j wm H i IBB BANCROFT LIBRARY < THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA / c/v AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IDAHO CONTAINING A HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IDAHO FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD OF ITS DISCOVERY TO THE PRESENT THV1E, TOGETHER WITH GLIMPSES OF ITS AUSPICIOUS FUTURE; ILLUSTRATIONS, INCLUDING FULL-PAGE PORTRAITS OF SOME OF ITS EMINENT MEN, AND BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION OF MANY PIONEERS AND PROMINENT CITIZENS OF TO-DAY. "A people that take no pride in the noble achievements of remote ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be remembered with pride by remote descendants." MACAULAY. CHICAGO THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1899 LIBRARY PREFACE. PREPARED by a number of writers, and deriving its information from vari- ous sources, the History of Idaho is now submitted to the reader for his criticism. The compilation covers a long period of years, extending from the epoch of glorious statehood and the dawning of a new century back to the time when the untutored savages roamed at will over the plains and through the mountain fastnesses of this now opulent and attractive region of the great north- west, with none to dispute their dominion. In the collation of subject-matter recourse has been had to divers authorities. These have been numerous, including various histories and historical collections, and implying an almost endless array of papers and documents, public, private, social and ecclesiastical. That so much matter could be gathered from so many sources and then sifted and assimilated for the production of one single volume without incurring a modicum of errors and inaccuracies, would be too much to expect of any corps of writers, no matter how able they might be as statisticians or skilled as compilers of such works. It is, nevertheless, believed that no inaccuracies of a serious nature can be found to impair the historical value of the book, and it is also further believed that the results of our work will supply the exigent demand which called forth the efforts of the publishers and the editorial staff. Numerous extracts from other volumes and minor compilations, considered authoritative, have been made, with an eye ever single to the historical value of the matter used, while acknowl- edgment must be made to many who have come to our aid by personal contribu- tions and the offering of data otherwise impossible of securing. To many are we indebted for such kindly courtesies and assistance, and with so much accredited authority, even in the face of seemingly insuperable obstacles, the publishers feel confident that a valuable book has been produced, one whose intrinsic worth will be cumulative and be the more appreciated as time advances. THE PUBLISHERS. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page CHAPTER I. Jclaho, the Gem of the Mountains Origin of the Name ............... ..... i CHAPTER II. Geological Agencies ................................................... 7 CHAPTER III. Early Explorations .................................................... 1O CHAPTER IV. Rival Claims and Pretensions .......................................... *8 CHAPTER V. Rival Claims and Pretensions, Continued ............................... 25 CHAPTER VI. Individual Records .................................................... 28 CHAPTER VII. Idaho Historical and Descriptive ...................................... 5 l CHAPTER VIII. The First Settlements The March of Progress Indian Depredations Mining Developments ............................................ 59 CHAPTER IX. The Growth of Quartz Mining Discoveries Mining Towns Stage Routes Indian Troubles Emigration in the Spring of 1864 Social Dis- turbances Efforts for Better Transportation Facilities Stamp Mills A Reminiscence Early Rating of Gold and Silver The United States Assay Office .................................................... 63 CHAPTER X. 1 ndividual Records .................................................. 74 CHAPTER XI. The Snake River Valley Reminiscences of the Early Days Its Present Its Future ................................ . ..................... 96 CHAPTER XII. Political Secessionism and Crime ........... ........................ . loi v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page CHAPTER XIII. Individual Records ll1 CHAPTER XIV. Historical Notes on the Work of the Catholic Church in Idaho 122 CHAPTER XV. The Indians of Idaho Nez Perces and Shoshone Uprisings 134 CHAPTER XVI. Individual Records 147 CHAPTER XVII. The Mormon Question The Fifteenth Legislative Assembly Looking to Statehood Changes in Judiciary Constitutional Convention 173 CHAPTER XVIII. Individual Records 1 76 CHAPTER XIX. The Press of Idaho " 187 CHAPTER XX. Individual Records 205 CHAPTER XXI. Owyhee County Its History, Towns, Industries 231 CHAPTER XXII. Individual Records 243 CHAPTER XXIII. Washington County Its Towns, Resources, Etc 266 CHAPTER XXIV. Individual Records 274 CHAPTER XXV. The Payette Valley Its Towns Water Weather Soil Products Re- sources Varied Attractions 298 CHAPTER XXVI. Individual Records 311 CHAPTER XXVII. Prominent Cities and Towns of the State 335 CHAPTER XXVIII. Individual Records v . 369 CHAPTER XXIX. Mines and Mining 421 TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii Page CHAPTER XXX. Individual Records ................................................... 447 CHAPTER XXXI. Educational Advantages in Idaho CHAPTER XXXII. Individual Records ................... .. ............................... 473 CHAPTER XXXIII. Bingham County ...................... . ............................. 494 CHAPTER XXXIV. individual Records ................................................... 499 CHAPTER XXXV. Political, Resumed .................................................. 524 CHAPTER XXXVI. Idaho in 1890 .......................................................... 528 CHAPTER XXXVII. Individual Records ................................................... 53 CHAPTER XXXVIII. Idaho Since 1890 Political ........................................... 554 CHAPTER XXXIX. Individual Records ................................................... 55$ CHAPTER XL. Internal Improvements ................. .' ............................. 577 CHAPTER XLI. Individual Records ....... . ........................................... 582 CHAPTER XL1I. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Idaho ...... . ......... 624 CHAPTER XLIII. Individual Records ................................................... 628 CHAPTER XLIV. Bear Lake County ......... ................................. ' ......... 670 CHAPTER XLV. Presbyterianism in Idaho The Fort Hall Canal Pertinent Information on Various Subjects ................................................ 674 CHAPTER XLVI. Individual Records ................................................... 680 TOPICAL INDEX. Page Origin of Name of the State 3 Indian Hostilities 68 The United States Assay Office 73 Secessionism and Crime lo2 Indian Wars MO The Shoshone Wars 144 Too Lah 146 The Idaho Daily Statesman 187 The Daily and Weekly Patriot (L*ewiston) 189 The Owyhee Avalanche 189 The Lewiston Tribune ._ 19 The Times- Democrat (Moscow) 19 The Nugget (De Lamar) 191 The Moscow Mirror I9 1 The Kendrick Gazette 191 The Pocatello Tribune 192 The Genesee News 193 The Salubria Citizen 193 The Wood River Times (Hailey) 194 Idaho Falls Times 195 The Shoshone Journal .' ipS The Elmore Bulletin 196 The Blackfoot News 196 The News-Miner (Hailey) 197 The Pocatello Advance 197 The Kendrick Times 197 The Southern Idaho Mail (Blackfoot) 198 The Elmore Republican 198 The Idaho Mining News (Boise) 198 The Keystone (Ketchum) 198 The Grangeville Standard 199 The Republican (Preston) 199 Juliaetta Newspapers 199 The Idaho County Free Press (Grangeville) 200 The Idaho Falls Register 201 The Standard (Preston) 201 The North Idaho Star (Moscow) 202 The Post (Paris) 202 The Lewiston Teller 203 The Montpelier Examiner 204 The Enterprise (Malad) 204 The Only Legal Hanging in Owyhee County 234 The Marion More Tragedy 234 The Baldwin Affair '. 235 Silver City 236 The Idaho Hotel 237 Page Trade Dollar Mining and Milling Company 237 Cumberland Gold Mine 237 DeLamar 238 Dewey 240 Reynolds Creek 241 Guffey 241 Grand View 241 Bruneau Dam 241 Hot Springs 242 The Oreana Valley 242 Castle Creek Valley 242 Salubria Valley 267 The Town of Salubria 267 Middle Valley 268 Council Valley 268 Indian Valley 268 Ruthburg 268 Brownlee 268 Meadows 269 Hornet Creek 269 Long Valley 269 Crane Creek 269 Weiser 269 The Seven Devils 272 Warren 272 Irrigation 273 Vendome Hotel 280 Payette 301 New Plymouth 301 Falk's Store 302 Emmett 302 Water in Payette Valley : 302 Weather in Payette Valley 303 Soil in Payette Valley 303 Fruit Culture in Payette Valley 304 General Farming in Payette Valley 306 Dairying in Payette Valley 306 Poultry-Raising in Payette Valley 306' Timber in Payette Valley 306 Cattle in Payette Valley 307 Sheep in Payette Valley 307 Irrigating Canals, Payette Valley 308 Washoe Bottom 308 Whitley Bottom 309 Recreation and Sport 309 The Swinery 310 IX TOPICAL INDEX. Page Apiaries 310 Sugar Beets ' 310 The Payette Valley Mercantile Company 310 Boise, the Capital City 335 Lewiston '. 339 The First National Bank of Lewiston 34 The Lewiston National Bank 34 1 Pocatello 341 Kendrick and the Potlatch Empire 346 The Bank of Kendrick 349 Mountain Home 35 Grangeville and the Buffalo Hump Mines 350 The Bank of Grangeville 352 The Bank of Camas Prairie 353 Nampa 353 Genesee 353 Ketchum 354 Hailey 354 First National Bank of Hailey 356 Bliss 356 Moscow 358 Resources of Latah County 363 Malad City 364 Juliaetta 364 Soda Springs 365 Franklin 367 Preston 367 Discovery of Gold ." 421 The Mining Fields of Idaho 427 The Coeur d'Alene Mining District 431 The Lead Belt of the Coeur d'Alenes 435 Labor Troubles in the Coeur d'Alene District.... 438 The Standard Group of Mineral Claims 439 The Hecla Group of Mines 440 Page The Philadelphia & Idaho Mining & Smelting Company 441 The Red Cloud Group of Mines 442 The Poorman Mine 442 The Black Jack Mine 442 The Ontario Group of Mines 444 The Alturas Senator Mining Company 444 The Silver King Mining Company 444 Pierce City Gold Camp 444 The Tip-Top Mine 446 University of Idaho 467 The Lewiston State Normal School 470 The Albion Normal School 470 The College of Idaho 470 Weiser Academy 471 The Boise Business and Shorthand College 472 Blackfoot 495 Idaho Falls 496 Admission of Idaho to the Union 524 The First State Officers 525 Assessed Valuation of Property 577 Banks : 577 Mineral Production 578 Agriculture, Etc 578 Wild Game 579 Educational 579 Other State Institutions 580 Paris 672 Montpelier 672 Presbyterianism in Idaho 674 The Fort Hall Canal 675 Pertinent Information on Various Subjects 676 The First National Bank of Caldwell 685 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Idaho Soldiers' Home I City Hall, Boise I Idaho University, Moscow i State Capitol, Boise i Twin Falls of Snake River 10 A Snake River Scene. '. . . . 25 Interior View of Office of Johnson & Johnson. ... 28 Great Shoshone, Below the Falls S3 Big Redfish Lake 59 United States Assay Office 73 View on Snake River at Lewiston -. . 96 The Goose Creek House, Where First Territorial Convention was Held in Idaho 101 St. John's Cathedral, Boise 122 Alpheus Spring, Blue Lakes 134 Top of Shoshone Falls 173 Shoshone Falls, From North Side 187 Scene on Alpheus Creek 231 Page Residence of C. W. Moore 244 Hotel Weiser 278 Residence of S. B. Kingsbury 295 View of Eighth Street, Boise 335 View of Main Street, Lewiston 339 The Lewiston National Bank 341 View of Kendrick, Latah County 346 The City of Hailey 354 Moscow, Looking Northward from State Uni- versity 358 Placer Mines, Delta, Idaho 421 View of Wallace, Shoshone County 428 The Standard Mine 439 Residence of Mrs. James H. Bush 474 View in Blackfoot, Bingham County 494 Wood River Valley, Looking South From Hailey. 577 The Natatorium, Boise 677 PORTRAITS. Alexander, Moses, 594. Ballantine, James W., 413. Barton, E. M., 277. Baxter, James, 558. Bigham, Samuel W. and wife, 621. Borah, William E., 375. Briggs, Burdice J., 382. Brown, Newell J., 185. Budge, William, 602. Bush, James H., 473. Campbell, Amasa B., 369. Coburn, Chester P., 522. Crane, Thomas, 665. Crutcher, James I., 92. Czizek, Jay A., 582 Daniels, John W., 486. Davis, Francis M., 538. Dewey, William H., 74. Dietrich, Frank S., 628. Ellis, George D., 609. Ensign, Francis E., 249. Forney, James H., 209. Galloway, Thomas C., 114. Glorieux, Alphonsus J., 132. Gorton, George W., 640. Harris, Frank, 254. Hawley, James H., 205. Hays, Charles M., 549. Heard, William E., 612. Hill, George B., 322. Hubbard, Frank M., 542. Huston, Joseph W., 29. Jeffreys, Solomon M., 44. Jeffreys, Thomas M., 229. Johnson, Ervin W., 704. Johnson, Richard Z., Frontispiece. Jones, T. J., 39. Kelly, Milton, 224. Kettenbach, William F., in. Kettenbach, William F., Jr., 112. Kingsbury, Selden B., 294. Krall, John, 657. Lemp, John, 499. McConville, Edward, 79. McCurdy, James D., 160. Moore, Christopher W., 243. Morgan, John T., 87. Neal, Horace E., 447. Noble, Robert, 530. Nourse, Robert L., 385. xi Numbers, Joseph R., 458. O'Farrell, John A., 716. Pinkham, Joseph, 282 Puckett, W. H., 514. Ramsey, Frank C., 397. Rice, Lucius C, 259. Rich, Charles C, 680. Rich, Joseph C., 693. Rich, Samuel J., 638. Richards. James H., 311. Rogers, George B., 405. Schmadeka, George, 567. Senter, Almon S., 212. Silcott, John M., 119. Sinclair, Bartlett, 554. Stewart, George H., 176. Stockslager, Charles O., 218. Sullivan, Isaac N., 182. Thomas, James, 394. Too Lah, 145. Waters, Julius S., 153. Watt, William H., 262. Watts, James G., 274. Wernicke, C. W., 168 Wilson, James, 147. INDEX OF INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. A. Abernathy, Henry H., 708. Acker, James S., 551. Adams, Dave, 168. Adams, Peter, 456. Ailshie, James F., 317. Ainslie, George, 82. Ake, Franklin P., 256. Aldeman, E. E., 197 Alexander, Joseph, 489. Alexander, Moses, 594. Alford, A. H., 190. Alford, E. L., 190. Allison, William B., 412. Anderson, Andrew B., 88. Anderson, James H., 332. Anderson, Robert J., 537. Anderson, Louis N. B., 386. Andrews, DeForest H., 230. Angel, Texas, 709. Armstrong, Charles D., 631. Arnold, Willis, 333. Averitt, Philetus, 682. B. Baird, Ezra, 380. Baker, William A., 185. Ballantine, James W., 413. BaDard, Ernest L., 227. Barrett, John S., 591. Barton, E. M., 277. Barton, Robert H., 532. Baugh, William H., 153 Baughman, Ephraim W., 392. Baxter, James, 558. Bean, James H., 701. Beck, Peter S., 530. Beers, W. E., 204. Benedict, Samuel, 329. Benedict, Samuel G., 329. Bennett, Benjamin, 492. Bennett, Richard H., 292. Berg, Abel A., 115. Berry, R. W., 296. Berryman, Charles W., 662. Bibby, Samuel E., 328. Bigham, Samuel W., 621. Bingman, John J., 599. Blatchley, Henry D., 560. Bledsoe, Relf, 35. Bomberg, Charles, 657. Borah, William E., 375. Bowman, Isaac H., 199. Boyakin, A. J., 187. Brady, John C, 623. Brearley, John, 331. Brearley, Lucinda J., 331. Briggs, Burdice J., 382. Brigham, John W., 597- Britt, Richard H., 250. Brocke, Nicholas, 649. Brodbeck, John, 179. Brooks, Clarence W., 179. Brown, Charles F., 500. Brown, Jonas W., 251. Brown, Newell J., 185. Brown, William M., 390. Bruce, George W., 264. Bruner, Presley M., 84. Brunzell, Oscar F., 260. Buchanan, William N., 541. Buckle, Joseph, 630. Buckley, Edmund, 684. Budge, Alfred, 620. Budge, William, 602. Buhl, Nelson, 708. Buller, R. F.. 692. Burgoyne, Edward, 637. Burns, Carter W., 522. Burns, W. F., 282. Burr, Charles F., 370. Bush, James H., 473. C. Cage; Milton G., 177. Caldwell, William A., 462. Callahan, John C., 638. Callaway, Abner E., 703. Campbell, Amasa B., 369. Campbell, George D., 606. Carey, Michael, 91. Carlton, Lee R., 652: Carpenter, Carmel C., 519. Chamberlain, DeForest, 399. Chapin, George, 195. xii Chapman, John L., 416. Chase, David C., 208. Chester, William, 641. Clark, Joseph A., 696. Clark, Nathan H., 570. Clark, Walter, 700. Clark, Wilford W., 644. Clarke, Jessie K., 391. Clyne, Daniel H., 540. Coakley, James B., 281. Coburn, Chester P., 522. Colson, James, 482. Conant, Jesse L., 518. Connors, John C., 171. Coram, John, 484. Cordelle, Albert G., 571. - Cornwall, Mason A., 477. Coughanour, William A., 291. Cozier, Robert V., 582. Cozzens, John, 374. Crane, Thomas, 665. Crocheron, Asbury B., 688. Crooks, John M., 640. Crosson, Frank, 255. Crow, William H. B., 501. Crulcher, James L, 92. Cuddy, John, 377. Cunningham, J. W., 73. Curtis, Edward J., 94. Curtis, Henry W., 392. Czizek, Jay A., 582. D. Daggett, George W., 686. Daly, Joseph D., 113. Damas, Alfred, 400. Daniels. John W., 486. Davis, Francis M., 538. Davis, R. H., 199. Davis, Thomas, 120. Deakin, James, 533. Dee, Sumner W., 564. Delano, Nathan C., 178. Dewey, William H., 74. Dietrich, Frank S., 628. Dippel, Henry C., 685. Donnelly, Peter, 699. Dorman, Jay M., 318. INDEX. xni Dorsey, Henry, 327. Doyle, Grace E., 472. Dubois, Jesse K., 565. Duffes, Alexander, 222. Dunbar, William C., Jr., 719. Dunn, Henry, 603. Dye, Job F., 590. E. Eastman, Benjamin M., 148. Eastman Brothers, 148. Eastman, Hosea B., 148. Eastman, L. C., 600. Edwards, James, 320. Egleston, Trowbridge C., 278. Eilert, Louis E., 715. Elg, Louis, 459. Eliason, Mrs. C., 366. Ellis, George D., 609. Ensign, Francis E., 249. Eoff, Alfred, 411. Erb, George E., 409. Evans, Evan, 333. Evans, Sanford, 407. F. Fanning, Edward, 569. Feour, Dan, 689. Flanagan, James, 562. Foresman, C. A., 203. Forney, James H., 209. Fox, John C., 223. Fredrickson, Peter, 725. Freidenrich, Aaron, 544. Friedman, Simon J., 225. Frost, George A., 487. Fulton, Robert F., 319. G. Galloway, Thomas C, 114. Gammell, Archibald, 408. Garber, Jacob C., 543. Geiger, Joseph, 180. Gerwick, James A., 449. Getchell, Meserve M., 210. Glorieux, Alphonsus J., 132. Goode, John B., 646. Gooding, Frank R., 653. Gooding, Fred W., 217. Goodwin, Moses H., 89. Gorton, George W., 640. Gray, George E., 588. Gray, James P., 211. Green, John, 476. Crete, Charles H., 281. Crete, Frederick, Sr., 454. Crete, John, Sr., 77. Griffin, Joseph F., 701. Gritman, Charles L., 398. Gross, Joseph C., 564. Grostein, Robert, 403. Gumbert, George, 629. Gunn, James, 157. Guyon, Edwin F.-, 632. Gwinn, Robert M., 706. H. Hailey, John, 30. Haines, John M., 49. Hall, William A., 316. Hallenbeck, John, 503. Handy, George H., 289. Hanson, James C., 395. Hanson, John, 474. Harper, Joel B., 648. Harris, Charles E., 204. Harris, Frank, 254. Harris, Simon, 559. Hart, James E., 592. Harte, James H., 696. Hartley, Henry K., 650. Hasbrouck, Solomon, 41. Hastings, Benjamin F., 381. Hatch, Lorenzo L., 605. Hattabaugh, Isaac C., 607. Hawley, James H., 205. Hays, Charles M., 549. Heard, William E., 612. Heitfeld, Henry, 38. Heitman, Charles L., 583. Helfrich, Edward C., 279. Heron, David, 164. Herrington, William F., 598. Hill, George B., 322. Hinkey, Antone, 276. Hixon, Columbus M., 288. Hoff, Charles, 604. Hoff, Henry H., 593. Hoge, Walter, 660. Holbrook, Noyes B., 507. Holohan, Peter J., 601. Hoover, Clayton A., 643. Horning, Louis F., 490. Howie, William C., 253. Hubbard, Frank M., 542. Hubbell, Norman S., 402. Huff, Thomas J., 722. Hulse, Joseph B., 419. Hunt, Warren P., 378. Huston, Joseph W., 29. Hutchinson, James, 661. Hutchinson, Joseph H., 659. I. Ifft, George N., 492. Irwin, Frederic, 260. Isay, Julius, 261. J. Jacobs, Math., 316. Jeffreys, Solomon M., 44. Jeffreys, Thomas M., 229. Jenne, Benjamin A., 181. Jewell, Edward S., 463. Johnson, Ervin W., 704. Johnson, Richard H., 29. Johnson, Richard Z., 28. Jolly, Elmer E., 191. Jolly, James D., 191. Jolly, Thomas H., 191. Jones, Homer D., 449. Jones, Jacob, 619. Jones, John W., 196. Jones, T. J., 39. Jones, Walter A., 372. K. Kane, James F., 572. Kelly, Milton, 224. Kelsey, Charles R., 285. Kelsey, Stephen, 634. Kenner, W. H., 201. Kettenbach, William F., in. Kettenbach, William F., Jr., 112. Kilde, William, 663. King, James, 323. Kingsbury, Selden B., 294. Kinkaid, John S., 545. Kirkpatrick, William, 667. Koehler, Franz L., 456. Kohler, Frederick S., 210. Krall, John, 657. Kurtz, W. B., 562. L. Lake, C. F., 199. Lamb, John, 191. Lamme, David S., 226. Lane, John, 545. Langdon, Samuel J., 6n. Larson, John, 723. Lauder, Wylie A., 389. Lauer, James A., 561. Lauer, William, 118. Leland, Charles F., 475. Lemp, John, 409. Leonard, Robert H., 85. Lewis, George J., 48. Little, George, 43. Little, Tom K., 516. Lockwood, Robert E., 293. XIV INDEX. Lorton, Edward E., 485. Lowe, Thomas G., 668. M. Madden, James, 587. Manion, William H., 258. Martin, Charles G., 714. Martin, Frank T., 560. Maxey, Ed. E., 276. May, Charles, 289. Mayhew, Alexander E., 714- McClellan, John, 417. McClure, William J., 658. McConville, Edward, 79. McCrea, Donald, S., 460. McCullom, R. M., iQS- . McCurdy, James D., 160. McDonald, James J., 695. McFarland, Robert E., 315. McGregor, Malcolm, 281. McGrew, Mansfield C., 324- McKinlay, Alexander D., 666. McLain, S. D., 287. McLean, John F., 586. Means, Marcus A., 608. Miller, David T., 220. Miller, Tannes E., 595- Millick, John C., 531. Mills, George W., 610. Miner, Garner, 166. Misslin, Leon, 609. Mitcham, John L, 398. Moffitt, Edward H., 388. Molden, Charles F., 502. Moore, Christopher W., 243. Moore, Frank L., 460. Moore, George F., 613. Moore, H. A., 197. Morgan, John T., 87. Morris, Benjamin F., 501. Moxley, John Q., 463. N. Nash, Isaac B., 720. Neal, Horace E., 447. Neal, Lemuel C., 481. Nelson, Thomas, 193. Nichols, William N., 247. Nielson, N. P., 450. Noble, Robert, 530. Normoyle, Michael C., 452. North, George H., 568. Nourse, Robert L., 385. Numbers, Joseph R., 458. O. O'Farrell, John A., 716. O'Neill, James, 563. Orchard, Henderson, 384. Owen, John J., 454. Owings, Samuel T., 190. P. Parker, A. F., 200. Parkinson, George C., 724. Parkinson, Samuel C., 722. Parkinson, Samuel R., 697. Parsons, George M., 152. Patterson, Homer G., 75. Payne, George M., 196. Pearcy, Edmond, 536. Peck, Henry, 690. Peck, W. H., 199- Pefley, Peter J., 573- Pelot, Carlyle L., 183. Pence, Joseph C., 216. Pence, Peter, 162. Ferryman, Collins, 541. Pettengill, George, 274. Pfost, Isaac W., 687. Pickering, R., 491. Picotte, T. E., 194. Pierce, Walter E., 570. Pinkham, Joseph, 282. Pinney, James A., 116. ' Plumer, J. J., 256. Poe, James W., 396. Price, Lyttleton, 691. Prosser, C. A. S., 461. Puckett, W. H., 514. R. Ramsey, Frank C., 397. Randall, Jesse W., 656. Redsull, Thomas T., 47. Redway, Auren G., 448. Redway, William H.. 246. Reeves, William T., 706. Regan, Timothy, 408. Reid, James W., 324. Reynolds, James S., 187. Rice, John C., 41. Rice, Lucius C., 259. Rich, Charles C., 680. Rich, Joseph C., 693. Rich, Samuel J., 638. Richards, E. R., 197. Richards, James H., 311. Richardson, Alonzo L., 219. Ridenbaugh, William H., 184. Riley, William T., 228. Roberts, Frank M., 189. Robertson, Alexander S., 214. Robertson, George M., 505. Rogers, George B., 405. Rogers, James J., 483. Rounds, Ruel, 488. Rowton, Joshua G., 465. Ruick, Norman M., 207. Russell, Henry A., 480. Ryder, William L., 215. S. Sampson, George O., 276. Samuels, Henry F., 655. Sander, V. W., 622. Scales, John, 547. Scarborough, Joseph B., 585. Schmadeka, George, 567. Schmadeka, William F., 479. Schnabel, Charles A., 75. Scott, Addison V., 417. Scott, C. M., 248. Sebastian, William H., 549. Senter, Almon S., 212. Severn, William, 617. Shaff, Charles W., 457- Sharp, Neal J., 37. Shaver, Henry C., 202. Shaw, Columbus R., 170. Shea, Tim, 279. Shepherd, Joseph R., 371. Sherwin, Edwin R., 574. Shields, Michael J., 418. Shoup, George L., 33. Silcott, John M., 119. Simpson, George E., 198. Simpson, Lawrence E., 198. Sinnott, Augustine M., 112. Sinsel, Charles J., 552. Small, Albert, 601. Smith, Isaac F., 246. Smith, Isaac R., 690. Smith, Lindol, 517. Smith, Theron J., 539. Smith, Thomas, 720. Smith, William F., 165. Smith, Willis E., 198. Snyder, Charles, 326. Sommercamp, William F., 480. Spekker, Staas, 512. Spiegel, George, 286. Stacy, James N., 450. Stalker, Alexander, 614. Steele, Edgar C., 614. Steely, Oscar B., 506. Steunenberg, Albert K., 221. Steunenberg, Frank, 370. Stevens, Frederick S., 515. Stevens, James M., 387. Stevens, M. P., 200. Stewart, George H., 176. Stockslager, Charles O., 218. Stoddard, Alexander K., 265. Stone, Caleb S., 618. INDEX. xv Storer, George H., 330. Stranahan, Clinton T., 616. Straughan, Joseph C., 565. Strickler, Samuel, 45. Strode, John, 415. Strong, James R., 464. Strong, Lambert L., 484. Stufflebeam, William H., 572. Stucki, John U., 584. Sullivan, Isaac N., 182. Surridge, James, 508. Surridge, Thomas, 508. T. Tannahill, Samuel O., 521. Taylor, Knox, 155. Taylor, Samuel F., 406. Taylor, William, 414. Thatcher, Charles A., 473. Thatcher. Henry M., 376. Thatcher, John B., 646. Thews, Alice A., 682. Thiessen, J. D. C, 184. Thomas, James, 394. Thomas, Lorenzo R., 632. Tiner, Isham L., 263. Too Lah, 146. Townsend, William H., 161. Truscott, Matthew H., 384. Turner, Frederick H., 636. Turner, William J., 151. U. Underwood, John L., 635. Upton, Augustus G., 156. Ustick, Harlan P., 547. V. Vendome Hotel, 280. Vincent, Joseph K., 314. Vincent, Joseph S., 192. Vollmer, John P., 312; W. Wagener, John, 78. Walker, Joel M., 509. Wallantine, Christian, 596. Wallis, James H., 203. Waters, Julius S., 153. Watkins, William W., 534. Watson, Alexander L, 633. Watt, William H., 262. Watts, James G., 274. Wax, Henry, 513. Weaver, John L., 245. Werneth, Sylvester, 503. Wernicke, C. W., 168. West, John B., 712. West, Ossian J., 654. Weston, Henry G., 642. Wheeler, William E., 201. White, Calvin R., 639. White, John S., 158. White, Joseph F., 252. White, Keith W., 713. Whitman, Perrin B., 382. Wilcox, Francis L., 711. Williams, Barrett, 257. Williams, Matthew H., 683. Wilson, James, -147. Wilson, Jesse, 147. Wilson, William E., 655. Winn, Ed. F., 511. Witt, James, 645. Wohlenberg, A. F., 548. Wolters, Albert, 91. Woods, William W., 629. Woodward, William, 588. Wright, C. E., 197. Wright, Gilbert G., 664. Wright, Marcus D., 373. Y. York, L. A., 295. Idaho Soldiers' Home. City Hall, Boise. Idaho University, Moscow. State Capitol, Boise. HISTORY OP IDftttO. CHAPTER I. IDAHO, THE GEM OF THE MOUNTAINS. ORIGIN OF THE NAME. II K 1 NOW'ST thou that fair land?" As the melody of the ever popular score lilts forth the foregoing query, no one who hears the words and has known aught of Idaho can do other than record at least a mental reply in the affirmative. Wrought in a giant mold; a field upon which Titans might have bat- tled; stern, lofty barricades, unyielding as the granite of the Everlasting will; fastnesses from whose cavernous depths unchanged all time may echo back to time that was; a crown whose jewels are the perpetual