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FIRST LATIN READER 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 ^rincipUg of <Sgntax 
 
 AND 
 
 'Extxci&t^ for translation 
 
 BY 
 
 JARED W. SCUDDER, A.M. 
 
 Latin Master in the Albany Academy 
 
 Boston 
 
 ALLYN AND BACON 
 
 1897 
 
CopyniGHT, 1895, 
 By Jared W. Scudder. 
 
 Electbottping I5T C. J. Peters & Son. 
 
 Pbebswork iJY Berwick & Smith. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 53 
 fAAi/\J 
 
 The first distinctive feature of this book is, as its 
 name suggests, that the lessons contain connected Latin 
 passages for the pupil to read. As soon as practicable, 
 the special grammatical points to be learned in each 
 lesson are illustrated, not in disconnected sentences, 
 but in a continuous Latin story. The stories are drawn 
 chiefly from Koman mythology and traditional Koman 
 history, interspersed with an occasional passage on the 
 life of the Eomans. This plan has the following advan- 
 tages : — 
 
 1. It acts as a powerful incentive to work. 
 
 2. It adds directly to the pupiVs knowledge of Roman 
 mythology, traditions, and customs. 
 
 3. It emphasizes at the outset the fact that grammar 
 is Tnerely a means to the enjoyment of literature. 
 
 The second feature of the book is that all the exer- 
 cises for translating English into Latin are based on 
 the Latin text immediately preceding them. 
 
 A third point of special importance is that, beginning 
 with Lesson XV, a passage to be translated at sight is 
 included in every lesson. In the report of the Latin 
 Conference to the Committee on Secondary School 
 Studies this point is particularly emphasized. After 
 stating the views of those who shrink from adopting 
 
 iu 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 translation at sight as the sole test of the pupil's at-- 
 tainments, the following significant sentence is added : 
 " Yet the importance of devoting a good deal of atten- 
 tion to translation at sight is now universally acknowl- 
 edged among the best teachers in school and college ; 
 and the recommendation that translation at sight form 
 a constant and increasing part of the examination for 
 admission and of the work of preparation, is therefore 
 regarded by the Conference as of especial moment." 
 
 Lastly, questions in Latin, referring to the text, are 
 included in the lessons, in the hope that teachers will 
 avail themselves of this simple but effective mode of 
 familiarizing their scholars with the Latin itself. Noth- 
 ing gives the jmpil a firmer grasp on phrases, nothing 
 fits him more quickly to understand Latin without trans- 
 lating it, than this very method of asking and answering 
 questions in Latin. 
 
 In addition to these more important features of the 
 book, attention is directed to the following points : — 
 
 1. The systematic and thorough drill on pronuncia- 
 tion in the first two lessons. 
 
 2. The incorporation of all necessary principles of 
 English grammar in the body of the book. 
 
 3. The omission of the Vocative case in the para- 
 digms, sufficient emphasis being laid upon it in the 
 rules. 
 
 4. The use of -is instead of -es in the Accusative 
 Plural of -i stems of the Third Declension. This has 
 not only become necessary on account of its use in many 
 of the latest school texts, but it is desirable as a means 
 of distinguishing between the Nominative and Accusative 
 Plural. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 5. The comparative view of the declensions of nouns 
 and adjectives in the tables on pages 204 and 211. 
 
 6. The comparative view of the four regular conjuga- 
 tions in the body of the book, supplemented on pages 
 i22 1-231 by the presentation of the Active and Passive 
 voices of each conjugation, side by side. 
 
 7. The questions for the pupils at the end of the 
 lessons. These are not intended to take the place of 
 questions by the teacher, but are merely to enable the 
 pupil to ascertain whether he has thoroughly mastered 
 his lesson. 
 
 The lessons appear to be much longer than they really 
 are. It must be remembered that the labors of the 
 pupil practically end with the translation of the English 
 sentences into Latin, the rest of the lesson being re- 
 served for the class-room. 
 
 The author is indebted to many friends for helpful 
 suggestions, but particularly to Professor P. J. Bartlett 
 of the Albany Normal College, and to Professor C. B. 
 GooLD of the Albany Academy. 
 
 It is hoped that the use of this book will not only add 
 to the beginner's enjoyment of Latin, but that it will 
 insure rapid progress and unusual facility in reading 
 and understanding the language. 
 
 JARED W. SCUDDER. 
 Albany, N.Y., December, 1894. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/firstlatinreaderOOscudrich 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 LESSON PACK 
 
 I. Alphabet. — Sounds of the Letters. — Quantity of 
 
 Vowels 1 
 
 II. Syllables. — Quantity of Syllables. — Accent .... 4 
 
 III. Noun. — Verb. — Subject and Object 6 
 
 lY. Singular and Plural . 8 
 
 V. Rules. — Cases. — Inflection. — First Declension . . 10 
 YI. Gender. — Genitive of Possession. — Pronouns. — Ad- 
 verbs 12 
 
 YII. Dative of the Indirect Object. — Questions .... 15 
 YIII. Ablative of Separation. — Conjunctions. — Regina 
 
 Belgarum 17 
 
 IX. Second Declension : Nouns in -us. — Yocative Case. 
 
 — Conloquium 19 
 
 X. Second Declension: Nouns in -um. — Predicate Nom- 
 inative. — Prepositions. — Fundus 21 
 
 XI. Adjectives in -us, -a, -um. — Ablative of Means. — 
 
 Cygnus 24 
 
 XII. Nouns and Adjectives in -er and -ir. — Apposition. 
 
 — Preposition in. — Pueri Romani 26 
 
 XIII. Tense. — Person. — Number. — Yerb Sum : Present, 
 
 Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Dative of Pos- 
 sessor. — Conloquium 30 
 
 XIY. Mood. — Principal Parts. — First Conjugation: Pres- 
 ent, Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Perfida 
 
 Tarpeia 34 
 
 XY. Second Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Future 
 Indicative. — Mettius Curtius. — Sight Transla- 
 tion: Mettius Curtius {concluded) 37 
 
 vil 
 
Vlll 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 LESSON PAGE 
 
 XVI. Third Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Future 
 Indicative. — Ablative of Manner. — Meleager. 
 
 — Sight Translation: Meleager (cowciiidecZ) . . 40 
 XYII. Fourth Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Fu- 
 ture Indicative. — Ablative of Cause. — Perseus 
 
 et Andromeda. — Sight Translation: Perseus 
 
 et Andromeda (concluded) 43 
 
 XVIII. Third Declension : Liquid Stems. — Forum Roma- 
 num. — Sight Translation: Forum Romanum 
 (concluded) 46 
 
 XIX. Third Declension : Mute Stems. — Gabii. — Sight 
 
 Translation: Gabii (concluded) 50 
 
 XX. Third Declension: -i Stems. — Brutus et Filii 
 Tarquini. — Sight Translation: Brutus et Filii 
 Tarquini (concluded) 53 
 
 XXI. Third Declension: Mixed Stems. — Gender Rules. 
 Ablative of Accompaniment. — Horatius Codes. 
 
 — Sight Translation: Horatius Codes (con- 
 cluded) 57 
 
 XXII. Verb Sum: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect 
 Indicative; Imperative. — Atalanta. — Sight 
 Translation: Atalanta (concluded) 61 
 
 XXIII. Third Declension Adjectives : -i Stems. — First Con- 
 
 jugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect 
 Indicative ; Imperative. — Deucalion et Pyrrha. 
 
 — Sight Translation : Deucali5n et Pyrrha 
 (co7icluded) • . 65 
 
 XXIV. Third Declension Adjectives: Consonant Stems. 
 
 — Second Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and 
 Future Perfect Indicative ; Imperative. — C. Mu- 
 cius Scaevola. — Sight Translation: C. Mudus 
 Scaevola (concluded) 69 
 
 XXV. Fourth Declension. — Third Conjugation: Perfect, 
 Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative; Im- 
 perative. — Duo Equites. — Sight Translation: 
 Duo Equites (concluded) 72 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 IX 
 
 LESSON PAGE 
 
 XXyi. Fifth Declension. — Fourth Conjugation : Per- 
 fect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative ; 
 Imperative. — Accusative of Time. — Proser- 
 pina. — Sight Translation: Proserpina (cow- 
 
 cluded) 76 
 
 XXyil. Personal and Keflexive Pronouns. — Double 
 Accusative. — Perseus et Medusa. — Sight 
 Translation: Perseus et Medusa {continued) 80 
 
 XXVIII. Voice. — First Conjugation: Indicative and Im- 
 perative Passive. — Ablative of Agent. — Per- 
 seus et Medusa {continued). — Sight Trans- 
 lation : Perseus et Medusa {concluded) » . 83 
 
 , XXIX. Demonstrative Pronouns: Hie, Ille, Iste. — 
 Second Conjugation: Indicative and Impera- 
 tive Passive. — Arion et Delphinus. — Sight 
 Translation: Arion et Delphinus {con- 
 cluded) 88 
 
 XXX. Demonstrative Pronouns : Is, Idem, Ipse. — • 
 Third Conjugation : Indicative and Imperative 
 Passive. — Domus Romana. — Sight Transla- 
 tion: Domus Romana (cowc^wcZed) .... 92 
 XXXI. Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns. 
 — Fourth Conjugation : Indicative and Imper- 
 ative Passive. Obsidio Veiorum. — Sight 
 Translation: Obsidio Veiorum {concluded) 96 
 XXXII. Regular Comparison. —Declension of Compara- 
 tives. — Ablative with Comparatives. — The- 
 seus. — Sight Translation: Theseus {con- 
 tinued) 101 
 
 XXXIII. Irregular Comparison. — Ablative of Degree of 
 
 Difference. — Theseus et Latrones. — Sight 
 Translation: Theseus et Latrones (cow^.) . 106 
 
 XXXIV. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. — Geni- 
 
 tive and Ablative of Characteristic. — The- 
 seus et Latrones {continued). — Sight Trans- 
 lation: Theseus et Latrones (concZudecZ) . 110 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 LESSOX PAGE 
 
 XXXV. Numerals. — Partitive Genitive. — Nine Irreg- 
 ular Adjectives. — Supellex Domus Ro- 
 manae. — Sight Translation : Supellex Do- 
 mus Romanae (^concluded) 114 
 
 XXXVI. Active Infinitives. — Complementary Infini- 
 tive. — Expressions of Place. — Theseus et 
 Aegeus. — Sight Translation: Theseus et 
 
 Aegeus (concluded) 119 
 
 XXXVII. Passive Infinitives. — Infinitive as a Noun. — 
 Simple Indirect Discourse, — Dative with 
 Special Verbs. — Ablative of Specification. — 
 Daedalus. — Sight Translation: Daedalus 
 
 (concluded) 123 
 
 XXXVIII. Participles. — Ablative Absolute. — Theseus 
 et Minotaurus. — Sight Translation: The- 
 seus et Minotaurus (concluded) .... 129 
 
 XXXIX. Gerund. — Gerundive. — Supine. — Ablative of 
 Time. — Theseus et Ariadne. — Sight 
 Translation: Theseus et Ariadne (con- 
 cluded) 135 
 
 XL. Derivation and Composition of Words. — Nup- 
 tiae Romanae. — Sight Translation : Niip- 
 
 tiae Romanae (concluded) 139 
 
 XLI. Subjunctive of Sum. — Hortatory Subjunctive. 
 
 — Subjunctive of Wish. — Midas. — Sight 
 Translation: Midas (concluded) .... 146 
 
 XLII. Active Subjunctive. — Indirect Question. — 
 Genitive and Dative with Adjectives — lason 
 et Centaurus. — Sight Translation : lason 
 
 et Anus 1,50 
 
 XLIII. Passive Subjunctive. — Subjunctive of Pur- 
 pose. — Dative of Service. — lason et Dea. 
 
 — Sight Translation: lason et Pelias . . 155 
 XLIV. Verbs in -io. — Subjunctive of Kesult. — Vel- 
 
 lus Aureum. — Sight Translation : lasonis 
 Sooii 160 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 XI 
 
 LESSON PAGE 
 
 XLY. Deponent Verbs. — Verbs of Fearing. — Quin 
 Clauses. — Argonautae. — Sight Translation : 
 
 Argonautae et Cyzicus 165 
 
 XL VI. Ablative with Deponents. — Accusative of Ex- 
 tent. — Simple Conditions. — Ludi Circenses. 
 
 — Sight Translation: Ludi Circenses {con- 
 cluded) 170 
 
 XLVII. Compounds of Sum. — Conditionals. — Hercules 
 et Hylas. — Sight Translation: Phineus et 
 
 Harpyiae 176 
 
 XLVIII. Active and Passive Periphrastic Conjugations. 
 
 — Dative of Agent. — Objective Genitive. — 
 Symplegades. — Sight Translation: Sym- 
 plegades (^concluded) 180 
 
 XLIX. Irregular Verb E6. — Cum Temporal, Causal, 
 and Concessive. — lason et Medea. — Sight 
 
 Translation : Perfidus Rex 184 
 
 L. Irregular Verb Fero. — Dum, Donee, and 
 Quoad. — Antequam and Priusquam. — 
 Potentissimum Unguentum. — Sight Trans- 
 lation : Flammif eri Tauri 189 
 
 LI. Irregular Verbs Volo, Nolo, Malo. — Subjunc- 
 tive in Indirect Discourse. — Mediae Fuga. 
 
 — Sight Translation: Medea et Draco. . . 194 
 LII. Irregular Verb Fio.— Vellus Aureum. — Sight 
 
 Translation: Reditus Argonautarum . . . 201 
 Tables of Declension and Conjugation .... 204 
 Latin-English Vocabulary 241 
 
First Latin Reader. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 Alphabet ; Pronunciation. 
 
 1. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, 
 except that it has no j or w. 
 
 2. The letters are divided into vowels and consonants. 
 
 3. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y ; they are either 
 long or short. 
 
 a. A long vowel is marked with a dash, thus : a. 
 h. A short vowel is not marked. 
 
 4. The vowels are sounded as follows : 
 
 a as in /ar. a as in a-rise. 
 
 e as in they. e as in men. 
 
 i as in ma-rine. i as in pin. 
 
 o as in bone. o as in o-bey. 
 
 u as 00 in cool. u as in full. 
 
 5. Pronounce the following words : 
 
 a: na, qua, sta. i : di, ml, ni. 
 
 e : me, ne, te. o : do, pro, sto. 
 
 u : nil, sii, tii. 
 1 
 
2 LATIN REABEB. — LESSON I. 
 
 a. a and a : sa-ga, sa-ga ; ma-l6, ma-lo ; fa-vi, fa-vi. 
 e and e : e-mi, e-mi ; e-di, e-di ; se-ro, se-ro. 
 1 and i : di-co, di-co ; si-nT, si-nT ; li-no, li-no. 
 o and o : no-ta, no-ta ; so-lo, so-lo ; lo-ra, lo-ra. 
 u and u : lu-to, lu-to ; f u-gT, f u-gi ; su-di, su-di. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 6. The diphthongs are sounded as follows : 
 
 ae as ai in aisle. au as ow in cow. 
 
 oe as 07/ in boy. eu as eu in feud. 
 
 7. Pronounce the following words : 
 
 ae : ae-tas, ae-ger, lae-suni, pae-ne, sae-pe. 
 
 au: au-la, au-ri, fau-tor, lau-de, pau-lo. 
 
 06 : coe-pT, foe-de, poe-na, Oe-ta, oe-strus. 
 
 eu : heu, sen, neu-ter, Eu-rus, Leu-ci. 
 
 GENERAL RULES FOR QUANTITY OF VOWELS. 
 
 8. Diphthongs are long, as : haec, poenae. 
 
 a. A vowel followed by nf, ns, gm, gn, or i (consonant) 
 is long, as : infra, mensa, agmen, ignis, cuius. 
 
 b. A vowel followed by another vowel, or by a 
 diphthong, or by h is short, as : via, tuae, vehit. 
 
 c. A vowel followed by nt or nd is short, as : sunt, 
 amandus. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 9. The consonants may be classified as follows : 
 
 C Labials: p, b. 
 a. Mutes -<^ Linguals: t, d. 
 
 ( Palatals: c, k, q, g. 
 
 h. Liquids : 1, m, n, r. 
 
 c. Spirants : f, s. 
 
 d. Semi-vowels : v, 1 (consonant). 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 6 
 
 e. Double consonants : x = cs or gs, z = dSc 
 /. h is only a breathing. 
 
 10. The consonants are sounded as follows : • 
 
 c as in cap (not as in cent). 
 
 g as in get (not as in gem). 
 
 i (consonant) as y in yet. 
 
 s as in sin (not as in mi-ser). 
 
 t as in ten (not as in na-tion). 
 
 V as w in loet. 
 
 z as dz in adze. 
 
 ch as in chorus. 
 
 The other consonants are sounded as in English. 
 
 11. Pronounce the following words : 
 
 c : ca-dus, cae-cus, Cae-sar, co-mes, cu-ra. 
 
 g: gau-di-um, ge-nus, glo-ri-a, gra-dus, gu-la. 
 
 i : iam, lu-no, iiis, iii-dex, lo-vis. 
 
 s : sa-tis, sce-lus, se-des, so-ror, sta-tus. 
 
 t : ta-men, i-ni-ti-o, o-ra-ti-o, niin-ti-o, sta-ti-o. 
 
 v: vT-cus, a-vis, va-dum, ser-vus, vol-nus. 
 
 z : Za-ma, ga-zam, Tra-pe-zus. 
 
 ch : cho-rus, cha-os, char-tae, Bac-chus, Ar-chi-as. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 12. How does the Latin alphabet differ from the English ? 
 Name the vowels. What is the quantity of a diphthong ? When 
 is a vowel long ? When is a vowel short ? How may the mutes 
 be classified ? Name the liquids. Give the equivalents of the 
 double consonants. What is the value of h ? 
 
4 LATIN READER.— LESSON IL 
 
 LESSON II. 
 Syllables ; Accent. 
 
 13. A word is divided into as many syllables as it 
 has vowels and diphthongs. 
 
 Exc. After q, g, and generally s, (also in cui and huic), 
 the vowel u, when followed by a vowel, does not form a separate 
 syllable, as : an-guis, quo-que, sua-det. 
 
 a. A consonant between two vowels is joined to the 
 second vowel, as : a-vl, 6-ra. 
 
 b. When there are two or more consonants, as many 
 of them as can begin a word should be joined to the 
 second vowel, as : ge-stum, i-gni, pi-sces, ter-ra, ven-tus. 
 
 Exc. The words forming a compound should be separated, 
 as: ad-est. 
 
 14. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima; 
 the next to the last, the penult; the one before the 
 penult, the ante2ye7iult. 
 
 15. Divide into syllables : 
 
 animal, colonus, dirimo, gratus, iTbertas, prmceps, 
 
 responsum, subter, tranquillitas ; 
 vTctus, prTscus, occurro, incendium, quTnque, comitia, 
 
 decertatio, cognosco, controversia, languidus ; 
 litterate, insisto, prosterno, elephantus, adloquor, 
 
 tulisti, condemno, intratus, magnanimus. 
 
 QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES. 
 
 16. A syllable is long : 
 
 a. A¥hen it contains a long vowel, or a diphthong, as : 
 lac, mens, haec, ae-tas ; 
 
ACCENT. 5 
 
 b. When it contains a short vowel followed either by two 
 consonants, or by x, or z, as : a-sper, sal-tant, sa-xa, ga-za. 
 
 17. What is the quantity of the syllables in the fol- 
 lowing words ? 
 
 Romani, temp^statis, epuiae, aiiirum, arae, tabellarius, 
 
 flexiis, proverbio, postero, aequus ; 
 niatiirorum, gentis, quisquam, stellae, suavitas, ser- 
 
 monibus, captivos, sanguine. 
 
 ACCENT. 
 
 18. Words of two syllables are accented on the penult, 
 as : a'-per, tu'-tus. 
 
 a. Words of more than two syllables are accented on 
 the penult, if it is long ; otherwise, on the antepenult, 
 as : de-c6'-rum, de'-co-rum. 
 
 h, A few short words called enclitics are used only 
 as they are added to other words. The accent falls on 
 the syllable before the enclitic, as : sua'que, estis'ne. 
 
 19. Accent and pronounce the following: 
 
 labes, gignis, putas, mare, niillus, puer, lupus ; 
 landare, puellis, telliiris, scribere, monere ; 
 tergorum, tergorum, columba, tegimus ; 
 vestra-que, obsidibus, multitudo, facillimus ; 
 profundus, miinitio, liabet-ne, opportiine; 
 vincimus, vincimus, perfugit, perfiigit ; 
 complexus, descendo, libenter, friimentum. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 20. Into how many syllables is a word divided ? How are 
 the consonants placed ? Name the last three syllables of a 
 word. Rule for accent. What effect has an enclitic upon ac- 
 cent ? When is a syllable long ? 
 
6 LATIN READER. — LESSON IIL 
 
 LESSON III. 
 Noun, Verb, Subject, Object. 
 
 21. A ISToun is the name of any person, place, or thing, 
 as : Jolin, Boston, table. . 
 
 22. A Verb expresses action or being, as: run, is. 
 Every sentence must contain a verb. 
 
 23. The Subject in a sentence is tliat which does the 
 action, and is said, to be in the aSTominatiVe case, as : 
 The dog bites. 
 
 24. The Object is that which receives the action, and 
 is said to be in the Accusative case, as : The dog bit the 
 boy. 
 
 25. In English, the subject is usually put before the 
 verb; the object after it. In the two sentences which 
 follow, note the difference in meaning, caused by chan- 
 ging the position of the word boy. 
 
 The boy killed the ivolf. 
 The wolf killed the boy. 
 
 a. In Latin, this difference is expressed — not by 
 changing the order of the nouns — but by their endings. 
 
 26. Note carefully the endings of the words in the 
 following Latin sentences : 
 
 Vitat. (JETe, sAe, or if) avoids. 
 
 Nauta vitat. The sailor avoids. 
 
 Nauta advenam vitat. The sailor avoids the stranger. 
 
 Nautam advena vitat. The stranger avoids the sailor. 
 
 a. Observe that the verb vitat ends in -t. The verb- 
 stem vita- means avoid. As in English, when the sub- 
 
SUBJECT AND OBJECT. 7 
 
 ject is he, she, or it, we add -s to the verb (e.g., he avoids), 
 so the Latin adds -t. 
 
 b. Notice : 
 
 That nauta and advena, when used as subjects, end 
 in -a; 
 
 That nauta and advena, when used as objects, end 
 in -am. 
 
 27. ' VOCABULARY. 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 NOMINATIVE. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 DERIVATIVE. 
 
 nauta, 
 
 nautam, 
 
 
 sailor. 
 
 nautical. 
 
 advena, 
 
 advenam. 
 
 
 stranger. 
 
 adventure. 
 
 porta, 
 
 portam. 
 
 
 gate. 
 
 portal. 
 
 silva, 
 
 silvam. 
 
 
 wood, forest. 
 
 silvan. 
 
 puella. 
 
 puellam, 
 
 
 girl- 
 
 
 casa, 
 
 casam, 
 
 
 cottage, hut. 
 
 
 
 VERBS 
 
 " 
 
 
 vitat. 
 
 (he, shej 
 
 it) 
 
 avoids. 
 
 
 intrat. 
 
 (he, she, 
 
 it) 
 
 enters. 
 
 entrance. 
 
 invitat, 
 
 (he, she, 
 
 it) 
 
 invites. 
 
 invite. 
 
 28. As the Latin has no word for the, an, or a, the 
 pupil may use whichever is best suited to the noun he is 
 translating. 
 
 29. Translate into English : 
 
 1. Nauta puellam vitat. 2. Advenam puella vT- 
 tat. 3. Advena silvam intrat. 4. Nautam advena 
 invitat. 5. Puella advenam invitat., 6. Nauta 
 portam intrat. 7. Puella nautam vTtat. 8. Casam 
 advena intrat. 9. Puella silvam vitat. 10. Por- 
 tam advena intrat. 
 
8 LATIN READER. — LESSON IV. 
 
 30. Translate into Latin : 
 
 1. The girl enters the wood. 2. The sailor avoids 
 the cottage. 3. The girl invites a sailor. 4. A 
 stranger avoids the hut. 5. A sailor invites the 
 stranger. 6. The stranger invites the girl. 7. 
 The sailor enters a cottage. 8. The stranger avoids 
 the gate. 9. A girl enters the gate. 10. The 
 sailor avoids the wood. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 31. Define noun, verb, subject, object. In what case must 
 the subject be ? In what case must the object be ? Divide into 
 syllables and accent : torpescerent, impensurus, amatus. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 Singular, Plural. 
 
 32. There are two numbers, the Singular and the 
 Plural. 
 
 a. The Singular number denotes one, as : (/irl, sailor, 
 h. The Plural number denotes inore than one, as : 
 girls, sailoi's. 
 
 33. Vitant. (They) avoid. 
 Nautae vitant. The sailors avoid. 
 
 Nautae advenas vitant. The sailors avoid the strangers. 
 Advenae nautas vitant. The strangers avoid the sailors. 
 
 Observe : 
 
 a. That the verb vitant ends in -nt, which is equiva- 
 lent to they ; 
 
SINGULAR AND PLURAL. 9 
 
 b. That nauta and advena, when used as subjects in 
 the Plural number end in -ae ; 
 
 c. That nauta and advena, when used as objects in the 
 Plural nuTTiber end in -as. 
 
 34. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 NOUNS. 
 
 
 NOMINATIVE. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE. MEANING. 
 
 DERIVATIVE. 
 
 nautae, 
 
 nautas, sailors. 
 
 nautical. 
 
 advenae, 
 
 advenas, strangers. 
 
 adventure. 
 
 portae, 
 
 portas, gates. 
 
 portal. 
 
 silvae, 
 
 silvas, woods, forests. 
 
 'silvan. 
 
 puellae, 
 
 puellas, girls. 
 
 
 casae, 
 
 casas, cottages, huts. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 
 vitant, 
 
 {they) avoid. 
 
 
 intrant, 
 
 {they) enter. 
 
 entrance. 
 
 invitant, {they) invite. 
 
 invite. 
 
 35. 
 
 1. Puellae nautas invitant. 2. Nautae puellas 
 invitant. 3. Advenae casas vTtant. 4. Puellae 
 nautam vTtant. 5. Casam advenae intrant. 
 
 6. Nauta advenas vTtat. 7. Portas advenae in- 
 trant. 8. Casas puella vitat. 9. Portam nauta 
 intrat. 10. Puellae casas intrant. 
 
 36. 
 
 1. The strangers enter the cottages. 2. Sailors 
 invite the strangers. 3. The sailors avoid the girl. 
 4. The girls invite strangers. 5. Strangers avoid 
 the gates. 6. The girl enters the woods. 7. The 
 
10 LATIN READER. — LESSON V. 
 
 strangers avoid the sailor. 8. A girl avoids the 
 sailors. 9. The sailors enter the gate. 10. The 
 strangers invite the girls. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 37, Define and illustrate Singular number; Plural number. 
 What is the Nominative case used for ? The Accusative case ? 
 Divide into syllables and accent: hospitalitas, cognitio, viruni- 
 que, requisitus. 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 Rules ; Cases ; Inflection ; First Declension. 
 
 From the preceding lessons we deduce the following 
 Eules : 
 
 38. Rule I. The Subject of a verb is in the Nomina- 
 tive. 
 
 39. Rule II. The Object of a verb is in the Accusa- 
 tive. 
 
 40. Study carefully the following cases with their 
 endings in both Singular and Plural, and what they 
 denote : 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 DKNOTING. 
 
 PLURAL, 
 
 Nominative, 
 
 -a, 
 
 Subject of verb, 
 
 -ae. 
 
 Genitive, 
 
 -ae, 
 
 of, or 's, 
 
 -arum. 
 
 Dative, 
 
 -ae, 
 
 to, or for. 
 
 -is. 
 
 Accusative, 
 
 -am, 
 
 Object of verb, 
 
 -as. 
 
 Ablative, 
 
 -a, 
 
 from, with, by. 
 
 -is. 
 
FIRST DECLENSION. 11 
 
 INFLECTION. 
 
 41. Changing the form of a word to show its relation 
 to other words is called Inflection. 
 
 a. The Inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns 
 is called Declension. 
 
 b. The Inflection of verbs is called Conjugation. 
 
 42. The Stem of a word is that common part from 
 which the changes of inflection are formed. In the 
 First Declension, the stem ends in -a, as : poeta. 
 
 43. The Base of a Avord is that part which is not 
 changed in inflection, as : poet-. 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 44. porta, (/ate. 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 N. porta, a gate. portae, gates. 
 
 G. portae, of a gate, or, a portarum, of gates, or, gates'. 
 
 gate^s. 
 
 D. portae, to or for a gate. portis, to or for gates. 
 
 Ac. portam, a gate. portas, gates. 
 
 Ab. porta, /rom, loith, or by a portis, /row, with, or bij gates. 
 
 gate. 
 
 Like porta, decline nauta, advena, silva, puella, casa. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 45. Define Inflection, Declension, Conjugation. What is the 
 Stem of a word ? The Base ? Give the names, endings, and 
 meanings, of all the cases. Singular and Plural, of the First De- 
 clension. What is the use of changing the endings of nouns ? 
 
12 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON VL 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 Gender ; Genitive of Possession ; Pronouns, 
 Adverbs. 
 
 46. In English, there are three genders, viz.. Mascu- 
 line, Feminine, and Neuter. 
 
 a. The Masculine gender denotes males, as : ma7i, boy: 
 h. The Feminine gender denotes females, as : woman, 
 
 girl. 
 
 c. The Neuter gender denotes neither male nor female, 
 
 as : book, table. 
 
 47. In Latin, also, there are these three genders; 
 and males are always in the Masculine, and females in 
 the Feminine gender. But there is this important dif- 
 ference — that many nouns which are Neuter in English 
 are either Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter in Latin ; 
 their gender being determined by their ending rather 
 than by their meaning ; e.g., liber, book is Masculine ; 
 mensa, table is Feminine. 
 
 48. Gender Rule. Nouns of the First Declension are 
 Feminine. 
 
 Exc. Nouns denoting males are Masculine, as: nauta, sailor. 
 
 GENITIVE OF POSSESSION. 
 
 49. Puella advenae casam vitat. 
 
 fis avoiding \ the cottage of the stranger. 
 avoids < or 
 
 does avoid 1 the stranger's cottage. 
 
 a. Notice that vitat may be translated avoids, is 
 avoiding, or does avoid. 
 
GENITIVE OF POSSESSION. 
 
 13 
 
 h. Observe that advenae is in the Genitive, and de- 
 notes that the stranger owned or possessed the cottage. 
 Hence it is called the Genitive of Possession. 
 
 50. Rule III. The Genitive is used to denote Posses- 
 sion. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 51. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun ; 
 thus, in the sentence : John says that he tcill come, the 
 pronoun he is used instead of repeating the noun JoJm. 
 
 a. An Interrogative pronoun is one that may be used 
 in asking questions, as : who ? which ? 
 
 ADVEIiBS. 
 
 52. An Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an 
 adjective, or another adverb, as: he fights bravely. 
 
 •3. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 
 
 NOMINATIVE. 
 
 GENITIVE. 
 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 DERIVATIVE. 
 
 filia, 
 
 filiae,/., 
 
 
 daughter. 
 
 filial. 
 
 agricola, 
 
 agricolae, m.. 
 
 
 farmer. 
 
 agriculture. 
 
 conviva, 
 
 convivae, ?h., 
 
 1 or/j 
 
 guest. 
 
 convivial. 
 
 fabula, 
 
 fabulae,/., 
 
 
 story. 
 
 fable. 
 
 rosa, 
 
 rosae, /., 
 
 
 rose. 
 
 rose. 
 
 lulia, 
 
 luliae,/., 
 
 
 Julia. 
 
 Julia. 
 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 
 
 laudat, (he, she, it) praises, is praising, or, does praise, laud. 
 laudant, (they) praise, are praising, or, do praise. 
 
 [NTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 quis? 
 
 
 who? 
 
 quid? 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 what? 
 
 non. 
 
 not. 
 
 not. 
 
14 LATIN READER. — LESSON VL 
 
 54. 1. Quis agricolae filiamlaudat? 2. Advena 
 agricolae filiam laudat. 3. Agricola convivae fa- 
 bulas laudat. 4. Nautae advenarum casas non 
 vTtant. 5. Agricolarum rosas puellae laudant. 
 6. Quis agricolae filias non invitat ? 7. lulia agri- 
 colae filias non invTtat. 8. Puella advenae filias 
 vitat. 9. Quid agricolae laudant? 10. Agricolae 
 puellarum rosas laudant. 
 
 55. 1. Julia is praising the girl's roses. 2. What 
 do the strangers avoid ? 8. The strangers avoid 
 the sailor's hut. 4. Tlie girls are praising the roses 
 of the guests. 5. Farmers do not invite the daugh- 
 ters of strangers. 6. The guests of the farmer are 
 praising the roses. 7. Guests are entering the 
 stranger's cottage. 8. Who does not praise the 
 stranger's daughter ? 9. The sailor does not praise 
 the s transfer's daup-hter. 10. Julia avoids the 
 daughters of farmers. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 56. Define and illustrate Masculine gender; Feminine; Neu- 
 ter. How does the Latin differ from the English in gender ? 
 Give the gender rule for the First Declension. What is the ex- 
 ception to this rule ? What is meant by Genitive of Possession ? 
 In what three ways may vitat be translated ? Define and illus- 
 trate Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Adverbs. Decline : 
 agricola, rosa, fabula. 
 
INDIRECT OBJECT. 15 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 Dative of the Indirect Object ; Questions. 
 
 57. Agricola puellae rosam dat. 
 
 ( gives a rose to the girl. 
 The farmer | ^^,,, the girl a rose. 
 
 a. Observe that puellae is in the Dative, and denotes 
 the object indirectly receiving the action of the verb. 
 Hence it is called the Dative of the Indirect Object. 
 
 b. Care must be taken to distinguish the Indirect from 
 the Direct object, as the preposition to is often omitted 
 in English. 
 
 58. Rule IV. The Indirect Object of a verb is put in 
 the Dative. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 59. Non-ne puellae advenas vitant? Do not girls avoid 
 strangers? {Yes.) iV"i2222 nautae aquam vitant ? Do sailors 
 avoid the water? (No.) Intrat-72e lulia casam ? Is Julia 
 entering the cottage ? 
 
 Observe : 
 
 a. That when the speaker expects the answer " Yes," 
 the word non-ne introduces the question. 
 
 h. That when he expects the answer " No," the Inter- 
 rogative Particle num. is used 
 
 c. That when he asks a question simply for informa- 
 tion, the enclitic -ne is affixed to the most emphatic word 
 in the sentence. 
 
 60. Note. The words m?/, his, her, its, our, your, their, 
 are often omitted in Latin. 
 
16 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON VIL 
 
 61. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 
 NOMINATIVE. 
 
 GENITIVK. 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 DERIVATIVE. 
 
 Via, 
 
 Viae,/., 
 
 way, road. 
 
 way. 
 
 corona, 
 
 coronae, /., 
 
 crown, wreath, garland. 
 
 crown. 
 
 regina, 
 
 reginae, /., 
 
 queen. 
 
 
 Flora, 
 
 Florae,/., 
 
 Flora. 
 
 Flora. 
 
 dat, (he, she, it) gives, is giving, or, does give. 
 
 dant, (they) give, are giving, or, do give. 
 
 monstrat, (he, she, it) shows, is showing, 07', does 
 
 show. de-monsfrafe. 
 
 monstrant, (they) show, are showing, or, do show, 
 narrat, (he, she, it) tells, is telling, or, does tell, narrate. 
 
 narrant, (they) tell, are telling, or, do tell. 
 
 62. 1. Puellae ad venae viam monstrant. 2. Non-ne 
 nautae advenis fabulas narrant? 3. Nautae advenls 
 fabulas narrant. 4. Quid i'Tliae agricolarum regmae 
 dant? 5. FTliae agricolarum coronam reginae dant. 
 
 6. Monstrat-ne Flora advenis viam? 7. Flora ad- 
 venis viam noil monstrat. 8. Num agricolae advenis 
 fabulas narrant? 9. Agricolae advenis fabulas non 
 narrant. 10. Ag-ricolae filia resrinae viam monstrat. 
 
 63. 1. Is the girl giving a rose to a stranger? 2. 
 The girl is not giving a rose to a stranger. 3. Who 
 is showing the way to the queen's daughter? 4. 
 The sailor is showing the way to the daughter of the 
 queen. 5. Do not queens avoid the cottages of 
 strangers? 6. Queens do avoid strangers' cottages. 
 
 7. What is the sailor telling the farmer? 8. The 
 sailor is telling stories to the farmer. 
 
or . 
 ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION, 
 
 17 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 64. Mention three ways of asking Questions in Latin. Accent 
 narrat-ne. Illustrate the Dative of the Indirect Object. Why 
 is it called the Indirect Object ? What words must often be sup- 
 plied in translating Latin into English ? Decline regina, via, 
 corona. 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 Ablative of Separation ; Conjunctions. 
 
 65. Advena puellam culpa, liberat. 
 
 The stranger frees the girl from blame. 
 
 In the above sentence, culpa is in the Ablative, and 
 denotes that the blame is taken av^ay from the girl. 
 Hence it is called the Ablative of Separation. 
 
 66. Rule V. The Ablative is used to denote Separation. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 67. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses, 
 as : Jolui and James are good scholars, and often win 
 prizes in school. 
 
 68. 
 
 V0( 
 
 [JABULARY. 
 
 
 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 
 NOMINATIVE. 
 
 GENITIVE. 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 DERIVATIVE. 
 
 culpa, 
 
 culpae, /., 
 
 blame, fault. 
 
 culpable. 
 
 Belga, 
 
 Belgae, m., 
 
 a Belgian. 
 
 Belgian. 
 
 vigilia, 
 
 vigiliae, /., 
 
 sentinel, watch. 
 
 vigilant. 
 
 catena, 
 
 catenae, /., 
 
 chain. 
 
 
 diligentia, 
 
 diligentiae. 
 
 /., diligence. 
 
 diligence. 
 
18 
 
 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON VIII. 
 
 VEEBS. 
 
 habebat,! (he, she, it) had, owned, possessed. 
 
 errat, (he, she, it) strays, wanders. 
 
 videt, (he, she, it) sees. 
 
 capiunt, (they) seize, take prisoner. 
 
 liberat, (he, she, it) frees, releases. 
 
 honorat, (he, she, it) honors, respects. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 olim, once upon a time, formerly. 
 
 noctu, at night. 
 
 mane, early in the morning, 
 
 merito, deservedly, justly. 
 
 have. 
 
 err. 
 
 vision. 
 
 captive. 
 
 liberate. 
 
 honorable. 
 
 nocturnal. 
 
 merit. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 et, and. atque, and too, and even. sed, but. 
 
 Note. For the sake of greater vividness, the verb in Latin, 
 as in English, often represents something as taking place now, 
 although in reality the time is past, as, Mox videt advenam. 
 Soon he saw (lit. sees) a stranger. 
 
 REGINA BELGARUM. 
 
 69. Regina Belgaium silvam habebat. Olim 
 con viva regliiae via errat, et noctu silvam intrat. 
 Vigiliae advenam violent et capiunt. Mane regina 
 convTvam catenTs iTberat. Sed vigilias merito culpa 
 iTberat, atque diligentiam laudat. 
 
 70. 1. The guests free the sentinel from blame. 
 2. The queens are wandering from the road. 3. 
 Does the stranger see the sentinel? 4. Does not 
 the queen free the Belgians from blame ? 
 
 QUESTIOlSrS. 
 
 71. Illustrate the Ablative of Separation by an example of 
 your own. What is a conjunction ? Decline culpa, Belga, 
 vigilia, catena. 
 
 1 The Plural of these verbs is formed, as in previous lessons, by adding 
 -ntto the stem, as; habebant (thcT/) had, owned, possessed. 
 
SECOND DECLENSION. — NOUNS IN -US. 19 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 Second Declension — Nouns in -us; Vocative Case. 
 
 72. In the Second Declension, the stem ends in -o, as : 
 servo. 
 
 73. Gender Rule. Nouns of the Second Declension 
 whose Nominative Singular ends in -us, -er, or -ir, are 
 Masculine ; those ending in -um are Neuter. 
 
 74. 
 
 
 NOUNS IN 
 
 -us. 
 
 
 
 
 
 servus, m., 
 
 slave. 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLUllAL. 
 
 
 CASE 
 
 KNDINGS. 
 
 N.i 
 
 servus 
 
 servi 
 
 
 -us 
 
 -i 
 
 G. 
 
 servi 
 
 servorum. 
 
 
 -i 
 
 -orum 
 
 D. 
 
 servo 
 
 servis 
 
 
 -6 
 
 -is 
 
 Ac. 
 
 servum 
 
 servos 
 
 
 -um 
 
 -OS 
 
 Ab. 
 
 servo 
 
 servis 
 
 
 -o 
 
 -is 
 
 VOCATIVE CASE. 
 
 75. Nonne, nauta, reginam corona delectat? Does not 
 the crown delight the queen, O sailor? Quid, serve, puella 
 advenae monstrat? What, slave, is the girl showing the 
 stranger f 
 
 a. Observe that, in these sentences, the sailor and the 
 slave are addressed. They are said to be in the Vocative 
 Case. 
 
 b. Notice also that while nauta has the same ending 
 as in its Nominative Singular, serve has an entirely dis- 
 tinct case ending in -e. See the following Rule : 
 
 76. Rule VI. The Vocative is used as the Case of 
 1 The cases express the same relations in all Declensions. 
 
20 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 Address ; it is always like the Nominative, except in the 
 Smgula7' of nouns ending in -us of the Second Declen- 
 sion, where it ends in -e. 
 
 77. 
 
 servus, 
 
 equus, 
 
 cibus, 
 
 amicus, 
 
 Carolus, 
 
 Albertus, 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 NOMINATIVE. GENITIVE. 
 
 servi, >«., 
 equi, 7/i., 
 cibi, ?«., 
 amici, m.., 
 Caroli, >/<., 
 Albert!, m 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 slave, servant. 
 
 horse. 
 
 food. 
 
 friend. 
 
 Charles. 
 
 Albert. 
 
 DERIVATIVE. 
 
 servant, 
 equine. 
 
 amicable. 
 
 Charles. 
 
 Albert. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 verberat, (he, she, it) whips, beats. vv-verberate- 
 
 delectat, (he, she, it) delights, pleases. delight. 
 
 amat, (he, she, it) loves, likes. amiable. 
 
 curat, 
 
 (he, she, it) cares for, takes care of. care. 
 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 
 minirrie, 
 
 no, no indeed, by no means. 
 
 minimum. 
 
 nam, 
 
 for. 
 
 
 saepe, 
 
 often, frequently. 
 
 
 semper, 
 
 always, ever. 
 
 sempiternal. 
 
 certe, 
 
 certainly. 
 
 certainly. 
 
 diligenter. 
 
 , diligently, carefully. 
 
 diligently. 
 
 78. 
 
 CONLOQUIUM. 
 
 luLTA. Quis, Alberte, servum verberat? 
 Albertus. Agricola servum verberat, et merito. 
 Nam servus equos n5n diligenter ciirat. 
 
 I. Nonne servus equos amat? 
 A. Minime. Servus equos saepe verberat. 
 
 I. Amat-ne Carolus equos agricolae ? 
 
SECOND DECLENSION. — NOUNS IN -UM. 21 
 
 A. Certe. Carolus equis cibam saepe dat. 
 I. Nonne agricola amicTs equos monstrat? 
 A. AmTcis agricola equos saepe monstrat. 
 I. Num Carolus agricolae servum vitat? 
 A. Minime. Fabulae servi Carolum delectant. 
 Saepe servum culpa iTberat. 
 
 79. Answer the following questions in Latin : 
 
 1. Quis servum verberat ? 2. Nonne servus equos 
 verberat ? 3. Quis equos amat ? 4. Num servus 
 equis cibum dat ? 5. Nonne Carolus equos amicTs 
 monstrat ? 6. Quis servum culpa ITberat ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 80. In what does the stem of the Second Declension end ? 
 Give the Gender Rule for Second Declension nouns. Give the 
 endings of all the cases (Singular and Plural) of nouns in -us. 
 Explain the use of the Vocative. Decline equus, cibus, amicus. 
 
 / 
 
 LESSON X. 
 
 Second Declension — Nouns in -um ; Predicate Nom- 
 inative ; Prepositions. 
 
 81. servus, 7«., slave, templum, rj., temple. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 
 CASE 
 
 ENDINGS. 
 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 servus 
 
 templum 
 
 -us 
 
 -um 
 
 G. 
 
 servi 
 
 templi 
 
 
 -i 
 
 D. 
 
 servo 
 
 templo 
 
 
 6 
 
 Ac. servum templum 
 
 Ab. servo templo 
 
N. 
 
 servi 
 
 G. 
 
 servorum 
 
 D. 
 
 servis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 servos 
 
 Ab. 
 
 servis 
 
 22 LATIN READER. — LESSON X. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 M. N. 
 
 templa -i -a 
 
 teinplorum -orum 
 
 templis -is 
 
 templa -os -a 
 
 templis -is 
 
 82. Observe that the declension of nouns in -um 
 differs from that of nouns in -us only in the Nominative 
 Singular and in the Nominative and Accusative Plural. 
 
 83. Nouns ending in -ius and -ium contract -il of the 
 Genitive Singular into a single -i, without changing the 
 accent, as : fill for fllil, inge'nl for inge'nii; so also 
 the Vocative of names ending in -ius, and of filius and 
 genius, as : Vergili for Vergi'lie ; mi fill = my so7i. 
 
 PREDICATE NOMINATIVE. 
 
 84. The Predicate in a sentence is what is said of 
 the subject. 
 
 SUBJECT. PRKDIOATE. SUBJECT. PREDICATE. 
 
 a. Carolus agricolam vitat. Charles avoids the farmer. 
 
 b. Carolus est nauta. Charles is a sailor. 
 
 Observe : 
 
 c. That, in the Predicate of example (a), vitat — a 
 verb of action — takes an object in the Accusative case, 
 according to Eule II. 
 
 d. That, in the Predicate of example (b), est — a 
 verb of bein(/ — cannot take an object ; and that nanta, 
 since it describes the subject, is put in the same case 
 as the subject. 
 
 85. Rule VII. A Predicate noun, describing the sub- 
 ject, is put in the Nominative. 
 
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE. 28 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 86. A Preposition shows the relation between words. 
 Thus, in the sentence : The hook is lying on the table, on 
 is a preposition, showing the relation between is lying 
 and tuhle. In Latin, prepositions are followed by the 
 Accusative or Ablative. 
 
 87. The following prepositions are followed by the 
 Ablative : 
 
 A, ab, absque, coram, de, 
 Palam, clam, cum, ex and e, 
 Pro, prae, tenus and sine ; 
 Sometimes in, sub, super, subter. 
 
 Note. The teacher should now explain the use of the Vocab- 
 ulary. 
 
 All other prepositions are followed by the Accusative, 
 cher s 
 
 •^'^ FUNDUS. 
 
 88. Non procul ab oppido est fundus. Agricolae 
 villa est prope fluvium. Carolus est agricolae filius. 
 VicTiii filius est Florus. Carolus et Florus sunt 
 amici. Interdum in fluvio natant. Saepe trans 
 fluvium prata pererrant, et agricolarum equos et vac- 
 cas spectant. In horreo post villam est copia frii- 
 menti et pabulT. liilia est filia agricolae. Equis 
 faenum saepe dat. 
 
 89. 1. Farmers' houses are sometimes near rivers. 
 
 2. Charles and Albert are sons of the farmer. 
 
 3. The farmer is looking at the horses in the barn. 
 
 4. Albert is wandering through the meadow. 5. 
 (There) is an abundance of hay in farmers' barns. 
 
24 LATIN READER. — LESSON XL 
 
 6. Julia is the slave's friend. 7. The slave is 
 giving hay to the farmer's horse. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 90. How do Neuters of the Second Declension differ from 
 Masculines ? Accent the Vocative Singular of Pompeius, 
 Lucius, filius. Accent the Genitive Singular of hospitium. 
 What is a Predicate noun ? Define Preposition. What preposi- 
 tions are followed by the Ablative? Decline oppidum, villa, 
 fluvius, faenum, vicinus. 
 
 LESSON XL 
 Adjectives in -us, -a, -um ; Ablative of Means. 
 
 91. An Adjective describes a noun, as : a bad boi/. 
 
 Bonus servus. A good slave. 
 
 Bonarum puellarum. Of good girls. 
 Bono porno. With a good apple. 
 
 a. Observe that, while in English the adjective does 
 not change, in Latin its ending varies according to the 
 gendei; number^ and case of the noun it describes. With 
 adjectives in -us, -a, -um, if the noun is Masculine, the 
 adjective has the endings of a Second Declension noun in 
 -us. If the noun is Feminine, the adjective has the 
 First Declension endings. If the noun is Neuter, the 
 adjective has the endings of a Second Declension noun 
 in -um. 
 
 92. Rule VIII. An Adjective agrees with the noun it 
 describes in gender, number, and case. 
 
ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UM. 
 
 25 
 
 93. 
 
 bonus, bona, bonum, good. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 MASCULINK. 
 
 FEMININE. 
 
 NEUTER. 
 
 N. 
 
 bonus 
 
 bona 
 
 bonum 
 
 G. 
 
 boni 
 
 bonae 
 
 boni 
 
 D. 
 
 bono 
 
 bonae 
 
 bono 
 
 Ac. 
 
 bonum 
 
 bonam 
 
 bonum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 bono 
 
 bona 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 bono 
 
 N. 
 
 boni 
 
 bonae 
 
 bona 
 
 G. 
 
 bonorum 
 
 bonarum 
 
 bonorum 
 
 D. 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 bonos 
 
 bonas 
 
 bona 
 
 Ab. 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 94. The Vocative of adjectives, like that of nouns, is 
 always like the Nominative, except in the Singular of 
 adjectives of the Second Declension in -us, where it ends 
 in -e, as : 
 
 Bonae reginae. O good queens. Bone vicine. O good neighbor. 
 
 95. Decline together: parvus nidus, a small nest; 
 saeva aquila, a fiej'ce eagle ; longum collum, a long neck ; 
 malus agricola, a had farmer. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF MEANS. 
 
 96. Gladio nautam necat. He slays the sailor •with a 
 sword. 
 
 Observe that gladio is in the Ablative, and is the 
 means by which the sailor was slain. Hence it is called 
 the Ablative of Means. 
 
 97. Rule IX. The Ablative ivithout a, preposition is 
 used to denote the means by which an action is done. 
 
26 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIL 
 
 CYGNUS. 
 
 98. Americaiu cygnT sunt albi. Cygni collum est 
 longum ; rostrum est firmum ; alae sunt praevalidae ; 
 oculi sunt parvi. Cygnorum cibus est herba. Inter- 
 dum parvas lanas et insecta devorant. Nidi sunt in 
 iuncis iuxta aquam. Ferus cygnus est valde saevus. 
 Et rostro et alls acriter pugnat, sT quid ad nidum 
 appropTnquat. Etiam aquilam fugat. 
 
 99. The American swan is white. 2. Swans' 
 necks are long. 3. The eye of the swan is small. 
 4. (Its) wing is long and powerful. 5. Wild swans 
 are savage. 6. They fight with both wings and 
 beaks. 7. The swan's nest is near the water. 
 8. Swans put even eagles to flight. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 100. Define Adjective. Does an adjective precede or follow its 
 noun in English ? What is its position in Latin ? Why ? Rule 
 for the agreement of adjectives. Decline altus in all genders. 
 Give an example of your own of the Ablative of Means. 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 Nouns and Adjectives in -er and -ir ; Apposition ; 
 Preposition in. 
 
 sf 
 
 101. 
 
 servus. 
 
 m. puer. m. 
 
 ager. m. 
 
 vir. m. 
 
 templum. n. 
 
 
 slave 
 
 hoy 
 
 field 
 
 man 
 
 temple 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 servus 
 
 puer 
 
 ager 
 
 vir 
 
 templum 
 
 G. 
 
 servi 
 
 pueri 
 
 agri 
 
 viri 
 
 templi 
 
 D. 
 
 servo 
 
 puero 
 
 agro 
 
 viro 
 
 templo 
 
 Ac. 
 
 servum 
 
 puerum 
 
 agrum 
 
 virum 
 
 templum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 servo 
 
 puero 
 
 agro 
 
 viro 
 
 templo 
 
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN -EB AND -IB. 27 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 N. servi pueri agri viri templa 
 
 G. servorum puerorum agrorum virorum templorum 
 
 D. seivis pueris agris viris templis 
 
 Ac. servos pueros agros viros templa 
 
 Ab. servis pueris agris viris templis 
 
 a. Kotice that puer retains -e throughout, while ager 
 has -e only in the Nominative Singular. 
 
 b. Notice also that the endings of nouns in -er and -ir 
 differ from those of nouns in -us only in the Nomina- 
 tive Singular. 
 
 , 102. Like puer, decline gener, son-in-law, socer, father- 
 in-law, and vesper, evening. 
 
 Most other nouns drop the -e, like ager. 
 
 Decline culter, knife, liber, hook, magister, master. 
 
 V 103. ADJECTIVES in -ER, -A, -UM. 
 
 miser, misera, miserum, wretched. 
 pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 MASCULINE. 
 
 FEMININE. 
 
 NEUTER. 
 
 N. 
 
 miser 
 
 misera 
 
 miserum 
 
 G. 
 
 miseri 
 
 miserae 
 
 miseri 
 
 D. 
 
 misero 
 
 miserae 
 
 misero 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miserum 
 
 miseram 
 
 miserum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 misero 
 
 misera 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 misero 
 
 
 MASCULINE. 
 
 FEMININE. 
 
 NEUTER. 
 
 N. 
 
 miseri 
 
 miserae 
 
 misera 
 
 G. 
 
 miserorum 
 
 miserarum 
 
 miserorum 
 
 D. 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miseros 
 
 miseras 
 
 misera 
 
 Ab. 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
28 
 
 
 LATIN RE. 
 
 iDER. — LESS 
 
 ON XIL 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 MASCULINE. 
 
 FEMININE. 
 
 NEUTER. 
 
 N. 
 
 pulcher 
 
 pulchra 
 
 pulchrum 
 
 G. 
 
 pulchri 
 
 pulchrae 
 
 pulchri 
 
 D. 
 
 pulchro 
 
 pulchrae 
 
 pulchro 
 
 Ac. 
 
 pulchrum 
 
 pulchram 
 
 pulchrum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 pulchro 
 
 pulchra 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 pulchro 
 
 
 MASCULINK. 
 
 FEMININE. 
 
 NEUTER. 
 
 N. 
 
 pulchri 
 
 pulchrae 
 
 pulchra 
 
 G. 
 
 pulchrorum 
 
 pulchrarum 
 
 pulchrorum 
 
 D. 
 
 pulchris 
 
 pulchris 
 
 pulchris 
 
 Ac. 
 
 pulchros 
 
 pulchras 
 
 pulchra 
 
 Ab. 
 
 pulchris 
 
 pulchris 
 
 pulchris 
 
 a. Observe that miser, like puer, retains -e, while 
 pulcher, like ager, loses it. 
 
 h. Notice that the endings of adjectives in -er, -a, -um, 
 differ from those in -us, -a, -um only in the Masculine 
 Nominative Singular. 
 
 104. Like miser, decline asper, rough, liber, free, pros- 
 per, prosperoifs, and tener, tender. 
 
 a. Most other adjectives drop the -e, like pulcher. 
 h. Like pulcher, decline piger, lazy, and ruber, red. 
 
 105. APPOSITION. 
 
 (1). Carolus, filius Titi, navigat. Charles, the son of 
 Titus, is sailing. 
 
 (2). Agricola Florura, servum, laudat. The farmer 
 praises Flo7'tis, the slave. 
 
 Note : 
 
 a. That, in example (1), filius describes Carolus, and 
 is in the same case. 
 
THE PliEPOSITION IN. 29 
 
 b. That, in example (2), servum describes Florum, and. 
 is in the same case. 
 
 c That, in both examples, the descriptive noun is 
 placed near the noun it describes. It is therefore called 
 a Noun in Apposition. (Ad — position, i. e., position near^j 
 
 106. Rule X. A Noun in Apposition is in the same 
 case as the noun it describes. 
 
 107. THE PREPOSITION IN. 
 
 Puer in horto est. The boy is in the garden. 
 Servus niensam. in Jiortum portat. The slave is carrying 
 a table into the garden. 
 
 Observe that the preposition in governs the Ablative 
 when it means in, but the Accusative when it means 
 into. 
 
 PUERI ROMANI. 
 
 108. Gains et Marcus, filii medici Roman!, erant 
 impigri puerT. Mane in liidum ibant. Magister, 
 Orbilius, erat valde severns, atque virgTs pueros 
 saepe verberabat. Post prandiuni, interdum Gains 
 et Marcus 'in Campo Martio equitabant; interdum per 
 silvas errabant ; in fluviis navigabant ; in stagnTs 
 natabant ; in armis exercitati erant. Sic plerumque 
 Romani puer5s ad militiam parabant. 
 
 109. 1. Gains, tlire son of a Roman teacher, was an 
 active boy. 2. Orbilius whipped Marcus, the doc- 
 tor's son, with a rod. 3. The teachers were going 
 into the Campus Martius. 4. The boys used to 
 swim in a pond. 
 
30 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIII. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 110. How do nouns in -er and -ir differ from nouns in -us? 
 What is the difference in Declension between puer and ager? 
 Which of the following nouns retain -e : culter, gener, vesper, 
 liber, magister, socer ? How do adjectives in -er differ from 
 those in -us ? What is the difference between miser and 
 pulcher? Which of the following adjectives retain -e: pros- 
 per, asper, piger, liber, ruber, tener ? Distinguish between a 
 Noun in Apposition and a Predicate Noun. What cases does in 
 govern ? How must it be translated with each case ? 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 Tense, Person, Number ; Verb Sum ; Dative of 
 Possessor. 
 
 111. TIME. VKRB OF ACTION. VERR OF BEING. 
 
 Present, I love. we are. 
 
 Past, thou didst love. you were. 
 
 Future, he, she, or it will love. they will he. 
 
 a. Notice that, in English, the time of the action or 
 being may be present, past, or future ; and that this is 
 expressed either by some Auxiliary or Helping verb, as 
 didst, or will, or by a change in the form of the verb, 
 as are, were. The time of the verb is called its Tense. 
 
 h. The Present tense denotes present time. 
 
 c. The Imperfect tense denotes continued time in the 
 past. 
 
 d. The Future tense denotes future time. 
 
TENSE, PERSON, NUMBER. 31 
 
 PERSON. 
 
 112. Observe further that various Persons may be the 
 subject of the action or being ; thus : /, tliou, he, she, it, 
 we, you, they. 
 
 a. The First person is the person speaking, as : 7 or 
 we. 
 
 b. The Second person is the person spoken to, as : thou 
 or you. 
 
 c. The Third person is the person spoken of, as : he, 
 she, it, or they. 
 
 113. The persons may be in the Singular or Plural 
 number. 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 First person, I. we. 
 
 Second person, thou, you. you. 
 
 Third person, he, she, it. they. 
 
 r IM. Note. Thou is rarely used now, except in addressing 
 / the Deity, and in poetry, you being preferred for both Singular 
 ^^^jjid Plural. 
 
 115. TENSE AND PERSONAL ENDINGS. 
 
 VERB OF ACTION. VERB OF BEING. 
 
 TEXSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 Present, am-6, I love. su-mus, we are. 
 
 ' Imperfect, ama-ba-s, you were loving. er-a-tis, you were. 
 
 Future, ama-bi-t, he, she, it will love. er-u-nt, they will be. 
 
 a. Notice that, in Latin, the tenses are shown by 
 certain letters added to the verb stem ; thus, -ba = Im- 
 perfect tense in ama-ba-s. 
 
 b. Notice that the persons are denoted by other letters 
 added to the tense stem, as -tis = you in er-a-tis. 
 
32 LATIN BEABER. -^ LESSON XIII. 
 
 116. Following are the equivalents for the persons : 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 -m, -o, or -i, I. -mus, we. 
 
 -s, you. -tis, you. 
 
 -t, he, she, it. -nt, they. 
 
 117. Rule XI. A verb must agree with its subject 
 in person and number. 
 
 118. VERB SUM. Stem es- or er-. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 su-m, I am. su-mus, we are. 
 
 e-8, you are. es-tis, you are. 
 
 es-t, he, (she, it) is. su-nt, they are. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 er-a-m, I was. er-a-mus, we were. 
 
 er-a-8, you were. er-a-tis, you were. 
 
 er-a-t, he, (she, it) loas. er-a-nt, they were. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 er-6, I shall he. er-i-mus, loe shall he. 
 
 er-i-s, you will he. er-i-tis, you will he. 
 
 er-i-t, he will he. er-u-nt, they will he. 
 
 119. DATIVE OF POSSESSOR. 
 
 Puero liber est. (lit. there is a book to the hoy). The boy- 
 has a book. 
 
 Observe that puero is in the Dative, and denotes the 
 possessor of the book. Hence it is called the Dative 
 of Possessor. 
 
 120. Rule XII. The Dative is used with the verb 
 sum to denote the Possessor. 
 
VERB SUM. 33 
 
 121. ALBERTUS ET MARCUS, CONDISCIPULI. 
 
 Albertus. Ubi es, Marce? 
 
 Marcus. Hic ad-sum ; in horto. 
 
 A. Eras-ne her! in liido ? 
 
 M. Non eram. Ego et liilius in fundo avi mei 
 eramus. 
 
 A. Est-ne magnus fundus avo tuo? 
 
 M. Avi mei fundus non magnus est. Sed avun- 
 culo liilT est maximus fundus. 
 
 A. Sunt-ne mala et pira matiira in pomario avT tui? 
 
 M. Nondum. Sed mox matiira erunt. 
 
 A. Nonne eras in liido eritis? 
 
 M. liilius non erit ; nam aeger est. Sed ego certe 
 in liido ero. 
 
 A. Vale. 
 
 122. 1. Has your uncle a large garden? 2. My 
 uncle has a very large garden. 3. Julius, has your 
 grandfather ripe pears in his orchard ? 4. They 
 were not ripe yesterday. 5. But they will be ripe 
 to-morrow. 6. Were you sick yesterday ? 7. Not 
 at all ; I was in school yesterday. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 123. Define Tense, Present tense, Imperfect, Future. Give 
 the endings for tlie persons. Rule for the agreement of verbs. 
 Give three tenses of the verb to be, Latin and English. Give 
 an example of your own of the Dative of Possessor, Genitive of 
 Possession, and Dative of Indirect Object. Decline magnus 
 in all genders. 
 
34 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIV. 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 Mood ; First Conjugation ; Principal Parts. 
 
 124. Mood is the mode or manner in which the action 
 or being is expressed. 
 
 125. The Indicative mood is used to express a fact ^ as: 
 I have studied my lesson. 
 
 126. The Imperative mood is used to express a 
 comm.and^ as : Study your lesson. 
 
 THE CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 127. Regular verbs are divided into four conjugations. 
 Each of these has a characteristic vowel in the stem, as 
 follows : 
 
 a. I. Conjugation, -a: as, ama-, ^ove. 
 
 h. II. Conjugation, -e: as, mone-, i«arw. 
 
 c. III. Conjugation, -e : as, rege-, rule. 
 
 d. IV. Conjugation, -I : as, audi-, hear. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 128. The stems from which the various tenses are 
 formed are found in the Principal Parts of every verb. 
 These parts are : 
 
 a. The First person Singular of the Present Indicative, 
 as : amo. 
 
 h. The Present Infinitive, as : amare. 
 
 c. The First person Singular of the Perfect Indicative, 
 as : amavi. 
 
 d. The Perfect Passive Participle, as : amatus. 
 
PRINCIPAL PARTS. 35 
 
 Thus the Principal Parts of amo are : 
 amo, amare, aniavi, amatus. 
 
 129. The Present stem is found by dropping -re from 
 the Present Infinitive, thus : ama-. 
 
 a. The Perfect stem is found by dropping -i from the 
 Perfect Indicative, as : amav-. 
 
 h. The Participial stem is found by dropping -us from 
 the Perfect Passive Participle, as : amat-. 
 
 130. First Conjugation. Present stein, ama-, love. 
 
 INDICATIVE mood. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 am-o, I love. ama-mus, we love. 
 
 ama-s, you love. ama-tis, yo\i love. 
 
 ama-t, he loves. ama-nt, they love. 
 
 IMPERFECT TEiVSE. 
 
 araa-ba-m, / was loving. araa-ba-mus, we were loving. 
 
 ama-ba-s, you were loving. ama-ba-tis, you were loving. 
 
 ama-ba-t, he was loving. ama-ba-nt, they were loving. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 ama-b-6, I shall love. ama-bi-mus, we shall love. 
 
 ama-bi-s, you will love. amji-bi-tis, you will love. 
 
 ama-bi-t, he will love. ama-bu-nt, they will love. 
 
 ' Observe : 
 
 a. That the Present tense consists of Present stem -f- 
 Personal endings. 
 
 b. That the Imperfect tense consists of Present stem 
 -j- -ba -|- Personal endings. 
 
 c. That the Future tense consists of Present stem -}- 
 -bi 4- Personal endings. 
 
36 LATIN READER. —LESSON XIV. 
 
 131. Exc. The verb do, give, is irregular in having da- (not 
 da-) for its Present stem, as: da-ba-t, da-bi-tis. 
 
 132. Note. Remember that the Present tense may be 
 translated : / love, or, / am lovi7ig, or, / do love, etc. So, 
 also, the Imperfect tense may be translated : / was lovirig, 
 or, / did love, or, / used to love, or, / loved, etc. 
 
 PERFIDA TARPEIA. 
 
 133. Sabini olim Ronianorum agros vastabant. lam 
 ad oppidum appropinquabant. Si Capitolium expug- 
 nabunt, Rdmanos omnino superabunt. Mox Capito- 
 lium oppugnant, sed frustra. Denique auro Tarpeiam, 
 filiam praefecti Roman!, temptant. Sed puella pos- 
 tulat ornamenta quae in laevls bracchiis sunt. Sabini 
 non recusant. Mox intra portam stant. Tum sine 
 mora in Tarpeiam sciita iactant. Nam Sabindrum 
 sciita erant in laevis bracchiis. Sic perfidam Tar- 
 peiam necant, atque Capitolium occupant. 
 
 134. 1. The commander of the Sabines will attack 
 the Capitol. 2. The Romans are ravaging the fields 
 of the Sabines. 3. The commander was already 
 approaching (to) the Capitol. 4. The treacherous 
 girl will demand the ornament on the commander's 
 left arm. 5. We shall soon stand within the gates 
 of the city. 6. Is not the commander's shield on 
 his left arm ? 
 
 "j Answer the following questions in Latin : 
 
 135. 1. Qui olim Romanorum agros vastabant? 2. 
 Num primo Sabini Capitolium expiignant ? 3. Quae 
 
SECOND CONJUGATION. 37 
 
 eratTarpeia? 4. Quo modo Sabini Tarpeiam tempt- 
 ant? 5. Quid Tarpeia postulat ? 6. Num Sabini 
 recusant? 7. Ubi intra portam stant, quid faciunt 
 Sabini? 8. Quo modo Sabini promissum servabant? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 136. Define Mood. What is the Indicative used to express ? 
 How many conjugations are there ? What is the characteristic 
 vowel of each ? What are the Principal Parts of a verb ? How 
 is the Present stem found ? The Perfect ? The Participial ? Of 
 what does the Present tense consist ? The Imperfect ? The 
 Future ? Like aiuo, conjugate port5, vasto. Give the English 
 for: postulabatis, postulat, postulabinius, postulant, pos- 
 tulabam, postulas, postulabunt, postulabo. Give the Latin 
 for: They will demand, you (plural) are demanding, he was 
 demanding, they do demand, we used to demand. 
 
 137. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 Second Conjugation. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 Present stem, ama-, love. Present stem, mone-, warn. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 am-6 mone-6, I warn. 
 
 ama-s mone-s, you warn. 
 
 ama-t mone-t, he warns. 
 
 ama-mus mone-mus, we warn. 
 
 ama-tis mone-tis, you warn. 
 
 ama-nt mone-nt, they warn. 
 
38 LATIN READER. — LESSON XV. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 amfi-ba-m mone-ba-m, I was warning. 
 
 ama-ba-s mone-ba-s, you were warning. 
 
 araa-ba-t mone-ba-t, he was warning. 
 
 ama-ba-mus mone-ba-mus, we were warning. 
 
 ama-ba-tis mone-ba-tis, you were warning. 
 
 amii-ba-nt mone-ba-nt, they were warning. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 ama-b-6 mone-b-o, / shall warn. 
 
 ama-bi-s mone-bi-s, you will warn. 
 
 ama-bi-t mone-bi-t, he will warn. 
 
 amii-bi-mus mone-bi-mus, we shall warn. 
 
 ama-bi-tis mone-bi-tis, you will warn. 
 
 ama-bu-nt mone-bu-nt, they will warn. 
 
 a. Observe that, while the stems diifer in their char- 
 acteristic vowels, these tenses of the First and Second 
 Conjugation are formed in other respects precisely alike, 
 with the exception of the Present First Singular. 
 
 METTIUS CURTIUS. 
 
 138. Magna rima olim in Foro Romano subito 
 apparet. Primo Roman! saxa terramque in locum 
 iactabant, sed frustra. RTma lata atque profunda 
 manebat. Inde Roman! mult!s lacrim!s a deo aux- 
 ilium orabant. Deus tandem ita respondet : " Si 
 maximum Romanum bonum loco dicabitis, tum r!mam 
 explebo." Diii in dubio erant anim! Romanorum. 
 
 139. 1. Great cracks are appearing in the Roman 
 Forum. 2. We shall cast stones into the crack. 
 3. Were you (plural) beseeching help from the god? 
 
SECOND CONJUGATION. 39 
 
 4. Fathomless cracks will remain for a long time in 
 the Forum. 5. Were not the Romans filling up the 
 crack with earth and stones? 6. Will you (singu- 
 lar) not consecrate your greatest treasure to the 
 place ? 
 
 Sight Translation. Mettius Curtius. — Concluded. 
 
 140. Denique Mettius Curtius, vir bello egregius, 
 "Animus intrepidus," inquit, "maximum Romanum 
 bonum est." Statim equum suum magnifice exornat, 
 et mox armatus in Forum equitat. Inde, dum turba 
 Romanorum stupet, in rimam equum incitat. Sine 
 mora deus rimam explet, atque Romanes magna ciira 
 iTberat. Mettium Curtium autem Roman! semper 
 laudabant, et pulchrum factum memoria tenebant. 
 
 141. 1. Quid olim in Foro Romano apparet? 2. 
 Quid Roman! in r!mam iactabant ? 3. Manebatne 
 rima? 4. Nonne deus Rom an!s auxilium dat? 5. 
 Quid respondet deus ? 6. Quid denique dicit Met- 
 tius Curtius ? 7. Quid facit Curtius ? 8. Ex- 
 pletne deus rimam statim ? 
 
 bellum, war. 
 
 e-gregius, illustrious. armatus, armed. 
 
 animus, courage. dum, while. 
 
 in-trepidus, undaunted. turba, crowd. 
 
 inquit, said he. stupeo, be STVPB-fied. 
 
 statim, immediately. in-cito, ui^ge on. - 
 
 suus, his. cura, care, anxiety. 
 
 magni-fice, magnificently. autem, however. 
 
 ex-oruo, ad-ORN. factum, deed. 
 
40 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 LESSON XVL 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 142. What differences do you find between the First and 
 Second Conjugations ? Conjugate in three tenses maneo and 
 oro. Give the Latin for: tlieij vnll reply, you (singular) are 
 replying, we did reply, he was reply imj, you (plural) will reply, 
 I reply. Give the English for: respondemus, respondebis, 
 respondebant, respondebo, respondetis, respondebas. 
 
 LESSON XVI. 
 
 Third. Conjugation; Ablative of Manner. 
 143. 
 
 CONJ. I. CON.T. II. CONJ. III. 
 
 ama-. mone-. r^ge-, 7'ule. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 am-o 
 
 ama-s 
 
 ama-t 
 
 ama-mus 
 
 ama-tis 
 
 ama-nt 
 
 araa-ba-m 
 
 amfi-ba-s 
 
 ama-ba-t 
 
 ama-ba-mus 
 
 araa-ba-tis 
 
 aina-ba-nt 
 
 mone- 
 mone- 
 mone- 
 mone- 
 mone- 
 mone- 
 
 mone 
 mone 
 mone 
 mone 
 mone 
 mone 
 
 t 
 
 mus 
 tis 
 nt 
 
 reg-o, I rule. 
 regi-s, you rule. 
 regi-t, he rules. 
 regi-mus, we rule. 
 regi-tis, you rule. 
 regu-nt, they rule. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE 
 
 ba-m 
 
 •ba-s 
 
 ba-t 
 
 rege-ba-m, I was ruling. 
 
 rege-ba-s, you were ruling. 
 
 rege-ba-t, he was ruling. 
 •ba-nius rege-ba-mus, we were ruling. 
 ■ba-tis rege-ba-tis, you were ruling. 
 
 -ba-nt rege-ba-nt, they were ruling. 
 
 ama-b-o 
 ama-bi-s 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 mone-b-o 
 mone-bi-s 
 
 reg-a-m, I shall rule. 
 reg-e-s, you will rule. 
 
THIRD CONJUGATION. 41 
 
 ama-bi-t mone-bi-t reg-e-t, he will rule. 
 
 ama-bi-mus mone-bi-mus reg-e-mus, we shall rule. 
 
 ama-bi-tis mone-bi-tis reg-e-tis, you will rule. 
 
 ama-bu-nt mone-bu-nt reg-e-nt, they will rule. 
 
 a. Notice that, in the verb stem of the Third Conju- 
 gation, final -e changes as follows : 
 
 b. In the Present tense, it becomes -i. 
 
 c. In the Imperfect, it is lengthened to -e. 
 
 d. In the Future, it is dropped altogether. 
 
 144. Observing these changes, the Present tense con- 
 sists of Present stem -{- Personal endings. 
 
 a. The Imperfect consists of Present stem + -ba -j- 
 Personal endings. 
 
 b. The Future consists of Present stem + -e (in the 
 First Singular -a) -f Personal endings. 
 
 145. ABLATIVE OF MANNER. 
 
 ( cum cur a,. 
 Puer donum servabat -I maxima, cum. aura. 
 
 maxima cur a. 
 
 ( -with care. 
 The boy preserved the gift -I with the greatest care. 
 ( with the greatest care. 
 
 Observe that cura is in the Ablative, and that it 
 denotes the manner in which the boy preserved the gift. 
 Cum is generally used with this Ablative, but it may 
 be omitted when there is a limiting adjective. 
 
 146. Rule XIII. The Ablative with cum is used to 
 express Manner. Cum may be omitted when there is a 
 limiting adjective. 
 
42 LATIN READER. —LESSON XVI. 
 
 MELEAGER. 
 
 147. Meleager, filius Althaeae, clarissimus Caly- 
 doniorum erat. Forte, ubi parvolus erat, lignum in 
 foco ai'debat ; subito Parcae apparent atque Althaeam 
 itamonent: ''Filius tuus vivet, quam diii flammae 
 lignum non consiiment." Statim Althaea flammas 
 restiliguit, atque lignum magna cum cura servabat. 4 
 
 Saevus aper quondam Calydonios diii terrebat. 
 
 148. 1. Were you living when Meleager was very 
 small ? 2. The sticks of wood in the fireplace will 
 not burn. 3. Althea is guarding her son with 
 great care. 4. The flames Avere consuming the 
 wood. 5. Are your sons living, Althea? 6. 
 Fierce boars do not terrify Meleager. 7. Were you 
 not extinguishing the flames ? 8. The Fates used 
 to appear suddenly to distinguished men. 
 
