New BY WALTER P. PHILLIPS (JOHN OAKUM) TOG: 'R WITH MISCELLANEOUS MATTER FROM VARIOUS SOURCES NT ve* AND A CATALOGUE n? x THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES Sketches Old and New BY WALTER P. PHILLIPS (John Oakum) SUPPLEMENTED BY AN ADDRESS ENTITLED "FROM FRANKLIN TO EDISON" A CATALOGUE, Etc., Etc. NEW YORK, U. S. A. J. H. BUNNELL y COMPANY No. 20 PARK PLACE Copyright, 1897 By Walter P. Phillips. '»\ THIS VOLUME IS LOVINGLY INSCRIBED TO THE MEMORY OF Wl LLIS J. COOK 550577 CONTENTS ADDENDUM PAGE Phillips's Morse Automatic Tele- graph i By Way of Introduction . . 9 Old Jim Lawless . . . . 17 Posie Van Dusen . . 25 Little Tip McCloskey . . 39 An Autumn Episode .... 49 Cap De Costa 61 Old George Wentvvorth 75 Patsy Flannagan .... 91 Narcissa 105 An Agreeable Saunterer . 117 Pop Donaldson 139 Bif 153 From Franklin to Edison . .167 The Phillips Code . . . 203 PHILLIPS'S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH SOME INTERESTING CORRESPONDENCE OF THIRTY YEARS AGO {Samuel F. B. Morse to Walter P. Phillips.") New York, April 27, 1869. My Dear Sir: — Ever since I received the proof of your great skill, in connection with your skilful associates, in testing rapid transmission of despatches by the Morse Telegraph System, I have been desirous of manifesting to you, and also to N. J. Snyder, Esq., of Philadelphia, some token of my gratification on your accomplishment of feats which, so far as I know, are unexampled in the annals of telegraphy. Please, therefore, accept from me, on this, the 78th anniversary of my birth, the accompanying gold pencil case and pen, as a very slight and indeed inadequate expression of my admiration of your masterly per- formance of recording 2,731 words in one hour; a feat which I have not failed to put on record in my report to the- Department of State on the telegraph apparatus of the Paris Exposition of 1867 The necessity for exclusive attention in preparing the above-men- tioned report has prevented an earlier recognition of your skill. My thanks are also due to all concerned in the satisfactorj result ol the test of speedy transmission. While your associates deserve hi.^h praise for their rare dexteriu in manipulation, you and Mr. Snyder, I think, deserve the highest praise for the admirable and indeed I. mil less manner of recording that which was so ably transmitted. A. < ept, also, the assurance of my sincere respect and esteem. Sam 1 El F. B MORS! 11 rillLLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH {Walter P. Phillips to Samuel F. B. Morse.') Providence, April 30, 1869. My Dear Sir:— The elegant and valuable pencil case and pen, of which your kindness has made me the recipient, together with your beautiful letter accompanying it, reached me to-day. However highly I may prize so great a token of your interest in my performance as the former, it is altogether beyond my means to express, in a becoming manner, my gratitude to you for the latter. While I shall ever cherish the gift— valuable intrinsically, but an hundred-fold more valuable from its association with you, whom the world can never cease to love and honor — I shall regard your letter as the most valuable worldly possession to which I can ever attain, and one in which my pride will increase as years wear on, and I come to possess apace still more comprehensive ideas than those I entertain already of your gigantic genius and enterprise, and the great con- tribution which you have made to the development of civilization. Indeed, sir, I am keenly sensible of the honor which the coupling of your name with mine must entail on me, as I am, also, of the little I have done to deserve your praise. Most gratefully and respectfully yours, Walter P. Phillips. To Prof. Samuel F. B. Morse. PHILLIPS'S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH WALTER P. PHILLIPS IN THE "TELEGRAPH AGE " From time to time my telegraphic friends who know of my Morse Automatic system write to me asking terms on which I will supply a set to enable them to become proficient as typewriter operators, by practicing typewriting at home from the Morse sending done by the transmitting side of the Morse Automatic system. The difficulty in the way of my supplying the demand, which seems to grow rather than to subside, has been that all the sets which were in use on The United Press wires, and which reverted to me when that organiza- tion went out of active business, were arranged for an incandescent light circuit as the motive power, and it has only been within a short time that I have found it feasible to adapt my mechanism to the power to be had through the medium of a spring motor, such as is used on the graphophone. By this means I am now able to supply a compact instrument that will meet the requirements of the many who have not yet conquered the typewriter, but are anxious to do so, thus putting a premium on their work. c 5 o ° -J 4-t •C C c .a o ^ PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH 111 There is no field in which expert telegraphers can make their value felt as markedly as in connection with the slug casting mech- anism known as the linotype. The time will conic, undoubtedly, when a very great deal of matter will be copied from the wire and set up on the linotype. This has been done already to a considerable extent by some operators, notably by Mr. Kihm, of the Brooklyn Eagle, but the Morse Automatic system, as arranged for that special purpose, will enable any first-class operator who has familiarized himself with the linotype keyboard, to use that machine with as much ease as he uses the typewriter. My plan contemplates taking the sending on a matrix and delivering it to the operator at any time and at any gait that suits his convenience. The transmitting part of the machine will be under his absolute control, while the recording half of it will take without breaks and store anything that comes over the wire. This matter can be repro- duced within five seconds, or five years later, if that were neces- sary. In view of all the tendencies, the day when Morse men who can use the linotype will be in demand is not far distant, and where the situation admits of their filling the dual positions referred to, their compensation cannot fail to be much better than it is in scarcely any other field. ALBERT C. PHILLIPS IN THE "TELEGRAPH AGE" I read with interest the letter from my father which yon pub- lished in a recent issue of the Telegraph Age, telling of the success- ful application of his reproducer for 'use in connection with the lino- type. It strikes me that this type of machine will be of great value in the smaller telegraph offices at way-stations. A few years ago, when I was a reporter, I frequently had occa sion to visit the small towns near New York. It is every reporter's experience that alter his story is covered he has anywhere from one to three hours to wait for a train back to the city. The local fire engine house and the railway station are the least desolate places to put in this time. I usually chose the railway station, in the hope that a belated train of the day before might happen along, and with a view to swapping yams with the tele- graph operator. On these excursions I have often been impressed with the many interruptions to which the average country operator is subjected, and the consequent diminution in the capacity of a wire which passes through a number of these places. Even if he is not called on to check trunks and milk cans, he usually has Jv phillips's morse automatic telegraph to sell tickets and answer questions about trains. The noise of passing trains, especially in summer, when the doors and windows are open, is another source of interruption. All these things mean that a first-class sender in New York, working a circuit through small towns, is liable to constant breaks, and that his capacity and that of the wire is greatly reduced. With a Morse Automatic machine in each of these offices this difficulty would be entirely obviated. The country operator, when queried about the next train to Maguffinsville, could shut off his repro- ducer, let the other operator continue sending into the recorder, and, when he had attended to the other demands on his time, could take up his work again without interrupting the sending at all. This gain, of course, would be entirely aside from the primary gain due to the possibility of the sender's disposing of the mes- sages for one way-station at top speed and going ahead with those for another place, leaving the receiving operator to grind out his particular grist at his own particular gait. Under these conditions, I feel sure, the country operator would have so much more time and be so much freer from exasperating conditions, that the railway station would be established as a sure winner, as against the fire engine house, as a refuge for the way- faring reporter. A PRACTICAL SCHEME (From the New York Sun) There was an interesting exhibition on Sunday of a recently in- vented system of rapid telegraphy. It was given in Room 623 of the Postal Telegraph Building. The system is the invention of R. H. Weiny and Walter P. Phillips, both of this city, and it is in- tended to be applied directly to the ordinary telegraph lines and to be operated by the currents now in use. What Phillips's Morse Automatic Telegraph will do is to double or treble the number of words that can be sent over a single wire, and this without requiring that the operators learn anything beyond that which the present Morse operators know now. This result is accomplished by the addition to each office of a set of very simple instruments. When there is no need of hurrying matter forward over the wires the rapid system can be cut out of use by changing a plug, and the wires can be used in the ordinary way- sending messages directly by the key. The system is one which WALTER P. SUESMAN Senior member of the law firm of Suesman & Suesman, of Providence, R. I., wat for several years Assistant General Western Manager of The United Press in Chicago. As well as being a first-class telegrapher, he is a finished and skilful pianist. He received his musical education at the Chicago Musical College, and graduated in 1S90, when he carried off the first prize for composition and harmony. He is also a graduate of the Chicago College of Law. Main of our matrices are mule by Mi. Suesman and his brother Asa. PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH V is of value principally to the telegraph companies themselves and to the users of leased wires, but the public would often hud a direct benefit from its adoption through getting messages promptly, which are now often delayed when there is trouble with the wires and their capacity is reduced below the normal. In this system the messages are recorded in raised telegraphic characters on a strip of paper, and this strip being run through a proper machine the characters are repeated by sound at the other end of the wire, and the operator, reading them by ear, takes them upon a typewriter or by hand. The transcribing operator can vary the speed of the tape as it goes through the machine to suit himself, can stop it at any point, and can pull it back if he wants it repeated. It is asserted that the greater number of mis- takes that occur in the Wheatstone system are in the reading and transcribing, and that these are done away with in the new system, because the ear is more accurate than the eye and also faster. These claims seemed all to be proved by the tests made yesterday. An article in the Sun was chosen for the test. This was handed to a Morse operator, and while he sent it the operator, who was afterward to transcribe it, left the room. The sending operator worked at the ordinary key, just as he would in sending a message over the wire in the present Morse system. The message, how- ever, instead of going over the main wire, was sent only over a local office wire. It was received in a machine, which was, to all intents and purposes, like the registering machine which every operator us< d forty years ago, before men had learned to read by sound. The dots and dashes were reproduced on a strip of paper, each being raised above the surface of the paper by a point which pressed that part of the paper into a groove in a wheel which the paper passed over. Instead of producing a single line of these impres- sions, there were three points which worked side by side and left three sets of duplicate impressions. The duplication is merely to insure accuracy. The message was telegraphed in this part of the process at the ordinary rate of speed. Now came the second process — the transmission over the main wire. The transmitting instrument and the recording instrument. at opposite ends of the wire, were set going :it a speed three times as great as that of the hand operator. The strip of paper with the message imprinted on it was started through the transmitter. and the recorder went rattling away at a rate which no man could read, but every impression was afterward Found to be an exact duplicate of those in the strip going through the transmitter. \\ lien VI PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH this process was completed the paper from the recorder was brought over to the transmitter, and the latter machine was slowed down again to a speed equal to that of ordinary telegraphing. The transmitter was now assumed to be only an office machine run upon an office circuit and entirely separate from the line wire, as would be the case in the third process — that of taking the message from the transmitted copy and turning it into ordinary writing. A type- writer who could read telegraphy by sound sat in front of his ma- chine and as soon as the strip was started through the transmitter he began to print out the message. When he had finished, the typewritten copy was compared with the original article in the Sun and found to be exactly correct. In practice, the manner in which the system would be used is this: Since the transmitter is able to send three times as many messages in a given time as a single operator can send or receive, there would be three operators in each office to each wire. In the sending office these operators would be kept busy making the tape copies of the messages by ticking them off on office recorders. As fast as their messages were ready they would be run through the transmitter, which would reproduce them at the triple speed at the other end of the wire. There the three other operators would each take a part of the messages and transcribe them. There is absolutely no loss of time. SOME PLAIN TALKS ABOUT MACHINE TELEGRAPHING (By Walter P. Phillips) Until the extremely simple and effective system known as Phillips's Morse Automatic Telegraph was brought out, practically all interest in automatic telegraphs was dead both here and in Europe; but here, especially, the conditions of business are such that what is wanted is speed and accuracy rather than cheapness and a possible attendant delay in the handling of business, with the probabilities strongly favoring the making of errors the moment the telegraph business gets out of the hands of the experts in manual telegraphy. Every once in a while there has been a ripple of excitement in the public mind over the announcement of an invention of a new auto- matic telegraph which would transmit matter at the rate of three thousand words per minute. But this has been done again and again. As long ago as when Grant was President, Edison had devised an improvement in the Little Automatic Telegraph which PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH Vll made it practicable to send through one of Grant's messages to Congress in three or four minutes. One of the great difficulties in the way of mechanical transmission at a high rate of speed has been that the static charge which remains in the wire after every pulsation tends to "tail" the signals, or, in other words, make them run into an uninterrupted line. This particular difficulty has been overcome of late by sending copper and zinc into the line alternately — that is, sending one pulsation from the negative pole of the bat- tery and the next one from the positive pole, and so on alternately. This is a very effective way of destroying the "static" and secures clear signals, provided the wire is perfectly clear, a condition that does not often obtain, however. But in the days of the Little- Edison System the "static" was got out of the case by an ingenious contrivance of Edison's invention called a "shunt." This was cut in when the automatic system was in use, and was cut out when the line was being used for regular Morse. The late William B. Somerville, who was at the head of the Na- tional Associated Press, was anxious on one occasion to beat the New York Associated Press on one of Grant's messages, and his Washington representative made an arrangement with General Bab- cock to permit a small regiment of perforators to visit the White House the Sunday before the message was to be sent to Congress and have access to the sacred document which was protected by the perforators leaving the result of their labors in the possession of one of the White House clerks, who locked up the miles of perforated tape in a safe with the various parts of the message, which had been cut up and divided among the perforators for them to puncture. The next day at noon when the message was presented to Congress, the tape was delivered to the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company, and shortly after the whole barrel of it had been run through the machine. In New York a great amount of tape had been wet and chemically treated and was ready for the signals. Washington asked in Morse if New York was ready, and the chief operator, glancing at his corps of special as- sistants, answered cheerily that New York was ready, and f"i" three minutes the tape came pouring out of the machine at the rate of a mile a minute. All but a few yards of the specially prepared tape was used, but enough was enough and New York gave " ( >. K," and the matter was divided among the twenty or thirty waiting copyists, and they proceeded to attempt its translation. "What have you got, Bill?" asked one, adding, "I have nothing but a straight line." Vlll PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH Bill looked at his and so did the others, and they found there was nothing but a straight line from beginning to end. They could not have it repeated because they had no tape ready, and it takes time in which to prepare it, so there was nothing left for the National Asso- ciated Press to do but cry peccavi and borrow a copy of the message in New York from its bigger brother, the New York Associated Press, which had already received it on seven Morse wires, and when it had the message the National Associated Press proceeded to distribute it by Morse, about an hour behind time, to the papers served by it. In his excitement the chief operator had omitted to cut in the "shunt," and the whole thing "tailed." But even assuming that the signals can be got over the line safely by the protective device of using a "shunt," or sending what are known as "reversals" from opposing poles of the battery, what good can be subserved by telegraphing at the rate of three thousand words a minute? Who knows of anybody who is going to furnish that amount of matter? Business does not reach the telegraph company in volumes, but it comes stringing in all day long, a few messages at a time, taken in at thousands of offices throughout the country, and it is practically impossible to handle this great aggregation of business promptly excepting by hand, precisely as it was handled in the first days of the telegraph. Automatic sys- tems have come and gone, and they have departed chiefly for the reason that they were not susceptible of being adapted to the existing situation. They were thought out by men whose knowl- edge of the requirements of the telegraph business was of a most rudimentary character. They started with the indisputable proposi- tion that the capacity of the wires to carry pulsations is as infinite as the capability of the atmosphere to convey sound waves. And then they jumped to the conclusion that what was needed was a system that would carry between New York and great cities an un- limited volume of business on a single wire. Mr. Little, whose auto- matic system Edison made practical as early as 1875, had this idea and saw it exploded, but at regular intervals since then Foote and Randall, Craig, Anderson, Leggo, and Rogers have come for- ward with automatic devices intended to serve a purpose which was non-existent and with as fanatical a belief in their plans as if similar ones had never been presented before and uniformly rejected. The only real progress that has been made to the end of increasing the capacity of wires has been made, first by Moses G. Farmer and J. B. Stearns, who perfected the duplex, and by Edison and his followers, who have brought the quadruplex to a state of almost ASA B. SUESMAN Junior partner in the law firm of Suesman & Suesman, of Providence, R. I., was formerly connected with The United Press in Chicago as operator and news editor. He graduated from the Chicago College of Law in 1896, and was admitted that yeai to the bar of Illinois. Manv of our matrices are made by Mr. Suet-man and his brother Walter. PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTO MATH - TELEGRAPH IX absolute perfection. The duplex made one wire equal to two, and the qnaduplex gives four circuits out of every wire on which it is employed. Before the invention of Phillips's Morse Automatic Telegraph no machine telegraph had cut any permanent figure in the matter of telegraphic transmission. The faster the systems have been, the slower they have proved, because of the initial delay incident to perforating the tape from which the signals are transmitted; and for the reason that when more than a few hundred words per minute are transmitted no record by mechanism is possible, and the introduction of a chemically prepared tape upon which the signals are made visible by a discoloration caused by the action of the electric current upon that tape has always been fatal to accuracy and the unfailing source of delays ranging from ten minutes to ten hours. The slowest automatic system in use in the world is the Wheatstone, and even that does not find much favor in America. A most patient and strenuous effort has been made to introduce it here, and hundreds of thousands of dollars have been spent to that end by the Western Union Telegraph Company. As beautiful as a chronometer in all its parts, the product of one of the most exact and persevering minds that has figured in our time in the realm of electrical science, the Wheatstone system is yet a failure in America, and for the reason that we do business at such high pressure that the cry of the commercial world is for celerity, not in transmission, but in delivery. Not many of the men in the telegraph business have failed to reach the conclusion that in the use of all automatic systems about as much is wasted at the bung as is saved at the spigot. To re- peat myself a little, let me say again that where perforation is a condition precedent to transmitting the matter to be sent, there is an initial delay from which there is no possible escape, and where a great amount of matter is received in a very short time, some- body's message must come in at the end, and, with the perversity of mundane things, it is generally the most important thing in the budget that is the one to be the most seriously delayed. As I have said, the Wheatstone automatic is the best of all, for it docs not take us into an objectionable intimacy with wet paper chem ically prepared. Returning to the subject of Phillips's Morse Automatic System, it is bound to succeed because it attempts SO little. The aim ol its inventors has been to make every single wire and every side ol any multiplex system three or four times as useful as at present, X PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH and to continue to do the work "by sound." That is a great point in our favor. The prejudice of Morse men against reading from tape, by sight, would upset a train of Pullman cars, to say nothing of a new automatic system. In the ten years or more that the Wheatstone has been in operation in America, no Morse men have ever conspicuously associated themselves with it. and even the public knows the difference between the messages that come to them by Morse and on the Wheatstone, and is dead against the latter. All operators make errors, but the kind of mistakes the badly drilled and irresponsible outside elements that have come into the telegraph business as one of the features of the Wheatstone's introduction are different and more appalling than anything that was ever seen outside of a newspaper composing room, when an absent-minded "comp" had been struggling with a bad piece of copy. The people outside of the telegraph offices have no adequate idea of the kind of stuff telegraphers have to handle. Illegible penmanship and phonetic spelling characterize much of the business handed in by the intelligent community, rendering it necessary that the telegraph operator should be raised in the profession from a boy or a girl. A French-Canadian once telegraphed thus: "Meat my colt on mon frayed." If that had been sent by the automatic class of people it would have been delivered as written, but the intelligence of Morse men is proverbial. To start with, the operator knew that the man by whom the message was written was a dealer in salt, and he saw that by "colt" the writer meant "salt," and so the mes- sage was sent and delivered correctly, thus: "Meet my salt on morning freight." The message was handed in at a small office in Canada where the operator knew everybody in town, and he had the nerve to take chances. But your automatic people take no chances. If that message had gone by that system the Canadian's correspondent would have been hunting Toronto all over for a colt, while the salt on the flat cars standing out in the rain perhaps would have been disappearing, betimes, and growing beautifully less. This is not an exaggerated case — thousands similar to it are of daily occurrence. The public never dreams of how much is done by the unknown and uncomplaining knight of the key to straighten out the same kind of errors that are constantly occurring in the superscriptions of the thousands of letters that find their way to the dead letter office in Washington. We have, I believe, worked out a knotty problem and made feasible a system that is sure to succeed where all automatics have failed, not excepting the Wheatstone. Our experiments between PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH xi Washington and New York over the United Press wires convinced us that we have a winner. The system is simple and calls for no paraphernalia, outside of an embosser and transmitter, that is not used in regular Morse telegraphing. It employs Morse talent ex- clusively, and we do not depart from Morse methods — hand send ing and receiving by sound. Therefore we know our "ground" — no pun intended — and instead of having from the Morse men that passive co-operation, which is rather worse than open hostility, we expect to have them with us, heart and soul, because we have some- thing that is in their interest and not opposed to it. The promoters of machine telegraphy have demonstrated the feasibility of their schemes theoretically on the assumption that their systems could be worked by those whom nature intended to be hewers of wood and drawers of water and whose valuable services could be had for about $4 a week. That is their first false step; there is the false premise that logically entails false conclusions. We, on the other hand, put a premium, and not a discount, on intelligence, expert- ness, willingness and all the admirable qualities that characterize the first-class operator of to-day. SOME ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS {By Walter P. Phillips) To a beginner who inquires about learning to read by sound: There are two ways of learning to read by sound. The old way, now practically obsolete, was to have the letters very slowly made and at long intervals apart, and painfully guessed out by a combined effort of the intellect and the imagination. But the letters when made slowly and separately do not sound as they do when placed in close connection and as you must eventually learn to read them. Fancy learning a piece of music, by ear, from having each note played slowly at intervals of ten seconds. The true way to learn to read by sound is to "follow" regular and moderate sending from a written or printed slip. In this way the letters reach the ear as they will always sound, and it is not difficult with the matter before you that is being ticked out, to "follow." You may sometimes lose the place, but in a short time you will not only find it easy to keep track of.what the instrument is saying, but. little by little, you will discover that you can read without the printed copy before you, however necessary such an aid may be at tin- beginning. Replying