snows that challenge the arising sun, this is Idaho, the "Gem of the Mountains!" And yet all that is expressed in the exalted architecture wrought in ages of the past ; all that the still hidden treasures may reveal ; all that has been suffered and been wrought; all in the wealth of legendary lore gained from those whose first was the dominion here, all these do not and can not stand exponent for the Idaho of to-day, nor for the Idaho of the future. Can it be in any measure regretted that the era of progress has been ushered in? Is not that true human economy which uses all possible means to advance human welfare and human happiness? The stealthy red man has heard and obeyed the voice of manifest destiny. The victory has been gained in sorrow, untold suffering and greatest sacrifice; but has not the end justified the means? Progress, man's distinctive mark alone; Not God's, and not the beasts'. God is; they are. Man partly is, and partly hopes to be. Robert Browning. The mountains have ever been the bulwarks of freedom. Valor is born there; virtue is cher- ished there, and these are the seeds of song and story. No land ever yet had a literature to en- dure that had not these for its theme, these off- springs of the pure, sweet atmosphere and sub- lime splendor of inspiring mountains; and the more glorious the mountains, the more glorious the song and story. What then may we not prophesy for Idaho when her torn and devastated placer fields all are terraced vineyards, as in Savoy, and the peace and rest of the old pastoral days of Greece shall possess her? Meanwhile it remains for us to dwell rather upon the vital present; to note the assurances offered in the fair new state of Idaho as this won- derful nineteenth century draws rapidly to its close. Here nature has been lavish to prodigality; here mountain and valley yield forth their treas- ures; and here are the homes of a progressive, enlightened and a loyal people who honor and receive honor from the whole noble sisterhood of states. The Gem of the Mountains may well challenge admiration, and it is hoped that the pages of this work may bear their part in perpet- uating the dramatic story of the brave men and virtuous women who gathered about the cradle of the infant Idaho, and also tell the latter-day story of peace and prosperity. Of the first men- tioned duty and its difficulties, we can not, per- haps, do better than to quote from one to whom this mountain-land has ever been most dear. When he essayed a similar work, he said: "The task is a serious one, serious in- its responsibili- ties, serious in the fact that we look back over a HISTORY OF IDAHO. billowy sea of graves. For so many brave men died! Some died even on the way here, before they could yet look down from the mountains into the thousand vales that promised to them and their children such happy homes. Some fell from exposure and over-toil, some from battle with the savages, some died even as they sat for the first time by the new-laid hearthstone, wait- ing for the wife and babe to come with the first wild flowers of spring. There is nothing in all the history of civilization more pathetic, more dramatic, than this untold story of the veteran of these mountain wilds." But as the endurance and exile of the Puritans only made them the more liberty-loving and liberal-minded in the end ; as expatriation only made the valorous and courtly cavalier the more courtly and valorous: and as the wild ventures of the romantic and poetic searchers for the golden fleece only made the Argonaut the more a romancer and a poet, so may we not prophesy that our larger experi- ence in this larger, freer land of the mountains will, as time surges forward, show larger results in all that ennobles man and makes life glorious? What the present conditions show forth is enough to justify the most magnificent of futures for the Gem of the Mountains, to whose opulent attrac- tiveness this work pays tribute. Up to 1863 the history of what now constitutes the great state of Idaho was the common history of the Pacific northwest, then known as Oregon. All the facts and incidents that went to make up the story of the one entered into that of the other. In some respects, indeed, they were more inti- mately connected with the territory now em- braced in Idaho than with that now included in Oregon. It has been needful, therefore, to the unity and completeness of the history to give a somewhat extended account of the events which pertained to the history of the original Oregon country, leading up to the divisions which ulti- mately gave statehood to Idaho, touching upon the early discoveries and the course of interna- tional diplomacy involved in the boundary ques- tion. From first to last, through all the era of discovery and all the finesse of diplomacy, as well as through the adventures of immigration and the tragedies of Indian warfare, every change was but a part of the germ and seed whose consum- mate fruit will be the ultimate Idaho. By the necessity of the case the major portion of the his- tory of Idaho is of this character. Long, indeed, were the years of her struggle with the wild ele- ments of barbaric life, with the ruggedness of a native condition almost without parallel in the rugged west; but magnificent has been the out- come of that struggle. Many volumes, treating in special detail of dif- ferent departments of her thrilling and varied story, would be required to cover all the ground, or to bring into review all the names and deeds that are entitled to remembrance, and even to fame, as builders of this now great common- wealth. Beyond the compass of the design of this book this could not be here attempted. Choice could be made of only what seemed es- sential to the continuity of narrative and the interpretation and illustration of the times and deeds of those who builded so bravely and so well. Whatever of continuous history may be found lacking in the narrative will be largely sup- plied in the rich and ample biographical divisions of the work. If "history is biography teaching by example," surely there is abundant history in the lives recorded in our biographical department. Those whose names are here enrolled, and the unnamed thousands like them, were the true builders of the western world, who, "with high face held to her ultimate star," lived and wrought and died for her greatness. We are sure that those who read their story will feel that these people fought "braver battles than ever were fought from Shiloh back to the battles of Greece." Whichever way you turn, whatever you may say of valor or endurance, whatever you may see in the magnificence of nature, be it river or mountain, lake of fire or high-heaved chain of frost, Idaho stands matchless, peerless and alone as the "Gem of the Mountains." Garbed in silver and in gold, a diadem of precious stones, a man- tle of white or green or gold about her stately figure as the seasons come and go, here she stands above the world. The air is very clear on every side, that you may see her well. To her doors she welcomes all who are worthy, and her bene- fices are showered forth upon all who seek those worthy ends which stand for the true values in the scheme of life. There is no portion of our national story more HISTORY OF IDAHO. thrilling in adventure, more interesting in its record of heroic endurance and indomitable effort than that which records the advance of civil life from the slopes of the Alleghanies to the coast line of the Pacific. Only the self-reliance, the high privilege to conceive and execute which is inspired in the citizen by the spirit of our insti- tutions, could have accomplished such magnifi- cent results as now appear in the proud domain of the state of Idaho. Less than fifty years ago this was a veritable wilderness, unsurveyed and practically unexplored. The savage tribes, with characteristic bravery, disputed all advances of peaceful or industrial life. Within almost a gen- eration this broad area has become an empire of active industry and great commercial prosperity. There is no record that portrays in greater de- gree such a courage of manhood, such faith in power to accomplish, such a wealth of patriotism, such a development of the national civilization and social advancement. Such have been the conquests of peace by the inspiration of our in- stitutions and our American manhood. ORIGIN OF THE NAME. The word "Idaho" is said to be an Indian term signifying the dazzling white snow crest upon the principal mountain range in this region, translated most appropriately into English, "the gem of the mountains." Indian languages, on account of their poverty, are highly figurative. There has been much speculation and discus- sion not only in regard to the exact meaning of the term Idaho but also in regard to the way in which it came to be applied to the great state which now bears the name. It is, therefore, but consistent that in this compilation due consider- ation be given to various accounts. The signifi- cance of the word "Idaho" was possibly different in different localities of the aboriginal northwest. In Tourgee's weekly, The Continent, appears the following interesting account by Joaquin Miller, the "Poet of the Sierras." The literal meaning is, "sunrise mountains." Indian children among all tribes west of the Rocky moun- tains, so far as I can learn, use the word to signify the place where the sun comes from. Where these tawny people live out of doors, go to bed at dusk and rise with the first break of day, sunrise is much to them. The place where the sun comes from is a place of marvel to the children; and indeed it is a sort of dial-plate to every village or rancheria, and of con- sequence to all. The Shoshonee Indians, the true Bedouins of the American desert, hold the moun- tains where the first burst of dawn is discovered in peculiar reverence. This roving and treacherous tribe of savages, stretching from the Rocky mountains al- most to the Sierras, having no real habitation or any regard for the habitation of others, but often invading and overlapping the lands of fellow savages, had some gentle sentiments about sunrise. I-dah-ho, with them, was a sacred place, and they clothed the Rocky moun- tains, where it rose to them, with a mystic or rather a mythological sanctity. The Shasta Indians, with whom I spent the best years of my youth, and whose language and traditions I know entirely as well as those of their neighbors to the north of them, the Modocs, always, whether in camp or in winter quarters, had an I-dah-ho, or place for the sun to rise. This was a sort of Mecca in the skies, to which every Indian lifted his face involun- tarily on rising from his rest. I am not prepared to say that the act had any special religion in it. I only assert that it was always done silently, and almost, if not entirely, reverently. Yet it must be remembered that this was a very practical affair nearly always and with all Indians. The war-path, the hunt, the journey all these pursuits entered almost daily into the In- dian's life, and of course the first thing to be thought of in the morning was I-dah-ho. Was the day to open propitiously? Was it to be fair or stormy weather for the work in hand? But I despair of impressing the importance of sun- rise on those who rarely witness it, although to the Indian it is everything. And that is why every tribe in the mountains, wherever it was and whatever its object in hand, had a "Mount I-dah-ho." This word, notwithstanding its beauty and pictorial significance, found no place in our books till some twenty-one years ago (during the early '6os), and then only in an ab- breviated and unmeaning form. Indeed, all Indian dialects, except the Chinook, a conglomerate published by the Hudson's Bay Company for their own pur- poses and adopted by the missionaries, seem to have always been entirely ignored and unknown throughout the north Pacific territory. This Chinook answered all purposes. It was a sort of universal jargon, was the only dialect in which the Bible was printed, or that had a dictionary, and no one seemed to care to dig beyond it. And so it was that this worthless and un- meaning Chinook jargon overlaid and buried our beau- tiful names and traditions. They were left to perish with the perishing people, so that now, instead of soft and alliterative names, with pretty meanings and tra- ditions, we have for the most sublime mountains to be seen on earth, those of the Oregon sierras, mis- called the Cascade mountains, such outlandish and senseless and inappropriate appellations as Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, Mount Washington and HISTORY OF IDAHO. Mount Rainier. Changing the name of the Oregon river, however, to that of the Columbia, is an im- pertinence that can plead no excuse but the bad taste of those perpetrating the folly. The mighty Shoshonee river, with its thousand miles of sand and lava beds, is being changed by these same map-makers to that of Lewis and Clarke river. When we consider the lawless character of the rov- ing Bedouins who once peopled this region, how snake-like and treacherous they were as they stole over the grass and left no sign, surely we would allow this sinuous, impetuous and savage river to bear the name which it would almost seem nature gave it, for Sho- shonee is the Indian name for serpent. How appro- priate for this river and its once dreaded people! The dominion of this tribe departed with the discovery of gold on a tributary of the Shoshonee river in 1860. The thousands who poured over this vast country on their way to the new gold fields of the north swept them away almost entirely. Up to this time they had only the almost helpless and wholly exhausted immi- grant to encounter, with now and then a brush with soldiers sent out to avenge some massacre. But this tribe perished, as I have said, before the Californians, and to-day it is not, except as one of the broken and dispirited remnants familiar to the wretched reservations scattered over the vast far west. Captain Pierce, the discoverer of gold in the north, located Pierce City on the site of his discovery, in the dense wood away up in the wild spurs of the Bitter Root mountains, about fifty miles from the Shoshonee river. Then "Oro Fino City" sprang up; then Elk City was laid out; but the "cities" did not flourish; indeed, all these "cities" were laid out only to be buried! The gold was scarce and the mighty flood of miners that had overrun everything to reach the new mines began to set back in a refluent tide. On the site of the earthworks thrown up by Lewis and Clarke, who wintered on the banks of the Sho- shonee river in 1804-5, the adventurous miners had founded a fourth and more imposing city, as they passed on their way to the mines. This they called Lewiston. It was at the head of steamboat navigation on the Shoshonee, and promised well. I remember it as an array of miles and miles of tents in the spring. In the fall, as the tide went out, there were left only a few strips of tattered canvas flapping in the wind. Here and there stood a few "shake shanties," against which little pebbles rattled in a perpetual fusillade as they were driven by the winds that howled down the swift and barren Shoshonee. "It oughter be a gold-bearin' country," said a ragged miner, as he stood with hands in pockets shivering on the banks of the desolate river, looking wistfully away toward California. "It oughter be a gold-bearin' country, 'cause it's fit fur nuthin' else; wouldn't even grow grasshoppers." I had left California before this rush, settled down, and been admitted to the bar by ex-Attorney General George H. Williams, then judge, of Oregon, and had now come, with one law-book and two six-shooters, to offer my services in the capacity of advocate to the miners. Law not being in demand. I threw away my book, bought a horse and rode express. But even this had to be abandoned and I, too, was being borne out with the receding tide. Suddenly it began to be ru- mored that farther up the Shoshonee, and beyond a great black and white mountain, a party of miners who had attempted to cross this ugly range and got lost had gold in deposits that even exceeded the palmy days of '49. Colonel Craig, an old pioneer, who had married an Indian woman and raised a family here, proposed to set out for the new mine. The old man had long since, through his Indians, heard of gold in this black mountain, and he was ready to believe this rumor in all its extravagance. He was rich in horses, a good man, a great-brained man, in fact, who always had his pock- ets full of papers, reminding one of Kit Carson in this respect; and indeed it was his constant thirst for news that drew him toward the "expressman" and made him his friend. I gladly accepted his offer of a fresh horse and the privilege of making one of his party. For reasons suf- ficient to the old mountaineer we set out at night and climbed and crossed Craig's mountain, sparsely set with pines and covered with rich, brown grass, by moon- light. As we approached the edge of Camas prairie, then a land almost unknown, but now made famous by the battlefields of Chief Joseph, we could see through the open pines a faint, far light on the great black and white mountain beyond the valley. "I-dah-ho," shouted our Indian guide in the lead, as he looked back and pointed to the break of dawn on the mountain before us. "That shall be the name of the new mines," said Colonel Craig quietly, as he rode by his side. The exclamation, its significance, the occasion and all conspired to excite deep pleasure, for I had al- ready written something on this name and its poetical import, and made a sort of glossary embracing eleven dialects. Looking over this little glossary now, I note that the root of the exclamation is dah! The Shasta word is pou-dah-ho. The Klamath is num-dah-ho. The Modoc is lo-dah, and so on. Strangely like "Look there!" or "Lo, light!" is this exclamation, and with precisely that meaning. I do not know whether this Indian guide was Nez Perce, Shoshonee, Cayuse or from one of the many other tribes that had met and melted into this half- civilized people first named. Neither can I say cer- tainly at this remote date whether he applied the word i-dah-ho to the mountain as a permanent and estab- lished name, or used the word to point the approach of dawn; but I do know that this mountain, that had become famous in .a night and was now the objective point of ten thousand pilgrims, became at once known to the world as I-dah-ho. Passing by the Indians' cornfields and herds of cat- tle and horses, we soon crossed the Camas valley. Here, hugging the ragged base of the mountain, we HISTORY OF IDAHO. struck the stormy and craggy Salmon river, a tributary of the Shoshonee, and found ourselves in the heart of the civilized and prosperous Nez Perces' habitations. Ten miles of this tortuous and ragged stream and our guide led up the steep and stupendous mountain to- ward which all the prospectors were now journeying. At first it was open pines and grass, then stunted fir and tamarack, then broken lava and manzanita, then the summit and snow. A slight descent into a broad, flat basin, dark with a dense growth of spruce, where here and there was a beautiful little meadow of tall marsh grass, and we were in the mines the first really rich gold mines that had as yet ever been found outside of California. "Surely there is a vein for the silver, and a place for the gold where they fine it," says the Bible, mean- ing that the only certain place to look for gold is where they refine it. Certainly the text never had a more apt illustration than here; for of all places for gold in the wide world this seemed the most unlikely. The old California miners who came pouring in after us, almost before we had pitched tent, were disgusted. "Nobody but a parcel of fools would ever have found gold here," said one, with a sneer at the long-haired Oregonians who had got lost and found the new mines. But the wheat-like grains of gold were there, and in such heaps as had never been found in Cali- fornia; and so accessible, only a few inches under the turf or peat in the little meadows and little blind gulches here and there in this great black, bleak and wintry basin that had never yet been peopled since it came fresh from the Creator's hand. In less than a week the black basin was white with tents. Our party located a "city" where we first pitched our tent, with the express-office for a nucleus. Look at your map, tracing up from Lewiston over Craig's mountain and Camas prairie, and you will find "Millersburg," looking as big on the map as any town in the west. Yet it did not live long. A man soon came with a family of daughters. Dr. Furber, an author of some note at the time, and settled half a mile farther on. My "city" went with and clustered about the ladies. The Doctor named the rival "city" after his eldest daughter, Florence. It flourished in the falling snow like a bay, and was at one time the capital of the territory. There is little left of it now, however, but the populous graveyard. And, alas for the soft Indian name! The bluff miner, with his swift speech and love of brevity, soon cut the name of the new mines down to "Idao!" And so, when the new gold-fields widened out during a winter of unexampled endurance into "Warren's Diggins," "Boise City," "Bannack City," and so on, and the new territory took upon itself a name and had a place on the map of the republic, that name was plain, simple Idaho. Should any one concerned in the preservation of our native and beautiful names care to know more particularly the facts here sketched, let him address Colonel Craig (since deceased), of Craig's mountain, a well read and the best informed man on the sub- ject to be found in the far west; and he is the man who found and named I-dah-ho. In another publication, Miller says: "The name of the great northwest gold fields, comprising Montana and Idaho, was originally spelled I- dah-ho, with the accent thrown heavily on the second syllable. The word is perhaps of Sho- shone derivation, but it is found in similar form, and with the same significance, among all the Indians west of the Rocky mountains. The Nez Perce Indians, in whose country the great white and black mountain lies which first induced the white man to use this name, are responsible for its application to the region of the far northwest." The Shoshonees had a legend of a bright object falling from the skies and resting upon a moun- tain, forever shining but forever inaccessible. This they called e-dah-ho, referring undoubtedly to the glistening white crest of snow upon the summits of the mountains. A writer in the New West, apparently well informed, declares that Idaho is not a Nez Perce word, adding: ''The mountains that Joaquin Mil- ler speaks of may be named with a somewhat similar appellation, but most likely the whole story grows out of the fertile imagination of the poet. Idaho Springs, in Colorado, were known long before Idaho territory was organized. The various territories at their organization should have been given appropriate local names. Colo- rado was named after the river of that name, though it is not within its boundaries. It should have been called Idaho. It was the name first placed in the bill organizing it, but was after- ward changed." Ex-Senator Nesmith of Oregon gives still another account: "The bill first passed the house of representatives designating the present terri- tory of Idaho as 'Montana.' When it came up for consideration in the senate, on the 3d of March, 1863, Senator Wilson, of Massachusetts, moved to strike out the word 'Montana' and in- sert 'Idaho.' Mr. Harding of Oregon, said: 'I think the name ''Idaho" is preferable to "Mon- tana." ' Idaho in English signifies the 'Gem of the Mountains.' I heard others suggest that it meant in the Indian tongue 'Sinning Mountains,' all of which are synonymous. I do not know from which of the Indian tongues the two words 'Ida- HISTORY OF IDAHO. ho' come. I think, however, if you will pursue the inquiry among those familiar with the Nez Perce, Shoshone and Flathead tribes, that you will find the origin of the two words as I have given it above." As to the application of the name Idaho to the territory, from which Montana was subsequently set off, the following account, which originally appeared in the Owyhee Avalanche, seems to be altogether reasonable in its claims, and with the incorporation of the same we will proceed to the consideration of other matters: "A great deal of discussion and conjecture has been published By the press of Idaho as to the manner in which our young state was christened. Hon. C. M. Hays this week handed us a per- sonal letter, which he received some time since from Hon. George B. Walker, of Seattle, a mem- ber of the house of representatives of Washing- ton, who was among the earliest settlers of the territory now known as Idaho. We believe that the following is authentic and will put to rest all the theories advanced in the past, which were at most but the product of a vivid imagination: "In the fall of 1860 the gold placer-mines were dis- covered in what is now known as Shoshone county, Idaho then a portion of Washington. A man by the name of Pierce was with the first party, and, I think, the captain of it. Pierce City was named after him. J. Marion Moore, D. H. Fergus. Sargent Smith, David H. Alderson and many others, whose names I have forgotten, were among the first in the new El Dorado. I was among the number and built comfortable quarters in Pierce City. "In 1861 three candidates were nominated for con- g ress _W. H. Wallace by the Republicans, Salucius Garfielde by the Douglas Democrats, and Judge Ed- ward Lander (brother of the General) by the Breckiri- ridge wing of the party. They traveled over the (then known) eastern part of the territory in company with your father, Hon. Gilmore Hays, making speeches whenever they could get a crowd together. When they arrived in Pierce City I invited them to camp at my place (everyone carried his own blankets in those days), I being personally acquainted with Wallace and Garfielde. They accepted the invitation. While there I proposed a division of the territory, as I thought we were a long distance from Olympia. They agreed that whoever was elected would favor a division. Then the question of name came up, and I suggested the name of Idaho. I had seen the name on a steamer built by Colonel J. S. Rockwell to run between the Cascades and the Dalles, in connection with the steamer Moun- tain Buck, which ran from Portland to the Cascades before the organization of the Oregon Steam Naviga- tion Company. The old Idaho is now on Puget Sound and owned by Captain Brownfield, and still makes a good