 Siglit Translation. Meleager. — Concluded. 
 
 149. Meleager tandem multos claros viros condiicit. 
 Pulchra Atalanta quoque adest. Mox saevum aprum 
 in densa silva petunt. Atalanta prima monstrum 
 volnerat. Meleager autem aprum caedit, atque 
 tergum Atalantae dat. At avunculT Meleagii Ata- 
 
 con-duco, lead together, assemble. privo, de-PKiVE. 
 
 quoque, also. p\enns,fulL 
 
 densus, dense. ira, anger, ire. 
 
 peto, seek. iratus, angered. 
 
 monstrum, monster. accendo, light. 
 
 volnero, wound. (Vulnerable.) quod, which. 
 
 caedo, kill. vita, life. (Vital.) 
 
 tergum, back, skin. excedo, depart. 
 
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 43 
 
 lantam tergo piivant. Statim Meleager plenus irae 
 avunculos suos caedit. Inde Althaea Tiata lignum 
 accendit, quod mox flammae consumunt. BrevT 
 postea Meleager e vita excedit. 
 
 150. 1. Ubi vivebat Meleager ? 2. Quae Altliaeae 
 apparent, ubi Meleager parvolus erafc? 3. Quid 
 dlcunt Parcae ? 4. Quid facit Althaea? 5. Cur 
 Meleager multos claros Calydonios condiicit? 6. 
 Quae prima aprum volnerat? 7. Quis aprum 
 caedit? 8. Cui dat Meleager tergum apri? 9. 
 Quid faciunt avuncull Meleagii ? 10. Ciir Althaea 
 lignum accendit? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 151. Give an example of your own of the Ablative of 
 Manner, Ablative of Means, Ablative of Separation. How does 
 the stem of Third Conjugation verbs vary ? Of what does each 
 tense consist ? Give three tenses of peto and vivo. Translate : 
 restinguetis, rfestinguit, restinguebant, restinguunt, res- 
 tinguet, apparebit, servabit. Give the Latin for : I was 
 extinguishing, they will extinguish, you (plural) are extinguish- 
 ing, he appears, they will preserve. 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 Fourth Conjugation ; Ablative of Cause. 
 152. 
 
 CON J. I. 
 
 CONJ. II. 
 
 CONJ. III. 
 
 CONJ. 
 
 IV. 
 
 ama-. 
 
 mone-. 
 
 rege-. 
 
 audi-. 
 
 , hear. 
 
44 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON XVIL 
 
 am-o. 
 
 ama-s. 
 
 ama-t. 
 
 ama-nius. 
 
 ama-tis. 
 
 ama-nt. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 moue-o. 
 
 mone-s. 
 
 mone-t. 
 
 n^one-mus. 
 
 inont*-tis. 
 
 mone-nt. 
 
 reg-o. 
 
 regi-s. 
 
 regi-t. 
 
 regi-mus. 
 
 regi-tis. 
 
 regu-nt. 
 
 I hear. 
 
 audi-o. 
 
 audi-s. 
 
 audi-t. 
 
 audi-mus. 
 
 audi-tds. 
 
 audiu-nt. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 ama-ba-m. 
 
 amfi-ba-s. 
 
 ama-ba-t. 
 
 ama-ba-mus. 
 
 ama-ba-tis. 
 
 ama-ba-nt. 
 
 mone-ba-m. 
 
 mone-ba-s. 
 
 mone-ba-t. 
 
 mone-ba-mus. 
 
 mone-ba-tis. 
 
 mone-ba-nt. 
 
 rege-ba-m. 
 
 rege-ba-s. 
 
 rege-ba-t. 
 
 rege-ba-mus. 
 
 rege-ba-tis. 
 
 rege-ba-nt. 
 
 I was hearing. 
 
 audie-ba-m. 
 
 audie-ba-s. 
 
 audie-ba-t. 
 
 audie-ba-mus. 
 
 audie-ba-tis. 
 
 audie-ba-nt. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 ama-b-6. 
 
 ama-bi-s. 
 
 ama-bi-t. 
 
 amfi-bi-mus. 
 
 ama-bi-tis. 
 
 ama-bu-nt. 
 
 mone-b-o. 
 
 mone-bi-s. 
 
 mone-bi-t. 
 
 mone-bi-mus. 
 
 mone-bi-tis. 
 
 inone-bu-nt. 
 
 reg-a-m. 
 
 reg-e-s. 
 
 reg-e-t. 
 
 reg-e-mus. 
 
 reg-e-tis. 
 
 reg-e-nt. 
 
 I shall hear. 
 
 audi-a-m. 
 
 audi-e-s. 
 
 audi-e-t. 
 
 audi-e-mus. 
 
 audi-e-tis. 
 
 audi-e-nt. 
 
 a. Observe that, in the Fourth Conjugation, the Pres- 
 ent tense consists of Present stem + Personal endings. 
 
 h. The Imperfect tense consists of Present stem (with 
 -5 added to it) + -ba -f Personal endings. 
 
 c. The Puture tense consists of Present stem + -e 
 (in the First Singular -a) + Personal endings. Compare 
 the Putiire of the Third Conjugation. 
 
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 45 
 
 153. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE. 
 
 Odio virum accusatis. You accuse the man from hatred. 
 
 In this sentence, odio is in the Ablative, and denotes 
 the cause of the accusation. 
 
 154. Rule XIV. The Ablative is used to express 
 Cause. 
 
 PERSEUS ET ANDROMEDA. 
 
 155. In Aethiopia olim belua fera agios vastabat, 
 atque multos viros devorabat. Cepheus, igitur, 
 curis sollicitus, oraculum consulit. Quod autem ita 
 respondet : " Deus iratus propter superbiam reginae 
 patriam tuam sic punit. ST autem beluae An drome- 
 dam dabis, turn deus poenam finiet." Inde Cepheus 
 maestus Andromedam ad drira saxa revincit. Mox 
 beluam exaudiunt. 
 
 Y 156. 1. Many men are troubled with their cares. 
 2. The gods will punish the queen. 3. Men for- 
 merly consulted oracles. 4. The queens end the 
 punishment of the men. 5. Because of the oracle, 
 they are binding Andromeda to the rocks. 6. You 
 will soon hear the monster from afar. 
 
 SigJit Translation. Perseus et Andromeda. — Con- 
 ^^y^ eluded. 
 
 157. Tum forte Perseus super Aethiopiam volabat. 
 Subito Andromedam cernit. Sine mora appropin- 
 quat, et lacrimarum causam quaerit. Andromeda 
 beluam monstrat. Statim Perseus in auras ascendit. 
 
46 LATIN READER. — LESSON XVIIL 
 
 Mox falcato telo tergum monstrl ferit. Diii atque 
 acriter pugnant. Denique Perseus beluam superat. 
 Inde Aiidromedam catenis liberat. Brevi Cepheus 
 filiam Pei'seo in matrimonium dat. 
 
 i^ 158. 1. Cur olim Ceplieus oraculum consulit ? 
 2. Quid respondet oraculum? 3. Quae erat Andro- 
 meda? 4. Quis Andromedam belua iTberat? 5. 
 Quale telum erat Perseo? 6. Quid erat praemium 
 Perseo ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 159. What uses of the Ablative are contained in the two fol- 
 lowing sentences: They deiv Clodius with their sicords. They 
 slew Clodius from envy. What is the characteristic vowel of the 
 stem of the Fourth Conjugation? In what tense is -e added to 
 the stem? Inflect three tenses of punio and vincio. Give the 
 English for finit, finiemus, finimus, finiebamus, finient, fini- 
 tis. Give the Latin for: they were ending^ I end., you (plural) 
 will end, you' (s'mgulsir) were ending, they are ending. Decline 
 earns, -a, -um. 
 
 super, above, over. ascendo, ascend. ^ 
 
 volo, Jly. t falcatus, curved. 
 
 cerno, iZis-CERX. 3 telum, weapon, sword. 
 
 causa, CAUSE. ferio, strike. ^ 
 
 quaero, in-QUiRE. ? pugno, fight. (Pugnacious.)^ 
 
 aura, air. matrimonium, marriage, matrimony. 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 Third Declension— Liquid Stems. 
 
 160. In the Third Declension, the stem ends either 
 in a consonant or in the vowel -i. Hence this Declen- 
 sion is divided into consonant stems and -i stems. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 47 
 
 161. The Case endings for consonant stems are as 
 follows : 
 
 / 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 M., F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M., F. N. 
 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 
 
 
 -es -a 
 -um 
 
 
 -is 
 
 
 
 ■ D. 
 
 -i 
 
 
 -ibus 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 -em 
 
 — 
 
 -es -a 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 -e 
 
 
 -ibus 
 
 
 
 
 LIQUID STEMS. 
 
 
 162. 
 
 consul, m. 
 
 legio,/. 
 
 Virgo,/. 
 
 flumen, n. 
 
 
 consul. 
 
 legion. 
 
 virgin. 
 
 river. 
 
 stem 
 
 consul- 
 
 legion- 
 
 virgin- 
 
 flumin- 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 N-. 
 
 consul 
 
 legio 
 
 virgo 
 
 flumen 
 
 G. 
 
 consulis 
 
 legionis 
 
 virginis 
 
 fluminis 
 
 D. 
 
 consul! 
 
 legioni 
 
 virgin! 
 
 fliimini 
 
 Ac. 
 
 consulem 
 
 legionem 
 
 virginem 
 
 flumen 
 
 Ab. 
 
 consule 
 
 legione 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 virgine 
 
 flumine 
 
 N. 
 
 consules 
 
 legioues 
 
 virgines 
 
 flumina 
 
 G. 
 
 consulum 
 
 legionum 
 
 virginum 
 
 fluminum 
 
 D. 
 
 consulibus 
 
 legionibus 
 
 virginibus 
 
 fluminibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 consules 
 
 legionis 
 
 virgines 
 
 flumina 
 
 Ab. 
 
 consulibus 
 
 legionibus 
 
 virginibus 
 
 fluminibus 
 
 163. 
 
 labor, m. 
 
 pater, m. 
 
 corpus, n. 
 
 genus, n. 
 
 
 labor. 
 
 father. 
 
 body. 
 
 race. 
 
 stem 
 
 labor- 
 
 patr- 
 
 corpor- 
 
 gener- 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 labor 
 
 pater 
 
 corpus 
 
 genus 
 
 G. 
 
 laboris 
 
 patris 
 
 corporis 
 
 generis 
 
 D. 
 
 labori 
 
 patri 
 
 corpori 
 
 generi 
 
 Ac. 
 
 laborem 
 
 patrem 
 
 corpus 
 
 genus 
 
 Ab. 
 
 labore 
 
 patre 
 
 corpore 
 
 genere 
 
48 
 
 LATIN READEE. — LESSON XV lU. 
 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 labores 
 
 patres 
 
 corpora 
 
 genera 
 
 G. 
 
 laboi-um 
 
 patrum 
 
 corporum 
 
 generum 
 
 D. 
 
 laboribus 
 
 patribus 
 
 corporibus 
 
 generibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 labores 
 
 patres 
 
 corpora 
 
 geuera 
 
 Ab. 
 
 laboribus 
 
 patribus 
 
 corporibus 
 
 generibus 
 
 Observe : 
 
 a. That the stem differs from the Nominative in all 
 these nouns, except in consul. 
 
 h. That the Accusative Singular of Neuter nouns is 
 like the Nominative. 
 
 c. That the Nominative and Accusative Plural of 
 Neuter nouns ends in -a. 
 
 164. Decline the following nouns, first noting their 
 stem, and gender (the stem is found by dropping the 
 ending -is from the Genitive) : Pastor, pastoris, m., 
 shejjherd, sermo, sermonis, ni., conversation, opus, operis, 
 n., work, grando, grandinis, f., hail, mater, matris, f., 
 mother, carmen, carminis, n., song, ezsul, exsulis, m. and/., 
 exile, tempus, temporis, n., time. 
 
 FORUM ROMANUM. 
 
 165. Forum Romanum erat inter Capitolium at 
 Palatium. Primo undique erant parvae tabernae. 
 Postea autem clari consules imperatoresque basili- 
 cas et templa in Foro aedificabant. In basilicis erant 
 argentariae ; liTc etiam praetores ius reddebant. In 
 Ciiria Hostilia et in Templo Concordiae senatores 
 conveniebant. In rostrls Cicero et alii oratores ad 
 
THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 49 
 
 populum orationes habebant. Undique erant altae 
 columnae et deorum simulacra et clarorum viiorum 
 statuae. 
 
 166. 1. (There) were statues of famous consuls 
 in the Forum. 2. The praetor will administer jus- 
 tice to the people. 3. (There) were images of the 
 gods in Roman temples. 4. The emperor is build- 
 ing a lofty temple. 5. Cicero will deliver an ora- 
 tion to the senators in the Temple of Concord. 
 
 Sight Translation. Forum Komanum. — Concluded. 
 
 167. TogatT Roman! in Forum saepe conveniebant. 
 Hic multa comitia habebant. Hinc Via Sacra con- 
 sules legiones Romanas ad bellum ediicebant. Via 
 Sacra legiones victores praeda onustae in Forum 
 incedebant magnis clamoribus populT. Nunc autem 
 Forum est desertus locus, et tantum-jiiodo ruTnas 
 ostendit. Nihil manet nisi pauca vestigia antiquae 
 gloriae Romanae. 
 
 168. 1. Ubi erat Forum Romanum ? 2. Quae 
 primo undique erant? 3. Quae postea consules im- 
 
 de-sertus, deserted. 
 tantum-modo, only, 
 ruina, ruin. 
 
 os-tendo, show. ( Ostensible. ) . • 
 nihil, nothing. (Nihilist.) 
 nisi, unless, except. 
 pa.uci, few. (Paucity.) 
 vestigium, trace, vestige. 
 antiquus, ancient. (Antique.) 
 gloria, GLORY. 
 
 togatus, wearing the toga. 
 comitia, elections. 
 hinc, lience. 
 sacer, sacred. 
 e-duco, lead out. 3 
 victor, victor. 
 praeda, booty. (Prey.) 
 onustus, laden. 
 in-cedo, advance. : 
 clamor, shout, clamor. 
 nunc, now. 
 
50 
 
 LATIN BEADER. 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 
 peratoresque in Foio aedificabant ? 4. Ubi seiia- 
 tores conveniebant ? 5. Qui in rostris orationes 
 habebant? 5. Qua via consules ad bellum legiones 
 ediicebant? 6. Quid nunc manet in Foro Romano? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 169. How is the Third Declension divided ? Name the 
 liquids (9, b). What is meant by liquid stems? Give the case 
 endings for Masculine and Feminine nouns; for Xeuters. What 
 cases are alike in Neuter noims ? Decline : virgo, pater, genus, 
 pastor, legio, exsul, labor, carmen, corpus. May an Adjec- 
 tive of the First or Second Declension agree with a noun of the 
 Third Declension ? 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 Third Declension — Mute Stems. 
 
 170. 
 
 Stem 
 
 
 princeps, m. 
 
 rex, m. 
 
 iudex, m. 
 
 
 chief. 
 
 king. 
 
 judge. 
 
 n 
 
 princip- 
 
 reg- 
 
 iudic- 
 
 
 SINGULAli. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 princeps 
 
 rex 
 
 iudex 
 
 G. 
 
 principis 
 
 regis 
 
 iiidicis 
 
 D. 
 
 principi 
 
 regi 
 
 iiidici 
 
 Ac. 
 
 principem 
 
 regem 
 
 iudicem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 principe 
 
 rege 
 
 iudice 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 principes 
 
 reges 
 
 iudices 
 
 G. 
 
 principum 
 
 regum 
 
 iudicum 
 
 D. 
 
 principibus 
 
 regibus 
 
 iudicibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 principes 
 
 regis 
 
 iiidices 
 
 Ab. 
 
 principibus 
 
 regibus 
 
 iudicibus 
 
THIRD DECLENSION — MUTE STEMS. 
 
 51 
 
 
 miles, m. 
 
 custos, m. 
 
 caput, n. 
 
 
 soldier. 
 
 guard. 
 
 head. 
 
 Stem 
 
 mil it- 
 
 custod- 
 
 SINGULAK. 
 
 capit- 
 
 N. 
 
 miles 
 
 custos 
 
 caput 
 
 G. 
 
 militis 
 
 custodis 
 
 capitis 
 
 D. 
 
 militi 
 
 custodi 
 
 capiti 
 
 Ac. 
 
 militem 
 
 custodem 
 
 caput 
 
 Ab. 
 
 milite 
 
 custode 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 capite 
 
 N. 
 
 milites 
 
 custddes 
 
 capita 
 
 G. 
 
 militum 
 
 custodum 
 
 capitum 
 
 D. 
 
 militibus 
 
 custodibus 
 
 capitibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 milites 
 
 custodes 
 
 capita 
 
 Ab. 
 
 militibus 
 
 custodibus 
 
 capitibus 
 
 Observe : 
 
 a. That all Masculines and Feminines in Mute stems 
 add -s to the stem to form the Nominative (rex = reg-s ; 
 iudex = iudic-s). 
 
 b. That the Lingual stems drop final -d and -t in 
 forming the Nominative. 
 
 c. That the last vowel in the stem is often changed 
 in the Nominative. 
 
 171. Decline the following nouns : vox, vocis,/, voice, 
 virtus, virtutis,/"., bravery, ops, opis,y., help, obses, obsidis 
 m. and /., hostage, comes, comitis, m. and /., companion, 
 grex, gregis, m., herd. 
 
 GABII. 
 
 172. Dili Tarquinius Superbus obsidebat Gabios, 
 sed friistra. Denique fraudem temptat. Obsidione 
 desistit atque ad urbana opera animadvertit. Brevi 
 
52 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIX. 
 
 postea Sextus, filius Tarquini, ad Gabinos venit. 
 '' Nonne " inquit *' filium a saevis suppliciis patris 
 tegetis? Regis saevitia est intoleranda. Exsul 
 Latium pererro. Forsitan populum cupidum belli 
 adversus superbum legem inveniam." Statim Gabini 
 principem in oppidum libenter admittunt. 
 
 173. 1. The kings will besiege the towns of La- 
 tium in vain. 2. You are not turning your atten- 
 tion to the father's frauds. 3. I protected the king's 
 sons from punishment. 4. Did the prince admit 
 the Gabians into the town ? 5. Will he protect the 
 exiles from the people's cruelty? 
 
 Si(/ht Translation. GabiT. — Concluded. 
 
 174. Brevi Sextus favorem et plebis et militum 
 conciliat. Inde nuntium ad j)atrem mittit. Rex 
 
 favor, FAVOR. con-silium, p/a??, counsel. 
 
 plebs, common people^ ple- intel-lego, understand. ^ (In- 
 
 BEiANS. telligent.) 
 
 con-cilio, win^ conciliate. inter-imo, kill. 
 
 nuntius, messenger. aut . . . aut, either . . . or. 
 
 fessus, tired. exsilium, exile. 
 
 mitto, send. (Trans-mit.) ^ ago, drive. (Agent.) 3 
 
 ibi, there. re-liquus, remaining. (Relic.) 
 
 summus, highest. (Summit.) oppidanus, toionsman. . 
 
 papaver, poppy. ultro, of one's own accord. 
 
 baculum, stick. cedo, ijield. (Cede.) J 
 
 de-cutio, strike off. *3 ita-que, and so. 
 
 dis-cedo, depart. iillus, any. 
 
 re-nuntio, report. (Re- di-micsitio, struggle. 
 
 nounce.) tra-do, give over, hand over. S 
 ambulo, lualk. i (Trade.) 
 
THIRD DECLENSION — I STEMS. 53 
 
 autem nihil respondet, sed in hortum ambulat, et ibi 
 summa capita papaverum baculo deciitit. Denique 
 nuntius fessus discedit et Sexto de patre reniintiat. 
 Sextus autem consilium patris intellegit. Mox piin- 
 cipes oppidi aut interimit aut in exsilium agit. Re- 
 liqui oppidan! iiltro cedunt. Itaque Sextus patii sine 
 iilla dimicatione oppidum tradit. 
 
 175. 1. Quis diii Gabios obsidebat? 2. Quid 
 denique rex temptat ? 3. Quern ad Gabinos mittit? 
 4. Quid dicit Sextus oppidanis ? 5. Num Gabini 
 in oppidum Sextum admittunt? 6. Quorum favo- 
 rem Sextus conciliat ? 7. Quem ad patrem mittit ? 
 8. Quid facit rex? 9. Intellegitne Sextus patris 
 consilium ? 10. Quid facit Sextus ? 11. Quid 
 faciunt iiltro reliquT oppidan! ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 176. Name the mutes in their classes (9, a). Decline: vox, 
 lumen, virtus, condicio, pes, honor, comes, onus, salus. 
 What difference in gender do you observe between nouns in -us, 
 (Genitive -eris or -oris), and those in -us, (Genitive -utis) ? 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 Third Declension — I Stems. 
 
 MASCULINES AND FEMININES IN -IS AND -ES. 
 
 177. tussis, /. navis, /. ignis, m. hostis, m. nubes,/. 
 
 cough. ship. fire. enemy. cloud. 
 
 Stem tussi- navi- igni- hosti- nubi- 
 
54 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 N. tussis 
 
 G. tussis 
 
 D. tussi 
 
 Ac. tussim 
 
 Ab. tussi 
 
 navis 
 navis 
 navi 
 
 iiuvem(-i: 
 navi (-e) 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 ignis 
 
 hostis 
 
 nubes 
 
 ignis 
 
 hostis 
 
 nubis 
 
 Igni 
 
 hosti 
 
 nubi 
 
 tn) ignem 
 
 hostem 
 
 nubem 
 
 igni (-e) 
 
 hoste 
 
 nube 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 N". tusses naves 
 
 G. tussium naviuni 
 
 D. tussibus navibus 
 
 Ac. tussis (-es) navis (-es) 
 
 Ab. tussibus navibus 
 
 ignes hostes nubes 
 
 ignium hostium nubium 
 ignibus hostibus. niibibus 
 ignis (-es) hostis (-es) nubis (-es) 
 ignibus hostibus nubibus 
 
 NEUTERS IN -E, -AL, AND -AR. 
 
 178. mare, ?i., sea. animal, n., animal, calcar, n., spur. 
 Stem marl- animali- calcari- 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 mare 
 
 animal 
 
 calcar 
 
 G. 
 
 maris 
 
 animalis 
 
 calcaris 
 
 D. 
 
 mari 
 
 animali 
 
 calcari 
 
 Ac. 
 
 mare 
 
 animal 
 
 calcar 
 
 Ab. 
 
 mari 
 
 animali 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 calcari 
 
 N. 
 
 maria 
 
 animalia 
 
 calcaria 
 
 G. 
 
 marium 
 
 animalium 
 
 calcarium 
 
 D. 
 
 maribus 
 
 animalibus 
 
 calcaribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 maria 
 
 animalia 
 
 calcaria 
 
 Ab. 
 
 maribus 
 
 animalibus' 
 
 calcaribus 
 
 Observe that -i stems have the following peculiari- 
 ties : — 
 
 a. They have -ium in the Genitive Plural. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION — I STEMS. 55 
 
 b. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar have -I in the Ablative 
 Singular, and -ia in the Nominative and Accusative 
 Plural. 
 
 c. Steins in -is and -es have -Is or -es in the Accusa- 
 tive Plural. 
 
 d. The Accusative Singular of stems in -is and -es 
 varies between -im and -em, 
 
 e. The Ablative Singular of stems in -is and -es varies 
 between -I and -e. 
 
 179. Note. i stems in -is and -es are easily distinguished 
 
 from consonant stems in -is and -es; for -i stems have the same 
 number of syllables in the Genitive as in the Nominative Singular, 
 while consonant stems increase the number of syllables; thus, 
 col-lis, Genitive col-lis, is an -i stem; but la-pis, Genitive 
 la-pi-dis, is a consonant stem. So also cae-des, Genitive cae- 
 dis, is an -i stem; but co-mes, Genitive co-mi-tis, is a consonant 
 stem. 
 
 180. To -i stems belong : 
 
 a. Nouns in -is and -es (not increasing in the Geni- 
 tive). 
 
 b. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar. 
 
 181. Like tussis, decline sitis, thirst (in the Singular 
 only, because of its meaning). 
 
 a. Like navis, decline turris, tower, and securis, axe. 
 
 b. Like Ignis, decline amnis, river, avis, bird, classis, 
 Jleet, finis, e7id, messis, harvest, and ovis, sheep. 
 
 G. Most other -i stems in -is and -es are declined like 
 hostis and nubes. 
 
56 LATIN READER. — LESSON XX. 
 
 BRUTUS ET FTT.Tf TARQUINI. 
 
 182. Maxima opera Tarquini Superb! erant Tem- 
 plum lovis et Cloaca Maxima. In labore operum 
 plebem cliu exercebat. Subito portentum apparet. 
 Anguis ex columna lignea emergit atque incolas 
 regiae perterret. Inde rex suos duos filios per terras 
 et per maria ad oraculum Apollinis mittit. L. luuius 
 Briitus, consobrinus, erat comes prmcipibus. Tres 
 iuvenes tandem in Graeciam perveniunt. Hic primo 
 pro rege oraculum consulunt. 
 
 183. 1. The greatest work of tlie people was a 
 temple. 2. Tlie king will send the youths over 
 the sea. 3. The princes were consulting the in- 
 habitants of tlie land. 4. The companions of the 
 youth are the king's cousins. 5. We shall keep 
 the people busy on the works. 
 
 Sight Translation. 
 Brutus et Filii Tarquini. — Concluded. 
 
 184. Deinde iuvenes ab oraculo quaerunt : " Quis, 
 post mortem Tarquini, regnum obtinebit ? " Pythia 
 sic respondet : " Imperium summum Romae habebit, 
 qui primus matri osculum dabit." Inde duo filii Tar- 
 quini de regno sortis diicunt. Sed Brutus consulto 
 cadit, atque terrae osculum dat. "Nam" putat 
 " terra est mater mortalium." Inde Romam repe- 
 tunt. Brevi postea Roman! c!ves, laboribus !rati, 
 Tarquinium regno pellunt, atque Briitum consulem 
 creant. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION — MIXED STEMS. 57 
 
 185. 1. Quae sunt maxima opera Tarquini Su- 
 perb!? 2. Quo modo rex plebem exercebat? 3. 
 Quod portentum apparet ? 4. Quid facit rex ? 5. 
 Quis erat comes filiis Tarquini. 6. Quid primo 
 faciunt in Graecia? 7. Quid postea quaerunt iu- 
 venes ? 8. Quid respondet Pythia ? 9. Quid 
 faciunt prmcipes? 10. Quid facit Briitus? 11. 
 Quid postea regi accidit? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 186. What are the peculiarities of -i stems ? How can -i stems 
 in -is and -es be distinguished from consonant stems in -is and 
 -es? What nouns belong to -i stems? Decline: avis, lapis, 
 cubile, rupes, eques, ovis, pax, nectar, clades, vectigal, 
 aedis, nomen. 
 
 de-inde, then, afterwards. con-sulto, on purpose. 
 
 post, after. (Consult.) 
 
 mors, death. (Mortal.) cado,/aZ^ •''' 
 
 ob-tineo, obtain. i . puto, tldnk. (Com-pute.)/ 
 
 regnum, kincfdom. (Reign.) niortalis, mortal. 
 
 im-perium, command. (Empire.) re-peto, seek again, return 
 
 mater, mother. to. (Repeat.) 
 
 osculum, kiss. civis, citizen. (Civic.) 
 
 sors, lot. (Sort.) pello, ea^-PEL. 3 
 
 duco, lead, draw. (Aque-duct.) .. creo, elect. (Create.) I 
 Pythia, priestess of Apollo. 
 
 -? 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 
 Third Declension — Mixed Stems ; Gender Rules ; 
 Ablative of Accompaniment. 
 
 187. urbs,/. arx,/. pons, ?«. aetas,/. 
 
 city. citadel. bridge. age. 
 
 Stem urb- (i-) arc- (i-) pont- (i-) aetat- (i-) 
 
58 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXL 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 urbs 
 
 arx 
 
 pons 
 
 aetas 
 
 G. 
 
 iirbis 
 
 arcis 
 
 pontis 
 
 aetatis 
 
 D. 
 
 urbi 
 
 arci 
 
 ponti 
 
 aetati 
 
 Ac. 
 
 urbem 
 
 arcem 
 
 pontem 
 
 aetatem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 urbe 
 
 arce 
 
 ponte 
 
 aetate 
 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 urbes 
 
 arces 
 
 pontes 
 
 aetates 
 
 G. 
 
 urbium 
 
 arcium 
 
 pontium 
 
 aetfitium (-um) 
 
 D. 
 
 urbibus 
 
 arcibus 
 
 l)ontibu8 
 
 aetatibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 urbis (-es) 
 
 arcis (-es) 
 
 pontis (-es) 
 
 aetatis (-es) 
 
 Ab. 
 
 urbibus 
 
 arcibus 
 
 pontibus 
 
 aetatibus 
 
 a. Notice that these nouns are declined like Conso- 
 nant stems in the Singular, and like -i stems in the 
 Plural. Hence they are called Mixed stems. They 
 were originally -i stems. 
 
 188. To Mixed stems belong : 
 
 a. Monosyllables ending in -s and -x following a con- 
 sonant, as : urbs, arx. 
 
 b. Nouns ending in -tas, as : aetas. 
 
 189. Decline : pars, partis, ^:>rty'^, mons, montis, moun- 
 tain, civitas, civitatis, state. 
 
 190. THIRD DECLENSION GENDER RULES. 
 
 I. Nouns ending in -6 (except those in -do, -go, -io), 
 -or, -OS, -er, -es are generally Masculine. 
 
 II. Nouns ending in -as, -es, -is, -ys, -x, -s (preceded by 
 a consonant), -do, -go, -io, and -us are generally Feminine. 
 
 III. Nouns ending in -a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -1, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, 
 
 and -us are generally Neuter. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION — MIXED STEMS. 59 
 
 191. ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT. 
 
 Puer cum amico ambulat. The boy is walking with a 
 friend. 
 
 Observe that amico is in the Ablative with the prepo- 
 sition cum, and that it denotes that the boy is accojyipa- 
 nied by a friend. Hence it is called the Ablative of 
 AccoTR'pmiiinent. 
 
 192. Rule XV. The Ablative with the preposition 
 cum is used to denote Accompaniment. 
 
 HORATIUS COCLES. 
 
 \y 193. Tarquinius Superbus, iam , exsul, ab Larte 
 Porsena, rege CliisT, auxilium petit. Mox maximo 
 in periculo erat Roma. Nam Porsena magnis cum 
 copiis in urbem incedebat. Ubique rex copias Roma- 
 norum vincit. Iam montem laniculum occupat. 
 Milites Roman! arma ordinesque relinqumit, atque 
 fuga saluitem petunt. Tum Pons Subliciiis solus 
 flumen Tiberim iungebat. Nisi Roman! pontem 
 interscindent, brevi Porsena in urbem copias suas 
 tradiicet. Sed Romanis virtiis non omn!no deest. 
 Pro ponte Horatius Codes cum Sp. Lartio et T. 
 Herminio hostis sustinet. 
 
 7 
 
 194. 1. The king's forces will advance upon the 
 "cities. 2. Large bridges span the river Tiber, 
 3. Will a Roman soldier leave the ranks, and seek 
 safety in flight? 4. Are you not cutting down the 
 bridges, Romans? 5. The soldiers of Lars Porsena 
 were holding back the enemy's forces. 
 
60 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXL 
 
 Sight Translation. Hokatius Cocles. — Concluded. 
 
 195. Interea milites civesque Romaiii pontem in- 
 terscindebant. Mox, ubi exigua pars pontis manet, 
 Horatius duos comites transmittit. Nunc solus sed 
 intrepidus pontem tenet. Denique magno fragore 
 pons in flumen decidit. Romani magnum clamorem 
 tollunt. Inde Horatius, etiam armatus, in Tiberim 
 desilit atque ad suos comites tranat. Tanta virtiite 
 civitatem servat. Grati elves statuam Horati in 
 Comitio ponunt. 
 
 196. 1. A quo Tarquinius auxilium petit? 2. 
 Clir mox erat Roma maximo in periculo ? 3. Quem 
 montem Porsena occupat? 4. Nonne Romani re- 
 gem Cliisi vincunt? 5. Qui pons tum flumen Ti- 
 berim iungebat? 6. Quot Romani liostis sustinent? 
 7. Dum Horatius hostis sustinet, quid Romani facie- 
 bant ? 8. Deciditne pons in fliimen ? 9. Quid 
 deinde facit Horatius? 10. Quod praemium elves 
 Horatio dant? 
 
 inter-ea, meanwhile. de-silio, leaj) down. , 
 
 ex-iguus, small. tra-no, swim across, f 
 
 pars, PART. tantus, so great. 
 trans-mitto, send across.*} civitas, state. 
 
 (Transmit.) gratus, grate-/i<Z. 
 
 fragor, crash. "* Comitium, the comitium, a 
 Ae-cido, fall down. "■ (Decid- place in the Forum. 
 
 uous.) ^ pono, place. (Position.) J! 
 
 tollo, raise, (Ex-tol.) - 
 
VERB SUM. 61 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 197. Why are the Mixed stems so called ? What nouns be- 
 long to Mixed stems ? State the Gender Rules of the Third 
 Declension. Give an example of your own of the Ablative of 
 Accompaniment, Ablative of Manner, Ablative of Means. De- 
 cline : aestas, cliens, volpes, laus, exemplar, mens, celeritas, 
 sedes, mors, piscis. 
 
 LESSON XXII. 
 
 Verb Sum — Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Per- 
 fect Indicative ; Imperative. 
 
 198. There are three tenses in the Indicative mood 
 besides the Present, Imperfect, and Future ; viz., the 
 Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect. 
 
 199. The Perfect tense denotes either : 
 
 a. An action completed in the past, without reference 
 to its C07itinuance ; as: I walked; or, 
 
 b. An action completed in the present, as: I have 
 walked. 
 
 200. The Pluperfect tense denotes an action completed 
 in the past, before some other action was begun, as : / 
 had walked a mile, when I met a stranger. 
 
 201. The Future Perfect tense denotes an action com- 
 pleted in the future, as : I shall have ivalked. 
 
 202. The Imperative mood has but two tenses, the 
 Present and the Future. 
 
62 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIL 
 
 203. VERB SUM INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect stem, fu-. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 ^ - S I '^cis. - . { ive were. 
 
 fu-i, < ^ fu-imus, 
 
 have been. ( we have been. 
 
 m were. j- ■ ^- S you were. 
 
 fu-istis, < , 
 
 7J011 have been. ( you have been. 
 
 he was. fu-erunt ( they were. 
 
 he has been. or fu-ere, ( they have been. 
 
 fu-it. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 fu-era-m, / had been. fu-era-mus, loe had been. 
 
 fu-era-s, you had been. fu-era-tis, you had been. 
 
 fu-era-t, he had been. fu-era-nt, they had been. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 fu-er-6, I shall have been. fu-eri-mus, we shall have been. 
 
 fu-eri-s, you will have been. fu-eri-tis, you will have been. 
 
 fu-eri-t, he will have been. fu-eri-nt, they will have been. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Prese7it stem, es-. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 es, be thou. es-te, be ye. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 es-to, thou shalt be. es-tote, ye shall be. 
 
 es-to, he shall be. su-nto, they shall be. 
 
 a. Notice that the somewhat irregular personal end- 
 ings in the Perfect are added directly to the Perfect 
 stem. 
 
VERB SUM. 63 
 
 b. The tense sign in the Pluperfect is -era- = had. 
 
 c. The tense sign in the Future Perfect is -eri- = shall 
 or will have. 
 
 Note. — The tense signs and personal endings of these three 
 tenses are the same in all Latin verbs. Master them and their 
 meanings now, and they will present no further difficulty. 
 
 d. Observe that -6 is the prevailing vowel in the 
 Future Imperative. 
 
 ATAIiANTA. 
 
 204. Atalanta fuit celerrima mortalium. Diii 
 propter oraculum .cpniugium vitabat. ,^ Sclioeneus, 
 virginis pater, pr'ocos filiae sTc monebat : " ST victor 
 certamine pedum eris, turn filiam meam in matri- 
 monium diices. Sed mors esto pretium tarditatis." 
 Nihilo minus Atalantae multl prod fuerunt. Nam 
 fuit pulcherrima virgo. Itaque multi ex foedere 
 poenam pendebant. Denique Hippomenes virginem 
 in matrimonium petit. Ante certamen autem a 
 Venere auxilium orat. Inde dea iuveni tria aurea 
 poma dat. 
 
 205. 1. Notwithstanding, the maidens had many 
 suitors. 2. Had you been a victor in the races? 
 3. Many of the maidens were most beautiful. 4. 
 Hippomenes will be the victor in the foot-race. 
 5. The father of the maidens, had been the swiftest 
 of mortals. 6. You shall pay the penalty unless 
 you are Qlt. shall have bee^n) tlie victor. 
 
64 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIL 
 
 
 3i 
 
 # 
 
 Sight Translation. Atalanta. — Concluded. 
 
 y 206. Interea undique ad certamen conveniunt. 
 
 Mt)x tubae signiim dant. Una cursores carcere 
 emicant et clamoribiis multitudinis pariter volant. 
 Turn Ilippomenes, dum meta longe abest, unum de 
 tribus pomis mittit. Virgo cupidine ami declinat, tol- 
 litque nitidum pomum. Interea Hippomenes primum 
 locum tenet. Mox tamen Atalanta moram corrigit. 
 
 o 
 
 Inde iuvenis secundum pomum mittit, sed nequiquam. 
 lam ad metam appropinquabant. " Nunc " inquit 
 Hippomenes "ades, o dea." Inde tertium pomum 
 mittit. Atalanta dubitat, declinat, atque Hippo- 
 \menes victor emicat, habetque praemium. 
 
 J* 207. 1. Ciir Atalanta coniugium vitabat? 2. 
 Quo modo Sclioeneus procos filiae monebat? 3. 
 Num multi ^)oenam pendebant? 4. Quis denique 
 virginem in matrimonium petit? 5. Quid Venus 
 iuveni dat? 6. Dum meta longe abest, quid facit 
 Hippomenes? 7. Num virgo cupidine pomi de- 
 clinat? 8. Corrigitne moram? 9. Quid deinde 
 facit Hippomenes ? 10. Ubi tertium pomum mittit ? 
 11. Quis fuit victor? 
 
 tuba, trumpet. absum, he distant. (Absent.) 
 
 signum, signal. cupido, desire. (Cupidity.) 
 
 una, together. (Unit.) aurum, gold. 
 
 cursor, runner. (Cursory.) de-clino, turn aside. (^Decline.) 
 
 career, starting point. tollo, pick up. ^ 
 
 emico, dart forth. I nitidus, shining. 
 
 pariter, side by side. (Parity.) corrigo, 7nake up. (Correct.) 
 
 meta, ^oa^ dubito, hesitate. (Dubita- 
 
 longe, afar. tive.) 
 
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 
 
 65 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 208. What time does the Perfect denote ? Distinguish be- 
 tween the Imperfect and Perfect. What time does the Pluper- 
 fect denote ? The Future Perfect ? Of what does the Perfect of 
 sum consist ? What is the tense sign of the Pluperfect ? Of 
 the Future Perfect ? What are the EnglisU equivalents of these 
 tense signs ? Conjugate all the tenses of the Indicative and 
 Imperative of sum, Latin and English. Translate : fueritis, 
 fui, fueramus, fuere, fuistis, fuerint ; we have been, I had been, 
 he will have been, they had been. Give an example of the Dative 
 of Possessor. 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 Third Declension Adjectives — I stems; First 
 Conjugation — Indicative and Imperative. 
 
 209. acer, sharp. Stem acri- 
 
 celer, swift. Stem celeri- 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 
 MASC. 
 
 FEM. 
 
 NKUT. MASC. 
 
 FEM. 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 
 acer 
 
 acris 
 acris 
 
 acre celer 
 
 celeris 
 celeris 
 
 celere 
 
 D. 
 
 
 acri 
 
 
 celeri 
 
 
 Ac 
 
 Ab 
 
 . acrem 
 
 acremi 
 acri 
 
 acre celerem 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 celerem 
 celeri 
 
 celere 
 
 N. 
 
 acres 
 
 acres 
 
 acria celeres 
 
 celeres 
 
 celeria 
 
 G. acrium celerium 
 
 D. acribus celeribus 
 
 Ac. acris (-es) acris (-es) acria celeris (-es) celeris (-es) celeria 
 
 Ab. acribus celeribus 
 
66 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIIL 
 
 210. fortis, brave. Stem forti-. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 PLUKAL. 
 
 
 
 MASC. and fkm. 
 
 NKUT. 
 
 MASC. and fem. 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 N. 
 
 fortis 
 
 forte 
 
 fortes 
 
 fortia 
 
 G. 
 
 fortis 
 
 
 fortium 
 
 
 D. 
 
 forti 
 
 • 
 
 fortibus 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 fortem 
 
 forte 
 
 fortis (-es)^ 
 
 fortia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 forti 
 
 
 fortibus 
 
 
 211. All stems in -ri are declined like acer, except 
 celer, which keeps -e throughout. 
 
 a. Like acer, decline equester, equestrian, andpedester, 
 pedestrian. Like fortis, decline brevis, short, and gravis, 
 heavy. Decline together: fortis vir; acris pugna; breve 
 tempus. 
 
 212. FIRST CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect stem, amav-. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 orv.--,, ? { I loved. ' _ . ( we loved. 
 
 amav-i, ) amuv-imus, S , , , 
 
 ( I have loved. { we have loved. 
 
 ^- ;„*.; ( you loved. . . ^. ( you loved. 
 
 amav-isti, < ^ , , , amuv-istis, < , 
 
 I you nave loved. L you have loved. 
 
 ... j he loved. amfiv-erunt, r they loved. 
 
 I he has loved. or amfiv-ere, \ they have loved. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 amav-era-m, 7 had loved. amav-era-mus, ive had loved. 
 
 amiiv-era-s, you had loved. amav-era-tis, you had loved. 
 
 amilv-era-t, he had loved. amav-era-nt, they had loved. 
 
 FUTURE PEKFECT. 
 
 amav-er-o, / shall have loved. amav-eri-mus, we shall have 
 
 loved. 
 amav-eri-s, you will have loved, amav-eri-tis, you will have loved. 
 amav-eri-t^ he will have loved. amav-eri-nt, they will have loved. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 61 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. — Present stem, ama-. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 ama, love thou. ama-te, love ye. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 ama-to, tliou shalt love. ama-tote, ye shall love. 
 
 ama-to, he shall love. ama-nto, they shall love. 
 
 a. Observe that, in the First Conjugation, the Perfect 
 stem is formed by adding -v to the Present stem, thus : 
 ama + v = amav-. 
 
 Note. — The student should hereafter learn the Principal 
 Parts of all the verbs in each Lesson, so that he may know their 
 different stems. ^ 
 
 DEUCALION ET PYRRHA. 
 
 213. Omnibus in locis terrae olim fuerunt impie- 
 tas et scelus. Numquam antehac homines tarn 
 turpes cmdelesque fuerant. Denioue luppiter terri- 
 bilem poenam paravit. Ex omni caelo densos nim-' 
 bos convocat et adsidiios imbiis demittit. Neptiinus 
 quoque fratrem iuvat. Ubique fliimina agros inun- 
 dant. lam altum mare etiam summos montis tegebat. 
 Parnasus solus ex undis eminebat. Hic pius Deuca- 
 lion cum coniuge Pyrrha parva rate adhaerebat. 
 Nee iam Ira deorum manet. 
 
 214. 1. We had called pious men together from 
 every land. 2. The highest mountains alone will 
 project from the deep sea. 3. The gods have pre- 
 pared cruel punishments for base men. 4. The 
 river will have inundated the land before this. 5. 
 Jupiter and Neptune assisted Deucalion and Pyrrha. 
 
68 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIIL 
 
 Sight Translation. 
 Deucalion et Pyrrha. — Concluded. 
 
 215. Statim Neptunus nubis fugavit et flumina 
 mariaque revocavit. Sed ex omnibus mortalibus 
 modo duo supererant. Maesti Deucalion et Pyrrha 
 in templo a dea auxilium orabant. Inde Themis sic 
 responsum dedit : " Velate capita, et post tergum 
 ossa magnae parentis iactate." Diii stupebant. Deu- 
 calion tandem sic dicit : " Terra est magna parens 
 omnium. Forsitan lapides sunt ossa magnae paren- 
 tis.^^ Inde ii templo discedunt, capita velant, et saxa 
 post tergum mittunt. Mox respiciunt. lam saxa 
 sunt viri et feminae. Sic dei terrae homines resti- 
 tuerunt. 
 
 216. 1. Ciir olim luppiter terribilem poenam ho- 
 minibus paravit? 2. Quid facit luppiter? 3. Quo 
 modo Neptiinus lovem iuvat? 4. Qui mons solus 
 ex undis eminebat? 5. Qui monti adhaerebant? 
 6. Quid postea facit Neptiinus ? 7. Quot ex omni- 
 bus mortalibus supererant? 8. Quid faciunt Deu- 
 calion et Pyrrha? 9. Quod responsum dedit dea? 
 10. Quid de response dicit Deucalion? 11. Quid 
 faciunt Deucalion et Pyrrha? 12. Quid evenit? 
 
 re-voc6, recall. (Revoke.) parens, parent. 
 
 modo, onli/. re-spicio, look back. (Re- 
 Themis, Goddess of Justice. spect.) 
 
 re-sp6nsum, response. femina, woman. (Feminine.) 
 
 vel5, VEIL. re-stitu6, restore. (Restitu- 
 os, bone. (Ossi-fy.) tion.) 
 
} 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 69 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 217. What is the difference in declension between acer and 
 celer ? Why does f ortis have but two endings in the Nomina- 
 tive ? Conjugate the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of 
 paro and do. What is the use of learning the Principal Parts 
 of verbs ? 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 
 ^ Third Declension Adjectives — Consonant Stems ; 
 r-i Second Conjugation — Indicative and 
 
 \ Imperative. 
 
 218. audax, daring. prudens, prudent. 
 
 Stem audac-. Stem prudent-. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 M., F. N. M., F. N- 
 
 N. audax prudens 
 
 G. audiicis prudentis 
 
 D. audaci prudenti 
 
 Ac. audacem audax prudentem prudens 
 
 Ab. audaci (-e) prudenti (-e) 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 N. audaces audacia prudentes prudentia 
 
 G. audiicium prudentium 
 
 D. audacibus prudentibus 
 
 Ac. audacis (-es) audacia priidentis (-es) prudentia 
 
 Ab. audacibus prudentibus 
 
 a. Almost all adjectives of the Third Declension with 
 Consonant stems are declined, like audax and prudens, 
 with the case endings of -i stems. Decline atrox, fierce, 
 and diligens, diligent. Decline together : ferox aper ; 
 ingens templum ; vetus Roma. 
 
70 LATIN READER — LESSON XXIV. 
 
 219. SECOND CONJUGATION — INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect stem monu-. 
 
 PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I warned or / have warned. I had warned. 
 
 monu-i monu-imus monu-era-m monu-era-mus 
 
 monu-isti inonu-istis inonu-era-s monu-era-tis 
 
 monu-it monu-erunt monu-era-t monu-era-nt 
 
 or iiionu-ere 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 / shall hare warned. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present stem mone-. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 mone mone-te 
 
 monu-er-o monu-eri-mus future. 
 
 monu-eri-s monii-eri-tis mone-to mone-tote 
 
 monu-eri-t monu-eri-nt mone-to mone-nto 
 
 a. Most verbs of the Second Conjugation form the 
 Perfect stem by changing final -e of the Present stem to 
 -u, thus mone- becomes monu- ; but there are many ex- 
 ceptions which shouhl be carefully studied. Notice the 
 stems of sedeo and video in the following paragraph. 
 
 C. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA. 
 
 220. Diu Porsena Roniam obsederat. Maxima 
 inopia cibT in iirbe erat. Denique C. Miicius, adu- 
 lescens nobilis, in castra hostium penetravit. Ibi 
 prope regium tribiinal ingentem turbam vidit. Scrlba 
 cum rege sedebat, atque stTpendium militibus dabat. 
 Dili Miicius dubitabat ; nam figiirae regis inscius 
 erat. Denique sciibam pro rege obtruncat. Satel- 
 lites regis audacem iuvenem comprehendunt retra- 
 huntque ante tribiinal. liissis regis, iTgna Miicio 
 circumdant, atque ignis parant. 
 
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 
 
 71 
 
 X 
 
 221. 1. Porsena's soldiers were besieging the ene- 
 my's camp. 2. The daring youths will slay the 
 king's attendants. 3. The soldiers penetrated the 
 vast crowd. 4. The enemies of Mucins will have 
 besieged the cities. 5. Is not the crowd of daring 
 soldiers sitting before the tribunal ? 
 
 Sight Translation. 
 C. Mucius ScAEVOLA. — Concluded. 
 
 222. Miicius autem interritus, " Romanus civis " 
 inquit "sum, neque mortem timeo." Inde dextram 
 in ignem imponit. Porsena, attonitus miraculo, tan- 
 tam virtiitem laudat, atque Miicium liberum dimittit. 
 Inde Mucius regem sic monuit : " Trecenti Romani 
 iuvenes, magne rex, in te coniiiraverunt. Mea prima 
 sors fuit. Ceteri singuli aderunt, utcumque occasio 
 erit." Rex, de sua saliite commotus, copias dediicit, 
 et agro Romano excedit. Postea Miicius, a clade 
 dextrae, cognomen Scaevola habuit. 
 
 223. 1. Ciir olim erat maxima inopia cibi in urbe 
 Roma? 2. Quis in castra hostium penetravit? 
 
 in-territus, unterrified. 
 
 timeo, fear. ( Timid. ) 
 
 dextra, right hand. (Dex- 
 terous.) 
 
 ivci-Tpono, put into or on. j^ 
 (Imposition.) 
 
 at-tonitus, astonished. 
 
 miraculum, startling act. 
 
 di-mitto, DISMISS. 
 
 tre-oenti, three hundred. 
 
 con-iuro, conspire. (Conjure.) 
 
 ut-oumque, whenever. 
 
 oc-casio, opportunity, occa- 
 sion. 
 
 com-motus, alarmed. (Com- 
 motion.) 
 
 ceteri, the others. 
 
 singuli, one bij one. (Singular.) 
 
 de-duco, lead away. (Deduce.) 
 
 cog-nomen, surname. 
 
72 LATIN EEADEli.— LESSON XXV. 
 
 3. Quid prope regium tribunal vtdit? 4. Ciir Mii- 
 cius scribam pro rege obtruncavit ? 5. Quid audaci 
 iuveni accidit? 6. Noiine Miicius ignis timuit? 
 7. Quid facit Miioius? 8. Quid facit Porsena? 
 9. Quid Mucius regem nionuit? 10. Quid facit 
 rex ? 11. Quod cognomen postea Miicius liabuit ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 224, Wliat -i stem endings are found in the declension of 
 most Third Declension adjectives with consonant stems ? Con- 
 jugate the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of habeo and 
 sedeo. What is the Genitive Singular of Mucius ? 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 
 Fourth Declension; Third Conjugation — Indica- 
 tive and Imperative. 
 
 225. exercitus, ?»., r/rm?/. cornu, n., //o?h. domus,/., /<oitse. 
 Stem exercitu- cornu- domu- 
 
 SINGULAK. CASE ENDINGS. 
 
 N. exercitus cornu domus -us -u 
 
 G. exercitus cornus domus (domi) -us 
 
 D. exercitui (-u) cornu domui (domo) -ui(-u)-u 
 
 Ac. exercitum cornu domum -um -u 
 
 Ab. exercitu cornu domo (domu) -u 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 N. exercitus cornua domus -us -ua 
 
 G. exercituum cornuum domuum (domorum) -uum 
 
 D. exercitibus cornibus domibus -ibus 
 
 Ac. exercitus cornua domos (domus) -us -ua 
 
 Ab. exercitibus cornibus domibus -ibus 
 
FOURTH DECLENSION. 73 
 
 a. Notice that tir%-stem ends in -u; hence this is 
 sometimes called the -u Declension. 
 
 b. Observe that domus has several forms of the 
 Second Declension, and that the Second Declension form 
 is preferred to the Fourth in the Ablative Singula^' and 
 in the Accusative Plural. 
 
 226. Gender Rule. Most nouns of the Fourth Declen- 
 sion ending in -us are Masculine ; those ending in -u are 
 Neuter. 
 
 Exc. Manus and domus are feminine. 
 
 227. Like exercitus decline magistratus, m., magis- 
 trate, and manus, /., hand, band; like cornu decline 
 genu, n., knee. 
 
 228. THIRD CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect stem rex- 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I ruled or 
 
 / have ruled. 
 
 Ihad 
 
 ruled. 
 
 rex-i 
 
 rex-imus 
 
 rex-era-m 
 
 rex-era-mus 
 
 rex-isti 
 
 rex-istis 
 
 rex-era-s 
 
 rex-era-tis 
 
 rex-it 
 
 rex-erunt 
 or rex-ere 
 
 rex-era-t 
 
 rex-era-nt 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present stem rege-. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. PRESENT. 
 
 / shall have ruled. rege regi-te 
 
 rex-er-o rex-eri-mus future. 
 
 rex-eri-s rex-eri-tis regi-to regi-tote 
 
 rex-eri-t rex-eri-nt regi-to regu-nto 
 
 a. The formation of the Perfect stem in the Third 
 Conjugation is very irregular. Notice the following 
 ways of forming the Perfect stem : 
 
74 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXV. 
 
 1. Adding s to the root : reg- + s = rex-, due- + s = 
 dux-, lud- + s = lus-. 
 
 2. Reduplication (prefixing the first two letters to 
 the root) : cu + curr- = cucurr-, pe -f pell- = pepul-. 
 
 3. Lengthening the vowel of the root : em-, em- ; ag- 
 eg- ; vine-, vie-. 
 
 4. Adding -u to the root : al- + u = alu-, eol- +-u= eolu-. 
 
 5. By adding -Iv to the root : pet- + iv - petiv-, quaer- 
 -f IV = quaesiv-. 
 
 6. Retaining the root : ru-, ru- : vert-, vert-. 
 
 DUO EQUITES. ^ 
 
 229. Postquam Porsena cum suo exercitu finibus 
 Romanis excesserat, Tarquinius a1b Octavio Mamilio, 
 rege Latinoruui, auxilium petTvit. Brevi postea Ro- 
 mauT et Latin! ad lacum Regillum dimicaverunt. 
 Grave et atrox erat proelium. Denique a- sinistro 
 cornii RomanT impetum LatTuorum non sustinuerunt. 
 lude Aulus Postumius dictator, " Tem2:)lum " incla- 
 mat " geminis fratribus voveo, si hodie hostis vTceri- 
 mus." Ecce autem, statim duo Tgnoti iuvenes in albis 
 equTs clelectam manum dictatoris in hostis ducebant. 
 
 230. 1. The two armies have withdrawn from the 
 Latin territory. 2. Mamilius had led the cavalry 
 against the left wing. 3. The dictator, with a 
 picked band of young men, was sustaining the ene- 
 my's attacks. 4. Postumius will lead the left wing 
 of the Roman army. 5. Will not tlie king have 
 souQfht aid from the Latins? 
 
FOURTH DECLENSION. 75 
 
 Sight Translation. Duo Equites. - — Concluded. 
 
 231. Omnibus in locTs magna caedes erat. lam 
 Mamilius atque filius TarquinT occidunt. Denique 
 Latmi terga vertunt et fuga saliitem petunt. In- 
 terea in urbe cTves in magno metii erant. Subito, 
 occasii solis, duo equites in Foro apparent. Prope 
 templum Vestae ex equTs descendunt. Dum hic 
 fessTs equis aquam dant, civibus vTctoriam praecla- 
 ram niintiant. Inde ex Foro equitant, neque iterum 
 Romanis apparent. Sed Aulus " Duo equites " in- 
 quit "gemini fratres, Castor et Polliix, fuerunt." 
 In Foro igitur templum magnificum aedificavit dica- 
 vitque geminls dels. 
 
 232. 1. Num Porsena Romam expiignavit? 2. 
 A quo postea Tarquinius auxilium petivit? 8. 
 Ubi duo exercitiis dimicaverunt ? 4. Nonne Ro- 
 man! impetum Latinorum sustinuerunt? 5. Quid 
 inclamavit dictator? 6. Quid accidit? 7. Qui 
 denique terga verterunt? 8. Qui in Foro, occasii 
 solis, apparuerunt ? 9. Quid prope templum Vestae 
 fecerunt? 10. Qui erant duo equites ? 
 
 oc-cido, /a^/, _pem^. fessus, tired. 
 
 verto, turn. (Re-vert.) victoria, victory. 
 
 metus, anxiety. prae-clarus, .splendid., glorious. 
 
 oc-casus, setting. iiuntio, an-NOUNCE. 
 
 sol, sun. (Solar.) iterum, again. 
 
 Vesta, Goddess of the Hearth. Castor, Castor. 
 
 de-scendo, descend, dis- Pollux, Pollux. 
 
 mount. magni-ficus, magnificent. 
 
76 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 LESSON XX VL 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 233. Why is the Fourth Declension sometimes called the -u 
 Declension ? Decline domus. In what cases of domus are the 
 Second Declension forms preferred to the Fourth ? State the 
 Gender Rule. What nouns in -us are Feminine ? Conjugate 
 the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of duco. Give a 
 synopsis in the Indicative and Imperative of do and sustineo. 
 (A synopsis is an outline of a verb, giving but one form in each 
 tense, as: amat, amabat, amabit, etc.) 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 
 Fifth Declension ; Fourth Conjugation — Indica- 
 tive and Imperative ; Accusative of Time. 
 
 234 
 
 . dies, m. 
 
 , day. 
 
 TBS, J 
 
 '., thing. 
 
 
 
 stem 
 
 die- 
 
 
 re- 
 
 
 CASE 
 
 ENDINGS. 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 N. 
 
 dies 
 
 dies 
 
 res 
 
 res 
 
 -es 
 
 -es 
 
 G. 
 
 diei 
 
 dierum 
 
 - rei 
 
 rerum 
 
 -ei 
 
 -erum 
 
 D. 
 
 diei 
 
 diebus 
 
 - rei 
 
 rebus 
 
 -ei 
 
 -ebus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 diem 
 
 dies 
 
 rem 
 
 res 
 
 -em 
 
 -is 
 
 Ab. 
 
 die 
 
 diebus 
 
 re 
 
 rebus 
 
 -e 
 
 -ebus 
 
 a. The stem ends in -e. 
 
 b. Only dies and res have all the cases in the Plural. 
 Most nouns of this declension are declined in the Sin- 
 gular only, but a few have also the Nominative and 
 Accusative Plural. 
 
 c. Contrary to the rule, in the Genitive and Dative 
 Singular the vowel -e is long before -i, except in res, spgs, 
 and fides. See § 8, b. 
 
FIFTH DECLENSION. 11 
 
 235. Gender Rule. Nouns of the Fifth Declension 
 are Femininej except dies, which is usually Masculine in 
 the Singular, and always in the Plural. 
 
 236. FOURTH CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect stem audiv-. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I heard or 
 
 ■ I have heard. 
 
 / had heard. 
 
 audiv-i 
 
 audiv-imus 
 
 audiv-era-m audlv-era-mus 
 
 audiv-isti 
 
 audiv-istis 
 
 audiv-era-s audlv-era-tis 
 
 audiv-it 
 
 audiv-erunt 
 or audiv-ere 
 
 audiv-era-t audlv-era-nt 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present stem audi-. 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 I shall have heard. 
 
 audi audi-te 
 
 audIv-er-6 
 
 audiv-eri-mus 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 audiv-eri-s 
 
 audiv-eri-tis 
 
 audi-to audi-tote 
 
 audiv-eri-t 
 
 audlv-eri-nt 
 
 audi-to audiu-nto 
 
 a. The Perfect stem in the Fourth Conjugation is 
 regularly formed by adding -v to the Present stem as, 
 audi- + V = audiv-. 
 
 237. ACCUSATIVE OF TIME HOW LONG. 
 
 Multos annos caecus fuit. He was blind many years. 
 
 Observe that annos is in the Accusative, and that it 
 answers the question, IIoiv long? It is therefore called 
 the Accusative of time liow long. 
 
 238. Rule XVI. The Accusative is used to denote 
 time how long. 
 
78 LATIN READER. — LESSON XX VL 
 
 PROSERPLNA. 
 
 239. In Sicilia quondam Proserpina, filia Cereris, 
 in liico flores carpebat. Subito Pliiionis currus ad 
 lucum celeriter appropinquat. Deus pulchram deam 
 videt atque statim diligit. Nee iilla mora est. lam 
 Proserpina captiva in currii terribilis del per agros 
 laciisque volat. NequTquam dea territa matrem et 
 comites clamat. Mox Pliiton sceptrum in altum 
 fontem condit et viam in Tartara aperit. 
 
 Interea Ceres flliam dies noctisque quaesiverat 
 sed non reppererat. Denique fessa dea omnem spem 
 deposuit. Valde Trata friiges terris negabat. Ubique 
 dira inopia erat. 
 
 240. 1. At length the mother and companions of 
 Proserpina gave up all their hopes. 2. Have you 
 searched for the maiden during the night? 3. He 
 had opened a way through the earth with Pluto's 
 sceptre. 4. Did not the maidens pluck flowers in 
 the fields during the day? 5. You will not find 
 the god's chariot in the grove. 
 
 Sight Translation. Proserpina. — Concluded. 
 
 241. Sed fliimen Alpheus, dum subter Sicilian! 
 fluit, Proserpinam viderat, et nunc tandem Cereri 
 totam rem narravit. Inde dea ad lovem venit, et 
 auxilium oravit. Pater hominum atque deorum 
 preces Cereris benlgne audivit. Tum sTc respondit: 
 " Proserpina repetet terram, sed certa lege, sT nullum 
 cibum contigit." At infelix Proserpina, dum per 
 
FIFTH DECLENSION. 79 
 
 hortum errat, Puniceuin pomum gustaverat. Iteruin 
 Ceres omiiem spem deposuit. Turn luppiter, plenus 
 misericordiae annum inter Plutonem et Cererem 
 dividit. Qua re postea Proserpina cum matre sex 
 mensis, cum coniuge totidem mensis semper manebat. 
 
 242. 1. Ubi quondam Proserpina flores carpebat? 
 2. Quis ad lucum celeriter appropTnquat? 3. Vi- 
 detne Pluton Proserpinam ? 4. Quid statim accidit ? 
 5. Quo modo Pluton viam in Tartara aperuit? 6. 
 Quid interea Ceres fecerat? 7. Quo modo Ceres 
 terras piinivit? 8. Quis tandem Cereri totam rem 
 'narravit? 9. A quo Ceres auxilium oravit? 10. 
 
 Quid respondit luppiter? 11. Contigeratne Pro- 
 serpina ullum cibum? 12. Quid tandem fecit 
 luppiter ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 243. Decline together festus dies ; res publica ; inanis 
 currus. State the Gender Rule for the Fifth Declension. Inflect 
 the Indicative and Imperative of repeiio. (xive a synopsis of 
 divido and maneo. 
 
 Alpheus, a river in Greece. in-ieli:^, unfortunate. (Infelici- 
 subter, underneath. tous.) 
 
 fluo, FLOW. Puniceus, funic, reddish ; with 
 totns, whole. (Total.) ■pomwcQ. = jpomegranate. 
 
 prex, prayer., entreaty. gusto, taste. (Dis-gust. ) 
 
 benigue, in a kindly manner, miseri-cordia, pity. 
 
 BENIGNLY. dlvido, DIVIDE. 
 
 lex, law. (Legal.) sex, six. 
 
 cextvLS, fixed, certain. mensis, mon^^. 
 
 nullus, no. (Null.) con-iunx, husband. (Conju- 
 
 con-tingo, touch. (Contact.) gal.) 
 
80 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXVIL 
 
 LESSON XXVIL 
 
 Personal and Reflexive Pronouns ; Double 
 Accusative. 
 
 244. " FIIiST PEKSON. 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 N. ego, I. nos, we. 
 
 G. mei, of me. nostrum or nostri, of us. 
 
 D. mihi (mi), to or for me. nbhia, to or for us. 
 
 Ac. me, me. nos, us. 
 
 Ab. me,/ro>/i, with, or by me. nobis, /rom, with, or by us. 
 
 SECOND PERSON. 
 
 N. til, you. vos, you. 
 
 G. tui, of you. vestrum or vestri, of you. 
 
 D. tibi, to or for you. vobis, to or for you. 
 
 Ac. te, you. vos, you. 
 
 Ab. te,from, with, or by you. vobis, yVom, with, or by you. 
 
 REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 N. 
 
 G. Bui, of himself , herself , itself . sui, of themselves. 
 D. sibi, to or for himself, etc. sibi, to or for themselves. 
 Ac. se or sese, himself, etc. se or sese, themselves. 
 
 Ah. Be or sese, from, ivith, or se or sese, /row, with, or by 
 by himself, etc. themselves. 
 
 a. The Reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the 
 sentence, as : Imperator se culpat, The geMeral hlmnes 
 himself. The pronouns of the first and second person 
 may also be used refiexively, asj Ego me culpo, I blame 
 myself ; vos vos oulpatis, You hlame yourselves. 
 
 b. The preposition cum becomes an enclitic when 
 used with the Personal and Reflexive pronouns, as : 
 tecum, nobiscum. 
 
PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 81 
 
 245. DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 Romulus urbem Rdmam vocavit, Romulus called the 
 city Rome. 
 
 246. Rule XVII. Verbs of naming, making, choosing, 
 sJioiaing, and the like, may have two Accusatives of the 
 same person or thing. 
 
 PERSEUS ET MEDUSA. 
 
 247. Polydectes, rex Seriphi, Danaen, matrem 
 Persei, in matrimonium sibi petebat. At Perseus 
 obstabat. Rex tandem iuvenem ad se vocavit. 
 " Quot annos" inquit "hic ignavus manebis? Tii es 
 non iam infans. A latere matris discede, et apud 
 externas gentis gloriam pete. Ubi Gorgonis Medii- 
 sae caput abscTderis, turn fortem virum te praebebis." 
 Sine mora Perseus ad iter paravit. Mediisa autem 
 cum duabus sororibus in Libya habitabat. Dira mon- 
 stra erant Gorgones ; nam aureas alas et aeneos un- 
 guis habebant. Mediisa olim pulcherrima virgo 
 fuerat. Sed Minervam laeserat. Qua re Trata, dea 
 crinis Mediisae in turpTs serpentis mutaverat. 
 
 248. 1. Show yourselves brave heroes, young men. 
 2. The maiden will remain abroad two years. 3. 
 I had sought glory for myself in Africa. 4. We 
 called the young men to us. 5. The monster has 
 brazen claws (^use the Dative of Possessor^. 
 
 Sight Translation. 
 Perseus et Medusa. — Cojitinued. 
 
 249. Exinde, sT quis ora Mediisae aspexit, proti- 
 nus in saxum se vertit. Perseus autem Gorgones 
 
82 LATIN HEADER.— LESSON XXVIl. 
 
 non temere petivit, sed pnmum ab immortalibus dels 
 auxilium oravit. Inde Minerva iuveni nitidum cli- 
 peuni dedit. Harpen, teluni curvo hamo, atque talaria 
 ab Mercurio Perseus accepit. Sic arniatus ad oras 
 Libycas tendit. Mox ad locum venit, ubi Graeae 
 sedebant. Tribus soioribus erant omnino unus ocu- 
 lus unusque dens. Ab GraeTs viam ad Hesperidas 
 quaesivit Perseus, sed asperum responsum recepit. 
 Dum auteui unum oculum inter se tradunt, Perseus 
 suam manum supposuit et oculum subripuit. Tum 
 denique necessitate, sorores iuveni viam monstrave- 
 runt. 
 
 250. 1. Quis matrem Persei in matrimonium sibi 
 frustra petebat ? 2. Quid tandem fecit rex ? 3. 
 Quid Perseo dixit? 4. Qualia monstra erant Gor- 
 gones? 5. Quo modo olim Minerva Medusam 
 piiniverat ? 6. Quid accidit, si quis ora Medusae 
 aspexit? 7. Quid Perseus ab Minerva accepit? 
 8. Quid ab Mercurio? 9. Quae erant Graeae? 
 10. Quo modo Perseus Graearum oculum cepit? 
 
 ex-inde, thereafter. ac-cipio, receive. (Accept.) 
 
 OS, face., feature. (Oral.) ora, .s7<ore. 
 
 a-spicio, look at. (Aspect.) Libycus, Libyan^ African. 
 
 prb-tinvLS, forthwith. tendo, hold one's course, tend. 
 
 temeie, rashly. (Temerity.) Graeae, the gkaeae. (SeeYo- 
 immortalis, immortal. cab.) 
 
 clipeus, (a round) shield. dens, tooth. (Dentist.) 
 
 Harpe, a sickle-shaped sword. Hesperides, guardians of the 
 hamus, hook. golden apples. 
 
 curvus, CURVED, bent. sup-pono, place under. 
 
 talaria, winged sandals. sub-ripio, steal away. (Sur- ■ 
 Mercurius, Mercury, mes- reptitious.) 
 
 senger of the gods. necessitas, necessity. 
 
PASSIVE OF FIBST CONJUGATION. 83 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 251. Decline the Personal Pronouns. Decline the Reflexive. 
 Translate: We blame ourselves ; they blame tJiemselves ; will not 
 your mother come with you f 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. 
 
 Voice ; Passive of First Conjugation ; Ablative of 
 Agent. 
 
 252. There are two voices : 
 
 a. The Active voice represents the subject as acting, 
 as : The dog hit the hoy. 
 
 h. The Passive voice represents the subject as acted 
 upon, as : The boy u'cis hitten hy the dog. 
 
 Heretofore, verbs have been given in the Active voice 
 only. 
 
 253. The Personal endings in the Passive voice are 
 as follows : — 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 -r = I. -mur = we. 
 
 -ris or -re = you. -mini = you. 
 
 -tur = /je, she^ it. -ntur = they. 
 
 254. FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 amo-r, I am loved. ama-mur, we are loved. 
 
 ama-ris or -re, you are loved. ama-mini, you are loved. 
 
 ama-tur, he is loved. ama-ntur, they are loved. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 ama-ba-r, I was loved. ama-ba-mur, we were loved. 
 
 ama-ba-ris or -re, you icere loved, amfi-ba-mini, you were loved. 
 ama-ba-tur, he was loved. ama-ba-ntur, they were loved. 
 
amatus 
 
 84 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXV IIL 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 ama-bo-r, / shall he loved. 
 ama-be-ris or -re, you will he loved. 
 ama-bi-tur, lie will he loved. 
 amfi-bi-niur, we shall he loved. 
 ama-bi-mini, you will he loved. 
 ama-bu-ntur, they will be loved. 
 
 PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 „ f / ivas loved. 
 
 sum, < 
 
 (. I have heen loved. 
 
 J r you were loved. 
 
 (-a, -um) j ' \ you have been loved. 
 
 I ^ j he was loved. 
 
 I ' ^ he has been loved. 
 
 o,.».»o i w)e were loved. 
 sumus, < 
 
 ( we have been loved. 
 
 amati ' . . j you were loved. 
 
 (-ae, -a) I ' } you have heen loved. 
 
 I _„„4. j they were loved. 
 
 I ' I they have been loved. 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Teram, I had heen loved. 
 d us ^ eras, ijou had heen loved. 
 {- , -um; j^gj-at, he had been loved. 
 
 f eramus, we had been loved. 
 J eratis, t/ou had been loved. 
 ^' ' ' ^ [erant, they had heen loved. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 C ero, I shall have been loved. 
 . "^ ^ -{ eris, you will have been loved. 
 ^~ ' ""™^ [erit, he will have been loved. 
 
 ferimus, we shall have been loved. 
 ■^ eritis, you will have been loved. 
 ^' ' '^^ [erunt, they will have been loved. 
 
ABLATIVE OF AGENT. 85 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 amu-re, be thou loved. ama-mim, be ye loved. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 ama-tor, thou shalt be loved. 
 
 ama-tor, he shall be loved. ama-ntor, they shall be loved. 
 
 a. Observe that the te7ise signs in the Present, Imper- 
 fect, and Future are the same as in the Active voice. 
 
 h. In the Perfect, Phiperfect, and Future Perfect 
 tenses, the participle amatus must agree with the sub- 
 ject of the verb in gender, number, and case, as : pater 
 amatus est, mater amata est, etc. 
 
 c. Notice -that the Present Imperative Passive is the 
 same as the Present Infinitive Active. 
 
 d. Notice the irregularities in the First Singular of 
 the Present Indicative, and in the First and Second 
 Singular of the Future Indicative. 
 
 255. ABLATIVE OF AGENT. 
 
 Oppidum a Caesare expugnatum est. The town was 
 taken by Caesar. 
 
 Observe that Caesare is in the Ablative with the 
 preposition a, and that it denotes the agent or j^ei^son by 
 whom the action was done. Hence it is called the 
 Ablative of Agent. 
 
 256. Rule XVIII. The Ablative with the preposition 
 a or ab is used to denote the Agent after Passive verbs. 
 
 Note. — a may be used on??/before words beginning with a con- 
 sonant; ab before words beginning with a vowel or a consonant. 
 (Compare the use of a and an in English.) 
 
86 LATIN BEADEE. — LESSON XXVIIL 
 
 ^^^ ^^SEUS ET^EDUSA. — Continued. 
 
 257. Haucl ita multo post Perseus ad pomaria 
 Hesperidum perveiiit. Pulclirae virgines cum iii- 
 somni dracone arborem auieis pomis custodiebant. 
 IIic quoque Perseus felTx fuit. Nam nh virginibus 
 mira galea, ddiialus est. QuTcumque galeam induit, 
 statim ex oculis evaiiuit. Nunc dcnicpie Perseus ad 
 certameu cum Gorgonibus paratus est. Mox ad 
 domos Gorgoiium appropiiiqual)at. Passim per 
 agros et per vias saxea simulacra hominum fera- 
 rumque videbat. Nam omnes res a jNIedusa in saxa 
 miitatae erant. Perseus autem in nitidum clipeum 
 inspiciebat. Subito horribilem formam monstri cernit. 
 
 258. 1. Be thou changed, friglitful monster, into 
 a stone. 2. The maiden is presented by Perseus 
 with a golden apple. 3. Will the men have been 
 prepared for tlie contests with Avild beasts? 4. 
 The sleepless dragon will Avatch the golden apples 
 in the gardens. 5. Men and beasts were every- 
 where being changed into stones. 
 
 Siffht Translatio7i. 
 Pekseus et Medusa. — Concluded. 
 
 259. Dum gravis somnus tris sorores tenet, Perseus 
 Medusae caput fido telo abscidit. Inde celeribus 
 talaribus avolat. Interea duae reliquae Gorgones 
 e sonino excitantur, atque caedem suae sororis senti- 
 unt. Omnis in partis circumspectant et mox hostem 
 cernunt. Sine mora instant. At Perseus miram 
 galeam induit, atque ita magno periculo statim 
 
ABLATIVE OF AGENT. 87 
 
 liberatur. Denique cum capite Gorgonis ad insulam 
 Seriphon pervenit. Hic matrem in templo invenit, 
 quo indignitatibus Polydectae fugerat. Inde ad re- 
 giam Perseus pergit, atque sine mora malum regem 
 in saxum miitat. Brevi postea Harpen et talaria 
 Mercurio, galeam Hesperidibus reddidit. Mediisae 
 caput Minervae dedit. Semper postea dea Gorgonis 
 caput in medio clipeo gerebat. 
 
