'ora detailed arrangement of these speeches in the Pharsalia, cf. the recent dis-scrtation by K. Faust, De Lucani Orationibus, Pars i, Kegimont. 1908, i)p. 6-7. The writer first had an opportimity to examine this monograpli whih- the i>ri'sont work was in pres.s. Faust's cla.ssification embraces speeches within speeches in IF, 81 ff. ; IV, 646 ff. ; viii, 4.'53 ff. ; ix, 87 ff. ; also Pompey's massage to the Pnr- thians, given in tiie direct form in viii, 218 ff. (cf. N. 1, p. 26, supra.), iv, 399-400 is not included in Faust's list. ■■'Th. Ill, 516, (2uid furtim lacrimas? has been construed as part of Amphia- raus'g speech. Cf. Amar-Lemaire and Lactantius, li. 1. 'These three speeches addressed to Eleocles are not strictly dialogue. 38 Ai<})ccis of the Speech in the later Roman Epic, IV, 101 J Stat. Til. IV, 536. The words, lUe refert coutra, follow Polyuices's brief reply iu Stat. Th. i, 465. Six of these speeches begin within the verse (Stat. Th. i, 405; xi, 258, 259, 260 ff. ; Sil. It. XIII, 785 If. ; Claud. R. P. in, 133 ff.). Among the questions yet to be considered concerning the use of the speech in the later epic is that of the monologue. Here Valerius Flaccus ' is especially deserving of study, for in the Argouautica one finds monologues assigned not only to Medea iu books VII and viii, but also to various other characters, such as Jason (I, 150 ff.; IV, 704 ff.), Pelias (i, 712 ff.), Hercules (iv, 51 ff.), Hecate (VI, 497 ff.), Juno (i, 113 ff.; ill, 510 ff.), Nep- tune (I, 642 ff.; IV, 118 ff.), Jupiter (vi, 624 ff.), and Minerva (vi, 741 ff.). In this respect Valerius affords a notable contrast to Apollonius, who confines the monologue to Medea and Mene.^ In the forms of introduction the poet avoids the repetition of set phrases, as may be seen from the following instances : Quos talibus amens Insequitur solitosque novat Saturnia questus (i, 111-2); Ingemuit luno tandemque silentia rumpit (in, 509); Ingemit ac tales evolvit pectore questus (iv, 117); has imo referebat pectore voces (vi, 496) ; Talibus aegra movens nequi- quam pectora curis (vi, 623) ; medio sic fata dolore est (vii, 8) ; molli semet sic increpat ira (vii, 127) ; talia fatur (vii, 197) ; haec .... gemuit (viii, 9) ; secum (i, 150 ; Vi, 741) ; inquit (i, 643; IV, 51, 700); ait (i, 713; vii, 331). Following the custom of Vergil,^ Valerius frequently allows the monologue to be addressed to an imaginary hearer rather than to the speaker's self, as in i, 712 ff., Pelias to Acastus and Jason; iv, 51 ff., Hercules to Hylas ; 118 ff., Neptune to Melie, Jupiter, and Amycus; 704 ff., Jason to the sea; vi, 497 ff., Hecate to Medea; VII, 198 ff., Medea to Jason (in part); 338 ff., Medea to Aeetes and Circe (in part) ; viii, 10 ff., Medea to Aeetes. The type of monologue which serves to portray the state of mind of the speaker in a definite situation is given a much ^ For Lucan's use of the monologue, v. Basore, 1. c. »Cf. Elderkin, op. cit., p. 39. 'Cf. Heinze, op. cit., p. 422. Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 39 more important place in the Argonautica than in the Aeucid.^ Illustrative of this class is the monologue of Pelias in i, 712 If., expressing his fear for the safety of Acastus, liis disapproval of the motive which led liis son to enlist in the cause of the Argonauts, and his determination to wreak vengeance upon the parents of Jason. Again, in iii, 510 ff., Juno, complaining that her efforts against Hercules have been of no avail, resolves to gain her purpose at any cost. Each of these monologues, while characterizing the speaker, at the same time prepares the way for some subsequent event, the former for the death of Aeson and Alcimede, the latter for the withdrawal of Hercules from the band of Argonauts. The monologues of Neptune (iv, 118 ff.) and Jupiter (vi, 624 ff.) also show this double purpose, though introduced more especially to foretell the fate awaiting Amycus and Colaxes, respectively. In the psychological portrayal of Medea struggling against her love for Jason and her desire to assist him in the accomplishment of his task, Valerius has used the monologue with excellent effect ; the poet employs this means to depict the various stages through which her love passes before it obtains the final mastery over her will.