to a young man who asks my advice as to how he can become a good sender: Xll PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH There is only one way to learn to send the Morse characters, and this is by means of that unflagging practice by which the violin, the piano, the typewriter, and kindred instruments and machines are conquered. The alphabet, with which, together with the numerals and punctuation marks, you must become familiar at the outset, is composed entirely of linear characters, formed of dots and dashes, and by combinations of the two, supplemented in the letters c, o, r, y and z, and in the symbol &, with spaces. A dot is a quick, firm depression of the key, and a dash is a longer depression — twice or thrice as long. A space is made by leaving the key open for a second, more or less. At the beginning of your practice you are certain to make staggering dots; you will make some of your dashes short and others long, and even in spacing, your work will be susceptible of improvement. But as you proceed with your practice, your hand will gradually become obedient to your brain, your ear will become educated to detect inaccuracies or uncertainties in the style of manipulation, and continued practice will end in bringing about a smooth and graceful touch, precisely the same as practice on the piano improves the touch, sharpens the faculties and gradually de- velops pleasing players from most unpromising beginners. The proposition that "practice makes perfect" has gone unquestioned for ages, and of no achievement can it be said with greater truth than of learning to send the Morse characters on a telegraph key. When a perfect control over the hand has been gained, the student will find that his ear will persuade him to a regular gait, and to making his dots, dashes and spaces with a degree of nicety that will give his manipulation a musical, rhythmic sound as fascinating to the educated ear as any other "concord of sweet sounds," whether produced by musical instruments or issuing from the throats of gifted singers. This result cannot be looked for at first, however. The prosaic oc- cupation of making the right number of dots in an h, a p, or a figure 6; of giving the dashes in a w the correct length, lest it may sound like a u if the first dash is shortened, or like an f if the last one is cut short — this occupation, with its attendant anxiety as to spacing, spelling, etc., will stand in the way at first of acquiring a style, but the latter will come with practice, just as the faculty of writing captivating English came to Macauley, Thackeray and Dickens, and has come to thousands of others who were once toddlers, learning very slowly at their teachers' knees, and no doubt with open-eyed amazement, that the first letter in the alphabet was A and that Z stood for Zebra. It is not difficult to learn to telegraph, and the ac- complishment is a useful one. But serious practice is indispensable. PHILLIPS "S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH X1U This is to make my meaning clear to a railroad operator who seeks for information: Yes, you are right in saying you guess I have some notions of my own about the best way to learn telegraphy. Any man who accomplishes any one object is entitled to have opinions, and I have mine. I have perfected an automatic system which may or may not be introduced by the telegraph companies. That remains to be seen; but whether it ever should be so introduced or not, there can be no shadow of doubt about its advantages as an automatic teacher. In making my matrices I have the pick of all the renowned sender-. many of whom were formerly my own employees in the service ol The United Press, and you recognize, of course, that if men are taught to read Morse sending that is of a high order of merit, they will naturally incline toward doing the thing as they hear it. when they come to practice sending. A conspicuous advantage of our machines over human senders is that you can run the machines twenty-four hours per diem, if you wish to, and they never get tired or fall off in the quality of their product. If you are a fairly expert operator and wish to perfect yourself in receiving on a typewriter at a high rate of speed, nothing could be devised to compare with my machines. They can be stopped at will, and the speed can be varied from a very moderate gait up to as high a pace as can be achieved by the fastest senders in the world, the Morse, whether it be sent slowly or fast, being of the highest grade. I am positive that telegraphy, in its highest development, can be taught at home better than it has ever been taught in offices, and that the new school of operators, thus taught, will rank higher than those who acquire the art, as I did forty years ago — by hanging around and picking up my education, haphazard, and having to unlearn in the concluding years of apprenticeship a great deal that was learned in the first year. 1 have lived with this problem a great many years, and am confident that my conclusions are unassailable. If a man learns to send on a railroad wire, he will be contaminated. as are the dyer's hands, of which Shakespeare speaks, ami if the sending is generally bad he will acquire a style that resembles the flight of a drove of rats over a tin roof. On the other hand, any beginner who hears nothing but finished writing will acquire some thing as nearly approximate to it as he can achieve. < >f course it is not in all men to send well any more than it is in certain women to reach a measure of perfection on the piano such as Essipoff has acquired on that instrument, or such a degree oi kill as Ysaye has attained in playing the violin. Bui an object lesson is none the les> XIV PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH valuable and I know what I am talking about when I say that the slips that we furnish are an important and never-ending exhibition of how the thing should be done. I saw the influence of this in The United Press, where those who learned the business on our wires became stars. I contend that if the same men had learned on the Jigwater railroad they would have fallen into many bad habits. If the modern railroad operators were as generous in respect of prac- ticing and striving to emulate the work of men of known ability as they are with their dots, we should occasionally hear the letter p, a six or an eight made in a way not calculated to force us to tear our hair and rend our garments. Personally I object to being sent over anybody's wires as W 6. 66illi6s, and that is the way my name often gets mutilated in these degenerate days. It was held by certain persons, years ago, that the aim and purpose of language was to make one's self understood. The followers of these people have gradually been convinced that to make one's self understood is one of the very least of all the ways in which language can be utilized. The orators, the poets, the novelists and the dramat- ists have knocked that idea in the head. In the same way, certain operators who make t p for an 8, and whose dotted letters make them the laughing stock of their associates hold to the opinion that accu- racy in respect to dots is quite unimportant. They will live to see their error. The time will come when operators of this kind will be paid $5, $io even $15 less per month than their more careful and con- scientious brethren. They are like the gentleman who formerly built boats by "the rule of thumb," and spoke slightingly of Burgess and Herreshoff, and of Fife and Watson. But where are the rule-of- thumb men to-day? Every boat that has won an international, or in any way an important race, in the last twenty years, has been designed by the scientific men, who have made the modeling of racing machines their constant study. Where are the rule-of-thumb men? I will tell you how to find them. Ask of the dockmen at Elizabethport; ask of the tug-boat captains who their pilots are; ask at the rope walks who the night watchman is. Do this and you will learn all that is known of a scornful, ignorant and fat-witted gentry, who once ruled and flourished, but who have now passed out, simply because they were too dull and dense to advance with the ever-widening scope of scientific information, and for that reason they have returned to their native obscurity, unmourned, unhonored and unsung and they will stay there until the angel of death touches them gently with his icy finger and they pass onward to the great beyond. Some of the WEINY-PHILLIPS DEVICES Their Morse Automatic Repeater Their Resonator Used in Connection with the Remington Typewriter Their Impulse Countei PHILLIPS S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH XV PRICES: Type A, with one roll of tape containing 1,000 words $35-00 Type M. The reproducing part of this machine is put up in a beautiful cabinet and is operated by a duplex tandem motor of recent invention. It will run, at each winding, from one to two hours, according to the speed given it. Price with four rolls of tape containing 1,000 words each.. 50.00 Type M. The recording part of this machine is put up in the same way as the preceding. It will run an equal length of time 65.00 Type M complete, comprising both reproducer and recorder, when desired for use in country office or for linotype work 108 . 00 Type F. The reproducing part of this machine is the Morse Automatic proper. It is fitted up with the duplex tandem spring motor 60 . 00 Type F. The recording part of this machine fitted with tan- dem motor 75-00 Type F complete, for fast work and comprising both the reproducer and recorder 125.00 Type F-E. The reproducing and recording parts of this machine, separately and in combination, sell for the same as Type F. It has an electric motor adaptable to both the incandescent and the stor- age battery currents. Additional matrices containing 1,000 words for types A and M, 50 cents each. In ordering matrices say whether straight sending is wanted or code sending, and whether in the Morse or Continental alphabet. If the language is not specified it will be taken for granted that English matrices are wanted. ^^■fe- *w WILLIS J. COOK BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION. It is more than twenty years ago that some of the sketehes printed herewith were written. They were contributed over the pen mime of John Oakum to a telegraphic paper which long since ceased publication — " The Telegrapher." In ] 87(3 they were gathered up with some others and issued under the title of " Oakum Pickings," a book that has been out of print for years, although I dare say there are stray copies of it still in existence. I had expected others would follow my lead and give the telegraphic fraternity a real literature by this time; but it would seem that such of the operators as have the writing faculty and take up literary work, give their at- tention to serious matters, such as the important developments in the realm of electrical endeavor, or they go into newspaper work and write on lines widely separated from telegraphy and the 10 BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION. affairs of those gallant soldiers of the wire whom they have left behind them. Much to my surprise, I have thus far stood almost alone in respect of anything approaching imaginative work, so far as our profession is con- cerned; and it is because an interest in Jim Law- less, Tip McCloskey, Cap De Costa and their friends still survive after twenty years that I take the liberty of bringing them forward once more. With them are some new people who had not sprung into being when " Oakum Pickings " was published, but whose appearance now, T am cer- tain, will not be taken amiss. Perhaps I should more properly say their reappearance, for Pop Donaldson, Narcissa, and several of the others have already appeared in the telegraphic prints. The dedicating of this new edition of my sketches to the late Willis J. Cook, the original of the sketch, entitled " Bif," gives me an opportunity to say that I was very deeply in- debted to him in all my earlier work. No one who looks at his picture, even if he did not know this most charming man in life, can fail to per- ceive that here was a rare soul, full of sugges- tions and enthusiasms, and appreciative to his BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION. 1 1 finger-tips. We had been wearied with a story of somebody's impossible feats while we were taking an early morning lunch, and Willis said to me as we journeyed home in a Third Avenue car and the gray-eyed dawn was breaking: " Did you ever hear such rubbish? Can't something be done to cork such fellows up?" I thought it over, and wrote " Jim Lawless," and submitted it to him. He gave it his unqualified approval, and it was duly printed. It had a very good effect, and one day Willis came to me, and said: " There is another duck, worse than any of the breed of bores who have their Jim Lawlesses, and that is the fellow who tells what lie can do. The creators of the Lawless clan are catholic in their tastes, and while they lie all right, they are not themselves the objects of their own glorifying. Just touch up this other fellow for luck." So I followed "Jim Lawless" with a sketch of an extremely disagreeable fellow, whom we called " Posie Van Dusen. " At this juncture, having done all that I felt called upon to do in the missionary line, I pro- duced " Tip McCloskey," who became such a favorite that I wrote " An Autumn Episode " hi 12 BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION. self-defense, and to supply the demand for more about McCloskey. Then Cap De Costa was added. All of these people are composite in character, as is also Bif, although more of that sketch than of any of the others is true as applies to the personation of any one man. The sketch in which I drew on him so liberally did not appear until long after he had gone West; but when he saw it, he was "very philosophical about it, and didn't mind the brief period of notoriety that it gave him. He wrote to me from Salt Lake City that, having encouraged me to make literary material of so many of his con- temporaries, he didn't see that there was any cause for him to claim exemption from the operation of a general rule. " And, by the way," he added, " that maroon-colored fakir, who used to run the elevator at 195 Broadway, is out here ranching." Although I did not know who the "maroon-colored fakir ' : was, I saw from the spirited change of subject that my old friend had taken no offense at what I had done. The telegraphic profession lost one of its brightest ornaments when Willis J. Cook passed onward. I have heard all the fast senders that r.Y WAY OF INTRODUCTION". 13 have attracted attention in the past thirty-five years, and, while many were faster than he was, none of them was quite as musical. All the lightness and brightness in his nature, which made his companionship so captivating, seemed to shine out in his sending. lie was a man of the world, but not a worldly man. Everything interested him, and he interested everybody. No man I ever knew more fully lived up to the philosophy of a writer who says: " Life is an ecstasy, and nothing else is really living. And to achieve this state requires new elements all the time. It may not always require change of locu- tion ; material change is of very little importance compared to that mental variety which is the secret of advancing life. To lay hold on new ideas, to climb to new heights, is the change which is growth and development, and which brings one into touch with new atmospheres." Walter P. Phillips. Bridgeport, Conn., Oct. 15, 1900. OLD JIM LAWLESS. OLD JIM LAWLESS. Poor old boy! the Western pines ware over his grave now. He has been dead some time. I do not remember just what took him from us, but as he was " Jim " to everybody, and prone to go on " jams" in spite of all opposition, I have a suspicion that it was a combination of the two. He did not work at the business for several years prior to his decease; certain disturbances with telegraph managers and railroad superintendents had rendered him unpopular with employers, and he had officiated in a Cheyenne restaurant — with bar attached — up to within a short time previous to his death. But neither in this field of enter- prise was he entirely successful. On the Chi- cago, Burlington and Quincy, an attempt, while train dispatcher, to pass two trains on the same track, had worked his ruin. Dropping into a beery slumber, which lasted until day-break, (17) 18 OLD JBI LAWLESS. while be was attending a button repeater at Corinne, had resulted in a similar disaster. His troubles with trains and repeaters ended, how- ever, when he quitted the service, and he thought he had gravitated to his level in the " hash and jig-water business," as he facetiously termed it, and he confidently looked forward to less turbulent scenes and experiences. But one day the proprietor, who had just refitted the saloon in gorgeous shape, went to Omaha, and left Jim ''chief in charge." The next day several kegs of new ale arrived, and Jim was busy all day getting them in. In the evening his friends found him unusually genial and generous, and they unanimously responded in person to his cheery invitation to " Drinkwymeboys — whasser- ods. " In attempting to tap one of the new arrivals, the bung flew out of the keg, and for a moment the air was fragrant with its contents. All that new paper, the mirror and its drapery of brocade and tassels, the pictures over the bar, and everything around wept tears of hops and malt. Jim gave the newly garnished room one sorrowful look, and it sobered him instantly. Then, turning to his friends, he said: " Good- OLD JIM LAWLESS. 19 bye, boys; there goes another situation,'' and, like the " Tall Alcalde," " He strode him out of the adobe door, And ne'er was seen or heard of more," by Cheyenne eyes or ears, at least. There Mas a legend floating about Reel Buttes in 1870, which assigned him to the position of a water-drawer for the railroad at a station near there. I can not vouch for the truth of it, but certain it is he dropped out of telegraphing some years ago, and died engaged in some lowlier pursuit than ours. But Jim Lawless was the biggest kind of a telegrapher. I've seen the whole of them work; know them all by heart, and there never was a man who snatched brass that could touch him. I'll tell you what he did in Savannah, (la. Old Pop Donaldson was in Charleston, and in those times could average about eighty-three words a minute. lie got Jim the first night Lawless struck the town, and Jim had been around the block, and was so drunk the boys bad to prop him up in his chair; but he sat there and took three hundred and eleven messages without a "break," besides a short "special' for the 20 OLD JIM LAWLESS. Savannah News. Donaldson did his level best. And the copy Jim took! gilt-edged, copper- plate; couldn't be " rushed " out of it anyhow. And talk about copying behind! Why, that night, when Pop said, " N M — U'r no slouch. — G N.," old man Jim was three social messages, a Gov- ernment "cipher/' and the short "special" behind. The boys all stood around and watched him, and after he gave " 0. K." and signed, he went right on and copied out all that stuff he had laid back there in his head. Jim used to take " State Press " at Albany a long time ago, when they sent it abbreviated. Most of the men took it by registers, but Jim just took it by sound, and wrote it out in full. The editors never saw such copy, and the proprietors of the paper offered him $3,000 a year to take charge of their sub- scription-books. One night when he was taking " State," Syracuse called up and wanted to know if he could deliver a message to the Chief of Police. Jim told him "yes," and took it, and told New York to go ahead. Then he jumped up and walked over to the police station, stopped into a little "dive" there is right there by the Delavan House, got a " schooner " and two OLD JIM LAWLESS. 21 " ponies '' of beer, and came back to the office, and he " sat in " and went to copying, anil caught up to Xew York before he got " 30," though he fell four hundred words behind while he was gone. These are only a few of the stories I can tell you about Jim Lawless, but these ought to suffice. I never encounter a crowd of operators but some one will discourse about Hank Some- body, Sandy This, or Kick That, and their appalling achievements, and as I know for a positive certainty that Jim Lawless was the best operator that ever struck a key, 1 can not refrain from giving one or two of his feats publicity. POSIE VAN DUSEN. POSIE VAX DUSEN. I have a remarkable memory for faces, and though it was ten good years ago that I first saw Posie Van Dusen, and I had never seen him, and had scarcely heard of him since, I recognized him instantly when I saw him again last fall. I don't know why he is entitled "Posie.' 5 There is nothing about him suggesting the exhalation of flowers. His nose is the only blossoming feature about him, but I have no reason to think he derived his fragrant sobriquet from that. It must have been in the summer of 18G3 or 18G4 that I first saw Posie. It was the occasion of my first visit to New York. I was a boy then, in a New England office, with a very slight knowledge of dashes and dots, and having rendered a railroad superintendent a service, he offered me a pass to New York. My sensations on debarking in the wonderful metropolis were 26 P0S1E VAN DUSEN". much, I fancy, as were yours, my reader. I was captivated with everything I saw, and was astounded with the length and breadth of the swarming island. To me at that time the poet's bitter denunciation — " False land of promise, paved with gold That turns to iron 'neatb the blistering feet, Lured by that rustic lie to pace her streets! That loadstone rock whereon adventure splits And wrecked ambition starves;" to me, I say, this had no unusual significance. I saw only tbe bright side of the picture, and I tripped gayly along the route of the telegraph poles, vainly expecting to reach the office by that means. When I had tired of this I used my tongue, and ere long I stood before the great " No. 145," of which I had heard and thought so much. My cousin was an operator, and in due time I was ushered into the operating-room of the American Company. He w T as in good standing; he has since risen to a position of trust; his name is identified now with the inven- tion of " duplex '' and " quads " innumerable, and I find him, moreover, des])ite his great modesty, a man whose knowledge of electrical POSIE VAX DUSEN". science is generally respected. He introduced me to the manager, Mr. J. C. Hinchman, to Mr. M. S. Roberts, general assistant, to Mr. "William Clam, chief operator, and to Mr. Dixon F. Marks, night manager, also to operators in con- siderable number; and finally prefacing my presentation with the remark, " Of course you want to know all the celebrities, " he brought me to where two young men, apparently cast in the Swivellerian mold, were standing, and said: " This is Tip McCloskey, Mr. Oakum, and this, Posie Van Dusen. You have heard of them both." Indeed I had, and I felt much the same in their presence as I remember to have felt several years later, when I stood face to face with Charles Dickens, and tried to comprehend that he was the man who had created Cuttle, Copperfield, Agnes, Dame Durden, and the host whose hopes and experiences are a part of my own life — the sunniest part of it, need I add? The next morning, as I stood waiting U>r the arrival of my chaperon and relative, who was not due until 8:30, I saw the little army of operators file into the side door. I was a little shaver, with a round, rosy face, like hundred 28 POSIE TAN DUSEN. other boys, and, I dare say, they did not recog- nize me. Certainly none of them honored me with a bow— not even with the ghost of a wink- to betoken they had ever seen me before. I had not learned then how slight a claim a boy's intro- duction to a busy New Yorker entails. At the end of the list, as invariably happened, came Tip McCloskey. His appearance, even in the dis- tance, was disheveled, but there was a devil- may-care air about him as he strutted along, which was not without its element of smartness. I turned my face away; I had been snubbed by everybody, and I would not give this man a chance to wound my foolish sensibilities. But Tip accosted me with a kindness in his tones that I have never forgotten. He shook hands with me and called me his dear boy, and, leaning up against a little iron railing with as much non- chalance as if he had been fifteen minutes ahead of time, instead of fifteen behind, he proceeded to inquire how old I was, how long I had been learning, and assured me I was doing first rate. " Stick to it," said he; " it can't be accom- plished with a lep ; it requires patience and prac- tice. Don't get discouraged; the war is creating POSIE VAX DUSE3ST. 29 a big demand for operators, and before it is over, I shall expect to hear of you as one of the best operators around. And let me give you a little advice, my boy/' he continued, quite seriously, " don't go too much on your reputation. I have got a big reputation myself, and I must sustain it. There is no such thing for me as starting anew; but you can learn wisdom from my ex- perience. Try to become a good, reliable oper- ator; steer clear of liquor, and you will win. And remember, above everything, that it is as impossible to do telegraphic work correctly, with- out occasional interrogation in doubtful instances, as it would be to print a book or newspaper cor- rectly before the proof-reader improved it by his emendations." With this he bid me "good-morning," and shaking hands, again disappeared within. I walked on air that morning. All the encourage- ment I had ever felt was not a tenth of that which this seemingly abandoned Bohemian had voluntarily excited. Some one says that every man has the ashes of a poet in him. I am sure Tip McCloskey, long wandering through this land, and now an exile in Mexico, has the ashes of a 30 POSIE VAN DUSEN. gentleman in him. "What a pity that fortuitous circumstances, home influences, or an inherent will had not guided the warm instincts of his soul, and developed them into something wor- thier; how sad to contemplate a man wrecked on the waste waters of dissolution, from a mere lack of something to change his course! But I am forgetting Van Dusen. Before I left New York, I learned from Tip that Posie had been discharged. The story was a brief one. Van Dusen, Tip, and Cap De Costa, another tele- graphic knight, had been up into Westchester County the week before to a ball. Van Dusen went to play the violin, on which he performed quite creditably, " though he got a message going to 14 Milk Street as 1470 K Street," said Tip, as he related the details. " Posie fiddled," said Tip, " as long as he could, and when he had become not only too full for utterance, but too full to scrape the strings, the people piled us into the wagon and started us home. It was awfully dark, and most of us were asleep for a very long time; but Posie woke up at length and wanted me to stop the horse; said he thought his Cremona was knocking around in the bottom of POSIE TAN DUSKX. 31 the wagon. So I reined in the steed, and Posie got out to make an examination. I went right to sleep, and I guess Cap wasn't awake at all. Anyway, we fetched up at the stable next morn- ing, and Posie wasn't in. lie says now that I drove off and left him in the woods twelve miles from Harlem. He was five days footing it into New York, and when he got here, J. 0. II. had his paper sealed, signed, and read}- for delivery." I wasn't as sorry as I ought to have been. I didn't like Van Dusen particularly. Perhaps I was prejudiced by Tip, whom I had once heard tell Posie: " Yes, you are a big operator — let you tell it." Last summer I embarked for Boston by the Shore Line train, leaving Forty-second Street at nine p. M. There were not many in the cars — a young operator from Watertown, N. Y., going to New London to work for the opposition, a couple of dry-goods drummers, one or two mis- cellaneous entities, and myself. Just as the train was starting, a chap, whom I at once recognized as Van Dusen, entered the ear. He was redolent of vinous compounds, and before we had fairly steamed into Harlem he had edged himself into 32 POSIE VAN DUSEN. the conversation proceeding between the two drummers. One of them, had said something about his " circuit/' and that was sufficient to set Van Dusen's tongue to running like mad. He worked the first wire that was ever worked from New Orleans to New York, he did; he took the first message that was ever sent across the plains — that's what kind of a man he was. But his auditors were not so much interested in tele- graphics as they might have been, and they in- continently snubbed the man of dots and dashes, and he was obliged at last to address his conver- sation to the boy. After awhile he got a railroad flask, and he offered some of it to everybody. There were no takers except himself. He had talked shop just enough to raise the curiosity of the youngster from Water town, and the lad came over and sat with him on the seat behind me. I couldn't help hearing much of what was said, and I thanked my stars when I began to feel drowsy just after leaving New Haven. The train, however, was a lightning express, and the abrupt curves and uneven track swayed the smok- ing-car, and I woke up at intervals of ten or fifteen minutes, I should judge. By some POSIE VAX DUSEST. 