 260. 1. Quid insonmis draco in pomariis Hesperi- 
 dum custodiebat? 2. Quid Hesperides Perseo 
 dederunt? 3. Quam ob rem mira fuit galea? 4. 
 Quid videbat Perseus, ubi ad domos Gorgonum appro- 
 pTnquabat? 5. Ciir Perseus in saxum non mutatus 
 est? 6. Quo modo Perseus Mediisam caedit? 7. 
 Quid faciunt duae reliquae Gorgones ? 8. Quo 
 modo Perseus periculo liberatur? 9. Ubi matrem 
 invenit? 10. Quo modo malum regem piinivit ? 
 11. Quibus Perseus arma dedit? 12. Ubi semper 
 postea erat caput Gorgonis ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 261. Distinguish between the Active and Passive voice. 
 What are the Personal endings in the Passive ? What stems are 
 used in the Passive ? Give an example of your own of the Abla- 
 tive of Agent. How does it differ from the Ablative of Means ? 
 
 somnus, sleep. (In-somnia.) insula, island. (Insular.) 
 
 fidus, trusty. (Fidelity.) quo, whither. 
 
 B.-vo\b,fiy away. in-dignitas, indignity. 
 
 ex-cito, awake. (Excite.) fugio./ee. (Fugitive.) 
 
 sentio, perceive. (Sense.) pergo, proceecZ. 
 
 circum-specto, iooA: arowncZ. medius, muW^e o/. (Medium.) 
 insto, pursue. (Instant.) 
 
88 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIX. 
 
 Inflect paro in all tenses of the Indicative and Imperative Pas- 
 sive. Translate: mutaberis, mutantor, mutatus eram, miita- 
 mini, mutata est, mutabaris, mutati erimus; you (plural) 
 had been changed, lam changed, itwill have been changed, we were 
 being changed, you (singular) will be changed, be ye changed. 
 
 LESSON XXIX. 
 
 Demonstrative Pronouns, Hic, Ille, and Iste ; Pas- 
 sive of the Second Conjugation. 
 
 262. The Demonstrative pronouns are used to point 
 out or emphasize an object. They are hIc; iste, ille, is, 
 idem, and ipse. They may be used alone as pronouns ; 
 or, like adjectives, they may agree with their nouns in 
 gender, number, and case. 
 
 2 
 
 63. hie, this. 
 
 
 
 ille, that. 
 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 hic 
 
 haec 
 
 hoc 
 
 ille 
 
 ilia 
 
 illud 
 
 G. 
 
 
 huius 
 
 
 
 illius 
 
 
 D. 
 
 
 huic 
 
 
 
 illi 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 hunc 
 
 hanc 
 
 hoc 
 
 ilium 
 
 illam 
 
 illud 
 
 Ab. 
 
 hoc 
 
 hac 
 
 hoc 
 
 illo 
 
 ilia 
 
 illo 
 
 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 N. . 
 
 hi 
 
 hae 
 
 haec 
 
 illi 
 
 illae 
 
 ilia 
 
 G. 
 
 horum 
 
 harum 
 
 horum 
 
 illorum 
 
 illarum 
 
 illorum 
 
 D. 
 
 
 his 
 
 
 
 illis 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 hos 
 
 has 
 his 
 
 haec 
 
 illos 
 
 illas 
 illis 
 
 ilia 
 
 Note. — iste, ista, istud is declined like ille, ilia, illud. 
 
 a. hIc, this (iiear me), is called the Demonstrative of 
 
 the First person, as : hic liber, this book. 
 
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 89 
 
 b. iste, that (of yours), is called the Demonstrative of 
 the Second person, as : iste liber, that book of yours. It 
 often implies contempt. 
 
 c. ille, that (jjonder, near him), is called the Demon- 
 strative of the Third person, as : ille liber, that book 
 yonder. 
 
 d. AVhen hie and ille are contrasted, ille usually de- 
 notes the former, and hic the latter. 
 
 264. SECOXD CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT. IMPERFECT. 
 
 I am warned. I was warned. 
 
 moneo-r mone-mur mone-ba-r mone-ba-mur 
 
 mone-ris or -re mone-mini mone-ba-ris or -re mone-ba-niini 
 
 mone-tur mone-ntur moiie-ba-tur mone-ba-ntur 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall be warned. 
 mone-bo-r mone-bi-mur 
 
 mone-be-ris or -re mone-bi-niini 
 mone-bi-tur mone-bu-ntur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I was warned or I have been warned. 
 
 ( sum ( sumus 
 
 monitus )^ moniti ) ^^^^^ 
 
 (-a,-um) 1^^^ (-^6'-^) (sunt 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had been warned. 
 
 ' eramus 
 
 ( eram ( 
 
 \ eras "^^"^^^ \ .....= 
 
 (-a'-^°^)(erat ^^^' -^) ( erant 
 
 monitus , - ^^^..^..^ , 
 
 eras ~( eratis 
 
90 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIX. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall have been warned. 
 
 
 inonitus 
 (-a, -um 
 
 f ero 
 
 } eris 
 
 )|erit 
 
 moniti 
 
 (-ae, -a) 
 
 
 erimus 
 
 eritis 
 
 erunt 
 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 .^;^; 
 
 F 
 
 mone-tor 
 
 UTURE. 
 
 mone-re ...^.^.. 
 
 LUUllC-JLlXiilX 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 raone-tor 
 
 
 mone-ntor 
 
 ARION ET DELPHINUS. 
 
 265. Clarissimi vates anliquitatis fuerunt Orpheus 
 et A lion. Ex his, ille Thracius, hic Lesbius fuit. 
 De Aiione haeo res adliuc memoria teiietur: Apud 
 Periandrum, regem Coriuthi, ArTon multos annos 
 habitabat. Aliquaiido in Siciliam transmisit. Ubique 
 reges prlncipesque dulcedine carminum Arionis de- 
 lectabantur. Denique multis pretiosls donis onustus 
 navem conscendit, et Graeciam repetebat. Nautae 
 aiitem avari erant, atque Arioni mortem struebant. 
 Vates illorum mala consilia sentit et misericordiam 
 implorat sed frustra. Denique extremam veniam 
 orat atque impetrat. Protinus splendidam vestem 
 induit, et lyram sumit. 
 
 266. 1. These things will be remembered by the 
 wicked princes many years. 2. The avaricious 
 king will have been delighted with that costly gift 
 (of yours). 3. I will embark immediately and 
 return to Sicily. 4. The former implored pity in 
 vain, the latter obtained his request. 5. Are the 
 songs of Arion still remembered in Greece? 
 
DEMONSTRATIVE PBONOUNS. 
 
 91 
 
 tV 
 
 Sight Translation. Arion et Delphinus. — Concluded. 
 
 267. Inde Aiion in puppi navis lyra canit. Totum 
 mare cantu vatis sonat. Mox multi delphiiii circum 
 navem congregantur. Protinus Arlon ornatus in 
 medias undas desilit. Turn unus ex delphinis Aiioni 
 curvum tergum supponit atque novum onus vehit. 
 Vates autem incolumis in illius tergo sedet, tenetque 
 lyram, et cantii undas mulcet. Sic magna cum cele- 
 ritate delphinus Aiionem ad Taenarum vehit. Inde 
 Arion ad Periandrum contendit et omnis res narravit. 
 Brevi postea mail nautae ad urbem Corinthum perve- 
 nerunt. Sine mora ad regem vocati sunt. Primum 
 de Arione mendacia dixerunt. Sed ubi rex vatem 
 advocavit perturbati sunt, atque mox poenam iiistam 
 solverunt. 
 
 268. 1. Qui fuerunt clarissimT vates antiquitatis ? 
 2. Ubi habitabat Arion? 3. A quibus multa dona 
 aliquando accepit? 4. Qui Arioni mortem strue- 
 bant? 5. Quid fecit vates? 6. Qui circum 
 
 puppis, stern. 
 cano, play. 
 
 cantus, singing. (Chant.) 
 sono, re-souND. 
 circum, around. 
 con-grego, assemble. (Con- 
 gregation. ) 
 ornatus, ad-ORNED, dressed. 
 novus, strange., new. 
 veho, carry. (Vehicle.) 
 in-columis, safe, unharmed. 
 mulceo, soothe. 
 
 Taenarus, a promontory of 
 Greece. 
 
 con-tendo, hasten. (Con- 
 tend.) 
 
 mendacium, falsehood, lie. 
 (Mendacity.) 
 
 ad-voco, call to. (Advo- 
 cate.) 
 
 per-turbo, confuse. (Per- 
 turbation. ) 
 
 iustus, JUST, deserved. 
 
 solvo, pay. (Solve.) 
 
92 
 
 LATIN HEADER. 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 
 navem congregaiitur ? 7. Quo modo unus ex del- 
 phinis Aiioiii auxilium dedit? 8. Quo delphinus 
 vatem vehit ? 9. Ad quern Aiion contendit ? 10. 
 legem vocati sunt, quid de Arione 
 Quid accidit ubi Arionem vide- 
 
 ad 
 11, 
 
 Ubi nautae 
 
 dixerunt? 
 
 runt? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 269. In what two ways may Demonstrative pronouns be 
 used? Decline together: hie vir; haec res; hoc donum; ille 
 rex; ista civitas; illud mare. Distinguish between hie, ille, 
 and iste. Inllect doee5 in all tenses of the Indicative and Im- 
 perative Passive. Translate : doetae eritis. doeeor, doeebitur, 
 doeti erant, doeemini, doeebamur, doeere, doetus es ; we 
 are taught, they shall he taught, you (singular) had been taught, 
 I was being taught, she has been taught. 
 
 i LESSON XXX. 
 
 ' Demonstrative Pronouns — Is, Idem and Ipse 
 Passive of the Third Conjugation. 
 
 270. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 X. is ea 
 
 G. eius 
 
 D. ei 
 
 Ac. eum earn 
 
 Ab. eo ea 
 
 id 
 
 id 
 eo 
 
 is, this, that. 
 
 e^(ii) 
 eorum 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 eae 
 earum 
 
 eis (iis) 
 eas 
 eis (iis) 
 
 ea 
 eorum 
 
 eaedem eadem 
 
 idem, the same. 
 N. idem eadem idem eidem 
 
 (iidem) 
 G. eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem 
 
 D. eidem eisdem (iisdem) 
 
 Ac. eundemeaudemidem eosdem easdem eadem 
 Ab. eodem eadem eodem eisdem (iisdem) 
 
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 93 
 
 > ipse, self. 
 
 N. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa 
 
 G. ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum 
 
 D. ipsi ipsis 
 
 Ac. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa 
 
 Ab. ipso ipsa ipso ipsis 
 
 a. Is is not as forcible as hie or ille. It is frequently 
 used as a pronoun of the Third person, meaning he, 
 she, it. 
 
 b. Notice that idem = is + dem (a demonstrative 
 suffix). 
 
 Observe the change of m to n before d. 
 G. Ipse adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun, as : 
 vir ipse, the man himself. 
 
 271. THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT. IMPERFECT. 
 
 I am ruled. I was ruled. 
 
 rego-r regi-mur rege-ba-r rege-ba-mur 
 
 rege-ris or re regi-mini rege-ba-ris or re rege-ba-mini 
 
 regi-tur regu-ntur rege-ba-tur rege-ba-ntur 
 
 FUTURE. PERFECT. 
 
 I shall be ruled. I was ruled or I have been ruled. 
 
 reg-a-r reg-e-mur _ ^ ( sum ( sumus 
 
 _ . _ . _ rectus ) ^„ recti ) 
 
 reg-e-ris or re reg-e-mini , x K ®^ , x i estis 
 
 - ^ .. (-a, -um) j ^. (-ae, -a) j 
 
 reg-e-tur reg-e-ntur ^ ' ' { est ^ ( sunt 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had been ruled. 
 
 ( eram _ ^ . ( eramus 
 
 rectus y _ recti } 
 
 ^ ■{ eras ^ ^ > eratis 
 
 (-a, -um) ) ^ (-ae, -a) ) . 
 
 ^ ' ^ ( erat ^ ( e^^nt 
 
94 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXX. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 1 shall have been ruled. 
 
 _ , ( ero _ . C erimus 
 
 rectus ) . recti A 
 
 J ens J eritis 
 
 (-a,-um)|^^.^ ^-^^'-^)(erunt 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT. FUTURE. 
 
 rege-re regi-mini regi-tor 
 
 regi-tor regu-ntor 
 
 DOMUS ROMANA. 
 
 272. Vestibulum domus Komanae erat vacuus locus 
 ante ianuam. Per id vestibulum erat aditus a via ad 
 domum. lanua ipsa erat iTgnea ; at postes saepe 
 erant e marmore. In limine plerumque erat verbum 
 "Salve " in pavimento tessellato. Interior domus in 
 tris partis dividebatur. Earum prima pars appellata 
 est atrium. In medio tecto eius partis, liicis et aeris 
 causa, apertum spatium relTctum est. Pluvia per 
 eundem locum in impluvium descendit. Supellex 
 erat exigua ; at parietes pulchiis statuis plcturisque 
 ornabantur. In atrio, dominus amicis et clientibus 
 aditum dabat. 
 
 273. 1. That space had been left in the wall on 
 account of a door. 2. The atrium will be in the 
 same part of the house. 3. Roman houses are 
 divided into these three parts. 4. Have not the 
 doors themselves been left open? 5. The roofs of 
 Roman houses were divided into the same parts. 
 
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 95 
 
 Sight Translation. Domus Romana. — Concluded. 
 
 274. Ab utroqiie latere atii erant nocturna et 
 diurna cubicula familiae hospitibusque. Locus prox- 
 imus atrio appellatus est tablinum. Hic tabulae 
 familiares condebantur ; et in eodem loco dominus 
 pecuniam servabat atque suum opus faciebat. Utrim- 
 que fauces ab atrio ad peristylum, tertiam partem 
 domus, ducebant. In peristylo pulcher liortus atque 
 fons columnis marmoreis includebantur. Ubi vela 
 pro tablino reducta sunt, tota domus, — atrium, 
 deinde tablinum, mox pulchrum peristylum, — iinum 
 in conspectum venit. Peristylo adiacebant triclinia, 
 cubicula, et celiac omnis generis. Superior domus 
 servorum et libertorum iisibus detinebatur. 
 
 275. 1. Ubi erat vestibulum domiis Romanae? 
 2. Quid plerumque in limine erat? 3. In quot 
 
 uter-que, each (of two). tertius, third. (Tertiary.) 
 
 nocturnus, for the night. marmoreus, of marble. 
 
 (Nocturnal.) in-cludo, enclose., include. 
 
 diurnus, /or the day. (Diur- velum, curtain. (Veil.) 
 
 nal.) re-diico, draio back. (Re- 
 familia, family. duce.) 
 
 hospes, guest. (Hospitality.) unus, one. (Unit.) 
 
 proximus, nearest. (Ap- con-spectus, vieio. 
 
 proximate.) ad-iaceo, adjoin, be adjacent. 
 
 tablinum, the tablinum. triclinium, dining-room,. 
 
 tabulae, records. (Tables.) cella, store-room. (Cellar.) 
 
 familiaris, of the family. SMTperior, upper part of . (Su- 
 
 ( Familiar.) perior.) 
 
 pecunia, mone?/. (Pecuniary.) libertus, /reecZ-man. (Liberty.) 
 
 utrimque, on both sides. usus, use. 
 
 fauces, passages. de-tineo, reserve. (Detain.) 
 peri-stylum, the peristyle. 
 
96 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XXXL 
 
 partis interior domus dividebatur ? 4. Quid prima 
 pars appellata est? 5. Ubi erat impluvium? 6. 
 Quo modo atrium ornabatur ? 7. Ubi erant cubi- 
 cula familiae liospitibusque ? 8. Ubi erat tablT- 
 num? 9. Quid erat tertia pars domus? 10. 
 Quibus superior domus detinebatur? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 276. In what two ways may thU thing be translated ? {Ans. 
 [1] Ea res, [2] id.) Decline together: ea res ; idem consilium ; 
 tu ipse. Inflect divido in all tenses of the Indicative and Im- 
 perative Passive. Translate: relinquemini, relinquitur, relicti 
 sumus, relinquuntur, relicta eram, relinquebaris ; it has been 
 left, I Hliall be left, you (plural) will have been left, these things 
 were being left, you (singular) are left. 
 
 LESSON XXXI. 
 
 Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns; 
 Passive of Fourth Conjugation. 
 
 f 
 
 577. 
 
 qui, loho. 
 
 loldch. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 FLU UAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 qui 
 
 quae quod 
 
 qui quae quae 
 
 G. 
 
 
 cuius 
 
 quorum quarum quorum 
 
 D. 
 
 
 cui 
 
 quibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quem 
 
 quam quod 
 
 quos quas quae 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quo 
 
 qua quo 
 
 quibus 
 
 278. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUX. 
 
 quis, who f which f what ? 
 N. quis (qui) quae quid (quod) qui quae quae 
 
 G. cuius quorum quarum quorum 
 
 D. cui quibus 
 
 Ac. quem quam quid (quod) quos quas quae 
 
 Ab. quo qua quo quibus 
 
RELATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 97 
 
 279. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 
 
 1. aliquis (-qui), aliqua, aliquid (-quod), some one, any 
 one, some, any. 
 
 2. quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), some one, any one, 
 some, any. 
 
 3. quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), certain one, 
 certain. 
 
 4. quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), each one, every. 
 
 5. quisquam, , quidquam (no plural), any one. 
 
 a. In the Interrogative and Indefinite pronouns, the 
 forms quis and quid are generally used as nouns, the 
 forms qui and quod as adjectives, thus: Quis soribit? 
 Who is writing ? Qui puer scribit ? What hoy is writ- 
 i7uj ? This is also true of compounds of quis. 
 
 h. The compounds are declined like the simple pro- 
 nouns, except that in quidam, m changes to n before d, 
 as : quendam. Aliquis has aliqua in the Feminine Nomi- 
 native Singular, and also in the Neuter Nominative and 
 Accusative Plural. 
 
 c. The Indefinite pronoun quis is chiefly used with si, 
 nisi, ne, and num, and then means any one, a,ny. 
 
 280. USE OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 1. Tu, qui epistulam scripsisti, poenas solves. You, 
 who wrote the letter, shall i^ay the 'penalty. 
 
 2. Mulier, quam defenderam, mea mater fuit. The 
 woman, -whom / had defended, ivas my mother. 
 
 In the first example, observe that the Eelative pro- 
 noun qui agrees with its antecedent (the word to which 
 it refers) in gender, number, and person. For qui is 
 
98 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXI. 
 
 Masculine in form, and it is followed by its verb scrip- 
 sisti in the Second person and Singular number. 
 
 In like manner, observe that quam in the second ex- 
 ample agrees Avith mulier in being Feminine Third Singu- 
 lar. But notice that in both examples the case of the 
 pronoun is not determined by the case of its antece- 
 dent, but by its relation to the other words in the clause 
 in which it stands. For qui,iXfi the subject of scripsisti, 
 is in the Nominative case ; Avhile quam, as the object of 
 defenderam, is in the Accusative case. 
 
 281. Rule XIX. A Relative pronoun agrees with its 
 antecedent in gender, number, and person; but its case 
 depends on the construction of the clause in which it 
 stands. 
 
 282. FOURTH CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 PKESENT. IMPERFECT. 
 
 I am heard. I was heard. 
 
 audio-r audi-mur audie-ba-r audie-ba-mur 
 
 audi-ris or re audl-mini audie-ba-ris or re audie-ba-mini 
 
 audi-tur audiu-ntur audie-ba-tur audie-ba-ntur 
 
 FUTURE. PERFECT. 
 
 I shall be heard. I was heard or I have been heard. 
 
 audi-a-r audi-e-mur ( sum ( sumus 
 
 ,. - . T ;; _i ; auditus 1 audit! ) 
 
 audi-e-ris or re audi-e-mim -( es ■< estis 
 
 audi-e-tur audi-e-ntur '^'^' '^'"^^ ( est ^'^''' "^^ ( sunt 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had been heard. 
 
 ( eram ( eramus 
 
 auditus \ ^5^ aud,ti ) 
 
 (-'->"") I erat (-.-)( erant 
 
BELATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 99 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall have been heard. 
 
 ( er< 
 
 . ero i erimus 
 
 auditus ) auditi 
 
 eris . . < eritis 
 
 (-a,-um)|— C-^^' -^) ( erunt 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT. FUTURE. 
 
 audi-re audi-mini audi-tor 
 
 audi-tor audiu-ntor 
 OBSIDlS VEIORUM. 
 
 283. Post proelium ad lacum Regillum, Romani 
 cum finitimis oppidTs nuilta bella gerebant ; quorum 
 claiissimum est obsidio Veiorum. Id oppidum et 
 iiatiira loci et manu egregie munitum est." Decern 
 annos liomaiiT eius moenia obsidebant, sed fmstra. 
 Denique mirum prodigium evenit, quod animos om- 
 nium magnopere perturbavit. Nam aqua in lacii 
 Albano in altitiidinem Tnsolitam crevit, atque finiti- 
 mos agros inundavit. Deinde vates quid am Veiens 
 sTc cecinit : " Numquam Romani Veios expugnabunt, 
 priusquam aqua ex Jacii Albano emissa erit." Le- 
 gati ab Romanis ad oraculum Delplucum missT sunt. 
 Quibus a deo sic responsum est : " Si aqua ex lacu 
 Albano in mare infiuet, Veios non occupabitis." 
 
 284. 1. The Romans have taken the town, whose 
 walls they have besieged for ten years. 2. If any 
 water is (shall have been)' let out of the Alban Lake, 
 Veil will never be captured. 3. Some of the neigh- 
 boring towns are admirably fortified. 4. What god 
 
100 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXI. 
 
 responded thus to the ambassadors ? 5. Wonderful 
 prodigies had happened, which disturbed the minds 
 of certain Roman seers. 
 
 Sight Translation. Obsidio Veiorum. — Concluded. 
 
 285. Haud ita multo post ex lacii in agros aqua 
 emissa est. Deinde M. Furius Camillus dictator 
 creatus est atque mox magno cum exercitu in castra 
 Romanoium venit. Protinus milites ad magnum 
 opus ducti sunt. Nam cunTculus ab castris in arcem 
 hostium inceptus est. Neque nocte neque die opus 
 intermissum est. Denique paene peractum est in 
 templum lunonis, quod in arce Veientana erat. Quo 
 in templo forte rex Veientium hostiam immolabat. 
 Cui haruspex sic dicit : " Qui eius hostiae exta in 
 aras imponet, ei Victoria dabitur." Quam vocem 
 Roman! in cuniculo exaudiunt. Sine mora cunicu- 
 lum adaperiunt, in templum erumpunt, exta rapiunt 
 feruntque ad dictatorem. Mox urbs Romanis militi- 
 bus impletur. Magna est caedes omnibus in locis. 
 Sic Roman! Veios occupaverunt. 
 
 cimiculus, mine. im-molo, sacrifice. (Immo- 
 
 in-cipio, hecjin. (Inception.) late.) 
 
 inter-raitto, interrupt. (In- haruspex, soothsayer^ diviner. 
 
 termittent.) exta, entrails. 
 
 paene, almost. (Pen-insula.) ara, altar. 
 
 per-ago, carry through. ad-aperio, throw open. 
 
 luno, Juno, wife and sister of e-rumpo, hurst out. (Erup- 
 
 Jupiter. ' tion.) 
 
 Veientanus, Yeientian, of rapio, seize. (Rapine.) 
 
 Veii. fero, hear., carry. 
 
 hostia, victim. im-pleo, fill, fill up. 
 
BEGULAR COMPARISON. 101 
 
 286. 1. Quot annos llomaiiT Veios obsidebant? 
 2. Delude quod prodigium evenit? 3. Quid vates 
 quidam Veiens cecinit? 4. Quo Roman! legatos 
 miserunt? 5. Quid deus legatis respondit? 6. 
 Quis dictator creatus est? 7. Quod magnum opus 
 dictator incepit? 8. Ubi erat templum lunonis ? 
 9. Quis in hoc templo hostiam immolabat ? 10. 
 Quid dicit hamspex legi ? 11. Qui haruspicis vocem 
 exaudiunt? 12. Quid Roman! milites faciunt .-^ 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 287. Decline qui ; quis. What is the meaning of quidam, 
 quisquam, aliquis, quisque, quis ? Illustrate the use of the 
 two forms found in quis and its compounds. What irregularity 
 occurs in the declension of quidam ? of aliquis ? How is quis 
 chiefly used ? Illustrate the rule for the use of the Relative pro- 
 noun. Inflect muni5 in all tenses of the Indicative and Impera- 
 tive Passive. Translate: audita erant, audior, audimini, 
 audita est, auditor, auditi sumus ; I was heard, you have been 
 heard, he thou heard, we have been heard, he will be heard. 
 
 LESSON XXXII. 
 
 Regular Comparison ; Declension of Comparatives ; 
 Ablative with Comparatives. 
 
 288. Adjectives undergo a change in form in order 
 to express different degrees of quality. Thus in Eng- 
 lish we say : a tall tree, a taller tree, the tallest tree ; 
 i.e., starting with the simple adjective, — which is said 
 to be in the positive degree, — we add -er to form the 
 comparative degree, and -est to form the superlative de- 
 gree, as : 
 
102 LATIN READER. —LESSON XXXIL 
 
 rOSlTIVK. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 tall, taller^ tallest. 
 
 Now observe the Latin : 
 
 289. REGULAR COMrARISON. 
 POSITIVE. COMPAUATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 latus {stem Ifito-), latior, -ius, latissimus, -a, -um, 
 
 imde. wider. widest. 
 
 fortis (stem forti-), fortior, -ius, fortissimus, -a, -um, 
 
 brave. braver. bravest. 
 
 audfix (stem audfic-), audricior, -ius, audficissimus, -a, -um, 
 
 bold. bolder. boldest. 
 
 sapiens (s^em sapient-), sapientior, -ius, sapientissimus, -a, -um, 
 
 wise. wiser. wisest. 
 
 a. Observe that the comparative is formed by adding 
 -ior, -ius, to the stem of the adjective, and the superla- 
 tive by adding -issimus, -a, -um, dropping the final vowel 
 of the stem, if there is any. 
 
 h. Compare gravis, heavy, atrox, fierce, longus, long, 
 prudens, idrudent, felix, hapj^y, altus, high, levis, light. 
 
 290. In English, when it would not sound well to 
 compare the adjective by adding -er and -est, we prefix 
 the adverbs more and inost, as: beautiful, more beauti- 
 ful, most beautiful. Likewise in Latin some adjectives 
 are compared by prefixing the adverbs magis, more, and 
 maxime, uiost, as : idoiieus, suitable, magis idoneus, more 
 suitable, maxime idoneus, most suitable. 
 
 29L DECLEXSION OF COMPARATIVES. 
 
 latior, wider. plus, more. 
 
 Stem latior-. Stem pliir-. 
 
REGULAR COMPARISON. 
 
 103 
 
 ^. 
 
 SINGULAK. 
 
 MAsc. and fem. neuter. 
 latior latius 
 
 latioris 
 
 latiori 
 latiorem latius 
 
 latiore or-i 
 
 MASC. 
 
 and FEM. 
 
 NEUTER. 
 
 plus 
 
 G. 
 
 
 pluris 
 
 T). 
 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 
 plus 
 
 Ab. 
 
 
 plure 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 N. latiores latiora 
 
 G. latiorum 
 
 D. latioribus 
 
 Ac. latiores (-is) latiora 
 Ab. latioribus 
 
 plures plura 
 
 plurium 
 
 pluribus 
 pluris (-es) plura 
 
 pluribus 
 
 a. Comparatives are declined like latior. Notice how 
 closely the declension of comparatives resembles that of 
 consonant stems, differing in this respect from other 
 adjectives of the Third Declension. See § 218, a. 
 
 h. Superlatives are declined like bonus. 
 
 c. The comparative may sometimes be translated 
 rather, as : Durior iudex erat, He was a rather severe 
 judge. 
 
 d. The superlative may sometimes be translated very, 
 as : Durissimus iudex erat, He was a very severe judge. 
 
 292. 
 
 ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES. 
 
 1. Caesar erat fortior quam Cicero. Caesar loas 
 braver than Cicero. 
 
 2. Caesar erat fortior Cicerone. Caesar was braver 
 than Cicero. 
 
104 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXIL 
 
 Notice that in the first example, where quam (than) is 
 used, Cicero is in the same case as Caesar, the word with 
 which it is compared. But in the second example, where 
 quam is omitted, Cicerone is in the Ablative case. 
 
 293. Rule XX. The comparative degree is followed 
 by the Ablative when quam is omitted. 
 
 Note. — Quam may be omitted only when the first of the com- 
 pared words is either in the Nominative or Accusative case. 
 
 THESEUS. 
 
 294. Theseus a sua matre in urbe Troezene educa- 
 tus est. Nam, ubi etiam parvolus erat, eius pater 
 Aegeus, qui imperium Atheiiarum habuit, uxorem 
 deseruerat et suum regnum repetiverat. Primo The- 
 seus ludicris certaminibus vires auxit. Mox erat 
 validior ceteris iuveuibus eiusdem aetatis. Deinde 
 in venatione saltus peragrabat. Semper princeps in 
 peiiculo erat atque fortissimus armis. Nemo ex om- 
 nibus Argolicis iuvenibus iaculo levibusque sagittis 
 celerior erat. Compliiris feras occidit, sed maxime 
 saevissimam suem, quae agros diii vastabat. lam no- 
 men These! per totam terram Argolicam clarissimum 
 erat. 
 
 295. 1. This young man will be braver than his 
 father. 2. Sevei'al very fierce wild beasts had been 
 slain by Theseus. 3. Are not the young man's ar- 
 rows rather light ? 4. These young men were most 
 famous throughout the kingdom. 5. Was there any 
 one braver in danger than Theseus ? 
 
BEGULAE COMPARISON. 105 
 
 Sight Translation. Theseus. — Continued. 
 
 296. Tandem mater Tliesei eum ad se vocavit, atque 
 patris gladium soleasqiie ei ostendit. " Sume, mi fill," 
 inquit '* haec monumenta, et tuum patrem pete, quem 
 ill urbe AthenTs reperies. Peiiculosa et a latronibus 
 Tnfesta est via. Tamen del te incolumem per omnia 
 pericula ad tuum patrem diicent." Iiide Theseus 
 maestus matrem suam reliquit, atque mox ad Atti- 
 cam contendebat. Quo in itinere prope Epidaurum 
 obviam venit cuTdam saevissimo latroni, Periphetae 
 nomine, qui ferrea clava viatores occidebat. At The- 
 seus de eius manibus clavam extorsit, et ipsius telo 
 eum occTdit. 
 
 297. 1. Ciir Theseus a sua matre educatus est? 
 2. Quo modo vires auxit? 3. Num quis fuit ex 
 Argolicis iuvenibus fortior quam Theseus? 4. Quid 
 in venatione occTdit Theseus ? 5. Quae monumenta 
 pater eius reliquerat? 6. Ubi habitabat pater 
 These! ? 7. Quam ob rem erat via ad Atticam 
 peiiculosa ? 8. Cui Theseus obviam venit prope 
 Epidaurum ? 9. Quo modo Theseus latronem oc- 
 cTdit? 
 
 solea, sandal. (Sole.) ob-viam, in the loay (to). (Ob- 
 monumentum, remembrance. vious.) 
 
 periculosus, dangerous, per- Periphetes, a robber. 
 
 ILOUS. ferreus, iron. 
 
 latro, robber. clava, club. 
 
 in-festus, made unsafe, in- viator, traveller. 
 
 TESTED. ex-torqueo, twist out. (Ex- 
 Attica, a province of Greece. tort.) 
 Epidaurus, a city of Argolis. 
 
106 
 
 LA TIN HEADER. — LESSON XXXIIL 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 298. How are adjectives regularly compared in Latin ? De- 
 cline plus. Decline together audacior servus ; f ortior femina ; 
 gravius bellum ; saevissimus leo. How may the Comparative 
 sometimes be translated ? The Superlative ? State and illustrate 
 the rule for the Ablative with Comparatives. Translate in two 
 ways : " Who was braver than Caesar f " When may quam be 
 omitted ? 
 
 LESSON XXXIII. 
 
 Irregular Comparison ; Ablative of Degree of 
 Difference. 
 
 299. 
 
 POSITIVE. 
 
 miser {stem misero-), 
 
 wretched. 
 
 acer {stem acri-), 
 
 sharp. 
 
 ADJECTIVPIS IN -ER. 
 
 COMPAKATIVE. 
 
 miserior, -ius, 
 more lo retched. 
 acrior, -ius, 
 sharper. 
 
 SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 miserrimus, -a, -um, 
 
 most IV retched. 
 acerrimus, -a, -um, 
 sharpest. 
 
 Observe that adjectives in -er form the Superlative by 
 adding -rimus, -a, -um to the Masculine Nominative Sin- 
 gular. Compare celer, swift, pulcher, beautiful, asper, 
 rough. 
 
 300. 
 
 POSITIVE. 
 
 facilis, easy. 
 difficilis, difficult. 
 similis, like. 
 dissimilis, unlike. 
 gracilis, slender. 
 humilis, low. 
 
 ADJECTIVES IN -LIS. 
 
 COMPAKATIVE. 
 
 facilior, -ius. 
 difficilior, -ius. 
 similior, -ius. 
 dissimilior, -ius. 
 gracilior, -ius. 
 humilior, -ius. 
 
 SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 facillimus, -a, -um. 
 difficillimus, -a, -um. 
 simillimus, -a, -um. 
 dissimillimus, -a, -um. 
 gracillimus, -a, -um. 
 humillimus, -a, -um. 
 
lEBEG ULA R COMPARISON. 
 
 107 
 
 Observe that these six adjectives in -lis form the su- 
 perlative by adding -limus, -a, -um, to the stem minus the 
 stem vowel. 
 
 301. ADJECTIVES WITH DOUBLE SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 POSITIVE. 
 
 COMPAKATIVK. 
 
 SUPKKI.ATIVE. 
 
 exterus, 
 
 exterior, 
 
 extremus, extimus, 
 
 outward. 
 
 outer. 
 
 outmost. 
 
 inferus, 
 
 inferior, 
 
 inflmus, imus, 
 
 loiv. 
 
 lower. 
 
 lowest. 
 
 posterus, 
 
 posterior. 
 
 postremus, postumus, 
 
 following. 
 
 later. 
 
 last. 
 
 superus, 
 
 superior, 
 
 supremus, summus, 
 
 upper. 
 
 higher. 
 
 top of, highest. 
 
 302. 
 
 ADJECTIVES WITH NO POSITIVE. 
 
 [cis, citra. 
 
 citerior. 
 
 citimus, 
 
 adv., on this side.] 
 
 hither. 
 
 hithermost. 
 
 [in, intra. 
 
 interior. 
 
 intimus. 
 
 prep., in, within.] 
 
 inner. 
 
 inmost. 
 
 [prae, pro. 
 
 prior, 
 
 primus. 
 
 prep., before.] 
 
 former. 
 
 first. 
 
 [prope, 
 
 propior. 
 
 proximus, 
 
 adv., near.] 
 
 nearer. 
 
 next. 
 
 [ultra. 
 
 ulterior, 
 
 ultimus, 
 
 adv., beyond.] 
 
 farther. 
 
 farthest. 
 
 303. ADJECTIVES IRREGULAR THROUGHOUT. 
 
 bonus, good. 
 malus, bad. 
 magnus, great. 
 parvus, small. 
 multus, much. 
 multi, many. 
 
 melior, better. 
 peior, loor.ne. 
 maior, greater. 
 minor, smaller. 
 
 , plus, more. 
 
 plures, more. 
 
 optimus, best. 
 pessimus, worst. 
 maximus, greatest. 
 minimus, smallest. 
 plurimus, most. 
 plurimi, most. 
 
108 LATIN READER, — LESSON XXXIIL 
 
 304. ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE. 
 
 1. Arbor sex pedibus altior est quam turris. The 
 
 tree is (by) six feet h'ujlier than flie tower. 
 
 2. Crassus multo divitior erat Caesare. Crassus was 
 (by) much richer than Caesar. 
 
 In the first example, the Ablative sex pedibus Qx^idHy 
 expresses the difference between the height of the tree 
 and that of the tower. In the second example, the 
 Ablative multo is an indefinite expression of the differ- 
 ence between the wealth of Crassus and that of Caesar. 
 Such ablatives are called Ablatives of Degree of Dif- 
 ference. 
 
 305. Rule XXI. The Ablative is used to express the 
 Degree of Difference. 
 
 THESEUS ET LATRONES. 
 
 306. Paucis post diebus Theseus in extremum peiT- 
 culum venit. lam ad Istlimum appropinquabat. Hic 
 propter angustias difficillimum eifit iter. Utraque ex 
 parte erant riipes altissiniae et asperrimae. Mox The- 
 seus ante vastum specum latronem, Sinim nomine, 
 vTdit, de quo incolae terrae eum saepe numero prae- 
 monuerant. Hic multo gravior hostis erat quam 
 Periphetes. Hic enim duas proceras jjinus ad terram 
 curvabat, ad quas incautos viatores adligabat. De- 
 lude, ubi subito arbores solvit, corpora lufe Ileum 
 liominum divellebantur. Hoc modo iam pliirimos 
 viatores necaverat. 
 
 307. 1. You will not see a much more formidable 
 robber than Sinis. 2. Are not the roads to the 
 
IRliEGULAR COMPARISON. 109 
 
 Isthmus very rough and difficult? 3. A few days 
 afterwards, the unfortunate traveller approached the 
 robbers' cave, and was killed. 4. Are these trees 
 taller than the pine ? 5. This road to the caves is 
 much more difficult than that. 
 
 SigJit Translation. Theseus et Latrones. — Con- 
 tiniied. 
 
 308. Ubi Sinis procul Thesea vTdit, primo iuve- 
 nem inrisit. Interritus autem Theseus in hostem 
 invasit. Acerrima erat piigna. Denique Sinis defes- 
 sus occidit. Tum Theseus ad duas piniis monstrum 
 ipsum adligavit. Mox divolsum est Sinis corpus 
 eodem modo, quo tot viatores ab eo ipso necati erani?. 
 Inde Theseus ad urbem Megaram contendit. Quo 
 in itinere angusta semita in altum montem diicebat. 
 A dextra erat abrupta riipes magna altitiidine. IlTc 
 latebat latro, ScTron nomine, qui primum viatores 
 spoliabat ; deinde, dum hi eius pedes lavabant, ipsos 
 praecipites ad imam rrlpem deiciebat. Infra ingens 
 testiido eorum corpora devorabat. 
 
 in-rideo, laugh at. (De-ride.) ab-ruptus, precipitous. ( Ab- 
 in-vado, advance upon. (In- rupt.) 
 
 vade.) lateo, lurk. (Latent.) 
 
 de-fessus, tired out, ex- spolib, rob. (De-spoil.) 
 
 hausted. lavo, wash. (Lave.) 
 
 tot, so many. prae-ceps, headlong. (Pre- 
 Megara, a town in Megaris. cipitous.) 
 
 angustus, narrow. de-icio, hurl down. (Deject.) 
 
 semita, foot-path. infra, below. 
 
 altus, high. (Altitude.) testudo, tortoise. 
 
110 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XXXIV. 
 
 309. 1. Ubi Theseus in ex tremum peiiculum venit? 
 2. Quam ob rem emt iter difficillimum ? 3. Ubi 
 Theseus hitronem vTdit? 4. Quo moclo Sinis via- 
 tores necabat ? 5. Nonne Theseus latronem timuit? 
 6. Quo modo Theseus Sinim uecavit ? 7. Ubi hite- 
 batSciron? 7. Quo modo viatores necabat? 9. 
 Quae eorum corpora devorabat? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 310. Compare in Latin and Englisli : imus, maior, primus, 
 multus, miser, summus, citerior, bonus, proximus, similis, 
 minor, extremus, acer, postremus, interior, malus, iilterior, 
 plurimi. Wliat adjectives have -limus in the superlative ? Give 
 an example of your own of the Ablative of Degree of Difference. 
 Give a synopsis, Active and Passive, of duco. 
 
 LESSON XXXIV. 
 
 Formation and Comparison of Adverbs ; Genitive 
 and Ablative of Characteristic. 
 311. 
 
 a. latus {stem lato-), wide. lilte, widely. 
 pulcher {stem pulchro-), beautiful. pulchre, beautifully. 
 
 Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of 
 the Second Declension by changing the final -o of the 
 stem to -e. 
 
 b. gravis {stem gravi-), heavy. graviter, heavily. 
 acer {stem fieri-), sharp. acriter, sharply. 
 prudens {stein prudent-), prudent, prudenter, prudently. 
 
 Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of 
 the Third Declension by adding -ter to the stem. Stems 
 in -nt drop -t before adding -ter. 
 
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. Ill 
 
 c. (1). multus, much. 
 (2). facilis, easy. 
 (3). subitus, sudden. 
 
 multum, much. 
 facile, easily. 
 subito, suddenly. 
 
 The Neuter Accusative Singular of the adjective is 
 sometimes used as an adverb, as in examples (1) and 
 (2). Likewise the Ablative, as in example (3). 
 
 312. 
 
 POSITIVE. 
 
 late, widely. 
 graviter, heavily. 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 
 COMPARATIVE. 
 
 Ifitius, more widely. 
 
 gravius, more heav- 
 ily. 
 
 SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 latissime, most 
 
 widely. 
 gravissime, most 
 
 heavily. 
 
 Notice that the comparative of the adverb is the same 
 as the Neuter comparative of the adjective. The super- 
 lative of the adverb is formed from the superlative of 
 the adjective by changing the final -o of the stem to -e. 
 If the adjective is irregular, the adverb will show the 
 same irregularities. Learn the following : 
 
 313. 
 
 COMPARISON OF IRREGULAR ADVERBS. 
 
 bene, well. 
 male, ill. 
 multum, much. 
 
 melius, better. 
 peius, worse. 
 plus, more. 
 magis, more. 
 
 parum, not enough, minus, less. 
 
 optime, best. 
 pessime, worst. 
 plurimum, most. 
 maxime, most. 
 minime, least. 
 
 314. 
 
 GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC. 
 
 1. Vir magnae virtutis. A man of great valor. 
 
 2. Vir fuit humili statura. He was a man of short 
 stature. 
 
 Observe that, in the first example, virtutis is in the 
 Genitive, and that, in connection with the adjective 
 
112 LATIN READER. —LESSON XXXIV. 
 
 magnae, it expresses a characteristic or quality of the 
 man. But notice that, in the second example, 2i physi- 
 cal characteristic or quality is expressed by staturU, with 
 an accompanying adjective, in the Ablative case. Physi- 
 cal characteristics are always thus expressed by the 
 Ablative. Other qualities by either the Genitive or 
 Ablative. 
 
 315. Rule XXII. The Genitive and Ablative are 
 used, with a modifying adjective, to denote a charac- 
 teristic or quality. 
 
 THESEUS ET LATRONES. 
 
 316. Scirou erat ingenti magnitudine corporis 
 atque terribili aspectii. In quern tamen Theseus 
 cum ferro audacissime invasit. Diu atque acriter 
 piignatum est. Denique Scirou supplex misericor- 
 diam iniplorat. Sed Theseus latronem ad Imam 
 rupem demittit eodem modo, quo ille multos viatores 
 tam crudeliter necaverat. Qua ex re nomeu Sci- 
 ronis erat scopulls. 
 
 Haud ita multo post Theseus in Atticam pervenit, 
 atque ibi Cercyonem liictamine vicit necavitque. Sic 
 Theseus perditis hominibus latronibusque omnis 
 generis llberabat omnIs terras, per quas in itinere 
 contendebat. 
 
 317. 1. The travellers had been hurled down to 
 the bottom of the cliffs. 2. Sciron killed travellers 
 much more cruelly than Cercyon. 3. Theseus 
 used to attack robbers of every kind most fiercely. 
 
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 113 
 
 4. Are not robbers men of frightful appearance? 
 
 5. The land, through which Theseus is hastening, 
 wm be freed fromM^ffiny desperate robbers. 
 
 Sight Translation. Thp^seus et Latronp:s. — Concluded. 
 
 318. lam Theseus ad ipsam urbem A then as appro- 
 pinquabat, ubi in ripa Cephisi in magnum perTculum 
 capitis venit. Hic enim Procriistes habitabat, qui in 
 suam regiam turrim incautos viatores diicebat, atque 
 eos primo magnifice accipiebat. Ubi autem nox ve- 
 nit, in mirum lectum infelicem hospitem imponebat. 
 Turn, SI hospes longior erat quam lectus, illius mem- 
 bra satis praecidebat. Si viator brevior erat lecto, 
 tum Procrustes eius corpus in longitiidinem lecti dis- 
 tendebat. Hoc modo multos annos viatores necaverat. 
 Sed Theseus victor latronem in ipsius lectum impo- 
 suit, atque eius caput praecTdit. Brevi postea The- 
 seus incolumis ad portam Athenarum pervenit. 
 
 319. 1. Num ScTron erat vir humili statiira? 2. 
 Quo modo Theseus Scironem necavit? 3. Quem 
 deinde Theseus in Attica necavit ? 4. Ubi in mag- 
 num perTculum capitis venit ? 5. Quo modo Pro- 
 criistes piimo incautum viatorem accipiebat? 6. 
 Ubi nox venit, quid faciebat Procriistes ? 7. Neca- 
 
 ripa, hank. satis, sufficiently. (Satis-fy.) 
 
 Cephisus, a river near Athens, longitude, length. (Longi- 
 refeius, royal. (Regal.) tude.) 
 
 lectus, bed. dis-tendo, stretch, distend. 
 
 membrum, limb, member. 
 
114 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXV. 
 
 vitne Theseus Procrusten ? 
 incolumis pervenit? 
 
 8. Ubi brevi postea 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 320. How are adverbs formed from adjectives of the Second 
 Declension ? Of the Third Declension ? What cases of adjec- 
 tives are sometimes used as adverbs ? How are adverbs com- 
 yjared ? Form and compare adverbs from the following adjectives: 
 acer, facilis, malus, latus, multus, gravis, parvus, pulche/, 
 bonus, prudens. Explain the use of the Genitive and Ablative 
 of Characteristic. Decline is. Give a synopsis of moveo. 
 
 LESSON XXXV. 
 
 Numerals; Partitive Genitive 
 Adjectives. 
 
 321. 
 
 Nine Irregular 
 
 
 CARDINALS. 
 
 ORDINALS. 
 
 1. 
 
 unus, una, iinum, one. 
 
 primus, first. 
 
 2. 
 
 duo, duae, duo, two. 
 
 secundus, second. 
 
 3. 
 
 tres, tria, tliree. 
 
 tertius, third. 
 
 4. 
 
 quattuor 
 
 quartus 
 
 5. 
 
 quinque 
 
 quintus 
 
 6. 
 
 sex 
 
 sextus 
 
 7. 
 
 septem 
 
 Septimus 
 
 8. 
 
 octo 
 
 octavus 
 
 9. 
 
 novem 
 
 nonus 
 
 10. 
 
 decern 
 
 decimus 
 
 11. 
 
 undecim 
 
 undecimus 
 
 12. 
 
 duodecim 
 
 duodecimus 
 
 13. 
 
 tredecim 
 
 tertius decimus 
 
 14. 
 
 quaUuordecim 
 
 quartus decimus 
 
 1.5. 
 
 quindecim 
 
 quintus decimus 
 
 16. 
 
 sedecim 
 
 sextus decimus 
 
 17. 
 
 septendecim 
 
 Septimus decimus 
 
 18. 
 
 duodeviginti 
 
 duodevicesimus 
 

 NUMERALS. lit 
 
 19. 
 
 undeviginti 
 
 iindevicesimus 
 
 20. 
 
 viginti 
 
 vicesimus 
 
 21. 
 
 viginti unus or 
 
 vicesimus primus or 
 
 
 unus et viginti 
 
 unus et vicesimus 
 
 28. 
 
 duodetriginta 
 
 duodetricesimus 
 
 29. 
 
 undetriginta 
 
 undetricesimus 
 
 30. 
 
 triginta 
 
 tricesimus 
 
 40. 
 
 quadraginta 
 
 quadragesimus 
 
 50. 
 
 quinquaginta 
 
 quinquagesimus 
 
 60. 
 
 sexaginta 
 
 sexagesimus 
 
 70. 
 
 septuaginta 
 
 septuagesimus 
 
 80. 
 
 octoginta 
 
 octogesimus 
 
 90. 
 
 nonaginta 
 
 nonagesimus 
 
 100. 
 
 centum 
 
 centesimus 
 
 101. 
 
 centum unus or 
 
 centesimus primus or 
 
 
 centum et unus 
 
 unus et centesimus 
 
 200. 
 
 ducenti, -ae, -a 
 
 ducentesimus 
 
 300. 
 
 trecenti, -ae, -a 
 
 trecentesimus 
 
 400. 
 
 quadringenti, -ae, -a 
 
 quadringentesimus 
 
 500. 
 
 quingenti, -ae, -a 
 
 quingentesimus 
 
 600. 
 
 sescenti, -ae, -a 
 
 sescentesimus 
 
 700. 
 
 septingenti, -ae, -a 
 
 septingentesimus 
 
 800. 
 
 octingenti, -ae, -a 
 
 octingentesimus 
 
 900. 
 
 nongenti, -ae, -a 
 
 nongentesimus 
 
 1,000. 
 
 mille 
 
 millesimus 
 
 2,000. 
 
 duo milia 
 
 bis millesimus 
 
 100,000. 
 
 centum milia 
 
 c en ties millesimus 
 
 1,000,000. 
 
 decies centena milia 
 
 decies centies millesimus 
 
 a. The cardinals from quattuor to centum are inde- 
 clinable. The hundreds are declined like the plural of 
 bonus. The ordinals are declined throughout like bonus. 
 
 22. 
 
 
 duo, two. 
 
 
 tres, three. 
 
 
 MASC. 
 
 FKM. 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 M. and F. N. 
 
 N. 
 
 duo 
 
 duae 
 
 duo 
 
 tres tria 
 
 G. 
 
 duorum 
 
 duaruhi 
 
 duorum 
 
 trium 
 
 D. 
 
 duobus 
 
 duabus 
 
 duobus 
 
 tribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 duos, duo 
 
 duas 
 
 duo 
 
 tris (tres) tria 
 
 Ab. 
 
 duobus 
 
 duabus 
 
 duobus 
 
 tribus 
 
IIG LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXV. 
 
 a. In the Singular, mille is generally an adjective ; but 
 the Plural milia is a Neuter noun, and is followed by 
 the Partitive Genitive, as : mille homines, a thousand 
 men, but duo milia hominum, two thousand men (lit. two 
 thousands of men). 
 
 NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. 
 
 323. The following nine adjectives end in -lus in the 
 Genitive Singular and in -I in the Dative in all genders. 
 They are regular in the Plural. 
 
 alius, another. 
 
 linus, one. 
 
 
 alter, the other. 
 
 solus, alone. 
 
 
 ullus, any. 
 
 
 uter, which 
 
 {of two). 
 
 totus, whole. 
 
 
 niillus, none. 
 
 
 neuter, neither. 
 
 a. Alius 
 
 and unus are thus declined in the Singular. 
 
 MASC. 
 
 KKM. 
 
 NKUT. 
 
 MASC. 
 
 FKM. 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 N. alius 
 
 alia 
 
 aliud ^ 
 
 finus 
 
 una 
 
 unum 
 
 I ^ 
 
 alius 
 
 
 
 unius 
 
 
 alii 
 
 
 
 uni 
 
 
 Ac. alium 
 
 aliam 
 
 aliud 
 
 iinum 
 
 unam 
 
 unum 
 
 Ab. alio 
 
 alia 
 
 alio 
 
 uno 
 
 lina 
 
 uno 
 
 Note. — Alius is the only one of these adjectives that ends in 
 -ud in the Neuter. 
 
 324. PARTITIVE GENITIVE. 
 
 Tres militum. Three of the soldiers. 
 
 a. Observe that militum is in the Genitive, and de- 
 notes the entire number of which a part is taken. It is 
 called the Partitive Genitive. 
 
 325. Rule XXIII. The Genitive is used to denote 
 the whole of which a part is taken. 
 
NUMERALS. 117 
 
 SUPELLEX DOMUS ROMANAE. 
 
 326. Et in atrio clomus Romanae et in peristyle, de 
 quibus supra scripsinius, exigiia erat supellex. In 
 triclTnio autem semper erat mensa, aut quadra aut 
 orbis. Harum mensarum multae erant pulcherriniae 
 et magni pre IT. Plinius maior de duabus mensis 
 scripsit, quarum alter! pretium fuit decies centena 
 milia sestertium, alter! paulo minus. Conv!vae cir- 
 cum mensam in sell!s non cons!debant. Sed ex tri- 
 bus mensae lateribus erant lect!, in quibus novem 
 convivae accumbebant, tres in quoque lecto. L!gnea 
 aut aenea erat sponda lect! in quam torus et cerv!cal 
 et vestes stragulae impositae sunt. 
 
 327. 1. Six guests are reclining on two of the couches. 
 2. Is not the furniture in the dining-room very ex- 
 pensive ? 3. He is writing of two chairs, of which 
 the price of one is five hundred sesterces, of the other, 
 seven hundred and fifty. 4. (There) were twelve 
 chairs in each dining-room. 5. The price of this 
 table is one hundred thousand sesterces. 
 
 Sight Tra7islatio7i. 
 Supellex Domus Romanae. — Concluded. 
 
 328. Lectus cubicularis erat altior quam lectus 
 tr!cl!niaris et scamno ascendebatur. 
 
 Varia erant genera sellarum in domibus Roman!s ; 
 sed cathedra, in qua feminae plerumque sedebant, 
 erat simillima nostr!s sell!s. Omnium sellarum !n- 
 signissima erat eburnea sella curuUs curv!s pedibus, 
 in qua qmdam magistratiis sol! sedebant. 
 
118 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXV. 
 
 Pulcherriraae erant lucernae llomanorum, quarum 
 multa exempla adhuc exstant. Aliae lictiles, aliae 
 erant aeneae, sed omnes summa arte perfectae. Lu- 
 cernae, aut in mensas aut in alta candelabra impo- 
 nebantur, aut etiam laquearibus dependebant. Non 
 autem claram lucem praebebant. 
 
 329. 1. Eratne niulta siipellex in atrio domiis 
 Romanae ? 2. Qualis mensa erat in triclinio ? 3. 
 Quae erant ex tribus mensae lateribus? 4. Quot 
 convivae in quoque lecto accumbebant? 5. Erantne 
 lectT Romanorum similes nostris lectis ? 6. Qualis 
 erat lectus cubicularis ? T. Quid erat nomen sel- 
 lae, in qua feminae sedebant ? 8. Qualis erat sella 
 curiilis ? 9. Quales lucernae erant Romanis? 10. 
 Ubi iniponebantur? 11. Nonne claram liicem prae- 
 bebant? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 330. Count from 1-100 in Latin. Give the Latin for the 
 following: 463, 58, 3,723, 938,365. Give the hundreds and the 
 thousands in Latin. Give the Latin ordinals from 1-20. De- 
 cline unus, duo, tres. Mention the nine irregular adjectives. 
 In what does their irregularity consist ? Decline alius. Which 
 
 cubicularis, of a bedroom. lucerna, lamp. 
 
 tricliniaris, of a dining-room, ex-sto, exists be extant. 
 
 scamnum, stool, stex). fictilis, of clay, ijottery. 
 
 varius, vakious. per-fectus,^ms/ied, pekfect. 
 
 C3it\ie€iX3., an arm-chair. (Ca- ars, art, .sH/L 
 
 thedral.) candelabrum, a lamp stand. 
 insignis, remarkable. (Candelabrum.) 
 
 eburneus, of ivory. laquearia, a panelled ceiling. 
 
 curulis, CURULE. de-pendeo, hang down. (De- 
 pend.) 
 
INFINITIVES. 
 
 119 
 
 of the cardinals are indeclinable ? How are the ordinals de- 
 clined ? What of mille in the Singular, and in the Plural ? 
 Give an example of the Partitive Genitive, the Ablative of Com- 
 parison, and the Ablative of Degree of Difference. 
 
 LESSON XXXVI. 
 
 Infinitives ; Complementary Infinitive ; Expres- 
 sions of Place. 
 
 331. The Infinitive mood has neither person nor num- 
 ber, and has but three tenses, the Present, Perfect, and 
 Future. The sign of the Infinitive in English is to. 
 
 332. 
 
 ACTIVE INFINITIVES. 
 
 
 
 VERB SUM. 
 
 
 PRES. 
 
 es-se, to he. 
 
 
 PERF. 
 
 fu-isse, to have been. 
 
 
 FUT. 
 
 fut-urus, -a, -um ^ 
 
 esse (or fore) 1'^^^^"^^^^^^^^^' 
 
 CONJ. I. 
 
 
 PRES. 
 
 ama-re, to love. 
 
 
 PERF. 
 
 amfiv-isse, to have loved. 
 
 
 FUT. 
 
 amfit-urus, ^ 
 
 -a, -um esse / ' ^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^o^^- 
 
 
 CONJ. II. 
 
 CONJ. III. CONJ. IV. 
 
 PRES. 
 
 mone-re 
 
 rege-re. audi-re. 
 
 PERF. 
 
 monu-isse. rex-isse. audlv-isse. 
 
 FUT. 
 
 inonit-urus, rect-urus, audit-urus, 
 
 
 -a, -um esse. -a, -um esse. -a, -um esse. 
 
 Observe : 
 
 a. That in the Active voice the Present Infinitive is 
 formed by adding -re to the Present stem. (Note the 
 irregularity in the verb sum.) 
 
120 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVL 
 
 b. That the Perfect is formed by adding -isse to the 
 Perfect stem. 
 
 c. That the Future is formed by adding -urus, -a, -um 
 esse to the Participial stem. 
 
 333. COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE. 
 
 Cupit die ere, He desires to speak. 
 
 Notice that the Infinitive die ere completes the mean- 
 ing of cupit. Hence it is called the Complementary 
 Infinitive. 
 
 334. PLACE WHERE. LOCATIVE CASE. 
 
 In oppido. In the town. Romae. At Rome. 
 
 In Italia. In Italy. Athenis. At Athens. 
 
 In Africa. In Africa. Curibus. At Cures. 
 
 Observe that oppido, Italia, and Africa are in the Ab- 
 lative with the preposition in, and that they denote the 
 place ivhere. But notice that the 7iavies of toivns denot- 
 ing ^/ctce where omit the preposition, and are put in the 
 Locative Case. This in the Singular of nouns of the 
 First and Second Declension is like the Genitive ; else- 
 where, it is like the Ablative. Account for the form 
 of Romae, Athenis, and Curibus. 
 
 335. Rule XXIV. Place where is expressed by the 
 Ablative with the preposition in. Names of towns are 
 put in the Locative. 
 
 336. PLACE TO WHICH. 
 
 In Italiam. To Italy. Romam. To Rome. 
 
 Ad flumen. To the river. Delphos. To Delphi. 
 
INFINITIVES. 121 
 
 337. Rule XXV. Place to which is expressed by the 
 Accusative with ad or in. Names of towns omit the 
 preposition. 
 
 338. PLACE FROM WHICH. 
 
 Ex oppido. From the town. Roma. From Rome. 
 Ab Italia. Fro?n Italy. Corintho. From Corinth. 
 
 339. Rule XXVI. Place from which is expressed by 
 the Ablative with ab or ex. Names of towns omit the 
 preposition. 
 
 Note. — Names of small islands, domus, Jiome, and rus, coun- 
 try, are used like names of towns, as : Cypri est, He is at 
 Cyprus; Mox domum ^/eniet, He will soon come home; Rus 
 ibo, I shall go into the country. 
 
 THESEUS ET AEGEUS. 
 
 340. Interea rex Aegeus veneficam Medeam, quae 
 Athenas nuper venerat, in matrimonium diixerat. 
 Ex ea autem niillos liberos habuit. Quam ob rem 
 viginti filii Pallantis, fratris Aegei, regnum sibi 
 occupare constituerunt. His hominibus ea coniiiratio 
 prospere evenit. Nam regem cum Medea in regiam 
 se recipere cogunt, atque ipsT civitatem regunt. 
 Athenis in hoc statii erant res, ubi Theseus in 
 urbem venit. Sine mora iuvenis ad Aegei regiam 
 contendit, atque tandem aditum ad patrem habuit. 
 Sed Aegeus hunc iuvenem, qui Troezene venerat, 
 non agnovit. Quin etiam eum pro hoste habuit, 
 atque consilio uxoris ei vinum dedit, quo Medea 
 venenum miscuerat. 
 
122 LATIN HEADER. —LESSON XXXV L 
 
 341. 1. The king's palace was at Athens. 2. 
 Was Aegeus compelled to many a sorceress? 3. 
 Affairs were in this condition at Troezen when he 
 determined to seize the kingdom. 4. Theseus 
 hastened from Troezen to Athens. 5. The king 
 will compel Medea to mix the poison with the wine. 
 
 Sight Translation. Theseus et Aegeus. — Concluded. 
 
 342. Theseus poculum dextra sumpserat, ubi pater 
 in eburneo capulo gladi agnovit sTgna sui generis, 
 atque poculum ab ore excussit. Inde Medea per sua 
 carmina effugit. At Aegeus ingenti gaudio comple- 
 batur, quod suus filius incolumis erat, atque eum in 
 regiam laetissimus accepit. Postquam Theseus de 
 omnibus periculis itineris narravit, et pater et filius 
 dels immortalibus gratias agunt, et aras donis cumu- 
 lant. Interea vigintT f ilii Pallantis de adventii The- 
 se! audiverant, atque piignare parabant. Acerrime 
 Theseus impetum in eos fecit, ciinctosque ex urbe 
 expulit. Brevi postea Aegeus palam Thesea suum 
 f ilium agnovit. Quam ob rem magna laetitia erat per 
 to tarn urbem. 
 
 343. 1. Quam Aegeus Athenis in matrimonium 
 diixit? 2. Qui regnum sibi occupare constituerunt ? 
 
 poculum, cup. gratia, thanks. (Grace.) 
 
 capulus, hilt. cumulo, load. (Ac-cumulate.) 
 
 ex-cutio, strike away. ad-ventus, arrival. (Advent.) 
 
 gaudium, jo?/. cunctus, all. 
 
 com-pleo, Jill. (Complete.) ex-pello, drive out, expel. 
 
 quod, because. palam, openly. 
 
 laetus, glad. laetitia, gladness. 
 
PASSIVE INFINITIVES. 123 
 
 3. Quid regem facere coegerunt? 4. Ubi Theseus 
 Athenas venit, quo piimum contendit? 5. Nonne 
 Aegeus suum filium agnovit? 6. Quid ei dedit? 
 7. Quid accidit? 8. Quid deinde fecit Medea? 
 9. Quo modo rex Thesea accepit? 10. Num filii 
 Pallantis laeti erant, ubi de adventii Thesel audive- 
 runt? 11. Vicitne Theseus eos? 12. Cur brevi 
 postea magna erat laetitia Athenis? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 344. How does the Infinitive differ from other moods ? How 
 are the tenses of the Active Infinitive formed in Latin ? Give 
 the Active Infinitives, Latin and English, of paro, doceo, scribo, 
 munio. Give tlie Infinitives of sum. Wliat is meant by the 
 Complementary Infinitive ? State the rules for pZace where, 
 place to wldch, and place from which. What is the Locative 
 case? Translate: At Delphi ; from Rome to Corinth ; at home ; 
 from Greece to Cyprus; we were hastemnr/ into the country. 
 Compare the following : summus, melior, inius, multus, prox- 
 imus, similis, miser, primus. 
 
 LESSON XXXVIL 
 
 Passive Infinitives ; Infinitive as a Noun ; Simple 
 
 Indirect Discourse ; Dative with Special 
 
 Verbs ; Ablative of Specification. 
 
 345. 
 
 CONJ. I. 
 
 Pres. ama-ri, to he loved. 
 
 Pekf. amfit-us, -a, -um esse, to have been loved. 
 
 FuT. amfit-um iri, to be about to be loved. 
 
124 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XXXVIL 
 
 CONJ. II. CONJ. III. CONJ. IV. 
 
 Pkes. mone-ri. reg-i. audi-ri. 
 
 Pekf. monit-us, rect-us, audit-us, 
 
 -a, -um esse. -a, -ura esse. -a, -um esse. 
 
 FuT. monit-um iri. rect-um iri. audit-um iri. 
 
 In the Passive voice : 
 
 a. The Present Infinitive is formed by adding -ri to 
 the Present stem. ]^)ut notice that in the Third Conju- 
 gation -1 (not -ri) is added to the stem minus the final 
 vowel. 
 
 h. The Perfect is formed by adding -us, -a, -um esse 
 to the Participial stem. 
 
 c. The Future is formed by adding -um iri to the 
 Participial stem. 
 
 346. INFINITIVE USED AS A NOUN. 
 
 1. Videre est credere. To see is to believe. 
 
 2. Pueri nare discunt. Jioys learn to svirim. 
 
 Observe that the Infinitive may be used as a noun. 
 Thus in example (1) videre is the subject of est, while 
 credere is a Predicate Nominative. In example (2) 
 nare is the object of discunt. 
 
 347. SIMPLE INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 
 
 In English, verbs of saying., thinking, knowing, and 
 perceiving are sometimes followed by an Infinitive with 
 its subject in the Accusative, as : We supposed him to 
 be a friend. He found it to be inqyossible. 
 
PASSIVE INFINITIVES. 125 
 
 Compare tKe following : 
 
 Direct. Urbs incolumis est. 21ie city is safe. 
 
 Indikect. Putamus urbem incolumem esse. We think 
 that the city is safe (lit. the city to be safe). 
 
 Direct. Hostes discesserunt. The enemy have departed. 
 
 Indirect. Cognoverunt hostis discessisse. They ascer- 
 tained that the enemy had departed (lit. the 
 enemy to have departed). 
 
 Direct. Veniam. I shall come. 
 
 Indirect. Dicit se venturum esse. He says that he will 
 come (lit. himself to be about to come). 
 
 a. Observe that where a Direct statement is made to 
 depend upon a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, and 
 'perceiving, it becomes Indirect, the verb in Latin being 
 put in the Infinitive with its subject in the Accusative. 
 
 h. Observe that, in English, the Indirect statement is 
 generally introduced by the conjunction that, and that 
 the verb is in the Indicative Mood. 
 
 348. Rule XXVII. Verbs of saying, knowing, think- 
 ing, and perceiving are followed by the Infinitive with 
 its subject in the Accusative. 
 
 349. Examine the following : 
 
 „_ ., [ venire. ^^ *, ^ ^, C «^^ coming. 
 
 Dicit \ _ . He says that the \ , 
 
 -,.,_ < venisse. ,^. < have come. 
 
 milites I ,- - soldiers f .„ 
 
 ^ ventures esse. ^ will come. 
 
 ^_ .^ /'Venire. ^^ .-,,,,,, ( vvere coming. 
 
 Dixit S - • He said that the \ , , 
 
 _,,._ < venisse. ,,, {hsLci come. 
 
 milites / . - - soldiers i 
 
 ' ventures esse. ^ "would come. 
 
 Observe that the tense changes in the English, when 
 the verb of saying, etc., is in a past tense, while the 
 tense of the Latin Infinitive remains the same. 
 
126 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXX VIL 
 
 The tense of the Infinitive depends on the time of 
 the principal verb. If the Infinitive denotes : 
 
 a. The same time as the principal verb, it will be in 
 the Present. 
 
 b. Time before that of the principal verb, it will be in 
 the Perfect. 
 
 c. Time afte?' that of the principal verb, it will be in 
 the Future. 
 
 350. DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS. 
 
 Servo parcit. He spares the slave. 
 
 Legibus non parent. They do not obey the la-ws. 
 
 Notice that servo and legibus, apparently the objects 
 of parcit and parent, are in the Dative case, and not in 
 the Accusative, as we should expect them to be. 
 
 Of the verbs thus followed by the Dative, the most 
 
 common are : 
 
 Parco, pareo, placeo, 
 Faveo, noceo, servio, 
 Invideo, nubo, ignosco, 
 Resisto, persuadeo, 
 Maledico, indulgeo. 
 
 351. Rule XXVIII. Many verbs meaning to favor, 
 help, please, trust, and their opposites ; also to believe, 
 persuade, command, obey, serve, resist, envy, threaten, 
 pardon, spare, and the like, are followed by the Dative. 
 
 352. ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION. 
 
 Virtute praecedunt. They excel in courage. 
 
 Virtute is in the Ablative, and specifies what they 
 excel in. Hence it is called the Ablative of Specifi- 
 cation. 
 
PASSIVE INFINITIVES. 127 
 
 353. Rule XXIX. The Ablative of Specification is 
 used to denote that in respect to which anything is or is 
 done. 
 
 DAEDALUS. 
 
 354. Daedalus, natii Atheniensis, vir summo in- 
 genio, multas iitilTs artis invenit. Sed PerdTx, eius 
 sororis filius, qui a Daedalo docebatur, etiam puer, 
 celeriter praeceptori antecellit. Cui Daedalus invi- 
 det et denique eum ex alta riipe praecipitem demittit. 
 Deinde puerum decidisse niintiat. Cui autem Atlie- 
 nienses non crediderunt. Quam ob rem Daedalus 
 cum filio Icaro ad Mlnoem, regem Cretae, effiigit. 
 El Daedalus dixit se Athenis iniuste expulsum esse ; 
 se autem paratum esse regl multis rebus servire. 
 Nee difficile erat id regi persuadere. Nam dirum 
 monstrum, nomine Minotaurus, niiper in Creta appa- 
 ruerat, cui corpus hominis erat, sed caput tauri. 
 
 355. 1. They say that an Athenian, Daedalus by 
 name, envied his sister's son. 2. The boys declared 
 that Perdix had been hurled from a very high cliff. 
 
 3. It is very difficult to believe this man in all things. 
 
 4. I say that Perdix excels his instructors in genius. 
 
 5. The Athenians said that Minos would expel Dae- 
 dalus from Crete. 
 
 Sight Translation!. Daedalus. — Coticliided. 
 
 356. Itaque Minos Daedalum benigne accepit, 
 atque eum iussit in potestatem suam monstrum redi- 
 gere. Inde Daedalus mirabilem labyrinthum aedi- 
 ficavit, qui miUe vias et innumerabilis ambages 
 
128 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXX VIL 
 
 habuisse dicitur. HTc Minotaurum clausit. Tamen 
 necesse erat monstro corpora hominum ad cibum 
 praebere. Panels post annis Daedalus nuntiat se 
 Athenas rediturum esse. Id autem a rege non con- 
 ceditur. Inde ille novam viam fugae repent. Nam 
 pennas avium in ordine ponit, quas lino et cera in 
 formam rdarum adligat. Has Tgnotas alas umeris 
 suis et fill accommodat. Inde iter peiiculosum in- 
 ceperunt. Sed Icarus iussTs patris non paret et 
 celsior volat. Mox sol cerain pennarum mollit, et 
 Icarus in mare decidit quod nomen ab illo traxit. 
 Daedalus autem incolumis in Siciliam pervenit et 
 multis rebus regi Siciliae serviebat. 
 
 357. 1. Quis erat Daedalus? 2. Ciir Daedalus 
 Perdici invidet? 3. Quid PerdTcT accidit? 4. 
 Ad quem Daedalus effugit? 5. Quid Minoi dixit? 
 6. Cur non difficile erat id regl persuadere ? 7. In 
 quo Daedalus monstrum clausit? 8. Quid erat 
 cibus inonstrT? 9. Quam viam fugae a Creta Dae- 
 dalus reperit? 10. Quid accidit Tcaro? 11. Num 
 Daedalus in mare decidit ? 12. Cul regi postea 
 serviebat? 
 
 iubeo, order. 
 potestas, power. 
 red-igo, reduce. 
 mirabilis, wonderful. 
 ambages, wind'mgs. (Am- 
 biguous.) 
 claudo, shut up., in-CLOSE. 
 red-eo, return. 
 cou-cedo, permit, concede. 
 
 penna, feather. (Pen.) 
 linum, thread. (Linen.) 
 cera, wax. 
 forma, form. 
 umerus, shoulder. 
 ac-commodo, fit to. (Ac- 
 commodate.) 
 celsus, high. (Ex-celsior.) 
 mollio, soften. (MoUi-fy.) 
 
PARTICIPLES: ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 129 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 358. How are the tenses of the Passive Infinitive formed ? 
 Give the Passive Infinitives, Latin and English, of nuntio, video, 
 mitto, venio. Illustrate the use of the Infinitive as a noun. 
 What is the difference between Direct and Indirect Discourse ? 
 In what case is the subject of the Infinitive put ? On what does 
 the tense of the Infinitive depend ? When will it be Present ? 
 Perfect ? Future ? Mention the most common of the special 
 verbs which are followed by the Dative. State the rule for Dative 
 with special verbs. Distinguish between the Ablative of Specifi- 
 cation and Ablative of Characteristic, giving an example of each. 
 Compare the Adverbs formed from multus, parvus, acer, gravis, 
 facilis. 
 
 LESSON XXXVIII. 
 Participles ; Ablative Absolute. 
 
 359. A Participle is a Verbal Adjective ; as a verb it 
 may be followed by an object ; as an adjective it must 
 agree with its noun in gender, number, and case. 
 
 360. In Latin there are two participles in each voice, 
 as follows : 
 
 ACTIVE participlp:s. 
 
 NAME. ENDING. MEANING. 
 
 Present. -ns, gen. -litis. -ing. 
 
 FuTUKE. -urus, -a, -um. about to. 
 
 passivp: participles. 
 
 Perfect. -us, -a, -um. having been. 
 
 Gerundive. -ndus, -a, -um. necessary to be., 
 
 or -ing. 
 
130 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVIIL 
 
 CONJ. I. 
 
 Pres. ania-ns, loving. 
 FuT. amat-urus, ") 
 
 -a, -um, J 
 Pekf. amfit-us, ) 
 
 -a, -um, 
 G'v'e. ama-ndus, ^ necessary to be loved, 
 
 -a, -um, S or loving. 
 
 about to love. 
 ) 
 
 |- having been loved. 
 
 
 CON J. 11. 
 
 CON.I. III. 
 
 CON J. IV. 
 
 PitES. 
 
 mone-ns. 
 
 rege-ns. 
 
 audie-ns. 
 
 FUT. 
 
 monit-urus, 
 
 rect-urus, 
 
 audit-urus. 
 
 
 -a, -um. 
 
 -a, -um. 
 
 -a, -um. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 monit-us. 
 
 rect-us, 
 
 audit-US, 
 
 
 -a, -um. 
 
 -a, -um. 
 
 -a, -um. 
 
 G'v'e. 
 
 mone-ndus, 
 
 rege-ndus. 
 
 audie-ndus 
 
 
 -a, -um. 
 
 -a, -um. 
 
 -a, -um. 
 
 a. Observe that the Present particifjle and the Gerun- 
 dive are formed by adding the endings to the Present 
 stem, while the Future and the Perfect have the Parti- 
 cipial stem. 
 
 b. Notice that -e is added to the Present stem in the 
 Fourth Conjugation. 
 
 c. Form the participles, both Latin and English, of 
 ports, doceo, scribo, munio. 
 
 361. 
 
 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 
 
 1. Bello contecto, 
 in italiam con- 
 tendit. 
 
 The war having been fin- 
 ished, 
 
 Since the tear was fin- 
 ished, 
 
 When the war loas fin- 
 ished, 
 {^Having finished the war^ J 
 
 he hastened 
 into Italy. 
 
PARTICIPLES ; ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 131 
 
 Si^no dato, mi- 
 lites impetum f e- 
 cerunt. 
 
 Eorum vicis in- 
 censis, Caesar 
 exercitum re- 
 duxit. 
 