^ Thus in the begin- ning of book VII she first confesses the cause of her disquietude, for such sleepless nights were unknown before the stranger's arrival. Yet why, she asks, should her thoughts be only of Jason? It was not for her sake he came to Colchis, and even if he should care for her, there is but little chance that they will ever see each other again, Nam quando domos has illc rcviset? Aut mens Haemonias quando pater ibit ad urbes? (vv. 16-7). Through the reference to the good fortune of those allowed to follow such a leader she intimates her desire to return with Jason, onlv to close with a half-hearted wish that he depart from her sight, scd sic (pUKpie earns abito (v. 20). Jason's spirited reply (vv. 89-100) in accepting the conditions imposed by the treacherous Aectes serves to deepen the love already begun ' Cf. Ilcinze, op. cit. , pp. 420-'J. ^Summers (op. cit., pp. 21-5), in his disciis'^ioii of Valcriu.s'H Irc-atiiienl of llic passion of love as coiiH)art72, and Ach. I, 624. in regard to fj^nn, the monologues of Diana and Argia appear as illustrations of the type addressed to an imaginary hearer. Statius furnishes a single example of the Entscheidungs- monolog in Tli. vi, 372 ff. : Apollo, uncertain as to whether he should favor Admetus or Ampliiaraus in liie chariot race in which they are about to engage, fnially determines to cast his intluence on the side of the augur, whom so few joys await in the short ' If vv. 331-3 and .3.38 fT. he conKidcrcd together, wo have lioie tlio one instance of the KnUscheidungsmonolofj occurring in the .Vrgonautica. In the above analyHiH the various notes of Leinaire have proved helpful. 42 Aspects of the Speech in the later lioman Epic. time that he is to live. The soliloquies of Eteocles (Th. in, 6 ff.) aud Thetis (Ach. i, 31 if.) may be cited as representative of Statius's use of the monologue for the purpose of characterization. lu the former the poet pictures the forebodings of the Tiieban king suffering the torments of a guilty conscience, in the latter the feelings of Thetis at the approach of the Trojan fleet — her solicitude for Achilles and her determination to appeal to Neptune for aid. A parallel to Valerius's usage in the Argonautica, iv, 118 ff. is afforded by Statius in the monologue of Diana (Th. ix, 713 ff.), serving to prepare for tlie approaching death of Parthenopaeus. Of the fifteen ^ monologues in the Punica seven are allotted to Hannibal as follows: vii, 147 ff. ; ix, 421-2; xii, 497 ff. ; XVII, 221 ff., 260 ff., 558 ff., 606 ff. Other speakers include Jupiter (VI, 600 ff.), Solimus (ix, 169 ff.), Varro (ix, 646 ff.), Apollo (xii, 407 ff.), Hasdrubal (xv, 508 ff.), the genius of Italy (xv, 523 ff.), Cato (xv, 731ft*.), the soldiers of Scipio (xvii, 127 ff.). In the forms of introduction the phrase secum often appears, as in vii, 146, ita secum immurmurat ; xv, 522, His super infrendens sic secum ; XVii, 221, Haec secum infrendens ; 606, Cum secum Poenus. Note the combination of favorite phrases in xii, 496, Sic igitur secum eurasque ita corde volutat. The simple verb inquit is used in vi, 600 ; ix, 171, 646 ; xv, 508, 731 ; xvii, 559. The introductory verb is omitted in xii, 407 and xvii, 127. Instances of the type of monologue tending in form toward the half-dialogue are offered by Silius Italicus in vi, 600 ff. ; IX, 169 ff'. ; xii, 407 ff. ; xvii, 260 ff., 606 ff. The nearest approach to the Entscheidungsmonolog is seen in xii, 497 ff., where Hannibal, hesitating whether or not to withdraw from Capua, finally reaches the decision to march on Rome. The class of monologues which characterize the speaker in a definite situation figures prominently in the Punica. The following may be cited by way of illustration. In vil, 147 ff. Hannibal, discouraged and irritated by his lack of success in the contest with 'Such cases as iv, G06ff., ix, 375 ff., 481 ff., in which the speaker may have intended that his words should be heard by others present, have not been in- cluded here. Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 43 Fabius, wonders if his former victories would have been won, had he been opposed by the Roman leader. In ix, 646 ff. Varro's realization of the baseness of his flight leads him to think of suicide as preferable to returning to Rome in disgrace. In xvii, 221 ff. Hannibal, indignant that he should have departed from Italy without having captured Rome, resolves to return at once and accomplish his purpose ; again, in vv. 558—65, the poet por- trays Hannibal's despair at the opposition of the gods and his sense of responsibility for the miseries resulting from the war ; finally, in vv. 606-15, the words of the boastful Carthaginian leader reveal a spirit defiant of the gods and uncrushed by defeat. From the four departments of Claudian seven monologues have been gathered ; of this number, three occur in the mythological epics (R. P. Ill, 313 ff., 407 ff. (Ceres) ; Gigan. 98 ff. (Pallas)), three in the invectives (In Ruf. ii, 11 ff. (Rufiuus), 88 ff. (citizens of Constantinople) ; In Eutrop, i, 373—4 (Rome)), one in the panegyrics (vi Cons. Hon. 274 ff. (Alaric)). As forms of intro- duction, one finds the phrase, Haec etiam sccum (In Ruf. ii, 11), and the verbs profatur (R. P. iii, 406), fatur (vi Cons. Hon. 273) and inquit (Gigan. 98). In R. P. iii, 313 ff. ; In Ruf. ii, 88 ff. ; In Eutrop. i, 373-4 no introductory form is employed. For the type of monologue addressed to an imaginary hearer, compare R. P. ill, 407 ff. ; In Ruf. ii, 88 ff. (in part) ; vi Cons. Hon. 274 ff. (in part). An examination of this class of speeches with reference to their content discloses no case of the Entschci- dungsmonolog. An excellent example of the monologue used for the purpose of characterization is offered by Claudian in vi Cons. Hon. 274 ff., expressing Alaric's despair in the midst of (lie mis- fortunes which iiavc come upon him ; the monologues of Ceres (R. V. Ill, 313 ff.) and Rufinus (In Ruf. ii, II IT.) also serve a second purpose in motivating the action ; the on(! jjrcpares for the goddess's search for Proserpina, the other for renewed invasiona by the barbarian forces. Tlie lament for the dead, though not really monologiu*,' is (o be considered in a discussion of this phase of the later epic ' C'f. Ilcinzc, op. cit., [». 421. 44 Axpecti^ of (he Speech in the later Roman Epic. spceeli. The Pharsalia furnishes an instance worthy of mention in Cornelia's lamentations (ix, 55 if.), provoked by the sight of the flames arising from the funeral pile of Pompey.^ In Valerius Flaccus, Jason (in, 290 flP.) and Clitc (in, 31G ff.) mourn over the body of Cyzicus, and Jason again, in v, 37 If., over Idmon and Tiphys. In Statins the lament naturally appears with more frequency ; the Thebaid yields as many as nine examples, scat- tered through the various books as follows : in, 151 if. (Ide) ; v, 608 ff. (Hypsipyle) ; vi, 138 ff. (Eurydice); ix, 49 ff. (Polynices), 376 ft'. (Ismenis) ; x, 793 ff. (the mother of Menoeceus) ; xi, 605 ff. (Oedipus) ; xii, 72 ff. (Creon), 322 ff. (Argia).' In these laments in the Thebaid one finds certain similarities in the modes of thought of the different speakers, though there occurs but little repetition of phrase : so the one lamenting grieves over the change in the condition or appearance of the loved one (in, 154— 6 ; Y, 613-5; ix, 381-4 ; xii, 322-4), or refers