33 singular fatality my waking moments seemed to come just as Van Dusen was beginning to relate the history of some new adventure. As nearly as I can recall it, the panorama shifted after this manner: " Sorry you won't take a drink, young fellow. The whisky in this bottle is fourteen years old. I want to give you a little of my experience — some heavy work I did in Cincinnati. I took fourteen thousand words of press — " Then I fell asleep, and woke up to this refrain: " Sorry you won't take a drink, young fellow. The whisky in this bottle is sixteen years old. I want to give you a little of my experience — some heavy work I did in Xew Orleans. I took three hundred and thirtv-one messages in two hours and a half — " Again, when the car disturbed my nap, I caught: " Sorry you won't take a drink, young fellow. The whisky in this bottle is eighteen years old. I want to give you a little of my experience — some heavy work I did in Corinne. Business had been accumulating in Omaha twelve days. Old -Jim Lawless was working there then — fastest 2 34 POSIE VAN DUSEN. sender ever lived. I just told him to leave out everything, and go in. Received, from him seven- teen hours and. thirty seconds, and took sixteen hundred, messages without a — " " Why, that is nearly a hundred an hour," ejaculated the youngster, amazed. "I don't know anything about that. We never counted 'em to see what time we made," said Posie, in return; and then I fell asleep again. I couldn't pretend to tell you how many times I came to the surface, as it were, and heard the story about that aged whisky and the heavy work. The more he talked about them the older the whisky got, until its one hundred and fourteenth year was reached, and I don't know how many more, and the work became heavier as the dust and cobwebs gathered upon that inspiring flask of spirits. Finally I fell into a deep slumber, which lasted until the train went crashing through Hyde Park and Jamaica Plain. I looked behind me for Van Dusen as we came in sight of Boston's domes, but he was gone, whither I knew not. It was a beautiful morn- ing, and the birds were singing sweetly in the trees as I staggered across the Common more POSIE TAX DUSEN. 35 asleep than awake. Somehow there seemed to me to be a story of whisky and heavy work per- meating the tones of the feathered songsters; but from away over on a hill-side, where the branches were waving in the summer wind of the early morning, there came the tones of a sweeter singer than all the rest. Above the din of the many its blithe notes rang out sharp and clear, and it seemed to sing — possibly I dreamed all this, but I remember it as a reality — it seemed to sing those lines of Young's: " We risj in glory as we sink in pride; Where boasting ends 1 ., there dignity begins. " LITTLE TIP McCLOSKEY. LITTLE TIP McCLOSKEY. <•' W You remember little old Tip McCloskcy? He passed through here yesterday en route to Mexico. He has grown old since I saw Jiim before, and they tell me he is a ' little off ' on his working, and that the nice copy he used to put up has got to be a trifle rocky. Whisky has been playing fast and loose with his nerves, I fancy, and his palmiest days, telegraphically speaking, are over." 1 extract the above from a private letter bear- ing date of New Orleans, March 6th, 1874. So little Tip has come to the surface again, after all these months in which his friends have been won- dering if he was alive. Of course I remember him. Everybody remembers him. Ten years ago it was no small affront to the telegraphic profession in general not to know Tip McCloskey. Long before I had carried my last message and 40 LITTLE TIP M'CLOSKEY. been promoted to the position of operator in a way office, I had learned the history of his achievements by heart. I should be almost ashamed to-clay to tell you how much I revered that man long before I ever saw him. No rapt listener to the enchanting stories of " Sinbad," ' Aladdin/' or any of the others with which Scheherazade beguiled the Arabic ruler and his attendants through the fleeting hours of those one thousand and one nights, ever paid more faithful attention to the clever wife than I to those who made little Tip's exploits the burden of their song. I installed him in my boyish heart as a man fit to rank with Aramis or Athos, with Porthos or D'Artagan, and the genius of Dumas has not clothed the " Three Guardsmen " and their Gascon mate with braver laurels than those with which I crowned my hero, or attributed to them greater or more numerous virtues than those with which I formed a halo to crown Tip's curly head. The worthy Mr. Tip was generally known as a man who never ''broke," and he traveled, got trusted, borrowed money, and obtained new situa- tions in spite of frequent dismissals, on this reputation. It was he who received Buchanan's LITTLE TIP M'CLOSKEY. 11 message at Worcester, Mass. It came through a button repeater at Providence. Tip afterward made his boast that he was the only man in the New England States who took the whole message without a " break/" and I think lie was. The auburn-haired operator who coined the message at Providence said that "Worcester was accident- ally cut off in the middle of that official document for fifteen minutes, and if Tiji got the whole mes- sage, he of the carroty sconce was a clam, that's all. I will not discuss the merit of this difference of opinion; it is a trivial matter. In Atlanta, Ga., Tip made a wager that he could walk from his instrument to the out- door, where he was to be met by a hoy from a neighboring restaurant with a gin sour on a waiter, drink the " medicine," and resume his work without interrupting the sender — and he did it. The Atlanta paper said, in an editorial para- graph, two clays later: " Our article of yesterday, on the indiscretions of J. C. Lamont, would have been characterized by less spirit had we known him to be a relative of the late Henry Clay. The Associated Press dispatch, on which our article was based, stated distinctly that Lamont was a 4% LITTLE TIP M'CLOSKET. nephew of old Dan Webster, of Massachusetts." The other papers in that locality, whose " press " was taken on the same wire, had it Henry Clay; but Tip's reputation saved him. There is no doubt in my mind that the rest of the men on that wire were a set of unmitigated plugs and guessers. Tip worked the old National wire at New York in 1803. This was a great circuit in its day, and the amount of business sent via Pittsburg was enormous. Owing to an inordinate appetite for dramatic performances, he whiled the most of his evenings away at the Bowery Theater, and because of this, and a habit of indulging in " revelry by night/' after the entertainment, it was usually late before he sought his couch. As sleepiness is a natural sequence of unrest, and as ten or fifteen " horns " of beer a day do not conduce to wakefulness under these circum- stances, Tip was generally drowsy; and whenever he was " clear " he laid his head on the table and went to sleep. The office boys, by whom he was regarded as a sort of demi-god, manifested their interest in his welfare by always being on the alert for calls. When they heard Pittsburg call- LITTLE TIP mYi.OSKEY. [S ing they aroused Tip from his slumber, lie would opeu the key, stare about sleepily for a moment, and then command his friend at "G to "let 'em come and cut 'em all to bits. " Then, to the ail miration of all about, he would sit and copy message after message in a beauti- fully flowing chirography, oftentimes earning on a lively conversation with his companions. And he didn't "break'' in seventeen months. lint, there were bigoted citizens of New York who con- spired against him. One illustration will suffice Dr. Janvier received a message from his wife, stating that " Mr. Sage has caved and is satis- fied." Now, I maintain that if Mr. Sage hail caved, he ought to have been satisfied. But not so with Janvier, lie demanded a repetition, and the telegram read: " Message received and is satisfactory." I have no ]iatience with your modern Galens, and I never doubted for a mo- ment that Janvier was prejudiced. The occasion of the memorable Army of the Kepublic celebration in Boston, in L868, found Tip a night operator at Titusville, Pa. It was on that night he demonstrated to a coterie of friends the feasibility of reciting " Casabianca " 44 LITTLE TIP M'CLOSKEY. and receiving "press" simultaneously. The next morning the Journal announced in its tele- graphic columns that " Post No. 1 was com- manded by an Irishman from New Bedford;" and the New Bedford Standard hastened, a day or two later, to copy the dispatch, and explain that Post No. 1 was really commanded by A. N. Cushman, from New Bedford. It added, more- over, that Mr. Cushman was less a Milesian than the telegraph. This was evidently a fling at Tip's nationality, and I have never ceased to despise the carping nature of a newspaper that would make such an observation. When the Pacific Bailroad was opened, Tip and Jim Lawless joined the numerous company, who, pinning their faith on the star of empire, fol- lowed it across the Missouri, through the land of sage brush and alkali, and beyond the snow- capped heights of the Sierras. I never heard of McCloskey but twice during the whole Western tour and his sojourning on the Pacific coast. He was put off a train, and came sauntering into the office at Wasatch, in Utah, one morning, and depositing on the counter an old enameled cloth satchel tied up with a piece of line wire, he said LITTLE TIP M'CLOSKEY. 45 to the operator: " Just you keep your eye skinned for that trunk., George, and I'll go out and lie down.-" The satchel was empty; that was obvious at the first glance. The operator tos it on an adjacent shelf and went about his busi- ness. The budding season ripened into glorious summer, those delicious days when the sun is up early and goes not down till late, came and went, but Tip came not. One afternoon, how- ever, when the bearded wheat was bending with its wealth, and all nature had grown mag- nificent in her abundant harvest, he swaggered jauntily from an Eastern bound train, and called for his satchel with an air indicating that his ab- sence had merely extended over an hour or two. He had not improved in personal appearance in the interval. A red shirt, a pair of jean panta- loons, an old felt hat, and a suspender long separated from its mate, constituted what " Pledges of our fallen state " adorned his person. He had been "down to "Frisco," he said, "and had seen trouble." Slowly he unwound the line wire from his shabby satchel, cautiously he opened its widely gaping 46 LITTLE TIP M'CLOSKEY. mouth, then plunging in his hand and feeling all around, he observed, with considerable emphasis: " I should like to know the name of the black- hearted Mormon who went through me for that red velvet vest." It was not without difficulty that he was persuaded to quit Wasatch; and when he did shake the dust of that polygamous section from his honest shoes, he mentioned privately to the train dispatcher, as the train glided haughtily away, that probably he would find that " cylinder escapement ,: vest in Omaha. But my cor- respondent makes no mention of his wearing in New Orleans a garment resembling the ruby wine, so I fear he never found it. Perhaps he goes now to seek it in the land of the Montezu- mas. AN AUTUMN EPISODE, AN AUTUMN EPISODE. No pent-up Utica could contract the powers of Mr. Tip McCloskey. A man of his genius could scarcely be expected to confine himself to any one line of business, or to any one locality, and he did not. In a metaphorical sense, he chased the roe- buck o'er the plain, but ever fresh and free remained. Some of his pilgrimages were volun- tary, others were inspired by circumstances over which he had no control, while a fitting regard for the prejudices of officials often prompted him to surrender lucrative situations with telegraph companies, and turn his attention temporarily to other pursuits. Arriving one day in I'lainfield, Conn., he said something to the station agent about having had trouble in getting through the Union lines, and adding that the walking from Washington was rather monotonous, asked for employment as a waiter in the railroad restaurant. (49J 50 AN AUTUMN EPISODE. His appearance was against him, and he was put off on the pretext that there were no vacancies. He then applied for work to a master-mechanic who was superintending the laying of a new track near by, but was again refused. Not at all abashed, he returned to the depot, murmuring: " More human, more divine than we, In truth, half human, half divine Is woman, when good stars agree To temper, with their rays benign, The hour of her nativity." Reaching the platform, he paced up and down awhile, and finally said: " I wish I wasn't quite so unprepossessing at this time; I would call in and see the telegraph girl. But, pshaw! ' Worth makes the man, the want of it the fel- low,' Pope says. And old Polonius said to Laertes, ' Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy — neat but not gaudy.' Egad, that's me. Costly as my purse can buy — been out of funds for three months — trunk in Chattanooga. Cheer up, Tip, my boy, and make your devoir to the lady." His address at this time had a dash about it that invariably captivated the female heart. If AN AUTUMN EPISODE. 51 one of the fair sex met him during- his periods of seediness, and elevated her sensitive nose at first, it mattered little. Given a hearing, he speedily dissipated all depreciating thoughts from his hearers' minds, and beguiled them to the last degree with tales of moving accident by flood and field, with bits of reminiscence, telegraphic and otherwise, or characteristic stories of his cele- brated peers, all of whom he knew personally, and whose history he was wont to touch upon in a manner most droll and winning. The lady operator at Plain field that September afternoon listened to Tip's easy flow of words, and at the end of a ten minutes' conversation through the little window, he had enshrouded himself in a halo of glory, which toned down his faded dress and sunburnt features to a degree that gained him admission to the office. Once in, he insisted on the operator giving her entire attention to her needle-work, while he did the business. " The idea of a robust operator like me," he said, " sitting here idling away my time when there is work to be done, and no one else but a lady to do it, is absurd." And she smilingly surrendered her chair to the 52 AN AUTUMN EPISODE. 'gentle gentleman/-" somehow much handsomer than he looked, and sat and sewed the afternoon away in a little rocker in the opposite corner. From that moment Tip gained an admirer for all time. An inferior operator herself, his enter- tainer regarded a perfect sound reader as a vara avis, and when she had been to Worcester or Norwich, and had seen male operators receive press reports, she had returned home and been despondent for a week from thinking what a lamentable incompetent she was. But she had never seen any one in Worcester or Norwich whose telegraphic ability could compare with Tip's. He told everybody who essayed to send to him, to rush things. " Trying to get my hand in," he said. " Been traveling extensively — taking views a-foot — and am rusty." Meantime, he paid the most knightly attention to his vis-a- vis. " Talk right along, my little friend," he would say; " it doesn't make the slightest differ- ence to me, even if I am receiving. Got used to that long ago. Learned the business that way from old Pop Donaldson in Savannah, Ga. He's dead now; a wonderful operator, and one of Nature's noblemen. Green be the turf above him." And AN AUTUMN EPISODE. 53 the pretty copies Tip took us he went on chatting and telling stories,, and the merry jingle of his nervous " i, i, o, k.. Mr." quickly established his reputation, as he established it everywhere. In many a bright pair of feminine eves vou ■/OX J J were a great hero that afternoon, Mr. Tip Mc- Closkey, as you sat there relaying New York business for all the girls on that Hartford ami Providenoe wire — business which should have gone to Hartford only you thought it a hardship the girls should call so long, and offered to take it yourself; but you were no hero in the eyes i t' the young man at Norwich to whom you sent that business at break-neck speed, to the infinite delight of your fair companion. She cordially despised that conceited youngster, who had gravi- tated from a country office to the " City on the Thames," and who made life miserable for all who knew less of the telegraphic art than he. It was a very warm afternoon, but you made it warm- er in the vicinity of the Plainfield wire, in that Norwich office, than it was anywhere else on this terrestrial globe; and a certain aspiring operator went home that night with a very much smaller opinion of himself than he had entertained 54 AN AUTUMN EPISODE. formerly. You yourself admitted that you had " tried to make it interesting for him." Finally tea-time came, and Tip was invited to accompany his new-found lady friend to the station agent's house, where she boarded. He was coolly received, but with womanly adroitness she plied him with questions at table, and he had attentive listeners directly. After office hours he returned to the house, and during the evening, like Goldsmith's travel-stained soldier, he shoul- dered his crutch, figuratively speaking, and told how fields were won. " You will be pleased to give Mr. McCloskey a bed to-night, of course, Mr. G randy," said a persuasive female voice, as the clock chimed ten; and Tip lay down that night in a clean, sweet bed, and slept as soundly, and rose as brisk and happy next morning, as if he owned the universe. " You have an influential friend among us, my boy," said Mr. Grand y, during the forenoon. " I have been persuaded to find something for you to do. She says your misfortunes can not hide the fact that you are a gentleman ;md a wonderful operator." The next day Tip became a general utility AN AUTUMN" EPISODE. 55 man about the depot, and at the end of his first week he had demonstrated his fitness for better work, and was appointed ticket-seller. When he left town, three months later, he said gravely to Mr. Grandy: " Good-bye, and God bless you all, particularly my little operator friend. I should die if I stayed here longer. I must have excite- ment, and 1*11 find it among the military tele- graphers beyond the Potomac. Yet I feel like crying at leaving here. I have been more respect- able the past three months than I ever was before in my life; but the end has come — good-bye!" And the steamboat train for Norwich, with Tip waving his handkerchief on the rear platform, dashed out of sight, and Plainfield knew him no more. Let me conclude by giving one episode in Tip's experience as a ticket-seller. His visit to Plain- field was made early in the sixties, when postal currency was scarce and silver change at a pre- mium. Postage stamps were in general use for change at that time, and one day an inebriated and quarrelsome stranger called for a ticket for Hartford, tendering a bank-note. Tip stamped the ticket, and counting out about a dollar in 56 AN AUTUMN EPISODE. postage stamps, pat them down with his hand over them to prevent the wind, which was blow- ing briskly, from scattering them to the four corners of the earth. He waited patiently a moment for the purchaser to take ticket and stamps; but the fellow was obstinate, and held back. It was then that Tip raised his sheltering hand and cried, in a three-card-monte voice: " N-e-x-t gentleman!" Some of those postage stamps blew back into the office, others blew out of doors, and what became of the remainder of them is still a mystery. The purchaser finally succeeded in getting his ticket and one three-cent stamp, and in getting very angry. Elbowing his way back to the window once more, he bawled: "I want the rest of my change. " Leveling a look at him which was intended to freeze the marrow in the fellow's bones, Tip shook his finger slowly, and said, in measured accents: " Young man, you have had your change once. Now, if you don' - ; move away from here, I'll come out there and bust your crust!" The man looked at Tip for a moment only, and moved mournfully away. His regard for the safety of his " crust " kept him away, and when his train AN AUTUMN EPISODE. 57 arrived, lie was the first man to board it. Ticket- selling; at Plainfield during the remainder of Tip's stay went on peacefully and without let or hinderance. Mr. McCloskev had made his record. CAP DE COSTA. CAP DE COSTA. Those who read a previous paper in this volume entitled " Posie Van Dusen/' may remember that a gentleman bearing the name of Cap De Costa was incidentally introduced. I. ss attention was devoted to him than to the others, because he had never performed any of the mar- velous feats which so redounded to the glory of Jim Lawless, nor had he ever won distinction in the peculiar respects in which it is vouchsafed that none but McCloskeys shall achieve victory and renown: and yet De Costa was an original in his way — a genuine ingot in the mine of humanity. It was his misfortune, however, in common with most of his class, that the retention of lucrative situations is not compatible with a free indulgence in wine and wassail. Ami thus it came to pass, in the year of our Lord I860, that Mr. De Costa had been so regularly and G2 CAP DE COSTA. persistently dismissed from the service of the American Company, in New York, as to render it somewhat difficult to persuade managers that he deserved a situation. From August, 1860, until June, 1862, very little is known of the gentleman's history or his whereabouts. Vague rumors are still whispered concerning his operations during the period men- tioned, but the theories of his disappearance are so diverse in their nature that unless Mr. De Costa possessed the unusual boon of ubiquity he could scarcely have filled the bill. One story runs that he passed the interval in driving a mule team on some route having Santa Fe for its remoter terminus; another says he was engaged in New Jersey, where he nourished a shepherd's staff and looked after a flock as pastoral in their seeming, no doubt, as the average arrivals from the West, as seen at Communipaw; while still another informant holds that, at intervals during the entire period, telegrajmers seeking relaxation in a game of billiards at the National, saw some- times hovering in a dark corner a face mysteri- ously familiar, though changed and shy of notice, aid others dropping in at Branch's after " 30 " CAP DE COSTA. 63 for a lunch or some liquid comfort, noticed that a figure, which, according to Mike's testimony, had been " hanging over that chair and baking himself all night in a comatose sthate/' always came quickly to an upright posture and disclosed that it possessed legs and the faculty of locomotion, by speedily gliding up the steep stairs, and disappearing down Ann Street as if propelled by shame and humiliation. Bat these distracting theories of De Costa's whereabouts do not alter the circumstance that on the Stli of July, 1862, he appeared in a ter- ribly demoralized condition at the office of a western superintendent, between whom and him- self a dialogue, something as given below, is said to have taken place: " I hear operators are skurce,'* said De Costa, with the skill of a diplomat. " Good many gone to the war, and more going d — n soon. I'm an operator, old man, and, look here — I want a job." ■ "Indeed!" returned the gentleman; "but your manner, sir, is hardly what is due to men in my position, and you seem to have been drink- ing. I really fear we have no vacan — " 64 CAP DE COSTA. "Oh, that's played!" broke in the captain. " I've been here before. I'm sorry if I haven't been respectful; but, d — n it, man, you don't seem to understand that good operators are skurce. " And, as if in atonement for anything unfriendly in his manner, he squirted a stream of tobacco juice in very inconvenient proximity to the official boots, and fell to whistling " Auld Lang Syne." What he said was true; the demand for opera- tors was threatening to exceed the supply; cir- culars calling for "sound operators," to go into the army, were freely distributed, and telegraphic officials were well aware that the facilities for handling the wondei fully increasing business were likely to be crippled from a lack of operators. But the superintendent did not fancy the manner of the applicant, and he prepared to annihilate him. " No," he began, " old acquaintance should not be forgot, and with the record which you have, Mr. De Costa, the company is not likely, to let your fame pass from memory; but we really don't need you. We only want a few operators just now, and it is essential that those should be absolutely first-class — men capable of sending a CAP DE COSTA. G5 message with one hand and receiving one with the other — who can work two wires at once, so that—" " Look here, cully," interrupted De Costa, speaking most confidentially — " look here, cully, you say you want men that can do that? Well, I'm your oyster. You want to engage me on the spot at your highest salary." It is not within my province to describe the process of thought by which these two came ultimately to agree. De Costa's impudence may have awed the official into submission, or a fine sense of humor may have led the gentleman to give the veteran another trial. At all events, my friend of the military title found his way to the operating-room that very afternoon, and was enrolled on the list at the " highest salary," as he had suggested. During his stay his relations were tolerably pleasant, though some of his co- laborers were taken down a peg or two occasion- ally by his manner of answering their inquiries. A message of his receiving, containing upward of a hundred words, was once handed to a new operator for transmission to some point in the East. It was beautifully written, and filled the 3 66 CAP DE COSTA. blank completely. The sender got on gloriously until he reached the bottom, and then he was unable to see the check. He looked for it at the top and on the margin, but his " eager and ex- pectant gaze " was each time disappointed. As a last resource he marched over to Cap's desk, and sai (1 , ve ry d em u rel y : " Mr. De Costa, you seem to have omitted the check by some — ; ' " Omitted the devil!" responded Cap, a little pompously, observing with a wink at his inter- rogator: " nice copy, isn't it?" Then he turned it over, and pointing to the middle of the back, exclaimed: "Why, you tow-topped lunkhead, what do you call that?" The check was there on the back, looming up solitary and alone, like the Latin inscription " Hie " on the tombstone of the departed inebriate. His friends thought he had reformed, and indeed his behavior for a few months was so much better than was expected, that the position of all- night man, which had become vacant, was ten- dered him. The duties were light, with hours from 1 a. m. to 8 a. m. As a general thing he took scarcely a half dozen messages, besides send- CAP DE COSTA. 67 ing a little press to San Francisco, and jogged on the even tenor of his way as happily as a bird. But there came a sad, regretful pay-day night when Cap met with a misfortune. lie looked upon the wine when it was red. " On horror's head horrors accumulate/' you know; so it was not surprising that, after he had relieved his men, San Francisco should offer a "special." I fancy that deep emotions were working in the old boy's breast when the doleful information came bumping across the plains; but be that as it may, deep emotions were working in several other breasts next morning. A special, which should have appeared in the New York Tribune that day, for reasons which the reader may surmise, hung innocently on its hook in the San Francisco office until long after the cock's shrill clarion had waked the echoes of the new- born day. The manager — or " Charley," as the captain always called him — by some strange chance came earlier to the office that morning than usual, to find the door open, the fire gone out, and the room vacant. The butt of a cigar lying on (he " overland " desk indicated that De Costa had G8 CAP DE COSTA. sat pondering there on his duty, and the feasi- bility of his performing it. The circuit closer was open, a piece of tin, which Cap always took with him when he changed his base, was gone from the sounder, and on a blank lying loose among many others was written in pencil, in a neat chirogra- phy, unmistakably his, the following laconic adieu: " Charley, — I works no more; I resigns. "Cap." I)e Costa was a man, as has been indicated, who had no pronounced scruples about changing his base of operations. He had no abiding faith in the theory that " We may fill our houses with rich sculptures and rare paintings, But we can not buy with gold the old associations." To him old associations were not of particular importance, and he never bought anything with ^old — or currency, even — which he could pur- chase on credit, and having no house, he filled it not with paintings either rare or otherwise, or sculptures rich or poor. In short, he was a roll- CAP DE COSTA. 