 4. A castris, te 
 insciente, 
 discessit. 
 
 The signal having been 
 
 given^ 
 When the signal was 
 
 given, 
 At the signal, 
 
 f Their villages having been'" 
 burned, 
 
 When he had buryied their 
 villages, 
 
 After burning their vil- 
 lages, 
 
 Having burned their vil- 
 lages. 
 
 You not knowing. 
 Without your knowledge, 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ , (Caesar (being) our 
 
 Caesareduce. \ ,^„^^^ 
 
 nihil timemus. 
 
 the soldiers 
 charged. 
 
 Caesar 
 led back 
 his army. 
 
 he departed 
 from camp. 
 
 we fear 
 nothing. 
 
 Vento secundo, 
 classis redibit. 
 
 the fleet imll 
 return. 
 
 With Caesar as leader, 
 
 'The wind (being) favor a-^ 
 
 ble. 
 When the wind is favora- 
 ble, 
 
 If the wind is favorable, 
 
 a. Notice that in the first three examples, there is 
 a noun (in the fourth, a pronoun) in the Ablative, and a 
 participle agreeing with it, and that they define the 
 time or circumstances of the action expressed in the 
 main clause of the sentence. Notice also that they are 
 independent of the rest of the sentence. Hence this 
 construction is called the Ablative Absolute. 
 
 Rule XXX. A noun or pronoun, with a participle, 
 may be put in the Ablative to define the time or circurri- 
 stances of an action. 
 
132 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVIIL 
 
 h. Observe that in the 5th example a noun, and in the 
 6th an adjective, is used instead of the participle. In 
 both cases, '^ being ^^ is supplied in English. 
 
 c. Observe that the literal translation of the Ablative 
 Absolute is apt to be awkward. A smoother translation 
 is obtained by using the Active participle with a direct 
 object, or a clause introduced by a suitable conjunction. 
 
 d. In translating English into Latin, do not imagine 
 that all participles will have the Ablative Absolute con- 
 struction. For example, if a participle belongs to the 
 subject of a verb in the Indicative mood, it will, of 
 course, be in the Nominative case, as : Caesar, influenced 
 by their entreaties^ undertook the war. Caesar, eorum 
 precibus adductus, bellum suscepit. 
 
 362. usp: of the pkesknt participle. 
 
 In Latin, the Present i)articiple can only be used 
 when it denotes the same, time as the principal verb, as : 
 Vidi eum ridentem. I saw him laughing. When, there- 
 fore, the Present participle is used loosely in English to 
 denote time before that of the principal verb, a Perfect 
 participle or a clause must be substituted, as : 
 
 Ascertaining these facts, they departed. 
 His rebus cognitis, discesserunt. 
 
 THESEUS ET MINOTAURUS. 
 
 363. Olim, regnante Aegeo, Androgeus Minois fi- 
 lius Athenas venit, atque liidorum, qui ibi quotannis 
 celebrabantur, victor appellatus est. Haud ita multo 
 post, casii nescio quo necatus est. Quam ob rem 
 Minos inceiisus ira bellum cum Atheniensibus gessit. 
 
PARTICIPLES ; ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 133 
 
 Quibus victis terribile tributum imposuit. Eos enim 
 quotannis septem iuvenis septemque virgines ad ci- 
 bum Minotauro mittere iussit. Ea re cognita, The- 
 seus ad Cretam navigare et cum monstro pugiiare 
 constituit. Nee lacrimis patris nee precibus populT 
 motus est. Deiiique sortes ducuiitur et omnia pa- 
 rata sunt. Infelices iuvenes cum Theseo navem atris 
 veils aptatam, signum luctus, conscendunt. Quam 
 navem Theseus patri promittit albis veils aptatam, 
 sTgnum victoriae, Athenas redituram esse. 
 
 364. 1. In the reign of Minos king of Crete, An- 
 drogeus, his son, was murdered at Athens. 2. When 
 everything was ready, Ave embarked on a ship with 
 black sails. 3. Theseus said that he would kill 
 the Minotaur and return to Athens a victor. 4. 
 After the lots had been drawn, seven unfortunate 
 youths were ordered to sail to. Crete. 5. On ascer- 
 taining these facts, Minos determined to wage war 
 with Aegeus. 
 
 Sight Translation. 
 Theseus et Minotaurus. — Concluded. 
 
 365. Mox nautae navem solvunt, et altum mare 
 petunt. Panels post diebus navis ad Cretam ap- 
 pulsa est. CaptivT expositi ad regem ddcuntur. Tum 
 primum Ariadne, pulchra filia Minois, Thesea videt. 
 Statim admiratione et misericordia mota nobilem 
 iuvenem servare constituit. Itaque virgo, captTvTs in 
 carcerem ductis, custodes auro corrmnpit, ac ipsa The- 
 se! gladium et filum dat. Vesper! custodes Thesea 
 
134 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XXXVIIL 
 
 in labyrinthum ducunt. Prope introitum autem iu- 
 venis custodibus mscientibus filum adnectit. Subito 
 terribilem mugitum exaudiunt. Iiide custodes ex 
 labyrintlio discedunt et Tlieseus solus relinqiiitur. 
 Mox Miiiotaiirum videt. Turn acerrima erat pugna. 
 Nam MTiiotauro erant et vires tauri et dolus celeri- 
 tasque hominis. Denique volneribus confeutum mon- 
 strum cadit. 
 
 366. 1. Cur MTiids bellum cum Atlieniensibus 
 gessit? 2. Quod terribile tributum Atbeniensibus 
 victis imposuit ? 3. Qufde monstrum erat Mino- 
 taurus? 4. Quis cum Minotauro pugnare cdnsti- 
 tuit? 5. Qualem navem lufelices iuvenes conscen- 
 dunt ? 6. Quid Theseus patri promittit ? 7. Ubi 
 piimum Ariadne Tliesea vldit ? 8. Quid fecit 
 virgo? 9. Quando Tlieseus in labyrinthum ductus 
 est? 10. Quid prope introitum fecit? 11. Ciir 
 acerrima erat piigna cum Minotauro? 12. Quis 
 vicit ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 367. What is a participle ? Give the names, endings, and 
 meanings of the four participles. Which are formed from the 
 Present stem ? From what stem are the others formed ? Form 
 the participles of duco, moveo, custodio, laudo. What is an 
 Ablative Absolute ? What may be used instead of the participle ? 
 Is there an Ablative Absolute in the sentence: The Gauls having 
 been conquered sent hostages to Caesar? Why? Where only 
 may the Present participle be used in Latin ? Rule for place 
 where. Give the Infinitives, Active and Passive, of pono. 
 
 ap-pell6, land. filum, thread. 
 
 ex-pono, disembark. introitum, entrance. 
 
 ad-miratio, admikation. ad-necto, fasten. 
 
 moveo, MOVE. mugitus, bellowing, 
 
 career, 2Jr ISO n. (In-carcerate.) dolus, cunning. 
 
GERUND : GERUNDIVE. 
 
 135 
 
 LESSON XXXIX. 
 Gerund ; Gerundive ; Supine ; Ablative of Time. 
 368. 
 
 CONJ. I. CONJ. II. CONJ. III. CONJ. IV. 
 
 G. amandi, of loving. monendi regendi audiendi 
 
 D. amando, /or loving, monendo regendo audiendo 
 
 Ac. amandum, loving, monendum regendum audiendum 
 
 Ab. amando, by loving, monendo regendo audiendo 
 
 a. The Gerund is a verbal noun of the Second De- 
 clension ; it lacks the Nominative case, which is sup- 
 plied by the Infinitive. Following are examples of its 
 use. 
 
 369. 
 
 G. His potestatem discedendi fecit. lie gave these the 
 opportunity of departing. 
 
 D. Aqua iitilis est bibendo. Water is useful for drink- 
 ing. 
 
 Ac. Naves erant inutiles ad navigandum. The ships 
 were useless for sailing. 
 
 Ab. Milites in metendo occupati sunt. The soldiers were 
 occupied in reaping. 
 
 a. Observe that the gerund is governed precisely like 
 any other noun. As it has the force of a verb, it mat/ 
 take an object in the proper case. But, as a general 
 rule, instead of the gerund with a direct object the 
 gerundive is used. The gerundive then agrees with its 
 noun, which is put in the case in ivhich the gerund luould 
 have been. The following examples illustrate the use of 
 the gerundive instead of the gerund. 
 
136 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXIX. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 370. 
 
 Consilium 
 ceperuut 
 
 Vix erat 
 tempus 
 
 In Italiam 
 contendit 
 
 Mobiles 
 sunt 
 
 legionem opprimendi. 
 legionis opprimendae. 
 
 They formed the 
 plan of crushimj 
 the legion. 
 
 ( res conlocando. 
 
 ^ rebus conlocandis. 
 
 There was scarcely 
 time for arranging 
 matters. 
 
 ad agendum con- 
 ventus. 
 
 adc on v_entus 
 agendas. 
 
 lie hastened into Italy for 
 the purpose of holding 
 {to hold) courts. 
 
 ^ in capiendo consilia. ) 
 ) in consiliis capiendis. V 
 
 They are changea- 
 ble in forming 
 plans. 
 
 a. Notice that the Accusative of the gerundive with 
 ad is used to express i^urpose. 
 
 37 
 
 1. 
 
 HUriNK. 
 
 
 
 
 CON.T. I. 
 
 CONJ. II. 
 
 CONJ. III. 
 
 CONJ. IV. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 amfitum, to love. 
 
 monitum 
 
 rectum 
 
 auditum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 amfitu, to love. 
 
 monitu 
 
 rectu 
 
 auditii 
 
 a. The Supine is a verbal noun of the Fourth Declen- 
 sion, used only in the Accusative and Ablative as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 1. Legates miserunt rogatum auxilium. They sent am- 
 bassadors to ask assistance. 
 
 2. Perfacile factu est. It is very easy to do. 
 
 h. The Accusative of the supine — called the supine 
 in -um — is used, as in example (1), with verbs of mo- 
 tion to express purpose. 
 
 Note. — This Supine is also used with iri, — the Passive Infini- 
 tive of eo, to go, — to form the Future Passive Infinitive of verbs, 
 as : amatum iri. 
 
SUPINE; ABLATIVE OF TIME. 137 
 
 c. The Ablative of the supine — called the supine in 
 -XL — is used, as in example (2), with a few adjectives. 
 
 372. ABLATIVE OF TIME. 
 
 1. Node oppidum oppugnabimus. We shall storm the 
 town at night. 
 
 2. Tribus horis expugnabitur. It will he taken -within 
 three hours. 
 
 In the first example the Ablative node expresses 
 time when ; in the second example the Ablative tribus 
 horis expresses time within whieli. 
 
 373. Rule XXXI. Time ivhen or within which is 
 expressed by the Ablative without a preposition. 
 
 THESEUS ET ARIADNE. 
 
 374. Minotauro victo, Theseus filo viam, qua ve- 
 nerat, celeriter repetit. Ad introitum labyrinth! 
 Ariadnen viclet, quae metii tremens iuvenem petitum 
 venerat. Nunc tandem virgo laeta eum victorem 
 videt, atque ei dicit se omnia paravisse ; custodes 
 carceris somno vinoque sepultos esse ; eius comites 
 ad iiavigandum paratos esse. Statim Theseus cum 
 Ariadne ad litus properat, ubi iam suT comites con- 
 venerant. Sine tumultii omnes navem atris veils 
 conscendunt et nocte tecti per classem Minois eva- 
 dunt. Nunc tandem eis est spes patriae videndae. 
 Postero die Naxon veniunt. Hic ab omni periculo 
 tuti paucos dies manebant. Tum Theseus et comi- 
 tes navem conscendunt et Athenas cursum derigunt. 
 Ariadne autem relicta est, quam ob rem difficile 
 dictii est. 
 
138 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXIX. 
 
 375. 1. The companions of Tlieseus had no hope 
 of conquering the Minotaur. 2. They had has- 
 tened to the shore to see the ship with black sails. 
 3. They say it is (a) difficult (thing) to see. 4. 
 They will remain at Naxos for the purpose of search- 
 ing for the maiden. 5. On the following day they 
 said that they would arrive at Athens within a few 
 days. 
 
 Slfjht Translation. Theseus et Ariadne. — Concluded. 
 
 376. Alii dicunt TlieseT in animo esse Naxon postea 
 redire ad d&cendam Ariadnen in matrimonium; alii 
 deum Bacchum coegisse iuvenem Ariadnen relinquere 
 dicunt. Saltern certum est Bacchum eam in caelum 
 secum evexisse et ei coronam septem stellarum de- 
 disse. Etiam nunc enim iiocte in caelo Ariadnea 
 corona cernitur. 
 
 lam multos dies rex Aegeus reditum navis ex- 
 spectabat, quae suum filium ad Cretam evexerat. 
 Procul tandem navem cernit, sed eheu ! atris veils. 
 Nam Theseus cilsii nescio quo vela non miitaverat. 
 Turn rex magno dolore adfectus se ex alta riipe in 
 mare deiecit ; unde mail nomen est Aegaeum. Inde 
 Theseus rex Athenarum sapienter civitiitem rege- 
 
 Bacchus, god of wine. dolor, sorrow, grief. (Dolo- 
 saltem, at any rate. rous.) 
 
 e-veho, carry away. (Ve- ad-ficio, affect. 
 
 hide.) Aegaeus, Aegean. 
 
 Stella, star. (Stellar.) sapienter, wisely. 
 
 red-itus, return. ar-cesso, send for, fetch. 
 
 eheu, Alas ! prae-cipuus, special. 
 
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 139 
 
 bat. Suam matrem, Aethrani, Troezene arcessivit, 
 quam semper habebat praecipuo bono re. 
 
 377. 1. Quo modo Theseus ex labjrintbo evasit? 
 2. Quam ad introitum vTdit ? 3. Quid virgo ei 
 dixit? 4. Ubi Theseus suos comites in venit ? 5. 
 Quo modo per chassem Minois evaserunt ? 6. In 
 qua insula Ariadnen relTquerunt? 7. Quid dicunt 
 scrip tores de hac re? 8. Quid certum est? . 9. 
 Ciir Aegeus se ex riipe in mare deiecit? 10. Quis 
 postea erat rex Athenarum? 11. Qualis rex erat 
 Theseus? 12. Qualis filius erat Theseus? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 378. Give the gerunds of narro, video, duco, venio. What 
 is a gerund ? A gerundive ? When is tlie gerundive used instead 
 of a gerund ? In tlie following examples change from the gerund 
 to the gerundive construction, and vice versa : ad perferendas 
 calamitatis, consilium bellum renovandi, difSoultas belli 
 gerendi, ad legiones transportandum. What is a supine ? 
 How are the supines used ? Give an example of time when; time 
 within which. What kind of time does the Accusative express ? 
 
 LESSON XL. 
 
 Derivation and Composition of Words. 
 
 379. In Enghsh, several words of kindred meaning 
 may often he formed from one word hy the addition of 
 certain endings, called suffixes ; e. g., from the verb gov- 
 er7i we have governor, governess, government, governable, 
 etc. Compare the following examples in Latin: 
 
140 LATIN REABER. —LESSON XL. 
 
 KEG- = guide. 
 
 reg-ere, to rule. regn-um, reign. 
 
 rex (= reg-s), king. regn-are, to reign. 
 
 reg-ina, queen. regna-tor, ruler. 
 
 reg-ius, royal. rec-tor, guide, ruler. 
 
 reg-ia, jmlace. rect-io, direction, government. 
 
 reg-io, direction. rect-us, direct, straight. 
 
 All these Latin words, having in them the idea of 
 guidance or (joiuirnnumt, are fcn-med from the root keg- 
 by the addition of certain suffixes. Following are a few 
 of the most important suffixes used in the formation of 
 Latin words. 
 
 380. 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 (1.) The suffix -tor added to roots or verb-stems de- 
 notes the agent or doer of an action, as : 
 
 vinco (root vie-), / conquer. victor, conqueror. 
 oro (stoni ora-), I plead. orator, pleader, orator. 
 
 In like manner form nouns of agency from impero 
 and cano. 
 
 (2.) -ia, -tia, -tas and -tudo added to adjective and 
 noun stems form abstract nouns expressing quality, 
 as : 
 
 diligens (stem diligent-), diligentia, diligence. 
 
 diligent. 
 
 laetus (stem laeto-), glad. laetitia, gladness. 
 
 celer (stem celeri-), quick. celeritas, quickness. 
 
 altus (stem alto-), high. altitSdo, height. 
 
 Form nouns expressing quality from prudens, saevus, 
 tardus, magnus. 
 
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 141 
 
 (3.) -io, -tio, -tus and -tura added to verb stems form 
 nouns expressing actiofi, as : 
 
 leg5 (root leg-), I gather. legio, gathering, legion. 
 
 dimico (stem dimica-), I dimicatio, struggle. 
 
 fight. 
 cano (root can-), / sing. cantus, singing. 
 
 pingo (root PIC-), I j^aint. pictur a., iiainting. 
 
 Form nouns of action from dico, coniuro, advenio, sto. 
 
 381. ADJECTIVES, 
 
 (1.) The suffixes -anus, -inus, -ensis form adjectives 
 denoting helonging to, as : 
 
 Roma (stem Roma-), Rome. Romanus, Roman. 
 
 Gabii (stem Gabio-), Gabii. Gahinus, of Gabii. 
 
 Athenae (stem Athena-), Atheniensis, Athenian. 
 Athens. 
 
 Form such adjectives from Alba, Latium, Sicilia. 
 (2.) -eus forms adjectives denoting viaterial, as : 
 
 aurum (stem auro-), gold. aureus, golden. 
 
 ferrum (stem ferro-), iron. ferreus, of iron. 
 
 Form adjectives denoting material from lignum and 
 marmor. 
 
 (3.) -lis, -alls, -elis, -ills, -bills form adjectives denoting 
 tendency, as : 
 
 humus (stem humo-), ground. humilis, low. 
 
 mors (stem mort-), death. mortalis, mortal. 
 
 fides (stem fiAe-)., faith. Tidelis, faithful. 
 
 hostis (stem hosti-), enemy. hostilis, hostile. 
 
 terreo (root tbur-), frighten. terribilis, terrible. 
 
 In like manner form adjectives from facio, natiira, 
 crudus, vir, horreo. 
 
142 LATIN READER. — LESSON XL. 
 
 382. VERBS. 
 
 Some Latin verbs are formed directly from roots, 
 as ago from root ag-; others are formed from noun, 
 adjective, and other verb stems, as : 
 
 laus (stem laud-), praise. laudare, to praise. 
 
 albus (stem albo-), white. albeo, he white. 
 
 caleo (stem cale-), he warm, calesco, (jrow warm. 
 
 finis (stem fini-), end. finio, end. 
 
 383. COMPOUND WORDS. 
 
 Latin compounds consist of two or more simple 
 stems uniting to form one word, as : magno -(- animus = 
 magnanimus, great-souled. 
 
 They are often formed of verbs preceded (1) by a 
 preposition, as in-scribo, inscribe, or (2) by a particle, as 
 dis-cedo, depart. 
 
 a. Notice the following compounds of mitto, send. 
 
 a-mitto, send awaij. manii-initto, send from the hand., 
 
 ad-mitto, send to., admit. release. 
 
 circum-mitto, send around. o-mitto, omit. 
 
 com-mitto, send together., per-mitto, send through., per- 
 
 commit. mit. 
 
 de-mitto, send or cast down. prae-mitto, send forward. 
 
 di-mitto, send apart, scatter. pro-mitto, promi.^e. 
 
 e-mittb, ."tend forth, emit. re-mitto, send hack, remit. 
 
 im-mitto, .'<end in. sub-mitto, send under, suhmit. 
 
 inter-mitto, send between, in- trans-mitto, send across. 
 
 termit. 
 
 h. The final consonant in the preposition is often 
 assimilated to the consonant beginning the following 
 word, as cor-rump6 for con-rumpo, au-fero for ab-fero. 
 
 c. A short (X or e in the stem of a verb compounded 
 with a preposition is often weakened to short i, as 
 con-ficio for con-facio, ob-tineo for ob-teneo. 
 
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 143 
 
 PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 384. Prepositions, when compounded with other words, 
 sometimes vary from their usual meaning. Note care- 
 fully the following : 
 
 Com-, con- (cum), (1) toff ether, as con-venire, to come 
 together ; (2) thoroughly, completely, as con-laudare, to 
 praise highly. 
 
 In-, im-, (1) with verbs, in, into, on, against, as im- 
 portare, to b?'i7ig in ; (2) with adjectives, not, un-, as in- 
 iustus, unjust. 
 
 Ob, (1) towards, as oc-currere, to run towards ; (2) 
 down, as oc-cidere, to cut down. 
 
 Sub, (1) under, beneath, as sub-mergere, to dip under ; 
 (2) from beneath, up, as sub-levare, to raise up ; (3) 
 secretly, as sub-ripere, to take away secretly y (4) slightly, 
 as sub-ridere, (to laugh slightly), to smile. 
 
 385. PARTICLES IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 amb-, am-, an-, around, round about, as amb-ire, to go around. 
 dis-, di-, asunder, apart, as dis-cedere, to depart, 
 por-, forward, forth, as por-rigere, to hold forth, extend. 
 red-, re-, hack, again, as red-ire, to go back, return, 
 sed-, se-, apart, as se-cludere, to shut apart. 
 
 NUPTIAE ROMANAE. 
 
 386. Die niiptiarum niibens alba tunica et flammeo 
 luteo induebatur. Eius coma, cuspide hastae in sex 
 ciinis divisa, vittis nectebatur. Ubi convivae in 
 patris niibentis domum convenerunt, optimTs auspi- 
 ciis caei'imonia agebatur. Primum certa et sollemnia 
 verba, decern testibus praesentibus, dicuntiir. Deinde 
 
144 LATIN READER.— LESSON XL. 
 
 pronuba novos maritos ad aram dels sacrificandi 
 causa ducit. Dum Flanien Dialis carmina peragit, 
 novi maiiti, manibus inter se iunctis, aram circunn- 
 bant. Quibus ritibus factis, omnes convivae et marito 
 et nuptae ' feliciter ' dicunt. Delude epulis usque ad 
 uoctem apud patrem novae nuptae accumbunt. 
 
 387. 1. They said that the guests had assembled 
 at the bridegroom's house. 2. The solemn words 
 will be pronounced in the presence of the priest. 
 3. The guests will recline at the feast until night- 
 fall. 4. Has the bride put on the white tunic and 
 orange-colored veil? 5. The priest used to go 
 round the altar for the sake of performing these 
 ceremonies. 
 
 Sight Translation. Nuptiae Romanae. — Concluded. 
 
 388. Ubi nox venit, niipta specie vTs de complexu 
 matris avolsa ad domum marlti deddcitur. TibTcines 
 
 species, hIiow. (Species.) oleum, oil. 
 
 com-plexus, e^>i/>race. (Com- unguo, auo/wL (Unction.) 
 
 plexion.) omen, omen. 
 
 a-vello, tear away. (Re- trans-fertur, is carried across. 
 
 vulsion.) (Transfer.) 
 
 tihicen, flute-player. vide-licet, (one may see), 
 fax, torch. clearly. 
 
 agmen, line. quia, because. 
 
 prae-cedo, precede. necessarius, necessary. 
 
 Talassio, perhaps an ancient re-potia, return banquet. 
 
 god of marriage. Lares, deified spirits of ances- 
 clamito, keep shouting. tors. 
 
 nux, nut. Penates, liousehold gods. 
 
 spargo, scatter. (Sparse.) sacri-fico, sacrifice. 
 
 signi-fiCO, SIGNIFY. 
 
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 145 
 
 et servT faces ferentes agmen praecedunt. Post 
 novos maiitos veniuiit convivae, quibus mox magna 
 turba plebis se iungit. Omnes carmina canunt et 
 'Talassio' clamitant. Nunc maiitus pueiis nuces 
 spargit, quo significat se non iam puerum esse. Ubi 
 ad domum mariti veniunt, nupta postis oleo unguit 
 atque eos vittis ornat. Deinde ad malum omen 
 vitandum nupta trans limen transfertur. In atrio 
 maritus suam uxorem aqua et igni accipit, videlicet 
 quia hae duae res ad vivendum maxime necessariae 
 sunt. Postero die repotia apud maritum erant, quo 
 tempore primum niipta Laribus et Penatibus mariti 
 sacrificabat. 
 
 389. 1. Quo modo niibens Romana induebatur? 
 2. Quo modo eius coma dividebatur? 3. Quot 
 testibus praesentibus caerimonia agebatur? 4. Quis 
 ducit novos maritos ad aram? 5. Dum Flamen Di- 
 alis carmina peragit, quid faciunt novi mariti? 6. 
 Quid deinde faciunt convivae ? 7. Ubi nox venit, 
 quo niipta deducitur? 8. Dum turba per vias ince- 
 dit, quid faciunt omnes ? 9. Quid facit novus mari- 
 tus? 10. Ubi ad domum veniunt, quid facit niipta ? 
 11. Ciir niipta trans iTmen transfertur? 12. Quo 
 modo maritus in atrio niiptam accepit? 13. Ubi pri- 
 mum niipta Laribus et Penatibus mariti sacrificabat ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 390. Explain the formation of tlie following words, giving 
 the meaning of the suffixes: R^manus, diligentia, fidelis, ora- 
 tor, terribilis, altitude, Gabinus, pictura, cantor, ligneus, 
 laetitia, mortalis, legio, celeritas, Atheniensis, ferreus, hu- 
 
146 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLL 
 
 mills, dimicatio, hostilis, cantus. What is the force of the 
 prepositions and particles in the following: iniustus, porri- 
 gere, subripere, secludere, occidere, conlaudare, redire, 
 subridere, discedere, sublevare, occurrere, ambire, conve- 
 nire, importare. 
 
 LESSON XL I. 
 
 Subjunctive of Sum ; Hortatory Subjunctive ; 
 Subjunctive of Wish. 
 
 391. The Subjunctive mood has four tenses ; viz., 
 Present, Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect. It is vari- 
 ousl}^ translated according to the clause in which it 
 stands. Learn the following paradigm : — 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM. 
 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 
 IMPEUFECT. 
 
 s-i-m 
 
 s-i-mus 
 
 es-se-m 
 
 es-se-mus 
 
 s-i-s 
 
 s-i-tls 
 
 es-se-s 
 
 es-se-tis 
 
 s-i-t 
 
 s-i-nt 
 
 es-se-t 
 
 es-se-nt 
 
 PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. 
 
 fu-eri-m fu-eri-mus fu-isse-m fu-isse-mus 
 
 fu-eri-s fu-eri-tis fu-isse-s fu-isse-tis 
 
 fu-eri-t fu-eri-nt fu-isse-t fu-isse-nt 
 
 392. The Subjunctive has two principal uses. 
 I. It may be used independently. 
 
 II. It may be dependent on another verb. 
 
 I. SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES. 
 
 393. HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 1. Boni simus. Let us be good. 
 
 2. Ne ignavi simus. Let us not be cowards. 
 
HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE, 147 
 
 a. Observe that these sentences are exhortations. 
 Hence this is called the Hortatory Subjunctive. 
 
 b. The negative is ne, as in example (2). 
 
 394. Rule XXXII. The Subjunctive is used to ex- 
 press a mild command or exhortation. 
 
 395. SUBJUNCTIVE OF WISH. 
 
 1. Sis felix. May you be fortunate. 
 
 2. (Utinam) Athenis ess em. O that I were (now) at 
 Athens ! 
 
 3. (Utinam) ne domi fuissemus. O that we had not 
 been at home ! 
 
 a. Notice that the wish expressed in example (1) is 
 with regard to the future, and that it may be fulfilled. 
 Hence, it is called a possible wish. It requires the Pres- 
 ent Subjunctive. 
 
 b. The wish expressed in example (2) is with regard 
 to present time, but it cannot be fulfilled, as the person 
 is evidently not now at Athens. It is therefore called an 
 impossible wish in the p)resent. Notice that although the 
 time is present, the tense is Imperfect. 
 
 c. The wish in example (3) is with reference to past 
 time, and of course cannot be fulfilled. It is called an 
 impossible ivlsh in the past, and requires the Pluperfect 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 d. Utinam may be omitted. The negative is ne. 
 
 396. Rule XXXIII. The Subjunctive is used to ex- 
 press a wish ; the Present tense is used for a possible 
 wish; the Imperfect for an impossible ivish in the pres- 
 ent ; the Pluperfect for an impossible ivlsh in the past. 
 
148 LATIN READER. —LESSON XLL 
 
 MIDAS. 
 
 397. Bacchus olim Midae, regi Phrygiae, pro bene- 
 ficio aibitrium muiieris dedit. Ille autem sic petivit : 
 '' Quicquid ineo corpore contigeio, id aurum sit." 
 Cm deus maestus adnuit, "Ita sit." Midas autem 
 laetus domum abivit. Vix fortiinae credens postis 
 taugit, qui protinus in aurum vertuntur. Deinde 
 regiam percurrit, lectos, mensas, sellas, maniitangens. 
 Brevi omnia sunt aurea. Mox regi magnificas epulas 
 ministiT apponunt. Tum vero quicquid cibT rex ore 
 contingit, id statim in aurum vertitur. Etiam vTnum 
 in aureum flumen vertitur. Midas attonitus opes 
 effugere temptat sed frustra. Sic tandem secum 
 dicit : " Ne tam stultus fuissem ! Et ditissimus et 
 pauperrimus mortalium sum ! Utinam deus ipse 
 adesset! Quo modo sine eius auxilio mortem effu- 
 giam ? " 
 
 398. 1. Let not the king be astonished. 2. O 
 that all things in the palace were golden ! 3. Let 
 the feast be magnificent. 4. O that the attend- 
 ants of the kin Of had not been so foolish ! 5. O 
 that we were not so poor ! 
 
 Sight Translation. Midas. — Concluded. 
 
 399. Inde Midas Bacchum diem noctemque quaere- 
 bat. Denique fame sitique defessus deum repperit. 
 Tum SIC orat : '' Da veniam, pater, peccavi. Ab hoc 
 criidelT fato me eripe." Cui deus benigne respon- 
 det: '' Vade ad fliimen Pactolum. Ubi ad fliiminis 
 fontis veneris, aquae tuum caput subde, et simul 
 
\ 
 
 SUBJUNCTWE OF WISH. 149 
 
 corpus ciimenque elue." Hex ad flumen succedit, 
 atque in aquam se mergit. Statim, mirabile dictu, 
 vis aurea de eiiis corpore in fliimen cedit. Usque ad 
 hoc tempus Pactolus avireis harenis fluere dicitur. 
 At Midas, cui ex eo tempore opes invTsae erant, 
 silvas et riira semper colebat. 
 
 400. 1. Quis erat Midas? 2. Quis olim Midae 
 arbitrium miineris dedit ? 3. Ubi rex domum venit, 
 quid primum fecit? 4. Quid accidit? 5. Quid 
 deinde Midas fecit? 6. Quid accidit, ubi ministri 
 epulas regi apposuerunt? 7. Quern Midas diii 
 quaerebat? 8. Quid Midae petentT deus respondit? 
 9. Quid accidit, ubi rex in aquam se mersit? 10. 
 Ciir postea Midas silvas et riira colebat? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 401. Inflect the Subjunctive of sum. What are the two 
 principal uses of the Subjunctive ? Illustrate the Hortatory 
 Subjunctive. Why is it called Hortatory ? In wishes, when is 
 the Present Subjunctive used ? The Imperfect ? The Pluper- 
 fect ? What negative is used with the Hortatory Subjunctive 
 and in wishes ? 
 
 fames, hunger, famine. e-luo, wash, wash away. 
 
 sitis, thirst. suc-cedo, draw near. (Suc- 
 
 pecco, sin. ceed.) 
 
 e-ripio, snatch or save from. mergo, dip, sink. (Merge.) 
 
 vado, go, proceed. (In-vade.) harena., sand. (Arena.) 
 
 Pactolus, river in Asia Minor, in-visus, hateful. 
 
 sub-do, put or dip under. colo, inhabit, frequent. 
 
 crimen, ojfencc, CRIME. (Culture.) 
 
 I 
 
150 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLII. 
 
 LESSON XLII. 
 
 Active Subjunctive; Indirect Question; Genitive 
 and Dative with Adjectives. 
 
 402. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 I'KESENT TENSE. 
 
 CON.I. I. 
 
 coN.r. 11. 
 
 CON.I. III. 
 
 CON.I. IV. 
 
 am-e-m 
 
 mone-a-m 
 
 reg-a-m 
 
 aiidi-a-m 
 
 am-e-s 
 
 mone-a-s 
 
 reg-a-s 
 
 audi-a-s 
 
 am-e-t 
 
 mone-a-t 
 
 reg-a-t 
 
 audi-a-t 
 
 am-e-mus 
 
 mone-a-mus 
 
 reg-a-mus 
 
 audi-a-mus 
 
 ain-e-tis 
 
 mone-a-tis 
 
 rcg-a-tis 
 
 audi-a-tis 
 
 ani-e-nt 
 
 mone-a-nt 
 
 reg-a-nt 
 
 audi-a-nt 
 
 
 IMPEHFECT TENSE. 
 
 
 ama-re-m 
 
 monr'-re-m 
 
 roge-re-m 
 
 audi-re-m 
 
 ama-re-s 
 
 mone-re-s 
 
 roge-re-s 
 
 aiidi-re-s 
 
 amfi-re-t 
 
 mour'-re-t 
 
 rege-re-t 
 
 audi-re-t 
 
 ama-re-mus 
 
 inone-re-mus 
 
 rege-re-mus 
 
 audi-re-mus 
 
 aina-re-tis 
 
 mone-re-tis 
 
 rege-re-tis 
 
 audi-re-tis 
 
 ama-re-ut 
 
 moiie-re-nt 
 
 rege-re-nt 
 
 audi-re-nt 
 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 TENSE. 
 
 
 amfiv-eri-m 
 
 monu-eri-m 
 
 rex-eri-m 
 
 andiv-eri-m 
 
 amfiv-eri-s 
 
 monii-eri-s 
 
 rex-eri-s 
 
 aiidiv-eri-s 
 
 amav-eri-t 
 
 monu-eri-t 
 
 rex-eri-t 
 
 audiv-eri-t 
 
 amriv-eri-mus 
 
 monu-eri-mus 
 
 lex-eri-mus 
 
 aiidiv-eri-mus 
 
 amav-eri-tis 
 
 inonu-eri-tis 
 
 rex-eri-tis 
 
 audiv-eri-tis 
 
 amav-eri-nt 
 
 nionu-eri-nt 
 
 rex-eri-nt 
 
 audiv-eri-nt 
 
 
 PEUPEKFECT TENSE. 
 
 
 amuv-isse-m 
 
 monu-isse-m 
 
 rex-isse-m 
 
 audlv-isse-m 
 
 amfiv-isse-s 
 
 monu-isse-s 
 
 rex-isse-s 
 
 audiv-isse-s 
 
 amav-isse-t 
 
 iiionu-isse-t 
 
 rex-isse-t 
 
 audiv-isse-t 
 
 amav-isse-mus 
 
 monu-isse-mus 
 
 rex-isse-mus 
 
 audiv-isse-mu 
 
 amuv-isse-tis 
 
 monu-isse-tis 
 
 rex-isse-tis 
 
 audiv-isse-tis 
 
 amav-isse-nt 
 
 monu-isse-nt 
 
 rOx-isse-nt 
 
 audlv-isse-nt 
 
ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. 151 
 
 a. Notice that the tense signs of the Subjunctive in 
 all four Conjugations are as follows : 
 
 PKESENT. IMrEKFECT, PEIIFECT. PLUPKRFI5CT. 
 
 -a- (CoNj. I. -e-) -re- -eri- -isse- 
 
 b. Inflect the Active Subjunctive of porto, habeo, 
 dico, venio. 
 
 n. SUBJUNCTIVE IN DEPENDENT SENTENCES. 
 
 403. INDIRECT QUESTION. 
 
 DIKECT QUESTION. INDIRECT QUESTION. 
 
 1. Ubiest? Scio ubi sit. 
 Where is he? I know where he is. 
 
 2. Quid agunt? Sensit quid agerent. 
 
 What are they doing ? lie perceived what they 
 
 w^ere doing. 
 
 a. Observe that an Indirect Question is really a 
 Direct Question made dependent on a verb. 
 
 b. Notice that the verb in the Indirect Question is in 
 the Subjunctive mood. 
 
 404. Rule XXXIV. Indirect Questions are put in the 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 405. SEQUENCE OF TENSES. 
 
 Quaerit ) 
 
 Quaeret . quis | ^^'^^^^^t 
 
 Quaesiverit ^ ^ discesserit 
 
 He is inquiring 
 
 He loill inquire y who 
 
 He will have inquired 
 
 is departing, 
 has departed. 
 
 Quaerebat ) 
 
 Quaesivit C quis ( discederet 
 
 Quaesiverat ) ^ discessisset 
 
152 LATIN READER.— LESSON XLIL 
 
 He was inquiring ) 
 
 He inquired [ who \ ^^^ departing. 
 
 He had inquired ) ^ ^^^ departed. 
 
 a. Carefully examine the above sentences and observe 
 that the tense of the Subjunctive depends upon the 
 tense of the principal verb according to the following 
 rule : 
 
 406. Rule XXXV. If the tense of the principal verb 
 is Present, Future, or Future Perfect, it will be followed 
 by the Present or Perfect Subjunctive. But if the tense 
 of the principal verb is Tuiperfect, Perfect, or Pluperfect, 
 it will be followed by the Imperfect or Pluperfect Suh- 
 junctire. 
 
 407. GENITIVE AND DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES. 
 
 GENITIVE. ■ DATIVE. 
 
 Plenus ira,e. Locus idoneus castris. 
 
 Full of anger. A place suitable for a 
 
 camp. 
 
 408. Rule XXXVI. The Genitive is used with adjec- 
 tives denoting destine, knowledge, memory, fulness, power, 
 sharing, guilt, and their opposites. 
 
 409. Rule XXXVII. The Dative is used with adjec- 
 tives denoting fitness, nearness, likeness, friendliness, in- 
 clination^ and their opposites. 
 
 lASON ET CENTAURUS. 
 
 410. In Thessalia olim erat rex, nomine Aeson, 
 cuT erat frater Pelias, homo summa audacia et impu- 
 dentia. Hic, coiiiuratione facta, fratrem expulit, ac 
 ipse regnum occupavit. Hand ita multo post, Pelias 
 
INDIRECT QUESTION. 153 
 
 lasonem filium Aesonis interficere constituit. Sed 
 quidam, qui Aesoni amicus erat, ei ostendit quid 
 consili Pelias haberet. Inde Aeson, plenus timoris, 
 cum filio in montis effuigit, ubi cuidam centauro, 
 nomine CiiTroni, lasonem educandum dedit. (Gen- 
 tauii caput maniisque hiimanas sed corpus equinum 
 liabebant.) Cum Chirone multos annos vivebat 
 lason, patris regnique immemor. Tandem ei iam 
 fortissimo et validissimo centaurus ostendit unde 
 venisset et quis esset. 
 
 411. 1. Full of recklessness he was expelled from 
 Tliessaly by the king. 2. Let us show the brave 
 youth who he is, and whence he came. 3. Jason 
 was educated by a centaur who was friendly to his 
 father. 4. O that his brother would show him 
 what plan the centaurs have ! 5. Forgetful of their 
 father, they had lived many years in the mountains. 
 
 Sifjht IVanslation. Iason et Anus. 
 
 412. Inde lason, patris videndi cupidissimus, ad 
 lolcum, ubi regia erat, contendere constituit, atque, 
 Pelia expulso, patrem restituere in suum regnum. 
 Mox, omnibus rebus paratis, Cliironi " Vale " dicit, et 
 ad plaiiitiem descendit. Sub monte succedit ad Anau- 
 rum, rapidum fliimen, qui tum maxime imbribus 
 tumidus erat. Dum lason transire dubitat, pauperem 
 anum in rlpa sedentem videt. Quae statim stiidula 
 voce iuvenem se transportare iubet. Quod piimum 
 lason recusat ; sed postea, misericordia motus, eam in 
 suos umeros tollit et aquam intrat. Vix in rapido 
 
154 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XLII. 
 
 flumine se sustinet. Tandem, defessus laboribus, 
 altero calceo amisso, ad iipam veiiit. Deinde, onere 
 deposits, ad '' Vale " dicendum se vertit. At iam, 
 miiabile dictu, noii anus, sed dea pulcherrima forma 
 adest. 
 
 413. 1. Qualis homo erat Pelias ? 2. Quo modo 
 regnum occupavit ? 3. Quid deinde facere con- 
 stituit ? 4. Quis Aesoni ostendit quid consili 
 Pelias haberet ? 5. Quid fecit Aeson ? 6. Qualia 
 animalia erant centauii? 7. Quis lasoni ostendit 
 unde venisset et quis esset? 8. Quid deinde iu- 
 venis facere constituit? 9. Ad quod flumen sub 
 monte succedit? 10. Quam in lipasedentem videt? 
 11. Quid anus iuvenem facere iubet? 12. Num 
 lason reciisat? 13. Quid accidit, ubiaquam intrat? 
 
 14. Ubi ad alteram ripam venit, quid fecit lason? 
 
 15. Quis adest ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 414. What are the tense signs of the Active Subjunctive in all 
 four conjugations ? What is the difference between a Direct and 
 an hidirect Question ? Give the rule for Sequence of tenses. 
 What adjectives are followed by the Genitive ? What by the 
 Dative ? 
 
 lolcus, town in Thessaly. tumidus, swollen. (Tumor.) 
 
 planities, plain. trans-eo, go across. (Transit.) 
 
 Anaurus, river in Thessaly. anus, old woman. 
 rapidus, swift, rapid. 
 
PASSI VE S UBJ UNCTl VE. 
 
 155 
 
 LESSON XLIII. 
 
 Passive Subjunctive ; Subjunctive of Purpose ; 
 Dative of Service. 
 
 415. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 CONJ. I. 
 
 am-e-r 
 
 am-e-ris 
 
 or -re 
 
 am-e-tur 
 
 am-e-mur 
 
 am-e-mini 
 
 am-e-ntur 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 CONJ. II. 
 
 mone-a-r 
 
 mone-a-ris 
 
 or -re 
 
 mone-a-tur 
 
 moue-a-mur 
 
 mone-a-mini 
 
 mone-a-ntur 
 
 CONJ. III. 
 
 reg-a-r 
 
 reg-a-ris 
 
 or -re 
 
 reg-a-tur 
 
 reg-a-mur 
 
 reg-a-mini 
 
 resr-a-ntur 
 
 CONJ. IV. 
 
 audi-a-r 
 
 audi-a-ris 
 
 or -re 
 
 audi-a-tur 
 
 audi-a-mur 
 
 audi-a-mini 
 
 audi-a-ntur 
 
 ama-re-r 
 
 ama-re-ris 
 
 or -re 
 
 amfi-re-tur 
 
 ama-re-mur 
 
 ama-re-mini 
 
 ama-re-ntur 
 
 IMPEKFECT TENSE 
 
 mone-re-r 
 
 mone-re-ris 
 
 or -re 
 
 inoiie-re-tur 
 
 mone-re-mur 
 
 mone-re-mini 
 
 mone-re-ntur 
 
 rege-re-r 
 
 rege-re-ris 
 
 or -re 
 
 rege-re-tur 
 
 rege-re-miir 
 
 rege-re-mini 
 
 reire-re-ntur 
 
 audi-re-r 
 
 aiidi-re-ris 
 
 or -re 
 
 audi-re-tur 
 
 audi-re-mur 
 
 audi-re-mini 
 
 audi-re-ntur 
 
 amatus 
 
 Sim 
 
 sis 
 (-a, -uin) ^ gjj 
 
 4 SI 
 
 PEIiFECT TENSE 
 
 amfiti 
 
 monitus 
 
 (-a, -um) 1 
 rectus ) 
 
 (-a, -um)|;:; 
 
 Sim 
 
 sis 
 
 sit 
 
 sim 
 sis 
 
 simus 
 
 sitis 
 (-ae, -a) ; ^^^^ 
 
 ( sim 
 
 'O^^t^ ) siti 
 (-^^' -^) { sint 
 
 simus 
 sitis 
 
 recti 
 
 (-ae,-a) 
 
 simus 
 
 sitis 
 
 sint 
 
156 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XLIL 
 
 ,-, ( sim ,-,- ( simus 
 
 auditus ] auchti ) 
 
 . \ S SIS / „ ^ „ A -\ sitis 
 
 (-"'-"■") (sit ^-'^'-"^Isint 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 ^ essemus 
 
 A esses , s ■< essetis 
 J (-ae, -a) J 
 
 ( esset ( essent 
 
 ( essem ... ( essemus 
 
 monitiis ) _ luoniti 
 
 amatus \ ^^^t"^ amati ( 
 
 (-a, -uin) 
 
 essetis 
 esset ' ' ( essent 
 
 (-a, -iiin) 1 ^ (-ae, -a) 
 
 i essem j."'oti ( essemus 
 
 rectus , _ , _ . 
 
 . < esses , s -( essetis 
 
 (-a, -uni) ) (-ae, -a) ) 
 ^ ^ ( esset ( essent 
 
 ( essem ,,- ( essemus 
 
 audiUis \ _ auditi \ _ . 
 
 . -[ esses . . ■{ essetis 
 
 (-"•-""» (esset ("^' -■'M esBent 
 
 a. Inflect the Passive Subjunctive of volnero, doceo, 
 vinco, and vincio. 
 
 416. SUH.TUXCTIVE QY PURPOSE. 
 
 1. Venit ut auxilium petered. 
 
 i that he might seek assistance. 
 He came -^ in order to seek assistance. 
 ( to seek assistance. 
 
 2. Misit amicum, qui. auxilium. peteret. 
 
 ( -who -was to seek assistance. 
 He sent a friend -^ in order to seek assistance. 
 (^ to seek assistance. 
 
 3. Eum in vinoula coniecit, ne auxilium peteret. 
 
 C that he might not seek assistance. 
 
 jr . . , , . lest he should seek assistance. 
 He imprisoned him -I 
 
 in order that he might not seek 
 
 I assistance. 
 
SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE. 157 
 
 4. Monuit captivum, ne auxilium peteret. 
 
 ( that he should not seek assistance. 
 He ivarneO. the captive < lest he should seek assistance. 
 ( not to seek assistance. 
 
 a. Observe that the dependent clauses introduced by 
 ut, qui, and ne express purpose, the verb being in the 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 h. Observe that the dependent clause in example (4) 
 is equivalent to a noun, or snbstcmtive, used as an object 
 of the principal verb. Such clauses are called Substan- 
 tive clauses of Purpose. 
 
 417. Rule XXXVIII. The Subjunctive with ut, ne, 
 or a relative, is used to express Purpose. 
 
 Note, — - The rule for Sequence of Tenses is observed in clauses 
 of Purpose. 
 
 418. DATIVE' OF SERVICE. 
 
 Milites urbi praesidio erant. 
 
 The soldiers virere (for) a guard to the city. 
 
 a. Observe that praesidio is in the Dative, and that 
 the soldiers served as a guard to the city. Hence this 
 is called the Dative of Service. It is usually coupled 
 with another Dative forming the construction sometimes 
 called the Double Dative. 
 
 419. Rule XXXIX. The Dative is used to denote the 
 Purpose or End, 
 
 ias5n et dea. 
 
 420. Turn SIC dicit dea lasoni: " liino sum, quae 
 iiicedo regiua deoruni, et soror et uxor lovis I Tii 
 mihi labonmti auxilio fuisti. Ego, si quando usus 
 
158 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLIIL 
 
 erit, tibi auxiliuin feram." His verbis e coiispectu 
 in tenuem auram evanuit. Inde lason laetissimus ad 
 lolcum contendit. 
 
 Interea Pelias nuiis somniis graviter commotus, 
 Delphos iiiTsit legatum, qui Apolliiiem consuleret. 
 Cui sic respondit deus : "Cave iie alieims, uiium cal- 
 ceum gerens, te ex tuo regno expellat." Legatus 
 rediit et regi nuntiavit quid deus respondisset. Eum 
 rex monuit ne quid de oiaeulo diceret. Tamen, 
 nescio quo modo, i unior de hac re volgatus est. Ubi 
 igitur lason in urbem venit, elves eum alterum cal- 
 ceum amisisse senserunt atque eum monuerunt ut 
 fugeret. At ille " Veni," inquit " ut criidelem tyran- 
 num expellerem." 
 
 421. 1. A citizen liad warned me not to come 
 into tlie city. 2. The stianger is reporting what 
 Apollo lias replied. 3. Jason will come to expel 
 the cruel tyrant from the city. 4. The citizens will 
 send a messenger to consult the oracle. 5. He Avas 
 sent to be an aid to the king in trouble. 
 
 SigJd Translation. Iason et Pelias. 
 
 422. Inde lason clamore secundo ad regiam conten- 
 dit. Sed Pelias — mirabile dictii — iuvenem benigne 
 accepit. BlandTs verbis dixit se fratris filio libenter 
 
 blandus,^a^ierinj/, BLAND. neg-otium, ia.sfc. (Negotiate.) 
 
 sub-eo, undergo. teniere, rashlj/. 
 
 callidus, crafty, cunning. Athamas, king of Boeotia. 
 
 vellus, ^eece. Boeotia, province in Greece. 
 
 re-fero, bring back. (Refer.) noverca, step-mother. 
 
DATIVE OF SERVICE. 159 
 
 cessurum esse ; piTmum autem necesse esse lasonem 
 se fortem virum praebere. CuT lason respondit se 
 ad omnia peiicula subeunda paratum esse. Turn 
 callidus rex " Ubi mihi velliis aiireum ex Colchide 
 rettuleris, turn tibi regnum tradam." lason autem 
 hoc difficillimum negotium temere suscepit. 
 
 De vellere aureo baec res narratur. AthamantT, 
 regi Boeotiae, erant duo liberT, Phrixus et Helle. 
 Quos eorum noverca interficere constituit, ut sui lib- 
 eri regnarent. Sed deus e manibus novercae iTberos 
 eripuit. 
 
 423. 1. Quae erat dea ? 2. Quid luno lasonT 
 promisit? 3. Ciir interea Pelias graviter commotus 
 est? 4. Quid fecit rex ? 5. Quid respondit deus? 
 6. De quo rex legatum monuit nediceret? 7. Ubi 
 lason in urbem venit, quid cives dixerunt? 8. 
 Quid respondit lason ? 9. Quo modo Pelias iuve- 
 nem accepit? 10. Quod difficillimum negotium 
 lasoni dedit? 11. Qui erant Phrixus et Helle? 
 12. Quis llberos interficere constituit ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 424. What is the meaning of ut and ne ? Give an example 
 of a Purpose clause introduced by a relative. What other ways 
 of expressing purpose have been given ? May the Infinitive be 
 used to express purpose ? (Ans. Onhj in poetry.) Give an ex- 
 ample of the Dative of Service. What special verbs take the 
 Dative ? What adjectives are followed by the Dative ? 
 
160 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XLIV. 
 
 LESSON XLIV. 
 
 Verbs in -io ; Subjunctive of Result. 
 
 425. Verbs in -io of the Third conjugation have a 
 few forms in the jjreseiit stem like the Fourth conjuga- 
 tion. Study the following : 
 
 Principal parts: capio, capere, cepi, captus. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD, 
 
 ACTIVE VOICK. PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 I take, 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 I am taken, etc. 
 
 
 capi-5 
 
 
 capi-mus 
 
 capio-r 
 
 capi-mur 
 
 capi-8 
 
 
 capi-tis 
 
 cape-ris or -re 
 
 capi-mini 
 
 capi-t 
 
 
 capiu-nt 
 
 capi-tur 
 
 capiu-ntur 
 
 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 
 I was 
 
 taklnfj, etc. 
 
 I wan taken, etc. 
 
 
 capie-ba-m, 
 
 etc. 
 
 capiu-ba-r, etc. 
 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 I shall take, etc. I shall he taken, etc. 
 
 capi-a-m capi-e-mus capi-a-r capi-e-mur 
 
 capi-e-s capi-e-tis capi-e-ris or -re capi-e-mini 
 
 capi-e-t capi-e-nt capi-e-tur capi-e-ntur 
 
 PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 I took, or have taken, etc. I ivas or have been taken, etc. 
 
 cep-i, etc. capt-us, -a, -um sum, etc. 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 I had taken, etc. I had been taken, etc. 
 
 cep-era-m, etc. - capt-us, -a, -um eram, etc 
 
VERBS IN -10; SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT. 161 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 I fthall have taken, etc. I shall have been taken, etc. 
 
 cep-er-o, etc. capt-us, -a, -um ero, etc. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 capi-a-m, etc. capi-a-r, etc. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 cape-re-m, etc. cape-re-r, etc. 
 
 PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 cep-eri-m, etc. capt-us, -a, -um sim, etc. 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 cep-isse-m, etc. capt-us, -a, -um essem, etc. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 cape, take thou. cape-re, he thou taken. 
 
 capi-te, take ye. capi-mini, be ye taken. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 capi-to, thou shalt take. capi-tor, thou shalt be taken. 
 
 capi-to, he shall take. capi-tor, he shall be taken. 
 
 capi-tote, ye shall take. 
 
 capiu-nto, the]/ shall take. capiu-ntor, they shall be taken. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Pres. cape-re, to take. cap-i, to be taken. 
 
 Perf. cep-isse, to have taken, capt-us, -a, -um esse, to have 
 
 been taken. 
 FuT. capt-urus, -a, -um esse, capt-um iri, to be about to be 
 to be about to take. taken. 
 
162 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLIV. 
 
 TAKTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. capie-ns, -entis, taking. Perf. capt -us, -a, -um, having 
 
 been taken. 
 FuT. capt-urus, -a, -um, G'v'e. capie-ndus, -a, -um, 
 
 about to take. necessary to be taken, 
 
 or taking. 
 
 GERUND. SUPINE. 
 
 G. capie-ndi, of taking. Ac. capt-um, to take. 
 
 I), capie-udo, for taking. Ab. capt-u, to take. 
 
 Ac. capie-ndum, taking. 
 
 Ab. capie-ndo, })y taking. 
 
 a. Observe tliat verbs in -io retain the -i wherever 
 Fourtli conjugation verbs have -i followed by a vowel. 
 Inflect in like manner, iacio, to throw. 
 
 426. SURJUNCTIVE OF RESULT. 
 
 1. Tanta erat tempestas ut naves reicerentnr. 
 
 So great was the storm that the shijts were driven 
 back. 
 
 2. Erat adeo tardus, ut noil effugeret. 
 
 He was so sloit\ that he did not escape. 
 
 3. Hie unus est qui non credat. 
 
 This is the only man "who does not believe. 
 
 4. Accidit ut esset luna plena. 
 
 It happened that it was full moon. 
 
 a. Observe that these dependent clauses introduced 
 by ut and qui express result, and that their verbs are in 
 the Subjunctive mood. 
 
 h. Notice that the negative in Result clauses is non. 
 Compare the negative in Purpose clauses. 
 
 c. The dependent clause in example (3) characterizes 
 the man to whom reference is made. Such clauses are 
 
VERBS IN -10 ; SUBJUNCTIVE OF BESULT. 163 
 
 therefore sometimes said to contain a Subjunctive of 
 Characteristic. 
 
 d. Notice that the dependent chmse in example (4) is 
 used as a substantive, being the subject of the verb 
 accidit. Such chiuses are therefore called Substantive 
 Clauses of Result. 
 
 427. Rule XL. The Subjunctive is used with ut, 
 ut non, or a relative, to express Kesiilt. , 
 
 VELLUS AUREUM. 
 
 428. Dum saeva noverca Plirixum et Hellen cae- 
 dere parat, subito e niibibus pennatus aries vellere 
 aureo api^aruit, atque liberos abstulit. Turn tantus 
 erat furor novercae, ut ex alta riipe in mare se deniitt- 
 eret. Interea aries super mare terramque ad ori- 
 entem volabat. Sed eheu ! ad oram Asiae, tam 
 defessa erat Helle ut praeceps in pontum incideret. 
 Cm aquae usque ad hoc tempus nomen est Helles- 
 pontus. Phrixus autem incolumis in Colchida perve- 
 nit. Hic, ariete caeso, vellus aureum in silva sacra 
 Marti suspendit. Quo ex tempore vellus aureum 
 ingenti dracone terribilT specie cust~diebatur. Nemo 
 tam fortis inventus est, qui ad draconem accedere 
 auderet. 
 
 429. 1. They were so exhausted that they did not 
 reach the coast. 2. The ram a})peared in order that 
 the children might not be slain by their step-mother. 
 3. So fierce was the dragon that they did not dare 
 approach the wood. 4. Jason will fly to Colchis in 
 order to slay the dragon. 5. No one is so brave as 
 to approach the fierce ram. 
 
164 LATIN BEABER. — LESSON XLIV. 
 
 Sight Translation. Iasoxis SociT. 
 
 430. lason autem tarn cupidus gloriae erat ut 
 etiam hoc negotio iioii lefugeret. Piimum in omiiTs 
 partis legates inisit, qui clarissiniTs viiTs persuade- 
 reut lit hoc iter facerent. Ad lioc liino erat niao-no 
 auxilio lasoiii. Nam dea tantam cupiditatem gloriae 
 viiis iniecit ut multi ex oiiiiiibus partibiis Graeciae 
 conveiiirent. In hoc niimero erant friitres gemini, 
 Castor et Pollux, atque Hercules, fortissimus om- 
 nium mortalium ; Orpheus, qui carminibus saxa sil- 
 vasqiie movisse dicitur ; et Meleager et Tlieseus, de 
 qiiibus ante deinonstravimus, et multl alii clari viri. 
 Aderat quoque quidam Argus, qui summam scien- 
 tiam nauticarum rerum habebat. Interea lason 
 omnia, quae sunt iisui ad armandas navTs, compor- 
 tari iusserat. Postquam omnes viri convenerunt, 
 Argo praecipiente, navem longam aedificaverunt, 
 quam ex nomine duels Argo appellaverunt. 
 
 431. 1. Cur iTberi a noverca nou caesi sunt? 2. 
 Quid delude fecit noverca? 3. Quo volavit aries? 
 4. Quid accidit ad oram Asiae? 5. Quid fecit 
 Phrixus, ubi in Colchida pervenit? 6. Quid 
 velliis aureum custodiebat? 7. Cur lason hoc nego- 
 tio non refiigit ? 8. Quid j^rimum fecit ? 9. Quo 
 
 re-fugio, shrink from. (Ref- de-monstro, mention. (Dem- 
 
 uge.) onstrate.) 
 
 cupiditas, eagerness. (Cu- scientia, knowledge., science. 
 
 pidity ) nauticus, nautical. 
 
 in-icio, infuse. (Inject.) armo, equip. (Arm.) 
 
 Humerus, number. com-porto, collect. 
 
 prae-cipio, direct. (Precept.) 
 
DEPONENT VERBS. 
 
 165 
 
 modo erat luiio auxilio lasoni? 10. Qui ex om- 
 nibus partibus Graeciae convenerunt ? 11. Quid 
 interea lasou iusserat? 12. Quid primum virT 
 fecerunt? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 432. In what respect do verbs in -io differ from other verbs 
 of the Third conjugation ? Rule for clauses of Result. What 
 is the negative ? What negative is used in clauses of Purpose ? 
 What is meant by the Subjunctive of Characteristic ? What is a 
 Substantive clause of Result ? Give an example of the Hortatory 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 LESSON XLV. 
 
 Deponent Verbs ; Verbs of Fearing ; Quin Clauses. 
 
 433. Deponent verbs are Passive in form but Active 
 in meaning. They are inflected in all conjugations as 
 follows : 
 
 Principal Parts : 
 
 hortor, hortari, hortatus. 
 vereor, vereri, veritus. 
 
 sequor, sequi, secutus. 
 potior, potiri, potitus. 
 
 IXDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 cox J. I. 
 
 CON.I. 11. 
 
 CONJ. III. 
 
 CONJ. IV. 
 
 hortor 
 
 vereor 
 
 sequor 
 
 potior 
 
 horturis 
 
 vereris 
 
 sequeris 
 
 potiris 
 
 (-re) 
 
 (-re) 
 
 (-re) 
 
 (-re) 
 
 hortatur 
 
 veretur 
 
 sequitur 
 
 potitur 
 
 hortfimur 
 
 veremur 
 
 sequimur 
 
 potimur 
 
 hortamini 
 
 veremini 
 
 sequiraini 
 
 potimini 
 
 hortantur 
 
 verentur 
 
 sequuntur 
 
 potiuntur 
 
16G 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLV. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 hortfibar 
 
 V ere bar 
 
 seqnebar 
 
 potiebar 
 
 FUT. 
 
 hortabor 
 
 verebor 
 
 soquar 
 
 potiar 
 
 Pekf. 
 
 hortfitus 
 
 voritus 
 
 secutiis 
 
 potitus 
 
 
 sum 
 
 sum 
 
 sum 
 
 sum 
 
 Plup. 
 
 liortatus 
 
 veritus 
 
 secutus 
 
 potitus 
 
 
 eram 
 
 eram 
 
 eram 
 
 eram 
 
 F. P. 
 
 hortfitus 
 
 vorltus 
 
 secutus 
 
 potitus 
 
 
 ero 
 
 ero 
 
 ero 
 
 ero 
 
 SUJ'..! UN CTIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRES. 
 
 horter 
 
 verear 
 
 sequar 
 
 potiar 
 
 [MP. 
 
 hortfirer 
 
 vererer 
 
 sequerer 
 
 potirer 
 
 Pehf. 
 
 liortatus 
 
 veritus 
 
 secutus 
 
 potitus 
 
 
 Sim 
 
 sim 
 
 sim 
 
 sim 
 
 Plup. 
 
 liortatus 
 
 veritus 
 
 secutus 
 
 potitus 
 
 
 essem 
 
 essem 
 
 essem 
 
 essem 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD, 
 horture, etc. verere, etc. sequere, etc. 
 
 potire, etc. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 hortari 
 
 vereri 
 
 sequi 
 
 potlri 
 
 Pekf. 
 
 liortatus 
 
 veritus 
 
 secutus 
 
 potitus 
 
 
 esse 
 
 esse 
 
 esse 
 
 esse 
 
 FUT. 
 
 hortfiturus 
 
 veriturus 
 
 secuturus 
 
 potiturus 
 
 
 esse 
 
 esse 
 
 esse 
 
 esse 
 
 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 
 Pres. liortfins 
 
 FuT. liortaturus 
 
 1*ERF. liortatus 
 
 G'v'e. liortandus 
 
 verens sequens potiens 
 
 veriturus secuturus potiturus 
 
 veritus secutus potitus 
 
 verendus sequendus potiendus 
 
 verbal nouns. 
 
 Ger. hortandi, etc. verendi, etc. sequendi, etc. potiendi, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Sup. 
 
 hortatum, -u veritum, -u seciitum, -u potItum,-u 
 
VERBS OF FEARING. 167 
 
 a. Notice that the Future Infinitive is Active in 
 form as well as in meaning. 
 
 b. Observe that Dexjonent verbs have all four parti- 
 ciples. These have the same meaning as in any regular 
 verb, except the Perfect participle, which means having, 
 (not having heeii)^ thus: 
 
 Pkes. hortruis, exlwrting. 
 
 FuT. hortuturus, about to exhort. 
 
 Pekf. liortfitus, having exhorted. 
 
 G'v'e. hortandus, necessary to he exhorted, or exhorting. 
 
 After studying hortor and vereor, inflect in like man- 
 ner miror and mere or. 
 
 Note. — Four verbs which are Active in the Present system 
 become Deponents in the Perfect, and are called Semi-deponent. 
 
 They are : 
 
 audeo, audere, ausus, dare. 
 gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus, rejoice. 
 fido, fidere, fisus, trust. 
 soleo, solere, solitus, be wont. 
 
 434. PURPOSE CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF FEARING. 
 
 1. Vereor ut vincat. I fear that he ivill not conquer. 
 
 2. Vereor ne vincat. I fear that he will conquer. 
 
 Observe that after verbs of fearing ut means that not, 
 while ne means that. In accordance with this rule, 
 example (1) may also be written thus : 
 
 Vereor ne non vincat. I fear that he will not conquer. 
 
 435. Rule XLI. Verbs of Fearing are followed by 
 the Subjunctive introduced by ut or ne non, meaning 
 that not, or by ng, meaning that. 
 
168 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLV. 
 
 436. RESULT CLAUSES WITH QUIN. 
 
 1, Non dubito quin veniat. I do not doubt that he will 
 come. 
 
 2. Non multum afuit quin interficeretur. Not much 
 was lacking but that he was killed, i.e., he ivas very nearly 
 killed. 
 
 Notice that the Kesult clauses introduced by quin are 
 dependent on clauses containing the negative non. 
 
 437. Rule XLII. The Subjunctive with quin may be 
 used to express Kesult when the main clause contains 
 or implies a negation. 
 
 ARGONAUT AE. 
 
 438. Omnibus rebus paiatis, lason et eius socii 
 naveni dcdiicunt. Mox Aigonautae (nam ita appel- 
 lati sunt) portii provehuntur, terraeque urbesque 
 recedunt. Postero die Pelion et Ossam praeterve- 
 huntur. Procul apeiitur Olympi altum caciimen 
 nive candidum. Hinc cursum ad dextram advertunt. 
 Mox Athon relinquunt, et altum mare petunt. lam 
 insula Lemnos apparet. Hie paucos dies morati, ite- 
 rum navem solvunt. Postero die per Hellespontum 
 in Propontida vecti, ad urbem regis CyzicT accedunt. 
 Hic verebantur ut benigne acciperentur. Rex enim, 
 quod cum finitimis gentibus bellum gerebat, omnis 
 alienos ab urbe prohibebat. Ac primo quidem non 
 dubitavit quTn Argonautae hostes essent. Sed tan- 
 dem certior factus quam ob causam venissent, eos 
 non modo in urbem accepit sed etiam donis oneravit. 
 
qUIN CLAUSES. 169 
 
 439. 1. I did not doubt that you would be kindly 
 received. 2. We were afraid that his companions 
 were not ready. 3. O that I had been informed 
 why they came ! 4. They are afraid that the 
 neighboring nations will wage war with them. 
 5. We do not doubt that he will be delayed a few 
 days. 
 
 Siffht Translation. Argonautae et Cyzicus. 
 
 440. Tum navem conscendunt et portii provehun- 
 tur. Sed eadem nocte subito tanta tempestas coorta 
 est, ut navis, ArgonautTs inscientibus, in eundem 
 portum reiceretur. Ubi igitur hi urbem intrare cona- 
 bantur, cives, non dubitantes quTn hostes essent, in 
 eos impetum fecerunt. Nee multum afuit quin 
 Argonautae vincerentur. Piignatum est diu atque 
 acriter. Tandem cTves, defessi volneribus, intra 
 moenia urbis se receperunt. Prima liice omnes 
 agnoscunt se nocte deceptos esse. Sed eheu ! in 
 acervis cadaverum rex ipse repertus est. Deinde 
 Argonautae magno dolore adfeclT, ingentem rogum 
 striixerunt, quem pTctis vestibus et fulgentibus armis 
 decorant. In alto rogo corpus regis locant. Tum 
 lason aversus facem admovet. Flammae mox omnia 
 consiiinunt. Quo facto Argonautae maesti ex urbe 
 ad navem discedunt. 
 
 co-orior, arise. pictus, embroidered. (Picture.) 
 
 Conor, try. fulgens, (jleaming. (Re-ful- 
 
 de-cipio, deceive. gent.) 
 
 acervus, heap. aversus, turned away. 
 
 cadaver, corpse. (Averse.) 
 
 rogus, funeral pyre. ad-moveo, apply. 
 
170 LATIN BEABEE. — LESSON XLVL 
 
 441. 1. Cur lasoii et eius socii Argonautae appel- 
 lati sunt? 2. Quos montis piimuni Argonautae 
 viderunt? 3. Ubi paucos dies morabantur? 4. 
 Cur verebantur ut a Cyzico benigne acciperentur ? 
 5. Quid fecit rex? 6. Quid eadeni nocte eis acci- 
 dit ? 7. Ubi urbem intrare conabantur, quid cives 
 fecerunt? 8. Qui vTcerunt? 9. Quid prima liice 
 omnes agnoscunt? 10. Ubi rex repertus est? 
 11. Quid fecerunt Argonautae ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 442. What are Deponent verbs ? In what respect do they 
 differ from regular verbs ? Give all the participles, Latin and 
 English, of polliceor, I promise. How do you translate ut and 
 ne after verbs of Fearing ? When may quin clauses be used ? 
 
 LESSON XLVL 
 
 Ablative with Deponents ; Accusative of Extent ; 
 Simple Conditions. 
 
 443. Study sequor and potior in the preceding lesson ; 
 then write out synopses of utor and molior. 
 
 444. ABLATIVE WITH DEPONENTS. 
 
 1. Carne et lacte vescuntur. Theij live on flesh and 
 milk, 
 
 2. Castris potiti sunt. They got possession of the camp. 
 
 Observe that vescuntur and potiti sunt are followed by 
 the Ablative. 
 
ABLATIVE WITH BEPONENTS. 171 
 
 445. Rule XLIII. The Deponents utor, fruor, fungor, 
 potior, vescor, and their comjjounds, govern the Ablative 
 case. 
 
 446. ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT. 
 
 Fossa quinque pedes alta, A ditch five feet deep. 
 
 Notice that quinque pedes is in the Accusative case, 
 and is the extent of the depth. It is therefore called 
 the Accusative of Extent. 
 
 447. Rule XLIV. Extent of space is expressed by 
 the Accusative. 
 
 448. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 SIIUPLK PRESENT. 
 
 1. Si cedit, ignavus est. If he yields, he is a covmrd. 
 
 SIMPLE PAST. 
 
 2. Si cessit, ignavus fuit. If he yielded, he was a 
 
 coward. 
 
 MORE VIVID I-UTURE. 
 
 ^ r.- -r ■, u. . .^. ( V fi^ yields (lit., shall yield 
 
 3. Si cSdet (cesserit), ) u n t, • u jn 7 
 
 ^ ^' -^ or shall havft vieldfidV Jip 
 
 ignavus erit. 
 
 or shall have yielded), he 
 ( will be a coward. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 LESS VIVID FUTURE. 
 
 4. Si cedat, ignavus sit. If he should yield, he would 
 
 be a coward. 
 
 CONTRARY TO FACT PRESENT. 
 
 5. Si cederet, ignavus esset. If he were yielding, ?ie 
 
 would be a coivard. 
 
 CONTRARY TO FACT PAST. 
 
 6. Si cessisset, ignavus fuisset. If he had yielded, he 
 
 would have been a coward. 
 
172 LATIN READER.— LESSON XLVL 
 
 a. Notice that these sentences contain a condition^ on 
 which a conclusion is based. 
 
 h. In the first three sentences, nothing is implied as 
 to the truth or falsltij of the condition ; if the condition 
 is a fact, the conclusion follows as a fact. Hence the 
 Indicative is used. Now compare the last three sen- 
 tences. 
 
 c. Example (4) refers to the future, and vaguely sug- 
 gests the possibility of the person's yielding. Example 
 (5) distinctly implies that he is not yielding, and exam- 
 ple (6) that he did not yield. In these sentences there- 
 fore the Subjunctive is used, the Present tense to 
 suggest niere possibility, the Imperfect to imply impossi- 
 bility in the j)'^^sent, the Pluperfect to imply impossibil- 
 ity in the past. (Compare the tenses in the Subjunctive 
 of Wish.) 
 
 d. The six Conditions may be grouped according to 
 their names, as follows : 
 
 \ Present. Indicative Present. 
 
 ' ^ Past. Indicative Past. 
 
 ( More vivid. Indicative Future or Future 
 Future, -' Perfect. 
 
 ( Lens vivid. Subjunctive Present. 
 
 Contrary to Fact, 
 
 Present. Subjunctive Imperfect. 
 
 Past. Subjunctive Pluperfect. 
 
 e. Observe that in 3Io7'e vivid, future conditions the 
 Latin marks the time with far greater precision than 
 the English, using the Future or Future Perfect where 
 we less accurately use the Present. 
 
 Note. — In Simple past conditionals, the Imperfect Indicative 
 may be used to denote continued time in the past, as: Si cede- 
 
ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT. 173 
 
 bat, ignavus erat. If he was yielding, he was a coward. 
 So also the Perfect Subjunctive is occasionally used in the condi- 
 tion of Less vivid future sentences, as: Si cesserit, ignavus 
 sit. If he should have yielded, he would be a coward. 
 
 449. Rule XLV. Simple and More vivid future con- 
 ditions take the Indicative ; Less vivid future conditions 
 take the Present Suhjitnctive ; Contrary to fact condi- 
 tions take the Imperfect Suhjunctive when they refer to 
 present time, and the Pluperfect Suhjunctive when they 
 refer to past time. 
 
 LUDI CmCENSES. 
 
 450. Circus Maximus Romae erat tria stadia longus 
 et Snum stadium latus. Undique erant sedilia, quo- 
 rum in primTs senatores equitesque sedebant ; cetera 
 sedilia cTvibus Romanis gratulta erant. In altera 
 extrema parte erant carceres, ex quibus quadrigae 
 emittebantur. In medio cursii erat nmrus humilis 
 duodecim pedes latus, spina nomine, qui statuis et 
 columnTs ornatus est. Utrimque in extrema parte 
 spinae erat meta, quam septies circumire necesse 
 erat. 
 
 Ex omnibus spectaculis, ludis Circensibus Rom an 1 
 maxime fruebantur. Nee occasio deerat. Multis 
 festis diebus erant piiblici liidT. Si imperator bene 
 res gessit, Romae triumphum liidis egit. ST quis 
 creatus est curiilis aedilis, magnifico miinere fiinctus 
 est. Etiam fiinera egregiorum virorum liidTs cele- 
 brabantur. Die constitiita, prima liice multitudo 
 plebis ad Circum pro])erabat ut sedilia occuparent. 
 Multo ante tempus spectaculi omne sedile tenebatur. 
 
174 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVI. 
 
 Tandem sonus tubarum exauditur, et mox magnifica 
 pompa, consule ducente, portam intrat. 
 
 451. 1. It will be necessary to go round a low wall, 
 which is one stade long and three feet wide. 2. If 
 this is a feast daj^, the Romans are enjoying the 
 games at the Circus. 3. If I am (shall have been) 
 elected curule aedile, I will exhibit magnificent 
 games. 4. Were the walls of the Circus Maximus 
 three stades long? 5. If the sound of trumpets 
 has been heard, the Senators have taken their seats. 
 
 Sight Translatio7i. LudT Cikcenses. — Concluded. 
 
 452. Denique, omnibus rebus paratTs, consul mappam 
 demittit, et statim ex carceribus quattuor quadrigae 
 emittuntur. Aurigae stantes currii vehuntur, et 
 colore vestis et curriis facile discernuntur. Iterum 
 atque iterum fervidis rotis metam stringunt. lam 
 ultimum spatium ad carceres decurrunt. Aurigae 
 proni voce verbereque equos concitant. Plausii fre- 
 
 mappa, napkin. fremitus, shouting, roaring. 
 
 auriga, charioteer. linea, i.risrE. 
 
 dis-cerno, distinguish. (Dis- pugillatio, boxing. (Pugilist.) 
 
 cern.) lanista, trainer. 
 
 fervidus, glowing. (Fervid.) Myrmillo, a kind of gladiator. 
 
 rota, ivheel. (Rotate.) Retiarius, net-fighter. 
 
 string©, graze. fuscina, trident. 
 
 pronus, leaning fo r w a r d. rite, net. 
 
 (Prone.) Thrax, gladiator in Thracian 
 verber, ichip, lash. (Re- armor. 
 
 verberate.) sica, dagger. 
 
 con-cito, urge on. (Ex-cite.) pollex, thumb. 
 
 plausus, ap-PLAUSE. premo, press doivn. 
 