to the wounds of the dead (in, 153; ix, 69-70; x, 813-4; xi, 624; xii, 340), or places the responsibility upon the gods or others, who in some cases are immediately exonerated of all blame (vi, 143-50; xi, 617-23 ; V, 620-4 ; x, 795-803 ; xii, 333-7). No example of tliis type of speech is found in either Silius Italicus^ or Claudian. r The collective speech, representing the words of several or many speakers,' is seldom made use of by Vergil ; only four instances are found in the Aeneid. / The warning of the Trojan Penates is expressed in in, 154 ff., and the lament of the Trojan women in Y, 615-6. viii, 293 ff. is devoted to the priests' song to Hercules, and xi, 483 ff. to the prayer of the Latin matrons. In the later epic the collective speech is more prominent. Nine cases appear in Lucan (i, 248 ff. ; ii, 45 ff., 68 ff.; in, 307 ff. ; lY, 399-400; y, 261 ff., 682 ff.; Yin, 110 ff.; ix, 848 ff.), five in Valerius Flaccus (i, 627 fi'.; n, 113-4; iv, 327 ff.; v, 17 ff., *Cf. Cornelia's words (viii, 639 ff. ) uttered just before the death of Pompey. '^Thc complaints of Lycurgus(vi, 197 fP. ) and tlie Argives (viii, 174 £f.) should also be noted here, though differing either in content or situation from the laments cited above. ' V, 594 ff., Hannibal to Sychaeus, is not a clear case. *Cf. Ennius, Ann. 110 ff. (Vahlen). Asj^ects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 45 550 ff.), seveu in Statius (Th. i, 173ff.; vii, 123 f F. ; viii, 174ff.; X, 67 ff., 584 ff., 588; xii, 472-3). Silius Italiciis furnishes nine examples (i, 568 ff., 598 ff.; vii, 78 ff. ; viii, 659 ff. ; xi, 603 ff.; XII, 643 ff.; xv, 571 ff.; xvi, 342-3; xvii, 127 ff.), Claudian ten (B. Gild. 488 ff. ; B. Goth. 461 ; R. P. ii, 367 ff.; In Ruf. II, 88 ff., 228 ff., 261 ff., 385 ff. (?) ; In Eutrop. i, 350 ff., 359 ff. ; VI Cons. Hon. 570 ff.).^ In connection with Statius several additional instances are to be noted in which two char- acters speaks simultaneously, as in the reply of Tydeus and Polynices in Th. i, 447 ff. : Vix ea, cum mixto clamore obliqua tuentes Incipiuut una : " Rex o mitissime Achivum, Quid verbis opus? Of. also Th. v, 669-71; vi, 816-7. Note the abridg- ment in the singular example occurring in Th. xii, 458—9, where the poet gives in turn the words of Antigone and Argia de- manding punishment from the soldiers of Creon : haec fratris rapuisse, haec coniugis artus Contenduut vicibusque probant. " Ego corpus, ego ignes, Me pietas, me duxit amor." Elsewhere in the later epic but one case appears in which the same words are given to two speakers : cf. the formula of exhortation in Sil. It. IV, 98, "Arma, viri, rapite arma, viri," dux iustat uterque. f^As significant of the content of these collective speeches, the following typical classes may be mentioned : complaints of sol- diers and citizens (Luc. i, 248 ff. ; ii, 45 ff. ; v, 261 ff. ; ix, 848^.' ; Stat. Th. i, 173 ff. ; Claud. In Ruf ii, 88 ff.) ;_oxpres- sions__of_iiAr (Stat- Th. vii, 123 ff.),^orrow (Th. viii, 174 ff.)^ wonder (Th. xir, 472-3), joy (Val. Fl. iv, 327 ff. ; Claud. B. Goth. 461 ff.) ; ojjinions in regard to political affairs (Stat. Th. x, 584 ff., 588 ff. ; "Claud. Tn Eutroj). i, 350 ff., 359 ff.) ; ])rayers to the_j£ods (Val. Fl. v, 17(1'.; Stat. Tli. x, 67 ff. ; Sil. II. xii, 643 ff.); wonlsjffi-diQi^iti^ (Sil. It. xv, 571 ff. ; xvii, 127ff. ; Claud. B. Gild. 488 ff. ). Ojdv oc casionally is the subject singular in forni.'7As ])arallels to the Greek usage," one finds the indefinite aliquis'in Luc. ii, 67 ; Stat. Tli. i, 171 ; Claud. In Kulrop. i, 'Speeches within speeclics in Stat. Th. v, 41)1-2, ;n((l Sil. It., xiii, 10-G, not included. ' Cf. Elderkin, op. cit., j)p. 4'2-3 ; also Faust, op. cit., p. 21, witii rrviiw liy H. Helm in Woch. Fiir Kl. I'l.il., 1908, no. o'J, cols. 1423-4. 4() Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 350 ; the iiulcfiiiite alter iu In Eutrop. i, 358 ; the distributive quisqiie in Sil. It. XV, 571 ; xvii, 127. For quisque in the form of conclusion, compare Luc. i, 257. I The results of the preceding investigation may be briefly sum- mhrizcd as follows : 1. In the later Roman epic, iu general, one finds a restriction of the conversational side of speech with a nearer approach to declamation, for, compared with the standard of Vergil, the later epics show a decrease in the amount of speech employed as well as in the number of speeches, with the exception of Statius's Achilleid and Claudian's historical epics in the one case, and of the Argonautica of Valerius Flaccus in the other. Moreover, the average length of the speech tends to increase in the later epic, though here again Valerius Flaccus affords a contrast to his contemporaries, for the speeches in the Argonautica are even shorter than those in the Aeueid. Lucan, Silius Italicus, and Claudian employ a larger number of speeches exceeding 40 verses^ in length than does Vergil, while Statius's poems contain only about oue-half as many such speeches ; the Argonautica shows practically no departure from the Vergilian practice. Again, the tendency which Vergil shows to restrict the length of dialogue and to confine the speech-scenes within narrow limits is even more noticeable in the later epic, especially in Lucan and Claudian. 2. An examination of the various books of the different epics with reference to their percentages of speech reveals the fact that dramatic interest and lively action are frequently indicated by a large number of speeches rather than by a high percentage of speech. 3. In the practice of inserting speech within speech the later epic follows the example of Vergil ; the large majority of such speeches occur within those 40 verses or more in length. 4. The speakers in the Roman epic are confined to gods and men, unless the case in which the figure-head of the Argo speaks 'The longest speech in the Roman epic (450 vv.) is found in Statins, the shortest (2 words) in Claudian. Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. 47 to Jason in a dream be considered an exception. In regard to objects addressed, greater liberties are allowed ; one finds speeches directed to the sacred doves of Venus, the Trojan ships, a hero's arm and spear, to horses, the Argo, the dragon, etc. 5. In the diiFerent epic poems the principal characters are naturally the most prominent speakers ; in Vergil, for example, Aeneas has 21 per cent, of the 331 speeches, practically the same proportion as that assigned to Hannibal in the Punica. Through the conventional use of the supernatural as a motivating force the gods are given an important place as speakers in all the Roman epics with the exception of the Pharsalia. Especially noteworthy in this respect is the usage of Claudian, who allots to mythological figures 39 per cent, of the total number of speeches in the various poems, exclusive of those instances in which per- sonified rivers and localities speak. 6. But little of the decrease in the percentage of speech in the Roman epic, as compared with Homer, is due to the presence of oratio obliqua, for in the Punica, where speech-material is most A^abundant, there occur only 200 odd verses of indirect discourse, ^"^ which, if converted into the direct form, would increase the amount of speech in the poem less than one and three-fourths per cent. 7. A more perceptible cause of the decrease iu the percentage of speech in Vergil, due to the more cultivated taste of the artificial epic, is the restriction of direct speech in messenger- scenes, a tendency to avoid superfluous repetition, noticeable also ill the later epic ; a simple statement or the ])rescnce of the messenger or a few verses of oratio obliqua indicates that the envoy had been despatched, or that the message was delivered. 