69 ing stone who gathered no Morse, except what was transmitted to him, but he gathered that with an ease and grace which has never been surpassed and seldom equaled. The captain not only drifted from the " rock-bound coasts of Maine to the golden sands of the Pacific " about once a year, but he also drifted to and fro from the service of the American Telegraph Company to that of railroad companies, and was never hap- pier than when on the eve of transferring his valuable services from one corporation to another. Sometimes, I regret to say, his period of service was abruptly terminated by his employers without the formality of consulting his wishes, and he was left without visible means of support for an indefinite length of time. It was during one of these dreary intervals — which weie by no means infrequent in his history — that he accosted a knot of telegraphers on Broadway one evening and asked for a loan — a small one. He said that it was likely to be a permanent if not a paying investment, and a purse of nine cents was finally made up for his benefit. " Now, if I pay my fare to Fiftieth Street, that will only leave me four cents for a beer," said De Costa, reflectively. 70 CAP DE COSTA. " I'll go get the beer first and trust to luck to get up-town on the other four cents. Thanks, gentlemen; ' I owe you one,' as Dr. Ollapod would say. As a matter of fact, my beloved brethren, I owe you several. Good-night." His friends watched him for a moment as he tripped gayly up the street, until he suddenly disappeared in the vicinity of a pair of posts surmounted with red lamps, having " oysters " painted on them. Men much exhilarated, loud of voice, and in- clined to burst into discordant song often came out between those lamp-posts — an argument undoubtedly against the consumption of oysters. Later the captain came out and made his way as dignified as usual to a neighboring car-stand. He took up a position on the front platform of the car, and before it started had invented a story which he thought would get him up to Fiftieth Street, where he had relatives, for four cents. But he had no occasion to tell it. For some unexplained reason the conductor didn't disturb him, and at Fiftieth Street De Costa left the car as light-hearted as a bird. " I'll have to celebrate that piece of good fortune," he said. "But I can't beer up on four cents." He CAP DP COSTA. 71 walked down the street, however, toward a lager beer garden. He must have been studying as he went, for as he approached the bar he blandly remarked to the man of juleps, smashes, etc. : " Balmy evening, Jack; rather late home to- night for a pious citizen. Must correct my habits in deference to my early teachings, and return home earlier. By the way, my friend, would you do me the great kindness to lend me a cent?*' Cap was an entire stranger to the bar- tender, but the request was so pleasantly made, the style of the applicant so breezy, and the loan asked so small, that the fellow, though puzzled, was very glad to accommodate. " If you mean it, certainly, sir,'' said he. " Mean it?" re- peated Cap. "Dol look like a man who would jest?"' The penny was handed over without further ceremony, and the captain, fishing his four cents out of his pocket, surmounted them with the borrowed one, pushed the column for- ward, and said, briskly: " Jack, give me a beer." While he leisurely drank it the bar-tender watched him narrowly, and as De Costa set the glass down the former dropped into the till the five cents which he had meantime held median- 72 CAP DE COSTA. ically in his hand, and ejaculated: ''Well, Sandy, that is pretty good, too. Have one with me." And he had one. It must have been three months after this that De Costa made his reappearance as a member of the regular night force at No. H5 Broadway. He had been receiv- ing from some rapid sender in Washington all the evening, and about ten o'clock a number of the operators gathered about him and were admiring his beautiful copy. One of them, who had been timing the sending, finally said: "Good work; forty-three words a minute for the last five min- utes." At this the captain opened his key for the first time that night, and feelingly said: " There is no merit in being a good telegrapher. It is born in some men, just as poetry is, or sweet- ness in a woman. But I'll tell you what does require brains — to get three beers and a ride home on a street car for nine cents. / did that, fellow circuit-busters," and then he told us how, as herein related. OLD GEORGE WENTWORTE OLD GEORGE WENTWOKTH. Ix the year of our Lord 1867, there came to work in the Western Union Telegraph Office, at No. 145 Broadway, a thin, prematurely old and gray young man of not more than twenty-six years. No one seemed to know anything about him, and he soon dropped into our ranks, and came and went, day after day, without eliciting much interest on the part of those around him. He was very quiet, and seldom spoke unless addressed, but then in a low and sweetly musical voice. That he was intelligent and well educated everybody conceded ; but he manifested no dispo- sition to mix with the general throng, and thus it happened that the general throng, without think- ing much about it, came to speak of him with more respect than the appellation given him — "Old George Went worth " — would imply, and left him pretty much to himself. He sat right across the aisle from me, and I often (ib) 7G OLD GEORGE WENTWORTH. studied his sad though pleasant face, and ere long put his name down in my mind with those of some other men I had met, and whom I may briefly describe by stating that they were men with histories. Yes, I was moderately sure that George Wentworth had a history, and I longed to know what it was, and give him my young and boyish friendship with my whole heart. But months passed, and we knew no more of our associate than we did when he came, except that he was a magnificent operator, and that he was as sweet as a day in June, though as sad, as I have indicated, as the melancholy and sighing days of the later autumn. His voice and man- ner always reminded me of the falling of the hectic October leaves, the surging of the autumn wind through leafless branches. But the glori- ous sunbeams were always resting on his head, making sweet and lovable his life and character. One night we had a severe sleet storm, and hardly a wire was left intact in any direction. The full force had been ordered on duty. They waited for the lines to come " 0. K./' and sat about in little knots, telling stories and speculat- ing on the chances of being kept on duty until OLD GEORGE WENTWOKTH. 77 morning. For a Lime I formed one of Hie little company, but not being particularly interested in the subject of discussion, and seeing George Wentworth sitting alone, I approached him. After a short exchange of commonplaces, I asked, abruptly: " Are you a married man, Mr. Wentworth?" The reply came slowly: " No." If that little monosyllable had been kept on ice for a century it could not have been colder. I saw that I had been imprudent — that I had awk- wardly touched a chord in the man's heart that was sacred. I was very sorry, and being very young and inexperienced in hiding my emotions, I made a failure of it. The tears came into my eyes, my lip trembled, and I felt wretched. He saw the state of things at a glance, and said, kindly: " I beg your pardon, Tom. I didn't mean to be rude; but I had just been thinking of events scarcely six years old, but such bitter, hopeless memories that it seems as if I had lived a thou- sand years since the page on which they are writ- ten was turned down in the book of Fate — turned down forever." He paused, and I said nothing. " I have 78 OLD GEORGE WENTWORTH. never spoken of these things," he continued, " but I think I was something like you at twenty. How sadly I have changed since then!" He stopped again, and then continued: "I don't mind telling you my story, if you would care to hear it." And. as I eagerly answered: "i)o tell me," he resumed: "It is a sad story, my little friend; it concerns a woman. Some say hearts do not break; others, that women's hearts do sometimes, but that a man's is tough, and can bear disaster to the affections without material injury. Maybe it is true, generally speaking; but there are exceptions — the exceptions, I sup- pose," he said, musingly, " that philosophers would tell you prove the rule. You see me to- day old and prematurely gray. I have never been a dissipated man. I inherited a fine consti- tution from my father. I have lived regularly, and have never suffered from disease, but I am as you see me, nevertheless. Do you ask me if I am heart-broken? I can not say that; but I have mourned over dead and buried hopes for five years, and God's beautiful world will never look so fair and sweet again to me as at the hour when I close my eyes upon it forever." OLD GEORGE WENTWOETH. 79 He moved slightly in his chair, and said, as if studying on the matter: " It looks like a case of broken heart, doesn't it?" Then he was silent for several minutes; but when he spoke again his voice had changed, and he proceeded more cheerfully than I had ever heard him speak before: " Six years ago last August I was employed in an Eastern city. I worked the New York wire, and one day while I was sending, an ofliec-boy came up, and said: 'Mr. Wentworth, there's a lady outside as wants to see yer. ' I cleared my hook, asked New York to wait a second, and went out into the vestibule of the office. A vision of loveliness, such as I had never seen until then, stood before me. She was an entire stranger to me; but we were soon chatting gayly, nevertheless, for she had said in the mean- time: ' I am Helen Banks, from Saybrook. and as I was passing through here on my way to Rockville, where I am to take the office, I thought it not improper that I should call and renew, in propria persona, the acquaintance we bad formed by wire." " I have burdened you by inference with one 80 OLD GEORGE WENTWORTH. exploded theory, so don't mind another/' he con- tinued. " I fell in love at first sight. She was a lovely creature, small of stature, bright, intelli- gent, modest, enchanting, and she appeared to me as suddenly and unexpectedly as Diana ap- peared to Endymion. How readily I accepted Endymion's role, and with what alacrity I awoke from my sleep ot every-day life to a new life of love and bliss, I need not tell yon. She stayed only a few minutes, and at parting she said, gayly: " ' I expect to be intensely lonesome down at Rockville, and that my only recreation will be that derived from listening to the birds and to your musical sending. Think of me sometimes, and when the wire is idle say a word to poor me, won't you?' she went on, half jocosely, half in earnest. ' And,' she concluded, ' when you are too busy to bid a body good-clay, please imagine that " ' " Pretty and pale and tired She sits in her stiff-backed chair, While (he blazing summer sun Shines on her soft brown hair," and all the rest of it. Good-bye!' and she was gone. OLD GEORGE WENTWORTH. 81 " How dark and dismal the old office looked as I resumed my duties! The sunbeams which, in my imagination, nestled in her hair and played around the dimples in her cheeks, lending a new and genial luster to the office, and blessing every nook and corner in the dim old room like a vis- ible benediction, went out with her. I was very thoughtful and preoccupied that afternoon, and felt that I could afford to smile at my compan- ions, who sought to tease me by asking if that was the young lady who inquired over the wire so often if Mr. Wentworth was in. Well, time passed on, and what with chatting on the wire, and corresponding by mail, we finally reached the period in our acquaintance when I dared to offer myself in marriage. A letter was the medium of my proposal — I had not courage to make a personal appeal." He paused, and drummed on the desk with his fingers for a little time, and then said: " I waited patiently three days for an answer; but none came. Then I waited a week, a month, and then she resigned and went home. I dared not make any inquiry of her meantime, though t did write confidentially to the postmaster at Bock- 82 OLD GEORGE WENTWORTH. ville, and learned that he had himself delivered the letter into her hands. I saw how it was; she could not accept me, and was too kind to tell me so. I went into the army when the war broke out, but returned home on a furlough in 1863. I learned ihat Helen had married her cousin a few months before and had removed to Iowa. I was resolved to make the best of it and be a man. You see how well I have succeeded," he said, smiling sadly. " Just before my furlough was out I took up a copy of a morning paper pub- lished in the city where I had been formerly em- ployed, and started on seeing my own name. "At first I thought I had been accidentally included in a list of killed and wounded. 1 hastily turned the paper to read the heading, and my heart sunk within me. Through hot, blind- ing tears, which I could not stay, I read the sad, sad story that made me what I am. A post-office clerk had been arrested for robbing the mail; in his room were found unindorsed, and therefore useless, checks, ' and among other things,' the account said, ' personal letters to the following named addresses.' Then followed a list of a hun- dred or more names, among which was mine. I OLD GEORGE WENTWORTH. 83 took the first train to , and applying at police head-quarters, obtained my letter. It was as T had feared; it was her letter accepting me as her husband. I crushed it in my hands, and crying: 'Oh. God! too late, too late!' fell swoon- ing on the Moor. A few weeks later I went back to my post in the army. My comrades said I was the bravest man they had ever seen. I rushed into the thickest of the fight, and feared nothing. I courted an honorable death; but bullets whistled by me, shells burst by my side, killing men by dozens. The fever broke out in our regiment, and fifty men died in one week, but I lived on. Promotion followed promotion, and at last, to please my mother, I resigned my commission, stayed at home a month, and finally promised to keep out of the army on condition that I should resume work at my old business wherever I coidd find it. Since then I have been in Canada, and finally drifted to New York to be nearer home. Now, Tom, let me tell you here that — " " Mr. Wentworth, we have got one wire up to Washington; answer him for a Sun special, please," called out Night Manager Marks from the switch; and the story was ended. 81 OLD GEORGE WENTWORTH. The thread thus broken was never taken up again, and by some indefinable understanding between us, I guarded Went worth's secret as jealously as if it were I who had loved and lost, and henceforward neither of us mentioned it. I left New York soon after this, and never saw George Wentworth again until I stood one August day, two years later, in a small Connecticut town, and looked down upon all that was mortal of him as he lay in his coffin. His sweet face was as natural as in life, and scarcely any paler. His mother stood by and reverently kissed his brow again and again, wdiile the sturdy frame of his grand old father trembled like a reed shaken in the wind as he gazed fondly and tearfully upon the dead. There were not many particulars of his death to be obtained. It was obvious that no one excepting the old pastor knew of his love and the suffering he had undergone. " He came home," said his mother, " about a month ago, looking no worse than usual, but he shortly began to fail perceptibly day by day. The doctor came and prescribed a change of air, but George said he would be better soon, and begged to remain quietly where he was. One OLD GEORGE WENTWORTH. S,"> afternoon he walked out under the elms and lay clown in the hammock. At six o'clock I went out and asked him to return to the house. He said : ' Not yet, mother. It is delightful here; the breeze refreshes me, and I feel perfectly easy and content. I will remain where I am— thank you — and watch the sun go down.' When the sun had set I went out again, but," she added, in a breaking, though sweetly musical voice like George's, " my boy had gone to rest with the sun, whose downward course he watched." The minister came and preached the customary sermon, ranking the dead man with " ilen whose lives glide on like rivers that water the woodlands, Daikened by shadows of earth, but reflecting an image of heaven;" the modest cortege moved away, and George Wentworth was laid to rest in a solitary grave beneath the murmuring pines on a neighboring hill-side. That was done at his request, made to the old preacher, whom he also acquainted with his story when he felt that the end was near. Not being a relative, I did not go to the grave, and as I prepared to leave the house I met a 86 OLD GEORGE WENTWORTH. sweet, sad-faced woman, whom I had noticed when she approached and gazed long and ten- derly upon the form of my departed friend, and then retired to a remote corner of the room weep- ing painfully. Some one said she was a stranger, others that she was some woman living in the village, and still others said that she was a rela- tive. But I knew she was not the latter, else she would have been provided with a carriage. We left the house together, and as we walked down the neat gravel path, 1 said: " This is a very pretty village. Do you live here?" " No, sir," she replied; " I live many, many miles from here. Mr. Wentworth was an old friend of mine, and my husband insisted that I should come to his funeral." " You live in Iowa, perhaps," said I, gently. Our eyes met for a moment, and we understood each other. " You are married, I believe — happily so, I trust?" I ventured, after a moment. " My husband is very kind," she replied. " I am quite content, thank you. We have two children, " OLD GEORGE WENTWORTH. 87 " I suppose you know the whole story," I added, after a pause — " the stolen letter, his suffering, and his unaltered love?" " Yes, sir; I know it all now," she said, weep- ing. " The good parson who preached the funeral sermon to-day wrote me the sad story a few weeks ago. It was he, too, who telegraphed George's death, and influenced his parents, with- out disclosing his motive, to defer the funeral until now. I arrived only at noon to-day. Oh, sir," she continued, " I try to think it is all for the best. I pray to Heaven to help me to be true and good to my kind and affectionate hus- band, and to make me worthy of my pure and guileless little ones; but I sometimes fear that I have only a shattered heart left to love them with." We shook hands and separated, probably for- ever. I went back to my telegraphing, and she back to Iowa, her husband and little ones, and her great sorrow. And that ends the story, unless 1 add an odd fancy of my own. Sometimes, when the house is hushed and mid- night draws near, I sit and smoke and dream, Watching the clouds as they curl upward from 88 OLD GEORGE WENT WORTH. my cigar, or peering through the smoke-rings I blow forth, I see hopes and joys that have passed me by, which, as they vanish in the haze, leave my cheeks wet. And as I sit and muse anon, my mind flits back to a quiet rustic village, and I hear the winds sighing softly through the pines above a solitary grave on a hill-side. Looking west, I see a sweet, sad-faced matron sitting beneath a cottage portico, and happy, gleeful children are about her. Then I listen to the pines again, and I fancy I hear them whisper: " Pretty and pale and tired She sits in her stiff-backed chair, While the blazing summer sun Shines on her soft brown hair;" and as I turn once more I see her yet again- waiting, waiting, waiting. PATSY FLANNAGAN. PATSY FLANNAGAN. If we were to inquire closely into the matter of the success of great men, we should no doubt find that the chief secret of their triumphs was tireless patience. In Patsy's case patience has certainly accomplished marvels — miracles, I sometimes think. His ruddy face and big brogans attracted my attention one day, and on inquiry I learned that he was a new addition to the messenger force. As a brother messenger, a broad-faced urchin, expressed it, Patsy was "as Irish as Pat Murphy's pig." Without being at all familiar with the probable, not to say the precise, degree of Celtic character obtaining in the nature of Mr. Murphy's porcine, I readily believed what I heard, for Patsy was one of the most thorough- going sons of Erin that I had ever seen. We found him a very faithful boy, with a tolerable turn for grumbling when his route was a long (91) 92 PATS\ FLANNAGAN". one, while for a pure article of unadulterated profanity when harassed by his companions of the messengers' bench, he was without a peer. I once told him that he was born too late — that he would have been a valuable acquisition to " our army in Flanders," but he merely regarded me with a stony look for a second, and went on reading the Beadle's Dime Kovel from which I had momentarily diverted his attention. Without having enjoyed unusual school facili- ties, and possessed of no decided tendency to study — now that he was free from pedagogical restraint and incentives — it soon transpired, nevertheless, that Patsy was not without aspira- tions. At the end of a year he had grown tremendously, and in reply to an inquiry as to what he intended to do when he was too big to carry messages, he said: " I am next oldest boy on the messenger list, and when I am the oldest wan, and a clerk leaves, I am going to try for it." The idea of Patsy ever becoming a clerk was absurd, and his interrogator laughed and left the boy to his dreams. Patsy made no secret of his designs on a clerkship, and after awhile it became I'ATSY Kl.ANN \<;\.>\ 93 a common thing for the operators to say that they would probably get their salaries raised when Patsy got his clerkship. Meantime, the months ran by, and Patsy was the oldest messen- ger at last. Finally the night clerk resigned to engage in other and, I trust, more lucrative business, and Patsy came to the front with a personal application for the position. Our man- ager told him — told him rather savagely — to go and sit down, and Patsy obeyed with an air such as the youthful Disraeli assumed, I fancy, when he roared back at his jeering colleagues in Parlia- ment that memorable speech: " I am not at all surprised at the reception I have experienced. I have begun several times many things, and I have often succeeded at last. I will sit down now, but the time will come when you will listen to me." In time the night clerkship was again vacant, and Patsy waited on the manager. Again he was rebuffed more decidedly than before, and again he took his seat not a whit discouraged. I recall him to mind as he was in those days — zealous, but righteously indignant whenever he was sent on* on a long journe}\ He had a fashion of m PATSY FLANXAGAN. puffing out his cheeks when tilings went wrong, and his face was a barometer, by which we all knew, as he came swinging across the operating- room, on his way from the delivery-desk to the rear exit, how matters fared with him. When the route was short he was as pleasant-visaged perhaps as Aminidab Sleek, but not more so. When it was medium, he began to swell about half-way down the room, and reserved his bless- ings on the head of the delivery-clerk until he reached the door; but when he had what the boys called 'aswinjer," his appearance presaged apoplexy from the first, and he indulged, while yet in the operating-room, in observations which, like the single sentence of invective by Mr. Harte's Vulgar Little Boy, conveyed a reflec- tion on the legitimacy of the offending clerk's birth, hinted a suspicion of his father's integrity, impugned the fair fame of his mother, and cast a doubt on the likelihood of his eventual salvation. Time after time Patsy applied for a clerkship, and one day he was met with the inquiry from the manager: ' What can you do? You are irrepressible, Patsy; I am tired of sending you to your seat." PATSY FLANXAGAX. 95 " I think, sur," returned Patsy. ' ; that I can do as good as ' the Count/ ' (the retiring clerk) " anvhow, and you never give me a chance at all to try. I only want a chance.'' The upshot of this dialogue, which is unpar- donably abridged, was that Patsy succeeded " the Count." He appeared on the evening of his succession to the night clerkship in a white shirt and a collar — a new departure for him. " The ould woman," he explained, " put these things out, and said I must wear them." Patsy believed in his mother, and obeyed her, I remem- ber, much better than many youths who made greater pretensions than he did. He adhered to his hobnailed shoes for several months; but one day they gave place to " Oxford ties," a cravat followed, and so, little by little, the rough boy was transformed into quite a tidy young man. As I have said, Patsy had not enjoyed unusual educational advantages, and he was particularly uncertain in his geography; so when a message was tendered for Calais without the State being- given, he failed to find that station in the tarift'- book. Kather than ask the sender for the infor- mation, he came slyly over to me and inquired in 9(3 TATSY FLANNAGAN. a hoarse whisper: " In fhat State is Kay-lye-us?" I looked at the message in his hand, corrected him on his pronunciation, and replied that Calais was in Maine. Patsy learned two things that nit\ ^ 6 '« r ^iuoC-rTui 4iue., when, in response to Mr. Catlin's inquiry if he was still interested in such modest affairs as fast-sending tourna- ments, Edison sent his characteristic reply from North Carolina, where he was conducting some experiments in 1890, when the correspondence between him and Catlin took place. In the winter of 1872-73, I was employed in the New York office of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and my desk being near the switch-board, my attention was attracted one evening to a queer collection of instru- ments, now grown familiar enough, but quite puzzling to ordinary telegraphers at the time. This group of things which was reposing on the floor somehow suggested Boston and diagrams. It was in everybody's way, but along about midnight Edison came in, and, gathering up his paraphernalia, began to arrange it by connecting the various parts with a fine copper wire which he unwound from a small spool that he produced from his pocket. He was our companion, by day and by night, for nearly a week, during which time he never went to bed or had any regular hours for meals. When he was hungry, he visited a coffee and cake establishment in the neighborhood, and absorbed what he was pleased to call the Bohemian Diet, and, returning with an unlighted cigar between his lips, he would begin his experiments anew. After awhile, he would throw himself into a chair and doze, sometimes for an hour, and again for shorter or longer periods. He used to say that when he was thus napping, he dreamed out many things that had puzzled him while awake. He was found late at night once, in his Newark laboratory, is:; in this condition by a passing friend, who, noticing that the place was lighted, made Edison a nocturnal call. " Aren't you going home, Tom? It is late,'* remarked the visitor. " How late?" inquired Edison, yawning and stretching himself. " About one o'clock/' returned his friend. " Is that so?" exclaimed Edison. " By George! I must go home. I was married to-day." None of his friends had heard of the marriage, but it was true that he had become a Benedict that very morning after a courtship rapidly conducted to a successful issue. During her short, sweet companionship with this curious dreamer of most substantial visions, the first Mrs. Edison was a helpful spouse, and she revered her husband and thought him almost a god. One day I was asked if I were willing to come around in the day-time and work extra at the usual rate of compen- sation, and, replying in the affirmative, I was told to report in the electrician's room at noon until further notice. Seven other operators were selected, and together we experimented with Edison's instrument, which we were told was " the quadruplex." It was then in a very crude state, and the signals came over it in a way to suggest to an imaginative person the famous rocky road to Dublin. Edison was always present, changing something here or there, and gradually a result, somewhat imperfect but constantly improving, rewarded his efforts. Finalty, he made us a little speech, saying: " Boys, she is a go. The principle is all right, and the sharps upstairs can get the 184 bugs out of it. We can not do it down here, for the troubles with telegraphic appliances can only be gotten out in the same way the Irish pilot found the rocks in the harbor — with the bottom of his ship. There is nothing so baffling as the perversity of a new thing; it