SIMPLE CONDITIONS. 175 
 
 mitiique secundo trans albam lineam volant et victor 
 amplum praemium accipit. 
 
 Saepe erant alia certamina, cursus pedum, luc- 
 tatio, pugillatio. Valde grata plebi erat venatio, 
 in qua leones, elephaiiti et ceterae ferae aut inter 
 se aut cum hominibus pugnabant. Maxime Komani 
 spectaculo gladiatorum fruebantur. Hi in ludis 
 gladiatoriis a lanistTs exercebantur. Multis gene- 
 ribus telorum utebantur. Myrmillones Gallicis tells 
 armabantur. Retiarii fuscina et rete, Thraces sica 
 clipeoque pugnabant. Ubi gladiator volneratus est, 
 multitudo 'hoc liabet' conclamabat. Si ille bene 
 pUgnaverat, poliices premebant atque ita ei parcebant. 
 Sed sT poliices verterunt, gladiator feiTLim accepit. 
 
 453. 1. Quot stadia longus erat Circus Maximus? 
 2. Ubi erant sedilia senatorum? 3. Quid erat 
 spina? 4. Quoties utramque metam circumire 
 necesse erat? 5. Quibus liidis Romaiii maxime 
 fruebantur? 6. Ciir prima liice plebs ad Circum 
 proper aba t? 7. Quando pompa port am intrat ? 8. 
 Ciir consul mappam demittit? 9. Quo modo au- 
 ligae discernuntur ? 10. Quid erat venatio? 11. 
 Quo modo gladiatores exercebantur? 12. Ubi glad- 
 iator volneratus est, quid multitiido conclamabat? 
 13. Quid faciebant, si bene piignaverat ? 14. Quid 
 accidit, si poliices verterunt ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 454. What verbs govern the Ablative ? Give an example 
 of the Accusative of Extent ? Name six kinds of conditions. 
 What mood and tense is used in each and why ? 
 
176 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVIL 
 
 LESSON XLVII. 
 
 Compounds of Sum ; Conditionals. 
 
 455. Possum, compounded of potis, able, and sum, is 
 inflected as follows : 
 
 Principal Parts : possum, posse, potui, he able. 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. / am able, can, etc. 
 
 possum possumus possim 
 
 potes potestis possis 
 
 potest possunt possit 
 
 Imp. I was able, could, etc. 
 
 poteram poteramus possem 
 
 poteras poteratis posses 
 
 poterat poterant posset 
 
 FuT. / shall be able, etc. 
 potero poterimus 
 
 Perf. / have been able, could, etc. 
 
 potui potuimus potuerim 
 
 Plup. I had been able, could have, etc. 
 
 potueram potueramus potuissem 
 FuT. Perf. I shall have been able, etc. 
 
 potuero potuerimus 
 
 possimus 
 
 possitis 
 
 possint 
 
 possemus 
 
 possetis 
 
 possent 
 
 potuerimus 
 
 potuissemus 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. posse, to be able. Perf. potuisse, to have been able. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Pres. potens, -entis, (used as an adjective), powerful. 
 
 a. Notice that t is changed to s before s, and f is 
 dropped after t. 
 
COMPOUNDS OF SUM; CONDITIONALS. 177 
 
 Note. — In prosum, I benefit, compounded of prod (old form 
 of pro), for, and sum, the d is retained only before e, thus: 
 prosum, prodes, prodest, prodessem, profui. Other compounds 
 of sum are inflected like sum. 
 
 456. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 
 
 Carefully review all that is given in the preceding 
 lesson on Conditional sentences. Name and translate 
 the following: 
 
 (Remember that you can easily determine to which of the six 
 classes any condition belongs by observing the mood and tense of 
 the verbs. ) 
 
 Si laudareris, beatus esses ; si laudaberis, beatus eris : si 
 laudaris, beatus es; si lauderis, beatus sis; si laudatus 
 esses, beatus f uisses ; si laudatus es, beatus fuisti. Trans- 
 late the following conditions into Latin : If you were 
 being praised, you were happy ; if you tvere praised, you 
 would he hajjpy ; if you should be praised, you would be 
 happjy ; if you had been praised, you would have been 
 happy ; if you are praised, you are happy ; if you are 
 praised, you will be happy. 
 
 HERCULES ET HYLAS. 
 
 457. lani Argoiiautae oi-am Mysiae praetervehe- 
 bantur. Paulo post, vento adverso, proxima litora 
 petiverunt, et in terram egress! sunt. Ibi Hercules 
 cum Hjda, puero pulcherrima forma, in silvam vena- 
 tum ivit. Mox Hylas cervum videt, quem protinus 
 Tnsequitur. Ea res felTciter evenisset, si Hercules 
 puerum seciitus esset. At ille longius in silvam pro- 
 greditur. Hylas autem celerem cervum volnerare 
 non poterat, ac diri solus in silva errabat. Denique 
 
178 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVIL 
 
 ad fontem venit, ubi bibendi causa substitit. Sed 
 Nympha fontis puerum piilcherrimuiii yidet, atque 
 eum, niauibus eiiis collo iniectis, ad Tiiium fontem 
 detrahit. lam Hercules ad iTtiis reverterat, sed nus- 
 quam Ilylam repeiire poterat. Veritus ne puer 
 eiraret, in silvam rediit. Aniens liuc atqne illuc cur- 
 rit et semper longius in silvam penetrat, sed frustra. 
 
 Inteiea ventus se verterat. lam diii Argonautae 
 imjjatientes morae erant. Maxime Tiphys guberna- 
 tor sic querebalur, "Si Hercules et Hylas adessent, 
 protinus prolicTscT possemus." 
 
 458. 1. If be bad advanced fartber into tbe forest, 
 be would bave come to a spring. 2. K the stag 
 was pursued by Plercules, it was wounded. 3. If 
 you were impatient of delay, you would be com- 
 plaining. 4. If be stops, be will be dragged down 
 to tbe bottom of tbe spring. 5. If tbey should go 
 into the forest to hunt, they could see deer. 
 
 Sight Translation. Phineus et Harpyiae. 
 
 459. Sed nee Hercules nee Hylas venit. Totam 
 noctem Argonautae eos exspectabant. Prima luce 
 lason SIC dixit: " Nisi nostri comites mox redierint, 
 sine eis proficTscemur." Turn diii eos in onuiis partTs 
 Argonautae petebant. Denique maesti navem cons- 
 cendunt et proficiscuntur. Hand ita multo post, ad 
 terrain venerunt, ciiius rex, Pbineus nomine, gravis- 
 simo supplicio adficiebatur. Nam, quod hominibus 
 
 oc-cultus, hidden, concealed, morior, die. (Mortal.) 
 (Occult.) 
 
COMPOUNDS OF SUM; CONDITIONALS. 179 
 
 quasdam res occultas aperuerat, eum del oculis prTva- 
 verant, atque nuper Harpyias in eins terram demise- 
 rant. Haec duo nionstra, quae capita liiimana sed 
 corpora avium habebant, semper ab ipso ore regis 
 cibum eripiebaiit. Ubi igitur Phineus, qui non mul- 
 tum afuit quin fame moreretur, audivit qui alien! 
 essent, eos in regiam arcessivit. Nam sic secum 
 putabat: "ST lii viiT cum Harpyiis dimicent, forte 
 eos vincere possint." Casii accidit ut duo ex Argo- 
 nautls, Zetes et Calais, alas haberent. Ubi igitur 
 hi de Harpyiis audiverunt, statim dixerunt se regem 
 liberatiiros esse. Epulis paratis, omnes mensis ac- 
 cumbunt. Mox monstra apparent. Sed Zetes et 
 Calais in auras ascendunt, et impetum in ea faciunt. 
 Dili et acriter piignatum est. Tandem duo viri Har- 
 pyias vincuiit et fugant. 
 
 460. 1. Ubi iam Argonautae erant? 2. Ciir in 
 terram egress! sunt? 3. Qu! in silvam venatum 
 iverunt? 4. Quid Hylae accidit? 5. Quid fecit 
 Hercules ? 6. Quis maxime querebatur, quod nee 
 Hercules nee Hylas aderat? 7. Quam diii Argo- 
 nautae comites exspectabant? 8. Quid tandem 
 fecerunt? 9. Quo modo de! Pluiiea piiiaverant? 
 10. Qualia monstra erant Harpyiae ? 11. Qu! Har- 
 pyias fugaverunt? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 461. Give a synopsis of possum. Give the Imperfect Sub- 
 junctive of possum in full. How do the letters change in 
 possum ? In prosum ? Translate the following : possis, 
 potuisse, potueram, potuistis, potuerim, poteramus ; you 
 
 (sing.) might he able, they are able, vne might have been able, to be 
 able, you (plur.) ivill have been able, they vnll be able. 
 
180 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVIIL 
 
 LESSON XLVIII. 
 
 Active and Passive Periphrastic Conjugations; 
 Dative of Agent; Objective Genitive. 
 
 462. The Active Periphrastic conjugation is made np 
 of the Future Active yartwiple and forms of the verb 
 sum, as : 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pkes. amfituriis sum, I am about to love. amaturus sim. 
 Imp. ainfiturus eram, / ivas about to love, amfiturus essem. 
 FuT. amaturus ero, I shall be about to 
 
 love. 
 Perf. amfiturus fui, I tvas about to love. amaturus fuerim. 
 Plup. amaturus fueram, / had been about amaturus fuissem. 
 
 to love. 
 F. P. amaturus fuero, I shall have been 
 
 about to love (rare). 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. amaturus esse, to be Perf. amaturus fuisse, <o ^are 
 about to love. been about to love. 
 
 463. The Passive Periphrastic conjugation is made up 
 of the Gerundive and forms of the verb sum, as : 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. amandus sum, I ought to be loved. amandus sim. 
 Imp. amandus eram, / ought to have been amandus essem. 
 
 loved. 
 FuT. amandus ero, it will be necessary 
 
 that I be loved. 
 Pekf. amandus fui, I ought to have been amandus fuerim. 
 
 loved. 
 
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS, 181 
 
 Plup. amandus fueram, it had been neces- amandus fuissem. 
 sary that I be loved. 
 
 F. P. amandus fuero, it will have been ne- 
 cessary that I be loved. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. amandus esse, to be Perf. amandus fuisse, to have 
 necessary to he been necessary to be 
 
 loved. loved. 
 
 Note. — The difficulty of translating some tenses of the Pas- 
 sive Periphrastic conjugation arises from the fact that the Eng- 
 lish verb ought is defective. The student can always obtain the 
 .sense by using the meaning necessary to be, — as: Hoc nego- 
 tijim suscipiendum fuit, (lit., this task was necessary to 
 be undertaken)., This task had to be undertaken. 
 
 464. DATIVE OF AGENT. 
 
 1. Hoc mihi faciendum est. This must be done by me. 
 
 2. Caesari omnia erant agenda. Everything had to be 
 done by Caesar. 
 
 Observe that the Dative is used to denote the person 
 on whom the necessity rests. 
 
 465. Rule XL VI. The Dative is used with the Pas- 
 sive Periphrastic conjugation to denote the person by 
 whom the action is to be done. 
 
 466. OBJECTIVE GENITIVE. 
 
 1. Amor patriae. Love of country. 
 
 2. Spes salutis. Hope of safety. 
 
 Observe that the Genitives patriae and salutis are 
 objects of the feeling expressed by amor and spes respect- 
 ively. Hence the name Objective Genitive. 
 
182 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVIII. 
 
 467. Rule XLVII. Nouns of action and feeling are 
 followed by the Objective Genitive. 
 
 SYMPLEGADES. 
 
 468. Argonautae, fugaLis Harpyiis, eo die apud 
 Phiiiea manserunt. Rex, gratiis pro tanto beneficio, 
 lasonT de perlculls, quae el subeunda essent, multa 
 praedixit. Posterd die, nacti idoneam tempestatem 
 ad iiaviganduni, iiavem solvunt, et mox Pontum 
 EuxTuuni intrant, llic prinium niagnus timer men- 
 tis omnium occupavit. " Eheu ! " dixeriint " quantum 
 aequor nobis lustrandum est! At, ea re bene gesta, 
 lion dubium est quin in multo graviora perTcula ven- 
 turi sinius. Nam etiam si incolumes in Colchida per- 
 venerimus, niilla spes erit nobis monstiT vincendi, 
 quod nemo adliuc etiam aggredi ausus sit." Dum sTc 
 queruntur, subito terribilem fragorem exaudiunt. 
 Mox procul duas rii[)T.s ingenti magnitiidine cernunt, 
 quae parvo intervallo in mari natabant. Tum sic 
 dixit lason : " lUae sunt Symplegades, de quibus 
 PliTneus me praemonuit. Quae, si quid in medium 
 spatium venit, protinus incredibili celeritate con- 
 currunt." 
 
 469. 1. He will forewarn them about the monster, 
 which must be conquered by Jason. 2. The Argo- 
 nauts said that they would remain with the king that 
 day. 3. If we had obtained suitable weather, we 
 would have set sail. 4. We shall have to undergo 
 this danger, if we intend to (are about to) arrive in 
 Colchis. 5. There Avas no hope of sailing on the 
 following day. 
 
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 183 
 
 Sight Translation. Symplegades. — Concluded. 
 
 470. Qua re audita, Argonautae perterriti sunt. 
 Nee quidem multum afuit quiii domum repetere 
 constituerent. Quos autem lasoii sTc increpuit: 
 " Ubi nunc, socii, est iste amor gloriae ? Nonne in- 
 columes per tot pericula cursum tenuimus? Revo- 
 cate animos. Certe luno in tanto discrimine nobis 
 non deerit." Vix dicendi finem fecerat, cum colum- 
 bam in medium spatium intrare vident. Protinus 
 ingentes riipes concurrunt. Sed tanta celeritate co- 
 lumba volavit, ut incolumis, cauda amissa, evaderet. 
 Tum Argonautae uon dubitantes quin dea ipsa 
 viam monstraret, remls incumbunt. Citius Noto 
 voluciique sagitta volat Argo in angustum f re tum. 
 Ingens inons aquae sequens eos obruere minatur. 
 lam utrimque riipes terribili celeritate concurrunt. 
 Tum Argonautae summa contentione remis procum- 
 bunt. Prosilit Argo per reliquum spatium atque 
 intactus in altum mare evadit. 
 
 471. 1. Quo modo Phmeus probavit se Argonautis 
 gratum esse? 2. Quando magnus timor mentis 
 
 in-crep6, chide, rebuke. volucer,^ee^, swift. 
 
 dis-crimen, crisis. (Discrim- fretum, strait, channel. 
 
 ination.) minor, threaten. 
 
 columba, dove. ob-ruo, overwhelm. 
 
 Cauda, tail. (Caudal.) con-tentio, effort, exertion. 
 remus, oar. (Contention.) 
 
 in-cumbo, bend. (Incum- pro-cumbo, bend forward. 
 
 bent.) pro-silio, leap forward. 
 
 cito, quickly. in-tactus, untouched, intact. 
 Notus, the south wind. 
 
184 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLIX. 
 
 Argonautarum occupavit? 3. Quid maxime time- 
 bant? 4. Quid subito exaudiimt ? 5. Quid mox 
 cernunt? 6. Quid accidit, si quid inter mpTs venit? 
 7. Quis solus ex ArgonautTs Symplegadas non ti- 
 muit? 8. Quam iam in medium spatium intrare 
 vident? 9. Quid deinde accidit? 10. Num Ar- 
 gonautae in angustum fietum intrare audent? 11. 
 Quid evenit? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 472. Of what does the Active Periphrastic conjugation con- 
 sist ? Wliat is tlie Passive Periphrastic conjugation ? What 
 case is used to denote the agent witli tlie Passive Periphrastic 
 conjugation ? How is the agent usually expressed with Passive 
 verbs ? Give an example of the Objective Genitive. Why is it 
 so called ? 
 
 LESSON XLIX. 
 
 Irregular Verb Eo ; Cum Temporal, Causal, and 
 Concessive. 
 
 473. Principal Parts : E6, Ire, ivi or il, iturus, go. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 • 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 eo 
 
 imus 
 
 earn 
 
 
 eamus 
 
 
 Is 
 
 itis 
 
 eas 
 
 
 eatis 
 
 
 it 
 
 eunt 
 
 eat 
 
 
 eant 
 
 Imp. 
 
 ibam 
 
 
 irem 
 
 
 
 FUT. 
 
 ibo 
 
 
 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 ivi or ii 
 
 
 iverim 
 
 or ierim 
 
 
 Plup. 
 
 iveram or ieram 
 
 ivissem or issem 
 
 F. P. 
 
 Ivero or iero 
 
 
 
 
VERB EO ; CUM TEMPORAL. 
 
 185 
 
 IMPEliATIVE. 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 1 
 
 ite 
 
 FUT. 
 
 ito 
 
 itote 
 
 
 ito 
 
 eunto 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 iens, euntis 
 
 FUT. 
 
 iturus 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 itumi 
 
 
 G'v'e. 
 
 eundus 
 
 
 infinitive. 
 
 Pres. Ire 
 
 Perf. ivisse, or isse 
 
 FuT. iturus esse 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 eundi, eundo, eundum, eundo 
 
 Ac. 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 itum Ab. itu 
 
 474. CUM TEMPORAL. 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Nam in ceteris rebus, cum 
 venit calamitas, turn det- 
 rimentum accipitur. For 
 in everything eLs-e, tlte damage 
 is received at the time when 
 the disaster comes. 
 
 Cum Caesar venit, alterius 
 factionis principes erant 
 Haedui. At the time when 
 Caesar came, the Haedui 
 were leaders of one faction. 
 
 Cum rosam viderat, tum 
 incipere ver arbitrabatur. 
 When he had seen a rose, 
 then did he think spring was 
 commencing. 
 
 Cum. Athenis essern, Zeno- 
 nem audiebam. I used to 
 hear Zeno, when I was at 
 Athens. 
 
 Cum. in fuga traheretur, in 
 ipsum Caesarem incidit. 
 While he was being 
 dragged along inflight, he 
 happened upon Caesar him- 
 self. 
 
 Cum. pervenisset, 'ea cog- 
 novit. When he had ar- 
 rived, he ascertained these 
 facts. 
 
 Haec cum. dixisset, pro- 
 cedit extra munitiones. 
 After saying this, he pro- 
 ceeded outside the fortifica- 
 tions. 
 
 a. In clauses introduced by cum, meaning when, if 
 the writer wishes to emphasize vierely the time when 
 
 Used only impersonally. 
 
186 LATIN READER. —LESSON XL IX. 
 
 an action is done, he uses the Indicative. If, however, 
 he wishes to suggest further that one action depends on 
 another, he uses the Subjunctive. Thus, in the first 
 example above in the right hand column, the writer not 
 only states that he heard Zeno ivhen he was at Athens, 
 but, by using the Subjunctive, he further suggests that 
 his hearing Zeno depended on his being at Athens. 
 
 h. Since, however, in narrating past events, it is nat- 
 ural for a person to think of the dependence of one action 
 on another, the Subjunctive is generally used in the Im- 
 perfect and Pluperfect tenses, as seen in the examples 
 above. 
 
 475. Rule XLVm. In narration, cum, meaning when, 
 is followed by the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive. 
 
 476. CUM CAUSAL. . 
 
 1. Quae cum ita sint, discedamus. Since these things 
 are so, let us depart. 
 
 2. Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, 
 obsides imperat. Caesar, since he had decided to winter on 
 the contiy-ent, ordered hostages to be provided. 
 
 CUM CONCESSIVE. 
 
 3. Cum. consilium tuum probarem, nihil proficiebam. 
 Although I approved your plan, I was accomplishing nothing. 
 
 4. Cum. primi ordines concidissent, tamen acerrime 
 reliqui resistebant. Although the first ranks had fallen, 
 still the rest resisted most fiercely. 
 
 Observe that in the first two examples, cum, mean- 
 ing since, is followed by the Subjunctive. Likewise in 
 the last two, cum, meaning although, is followed by the 
 Subjunctive. 
 
CUM CAUSAL AND CONCESSIVE. 187 
 
 477. Rule XLIX. Cum causal or concessive is followed 
 by the Subjunctive. 
 
 lASON ET MEDEA. 
 
 478. Multos dies Argonautae ad orientem provebe- 
 bantur. Tandem procul summa cacumina Caucasi 
 cernunt. Prima vis^ilia subeunt ostia fliiminis Phas- 
 idos, qui per finis Colcborum fluit. Hic, cum ad 
 finem cursus pervenissent, tamen magno timore adfi- 
 ciebantur. Nam ad urbem magni regis appropmqua- 
 bant. Mane lason, cum novem comites delegisset, 
 ad urbem profectus est. Quo ipso tempore, forte 
 Medea, filia regis, caterva virginum coinitante, sacri- 
 ficandi causa ad Idcum Hecates ibat. Cm igitur 
 lason obviam ivit. lUe autem, cum incertus esset, 
 quo via diiceret, a Medea viam ad regiam quaesivit. 
 Cui Medea moenia urbis monstravit. Cum autem 
 alien! discessissent, Medea mirabatur unde hi viri 
 venissent, et maxime quis dux esset. Nam lason 
 erat vir egregia specie, et reliquos comites altis ume- 
 ris supereminebat. 
 
 479. 1. Since you are a stranger, I will show you 
 the way. 2. Although they had entered the mouth 
 of the river, they had not reached the end of their 
 voyage. 3. When Medea was going toward the 
 river, she met Jason. 4. Nine comrades must be 
 selected by the leader, to accompany him to the 
 palace. 5. On meeting him (when he had met 
 him), he inquired where lie was going. 
 
188 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XLIX. 
 
 Sight Translation. Perfidus Rex. 
 
 480. Interea Argonautae in regiam ])ervenerunt, 
 atque sine mora ad regem Aeetam adinissi suut. 
 Turn regi lasoii dixit quam ob causam Argonautae 
 in Colcliida venissent. Rex, cum re vera valde ira- 
 tus esset, tamen callide respondit: ante omnia bellum 
 cum fratre Perse sibi gerendum esse ; hoc coiifecto, 
 se vellus aureum ArgonautTs libenter traditurum esse. 
 lason, cum hoc audivisset, pollicitus est se regi ad 
 id bellum auxilium daturum esse. Sine mora rex 
 cum siio fratre bellum gerere incipit. Omnibus in 
 locTs Argonautae ingentem cladem hostium faciunt. 
 Tandem Perses, omni spe regnl potiendi deposita, e 
 finibus regis exiit. Iiide lason, cum bellum confec- 
 tum esset, postulavit ut vellus aureum sibi tradere- 
 tur. Cui sTc respondit rex : '' Non iam te morabor. 
 Audi; tibi ostendain quae facienda sint. In finitimo 
 campo sunt duo aeripedes et flammifeiT tauri. Hi 
 tibi primum iungendi sunt. Delude, campo arato, 
 dentes draconis serendT sunt." 
 
 481. 1. Ad quod fliimen tandem Argonautae ve- 
 niunt? 2. Ciir magno timore adficiebantur ? 3. 
 Quis postero die ad urbem profectus est? 4. Cui 
 obviam Tvit? 5. Quid lason a Medea quaesivit? 
 6. Quid Medea mirabatur ? 7. Nonne rex iratus 
 erat, cum audivisset quam ob causam Argonautae 
 venissent? 8. Quid rex dixit? 9. Fueruntne 
 
 re vera, in fact. Hammi-fer, fire-breathing. 
 
 poUiceor, j^romise. aro, })louf/h. (Arable.) 
 
 aeri-pes, bronze-footed. sero, sow. 
 
IRBEGULAR VERB FERO. 
 
 189 
 
 Argonautae auxilio regi in bello ? 10. Quid pos- 
 tulavit lason, cum bellum confectum esset? 11. 
 Quid respondit rex ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 482. Write out a synopsis of eo, giving the Present Indica- 
 tive and Subjunctive in full. Explain the use of moods with 
 cum meaning when. Rule for cum in narration. Rule for 
 cum causal and concessive. Translate the following: iverunt, 
 eamus, i, eunt, ivisse, ibat, ivissetis ; to f/o, he may have 
 gone, they will go, you (singular) are going, I might go, we 
 had gone. 
 
 LESSON L. 
 
 Irregular Verb Fero ; Dum, Donee, and Quoad ; 
 Antequam and Priusquam. 
 
 483. Principal Parts : Fero, ferre, tuli, latus, hear, carry. 
 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 
 
 PASSIVK. 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 fero 
 
 ferimus 
 
 feror 
 
 ferimur 
 
 
 fers 
 
 fertis 
 
 ferris or -re 
 
 ferimini 
 
 
 fert 
 
 ferunt 
 
 fertur 
 
 feruntur 
 
 Imp. 
 
 ferebam 
 
 
 ferebar 
 
 
 FUT. 
 
 feram 
 
 
 ferar 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 tuli 
 
 
 latus sum 
 
 
 Pl.UP. 
 
 tuleram 
 
 
 Ifitus eram 
 
 
 F. P. 
 
 tulero 
 
 
 latus ero 
 
 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 feram 
 
 
 ferar 
 
 
 Imp. 
 
 ferrem 
 
 
 ferrer 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 tulerim 
 
 
 liltus Sim 
 
 
 Plup. 
 
 tulissem 
 
 
 latus essem 
 
 
190 
 
 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON L. 
 
 Pres. feri 
 FuT. ferto 
 fert5 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 ferte ferre 
 
 fertote fertor 
 
 ferunto fertor 
 
 ferimini 
 
 feruntor 
 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 ferre 
 
 ferri 
 
 Perf. 
 
 tulisse 
 
 latus esse 
 
 FUT. 
 
 Ifiturus esse 
 
 latum iri 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 ferens 
 
 Perf. Ifitus 
 
 FUT. 
 
 luturus 
 
 G'v'e. ferendus 
 
 
 GERUNr 
 
 >. SUPINE. 
 
 G. 
 
 ferendi Ac. 
 
 ferendum Ac, latum 
 
 D. 
 
 ferendo Ab. 
 
 ferendo Ab. latu 
 
 484. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE WITH DUM, DONEC, AND QUOAD. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Dum haec geruntur, re- 
 liqui discesserunt. While 
 these things were going on, 
 
 the rest departed. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Rusticus exspectat, dum 
 defluat amnis. The coun- 
 tryman is waiting (lit. until 
 the river shall flow by) for 
 the river tofloio by. 
 
 a. Notice that when dum means ivhile, and simply 
 marks the fact that one action happens during another, 
 the Indicative is used. The Present tense is preferred. 
 
 h. Observe, however, that when dum means imtil, and 
 implies purpose, doubt, or futurity, it takes the Subjunc- 
 tive. 
 
 Note. — Donee and quoad are used, though less frequently, 
 in the same way. 
 
 J Four verbs drop final -e in the imperative; viz., dico, duco, facio, and 
 lero. 
 
BUM, DONEC, AND QUOAD. 191 
 
 485. Rule L. Dum, donee, and quoad, implying pur- 
 pose, doubt, or futurity, take the Subjunctive, otherwise 
 the Indicative. 
 
 486. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH ANTEQUAM AND PRIUS- 
 
 QUAM. 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Neque prius fugere desti- Priusquam se hostes ex 
 
 terunt quam. ad flumen terrore reciperent, in 
 
 Rhenum pervenerunt. finis Suessionum exerci- 
 
 They did not cease fleeing turn duxit. Before the 
 
 before they came to the enemy could recover from 
 
 river Rhine. fright, he led his army into the 
 
 territory of the Suessiones. 
 
 a. Notice that the Indicative is used with priusquam 
 to denote simply that one action happened before an- 
 other. (Priusquam may be separated by intervening 
 words as in the example illustrating the use of the 
 Indicative.) 
 
 b. Notice that the Subjunctive is used with prius- 
 quam, when any further relation exists. Thus in the 
 example above there is an idea of possibility, as well as 
 of priority of time. 
 
 487. Rule LI. With antequam and priusquam the 
 Indicative is used to express mere priority of time, the 
 Subjunctive to express smy further relation. 
 
 POTENTISSIMUM UNGUENTUM. 
 
 488. lason, cum tyranni verba audivisset, iratus 
 SIC respondit : " Praeclaram vero gratiam, Aeeta, 
 nobis refers pro nostiis tantis beneficiis ! Ego tamen 
 non sum is, qui peiiculum vitet. Priusquam sol 
 
192 LATIN READER. — LESSON L. 
 
 crastinus occidet, aut tua iussa confecero, aut per- 
 iero." His verbis discessit, et maestus ad socios se 
 coiitulit. Rex autem valde gavisus est, quod cre- 
 didit nullum inortalem flammiferos tauros domare 
 posse. Interea Medea incerta erat, quid faceret. 
 Scivit enim lasonem sine auxilio penturum esse. 
 Dili liaerebat. Tandem ei clam auxilium ferre decre- 
 vit. Exspectavit dum omnes somno se darent. Turn 
 priusquam vigiliae eam caperent, ex regia evasit, 
 et ad fliimen pervenit. II ic subsistit incerta quid 
 faciat. Subito lasonem ipsum cernit. Ille enim qui- 
 escere non potuerat, atque solus in lipa vagabatur. 
 Quem Medea sic breviter appellat: " Ne time, lason. 
 Ego sum Medea, filia regis, quae veni ut tibi auxili- 
 um feram." His verbis ei potentissimum unguentum 
 dat, quod ipsa composuerat. Nam summam scientiam 
 medicamentorum habebat. Tum Medea, cum lasonT 
 explicuisset quo modo unguento iiteretur, et quid 
 deinde faciendum esset, ad regiam rediit. 
 
 489. 1. To-morrow's sun will set before you can 
 subdue the fire-breatliing bulls. 2. Wliile she was 
 escaping from the palace, the guards seized her. 
 3. They had come to bring her assistance. 4. His 
 comrades departed before he could execute the king's 
 commands. 5. She waited until Jason should 
 bring her assistance. 
 
 Sight Translation. Flammiferi TaurT, 
 
 490. Mane lason nuntium ad regem misit, qui 
 draconis dentis referret. Deinde, cum suum corpus 
 
ANTEQUAM AND PEIUSQUAM. 193 
 
 armaque ungueiito unxisset, cum Argonautis ad cam- 
 pum proticTscitur. Hic duos ingentis tauros ex sta- 
 bulis emergere vident. Mox ill! alienos cernunt. 
 Parum^er stant, dum terram aereis pedibus pulsant 
 et flamnias e naribus exspirant. Turn horribili mu- 
 gitu accedunt. lason intrepidus stat, dum reliquT 
 Argonautae se in tutiorem locum recipiunt. lam 
 feroces tauri in lasonem invadunt. Subito, mirabile 
 dictu ! sistunt atque se convertunt. Sed, priusquam 
 effugerent, lason prosilit, atque eos comprehendit. 
 Neque hi, cum summTs Yiribus niterentur, eius 
 manus excutere poterant. Tandem perdomiti, se 
 iungi patiuntur. Delude lason campum arat, ac dra- 
 conis dentis sulcis commlttlt. Ex qulbus venit mira 
 sesres armatorum virorum. De liTs autem Medea 
 lasonem praemonuerat. I lie igitur siue mora in 
 medios viros suam galeam iniecit. Quo facto, viri 
 inter se piignare inceperunt, atque mox ad unum 
 caesT sunt. 
 
 491. 1. Reciisavitne lason iiissa regis? 2. Cur 
 rex gavisus est? 3. Cur diii haerebat Medea? 
 4. Quid tandem fecit? 5. Quem in ripa cernit ? 
 6. Quid lasoni dat? 7. Quid deinde Medea facit? 
 8. Quo modo lason unguento iisus est? 9. Quid 
 fecerunt tauri, cum Argonautas cernerent? 10. Cur 
 
 stabulum, stall, stable. sisto, stop. (De-sist.) 
 
 parum-per, for a little while, nitor, struggle, 
 
 pulsb, paw, beat. (Pulse.) patior, suffer, allow. (Pa- 
 naris, nostril. (Nasal.) tient.) 
 
 ex-spiro, breathe out. (Ex- sulcus, /wrroio. 
 
 spire.) seges, crop. 
 
194 
 
 LATIN READER. — LESSON LI. 
 
 taurl sistunt priusquam ad lasonem pervenirent? 
 11. Qualis seges venit ex sulcis? 12. Quo modo 
 Jason armatos viros superat? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 492. Give a synopsis of fero, Active and Passive, writing the 
 Present Indicative of both voices in full. What tense of the 
 Subjunctive of fero is irregular ? How does dum differ in mean- 
 ing when used with the Indicative or the Subjunctive? When 
 do dum, donee, and quoad take the Subjunctive ? When do 
 antequam and priusquam take the Subjunctive ? Translate 
 the following: feramus, tulisse, ferebaris, lati essetis, fer- 
 rent, ferri, tulerit, ferunto, fert ; I might have carried, you 
 (plural) had been carried, to he about to be carried, we shall 
 carry, he ivas carried, you (singular) may have been carried, to 
 have been carried, thou shalt be carried. 
 
 LESSON LI. 
 
 Irregular Verbs Volo, Nolo, Malo ; Subjunctive 
 in Indirect Discourse. 
 
 493. Principal Parts : 
 
 Volo, velle, volui, be loilling, tvish. 
 
 Nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling. 
 
 Malo, malle, malui be more willing, prefer. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 
 
 volo 
 
 nolo 
 
 
 malo 
 
 vis 
 
 non vis 
 
 
 mavis 
 
 volt (vult) 
 
 non volt (non 
 
 vult) 
 
 mfivolt (mavult) 
 
 volumus 
 
 nolumus 
 
 
 mfilumus 
 
 voltis 
 
 non voltis 
 
 
 mfivoltis 
 
 (vultis) 
 
 (non vultis) 
 
 
 (mavultis) 
 
 volunt 
 
 ndlunt 
 
 
 malunt 
 
IRBEGULAE VERBS VOLO, NOLO, MALO. 195 
 
 Imp. 
 
 volebam 
 
 nolebam 
 
 mrdebam 
 
 FUT. 
 
 vol am 
 
 nolam 
 
 mfilam 
 
 Perf. 
 
 volui 
 
 nolui 
 
 nifilui 
 
 Plup. 
 
 volueram 
 
 nolueram 
 
 malueram 
 
 F. P. 
 
 voluero 
 
 noluero 
 subjunctive. 
 
 maluero 
 
 Pres. 
 
 velim 
 
 nolim 
 
 mfilim 
 
 
 velis 
 
 nolis 
 
 mfilis 
 
 
 velit 
 
 nolit 
 
 malit 
 
 
 velimus 
 
 nolimus 
 
 malimus 
 
 
 velitis 
 
 nolitis 
 
 ma litis 
 
 
 velint 
 
 nolint 
 
 mfilint 
 
 Imp. 
 
 vellem 
 
 noUem 
 
 mfilleni 
 
 
 velles 
 
 nolles 
 
 ma lies 
 
 
 vellet 
 
 noUet 
 
 mallet 
 
 
 vellemus 
 
 noUemus 
 
 mallemus 
 
 
 velletis 
 
 nolletis 
 
 mrdletis 
 
 
 vellent 
 
 noil en t 
 
 mallent 
 
 Perf. 
 
 voluerim 
 
 noluerim 
 
 maluerim 
 
 Plup. 
 
 voluissem 
 
 noluissem 
 imperative. 
 
 maluissen 
 
 Pres. 
 
 
 n51i 
 nolite 
 nolito, etc. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 
 
 
 FUT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 velle 
 
 nolle 
 
 ma lie 
 
 Perf. 
 
 voluisse 
 
 noluisse 
 
 1>ARTICIPLE. 
 
 maluisse 
 
 Pres. 
 
 voleiis 
 
 nolens 
 
 
 a. Nolo is compounded of the negative ue 4- volo. 
 Malo = mage (more) + volo. 
 
196 LATIN READER. — LESSON LL 
 
 494. INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 
 
 The student will recall the general nile that verbs of 
 saying, thinking, knowing, and 'perceiving are followed 
 by the Infinitive with a subject-accusative. Examine 
 the following examples: 
 
 a. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES. 
 
 Germani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, inter se obsidea 
 dant. The Germans, who dwell across the Rhine, are exchan- 
 ging hostages. 
 
 INDIRECT. 
 
 Dlcit Germanos, qui trans Dixit Germanos, qui trans 
 
 Rhenum incolant, inter Rhenum incolerent, in- 
 
 se obsides dare. 7/esays ter se obsides dare. He 
 
 that the Germans, who dwell said that the Germans, who 
 
 across the Rhine, are ex- dwelt across the Rhine, 
 
 changing hostages. were exchanging hostages. 
 
 Observe that, in the Subordinate clause introduced by 
 qui, the verb — which is in the Indicative mood in the 
 Direct Discourse — becomes Subjunctive in the Indirect. 
 Notice also that the rule for Sequence of Tenses holds 
 good in Indirect Discourse. 
 
 h. COMMANDS. 
 
 DIRECT. 
 
 Veni ad me, si potes. Come to me, if you can. 
 
 INDIRECT. 
 
 Respondet veniat ad se, Respondit veniret ad se, 
 
 si possit. He replies that si posset. He replied that 
 
 he may come to him, if he he might come to him, if 
 
 can. he could. 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS VOLO, NOLO, MALO. 197 
 
 Observe that the Imperative in the Direct Discourse 
 is changed to the Subjunctive in the Indirect. 
 
 Mild commands with the Hortatory Subjunctive in 
 Direct Discourse retain the Subjunctive in the Indirect, 
 thus : 
 
 DIRECT. 
 
 Redeat ad me, cum volet. Let him return to me, when 
 
 he pleases. 
 
 INDIRECT. 
 
 Respondet redeat ad se, Respondit rediret ad se, 
 
 c-amvelit. He replies that cum vellet. He replied 
 
 he may return to him, when that he might return to him, 
 
 he pleases. when he pleased. 
 
 Notice that the First and Second persons in the Direct 
 Discourse are usually changed to the Third person in the 
 Indirect. 
 
 c. QUESTIONS. 
 
 DIRECT. 
 
 Quid tibi vis ? What do you mean ? 
 
 INDIRECT. 
 
 Respondet: Quid sibi ve- Respondit: Quid sibi vel- 
 lit? He replies: What let? He replied: What 
 
 does he mean ? did he mean ? 
 
 Observe that a real question is put in the Subjunctive 
 in Indirect Discourse. On the contrary, rhetorical ques- 
 tions (which are merely asked for effect, and imply their 
 own answer) are generally put in the Infinitive in Indirect 
 Discourse, thus : 
 
 DIRECT. INDIRECT. 
 
 Quid est turpius ? What is Quid esse turpius ? What 
 baser? was baser? 
 
198 LATIX READER.— LESSON LI. 
 
 A rhetorical question suggesting a doubt, and therefore taking the 
 Subjunc. in Direct Discourse, retains the Subjunc. in the Indirect, as: 
 
 DIRIX'T. INDIKECT. 
 
 Quid agam? What am I to Respondit: quid ageret? He 
 do? replied: IFAa^ washetodo? 
 
 495. Rule LII. In Tiulirect Discourse, tlie Subjunctive 
 is used in subordinate clauses, in commands, and in real 
 questions; but rhetorical questions legularly take the Infin- 
 itive 
 
 MEDEAE FUGA. 
 
 496. lason, omnibus laboribus confectTs, cum sociis 
 ad iiavem rediit. Rex autem, cum lasonem nego- 
 tiuni coiifecisse audivisset, primum obstupuit, deinde 
 in suain iliiani saevTrc cocpit. ScTvit enim Medeam 
 unam esse quae lasoiii auxilium ferre potuisset. 
 Cum tamen iam uox esset, statuit diem sibi exspec- 
 taiidum esse. Dixit auteiu se prima liice in perfidam 
 filiam animadversiiiuin esse, quae suum patrem ali- 
 enis prodere voluisset. 
 
 Medea, his minis audilis, vehementer coinmota est. 
 Scivit enim i\eetam liominem esse barbarum et ira- 
 cundum. Quid faceret? Non dubium esse quin, si 
 in regia maneret, sua vita magno in peiiculo esset. 
 Praeterea nisi lason de consiliis regis certior facere- 
 tur, ilium cum omnibus sociTs peritiirum esse. 
 
 Talia in animo volvens, diii incerta erat. Tandem 
 fugere decrevit. Iterum e regia elapsa ad ripam 
 fliiminis pervenit. Hic lasonem invenit. Ille enim 
 eius adventum exspectabat. Tum Medea docuit iinam 
 esse spem saliitis si f ugam experirentur ; regem pri- 
 ma liice cum omnibus co})iis ventiirum esse ; sine 
 mora in navem conscenderent et fugerent. 
 
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 199 
 
 Note. — Before translating the following sentences into Latin, 
 change the English into the Latin form. Thus the first sentence 
 will read: Medea knew Jason her arrival to be about to await. 
 
 m 
 
 497. 1. Medea knew that Jason would await her 
 arrival. 2. The king said that they might remain 
 in the palace if they wished. 3. Jason knew that 
 the king would be very angry, when he heard this. 
 4. They reply: What are they to do? If they 
 remain, their lives will be in great danger. 5. 
 Jason knows that Medea is the only (person) who 
 can bring him assistance. 
 
 Sight Translation. Medea et Dkaco. 
 
 498. At lason respondit: Se hoc modo nolle dis- 
 cedere. Num ad patriam sine vellere aureo, propter 
 quod et ipse et fortes socii tot labores pertulissent, 
 redire posset? Se malle mori quam, re infecta, 
 ex Colchide discedere. 
 
 Inde Medea lasonem sequi iussit ; se eum ad 
 vellus aureum ductiiram esse. Protinus virgo rapido 
 passii in densam silvam penetravit. lason ducem 
 subsequitur. Subito lason ingentem flammam con- 
 
 in-fectus, unaccomplished. horreo, bristle. 
 
 passus, step^ pace. offa, cake. 
 
 sub-sequor, /o^Zow closely. mel, honey. 
 
 vibro, gleam. (Vibrate.) medicatus, magic. 
 
 rubor, redness. (Ruby.) soporatus, sleejJ-causing. 
 
 sanguineus, blood-red. guttur, throat. (Guttural.) 
 
 crista, crest. pando, open, cx-pand. 
 
 am-plector, encircle. humi, on the ground. 
 
 sibila, hissings. (Sibilant.) iaceo, lie. (Ad-jacent.) 
 
200 LATIN READER. — LESSON LL 
 
 spicit. Tenebrae saeva luce vibrant. Turn quaerit 
 lason, "Quid est ille rubor? Quid tarn subito re- 
 fulsit." Cui Medea respondet eum draconis oculos 
 conspicere ; ilium sanguineis cristis sic fulgere. 
 BrevT postea liison ipse draconein cernere potest. 
 Ille immeiisTs orbil)us arboreni amplexus, iam caput 
 tollit et liorrenda sTbila emittit. CuT Medea, videns 
 collum iaiii horrere, off am melle et medicatis frugi- 
 bus sopdratam obicit. Ille ingens guttur pandens, 
 offam coriipit. lainque moustii altae cristae cadunt, 
 atque ca[)ut et ingens cervix liumi iiTCent. 
 
 499. 1. Quam rex culpilvit, cum lasonem nego- 
 tium confecisse audivisset? 2. Quid dixit rex, se 
 prima liice factiirum esse? 3. Qualis homo erat 
 Aeeta? 4. Quid Medea facere decrevit? 5. Quern 
 ad iTpam fluminis invenit? 6. Quae ArgonautTs 
 erat una spes saliitis? 7. Ciir lason hoc modo 
 discedere noluit? 8. Ubi Medea lasonem ducit? 
 9. Quid subito lason conspicit? 10. lasonT de hoc 
 rubore quaerenti quid Medea respondet ? 11. Quid 
 facit draco, ubi lasonem cernit ? 12. Quo modo 
 Medea effecit ut draco dormiret? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 500. In what clause is the Infinitive with Subject-Accusative 
 used in Indirect Discourse ? What mood is used in Subordinate 
 clauses ? How are commands and questions expressed ? Give 
 synopses of volo, nolo, and malo, writing the Indicative Present 
 in full. Translate the following : noluissetis, ma volt, volemus, 
 nolles, maluerint, voluisse, non vis, malimus, nolle ; we were 
 unwilling^ you (singular) had wished, they might prefer, he ye 
 unwilling, I 'preferred, you (plural) will have wished, to prefer, 
 they will wish, they may wish, the]/ might wish. 
 
IRREGULAR VERB FIO. 
 
 201 
 
 LESSON LI I. 
 
 Irregular Verb Fio. 
 
 501. Principal Parts : Fio, fieri, factus, be viade, 
 come. 
 
 he- 
 
 INDICATIVE, 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 fio 
 
 fimus 
 
 fiam 
 
 fiamus 
 
 
 fis 
 
 fitis 
 
 fias 
 
 fiatis 
 
 
 fit 
 
 fiunt 
 
 fiat 
 
 fiant 
 
 Imp. 
 
 fiebam 
 
 
 fierem 
 
 
 FUT. 
 
 fiam 
 
 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 factus sum 
 
 factus 1 
 
 Sim 
 
 Plup. 
 
 factus eram 
 
 factus 1 
 
 essem 
 
 F. P. 
 
 factus ero 
 
 
 
 imperative. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 fi 
 
 fite 
 
 Pres. 
 
 fieri 
 
 FUT. 
 
 fito 
 
 fitote 
 
 Perf. 
 
 factus esse 
 
 
 fito 
 
 fiunto 
 
 FUT. 
 
 factum iri 
 
 
 
 participles. 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 factus 
 
 
 G'V'E. 
 
 faciendus 
 
 a. Fio is used as the Passive of facio. Notice that 
 the -1 is long, except before -er. 
 
 VELLUS AUREUM. 
 
 502. lason, cum denique draconem dormire vidis- 
 set, magnam arborem, sub qua ingeus monstrum ex- 
 tenditur, aspicit. Per ramos auii fulgorem conspicit. 
 Turn ei quaerenti viam, qua se ad caput arboris 
 ferret, Medea respondet necesse esse ei arborem as- 
 cendere, sT praemio potiri velit. Nee mora fit. Sine 
 iillo sonitii dormientem draconem transilit, atque ad 
 caput arboris ascendit. lam avidus manum por- 
 
202 LATIN READER. — LESSON LIT. 
 
 rigit et vellus optatum corripit. Turn celeriter ex 
 arbore descenclit. Taciti ipse et Medea ab loco dis- 
 cedunt, et per silvam vestigia repetimt. Ubi vero 
 S4>ciis, qui aiixio animo ducem exspectabant, per 
 tenebras aureus fulgor appiiret, magnus clamor in 
 caelum surgit. lason gaudens ad iTpam incedit, 
 atque prius vellus aureum in puppim mittit. Delude 
 Medeae persuadet ut patriam relinquat et secum ad 
 Thraciam proficTscatur. Primum virgo Ire noluit. 
 Tandem autem lasoni spondenti se earn in niatri- 
 monium ducturum esse, cum primum in tiitum lo- 
 cum pervenissent, concedit. Tum laeti Argonautae 
 navem solvunt et prima liice ad ostia fluminis appro- 
 pin quabant. 
 
 503. 1. The Argonauts rejoiced when they saw 
 the gleam of the golden fleece. 2. It will be neces- 
 sary for you to go to the river, if you wish this to be 
 done. 3. Jason replied that he could see the fleece 
 in tlie brandies of the tree, under which the dragon 
 was sleeping. 4. Did Jason persuade Medea to 
 leave her country? 5. You must climb the tree, 
 if you wish to obtain the golden fleece. 
 
 Sight Translatio7i. E,f:DiTus Argonautarum. 
 
 504. Interea mane riimor Argonautas discessisse 
 per urbem volat atque mox ad auris regis venit. 
 Ille suspicans id quod erat, Medeam per regiam 
 quaerit, sed nequTquam. Inde furens ad fliimen 
 fertur. lam ripae civibus complentur, qui omnes 
 unam in partem spectant. Procul Aeeta puppim 
 
IRREGULAR VERB FIO. 203 
 
 navis cernit, quae iam e conspectii evehitur. Brevi 
 postea nuntius regem certiorem fecit, Argonautas 
 cum Medea et vellere aureo ex eius manibus effugisse. 
 
 Interea Argonautae secundo vento diem noctem- 
 que per undas volant. Cum tandem ad ostia Histii 
 pervenissent, in terram egrediuntur et laetissimas 
 niiptias celebrant. Tum iterum navem solvunt. Per 
 varios casiis, per multa perTcula cursum tenent, et 
 denique cum vellere aureo in portum lolci inveliuntur. 
 
 Multae aliae res a Latiius scrTptoribus de lasone 
 et Medea narrantur. Qnas res autem discipulus ipse 
 nunc Latine legere potest. 
 
 505. 1. Quid per ramos arboris lason conspicit? 
 2. Quid necesse erat ei facere ut vellere aureo po- 
 tiretur? 3. Quid faciunt sociT ubi aureum fulgo- 
 rem cernunt ? 4. Quid lason Medeae persuadet 
 ut faciat? 5. Nonne Medea ire volt? 6. Ubi 
 prima liice erant Argonautae ? 7. Qui riimor mane 
 ad auris regis venit ? 8. Quid fecit rex ? 9. De 
 quo mox certior f actus est? 10. Ubi Argonautae 
 niiptias celebrant? 11. In quem portum denique 
 invehuntur? 12. Ubi nunc discipulus ipse de 
 lasone et Medea multas alias res legere potest? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 506. How is fio used ? When is the -i of fio long ? Give a 
 synopsis of fio, writing the Present Indicative and Subjunctive 
 in full. Translate the following : factum erit, fieri, fietis, 
 facta essent, fi ; it may be done, to he about to be done, they 
 might be done, having been done. 
 
 auris, ear. (Aural.) Latine, in Latin. 
 
 Hister, Danube river. lego, read. (Lecture.) 
 
204 
 
 DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 
 
 > 
 
 Id) 
 
 P^' 
 
 Id) IS iS 0) i(U 
 
 -es 
 
 -erum 
 
 -ebus 
 
 -es 
 
 -ebus 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 '? '? '? 
 
 c8 e3 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 -uum 
 -ibus 
 
 -ibus 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 ? li 
 
 ,s 5 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 1 1 
 
 •? ■? 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1^ 
 
 a? 
 
 -: 1 
 
 ■es 
 
 -ium 
 
 -is (-es) 
 
 :^ 
 
 
 
 •?'? 
 
 3 3 
 
 
 +3 
 
 1 
 
 
 s" 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 10) 10) 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ? 
 
 ? ? 
 
 - 
 
 o 
 
 
 « .7 'O 3 "O 
 
 §3 .£5 ' ' ' 
 
 .0 ,2 ,2 
 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 Ti 
 
 •r '? 
 
 - 
 
 ? 
 
 C=H 
 
 C8 II i .c. 
 
 -ae 
 
 -arum 
 
 -is 
 
 -as 
 
 -is 
 
 
 ??■ 
 
 
 ^ d d <i ^ 
 
 w- • -: '^' "" 
 
 ^ ft -< «^ 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •av'iaOx\:is 
 
 •'ivan-ij 
 
 
 
 « ,. ,. a 
 
 Jl,l 
 
 
 10) 
 
 I0> 10} 10) 0) 10) 
 
 10) 10) 10) 10) 10) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 •wi ^3 -C -C 13 
 
 -o -o -o -a -o 
 
 
 
 
 mIs." 
 
 
 i 
 
 1^3 10 10 10 10 
 
 §§r2§l 
 
 
 c c c a c 
 
 C C S C 3 
 
 
 fH 
 
 
 I- u t- u t. 
 
 
 
 
 00000 
 
 00000 
 
 
 
 
 ^ « « 
 
 « « « « « 
 
 
 i 
 
 S 
 
 '? 
 
 cQ 03 ifH a 
 
 10 10 
 
 us 
 
 uum 
 
 ibus 
 
 lis 
 
 ibus 
 
 
 = s c s c 
 
 C C 3 C 3 
 
 
 e8 
 
 Cj 03 5J C8 si 
 
 53 cs ss eS oJ 
 
 
 a 
 
 S S S 5 S 
 
 s s s s s 
 
 
 
 
 d 2 2 
 
 
 _ 1 
 
 >^ to 
 
 e3 0^ <S^ 
 
 
 "j^ 
 
 0) .;:, IrH 0) ,rt 
 
 • rH -rt .r-l .iH ■rt 
 
 
 ^ U ^ U I] 
 
 L< (1 t> ^ (» 
 
 
 c€ 
 
 cs cs 53 c; rt 
 
 03 sS oj ej ei 
 
 
 a 
 
 s e 5 £ s 
 
 s a e g g 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 0) __^ 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 ^'S' 
 
 aris 
 
 po 
 
 •g 
 
 .2 .2 ,j. 1 .i" 
 
 iS.3a.aa 
 
 i* 
 
 
 U k. u u u 
 
 
 P4 
 
 u >- t. t. t- 
 
 L. U L. l> L. 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 33333 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 
 
 
 
 +3 
 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 
 
 »^ 
 
 1 
 
 « .2 ,^ « 0) 
 
 c«5 
 
 •ps 
 
 3 .t; .- 3 .- 
 
 
 ►5 
 
 p< 
 
 G, a a &, 0, 
 
 'E "5, "S, *S, *H, 
 
 03 
 
 S^ rt S^ c3 rt 
 
 « 03 03 ce oJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 u « « 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 k 
 
 .2 ,- i 0) 
 
 H be be bo be 
 
 ges 
 
 gum 
 
 gibus 
 
 ges 
 
 gibus 
 
 
 10) 
 
 S i<y i« 10 ID 
 
 ll> l<Li W \<p lOJ 
 
 
 Fi 
 
 ;. t^ t. L. L, 
 
 ^ t. (h ;-i Ui 
 
 
 1 
 
 ._-j 10 10 
 
 _^ .S . 2 d .2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 0) « a; 0) <» 
 
 OJ a> 0^ Hi J; 
 
 
 ,Q 
 
 ^ XI XI ^ ^ 
 
 ^ ^ JO ^ ^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 g 
 
 a 
 ,^ 10 10 
 
 ,. :S .2 ,s .2 
 
 
 > > > > f 
 
 > > > > > 
 
 
 L^ (. L. ^ U. 
 
 I. ^ ^ t- u 
 
 
 0) 
 
 <u aj 0^ oi oj 
 
 OJ a; (K 01 
 
 
 03 
 
 c« tn w 05 cft 
 
 r/j tc cfc OJ X 
 
 
 1 
 
 d e8 S 05 ic3 
 
 § 1 .2 ." .2 
 
 
 tj t^ "J^ t^ "t^ 
 
 t "C t: ■£ t; 
 
 
 
 00000 
 
 00000 
 
 
 ft 
 
 o< 0. o. a< P< 
 
 p, p, 0< p. a, 
 
 
 
 . . . d P5 
 
 . . .OH 
 
 
 
 !?; « <; -»5 
 
 '^OP^<< 
 
 
 V -- 
 
 
 
 cc 
 
 •av'iaoKis 
 
 "ivama 
 
NOUNS. 
 
 205 
 
 TABLES 
 
 OF 
 
 DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 
 
 508. NOUNS. 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. -A STEMS. 
 
 SINQULAK. 
 
 N. porta, a gate. 
 
 G. portae, of a gate, or, a gate' 
 
 D. portae, to or for a gate. 
 
 Ac. portam, a gate 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 portae, gates. 
 
 portarum, of gates, or, gates'' 
 portis, to or for gates. 
 portas, gates. 
 
 Ab. porta, from, with, or by a gate, -portis, from, with, or by gates. 
 
 509. SECOND DECLENSION. -O STEMS. 
 
 slave (m.) boy {m.) field (m..) man (m.) temple(n.) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 servus 
 
 puer 
 
 ager 
 
 vir 
 
 templum 
 
 G. 
 
 servi 
 
 pueri 
 
 agri 
 
 viri 
 
 ternpli 
 
 D. 
 
 servo 
 
 puero 
 
 agro 
 
 viro 
 
 templo 
 
 Ac. 
 
 servum 
 
 puerum 
 
 agrum 
 
 virum 
 
 templum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 servo 
 
 puer5 
 
 agro 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 viro 
 
 templo 
 
 N. 
 
 servi 
 
 pueri 
 
 agri 
 
 viri 
 
 templa 
 
 G. 
 
 servorum 
 
 puerorum 
 
 agrorum 
 
 virorum 
 
 templorum 
 
 D. 
 
 servis 
 
 pueris 
 
 agris 
 
 viris 
 
 templis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 servos 
 
 puerds 
 
 agros 
 
 viros 
 
 templa 
 
 Ab. 
 
 servis 
 
 pueris 
 
 agris 
 
 viris 
 
 templis 
 
206 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 Note. — The Vocative Singular of Second Declension nouns 
 in -us ends in -e, as : serve. 
 
 510. filius, son (m.) 
 
 SINGULAR. PLUIIAL. 
 
 auzilium, aid (n.) 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 filius 
 
 filii 
 
 auxilium 
 
 auxili a 
 
 G. 
 
 fili, -ii 
 
 filidrum 
 
 auxili, -ii 
 
 auxiliorum 
 
 D. 
 
 filio 
 
 filiis 
 
 auxilio 
 
 auxiliis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 f ilium 
 
 filios 
 
 auxilium 
 
 auxilia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 filio 
 
 filiis 
 
 auxilio 
 
 auxiliis 
 
 Note. — The Vocative Singular of filius is fili. 
 
 511. THIRD DECLENSION. -LIQUID STEMS. 
 
 consul {m.) legion (i.) maiden (f.) river (n.) 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 consul 
 
 legio 
 
 virgo 
 
 flumen 
 
 G. 
 
 consulis 
 
 legionis 
 
 virginis 
 
 fluminis 
 
 D. 
 
 consuli 
 
 legioni 
 
 virgini 
 
 flumini 
 
 Ac. 
 
 consulem 
 
 legionem 
 
 virginem 
 
 flumen 
 
 Ab. 
 
 consule 
 
 legione 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 virgine 
 
 flumine 
 
 N. 
 
 consules 
 
 legiones 
 
 virgines 
 
 flfimina 
 
 G. 
 
 consulum 
 
 legionum 
 
 virginum 
 
 fluminum 
 
 D. 
 
 consulibus 
 
 legionibus 
 
 virginibus 
 
 fluminibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 consules 
 
 legiones 
 
 virgines 
 
 flumina 
 
 Ab. 
 
 consulibus 
 
 legionibus 
 
 virginibus 
 
 fluminibus 
 
 512. labor (m.) 
 
 father (m.) 
 
 bodij (n.) 
 
 race (n.) 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 labor 
 
 pater 
 
 corpus 
 
 genus 
 
 G. 
 
 laboris 
 
 patris 
 
 corporis 
 
 generis 
 
 D. 
 
 labori 
 
 patri 
 
 corpori 
 
 generi 
 
 Ac. 
 
 laborem 
 
 patrem 
 
 corpus 
 
 genus 
 
 Ab. 
 
 labore 
 
 patre 
 
 corpore 
 
 genere 
 

 
 NOUNS. 
 
 207 
 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 labores 
 
 patres corpora ,- 
 
 genera 
 
 G. 
 
 laborum 
 
 patrum corporum 
 
 generum 
 
 D. 
 
 laboribus 
 
 patribus corporibus 
 
 generibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 labores 
 
 patris corpora 
 
 genera 
 
 Ab. 
 
 laboribus 
 
 patribus corporibus 
 
 generibus 
 
 513. 
 
 MUTE STEMS. 
 
 
 
 chief (m.) 
 
 king (m.) 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 judge (m.) 
 
 N. 
 
 princeps 
 
 rex 
 
 itidex 
 
 G. 
 
 principis 
 
 regis 
 
 iiidicis 
 
 D. 
 
 principi 
 
 regi 
 
 iudici 
 
 Ac. 
 
 principem 
 
 regem 
 
 iudicem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 principe 
 
 rege 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 iudice 
 
 N. 
 
 principis 
 
 regis 
 
 iudicis 
 
 G. 
 
 principum 
 
 regum 
 
 iiidicum 
 
 D. 
 
 principibus 
 
 regibus 
 
 iudicibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 principis 
 
 regis 
 
 iiidicis 
 
 Ab. 
 
 principibus 
 
 regibus 
 
 iiidicibus 
 
 514. soldier (m. 
 
 ,) guard (m.) 
 
 head (n.) 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 miles 
 
 custos 
 
 caput 
 
 G. 
 
 militis 
 
 custodis 
 
 capitis 
 
 D. 
 
 militi 
 
 custodi 
 
 capiti 
 
 Ac. 
 
 militem 
 
 custodem 
 
 caput 
 
 Ab. 
 
 milite 
 
 custode 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 capite 
 
 N. 
 
 militis 
 
 custodis 
 
 capita 
 
 G. 
 
 militum 
 
 ciistodum 
 
 capitum 
 
 D. 
 
 militibus 
 
 custodibus 
 
 capitibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 militis 
 
 custodis 
 
 capita 
 
 Ab. 
 
 militibus 
 
 custodibus 
 
 capitibus 
 
208 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 515. I STEMS. 
 
 a. Masculines and Feminlnes in -is and -es. 
 cough (i.) ship {i.) fire (m.) enemi/ (m.) cloud {f.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 tussis 
 
 nfivis 
 
 
 ignis 
 
 liostis 
 
 nubes 
 
 G. 
 
 tussis 
 
 nuvis 
 
 
 ignis 
 
 liostis 
 
 nil bis 
 
 D. 
 
 tussi 
 
 navi 
 
 
 igni 
 
 liosti 
 
 niibi 
 
 Ac. 
 
 tussim 
 
 ndvem 
 
 (-im) ignem 
 
 liostem 
 
 niibem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 tussi 
 
 navi (- 
 
 •e) 
 
 igni (-e) 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 hoste 
 
 nube 
 
 N. 
 
 tusses 
 
 G. 
 
 tussium 
 
 D. 
 
 tussibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 tussis (-es) 
 
 Ab. 
 
 tussibus 
 
 naves ignes hostes nubes 
 
 navium ignium liostium nubium 
 navibus ignibus hostibus nubibus 
 navis (-es) ignis (-es) bostis (-es) nubis (-es) 
 navibus ignibus hostibus nubibus 
 
 b. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar. 
 sea (n.) animal (n.) 
 
 spur (n.) 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 mare 
 
 animal 
 
 calcar 
 
 G. 
 
 maris 
 
 animfilis 
 
 calcaris 
 
 D. 
 
 mai-i 
 
 an! mail 
 
 calcari 
 
 Ac. 
 
 mare 
 
 animal 
 
 calcar 
 
 Ab. 
 
 mari 
 
 animali 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 calcari 
 
 N". 
 
 maria 
 
 animalia 
 
 calcaria 
 
 G. 
 
 marium 
 
 animalium 
 
 calcarium 
 
 D. 
 
 maribus 
 
 animalibus 
 
 calcaribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 maria 
 
 animalia 
 
 calcaria 
 
 Ab. 
 
 maribus 
 
 animalibus 
 
 calcaribus 
 
NOUNS. 
 
 209 
 
 516. 
 
 MIXED 
 
 STEMS. 
 
 
 
 citij (f.) 
 
 citadel (f 
 
 .) 
 
 bridge (m.) 
 
 arje(i.) 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 urbs 
 
 arx 
 
 
 pons 
 
 aetas 
 
 G. 
 
 urbis 
 
 arcis 
 
 
 pontis 
 
 aetatis 
 
 D. 
 
 urbi 
 
 arci 
 
 
 ponti 
 
 aetati 
 
 Ac. 
 
 urbem 
 
 arcem 
 
 
 pontem 
 
 aetatem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 urbe 
 
 arce 
 
 
 ponte 
 
 aetate 
 
 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 urbes 
 
 arces 
 
 
 pontes 
 
 aetates 
 
 G. 
 
 urbium 
 
 arcium 
 
 
 pontium 
 
 aetatium (-um) 
 
 D. 
 
 urbibus 
 
 arcibus 
 
 
 pontibus 
 
 aetiitibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 urbis (-es) 
 
 arcis (-es) 
 
 pontis (-es) 
 
 aetfitis (-es) 
 
 Ab. 
 
 urbibus 
 
 arcibus 
 
 
 pontibus 
 
 aetatibus 
 
 517. FOURTH DECLENSION. — U STfJMS. 
 
 exercitus, army (m.) cornii, horn (n.) 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 N. 
 
 exercitus 
 
 exercitiis 
 
 cornu 
 
 cornua 
 
 G. 
 
 exercitus 
 
 exercituum 
 
 corniis 
 
 cornuum 
 
 D. 
 
 exercitui (-u) 
 
 exercitibus 
 
 cornu 
 
 cornibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 exercitum 
 
 exercitus 
 
 cornii 
 
 cornua 
 
 Ab. 
 
 , exercitu 
 
 exercitibus 
 
 cornii 
 
 cornibus 
 
 518. FIFTH DECLENSION. -E STEMS. 
 
 dies, day (m.) res, thing (f.) 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 N. 
 
 dies 
 
 dies 
 
 res 
 
 res 
 
 G. 
 
 diei 
 
 dierum 
 
 rei 
 
 rerum 
 
 D. 
 
 diei 
 
 diebus 
 
 rei 
 
 rebus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 , diem 
 
 dies 
 
 rem 
 
 res 
 
 Ab 
 
 . die 
 
 diebus 
 
 re 
 
 rebus 
 
210 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 519. 
 
 IRREGULAK NOUNS. 
 
 
 
 god (m.) 
 
 house (f.) 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 strength (f.) 
 
 N. 
 
 (leus 
 
 domus 
 
 vis 
 
 G. 
 
 dei 
 
 doniiis (-i, loc.) 
 
 vis 
 
 D. 
 
 deo 
 
 domui (-6) 
 
 vi 
 
 Ac. 
 
 deum 
 
 donium 
 
 vim 
 
 Ab. 
 
 deo 
 
 domo (-ii) 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 vi 
 
 N. 
 
 dei, dii, di 
 
 domiis 
 
 vires 
 
 G. 
 
 deorum, deum 
 
 L domuum (-orum) 
 
 virium 
 
 D. 
 
 deis, diis, dis 
 
 domibus 
 
 viribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 deos 
 
 domos (-us) 
 
 vires 
 
 Ab. 
 
 deis, diis, dis 
 
 domibus 
 
 viribus 
 
 520. 
 
 GREEK NOUNS. 
 
 Note. — These are given for reference only. All the irregular 
 forms of Greek nouns occurring in the text will be found in the 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 
 DEC. I. 
 
 DECLENSION II. 
 
 
 DEC. III. 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 Helle 
 
 Naxos 
 
 
 Perseus 
 
 
 Propontis 
 
 G. 
 
 Helles 
 
 Naxi 
 
 
 Persei (- 
 
 eos) 
 
 Propontidis 
 
 (-idos) 
 
 D. 
 
 Hellae 
 
 Naxo 
 
 
 Perseo ( 
 
 -ei) 
 
 Propontidi 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Hellen 
 
 Naxon 
 
 (-um) 
 
 Persea 
 
 
 Propontida 
 
 Ab. 
 
 Helle (-a) 
 
 Naxo 
 
 
 Perseo 
 
 
 Propontide 
 
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 211 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 lO |3 
 
 lO 
 
 
 cS lO ,2 e3 ,2 
 
 
 
 i^l'l 
 
 
 
 
 u u k. ;. t. 
 
 
 
 ^ Xi -o 
 
 
 X! ^ ^ ^ XJ 
 
 
 
 S 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 S 3 3 3 3 
 
 
 
 n ti 
 
 Lh ;^ 
 
 fc< 
 
 
 U, t- i, ^H tc 
 
 
 < 
 
 a> 
 
 0) g 
 
 
 J 
 
 Sl,2.?^,2 
 
 
 t '^ 
 
 c3 S 
 
 o3 
 
 a2 
 
 
 tJ 
 
 
 i. t. 
 
 
 
 t. t- tH U U 
 
 
 
 
 fcj ^ ^ X5 ^ o 
 
 J 
 
 ^ ^ ^ XI ^ 
 
 
 •A 
 
 S 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 3 = 33 
 
 
 U ^ 
 
 >-i fc. 
 
 
 fn 
 
 ^ ;_ u, ^ ^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 ol 
 
 O 
 
 
 .=|.sl.g 
 
 
 ,: oj 'u 
 
 S-c t« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ X> ^ ^ JD ^ 
 
 
 ^ 2 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 s 
 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 u -^ 
 
 ^ ;h 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ I, ^ ^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t*^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r1 
 
 Q 
 
 
 .!„ 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 lO J3 
 
 O 
 
 
 03 lO ,2 c3 ,2 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ;-i 
 
 
 t. t, i- t- t. 
 
 
 0) 0) 
 
 0) 
 
 
 oj o Ci a^ i 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2 .- .- .- .'Si 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s s 
 
 
 
 
 
 '■Ct 
 
 
 S c 
 
 3 
 
 
 S 3 5 3 £ 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !*s 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 j 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 
 <u 
 
 <u a 
 
 
 -< 
 
 ^,^,2.^,2 
 
 c«^ 
 
 3 
 
 c3 c3 
 
 <A oj 
 
 c« 
 
 Ci 
 
 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 t. t, t, t. ;- 
 
 f^ 
 
 ;5 
 
 ^' ^ ^ 
 
 U 0, 
 
 ^ 
 
 O i p i Oj 
 
 
 
 
 
 •rl 
 
 E 
 
 
 q 
 
 S 
 
 as 
 
 s"s 
 
 g 
 
 
 S £ 'i 3 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 L«« 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 u, "^ 
 
 lO 
 
 'O 
 
 
 .- 'o ,2 lo ,2 
 
 
 
 
 ^ t.. 
 
 
 
 tn t- t. t. U 
 
 Q 
 
 
 l-H V V 
 
 0) & 
 
 V 
 
 
 0) a* o o i/ 
 
 
 f^ /« /« 
 
 
 .'Si 
 
 
 '/i ■■/: '/) •,; (» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c S 
 
 5 = 
 
 5 
 
 
 S S £ £ £ 
 
 E^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 lO 3 
 
 lO 
 
 
 a 
 
 g lo ,2 c3 ,2 
 
 
 
 3 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o o 
 
 O O 
 
 o 
 
 
 C O O O O 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 C4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <1 
 
 -5 
 
 Q) 
 
 V S 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 <U Pc ^ M . 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 5 « 
 
 c3 e3 leS 
 
 >-i 
 
 S ics ,2 i| ,2 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 
 a c 
 
 s 
 
 7" 
 
 
 
 
 o o 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o S o S o 
 
 
 t« 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 XI ^ X! X5 ,Q 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ..l,2i§,2 
 
 
 
 . w 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^■s 
 
 lo ;i 
 
 lO 
 
 
 
 
 C 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 3 3 3 3 
 
 
 
 o o 
 
 o o 
 
 O 
 
 
 O O O £ O 
 
 
 
 U2 ^ A ^ A 
 
 
 Xi XI Xi Xi XI 
 
 x: <u 
 
 2 PI 
 
 ^1 
 
 lO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 .s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i<a 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 ;2; 
 
 
 
 -O 
 
 
 TS 
 
 
 TS 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 i3 
 
 
 i3 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 ^I 
 
 
 ^a§ 
 
 H 
 
 
 .s 
 
 < 
 
 
 CQ 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 .2-° 
 
 ^•^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Ir-t 
 
 3 
 
 liH 
 
 3 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 '^ 
 
 10 c 
 
 
 |j 
 
 
 
 ID 
 
 s 
 
 OJ 
 
 a-s 
 
 tJ 
 
 aj 
 
 cu 
 
 •J^ i" 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 y. 
 
 • 73 -C -C 
 
 
 w t: 
 
 73 
 
 rn "^ 
 
 
 
 fe 13 
 
 i3 
 
 13 
 
 <U i3 
 
 ft, 10 13 
 
 13 
 
 ,2 13 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 fc. 
 
 *- t. 
 
 
 
 ;_ 
 
 -C t- 
 
 
 2; 
 
 
 ^ s, 
 
 D, P 
 
 3 P, 
 
 
 3 ft P 
 
 3 P. 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 
 <V 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 'O 
 
 
 "O 
 
 
 
 
 (^ 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 '2 
 
 p< 
 
 
 i3 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e3 
 
 
 cd 
 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 t> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 ^=5 
 
 
 
 "oJ 'V 
 
 
 "3 _, 
 
 n 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 2 
 
 
 e J 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 
 
 s| 
 
 r*^ 
 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 IC 
 
 lO 
 
 
 10 
 
 IC 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •«-( 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 
 P^' 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 a £ 
 
 03 
 
 .2? 
 ^ £ 
 
 09 
 
 ^ 
 
 _o 
 
 
 ^ u 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 lOJ 
 
 
 l(D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 c5 
 
 c 
 
 K 
 
 u -2 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 ; 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 ^ 
 
 _s 
 
 < 
 
 S "3 
 
 
 
 ■3 
 
 ■< 
 
 "oJ 
 
 
 "S 
 
 
 "i 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 « 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 i>; 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U) 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 ^ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-3 
 
 
 
 
 f/5 
 
 o 
 
 cc 
 
 . <i> 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 .3 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,S 
 
 
 ^ t: 
 
 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 
 "C 
 
 t^ 
 
 s 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -s 
 
 09 
 
 "^ 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 
 
 gX5 
 
 ^Xi 
 
 
 
 
 
 llH 
 
 l>H 
 
 
 
 
 09 -iH 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 ■t^ 
 
 
 
 
 t: 
 
 -J^ 
 
 iSt: 
 
 Cj 
 
 
 
 
 =2 
 
 a 
 
 a'S 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,2 
 
 Ci 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^e, 
 
 
 
 =2 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;2 
 
 E~; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w_- ij 
 
 
 
 (1) 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 •S 
 
 
 
 
 ^ fe 
 
 
 
 tH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 «<5 
 
 
 IC« 
 
 
 
 .c3 
 
 
 1C« 
 
 
 103 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "e 
 
 ri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '£' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 P.--S 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 5? 'C 
 
 hi 
 < 
 
 res 
 
 rium 
 
 ribus 
 
 09,0 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 P^ 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 S 5 
 
 
 ■« 
 
 S 
 
 icS 
 
 03 
 
 icS 
 
 ic3 leS 
 
 icS loi 
 
 IC« 
 
 irt ic« 
 
 
 J, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 'I 
 
 .2 
 
 loS 
 
212 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 522. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 
 
 bonus, bona, bonum, good. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAIi. 
 
 
 
 MASC. 
 
 FEM. 
 
 NKUT. 
 
 N. 
 
 bonus 
 
 bona 
 
 bonum 
 
 G. 
 
 boni 
 
 bonae 
 
 boni 
 
 D. 
 
 bono 
 
 bonae 
 
 bono 
 
 Ac. 
 
 bonum 
 
 bonam 
 
 bonum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 bono 
 
 bona 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 bono 
 
 N. 
 
 boni 
 
 bonafe 
 
 bona 
 
 G. 
 
 bonorum 
 
 bonarum 
 
 bonorum 
 
 D. 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 bonds 
 
 bonas 
 
 bona 
 
 Ab. 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 miser, misera, miserum, wretched. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAIi. 
 
 
 
 MASC. 
 
 FEM. 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 N. 
 
 miser 
 
 misera 
 
 miserum 
 
 G. 
 
 miseri 
 
 miserae 
 
 miseri 
 
 D. 
 
 misero 
 
 miserae 
 
 misero 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miserum 
 
 miseram 
 
 miserum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 misero 
 
 misera 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 misero 
 
 N. 
 
 miseri 
 
 miserae 
 
 misera 
 
 G. 
 
 miserorum 
 
 miserarum 
 
 miserorum 
 
 D. 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miseros 
 
 miseras 
 
 misera 
 
 Ab. 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
ADJECTIVES. 
 pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful. 
 