appearance. All the above named gentlemen said that was the name. "W. H. Wallace was elected. I voted for Garfielde, and on the 3d of March, 1863, the new territory was created and named Idaho. Lincoln appointed Wallace the first governor and he was elected the first delegate to congress. "So I believe if there is any credit due for naming the state I am entitled to it. A controversy came up about it. I think, in 1875, an d I caused an article to be put in the Owyhee Avalanche, which was corroborated by your father. I hear that Judge Lander is still liv- ing, and if I knew where a letter would reach him I would write, as I think he might remember this affair on the frontier thirty-two years ago. "GEORGE B. WALKER. "West Seattle, King county, Washington." CHAPTER II. GEOLOGICAL AGENCIES. IN GENERAL it may be said that the moun- tain ranges of Idaho are volcanic upheavals, the mighty bending upward of the crust of the. earth's surface when its inborn fires were lashed to unwonted fury in some stormy age of old eternity. The valleys were doubtless formed by this upheaval of its enclosing ranges, leaving the floor of the surface here comparatively undis- turbed. This really rests on a foundation of aqueous rock of unmeasured thickness, on which the alluvial matter that forms its soils has been deposited. With this there are, in many places, deep deposits of water-worn pebbles and strati- fied sand, which were made at an era much more modern than that of the underlying sandstone. It is useless to endeavor to identify these changes chronologically, as creation in its being and in its mutations writes its historic days in millennials of age, and thus puts our conception of time, drawn as it is from human experience and human history, entirely at fault. Of course, in indicating the forces that formed the now verdant valleys, glacial action must not be forgotten. Far extending moraines and wide glaciated -surfaces tell the story of the far-away eras when these mighty ice-plows furrowed and planed down the broken face of the earth's crust, and smoothed it into its now beauteous vales. Enough has already been said to indicate to the reader that the mountains of Idaho are of volcanic formation. The great snow peaks are all volcanoes. They are called extinct, though some of them still give distinct evidence of an internal unrest born of pent-up fires. Buffalo Hump has been in active eruption within the memory of the present generation. The great summit intervals Between these peaks are gener- ally granitic rock, covered with a deep vegetable soil, intermixed with decayed granite. In fact, there were many successive overflows, as on the broken faces of the cliffs clearly defined lines of stratification are presented more numerous as we approach the great summits that were their foun- tain. The molten iron sea rolled onward, over- lying the whole country, drinking up the rivers, shearing off the forests, and seizing a nightly holocaust of animal life in its devouring maw. For ages, how long no one can know, this great lava plain, first red and hot and simmering, then black and cold, and rending itself into deep chasms in its slow cooling, lay out under the stars without vegetable or animal life, almost without springlet or dewdrop, to cool or soften its black and rugged face. The fires of the vol- canoes at length burned low. The mountain sum- mits cooled. A few stray clouds floated over the tortured earth. A few drops of rain touched its iron surface with their imprisoned mieht. Show- ers followed. The springs that fountain rivers began to bubble from beneath the cloven lava beds, searching out an open way seaward through their broken chasms. And thus the changes of the ages went on. The basalts were ground to powder in the mills of the streams. The old surfaces over which the lava had once spread were cut into valleys, hundreds of feet deep. Fecund soils were deposited. Vegetation sprang forth again. Animal life found food and drink and shelter, and still the changes went on. Frost and snow and raindrop and stormy winds and burning suns wrought the miracle of a new genesis, leaving a field in which nature has writ- ten the most legible and astonishing records of her processes and her powers. The mountain ranges present a wonderful con- glomeration of basalts, granite, slate, sandstone, with vast beds of stratified sand and water-worn gravel. In places one formation predominates, in other places some other formation, and then again several of them appear intermixed, or over- lying one another. It is evident that the heat attending the volcanic action that lifted the vast ridges to their present position was great enough to cause perfect fusion in only a few places; while 8 HISTORY OF IDAHO. yet the forces below were mighty enough to cause the wonderful and weird displacements of the primitive rocks so often arresting the observant eye. One hour the traveler among these moun- tains will be passing over scoriated basalt, or along cliffs of basaltic columns, the next among great granite boulders or over gray granite pin- nacles, then over miles of aqueous deposits in the form of stratified sandstone or stratified beds of sand and gravel intermixed; or again slate slopes and hillsides will arrest his eye, until he is lost in the wilderment of his strange surroundings. The Blue mountains margin on the west the great lava plains of Snake river vallev. The vol- canic conditions, so plainly marked in the Cas- cade and Blue mountains, and the valley inter- vening between them, .continue and are intensi- fied as we enter the great upper valley of Snake river, which lies mostly in the state of Idaho, which was once the mightiest scene of volcanic action on the American continent, if not in the world. We should not dismiss the whole subject of the geology of this most interesting region, with these general statements for the lay reader with- out some more distinctly scientific record for the benefit of the more technical reader and student. For him geology would write about the follow- ing history of the conditions and changes of un- told ages and marvelous processes through which this wonderful Idaho world was being formed. For an immense period before the existence of the Coast and Cascade ranges of mountains, the primeval ocean washed the western shores of the great Rock mountain chain, and throughout the palaeozoic era and the whole Triassic and Juras- sic periods of the Mesozoic era numerous rivers kept bringing down debris until an enormously thick mass of off-shore deposits had accumulated. This marginal sea-bottom became the scene of in- tense aqueous-igneous action in its deeply buried strata, producing a line of wrackness, which, yielding to the horizontal thrust produced by the secular contraction of the interior of the earth, was crushed together and swollen upward into the Cascade and Sierra Nevada range at the close of the Jurassic period. The range thus produced was not of very great height. It existed for un- known centuries, the scene of erosion and plant growth, roamed over by the now extinct fauna of the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. It was combed by forests of conifers and oaks. Then followed the great lava-flow and uplift of the mountain range of the modern Cascades. Be- neath the overlying lava, where the Columbia breaks through the barriers of this great range, there is found along the water's edgfe, and for nearly twenty feet upward, a coarse conglomerate of rounded porphyritic pebbles and boulders of all sizes up to six feet in diameter, held together by an imperfectly lithified earthy paste. Above the conglomerate is a very distinct, though ir- regular ground surface bed, in which are found silicified stumps with roots extending twenty feet and penetrating into the boulder material beneath evidently in situ. Resting directly on this forest ground-surface, and therefore inclos- ing the erect stumps, is a layer of stratified sand- stone, two or three feet thick, filled with beautiful and perfect impressions of leaves of several kinds of forest trees, possibly of the very trees about whose silicified bases they are found. Above this leaf-bearing stratum rests a coarse conglomer- ate similar to that beneath at the water level. Scattered about in the lower part of this upper conglomerate, and in the stratified sandstone, and sometimes lying in the dirt beneath it, fragments of silicified driftwood are found. Above this last conglomerate, and resting upon it, rise the layers of lava, mostly columnar basalt, one above an- other to a height of three thousand feet. From these facts the following order of events are de- duced : The region of the Columbia river was a forest, probably a valley, overgrown by conifers and oaks. The subsoil was a coarse boulder drift produced by erosion of some older rocks. An excess of water came on, either by floods or changes of level, and the trees were killed, their leaves shed and buried in mud, and their trunks rotted to stumps. Then came on a tumultuous and rapid deposit of coarse drift, containing drift- wood, which covered up the ground and the still remaining stumps to a depth of several hundred feet. The surface thus formed was eroded into hills and dales, and then followed the outburst of lava in successive flows, and the silification of the wood and fermentation of the drift by the percolation of the hot alkaline waters containing silica. Finally followed the process of erosion by HISTORY OF IDAHO. 9 which the present streams, channels and valleys, whether main or tributary, are cut to their enor- mous depth. The great masses of sediment sent down to the sea by the erosion of the primary Cascade range, forming a thick offshore, deposit, gave rise in turn at the end of the Miocene to the upheaval of the Coast range, the Cascade moun- tains being at the same time rent along the axis into enormous fissures from which outpoured the grand lava floods, building the mountains higher and covering the country for great dis- tances. This is probably the grandest lava flow known to geology, covering as it does an area of not less than two hundred thousand square miles. It covers the greater portion of northern Califor- nia and northwestern Nevada, nearly the whole of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, and runs far into British Columbia on the north. Its average thickness is two thousand feet, and the greatest (shown where the Columbia, Des Chutes, Snake and other rivers cut through it) four thousand feet. To produce this, many successive flows took place, and great periods of time elapsed during which this volcanic action continued. Durine the period of these Cascade eruptions, the Coast range was being slowly elevated, and became in turn the scene of local volcanic action, though not very severe. At last the great fissure eruptions drew to a close. The fissures became blocked up. The volcanic action became confined to a few locali- ties. The period of crater eruptions followed. This continued for a long time almost to our own day. These crater eruptions built up the great snowy peaks. By the formation of the Cascade a great in- terior basin was made, the waters of which col- lected into secondary reservoirs, some of very large extent, and which were at length carried off by the rivers which have cut their way from the interior to the sea. The Columbia and its tributaries drained the northern part of tins im- mense basin, and at this period doubtless the great Salt Lake of Utah found its outlet to the sea by the Snake and Columbia rivers. Thence came the lava floods, whose great flows have since been worn away in places, exposing the tertiary and cretaceous beds, and revealing the former conditions of the region by the fossils found therein. At the end of the Miocene the lava flows from the Cascade fissures commenced, but it was long before they reached the entire extent of the great basins, which continued to exist and be endowed with life well into the Pliocene. CHAPTER III. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. DURING the long period of time in which the Pacific coast of North America was being slowly brought to the knowledge of civilized man, the course of narrative shows that the Frenchman and Spaniard were the pio- neers of exploration in this region, both by sea and land. Spain led the maritime nations in dis- tant and successful voyages. The voyage of Columbus, under the auspices of Ferdinand and his noble queen, Isabella, whose reign over the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon gave Spain so much glory in that adventurous and chivalrous age, had kindled every maritime Span- iard into a very knight of the seas, and inspired the whole nation with a burning zeal for dis- covery and conquest of distant lands. Her rulers were among the greatest and most renowned of all ages of the world. Ferdinand and Isabella were succeeded by Charles V., one of the most enlightened and powerful monarchs that ever sat on any throne. He was succeeded by his son Philip, who, though haughty and imperious, so carried forward the ideas and purposes of his great father that his kingdom reached the very zenith of power and influence in the councils of the European monarchs. The woe pronounced upon a "land whose king is a child" could not fall upon Spain during this period. Weak and lusterless as may now be the condition of the Spanish nation, and little as her power is felt or feared in the world to-day, then soon the Saxon asked privileges of the Castilian and measured his own power by the standard of the other's greatness. Under the impulse thus pervading the Spanish nation, her banner was pushed into every sea and her cavaliers led all armies of distant conquest, especially in the New World. While the great- est historical interest attached to these early mari- time explorations along the Pacific coast of North America and had a potent influence upon the ulti- mate opening up of the far western country to civ- ilization, the association with the specific history of the great state of Idaho is so remote, and has been so often and so ably considered, that it is not necessary to more than refer thus incidentally to tht story of adventure in this connection. The development of the Oregon country came as the diametrical result of explorations by land, and it is not less than fitting that a brief record touch- ing the same be here entered. While Spain led maritime discoveries, the facile and plastic Frenchman led the land explorations into the interior of the western continent. France had a strong holding on the eastern shore of America north of the St. Lawrence, a point of great advantage in intro-continental explorations. In addition to this she had planted her colonies at the mouth of the Mississippi, and stretched a cor- don of posts southeastward from Quebec to the Ohio, thus hemming the English into a compara- tively narrow belt of country on the Atlantic sea- board, and leaving free to her adventurous roam- ers the vast, and as yet unknown regions that stretched westward and northward, no one couM tell how far or how wide. The French pushed their advantages by land as did Spain hers by sea, and as early as 1743 their explorations had reached the heart of the Rocky mountains. From Canada arid from Louisiana, up the lakes and up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, the French- man's pirogue kept movement with the voy- ageurs' songs as these care-free men of France pushed their trade and travel into the middle of the continent. The French and English war of 1756, however, by giving England the opportu- nity to wrest Canada from the weakened grasp of France, put a sudden stop to her movements in the line of explorations from that province, and opened the same opportunity to England that France had previously enjoyed. But though the opportunity was before her Great Britain was so fully occupied with her European difficulties and the care of her American colonies, already grow- 10 g oS I c CO , fin C HISTORY OF IDAHO. 11 ing restive under the grievances of her misrule, demanded so much of the attention of her parlia- ment and rulers that she could attempt nothing further than to hold her "reign of vantage" securely, for at least a quarter of a century. During the progress of this quarter of a cen- tury new conditions and combinations had arisen. England lost all her colonies on the Atlantic coast south of the St. Lawrence. France had sold Louisiana to Spain. Thus England's opportuni- ties were contracted, those of France were de- stroyed, and the new republic of America was as yet unable to enter the field of exploration and colonization. At this period the continental po- sition was this: Spain, after her purchase of Lou- isiana from France, had proprietary claim to all the country we^st of the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean, with no very clearly defined north- ern limit to her claims. England held the country northward of the great lakes and the St. Law- rence river, extending indefinitely westward, above the forty-ninth parallel of latitude. The United States held actually the country east of the summits of the Alleghany mountains, includ- ing the six New England states and New York, and had ownership of all the country westward of the Alleghanies which England had conquered from France in the war of 1756. These were the powers that, after the American Revolution, stood looking to the yet unknown west as the place for the future aggrandizement of their re- spective fortunes, and this was the condition in which they looked to the future and prepared for its issues. The advantages of the condition were with Great Britain. She had grown to be the leading power of Europe. Already the swing of conquest was in the movement of her legislation and her peoples. While the wars of the past twenty years had taxed, they had not paupered her. She was strong, consolidated, ambitious, courageous; and she was Saxon, the blood of endurance ancl conquest. Spain held her position in the south and west by a precarious tenure, and she so felt the feeble- ness of that tenure that she neither made nor cared to make any vigorous movements to extend her possessions or to strengthen her holdings in America. The United States, geographically, held the center of opportunity, but the almost chaos of the era that followed the close of the Revolutionary war was over the face of her politi- cal history, and she needed time in which to gird herself for the strain of the future. But she had the strength to wait, for she, too, was Saxon. And so, with the parties in direct interest in the movements that were so surely to follow prepar- ing for the race of empire westward, we come to the real opening of the era of discovery by land westward of the great mountains. These were begun solely by private enterprise for individual gain. They early reached the Ath- abasca and Saskatchewan. But the field was too great for individual resources, and besides the Hudson's Bay Company entered the field with a competition which could only be met by combi- nation. So the Northwest Company, of Montreal, was formed in 1784 for the express purpose of meeting and overcoming the competition of the Hudson's Bay Company, which had proved so ruinous to the individual traders who had ven- tured into the country before. In a very few years this became a most prosperous and power- ful organization, and its traders and explorers filled all the country east of the Rocky mountains as far north as the Arctic and as far south as the Missouri. The great headquarters of this company was at "Fort Chippewyan" on Lake Athabasca, and were under the charge of Alexander Mackenzie, a very resolute and able man, whose enterprise in explorations stamped his name on the geog- raphy of all the west and north. In 1791 he organized a small party for a western explora- tion, intending to prosecute his journey until he reached the Pacific ocean. He had, two years before, discovered the river that bears his own name, and followed it from its source in Great Slave lake to where it discharges its waters into the Arctic ocean. Having thus ascertained the character and extent of the country to the north- west, he was determined to develop the character of that to the west by the expedition on which he was now entering. He left Fort Chippewyan on the loth of October, 1791, ancl with much difficulty ascended the Peace" river from Lake Athabasca to the foot of the Rocky mountains, where the party encamped for the winter. In June of the following year he resumed his jour- ney, still following up the same stream, which he 12 HISTORY OF IDAHO. traced to its source near the fifty-fourth parallel of latitude and distant about one thousand miles from its mouth. Only a short distance from the springs of the Peace river he came upon those of another stream flowing westward, called by the natives Tacoutchee Tessee, clown which he floated in canoes about two hundred and fifty miles. Leaving the river, he then proceeded westward overland, and on the 22d of July, 1792, reached the Pacific ocean, at the mouth of an inlet in latitude 52 10'. This inlet had, only a few weeks previously, been surveyed by the fleet of Vancouver; and thus Mackenzie had con- nected the land and water explorations of Great Britain on the Pacific coast. Mackenzie reached the coast far north of the mouth of the river on which he had sailed in his canoes so far to the southwest. On his return to Fort Chippewyan, late in August, 1792, he learned of the discovery of the mouth of the Columbia by Captain Gray, when he at once con- cluded that the stream he had followed so far was the upper part of that river, and it was so consid- ered by geographers until 1812, or twenty years after Mackenzie's journey, when Simon Fraser, of the sarne company as Mackenzie, traced it to its mouth in the gulf of Georgia, a little north of the 49 of latitude. Since that time it has been known as Fraser's river. To Alexander Mac- kenzie doubtless belongs the honor of making the first journey down the western slope of the great Rocky mountain chain to the Pacific ocean; though it was made wholly north of the parallel that was subsequently fixed as the boundary line between the British possessions on the American continent and the United States. It is a somewhat striking coincidence that the first important American movement for an ex- ploration by land of the country lying on the north Pacific coast was made the same year that Mackenzie accomplished his journey to the Pa- cific and that Captain Gray sailed into the mouth of the Columbia river. Thomas Jefferson, at that time the representative of the United States gov- ernment at the court of Versailles, became deeply interested as an American in this great western region. He proposed to the American Philo- sophical Society that a subscription be raised for the purpose of defraying the expenses of an ex- ploration, and a person be employed competent to conduct it. He wished it to "ascend the Missouri river, cross the Stony mountains, and descend the nearest river to the Pacific." His suggestion was acted upon by the society, and Captain Meriwether Lewis, on the recommenda- tion of Jefferson, was selected to lead the expe- dition; and Andre Micheaux, a distinguished French botanist, was chosen to accompany him. They proceeded as far as Kentucky, when Mr. Micheaux was recalled by the French minis- ter at Washington and the expedition was given up. The next movement for the accomplishment of the same purpose was while the treaty was pending between Mr. Jefferson, then president of the United States, and Napoleon, then ruler of France, for the transfer of the claims of France to the whole northwest to the Umted States. On the i8th of January, 1803, the president trans- mitted a special message to congress in which he incorporated a recommendation that an official expedition be dispatched on the same errand con- templated in the one that had been abandoned. An ample appropriation was made, and again Captain Lewis, then private secretary to the pres- ident, was chosen to conduct it. He solicited William Clarke as his associate. The instructions issued to these gentlemen, by Mr. Jefferson, while specific as to purpose, were broad as to geographical extent. In them he says: "The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river and such principal streams of it as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific ocean, whether the Colum- bia, Oregon, Colorado, or any other river, may offer the most direct and practicable water com- munication across the continent for the purposes of commerce." They were directed to thoroughly inform them- selves of the extent and number of the Indian tribes, their customs and degrees of civilization, and to report fully upon the topography of the regions through which they passed, together with the character of the soil, natural products, animal life, mineral resources, climate, and to inquire particularly into the fur trade and the needs of commerce. When these instructions were given, Louisiana had not been ceded to the United States, and hence Mr. Jefferson continued: HISTORY OF IDAHO. 