8. Striking dej)artnres f'loin the cusloiii ol' (he Greek epic are found in the hal)it of l)cginning and ending the speech witiiin the verse (extended in the \i\ivv epic) ' and in the ])rivilege of introducing the speeches in dialogue without intervening narra- tive;' tlie Roman epic thus avoids the formality of tiie Greek ' Note the exception in the Argonautica. ' Liican ofTcre the only exception licre. •IS Aspects of the Speech in the later Roman Epic. e\y\Q aiul at the same time adds to the realism and effectiveness of the situation, as may be seen from Polynices's ready reply to Tydeus in the heated argument before Adrastus (Stat. Th. i, 4G5). His speech follows immediately that of his rival ; the poet purposely avoids the use of narrative to conclude the former speech or to introduce the latter. A still more marked contrast to the Greek epic is afforded in the introduction within the speech of increased phrases and narrative serving as stage-directions. The Roman epic here shows the influence of the drama in its desire to give a natural and life-like portrayal of the situation, an influence not observed in Lucau and Claudian, as such inter- polated narrative descriptive of gesture and the like is entirely absent from the more formal speeches of these two poets. 9. The Vergilian type of monologue addressed to an imaginary hearer frequently occurs in the later epic ; in the forms of introduc- tion there is found but little repetition of stereotyped phrase. The class of monologues which serve to portray the state of mind of the speaker in a definite situation figures more prominently than in the Aeneid ; in Valerius Flaccus particularly is this the case/]} The Eutscheidungsmonolog is rarely used ; the later epic offers but three instances. Only in the Thebaid is there any considerable amount of lament for the dead. 10. The collective speech appears with greater frequency in the later epic than in Vergil. As in Apollonius and Quintus,^ the purpose of this class of speeches is to express feeling and opinion rather than to assist the action of the poem. ) 'Cf. Elderkin, op. cit., pp. 42-3. LIFE. Herbert Cannon Lipscomb was born in Salisbury, Md,, September 17, 1882. In the autumn of 1898 he entered Ran- dolph-Macon College, where he graduated with the degree of A. B. in 1901, and A. M. in 1902, having served as Instructor in Latin during the last two years of his course. The two sessions following his graduation were spent in teaching in Randolph- Macon Academy at Bedford City, Va. In October, 1904 he entered the departments of Latin, French, and Italian of the Johns Hopkins University, where he studied under Professors Smith, Wilson, and Armstrong, Associate Professor Ogden, and Doctors Barrett and Shaw, to all of whom he wishes to acknowl- edge his obligations. To Professor Smith, under whom his work in Latin was mainly done, he is especially indebted. Also to President R. E. Blackwell of Randolph-lMacon College, to Associate Professor D. M. Robinson of the Johns Hopkins University, and to Dr. G. W. Eldcrkin of the American School at Athens he desires to express his appreciation of the interest shown in the present work and of the many helpful suggestions offered during its preparation. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles Til is book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ^f^'<^5 1952. JAN ? " ^^^ Form L0-42w-8,'49(B5573)444 THE LIBRARY A-rVrrrrcTxarrv nl? r.ATJFORNIA ; ^■ ]\\V l^jcji i>^ 33 %\V '''■^/sa^AiMd ]\vv ^ ■(. ^^Utl .^ AWIUMV ^fiuoNvsov'^'' "^/sajMNnawl ^Of m ir^ % s 3 1 nv ■ urn r / ..jAiNnjvw Uf^ ; V ^/idiAlr 30 <^- ^WtUNI^ror.. lOSANGElf^. "-««•■ ^ ^-liUQti^-iOV^^ %. ^OfC/ ^■A \%ms-^ '■<- '^/^a^AlNil-^WV ^ ^-' ^ \WEUN ?;>r. 1 r^r 1 i-rri r _ ^^tllBRARYQ^ ,A\\[UNIV[P yy ^f o -n t_» 3> SE3 A\V ^ ^OFCALIFO/?/^ to r^J ^.OfCAliFO^ a: ^. 'vji9n"i^ ^/^AavHain \^ ^IIIBRARY6>/. o s>lOSANCElfJ L UU/ 593 961 1 t\t\ UUU4vJ/