 213 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAli. 
 
 
 
 
 MASO. 
 
 
 FEM. 
 
 
 KEUT. 
 
 X. 
 
 pulcher 
 
 
 pulchra 
 
 
 pulchrum 
 
 G. 
 
 pulchri 
 
 
 pulchrae 
 
 
 pulchri 
 
 D. 
 
 pulchro 
 
 
 pulchrae 
 
 
 pulchro 
 
 Ac. 
 
 pulchrum 
 
 pulchram 
 
 
 pulchrum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 pulchro 
 
 
 pulchra 
 
 PLUKAL. 
 
 
 pulchro 
 
 N. 
 
 pulchri 
 
 
 pulchrae 
 
 
 pulchra 
 
 G. 
 
 pulchrorum 
 
 pulchrarum 
 
 
 pulchrorum 
 
 D. 
 
 pulchris 
 
 
 pulchris 
 
 
 pulchris 
 
 Ac. 
 
 pulchros 
 
 
 pulchras 
 
 
 pulchra 
 
 Ab. 
 
 pulchris 
 
 
 pulchris 
 
 
 pulchris 
 
 523. 
 
 THIRD 
 
 DECLENSION. - 
 
 -I STEMS. 
 
 
 
 acer, acris, acre, 
 
 Hharp. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 MASC. 
 
 FEM. 
 
 NEUT. MASC. 
 
 FEM. NEUT. 
 
 N. 
 
 Ticer 
 
 acris 
 
 acre acres 
 
 acres acria 
 
 G. 
 
 
 acris 
 
 
 
 acrium 
 
 D. 
 
 
 acri 
 
 
 
 acribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 acrem 
 
 acrem 
 
 acre acris (-es 
 
 i) acris (-es) acria 
 
 Ab. 
 
 
 acri 
 
 
 
 acribus 
 
 fortis, forte, brave. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 M. AND F 
 
 
 N. 
 
 M. AND F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 fortis 
 
 
 forte 
 
 fortes 
 
 fortia 
 
 G. 
 
 
 fortis 
 
 
 fortium 
 
 
 D. 
 
 
 forti 
 
 
 fortibus 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 fortem 
 
 
 forte 
 
 fortis (-es) 
 
 fortia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 
 forti 
 
 
 fortibus 
 
 
214 
 
 LATIN HEADER. 
 
 524. 
 
 CONSONANT STEMS. 
 audax, daring. 
 
 SINfiULAK. 
 
 M. AND F. N. 
 
 N. aiidux 
 
 G, audacis 
 
 D. aiidfici 
 
 Ac. aiuiricem audax 
 
 Ab. auduci (-e) 
 
 PLUKAL. 
 M. AND F. N. 
 
 audaces audacia 
 
 aiidriciuni 
 
 aiidacibus 
 audacis (-es) audacia 
 
 audacibus 
 
 prudens, j^rudent. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 M. AND F. N. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 M. AND F. N. 
 
 N. prudens prudentes prudentia 
 
 G. prudentis prudentium 
 
 D. prudent! prudentibus 
 
 Ac. priidentem prudens prudentis (-es) prudentia 
 
 Ab. prudenti (-e) prudentibus 
 
 525. 
 
 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES, 
 alius, alia, aliud, another. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 MASC. 
 
 FEM. 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 MASC. FEM. 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 N. 
 
 alius 
 
 alia 
 
 aliud 
 
 alii aliae 
 
 alia 
 
 G. 
 
 
 alius 
 
 
 aliorum aliarum 
 
 aliorum 
 
 D. 
 
 
 alii 
 
 
 aliis 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 alium 
 
 aliam 
 
 aliud 
 
 alios alias 
 
 alia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 alio 
 
 alia 
 
 alio 
 
 aliis 
 
 
 unus, una, unum, one. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 MASC. 
 
 N". unus 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. unum 
 
 Ab. uno 
 
 FEM. 
 
 una 
 
 unius 
 
 uni 
 
 unam 
 
 una 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 unum 
 
 unum 
 uno 
 
 totus, tota, totum, whole. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 MASC. FEM. NEUT. 
 
 totus tota totum 
 
 totius 
 
 toti 
 totum totam totum 
 toto tota toto 
 
ADJECTIVES. 
 
 215 
 
 duo, duae, duo, two. 
 
 tres, tria, three. 
 
 
 MASC. FEM. 
 
 NEUT. 
 
 M. AND F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 duo duae 
 
 duo 
 
 tres 
 
 tria 
 
 G. 
 
 duorum duarum 
 
 duorum 
 
 triuni 
 
 
 D. 
 
 duobus duabus 
 
 duobus 
 
 tribus 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 duos, duo duas 
 
 duo 
 
 tris (tres) 
 
 tria 
 
 Ab. 
 
 duobus duabus 
 
 duobus 
 
 tribus 
 
 
 526. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES, 
 latior, latius, wider. plus, more. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 M. AND F. N. 
 
 N. latior latius 
 
 G. latioris 
 
 D. latiori 
 
 Ac. latiorem latius 
 
 Ab. latiore or -i 
 
 M. AND F. 
 
 N. 
 
 plus 
 pluris 
 
 pliis 
 plure 
 
 PLUKAL. 
 
 latiora 
 
 N. latiores 
 
 G. hitiorum 
 
 D. latioribus 
 
 Ac. latiores (-is) latiora 
 
 Ab. latioribus 
 
 plures pliira 
 
 plurium 
 pluribus 
 
 pliiris (-es) plura 
 
 pluribus 
 
 527. 
 
 IRREGULAR COMPARISON. 
 
 ADJECTIVES IN -liS. 
 
 POSITIVE. 
 
 facilis, -e, easy. 
 difficilis, -e, difficult. 
 similis, -e, like. 
 dissimilis, -e, unlike. 
 gracilis, -e, slender. 
 humilis, -e, low. 
 
 COMPARATIVE. 
 
 facilior, -ius. 
 difficilior, -ius. 
 similior, -ius. 
 dissimilior, -ius. 
 gracilior, -ius. 
 hurailior,-ius. 
 
 SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 facillimus, -a, -um. 
 difficillimus, -a, -um. 
 simillimus, -a, -um. 
 dissimillimus, -a, -um. 
 gracillimus, -a -um. 
 humillimus, -a, -um. 
 
216 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 ADJECTIVES WITH DOUBLE SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 POSITIVE. 
 
 COMPARATIVE. 
 
 
 SUPERLATIVE. 
 
 ezterus, 
 
 exterior, 
 
 
 extremus, extimus. 
 
 outward. 
 
 outer. 
 
 
 Olltl 
 
 nost. 
 
 inferus, 
 
 inferior. 
 
 
 infimus, imus, 
 
 low. 
 
 lower. 
 
 
 loivest. 
 
 posterus, 
 
 posterior, 
 
 
 postremus, postumus, 
 
 following. 
 
 later. 
 
 
 last 
 
 
 superus, 
 
 superior, 
 
 
 supremus, summus, 
 
 Mi>i>er. 
 
 higher. 
 
 
 toj) 
 
 of, highest. 
 
 
 ADJECTIVES AVITH NO 
 
 POSITIVE. 
 
 [cis, citra, 
 
 adv., citerior. 
 
 
 
 citimus, 
 
 on this side. 
 
 .] hither. 
 
 
 
 hither most. 
 
 [in, intra, prep. , interior, 
 
 
 
 intimus, 
 
 in, ivithin.] 
 
 inner. 
 
 
 
 inmost. 
 
 [prae, pro. 
 
 prep., before.] prior, former. 
 
 primus, first. 
 
 [prope, adv., near.] propior. 
 
 nearer. 
 
 proximus, next. 
 
 [ultra, adv, 
 
 ., beyond.] ulterior. 
 
 fa^^ 
 
 rther. 
 
 nltimus, farthest. 
 
 ADJECTIVES IIUlEGULAIi THROUGHOUT. 
 
 bonus, good. melior, better. optimus, best. 
 
 peior, ivorse. 
 maior, greater. 
 
 malus, bad. 
 magnus, great 
 parvus, small. 
 multus, much. 
 multi, many. 
 
 minor, smaller. 
 
 , plus, more. 
 
 plures, more. 
 
 pessimus, worst. 
 maximus, greatest. 
 minimus, smallest. 
 plurimus, most. 
 plurimi, most. 
 
 528. 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 CARDINALS. 
 
 unus, lina, linum, one. 
 
 duo, duae, duo, tioo. 
 
 tres, tria, three. 
 
 quattuor 
 
 quinque 
 
 sex 
 
 septem 
 
 ORDINALS. 
 
 primus, first. 
 
 secundus, second. 
 
 tertius, third. 
 
 quartus 
 
 quintus 
 
 sextus 
 
 Septimus 
 
NUMERALS. 
 
 217 
 
 CARDINALS. 
 
 8. OCtO 
 
 9. novem 
 
 10. decern 
 
 11. undecim 
 
 12. duodecim 
 
 13. tredecim 
 
 14. quattuordecim 
 
 15. quindecim 
 10. sedecim 
 
 17. septendecim 
 
 18. duodeviginti 
 
 19. undeviginti 
 
 20. viginti 
 
 21. viginti unus or 
 
 unus et viginti 
 
 28. duodetriginta 
 
 29. undetriginta 
 
 30. triginta 
 
 40. quadraginta 
 
 50. qumquaginta 
 
 60. sexaginta 
 
 70. septuaginta 
 
 80. octoginta 
 
 90. nonaginta 
 
 100. centum 
 
 101. centum unus or 
 
 centum et unus 
 
 200. ducenti, -ae, -a 
 
 300. trecenti, -ae, -a 
 
 400. quadringenti, -ae, -a 
 
 500. quingenti, -ae, -a 
 
 600. sescentl, -ae, -a 
 
 700. septingenti, -ae, -a 
 
 800. octingenti, -ae, -a 
 
 900. nongenti, -ae, -a 
 
 1,000. mille 
 
 2,000. duo milia 
 
 100,000. centum milia 
 
 ORDINALS. 
 
 octavus 
 
 nonus 
 
 decimus 
 
 iindecimus 
 
 duodecimus 
 
 tertius decimus 
 
 quartus decimus 
 
 quintus decimus 
 
 sextus decimus 
 
 Septimus decimus 
 
 duodevTcesimus 
 
 undevicesimus 
 
 vicesimus 
 
 vicesimus primus or 
 
 unus et vicesimus 
 duodetricesimus 
 undetricesimus 
 tricesimus 
 quadragesimus 
 quinquagesimus 
 sexagesimus 
 septuagesimus 
 octogesimus 
 nonagesimus 
 centesimus 
 centesimus primus or 
 
 uaxLS et centesimus 
 ducentesimus 
 trecentesimus 
 quadringentesimus 
 quingentesimus 
 sescentesimus 
 septingentesimus 
 octingentesimus 
 nongentesimus 
 millesimus 
 bis millesimus 
 centies millesimus 
 decies centigs millSsimus 
 
218 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 529. 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUN'S. 
 
 
 FIRST PERSON. 
 
 SECOND PERSON. 
 
 REFLEXIVE. 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 ego 
 
 
 tu 
 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 mei 
 
 
 tui 
 
 
 sui 
 
 D. 
 
 mihi 
 
 
 tibi 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 Ac. 
 
 me 
 
 
 te 
 
 
 se or sese 
 
 Ab. 
 
 me 
 
 
 te 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 se or sese 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 
 nos 
 nostru 
 
 
 VOS 
 
 ri vestrum or 
 
 
 
 m or nost 
 
 vestri 
 
 sui 
 
 D. 
 
 nobis 
 
 
 vobis 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 Ac. 
 
 nos 
 
 
 VOS 
 
 
 se or sese 
 
 Ab. 
 
 nobis 
 
 
 vobis 
 
 
 se or sese 
 
 530. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 
 
 
 
 
 
 hie, this. 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 N. 
 
 hie 
 
 haec 
 
 hoc hi 
 
 hae 
 
 haec 
 
 G. 
 
 
 hiiius 
 
 horum 
 
 harum 
 
 horum 
 
 D. 
 
 
 huic 
 
 
 his 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 hunc 
 
 hanc 
 
 hoc hos 
 
 has 
 
 haec 
 
 Ab. 
 
 hoc 
 
 hac 
 
 hoc 
 
 ille, that. 
 
 his 
 
 
 N. 
 
 ille 
 
 ilia 
 
 illud illi 
 
 illae 
 
 ilia 
 
 G. 
 
 
 illius 
 
 ill5rum 
 
 illarum 
 
 illorum 
 
 D. 
 
 
 illi 
 
 
 illis 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 ilium 
 
 illam 
 
 illud illos 
 
 illas 
 
 ilia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 illo 
 
 ilia 
 
 illo 
 
 is, this, that. 
 
 illis 
 
 
 N. 
 
 is 
 
 ea 
 
 id ei (ii) 
 
 eae 
 
 ea 
 
 G. 
 
 
 eius 
 
 eorum 
 
 earum 
 
 eorum 
 
 D. 
 
 
 ei 
 
 
 eis (iis) 
 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 219 
 
 Ac 
 Ab. eo 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 eum earn id 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 eas ea 
 
 eis (iis) 
 
 idem, the same. 
 
 N. idem eadem idem eidem eaedem eadem 
 
 (iidem) 
 G. eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem 
 
 D. eidem eisdem (iisdem.) 
 
 Ac, eundemeandem idem eosdem easdem eadem 
 
 Ab. eodem eadem eodem 
 
 eisdem (iisdem) 
 
 ipse, self. 
 
 N. 
 
 ipse 
 
 ipsa ipsum 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsae 
 
 ipsa 
 
 G. 
 
 
 ipsius 
 
 ipsorum 
 
 ipsarum 
 
 ipsorum 
 
 D. 
 
 
 ipsi 
 
 
 ipsis 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 ipsum 
 
 ipsam ipsum 
 
 ips5s 
 
 ipsas 
 
 ipsa 
 
 Ab. 
 
 ipso 
 
 ipsa ipso 
 
 
 ipsis 
 
 
 531. 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 qui, who, which. 
 
 N. 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quod 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 G. 
 
 
 cuius 
 cui 
 
 
 quorum 
 
 quarum 
 quibus 
 
 quorum 
 
 Ac 
 
 quem 
 
 quam 
 
 quod 
 
 quos 
 
 quas 
 
 quae 
 
 Ab 
 
 . quo 
 
 qua 
 
 quo 
 
 
 quibus 
 
 
 532. 
 
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN". 
 
 N I ^"^^ Quae / ^"^^ 
 
 ^•)qui ^"^®\quod 
 
 G. cuius 
 
 D. cui 
 
 Ac. quem quamj^^Jjf^ 
 
 Ab. quo qua quo 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 quorum quarum quorum 
 quibus 
 
 quos 
 
 quas quae 
 
 quibus 
 
220 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 533. 
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS, 
 aliquis, sonie one. 
 
 SINGULAR, 
 
 N. 
 
 aliquis (-qui) 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquid (-quod) 
 
 G. 
 
 
 alicuius 
 
 
 D. 
 
 
 alicui 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliquem 
 
 aliquam 
 
 aliquid (-quod) 
 
 Ab. 
 
 aliquo 
 
 aliqua 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 aliqu5 
 
 N. 
 
 aliqui 
 
 aliquae 
 
 aliqua 
 
 G. 
 
 aliquorum 
 
 aliquarum 
 
 aliquorum 
 
 D. 
 
 
 ali^quibus 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliquos 
 
 aliquas 
 
 aliqua 
 
 Ab. 
 
 
 ali^quibus 
 
 
 quidam, certain one. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 N. 
 
 quidam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 quiddam (quoddam) 
 
 G. 
 
 
 ciiius^dam 
 
 
 D. 
 
 
 cuidam 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 queudam 
 
 quandam 
 
 quiddam (quoddam) 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quodam 
 
 quadam 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 quodam 
 
 N. 
 
 quidam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 G. 
 
 quorun^'dam 
 
 quarun^dam 
 
 quorun^dam 
 
 D. 
 
 
 quibus^dam 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quosdam 
 
 quasdam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 Ab. 
 
 
 quibus^dam 
 
 
BEGULAR VERBS. 221 
 
 REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 First Conjugation. 
 
 534. Principal Parts : amo, amare, amavi, amatus. 
 Stem ama-. 
 
 indicativp:. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 I love, am loving, do love, etc. I am loved, etc. 
 
 amo 
 
 amamus 
 
 amor 
 
 amamur 
 
 amas 
 
 amfitis 
 
 amfiris or -re 
 
 amamini 
 
 amat 
 
 amant 
 
 amiltur 
 
 amantur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I loved, was loving, did love, etc. I loas loved, etc. 
 
 amabam amfibamus amfibar amabamur 
 
 amfibas amfibatis amabaris or -re amabamini 
 
 amabat amabant amabatur amfibantur 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall love, etc. I shall be loved, etc. 
 
 amabo amfibimus amabor amfibimur 
 
 amabis amabitis amfiberis or -re amabimini 
 
 amabit amabunt amabitur araabuntur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I loved, have loved, etc. I ivas or have been loved, etc. 
 
 amavi amavimus { sum T sumus 
 
 amavisti amavistis amatus - es amfiti -^ estis 
 
 amavit amaverunt (-re) (^ est ( sunt 
 
222 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 I had loved, etc. 
 amaveram amaveramus 
 amfiveras amaveratis 
 amaverat amaverant 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 I had been loved, etc. 
 
 amatiis 
 
 eram 
 
 eras 
 
 erat 
 
 lati -< 
 
 eramus 
 eratis 
 (^ erant 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall have loved, etc. 
 
 amavero amaverimus 
 amaveris anuTveritis 
 amaverit amfiverint 
 
 I shall have been loved, etc. 
 
 ( ero 
 
 ainatus ^ eris 
 ( erit 
 
 amati 
 
 { erimus 
 J eritis 
 ( erunt 
 
 amem 
 
 ames 
 
 amet 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 amemus 
 
 anietis 
 
 anient 
 
 ainer 
 
 ameris or -re 
 ainetur 
 
 amemur 
 amemini 
 amentur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 amarem 
 
 amares 
 
 amaret 
 
 amaremus 
 
 amaretis 
 
 ainarent 
 
 amarer 
 
 amareris or -re 
 amaretur 
 
 aniaremur 
 aniaremini 
 amarentur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 amaverim amfiverimus 
 amaveris amaveritis 
 amriverit amfiverint 
 
 ( sim 
 
 amatus -/ sis 
 (sit 
 
 amati 
 
 J 
 
 simus 
 
 sitis 
 
 sint 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 amavissem amavissemus 
 amavisses amfivissetis 
 amavisset amavissent 
 
 amatus 
 
 essem 
 
 esses amati 
 esset 
 
 f essemus 
 / essetis 
 ( essent 
 
UNIYfcRSiTY 
 
 REG ULjfn fMnTs. 
 
 223 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 ama, love thou. 
 amate, love ye. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 amare, be thou loved. 
 amamini, be ye loved. 
 
 aniato, thou shalt love. 
 amato, he shall love. 
 aiuatote, ye shall love. 
 amanto, they shall love. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 amator, thou shalt be loved. 
 amator, he shall be loved. 
 
 amantor, they shall be loved. 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 amfire, to love. 
 
 amfiri, to be loved. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 amavisse, to have 
 
 amatus, -a, -um esse, to have 
 
 
 loved. 
 
 been loved. 
 
 FUT. 
 
 amaturus, -a, -um 
 
 amatum iri, to be about to be 
 
 
 esse, to be about 
 
 loved. 
 
 
 to love. 
 
 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. amans, -antis, loving. Perf. amatus, -a, -um, having 
 FuT. amaturus, -a, -um, been loved. 
 
 about to love. G'v'e. amandus, -a, -um, ne- 
 
 cessary to be lovedj 
 or loving. 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 G. amandi, of loving. 
 
 D. amando, /or loving. 
 
 Ac. amandum, loving. 
 
 Ab. amando, by loving. 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 Ac. amatum, to love. 
 Ab. amatu, to love. 
 
224 
 
 LATIN BEABEB. 
 
 535. 
 
 Second Conjugation. 
 
 Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitus, warn. 
 Stem mone-. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 I warn, etc. 
 moneo monemus 
 
 mones monetis 
 
 monet monent 
 
 NDICATIVE. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 / am warned, etc. 
 
 moneor 
 moneris or -re 
 monetur 
 
 monemur 
 monemini 
 monentur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I loarned, loas warning, etc. I was warned, etc. 
 
 monebam nionebamus monebar monebamur 
 
 monebas monebatis monebaris or -re monebamini 
 
 monebat monebant monebatur monebantur 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall warn, etc. / shall he warned, etc. 
 
 Tuonebo monebimus raonebor monebimur 
 
 monebis monebitis monebaris or -re monebimini 
 
 monebit monebunt monebitur monebuntur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I warned, have warned, etc. I was or have been warned, etc. 
 monui moniiimus C sum ( sumus 
 
 monuisti monuistis monitus J es moniti J estis 
 
 monuit monuerunt (-re) (^ est ( sunt 
 
 I had warned, etc. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had been warned, etc. 
 
 monueram monueramus 
 monueras monueratis 
 monuerat monuerant 
 
 ( eram 
 monitus -< eras 
 
 C era] 
 
 J era! 
 
 (^ erat 
 
 eramus 
 moniti -^ eratis 
 ( erant 
 
REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 225 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 / shall have warned, etc 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 I shall have been warned^ etc. 
 
 monuero monuerimus 
 monueris monueritis 
 monuerit monuerint 
 
 C ero 
 
 monitus J eris 
 
 (erit 
 
 moniti 
 
 erimus 
 
 eritis 
 
 erunt 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 moneam moneamus 
 moneas moneatis 
 moneat moneant 
 
 monear 
 
 monearis or -re 
 moneatur 
 
 moneamur 
 moneamini 
 moneantur 
 
 monerem moneremus 
 moneres moneretis 
 moneret monerent 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 monerer moneremui: 
 
 monereris or -re moneremini 
 moneretur monerentur 
 
 monuerim monuerimus 
 monueris monueritis 
 monuerit monuerint 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 C sir 
 
 ,' C1G 
 
 Sim 
 
 monitus J sis 
 (sit 
 
 { simus 
 moniti J sitis 
 
 siiit 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 monuissem moniussemus 
 monuisses monuissetis 
 monuisset monuissent 
 
 I essem i essemus 
 
 monitus ■} esses moniti ■) essetis 
 ( esset ( essent 
 
 mone, warn thou. 
 monete, warn ye. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 monere, be thou warned. 
 monemini, be ye warned. 
 
226 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 moneto, thou shall warn. 
 moneto, he shall warn. 
 monetote, ye shall warn. 
 monento, tltey shall ivarn. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 monetor, thoi.i shall he warned. 
 monetor, he shall he warned. 
 
 monentor, they shall he warned. 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 monere, to warn. 
 
 moneri. 
 
 to be warned. 
 
 Pp:rf. 
 
 nionuisse, to have 
 
 monitus, -a, -um esse, to have 
 
 
 warned. 
 
 heen warned. 
 
 FUT. 
 
 moniturus, -a, -um 
 
 monitum iri, to he about to he 
 
 
 esse, to he ahout 
 
 IV ai 
 
 -ned. 
 
 
 to team. 
 
 
 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 
 Pkes. 
 
 monens, -entis, warn- 
 
 Perf. 
 
 monitus, -a, -um, hav- 
 
 incj 
 
 '. 
 
 
 ing heen loarned. 
 
 FUT. 
 
 moniturus, -a, -um. 
 
 G'v'e. 
 
 monendus, - a, - u m , 
 
 
 about to warn. 
 
 
 necessary to be 
 warned, or warning. 
 
 
 GEKUXI). 
 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 G. 
 
 monendi, of ivarninrj. 
 
 Ac 
 
 monitum, to vmrn. 
 
 D. 
 
 monendo, /or warnincj. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 monitu, to warn. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 monendum, warning. 
 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 monendo, by warninfj. 
 
 
 
 536. 
 
 Third Conjugation. 
 
 Principal Parts : rego, regere, rexi, rectus, rule. 
 Stem rege-. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE, 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 I rule, etc. 
 
 
 rego regimus 
 
 regor 
 
 regis ' regitis 
 
 regerit 
 
 regit regunt 
 
 regitu: 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 / am ruled, etc. 
 
 regimur 
 or -re regimini 
 
 reguntur 
 
REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 227 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 I ruled, was ruling, etc. 
 regebam regebamus 
 regebas regebatis 
 
 regebat regebant 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 / was ruled, etc. 
 regebar regebamur 
 
 regebaris or -re regebamini 
 regebatur regebantur 
 
 / shall rule, etc. 
 regain regenius 
 
 reges regetis 
 
 reget regent 
 
 I shall be ruled, etc. 
 
 regar 
 
 regeris or -re 
 regetur 
 
 regemur 
 regemini 
 regentur 
 
 I ruled, have ruled, etc. 
 rexi reximus 
 
 rexisti rexistis 
 
 rexit rexerunt (-re) 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I loas or have been ruled, etc. 
 C sum C sumus 
 
 rectus 
 
 est 
 
 recti J estis 
 / sunt 
 
 •LUPERFECT. 
 
 I had ruled, etc. 
 rexeram rexeramus 
 rexeras rexeratis 
 rexerat rexerant 
 
 I had been ruled, etc. 
 ( eram C eramus 
 
 rectus J eras. recti J era tis 
 (^ erat (^ erant 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall have ruled, etc. I shall have been ruled, etc. 
 
 rexero 
 
 rexerimus 
 
 ( ero 
 
 rectus -| eris 
 
 (erit 
 
 ( erimu! 
 recti -^ eritis 
 ( erunt 
 
 rexeris 
 
 rexeritis 
 
 rexerit 
 
 rexerint 
 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 
 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 
 regam 
 
 regamus 
 
 regar 
 
 regamur 
 
 regaa 
 
 regatis 
 
 regaris or -re 
 
 regamini 
 
 regat 
 
 regant 
 
 regatur 
 
 regantur 
 
228 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 regerem 
 
 regeres 
 
 regeret 
 
 regeremus 
 
 regeretis 
 
 regerent 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 regerer regeremur 
 
 regereris or -re regeremini 
 regeretur regerentur 
 
 PEKFECT. 
 
 rexerim 
 
 rexeris 
 
 rexerit 
 
 rexerimus 
 
 rexeritis 
 
 rexerint 
 
 Sim 
 
 rectus -^' sis 
 sit 
 
 ectus -I I 
 
 r-pf T J 
 
 simus 
 recti -{ sitis 
 sint 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 rexissem 
 
 rexisses 
 
 rexisset 
 
 n'-xissemus 
 
 rexissetis 
 
 rexissent 
 
 ( essem ( essemus 
 
 rectus -' esses recti } essetis 
 (^ esset (^ essent 
 
 rege, rule thou. 
 regite, rule ye. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 regere, he thou ruled. 
 regimini, be ye ruled. 
 
 regito, thou shalt rule. 
 regito, he shall rule. 
 regitote, ye shall ride. 
 regunto, they shall rule. 
 
 regitor, thou shalt be ruled. 
 regitor, he shall be ruled. 
 
 regulator, they shall be ruled. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. regere, to rule. 
 Perf. rexisse, to have ruled. 
 
 FuT. recturus, -a, 
 
 esse, to be about 
 to rule. 
 
 regi, to be ruled. 
 
 rectus, -a, -um esse, to have 
 been ruled. 
 um rectum iri, to be about to be 
 ruled. 
 
REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 229 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 PiiES. regens, -entis, ruling. Pkkf. rectus, -a, -um, havinrj 
 
 been ruled. 
 FuT. recturus, -a, -um, G'v'e. regendus, -a, -um, ne- 
 
 about to rule. cessary to he ruled., 
 
 or rulinci. 
 
 
 GEKUND. 
 
 
 SUPINK. 
 
 G. 
 
 regendi, of ruling. 
 
 Ac 
 
 rectum, to rule. 
 
 D. 
 
 regendo, /or ruling. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 rectu, to rule. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 regendum, ruling. 
 regendo, by ruling. 
 
 
 
 537. 
 
 Fourth Conjugation. 
 
 Principal Parts : audio, audire, audivi, auditus, hear. 
 Stem audi-. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 I hear., etc. 
 audio audimus 
 
 audis auditis 
 
 audit audiunt 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 I am heard^ etc. 
 audior aiidimur 
 
 audiris or -re audimini 
 
 auditur audiuntur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I heard., was hearing., etc. I ivas heard, etc. 
 
 audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamur 
 
 audiebas audiebatis audiebaris or -re audiebamini 
 
 audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebantur 
 
 I shall hear, etc. I shall be heard, etc. 
 
 audiam. audiemus audiar audiemur 
 
 aiidies audietis audieris or -re aiidiemini 
 
 audiet audient audietur audientur 
 
230 
 
 LATIN HEADER. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 I heard, have heard, etc. 
 audivimus 
 
 audivi 
 
 audivisti audivistis auditus J es 
 
 audivit audiverunt (-re) ( est 
 
 rEllFECT. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 I tvas or have been heard, etc. 
 sum i sumus 
 
 auditi .-| estis 
 I sunt. 
 
 PLUrEUFECT. 
 
 I had heard, etc. I had been heard, etc. 
 
 audiveram audiveramus ( eram ( eramus 
 
 audiveras audiveratis auditus ■) eras auditi .| eratis 
 aiidiverat audiverant i erat (^ erant 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 / shall have heard, etc. I shall have been heard, etc. 
 
 audivero audiverimus ( ero 
 
 audiveris audiveritis auditus -| eris 
 
 audiverit audiverint ( erit ( erunt 
 
 C erimuB 
 auditi -< eritis 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 audiam audiamus audiar 
 
 audias audiatis audiaris or -re 
 
 audiat audiant audiatur 
 
 audiamur 
 audiamini 
 audiantur 
 
 audirem audiremus 
 audires audiretis 
 
 audiret audireut 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 audirer 
 
 audireris or -re 
 audiretur 
 
 audiremur 
 audiremini 
 audirentur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 audlverim audiverimus 
 audiveris audiveritis 
 audiverit audiverint 
 
 C Sim 
 
 auditus -' sis 
 (sit 
 
 { simus 
 auditi I sitis 
 (sint 
 
REG ULAR VERB S. 
 
 231 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 audlvissem audlvissemns ( essem ( essemus 
 
 audivisses audivissetis auditus -<| esses audit! -^ essetis 
 audivisset audivissent ( esset (^ esseut 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 audi, hear thou. 
 audite, hear ye. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 audire, be thou heard. 
 audimini, be ye heard. 
 
 audito, thou shalt hear. 
 audits, he shall hear. 
 auditote, ye shall hear. - 
 audiunto, they shall hear. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 auditor, thou shalt be heard. 
 auditor, he shall be heard. 
 
 audiuntor, they shall be heard. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. audire, to hear. audiri, to be heard. 
 
 Perf. audivisse, to have heard, auditus, -a, -uni esse, to have 
 
 been heard. 
 FuT. auditurus, -a, -um esse, auditum iri, to be about to be 
 to be about to hear. heard. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. audiens, -entis, hear- 
 ing. 
 
 FuT. auditurus, -a, -um, 
 about to hear. 
 
 Perf. auditus, -a, -um, having 
 
 been heard. 
 G'v'e. audiendus, -a, -um, 
 
 necessary to be heard, 
 
 or hearing. 
 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 G. 
 
 audiendi, of hearing. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 auditum, to hear. 
 
 D. 
 
 audiendo, /or hearing. 
 
 Ab. 
 
 auditu, to hear. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 audiendum, hearing. 
 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 audiendo, by hearing. 
 
 
 
232 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 538. THIRD CONJUGATION. — VERBS IN -lO. 
 Capio, take. 
 
 Principal Parts : capio, capere, cepi, captus. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 / take, etc. 
 
 capio capimus 
 
 capis capitis 
 
 capit capiunt 
 
 I loas taking, etc. 
 capiebam capiebamus 
 capiebas capiebatis 
 
 capiebat capiebant 
 
 'ASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 PKESENT. 
 
 / am taken, etc. 
 capior 
 
 caperis or -re 
 capitur 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I VMS taken, etc. 
 capiebar 
 capiebaris or -re 
 capiebatur 
 
 capimur 
 capimini 
 capiuntur 
 
 capiebamur 
 capiebamini 
 capiebantur 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 / shall take, etc. I shall be taken, etc. 
 
 capiam capiemus capiar capiemur 
 
 capies capietis capieris or -re capiemini 
 
 capiet capient capietur capientur 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I took, or have taken, etc. I was or have been taken, etc. 
 
 cepi, etc. captus, -a, -um sum, etc. 
 
 I had taken, etc. 
 ceperam, etc. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had been taken, etc. 
 captus, -a, -um eram, etc. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT. 
 
 I shall have taken, etc. / shall have been taken, etc. 
 
 cepero, etc. captus, -a, -um ero, etc. 
 
 capiam, capias, etc. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 capiar, capiaris or -re, etc. 
 
REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 233 
 
 caperem, etc. 
 ceperim, etc. 
 cepissem, etc. 
 
 IMPERFECT, 
 
 caperer, etc. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 captus, -a, -um sim, etc. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 captus, -a, -um essem, etc. 
 
 cape, take thou. 
 capite, take ye. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 capeie, he thou taken. 
 capimini, be ye taken. 
 
 capito, thou shalt take. 
 capito, he shall take. 
 capitote, ye shall take. 
 capiunto, they shall take. 
 
 capitor, thou shalt be taken. 
 capitor, he shall be taken. 
 
 capiuntor, they shall be taken. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. capere, to take. capi, to be taken. 
 
 Perf. cepisse, to have taken, captus, -a, -um esse, to have 
 
 FuT. capturus, -a, -um been taken. 
 
 esse, to be about captum iri, to be about to be 
 
 to take. taken, 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. capiens, -eiitis, tak- 
 ing. 
 
 FuT. capturus, -a, -um, 
 about to take. 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 G. capiendi, of taking. 
 
 D. capiendo, /or taking. 
 
 Ac. capiendum, taking. 
 
 Ab. capiendo, by taking. 
 
 Perf. captus, -a, -um, having 
 been taken. 
 
 G'v'e. capiendus, -a, -um, ne- 
 cessary to be taken, 
 or taking. 
 
 supine. 
 Ac. captum, to take. 
 Ab. captu, to take. 
 
234 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 539. Sum, be. 
 
 Principal Parts : sum, esse, f ui, futurus. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 sum, I am. 
 
 es, you are. 
 
 est, fie, {she, it) is. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 sumus, we are. 
 estis, you are. 
 sunt, they are. 
 
 eram, I was. 
 eras, you were. 
 erat, ?ie was. 
 
 IMPEBFECT. 
 
 eramus, we were. 
 eratis, you were. 
 erant, they were. 
 
 ero, I shall be. 
 eris, you will be. 
 erit, fie will be. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 erim.us, we sfiall be. 
 eritis, yo^i will be. 
 erunt, they will be. 
 
 fui. 
 
 fuisti, 
 
 fuit. 
 
 I was. 
 
 I fiave been. 
 
 you were. 
 
 you fiave been. 
 
 fie was. 
 
 he fias been. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 fuimus, 
 
 we were. 
 
 we fiave been. 
 fuistis, \ you were. 
 
 ( you fiave been. 
 fuerunt ( tfiey were. 
 or fuere, ( u^^y /^(^^g been. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 fueram, I had been. 
 fueras, you had been. 
 fuerat, fie had been. 
 
 fueramus, we liad been. 
 fueratis, you had been. 
 fuerant, they had been. 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 235 
 
 FUTUKE PERFECT. 
 
 fuero, I shall have been. fuerimus, we shall have been. 
 
 fueris, you will have been. fueritis, you will have been. 
 
 fuerit, he will have been. fuerint, they will have been. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 SINGULAB. 
 
 PLUPERFECT, 
 
 sim 
 
 essem 
 
 fuerim 
 
 fuissem 
 
 sis 
 
 esses 
 
 fueris 
 
 fuisses 
 
 sit 
 
 esset 
 
 fuerit 
 
 PLURAL, 
 
 fiiisset 
 
 simus 
 
 essemus 
 
 fuerimus 
 
 fuissemus 
 
 sitis 
 
 essetis 
 
 fueritis 
 
 fuissetis 
 
 sint 
 
 essent 
 
 fuerint 
 
 fuissent 
 
 SIKGULAR. 
 
 es, be thou. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 este, be ye. 
 
 esto, thou shalt be. 
 esto, he shall be. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 estote, ye shall be. 
 sunto, they shall be. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Pres. esse, to be. 
 Perf. fuisse, to have been. 
 
 FuT. futurus, -a, -um esse, futiirus, -a, -um, about to be. 
 to be about to be. 
 
 540. Possum, be able. 
 
 Principal Parts: possum, posse, potui. 
 
236 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pkes. 
 
 possum 
 
 possumus 
 
 possim 
 
 possimus 
 
 
 potes 
 
 potestis 
 
 possis 
 
 possitis 
 
 
 potest 
 
 possunt 
 
 possit 
 
 possint 
 
 Imp. 
 
 poteram 
 
 poteramus 
 
 possem 
 
 possemus 
 
 
 poteras 
 
 poteratis 
 
 posses 
 
 possetis 
 
 
 poterat 
 
 poterant 
 
 posset 
 
 possent 
 
 FUT. 
 
 potero 
 
 poterimus 
 
 
 
 Peiif. 
 
 potiii 
 
 potuimus 
 
 potuerim 
 
 potuerimus 
 
 Plup. 
 
 potueram 
 
 potueramus 
 
 potuissem 
 
 potuissemus 
 
 ¥. P. 
 
 potuero 
 
 potuerimus 
 
 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Pkes. 
 
 posse 
 
 
 potens, - 
 
 entis 
 
 Pekf. 
 
 potiiisse 
 
 
 
 
 541. Prosum, benefit. 
 
 Principal Parts : prosum, prodesse, profui, profutiirus. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pkes. 
 
 prosum 
 
 prosumus 
 
 prosim 
 
 prosimus 
 
 
 prodes 
 
 prodestis 
 
 prosis 
 
 prositis 
 
 
 prod est 
 
 prosunt 
 
 prosit 
 
 prosint 
 
 Imp. 
 
 proderam 
 
 proderamus 
 
 prOdessem 
 
 prodessemus 
 
 Put. 
 
 prodero 
 
 proderimus 
 
 
 
 Pekf. 
 
 profui 
 
 profuimus 
 
 profuerim 
 
 profuerimus 
 
 Plup. 
 
 profueram 
 
 profueramus 
 
 profuissem 
 
 profuissemus 
 
 F. P. 
 
 profuero 
 
 profuerimius 
 
 
 
 Pkes. prodes 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 prodeste Fut. prodesto prodestott 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pkes. prodesse 
 Pekf. profuisse 
 Fut. profuturus, -a, -um 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 esse profuturus, -a, -um 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 237 
 
 542. Eo, go. 
 
 Principal Parts : eo, ire, ivi or ii, iturus. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pkes. 
 
 eo 
 
 
 imus 
 
 earn 
 
 eamus 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 itis 
 
 eas 
 
 eatis 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 eunt 
 
 eat 
 
 eant 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Tbam 
 
 
 
 irem 
 
 
 Put. 
 
 ibo 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pekf. 
 
 ivi or ii 
 
 
 
 iverini 
 
 or ierim 
 
 Plup. 
 
 iveram 
 
 or 
 
 ierani 
 
 ivissem 
 
 . or issem 
 
 F. P. 
 
 ivero or 
 
 iero 
 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Pkes. i ite 
 
 FuT. ito itote 
 
 ito eunto 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. ire 
 
 Perf. ivisse or isse 
 
 FuT. iturus, -a, -um esse 
 
 Pres. 
 
 FUT. 
 
 Perf. 
 G'v'e. 
 
 543. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 ieiis, euiitis 
 itiirus, -a, -um 
 itum 
 eundus, -a, -um 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 eundi, eundo, eundum, eundo 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 Ac. itum Ab. itii 
 
 Fero, bear. 
 Principal Parts: fero, ferre, tuli, latus. 
 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 fero 
 
 ferimus 
 
 feror 
 
 ferimur 
 
 
 fers 
 
 fertis 
 
 ferris or -re 
 
 ferimini 
 
 
 fert 
 
 ferunt 
 
 fertur 
 
 feruntur 
 
 Imp. 
 
 ferebam 
 
 
 ferebar 
 
 
 FUT. 
 
 feram 
 
 
 ferar 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 tuli 
 
 
 latus, -a, -um 
 
 sum 
 
 Plup. 
 
 tuleram 
 
 
 lutus, -a, -um 
 
 eram 
 
 F. P. 
 
 tulero 
 
 
 latus, -a, -um ero 
 
238 
 
 LATIN READER. 
 
 Pres. feram 
 
 Imp. ferrem 
 
 Perf. tulerim 
 
 Plup. tulissem 
 
 Pres. fer 
 FuT. ferto 
 ferto 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 ferar 
 
 ferrer 
 
 latus, -a, -um sim 
 
 latus, -a, -um essem 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 ferte ferre ferimini 
 
 fertote fertor 
 
 ferunto fertor feruntor 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. ferre •> ferri 
 
 Perf. tulisse latus, -a, -um esse 
 
 FuT. laturus, -a, -um esse latum iri 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. ferens, -entis Pekf. hltus, -a, -um 
 
 Fur. laturus, -a, -um G'v'e. ferendus, -a, -um 
 
 GERUND. SUPINE. 
 
 G. ferendi Ac. ferendum Ac. latum 
 
 D. ferendo Ab. ferendo Ab. latu 
 
 544. Volo, Nolo, Malo. 
 
 Principal Parts: 
 
 Volo, velle, volui, he loilling, wisJi. 
 
 Nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling. 
 
 Malo, malle, malui, be more willing, prejer. 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 volo 
 
 nolo 
 
 mulo 
 
 
 vis 
 
 non vis 
 
 mavis 
 
 
 volt 
 
 non volt 
 
 mavolt 
 
 
 (vult) 
 
 (non vult) 
 
 (mavult) 
 
 
 volumus 
 
 noliimus 
 
 malumus 
 
 
 voltis 
 
 non voltis 
 
 mavoltis 
 
 
 (vultis) 
 
 (non vultis) 
 
 (ma vultis) 
 
 
 ' volunt 
 
 nolunt 
 
 malunt 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 239 
 
 Imp. volebam nolebam malebam 
 
 FuT. volam, voles, etc. nolam, nolis, etc. mfilam, males, 
 
 Pekf. volui nolui malui 
 
 Plup. volueram n5lueram malueram 
 
 F. P. voluero 
 
 Pres. velim 
 velis 
 velit 
 velimus 
 velitis 
 velint 
 
 Imp. vellem 
 velles 
 vellet 
 vellemus 
 velletis 
 vellent 
 
 Perf. voluerim 
 
 Plup. voluissem 
 
 etc. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 FUT. 
 
 Pres. velle 
 Perf. voluisse 
 
 Pres. volens 
 
 noluero 
 
 maluero 
 
 subjunctive. 
 
 
 nolim 
 
 malim 
 
 nolis 
 
 mails 
 
 nolit 
 
 malit 
 
 nolimus 
 
 malimus 
 
 nolitis 
 
 malitis 
 
 nolint 
 
 malint 
 
 noUem 
 
 mfiUem 
 
 noUes 
 
 malles 
 
 nollet 
 
 mallet 
 
 nollemus 
 
 mallemus 
 
 noUetis 
 
 malletis 
 
 noUent 
 
 mallent 
 
 noluerim 
 
 maluerim 
 
 noluissem 
 
 maluissem 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 
 nolT 
 
 
 nolite 
 
 
 nolTto etc 
 
 
 infinitive. 
 
 
 nolle 
 
 malle 
 
 noluisse 
 
 maluisse 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 
 nolens 
 
 
240 
 
 LATIN BEADER. 
 
 545. 
 
 Fio, he made, become. 
 
 Principal Parts : fio, fieri, factus. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PUES. 
 
 fio fimus 
 
 
 fiam fiamus 
 
 
 fis fitis 
 
 
 fias fiatis 
 
 
 fit fiunt 
 
 
 fiat fiant 
 
 Imp. 
 
 fiebam 
 
 
 fierem 
 
 FUT. 
 
 fiam, fies, etc. 
 
 
 
 Pekf. 
 
 factus, -a, -um sum 
 
 
 factus, -a, -um sim 
 
 Plup. 
 
 factus, -a, -um eram 
 
 
 factus, -a, -um essem 
 
 F. P. 
 
 factus, -a, -um ero 
 
 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 fi fite 
 
 Pres 
 
 . fieri 
 
 FUT. 
 
 fito fitote 
 
 Perf 
 
 •. factus, -a,-um esse 
 
 
 fito fiunto 
 
 FUT. 
 
 factum iri 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Perf. factus, -a, -um G'v'e. faciendus, -a, -um 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 abl. . . 
 
 = ablative. 
 
 inter. . 
 
 = interrogative 
 
 ace. . 
 
 = accusative. 
 
 loc. . 
 
 = locative. 
 
 adj. . 
 
 = adjective. 
 
 m. . . 
 
 = masculine. 
 
 cf. (confc 
 
 r) = compare. 
 
 n. . . 
 
 = neuter. 
 
 comp. . . 
 
 = comparative. 
 
 num. . 
 
 = numeral. 
 
 conj. . 
 
 = conjunction. 
 
 part. . 
 
 = participle. 
 
 dat. . . 
 
 = dative. 
 
 pass. . 
 
 = passive. 
 
 def. . . 
 
 = defective. 
 
 plur. . 
 
 = plural. 
 
 dem. . . 
 
 = demonstrative. 
 
 poss. . 
 
 = jwssessive. 
 
 f. . . . 
 
 = feminine. 
 
 prep. . 
 
 = preposition. 
 
 gen. . . 
 
 = genitive. 
 
 pron. . 
 
 = pronoun. 
 
 impers. 
 
 = impersonal. 
 
 pronorn. 
 
 = pronominal. 
 
 indecl. . 
 
 = indeclinable. 
 
 refl. . 
 
 = reflexive. 
 
 indef. . . 
 
 = indefinite. 
 
 rel. . . 
 
 = relative. 
 
 interj. . 
 
 = interjection. 
 
 sup. . 
 
 = superlative. 
 
 irect and 
 
 indirect derivatives from 
 
 the Latin (as \ 
 
 veil as cognate wo 
 
 which are also definitions, are printed in small capitals. Derivatives and 
 cognates wliich are not definitions are printed in Gothic Italic, and included 
 within parentheses. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 A., abbreviation of Aulus. 
 
 a, ab, or abs, prep, with abl., from, 
 by, on. 
 
 ab-eo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -iturus, go 
 away. Cf. discedo, excedo. 
 
 ab-ruptus, -a, -um, adj., [rumpo, 
 6rea^], (broken off), steep, pre- 
 cipitous. (^Abrupt.) 
 
 abs-cido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus, [cae- 
 do] , cut off. 
 
 abs-tuli, see au-fero. 
 
 ab-sum, -esse, afui, afuturus, be 
 ABSENT, be distant, be lacking. 
 
 ac, see atque. 
 
 ac-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus, 
 
 [ ad] , draw near, approach. (Access.) 
 Cf. approplnquo. 
 
 ac-cendo, -ere, -cendi, -census, 
 [ad + -cendo, kindle], kindle, 
 set on fire, light. Cf. incendo. 
 
 ac-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [ad + 
 
 cado], fall upon, happen. (Ac- 
 cident.) Cf. incido, evenio. 
 
 ac-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, [ad 
 + capi6], ACCEPT, receive, en- 
 tertain. Cf recipio. 
 
 ac-commodo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 [ad + cominodo,^^;] ,fit to. (Ac- 
 commodate. ) 
 
 ac-cumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi- 
 tus, [ad + -cumbo, lie], recline 
 (at the table). 
 
 ac-cus6, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 
 causa], (call to account), ac- 
 cuse. 
 
 acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, spir- 
 ited, fierce. (Acrid.) 
 
 acervus, -i, m.,pile, heap. 
 
 acriter, adv., [acer], sharply, 
 fiercely. 
 
 ad, prep, with ace, ^o, toward, for, at. 
 
 ad-aperio, -ire, -erui, -ertus, 
 tlirow ope7i. 
 
 ad-duc6, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 lead to, tn-DUCE, influence. 
 
 ad-eo, adv., to this, so far, so. 
 
 ad-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, [fa- 
 ci5], (do to), treat, affect. 
 
 ad-haereo, -ere, , , cling 
 
 to, stick to, ADHERE. 
 
 ad-huc, adv., hitherto, still. 
 ad-iaceo, -ere, -cui, , lie near, 
 
 be ADJACENT. 
 
 ad-itus, -us, m., [eo], (a going to), 
 approach, access, entrance. 
 
 ad-ligo, -are, -avi, -atus, bind to, 
 fasten to. Cf. adnecto. 
 
 ad-miratio, -onis, f., [miror], ad- 
 miration. 
 
 ad-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
 (send to, let go, let come) , admit. 
 
 ad-moveo, -ere, -movi, -m5tus, 
 MOVE to, apply. 
 
 ad-necto, -ere, -nexui, -nexus, 
 tie to. (Annex.) Cy. adligo. 
 
 ad-nu6, -ere, -nui, , nod to, 
 
 assent. 
 
 ad-siduus, -a, -um, adj., [sedeo], 
 constant, steady. (Assiduous.) 
 
 ad-sum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, be 
 present, be at hand, come. 
 
 243 
 
ADULESCENS 
 
 244 
 
 ALT us 
 
 ad-ulescens, -entis, m. and f., 
 [olesco, groio], youth, ijoung 
 man or ivoman. Cf. iuvenis. 
 
 ad-vena, -ae, m. and f., [venio], 
 stranger. 
 
 ad-ventus, -us, m., [venio], arri- 
 val. {Advent.) 
 
 ad- versus, -a, -um, adj., [verto], 
 (turned towards, facing), ad- 
 verse, unfavorable. 
 
 ad- versus or ad-versum, pnp. 
 with ace, [verto], against. 
 
 ad-verto, -ere, -verti, -versus, 
 turn to or towards. 
 
 ad-voc6, -are, -avi, -atus, call, 
 stimmon. (Advocate.) Cf. arcesso. 
 
 aedi-fico, -are, -avi, -atus, [ae- 
 dis + lacio], build. (Edifice.) 
 
 aedilis, -is, m., [aedis], commis- 
 sioner of buildings, akdilk. 
 
 aedis or aedes, -is, f., temple, 
 room; phir., house. Cf. doiuua. 
 
 Aeeta, -ae, m., king of Coiciiis. 
 
 Aegaeus, -a, -um, adj., Akgkan. 
 
 aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., ill, sick. 
 
 Aegeus, -ei (ace, -ea), m., father 
 of Tlieseus and king of Athens. 
 
 aeneiis, -a, -um, adj., [aes, bronze], 
 of bronze, bronze. 
 
 aequor, -oris, n., (level surface), 
 sea, ocean. Cf mare. 
 
 aer, aeris (ace, aera), m., the air. 
 
 aereus, -a, -um, adj , [aes, bronze], 
 of bronze, bronze. 
 
 aeri-pes, -pedis, adj., [aes, bronze], 
 with feet of bronze, bronze-footed. 
 
 Aeson, -onis, m., prince of Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 aestas, -atis, f., summer. 
 
 aetas, -atis, f., age. 
 
 Aethiopia, -ae, f., Ethiopia. 
 
 Aethra, -ae, f., mother of Theseus. 
 
 Africa, -ae, f., Africa. 
 
 a-fui, see ab-sum. 
 
 ager, -gri, m., field. (Agr i-cullure.) 
 
 ag-gredior, -gredi, -gressus, [ad 
 
 + gradior, step], approach, attack. 
 (Aggressive.) Cf. invado. 
 
 agmen, -inis, n., [ago], (that which 
 
 is driven), line, army. Cf. exer- 
 
 citus. 
 ag-nosco, -ere, -novi, -nitus, [ad 
 + (g)n6sc6, kvoiii], recognize, ac- 
 knowledge. Cf. cognosco. 
 ago, -ere, egi, actus, drive, lead, 
 
 ACT, do, perform, celebrate; 
 
 gratias ago, give thanks. Cf. 
 
 duco. 
 agri-cola, -ae, m., [ager + colo], 
 
 farmer. (Agriculture.) 
 ala, -ae, f., wing. Cf. penna. 
 Alba [Iionga], -ae, f., [albus], an- 
 cient city in Latium. 
 Albanus, -a, -um, adj., [Alba], of 
 
 Alua, a I. ran. 
 albeo, -ere, , , [albus], be 
 
 white. 
 Albertus, -i, m., Ai-rert. 
 albus, -a, -um, adj., white. Cf. 
 
 candidus. 
 alienus, -i, m., [alius], stranger, 
 
 foreigner. (Alien.) 
 ali-quando, adv., [alius], (at some 
 
 time or other), once. 
 ali-quis (qui), ali-qua, ali-quid 
 
 (quod), indef. pron., [alius], 
 
 some one, any one, some, any. 
 alius, -a, -ud, (gen., alius, dat., 
 
 alii), adj., other, another ; alius 
 
 . . . alius, one . . . another. Cf. 
 
 alter. 
 alo, -ere, alui, alt us or alitus, 
 
 nourish. 
 Alpheus, -i, m., god of the river 
 
 Alpiieus in Arcadia. 
 after, -era, -erum (gen., alterius, 
 
 dat., alteri), adj., o7ie (of two), 
 
 the other (of two); alter... 
 
 alter, the one . . . the other. Cf. 
 
 alius. 
 Althaea, -ae, f., Althea, mother 
 
 of Meleager. 
 altitiido, -inis, f., [altus], height, 
 
 depth. (Altitude.) 
 altus, -a, -um, adj., [alo], high, 
 
 lofty, deep. Cf. celsus, procerus. 
 
AMAT 
 
 245 
 
 AP.DUUS 
 
 amat, (he) loves, likes. 
 
 amb-, am-, an-, inseparable par- 
 ticle meaning around, round 
 about. 
 
 ambages, -urn, plur. f., [amb- + 
 ago], tmndings. (Ambic^ous.) 
 
 amb-io, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus 
 [eo], ffo around. 
 
 ambulo, -are, -avi, -atus, walk. 
 (Amble.) 
 
 a-mens, -entis, adj., (out of one's 
 mind), mad, frantic. 
 
 Americanus, -a, -um, adj., 
 [America], Amkrican. 
 
 amicus, -a, -um, adj., [amoj, 
 friendhj. (Amicable.) 
 
 amicus, -i, m., [B.mb], friend. 
 
 a-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
 (send away, let go), lose. 
 
 amnis, -is, m., river. Cf. tlumen, 
 fluvius. 
 
 amo, -are, -avi, -atus, love, like. 
 
 amor, -oris, m., [amo], love. 
 
 am-plector, -plecti, -plexus, 
 [plecto], ttvine, embrace. 
 
 amplus, -a, -um, adj., ample. 
 
 Anaurus, -i, m., river in Thessaly. 
 
 Androgeus, -i, m., son of Minos, 
 king of Crete. 
 
 Anditemeda, -ae, f., daughter of 
 Cepheus, king of Ethiopia. 
 
 anguis, -is, m. and f., snake. Cf. 
 serpens. 
 
 angustiae, -arum, plur. f., [an- 
 gustus], narroivs, strait. 
 
 angustus, -a, -um, adj., narrow. 
 
 anim-ad-verto, -ere, -verti, -ver- 
 sus, [animus], (turn one's mind 
 to), attend to, punish. 
 
 animal, -alis, n., [anima, breath], 
 (living being), animal. 
 
 animus, -i, m., mind, spirit, cour- 
 age ; in animo esse, to intend. 
 Cf. mens. 
 
 annus, -i, m., year. {Annual.) 
 
 ante, prep, with ace, and adv., he- 
 fore. 
 
 ante-cello, -ere, , , ear-CEL. 
 
 ante-hao, adv., before this. 
 ante-quam, conj., before. 
 antiquitas, -atis, f., [antiquus], 
 
 ANTIQUITY. 
 
 antiquus, -a, -um, adj., [ante], 
 old, ancient. (Antique.) 
 
 anus, -us, f., old looman. 
 
 anxius, -a, -um, adj., anxious, 
 
 aper, apri, m., lodd boar. 
 
 aperio, -ire, -erui, -ertus, ojyen, 
 become visible, disclose, reveal. 
 
 apertus, -a, -um, adj., [aperio], 
 open. (Aperture.) 
 
 Apollo, -inis, m., god of the sun, of 
 divination and oracles, of poetry 
 and music. 
 
 ap-pareo, -ere, -vii, -itiirus, [ad] 
 appkau. 
 
 ap-pello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus 
 [ad], (drive to), land. 
 
 ap-pell6, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad] 
 call, name, accost, address, pro 
 claim. (Appeal.) Cf. voco. 
 
 ap-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus 
 [ad], place near, place or set be- 
 fore. (Apposition.) 
 
 ap-propinquat, (he) approaches. 
 
 ap-propinqu6, -are, -avi, -atus 
 
 [ad + prope], (come near to), ap 
 proach. Cf. accedo. 
 
 apto, -are, -avi, -atus,^^, ad-WT. 
 
 apud, prep, with ace*., among, with 
 at the house of, at. 
 
 aqua, -ae, f., water. (Aquatic.) 
 
 aquila, -ae, f., eagle. 
 
 ara, -ae, f., altar. 
 
 arbitrium, -i, n., [arbiter, judge], 
 choice. 
 
 arbitror, -ari, -atus, [arbiter, 
 judge], judge, believe, think. 
 (Arbitration.) Cf. puto, sentio. 
 
 arbor, -oris, f., tree. (Arbor.) 
 
 ar-cess6, -ere, -ivi, -itus, [acce- 
 de], summon, fetch. Cf. advoco. 
 
 ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsus, he on fire, 
 burn, blaze. (Arson.) 
 
 arduus, -a, -um, adj., steep, diffi- 
 cult, arduous. 
 
ARGENTARIA 
 
 246 
 
 AUT 
 
 argentaria, -ae, f., [argentum, 
 silver], bank. 
 
 Argo, -us, f., the Akgo, Jason's 
 ship. 
 
 Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., o/ Argo- 
 Lis, a district In the Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 Argonauta, -ae, m., an Argonaut, 
 one of the crew of the Argo. 
 
 Argus, -i, m., the builder of the 
 Argo. 
 
 Ariadne, -es, (ace, Ariadnen, 
 abl., Ariadne), f., daughter of 
 Minos, king of Crete. 
 
 Ariadneus, -a, -um, adj., [Ariad- 
 ne], o/Ariadnk. 
 
 aries, -ietis, m., ram. 
 
 Arion, -onis, ni., a Lesbian bard. 
 
 arma, -orum, plur. n., arms, weap- 
 ons. Cf. telum. 
 
 armatus, -a, -um, adj., [armo], 
 
 ARMED, 
 
 armo, -are, -avi, -atvis, [arma], 
 
 ARM, equip. 
 aro, -are, -avi, -atus, plough, till. 
 
 {Arable.) 
 ars, artis, f., art. 
 arx, arcis, f ., citadel. 
 a-scendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen- 
 
 sus, [ad + scando, climb] , climb, 
 
 mount, ASCEND, embark on. Cf. 
 
 conscendo.% 
 Asia, -ae, f., Asia Minor. 
 a-spectus, -us, m., [aspicio], sight, 
 
 appearance, aspect. Cf. con- 
 spectus. 
 asper, -era, -erum, adj., rough, 
 
 harsh. 
 a-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus, 
 
 [ad + -specie, look] , look at. Cf. 
 
 conspicio. 
 at, conj., but (introducing a contrast 
 
 to what precedes). Cf. sed, autem. 
 Atalanta, -ae, f., daughter of 
 
 Schoeneus. 
 ater, atra, atrum, adj., black. 
 Athamas, -antis, m,, father of 
 
 Phrixus and Helle. 
 
 Athenae, -arum, plur. f., Athens, 
 
 capital of Attica. 
 Atheniensis, -e, adj., [Athenae], 
 
 Athenian. 
 Athos, , (ace, Athon), m., 
 
 mountain in Macedonia. 
 at-que,* conj. (used before vowels 
 
 and consonants ; ae, before con- 
 sonants only), [ad + -que], and 
 
 too, and also, and. Cf. et, -que. 
 atrium, -i, n., [a,tev], fore-court. 
 atrox, -ocis, adj., [ater], savage, 
 
 fierce, atrocious. Cf. ferox, 
 
 saevus. 
 Attica, -ae, f., district in central 
 
 Greece. 
 at-tollo, -ere, , , [ad], lift 
 
 up. (Ex-tol.) 
 at-tonitus, -a, -um, adj., [ad + 
 
 tono, thunder], (thunderstruck), 
 
 astonished. 
 audacia, -ae, f., [audax], daring, 
 
 AUDACITY, recklessness. 
 audacter, adv., [audax], boldly, 
 
 courageously, audaciously. 
 audax, -cis, adj., [audeo], daring, 
 
 bold, audacious. 
 audeo, -ere, austis, semi-deponent, 
 
 dare. 
 audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear, listen 
 
 to. {Audience.) 
 au-fero, -ferre, abs-tuli, ab-la- 
 
 tus, [ab], bear away, carry off. 
 augeo, -ere, auxi, auctus, (transi- 
 tive verb), increase. Cy. cresco. 
 Aulus, -i, m., see Postumius. 
 aura, -ae, f., breeze, air; often 
 
 plur., air. Cf. ventus. 
 aureus, -a, -um, adj., [aurum], 
 
 of gold, golden. 
 auriga, -ae, m. and f., charioteer. 
 avu-is, -is, f., ear. 
 aurum, -i, n., gold. 
 au-spicium, -i, n., [avis -f -specie, 
 
 look], divination (by the flight of 
 
 birds), AUSPICES. 
 aut, conj., or ; aut . . . aut, either 
 
AUTEM 
 
 247 
 
 CANDELABRUM 
 
 autem, post-positive conj., hut, 
 
 however, moreover, now. Cf. at, 
 
 secl. 
 auxilium, -i, n., [augeo], help, aid, 
 
 assistance. (Auxiliary.) 
 avarus, -a, -um, adj., avaricious. 
 a-vell6, -ere, -veili, -volsus, tear 
 
 aivay. (Con-uulsion.) Cf. eripio. 
 a-verto, -ere, -ti, -sus, turn away, 
 
 AVERT. 
 
 avidus, -a, -um, adj., desirous, 
 ear/er. {Avidity.) Cf. cupidus. 
 
 avis, -is, f., bird. (Aviary.) 
 
 a-volo, -are, -avi, -aturus, fly 
 away. 
 
 avunculus, -i, m., [avus], mater- 
 nal UNCLE. 
 
 avus, -i, m., grandfather. 
 
 Bacchus, -i, m., god of wine. 
 
 baculum, -i, n., stick, staff, cane. 
 
 barbarus, -a, -um, adj., foreign, 
 strange, barbarous. 
 
 basilica, -ae, f., portico, basilica, 
 building used for mercluints' ex- 
 change and for the courts. 
 
 beatus, -a, -um, adj., happy, 
 blessed. (Beatitude.) Cf. fellx. 
 
 Belga, -ae, m., Bklgian, man of a 
 tribe in northern Gaul. 
 
 bellum, -i, n., icar. 
 
 belua, -ae, f, heast, wild beast, 
 monster. Cf. fera, monstrum. 
 
 bene, adv., [bonus], well. 
 
 bene-ficium, -i, n., [facio], favor, 
 
 BKNEFIT. 
 
 benigne, adv., [bene + genus], in 
 a kindly manner, graciously. 
 
 bibo, -ere, bibi, , drink. (Im- 
 bibe.) 
 
 blandus, -a, -um, adj., flattering. 
 (Bland.) 
 
 Boeotia, -ae, f., district in central 
 Greece. 
 
 bonum, -i, n., [bonus], (good 
 thing), treasure, blessing. 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, adj., good. 
 
 bracchium, -i, n., arm. (Bracket) 
 brevi, adv., [brevis], in a short 
 
 time, shortly, soon. 
 brevis, -e, adj., short, brief. 
 breviter, adv., [brevis], briefly. 
 Briitus, -i, m., L. Junius Brutus, 
 
 who expelled the Tarquius. 
 
 C, abbreviation for Gaius. 
 
 caciimen, -inis, n., point, peak. 
 
 cadaver, -eris, n., [cado], corpse, 
 carcass. Cf. corpus. 
 
 cado, -ere, cecidi, casiirus, fall, 
 fall down, fall prostrate, droop. 
 
 caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind. 
 
 caedes, -is, f., [caedoj, murder, 
 slaughter. 
 
 caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesus, cut, 
 beat, kill, slay, sacrifice. Cf. iu- 
 terficio, neco. 
 
 caelum, -i, n., sky, heaven, the 
 heavens. (Celestial.) 
 
 caerimonia, -ae, f., ceremony, 
 
 Caesar, -aris, m., Julius Caesar. 
 
 Calais, , m., one of the Argo- 
 nauts. 
 
 calamitas, -atis, f., calamity, 
 disaster. Cf. clades. 
 
 calcar, -aris, n., spur. 
 
 calceus, -i, m., shoe. Cf. solea. 
 
 caleo, -ere, -ui, , be loarm. 
 
 calesco, -ere, , , groro warm. 
 
 callide, adv., [callidus], shrewdly, 
 cunningly. 
 
 callidus, -a, -um, adj., shrewd, 
 cunning, crafty. 
 
 Calydonius, -a, -um, adj., Caly- 
 donian. 
 
 Camillus, -i, m., M. Furius Camil- 
 LUS, dictator, who commanded 
 the Romans at the siege of Veil. 
 
 campus, -i, m., plain, field ; Cam- 
 pus Martins, a grassy plain in 
 Rome along the Tiber, dedicated 
 to Mars. 
 
 candelabrum, -i, n., lamp-stand, 
 candelabrum. 
 
CANDIDUS 
 
 248 
 
 CERVICAL 
 
 candidus, -a, -um, adj., shining 
 
 white, bright, shining, glittering. 
 
 (Candid.) Cf. albus. 
 cano, -ere, cecini, , sing, play, 
 
 prophesy, foretell. 
 cantor, -oris, m., [cano], singer. 
 cantus, -us, in., [canoj, song, sing. 
 
 ing. {Chant.) 
 capio, -ere, cepi, captus, take, 
 
 seize, captuuk, adopt. Cf. 
 
 rapio. 
 Capitolium, -i, n., [caput], the 
 
 hill in liome ou whicli the Catj- 
 
 TOL stood; the Capitoline. 
 captat, (he) seizes, takes prisoner. 
 captiva, -ae, f., [capio], (female) 
 
 CAPTIVE, prisoner. 
 captivus, -i, m., [capio], (male) 
 
 c\i'Ti\K,j)risoner. 
 capulus, -i, m., [capio], that which 
 
 i.s grasped ), hilt. 
 caput, -itis, n., head, life, top. 
 
 (Capital. ) 
 career, -eris, m., prison, jail; bar- 
 rier, starting place (in a race 
 
 course). (In-carcerate.) 
 carmen, -inis, n., song, ciiakm, 
 
 religious formula, prayer. 
 caro, carnis, i., flesh. (Carnal.) 
 Carolus, -i, ni., Chaklks. 
 carpo, -ere, -psi, -ptus, ])ick, 
 
 pluck, gather. 
 carus, -a, -um, adj., dear,2)recious. 
 casa, -ae, f., cottage, hut. 
 Castor, -oris, m., twin brother of 
 
 Pollux. 
 castra, -orum, plur. n., camp. 
 casus, -us, m., [cadoj, accident, 
 
 chance, experience. (Casual.) 
 catena, -ae, f., chain, fetter. Cf. 
 
 vinculum, 
 caterva, -ae, f., crowd, throng. Cf. 
 
 turba. 
 cathedra, -ae, f., easy chair, arm 
 
 chair. Cf. sella. 
 Caucasus, -i, m., the Caucasian 
 
 mountains in Asia. 
 Cauda, -ae, f., tail. (Caudal.) 
 
 causa, -ae, f., cause; abl., causa 
 followed by the gen., /or the sake 
 of, on account of. 
 
 caveo, -ere, cavi, cautus, beware. 
 (Caution.) 
 
 cecini, see cano. 
 
 cedo, -ere, cessi, cessus, go from, 
 tvithdraw, yield. (Cede.) 
 
 celebro, -are, -avi, -atus, fre- 
 quent, CELEBRATE. 
 
 celer, -eris, -ere, adj., swift, fleet, 
 quick. Cf. rapidus. 
 
 celeritas, -atis, f., [celer], sicift- 
 ness, quickness, celeuity. 
 
 celeriter, adv., [celer], sioiftly, 
 quickly. 
 
 celerrimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of 
 celer], s^cif test, fleetest. 
 
 cella, -ae, f , store-room. (Cell.) 
 
 celsus, -a, -um, adj., (raised), high. 
 
 (Ex-celsior.) Cf. altus, procerus. 
 
 centaurus, -i, m., centaur. 
 
 centeni, -ae, -a, num. adj., [cen- 
 tum], one hundred each. 
 
 Cepheus, -ei, m., king of Ethiopia 
 and father of Andromeda. 
 
 Cephisus, -i, m., river ou the west 
 side of Athens. 
 
 cepi, see capia 
 
 cera, -ae, f., wax. 
 
 Cercyon, -onis, m., robber in At- 
 tica. 
 
 Ceres, -eris, f., goddess of agricul- 
 ture. 
 
 cerno, -ere, crevi, certus, dis- 
 CERN, make out, catch sight of, 
 perceive. 
 
 certamen, -inis, n., [certo, strive], 
 struggle, contest, race; certa- 
 men pedum, foot-race. 
 
 certe, adv., [certus], assuredly, 
 certainly. 
 
 certus, -a, -um, adj., [cerno], 
 fixed, settled, certain, sure; 
 certior facio, (make certain), 
 inform. 
 
 cervical, -alis, n., [cervix], pil- 
 low, bolster. 
 
CERVIX 
 
 249 
 
 COMES 
 
 cervix, -icis, f., neck. Cf. collum. 
 
 cervus, -i, m., stag, deer. 
 
 ceterus, -a, -um, adj., the other, 
 the rest. Cf. reliquus. 
 
 Chiron, -dnis, m., a centaur. 
 
 cibus, -i, m.,food. 
 
 Cicer5, -onis, m., M. Tullius Cice- 
 KO, the famous Roman orator. 
 
 Circensis, -e, adj., of the circus. 
 
 circum, adv., and prep, with ace, 
 [eircus], around. 
 
 circum-do, -dare, -dedi, -datus, 
 place around, surro^md ; "with 
 ace. and dat. 
 
 circum-eo, -ire, -ivi or ii, -itus, 
 go around. (Circuit.) 
 
 circum-ibant, (they) went around. 
 
 circum-specto, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 [-specie, look], look around. 
 {Circumspect.) 
 
 circus, -i, m., (chicle), enclosure 
 for races, athletic games, and 
 contests ; Circus Maximus, an 
 oval CIRCUS between the Palatine 
 and Aventine hills, with room for 
 one hundred thousand spectators. 
 
 cis, ])rep. with ace, on this side. 
 
 citerior, -ius, comp. adj., [cis, cit- 
 ra], hither. 
 
 cito, adv., [citus, qidck], quickly, 
 swiftly. 
 
 citra, prep, with ace, on this side. 
 
 civis, -is, m. and f,, citizen. {Civic.) 
 
 civitas,-atis, f., [civis], state. {City.) 
 
 clades, -is, f., deslruction, disaster, 
 loss, injury. Cf. calamitas. 
 
 clam, adv., and prep, with abl., se- 
 cretly. 
 
 clamito, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 [clamo], cry aloud, keep shout- 
 ing. 
 
 clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, call to, 
 call tipon, shout to. 
 
 clamor, -oris, m., shout, cry, 
 
 CLAMOR, 
 
 clarissimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of 
 clarus], most celebrated, most 
 famous. 
 
 clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear, 
 bright, famous, celebrated, illus- 
 trious. Cf. egregius, Tnsignis. 
 classis, -is, f., fleet. {Class.) 
 claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus, 
 
 shut up, CLOSE. 
 
 clava, -ae, f., club. 
 
 cliens, -entis, m., dependant, 
 
 CLIENT. 
 
 clipeus, -i, m., round shield of 
 metal. Cf. scutum. 
 
 cloaca, -ae, f., sewer; Cloaca 
 Maxima, the great sewer built 
 by Tarquinius Superbus. 
 
 Cliisium, -i, n., ancient city of 
 Etruria. 
 
 Codes, -itis, m., Iloratius Cocles, 
 who defended the PonsSublicius. 
 
 coepi, -isse, coeptus, def., begiyi. 
 
 cognomen, -inis, n., [com- + no- 
 men], S7irname. 
 
 c5-gn6sco, -ere, -gnovi, -gnitus, 
 become acquainted with, ascer- 
 tain, 7-e-coGXiZE, knoio. Cf. 
 agnosco. 
 
 co-go, -ere, co-egi, co-actus, 
 [com- + ago], (drive together), 
 force, compel. {Cogent) 
 
 Colchis, -idis, (ace. Colchida), f., 
 province of Asia east of the 
 Black Sea. 
 
 Colchus, -i, m., [Colchis], Col- 
 
 CIIIAX. 
 
 collis, -is, m., hill. Cf. mons. 
 
 collum, -i, n,, neck. Cf. cervix. 
 
 colo, -ere, colui, cultus, culti- 
 vate, inhabit. 
 
 color, -oris, m., color. 
 
 columba, -ae, f., dove, pigeon. 
 
 columna, -ae, f., column. 
 
 com-, (primitive form of cum, used 
 in compounds, and changed to 
 col-, con-, cor-, or co-, before 
 certain consonants), (1) together 
 with; (2) thoroughly, completely. 
 
 coma, -ae, f., hair. Cf. crinis. 
 
 com-es, -itis, m. and f., [eo], com- 
 panion, comrade. 
 
COMITIUM 
 
 250 
 
 CONSCENDO 
 
 com-itium, -i, n., [eo], the comi- 
 TIUM, a place in the Forum 
 wl»ere certain elections were 
 held; plur., comitia, assemblies 
 (of the Roman people), elec- 
 tions. 
 
 comitor, -ari, -atus, [comesj, ac- 
 companij, attend. 
 
 com-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
 COMMIT, intrust. 
 
 com-rriotvis, -a, -um, adj., [part, 
 of commoveo], (movku), ex- 
 cited, alarmed. (Commotion.) 
 
 com-moveo, -ere, -movi, -mo- 
 tus, MOVK violently, alarm, 
 arouse, excite. 
 
 com-pleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, fill 
 2ip. {Complete.) Cf. explco, iin- 
 pleo. 
 
 com-plexus, -us, m., [plecto, 
 tivine], (surrounding;, embrace. 
 
 com-plures, -a, (more than one), 
 seve7'al. 
 
 com-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus, 
 (place together), mix, compoujid. 
 (Component.) 
 
 com-porto, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 carry or bring together. (Im- 
 port) Cf. confero. 
 
 com-prehendo, -ere, -endi, -en- 
 sus, (take hold of), seize. Cf. 
 corripio. 
 
 con-, see com-. 
 
 con-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 yield, grant, con'CEDk. 
 
 con-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [cado], 
 
 (fall together), fall doini, fall. 
 
 con-cilio, -are, -avi, -atus, 2^'>^o- 
 cure, obtain, ivin, conciliate. 
 
 con-cito, -are,- avi, -atus, [citus, 
 quick], xirge on, ex-ciri^. 
 
 con-clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, (cry 
 out together), shout out. (Ex- 
 clamation.) 
 
 con-cordia, -ae, f., [cors, heart], 
 concord; Templum Concor- 
 diae, Temple of Co>xord in 
 the Forum. 
 
 con-curro, -ere, -cum or cucurri, 
 -cursus, run or rush together, 
 collide. (Concourse.) 
 
 con-dicio, -onis, f.,[dico], condi- 
 tion, terms. 
 
 con-discipulus, -i, m., [disco], 
 schoolmate. (Disciple.) 
 
 con-do, -dere, -didi, -ditus, (put 
 away), store up, bury. 
 
 con-diico, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 draw together, assemble, collect. 
 (Conduct.) Cf. congrego, conve- 
 nld, convoco. 
 
 con-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, 
 (bring together), bear; with se, 
 betake one's self, go. Cf. com- 
 porto. 
 
 c6n-fici6, -ere, -feci, -fectus, 
 (facioj, complete, accomplish, 
 finish, wear out. 
 
 con-grego, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 [grex], collect, assemble. (Con- 
 gregation.) Cf. couduco, conve- 
 nid, convoco. 
 
 con-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, 
 [iacio], throw; in vincula 
 conicio, imprison. 
 
 con-iugium, -i, n., [iungoj, mar- 
 riage. Cf. mfitrimonium. 
 
 con-iunx, -iugis, m. and f., (mar- 
 ried person), husband, loife. 
 (Conjugal. ) 
 
 con-iuratio, -onis, f., [coniiiroj, 
 conspiracy. 
 
 con-iuro, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 [iiiro, sivear], (swear together), 
 conspire. (Conjure.) 
 
 con-laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 praise highly. 
 
 con-loco, -are, -avi, -atus, ar- 
 range. Cf. po^no. 
 
 con-loquium, -i, n., [loquor], 
 conversation. (Colloquy.) 
 