13 "Your mission has been communicated to the ministers here from France, Spain and Great Britain, and through them to their governments; and such assurances given them as to its objects as we trust will satisfy them. The country of Louisiana having been ceded by Spain to France, the passport you have from the minister of France, the representative of the present sover- eign of that country, will be a protection with all its subjects; and that from the minister of Eng- land will entitle you to the friendly aid of any traders of that allegiance with whom you may happen to meet." A few days before the expedition was ready to start, the joyful intelligence was received that France had formally ceded Louisiana to the United States; hence the passport of the repre- sentative of the French government at Washing- ton was not needed. Captain Lewis left Washington on the 5th day of July, 1803, and on arriving at Louisville, Ken- tucky, was joined by Clarke. They selected their party, went as far as St. Louis, near which they went into camp, and remained until the final start was made, on the I4th day of May, 1804. The party now consisted of Captains Lewis and Clarke, nine young men from Kentucky, four- teen soldiers, two French Canadian voyageurs, an interpreter and hunter, and a negro servant of Captain Clarke. The party ascended the Mis- souri river as far as the country of the Mandan Indians, with which tribe they remained all winter. Their westward journey was resumed in the spring of 1805. They followed up the Missouri, of whose course and tributaries and characteris- tics they had obtained very accurate information from the Mandans. Passing the mouth of the Yellowstone, or Roche Jaune of the French Can- adian trappers and voyageurs who had already visited it, they continued up the Missouri, pass- ing its great falls and cascades, and ascending through its mighty canon, crossed the Rocky mountain divide and descended its western side to the stream now known at different points on its course as "Deer Lodge," "Hellgate," "Bitter Root," "Clarke's Fork," and "Pend d'Oreille." Upon this stream they bestowed the name of "Clarke's river." From this river the advance party, under Clarke, crossed the Bitter Root mountains by the Lolo trail. On these rugged heights they suffered intensely from cold and hunger. On the 2Oth day of September they came to a village of Nez Perces Indians, situated on a plain about fifteen miles from the south fork of Cleanvater river, where they were received with great hospitality. When they reached the Nez Perces village the party was nearly famished, and they partook of such quantities of the food so liberally provided by their Indian hosts that many of them be- came too ill to proceed until the second day, and among that number was Clarke himself. As soon as they were able to proceed they went to the village of the chief, Twisted Hair, situated on an island in the stream. To this river Clarke gave the name "Koos-koos-kee," doubtless slight- ly misunderstanding the words used by the Nez Perces in distinguishing it from the Snake river, into which it enters "Koots-koots-hee" which those acquainted with the Nez Perces tongue say is a descriptive term, and means, "This is the smaller." Here the two parties were united, and, after resting a few days, journeyed on down the Clear- water. The company was now utterly exhausted. Many found it difficult to sit upon their horses. Captain Lewis was very ill. The weather was hot and oppressive. They felt that they could proceed no farther in their former manner of trav- eling, and the commanders resolved to prepare canoes and prosecute the remainder of their jour- ney in them. With Twisted Hair as guide, Clarke proceeded about five miles, where suitable timber was found, and encamped on the low ground opposite the forks of the river. When their canoes were constructed, leaving their horses and equipage with Twisted Hair, they embarked on the Clearwater on their jour- ney toward the Pacific. They were not- long in reaching Snake river, which, in honor of Captain Lewis, they called "Lewis river." Down that stream to the Columbia was a quick and rapid passage. Down the Columbia was not less rapid, and they reached the cascades of that stream on the 2 ist day of October. Making the portage of the cascades they embarked again, passed the mouth of the Willamette without observing it, and on the I5th day of November reached cape Disappointment and looked out on the great 14 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ocean, which had been the goal of their journey- ing for more than a year. They remained near the ocean, wintering in a log dwelling which they erected on the south side of the Columbia, which they called "Fort Clatsop," in honor of the Indians which inhabited that region. Hoping that some trading vessel from which they could replenish their stores would visit the river, they delayed their departure homeward until the 23d of March, 1806. Before leaving they gave the chiefs of the Clatsops, and also of the Chinooks, who resided on the north side of the river, certificates of hospitable treat- ment, and posted a writing on the wall of their cabin in these words: "The object of this last is, that through the me- dium of some civilized person who may see the same, it may be made known to the world that the party, consisting of the persons whose names are hereunto annexed, and who were sent out by the government of the United States of America to explore the interior of the continent of North America, did penetrate the same by the way of the Missouri and Columbia rivers to the dis- charge of the latter into the Pacific ocean, where they arrived on the I4th day of November, 1805, and departed the 23d day of March, 1806, on their return to the United States by the same route by which they had come out." To this paper were appended the names of the members of the expedition. Several copies of the paper were left among the Indians, and the following year one of them was handed by an Indian to Captain Hall, an American trader, whose vessel, the Lydia, had entered the Colum- bia river. By him it was taken to China and thence to the United States. Therefore had the party perished on their return, eviden9e of the completion of their purpose would have been left behind them. Their journey out had been so long and its expense so great that, on taking an invoice of their possessions on starting on the return jour- ney, they found that they had available for traffic with the Indians only six blue robes, one scarlet robe, one United States artillery hat and coat, five robes made from the national ensign, and a few old clothes trimmed with ribbons. Upon this scant store must they depend for purchasing provisions and horses, and paying tribute to stub- born chieftains through whose dominions they might pass on their long homeward journey. On their return they proceeded up the south side of the Columbia, coming unexpectedly upon a large river flowing into it from the south. On an island at its mouth was a large Indian village called "Multnomah," which name they under- stood to apply to the river they had discovered, of the course of which they made careful inquiry. The result of these inquiries was noted in the map of the expedition, making the river to flow from California to the north and west, and the Indian tribes that actually resided on the waters of Snake river to reside upon its banks. Their journey up stream was far more tedious with their canoes than had been their passage down, owing to the numerous rapids and cascades; and at the mouth of what they called Lapage river now "John Day" they abandoned their canoes and packing their baggage on the back of a few horses that they had purchased from the Indians, proceeded up the southern bank of the Columbia on foot. Crossing the Umatilla river, called by them the You-ma-lo-law, they arrived at the mouth of the Walla Walla on the 2/th day of April. The greatest Indian chief of the Pacific coast, at that time, if not indeed of all tradition, was then at the head of the Walla nation. His name wasYellept. The story of his life and death, as handed down by the traditions of his people, is of the most thrilling and romantic character, but belongs rather to such writings as Cooper's than to the sober chronicles of history. This powerful chieftain received the company with most generous hospitality, which charmed the travelers into some lingering before they ven- tured farther into the wild gorges of the moun- tains. The journal of the expedition records the kindness of these Indians with many appreciative words, and closes its notice of them by saying: "We may, indeed, justly affirm that of all the Indians that we have seen since leaving the United States the Walla Wallas were the most hospitable, honest and sincere." Leaving these hospitable people on the 29th of April, the party passed eastward on the great "Nez Perces trail." This trail was the great highway of the Walla Wallas, Cay uses and Nez Perces eastward to the buffalo ranges, to which HISTORY OF IDAHO. 15 they annually resorted for game supplies. It passed up the valley of the Touchet, called by Lewis and Clarke the "White Stallion" thence over the high prairie ridges, and down the Al- pona to the crossing of Snake river, then up the north bank of Clearwater to the village of Twisted Hair, where the exploring party had left their horses on their way down the previous autumn. It was worn deep and broad, and in many stretches on the open plains and over the smooth hills twenty horsemen could ride abreast in the parallel paths worn by the constant rush of the Indian generations from time imme- morial. But the plow has long since obliterated it, and where the monotonous song of the In- dian's march was droningly chanted for so many barbaric ages, the song of the reaper thrills the clear air as he comes to his garner, bringing in the sheaves. For the purposes of this narrative it is not necessary to trace the explorations of these trav- elers farther, interesting as they would be, for they scarcely belong directly to Idaho history. With the usual adventures of explorers in the unfrequented regions which they traversed they followed homeward the path of their outward advance, and reached St. Louis on the 25th of September, 1806, having been absent nearly two years and a half. Their safe return to the United States sent a thrill of rejoicing through the country. Mr. Jef- ferson, the great patron and inspirer of the ex- pedition, says of it: "Never did a similar event excite more joy throughout the United States. The humblest of its citizens had taken a lively interest in the issue of this journey, and looked forward with impa- tience to the information it would furnish. Their anxieties, too, for the safety of the corps had been kept in a state of excitement by lugubrious ru- mors, circulated from time to time on uncertain authorities, and uncontradicted by letters, or other direct information, from the time they had left the Mandan towns on their ascent up the river in April of the preceding year, 1805, until their actual return to St. Louis. Captain Lewis, soon after his return, was ap- pointed governor of Louisiana, and Captain Clarke was made general of militia of the same territory and Indian agent for the vast region he had so successfully explored. Both had per- formed inestimable services for their country, and were well worthy of generous reward. For themselves they had achieved a lasting fame. Their names will be remembered as long as the crystal waters of "Clarke's fork" or deep flow of "Lewis river" roll to the Pacific sea. These two early expeditions, that by Macken- zie in 1792, under the auspices of a company wholly British, and that of Lewis & Clarke in 1805-6, under the direction of the government of the United States, are, perhaps, the only ex- peditions across the American continent entitled to be classed as exploring. Those that followed these entered more into the fabric of the history of the regions by them brought to the knowl- edge of the civilized world. If any exception to this is allowed it should refer to the expeditions of Captain Fremont, to which, as they were un- der the auspices and at the expense of the United States government, it seems proper that a brief reference shall be made. They had for their ob- ject geographical and topographical informa- tion. John C. Fremont was a member of the corps of topographical engineers of the United States, appointed from civil life, and hence not enter- ing that service through the door of West Point. He was restlessly ambitious, in love with adven- ture and anxious to distinguish himself. For his fame he fell on auspicious times. He solicited an appointment to the command of an expedition to explore and map out the country west of Mis- souri as far as the South Pass in the Rocky mountains. In accordance with his request Colonel J. J. Abut, chief of the corps of topo- graphical engineers, ordered the expedition and gave its command to Captain Fremont. As this expedition of 1842 had little more to do with Idaho than to prepare the way for the one of the following year which was continued in force to the dalles of the Columbia and by Captain Fre- mont himself to Fort Vancouver we can dismiss it with this brief reference. The second expedition, that of 1843, n ^e that of the preceding year, was organized at Captain Fremont's own solicitation. He dictated its ob- ject, marked out its route and selected its per- sonnel. Its object was to connect his own sur- vey of the previous year, which. reached as far 16 HISTORY OF IDAHO. west as the South Pass, with that of Commander Wilkes on the coast of the Pacific ocean. He selected a company of thirty-three men, princi- pally of Creole and Canadian French, with a few Americans, and leaving Kansas landing on the Missouri river on the 29th of May, reached the termination of his former reconnoissance in the South Pass, by the way of the Kansas, Ar- kansas and upper Platte rivers, passing over the spot where Denver now is, on the I3th of Au- gust. From the South Pass Captain Fremont con- tinued his course along the well beaten emigrant road to Green river and then to Bear river, mak- ing careful annotations of the topography and geology of the country over which he passed. His exhaustive description of the locality and character of Soda or Beer springs has been the authority of all writers on the topography and mineralogy of that region from that day to this. It is worth observing that his astronomical ob- servations here place Soda springs in latitude 42 39' 57"' or ' ess than fifty miles north of what was then Mexico and consequently the same dis- tance in Oregon. These are the "Soda springs" now on the line of the Union Pacific Railroad in eastern Idaho. The intention of Captain Fremont being to explore the Great Salt Lake, which up to this time had been almost a myth so far as science was concerned, about five miles west of Soda springs he turned to the left, while the emigrant road bore away over the hills to the right, and, after ten days' travel, mainly down the Bear river valley, on the afternoon of September 5th encamped on the shore of a great salt marsh, which he correctly concluded must be the margin of the lake. He reached the bed of the lake near the mouth of the Bear river, but skirted along it to the south until he reached the mouth of Weber river, near which the party encamped and made preparations for an exploration of some portions of the lake in an inflated india- rubber boat. Finally on the morning of Sep- tember 9, the party launched out on the then calm surface of this ocean-like sea, and about noon reached the shore of an island where they remained that and the following day. The account given by Fremont of Salt Lake and its surroundings is exceedingly particular and interesting, but of too great length for these pages. He remained upon the lake until the 1 2th of September, when he resumed his jour- ney toward the Columbia, returning along the line of his previous travel. The course of the company led northward, through the range of mountains that divide the great basin of Salt Lake from the waters that flow to the Pacific through the Snake and Columbia rivers. From these mountains they emerged into the valley of what he calls the Pannack river, otherwise known as the Raft river, down which they followed until they emerged on the the plains of Snake river in view of the "Three Buttes," the most prominent landmarks of these great plains, and reached Snake river on the evening of September 22, a few miles above the American Falls. From this point the reconnoissance of Captain Fremont was down the valley of Snake river, along the course afterward so familiar to the emigrants, sweeping to the south along the foot of the Goose Creek mountains, several miles dis- tant from Snake river, for all the distance in which it runs through the deeply cut basaltic gorge, in which are situated its greatest curios- ities, the Twin falls and the great Shoshone falls, the existence of both of which was unknown to white men until ten years later than Captain Fremont's explorations. He crossed the river to the north side some miles below "Fishing" or Salmon falls, thence to the Boise river, striking that stream near the present site of the city of Boise, and via old Fort Boise, where he re- crossed the Snake river to the south, and so westward through Powder river valley and Grande Ronde valley to the Columbia river, which he reached at Walla Walla, now Wallala, on the 25th of October. In this entire distance many careful and frequent astronomical observa- tions were taken, latitudes and longitudes were fixed, and the country very accurately described topographically. Fremont continued his journey down the banks of the Columbia, and on the 4th of No- vember reached The Dalles. Leaving most of his party at this point, Captain Fremont himself con- tinued his journey down the river, and in a few- days reached Vancouver, where his westward journey terminated. Completing the outfit for his proposed winter HISTORY OF IDAHO. 17 journey toward the states, Captain Fremont re- turned up the Columbia to The Dalles, arriving at that place on the afternoon of the i8th of Novem- ber. From this point he proposed to begin his return expedition. The route selected would lead him southward, east of the Cascade range, clear through the territory of the United States, and then, by a south and eastward wheel, through the Mexican territory, including a continued sur- vey of the valley of the Great Salt Lake, back again to the frontiers of Missouri. Those ac- quainted with the region he expected to travel need not be told that few explorers ever ven- tured on a more perilous expedition than was this at the season of the year in which he under- took it. The country was unknown, except that it was a vast region of bleak and open deserts, of vast and rocky ranges of mountains; that its in- habitants were among the lowest and most sav- age of human beings, and that there was in it little that could be used for the support of life. It was a bold, brave venture these men made. It was on the 25th day of November before they were ready to set out from The Dalles, and it is scarcely necessary to enter into details concern- ing their return journey, of which full record has been made in various compilations. The publication of the journal of these expedi- tions of Captain Fremont, in 1845, awakened a much deeper interest in the Oregon country than ever before existed, and his descriptions of the route from the Missouri river to Fort Vancouver, in the very heart of Oregon, was of great value to the great emigrations that crossed the plains from 1843 onward. His descriptions were re- markably accurate, and his maps of the routes traveled most scientifically correct, and these con- siderations entitle his explorations to this brief reference in a history of Idaho. CHAPTER IV. RIVAL CLAIMS AND PRETENSIONS. THE claims of the European nations to ownership of the lands and resources of America rested on a somewhat flimsy basis in right. Its morality was that of might. There was a quasi yielding to these claims as against each other on grounds of discovery ami formal occupancy. At the same time not one of these powers stopped for a moment to consider what rights of these people that were found there when they came would be violated by their as- sumptions. Barbaric nations never had any rights that nations calling themselves civilized have felt bound to respect. England, France, and Spain were, as relates to what were termed barbaric nations, the freebooters of the world. America was a field for civilized rapine worthy of the struggle of these racial giants. Under some forms of treaty, designed mostly by either party to limit the pretensions of the other, but as far as possible leaving itself free to enlarge its own claims as it might have power to enforce them, these powers moved forward first in the agreed division of the area of North America among themselves, and then in using the allotted areas as the small change that settled the balances of peace and war in continental Europe. Plenipo- tentiaries sat in European capitals, five thousand miles away from the regions most interested, and arbitrated American destinies. In this way America became the real, though passive, ar- biter of the world's new era. It was what Provi- dence had thrown into the balances of history to poise ultimately its beam for the equities and liberties of humanity. Let us see how the ques- tion stood two hundred years after the Spanish navigator had lifted the veil of the sea from the fair face of this new land. When the treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, gave some definition to the claims of France and Spain and Russia in the New World, Spain claimed as her share of North America all the Pacific coast from Panama to Nootka sound, or Vancouver island. Her pretensions covered the coasts, bays, islands, fisheries, and extended inland indefinite- ly. Part of this claim was alleged on the ground of discovery by the heroic De Soto and others; and all of them were based on discovery under the papal bull of Alexander VI., in 1493. This bull or decree gave "to the discoverer all newly discovered lands and waters. In 1530 Balboa, the Spaniard, discovered the Pacific ocean as he came over the isthmus of Panama, and so, in har- mony with the pretentious decree of Alexander \ I.. Spain assumed rights of proprietorship over it. France held advantageous positions in Ameri- ca for the mastery of the continent; but as they were outside of the limits of what was afterward known as "Oregon" they need not be discussed. Russia at this time held no possessions in North America. But Peter the Great was her emperor, and his plans were already matured for entering the list of contestants for empire in the New World. Before his plans could be fully consum- mated Peter the Great had died, and his widow, Catherine, was on the throne of Muscovy. With an enterprise not less aggressive than his, she pushed forward his plans of commercial and ter- ritorial aggrandizement until northern Asia as well as northern Europe had been made com- mercially tributary to the designs of Russia. It was but a step from the Asiatic shores of the northern Pacific to those of the American main- land of Alaska, and Russia was in a position to take that one step. The fur trade furnished the occasion. Prominent, if not indeed chief, among the agents of Russian aggression in this direction was Behring the Dane, who made three voyages through the straits that now bear his name, and on the third gave up his life on a desolate little granite island that still monuments his memory. But he, and those associated with him. had given, by visitation and trade, a color of title to Russia to this northwestern America. At this time England made absolutely no pre- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 19 tense to territorial or even commercial rights on the Pacific coast, and none on the American con- tinent anywhere except on the Atlantic slope from Charleston to Penobscot northward, and inland to the watershed of the Alleghanies. Thus stood the pretended foreign ownership of the New World at the conclusion of the treaty of Ryswick in 1697. The intelligent reader can- not but have observed how shadowy were these pretensions, and how vague in territorial limits, but they were the basis of claims that afterward became more tangible and real, and in their ulti- mate settlement cost long continued struggles of the ablest diplomats of the world, and were no mean elements in setting nations in array of arms against each other. Though it would be deeply interesting to trace the movements of the struggling forces that sought for mastery on this "Armageddon" of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, our limits preclude much more than the merest out- line, and this confined to what relates to the Oregon country, of which Idaho was an in- tegral part. In doing this we must refer once more to the edict of Pope Alexander VI., who, on the 4th of May, 1493, im- mediately after the return of Columbus from his voyage of discovery, published a bull in which he drew an imaginary line from the north pole to the south, a hundred leagues west of the Azores, assigning to the Spanish all that lay west of that boundary, and confirming to Portugal all that lay east of it. While the act of Alexander VI. had little au- thority, it did have a great influence on those to whom it was made, and Spain and Portugal, in the glory of discovery and in the pompous "gift" of the Pope, ruled the splendid hour. Such was the superstitious awe with which the pretensions of the Pope were then regarded in Europe that this edict did very much to control the actions of all the powers of that continent in regard to the New World. Of course very little was known of the geography of America at this time, and there could really have been no prescience of the great part it was to play in the future history of the world. Something, therefore, of the in- difference with which these pretences were viewed must be set down to this fact. Through the maze of boundary lines, fixed on imaginary maps by the negotiations of contend- ing parties, rather than run by the compass on the solid earth, and which involved to a greater or less extent the ultimate title to the Oregon country, we shall not attempt to lead our read- ers. It is sufficient to say that France and England began to crowd Spain southwardly and westwardly on the eastern slope of the con- tinent. France had established some mythical right to "the western part of Louisiana," which she se- cretly conveyed to Spain in 1762. Thirty-eight years thereafter Spain reconveyed the same to France. In 1803 France sold the same territory to the United States, and practically disappeared from the list of contestants for the possession of the empire on the western continent. Spain, however, still held Florida, but when in 1819 the United States purchased that, she also disap- peared from the same list, the rights and claims of both having passed into the hands of the United States. It is important that we now restate the fact that the old Spanish claim, which had been ac- corded some international authority, extended on the Pacific coast from Panama to Prince William sound, and this entirely covered the Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia of to- day up to 54' 40". Presumptuous as it was, this claim became one of the most determining ele- ments in the final settlement of what is historical- ly known as the "Oregon question." The claims of France to American territory were hardly less ambitious and retentions than those of Spain. They covered more than the size of all Europe. The treaty of Ryswick conceded these claims. But the peace of Ryswick was brief. War soon followed, and the titles to em- pire were written again by the point' of the sword. Though the parties to the struggle for the possession of the country of the Pacific north- west had changed, yet the struggle went on. Little of it was in the territory in question. It was in the plots and counterplots of European capitals, in Paris and London and St. Petersburg. It was about the tables of diplomats. Within six- teen years