must be used in order to find out where the bugs are, and when they are located anybody can get them out/' A " bug " is simply the elusive trouble that appears on wires and instruments, and which has to be found and eliminated before perfect results can be obtained. When Edison stopped speaking, no one replied. We enjoyed hearing him talk, and were anxious to have him go on; but he only smiled, and then said abruptly: " You don't seem to tumble. Every man Jack of you is fired after to-day." And thus the quadruplex, long since perfected, not wholly by Edison, but worked out on his lines by others, came into being; and, as many of you know, it is as much a part of the vast telegraphic machinery in use to-day as are the more simple and ordinary instruments. Mr. Orton, who was then the President of the Western Union, was very slow in reaching a decision about pur- chasing the patent, and a little further down the street there was an unobtrusive-looking person who in his life- time used to stray up and down Broadway without one in a thousand recognizing him or dreaming who he was. He was largely interested in the Atlantic and Pacific Tele- graph Company. This quiet person, however, had not only heard considerable about the practical value of Edison's invention from his managers, but on his 185 own account he possessed a somewhat keen eye, an intellect on the whole quite up to ordinary standards, and he had more decision of character and more courage than all the people then in the ownership of the Western Union Company. This man is dead now, but it was my good fortune to know him quite well, and it is due to his mem- ory to say that a more modest, self-effacing, low-voiced and charming man could scarcely be imagined. His name is as familiar in this ►State as in my own. I am speaking of the late Jay Gould. One day when Edison had received several small pay- ments on account of his invention, and when he needed money and was urging a final settlement with the Western Union Company without making any progress, he met Mr. Gould on the street, and the latter said: " Tom, those fellows will never do any business with you. Why not sell the quadruplex to me? I'll buy it, subject to all litigation." " What will you pay for it?" asked Edison. " Well." said Mr. Gould, fumbling in his vest-pocket, (t I have here a check that was given to me an hour ago by Jarrett & Palmer, to whom I have sold the steamer 'Plymouth Rock.' It is for thirty thousand dollars. I'll give you that." The offer was promptly accepted, and Mr. Gould dropped in at the nearest place where pen and ink were available, and endorsed the check over to Edison. Then the litigation began, and lawyers and experts had most interesting sessions for a long time. Edison testified, and he told the court so many things that were new and 186 strange, that gray-haired judges and technical lawyers listened with one accord, and the question at issue was lost sight of in the entertainment his listeners found in having the coming wizard talk about abstruse subjects concerning which he knew so much that a mere knowledge of a com- mon thing like the law made counsel and judges seem sadly ignorant in his presence. While this was going on, Mr. Gould quietly disappeared from the control of Atlantic and Pacific affairs. General Eokert, who in the meantime had come over to the Atlantic and Pacific, suddenly withdrew, and early in 1880, the American Union Telegraph Company was born. It was most brilliantly exploited, and the earnings of the Western Union were seriously affected. One day Mr. Vanderbilt, who then controlled the last-named company, sent word to Mr. Gould to come to his house that even- ing. The latter went, and was asked what he wanted. I have never heard what his reply was, but it became known next day that Mr. Gould had the Western Union Telegraph Company, and he quickly amalgamated with it both the American Union and the Atlantic and Pacific, placing the whole under the active management of General Eekert, with Dr. Norvin Green at the very head of affairs. And thereafter, up to the time of his fatal illness, Mr. Gould was almost an absolute ruler of telegraphic destinies in this country. Though often charged with abusing his power, he was as careful, in my judgment, not to take even a passing advantage of his position, or to put in jeopardy any interests intrusted to his company, as he was thought- ful and considerate of his own sons, who have now suo- 187 ceeded to his enormous wealth and the attendant responsi- bilities which their father left them as the result of a life of labor, abstemiousness and a lively use of the brains with which he was endowed. The consolidation to which I have referred ended the famous suit to determine the real ownership of the quad- ruplex. The merits of the case were set aside by the coalescence of the properties named, and I fancy that if they had not been, the litigation would be hastening toward a degree of maturity by this time, warranting its projection into the Supreme Court. As it was left, the case of the quadruples reminds me of the story so quaintly told in Missouri dialect by John Hay as to the ownership of a certain whisky skin simultaneously ordered in idyllic Gilgal by Jedge Phinn and Colonel Blood of Pike, with the difference that while there was a mystery about the ownership of Edison's patent, there was none as to who got it, and if Mr. Gould had been in the place of Jedge Phinn, perhaps the poet would not so grimly have written of the tragical outcome of a general battle among the friends of the principals claiming the single glass of toddy, smoking on Tom Taggart's bar, that — ' They piled them up outside the door; They made, I reckon, a cord or more; Girls went that winter, as a rule, Alone to singing-school. * * * * But I end with hit, as I did begin, Who got the whisky skin?" In 1876, I remember that Edison and I crossed on a Jersey City ferry-boat together, and he asked me if I had 188 read a recent paragraph in the " Commercial Advertiser," to the effect that the Brooklyn Bridge would be in working order about the time that Edison succeeded in subdi?iding the electric current. Replying that 1 had not, Edison continued: " That is one of the smart things that these fellows write, and I think Amos Cummings, in the ' Sun,' and Ned Fox, in the ' Herald/ are responsible for it. They have been recently printing a lot of rot about the wizard of Menlo Park, and people are stimulated by that sort of thing to expect everything in a minute. One of them — Fox, I think — says I am a genius; but you know well enough I am nothing of the sort, unless,'' he added, thoughtfully, " we accept DTsraeli's theory, that genius is prolonged patience. I am patient enough, for sine. As for the electric light, I've been neglecting it for a lot of other things — my telephone, the phonograph, and so forth, but," he added, confidently, " I'll subdivide the electric current when I get around to it, never fear. You wait and see." Well, I have waited, and I have seen. It is no part of my purpose to speak of the surpassing loveliness of the electric light. None but a poet could do it justice. Those of you who visited the World's Fair and saw the display in the Electricity Building, who beheld the rim of fire which disclosed against the sable wing of night the location of the Ferris Wheel, or who saw the blazing dome of the Admin- istration Building, the brilliantly lighted lagoons, the won- derful search-lights and electric fountains, or who, in short, have seen the electric light in its less conspicuous 189 phases in the hotels and private residences of your own cities, will readily concede that Edison did not overstate his ability when he assured me that he would subdivide the electric current when it suited his convenience to do so. With the advent of the electric light, with its gen- erators and other paraphernalia, great strides were imme- diately made in applying this practically new-found power. Aside from the development of the thing itself, electric lighting on a large scale led to the propulsion of street- cars by means of electricity, and it has now been applied to almost everything. But perhaps the benefits of its intro- duction are larger in connection with the trolley-car than in any other direction. The dingy tenements of the town are being deserted every day for the little homes lying along the routes of the trolley-cars. On almost every country road leading to and from towns and villages, the electric car, combining the cheapest possible form of con- veyance with a rate of speed which puts the horse to shame, is making its rounds and bringing comfort and an im- proved condition of life to hundreds upon hundreds. The anxious mother, eager to make secure the health of her children; the toiling father of the family and the little ones find greater happiness, a more perfect freedom and better health, through the change from the crowded houses of the poor to the wayside cottages, many of them surrounded by gardens, and some of them half hidden by climbing vines. The charming Autocrat of the Bieakfast Table, snugly ensconced in his library at Beverly Farms, wrote satirically in the " Atlantic Monthly " of the Broom Stick Train, and the late Mr. Curtis, living in peace and quietness on 190 Staten Island, lifted up his voice in simulated anger in the Easy Chair when the electric car for the first time passed by his residence like a flash, and went bounding up the road to an adjacent village. But none knew better than Dr. Holmes and he whose delightful philosophy so many of us read month after month, during many years, in " Harper's Magazine " — none knew better than they that this disturber of their day-dreams was destined to bring manifold blessings to their fellow-men. They showed by their example that they believed the country, which God had made, is a better place for woman, child and man than is the city, which has been created by human hands, and in their sympathetic hearts they rejoiced, no doubt, over the improved condition of their fellow-men, which was inevitable as an outcome of this wonderful agent for the depopulation of the tenement and the upbuilding of little homes scattered by the roadside between the towns. Formerly the toilers in foundry, factory and workshop lived within the shadow of the great buildings in which so much of their time was spent. At night they breathed the smoke-laden atmosphere hovering over their miserable quarters; their wives and children existed in a polluted atmosphere destructive to their moral and mental health and often fatal to their physical welfare. To-day, in a very considerable measure, the environment is vastly bettered; the children play in the sunshine, their senses know the odor of flowers, the beauty of clear skies, the music of birds and the melody of the winds soughing through nodding trees. Their moral as well as their physical natures must profit by all this. They will make better, stronger and happier men and women for having a means at hand of making the tenement house no longer their only refuge. The father works more cheerfully than before, because he knows that when the evening has come he will be out in the country, whisked there so rapidly that, before he knows it, the forges, the chimneys, aud all the unlovely things with which he is surrounded when at work will be left behind to remind him no more of their existence, until, refreshed by sleep and reinvigorated by rest in a pure atmosphere, he cheerfully retraces the course of his evening journey, and, with a heart more hopeful for the change, goes about his work, singing maybe, because there is something different, something better, awaiting him when the day is done. Edison, more than any other man, has brought about this change, because he pointed the way which others have followed with such grand results. Those of you who are familiar with the important part played to-day in the making of newspapers by the tele- graph, the cable and the telephone have never thought, per- haps, of the difficulties surrounding the introduction of each and all of them. The story of Professor Morse and his futile attempts to obtain an appropriation from Congress with which to construct his experimental line between Washing- ton and Baltimore has often been told, however, and can not be new to many present, but I refer to it more to render it pertinent to say that the telegraph was made pos- sible by a woman. The widow of the late Roswell Smith, editor of the " Century Magazine/' while she was Miss Ellsworth, the daughter of the Commissioner of Patents 192 serving under President Tyler, was greatly interested in the invention of the young painter who had turned his attention from recognized art to experimental science. She saw him returning from the Capitol day after day, dis- heartened and almost hopeless, and when she saw Morse on the verge of despair she imbued him with new courage by her sweet sympathy and by the repeated assurance that she had implicit faith in his complete triumph. When that triumph came, tardily enough, too, and after the appropriation of $30,000 had narrowly escaped being split up so that a third should be devoted to mesmeric experi- ments and another third to investigating what is known as Millerism— when that triumph came, Miss Ellsworth, by a most commendable but unusual display of thoughtful- ness, was chosen as the person to send the first message over the wire. " What hath God wrought " were the words chosen by her to inaugurate the operation of what has now come to be to commercial and social life wiiat the nerves are to a human being. And her words are still ringing in our ears. Bishop Potter has said that nothing is so unpopular as an innovation. Let us see. When Morse's line was working as smoothly as the telegraph is working to-day, after a lapse of nearly fifty years, and a message was brought from Baltimore to Washington announcing that Silas Wright had been chosen to run on the Presidential! ticket with James K. Polk, an answer was immediately returned saying that Mr. Wright declined the honor. The Solons of that day and generation in convention assembled were not to be beguiled by any diaphanous stories purport- 193 ing to come from Washington by a process so palpably open to suspicion as the telegraph, so they adjourned over while a committee went to Washington and sadly returned with the confirmation of Mr. Wright's expressed desire not to serve. That great telegraphic veteran, David Brooks, of Philadelphia, once told me that when he was the mana- ger of the telegraph office in Harrisburg — and he said he could not remember the year, but added that it was along about the time the soldiers were coming home from the Mexican War — that when he was manager at Harris- burg he could not get business enough to pay his board. He added that people regarded the telegraph as a toy, and never thought of using it for any serious purpose, using the mails for their ordinary communications with Phila- delphia, and " when they were in a great hurry to receive intelligence," said Mr. Brooks, " they went to Philadel- phia in person. They usually walked, but in cases of extreme urgency they took a conveyance. It never occurred to them to use the telegraph." When, after years of labor and a display of almost superhuman patience, the Atlantic Cable was finished, very few persons believed that messages passed over it. After a few days it ceased to work, and as no one knew the reason why, the public shrugged its shoulders and knowingly referred to Barnum in a familiar way and quoted his assertion that the American public liked to be humbugged. In that first cable very thin wires of low conductivity and correspondingly high resistance were used, and the life of the fragile conductor was destroyed, just as by a decree of the New York Legislature human 194 lite is ended in the fatal chair where Kemmler sat at Au- burn, and in which many others doomed to die have quickly and without a sign passed from life to death. When we reflect that according to the electricians the needle of a galvanometer can be deflected on the Irish coast by such electricity as can be generated on this side of the ocean by the action upon it of what acidulated water can be held in a percussion cap, it is not difficult to under- stand that the first cable failed from a too heavy applica- tion of battery. It was simply burned to death. After that, a few years later, came the second cable, which was a success. But it was not much used, and years were required in which to teach the people, the newspapers and the commercial world the value of instantaneous connec- tion with Europe. It was a great achievement to have established this system of communication under the seas and the patient and persistent endeavor of Cyrus W. Field should never have been forgotten. But he is gone, and for many years prior to his demise no one thought of him as the man who brought the dwellers on both sides of the ocean to think of the same things at the same moment and who in doing so gave civilization one of its greatest upward movements. He became a speculator and was plucked by Samuel J. Tilden, and afterward, in a game of financial fisticuffs over the affairs of the Manhattan Ele- vated Kailroad, his antagonist, Mr. Gould, was an easy winner. Mr. Field died comparatively poor; but however dimly his light had burned for a few years preceding his death, he was a wonderful man, full of determination' stopping at nothing, and sanguine that his scheme of 105 oceanic communication was practicable. I had heard of the many trips he had made to Europe on cable business, and meeting him in Washington a dozen years ago, I said: " You have crossed the Atlantic sixty times, I hear." " Yes," he replied. " I have made sixty-four trips and was seasick on every one of them." The first time I ever heard of the telephone, an operator in the Western Union Telegraph Company's office, in New York, whose father was a preacher in Canada, received a copy of a Brantford newspaper, in which it was stated that a man named Alexander Graham Bell had trans- mitted speech by wire from Brantford to a neighboring town. It seemed incredible, but our telegraphic comrade called attention to the circumstance that his father was a godly man, and as he had said in an accompanying letter that he heard it done with his own ears, we held our peace. The newspaper announcement, however, made no impres- sion on the public, and a year or more afterward, when Professor Bell came to New York to demonstrate that he could telephone from that city to Brooklyn, not more than a dozen out of a hundred invited guests appeared at the St. Denis Hotel to witness the experiment. I was one of the dozen, and we were unanimous in the opinion, when the experiments were concluded, that the whole thing was a toy, if not an absolute humbug. Professor Bell met with many discouragements, but obstinately pursued his experiments, and made sufficient improvements in his apparatus to have a proposition for the adoption of his invention by the American District Telegraph Company seriously considered. He wanted, if my memory serves 196 me well, the sum of five thousand dollars per annum for the exclusive use of his American rights, that rate of pay- ment to continue during the life of the patents. This was soberly considered by the Board of Directors, and they solemnly resolved that, the telephone being rather in the nature of a novelty, it would not be consistent with tbe dignity of their company to associate it with so serious a business as that involved in the delivery of messages, letters and parcels by uniformed messengers. Professor Bell was forced to seek other alliances, and you have seen the result. The telegraph of the long ago, which would not yield in Harrisburg money enough to pay the board of a man who has since shown himself to be great, and who at that time combined in himself tbe position of operator, lineman, battery-man, messenger and manager, is as much an essen- tial in our daily life to-day as are the railroads, the steam- boats and the mails. The Atlantic cable, almost wholly disused for two or three years, is as freely employed now as are the land lines. The invention that the American District Telegraph Company of New York rejected, because it seemed only a trifling thing, has been perfected to a degree admitting of easy conversation between points as far distant as New York and Chicago. Great fortunes have been amassed out of each and all of these different mediums of communication, and the welfare of man has been greatly enhanced by them. And yet, difficult as it would be to-day to transact business without them, none of them was adopted without a struggle in which progress battled with prejudice, but out of which progress happily came forth a gallant victor. 197 Everywhere in this country, where newspapers of any size are published, they are served with the telegraphic news of the world over wires leased for that especial pur- pose and operated by men selected with a particular view to handling press reports in a rapid, efficient and intelli- gent manner. This condition grew out of the leasing by the New York Associated Press of a wire between New York and Washington in 1875. Mr. Orton predicted a failure, and he combated the idea and delayed action on the proposition for } r ears. But he finally yielded, with the assertion and expectation that the experiment would be a failure. But it was not, and wires to Boston, to Buffalo and finally to Chicago, were soon called for by the various press associations, until, as I have said, the leased wire system is no;v almost universal. The newspapers here in Columbus are equipped with it, and with men as skillful and as intelligent as any employed in New York or Chi- cago. It was my good fortune, as one of the lieutenants of the late James W. Simonton, to select the men to work that pioneer leased wire from New York to Washington. There were eight of them, two each at New York, Phila- delphia, Baltimore and Washington, and I am glad to be able to say that after nineteen years they are all alive and well, and that all of them are still in the j)ress service. These eight men founded a system, and are worth know- ing, if only by name, for they made an assault and carried a position against the prejudice of a great telegraph com- pany, its officers and employees. Besides, there were never eight men who could telegraph better than Fred. N. Bassett, P. V. De Graw, W. H. C. Hargrave, W. G. 198 Jones, Thomas J. Bishop, H. A. Wells, W. N. Gove and E. C. Boileau. I have mentioned Boileau last because he was lirst of all, if there were any choice among them. " Nothing is so unpopular as an innovation," said Bis- hop Potter. I think he spoke the truth. No man shall excel me in a quick perception of what has been done to increase the value of human life and the sum of earthly happiness by the painters, the sculptors and the writers of books and music. Nor do I forget how much we owe to Howe, whose invention brightened the hard lives of the women who were compelled by circum- stances to ply the needle far into the night; to Stevenson, whose efforts to compass land locomotion by steam have eventuated in our being able to travel luxuriously from New York to Chicago in the incredibly short space of twenty hours; to Fulton, whose uncouth steamboat, worry- ing noisily through the glad waters of the storied Hudson, has been succeeded by floating palaces in which we cross the seas; to Hany who created a system enabling the blind to read; to the Gallaudets who have perfected a sign language for the deaf and a system of articulation for those hitherto deemed to be dumb, or to the hundreds of men and women who have made the world happier, wiser and better for having lived in it. Like the royal wanderer amid the leafy woods of Arden who heard sermons from stones, music in the whispering of the trees, and who found books in the running brooks and good in everything, so I, scan- ning the names upon the scroll of fame, feel to the full how much the world owes to its conspicuous men and women. They listen to the sermon-yielding stones, and 199 they know the truths written in the books found in the running brooks. In short, they have found and inculcated upon mankind that good resides in everything. And yet, useful as is the sewing-machine, grand as have become in their practical application the dreams of Stevenson and Fulton, much as we are indebted to the beneficent brother- hood of philanthropists, and to the pioneers in pushing onward the car of progress, the men who have added the final touch to the magnificent development of the last fifty years have been they who, building upon the discovery that electricity could be made a ready servant, gave us the telegraph, the ocean cable, the telephone, the trolley-car and a light rivaling the sun itself — an artificial radiance more beautiful than the mind of man could imagine fifty years ago — a light which it seems to me has touched the zenith for both utility and splendor. Therefore, to retrace my steps and return after this desultory wandering away from it to my original proposi- tion, I am justified, I think, in view of how and by whom electricity was first made captive, and considering the man who has been most conspicuous in making aud in suggest- ing applications of it in so many unexpected ways — I am justified, I say, in asserting that any man should be proud that he was once a printer as Benjamin Franklin was, or that his hand once knew and still retains, perhaps, the cunning that was learned in the rugged school of tele- graphic experience in which Thomas Alva Edison was also a pupil. ROBERT HOWELL. BY WALTER P. PHILLIPS. " I reckon I'll have to squeeze in thar alongside o' you, while they make up them bunks." The speaker made this observation while he was taking his seat. He was a long, lank specimen of humanity with an abundance of yellowish brown chin whiskers which h« stroked caressingly when he was speaking. I had been traveling for two days, and had made the acquaintance of several marked types of character, and I discerned in the new comer still another who would no doubt contribute his share to my entertainment. The train was just pulling away from the depot at Dayton, Ohio, and I was seated in one of the sections which had not yet been arranged for the night. I gave the gentleman a gracious reception, and as soon as he was settled comfortably in his seat and had sur- veyed me to his satisfaction, he inquired: " Been traveling fur? " Learning that I had come through from Denver, he spoke of the journey as a "right smart jaunt," and volunteered the information that he had never been west of Dayton. " I am from South," he explained. " I went down thar from York State when I was a boy. I am now in the saw- mill business in Floridy. I used to be in the telegraph busi- ness, at Key West, where they relay business between New York and Havana, but I grew kinder tired of it and branched out. But sawmills is durn poor property in Floridy after the first of February, and I've some notion o' stopping over in New York and trying my hand at the old biz for a spell." "Are you an operator?" I inquired, cherishing a vague suspicion that I might be addressing an ex-lineman. "Be I? Well, I guess." Experiencing a fellow-feeling at once, I remarked that 1 too, was an operator, and very likely we had heard of each other. Then I gave him my name. 201 " Why, Walter, old man," he replied, with fervency, " your name is a household word among the boys. Yes siree, we are old timers, you and me. I see Andy Carnegie has got rich: that Homer Bates, Albert Chandler, and a lot of the Union military telegraph men are getting up in the world all right, and in the meantime we ain't no chickens, be we? CM the comparatively new reegimmy, I don't know many — Fred Catlin, Eddie Welch, Denny Harmon, Willis Jones, Court Cunningham, and a few other old-time stars. They are shiners all right, even now, though I haint seen any of 'em in years. P'raps you've heard of me. My name is Bob Howell. It must be fifteen years ago I gave up the business. I used to be an old paster — reg'lar greased chain lightning — and yesterday I got a string put through from Dayton to New York to yawp with Al Sink — of course you know Al? — about giving me a job. It come jes' as natural as ever. I suppose I was the fastest sender — maniperlatur they call 'em now, I reckon— in the South, one time, and I can snatch 'em right smart now. What they paying for salaries now, d'ye know? " " All sorts," I replied. " It depends a good deal on what one received when he left the service, what his record was, and the character of the work he can do now." " Well, you bet my work was Ai. Yes, cully, it was prime mess. I left on a salary of $118, and thar wan't no better operators than me — thar ain't none now." To this I could not, of course, offer any objection and presently my companion went on meditatively: " I guess I'll strike 'em for a hundred anyhow, and I hear they pay extra after seven hours' work. I ain't going to stay for long, say four or five months. Sawing will be good by that time, and I must get back to old Floridy. What I want," he