 Conor, -ari, -atus, attempt, try. 
 Cf. experior, tempto. 
 
 c6n-scendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen- 
 sus, [scando, climb], mount, em- 
 bark on. Cf. ascendo. 
 
CONSIDO 
 
 251 
 
 CRUDELIS 
 
 con-sido, -ere, -sedi, -sessus, sit 
 doicn. 
 
 con-silium, -i, n.,plan, counsel. 
 
 con-sobrinus, -i, m., [soror], (son 
 of a mother's sister), Jirst-cotisin. 
 
 c6n-spectus, -us, m., [conspicio], 
 sight. Cf. aspectus. 
 
 con-spieio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- 
 tus, [-specio, loo/c], look at 
 attentively, get sight of, sec. 
 Cf. aspicio. 
 
 c6n-stitu6, -ere, -ui, -utus, 
 [statu5], fix, appoint, deter- 
 mine, CONSTITUTE. Cf. de- 
 cerno. 
 
 c6n-sul, -ulis, m., [consuloj, con- 
 sul, chief Roman magistrate. 
 
 c6n-sulo, -ere, -lui, -Itus, [salio, 
 leap], (meet and consider), con- 
 sult. 
 
 c5n-sult6, adv., [consulo], onimr- 
 pose, designedly. 
 
 con-siimo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sump- 
 tus, (use up), CONSUMK, burn up, 
 destroy. 
 
 con-tendo, -ere, -di, -tus, (aim 
 for), CONTEND, hasten. Cf. fes- 
 tino, propero. 
 
 con-tentio, -onis, f., [tendo], ef- 
 fort, CONTENTION. 
 
 con-tinens, -entis, f., [teneoj, 
 mainland, continent. 
 
 con-tineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus, 
 [teneo] , hold together, comprise, 
 contain. 
 
 con-tingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactus, 
 [tango], totich. {Contact.) 
 
 con-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, 
 come together, assemble, con- 
 vene. Cf. condiico, congrego, 
 convoco. 
 
 con-ventus, -iis, m., [venio], (as- 
 sembly), court. 
 
 con-verto, -ere, -ti, -sus, turn 
 round, turn. {Convert.) 
 
 con-viva, -ae, m. and f., [vivo], 
 (table companion), guest. {Con- 
 vivial.) Cf. hospes. 
 
 con-voc6, -are, -avi, -atus, call 
 together, assemble, convoke. 
 Cf. condiico, congrego, convenio. 
 
 CO-, see com-. 
 
 co-orior, -iri, -ortus, rise. 
 
 copia, -ae, f., [com- -f ops], abun- 
 dance, plenty, supply; plur., 
 troops, forces. {Copious.) 
 
 cor-, see com-. 
 
 coram, prep, with abl., in the pres- 
 ence of. 
 
 Corinthus, -i, f., Corinth, a city 
 of Greece. 
 
 cornu, -us, n., horn, wing. 
 
 corona, -ae, f., crown, wreath, 
 garland. 
 
 corpus, -oris, n., body (living or 
 lifeless), corpse. Cf. cadaver. 
 
 cor-rigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus, 
 [rego], (set right), make up for, 
 correct. 
 
 cor-ripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus, 
 [rapio], snatch up, seize. Cf. 
 comprehendo. 
 
 cor-rumpo, -ere, -riipi, -ruptus, 
 ruin, corrupt. 
 
 eras, adv., to-morrow. 
 
 Crassus, -i, m., a very wealthy 
 Roman. 
 
 crastinus, -a, -um, adj., [eras], 
 of to-morrow, to-morrow's. 
 
 credo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, believe, 
 trust. {Credit) 
 
 creo, -are, -avi, -atus, make, cre- 
 ate, choose, elect. 
 
 cresco, -ere, crevi, cretus, in- 
 transitive verb, rise, groio, 
 in-CREASE. Cf. augeo. 
 
 Creta, -ae, f., Crete, a large island 
 in the Mediterranean. 
 
 crevi, see cerno and cresco. 
 
 crimen, -inis, n., charge, crime, 
 offence. Cf. scelus. 
 
 crinis, -is, m., hair, lock of hair. 
 Cf coma. 
 
 crista, -ae, f., crest. 
 
 crudelis, -e, adj., [criadusj. 
 
CRUDELITER 
 
 252 
 
 DECIES 
 
 crudeliter, adv., [crudelis], cru- 
 elly. 
 
 crudus, -a, -um, adj., raw, cuude, 
 rough, cruel. 
 
 cubicularis, -e, adj., [cubicul- 
 um], of a sleeping clidinber. 
 
 cubiculum, -i, n., [-cumbo, re- 
 cline], sleeping chamber, bed- 
 room. 
 
 cubile, -is, n., [-cumbo, recline], 
 couch, bed. 
 
 cui, [dtit. of qui], to whom. 
 
 culpa, -ae, f., blame, fault. {Cul- 
 pable.'] 
 
 culpo, -are, -avi, -atus, [culpa], 
 blame, reproach. 
 
 culter, -tri, rn., knife. 
 
 cum, conj., when ; as, since ; though, 
 although; cum . . . tum, both 
 . . . and. 
 
 cum, prep, with abl., tcith. 
 
 cumulo, -are, -avi, -atus, heap, 
 load, «c-cuMUL.\Ti:. 
 
 cunctus, -a, -um, adj., [co-iiiiic- 
 tus] , all together, the whole. Cf. 
 omnis, totus. 
 
 CUiliculus, -i, m., underground 
 jiassage, mine. 
 
 cupiditas, -atis, f., [cupidus], de- 
 sire, eagerness, cui'IDITY. 
 
 cupido, -inis, f., [cupidus] , rfes/Ve, 
 wish, eagerness. 
 
 cupidxis, -a, -um, adj., [cupioj, 
 eager, desirous, anxious. 
 
 cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itus, long for, 
 desire, loisli. 
 
 cur, adv., [qui + res], ichg : inter., 
 why f 
 
 ciira, -ae, f., care, anxiety. 
 
 curat, (he) cares for, takes care of. 
 
 Cures, -ium, m. and f., the chief 
 town of tlie Sabines. 
 
 ciJria, -ae, f., senate house; in 
 Home, the senate usually met 
 in the Ciiria Hostilia, built by 
 Tullus Hostllius. 
 
 curro, -ere, cucurri, cursus, run. 
 (Current) 
 
 currus, -us, m., [curro], chariot. 
 cursor, -oris, m., [curro], runner, 
 
 racer. {Cursory.) 
 cursus, -us, m., [curro], running, 
 
 COUKSb:, voyage. 
 Curtius, -i, m., :Mettius Curtius, 
 
 the Roman hero who leaped into 
 
 an abyss in the Forum, 
 curulis, -e, adj., [currus], cv- 
 
 RULK ; sella curiilis, the cu- 
 
 RULE chair, occupied only by the 
 
 higher Roman magistrates. 
 curvo, -are, -avi, -atus, [cur- 
 
 VUS], bold, CURVE. 
 
 curvus, -a, -um, adj., be7it, 
 
 CURVED, crooked. Cf. falcatus. 
 cuspis, -idis, f., jwint. 
 custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [cus- 
 
 tos], watch, guard, keep. 
 custos, -odis, m. and f., guard, 
 
 keeper, custodian. 
 cygnus, -i, m., sivan. 
 Cyprus, -i, f., island near the coast 
 
 of Asia Minor. 
 Cyzicus, -i, m., king of a town of 
 the same name in ^lysia. 
 
 Daedalus, -i, m., an Athenian ar- 
 chitect, the contriver of the laby- 
 rinth. 
 
 Danae, -es, (ace. Danaen), mother 
 of Perseus. 
 
 dat, (he) gives. 
 
 de, prep, with vlIA., from, of, abouty 
 concerning. 
 
 dea, -ae, (dat. and abl. plur., dea- 
 bus), f., goddess. 
 
 decem, indecl. num. adj., ten. {Deci- 
 mal. ) 
 
 de-cerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretus, 
 decide, di-xree. Cf. constituo. 
 
 de-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [cado], 
 
 fall down. {Deciduous.) 
 
 decies, num. adv., [decem], ten 
 times. 
 
DECIPIO 
 
 253 
 
 DICIO 
 
 de-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,[ca- 
 
 pio], DECEIVE. 
 
 de-clino, -are, -avi, -atus, turn 
 
 aside. {Decline.) 
 decoro, -are, -avi, -atus, [decus, 
 
 beauty], adorn, decouate. Cf. 
 
 onio. 
 de-curro, -ere, -cucurri or-curri, 
 
 -cursus, run down. 
 de-cuti5, -ere, -cussi, -cussus, 
 
 [quatio, shake], shake off. Cf. 
 
 excutio. 
 dedi, see do. 
 de-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 
 lead away, lead down, launch. 
 
 {Deduce. ) 
 de-fendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensus, 
 
 [-fendo, toard off^,T> EVE'S D,pi'o- 
 
 ted. 
 de-fessus, -a, -ura, adj., tvorn out, 
 
 exhausted. 
 de-fluo, -ere, -fluxi, -&viKVis,flow 
 
 doion or by. {In-flux.) 
 de-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, 
 
 [iacio], hurl down or off, cast 
 
 down. (Dejection.) 
 de-inde, adv., [de], then, next, 
 
 afterwards. 
 de-lectat, (he) delights, ^jZmses. 
 de-lecto, -are, -avi, -atus, de- 
 light, ptotse. 
 de-lectus, -a, -um, adj., [deligo], 
 
 picked, chosen, choice. 
 de-ligo, -ere, -legi, -Iectus, choose, 
 
 jyick out, se-LECT. 
 Delphi, -orum, plur. m., city in 
 
 Greece, famed for its oracle of 
 
 Apollo. 
 Delphicus, -a, -um, adj., [Del- 
 phi], Delphic, o/Delphi. 
 delphinus, -i, m., dolphin. 
 de-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
 
 se)td doion, drop, throiv, cast. 
 de-monstro, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 
 point otit, show, demonstrate. 
 Cf. ostendo. 
 denique, adv., at last, at length, 
 
 finally. Cf. tandem. 
 
 dens, dentis, m., tooth. {Dentist.) 
 densus, -a, -um, adj., thick, 
 
 DENSE. 
 
 de-pendeo, -ere, , , hang 
 
 from, DEPEND. 
 
 de-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus, 
 lay aside, give up, abandon. (De- 
 posit) 
 
 de-rigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus, 
 
 [regO], DIRECT. 
 
 de-scendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen- 
 sus, [scando, climb], descend, 
 dismount, disembark. Cf. ex- 
 pono. 
 
 de-sero, -ere, -rui, -rtus, desert, 
 abandon. Cf. relinquo. 
 
 de-sertus, -a, -um, adj., [desero], 
 DESERTED, abandoned. 
 
 de-silio, -ire, -ilui, -ultus, [salio, 
 leap], leap down, jump doion. 
 
 de-sisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitus, leave 
 
 off, stop, DESIST. 
 
 de-sum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus,/fw7, 
 be icanting, be lacking. 
 
 de-tineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus, 
 [teneo], keep back, detain, re- 
 serve. 
 
 de-traho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus, 
 draw off, drag down, drag. {De- 
 tract.) 
 
 de-trimentum, -5, n., [tero, ruh^, 
 damage, detriment. 
 
 Deucalion, -onis, m., a survivor of 
 the flood. See Pyrrha. 
 
 deus, -i, (plur., nom., dei, dii, di, 
 gen., deorum or deum, dat. and 
 abl., deis, diis, dis), m., god, 
 
 DEITY. 
 
 de-vorant, (they) devour. 
 
 de-voro, -are, -avi, -atus, [voro, 
 sivalloio whole], devour, destroy. 
 
 dextra, -ae, f., right hand. {Dex- 
 terous. ) 
 
 di-, see dis-, 
 
 Dialis, -e, adj., of Jupiter ; Flamen 
 Dialis, priest of Jove. 
 
 (dicio), -onis, f ., [dico], sway, con- 
 trol. 
 
DIGIT 
 
 254 
 
 DUODECIM 
 
 dicit, (he) says. 
 
 dico, -are, -avi, -atus, cIc-dicatk, 
 consecrate, devote. 
 
 dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, say, tell. 
 (Diction.) 
 
 dictator, -oris, m., [dico], dicta- 
 TOK, a chief magistrate witli 
 unlimited powers, appointed in 
 great emergencies to govern for 
 six months. 
 
 dies, -ei, m. and f., day. 
 
 dif-ficilis, -e, adj., [dis- + facilis], 
 
 DIKKICULT. 
 
 dif-ficultas, -atis, f., [difflcilis], 
 
 DIFFICULTY. 
 
 diligens, -entis, adj., [diligo], dil- 
 
 K;ent, careful. 
 diligenter, adv., [diligens], dili- 
 
 GFNTLY, cai-efully. 
 diligentia, -ae, f., [diligens], dili- 
 
 GENCK. 
 
 di-lig5, -ere, -lexi, -lectus,[leg6], 
 single out, love. 
 
 di-micatio, -onis, f., [dimico], 
 fight, struggle. Cf. pugna, proe- 
 lium. 
 
 di-mic6, -are, -avi, -atvis, fight, 
 struggle. Cf. ])ugno. 
 
 di-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
 (send apart), dismiss. 
 
 dirvis, -a, -um, ad]., frightful, fear- 
 fid, DIRE. Cf. terribilis. 
 
 dis-, di-, inseparable particle mean- 
 ing asunder, apart, in different 
 directions. 
 
 dis-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 depart. Cf. abeo, excedo. 
 
 dis-cerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretus, 
 (set apart), distinguish, discern. 
 
 discipulus, -i, m., [disco], (learner), 
 scholar, pupil. 
 
 disco, -ere, didici, , learn. 
 
 dis-crimen, -inis, n., crisis. 
 
 dis-similis, -e, adj., unlike, dis- 
 similar. 
 
 dis-tendo, -ere, -di, -tus, stretch 
 apart, stretch, distend. Cf. 
 extendo. 
 
 ditissimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of 
 dives], richest, wealthiest. 
 
 diii, adv., long, for a long time. 
 
 diurnus, -a, -um, adj., [dies], for 
 the day, day. (Diurnal.) 
 
 di-vell6, -ere, -velli, -volsus, 
 [vello, tear], tear apart. 
 
 dives, -itis, adj., rich. 
 
 di-vido, -ere, -visi, -visus, [vi- 
 deo], divide. 
 
 divitior, -ius, comp. of dives. 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datus, give, offer. 
 Cf. dond. 
 
 doceo, -ere, -cui, -ctus, teach, 
 show, inform, tell. (Doctor.) 
 
 dolor, -oris, in., [doled, grieve], 
 grief, jyain. (Dolorous.) 
 
 dolus, -i, m., deceit, cunning. Cf. 
 fraus. 
 
 dominus, -i, m., [domo], master. 
 
 domo, -are, -ui, -itus, subdue, con- 
 quer. (In-domitabte.) 
 
 domus, -lis, f ., house ; domi, loc, 
 at home. 
 
 donee, conj., as long as, while ; un- 
 til. 
 
 dono, -are, -avi, -atus, [donum], 
 present, give. Cf. do. 
 
 donum, -i, n., [do], present, gift. 
 (Donation.) Cf. munus. 
 
 dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, sleep. 
 (Dormitory.) 
 
 draco, onis, m., dragox. 
 
 dubito, -are, -avi, -atus, [dubius, 
 doubtful], hesitate, doubt. 
 
 dubium, -i, n., [dubius, doubtful], 
 uncertainty, doubt. 
 
 diico, -ere, duxi, ductus, lead, 
 draio ; in matrimSnium diico, 
 marry (a wife). (Duct.) Cf. ago. 
 
 dulcedo, -inis, f., [dulcis, sweet], 
 sweetness. (Dulcet.) 
 
 dum, conj., with Indie, tvhile, as 
 long as ; with Subj., until. 
 
 duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two. 
 (Duet.) 
 
 duo-decim, indecl, num. adj., [de- 
 cern], twelve. (Duodecimal.) 
 
DUllUS 
 
 255 
 
 EVENIO 
 
 durus, -a, -um, adj., hard. (En- 
 dure.) 
 
 dux, ducis, m. and f.,lAxiOO],leader, 
 general. {Duke.) Cf. imperator. 
 
 €, see ex. 
 
 eburneus, -a, -um, adj., [ebur, 
 
 ivory], of IVORY, IVORY. 
 
 ecce, interj., lo I see ! behold ! there ! 
 look ! 
 
 e-duc6, -are, -avi, -atus, [dux], 
 brikig up, rear, educate. 
 
 e-duc6, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 lead out. 
 
 ef-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [ex + facio], make, cause, accom- 
 plish, EFFECT. 
 
 €f-fugi6, -ere, -fugi, , [ex + 
 
 fugio], (flee away), escape. Cf. 
 evado. 
 
 egi, see ago. 
 
 ego, mei, pers. pron., I. 
 
 e-gredior, -gredi, -gressus, [gra- 
 dior, step], go out, disembark. 
 (Egress.) Cf. expono. 
 
 e-gregie, adv., [egregius], excel- 
 lently, admirably, remarkably. 
 
 e-gregius, -a, -um, adj., [grex], 
 distinguished, eminent. (Egre- 
 gious.) Cf. clarus, msTgnis. 
 
 eheu, interj., alas! 
 
 e-labor, -i, -lapsus, slip away, 
 glide out, escape. (Elapse.) 
 
 elephantus, -i, m., elephant. 
 
 e-lu6, -ere, -ui, -utus, ivash out, 
 wash. Cf. lavo. 
 
 €-mergo, -ere, -si, -sus, coine 
 
 forth, EMERGE. 
 
 e-mico, -are, -ui, -atus, dart 
 forth. 
 
 e-mineo, -ere, -ui, , [-mineo, 
 
 tower], stand out, j^roject. (Emi- 
 nent.) 
 
 e-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, send 
 out, EMIT, let otit ; pass., start. 
 
 emo, -ere, emi, emptus, buy ; 
 gain, obtain. 
 
 enim, conj., (post positive), /or. Cf. 
 nam. 
 
 eo, ire, ivi or ii, iturus, go. 
 
 Epidaurus, -i, f., city in Argolis. 
 
 epistula, -ae, f., letter, epistee. 
 
 epulae, -arum, plur. f., (viands), 
 feast, banquet. 
 
 eques, -itis, m., [equus], home 
 man, cavalryman, knight: one 
 of the equestrian Order rank- 
 ing between the Senate and the 
 riebs. 
 
 equester, -tris, -tre, adj., [eques], 
 
 EQUESTRIAN. 
 
 equinus, -a, -um, adj., [equus], 
 
 of a horse, equine. 
 equitabant, (they) used to ride. 
 equito, -are, -avi, -atus, [eques], 
 
 ride. 
 equus, -i, m., horse. 
 erant, (they) loere. 
 erat, (he) was. 
 
 e-ripio, -ere, -ui, -repttis, [ra- 
 pid], snatch away, save, rescue. 
 
 Cf. avello. 
 errabant, (they) used to roam, wan- 
 der. 
 errat, (he) strays, ivanders. 
 erro, -are, -avi, -atus, stray, ivan- 
 
 der, rove, roam. (Err.) 
 e-rumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus, 
 
 burst out. (Eruption.) 
 est, (he) is. 
 et, conj., and; et . . . et, both . . . 
 
 and. Cf atque, -que. 
 et-iam, adv., also, even, still. Cf. 
 
 quoque. 
 Euxinus, -a, -um, adj., Pontus 
 
 Euxinus, the Black Sea. 
 e-vado, -ere, -si, -sus, go forth, 
 
 escape, evade. Cf effugio. 
 e-vanesc6, -ere, -vanui, , 
 
 vanish aioay. 
 e-veho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus, 
 
 carry aioay ; pass., sail aioay. 
 e-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, 
 
 (come forth), happen, result. 
 
 (Event.) Cf. accido. 
 
EX 
 
 256 
 
 FALCATUS 
 
 ex or e, prep, with abl., out of, of, 
 from, on, according to. 
 
 ex-audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear 
 (from afar). 
 
 ex-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, de- 
 part ; e vita excedo, die. {Ex- 
 cess.) Cf abeo, discedo. 
 
 ex-cito, -are, -avi, -atus, [cieo, 
 arouse], rouse, aicaken, ioxcitk. 
 
 ex-cutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus, 
 [quatio, shake], shake off, strike 
 away. (Ver-cussion.) (/. decutio. 
 
 exemplar, -aris, n., copy, i:x- 
 
 AMl'LK. 
 
 exemplum, -i, n., kxample. 
 ex-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go out, de- 
 
 ])art, withdraiv. {Exit.) 
 ex-erceo, -ere, -cui, -citus, [ar- 
 
 ceo, keep], keep at ivork, keep 
 
 busy, engage, train, exeucise, 
 
 drill. 
 ex-ercitatus, -a, -um, adj., [exer- 
 
 ceo], well EXEKC'ISEi), drilled, 
 
 or disciplined. 
 ex-ercitus, -iis, m., [exerceo], 
 
 (disciplined body of men), army. 
 
 Cf agmen. 
 ex-iguus, -a, -um, adj., scanty, 
 
 small, inconsiderable. Cf par- 
 vus. 
 ex-inde, adv., thereafter, then. 
 ex-orno, -are, -avi, -atus, fit out, 
 
 equip, arZ-ORN. 
 ex-pello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, 
 
 drive out, expel. 
 ex-perior, -iri, -pertus, try,pro\'e, 
 
 expehience. Cf. Conor, tempto. 
 ex-pleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, fill up, 
 
 fill full. Cf. compleo, impleo. 
 ex-plic6, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus 
 
 or -itus, [plico, fold^, unfold, 
 
 explain. 
 ex-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus, 
 
 set forth, set on shore, disem- 
 bark. (Expose.) Cf. descendo. 
 ex-pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, take 
 
 by assault, storm, capture. Cf 
 
 oppugno. 
 
 ex-silium, -i, n., [exsul], banish- 
 ment, EXILK. 
 
 ex-specto, -are, -avi, -atus, ex- 
 pect, await, wait for, wait. 
 
 ex-spiro, -are, -avi, -atus, breathe 
 out, EXPIRE. Cf. morior. 
 
 ex-sto, -are, , , exist, be 
 
 EXTANT. 
 
 ex-sul, -ulis, m. and f., [salio, 
 leap], EXILE. 
 
 exta, -drum, plur. n., (chief inter- 
 nal organs of the body), entrails. 
 
 ex-tendo, -ere, -tendi, -\entus 
 or -tensus, stretch out, ex- 
 tend. Cf. distendo. 
 
 ex-ternus, -a, -um, adj., [exte- 
 rus], (EXTERNAL), /ora^u. 
 
 ex-terus, -a, -um, adj., [ex], out- 
 icard. 
 
 ex-torqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus, 
 twist out, icrench aicuy. (Extort.) 
 
 extra, adv., and prep, with ace, 
 [exterus], outside. Cf. intra. 
 
 extremus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of 
 exterus], farthest, last, ex- 
 treme. 
 
 fabula, -ae, f., [fari, speak], story, 
 tale. (Fable.) 
 
 faciebant, (they) were doing. 
 
 facile, adv., [facilis], easily. 
 
 facilis, -e, adj., [facio], (easy to do), 
 easy. (Facile.) 
 
 facio, -ere, feci, factus, make, con- 
 struct, do, perform ; certior 
 facio, make more certain, in- 
 form. 
 
 facit, (he) does. 
 
 faciunt, (they) do. 
 
 f actio, -onis, f., [facio], faction. 
 
 factum, -i, n., [facio], deed, act. 
 (Fact.) 
 
 faenum, -i, n., hay. 
 
 falcatus, -a, -um, adj., [falx, 
 sickle], hooked, curved. Cf. cur- 
 vus. 
 
FAMES 
 
 257 
 
 FORTIS 
 
 fames, -is, (abl., fame), f., hunger, 
 
 FAMINE. 
 
 familia, -ae, f., family. 
 
 familiaris, -e, adj., of the family. 
 
 fatum, -i, n., [fari, speak], destiny, 
 fatk. 
 
 fauces, -ium, f., (throat, jaws), nar- 
 roio passage. 
 
 faveo, -ere, favi, fauturus, fa- 
 vor. 
 
 favor, -oris, m., [faveo], favor. 
 
 fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand. 
 
 fecerunt, (they) did do. 
 
 fecit, (he) did do. 
 
 feliciter, adv., [felix], luckily, Jiap- 
 pily ; feliciter dico, offer con- 
 gratulations. 
 
 felix, -icis, adj., lucky, happy, for- 
 tunate. (Felicity.) Cf beatus. 
 
 femina, -ae, f., woman. {Feminine.) 
 
 fera, -ae, f., [ferus], wild beast. 
 
 ferio, -ire, , , strike, smite, 
 
 wound. 
 
 fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, bring, 
 carry. Cf. porto, velio. 
 
 ferox, -ocis, adj., [ferus], fierce, 
 savage, ferocious. Cf. ferus, 
 saevus. 
 
 ferreus, -a, -um, adj., [ferrum], of 
 iron, iron. 
 
 ferrum, -i, n., iron, sioord. 
 
 ferus, -a, -um, adj., tvild, untamed, 
 fierce. Cf. ferox, saevus. 
 
 fervidus, -a, -um, adj., [ferveo, 
 boil], glowing. {Fervid.) 
 
 fessus, -a, -um, adj., tired. 
 
 festino, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten. 
 Cf. propero. 
 
 festus, -a, -um, adj., festal. 
 
 fictilis, -e, adj., of clay oy pottery. 
 
 fidelis, -e, adj., [fides], faithful. 
 {Fidelity.) Cf. fldus. 
 
 fides, -ei, f., [fido, trust], trust, 
 faith, honor. 
 
 fido, -ere, fisus, semi-deponent, 
 
 trust, C071-FIDE. 
 
 fidus, -a, -um, adj., [ildo], faith- 
 ful. Cf. fidelis. 
 
 figura, -ae, f., form, figure, Cf. 
 
 forma, 
 filia, -ae, (dat. and abl. plur., filia- 
 
 bus), f., daughter. 
 filius, -i, (voc. sing., fili), m., son. 
 
 {Filial.) 
 filum, -i, n., thread, string. 
 finio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [finis], end, 
 
 finish. {Finite.) 
 finis, -is, m., end, boundary; 
 
 plur., territory, country, land. 
 
 (Final.) 
 finitimus, -a, -um, adj., [finis], 
 
 neighboring, near. 
 fio, fieri, f actus, (pass, of facio), 
 
 be made, be done, become. 
 firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, stout, 
 
 FIRM. 
 
 flamen, -inis, r\.,x)riest, flamen. 
 
 flamma, -ae, f., flame. Cf. ignis. 
 
 flammeum, -i, n., bridal veil. 
 
 flammi-fer, -fera, -ferum, [flam- 
 ma + fero], ¥i.A.^iK-bearing, fire- 
 breathing. 
 
 Flora, -ae, f., [flos]. Flora. 
 
 Florus, -i, m., [flos], Florus. 
 
 flos, -oris, m.,floicer. (Floral.) 
 
 fliimen, -inis, n., [fluo], stream, 
 river. Cf. amnis, fluvius. 
 
 fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow. 
 (Fluent.) 
 
 fluvius, -i, m., [fluo], river. Cf. 
 amnis, flumen. 
 
 focus, -i, m.,firex>lace, hearth. 
 
 foedus, -eris, n., treaty, agreement ; 
 ex foedere, according to agree- 
 ment. 
 
 fons, fontis, m., spring, fountain, 
 source. 
 
 fore, for futurus esse. 
 
 forma, -ae, f., form, figure. Cf. 
 figura. 
 
 f 5r-sit-an, adv., [fors sit an, it may 
 be that] , perhaps. Cf. forte. 
 
 forte, adv., [abl. of fors, chance], by 
 chance. 
 
 fortis, -e, adj., brave, strong. Cf. 
 validus. 
 
FOKTUNA 
 
 258 
 
 GRANDO 
 
 fortuna, -ae, f., [fors, chance], 
 
 FORTUNE, good or bad foktunk. 
 forum, -i, n., market-place ; Forum 
 
 (Romanum), the foklm (in 
 
 Rome), 
 fossa, -ae, f„ [fodio, dig], ditch, 
 
 trench. {Fosse.) 
 fragor, -oris, m., crash, noise, din. 
 
 Cf. sonus. 
 frater, -tris, m., bkothku. (Fra- 
 ternal. ) 
 fraus, fraudis, f., deceit, fkaud, 
 
 cheat, trickery. Cf. dolus. 
 fremitus, -us, in., [fremo, roar], 
 
 roaring, shouting. 
 fretum, -i, n., strait, sound, chan- 
 nel. 
 fruges, see frux. 
 frumentum, -i, n., [fruor], corn, 
 
 grain. 
 fruor, -i, fructus, enjoy. 
 frustra, adv., in vain. 
 (frux), frugis, i., fruit; lAnr., fruits, 
 
 produce. 
 fuga, -ae, f., [t\xg.ib], flight. 
 fugat, {\\e) puts to flight. 
 fugio, -ere, fugi, , flee, fly. 
 
 (Fugitiue.) 
 fugo, -are, -avi, -atus, [fuga], 
 
 j)ut to flight. 
 fulgens, -entis, adj., [fulgeo], 
 
 gleaming, (lie-fulgent.) 
 fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, , gleam, 
 
 shine. 
 fulgor, -oris, m., [fulgeo], gleam, 
 
 flash. 
 fundus, -i, m.,farm. 
 fungor, -i, fiinctus, (busy one's 
 
 self), perform, exhibit, celebrate. 
 funus, -eris, n., funkkal rites, 
 
 burial, fuxekal. 
 Furius, -i, m., see Camillus. 
 furo, -ere, , , 7-age, rave. 
 
 (Fury.) 
 furor, -oris, m,, [furo], madness, 
 
 frenzy. 
 fiirtim, adv., [iuT, thief], stealthily. 
 
 (Furtively.) 
 
 fuscina, -ae, f ., three-pronged spear, 
 
 trident. 
 f uturus, -a, -um, fut. part, of sum. 
 
 Gabii, -orum, plur. m., city of 
 Latiuni. 
 
 Gabinus, -a, -um, adj., [Gabii], 
 citizen q/" Gabii. 
 
 Gaius, -i, m., Gaius or Caius, a 
 Ivoman name. 
 
 galea, -ae, f., helmet. 
 
 Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., [Gallia,. 
 Gaul], Gallic. 
 
 gaudeo, -ere, gavisus, rejoice. 
 
 gaudium, -i, n., [gaudeo], joy. 
 Cf. laetitia. 
 
 geminus, -a, -um, adj., twin-born, 
 tium-. 
 
 gener, -eri, m., son-in-law. 
 
 genius, -i, ni., gknius (of a place). 
 
 gens, gentis, f., race, nation. 
 (Gentry.) 
 
 genu, -lis, n., knee. 
 
 genus, -eris, n., race, family, kind. 
 (Gender. ) 
 
 Germanus, -i, m., Geumax. 
 
 gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, wear; 
 manage, carry on, wage; do. 
 
 gladiator, -oris, m., [gladius], 
 (swordsman), gladiator. 
 
 gladiatorius, -a, -um, adj., [glad- 
 iator], o/ gladiators, gladi- 
 atorial. 
 
 gladius, -i, m., sword. 
 
 gloria, -ae, f., glory, fame, re- 
 nown. 
 
 G^rgo, -onis, f., Gorgon, one of 
 three frightful sisters having 
 snakes instead of hair; see 
 Medusa. 
 
 gracilis, -e, adj., slender, graceful. 
 
 Graeae, -arum, plur. f., three hor- 
 rible old women who had but one 
 eye and one tooth among them. 
 
 Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. 
 
 grando, -inis, f., hail. 
 
GRATIA 
 
 259 
 
 HOSTILIUS 
 
 gratia, -ae, i., favor, grace; gra- 
 tias ago, give thanks ; gratiam 
 refero, return thanks. 
 
 gratuitus, -a, -um, adj., [gratia], 
 (without pay),/ree, gratuitous. 
 
 gratus, -a, -um, adj., acceptable, 
 pleasing, agreeable, QUA.TK-ful. 
 
 gravis, -e, adj., heavy, grave, seri- 
 ous, formidable. 
 
 graviter, adv., [gravis], heavily, 
 exceedingly. 
 
 grex, gregis, m.^ flock. (Grega- 
 rious.) 
 
 gubernator, -oris, m., [guberno, 
 steer], steersman. (Gubernatorial.) 
 
 gusto, -are, -avi, -atus, taste, 
 enjoy. 
 
 guttur, -uris, n., throat. (Guttural.) 
 
 H 
 
 habebat, (lie) had, owned, possessed. 
 
 habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, have, 
 hold, pronounce, deliver. Cf. 
 tent'o. 
 
 habito, -are, -avi, -atus, [habeo], 
 dwell, live, i?i-HABiT. Cf. incolo. 
 
 Haedui, -orum, plur. m., a people 
 of Gaul. 
 
 haereo, -ere, haesi, haesurus, 
 (stick), hesitate. 
 
 bamus, -i, m., hook. 
 
 harena, -ae, f., sand. (Arena.) 
 
 Harpe, -es, (ace, Harpen), sickle- 
 shaped sword. 
 
 Harpyia, -ae, f.. Harpy, half bird 
 and half woman. 
 
 haru-spex, -icis, m., [haru, eti- 
 trails, + -specie, look], sooth- 
 sayer, (inspector of the entrails 
 of victims). 
 
 hasta, -ae, f., spear. Cf. telum. 
 
 baud, adv., not, not at all. Cf. non. 
 
 Hecate, -es, f., goddess of enchant- 
 ment. 
 
 Helle, -es, (ace, Hellen), f., 
 daughter of Athamas. 
 
 Helles-pontus, -i, m., (sea of 
 Helle), Hellespont. 
 
 herba, -ae, f., grass, plant, herb. 
 
 Hercules, -is, m., a hero of great 
 strengtli, one of the Argonauts. 
 
 heri, adv., yesterday. 
 
 Herminius, -i, m., Titus Her- 
 minius, who helped Horatius 
 Codes defend the bridge. 
 
 Hesperides, -um, plur. f., guard- 
 ians of the garden with golden 
 apples. 
 
 hie, adv., here, on this side. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this ; 
 pers. pron., he, she, it ; ille . . . 
 hie, the former . . . the latter. 
 
 hiemo, -are, -avi, -aturus, 
 [hiems, winter], winter. 
 
 hinc, adv., [hie], from this place, 
 hence, on this side. 
 
 Hippomenes, -ae, m., successful 
 suitor of Atalanta. 
 
 Hister, -tri, m., the river Danube. 
 
 ho-die, adv., [hoc + die], to-day. 
 
 homo, -inis, m. and f., human be- 
 ing, man. Cf. vir. 
 
 honor or honos, -oris, m., honor,^ 
 office. 
 
 honorat, (he) honors, respects. 
 
 hora, -ae, f., hour. 
 
 Horatius, -i, m., see Codes. 
 
 horrendus, -a, -um, adj., [horreo], 
 dreadful. Cf. horribilis. 
 
 horreo, -ere, -ui, , bristle;- 
 
 shudder. 
 
 horreum, -i, n., barn. 
 
 horribilis, -e, adj., [horreo] , /ear- 
 ful, horrible. Cf. horrendus. 
 
 hortor, -ari, -atus, cheer, eaj-HORT. 
 
 hortus, -i, m., garden. (Horti-cul- 
 ture.) 
 
 hospes, -itis, m. and f ., host, guest. 
 
 hospitium, -i, n., [hospes], hospi- 
 tality. 
 
 hostia, -ae, f., victim, sacrifice. 
 
 hostilis, -e, adj., [hostis], hostile. 
 
 Hostilius, -a, -um, adj.,o/a7i hos- 
 TiLius ; Curia Hostilia, senate- 
 house built by Tullus Hostilius, 
 third king of Rome. 
 
HOSTIS 
 
 260 
 
 IMPONO 
 
 hostis, -is, m. and f., enemy. 
 
 hue, adv. [for old form hoc], hither, 
 
 to this side. 
 humanus, -a, -um, adj., [homo], 
 
 HU3IAN. 
 
 humilis, -e, adj., [humus], loiv, 
 
 lowly, HCMBLK. 
 
 humus, -i, f., grotiiul ; humi, loc, 
 on the ground. 
 
 Hylas, -ae, m., one of the Argo- 
 nauts, companion of Hercules!. 
 
 iaceo, -ere, -cui, , lie. 
 
 iacio, -ere, ieci, iactus, throw, 
 
 cast. 
 iacto, -are, -avi, -atus, [iacio], 
 
 throiv, cast, hnrl. 
 iaculxim, -i, n., [iacio], dart, jave- 
 lin. Cf. hasta, telum. 
 iam, adv., already, noto ; non iam, 
 
 no longer. Cf. nunc, 
 laniculum, -i, n., [lanus], one of* 
 
 the hills of Rome sacred to 
 
 Janus, 
 ianua, -ae, f., ^7oo?-. (y. ostium. 
 lason, -onis, m., jason, leader of 
 
 the Argonauts. 
 ibant, (they) u-sed to go. 
 ibi, adv., [is], there, in that place. 
 Icarus, -i, m., son of Daedalus. 
 idem, eadem, idem, pron., [is + 
 
 dem], the same, also, likewise. 
 
 (Identity.) 
 idoneus, -a, -um, adj.,^^, suitable. 
 igitur, conj. and adv., therefore. Cf. 
 
 itaque. 
 ignavus, -a, -um, adj., [in + 
 
 (g)navus, husy}, idle, spiritless, 
 
 cowardly. 
 ignis, -is, m., fire. (Ignite.) Cf. 
 
 flamma. 
 ignore, -are, -avi, -atus, [in + 
 
 gnarus, knowing], not know, he 
 
 IGNORANT of. Cf. nescio. 
 ignosco, -ere, -novi, -notus, [in + 
 
 (g) nosco, knowl, pardon. 
 
 ignotus, -a, -um, adj., [in + 
 
 (g)n6tus] , tmknown, untried, 
 
 unfamiliar. 
 ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that ; 
 
 pers. pron., he, she, it ; ille . . . 
 
 hie, the former . . . the latter. 
 illuc, adv., [ille], thither, there. 
 im-, see in-, 
 imber, -bris, m., rain, rain-storm, 
 
 heavy rain. Cf. pluvia. 
 im-memor, -oris, adj., [memor, 
 
 mindful], unmindful, forgetful. 
 
 (Immemorial.) 
 im-mensus, -a, -um, adj., [metior, 
 
 measure], vast, immknsk. 
 im-mol6, -are, -avi, -atus, [mola, 
 
 sacrificial meal], sacrifice, offer. 
 
 (Immolate.) 
 im-mortalis, -e, adj., immohtal. 
 im-patiens, -entis, adj., [patior], 
 
 IMTATIKNT. 
 
 im-perator, -oris, m., [impero], 
 
 commander, general. (Emperor.) 
 
 Cf. .lux. 
 im-perium, -i, n., [impero], coin- 
 
 mand, power, authority, rule, 
 
 E.^iriKK. 
 im-pero, -are, -avi, -atus, [paro], 
 
 command, order, order to j^^'O- 
 
 vide. (Imperative.) Cf. iubeo. 
 im-petro, -are, -avi, -atus, [pa- 
 
 tro, effect] , obtain one's request, 
 
 gain one's end. 
 im-petus, -iis, ni., [peto], attack, 
 
 rush. (Impetuous.) 
 im-pietas, -atis, f., impiety. 
 im-piger, -gra, -grum, adj., active. 
 im-pleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, fill up. 
 
 Cf. compleo, expleo. 
 im-ploro, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 
 [ploro, wail], beseech, beg, im- 
 plore. 
 im-pluvium, -i, n., [pluvia], pool 
 
 in the atrium, into which the rain 
 
 fell through the opening in the 
 
 roof. 
 im-p6no, -ere, -posui, -positus^ 
 
 2}lace upon, put into, impose. 
 
IMPORTO 
 
 261 
 
 INSCIUS 
 
 im-porto, -are, -avi, -atus, bring 
 in, IMPORT. 
 
 im-pudentia, -ae, f., [pudens, 
 modest], shamelessness, impu- 
 dence. 
 
 imus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of infe- 
 rus], lowest, bottom of. 
 
 in, prep., (1) with ace, into, to, 
 against; (2) with abl., in, on, 
 upon, among. 
 
 in-, prefix, (changing to im- before 
 b, m, and p), (1) with verbs, in, 
 into, on, against ; (2) witli adjec- 
 tives, not, un-, IN-. 
 
 inanis, -e, adj., empty. {Inane.) 
 
 in-cautus, -a, -um, adj., [caveo], 
 INCAUTIOUS, unwary. 
 
 in-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 march, advance, walk. Cf. pro- 
 gredior. 
 
 in-cendo, -ere, -cendi, -census, 
 [-cendo, kindle], set on fire, 
 rouse, excite, incense. Cf. ac- 
 cendo. 
 
 in-certus, -a, -um, adj., uncePv- 
 tain. 
 
 in-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [cado], 
 
 fall in or into, fall upon, happen 
 upon. {Incident.) 
 
 in-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [capio], (talce in hand), begin. 
 {Inception.) Cf. coepT. 
 
 in-cito, -are, -avi, -atus, [cieo, 
 arouse], urge on, spur on, in- 
 cite. 
 
 In-clam6,-are,-avi, -atus, cry out. 
 
 in-cludo, -ere, -si, -sus, [claudo, 
 shut], shut up, inclose. 
 
 in-cola, -ae, m. and f., [colo], in- 
 habitant, inmate. 
 
 in-col6, -ere, -lui, , dwell in, 
 
 inhabit. Cf. habito. 
 
 in-columis, -e, adj., safe. Cf. in- 
 tactus, tutus. 
 
 in-credibilis, -e, adj., [credo], 
 loonderfal, inckeimhle. 
 
 in-crep6, -are, -ui, -itus, [crepo, 
 rattle] , upbraid, chide, rebuke. 
 
 in-cumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi- 
 t\is, [-cumbo, lie], lay one's self 
 to, bend to. {Incumbent.) 
 
 inde, adv., [is], thence, then, there- 
 upon. 
 
 in-dignitas, -atis, f., [dignus, 
 worthy], insult, indignity. 
 
 indulgeo, -ere, -ulsi, -ultus, in- 
 dulge. 
 
 in-du5, -ere, -ui, -iitus, [in(d) -f- 
 -u6, put], put on, dress one's self 
 in ; pass., dress. 
 
 in-fans, -fantis, m. and f., [fari, 
 speak], (not spealcing), child, in- 
 fant, babe. 
 
 in-fectus, -a, -um, adj., [facio], 
 not done, unaccomplished; re 
 inf ecta, loithout success. 
 
 in-felix, -icis, adj., unfortunate, 
 unhap2)y. {Infelicity.) 
 
 in-ferus, -a, -um, adj., lower. 
 
 in-festus, -a, -um, adj., [-fendo], 
 made imsafe, infested. 
 
 in-flu6, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxus, flow 
 in. (Influx.) 
 
 infra, prep, with ace, below. 
 
 in-genium, -i, n., character, abil- 
 ity, talents, genius. 
 
 in-gens, -gentis, adj., vast, huge. 
 Cf. magnus, vastus. 
 
 in-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, [ia- 
 cio], put in or on, throw in, in- 
 spire, infuse, inject. 
 
 in-iuste, adv., [iiis], unjustly. 
 
 in-iustus, -a, -um, adj., [ius], 
 
 UNJUST. 
 
 in-numerabilis, -e, adj., [nume- 
 rus], countless, innumekahle. 
 
 in-opia, -ae, f., [ops], want, scar- 
 city. 
 
 inquam, def. verb, say: inquit, 
 says he or said he. 
 
 in-rideo, -ere, -risi, -risus, laugh 
 at, uiv>\-cule. 
 
 in-sciens, -entis, adj., [scio], not 
 knowiiig, unaware. 
 
 in-scius, -a, -um, adj., [scio], not 
 knoiving, ignorant of. 
 
INSCRIBO 
 
 262 
 
 ISTHMUS 
 
 in-scribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- 
 
 tus, write uj)on, insciube. 
 in-sectum, -i, n., [seco, cw/j, in- 
 sect. 
 in-sequor, -i, -secutus, pursue, 
 
 press upon. Cf. insto. 
 in-signis, -e, adj., [signum], dis- 
 
 tinguished, remarkable, striking. 
 
 Cf. clarus, egrt'gius. 
 in-solitus, -a, -um, adj., [soleo], 
 
 tinaccusto7ned, iinnsed. 
 in-somnis, -e, adj., [somnus], 
 
 sleej/less. {Insomnia.) 
 in-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus, 
 
 [-specio, look], look into, in- 
 spect. 
 in-sto, -are, -stiti, -staturus, 
 
 press itpon, ptirsue. Cf. inseciuor. 
 insula, -ae, f., island. (Insular.) 
 in-tactus, -a, -um, adj., [tango], 
 
 untouched, uninjured, intact. 
 
 Cf. iiicolumis, tutus. 
 intel-lego, -ere, -lexi, -lectus, 
 
 [inter] , perceive, understand, 
 
 comprehend. {Intelligent.) 
 inter, prep, with ace, between, 
 
 among ; inter se, with each 
 
 other. 
 inter-dum, adv., sometimes. 
 inter-ea, adv., meamvhile, in the 
 
 meantime. 
 inter-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, 
 
 [facio], (put out of the way), 
 
 kill. Cf. caedo, neco. 
 inter-im, adv., [is], meanwhile, in 
 
 the meantime. 
 inter-imo, -ere, -emi, -emptus, 
 
 [emo], (take away from among), 
 
 kill. Cf. interficio. 
 interior, -ius, adj., [comp. of 
 
 inter], inteuiok of. 
 inter-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missvis, 
 
 leave off, intekjiit, interrupt. 
 in-territus, -a, -um, adj., [ter- 
 
 reo], undaunted, untki'vUIFIKD. 
 inter-scindo, -ere, -scidi, -seis- 
 
 sus, [scindo, cut], cut down. 
 
 {Scissors.) 
 
 inter- vallum, -i, n., space between, 
 distance apart, interval. 
 
 in-tolerandus, -a, -um, adj., [to- 
 leroj, intoleuable, unendur- 
 able. 
 
 intra, prep, with ncc, within, inside. 
 Cf. extra. 
 
 intrat, (he) enteijs. 
 
 in-trepidus, -a, -um, adj., [trepi- 
 dus, alarmed], undaunted, in- 
 
 TUEPII). 
 
 intro, -are, -avi, -atus, enter. 
 intro-itus, -iis, m., [intro, with- 
 in + eO], ENTRANCE. 
 
 in-undo, -are, -avi, -atus, [un- 
 da], overfloio, inundate. 
 
 in-iitilis, -e, adj., useless. 
 
 in-vado, -ere, -vasi, -vasus, ad- 
 vance tipon, rush upon, attack. 
 Cf aggredior. 
 
 in-veho, -ere, -veyd, -vectus, 
 carry in; pass., sail in. 
 
 in-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, 
 come upon, find, invent. 
 
 in- video, -ere, -vidi, -visus, (look 
 askance at), envy. 
 
 in- visus, -a, -um, adj., [invideo], 
 hated, Jiateful. 
 
 in-vitat, (he) invites. 
 
 in-vito, -are, -avi, -atus, invite. 
 
 lolcus, -i, m., town and harbor of 
 Thessaly, whence the Argonauts 
 sailed. 
 
 lovis, see luppiter. 
 
 ipse, -a, -um, intens. pron., self; 
 very. 
 
 ira, -ae, f ., anger, wrath, rage. (Ire.) 
 
 iracundus, -a, -um, adj., [ira], 
 passionate. 
 
 iratus, -a, -um, adj., [ira], an- 
 gered, enraged. 
 
 ire, see eo. 
 
 is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that; 
 pers. pron., he, she, it. 
 
 iste, -a, -ud, dem. pron., that (of 
 yours), that (near you). 
 
 Isthmus, -i, m., the isthmus of 
 Corinth. 
 
ITA 
 
 263 
 
 LEGIO 
 
 ita, adv., so, thus. Cf. sic. 
 
 Italia, -ae, f., Italy. 
 
 ita-que, conj., and so, therefore. Cf. 
 
 igitur. 
 iter, itineris, n., [eo], journey, road, 
 
 march. (Itinerant.) 
 iterum, adv., again, a second time. 
 
 (Iterative.) 
 itineris, see iter, 
 iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussus, order, 
 
 bid, command. Cf. irnpero. 
 iudex, -icis, ni. and f., [ius + dico], 
 
 JUDGE. 
 
 lulia, -ae, f., Julia. 
 
 lulius, -i, m., Julius. 
 
 iuncus, -i, m., rush. 
 
 iungo, -ere, iunxi, iunctus, join, 
 yoke, span. 
 
 liinius, -i, m., Junius, see Brutus. 
 
 liino, -onis, f., Juno, queen of 
 heaven, sister and wife of Jupi- 
 ter. 
 
 luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter or 
 Jove, chief god among the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 ius, iuris, n., right, law, justice. 
 Cf. lex. 
 
 iussi, see iubeo. 
 
 iiissum, -i, n., [iubeo], command. 
 
 iiistus, -a, -um, adj., [iusj, just. 
 
 iuvenis, -is, m. and f., youth, young 
 man or ivoman. (Juvenile.) Cf. 
 adulescens. 
 
 iuvo, -are, iuvi, iiitus, help, assist. 
 (Ad-Jutant) 
 
 iiixta, adv., and prep, with ace, near 
 to, close to. 
 
 ivi, see eo. 
 
 L., abbreviation for Lucius. 
 labor, -oris, m., labor, toil. Cf. 
 
 opus. 
 laboro, -are, -avi, -atus, [labor], 
 
 LABOR, be in trouble, be in diffl- 
 
 cnlty. 
 labjrrinthus, -i, m., labyrinth. 
 
 lac, lactis, n., milk. (Lacteal.) 
 
 lacrima, -ae, f., tear. (Lachrymose.) 
 
 lacus, -us, m., lake, pond. Cf. 
 stagnum. 
 
 laedo, -ere, laesi, laesus, hurt, 
 offend. 
 
 laetitia, -ae, f., [laetus], joy, glad- 
 ness. Cf. gaudiuni. 
 
 laetus, -a, -um, txd]., joyful, glad. 
 
 laevus, -a, -um, adj., left. Cf. 
 sinister. 
 
 lanista, -ae, m., trainer (of ghidi- 
 ators). 
 
 lapis, -idis, ni., stone. (Lapidary.) 
 Cf. saxum. 
 
 laquearia, -ium, plur. n., panelled 
 ceiling, fretted roof 
 
 Lares, -um, plur. m., deified spirits 
 of ancestors protecting the home, 
 household gods. 
 
 Lars, Lartis, m., see Porsena. 
 
 Lartius, -i, m., Spurius Lartius, 
 one of the companions of Hora- 
 tius Codes. 
 
 late, adv., [latus], u-idely. 
 
 lateo, -ere, -ui, , lurk, tie con- 
 cealed. (Latent.) 
 
 Latine, adv., [Latinus], in Latin. 
 
 Latinus, -a, -um, adj., [Latium], 
 of Latium, Latin. 
 
 Latium, -i, n., country of Italy be- 
 tween the Tiber and Campania. 
 
 latro, -onis, m., robber. 
 
 latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide. 
 (Latitude.) 
 
 latus, -eris, n., side. (Lateral.) 
 
 laudat, (he) praises. 
 
 laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, [laus], 
 praise, laud. 
 
 laus, laudis, f ., praise, glory. 
 
 lavo, -are, lavi, lautus or lotus, 
 wash, bathe, lave. Cf. eluo. 
 
 lectus, -i, m., couch, bed. 
 
 legatus, -i, m., [lego, appoint}, am- 
 bassador, legate, messenger. 
 
 legio, -onis, f., [legoj, (a gather- 
 ing), legion, containing about 
 5,000 soldiers. 
 
LEGO 
 
 264 
 
 MAGNIFICUS 
 
 lego, -ere, legi, lectus, gather, 
 co^LECT, se-LECT; read. 
 
 Lemnos, -i, f., island in the Aegean 
 Sea. 
 
 leo, -onis, m., liox, 
 
 Lesbitis, -a, -um, adj., of Lksbos, 
 an island in the Aegean Sea, 
 Lesijian. 
 
 levis, -e, adj., light, slight. {Levity.) 
 
 lex, legis, f., law. {Legal.) Cf. 
 ius. 
 
 libenter, adv., tcillingly. 
 
 liber, -bri, m., hook. 
 
 liber, -era, -erum, adj.,/ree. {Lib- 
 eral. ) 
 
 Liber, -eri, m., Italian god of plant- 
 ing, identified with Bacchus. 
 
 liberat, (he) freea, releases. 
 
 liberi, -orum, plur. m., [liber], 
 children. 
 
 libero, -are, -avi, -atus, [liberj, 
 free, release, libekatk. 
 
 libertus, -i, m.,freedman. {Liberty.) 
 
 Libya, -ae, f.. North Africa west of 
 Egypt. 
 
 Libycus, -a, -um, adj., of Libya, 
 Libyan. 
 
 ligneus, -a, -um, adj., [lignum], 
 of wood, loooden. 
 
 lignum, -i, n., stici: of tvood, fire- 
 wood, wood. 
 
 liraen, -inis, n., threshold. 
 
 linea, -ae, f., [linumj, string, 
 line; alba linea, ivhite line 
 (drawn across the arena, mark- 
 ing the end of the race course). 
 
 linum, -i, n., (flax), thread, line. 
 
 litus, -oris, n., .s/to?-c. Cf. ora. 
 
 loe5, -are, -avi, -atus, [locus], 
 place. {Locate.) 
 
 locus, -i, m., (plur., loci, single 
 places ; loca, places connected, a 
 region), place, position, situation. 
 {Local. ) 
 
 longe, adv., [longus], afar, far off. 
 
 longitiido, -inis, f., [longus], 
 length. {Longitude.) 
 
 longus, -a, -um, adj., long. 
 
 lucerna, -ae, f., [luceo, shine']^ 
 lamp. 
 
 Lucius, see L. Ifinius Briitus. 
 
 luctamen, -inis, n., [liictor, 
 wrestle], wrestling match. 
 
 luctatio, -onis, f., [luctor, 
 wrestle], wrestling. 
 
 luctus, -us, ni., grief, mourning. 
 
 liicus, -i, ni., sacred grove. 
 
 ludicer, -era, -crum, adj., [In- 
 dus], sportive. 
 
 ludo, -ere, lusi, lusus, play, 
 {i're-lude.) 
 
 liidus, -i, m., [liido], play, game; 
 school. 
 
 liimen, -inis, n., [luceo, shine], 
 light, source of light. Cf. lu.x;. 
 {Luminous, ) 
 
 liina, -ae, f., [Iiice5, shine], moon. 
 {Lunar.) 
 
 lustro, -are, -avi, -atus, [luceo, 
 shine], (light up), survey, trav- 
 erse. {l\-lustrate.) 
 
 luteus, -a, -um, adj., orange-col- 
 ored, yelloio. 
 
 liix, lucis, f., [luceo, shine], light, 
 brightness ; prima luce, at day- 
 break. 
 
 lyra, -ae, f., lyre. 
 
 M., abbreviation for M.arcus. 
 
 maestus, -a, -um, adj., sad, sor- 
 rowful. 
 
 magis, adv., [comp. of multoj, 
 more, rather. 
 
 magister, -tri, m., [magnus], mas- 
 ter, teacher. 
 
 magistratus, -iis, m., [magister], 
 
 MAGISTIIATE. 
 
 magn-animus, -a, -um, adj., 
 [magnus], greatsouled, mag- 
 nanimous. 
 
 magni-fice, adv., [magnificus], 
 
 MAGNir'IOENTLY. 
 
 magni-ficus, -a, -um, adj., [mag- 
 nus + faciO], MAGNIFICENT. 
 
MAGNITUDO 
 
 265 
 
 MILES 
 
 magnitudd, -inis, f., [magnus], 
 greatness, size, magnitude. 
 
 magn-opere, adv., [magnus + 
 opus], greatly 
 
 magnus, -a, -um, adj., great, large. 
 Cf. ingens, vastus. 
 
 maior, -ius, adj., [coinp. of mag- 
 nus], greater, older, elder. 
 (Major.) 
 
 male, adv., [malus], badly, ill. 
 
 male-dico, -ere, -dixi, -dictus, 
 speak ill of, slander. 
 
 malo, malle, malui, [magis + 
 volo] , (choose rather), prefer. 
 
 malum, -i, n., apple. Cf. pomum. 
 
 malus, -a, -um, adj., bad, ivicked. 
 
 Mamilius, i-, m., Octavius Ma- 
 milius, son-in-law of Tarciuinius 
 Superbus. 
 
 mane, adv., early in the morn- 
 ing. 
 
 maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus, 
 stay, re-siws. 
 
 man us, -us, f., hand, band of men ; 
 manu, artificially. 
 
 mappa, -ae, f., napkin. 
 
 Marcus, -i, m., Marcus. 
 
 mare, -is, n., sea. 
 
 maritus, -i, m., married man; no- 
 vus maritus, bridegroom ; novi 
 mariti, bridal couple. 
 
 marmor, -oris, n., marble. 
 
 marmoreus, -a, -um, adj., made of 
 
 MARRT.K, MARRLE. 
 
 Mars, Martis, m., god of war. 
 
 Martins, -a, -um, adj., [Mars], 
 o/'Mars; see campus. 
 
 mater, -tris, f., mother. {Ma- 
 ternal.) 
 
 matrimonium, -i, n., [mater], 
 marriage, matrimony. 
 
 maturus, -a, -um, adj., ripe, ma- 
 ture. 
 
 maxime, adv., [maximus], very 
 greatly, especially, most. 
 
 maximus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of 
 magnus], greatest, very great, 
 largest. 
 
 Medea, -ae, f., daughter of Aecta, 
 king of Colchis, and wife of 
 Jason. 
 
 medicam'entum, -i, n., [medico], 
 
 drug, MEDICINE. 
 
 medicatus, -a, -um, adj., [medi- 
 co], magic. 
 
 medico, -are, -avi, -atus, [medi- 
 cus], drug. 
 
 medicus, -i, m., [medeor, heal\, 
 doctor, physician. 
 
 medius, -a, -um, adj., middle of. 
 {Medium.) 
 
 Medusa, -ae, f., chief of the Gor- 
 gons, whose look turned objects 
 into stone. 
 
 Megara, -ae, f., a town in Megaris, 
 a country of Greece. 
 
 mel, mellis, n., honey. {Melli- 
 fliious.) 
 
 Meleager, -gri, m., a Calydonian 
 hero, one of the Argonauts. 
 
 melius, comp. of bene. 
 
 membrum, -i, n., limb, jiembkr. 
 
 memoria, -ae, f., [memor, mind- 
 ful], MEMORY, remembrance. 
 
 mendacium, -i, n., falsehood, lie. 
 {Mendacious.) 
 
 mens, mentis, f., mind. {Mental.) 
 Cf. animus. 
 
 mensa, -ae, f., table. 
 
 mensis, -is, m., month. 
 
 Mercurius, -i, m., Mercury, mes- 
 senger of the gods. 
 
 mereor, -eri, -itus, deserve, sik-rit. 
 
 mergo, -ere, mersi, mersus, dip, 
 sink, im-MFAiSK. 
 
 merits, adv., deservedly, justly. 
 
 messis, -is, f., [meto], harvest. 
 
 meta, -ae, f , goal. 
 
 meto, -ere, messui, messus, reap. 
 
 Mettius, -i, m., see Curtius. 
 
 metus, -us, m.,fear, dread, anxiety. 
 Cf. timor. 
 
 meus, -a, -um, adj., my, mine. 
 
 mi, voc. m., of meus. 
 
 Midas, -ae, m., king of Phrygia. 
 
 miles, -itis, m., [mille], soldier. 
 
MILITIA 
 
 266 
 
 MYSIA 
 
 militia, -ae, f., [miles], militaky 
 service, ivarfare. 
 
 mille, iiulecl. num. adj., thousand; 
 plur. milia, -ium, n,, thotisands. 
 
 minae, -ariim, plur. f., threats. 
 
 Minerva, -ae, f., goddess of wis- 
 dom. 
 
 minime, adv., [minimiis], by no 
 means, not at all, no, no indeed. 
 
 minimus, -a, -um, [sup. of par- 
 vus] , very little, smallest. 
 
 minister, -tri, m., attendant. {Min- 
 ister.) 
 
 minor, -ari, -atus, [minae], 
 ihreateii, MENA<:ii. 
 
 minor, -us, adj., [coinp. of par- 
 vus] , smaller, less. 
 
 Minos, -ois, m., king of Crete. 
 
 Mino-taurus, -i, m., Minotaur, a 
 monster with a bull's head on 
 a man's body. 
 
 minus, see parum. 
 
 mirabilis, -e, adj., [rairor], ivon- 
 derful, f/rf-.MiUABLK. 
 
 miraculum, -i, n., [miror], won- 
 der, MIKACLl'-. 
 
 miror, -ari, -atus, wonder at, ad- 
 
 MIRK. 
 
 mirus, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, 
 
 stranrje. 
 misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtus, 
 
 MIX, mingle. 
 miser, -era, -erum, nA]., wretched, 
 
 MISERABLE. Cf. pauper. 
 miseri-cordia, -ae, f., [cor, heart], 
 
 pity, compassion, mercy. 
 mitto, -ere, misi, missus, send, 
 
 throtv. (Missile.) 
 mobilis, -e, adj., [moveo], change- 
 able. (Mobile. ) 
 modo, adv., [modus], only, just. 
 modus, -i, m., manner, mode, way. 
 moenia, -ium, plur. n., [miinio], 
 
 7calls, ramparts, fortifications. 
 molior, -iri, -itus, (exert one's 
 
 self), contrive. 
 moUio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [mollis, 
 
 soft], soften. (Molli-iy.) 
 
 moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, advise, 
 
 warn, ar/-MONiSH. 
 mons, montis, m., mountain, hill. 
 
 Cf. collis. 
 monstrat, (he) shows, points out. 
 monstro, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 
 [moneo], show, point out. 
 
 (Dv-monstrate.) 
 monstrum, -i, n., [moneo], mon- 
 ster. 
 monumentum, -i, n., remembrance, 
 
 relic, memorial. (Monument.) 
 mora, -ae, f., delay. 
 morior, -i, mcrtuus, die. Cf ex- 
 
 splro. 
 moror, -ari, -atus, [mora], delay. 
 mors, mortis, f., death. 
 mortalis, -is, m. and f., [mors], 
 
 MORTAL, human being. 
 moved, -ere, movi, motus, move. 
 mox, adv., soon, presently. 
 Mucins, -i, m., see Scaevola. 
 mugitus, -us, m., [miigio, bellow], 
 
 bellowing. 
 mulceo, -ere, -si, -sus, soothe. 
 
 (Kniulsion.) 
 mulier, -eris, f., tcoman. 
 multitiido, -inis, f., [multus], 
 
 MULTITUDE. 
 
 multo, adv., [multus], (by) much. 
 
 multum, adv., [mviltus], much. 
 
 multus, -a, -um, adj., towc^; plur., 
 many. (Multi-p\y.) 
 
 miinio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [moenia], 
 fortify. 
 
 munitio, -onis, f., [miinio], forti- 
 fication. (Munition.) 
 
 miinus, -eris, n,, gift, office; spec- 
 tacle, exhibition, (lie-munerate.) 
 Cf. donum. 
 
 mxirus, -i, m., wall. (Mural.) Cf. 
 paries. 
 
 miito, -are, -avi, -atus, change, 
 exchange. (Mutual.) 
 
 Myrmillo, -onis, m., gladiator with 
 Gallic arms, 
 
 Mysia, -ae, f ., district of Asia Minor 
 on the Hellespont. 
 
NACTUS 
 
 267 
 
 NOLO 
 
 N 
 
 nactus, see nanciscor. 
 
 nam, conj., for. Cf. enim. 
 
 nanciscor, -i, nactus or nanctus, 
 obtain. 
 
 naris, -is, f., nostril. 
 
 narrat, (he) tells, narrates. 
 
 narr5, -are, -avi, -atus, tell, nar- 
 rate. 
 
 natabant, (they) used to swim. 
 
 natant, (they) swim, 
 
 nato, -are, -avi, -atus, [no], swim, 
 float. {Natatorium.) 
 
 natiira, -ae, f., [nascor, be born], 
 
 NATURE. 
 
 natiiralis, -e, adj., [natiira], nat- 
 ural. 
 
 natus, -iis, m., [nascor, be horn], 
 birth. (Natal.) 
 
 nauta, -ae, m,, [for navita, from 
 navis], sailor. 
 
 nauticus, -a, -um, adj., [nauta], 
 of ships, naval, nautical. 
 
 navigabant, (they) tised to sail. 
 
 navigat, (he) sails. 
 
 navigo, -are, -avi, -atus, [navis 
 + ago], sail, navigate. 
 
 navis, -is, f., [no], ship; navis 
 longa, ship of war, galley. 
 {Naval.) 
 
 Naxos, -i, f., ishind in the Aegean 
 Sea. 
 
 ne, conj., that . . . not, lest, not ; as 
 adv., ne . . . quidem, not even. 
 
 -ne, inter, enclitic particle, used in 
 asking questions simply for in- 
 formation. Cf. nonne, num. 
 
 nee, see neque. 
 
 necat, (he) slays. 
 
 necessarius, -a, -um, adj., [ne- 
 cesse] , Mrt«vowZa6Ze, necessary. 
 
 necesse, neuter indecl. adj., neces- 
 sary. 
 
 necessitas, -atis, f., [necesse], 
 necessity. 
 
 nec5, -are, -avi, -atus, />;t7Z (usually 
 without a weapon), slay. Cf. 
 caedo, interficio. 
 
 nectar, -aris, n., nectar, drink of 
 
 the gods. 
 necto, -ere, nexui, nexus, tie, 
 
 bind. (Con-necf.) 
 nego, -are, -avi, -atus, [ne + aid, 
 
 say], say no, deny, refuse. {Neg- 
 ative.) 
 neg-6tium, -i, n., [nee + otium, 
 
 ease] , business, matter, task. (Ne- 
 gotiate.) 
 ne-mo, -inis, m. and f., [homo], 
 
 no one, nobody. Cf. nullus. 
 Neptunus, -i, m., Nei'tune, god 
 
 of the sea, brother of Jupiter, 
 neque or nee, conj. and adv., aJid 
 
 not, not; neque . . . neque, 
 
 neither . . . nor. 
 ne-quiquam, adv., in vain, to no 
 
 purpose. Cf frustra. 
 ne-scio, -ire, -ivi, , not know, 
 
 be ignorant ; nescio quis, some- 
 body, some. Cf. Tgnoro. 
 neuter, -tra, -trum, (gen., neu- 
 
 trius, dat.,neutri), adj., neither. 
 
 (Neuter.) 
 nidus, -i, m., nest. 
 nihil, w.,mdie<i\., nothing. (Nihilist.) 
 nihilo-minus, adv., ?wne the less, 
 
 nevertheless, notwithstanding. 
 nimbus, -i, m., (black) rain-cloud. 
 
 Cf. imbcr, nubes. 
 ni-si, conj., [ne + si], if not, unless, 
 
 except. 
 nitidus, -a, -um, adj., [niteo, 
 
 shine], shining. 
 nitor, -i, nixus and nisus, strive, 
 
 struggle. 
 nix, nivis, f., snow. 
 
 no, nare, navi, , swim, float. 
 
 nobilis, -e, adj., [nosco, know], 
 
 icell-born, of high birth, noble. 
 noceo, -ere, -cui, -citiirus, do 
 
 harm to, harm, hurt. (In-nocent.) 
 noctu, adv., [nox], by night. 
 nocturnus, -a, -um, adj., [nox],o/ 
 
 or for the night, nocturnal. 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, , [ne + 
 
 volo], be unwilling, not wish. 
 
NOMEN 
 
 268 
 
 OFFA 
 
 nomen, -inis, n., [nosco, kiioiv], 
 (means of knowing), name. 
 (Nominate.) 
 
 non, adv., [ne + unum], not. Cf. 
 baud. 
 
 non-dum, adv., not yet. 
 
 non-ne, inter, adv., (expects the 
 answer Ye.'>), not f Cf. -ne, num. 
 
 noster, -tra, -trum, pronom. adj., 
 [nos], our, otirs. 
 
 Notus, -i, ni., the south wind. 
 
 novem, indecl. num. adj., nine. 
 
 noverca, -ae, f., step-mother. 
 
 novus, -a, -um, adj., neto, strange. 
 (Novel.) 
 
 nox, noctis, f., night. 
 
 nubens, -entis, f., [nubo], b7-ide. 
 
 nubes, -is, f., cloud. Cf. nimbus. 
 
 nubo, -ere, nupsi, niiptus, (veil 
 
 one's self), marry. Cf. duco. 
 
 ♦ n-ullus, -a, -um, (jren., nuUius, 
 
 dat., nulli), adj., [ne + ullus], 
 
 not any, none, no. (Null.) Cf. nemo. 
 
 num, inter, adv., (expects the an- 
 swer iV^o) ; in indirect question, 
 whether. Cf. -ne, nonne. 
 
 numerus, -i, m., nmtmrkk. 
 
 n-umquam, adv., [ne], never. 
 
 nunc, adv., noir, at present, (f. lam. 
 
 nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, [nun- 
 tius], an yovscK, report. 
 
 nuntius, -i, m., messenger. (K-nun- 
 ciate.) 
 
 nuper, adv., [novus + -per], re- 
 cently, lately. 
 
 nupta, -ae, f., [niibo], bride. 
 
 nuptiae, -arum, plur. f., [nubo], 
 wedding, nuptials. 
 
 n-usquam, adv.,[ne], noichere, in 
 no place. 
 
 nux, nucis, f., nut. 
 
 nympha, -ae, f., nymph. 
 
 6, interj., 0! oh! 
 
 ob, prep, with ace, on account of, 
 
 for; in composition, (1) towards; 
 
 (2) doion. 
 
 ob-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, [ia- 
 cio], throw before, throiv to, offer. 
 (Object.) 
 
 ob-ru6, -ere, -rui, -rutus, over- 
 whelm. 
 
 ob-ses, -sidis, m. and f., [sedeo], 
 hostage. 
 
 ob-sideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus, 
 [sedeo], (sit down before), be- 
 siege. Cf oppugno. 
 
 ob-sidio, -onis, f., [sedeo], siege. 
 
 ob-sto, -are, -stiti, , be in the 
 
 way, hinder. 
 
 ob-stupesco, -ere, -stupui, , 
 
 [stupeo], be HTVVK-fied. 
 
 ob-tineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus, 
 [teneo], hold, jwssess, gain, ob- 
 tain. 
 
 ob-trunco, -are, , -atus,[trun- 
 
 c5, maim], kill, slay, slaughter. 
 
 ob-viam, adv., in the way (to), to- 
 wards, to meet ; obviam venio, 
 meet. 
 
 oc-casio, -onis, f., [ob + cado], 
 opportunity, occA.siON. 
 
 oc-casus, -lis, m., [ob + cado], 
 going doion, setting, sunset. 
 
 oc-cido, -ere, -cidi, -casus, [ob + 
 cado], fall doion, perish; go 
 doion, set. 
 
 oc-cido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus, [ob -f 
 caedo], cut down, kill, slay. Cf. 
 neco. 
 
 oc-cultus, -a, -um, adj., [occulo, 
 conceal], concealed, hidden, se- 
 cret. (Occult.) 
 
 oc-cupo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob + 
 capio], take possession of, seize, 
 hold, OCCUPY. Cf. potior. 
 
 oc-curro, -ere, -curri, -cursus, 
 [ob + curro], I'un towards, meet, 
 
 OCCUR. 
 
 Octavius, -i, m., see Mamilius. 
 oculus, -1, m., eye, sight. (Oculist.) 
 odium, -i, n., [odi, hate], hatred. 
 
 (Odious.) 
 offa, -ae, f., (little ball of flour), 
 
 cake. 
 
OLEUM 
 
 269 
 
 PAROUS 
 
 oleum, -i, n., oil, (Oleaginous.) 
 olim, adv., once, once upon a time, 
 
 formerly. Cf. aliquando, quon- 
 dam. 
 Olympus, -i, m., lugh mountain on 
 
 the borders of Macedonia and 
 
 Thessaly, the seat of the gods. 
 om.eii, ominis, n., sign, o:mkx. 
 omnino, adv., [ova.Td'&]i altogether, 
 
 wholly, completely. 
 omnis, -e, adj., every, all, the 
 
 whole. (OmA2/-potent.) Cf. cuuc- 
 
 tus, totus. 
 onero, -are, -avi, -atus, [onus], 
 
 load, burden. 
 onus, oneris, n., load, burden. 
 
 (Onerous.) 
 onustus, -a, -um, adj., [onus], 
 
 laden. 
 oppidanus, -i, m., [oppidum], 
 
 toivnsman. 
 oppidum, -i, n., toivn, city. Cf. 
 
 urbs. 
 op-primo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus, 
 
 [ob + premo], oppress, crush. 
 op-pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob], 
 
 attack, storm. Cf. expugno, ob- 
 
 sideo. 
 (ops), opis, f., means, ivealth, 
 
 riches. 
 optatus, -a, -um, adj., [opto, wish 
 
 for], wished for, longed for. 
 
 (Optative.) 
 optime, see bene, 
 opus, operis, n., work, labor, build- 
 ing, fortification. Cf. labor, 
 ora, -ae, f., shore, coast. Cf. lltus. 
 oraculum, -i, n., [oro], oracle. 
 oratio, -onis, f., [oro], oration. 
 orator, -oris, m., [oro], orator. 
 Orbilius, -i, m., teacher of the poet 
 
 Horace, 
 orbis, -is, m., ring, fold, coil ; or- 
 
 bis mensa, round table. 
 ordo, -inis, m., roio, order, rank. 
 oriens, -entis, m., [orior], rising, 
 
 east. (Orient.) 
 orior, -iri, ortus, rise. 
 
 omamentum, -i, n., [orno], ad- 
 
 ORNMENT, ORNAMENT. 
 
 ornatus, -a, -um, adj., [orno], 
 fitted out, equipped, accoutred, 
 
 a(Z-ORNEl). 
 
 orno, -are, -avi, -atus, fit out, ad- 
 
 ORN. Cf. decoro. 
 oro, -are, -avi, -atus, [6s], pray, 
 
 beg, beseech, ask. Cf. quaero, 
 
 rogo. 
 Orpheus, -ei, m., a Thracian bard. 
 OS, oris, n., mouth, feature, face. 
 