of Ryswick came Utrecht, when the issues of war between France and England, waged chiefly in North America, brought Anne 20 HISTORY OF IDAHO. of England and Louis XIV. of France face to face in the person of their embassadors. The aged and humbled Louis XIV. gave up to Great Britain the possessions of France on the Atlantic slope, and thus yielded the morale of position to the Saxon. Thus Great Britain became rein- stated in place of France over the Hudson's Bay basin, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. But France still held the Canadas, though they were sandwiched between the northern and southern possessions of Great Britain. The grain between the upper and nether millstones could remain unbroken when the stones were whirring as eas- ily as these French provinces could remain in peace in such a position. In the struggles that followed the execution of the treaty of Utrecht, in the old world and in the new, more and more the tide of battle turned against France, in favor of England. At last the culmination of events came. In Montcalm and Wolfe the hopes, and even a large measure the destinies of France and England, were impersonated. When they looked into each other's faces at Quebec, standing at the head of their armies on that great September morn in 1759, each felt that was the morn of duty, the morn of destiny for themselves and for their country. The issue of that day on the plains of Abraham gave each general to immor- tal fame, but it gave to England all the terri- torial treasures of France east of the Mississippi, except three small islands off the coast of New- foundland. Had France not already, by secret treaty with Spain, executed about one hundred days before the great transfer to Great Britain, alienated her Pacific coast possessions, Great Britain would have taken all, and this would so have changed the relations of things that the atlas of the world would have had an entirely dif- ferent lining. Either the whole must have gone without controversy to the United States of America at the close of the Revolution, or the title of Great Britain would have been conceded and unquestionable to all the territory between California and the Russian possessions. In either event the story of the history of this coast would have been quite another book. With the transfer of all the claims of France and Spain to the territory on the Pacific coast to the United States, which was concluded in 1803, it would seem that there was no rightful contestant with the United States for any portion of that territory ; certainly not as far north as the 49th degree of latitude. None had appeared in the negotiations through which this transfer was made. The state of the case seems to have been this: In the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, between the English and the French, the boundary be- tween Louisiana and the British territory north of it was fixed by commissioners, appointed un- der it to run from the lake of the Woods west- ward on latitude forty-nine indefinitely. When France conveyed the territory of Louisiana, whose line had been thus fixed, to Spain in 1762, she also conveyed up to and along this same line westward, indefinitely, on to the Pacific coast. If she did not convey to the coast, it was because Spain already had a more ancient claim along the coast. When Spain, in 1800, recon- veyed the same to France, it was, in the language of the third article of the treaty: "The colony or provinces of Louisiana, with the same extent which it now has in the hands of Spain and which it had when France possessed it." As Spain had not alienated any of the territory she had received from France, of course she retro- ceded to that power all that she had received from her. When, therefore, the United States made the purchase of Louisiana she purchased clear through to the Pacific on the line of the 49th parallel if that was a part of the original cession of France to Spain, or, if not, as Spain had never ceded it to another power, then to the Spanish possessions on the Pacific. It was then either American territory, made such by the pur- chase of Louisiana in 1803, or it was still Span- ish territory. From 1800 to 1819 Spain made no changes of ownership, sovereignty or juris- diction touching Oregon. In the "Florida Treaty" of 1819 Spain ceded to the United States all her possessions north of a line beginning at the mouth of the Sabine in the Gulf of Mexico and running variously north and west until it reached the Pacific latitude forty-two, or the southern boundary of Oregon. The third article of the treaty said: "His Catholic Majesty cedes to the United States all his rights, claims and pretensions to any territory east and north of said line, and for himself, his heirs and successors renounces all claims to the said territory for- ever." Therefore, by the purchase of 1803 from HISTORY OF IDAHO. 21 France and by the purchase of 1819 from Spain, the United States gained all pretended titles to sovereignty on the Pacific coast between the forty-second and the forty-ninth parallels of north latitude, the exact Pacific limits of the earlier Oregon. England at this time advanced no claim to sovereignty. As late as 1826 and 1827 her plenipotentiaries formally said: ''Great Brit- ain claims no exclusive sovereignty over any por- tion of that territory. The present claim, not in respect to any part but to the whole, is limited to a right of joint occupancy in common with the other states, having the right of exclusive do- minion in abeyance." This, with the history al- ready recounted, leaves the title of the United States to the Oregon country beyond any ques- tion of power. And with this statement our reader will be willing to follow us through the story of diplomatic negotiations between the United States and Great Britain in regard to the "Oregon Question" as well as the actions of the national legislature through the quarter of the century during which Great Britain succeeded in some way in so beclouding the title of the United States to the territory in question and in bewildering our diplomats as to well nigh secure this vast Pacific empire to the crown. We shall make this story as brief as we reasonably can, and be faithful to the facts of history concerning it. The diplomacy was tedious and intricate, and the action, tentative or completed, of the Ameri- can congress, often doubtful and inconsequent; yet a careful resume of both is a need of Idaho history. At the precise moment the United States was negotiating the treaty with France, in Paris, for the acquisition of Louisiana, her commissioners were also negotiating one in London for the definition of the boundary line between the pos- sessions of the two countries in the northwest. The negotiators of the two treaties were ignorant of the action of the others. When the two treaties were remitted to the senate of the United States for ratification, that for the purchase of Louisiana from France was ratified without re- striction. That defining the northwest boundary was ratified with the exception of the fifth article, which fixed the boundary between the lake of the Woods to the head of the Mississippi. The treaty was sent back to London, the article ex- punged, and then the British government refused to ratify it. In the year 1807 another effort was made at negotiation between the two countries. A treaty was agreed upon by the commissioners, fixing the line of the forty-ninth parallel as the bound- ary between the territory of the two countries as far as their possessions might extend, but with a proviso making this provision inapplicable west of the Rocky mountains. This treaty was never ratified, Mr. Jefferson rejecting it without refer- ence to the senate. In the treaty signed at Ghent, in 1814, the British plenipotentiaries offered the same articles in relation to the boundaries in question as were offered in 1803 and 1807, but nothing could be agreed upon ; and hence no provision on the sub- ject was inserted in that treaty. In 1818 negotiations upon this subject were renewed in London. The plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, Mr. Goulborne and Mr. Robinson, for the first time in all the negotiations, gave the grounds of the pretensions of Great Britain to the country in controversy. They asserted "That former voyages, and principally that of Captain Cook, gave to Great Britain the rights derived from discovery;" and they alluded to purchases from the natives south of the Colum- bia, which they alleged to have been made prior to the American Revolution. They made no for- mal proposition for a boundary, but intimated that the Columbia river itself was the most con- venient that could be adopted, and declared that they would not agree upon any boundary that did not give England the harbor at the mouth of that river in common with the United States. Messrs. Gallatin and Rush, the American pleni- potentiaries, made a moderate, if not a timid, reply to the intimations of Great Britain. The final conclusions reached on this subject were announced in these words: "That any country claimed by either on the northwest coast of America, together with its harbors, bays, and creeks, and the navigation of all rivers within the same, be free and open, for the term of ten years, to the subjects, citizens and vessels of the two powers, without prejudice to any claim which either party might have to any part of the country." This was the celebrated "Joint Occu- pancy" treaty. 22 HISTORY OF IDAHO. It must be confessed that the adoption of this article of "joint occupancy" gave Great Britain a decided advantage in the Oregon controversy. First, it conceded that she had some sort of a claim to the country, a claim that stood for no less, even if it stood for no more, than that of the United States. Secondly, she was on the ground in much greater force in her Hudson's Bay Company and her Northwest Company, united into one of the strongest commercial cor- porations in the world, and having all the ele- ments in itself of political propagandism. With her advantages in trade, her strong semi-political occupation of the country by the Hudson's Bay Company, Messrs. Gallatin and Rush should have known that she would be able to drive all American enterprises from the country before the ten years were gone. Great Britain knew this; intended to do so, and did it. One of the wonders of the historian is that such a treaty could ever have been approved by an American president, or ratified by the senate of the United States. The session of the congress of the United States for 1820-21 was made remarkable, espe- cially in the light of subsequent events, as the first at which any proposition was made for the occupation and settlement of the country ac- quired from France and Spain on the Columbia river. It was made by John Floyd, a representa- tive from Virginia, an ardent and very able man, and strongly imbued with western feelings. His attention was specially called to the subject by some essays of Thomas H. Benton, just then ap- pearing in the field of national politics, as sena- tor-elect from Missouri, and he resolved to bring the matter to the attention of congress. He moved for the appointment of a committee of three to consider and report on the subject. The committee was granted, more out of courtesy to an influential member of the house than with any expectation of favorable results. General Floyd was made chairman, with Thomas Metcalf. of Kentucky, and Thomas V. Swearingen, of Vir- ginia, associated with him. In six days a bill was reported, "To authorize the occupation of the Columbia river, and to regulate trade and in- tercourse with the Indian tribes thereon." They accompanied the bill with an elaborate and able report in support of the measure. The bill was treated with parliamentary courtesy, read twice, but no decisive action was taken. But the sub- ject was before congress and the nation, and that was much gained. In studying the reasons assigned at that time, by the committee, and by such men as Benton and Linn, why the proposed action should be taken, one is impressed with the clear foresight of their prophetic minds as to the future history of this great northwest. To the great part of their contemporaries their views were wild va- garies and their propositions extravagant and chimerical; to us they are a fulfilling and ful- filled history. The Oregon question slumbered in congress until 1825, when Senator Benton introduced a bill into the senate to enable the president, Mr. Monroe, to possess and retain the country. The bill proposed an appropriation to enable the president to act efficiently, with army and navy. In the discussion of this bill the whole question of title to Oregon came up, and, in reply to Mr. Dickinson, of New York, who opposed the bill, Mr. Benton made a speech which entirely met all objections against the proposed action, and thoroughly answered all the pretensions of Great Britain in relation to the country. The bill did not pass, but fourteen senators voted for it. The action of Senator Benton on the bill showed very clearly that the sentiment in favor of as- serting the rights of the United States to Oregon was rapidly increasing. The ten years of joint occupancy, provided for in the treaty of 1818, were drawing toward a close, and a strong and intelligent part of our national legislators, under the lead of Senator Benton, was opposed to re- newing that provision. The reasons on which these views were based were never invalidated, but were the final grounds on which the United States won her ease and secured Oregon. They were these: The title to Oregon on the part of the United States rests on an irrefragable basis. First: The discovery of the Columbia river by Captain Gray in 1792. Second: The purchase of its territory of Louisiana, which included Oregon, from France in 1803. Third: The discovery of the Columbia river from its head to its mouth by Lewis and Clarke in 1806. Fourth: The settle- ment of Astoria in 1811. Fifth: The treatv with HISTORY OF IDAHO. 23 Spain in 1819. Sixth: Contiguity of settlement and possession. The. next step in the negotiations between Great Britain and the United States was the proposition, in 1828, at the end of the ten years of joint occupancy, to renew the terms of the convention for an indefinite period, determinablc on one year's notice from either party to the other. Mr. Gallatin was the sole negotiator of this renewed treaty on the part of the United States, and his work was sustained by the ad- ministration then in power, that of John Ouincy Adams. The treaty met strong opposition in the senate, led by that steadfast and intelligent friend of Oregon, Thomas H. Benton, but it was rati- fied ; and thus England was indefinitely continued in her position of advantage over the United States in the territory in question. From 1828 to 1842, "joint occupation" was the law of the land so far as the United States was concerned, while "British occupation"\vas the fact so far as Oregon was concerned. Every attempt of the citizens of the United States to establish commercial enterprises in the valley of the Co- lumbia had been frustrated and defeated by the Hudson's Bay Company, the potent representa- tives of British interests on the Pacific coast. Astor's great plans, conceived in a broad intel- ligence prosecuted at enormous expense, and representing American interests in Oregon, had failed. Wyeth had sunk a fortune between the Rocky mountains and the Pacific, and all other Americans who had adventured kindred enter- prises had been equally unfortunate, ana after a quarter of a century of "joint occupancy" Eng- land had almost exclusive possession of Oregon. What is known as the "Ashburton-Webster Treaty" was negotiated at Washington, in 1842, said Ashburton being the sole negotiator on the part of England, and Mr. Webster, then secretary of state under President Tyler, on the part of the United States. Said Ashburton was Mr. Alexander Baring, head of the great banking house of Baring & Brothers, and was a very astute and able man, and a finished diplomat. His mission was special, and though Mr. Fox was then the resident British minister at Wash- ington, so thoroughly did the government trust Lord Ashburton that even Mr. Fox was not joined in the mission. Neither did the president associate any one with Mr. Webster. The Eng- lish plenipotentiary came, professedly, to settle all questions between the United States and England, a chief one of which was the "Oregon Question." The United States wished it settled. England wished it adjourned: and the wishes of England prevailed. What conferences, if any, were held between Mr. Webster and Lord Ash- burton about anything further than the adjourn- ment of this question, does not appear in any record, and about the only reference to it made of record is the statement of the president that there were some "informal conferences" in relation to it, and in his message communicating the treaty to the senate, that "there is no probability of com- ing to any agreement at present." The treaty was ratified by the senate on the 26th day of August, 1842. After its ratification by the queen of England, and its proclamation as the supreme law of the land on the loth day of November, England was more firmly in- trenched, so far as law was concerned, in her claims and pretensions to Oregon than ever be- fore. But while plenipotentiaries temporized and compromised, and executives and senates moved at a laggard pace on such great questions, events hastened. The people took up the question and went before the government. What they deter- mined, the government must soon affirm. So fully did the question which the late treaty had postponed occupy the public mind, even during the pendency of the negotiation of that treaty, that, had the ear of Mr. Webster been nearer the heart of the people, he would surely have under- stood that adjournment of the question by him- self and Lord Ashburton meant anything rather than a suppression, or even a postponement, of it from public debate. The newspapers took it up, and it was thus brought to the boys and girls, fathers and mothers on the hearthstones of the million homes of the country. The sentiments of the leaders of political action in our national legislature, as those sentiments appeared in the debates of the senate on the question of the rati- fication of the Webster-Ashburton treaty, were criticised, approved or condemned by the people in all the land. One sentiment was for the ratifi- cation, with postponement of the Oregon ques- tion and its easy forbearance with the crafty and insidious policy of England; the other was for HISTORY OF IDAHO. the rejection of the treaty, a withdrawal of the United States from joint occupancy, and an act of colonization which would assume the full sov- ereignty of the United States over the territory in question by granting lands to emigrants, and otherwise encouraging their settlement in Ore- gon. Representing the first class, and speaking for it, as well as for Mr. Webster, the negotiator of the treaty, was Mr. Rufus Choate, senator from Massachusetts, who spoke in his place in the senate as follows: "Oregon, which a grow- ing and noiseless current of agricultural immigra- tion was filling with hands and hearts the fittest to defend it the noiseless, innumerous move- ment of our nation westward. * * We have spread to the Aueghanies, we have topped them, we have diffused ourselves over the imperial val- ley beyond ; we have crossed the father of rivers ; the granite and ponderous gates of the Rocky mountains have opened, and we stand in sight of the great sea. * * Go on with your negotia- tions and emigration. Are not the rifles and the wheat growing together, side by side? Will it not be easy, when the inevitable hour comes, to beat back ploughshares and pruning hooks into their original forms of instruments of death? Alas, that that trade is so easy to learn and so hard to forget!" This was beautifully said, and it had a certain amiability about it that commended it to the fa- vorable thought of many. Still it was far from representing the views of those who, from the beginning of the diplomatic struggle with Great Britain, had been the steadfast and radical ad vocates of the right of the United States to the possession of Oregon. Their views were better expressed by Senator Benton, who on the "Ore- gon Colonization Act" closed a speech of great vigor and power by saying: "Time is invoked as the agent that is to help us. Gentlemen object to the present time, refer us to future time, and beg us to wait, and rely upon time and negotiations to accomplish all our wishes. Alas! Time and negotiations have been fatal agents against us in all our discussions with Great Britain. Time has been constantly work- ing for her and against us. She now has the ex- clusive possession of the Columbia, and all she wants is time to ripen her possession into a title. For above twenty years * * the present time for vindicating our rights on the Columbia has been constantly objected to, and we were bidden to wait. Well, we have waited, and what have we got by it? Insult and defiance! a declaration from this British ministry that large British in- terests have grown up on the Columbia during this time, which they will protect, and a flat re- fusal from the olive-branch minister (Lord Ash- burton) to include this question among those which his peaceful mission was to settle! No, sir; time and negotiations have been bad agents for us in our controversies with Great Britain. They have just lost us the military frontiers of Maine, which we had held for sixty years, and the trad- ing frontier of the northwest, which we had held for the same time. Sixty years' possession and eight treaties secured these ancient and valuable boundaries; one negotiation and a few days of time have taken them from us! And so it may be again. The Webster treaty of 1842 has ob- literated the great boundaries of 1783, placed the British, their fur company and their Indians within our ancient limits; and I, for one, want no more treaties from the hand which is always seen on the side of the British. I now go for vindicating our rights on the Columbia, and, as the first step toward it, passing this bill, and mak- ing these grants of land, which will soon place the thirty or forty thousand rifles beyond the Rocky mountains, which will be our effective negotiators." The bill of Mr. Benton passed the senate by a vote of twenty-four to twenty-two. It went to the house, where it remained unacted upon dur- ing the session. But its moral effect was to as- sure the enterprising people of the west that the period of national procrastination and timidity was well-nigh over, and that it would be but a very short time before such decisive action would be taken as would compel a settlement of the con- troversy with England. CHAPTER V. RIVAL CLAIMS AND PRETENSIONS, CONTINUED. POLLOWING immediately in the train of the events just related, came the presiden- tial election of 1844. The Oregon ques- tion was too available a question for the uses of a political campaign to be kept out of the prelim- inary canvass. "America for Americans," "The Monroe Doctrine," "Fifty-four Forty or Fight,'' became the catch-words, if not the watchwords, of the hour. The politicians of one party took their cue from the obvious tendencv of this popu- lar cry. The annexation of Texas and the imme- diate occupation of Oregon were very skillfully united together in the platform of tne convention that nominated James K. Polk for president. On the Oregon question it declared that our title to the whole of Oregon up to 54 40' north lati- tude was "clear and indisputable," thus denying and defying the pretensions of Great Britain to any territory bordering on the Pacific. The nom- inee of the Democratic party for president, Mr. James K. Polk, indorsed the platform, and the canvass for him proceeded on that issue. Mr. Polk was elected over Henry Clay, who, although the idol of his party and one of the most popular of American statesmen, could not overcome the excited state of the public mind on these ques- tions. Thus the verdict of the people of the United States at the election was unquestionably in favor of Oregon, even up to 54 40' north latitude. It was well known, however, that the leading statesmen of the Democratic party be- lieved the forty-ninth degree to be the line of our rightful claim. Mr. Benton had already dem- onstrated it on the floor of the senate. Mr. Cal- houn, as Democratic secretary of state for Mr. Tyler, at the very moment when the Democratic convention was making its platform and nomi- nating Mr. Polk upon it, was engaged in a nego- tiation with the British minister in Washington, and offering to him a settlement of the entire question on the line of the forty-ninth parallel. Only some item in regard to the right of Great Britain to navigate the Columbia river prevented the acceptance of this proposition by the British minister, and the settlement of the whole ques- tion at that time. While, doubtless, Mr. Calhoun himself would have been glad to have concluded the Oregon question as secretary of state, and as he evi- dently might have done, politically he did not dare to do so. The annexation of Texas was a southern question, and the south could be carried for Mr. Polk on that issue. Oregon was a north- ern question, and the north could be carried in the same way by keeping up the cry of "Fifty- four Forty or Fight." To settle on 49 would be to yield the question, and with it the election to the Whigs, and make Mr. Clay president. So the Oregon question was not settled, as it might have been before the election of 1844, and exact- ly the same line as was adopted two years later, after it had achieved the political results for which it was kept in the air during the political canvass of 1844, namely, electing Mr. Polk presi- dent, and finally defeating the aspirations of Mr. Clay for that eminent position. With this result achieved, and on this ground, this question could not slumber. Mr. Polk brought it promptly forward in his inaugural ad- dress, reaffirming the position of the platform on which he was elected. The position of the in- augural threw the public mind of Great Britain into a ferment, and the English nation thun- dered back the cry of war. For a year the two nations stood face to face like gladiators, with uplifted swords waiting for a word that would send them breast to breast in the fierce grapple 1 of war. History must record that the United States must retreat, in her diplomacy and in her legislation, from the oolitical decision of her people, or the inevitable war must come. It was an embarrassing and mortifying