continued confidentially, " is to save a hundred dollars a month, and" he added vigorously, " I'll do it or bust. I'm on the U. S. — unmitigated scoop — and I don't mind working sixteen hours a day. I don't want no loafing around the boarding place in mine. All I want is a bunk for about six hours, and to put in my loafing time right in the W. U. operating room, at 195 Broadway, at forty- seven cents an hour. Oh, I know the ropes and I'm pizen 202 on the work when it's thar to be done. But," he concluded decisively, " I've got to get money to live on and save a hundred dollars a month; think I can do it ?" I assented. " Well, I'll show 'em a thing or two when I get thar. I used to send sixty-five messages an hour, and the longer I send, the pizener I get. I've heerd about their big receivers down to Duxbury and round, but they want to get their shirts oft' when I shake myself into position, you hear me." " You won't get the Duxbury men unless you work in the Cable Department, down in Broad Street, and if you should, 1 fancy you will find them a marvelous set of receivers. They " "Oh, 'tainTno use," interrupted Mr. Howell; "they can't catch me. They might for an hour, but when I get on my feathers, thar ain't no living man that can follow me;" and he drew from his pantaloons pocket a narrow strip of tobacco about fourteen inches long, and biting off a goodly quid, he continued: " I'm a J. R. — Johnny Reb. Say Walter! I've got to have that hundred a month, clean mun, for a special purpose. A little woman is sick. Well, sir, I was at Atlanta mostly dur- ing the war. I worked in that office night and day for fourteen days. Thar was no one left thar but me, and General Joe Johnston had gin an order not to close office. When the necessity for my presence on deck had passed, his orderly forgot to revoke the order, and so your friend Robert H. was ' stuck.' I've often sent six hundred mes- sages in ten hours. I used to get so wore out that I had to hang 'em up and take a nap in my chair. Then I would take a lot from the South, get Richmond and go for 'em again. I never saw but one man — Old Dad Sullivan — that could take me without a break. Maybe them Duxbury roosters can do it." Then, after a long and vigorous working upon the tobacco in his mouth he added in an undertone: " Dern my skin, but I would like to give 'em a pull, just for fun, on seven or nine hundred cables." " Do you purpose to bring your wife on to New York, or ■" 203 " Go easy, old man," said Mr. Howell, interrupting me again. " That is my one weak point, just now. I ain't got none." Then after a pause he observed abruptly: " See here, you are one of my kind, I'll tell you how I am fixed." At this juncture the porter drove us out of our seat, and we repaired to the rear of the car where, perching himself upon the sink in a comfortable position, my friend chewed his tobacco and talked while I leaned up against the door and smoked a cigar. " It was this way," observed Mr. Howell. " In '62 I was with the army as a telegraph operator — sort of on John- ston's staff like. One day a fellow named Joe Jacques came through the lines bringing his wife. She was a mighty pretty woman, and uncommonly smart. Jacques was from Ohio, here, but his wife was a Virginian. They had lived South a good deal, and Jacques being of no account, and his wife a strong secession sympathizer, they naturally got identified with our side. Jacques went for a sojer pretty soon and his wife kept along with us as a sort of nurse to the sick and hurt. She was pretty hard put most of the time, poor girl, Jacques being a good deal of a drinker and quar- relsome when drunk. Yet, he contrived with all his faults to make quite a reputation as a scout. But he was precious little use or comfort to ' Min,' as he called his wife, and if it hadn't been for General Johnston and his officers, she would have died of hunger and neglect. You remember how we caught it at Jackson in '63, don't ye? U. S. G. had got his galinippers on Vicksburg, and General Johnston allowed to tackle him in the rear and make him raise the siege. While Johnston was thinking about it, what does the old man do but send Tecump Sherman with the Thirteenth and Fifteenth army corps down in our direction, and inside a week with Sherman straddling the Pearl River we found it sociable to light out for Brandon. Three days before we went — this was the second time Jackson was taken, you know — our fellows made a sortie and, under cover of a big fog, advanced a brigade of infantry and several batteries of artillery against Sherman's right line with a hope of breaking it, but it was of no use. The suddenness of the movement and the skill with which it was executed was O. K., but 204 Sherman wouldn't hist a foot. When we got over to Bran- don Jacques was missing. We all supposed he was dead and planted all comfortable, and we didn't much care if he was. We hadn't trusted him for some time, and he would have went over to the enemy any time he got a chance. Any- how, not hearing anything from him in three years, his wife and me was pretty fond of each other by this time, consid- ered him dead, sure enough, and we married. In 1867, we went to Floridy and for thirty years we was mighty happy. I got me a small place and what with our two boys and a girl growing up and getting married, everything was as smooth and pleasant as we could ask. I got so happy that I even thought of Jacques in a kindly way, when the anniver- saries of the final evacuation of Jackson came around, and if I had known where his grave was, I believe I should have decorated it up every year, just as a bit of gratitude for the happiness his supposed death had brought to me." The speaker stopped here and brushed his coat sleeve across his eyes. He then renewed his acquaintance with the long, narrow strip of tobacco and proceeded: " Last Christmas who comes to the surface but Joe Jacques. He'd been in the Regular Army, he said, and made some money as a sutler. Then, thinking his wife was dead, he'd married a Mississippi girl and been running a plantation for the last twenty-five years. Lately his Missis- sippi wife had died, and simultaneous he heard that Minnie was married to me; that accounted for his appearance. The situation was rather awkward. I allowed since he had mar- ried again, Mrs. Howell was free; but Minnie had her doubts. It wore on her terrible, until him and me got to swapping threats, and fin'ly I gin Mr. Josephus Jacques twelve hours to hump himself out of Floridy, or I would blow a hole in him as big as a hoe-cake. Well, he went out here to Dayton, and there he begins writing letters to Minnie. Then, to cap the whole doggoned climax, he goes out gunning one day, blows his ugly mug full of powder and gets stone blind, That settled it. My wife just said it was Fate, and she must go do her duty by her first husband. So she goes out there and she is there now." Then the honest fellow gasped with tears in his voice: 205 " And she is dying, too, old man." After a pause, he re- sumed: " She wrote down to me for to come out and bring the children. I've done it, and I've left them thar temporary to comfort my poor girl in her great trouble. There's five on 'em and we love 'em even more'n we did our own children. I reckon it is often so with the grand-children. It cost me a heap o' money to get us all from Floridy out to Dayton, and it's put me in the hole terrible. That's what I'm going a brass pounding for, to catch up again. It's tough now, ain't it, the way things turn out? But I don't complain; I only wish she was happier, for Jacques ain't using her right, and then she can't stand it long in this climate, for her lungs is weak. I don't reckon she'll ever live to see the flowers blossom another year." I had thrown away my cigar as the speaker concluded his narrative, and was gazing out of the window in no mood for speech, when I was aroused by the porter's an- nouncement, " Berths ready for you, now, gemmens," and turning, I beheld my friend still sitting on the marble sink chewing as he caressed his tawny whiskers, and pondering. I gave him my hand and said " good-night," whereupon he ejaculated, as if a new thought had struck him: " Say, you read a good deal, I reckon. Now, ain't thar a book called ' Married for Both Worlds ' ?" I answered that I believed there was. " So she told me, and she wants me to read it; but I never read a book through in all my life. I'll have to get it though, and do the best I can with it. Good-night, old man." As I was tumbling into my berth, cogitating over this pathetic story, Howell approached and whispered: ;< I'll read that book; there's a good deal in it, I expect; and up there," pointing toward the thoughtful stars, " I reckon Joe Jacques is going to get most awfully left." 206 RAPID TELEGRAPHY. BY WALTER P. PHILLIPS. Read to the Association of Railway Telegraph Superin- tendents at their annual meeting, held at Buffalo, N. Y., Tune 19, 1902. Up to the present time the automatic systems of telegraphy have belonged to that class of inventions in which more money was invested than has ever been taken out. There are those, of course, who will contend that the Wheatstone system has certain advantages, but when everything is summed up and a balance is struck, it is doubtful, as I view the matter, whether the introduction of that exquisite sys- tem has led to any real progress, as far as American teleg- raph}- is concerned. A great deal has been claimed for this system in former years, in England, but recent reports show that it has lost ground there, of late, while in the United States it cuts no important figure. But whatever may be said against the Wheatstone system as a factor of value in these high pressure days of instan- taneous communication by telephone as well as by telegraph, the fact remains that it is far ahead of the many other automatic systems which have come into competition with it during the past twenty-five years. For that reason a brief description of it may be of interest: The apparatus consists of a device called a perforator, a transmitter of most ingenious construction, and an ink recorder. It is the mission of the perforator to make a series of dots in horizontal lines, of the transmitter to so distribute these dots into the line as to transform them into the dots and dashes comprising the telegraph alphabet; and of the inking mechanism to record them in a perfect manner, easily read and transcribed by the copyist at the receiving end of the line. The perforator consists of a set of five metal tubes, or punches, encased in a box within which is placed the mechanism by which the punches are operated. This 207 perforator, like everything connected with the Wheatstone System, works perfectly. It has three keys which are de- pressed by the operator, who usually uses for this purpose rubber-tipped mallets — one in each hand. Sometimes per- forators are supplied with a pneumatic arrangement render- ing it unnecessary for the operator to more than touch the. keys, which action opens a valve connected with air tubes and a piston influenced by the air pressure perforates the paper instead of its being done by main strength, as is the case when struck by the mallets. Besides the two horizontal lines of dots which pass through the transforming mechan- ism by which they are changed to dots and dashes, there is a third line of fine dots — about 120 to the foot. These dots are placed between the other two and are used as a means of feeding the perforated tape through the transmitter, which not only handles it in a marvelous manner, but by another ingenious contrivance it sends " reversals," thus clearing the line of the static charge by a constant alterna- tion of a current from the opposing poles of the battery. The Wheatstone recorder does not differ essentially from other inking mechanisms, but it is more elaborate, more accurate, and in every way superior to everything in the same line that has ever been produced. There may be coun- tries where the telegraphing public is willing to have its messages delayed more or less, but in the United States people will not submit to it. In other countries the public may not know what goes on inside the sacred precincts of the telegraph operating rooms, but in this broad land of freedom, every man who does much telegraphing makes it his business to know all about the modus operandi of hand- ling telegrams, and there are but very few of them to-day who do not know by its ear-marks whether a message reaches him by the Morse system or the Wheatstone. The first is well understood to be a method synonymous with the greatest possible alacrity and accuracy, while the latter is viewed askance and accused of being slow and incorrect. That there is an initial delay in perforating the slips is un- deniable and many more errors are made in transcribing the tape by eye than in receiving the words by sound. All of this means a slow service, and is so well understood 208 outside of the telegraph offices as well as inside of them, that cases are known where the falling off in the business of a company using the Wheatstone and the corresponding in- crease in the business of a company which operated the Morse System was so great, that the former had to be permanently abandoned and the Morse System restored in order to regain the business which had gone over to the enemy. With the Wheatstone only a half success, inventors have not been lacking to bring forward one automatic system after another, each and every one of which was inferior to the Wheatstone, and invariably for the reason that they were very much faster and less rational systems and their opera- tion contemplated the use of chemically prepared paper at the receiving end of the line. There have been no end of these systems, with their wet paper and other objectionable features, and for the exploitation of several of them inde- pendent companies were formed, all of which went to the wall long ago. If you walk along Broadway, you will see here and there a window filled with what appears to be diamonds. The shopkeepers call them Brazilian pebbles, Peruvian crystals, and any other name that comes handy, and but for their prices, which, to use a hackneyed phrase, place these blazing gems within the reach of all, a superficial observer might mistake them for the genuine article. But when you take any one of these stones to a practical jeweler and ask him what it is, he scarcely takes it from your hand, and certainly gives it no careful scrutiny. He disposes of it with the utterance of one word—" glass "—and gives it no further thought. And so with the long list of extremely high speed telegraph systems; they are as glass compared with the real gem when we put them in the balance with the Wheatstone. And since not one of them is in use in the whole world to-day, as far as I can ascertain, it is scarcely worth while to mention them by name. Within very recent years the automatic telegraph in its original form has practically been discarded in favor of the primitive Morse, which is by common consent the simplest and fastest system in the world. An attempt has been made to hasten this system by devices known as the Phillips- 309 Morse Automatic Telegraph. This is a very unpretentious affair, using the Morse Key for the preparation of an em- bossed tape which, without the slightest delay, is passed through a transmitter and over the line at a high rate of speed. The signals are received, at the remote station, on a recording apparatus which furnishes an embossed slip from which, when passed through a reproducer, the words as originally written by the sending operator are reproduced on a sounder and taken down with a pen or a typewriter by sound. I quote from an article taken from the New York Sun, which I did not write or inspire, so it may be accepted as wholly disinterested, although I chance to be the sponsor for the system which the Sun describes. " What Phillips's Morse Automatic Telegraph will do is to double or treble the number of words that can be sent over a single wire, and this without requiring that the operators learn anything beyond that which the present Morse opera- tors know now. This result is accomplished by the addition to each office of a set of very simple instruments. When there is no need of hurrying matter forward over the wires the rapid system can be cut out of use by changing a plug, and the wires can be used in the ordinary way — sending messages directly by the key. The system is one which is of value principally to the telegraph companies themselves and to the users of leased wires, but the public would often find a direct benefit from its adoption through getting mes- sages promptly, which are now often delayed when there is trouble with the wires and their capacity is reduced below the normal. " In this system the messages are recorded in raised tele- graphic characters on a strip of paper, and this strip being run through a proper machine the characters are repeated by sound at the other end of the wire, and the operator, reading them by ear, takes them upon a typewriter or by hand. The transcribing operator can vary the speed of the tape as it goes through the machine to suit himself, can stop it at any point, and can pull it back if he wants it repeated. It is asserted that the greater number of mistakes that occur in the Wheatstone system are in the reading and transcrib- ing, and that these are done away with in the new system, 210 because the ear is more accurate than the eye, and also faster. These claims seemed all to be proved by the tests made yesterday. An article in the Sun was chosen for the test. This was handed to a Morse operator, and while he sent it the operator, who was afterward to transcribe it, left the room. The sending operator worked at the ordinary key, just as he would in sending a message over the wire in the present Morse system. The message, however, instead of going over the main wire, was sent only over a local office wire. It was received in a machine which was, to all intents and purposes, like the registering machine which every operator used forty years ago, before men had learned to read by sound. The dots and dashes were reproduced on a strip of paper, each being raised above the surface of the paper by a point which pressed that part of the paper into a groove in a wheel which the paper passed over. In- stead of producing a single line of these impressions, there were three points which worked side by side and left three sets of duplicate impressions. The duplication is merely to insure accuracy. The message was telegraphed in this part of the process at the ordinary rate of speed. " Now came the second process — the transmission over the main wire. The transmitting instrument and the record- ing instrument, at opposite ends of the wire, were set going at a speed three times as great as that of the hand operator. The strip of paper with the message imprinted on it was started through the transmitter, and the recorder went rat- tling away at a rate which no man could read, but every impression was afterward found to be an exact duplicate of those in the strip going through the transmitter. When this process was completed the paper from the recorder was brought over to the transmitter, and the latter machine was slowed down again to a speed equal to that of ordinary telegraphing. The transmitter was now assumed to be only an office machine run upon an office circuit and entirely separate from the line wire, as would be the case in the third process — that of taking the message from the trans- mitted copy and turning it into ordinary writing. A type- writer who could read telegraphy by sound sat in front of his machine and as soon as the strip was started through 211 the transmitter he began to print out the message. When he had finished, the typewritten copy was compared with the original in the Sun and found to be exactly correct. " In practise, the manner in which the system would be used is this: Since the transmitter is able to send three times as many messages in a given time as a single operator can send or receive, there would be three operators in each office to each wire. In the sending office these operators would be kept busy making the tape copies of the messages by ticking them off on office recorders. As fast as their messages were ready they would be run through the trans- mitter, which would reproduce them at the triple speed at the other end of the wire. There the three other operators would each take a part of the messages and transcribe them. There is absolutely no loss of time." Mr. William B. Vansize, in a paper presented at the 150th meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, in January, 1900, said: "What telegraph officials really need is the simplicity of the Morse System combined with increased speed of transmission and economy of time be- tween the transmitting customer and his addressed corre- spondent. Up to the present time nothing has surpassed the Morse for this purpose." And it is extremely doubtful if anything ever will. I believe, however, that the Phillips- Morse Automatic Telegraph can handle business as quickly as the Morse, and that it will economize time on the wire. Not that it will handle millions of words in no time, like the systems that have been regularly brought forward, and which promptly slipped from the experimental stage to the limbo of unutilized things, but it will achieve in its field the triumph of making two, if not three blades of grass grow where only one grew before. And that is something, whereas the attempts of those who aimed to revolutionize the origi- nal methods have ended in absolutely nothing. I have a very wholesome respect for the man who attempts something within the range of reason, and such a man is Donald Murray. He has entered a field that is most allur- ing. It was not very long after the invention of the Morse telegraph that inventors began striving to achieve a tele- graph that would deliver its messages in Roman characters. 212 Royal E. House invented a printing telegraph away back in the fifties; Hughes invented one not so good, and afterward George M. Phelps combined the two and produced a really beautiful machine which came to be known as the Phelps Motor. Edison interested himself in the stock ticker, and as far as short distance printing telegraph went, we had made progress twenty years ago. But what was needed was an automatic page printer that would work on long circuits, and Mr. Murray seems to have come nearer to at- taining this ideal than any one else. The Murray system involves the use of a perforated slip which is prepared on a machine which to- all intents and purposes is a typewriter. This perforated slip is passed into the line at a moderately high rate of speed, and the pulsations caused by it produce a perforated slip at the remote station which, when applied to a specially arranged typewriter, causes it to print in Roman letters that which was originally perforated at the sending station. There are some natural obstacles to be overcome before this system can be made a great and enduring suc- cess, but it is full of promise. 213 TELEGRAPH TALK AND TALKERS. HUMAN CHARACTER AND EMOTIONS AN OLD TELEGRAPHER READS ON THE WIRE. BY L. C. HALL. Cross the threshold of the operating department of a metropolitan telegraph office, and you pass into a wonder- land where much is done that might well excite astonish- ment if the vernacular in which it is transacted were set down in comprehensible phrase. Here men talk of megohms and microfarads and milliamperes; you carelessly touch a bit of brass and are stung by an invisible imp; you see a man gazing fixedly at an impertinent little instrument, toying idly the while at a rubber button, and the brass instrument having clattered back, you see him laugh idiotically for no reason whatever. For "telegraphese" is a living, palpitating language. It is a curious kind of Volapuk, a universal tongue, spoken through the finger tips and in most cases read by ear. In its written form telegraphese, or " Morse," as it is called in the vernacular, is rarely seen. Yet as a vehicle of expression it is, to the initiated, as harmonious, subtle, and fascinating as the language of music itself. Nothing could be simpler than its alphabet of dots and dashes. Yet it has come to pass that out of the manner of rendering this simple code has been evolved a means of communicating thought and feeling rivaling in flexibility and scope the human voice. A great hall was filled one night with people — mostly telegraphers and their friends. On the stage were a dozen men, a few tables upon which were sets of shining telegraph instruments, and a number of typewriting machines of dif- ferent patterns. The occasion was a " fast -sending tourna- ment," held to establish records in rapid transmission. By courtesy of McClure's Magazine. Copyrighted, iqo2, by the S. S. McClure Co 2 1 5 One by one the contestants stepped to the test table, and manipulated the key. There was a tense stillness through- out the hall, broken when " time " was called by a trill of metallic pulsations read by most of the audience as from a printed page. The text of the matter is of no concern, an excerpt from a great speech, a page of blank verse, or only the " conditions " found at the top of a telegraph form. Speed and accuracy alone are vital. Forty, forty-five, fifty words a minute are rattled off — seven hundred and fifty motions of the wrist — and still the limit is not reached. The contestants show the same evidences of strain that charac- terize the most strenuous physical contest — the dilating nostril, the quick or suspended breathing, the starting eye. Presently a fair-haired young man takes the chair, self- confidence and reserve force in every gesture. Away he goes, and his transmission is as swift and pure as a moun- tain stream. ' To guard against mistakes and delays, the sender of a message should order it repeated back." The audience, enthralled, forgets the speed, and hearkens only to the beauty of the sending. On and on fly the dots and dashes, and though it is clear that his pace is not up to that set by the leaders, nevertheless there is a finish — an inde- finable quality of perfection — in the performance that at the end brings the multitude to its feet in a spontaneous burst of applause; such an outburst as might have greeted a great piece of oratory or acting. A telegrapher's Morse, then, is as distinctive as his face, his tones, or his handwriting; and as difficult to counterfeit as his voice or writing. Of this individual quality of tele- graphese, the old war telegraphers tell many stories. A Confederate, for example, encounters on the march a line of wire which he suspects is being used by the enemy. He taps the wire, " cuts in " his instruments, and listens. His surmise is correct; he "grounds off" one or the other end, and, trying to disguise his style of " sending," makes in- quiries calculated to develop important information. But the Southern accent is recognized in his Morse by the distant manipulator, who, indeed, may have been a co-worker in the days "before the war." So the intruder gets only a good- humored chaffing. ' The trick won't work, Jim," says the 216 Federal operator. " Let's shake for old times' sake, and then you ' git ' out of this." In the wire-world a telegrapher is known by his " sign " — it may be the letter X or Q or &. Now there is certainly nothing in a mere letter to warm up to, or the reverse; and yet, after a day or two of this wire acquaintance with a man whom one has never seen, and whose name one does not know — a conversation, mind you, not of your own, but of exchanging other persons' telegrams — one gets an idea of the other's personality as distinct as if there had been personal intercourse; one feels friendly toward him, or dislikes him. And one's own feeling toward him is probably shared by every one who has had this wire contact with him. X or Q or & may thus stand for a distinct personality in the telegraph world, in the same sense that the name Thackeray or Longfellow stands for an individuality in the literary world. Expressed in print a laugh is a bald '* ha ha!" that re- quires other words to describe its quality. In wire-talk the same form is used, but the manner of rendering it imparts quality to the laughter. In dot-and-dash converse, as in speech, "ha! ha! ha! " may give an impression of mirthless- ness, of mild amusement, or of convulsion. The double " i," again, in wire parlance, has a wide range of meaning accord- ing to its rendition. A few double " i's " are used as a pre- lude to a conversation, as well as to break the abruptness in ending it. They are also made to express doubt or acquiescence; and in any hesitation for a word or phrase are used to preserve the continuity of a divided sentence. When an order is given in Morse over the wire, the opera- tor's acknowledgment is a ringing "i — i!" which has the same significance as a sailor's " aye, aye, sir! " The man would be but a poor observer of little tilings who, after "working a wire " with a stranger at " the other end " for a week, could not give a correct idea of his distant