 (Oral.) 
 OS, ossis, n., bone. (Ossi-fy.) 
 6s-culum, -i, n., [6s], (little 
 
 mouth), kiss. 
 Ossa, -ae, f., mountain of Thessaly. 
 os-tend6, -ere, -tendi, -tentus, 
 
 [ob], (stretch before), shoio. 
 
 (Ostensible.) Cf. demonstro. 
 6s-tium, -i, n., door, door -way, 
 
 mouth, entrance. Cf. ianua. 
 ovis, -is, f ., sheep. 
 
 pabulum, i, n., [pasc6,/e«Z], /of^- 
 
 der. 
 Pact61us, -i, m., river of l.,ydia vv^ith 
 
 golden sands. 
 paene, adv., nearly, almost. 
 palam, adv., openly ; prep, with abl., 
 
 before. 
 Palatium, -i, n., the Talatine 
 
 hill. 
 Pallas, -antis, m., brother of Ae- 
 
 geus. 
 pand6, -ere, pandi, passus, spread 
 
 out, open, ear-PAND. 
 papaver, -eris, n., poppy. 
 parabant, (they) used to pre- 
 
 PARE. 
 
 Parca, -ae, f., goddess of Fate; 
 
 plur., the (three) Fates. 
 parc6, -ere, peperci, parsus, use 
 
 sparingly, spare. (Parsimony.) 
 parous, -a, -um, adj., [parco], 
 
 thrifty, frugal. 
 
PARENS 
 
 270 
 
 PERIANDER 
 
 parens, -entis, m. and f., [pario, 
 
 bring forth], parent. 
 
 pared, -ere, -ui, , obey. 
 
 paries, -etis, m., wall (in a house). 
 
 Cf. murus. 
 pariter, adv., [par, equal], equally , 
 
 side by side. {Parity.) 
 Parnasus, -i, m., mountain of 
 
 Greece sacred to Apollo and the 
 
 Muses. 
 paro, -are, -avi, -atus, make ready, 
 
 pre-PAKK. 
 pars, partis, f., part, share, direc- 
 tion, side, end, place. 
 pariun, adv., too little, not enough. 
 parxim-per, adv., for a short time, 
 
 for a moment, 
 parvolus, -a, -um, adj., [parvus], 
 
 very small, little, or young. 
 parvus, -a, -um, adj., small, little. 
 
 Cf. exiguus. 
 passim, adv., [pando], (outspread), 
 
 everywhere. 
 passus, -us, m., [pateo, extejid], 
 
 step, pace; mille passuum, a 
 
 MILE, 
 
 pastor, -oris, m., [pasco, feed], 
 
 shepherd. {Pastor. ) 
 pater, -tris, m., father. 
 patior, -i, passus, suffer, allow. 
 
 (Patient) Cf. tolero. 
 patria, -ae, f., [pater], fatiier- 
 
 land, country. (Patriot.) 
 pauci, -ae, -a, iidy,few. (Paucity.) 
 paulo, adv., [pavilus, little], a little. 
 pauper, -eris, adj., poor. (Pauper.) 
 
 Cf. miser, 
 pavimentum, -i, n., pavement. 
 pax, pacis, f., peace. (Paci-fy.) 
 pecco, -are, -avi, -atus, make a 
 
 mistake, commit a fault, sin. 
 pecunia, -ae, f., [pecus, cattle], 
 
 (wealth in cattle), money. (Pecu- 
 niary. ) 
 pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., [pes], 
 
 pedestrian. 
 peius, see male. 
 Pelias, -ae, m., king of Thessaly. 
 
 Pelion, -i, n., mountain of Thes- 
 
 saly. 
 pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus, drive, 
 
 baninh, ea:-PEL. 
 Penates, -ium, m., guardian gods 
 
 of the family, household gods. 
 pendens, -entis, adj., [pendeo, 
 
 hang], hanging, pendent. 
 pendo, -ere, pependi, pensus, 
 
 weigh, weigh out, pay. 
 penetro, -are, -avi, -atus, enter, 
 
 PENETRATE. 
 
 penna, -ae, f.,/m<//er. (Pen.) Cf. 
 ala. 
 
 pennatus, -a, -um, adj., [penna], 
 winged. 
 
 per, prep, with ace, through, over, 
 by means of. 
 
 per-ago, -ere, -egi, -actus, carry 
 through, go through with, fin- 
 ish. 
 
 per-agro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ager], 
 roam through. ' 
 
 per-curro, -ere, -cucurri or 
 -curri, -cursus, run through, 
 pass through. 
 
 per-ditus, -a, -um, adj., [do], lost, 
 desperate. 
 
 Perdix, -icis, m., nephew of Dae- 
 dalus. 
 
 per-domo, -are, -ui, -itus, [domo, 
 tame], thoroughly subdue. 
 
 per-eo, -ire, -ii, -itiirus, perish. 
 
 per-errant, (they) wander through. 
 
 per-erro, -are, -avi, -atus, wanrfer 
 through. 
 
 per-facilis, -e, adj., very easy. 
 
 per-fectus, -a, -um, adj., [facio], 
 finished, wrought. (Perfect.) 
 
 per-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, 
 (bear to the end), endure. 
 
 per-fidus, -a, -um, adj., [fides], 
 faithless, treacherous, perfidi- 
 ous. 
 
 per-go, -ere, perrexi, perrectus, 
 [rego], go on, proceed. 
 
 Periander, -dri, m., tyrant of Cor 
 inth. 
 
PERICULOSUS 
 
 271 
 
 POPULUS 
 
 periculosus, -a, -um, adj., [peri- 
 
 culumj , dangerous. 
 periculum, -i, n., [-perior, try'\, 
 
 trial, risk, danger. 
 Periphetes, -ae, m., robber who 
 
 lurked near Epidaurus in Ar- 
 
 golis, 
 peristylum, -i, n., peristyle, open 
 
 court surrounded by a colonnade. 
 Perses, -ae, m., brother of Aeeta. 
 Perseus, -ei, (ace, Persea), m., 
 
 slayer of Medusa and deliverer 
 
 of Andromeda. 
 per-suadeo, -ere, -suasi, -suasus, 
 
 PERSUADE. 
 
 per-terreo, -ere, , -it us, 
 
 frighten thoroughly. 
 per-turbo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 
 [turba] , confuse, rfis-TURB. 
 per-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, 
 
 (come through), reach, arrive. 
 pes, pedis, m., foot, leg (of a table, 
 
 chair, etc.); cursus pedtim, 
 
 foot-race. 
 pessime, see male, 
 peto, -ere, -ivi and ii, -itus, seeh, 
 
 look for, make for, aim at, at- 
 tack. (Petition.) 
 Phasis, -idos, (ace, Phasim), river 
 
 of Colchis. 
 Phineus, -ei, (ace. Phinea), m., 
 
 king of Salmydessus in Thrace. 
 Phrixus, -i, m., son of Athamas 
 
 and brother of Helle. 
 Phrygia, -ae, f., country in Asia 
 
 Minor, 
 pictura, -ae, [pingo], f., painting, 
 
 PICTURE. 
 
 pictus, -a, -um, adj., [pingo] , cZec- 
 orated, embroidered. (De-pict.) 
 
 piger, -gra, -grum, adj., slow, 
 lazy. 
 
 pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus, paint, 
 rfe-piCT. 
 
 pinus, -lis, f., riSK-tree, pine. 
 
 pirum, -i, n., pear. 
 
 piscis, -is, m.,fish. (Piscatorial.) 
 
 pitis, -a, -um, adj., dutiful, pious. 
 
 placeo, -ere, -cui, -citus, please, 
 planities, -ei, f., plain. 
 plausus, -lis, m., ap-PLAUSE. 
 plebs, plebis, f., common people, 
 
 populace. (Plebeian.) 
 plenus, -a, -um, adj., [pleo, fill], 
 
 filled, full. (Plenty.) 
 plerum-que, adv., for the most 
 
 part, generally. Cf. saepe. 
 Plinius, -i, m., Plinius maior, 
 Pliny the elder, a Koman writer, 
 pliirimum, see multum. 
 pliirimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of 
 
 multus], most. 
 pliis, pilaris, adj., [comp. of mul- 
 tus], mo7'e. (Plural.) 
 pliis, adv., [pliis, adj.], more. 
 Pliiton, -onis, m., Pluto, brother 
 
 of Jupiter and king of the Lower 
 
 World, 
 pluvia, -ae, f., rain, shower. Cf. 
 
 imber. 
 poculum, -i, n., drinking vessel, 
 
 cup. 
 poena, -ae, f., [piinio], penalty, 
 
 punishment. 
 pollex, -icis, m., thumb. 
 pol-liceor, -eri, -itus, [pro + li- 
 
 ceor, bid], (hold iorih), promise. 
 
 Cf. promitto. 
 Pollux, -iicis, m., twin-brother of 
 
 Castor. 
 Polydectes, -ae, m., king of Seri- 
 
 phus. 
 pom-arium, -i, n., [pomum], 
 
 fruit-garden, orchard. 
 pompa, -ae, f., procession, parade. 
 
 (Pomp.) 
 Pompeius, -i, m., Pompey, the 
 
 great Roman general, 
 pomum, -i, n., fruit; apple. Cf. 
 
 malum. 
 pon5, -ere, posui, positus, place. 
 
 (Position.) Cf. conloco. 
 pons, pontis, m., bridge. 
 pontus, -i, m,, sea; Pontus Exixi- 
 
 nus, the Black Sea. 
 populus, -i, m,, people. 
 
PORRIGO 
 
 272 
 
 PREX 
 
 por-rigo, -ere, -rexi, rectus, 
 
 [pr5 + rego], stretch forth, ex- 
 tend. 
 Porsena, -ae, m., Lars Porsena, 
 
 king of Etruria. 
 porta, -ae, f., gate, entrance, door. 
 
 {Portal.) Cf. ianua, ostium, 
 portat, (he) carries. 
 portentum, -i, n., [pro + tendo], 
 
 omen, pohtknt. 
 ports, -are, -avi, -atus, hear, 
 
 carry. {Porter.) Cf. fero, veho. 
 portus, -lis, m., harbor, pokt. 
 posco, -ere, poposci, , ask, beg 
 
 for, demand. Cf. postulo. 
 pos-sum, posse, potui, , [poj 
 
 tis, otZe + sum], he able, can. 
 
 {Possible. ) 
 post, adv., after, behind, afterwards ; 
 
 prep, with ace, after. 
 post-ea, adv., afterwards. 
 posterus, -a, -um, adj., [post], 
 
 next, folloioing. {Posterity. ) 
 postis, -is, m., rfoo7--i'OST. 
 post-quam, conj., after. 
 postremus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of 
 
 posterus], last. 
 postulo, -are, -avi, -atus, [posco], 
 
 ask, demand, claim. {Postu- 
 late.) 
 Postumius, -i, m., Aulus Postu- 
 
 mius, dictator who commanded 
 
 the Roman forces at the battle of 
 
 Lake Regillus. 
 potens, -entis, adj., [possum], 
 
 mighty, poioerful, potknt. 
 potestas, -atis, f., [potis, able], 
 
 power, ability, opportunity. 
 potior, -iri, -itus, [potis, able], get 
 
 possession of, obtain. Cf. occupo. 
 prae, prep, with abl., before; on 
 
 account of. 
 prae-beo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [habeo], 
 
 hold forth, give, furnish ; show. 
 prae-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 
 PKECEDE, excel. 
 prae-ceps, -cipitis, adj., [caput], 
 
 headlong ; pkkcipitous. 
 
 prae-ceptor, -oris, m., [capio], 
 teacher, instructor, precep- 
 tor. 
 
 prae-cido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus, 
 [caedo], (cut off in front), cut 
 off. 
 
 prae-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [capio], (take in advance), warn, 
 direct. (Precept) 
 
 prae-cipuus, -a, -um, adj., [ca- 
 pio], particular, special. 
 
 prae-clarus, -a, -um, adj., mag- 
 nificent, splendid, glorious. 
 
 praeda, -ae, f., booty, plunder. 
 
 prae-dico, -ere, -dixi, -dictus, 
 foretell, predict. 
 
 prae-fectus, -i, m., [facio], com- 
 mander, governor. {Prefect) 
 
 prae-mium, -i, n., [emo], reward, 
 prize. {Premium.) 
 
 prae-moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, /ore- 
 warn. {Premonition.) 
 
 prae-sens, -entis, adj., [sum], 
 present; immediate. 
 
 prae-siditun, -i, n., [sedeo], guard, 
 garrison, watch. 
 
 praeter, prep, with ace, beyond, be- 
 sides, except. 
 
 praeter-ea, adv., (beyond i\\i?,), fur- 
 ther, besides. 
 
 praeter-vehor, -i, -vectus, (be 
 borne pa.st), sail by. 
 
 praetor, -oris, m., (a Roman ma- 
 gistrate charged with the admin- 
 istration of iustice), judge. 
 
 prae-validus, -a, -um, adj., very 
 strong. 
 
 prandium, -i, n., luncheon, midday 
 meal. 
 
 pratum, -i, n., meadow. 
 
 preces, see prex. 
 
 premo, -ere, pressi, pressus, 
 press down, turn down. 
 
 pretiosus, -a, -um, adj., [pre- 
 tium], costly, valuable, pre- 
 cious. 
 
 pretium, -i, n., price, value. 
 
 prex, precis, f., prayer, entreaty. 
 
PRIMO 
 
 273 
 
 PRUDENTIA 
 
 primo, adv., [-primvis], at first. Cf. 
 primum. 
 
 primum, adv., [primus], at first, 
 first; usually beginning an enu- 
 meration, as, primum . . . de- 
 lude. Cf. prlmd. 
 
 primus, -a, -um, adj., [prae, pro], 
 first. (Prime.) 
 
 prin-ceps, -ipis, adj., [primus + 
 capioj, first, foremost; noun, 
 PRIXCE, diief. 
 
 prior, prius, adj., [comp. from 
 prae, -pvb], former , first, pkior. 
 
 prius-quam, conj., before; some- 
 times separated by words, thus: 
 prius . . . quam. 
 
 privo, -are, -avi, -atus, de-vv.\YV., 
 rob. 
 
 pro, prep, with abl., for, on behalf 
 of, in return for, instead of; be- 
 fore, in front of. 
 
 probo, -are, -avi, -atus, [pro- 
 bus, honest], ap-vi\o\\L, pkove, 
 test. 
 
 pro-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 advance, proceed. Cf. incedo. 
 
 pro-cerus, -a, -um, adj., high, tall. 
 Cf. altus, celsus. 
 
 Procrustes, -ae, (ace. -en), m., 
 robber in Attica. 
 
 pro-cul, adv., afar, far off. 
 
 pro-cumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi- 
 tus, [-cumbo, lie], lean forward, 
 bend to. 
 
 procus, -i, m., [prex], suitor. 
 
 prod-igium, -i, n., [pro + ago], 
 miracle, prodigy. 
 
 pro-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, (give 
 forth), betray. 
 
 proelium, -i, n., battle. Cf. dlmi- 
 catio, pugna. 
 
 pro-fecto, adv., [factum], really, 
 assuredly, certainly. 
 
 pro-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [facio], (make progress), accom- 
 plish. 
 
 pro-ficiscor, -i, -fectus, [profi- 
 cio], set out, start, go, depart. 
 
 pro-fundus, -a, -um, adj., deep, 
 FnovovsD, fathomless. 
 
 pro-gredior, -i, -gressus, [-gra- 
 dior, step], advance, proceed. 
 (Progress.) Cf. incedo. 
 
 pro-hibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [ha- 
 beo], keep from, forbid, pro- 
 hibit. 
 
 pro-missum, -i, n., [promitto], 
 
 PROMISE. 
 
 pro-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
 PROMISE. Cf. polliceor. 
 
 pro-nuba, -ae, f., [niibo], brides- 
 maid. 
 
 pro-nus, -a, -um, adj., bending or 
 leaning forward. (Prone. ) 
 
 prope, adv., and prep, with ace, 
 near, nigh. Cf. iuxta. 
 
 propero, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten. 
 Cf. festTno. 
 
 Pro-pontis, -idis, (ace, Propon- 
 tida), f., the Propontis or Sea 
 of Marmora. 
 
 propter, prep, with ace, near; on 
 account of. 
 
 Proserpina, -ae, f., daughter of 
 Ceres and wife of Pluto. 
 
 pro-silio, -ire, -ui, , [salio, 
 
 leap], leap forward. 
 
 pro-sper, -era, -erum, adj.,[spes], 
 prosperous. 
 
 pro-spere, adv., [prosper], pros- 
 perously. 
 
 pro-sum, prod-esse, pro-fui, be 
 useful to, benefit, profit. 
 
 pro-tinus, adv., [tenua], foi-thtvith, 
 immediately. Cf. statim. 
 
 pro-veho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus, 
 carryforward; pass., sail on. 
 
 proximus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of 
 prope], nearest, next, last. 
 (Proximity.) 
 
 prudens, -entis, adj., [pro+vi- 
 dens], PRUDENT. 
 
 prudenter, adv., [priidens], pru- 
 dently. 
 
 prudentia, -ae, f., [prudens], 
 prudence. 
 
PUBLICUS 
 
 274 
 
 QUIS 
 
 publicus, -a, -lun, adj., [populus], 
 
 rUHLIC. 
 
 puella, -ae, f., [dim. of puer], girl. 
 Cf. Virgo. 
 
 puer, -i, ni., child, boy. 
 
 pugillatio, -onis, f., boxing (with 
 the cestus). 
 
 pugna, -ae, f . , fight, battle. {Pugna- 
 cious.) Cf. dluiicatio, proelium. 
 
 pugnat, (hi.') fights. 
 
 pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [pugna], 
 fight. Cf. dhnico. 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrvun, adj.,&eo?t- 
 tiful,fair, noble, glorious. 
 
 pulcherrimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. 
 of pulcher], very beautiful, fair- 
 est. 
 
 pulchre, adv., [pulcher], beanti- 
 fully. 
 
 piilso, -are, -avi, -atus, [pello], 
 beat, paw. {Pulse.) 
 
 Puniceus, -a, -um, adj., Tunic, 
 reddish : pomum Puniceum, 
 poviegranate. 
 
 punlo, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [poena], 
 puNi.su. 
 
 puppis, -is, f., (hinder part of a 
 ship), stern. 
 
 puto, -are, -avi, -atus, think. Cf. 
 arbitror, senti5. 
 
 Pyrrha, -ae, f., wife of Deucalion. 
 
 Pythia, -ae, f., tlie priestess who 
 uttered the responses of the Del- 
 phic Apollo. 
 
 Q 
 
 qua, (1) abl. fein. of qui, by which; 
 
 (2) abl. fern, of quis, by which or 
 
 what f 
 quadra, -ae, f., [quattuor], square 
 
 table. 
 quadrigae, -arum, f ., [quattuor + 
 
 iugum, <e«m] , four-horse chariot. 
 quae, (1) nom. fem. sing, and neut. 
 
 plur. of qui, which; (2) fem. of 
 
 quis, u^hof irhickf v-hatf 
 quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situs, seek, 
 
 ask, i/i-QuiKE. (Question.) 
 
 qualis, -e, adj., [qui], oftchat sort. 
 
 (Quality.) 
 quam, adv. and conj., [qui], how, 
 
 as ; with comp., than ; with sup., 
 
 as iwssible; quam diu, as long 
 
 as. 
 quam ob rem, (1) inter., 07i what ac- 
 count ? why? (2)rel., on account 
 
 of which, why. 
 quando, (1) inter, adv., at ichat timet 
 
 trhen? (2)indef. adv., at any time, 
 
 ever. 
 quantus, -a, -um, adj., [quam], 
 
 Jioia great, as. (Quantity.) 
 quattuor, indecl. num. i\d'].,four. 
 -que, enclitic conj., and (joins two 
 
 words into one conception). Cf. 
 
 atque, et. 
 quem, ace. masc. of quis, whomf 
 
 tchat f 
 queror, -i, questus, complain. 
 
 (Querulous.) 
 qui, inter, pron., jchof see quis. 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, 
 
 which, what, that. 
 quia, conj., because. Cf. quod, 
 quibus, abl. pi. of qms, from 
 
 ichom ? 
 qui-cumque, quae-cumque, 
 
 quod-cumque, indef. rel. pron., 
 
 whoever, whatever. 
 quid, inter, pron., what f see 
 
 quis. 
 qmdam, quaedam, quoddam and 
 
 quiddam, indef. pron., certain, 
 
 certain one. 
 quidem, ad.v. , indeed ; ne . . . qui- 
 
 dem, not even. 
 quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etus, [quies, 
 
 QUiiiT], rest, repose, be quiet, 
 quin, conj., [qui + ne], b%it, indeed, 
 
 nay, in fact ; but that, that. 
 quinque, indecl. num. ad]., five. 
 qviis (qui), quae, quid (quod), 
 
 (1) inter, pron., tohof which t 
 
 what? (2) indef. pron., some; fol- 
 lowing si, nisi, ne, or num, 
 
 any, as si quid, if anything. 
 
QUISQUAM 
 
 275 
 
 BEICIO 
 
 quis-quam, , quic-quam, (no 
 
 fem, or plur.), indef. pron., any 
 
 one, any thing. 
 quis-que, quae-que, qviid-que 
 
 and quod-que, indef. pron., 
 
 each, every. 
 quis-quis, , quic-quid, indef. 
 
 pron., whoever, whatever. 
 quo, inter, adv., whither f where? 
 quo, abl. nuisc. of quis, a quo, by 
 
 tchom ? 
 quo-ad, adv., as long as, while; until. 
 quod, nom. and ace. neut. of qui, 
 
 lohich. 
 quod, inter, pronom. adj., what? 
 quod, conj., [qm], because. Cf. 
 
 quia. 
 quo modo, inter, adv., in what 
 
 manner f in what ivay ? hoio ? 
 quondam, adv., once upon a time, 
 
 once, formerly. Cf. aliquando, 
 
 olini. 
 quoque, conj., also, too. Cf. etiam. 
 quorum, gen. inasc. plur. of quis, 
 
 ofiohomf whose? 
 quot, indecl. adj., (1) inter., hoiv 
 
 many ? (2) rel., as many as, 
 
 as. 
 quot-annis, adv., every year, annu- 
 ally. 
 quot-ies, adv., Tiow often ? how many 
 
 times ? 
 
 ramus, -i, m., branch. (Rami-fy.) 
 
 rana, -ae, f.,frog. 
 
 rapidus, -a, -um, adj., [rapio], 
 
 swift, RAPID. Cf. celcr. 
 rapid, -ere, -ui, -tus, seize, snatch, 
 
 carry off. (Rapine.) Cf capio. 
 ratis, -is, f ., raft, vessel, boat. 
 re-, inseparable particle meaning 
 
 again, back. 
 re-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, go 
 
 back, RECEDE. 
 
 re-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [capio], recover, receive; se 
 recipio, ivithdraw, retreat. 
 
 rectio, -onis, f., [rego], guiding, 
 
 di-RECTioN, government. 
 rector, -oris, m., [rego], guide, 
 
 ruler. {Rector.) 
 rectus, -a, -um, adj., [rego], di- 
 
 RECT, straight. 
 re-cuso, -are, -avi, -atus, [causa], 
 
 object, decline, refuse. 
 red-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, [re-], 
 
 give back, restore, return, ren- 
 der, give, administer. Cf. resti- 
 
 tuo. 
 red-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [re-], go 
 
 back, return. Cf. revertor. 
 red-igo, -ere, -egi, -actus, [re- + 
 
 ago], redzice. 
 red-itus, -us, m., [redeo], re- 
 turn. 
 re-duc6, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 
 draio back, lead back; reduce. 
 
 r/._redigo. 
 re-fero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus, 
 
 biHng back; relate; refer; 
 
 gratiam refero, return thanks. 
 re-fugio, -ere, -fiigi, , shrink 
 
 from, shun. (Refugee.) 
 refulgeo, -ere, -fulsi, , flash 
 
 back, reflect light, glitter, gleam. 
 
 (Refulgent) 
 regia, -ae, f., [regius], royal palace, 
 
 castle. 
 Regillus, -i, m., small lake in La- 
 
 tium. 
 regina, -ae, f., [rex], queen. 
 regio, -onis, f., direction, regiox, 
 
 district. « 
 
 regius, -a, -um, adj., [rex], of a 
 
 king, royal, recal. 
 regnator, -oris, m., [regno], ruler. 
 regno, -are, -avi, -atus, [reg- 
 
 num], reign. Cf. rego. 
 regnum, -i, n., [rex], kingdom, 
 
 throne. 
 rego, -ere, rexi, rectus, di-RKcr, 
 
 rule. Cf. regno, 
 re-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, [ia- 
 
 cio], throw back, drive back, re- 
 ject. 
 
RELINQUO 
 
 276 
 
 SACRIFICO 
 
 re-linqu6, -ere, -liqui, -lictus, 
 [linquo, leave], leave behind, 
 abandon, kklinquish. Cf. d5- 
 sero. 
 
 re-liquus, -a, -um, adj., [relin- 
 quo], remaining, the rest of. Cf. 
 ceterus. 
 
 remus, -i, m., oar. 
 
 re-novo, -are, -avi, -atus, [no- 
 vusj, renew. {Renovate.) 
 
 re-nun tio, -are, -avi, -atus, re- 
 port, an-yovscK. (Renounce.) 
 
 re-perio, -ire, repperi, repertus, 
 [pario, bring forth], find out, 
 find, discover. Cf. invenio. 
 
 re-peto, -ere, -ivi, -itus, seek 
 again, return to, revisit, retrace. 
 {Repetition. ) 
 
 re-potia, -orum, plur. n., [poto, 
 drink], return banquet, (feast on 
 the day after a Avoddiiig). 
 
 res, rei, f., thing, affair, circum- 
 stance, business, campaign. 
 
 re-sisto, -ere, -stiti, , kksist. 
 
 re-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus, 
 [-specio, look], look back. (Re- 
 spect.) 
 
 re-spondeo, -ere, -di, -sponsus, 
 ansiver, kkspond. 
 
 re-sp6nsum, -i, n., [respondeo], 
 answer, iiKsroxsE. 
 
 res publica, rei publicae, f., state, 
 commonwealth, luzvuuiAC. 
 
 re-stingu6, -ere, -nxi, -nctus, 
 [stingxid, put out], 2)ut out, ex- 
 tinguish. 
 
 re-stituo, -ere, -ui, -utus, [sta- 
 tue], put back, restore. (Resti- 
 tution.) Cf. reddo. 
 
 rete, -is, n., net. 
 
 retiarius, -i, m., [rete], gladiator 
 ■who carried a net to entangle his 
 adversary. 
 
 re-traho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus, 
 draw back, drag back. (Retract.) 
 
 re-verto, -ere, -ti, , (used only 
 
 in perf. stem, see reverter), re- 
 turn. 
 
 re-vertor, -i, -versus, (used in- 
 stead of reverts in pres., imp., 
 and fut.), return. (Revert.) Cf. 
 redeo. 
 
 re-vincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus, 
 bind back, tie behind, bind. 
 
 re-voc6, -are, -avi, -atus, call 
 
 back, RECALL. 
 
 rex, regis, m., [rego], king. (Re- 
 gal.) 
 
 Rhenus, -i, m., river Rhine. 
 
 rideo, -ere, risi, risus, laugh, 
 laugh at, ridicule. 
 
 rima, -ae, f., crack, fissure, opening. 
 
 ripa, -ae, f., bank (of a river). Cf. 
 litus. 
 
 ritus, -lis, m., religious observance, 
 ceremony, riti:. 
 
 rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask. Cf. 
 oro, quaero. 
 
 rogus, -i, m., funeral pile, jyy re. 
 
 Roma, -ae, f., Rome. 
 
 Romanus, -a, -um, adj., [Roma], 
 
 RO.M.\N. 
 
 Romulus, -i, m., first king of Rome. 
 
 rosa, -ae, f., rose. 
 
 rostrum, -i, n., beak, ship's beak; 
 plur., the ROSTRA, a platform for 
 speakers in the Forum, adorned 
 with beaks of captured ships. 
 
 rota, -ae, f., wheel. (Rotate.) 
 
 ruber, -bra, -brum, adj., red. 
 
 rubor, -oris, m., [ruber], redness. 
 
 ruina, -ae, f., [ruo], ruin. 
 
 riimor, -oris, m., report, rumor. 
 
 ruo, -ere, rui, riitus, riish. (Ruin.) 
 
 riipes, -is, f., rock, cliff. Cf saxum. 
 
 riis, ruris, n., the country, lands, 
 fields. (Rural.) 
 
 rusticus, -i, m., [riis], country- 
 
 S 
 
 Sabinus, -a, -um,adj., Sabine. 
 sacer, -era, -crum, adj., sacred; 
 
 Via Sacra, street in the Forum, 
 sacri-fico, -are, -avi, -atus, [sa- 
 crum + facio], sacrifice. 
 
SAEPE 
 
 277 
 
 SERO 
 
 saepe, adv., often, frequently. Cf. 
 
 plerumque. 
 saepe numero, again and again, 
 
 repeatedly. 
 saevio, -ire, -ii, -itxis, [saevus], 
 
 be furious, rage. 
 saevitia, -ae, f., [saevus], ftiry, 
 
 fierceness, harshness, severity. 
 saevus, -a, -um, adj., fierce, cruel, 
 
 savage. Cf. ferox, ferus. 
 sagitta, -ae, f., arroio. 
 saltern, adv., at least, at any rate. 
 saltus, -us, m., looodland, glade, 
 
 toood. Cf. silva. 
 salus, -utis, f., health, safety. 
 
 (Salutary.) 
 •' Salve," [imperative of salveo, 
 
 be well], " Welcome." 
 sanguineus, -a, -um, adj., [san- 
 guis], bloody. (Sanguinary.) 
 sanguis, -inis, m., blood. (San- 
 guine. ) 
 sapiens, -entis, adj., [sapio, be 
 
 wise], wise. 
 sapienter, adv., [sapiens], loisely. 
 satelles, -itis, m. and f., attendant, 
 
 courtier. (Satellite.) 
 satis, adv. and indecl. adj., enough, 
 
 sufficierdly. 
 saxeus, -a, -um, adj., [saxum], of 
 
 rock, of stone. 
 saxura, -i, n., rock, stone. Cf. 
 
 lapis, rQpes. 
 Scaevola, -ae, m., [scaevvis, left], 
 
 C. Miicius Scaevola, who 
 
 showed Porsena the invincible 
 
 spirit of the Romans by holding 
 
 his right hand in the fire, 
 scamnum, -i, n., stool, step. 
 scelus, -eris, n., crime, wickedness. 
 
 Cf. crimen, 
 sceptrum, -i, n., sceptpwE. 
 Schoeneus, -ei, m., father of Ata- 
 
 lanta. 
 scientia, -ae, f., [seioj, knowledge, 
 
 SCIENCE, skill. 
 scio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, know. Cf. 
 
 cognosco. 
 t 
 
 Sciron, -onis, m., robber, who 
 
 lived near Megara. 
 scopulus, -i, m., rock, crag. Cf. 
 
 rupes, saxum. 
 scriba, -ae, m., clerk, official 
 
 SCRIBE, secretary. 
 scribo, -ere, -psi, -ptus, write. 
 
 (Scribble. ) 
 scriptor, -oris, m., [scribo], ivrit- 
 
 er, author. (Script.) 
 scutum, -i, n., (long wooden) shield. 
 
 Cf. clipeus. 
 se, himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
 se-, inseparable particle meaning 
 
 apart. 
 se-cliido, -ere, -clusi, -cliisus, 
 
 [claudo], shut apart, se- 
 clude. 
 secundus, -a, -um, adj., [sequor], 
 
 (following), SECOND, favorable, 
 
 favoring. 
 seciiris, -is, f., [seco, cut], axe. 
 secutus, see sequor. 
 sed, conj., but. Cf. at, autem. 
 sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessus, sit. 
 
 (Session. ) 
 sedes, -is, f,, [sedeo], seat, abode. 
 sedile, -is, n., [sedeo], chair, seat. 
 seges, -etis, f., corn-field, crop. 
 sella, -ae, f., [sedeo], seat, chair. 
 semita, -ae, f., narroio way, foot- 
 path. 
 semper, adv. , ever, ahvays. 
 senator, -oris, m., [senex, old 
 
 man], senatoPv. 
 sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, feel, 
 
 perceive. (Sensation.) 
 sepeli5, -ire, -ivi, -pultus, bury. 
 
 (Sepulchre.) 
 septem, indecl. num. adj., seven. 
 septies, num. adv., seveji times. 
 sequor, -i, secutus, folloiv, pier sue. 
 
 (Sequence.) 
 Seriphos, -i, (ace, Seriphon), f., 
 
 Seriphus, a small island in tlie 
 
 Aegean Sea. 
 sermo, -onis, m., conversation. 
 i sero, -ere, sevi, satus, sow, plant. 
 
SERPENS 
 
 278 
 
 SPECTO 
 
 serpens, -entis, m. or f., [serpo, 
 crawl], SKRPKNT, snake. Cf. 
 anguis. 
 
 servio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [servus], 
 
 SKUVK. 
 
 servo, -are, -avi, -atus, save, keep, 
 
 pre-SKiiXK, guard. 
 servus, -i, m., slave, sick VA NT. 
 sestertius, -i, m., (gen. plur., ses- 
 
 tertium), skstki:ck, a smnll 
 
 silver coin, wurtli about four 
 
 cents, 
 severus, -a, -um, adj., stern, 
 
 SKVEKK. 
 
 sex, iudccl. num. adj., .six. 
 Sextus, -i, ni., son of Tarquinius 
 
 Superbu.s. 
 si, conj., if. 
 sibila, -orum, i)lur. n., hissinffs. 
 
 (Sibilant.) 
 sic, adv., so, thus. Cf. ita. 
 sica, -ae, f., (curved) dagger. 
 Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily. 
 Siciliensis, -e, adj., [Sicilia], Si- 
 
 CIMAN. 
 
 signi-fico, -are, -avi, -atus, [sig- 
 num + facio], signifv. 
 
 signum, -i, n., signal, sign, token. 
 
 silva, -ae, f., loood, forest. {Silvan.) 
 Cf. saltu.s. 
 
 similis, -e, adj., like, resembling, 
 
 SI.MILAi:. 
 
 simul, adv., [similis], at the same 
 time; simul ae or atque, as 
 soon as. 
 
 simulacrum, -i, n., [simulo, imi- 
 tate], likeness, image, statue. Cf. 
 statua. 
 
 sin, conj., [si + ne], hut if. 
 
 si-ne, prop, with abl., loithout. 
 
 singuli, -ae, -a, num. adj., one to 
 each, one by one. (Singular.) 
 
 Sinis, -is, m., robber living near the 
 Isthmus of Corinth, who was 
 slain by Theseus. 
 
 sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on 
 the left hand. (Sinister.) Cf. 
 laevus. 
 
 sisto, -ere, stiti, status, [sto], 
 
 stop. 
 sitis, -is, f., no plur., thirst. 
 socer, -eri, m., father-in-law. 
 socius, -i, m., companion, as-soci- 
 
 ATK. Cf. conies. 
 sol, solis, (no gen. plur.), m., stm. 
 
 (Solar.) 
 solea, -ae, f., sandal. (Sole.) Cf. 
 
 calceus. 
 soleo, -ere, -itus, semi-deponent, 
 
 be accustomed. 
 soU-emnis, -e, adj., [soUus, ichole, 
 
 + annus], appointed ; solicmn. 
 solli-citus, -a, -um, adj., [soUus, 
 
 whole, + cieo, roiise], anxious, 
 
 troubled, solicitous. 
 solus, -a, -um, (gen., solius, dat., 
 
 soli), adj., alone, only, solk. 
 solvo, -ere, solvi, soliitus, loose, 
 
 loosen : navem solvo, set sail ; 
 
 pay. (Solve.) 
 somnium, -i, n., [somnus], dream. 
 somnus, -i, m., sleep. (Somn-ambu- 
 
 lism.) 
 sonitus, -lis, m., [sono], sound. 
 sono, -are, -ui, -itus, [sonus], 
 
 SOUND, re-SOUND. 
 
 sonus, -i, m., sound, noise. Cf. 
 fragor. 
 
 soporatus, -a, -um, adj., [sopor, 
 slumber], btiried in sleep. (Sopo- 
 rific. ) 
 
 soror, -oris, f., sister. 
 
 sors, sortis, f., Zo«. (Sort.) 
 
 Sp., abbreviation for Spurius. 
 
 spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsus, scat- 
 ter, sprinkle. (Sparse.) 
 
 spatium, -i, n., space, distance, 
 interval. 
 
 species, (-ei), f., appearance, show. 
 (Species.) 
 
 spectaculum, -i, n., [specto], s^ow, 
 SPECTACLE, exhibition, amuse- 
 ment, entertainment. 
 
 spectant, (they) look at, gaze at. 
 
 specto, -are, -avi, -atus, [-specie, 
 look], look at, gaze at. 
 
SPECUS 
 
 279 
 
 SUMMUS 
 
 specus, -us, m., cave, cavern. 
 
 spes, -ei, f., hope. 
 
 spina, -ae, f., low wall in the mid- 
 dle of the Circus, around which 
 the races were run. 
 
 splendidus, -a, -um, adj., [splen- 
 deo, shine], splendid, magnifi- 
 cent, glittering. 
 
 spolio, -are, -avi, -atus, roh, plun- 
 der, (^e-SPOiL. 
 
 sponda, -ae, f., bed or couch frame. 
 
 spondeo, -ere, spopondi, spon- 
 sus, promise sacredly. (Sponsor.) 
 
 stabulum, -i, n., [sto], stall, sta- 
 ble. 
 
 stadium, -i, n., stade, a distance 
 of 625 Roman feet, or 606| Eng- 
 lish feet. 
 
 stagnum, -i, n., [sto], (standing 
 water), pond, lake. (Stagnant.) 
 Cf. lacus. 
 
 statim, adv., [sto], immediately, at 
 once. Cf. protinus. 
 
 statua, -ae, f., [sto], statue 
 (mostly of men). Cf. simula- 
 crum. 
 
 statuo, -ere, -ui, -iitus, [st5], fix, 
 decide, determine. (Statute.) 
 
 statiira, -ae, f., [sto], height, size, 
 
 STATURE. 
 
 status, -lis, m., [sto], standing, con- 
 dition, STATE. 
 
 Stella, -ae, f., star. (Stellar.) 
 
 stipendium, -i, n., [stips, gift, + 
 pendo], pay, STIPEND. 
 
 sto, stare, steti, status, stand. 
 
 stragulus, -a, -um, adj., /or cover- 
 ing ; stragula vestis, covering, 
 spread, blanket. 
 
 stridulus, -a, -um, adj., shrill. 
 
 stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictus, 
 (draw tight), touch lightly, graze. 
 (Stringent.) 
 
 struo, -ere, striixi, striictus, 
 build, con-STKUCT; devise, con- 
 trive, plot. 
 
 stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish. 
 (Stulti-fy.) 
 
 stupeo, -ere, -ui, , be amazed, 
 
 be srvPK-fied, be terror-stricken. 
 
 sub, prep, with ace. (to denote mo- 
 tion toward), and abl. (to denote 
 place where), under, below, at 
 the foot of; in composition, (1) 
 under, beneath; (2) from be- 
 neath, up ; (3) secretly ; (4) 
 slightly. 
 
 sub-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, put 
 under, plunge into. 
 
 sub-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go under, 
 enter ; undergo. 
 
 sub-eundus, gerundive of subeo. 
 
 subito, adv., [subitus], suddenly. 
 
 sub-itus, -a, -um, adj., [subeo], 
 sudden. 
 
 sub-lev6, -are, -avi, -atus, [levo, 
 lift], raise up. 
 
 sublicius, -a, -um, adj., [sublica, 
 pile], resting upon piles; Pons 
 Sublicius, the pile-bridge across 
 the Tiber. 
 
 sub-merg5, -ere, -mersi, -mer- 
 sus, dip under, sub:meuge. 
 
 sub-rideo, -ere, -risi, , (laugh 
 
 slightly), smile. 
 
 sub-ripio, -ere, -ui, -reptus, [ra- 
 pio], snatch away, filch, steal. 
 (Surreptitious.) 
 
 sub-sequor, -i, -seciitus, follow 
 closely. 
 
 sub-sisto, -ere, -stiti, , stoj) 
 
 for a moment, pause, halt. 
 
 subter, prep, with ace. (to denote 
 motion toward), or abl. (to de- 
 note place where), underneath. 
 
 suc-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, 
 [sub], come up, draio near, ap- 
 proach. (Succeed.) 
 
 Suessiones, -tun, plur. m., a people 
 of Gaul. 
 
 sui, of himself, herself, itself, them- 
 selves. 
 
 sulcus, -i, m., furrow. 
 
 sum, esse, fui, futiarus, be. 
 
 suramus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of su- 
 perus], highest, top of. (Summit.) 
 
SUMO 
 
 280 
 
 TARQUINIUS 
 
 sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus, 
 
 take, take up, as-suME. Cf. 
 
 ciipio. 
 sunt, (they) are. 
 
 supellex, -lectilis, f., furniture. 
 super, prep, witli ace. (to denote mo- 
 tion toward), and abl. (to denote 
 
 place where), over, above, upon. 
 superbia, -ae, f., [superbusj, 
 
 pride, haughtiness, arrogance. 
 superbus, -a, -um, adj., [super], 
 
 proud, haughty, arrogant. (Su- 
 perb.) 
 Superbus, see Tarqiiinius. 
 super-emineo, -ere, , , 
 
 over-top, tower above. {Eminent.) 
 superior, -ius, adj., [comp. of su- 
 
 perus], higher, upper part of. 
 
 (Superior. ) 
 supero, -are, -avi, -atus, [super], 
 
 overcome, conqiier. Cf vinco. 
 super-sum, -esse, -fui, , be 
 
 over, remain. 
 superus, -a, -um, adj., [super], 
 
 upper. 
 sup-plex, -icis, adj., [sub + plico, 
 
 bend], suppliant. 
 sup-plicium, -i, n., [supplex], 
 
 punishment, torture. 
 sup-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus, 
 
 [sub], place under or beneath. 
 
 (Suppose.) 
 supra, adv., and prep, with ace, 
 
 above. 
 surgo, -ere, surrexi, , [sub + 
 
 rego], rise. (Surge.) 
 sUs, suis, m. and f.,sioine,pig, soiv. 
 sus-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 
 [sub + capio] , undertake, take 
 
 up. (Susceptible.) 
 sus-pendo, -ere, -di, -pensus, 
 
 [sub], hajig up, suspend. 
 su-spicor, -ari, -atus, [sub + 
 
 -specie, look], mistrust, sus- 
 pect. 
 sus-tineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus, [sub 
 
 + teneo], sustain, hold up, keep 
 
 back, check. 
 
 sus-tvili, see toUo. 
 
 suus, -a, -um, adj., [sui], (his 
 own), his, her, its, their. 
 
 Symplegades, -um, (ace, -ga- 
 das), f., the Symplegades, two 
 small rocky islands in the Black 
 Sea, which closed upon ship.s and 
 crushed them. 
 
 T., abbreviation for Titus, 
 taberna, -ae, f., shop. 
 
 tablinum, -i, n., [tabula], room 
 between the atrium and peri- 
 style, where the tabulae or fam- 
 ily records were kept. 
 
 tabula, -ae, f., tablet, record; 
 plur., papers, documents, ar- 
 chives. 
 
 tacitus, -a, -um, adj., [taceo, be 
 silent ] , silent . ( Tacit. ) 
 
 Taenarus, -i, m., the southernmost 
 promontory of Greece. 
 
 talaria, -ium, plur. n., winged san- 
 dals. 
 
 Talassio! wedding salutation, per- 
 haps the name of a god of mar- 
 riage. 
 
 talis, -e, adj., such. 
 
 tam, adv., so. Cf. ita, sic. 
 
 tamen, conj. and adv., nevertheless, 
 however, yet, but. 
 
 tandem, adv., [tam], at length, at 
 last. Cf. denique. 
 
 tango, -ere, tetigi, tactus, touchy 
 (Tangible.) 
 
 tantum modo, adv., only, merely. 
 
 tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great. 
 
 tarditas, -atis, f., [tardus], slow- 
 ness, TARDINESS. 
 
 tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow, tardy. 
 
 Tarpeia, -ae, f., damsel who be- 
 trayed the citadel to the Sa- 
 bines. 
 
 Tarquinius, -i, m., Tarquinius 
 Superbus, the last king of 
 Rome. 
 
TAKTARA 
 
 281 
 
 TRANS 
 
 Tartara, -orum, plur. n., Tar- 
 tarus, the infernal regions. 
 
 taurus, -i, m., bull. 
 
 te, ace. of tu, you. 
 
 tectum, -i, n., [tego], roof; build- 
 ing. 
 
 tego, -ere, texi, tectus, cover, pro- 
 
 TECT. 
 
 telum, -i, n., weapon. Cf. hasta, 
 
 iaculum. 
 temere, adv., rashly. 
 tempestas, -atis, f., [tempus], 
 
 loeaiher ; storm, tempest. 
 templum, -i, n., te:\iple. 
 tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, [tendo], 
 
 try, TEMPT, bribe. Cf. Conor, ex- 
 
 perior. 
 tempus, -oris, n., time, season, 
 
 weather. (Temporal.) 
 tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentus, 
 
 (stretch), hold o7ie's course, tend. 
 tenebrae, -arum, plur. f., shadows, 
 
 shades, darkness. 
 teneo, -ere, -ui, , hold, keep, 
 
 reach, gain. {Tenant.) Cf. habeo. 
 tener, -era, -erum, adj., tender. 
 tenuis, -e, adj., thin, meagre. {At- 
 tenuated. ) 
 tenus, prep, with abl., as far as. 
 tergum, -i, n., back, skin, hide. 
 terra, -ae, f., earth, land. (Terrace.) 
 terre5, -ere, -ui, -itus, frighten, 
 
 alarm, terri-/?/. 
 terribilis, -e, adj., [terreo] , c^rmrf- 
 
 ful, fearful, terrible. Cf 
 
 dirus. 
 territus, -a, -um, adj., [terreo], 
 
 TKRUi-fed. 
 terror, -oris, m., [terreo], dread, 
 
 alarm, terror. 
 tertius, -a, -um, adj., [ter, thrice], 
 
 third. 
 tessellatus, -a, -um, adj., [tes- 
 
 sella, small cube], (made of small 
 
 cubes), mosaic. 
 testis, -is, m. and'f., witness. (Tes- 
 tify.) 
 testudo, -inis, f., tortoise. 
 
 Themis, -idis, 1, goddess of justice 
 
 and of prophecy. 
 Theseus, -ei, (dat., Thesei, ace, 
 Thesea), most famous hero of 
 Athens. 
 Thessalia, -ae, f., Thessaly, a 
 country in the north of Greece, 
 Thracia, -ae, 1, Thrace, a coun- 
 try north-east of Greece. 
 Thracius, -a, -um, adj., [Thracia], 
 
 of Thrace, Thracian. 
 Thrax, -acis, m., gladiator in Thra- 
 cian armor. 
 Tiberis, -is, m., the river Tiber. 
 tibi-cen, -inis, m., [tibia, flute + 
 cano] , flute-player. 
 
 timeo, -ere, -ui, ,fear. (Timid.) 
 
 Cf. vereor. 
 timor, -oris, m., [timeo], fear. 
 
 (Timorous.) Cf. metus. 
 Tiphys, -yos, m., pilot of the Argo. 
 Titus, -i, m., a Roman name, 
 togatus, -a, -um, adj., [toga], wear- 
 ing the TOGA, (a gown or robe 
 worn only by Roman citizens). 
 tolero, -are, -avi, -atus, bear, en- 
 dure, sustain, tolerate. Cf. 
 patior. 
 toUo, -ere, sus-tuli, sub-la tus, 
 
 lift, raise, pick up. (Ex-fo/.) 
 torus, -i, m., mattress. 
 tot, indecl. adj., so many. 
 tot-i-dem, indecl. num. adj., [tot + 
 
 -dem] , the same number of. 
 totus, -a, -um, (gen., totius, dat., 
 toti], adj., the whole, entire, all. 
 Cf. cunctus, omnis. 
 tra-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, [trans], 
 give over, hand over, deliver. (Tra- 
 dition.) 
 tra-ddco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 
 [trans] , lead across. 
 traho, -ere, traxi, tractus, draw, 
 drag. (At-tract) 
 
 tra-no, -are, -avi, , [trans], 
 
 swim across. 
 trans, prep, with ace, across, over, 
 beyond. 
 
TRANSEO 
 
 282 
 
 USQUE 
 
 trans-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go across, 
 
 cross over, cj'oss. (Transition.) 
 
 Cf. transinitto. 
 trans-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, 
 
 bear across, thansfkr. Cf. 
 
 transporto. 
 tran-silio, -ire, -ui, , [trans + 
 
 salio, leaj)], leap across or 
 
 over. 
 trans-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, 
 
 send across ; go across, cross. 
 
 (Transmit) Cf. transeo. 
 trans-porto, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 
 ca7-r>/ across, THANSroRT. Cf. 
 
 traiisfen). 
 tre-centi, -ae, -a, num. adj., [tres 
 
 + centum], three liundred. 
 tremo, -ere, -ui, , shake, quiv- 
 er, TRKMBLK. 
 tres, tria, num. adj., thrke. 
 tribunal, -alis, n., judgment -seat, 
 
 THIBUNAI.. 
 
 tribiitum, -i, n., tributk. 
 
 tricliniaris, -e, adj., [triclinium], 
 of a dining-room. 
 
 triclinium, -i, n., dining-room,. 
 
 triumphus, -i, m., triumphal 
 procession, triumph. 
 
 Troezen, -enis, f, Troezene, an 
 ancient city of Argolis. 
 
 tu, pers. pron., you. 
 
 tuba, -ae, f., trumpet. 
 
 tum, adv., then, at that time. 
 
 tumidus, -a, -um, adj., [tumeo, 
 sioell}, swollen, swelling. (Tu- 
 mid. ) 
 
 tumultus, -us, m., [tumeo, sivell], 
 uproar, noise, bustle, disorder, 
 
 TUMULT. 
 
 tunica, -ae, f., under -garment, 
 
 TUNIC. 
 
 turba, -ae, f., crowd. CD'is-turb.) 
 
 Cf. caterva. 
 turpis, -e, adj., base, disgraceful, 
 
 ugly. 
 turris, -is, f., tower; regia tur- 
 
 ris, castle. 
 tussis, -is, f., cough. 
 
 tiitus, -a, -um, adj., [tueor, pro- 
 tect], safe. Cf. incolumis, in- 
 tactus. 
 
 tuus, -a, -um, adj., [tii], your. 
 
 tyrannus, -i, m., monarch, king; 
 
 despot, TYRANT. 
 
 U 
 
 ubi, adv., (I) rel., ivhere, when; (2) 
 inter., where? 
 
 ubi-que, adv., everywhere. (Ubiqui- 
 tous.) 
 
 iillus, -a, -um, (gen., iillius, dat., 
 lillij, adj., [for iinulus, dim. of 
 unus], (with a negation ex- 
 pressed or implied), any. Cf. 
 quis. 
 
 interior, -ius, adj., [comp. of ul- 
 tra] , /ari/ier. (Ulterior.) 
 
 iiltimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of lil- 
 tra], fartliest, last. (Ultimate.) 
 
 iiltra, adv., and prep, with ace, be- 
 yond, further. 
 
 ultro, adv., of one's own accord, 
 voluntarily. 
 
 umerus, -i, m., shoulder. 
 
 iina, adv., [linus], (in one with), 
 togetlier ivith. 
 
 unda, -ae, f., wave. 
 
 unde, adv., (1) rel., whence; (2) 
 inter., whence? 
 
 undi-que, adv., [unde], from all 
 sides, on all sides. 
 
 unguentum, -i, n., [unguo], oint- 
 ment, UNGUENT. 
 
 unguo, -ere, unxi, iinctus, smear, 
 
 rt?i-oiNT. (Unction.) 
 unguis, -is, m., nail, claw, talon. 
 unus, -a, -um, (gen., unius, dat., 
 
 ij.ni), num. adj., one, alone; ad 
 
 unum, to a man. 
 urbanus, -a, -um, adj., [urbs], of 
 
 or belonging to the city, city. 
 
 (Urbane.) 
 urbs, urbis, f ., tity. (^nh-urb.) Cf. 
 
 oppidum. 
 usque, adv., up to, until, even. 
 
usus 
 
 283 
 
 VESTIBULUM 
 
 usus, -us, m., [utor], use, need; 
 
 experience. 
 ut or uti, conj,, (1) with indie, as, 
 
 when ; (2) with subj., that, in 
 
 order that. 
 ut- cum que, adv., whenever. 
 uter, utra, utrum, (gen., utrius, 
 
 dat., utri), inter, pron., which (of 
 
 two) ? tohich ? 
 uter-que, utra-que, utrum-que, 
 
 indef. pron., each (of two). 
 utilis, -e, adj., [iitor], use-/«/. 
 uti-nam, adv., would that ! O 
 
 that ! 
 utor, -i, usus, USE. 
 utrim-que, adv., [uterque], on 
 
 both sides, on both ends. 
 uxor, -oris, f., wife. 
 
 vacca, -ae, f., coio. {Vaccinate.) 
 vacuus, -a, -um, adj., [vaco, be 
 
 empty], empty, vacant. 
 vado, -ere, , , go, walk, pro- 
 ceed. 
 vagor, -ari, -atus, wander, rove. 
 
 {Vagrant.) 
 valde, adv., [validus], (strongly), 
 
 exceedingly, very. 
 vale, [imperative of valeo, be icell], 
 
 farewell, good-by. 
 validus, -a, -um, adj., [valeo, be 
 
 well], strong, stout, powerful. 
 
 Cf. fortis. 
 varius, -a, -um, adj., various. 
 vasto, -are, -avi, -atus, [vastus], 
 
 ravage, (Zc-vastate. 
 vastus, -a, -um, adj., immense, 
 
 vast. Cf. ingens, magnus. 
 vates, -is, m. and f., soothsayer, 
 
 prophet ; bard, singer, poet. 
 vectigal, -alis, n., tax. 
 vehementer, adv., violently, ykue- 
 
 MENTI.Y. 
 
 veho, -ere, vexi, vectus, carry; 
 pass., sail or ride. Cf. ferd, 
 porto. 
 
 Veiens, -entis, adj., [Veii], of 
 Veii, Veientian. 
 
 Veientanus, -a, -um, adj., [Veii], 
 o/Veii, Veientiax. 
 
 Veii, -orum, plur. in., city of Etru- 
 ria. 
 
 vellus, -eris, n., fleece. 
 
 velo, -are, -avi, -atus, [velum], 
 veil. 
 
 velum, -i, n., sail; curtain; veil. 
 
 venatio, -onis, f., [venor], hunt- 
 ing. 
 
 vene-fica, -ae, f., [venenum + 
 f acio] , poisoner, sorceress. 
 
 venenum, -i, n., poison, venom. 
 
 venia, -ae, f., indulgence, favor, 
 pardon. {Venial.) 
 
 venio, -ire, veni, ventus, come. 
 
 venor, -ari, -atus, Jmnt. 
 
 ventus, -i, m., wind. Cf. aura. 
 
 Venus, -eris, f., goddess of love. 
 
 ver, veris, n., spring. {Vernal.) 
 
 verber, -eris, n., lash, lohip. 
 
 verberabat, (he) used to tvhip, beat. 
 
 verberat, (he) whips, beats. 
 
 verbero, -are, -avi, -atus, [ver- 
 ber], whip, beat. {Re-uerberate.] 
 Cf. ferio. 
 
 verbum, -i, n., loord. {Verbal.) 
 
 vereor, -eri, -itus, re-VEUic; /ear. 
 Cf. timeo, 
 
 Vergilius, -i, m., Vekgil, a Roman 
 poet. 
 
 vero, adv. and conj., [verus], in- 
 deed, but, however. 
 
 verto, -ere, verti, versus, tta-n, 
 change, {lle-uerse.) 
 
 verus, -a, -um, adj., ti-ue, real; 
 re vera, in truth, in fact, really. 
 {Verity.) 
 
 vescor, -i, , feed upon, live on, 
 
 eat. 
 
 vesper, -eri and -eris, m., evening. 
 
 vesperi, adv., [vesper], in the even- 
 ing. 
 
 Vesta, -ae, f., goddess of the hearth. 
 
 vestibulum, -i, m., entrance court, 
 vestibule. 
 
VESTIGIUM 
 
 284 
 
 ZETES 
 
 vestigium, -i, n., footstep, step, 
 
 trace, remnant, vestige. 
 vestis, -is, f., garment, clothing, 
 
 VESTURE. 
 
 vetus, -eris, i\d}., ancient. {Veteran.) 
 via, -ae, f., way, road, street. 
 viator, -oris, m., Ivia], loayfarer, 
 
 traveller. 
 vibro, -are, -avi, -atus, vibrate; 
 
 glitter, gleam. 
 vicinus, -i, m., [vicus], neighbor. 
 
 ( Vicinity. ) 
 vici, see vineo. 
 victor, -oris, adj., [vineo], con- 
 
 guering, victorious. 
 victor, -oris, m., [vineo], con- 
 queror, VICTOR, 
 victoria, -ae,*f ., [victor], victory. 
 vicus, -i, m., .street, village. 
 vide-licet, adv., [videre licet, it 
 
 is alloiced to see], (one may see), 
 
 clearly, evidently. 
 video, -ere, vidi, visus, see; pass., 
 
 seem, appear. {Vision.) 
 videt, (he) sees. 
 vigilia, -ae, f., [vigil, tvatchful], 
 
 watch, guard, sentinels. 
 viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty. 
 villa, -ae, f. , farmhouse, country- 
 house, VILLA, 
 vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, hind. 
 vineo, -ere, vici, victus, conquer. 
 
 Cf supero. 
 vinculum, -i, n., [vincio], bond, 
 
 fetter ; plur., prison. 
 vinum, -i, n., wine. 
 vir, viri, m., man, husband, man (pi 
 
 principle), hero. Cf. homo, 
 vires, see vis . 
 virga, -ae, f., rod. 
 Virgo, -inis, f., maiden, virgin. 
 
 Cf puella. 
 
 virilis, -e, adj., [vir], manly. {Vi- 
 rile.) 
 virtxis, -utis, f., [vir], courage, 
 
 bravery, valor ; virtue. 
 vis, (vis), ace. vim, abl. vi, f., force, 
 
 violence; plur., vires, virium, 
 
 strength. 
 vita, -ae, f., [vivoj, life. {Vital.) 
 vitat, (lie) avoids. 
 vito, -are, -avi, -atus, avoid, shun, 
 
 escape. Cf. effugio. 
 vitta, -ae, f., head-band, fillet (worn 
 
 by victims led to .*^acrifice). 
 vivo, -ere, vixi, victiirus, live. 
 
 {Victuals.) 
 vix, adv., hardly, scarcely. 
 voco, -are, -avi, -atus, call, name, 
 
 summon, invite. {Vocal.) Cf ap- 
 
 pello. 
 volgo, -are, -avi, -atus, [volgus, 
 
 people], jnibiish, sjyread abroad, 
 
 circulate, rejwrt. {Vulgar.) 
 volnero, -are, -avi, -atus, [vol- 
 
 nViB\,ioound. (Vulnerable.) 
 volnus, -eris, n., wound. 
 volo, -are, -avi, -atiirus, fly. 
 volo, velle, volui, , ivish, will. 
 
 {Volition.) 
 volpes, -is, f., fox. 
 volucer, -cris, -ere, adj., [voloj, 
 
 winged, fleet, swift. 
 volvo, -ere, volvi, voliitus, roll, 
 
 re-\ohVE, ponder. 
 voveo, -ere, vovi, votus, vow. 
 vox, vocis, f., [voco], voice. 
 
 Zeno, -onis, m., a philosopher. 
 Zetes, -ae, m,, one of the Argo- 
 nauts. 
 
LATIN. 29 
 
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 panion to the Latin Grammar. In both matter and general appearance 
 the work will commend itself to instructors. 
 
 B. L. D'Ooge, Normal School, Ypsilanti, Mich. : It is in my judgment by far 
 the best collection of easy Latin Selections available. 
 
22 LATIN. 
 
 Selections from Viri Rom^ 
 
 With Notes, Exercises, and a Vocabulary by Professor John C. Rolfe, 
 University of Michigan. i6mo, cloth, 301 pages. Price, 75 cents. 
 
 URBIS ROM^ VIRI ILLUSTRES is a compilation from 
 Cicero, Livy, Valerius Maximus, and other Roman writers. 
 It is admirably adapted to help the pupil over the difficult tran- 
 sition from the introductory Latin book to Ccesar or Nepos. 
 
 The advantage in its use lies in the fact that it is full of vjiri- 
 ety and interest, and that it gives the pupil a sketch of Roman 
 history from Romulus to Augustus in an attractive form, to- 
 gether with many allusions to the customs of Roman life. 
 
 In the present edition the quantities of all the long voweis, 
 including " hidden quantities," are marked ; exercises for trans- 
 lation of English into Latin, based on the );ext, are given. 
 
 Thirty-nine pages of the book have been prepared for reading 
 at sight. The other selections are annotated with grammatical 
 and explanatory notes. 
 
 Isaac B. Burgess, T/ie Aforgaji Park Academy, Uftivcrsity of Chicago: 
 After considerable class-room use, I take pleasure in commending the edi- 
 tion of Viri Romae by Professor John C. Rolfe. The notes and vocabulary 
 show care and accuracy. The marking of all long vowels is very valuable 
 in elementary work. The hints for translation into Latin admirably cover 
 a good deal of ground in a little space, and the exercises for translation 
 from English into Latin save a teacher much work, 
 
 L. C. Hull, Lawrcnceville School, New Jersey: Rolfe's edition of Viri Romae 
 is an excellent book ; attractive, scholarly, and able to stand the ttst of 
 class-room use. I have been compelled to let the management of the class 
 that is using the book pass into the hands of another teacher ; so Hiat I 
 have missed most of the pleasure that has come from its adoption here. 
 But I can vouch for its excellence. 
 
 George H. Browne, Cambridge, Mass. : Every time I have looked over 
 Rolfe's Viri Romse I have admired the aim and method of its editor more 
 and more, and cannot comjnend too highly the success he seems to me to 
 have attained. After using, I expect to make the same report. 
 
 Professor J. H. Dillard; Tulane University, New Orleans, La. : It gives in 
 excellent form, with judicious notes .and timely suggestions, correct mate- 
 rial for easy work in reading Latin. I should like to commend also the 
 careful marking of the long vowels. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS 59 
 
 Ancient Greece 
 
 From the earliest times down to 146 B.C. By Roiiert F. Pennell, 
 Principal of State Normal School, Chico, Cal. Revised Edition, with 
 Plans and Colored Maps. i6mo, cloth, 193 pages. Price, 60 cents. 
 
 Ancient Rome 
 
 From, the earliest times down to 476 a.d. By Robert F. Pennell. 
 Revised Edition, with Plans and Colored Maps, i6mo, cloth, 284 pages. 
 Price, 60 cents. 
 
 IN these books the leading facts are presented in a concise and 
 readable form. Minor details and unimportant names are 
 omitted. The maps and plans have been drawn and engraved 
 especially for the books, and contain all the data, and only the 
 data, necessary for following the story. 
 
 The Index serves also as a key to the pronunciation of proper 
 names. Examination papers used at Harvard, Yale, and by the 
 Regents of the University of New York, are added in an appendix. 
 
 Most teachers prefer a brief manual for a text-book in the 
 hands of the pupils. It is easy to assign outside reading for 
 special subjects in which it may be desired to spend extra time ; 
 and the teacher can use his own judgment in selecting the topics 
 to fit the pupils and the time at his disposal. PennelPs histories 
 contain enough matter, if carefully studied, to enable a student 
 to pass the entrance examinations at any American college or 
 university. 
 
 W. McD. Halsey, Collegiate School, 34 West Fortieth Street, New York City : 
 PennelPs Greece and Rome are well adapted to their purpose. Having 
 used the Greece last year, I will now add the Rome to the list of my 
 text-books. The clear statements of the author, and the fine typographical 
 work, commend the books at sight ; and the enthusiasm of both teachers 
 and pupils shows that Mr. Pennell has made books suited to our need. 
 
 H. B. Knox, Friends^ School, Providence, R.I.: You are doing us all a ser- 
 vice by putting the history of these nations into such an ideal form. 
 
 Burr Lewis, Lincoln, Neb.: The additions only make a more excellent 
 compound of Roman History fnr use in the class-room. It was excellent 
 before. 
 
24 LATIN. 
 
 The Lives of Cornelius Nepos 
 
 With Notes, Exercises, and Vocabulary by Professor John C. Rolfe, 
 University of Michigan. i2mo, cloth, 387 pages. Price, gi.io. 
 
 IN general the same plan is followed as in the Selections from 
 Viri Romae. 
 
 In the text, as well as elsewhere througliout the book, the 
 quantity of all the long vowels is marked, including " hidden 
 quantities." 
 
 The notes are designed to enable the pupil to understand the 
 writer's meaning, and to get a clear idea of the events and per- 
 sonages referred to. Instruction in syntax is given mainly by 
 the Exercises for Translation into Latin. These exercises have 
 been prepared both for oral and for written work, and are based 
 on the text. 
 
 The book is provided with a full vocabulary, in which special 
 attention is given to the definition of proper names, and with 
 maps, including all the places mentioned by Nepos. 
 
 Charles C. Ramsay, Prind/>a/ of High School, Fall River, Mass.: It would 
 be difficult to say too much in praise of Professor Rolfe's " The Lives of 
 Cornelius Nepos." The Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary are unusu- 
 ally well done, and will render the study of the lives interesting and de- 
 lightful. The publishers, moreover, deserve a share of the praise for the 
 very attractive form in which the book is issued. The typography is clear, 
 and the paper is good. 
 
 Walter A. Edwards, Principal of High School, Rockford, III. : I am de' 
 lighted with your Rolfe's edition of Nepos, both as to its typographical 
 appearance and as to the educational value of the work. Taking it al- 
 together it is a most attractive text-book. I am not clear in my mind 
 whether we are ready to drop Caesar yet and turn to some such work as 
 this, which would certainly have the advantage of greater interest, and per- 
 haps a greater practical value. There are some points of value which we 
 should be sorry to lose . . . but I am open to conviction, and Professor 
 Rolfe's book goes a long way toward convincing me. 
 
 Professor Leon J. Richardson, University of California: As a Latin 
 department we are encouraging the reading of Nepos in the California 
 High Schools. For this purpose your book commends itself very highly. 
 
 Professor F. G. Axtell, Chaffey College, Ontario, Calif : The Nepos is the 
 best edition I have seen. 
 
18 LATIN. 
 
 Cassar's Gallic War 
 
 Edited, with Introduction. Notes, Vocabulary, Table of Idioms, and 
 twenty full-page Illustrations, by Professor Francis W. Kelsey, Uni- 
 versity of Michigan. 1 2 mo, half leather, 506 pages. Price, ^1.25. 
 
 THROUGHOUT the book every effort has been made, by 
 way of illustration and comment, to render the study of 
 Caesar attractive and useful, a means of culture as well as of dis- 
 cipline. That the result has been to produce the best-equipped 
 edition of the Gallic War is generally conceded. 
 
 The Introduction, besides giving a full review of Caesar's life 
 and character, furnishes also a concise and logical account of 
 the Roman art of war in Caesar's time. The Illustrations con- 
 sist of six full-page colored plates, of a double-page map of Gaul, 
 and of fourteen full-page maps and plans. 
 
 The text is clear, accurate, and uniform in its orthography, 
 and is conveniently divided by brief English summaries. 
 
 The Notes are apt and sensible, with full references to the 
 Grammars of Bennett, Allen and Greenough, and Harkness. 
 
 The Table of Idioms and Phrases, found in no other edition, 
 will enable a teacher to drill his class on those constructions 
 which are most perplexing to beginners. 
 
 The Vocabulary, like the Notes, is intended to give the pupil 
 only such help as he needs, and such knowledge as he can digest. 
 
 Charles S. Chapin, Principal High School, Fitchburg, Mass. : I consider 
 Kelsey's Caesar, both for teacher and pupil, the most admirable edition in 
 the field, combining in one volume text, notes, dictionary of antiquities, 
 maps, and all the instruments for successful study of the Commentaries. 
 
 0. D. Robinson, Principal High School, Albany, N.Y.: As a text-book it 
 seems to me if not absolutely perfect, to approach as near perfection as 
 any book I have ever examined. The Introduction and colored plates 
 are invaluable as aids to a clear understanding of the text, and are su- 
 perior to anything of the kind elsewhere. The maps, notes, vocabulary, 
 and table of idioms, are unsurpassed in any text-book of Caesar now in use. 
 
 Richard M. Jones, Head Master, Wm. Penn Charter School, Philadel- 
 phia : Kelsey's Caesar is, in my judgment, the nearest approach yet made 
 in this country to what a school edition of an ancient classic should be. 
 
20 LATIN. 
 
 Selections from Ovid 
 
 With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by Professor Francis 
 W. Kelsey. Illustrated. i2mo, half leather, 447 pages. Price, ^1.25. 
 
 AS in the editions of Caesar and Cicero by tlie same editor, 
 no pains have been spared to make the book pleasing to 
 the eye and useful to the student. The selections, with a few 
 exceptions, are short and complete in themselves. A consider- 
 able number of them will be found suitable for sight-reading. 
 
 The Introduction contains a sketch of the life and works of 
 Ovid, with a short essay on Ovid as a poet, together with an 
 outline of Greek and Roman Mythology. 
 
 The Notes are elementary, but at the same time they aim to 
 suggest a poetic interpretation of the author, 
 
 William C. Collar, Headmaster, Roxbury Latin School, Mass. : I am glad to 
 see an edition containing so good and so varied a collection from Ovid's 
 ■writings. The book seems to me to be a very conscientious piece of work, 
 and I am particularly pleased with the frequent and happy quotations, in 
 the notes, of passages from English poets. 
 
 Walter A. Edwards, Principal, High School, Rockford, III. : I am delighted 
 with it. The editor has made an excellent school-book, without thrusting 
 into the background the literary charm of the text he is annotating. The 
 abundant quotations from the English poets must materially help toward 
 a right appreciation and enjoyment of Ovid's poetry. 
 
 L. C. Hull, Lawrenceville School, N J.: Professor Kelsey has again shown 
 how admirably he can meet the wants of good teachers. But his edition 
 of Ovid does more than this. It must quicken the poetic sense cf even 
 the most prosaic teachers. I cannot help feeling that many a pupil will 
 thank Professor Kelsey for having shown how the same themes that in- 
 spired Ovid still live in our own English classics. We have had given to 
 us a manual of mythology, a scholarly edition of a Latin classic, and an 
 abundance of poetic inspiration, all at once. Ovid did not write to ex- 
 hibit the grammatical usages of his day, or to help make philologists ; and 
 Professor Kelsey has not made the mistake of supposing that his verses 
 are best used when they are made to serve such purposes. 
 
 Professor George H. White, Oberlin College: The notes are made attrac- 
 tive, and their meaning more clear, by many quotations from a wide range 
 of English poets. In this latter respect it is superior to every other school 
 edition of the ancient classics. I commend the book without reserve. 
 
LATIN. 19 
 
 Selected Orations and Letters of Cicero 
 
 With Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by Professor Francis W. 
 Kelsey. i2mo, half leather, 518 pages. Illustrated. Price, $1.25. 
 
 THE Orations given in this edition are the four against Cati- 
 line, those for the Manilian Law, Archias, Marcellus, and 
 the fourth oration against Antony. These are edited with a 
 view to showing their value as examples of oratory, rather than 
 as offering mere material for grammatical drill. The student's 
 attention is directed to the occasion and circumstances of their 
 delivery, as well as to the motive and method of presenting the 
 matter contained in them. Modes of legal procedure, the Con- 
 stitution and form of government m Cicero's time, and the whole 
 environment of the orator, are brought into clear view, and made 
 a reality to the student. 
 
 The Letters are selected with reference to the light they shed 
 on Cicero as a man rather than as a politician. They afford 
 pleasant glimpses of his private life, and help to make real the 
 pupil's conception of the times in which he lived. As material 
 for short exercises for sight translation or rapid reading they 
 will be found of special value. 
 
 A Table of Idioms and Phrases presents in form convenient 
 for use, constructions that deserve special attention. 
 
 Lincoln Owen, Principal of the Rice Training-School, Boston: Kelsey's 
 Cicero is a model in the art of text-book making. It cannot fail to be a 
 success for editor, publisher, and user. I count the teachers and the pupils 
 of the present generation fortunate in having such admirable " instruments 
 of education " as Professor Kelsey is preparing for us. 
 
 Professor J. W. Steams, University of Wisconsin : Kelsey's Cicero com- 
 mends itself more than any words of mine can commend it. It is a teach- 
 er's book, up to modern times, both in text and annotations, and admirably 
 printed. 
 
 miss Ellen F. Snow, ^^igh School, Keene, N.H. : I have now used it in my 
 classes for five weeks in connection with ... in the hands of a part of 
 the class. Kelsey has the preference every time. It gives a body to the 
 ideas, and tells the scholars things that they want to know in a way suited 
 to them. I have been waiting long enough to test it, and I like it better 
 every week. 
 
14 LATIN. 
 
 A Latin Grammar 
 
 By Professor Charles E. Bennett, Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 
 265 pages. Price, 80 cents. 
 
 IN this book the essential facts of Latin Grammar are pre- 
 sented within the smallest compass consistent with high 
 scholarly standards. It covers not only the work of the pre- 
 paratory school, but also that of the required courses in college 
 and university. By omitting rare forms and syntactical usages 
 found only in ante-classical and port-classical Latin, and by 
 relegating to an Appendix theoretical and historical questions, 
 it has been found possible to treat the subject with entire ade- 
 quacy in the compass of 250 pages exclusive of Indexes. In 
 the German schools, books of this scope fully meet the exacting 
 demands of the entire gymnasial course, and those who have 
 tried ^Bennett's Grammar find that they are materially helped by 
 being relieved of the mass of useless and irrelevant matter which 
 forms the bulk of the older grammars. 
 
 Professor William A. Houghton, Bowdoht College, Brunswick, Maine: 
 The Grammar proper is admirably adapted to its purpose in its clearness 
 of arrangement and classification, and in its simplicity and precision of 
 statement, giving definitely just what the pupil must know, and not crowd- 
 ing the page with a mass of matter that too often disheartens the young 
 student instead of helping him. I trust it will come into general use, for 
 I think for the reasons just given, and because of its moderate compass 
 and attractive appearance, students are likely to get more practical gram- 
 matical knowledge out of it than they generally do from the larger 
 grammars. 
 
 Professor Alfred M. Wilson, University of Nebraska, Lincoln: I have 
 examined it very carefully, and I can say, truly and with pleasure, that 
 my first impressions have become positive convictions as to the very great 
 value and utility of the book. I am daily using it with increasing delight 
 and satisfaction. It is clear, concise, and independent. 
 
 The Critic, Feb. 29, 1896. The book is a marvel of condensed, yet clear 
 and forcible, statement. Just enough examples are given to illustrate each 
 principle without discouraging the pupil by their number and variety. 
 The ground covered in the treatment of forms and syntax is adequate 
 for ordinary school work and for the use of freshmen and sophomores in 
 college. 
 
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 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
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