position for the new government, but it had to be endured and met as best it could be. 25 HISTORY OF IDAHO. James Buchanan was now secretary of state. He waited for some time for a proposition from the British minister at Washington to renew the negotiations on the Oregon question, but none came. On the 22d of July, 1845, he therefore addressed a note to Mr. Packenham, the British minister at Washington, resuming negotiations where Mr. Calhoun had suspended them, and again proposed the line of forty-nine to the ocean. This the British minister refused, but invited a "fairer" proposition. The knowledge of this proposition on the part of the secretary of state raised a political storm in his party before which the administration cowered, and, as Mr. Packen- ham had not accepted it, it was withdrawn. The president recommended strong measures to as- sert and secure our title, and the political storm was measurably appeased. Meantime, the with- drawal of the proposition of Mr. Buchanan, cou- pled with the recommendation of the president, somewhat alarmed the British people, and it be- gan to be rumored that England would propose the line she had before rejected. The position of the dominant party absolutely required that it should make a demonstration according to its iterated and reiterated promises to the people. Accordingly, a resolution determining the treaty of joint occupancy, and looking to the mainte- nance of that position, was introduced into the house of representatives, most ably debated John Quincy Adams taking strong grounds in its favor and, on the Qth of February, 1846, adopted, by the decisive vote of 163 to 54. The resolution thus passed in the house went to the senate. Here, in the form in which it passed the house, it encountered violent opposi- tion, a strong contingent of the Democratic party taking position against it. Among these, if not their leader, was Senator Benton. General Cass, E. A. Hannigan and William Allen led the de- bate in its favor. Besides, Benton, Webster, Crittenden and Berrien made exhaustive argu- ments against it. It was well understood in the senate that President Polk thought it necessary to recede from the position of his party the posi- tion on which he had fought the campaign in which he was elected to the presidency and ac- cept the line of 49 without a "fight." So the resolution of the house was defeated in the sen- ate. But the senate adopted another resolution, authorizing the president "at his discretion" to give notice to Great Britain for the termination of the treaty. The senate resolution was con- ciliatory, its preamble declaring that it was only to secure "a speedy and amiable adjustment of the differences and disputes in regard to said ter- ritory." When this resolution went to the house that body receded from its former position, anrl, with even a greater unanimity than had characterized their action on that which the senate had rejected, adopted it; only forty-six, and they almost en- tirely northern Democrats, voting against it. With this action the danger of the war with Great Britain was dispelled. It was immediately followed by a treaty between Mr. Buchanan, sec- retary of state, under the direction of the presi- dent and British minister at Washington, adopt- ing the forty-ninth parallel as the boundary be- tween the two countries, with certain concessions touching the line westward of where that parallel strikes the gulf of Georgia, and, for a definite period, the rights of the Hudson's Bay Company and the navigation of the Columbia river by the British. Thus closed a controversy with Great Britain that came very near involving the two nations in a conflict of arms. In a war England could have possessed, and, it may not be too much to suppose, would have possessed Oregon, but, perhaps at the cost of the Canadas. Had the settlement been postponed a few years longer, it is not improbable that American emigrants would have so filled the country even up to 54 40' and all the country would have been one. In the discussion both sides were partly right and partly wrong, as history clearly demonstrates. The "30,000 rifles" theory of Senator Benton, in the hands of emigrants, was correct. The "time and patience" theory of Mr. Webster and Mr. Calhoun was also correct. These acting together solved the "Oregon question," and on the whole, as matters stood in 1846, solved it honorably and justly to both the high contracting parties. Although the Oregon treaty was made, and had been proclaimed as the law of the land, one thing remained to be done which became a mat- ter of infinite disagreement, and came very near involving the two countries in war before its final conclusion. The line was agreed upon, but it was not run. The trouble arose from a long- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 27 continued permission, on the part of Great Brit- ain, of the application of the description of the line from where the forty-ninth parallel of lati- tude strikes the gulf of Georgia. Thence, as it was worded in the treaty, it was to follow "the middle of the channel which separates the con- tinent from Vancouver's island," and follow it through the straits of Fuca to the ocean. No map or chart was attached to the treaty on which the line could be traced ; so little was really known of the geography of the gulf of Georgia that it would have been difficult for the commis- sioners to have traced the middle of the channel had one been present. This left open a ground for dispute and diplomatic finesse, which contin- ued to drag the controversy along through many years, the matter being finally submitted for final arbitration, without appeal, to Emperor William of Germany, on the 8th of May, 1871. For twenty-five years, under the finesse of British diplomacy, the treaty of June 15, 1846, had waited for its execution. Its interpretation was the last question of territorial right between Great Britain and the United States. For over ninety-two years, the two great English-speaking nations of the world had been trying to decide upon a line that should decide between them from sea to sea, and at Berlin, and by the Em- peror William, the last and definite word was spoken, and the controversy was ended, July 21, 1872. CHAPTER VI. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. RICHARD Z. JOHNSON. PERHAPS there is no part of this history of more general interest than the record of the bar. It is well known that the peace, prosperity and well-being of every community de- pend upon the wise interpretation of the laws, as well as upon their judicious framing, and there- fore the records of the various persons who have at various times made up the bar will form an important part of this work. A well known jurist of Illinois said, "In the American state the great and good lawyer must always be prom- inent, for he is one of the forces that move and control society. Public confidence has generally been reposed in the legal profession. It has ever been the defender of popular rights, the cham- pion of freedom regulated by law, the firm sup- port of good government. In the times of dan- ger it has stood like a rock and breasted the mad passions of the hour and finally resisted tumult and faction. No political preferment, no mere place, can add to the power or increase the honor which belongs to the pure and educated lawyer. Richard Z. Johnson, of Boise, is one who has been honored by and is an honor to the legal fraternity of Idaho. He stands to-day prominent among the leading members of the bar of the state, a position which he has attained through marked ability. A native of Akron, Ohio, he was born May 21, 1837, and is descended from an- cestors who were early settlers of New Eng- land. On both the paternal anu maternal sides representatives of trie families were found among the "minute men" who fought un- der Generals Putnam and Stark in the war of the Revolution. Harvey H. Johnson, the father of our subject, was born in Rutland, Vermont, where his people had resided for many years. He studied law, became a prominent attorney and subsequently removed to Akron, Ohio, at once taking an active part in the affairs of that city. He served as its first postmaster, was for a number of years its mayor, and represented the old fourteenth district of Ohio in the national congress. He married Miss Calista F. Munger, also a native of Rutland, Vermont, and to them were born six children. The father departed this life in 1896, at the advanced age of eighty-eight years, and the mother died at the age of fifty-five. Ihey were Congregationalists in their religious faith and were very highly esteemed people. Richard Z. Johnson is the eldest of the family. He was educated in the schools of Ohio and New York, and pursued his professional course in the law department of Yale College, where he was graduated in the class of 1859. In St. Paul, Min- nesota, he was admitted to the bar and began practice in Winona, that state, where he remained for five years, during which time he served for two terms as city attorney. Subsequently he re- moved to Virginia City, Nevada, and thence to Silver City, Owyhee county, Idaho, where he practiced for fourteen years with excellent suc- cess. In December, 1878, he came to Boise, where he has since made his home. His law practice is large and remunerative, and has con- nected him with the most important litigation heard in the courts of his district through the past two decades. He has won for himself very favorable criticism for the careful and systematic methods which he has followed. He has re- markable powers of concentration and applica- tion, and his retentive mind has often excited the surprise of his professional colleagues. As an orator he stands high, especially in the discussion of legal matters before the court, where his com- prehensive knowledge of the law is manifest and his application of legal principles demonstrates the wide range of his professional acquirements. The utmost care and precision characterize his preparation of a case and have made him one of the most successful attorneys in Boise. o M-t o **s M- 8 o o 3 fr HISTORY OF IDAHO. Mr. Johnson has aided largely in shaping the public policy of his city and state, and his keen discernment and study of the public needs have made his efforts in this direction very valuable. He was a member of the territorial council from 1880 until 1882, has been a member of the city council, was attorney general of Idaho for two terms, and was one of the commissioners who compiled the revised statutes of the state, in 1878. He has ever been deeply concerned in the welfare and progress of the city, especially along educa- tional lines, and has done much for the advance- ment of the schools of Boise. He was the author, and secured the passage, of the law creating the independent school district of Boise, which meas- ure has contributed so largelv to the splendid school system of the city. For fifteen years he was a member of the board of education and actively co-operated in every movement for the real good and upbuilding of the schools. Heavy demands are made upon his time by his pro- fessional duties, but he never neglects an oppor- tunity to advance the welfare of his fellow men through public measures. His political support is given the Democracy. The material interests of Boise have also been largely promoted by Mr. Johnson, who soon after coming to the city made extensive investments in real estate. He is now the owner of much valuable property, which he has greatly im- proved, erecting many pleasant and attractive residences, which he rents to a good class of ten- ants. He also built a large brick office building, where he is located in the practice of his pro- fession as the senior partner of the firm of John- son & Johnson. He has the largest private law library in the state, and has deservedly attained an eminence at the bar reached bv few. He is president of the Idaho State Bar Association. A portrait of Mr. Johnson appears as frontis- piece of this volume. RICHARD HARVEY JOHNSON. The subject of this sketch, the son and law partner of Richard Z. Johnson, subject of the pre- ceding review, was born at Silver City, in Owy- hee county, Idaho, on the igth of July, 1870. He received his education at the Boise high school, and in mathematics and the modern lan- guages at the Concordia, in Zurich, Switzerland, and in Greek and Latin under Professors Lam- bert and Winneger, at Lindau, in Boden-See, Bavaria. Returning to America, he entered Yale University and afterwards eraduated from the law department, with the degree of LL. B., in 1892, just thirty-three years after his father had taken the same degree at the same institution. Returning to Idaho, he entered into partnership with his father, in the nractice of the law at Boise City, the capital of the state, with whom he is still associated. At the general election in 1896, Mr. Johnson was elected to the house of representatives of the fourth session of the state legislature, as a Demo- crat, and served as chairman of the committee on state affairs. JOSEPH W. HUSTON. The historv of a state as well as that of a nation is chiefly a chronicle of the lives and deeds of those who have conferred honor and dignity upon society. The world judges the character of a community by those of its representative citi- zens, and yields its tributes of admiration and respect for the genius or learning or virtues of those whose works and actions constitute the record of a state's prosperity and pride. Among the distinguished citizens of Idaho is Judge Joseph Waldo Huston, of Boise, who holds dis- tinctive precedence as an eminent lawyer and jurist, as a statesman, as a man of high scientific and literary attainments, a valiant and patriotic soldier and as one who occupied a most unique and trying position in an important epoch in our judicial history, in which connection he bore himself with such signal dignity and honor as to gain the respect of all. Judge Huston was born in Painesville, Ohio, April 10, 1833. On the paternal side his ances- tors were from county Tyrone, Ireland, and were early settlers in the state of New Hampshire. The military record is one of which the family has every reason to be proud. The grandfather of the Judge valiantly aided in the struggle for independence, and his father, Caleb C. Huston, defended the new republic in the second war with England, after which he emigrated to Ohio at an early day. There he married Pamelia Hall, whose people were also early settlers of New York and northern Ohio. By this marriage were born seven 30 HISTORY OF IDAHO. sons and a daughter. Four of the sons loyally served their country in defense of the Union dur- ing the Civil war, and one of the number was killed at the battle of Perryville, Kentucky. Judge Huston was educated in Kalamazoo, Michigan, studied law under the direction of ex- Senator Stuart, was admitted to the bar in 1857, and soon afterward removed to Paw Paw, Michi- gan, where he engaged in the practice of his chosen profession until April, 1861. In the meantime he had been closely studying the questions arising out of the slavery conditions of the south, and when war seemed imminent, had resolved to defend the Union if the call was issued for volunteers. Accordingly, when Fort Sumter was fired upon and President Lincoln asked for the aid of loyal men in crushing out the rebellion in its infancy. Judge Huston went to the front as a member of the Fourth Michigan Cavalry. He assisted in the organization of the regiment, was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant and after- ward to major. He served with distinction until 1863. when, on account of physical disability, he was mustered out of the service. His bravery, however, was made manifest on southern battle- fields, and with an honorable military record he returned home. As soon as he had sufficiently recovered, Judge Huston resumed the practice of law, and in 1869 was appointed by President Grant to the posi- tion of United States attorney for Idaho. He at once came to this state, and for nine years, until 1878, filled that position in a most satisfactory and acceptable manner. He then resumed the private practice of law, which he continued until 1890, when he was elected to tne supreme bench of the state. In 1894 he was re-elected for a term of six years. This office he fills with the utmost fidelity and fairness. Some of his decis- ions rank among the classics of judicial literature and are characterized by great clearness of thought and originality of illustration. His de- cision in the case of the state versus Reed elicited much favorable comment. He laid great em- ptiasis upon the fact, frequently overlooked uy jurists, that the object of criminal courts was to punish criminals, not to furnish them means of escaping punishment. The Portland Oregonian published a large part of the decision, and had an editorial on the subject under the caption, "A Decision Long Due," in which the decision was highly commended, especially because it came from one of the younger state supreme courts. Judge Huston has been a lifelong Republican, but differs from his party on the money question, having long been an ardent bimetallist. He was a delegate to the silver convention held in Hel- ena, Montana, in 1892, was a delegate to the American Bimetallist League in 1893, and for several years has been vice president of the latter organization. In 1896 he supported Mr. Bryan for the presidency with great ability and zeal. He is a man of scholarly attainments and broad literary culture, possesses a very fine library and is a thorough Shakespearean student. In 1855 Judge Huston was happily married to Miss Lucia Wilder, of Kalamazoo, who departed this life in 1863, leaving a daughter, who is now Mrs. Carrie Leonard, of Boise. In 1864 he mar- ried Miss Frances Collister, of Willoughby.Ohio, and for thirty-four years they have now traveled life's journey together. They have a son, Collis- ter P., a graduate of the Hahnemann Medical College, of San Francisco, and now with the First Idaho Volunteers, having enlisted for ser- vice in the Spanish-American war. The Judge has a very pleasant home in Boise, the center of a cultured society circle, and there hospitality reigns supreme. He is largely interested in mining in Washing- ton county, Idaho, but the practice of law has been his real life-work, and at the bar and on the bench he has won marked distinction. A man of unimpeachable character, of unusual in- tellectual endowments, with a thorough under- standing of the law, patience, urbanity and in- dustry. Judge Huston took to the bench the very highest qualifications for this most responsible office of the state government ; and his record as a judge was in harmony with his record as a man and a lawyer, distinguished by unswerving integrity and a masterful grasp of every problem that presented itself for solution. JOHN HAILEY. The well-known pioneer and statesman of Idaho from whom the town of Hailey takes its name, is now a resident of Bellevue, this state. He has been twice elected a delegate to con- gress from this territory, and is one of the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 31 best informed men in the state on national af- fairs. Mr. Hailey is a native of Smith county, Ten- nessee, born August 29, 1835, of Scottish an- cestry and a descendant of a family long resident in the Old Dominion, his grandfather, Philip Hailey, and his father, John Hailey, having been both natives of Virginia. His father married Miss Nancy Baird, a native of Ten- nessee, the daughter of Captain Josiah Baird, who had been a captain in the \var of 1812. Mr. Hailey received his education in the pub- lic schools. His father, with his family, removed to Dade county, Missouri, in 1848, and in 1853 young John crossed the plains to Oregon, as a member of the Tatuin company. When near the Platte a large company of Indians came upon them and made them give up the greater part of their provisions, leaving the emigrants short of everything excepting bread and tea. At Rock creek the Indians again swooped down upon them and stampeded their horses, after which they had to drive the one hundred head of cows they had on foot. The company arrived at Salem, Oregon, in October, 1853, after a long and tedious journey . of six months and a day from the time they had started. Mr. Hailey, directly after his arrival at Salem, went over to Coos bay, where he was employed at work, connected with which event he relates the following interesting incident. Be- ing nearly out of money, he applied for work and was told by the employers that they had all the help they needed. He offered then to work for his board only, until he could do better. They told him that all the axes they had were in use. The ambitious young immigrant then said he would buy an ax. With this arrangement he was allowed to work until Saturday, and the superin- tendent then offered him four dollars and fifty cents; but Mr. Hailey declined it, saying, "I offered to work for you for my board until I could do better, and mean to keep my bargain." The boss then told him, "I have put you on my pay-roll at sixty dollars per month." Mr. Hailey thereupon said he would accept that, as that was the first chance he had to do better. After an- other week's work the boss made him foreman and allowed him one hundred dollars a month, and this position Mr. Hailey filled until the job was completed. From there he went to the mines and was em- ployed at placer mining until late in the autumn of 1854. Not meeting with satisfactory success, he proceeded to Jackson county, in the south- ern part of the state, and worked on a farm for eight months, for J. B. Risley, and then he leased the farm for a year. At this time the Indian war of 1855-6 broke out, and Mr. Hailey joined the volunteers and participated in the first engage- ment on Rogue river. He, with the others, was discharged in 1856. He had gone into the ser- vice as a private, and was promoted as first lieu- tenant. Returning to the ranch, he leased it again. August 7, this year (1856), he married Miss Louisa Griffin, a daughter of B. B. Griffin, an Oregon pioneer of 1847. The following year he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land adjoining the one he had rented, obtaining sixty head of cattle with the place, and remained there, engaged in ranching, until 1862, when the gold discoveries in what is now Idaho brought him hither. He came with a number of sheep and horses. He sold the sheep at Walla Walla, and went to Lewiston with the pack-horses and mules and engaged in packing from Lewiston to Flor- ence. After making two trips in this service he went to the Yakima, in company with William K. Ish, and located two hay ranches, and they made four hundred tons of hay each year. He built a flat-boat eighty feet long, and on it loaded the baled hay, which he floated to Wallula and Umatilla, and for which he received thirty to forty dollars per ton. To get the boat back home they made a tow-path and hauled it back with mules. When the wind was favorable they hoist- ed sails. In this enterprise the proprietors made money. In 1863 Mr. Hailey started a saddle train from Walla Walla and Umatilla to Boise, and that was the commencement of the great stage business which he inaugurated and in which his name be- came so noted. While in that business he took the first pack train to the Boise basin in winter, and the first over the Blue mountains in winter. He had thirty mules and as many pack-horses, using large, strong horses without packs to go ahead and break the trail. It was a great and HISTORY OF IDAHO. hazardous undertaking-, but with his energy and courage he successfully accomplished it. He re- ceived twenty-six or twenty-seven cents a pound for freight, making in one trip two thousand and one hundred dollars. No other packer would undertake the job. In 1864 he and Mr. Ish placed a stage line between Umatilla, Placerville and Boise, and the next year Mr. Hailey bought his partner's inter- est in the concern. They had rough times in crossing streams, being obliged occasionally to convey the passengers over in boats. They had eleven to fourteen passenger coaches, using four to six horses with each. The fare in the summer time was forty dollars and in the winter sixty dollars, and for baggage over twenty-five pounds they charged extra. In 1866 Mr. Hailey received from Ben Halli- day a sub-contract to carry the mail from Boise to The Dalles, Oregon, by way of Umatilla, for which he received eighty thousand dollars per year, and in connection with this job he also did a good passenger business. In 1868 C. M. Lock- wood secured the contract and stocked the road from Boise to Ogden. Soon afterward Mr. Hailey bought the stock and contract from Og- den to The Dalles and ran the business of the route until July, 1870, then sold out to the North- western Stage Company, for one hundred and thirty thousand dollars, at which time it was a fine line, well stocked, and made very close con- nections, seldom varying as much as five minutes from schedule time. After this Mr. Hailey en- gaged in the live-stock and butchering business in Boise. In the year 1872 Mr. Hailey was elected a dele- gate to represent the territory of Idaho in the Forty-third congress, and after this he was again offered the position by both parties, but he de- clined it and confined himself to his private busi- ness affairs. Soon afterward he met with some heavy financial reverses, having to pay forty thousand dollars as a bondsman for other parties, and losing about ten thousand head of his sheep by death, worth at the time four dollars a head. He had also invested somewhat heavily in Boise property, which declined in value. In 1878 he again purchased an interest in the stage business, in company with Salisbury and Gilmore, the line being the same that he had pre- viously owned, by this time, however, including some others, as those from Boise city to Winne- mucca, Nevada, Boise to Boise Basin, Blackfoot to Challis, Arco to Ketchum, Goose creek to Hailey, Mountain Home to Hailey, Mountain Home to Rocky Bar, Roseburg to Redding, Cal- ifornia, Redding to Yreka, same state, by way of Scott's valley, Redding to Weaverville, and sev- eral others of smaller distances, making in all over two thousand miles of stage line. They built stations and had a grand stock of horses and coaches, and all these were superintended by Mr. Hailey himself. The consequence was, he worked too hard and injured his health; and soon after this, too, the railroads began to creep around over the country, rendering the stock of the company of little value, all having to be dis- posed of at less than a quarter of what tney cost. This third and last great misfortune greatly re- duced the resources of Mr. Hailey. In 1884 Mr. Hailey was again elected a dele- gate to congress, and served two years, being active in many improvements of the political con- dition of his territory, especially in respect to mail service and the law for settling the Indians upon specified lands in severally, also in having passed the Idaho "depredation" bill. It was in 1879 that he located the land on which the nice town of Hailey now stands. In company with others, he platted the land for a town and named it Marshall; but the settlers would not have it, and insisted on naming the place Hailey, in honor of the great pioneer and statesman who had done so much for Idaho. Mr. Hailey now owns the Susie S. mine, on which he has done a considerable amount of work by way of development. It is a gold prop- erty, fifteen miles south of Bellevue, and has a large low-grade ledge forty feet wide, which as- says an average of eight dollars per ton. In this mine he has a thousand feet of tunnel and shafts, and there is in sight a million tons of ore. Mr. Hailey also has a ranch of two hundred and forty acres, on which he is raising cattle and horses. Every good citizen of Idaho hopes that Mr. Hailey's last days will be his best days, and that his gold mine may bring him a fortune again. Mr. and Mrs. Hailey have had eight children, six of whom have grown up, five sons and a daughter, as follows: Jesse C., John, Leona (now HISTORY OF IDAHO. 