vis-a-vis' disposition and character. And it would be quite possible for an imaginative operator to build up a fairly accurate mental image of him — whether be ate with his knife, or wore his hat cocked on the side of bis head, or talked loud in public places. Sonic years ago. in a Southern office, I was assigned to 217 a " circuit " which had its terminus at the national capital. My fellow operator at the other end of the wire used the letters "C G" for his wire-signature. C G's Morse was so clear, even, and rhythmic, his dots and dashes so per- fectly timed and accurately spaced, that I immediately conceived a cordial liking for him. In a short time this liking, to which he heartily responded, ripened into a strong and sincere attachment. My friend's distinct though delicate wire-touch made working with him exceedingly restful. In- deed, every day for months I " received " from him without perceptible fatigue, or the necessity of " breaking." Al- most from the beginning of our acquaintanceship I fancied that I should know him at sight if I chanced to meet him. I pictured him a tall, frail man, with the refined and patient manner of one who has suffered much, his features delicately molded, his eyes of the kind that kindle quickly when lighted by a smile, and his mouth ready to apply the torch whenever his sense of humor prompted. I fancied that I should know his dress — the old-fashioned collar; the small white tie; the thin, rather long, black sack coat. Some months after our first meeting by wire I was called to Washington, and while there I visited the big operating room of the main office, in order to greet the many friends of other days. As I made my way about I kept a sharp lookout for my old wire friend. I did not ask to have him pointed out, because I wished to see if it were possible to identify him by my mental photograph. Presently I spied him, just as I had pictured him. I stood beside him for a moment; then, touching his shoulder, I held out my hand. " How do you do, C G? I am very glad to see you and to have the pleasure of shaking your hand." Though he was a much older man than I there was no lack of respect in my words, for it is not uncommon for one telegrapher to address another by his " sign." C G rose with a quiet dignity, and taking my hand, looked down at me over his glasses, his eyes beaming. " It's H, is it not? I am very glad to meet you, my son! " And then we fell to chatting, face to face, as we had so often done by wire. 218 I never met him again in the flesh. A few months after my Washington visit I missed him from my wire. In re- sponse to an inquiry I was told that my dear old friend had heen seriously injured in a cablecar accident, and that, being alone in the world, he had been taken to a hospital fur treatment. There he lingered for a while, at times half- conscious; then his gentle spirit went out. I made another trip to Washington, to attend his funeral; afterward making a visit to the hospital to hear from the head nurse the story of his injury and death. " Late in the evening," said the good woman as our inter- view was ending, " I was called into his room. He was rapidly failing, and was talking as if in a dream, two fingers of his right hand tapping the bed clothes as if he were send- ing a message. I did not understand the purport, but per- haps you will. ' You say you can't read me? ' he would say; ' then let H come to the key. He can read and under- stand me. Let H come there, please.' Now and again his fingers would cease moving, as if he were waiting for the right person to answer. Then he would go on once more: ' Dear me, dear me, this will never do! I want to talk with H. I have an important message for him. Please tell him to hurry.' Then would follow another pause, during which he would murmur to himself regretfully. But at last he suddenly assumed the manner of one listening intently; then, his face breaking into a smile, he cried, his fingers keeping time with his words: ' Is that you, H? I'm so glad you've come! I have a message for you.' And so, his fingers tapping out an unspoken message, his kindly spirit took its flight." The nurse's eyes were brimming, and I gulped vainly at a bun]) in my thoat. After a moment's silence she continued: " But there was one feature of Mr. G -'s dying talk that particularly impressed me. While he tapped out his messages he spoke in a tense half-whisper, like one trying to project his voice through space. Between times, how- ever, in communing with himself, he spoke in his natural tones. But I noticed that he glided from one tone to the oilier, quite as a linguist would in conversing with two per- sons of different nationalities." 219 The head nurse in a hospital had stumbled upon a dis- covery which up to this time remains a sealed book to the linguistic student. A woman's Morse is as feminine as her voice or her hand- writing. I have often put to the test my ability to distin- guish between the Morse of a man and that of a woman, and only once have I been deceived. On this same Washington " circuit " I one day encoun- tered a sender at the other end, a stranger, who for hours " roasted " me as I seldom had been in my telegraphic ex- perience. The dots and dashes poured from the sounder in a bewildering torrent, and I had the hardest kind of work to keep up in copying. With all its fearful swiftness the Morse was clean-clipped and musical, though it had a harsh, staccato ring which indicated a lack of sentiment and feeling in the transmitter. From this, and from a certain dash and swagger, I gathered, before the day was out, a pretty distinct impression of the personality of the trans- mitter. I conceived him to be of a well-kept, aggressively clean appearance, with a shining red complexion and close- cropped hair; one, in brief, whose whole manner and make- up bespoke the self-satisfied sport. That he wore a diamond in his loudly striped shirt-front I considered extremely likely, and that he carried a toothpick between his lips was mor- ally certain. Next day I took occasion to make some inquiries of my fellow-operator at Washington. " Oh, you mean T Y," he said, laughing. ' Yes, for a girl, she is a fly sender." It was mortifying to find that I had mistaken the sex of the sender, but I was consoled when I met the young woman. The high coloring was there, and the self-satisfied air; so also were the masculine tie, the man's vest, and the striped shirt-front. Nor were the diamond pin and the toothpick wanting. When she introduced herself by her sign, called me " Culley," and said I was " a crack-a-jack receiver," I was convinced that it was nature, and not I, that had made the mistake as to her sex. How powerfully the imagination may be stimulated by a story told in dots and dashes is illustrated by an episode 220 of the Charleston earthquake. At the moment of the final shock every wire connecting Charleston with the outside world was instantly " lost." And as no other tidings could be had from the doomed city, it was as if in an instant it had been swept from the face of the earth. And for many hours Charleston remained literally dead to the world. The next morning, before the average citizen had time to collect his wits, the telegraph people had started out gangs of linemen to get the wires in working order. Operators in the principal offices within a radius of several hundred miles were set to calling " C N." For a long time there was no response; but at last, on the wire which I had in charge, a slight answering signal was felt, rather than heard— faint and flickering, like the first sign of returning life. From that moment my watch was, if possible, more diligent. For an hour or more I called. " adjusted," and used every effort to revive the feeble pulse. I could fancy myself working desperately to resuscitate a half-drowned man. Again I felt the flickering signal, and then once more all signs of life faded away. Finally, as the wires were gradually cleared of debris, the current began to strengthen, and then came the answering "i — i! C N " — weak and un- steady, but still sufficiently plain to be made out. To me it sounded like a voice from the tomb, and I shouted aloud the tidings that Charleston was still in existence. Quickly the sounder was surrounded by a throng of excited teleg- raphers. The Morse was broken and unsteady at first. Then the current grew stronger — the patient was growing better — and for a long time we listened to the labored clicking, until at last the worst was known. And at the end of the recital a great sigh went out from the hearts of all of us, as if literally in our presence a long-buried city had been exhumed. In the reporting of races or games by wire the Morse imparts a singular vitality to the description. The listening crowd hears the description repeated by mouth from the sounder, and they grow enthusiastic or depressed. But it is tlie showing of the teams that moves them; there is noth- ing in the sound of the words to stir them. Not so with the Morse reader, particularly if the distant reporter be clever •.-.'1 with his telegraphese. The short, sharp dots and dashes impart a most thrilling quality to his announcements — a quality that stirs the hlood and makes the heart of the re- ceiver thump with excitement. ' They're off ! " in print is cold and empty compared to its counterpart in Morse ut- tered at a critical moment. Some indescribable quality in the sound reflects the sender's interest and feeling as no man, not an elocutionist or an actor, would reflect them in voice or gesture. Telegraphic anecdotes there are in plenty. The difficulty is so to set them before the reader as to give him an idea of their telegraphic flavor. Here is one with the flavor partly obscured. To begin with, it is necessary to say that the letter E in Morse is a single dot, while an O is two dots slightly spaced. It should be plain, therefore, that an O imperfectly spaced, or misinterpreted in receiving, makes the same im- pression upon the ear as the double E. Upon this rests the point of the story. I was transmitting a message addressed to " Gen. Fitz Lee, Washington"; an old comrade of Lee's was sending him a congratulatory message. As I went ahead " To Gen. Fitz Lee, Washington," the receiver stopped me. " Is that to Gen. Fitz Lo ? " he queried. " No," I answered impatiently, " it is to Gen. Fitz Lee." " Bk! bk! " (break! break!) said the receiver; " Gen. Fitz Lee or Gen. Fitz Lo — it's infernally stupid of your people to take in a message addressed to a Chinese laundryman in this town without giving a street number." The fellow's evident earnestness and his naivete, as evi- denced in his Morse, made the ejaculation deliciously funny. The story reached the general, and I afterward heard him tell it at his own expense. But in the telling the telegraphic flavor was lost. Like any other language, Morse has its patois — a cor- rupted version of the purer speech used by the inexperienced or by those to whom nature has denied the finer percep- tions of timing and spacing. This patois might be called " hog-Morse." It would be quite impossible to give even a rude idea of the humor contained — for the expert — in some of the corruptions of which hog-Morse is guilty. These consist largely in closely joining elements which ought to be spaced, or in separating others that are meant tc be close-coupled. In the patois of the wires "pot" means "hot," "foot" is rendered "fool," " U. S. Navy" is "us nasty," "home" is changed to " hog," and so on. If, for example, while receiving a telegram, a user of the patois should mi>^ a word and say to you " 6naz fimme q," the expert would know that he meant " Please fill me in." But there is no difficulty about the interpretation of the patois provided the receiver be experienced and always on the alert. When, however, the mind wanders in receiving, there is always danger that the hand will record exactly what the ear dic- tates. On one occasion, at Christmas time, a hilarious citizen of Rome, New York, telegraphed a friend at a dis- tance a message which reached its destination reading. " Cog hog to rog and wemm pave a bumy tig." It looked to the man addressed like Choctaw, and of course was not under- stood. Upon being repeated it reads. " Come home to Rome, and we'll have a bully time." Another case of con- fusion wrought by hog-Morse was that of the Richmond, Virginia, commission firm, who were requested by wire to quote the price on a carload of " undressed slaves." The member of the firm who receipted for the telegram being something of a wag, wired back: " No trade in naked nig- gers «6ince Emancipation Proclamation." The original mes- sage had been transmitted by senders of hog-Morse, called technically " hams," and the receivers had absent-mindedly recorded the words as they had really sounded. What the inquirer wanted, of course, was a quotation on a carload of staves in the rough. The mere sound of the styles of some transmitters is irresistibly comic. One of these natural humorists may be transmitting nothing more than a string of figures, and still make you chuckle at the grotesqueness of his Morse. It is an everyday thing to hear senders characterized as Miss Nancys, rattle-brains, swell-heads, or cranks, or "jays," simply because the sound of their dots and dashes suggests the epithets. When a telegram is being read by sound, the receiver is 223 not conscious of the dots and dashes that make up the sentences. The impression upon the ear is similar to that produced by spoken words. Indeed, if an experienced teleg- rapher were asked suddenly what a certain letter is in dots and dashes, the chances are that he would hesitate before being able to answer. In view of this fact I should say that thinking in" telegraphese is not possible, and in this point of comparison with a spoken tongue the Morse is deficient. Curiously enough, however, as an aid to memory in the spelling of words the telegraphese is useful. If a telegra- pher should be in doubt as to the orthography of a word — whether it were spelt with an ie or ei, for example — he would only have to sound it on an instrument or click it out on his teeth to dispel at once any uncertainty. Among the other interesting facts is that, in Morse, fam- ily resemblance is shown as often as in face and manner. Furthermore, just as two persons of kindred temperaments — man and wife, say — who have been long associated, are said gradually to grow into a physical resemblance to each other — so, in a like manner, two telegraphers who have worked a wire together for years insensibly mold their Morse each after the other's, until the resemblance between them is readily perceptible. If anything else were needed to complete the parallel be- tween the telegraphese and a recognized vehicle of "expres- sion, I might add that the users of the language of dots and dashes are animated by a spirit as clannish as that of the Highland Scots. Bring two strangers together; let each know. that the other is acquainted with the wire tongue, and in five minutes' time the pair will be swapping telegraph yarns as if they had known each other for years. Country operators, when they get leave to come to town, are drawn irresistibly to the city telegraph office. However strange the city may be, in the central commercial office or the rail- road dispatcher's den they are sure to find others who speak their language, and with whom they may fraternize and feel at home. Nor is this clannishness felt in personal inter- course alone; it applies to those who, in widely separated cities, are brought in daily touch by a wire used jointly by all. In idle intervals, on an Associated Press circuit, for 224 example — a wire touching at a dozen or more cities — dis- tance is lost sight of, ami all the features of personal inter- course are distinctly present. Stories are told, opinions ex- changed, and laughs enjoyed, just as if the participants were sitting together at a club. They grow to know each other's habits, moods, and foibles, their likes and dislikes; and when there is a break in the circle through the death of a member, his absence is felt just as in personal association. The Phillips Code A THOROUGHLY TESTED METHOD OF SHORT HAND, ARRANGED FOR TELEGRAPHIC PURPOSES, AND CONTEMPLATING THE RAPID TRANS- MISSION OF PRESS REPORTS j ALSO INTENDED TO BE USED AS AN EASILY ACQUIRED METHOD FOR General Newspaper and Court Reporting BY WALTER P. PHILLIPS General Manager of the United Press from 18S2 to 1SQ7 Entered According to Act of Congress by WALTER P. PHILLIPS 1879 A few pages of the Phillips Code are given here- with. The books can be had of J. B. Taltavall, of The Telegraph Age, 253 Broadway, New York, U. S. A. The code, as given herewith, was printed in our previous edition issued in 1900 and is not now absolutely correct. For many years its revision has been constantly going on and some departures from the old text have been made during the last seventeen months. The books, however, as sup- plied by Mr. Taltavall, are always up to date. The insertion of a few pages of the code herewith is to show what it is like. It is in general use on all press wires throughout the United States and Can- ada and is used by many newspaper reporters in taking speeches in cases in which a liberal synop- sis is wanted instead of a verbatim report. Very few men are reported verbatim in these busy days in any publication excepting the Congressional Record. WALTER P. PHILLIPS Bridgeport, Conn., March 1, 1902. •.".".1 THE PHILLIPS CODE INTRODUCTORY The Morse alphabet, which is employed to represent the sounds used in steno-telegraphy, is composed entirely of linear characters formed of dots and dashes, and by combinations of the two. The letters c, o, r, y and ?., and the symbol "&" are composed of dots and spaces. There are no spaces in any of the letters composed of dashes. The alphabet is as follows: A-- J S--- B K T — C L— U D M V E- N — - W F O- - X G P Y H Q Z--- I-- R &- --- The figures are as follows: i 5 9 2 6 o 3 7 4 8 The punctuation marks used as a part of this system are as follows: Comma — Dot, dash, dot, dash. Interrogation point — Dash, two dots, dash, dot. Capital letter — Cx. Shilling mark — Ut. Pounds sterling — Px. Exclamation point — Three dashes, dot. Colon — Ko. Dollar mark — Sx. Colon dash — Kx. Parenthesis — Pn stands for first and Py for the second parenthesis mark. Pence — D. Quotation marks — Qn stands for first and Qj for the second quotation mark. Quotation marks within a quotation — Qx. Brackets — Bx. Dash— Dx. Hyphen — II x. Semicolon — Si. Period — Two dots, two dashes, two dots. Paragraph mark — Four dashes. Underline — Ux stands for first and Uj for the second underline signal. Colon followed by a quotation— Kq, 23] Fractions are sent by inserting the letter e between the numerator and the denominator, thus: Three-sixteenths — 3 e 16. Owing to the fact that three ciphers when quickly transmitted bear a striking resemblance to a figure 5, it will always be better to use tnd for thousands and myn for million when thousands or millions are expressed after the first, second or third figures by ciphers exclusively, thus: 10,000 — 10 tnd; 248,000,000 — 248 myns. Hnd may also be used to advantage sometimes to express hundreds, thus: 400 — 4 hnd; 500,000 — 5 hnd tnd; 300,000,000 — 3 hnd myn. Decimals should be sent by inserting the word "dot," thus: 0.34 — dot 34; 89.92 — 89 dot 92. When an omission occurs in the copy and the fact is shown by the presence of asterisks, the letter x several times repeated will indicate that asterisks are to be inserted in the copy to be sent out, thus: And this has been one of the results. ****** ****** \yho shall account for such corruption? — And this has been one of the results. x x x x x x Who shall, etc. In sending poetry or one or more lines of verse a paragraph mark ( ) should be used at the end of each line, thus: The gentleman on the other side, as it seems to me, takes a super- ficial view of what has been developed, and manifests a disposition either to defend these obvious irregularities or content himself with what appears on the surface. Unless he corrects his methods, I fancy the poet's words, Qn The primrose on the river's brim A yellow primrose was to him And it was nothing more Qj ■ — will be peculiarly applicable to my credulous colleague in the near future, and he will discover that he has missed an opportunity to render a great service to the cause of common honesty. Beginners, both senders and receivers, should commit all of the fore- going to memory before attempting to send the code. Operators essaying to learn to send the accompanying system of codi- fication will achieve that object with comparative ease by beginning, and continuing, methodically. They should first commit to memory the meaning conveyed by the single letters, as follows: B— Be. K— Out of the. T— The. C— See. M— More. U— You. D — In the, or pence. N — Not. V — Of which. F— Of the. O— Of. W— With. G — From the. P— Per. X — In which. H— Has. Q— On the. Y— Year. j — By which. R — Are. Z — From which. Also, a figure 4 for "where," a figure 5 for "that the," and a figure 7 for "that is." These figures are expressed, as will be seen further on, thus: Fr — four; fv — five; sv — seven. They should be so sent whenever they appear singly. Occurring in groups, they may be sent in the usual manner. . The next step for the beginner is to learn the meaning conveyed by the two-letter contractions, among the more important of which are the following: 232 Ac — And company. Ec- Ad — Adopted. Ed Ag — Agent. Ef- Ao — At once. Eh Ap — Appropriate. Ej — Aq — Acquaint. El — Ar — Answer. Em Au — Author. En- Av — Average. Ep- Bc — Because. Eq- Bd— Board. Er— Bf— Before. Ev Bg— Being. Ey Bh— Both. Fa Bk— Break. Fb Bl— Bill. Fc— Bn— Been. Fd- Bt— But. Fh- Bv— Believe. Fi- B\v— Be with. Fj- Bx— Bracket []. Fk- Bz — Business. Fl- Ca — Came. Fo- Cb— Celebrate. Fq- Cd— Could. Fs- Cf— Chief. Ft- Cg — Seeing. Fw Cj — Coroner's jury. Fx- Ck — Check. Ga- Cl— Call. Gb- Co — County. Gc- Cq — Correct. Gd- Cr — Care. Gf- Cs — Case. Gg Ct — Connect. Gi- Cu — Current. Gj- Cv — Cover. Gk Cx — Capital letter. Gm Db — Debate. Gn Dd— Did. Gq- Df— Differ. Gr- Dg — Doing. Gt- Di— Direct. Gx Dl— Deliver. Gz- Dm — Demand. Ha Dp— Depart. Hb Ds — Discuss. He- Dt— Do not. Uf- Du— Duty. Hg Dv— Divide. Hh Dx— Dash. Hi 1)/— Does. Ilk Ea — Each. II" -Ecclesiastic. -Editor. Effect. -Either. Eject. Elect. —Embarrass. -Enthusiasm. -Epoch. Equal. Error. Ever. Every. Fail. Of the bill. Fiscal. -Find. -Forth. Fire. Found. -Fluctuate. Feel. -For. -Frequent. -First. For the. -Follow. -Fort. -Gave. -Great Britain. -Grace. -Good. -Gulf. -Going. ■Gigantic. -Grand jury. -Greek. — Gentlemen. -Gone. -Geology. •Ground. Great. -Great excitement. -Gazette. -He also. i — Has been. -Habeas corpus. Half. -Having. -Has had. High. -Hunk. i— Hold. Hp — Hope. Ht— Has the. Hu — House. Hv— Have. Hx — Hyphen. la — Iowa. Ic — In connection. Id — Introduce. Ig — Indignant. Ih— It has. Ij — Injure. II— Illustrate. Im — Immediately. Io — In order. Ip — Improve. Iq — Inquire. Ir — Irregular. Iv — In view. Iw — It was. Ix— It is. Jd — Judicious. Jf— Justify. Jg— Judge. Jp — Japan. Ju— Jury. Kb — Contribute. Kc — Concentrate. Kf — Confuse. Kg— King. Ki— Kill. Kl— Collect. Km — Communicate. Kn — Know. Kp — Keep. Kr — Color. Ks — Conserve. Kt — Contain. Ku — Continue. Kv — Convert. Kw — Know. La — Louisiana. Ld — London. Lf— Life. Lg— Long. Lk — Like. Lm — Low middling. Lp — Liverpool. Lq — Liquor. Lr — Lower. Lt — Lieutenant. Lv — Leave. Md— Made. Mf— Manufacture. 233 Mg — Manage. Mh— Much. Mk— Make. Ml— Mail. Mo— Month. Mu — Murder. Mw — Meanwhile. Na — Name. Nb— Not be. Nc — North Carolina. Ne — New England. Nf— Notify. Ng — Negotiate. Nh — New Hampshire. Ni— Night. Nj — New Jersey. Nl— Natural. Nm — Nominate. No — No, and New Or leans, La. Nr — Near. Nt— North. Nv — Never. Nx — Next. Ny — New York. Ob— Obtain. Oc— O'clock. Od— Order. Og — Organize. Oh— Ohio. Oj— Object. Om— Omit. Op — Opportunity. Oq — Occupy. Os — Oppose. Ow — On which. Oz — Ounce. Pb— Probable. Pc — Per cent. Pd— Paid. Pe — Principle. Pf— Prefer. Pg — Progress. Ph — Perhaps. Pj — Prejudice. Pk — Particular. PI— Political. Pm — Postmaster. Po — Post-office. Pp — Postpone. Pq — Possess. Pr — President. Ps — Pass. Pt— Present. Pu— Public. Pv — Privilege. Pw — Power. Px — Pounds sterling. Qa — Qualify. Qc — Concur. Qm — Quartermaster. Qp — On the part of. Qr — Quarter. Qu— Quiet. Ra — Raise. Rb— Rob. Re — Receive. Rd— Read. Rf— Refer. Rg— Regular. Rh— Reach. . Ri_Rhode Island. Rj — Reject. Rk — Recover. Rl— Real. Rm — Remain. Rn — Reason. Rp — Report. Rq — Request. Rr — Railroad. Rs — Resolve. Rt — Are the. Ru — Are you. Rv — Remove. Rw— Are with. Rx — Recommend. Ry — Railway. Rz— Result. Sa — Senate. Sb — Subsequent. Sc — South Carolina. Sd — Should. Sf — Satisfy. Sg— Signify. Sh — Such. Si — Subject. Sk — Success. SI— Sail. Sm — Some. Sn — Soon. Sp — Ship. Sq — Separate. Sr — Secure. Ss — Steamship. St— Street. Su — Sure. Sv — Seven. Sx — Dollar mark. Tb— The bill. Td— Treasury Depart- ment. Tf— The following. Tg— Thing. Th— Those. Ti— Time. Tj— The jury. Tk— Take. Tm— Them. Tn— Then. Tp— Transport. Tq— The question. Tr— There. Ts— This. Tt— That. Tw — To-morrow. Tx— This is. Ty— They. Tz— These. Uf — Unfortunate. Ug — Unguarded. Uk — Understand. Ul— Usual. Urn — Unanimous. Un— Until. Ur — Your. Us— United States. Va — Virginia. Vb— Valuable. Vc — Vindicate. Vk— Victor. Vm — Vehement. Vo— Vote. Vp — Vituperate. Vr — Virtue. Vu — View. Vx — Violate. Vy — Very. Wa— Way. Wb— Will be. Wc — Welcome. Wd— Would. Wg — Wrong. Wh— Which. Wi— Will. Wk— Week. Wl— Well. Wm — William. Wn— When. Wo— Who. 234 Wp— Weep. Wq — Warrant. Wr— Were. Ws— Was. Wt— What. Wu — Western Union. Wv— Waive. Ww— With which. Wx— Wait. Wy— Why. Xb — Exorbitant. Xc — Excite. Xd — Exceed. Xg — Legislate. Xh — Exhaust. Xj — Explain. Xk — Execute. XI — Excel. Xm — Extreme. Xn — Constitution . Xo — Exonerate. Xp — Expense. Xr — Exercise. Xs— Exist. Xt— Extent. Ya — Yesterday. Za — Sea. Zc — Section. Zd— Said. Zm — Seem. Zn — Seen. Having familiarized himself with the foregoing, the operator will then find it to his advantage to apply himself to memorizing the remainder of the two-letter, and as many as possible of the three-letter, contrac- tions. Among the latter, it will be observed, the principal words in daily use (and which are given in some cases in their briefest form in the two- letter contractions above) are traced in most of their numerous termina- tions. Thus, for example, we have ak for "acknowledge," akd for "acknowledged," akg for "acknowledging," etc. The principle illustrated by this word will be found to underlie the whole system, deviation from the rule only occurring when the peculiarities of the Morse alphabet will not permit of following the law, or where the addition of a, d, g or m would make a stem spell some word which would fit in, without disturb- ing the context, in the place where the word intended to be conveyed ought to go. Wherever the author has foreseen, or experience in work ing the system has shown, that a strict adherence to the rule would involve the receiver in perplexity he has departed therefrom, but in no other cases. In the very beginning of their attempts to use the code, sending operators should first master the single letters and as many of the double and three-letter ones as possible, and then proceed to send, dropping out of the long words as many of the vowels as they can conveniently omit without getting confused and demoralized. Perfect confidence and ease will come with practice. In the meantime the operator should apply himself to learning the contractions under the various letters — a few at a time — using them as much as possible as he proceeds with his practice. A few weeks' experience will serve to make the whole plan of working very plain and clear, if a moderate amount of thought and attention is given to the foregoing hints and to memorizing a few of the contractions every day. The sending operator should always say "bk" when, from any cause, he breaks down in the middle of a word, or interrupts himself. This signal is easily recognized, and is of the greatest possible assistance to the receiving operator. Abb — Abbreviate. Abbd — Abbreviated. Abbg — Abbreviating. Abbn — Abbreviation. Abe — Absence. Abd — Aboard. Abe — Owing to. Abg — Abiding. Abh— Abolish. Abhd— Abolished. Abhg — Abolishing. Abhn — Abolition. Abi — Abide. Abj — Abject. Abjy — Abjectly. Abl— Able. Abm — Abominate. Abmd — Abominated. Abmg — Abominating. Abml — Abominable. A 1 mm — Abomination. Abn — Abandi in. Abnd — Abandoned. Abng — Abandoning. 23£ Abnm — Abandonment. Abp — Abrupt. Abpns — Abruptness. Abpy — Abruptly. Abr — And brother. Abs — Absent. Absd — Absented. Abse — Absentee. Absg — Absenting. Abt— About. Abty — Ability. Abu — Abundant. Abuc — Abundance. Abuy— Abundantly. Abv — Above. Aby — Albany. Ac — And Company. Aca — Academy. Acal — Academical. Acan — Academician. Ace — Account. Accd — Accounted. Accg — Accounting. Acct — Accountant. Acd — Accord. Acdd — Accorded. Acg — According. Acgy — Accordingly. Ach — Achieve. Achd — Achieved. Achg — Achieving. Achm — Achievement. Acm — Accumulate. Acmg — Accumulating. Acn — Accumulation. Aco — Accommodate. Acod — Accommodated. Acog — Accommodating. Aeon — Accommodation. Acp — Accept. Acpc — Acceptance. Acpd — Accepted. Acpg — Accepting. Acph — Accomplish. Acphd — Accomplished. Acphg — Accomplishing. Acphm — Accomplish- ment. Acq — Acquire. Acqd — Acquired. Acqg — Acquiring. Acqm — Acquirement. Acr — Accurate. Acrly — Accurately. Acstm — Accustom. Acstmd — Accustomed. Actl— Actual. Actly— Actually. Actn — Action. Actu — Actuate. Actud — Actuated. Actug — Actuating. Acu — Accuse. Acud — Accused. Acug — Accusing. Acup — Acted upon. Acur — Accuser. Acv — Active. Acvly — Actively. Acvty — Activity. Acy — Accuracy. Ad— Adopted. Adc — Advice. Adcs — Advices. Adg — Advantage. Adgs — Advantages. Adgv — Advantageous. Adh— Adhere. Adhc — Adherence. Adhd— Adhered. Adhg — Adhering. Adht — Adherent. Adj — Adjourn. Adjd — Adjourned. Adjg — Adjourning. Adjm — Adjournment. Adl— Admiral. Adm — Administrate. Admn — Administration. Adn — Addition. Adnl— Additional. Adp — Adopt. Adpn — Adoption. Adq — Adequate. Adqy — Adequately. Adr — Administer. Adrd — Administered. Adrg — Administering. Adrr — Administrator. Adrx — Administratrix. Ads — Address. Adsd — Addressed. Adsg — Addressing. Adt — Amendment. Adts — Amendments. Adu— Adieu. Adv — Advertise. Advc — Advance. Advcd — Advanced. Advcg — Advancing. Advcm — Advancement. Advd — Advertised. Advg — Advertising. Advm — Advertisement. Af— After. Afa — Affair. Afc— Affect. Afcd — Affected. Afcg — Affecting. Afcn — Affection. Afcny — Affectionately. Afcs — Affects. Afd— Afford. Afdd— Afforded. Afg — Affording. Afj— Affidavit. Afjs — Affidavits. Afl— Afflict. And— Afflicted. Aflg— Afflicting. Afln— Affliction. Afls— Afflicts. Aim — Affirm. Afmd — Affirmed. Afmg — Affirming. Afn — Afternoon. Afo — Aforesaid. Afr — Affray. Afv — Affirmative. Afw — Afterward. Afx— Affix. Afxd— Affixed. Afxg — Affixing. Ag — Agent. Aga — Against. Age — Agriculture. Agd — Agreed. Agg— Aggregate. Aggd — Aggregated. Aggg— Aggregating. Aggn — Aggregation. Agi — Agitate. Agid — Agitated. Agig— Agitating. Agin — Agitation. Agl — Agricultural. Agist — Agriculturist. Agm — Agreement. Agms — Agreements. ~'36 Agn — Again. Agr — Agree. Agrg— Agreeing. Ags — Agents. Agt — Agreed to. Agu — Argue. Agud — Argued. Agug— Arguing. Agum — Argument. Agv — Aggressive. Agy — Agency. Ahd — Ahead. Ahr — Add House Regu- lar. Aj — Adjust. Aja — Adjacent. Ajd — Adjusted. Ajg — Adjusting. Ajm — Adjustment. Ajs — Adjusts. Ajt — Adjutant. Ajts — Adjutants. Ak — Acknowledge. Akc — Access. Akcy — Accessory. Akd — Acknowledged. Akg — Acknowledging. Akm — Acknowledgment Aks — Acknowledges. Akt — Accident. Aktl — Accidental. Aktly — Accidently. Akts — Accidents. Al— All. Ala — Alabama. Ale — Alcohol. Aid — Aldermen. Alg — Along. Ali— Ally. Alid— Allied. Alis — Allies. Alj — Allege. Aljd — Alleged. Alj g— Alleging. Aljn — Allegation. Aljnc — Allegiance. Alk— Alike. Aim — Alarm. Almd — Alarmed. Almg — Alarming. A In — Altercation. Alnc — Alliance. A Ins — Altercations. Air — Already. Alt — Alternate. Altd — Alternated. Altg — Alternating. Alty — Alternately. Alu — Allude. Alud— Alluded. Alug — Alluding. Alun — Allusion. Alw — Always. A m a — A merican. Amb — Ambition. Ambs — Ambitions. Amd— Amend. Amdd — Amended. A m d g — A mending. A m d s — Amends. Aindy — Amendatory. Amg — Among. Amgst — Amongst. Ami — Amicable. Amily — Amicably. Amn — American. Amns — Americans. Amp — Ample. Ampy — Amply. Amr — Ameer. Amt — Amount. A m t d — Amounted. Amtg — Amounting. Amts — Amounts. Amu — Amuse. Amud — Amused. Amug — Amusing. Amum — Amusement. Amx — Ambitious. Amxy — Ambitiously. Amz — Amaze. Amzd — Amazed. Amzg — Amazing. Amzm — Amazement. Amzy — Amazingly. Anc— Announce. Ancd — Announced. Ancg — Announcing. Ancm — Announcement. Ancs — Announces. Ang — Antagonist. Angm — Antagonism. Angs — Antagonists. Angz — Antagonize. Angzd — Antag( inized. Anl — Annual. Anly — Annually. Anm — Animal. Anms — Animals. Anr — Another. Ant — Anticipate. Antd — Anticipated. A n t g — A nticipating. Antn — Anticipation. Ami — Anew. Any — Anniversary. Anx — Anxious. Anxty — Anxiety. An xy — .Anxiously. Ao — At once. Ap — Appropriate. Apa — Apart. Apam — Apartment. Anams — Apartments. Ape — On account of. Apd — Appropriated. Apg — Appropriating. Aph — Approach. Aphd — Approached. Aphg — Approaching. Aphs — Approaches. Api — Aniece. Apl — Appeal. Apld — -Appealed. Aplg — Appealing. Apis — Appeals. Aplt — Aopellant. Apm — Appointment. Apms — Appointments. Apn — Appropriation. Apns — Appropriations. App — Appoint. Appd — Appointed. Appg — Appointing. Apr — Appear. Aprc — Appearance. Aprd — Appeared. Aprg — Appearing. Aprl — April. Aps — Appropriates. Apv — Approve. Apvd — Approved. Apvg — Approving. Apvl — Approval. Apx — Approximate. \p\il- Approximated. Apxg — Approximating. Apxn- A.ppn iximation. Apxs— Approximates. 237 Apxy — Approximately. Apy — Appropriately. Aq — Acquaint. Aqc — Acquaintance. Aqd — Acquainted. Aqg — Acquainting . Aqn — Acquisition. Aqs — Acquaints. A qt— Acute. Aqty — Acutely. Aqu — Acquiesce. Aquc — Acquiescence. Aqud — Acquiesced. Aqug — Acquiescing. Ar — Answer. Ara — Arrange. Arad — Arranged. Arag — Arranging. Aram — Arrangement. Arb — Arbitrate. Arbd — Arbitrated. Arbm — Arbitrament. Arbr — Arbitrator. Arby — Arbitrarily. Ard — Answered. Arg — Answering. Arn — Arbitration. Aro — Arose. Arr — Arrest. Arrd — Arrested. Arrg — Arresting. Ars — Answers. Arv — Arrive. Arvd — Arrived. Arvg — Arriving. Arvl — Arrival. Ary — Arbitrary. Arz — Arizona. Asb — Absorb. Asbd — Absorbed. Asbg — Absorbing. Asc — Ascertain. Ascd — Ascertained. Asd — Associated. Asf — As follows. Asg — Ascertaining. Asi — Assist. Asic — Assistance. Asid — Assisted. Asig — Assisting. Asl — Asleep. Asm — Assemble. Asmd — Assembled. Asmg — Assembling. Asn — Association. Aso — Also. Asp — Aspect. Asr — Add Senate Regu lar. Ast — Associate. Asts — Associates. Asu — Assume. Asud — Assumed. Asug — Assuming. Asumn — Assumption. Asus — Assumes. Asy — Assembly. Atb— Attribute. Atbd— Attributed. Atbg— Attributing. Ate — Attendance. Atd— Attend. Atds— Attends. Atg — Attending. Atk— Attack. Atkd— Attacked. Atkg— .Attacking. Atks— Attacks. Atl— Atlantic. Atm — Attempt. Atmd— Attempted. Atmg — Attempting. Atms — Attempts. Atn — Attention. Atns — Attentions. Atr— Attract. Atrd— Attracted. Atrg — Attracting. Atrn — Attraction. Atrs— Attracts. Atv — Attractive. Aty — Attorney. Au— Author. Aub — Auburn. Auc — Auction. Aucnr — Auctioneer. Aucs — Auctions. Aud — Audience. Auds — Audiences. Aug — August. Auh — Authentic. Auhcy — Authenticity. Auhd — Authenticated. Auhg — Authenticating. Auhn — Authentication. Auhs — Authenticates. Auhy — Authentically. Aum — Autumn. Aun — Austrian. Aup — Auspices. - Aupx — Auspicious. Aur — Austria. Aut — Adjourned until to-morrow. Aux — Auxiliary. Auy — Authority. Auys — Authorities. Auz — Authorize. Auzd — Authorized. Auzg — Authorizing. Auzn — Authorization. Auzs — Authorizes. Av — Average. Avb — Avoidable. Avd — Averaged. Ave — Avenue. Avg — Averaging. Avl — Avail. Avid — Availed. Avlg — Availing. Avis — Avails. Avn — Aversion. Avo — Avoid. Avod — Avoided. Avog — Avoiding. Avos — Avoids. Avr — Aver. Avrd — Averred. Avrg — Averring. Avrs— Avers. Avs — Averages. Avt — Avert. Avtd — Averted. Avtg — Averting. Avts — Averts. Avy — Avoidably. Aw — At which. Awa — Away. Awd — Award. Awdd — Awarded. Awdg — Awarding. Awds — Awards. Awf — Awful. Awfy — Awfully. Awi — Awhile. Ax— Ask. Axd — Asked. Axg — Asking. Axn — Annexation. 238 Ay — Any. Ayh — Anyhow. Ay4 — Anywhere. Ayb — Anybody. Aym — Any more. Ayg — Anything. Ayo — Ony other. Note. — It will be seen from the foregoing list of contractions, which carry out many words in their various terminations, how the stems in the words which now follow may be safely concluded in cases where they are not given in all of their variations. Before turning his attention to the remainder of this work I cannot too strongly impress upon the operator the desirability of thoroughly mastering the single and double letter, and as many of the three-letter contractions as possible. This much accomplished, he will easily double his usual rate of speed. Particular care should be taken to space properly between words, especially when, as will sometimes happen, the matter in hand runs along for a line or two almost entirely in single and double letters The following exercise is written out more fully than is necessary, in order that beginners may be able to read it readily and catch the spirit of the scheme without undergoing the annoyance of having to hunt through the books for the definition of arbitrary contractions. T Amn sprit as ix eld. h a cntemt fo ti's halowg inflncs. Inded, it sems to bv tt ti cann halow, bt can ony dstroy. N mny ys ago Lafayette Pic ws I f most imposg patricn qrs o N Y. T clmrs o Bway ca to it ofay in a dremy raurmr. Its length ws n gt, bt it hd a lordly bredth. Win easiest akc f most busy purlus, its quietud ws provrbl. So infq wr vhicls alg its pavmt tt in sumr t gras wd ofn crop ot tr Ik fringy scrolwrk nr t wl swept sidwlk & clnly gutrs. At I end 4 ts staly ave is crosd bi a naroer st ro an imens chh, in rigid clascl stile, w t pinted roof o an ancent tmpl & imen gra flutd pilars frmg its portico. Ts chh is stil stndg, bt nr it lums a mnstrus bri big tt 1 gle can tel us is a trd rate bdg hu 4 peo w chrs as dingy as t windo panes ma, ph. gan facile admsn. T bdg hu ws one a fin pvt mansn & hb enlrgd into its pt dreary bignes. Tn. at ts sthn end, stud un a vy shrt ti ago t gray old grandeur of St. Bartholomew's 4, fo nrly hf a cntury, t blumg brids o ou qn bst lams qn wr marid & thr fatrs & mothrs la in funl sta as t ys rold on. At t nthn end ws one a spacus dwlg hu, wos oakn hal, w its rchly mediaeval carvgs & brilnt windo o stained glas. mite wl hv srvd fo sm antiq abbey over-sea. Bt ts dlitfl old hu h dsaprd & a vast bri structr wh is 1 o th towrg altars tt we so ofn bid to cmrc h sprung up in its stead. Tr ws aso a crn edific closly aja to ts. wh hd a ux porte cochere uj d rl Parisin stile, & Splid a dlitfl tuch o fgn novlty. Bt tt, too, h dspard si Ik t hu w t charmg cloistrl hal, its vy quaintns ws its ruin. If ou bigs can n alw hav t adg rpsntg trad, ty r at leas dilgnt in thr dvon to ugli- ncs. Bt Lafa Pic is smhw Lafa Pic stil. Its trnsmatn into clip lodgmts is gradl, tho su. T sieg goes stedly on, bt t besgd hv n yet sucmbd. Ey y t hnsm cariags tt rol up & down its aves gro fuer & fuer, si ey y its pavmts worn bi t fet o ded & gon Nikrbokrs r m fqd bi shaby Germns or slatrnly Italns. Bt t solid solmnity f Astor Libry stil dws schlrs & buk- wnrms win its precincts, tho t dgnity o posesg t Columbia Law Schl, into wh slim, britc facd clegians wd once trup o a mny h nw deprtd foev. A fu abods, hvr, r stil to b fj hr, w burnshd dor plates & t glimpses o rch iner tapstris tt pint twd wlthfl prosperity. [From "A Hopeless Case," by Edgar Fazucclt.] THE PHILLIPS CODE. SOME REMARKABLE PERFORMANCES BY COX SPICUOUSLY CLEVER MEN— QUICK WORK IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE AND AT THE NATIONAL CONVENTIONS— ALL THE SUPREME COURT JUDGES DO NOT WRITE ENGLISH— GEORGE KEN- NAN, THE SIBERIAN TRAV- ELER, IN AN ALMOST FORGOTTEN ROLE. I read, with great interest, a communication from Mr. D. Kimball, of Chicago, in the New York Sun, not long ago, regarding abbreviations. I am the author of a system of this kind, and since it is held that such a sys- tem can have no practical value in general newspaper reporting, I wish to combat that idea if you will permit me. Mr. Kimball says: *****" Much less can a system of abbreviations, such as reporters use, however cleverly devised, ever come into general use for the ordinary purposes of writing, for the reason that perfect legibility of every word independent of every other word is an essential characteristic of such a system of improved writing." The spokesman of the Arkansas Editorial Association, according to Texas Siftings, observed on arriving in Austin with his band of journalistic brethren, several years ago. that they "had traveled far and wandered wide." My own experience has been similar, and I am always finding that things are being done in many fields of human endeavor of which, up to a certain time, I had no knowledge, and the Phillips Code, published in [879, and which has been in con- stant use since then on telegraph wires, and as an aid in general reporting by the telegraph operators who have gone into newspaper work, seems to constitute a system of successful abbreviations of which Mr. Kimball has not yet heard. '.'II Out of the many thousands of telegraph operators em- ployed by the Western Union and Postal-Telegraph cable companies scarcely any of even ordinary capacity can be found who does not employ the Phillips Code in the trans- mission of press despatches, while it is used by some ex- perts in handling messages both social and commercial. This has been going on for twenty-three years, and a knowl- edge of the code is considered so great a desideratum as a part of the telegraphic education that even the tyros take it up at a very early stage of their tutelage. It is related that a youngster who had barely mastered the Morse alphabet, in transmitting a report of a fire from Red Bank, N. J., a year or two. ago, said Dbf, then halted, and finally convulsed the New York receiving operator by asking, "Are you on to the Phillips Code?" Learning that the receiver was, the young man proceeded with renewed confidence to struggle through his task, using more code than the usual sender employs, and winding up with Cbi as a final flourish. Dbf means destroyed by fire and Cbi means covered by insurance. Regarding the use of the Phillips Code in cases in which a verbatim report is not essential, I may say that one of the best newspaper reports of an event that was ever furnished to its clients by the Associated Press was that of the Star route cases, in Washington, nearly twenty years ago. That trial was reported by Mr. E. M. Hood, a very young oper- ator, who had, however, made a special study of the code. Mr. Hood, who has long stood in the front rank of news- paper writers at the capital, used the Phillips Code exclu- sively in reporting this trial, extended over many weeks, and the excellence of his work was so marked that within a few weeks Mr. Edward D. Easton, now the President of the Columbia Phonograph Company, who made the ver- batim report of the Star route trial for the government, spoke of Mr. Hood's performance in words of unstinted praise. For several years the decisions handed down by the judges of the United States Supreme Court were condensed and done into English by Mr. George Kennan, who has since won renown by his writings and lectures on the Russian 242 system of relegating to Siberia, by administrative process, such persons as are regarded as being dangerous to the safety of the nation. These decisions were in the hand- writing of their authors, and not all of the judges had culti- vated the Spencerian system of penmanship, while some were at war with Webster on questions of orthography, and a few others, if they had ever heard of Quackenboss, had a contempt, as supreme as the bench from which they ren- dered their decisions, Tor any ideas he may have tried to inculcate as to rhetoric and composition. Mr. Kennan was not permitted to take these unique documents out of the Supreme Court chamber. So he studied over them and made notes of what they signified in their ultimate essence. These notes were made in the Phillips Code, and from them, every Monday evening while the court was holding ses- sions, Mr. Kennan wrote marvelously clear synopses of these decisions for the Associated Press. At one time and another he was complimented on his work by every judge on the Supreme Court bench — among them Chief Justice Waite and Mr. Justice Miller. Mr. Kennan is again in Washington, and is representing the Outlook. I will ven- ture the opinion that if he has occasion to make notes he brings to his aid the code which stood him in such good stead when he was struggling with the written opinions of those venerable and honored gentlemen who have the last sad say on such disputed questions as float up to this highest of all legal tribunals, in America, from the lower courts scat- tered all over this broad land of freedom and of persistent litigation. The late William T. Loper, during his term of service as Associated Press reporter of the United States Senate, furnished, in penciled code, at the rate of a thousand words per hour, a sketch of the Senate proceedings for afternoon papers. In addition to this he managed the basis for a separate story largely in Phillips Code, but using shorthand when he found occasion to take anything ver- batim. The penciled code was transmitted to Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York by the regular operators, and when the afternoon papers went to press, thus enabling him to drop the sketch report. Mr. Loper developed from his Phil- 243 lips Code and shorthand notes what is termed the full re- port for morning papers. Of this he supplied seven plainly written manifold copies at the rate of 2,000 words per hour, and I never knew of a case in which he did not finish the end of the full report by seven p. m., unless the Senate sat beyond its usual hour — between four and five p. m. He often filed the last of the full report within fifteen minutes of the time when the Senate adjourned. Mr. Loper had able predecessors — none better — and his successors were men of recognized ability, but they never equaled him, for the reason that they confined themselves to shorthand and longhand notes. But for the Phillips Code Mr. Loper's achievements would have been impossible, for he would have had no time in which to write out his shorthand notes until the necessity for the sketch report had passed, and the oper- ators could have done nothing with them in their original form. They read his penciled code report as readily and easily as they could have read matter that was written out in full and furnished in typewritten copy. Mr. Loper did the work of two men, and did it better than they could. By handling -the whole thing, his sketch report and his full report agreed in every particular. When one man made the sketch and another the full report there were vexa- tious discrepancies to be reconciled which often delayed the delivery of the report to Associated Press clients until a late hour. In 1883, when Mr. Loper and I transferred our services to the then newly organized United Press and went from Washington to New York, he began, and continued for sev- eral years previous to Mr. Beecher's death, to report the sermons of that eloquent and able man. He used the Phil- lips Code for his introductions — always exquisite pieces of writing in precise harmony with the style, tone, temper, and atmosphere of the particular sermons they preceded. This part of his report was handed to any operator who happened into the United Press office on Sunday, who trans- mitted from it, without its being written out. while Mr. Loper took a hasty luncheon. He was a star operator, as well as one of the best Pitman stenographers I ever knew. He had mastered shorthand in Wisconsin at the early age 244 of ten years. When the assisting operator had disposed of the introduction written in the penciled code. Mr. Loper took the wire and proceeded to send in Phillips Code, in its absolute purity, at a gait that made the " Beecher Cir- cuit " shunned by all but those typewriting operators who were serenely confident that they could take anything that could be transmitted by human hand. The report was sent simultaneously to the Chicago Tribune, Cincinnati En- quirer, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, and Boston Globe, all of which were connected together every Sunday for the purpose of receiving Mr. Loper's report. Neither the in- troduction, in penciled code, or the sermon itself, which was in shorthand, was ever written out. It was desirable to have this sermon in hand for composition in the news- paper offices as early as possible, and, under Mr. Loper's plan of reporting, the last line of it was in Chicago, Cin- cinnati, St. Louis and Boston before Mr. Beecher had fin- ished his dinner and got well among the dreams incident to an afternoon nap. Mr. Loper used the Phillips Code with equal success in reporting the national conventions for afternoon papers in 1888 and 1892. The operators sent from his penciled code and part longhand manuscript, and in spite of the whirr of the blower operated beside us in connection with the pneumatic tubes connecting the extemporized telegraph offices with the platform and the reporter's tables, the noise and confusion incident to boys running hither and thither, there was never a word of question about the running re- port for afternoon papers furnished by Mr. Loper, ably aided and abetted by Mr. P. V. DeGraw, whose work on the 1884 conventions eclipsed all that had gone before. It was not uncommon for Mr. Loper to file the announcement that the convention had taken a recess or adjourned, and for the oper- ator to send it within one minute of the time when the gavel fell. We have often had to stop and explain to inquirers in the convention hall, as we passed through to our hotel, that the convention had taken a recess or had adjourned until evening, the next morning, etc. The fact was known from Boston to San Francisco before the people in the hall realized what had happened. As an employer of stenogra- phcrs since 1878, and among them were many who had national reputations, I have seen them at their best, and they were certainly splendid on many great occasions, such as the reporting of the Potter Investigating Committee pro- ceedings in 1878 and in covering the national conventions for morning papers, all of which were reported for the United Press under my direction from 1884 to 1896, inclu- sive. But, for a certain class of work such as has been referred to, ends were secured by the use of the Phillips Code that could be achieved through no other instrumental- ity. The riles of the afternoon newspapers of the conven- tion years mentioned, wherever published, give ample evidence in their editorial columns that these reports were admirably written, correct, and quite photographic in char- acter. They were made by Mr. Loper in 1888 and 1892, and were largely written and wholly transmitted in the Phillips Code. Mr. DeGraw was his coadjutor, and after Mr. Loper's death applied to the convention of 1896 the methods that had been so successful in 1884, 1888 and 1892. The illustrations I have given dispose of the notion that abbreviations cannot be easily read by those who write them. The fact is that they can and have been read for more than twenty years, not only by those who wrote them, but by many others, as I have shown. And these are by no means isolated cases. The newspaper profession is more largely recruited from the telegraphic ranks than from any other one source. There are more than one hundred telegraph operators on the New York and Brooklyn newspapers alone — reporters, copy readers and editorial writers. The newspapers of the country are largely manned by them in many of their departments. They are not shorthand men — not one in a hundred — but they are all Phillips Code men, and when the occasions arise when something swifter than longhand is required they use the Phillips Code with which they familiarized themselves in the telegraph business. Some of the telegraphers do not stop at being reporters, copy readers, and editorial writers. They become proprietors. Mr. Frank Munsey is one of us; Mr. Edward Rosewater, of the Omaha Bee, is another; and Mr. S. H. Kauffmann.one of the principal owners of the Washington Star, is a third. 246 The latter has the honor of having taught General Eckert, President of the Western Union Telegraph Company, how to telegraph, and when the latter had qualified he succeeded Mr. Kauffmann as manager of the telegraph office at Woos- ter, Ohio. Even in those remote days there was a slim system of abbreviations used on the wires, and the Phillips Code is simply an expansion of those early contractions, such as " fm " for from, " t " for the, etc., etc. This system has been extended until you express " The Senate adjourned until to-morrow morning" thus: "T sa adjd un twm." The Supreme Court of the United States is designated by the word " Scotus," and so on ad infinitum. The Phillips Code is sent over the wire through an instantaneous mental trans- formation from the written words lying beneath the opera- tor's eye. It is sent at double the rate of speed of ordinary transmissions, in full, and is mentally digested by the re- ceiving operators and written out on the instant in full on typewriters as it comes over the wire at a careful but some- what chirpy gait. Handled in this way, employed as it was by Messrs. Kennan, Loper, DeGraw and Hood, to say nothing of its general use by telegraph operators in every conceivable way after they have left the telegraph business, it seems to me that if Mr. Kimball had been an Arkansas journalist and had " traveled far and wandered wide," he would have a more comprehensive knowledge than he has now of a thing that has been running under a full head of steam since 1879, and the fundamental principles of which were laid fully fifty years ago. The appended is a specimen of the Phillips Code, a fairly good knowledge of which can be obtained in a month. " Ix " is the equivalent of "it is," and aside from that and a few arbitrary signs, such as " bv " for believe, a good deal of the specimen given below can be read by almost anybody whether he knows the code or not. The context, which is much more obvious to the reader than are the obscurer signs, even to experts, used by stenographers, carries the transcriber along as the strains of martial music lighten the heavy feet of a tired soldier and speed him on his march. T Amn sprit as ix eld, h a cntemt fo ti's halowg inflncs. Inded, it sems to bv tt ti cann halow, bt can ony dstroy. 247 N mny ys ago Lafayette Pic ws i f most imposg patricn qrs o N Y. T clmrs o Bway ca to it ony in a dremy murmr. Its length ws n gt, bt it hd a lordly bredth. Win easiest akc f most busy purlus. its quietud ws provrbl. So infq wr vhcls alg its pavmt tt in sumr t gras wd ofn crop ot tr Ik fringy scrolwrk nr t wl swept sidwlk & clnly gutrs. At I end 4 ts staly ave is crosd bi a naroer st ro an imens chh, in rigid clascl stile, w t pinted roof o an ancnt tmpl & imens gra flutd pilars frmg its portico. All of which is respectfully submitted. WALTER P. PHILLIPS. Bridgeport, Conn., March i, 1902. 248 ESTABLISHED 1879 .5%, rryk i^fljira^tefe c^^^S'irkJittS^'fSaaESte^^ fr^S^ftw**" IIP' i^TfTrnrir»™^ L ^ L l( e '* r ' J '" ^WW ... '■■■ TRADE MARK J. H. BUNNELL & CO. Incorporated MANUFACTURERS and DEALERS in the HIGHEST GRADE of Telegraph Instruments and Electrical Apparatus and Supplies Manufacturers and Selling Agents for PHILLIPS'S MORSE AUTOMATIC TELEGRAPH AND OTHER SPECIALTIES All drafts, checks, and orders should be made payable to J . H. Bunnell & Co. MAIN OFFICE and WAREROOMS 20 PARK PLACE NEW YORK P. O. BOX 1286 Our Latest Model Legless Key Our STEEL LEVER LEG and LEGLESS KETS are the acknowl- edged STANDARDS. They are imitated by many but equaled by none. Be sure to get the genuine, with the exact name, «« j. h. Bunnell & co.," stamped on them. Prices greatly reduced. Our Standard Main Line Relay HIGHEST GRADE. Costs a little more than the ordinary style, but the improvement in service and saving in repairs make it the cheapest. J. H. BUNNELL & CO. 20 Park Place New T o rk Our Latest Type 0/^ Improved Giant Sounder With ALUMINUM LEVER. Designed to produce the highest quality of resonance on a minimum of current. J. H. BUNNELL 2 O Park Place 8c CO. New T or k The Latest "Main Line Sounder' With instantaneous armature and tension adjustments — "M.C.M." model. We furnish the "M.C.M." Main Line Sounder with or without key on base or in mahogany carrying case for portable purposes. We will send FREE on application our General Catalogue, containing descriptions and prices of the above instruments, and numerous others, such as Pole Changers, Repeaters, Resonators, Polarized Relays, Box Sounding Relays, Pony Relays, Pocket Relays, Combination Sets, Registers, Duplex and Quadruplex Apparatus, Learners' Instruments, Automatic Telegraph Apparatus, Wireless Telegraph Instruments, Lightning Arresters, Switches, Spring Jacks, Testing Sets, Condensers, Galvanometers, Rheostats, Batteries, Battery Gauges, Volt and Ampere Indicators, Bells, Burglar Alarms, Annunciators, Push Buttons, Medical Batteries, Wire, Insulators, Brackets, Construction Tools, Telephones, Dynamos, Motors, Lamps, Sockets, and Electric Light and Power Fittings and Supplies, Etc., Etc. Note well the exact name and address J. H. BUNNELL & CO. 20 Park Place, New York P. O. Box 1286 UNIVERSITY OJb CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Form L9 — 15m-10,'48 (B1039)444 THE LIBRAP.Y UNIVERS < ^LIFORNIA LOa ANGI3LEB ! 1S^=_ ?1 stches old P5A7g gnri raur, PF 6161 P547s II I II II II I II I AA 000 415 220 3