33 Mrs. Ross Carter), lliomas G. (a graduate of the Washington Lee University, in Virginia, where he took the gold-medal prize in his class of 1888, and is now a practicing lawyer at Pendleton, Oregon), Burrel B. and George C. There are now thirteen grandchildren. Politically, Mr. Hailey has been a life-long Democrat, and is at present the chairman of the Democratic state central committee. He is a man of clear intellect, thoroughly posted in gov- ernmental affairs, both state and national, and is sound on financial questions, an able expounder of bimetallism and a very convincing speaker on the rostrum, having done his party great service during the campaigns. "Uncle John Hailey," as he is familiarly called, is now serving as warden of the Idaho state penitentiary. GEORGE L. SHOUP. It is a well-attested maxim that the greatness of a state lies not in its machinery of govern- ment, nor even in its institutions, but in the sterling qualities of its individual citizens, in their capacity for high and unselfish effort and their devotion to the public good. Rising above the heads of the mass there has always been a series of individuals, distinguished beyond others, who by reason of their pronounced ability and forceful personality have always commanded the respect of their fellow men and who have re- vealed to the world those two resplendent virtues of a lordly race, perseverance in purpose and a directing spirit which never fails. Of this class George L. Shoup stands as an excellent illustra - tion. The goal toward which he has hastened during the many years of his toil and endeavor is that which is attained only by such as have by patriotism and wise counsel given the world an impetus toward the good; such have gained the right and title to have their names enduringly inscribed on the bright pages of history. George L. Shoup has been a resident of Idaho since 1866, has served as chief executive of the state, and is now representing the commonwealth in the United States senate. He was born in Kittanning, Pennsylvania, June 15, 1836, and traces his descent to German ancestors, who lo- cated in the colony of Pennsylvania when it was a British dependency. Representatives of the name fought for the independence of the nation, and also participated in the war of 1812. Henry Shoup, the father of our subject, was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and married Miss Anna J. McCain, daughter of George E. McCain, of the Keystone state, a gentleman of Scotch- Irish descent. The Shoups were industrious farming people, and were faithful members of the Presbyterian church. The Senator's father lived to be sixty-five years of age, and his mother departed this life when about the same age. They had six sons and three daughters, of whom four now survive. One brother of our subject, T. S. Shoup, is now a professor in the Iowa State Nor- mal School, and the other, J. M., is United States marshal of Alaska. Senator Shoup was reared in the county of his nativity and acquired his education in its public schools. In 1859 he crossed the plains to Pike's Peak, being one of the first to discover gold in western Colorado. He engaged in mining and merchandising, with good success, until the great civil war broke upon the country, when he en- listed in the Union service as a member of Cao- tain Baxter's Company of Independent Scouts. During the fall of that year he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, and in 1862, when his company was assigned to the Second Colo- rado Volunteer Regiment, was made first lieu- tenant. With his command he was engaged in scouting in the borders of Texas and the Indian Territory; in 186.3 his company was attached to the First Colorado Cavalry ; and in the following year he was commissioned colonel of the Third Colorado Regiment. In the spring of that year he was elected to the convention chosen to frame the state constitution of Colorado, and served in this capacity during the session of the conven- tion, and then rejoined his regiment, on the 28th of November. He was in command of his regi- ment at the battle of Sand creek, in which Colonel Chivington and a detachment of his men also participated. This was a hard-fought and sanguinary battle in which four hundred Indians were killed. Both coloneis were afterward cen- sured by the United States senate, whicn had been misinformed in regard to the hostility of the red men, the atrocious murders they were committing and the property they were destroy- ing. Colonel Shoup was called to appear before 34 HISTORY OF IDAHO. an investigating committee in Washington the following February, and after giving his testi- mony to the committee he was congratulated and complimented by every one of its members for the valuable service he performed for his country in that battle. Thus was he completely exoner- ated, which was very gratifying to him and to the men who had jeopardized their lives in an en- gagement in which they had severely punished the Indians and freed that section of the country from the lawless acts of the red men. In 1865 Colonel Shoup purchased a cattle train for the purpose of hauling merchandise of his own into the far west, but was induced to load his train with government supplies for Fort Lara- mie, at which place he bought a stock of goods from a merchant who was en route for Montana. Mr. Shoup took the goods to Virginia City, Montana, where he arrived in the spring of 1866, establishing a store there and one in the Salmon River Mining District, Idaho, the same year, and the following year surveyed and laid out the town of Salmon City. Since then he has made the latter place his headquarters, and by great in- dustry and honest endeavor he has become one of the most successful business men of the state. He still carries on his mercantile interests and has erected a large, substantial brick store building, where he is carrying on an extensive wholesale and retail business. His reliable and systematic methods have gained him the confidence of many patrons, and he derives from his mercantile ven- tures a good income. At various intervals he has introduced fine thoroughbred cattle from the east, in this way improving his own stock and that of the state. He is likewise interested in mining in Lemhi county, in the vicinity of the Salmon river, and along these various lines has done much to develop the resources of the state. He also has broad farming lands, on which he raises hay and grain for his stock and for the market. He possesses keen discrimination and great energy in business, and his resolution en- ables him to carry forward to successful comple- tion whatever he undertakes. On the 1 5th of June, 1868, Senator Shoup was happily married to Miss Lena Darnutser, of Iowa, a lady of Swiss descent. Their union has been blessed with three sons and three daughters, namely: William Henry, who is bookkeeper for the firm at Salmon City, where he resides with his wife and two children; George E., who has charge of the farm and ranch ; Walter C., who is a graduate of the law department of Yale Col- lege, and is now practicing his profession in Salt Lake City, Utah, also serving as first lieutenant of Company D, Colonel Terry's regiment, and acting as judge advocate of the court martial, at Jacksonville, Florida; and Lena J., Laura M. and Margaret E., all at home. The two eldest sons are 'graduates of the Dubuque (Iowa) Acad- emy. The family is one of marked prominence in Boise, and its members occupy enviable positions in social circles, where intelligence, culture and refinement are the passports into good society. They have a nice home in Boise, and its hospi- tality is enjoyed by their very extensive circle of friends. Probably, however, Mr. Shoup is better known in connection with his political service. He has always been an ardent worker in the ranks of the Republican party to which he has ever given his unwavering fealty, influence and support. His fellow citizens, appreciating his fidelity and worth, elected him their representative in the lower house of the territorial legislature in 1874; in 1878 they elected him to the upper house, and in 1884 he was appointed commissioner to the World's Cotton Centennial at New Orleans. Sen- ator Shoup at first declined the Cotton Centen- nial appointment, but later, finding there was no one in the territory who would take the posi- tion, he finally accepted the appointment and gave thirty-five thousand dollars to make and maintain the territory's exhibit at the Exposi- tion. The exhibit was the means of giving the world some idea of what Idaho was at that time, and did more good than all other efforts to place the name of Idaho where it properly belonged. Although Senator Shoup gave freely of his means and one year's time to the project, he feels that the time and money were not spent in a lost cause. In March, 1889, he was appointed governor of the territory, and upon the admission of the state in 1890, he was elected governor. In De- cember of the same year he was chosen to repre- sent Idaho in the United States senate, where he is now ably and creditably serving, taking an active part in the business that is transacted in HISTORY OF IDAHO. 35 the council chambers of the nation. His course has ever been above suspicion. The good of the nation he places before partisanship, and the wel- fare of his constituents before personal aggran- dizement. He commands the respect of the mem- bers of congress and the senate, but at home, in the state of his adoption, where he is best known, he inspires personal friendships of un- usual strength, and all who know him have the highest admiration for his good qualities of heart and mind. RELF BLEDSOE. The days of chivalry and knighthood in Eu- rope cannot furnish more interesting or ro- mantic tales than our own western history. Into the wild mountain fastnesses of the unex- plored west went brave men, whose courage was often called forth in encounters with hostile savages. The land was rich in all natural resources, in gold and silver, in agricultural and commer- cial possibilities, and awaited the demands of man to yield up its treasures, but its mountain heights were hard to climb, its forests difficult to penetrate, and the magnificent trees, the dense bushes or the jagged rocks often sheltered the skulking foe, who resented the encroachment of the pale faces upon these "hunting grounds." The establishment of homes in this beautiful region therefore meant sacrifices, hardships and ofttimes death, but there were some men, however, brave enough to meet the red man in his own familiar haunts and undertake the task of reclaiming the district for purposes of civilization. The rich mineral stores of this vast region were thus added to the wealth of the nation ; its magnificent for- ests contributed to the lumber industries and its fertile valleys added to the opportunities of the farmer and stock-raiser, and to-day the northwest is one of the most productive sections of the en- tire country. That this is so is due to such men as Captain Relf Bledsoe, whose name is insep- arably interwoven with the history of the region. No story of fiction contains more exciting chapters than may be found in his life re- cord, but space forbids an extended account of these. He who was to become such an important fac- tor in the development of the northwest was born in Henderson county, Kentucky, on the i6th of August, 1832. His ancestors, natives of Wales, came to America at an early period in the colonial epoch and took an active part in the leading events that affected the colonies. Five of the Bledsoe brothers fought throughout the struggle for independence. A younger brother, not old enough to enter the army, was Jesse Bledsoe, father of our subject. He was born in Canewood, four miles from Framaort, Kentucky, and mar- ried Miss Jane Baylor, daughter of George Wythe Baylor, Jr., and a granddaughter of Colonel Bay- lor, one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. He won his title in the war which brought to America her liberty, and was wound- ed in that great struggle. With the blood of Revolutionary heroes thus flowing in his veins, it is not strange that Captain Bledsoe took so prominent a part in the Indian wars of the north- west. His father was a lawyer by profession, and in politics was first a Whig and later a Democrat. He held membership in the Christian church. In his family were twelve children, eight of whom are living. The Captain, the second in order of birth, spent the first seven years of his life in Kentucky, and in 1839 went with his parents to Missouri and thence to Texas, in 1845. In 1850, when eighteen years of age, he traveled through Mex- ico to California, reaching Los Angeles when it contained only a few adobe houses inhabited by Mexicans, or, as they called themselves, Spanish. In 1852 he went to San Francisco, and in 1854 he was elected superintendent of a mining com- pany in southern Oregon. On the failure of the well-known firm of Adams & Company, the com- pany with which he was connected was also bank- rupt, but soon afterward the Indian troubles of the Rogue river valley, in Oregon, broke out and Mr. Bledsoe joined a volunteer company to aid in quelling the insurrection and defending the settlers. He became a private of Company K, Second Oregon Infantry, but soon his ability as a soldier was manifest and he was promoted sergeant, second lieutenant and first lieutenant, successively. On the death of the captain, he succeeded to that rank. He then assembled the citizens together and built a fort. On the morn- ing of February 24, 1855, he called for twenty- two men to go with him to hold the Indians in 36 HISTORY OF IDAHO. check while the fort was being constructed. After marching some distance they were stationed be- hind a sharp point and awaited the arrival of the Indians, who soon came into view, five hundred strong. Captain Bledsoe had his men remain quiet until the Indians were within about fifty feet of them, when they poured a deadly fire into their ranks. After their guns were emptied, the white men used their revolvers with dreadful ef- fect and the Indians were largely checked, many of the number having been killed. The Captain then ordered a retreat toward the fort and thus they made their way, contesting every foot of the ground until they reached the fort, at four o'clock in the afternoon. In the meantime the building was completed and the women and children were saved. On another occasion Captain Bledsoe, with thirty-two men, was reconnoitering, when they were almost instantly surrounded by four hun- dred Indians, who rose up around them out of the bushes, which were breast-high, and charged upon the white men from every direction. The Captain instantly formed his men into a hollow square, and in this way awaited the charge. They first fired their guns, then used their revolvers. The chief in command of the Indians jumped on a rock to better give the commands, when Cap- tain Bledsoe ordered John Walker, who stood near him, to fire, and the chief was killed, which caused great disorder among his followers, thus left without a leader. The white men then formed in skirmish line and retreated. Eight of their number had been killed and five wounded. Cap- tain Bledsoe, at another time, with twenty picked men, went up to the mouth of the river in search of the Indians. They discovered a party of about seventy-five and crawled up to the top of a bluff from where they opened fire. Only three of the Indians crossed the river alive! After this, three companies of United States regulars arrived un- der command of General Buchanan, and thus Captain Bledsoe was relieved of the responsibility of having entire command. Later two other com- panies of regulars came, and the subject of this review was allowed some respite from his ar- duous duties. One other incident in which he was concerned, however, is worthy of mention. Near the fort was a dry reservoir into which the Indians frequently crawled at night, firing from that vantage point upon the fort in the day-time. Their object was to pick off anyone that appeared outside the walls. One morning the Captain thought that, with a few men, he would take possession of the reservoir first, and when the Indians came give them a warm reception. He started, gun in hand. It was a doubled-barreled gun, one side loaded with a ball, the other with buckshot. He had made his way some distance in advance of the men, when a little shepherd dog that had followed him began to sniff and whine, which warned him that the Indians were ahead of him. Putting his gun to his shoulder, he waited until an Indian head appeared on the edge of the reservoir. He then fired, and the Indian fell, but all the other Indians rose and fired at him. Just as he fired, however, he sat down, and their bullets passed over him. He then started on a run for the fort, but in that race for life his clothes were completely riddled, although not a bullet entered his bodv. He was in twenty Indian battles, always in the thickest of the fight. After the war a chief told him that he had shot at him many times, hoping to kill him, but had failed, and they thought he bore a charmed life. On the 2Oth of June, 1866, he participated in the last battle of the war. He and his men were to take their places on the south side of the river and await the Indians, who were to be driven across to them. His men were behind a large log when the Indians came up to them. The Captain with his forty-five men had a desperate encounter with the savages, a hand-to-hand fight, in which one hundred and seventy-five Indians were killed. The next day the remainder of the band surrendered. After the battle, General C. C. Augur embraced the Captain with the remark: "You are the best man to fight Indians at close quarters I ever saw. I could constantly hear your voice above the din of battle clear across the river." Captain Bledsoe aided in moving the Indians to their reservation, and was for some time the special Indian agent at the mouth of Yaquina bay. He was also sutler for two years, and then engaged in buying cattle, which he drove to mar- ket in Olympia. In 1861 the Oro Fino excite- ment brought him to Lewiston, where he arrived in July, 1 86 1. He was the first merchant at Elk HISTORY OF IDAHO. 37 City and sold the first goods there, after which he was connected with a large mercantile house in Florence. In 1862 he was elected joint coun- cilman from Idaho and Nez Perces counties. In the fall of that year the Boise Basin was discov- ered, and he had command of a company of sixty-six men, who traveled across the mountains to that place. When they arrived at Squaw creek, Lieutenant Standeford and eight men formed an advance guard ahead of the main body. They were attacked by Indians, and Captain Bledsoe then took thirty men, leaving the others with the pack train, and fought the Indians, driving them back across Little Squaw creek and over Big Squaw creek to what is now a part of Calvin Beard's ranch. Night ended the fight. The pack train camped on Little Meadows, and captured five squaws and some children, from which inci- dent Squaw creek received its name. The party afterward continued on their way to the point on the Boise river where the beautiful city of Boise now stands. At that time there was no house nearer than Auburn, Oregon. They drove the Indians from the river and went on to the Boise Basin, where they found Marion Moore and his party, who had arrived four days previously. They located claims and Captain Bledsoe and Tom Hart washed the first pan of dirt in the vicinity of Placerville, about a half mile below the present site of the town. They secured gold to the value of twenty-five cents out of this first pan. After looking over the country in this vi- cinity Captain Bledsoe started for Olympia, Washington, to attend the meeting of the legis- lature. He framed the bill that organized Boise county, and the following year Idaho was sepa- rated from Washington. He has held various positions of honor and trust, and was a promi- nent candidate for governor of Idaho, President Cleveland being strongly urged to appoint him chief executive of the territory. For the past twenty years he has been extensively engaged in quartz and placer mining, and is a thorough mining expert. His efforts in the development of the mineral resources of the state brought him a handsome competence and at the same time have contributed to the general welfare. On the ist of July, 1858, near Corvallis, Ore- gon, was celebrated the marriage of Captain Bled- soe and Miss Helen Kinney. They have six children, three sons and three daughters: Sadie, who became the wife of L. Vineyard, died August 9, 1893, leaving two children, who are residing with their grandfather; Annie, wife of William F. Galbraith, a druggist of Boise; R. J., a farmer of Boise; Eulalie, wife of W. N. Northrop, a hardware merchant; John M., who is in the en- gineer corps at Honolulu ; and Lloyd, at home. In politics the Captain has been a life-long Democrat, and the official positions he has filled have been accorded him by reason of his merit and sterling worth. He has been an important factor in the military, political and industrial in- terests of the state, an honored pioneer who de- serves the gratitude of his fellow men for what he has done for the northwest. When the pres- ent shall have become the past, his name will be revered as one of the founders of the state of Idaho, and as one of the heroes who carried civilization into the wild districts of this great region. NEAL J. SHARP. Many elements combine to make this brief biographical sketch an interesting one. It reaches back into the early history of our coun- try, and has to do with the development of the new west. Neal J. Sharp, register of the United States land office at Hailey, was born in Fulton county, Illinois, July 14, 1833, of Scotch ancestry. His great-grandfather, Joseph L. Sharp, settled in Virginia and founded the town of Sharpsburg, which was named in his honor. His grandfather, James R. Sharp, was born in Tennessee, and fought gallantly for American independence in the war of the Revolution. Joseph L. Sharp, son of the patriot just mentioned, was also born in Tennessee, and did duty as a soldier in the Black- hawk war and in the war with Mexico. He mar- ried Matilda Singleton, of Irish lineage, whose ancestors were among the very early settlers in the south, and some of whom fought the British in Revolutionary days. By profession he was a lawyer, and he was a man of much force of char- acter who was prominent wherever his lot was cast. He was elected to the legislature of Illinois and to that of Iowa, and was president of the first council of the Nebraska legislature. He died in his eighty-third year, his wife in her fifty-fifth. 38 HISTORY OF IDAHO. They had three sons and three daughters, of whom four survive. Xeal J. Sharp, their eldest son, received the rudiments of an education in the public schools near his early home in Illinois, but is a fine ex- ample of the self-educated gentleman, widely read, alive to every question of the day reminis- cent as to the history of the past. He was nine- teen years old when he went to Iowa. He read law with D. H. Sullivan, a prominent lawyer there, and was admitted to the bar in Nebraska in 1857. He began the practice of his profession and was meeting with success when the civil war broke out. In prompt answer to President Lin- coln's call for troops, he enlisted, May 2, 1861, in Company A, First Nebraska Volunteer In- fantry, and was mustered into the service as sec- ond lieutenant. He served in the army of Ten- nessee and took part in the battles of Pilot Knob, Fort Donelson, Pittsburg Landing, the siege of Corinth and the battle with the army of Price at Cape Girardeau. At Fort Donelson he was promoted for meritorious conduct to a first lieu- tenancy, and at Corinth he was brevetted cap- tain. He was mustered out of the service in 1863, and in 1864 took up his residence in Vir- ginia City for a time. Since that time he has been continuously en- gaged in the practice of the law and in looking after mining interests. In partnership with three others, he owns copper mines on Lost river, in Custer county. They have sixteen claims and two fractions, and are developing the property with judicious rapidity. They now have one thousand tons of ore on the dump and fifty thou- sand tons in sight, and their miner is under bonds in the sum of one hundred and fifty thou- sand dollars. Mr. Sharp has other important mining interests in the Wood river and Salmon river country, on which his annual assessments aggregate one thousand eight hundred dollars. He is the owner of large tracts of land and valu- able water rights in Custer county, and his in- vestments in these are regarded as very promis- ing. Mr. Sharp was happily married, in 1855, to Miss Ellen Trammell, a native of Tennessee, who died in 1862, after having borne him three chil- dren, two of whom are living. Ada is the wife of Horatio L. Wood, editor of the Red Rock (Texas) Review. Belle became the wife of Joseph Ferris, a prosperous farmer of Fremont county, Wyoming. In 1865 Mr. Sharp married Miss Nancy A. Morgan, a native of Missouri, who bore him one daughter, who died in infancy. Mrs. Sharp is a lady of much culture and refine- ment, prominent in society and a hejpful member of the Congregational church. There is no more popular man in this part of the state than Neal J. Sharp, popularly and af- fectionately known as Colonel Sharp. He is an influential Republican, and his appointment by President McKinley as register of the land office at Hailey met with general approval. He is per- forming his duties of the office in a manner en- tirely satisfactory to every one concerned. He has been a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows since 1866, and has passed all the chairs in both branches of the order. He was the organizer of Lincoln Post, No. 15, Grand Army of the Republic, and is one of its past com- manders. He has had an ample and successful experience as a lawyer, and any one who knows him is certain that any case will be as safe in his hands as ability and honesty can make it. He was for seven years district attorney of Custer county, and has gone into history as a model guardian of the people's legal rights. He has fulfilled every obligation of life manfully, and is in every way worthy of the high esteem in which he is held by his fellow citizens. HENRY HEITFELD. In considering the career of the present United States senator for Idaho, Hon. Henry Heitfeld, we are led to the following reflections: It is a well-attested maxim that the greatness of a state lies not in its machinery for govern- ment, nor even in its institutions, but in the ster- ling qualities of its individual citizens, in their capacity for high and unselfish effort and their devotion to the public good. An enumeration of those men of the present generation who have won honor and public recognition for themselves and at the same time have honored the state to which they belong, would be incomplete were there failure to make prominent reference to the one whose name initiates this paragraph. He has attained distinction in the business world and is HISTORY OF IDAHO. 39 a recognized leader in political circles in Idaho. He has been and is distinctively a man of affairs, and one who has wielded a wide influence. A strong mentality, an invincible courage, a most determined individuality have so entered into his makeup as to render him a natural leader of men and a director of opinion. Henry Heitfeld was born in St. Louis, Mis- souri, June 12, 1859. His parents were natives of Germany, and on their emigration to America, in the early '505, located in St. Louis, where the father, by his well-directed efforts and indefati- gable energy, won a handsome competence and was widely known as a successful merchant. Both he and his wife were members of the Cath- olic church and were people of the highest prob- ity of character. Mr. Heitfeld passed away in 1867, at the age of thirty-eight years, and his wife died in 1892, at the age of sixty-three years. Henry Heitfeld, the elder of their two sons, was educated in St. Louis, and in his youth worked at farming for some time. He afterward learned the mason's trade, and in 1882 went to the Pacific coast, securing employment in a flour- ing mill in Pomeroy, Washington, where he re- mained for several months. He also located three hundred and sixty acres of land in the big bend of the Columbia river. Subsequently he worked in the car-shops of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and on leaving that employ purchased a farm in Nez Perces county, Idaho, where he engaged in stock-raising with excellent success. Never scorning any honest labor that would yield him a livelihood, he has steadily advanced in his business affairs, continually adding to his finan- cial resources until he is now the possessor of a valuable property, the merited reward of his well-directed labors. From the time he attained his majority until 1892 Mr. Heitfeld was an advocate of the Demo- cratic party and supported its men and measures. Favoring the free and unlimited coinage of silver, a question which he deemed vital to the welfare of his country, he severed his connection with the old party in the year mentioned and allied his interests with the Populist party. He has since been very active and zealous in the promulgation of his views on the money question, and upon this issue he won the nomination for state sen- ator in 1894. He was elected to that office, was re-elected in 1896 and made such a splendid rec- ord that he was chosen by the Idaho assembly to represent the state in the highest legislative body of the nation, being elected to the United States senate on the 28th of January, 1897. He has served through one session, one of the most important in the history of the country, and his record reflects credit upon the state and people whom he represents. He is a man of firm con- viction, fearless in defense of his views, and his opinions are the result of careful study and ma- ture deliberation. In 1884 Mr. Heitfeld was united in marriage to Miss Anna Jacobs, a native of Minnesota and a lady of German descent. They have five children, as follows: Mary T., Stephen F., Louis G., Walter B. and Elaine A. The family is one of prominence in Lewiston, the hospitality of the best homes being readily accorded them. The Senator is a representative of our best type of American manhood and chivalry. By persever- ance, determination and honorable effort he has overthrown the obstacles which barred his path to success and reached the goal of prosperity, while his genuine worth, broad mind and public spirit have made him a director of public thought and action. T. J. JONES. On the roll of Idaho's distinguished lawyers is the name of T. J. Jones, of Boise. Faithfulness to duty and strict adherence to a fixed purpose in life will do more to advance a man's interests than wealth or adventitious circumstances. The successful men of the clay are they who have planned their own advancement and have accom- plished it in spite of many obstacles and with a certainty that could have been attained only through their own efforts. This class of men has a worthy representative in T. J. Jones, who began life amid unfavoring circumstances in the coal mines of Pennsylvania. Born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, in 1857, he is of Welsh lineage. His father, David Jones, was born in a little county of Wales, whence he emigrated to America, locating in the Keystone state, where he married Miss Anna Naughton. He was a Baptist minister, and 40 HISTORY OF IDAHO. served as an officer in the war with Mexico. He died in 1861, from injuries received in said war, leaving a wife and five children. The subject of this review was only four years old at the time of his father's death. He spent his childhood and youth in the state of his na- tivity, and when only eight years of age began earning his own livelihood by working in the coal mines. Thus he was employed for seven years, when he shipped before the mast, sailing for three years on the great lakes and on the ocean. He next engaged in railroading for a time, and subsequently emigrated to Nebraska, where he took up a claim of government land and engaged in raising horses and cattle. Dur- ing these years his education had been sadly neglected. Being forced to provide for his own maintenance he had no opportunity of attending school, and feeling very much the need of men- tal training he determined to acquire an educa- tion. Accordingly, at the age of twenty-seven, having at that time never attended school, he be- came a student in the Hastings College, at Hast- ings, Nebraska; later he attended the Free Meth- odist College, at Orleans, in the same state, and then took a course in the Bryant Business Col- lege, of Republican City, Nebraska, and in 1888 was graduated in the Mallalieu University at Bartley, Nebraska. The latent powers of a nat- urally bright intellect were thus awakened, and he developed a strong intellectuality that colors all of his labors. In the mean time he began read- ing law, which he completed in Scranton, Penn- sylvania. A sojourn in Florida was followed by a brief stay in Alabama, but he was driven from the latter state by the yellow fever, and returned to Nebraska, where he was admitted to the bar. His next place of residence was Burlington, Col- orado, where he successfully practiced his pro- fession. He was the first county 'attorney of Kit Carson county, Colorado, and the second mayor of Burlington. He served as attorney for the prosecution in the great Hatch case at Colorado Springs, Colorado, and during his practice in that state was connected with important litigation, his practice being very extensive. In 1890 Mr. Jones came to Boise, Idaho, and has won an enviable position at the bar of this state. He has gained a large clientage, and, handling many intricate problems of law, has dis- played great ability and a comprehensive under- standing of the principles of jurisprudence. He has also figured prominently in public affairs in the city and state. While engaged in farming and stock-raising in Nebraska he became deeply in- terested in the Grange movement, and for three years served as deputy state lecturer of that or- ganization, during which time he was instrumen- tal in establishing many local granges in the state. In his political expression, for two years he voted with the Prohibition party, and later became an advocate of the principles of the Peo- ple's party. In 1892 he was the only one of two state speakers of that party in Idaho, and con- ducted a powerful and effective campaign, he be- ing recognized as one of the leading and able public speakers of the state. In 1893 he was a candidate for city attorney, on the People's party ticket, and was defeated although he received a large vote. In 1894 he was a candidate on the same ticket for district attorney and ran one thou- sand five hundred votes ahead of his ticket. In 1894-6 he again campaigned the state for his party. During these campaigns he was especially noted for the masterly and clear manner in which he presented the issues before the people, his eloquence and logic being largely commented on by the people and press of the state. In 1898 he was a delegate to both meetings of the state central committee of the People's party, and in the absence of the regular chairman he was elect- ed provisional chairman, and presided until the time of the state convention, which assembled in August, 1898. At that time he was the unani- mous choice of the convention as the candidate for governor, but declined that nomination in favor of Hon. D. H. Andrews. He was then unanimously chosen as candidate for justice of the supreme court. In addition to his general law practice, Mr. Jones has extensive mining interests, and is the attorney for several corporations, he having to a remarkable degree in his public and private af- fairs the confidence of both capital and labor. In 1892, in' Boise, Idaho, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Jones and Miss Winifred Cullen, a native of Missouri, and a daughter of Paul Cul- len, a well-known pioneer of Utah. They have two children, Felix and Paul. Theirs is a de- lightful home, where the evidences of culture in- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 41 dicate the refined taste of the inmates. Beautiful grounds surround the house, which is located at the corner of Fifth and Myrtle streets, and many friends enjoy the hospitality which there reigns supreme'. Both Mr. and Mrs. Jones hold mem- bership in the Catholic church, and their support is given many measures intended for the public good. HON. JOHN C. RICE. John Campbell Rice, president of the Com- mercial Bank of Caldwell and a prominent mem- ber of the bar of Canyon county, is numbered among the native sons of Illinois, his birth hav- ing occurred in Cass County, that state, January 27, 1864. He is of Welsh descent, tracing his ancestry back to the Welsh emigrants of the name who located in the colony of Massachusetts during the early settlement of America. Later, members of the family removed to Tennessee. The grandfather, Ebenezer Rice, removed with his family from Tennessee to Illinois in 1839. Elbert Gallatin Rice, the father, was born in Tennessee in 1823, and was accordingly sixteen years of age when he accompanied his parents to the Prairie state, their home being in what was then Morgan county, but is now Scott coun- ty. In his younger years he adhered to the faith of the Baptist church, but afterward united with the Christian church and entered the work of the ministry. By occupation he was a farmer and owned and operated a tract of land, but each Sun- day he was found in the house of worship pro- claiming the gospel to those who sought to know of the better life. His death occurred in the sixty- ninth year of his age. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Mary Ann Camp, was a relative of General Putnam and a great-granddaughter of General Putnam's brother William. Mrs. Rice was of English descent, her ancestors being among the early settlers of Connecticut. She is still living, in the seventy-third year of her age, and is a most estimable lady whose many virtues have endeared her to a large circle of friends. John C. Rice of this review is the eighth in order of birth in a family of ten children, all of whom still survive. He was reared under the parental roof and completed his literary educa- tion in the Illinois College, at Jacksonville, where he was graduated in the class of 1885. Subse- quently he engaged in teaching mathematics in his alma mater for a year, and then entered upon the study of law in the Michigan State Univer- sity, at Ann Arbor. His professional course was terminated by his graduation in Cornell College, in 1890, after which he entered upon the practice of law in Caldwell, where he has built up a large clientage. He has a broad and thorough under- standing of the principles of jurisprudence, and is. very careful to conform to a high standard of professional ethics. He is also connected with other business interests, having been one of the organizers of the Commercial Bank, at which time he was elected president and has since served in that capacity. By judicious manage- ment this has become one of the leading banking institutions in this part of the state, and the re- liability of the stockholders has secured it a liberal patronage. On the 2d of October, 1895, Mr. Rice was united in marriage to Miss Maude Beshears, of Caldwell, Idaho, and they have two interesting little sons, Elbert Gallatin and Homer Beshears. Mr. and Mrs. Rice are connected with the Chris- tian church, of which he is one of the charter members and also one of the elders. He takes an active interest in its work and is an exemplary member of Essene Lodge, No. 22, A. F. & A. M., of Caldwell, in which he is past master. His political support is given the Democracy. He was elected a member of the fourth state legis- lature, and during his service was chairman of the house judiciary committee. Although a young man he has attained eminence in profes- sional and political life, and the future will un- doubtedly hold still higher honors for him, for a man of marked ability and energy is always in demand in connection with the important activi- ties of business and public life. SOLOMON HASBROUCK. One of the best known pioneer settlers of the state of Idaho is Solomon Hasbrouck, who is now serving as clerk of the supreme court and is accounted one of the leading and influential citi- zens of Boise. He is numbered among the sons of the Empire state, his birth having occurred in New Paltz, Ulster county, New York, on the 3oth of May, 1833. He is a descendant of Hoi- HISTORY OF IDAHO. land Dutch ancestry, and at an early period in the history of the state the family was founded within its borders. Solomon P. Hasbrouck, the grandfather of our subject, was a prominent lum- ber manufacturer and merchant and carried on business on such an extensive scale and employed so great a force of workmen that he was called the "king of Centerville." His son, Alexander Hasbrouck, father of our subject, was born in Centerville, and there spent his entire life, pass- ing away in 1894, at the age of eighty-six years. At the age of twenty-three he married Miss Rachel Elting, a native of his own county, and after that conducted a farm about three miles from Centerville for twenty-five years. He then moved to New York city, where for five years he was in business in Washington market. Then he came to Idaho and lived with his son Solomon until his decease. He and his wife were valued members of the Methodist church and were held in the highest regard by all who knew them. She departed this life when our subject was but five years of age. Our subject is now the only survivor of the family, his only sister having also departed this life. He was reared on a farm at the place of his birth, and during the summer months assisted in the labors of field and meadow, while in the win- ter season he attended the public schools. At the age of sixteen he secured a clerkship in a store, serving in that capacity for four years. In 1854 he sailed from New York to San Francisco, by way of the isthmus, and engaged in mining at Nevada City until 1860. He made considerable money for a time, but afterward sunk it in other mining ventures. He next went to Santa Bar- bara, California, where he secured a claim of one hundred and sixty acres, but finding this mostly worthless he never perfected a title and it re- turned to the government. In 1861 he went to Portland, Oregon, where he met an old friend, R. E. Halleck, with whom, in the spring, he trav- eled from Eugene City, Oregon, to Granite creek, the journey being made with pack animals. Mr. Hasbrouck engaged in mining on Granite creek until June, 1862. when he removed to Owy- hee county, Idaho, and mined on Jordan creek for a year. In the winter of 1863-4 he was ap- pointed one of the county commissioners of that countv, which was at that time created, and in the fall of 1864 he was elected a member of the territorial legislature, which convened at Lewis- ton, and was the second session ever held. Dur- ing that time the act was passed whereby the capital was removed from Lewiston to Boise. On the close of his legislative service, Mr. Has- brouck returned to Portland, and the following May again went to Owynee county, coming thence to Boise. In the capital city he was em- ployed in the internal revenue service under John Cummings, the first internal revenue collector in the territory. In 1866 Mr. Cummings was ap- pointed one of the judges of the territory and he appointed Mr. Hasbrouck clerk of the court. In 1867, thirteen years after he had left New York, Mr. Hasbrouck visited his native state, and there married Miss Ann Eliza Van Wagenen, a friend of his childhood and a schoolmate of his youth. Theirs has been a happy married life, in 1868 they left the east for their new home in Idaho, and were soon comfortably located in Boise. Four children have been born to them: Edward Hallock, the eldest, has followed mining principally; Raymond DeLancy, the second son, is now acting chief engineer on the United States steamer Puritan; Elizabeth M. is the wife of Charles D. Shrady; and Van Wagenen is deputy clerk of the supreme court, and makes his home at Lewiston. He is a lawyer, and has been ad- mitted to practice in all of the courts of the state. Upon his return to Idaho, Mr. Hasbrouck was reappointed clerk of the district court, and also of the supreme court. At the same time he was ganger in the internal revenue service and clerk in the office of the superintendent of Indian af- fairs. In the meantime he studied law, was admitted to practice in the district courts, and in 1871 was admitted to practice in the supreme court of the territory. He formed a law partnership with Henry E. Prickett, under the firm name of Prick- ett & Hasbrouck, a connection that was con- tinued until Mr. Prickett was appointed district judge, when Mr. Hasbrouck turned his atten- tion to merchandising, which pursuit he followed for twelve years in Boise and Weiser. While in the latter place a disastrous fire occurred, which almost wiped out the town, and he thereby lost everything he had. Soon after this Judge J. H. Beatty, now district judge of the federal court, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 43 appointed him clerk of the district court. A year later Idaho was admitted to the Union and an independent supreme court was created, of which he was appointed clerk, a position which he has since acceptably filled. During his long term in this office he has discharged his duties in a most prompt and capable manner, winning the com- mendation of the bench and bar and the regard of the public. He is a very agreeable and oblig- ing official and has thereby won a host of friends throughout the whole state. In politics he is a "silver" Republican, and in religious belief he and his family are Episcopalians. Perhaps no one in the state has been more continuously identified with its public service through a longer period than Solomon Hasbrouck, who has borne no unimportant part in shaping the policy of idaho and advancing its interests. He may well be numbered among its honored pioneers, and his life history deserves a prominent place in its annals. GEORGE LITTLE. The list of the leading citizens of Caldwell contains the name of Judge George Little, one of the representative and honored citizens of Canyon county. His record as a soldier, as an official and as a business man has been so hon- orable that he has gained the confidence and good will of all with whom he has been brought in contact, and as probate judge and superin- tendent of public instruction he won still higher encomiums from his fellow men by reason of the fidelity and ability which he manifested in the discharge of his duties. He retired from office in January, 1899. A native of Kentucky, Judge Little was born in Daviess county, July 15, 1839, and is of Scotch and English descent. The original American an- cestors of the family located in Massachusetts, and the branch to which our subject belongs was afterward planted in Charleston, South Carolina. Later generations of the family removed to Ken- tucky, where Weslev Morgan Little, the father of the Judge, was born, in 1814. In early life he learned the wheelwright's trade, but afterward engaged in farming. His wife bore the maiden name of Henrietta Waltrip, and belonged to one of the old families of Culpeper county, Virginia. Her father was one of the prominent residents of that county and held various positions of honor and trust. In politics the father of Judge Little was a Democrat and served as presidential elec- tor in 1856, casting his vote for James Buchanan. In a political altercation with a Know-nothing he was shot and killed, leaving a family of three children. The mother of our subject had died in the twenty-ninth year of her age, and he had later married again, having three children by the second union. Judge Little was educated in the public schools of his native town, and when the great civil war was inaugurated gave his support to the L'nion. Careful consideration led him to believe that any attempt to destroy the power of the national government was absolutely wrong, and with a patriotic impulse he joined Company M, Seven- teenth Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry, serving in Mississippi and Tennessee. He participated in a number of engagements and was wounded in the thigh by a guerrilla. On the expiration of his term of service he engaged in merchandising on Green river, Kentucky, and joined a regiment which was organized for home protection, of which command he was made major. This aroused the special ire of the guerrilla bands, who destroyed his store by fire and took him prisoner, but he was afterward rescued by a com- pany of Kentucky cavalry. Judge Little then went to Louisville and enlisted in the regular army, serving on the regimental staff of General John Gibbon for three years. On the close of the war he resumed merchan- dising, choosing as the scene of his labors the town of Laramie, Wyoming, where he remained for sixteen years, enjoying a liberal patronage. During that time he served as postmaster of Laramie by appointment of President Grant, and also held important county offices. In 1884 he came to Caldwell, where he established a drug store, continuing in that line of trade for five years, when his health failed and he sold out. Hoping that a change of climate would prove beneficial, he sought the higher altitude of the Jordan valley, in Oregon, where for a time he conducted a general mercantile store. His un- dertakings there, however, were not attended with success and he returned to Caldwell. Since that time he has been almost continuously con- nected with the public service. He was district 44 HISTORY OF IDAHO. clerk and deputy auditor and recorder for two years, and since that time has been twice elected probate judge, which position he is filling at the present time, together with that of superintend- ent of public instruction in Canyon county. His extreme fairness makes him especially capable in the former office, while his liberal mental cul- ture and deep interest in the cause of education render his service in the latter position extremely effective. In 1875 Judge Little was married, in Laramie, Wyoming, to Miss Flora Cameron, a native of Canada and of Scotch descent. They now have two children: Edna, who has attained a high reputation as a successful teacher and is now occupying a position in the Moscow high school ; and Wesley, who is attending college in Caldwell. The Judge has been a lifelong Republican and now supports the free-silver wing of the party. He was made a Mason in Laramie Lodge, No. 2, A. F. & A. M., of Laramie, Wyoming, and is a charter member and past master of Essene Lodge, No. 22, of Caldwell. Both he and his wife are consistent and active members of the Presbyterian church, with which he has been connected since the age of sixteen years. He is now superintendent of the Presbyterian Sunday school in Caldwell, and is very earnest and zeal- ous in the work, and generously co-operates with all movements or measures intended for the bet- terment of humanity. He is a man of strong mentality, of broad humanitarian principles and kindly motives. No trust reposed in him has ever been betrayed, and whether on the field of battle protecting the stars and stripes or in local political office, he is true to his country and its best interests, a loyal and patriotic citizen. SOLOMON M. JEFFREYS. In the front rank of the columns which have advanced the civilization of the northwest, Solo- mon M. Jeffreys has led the way to the substan- tial development, progress and upbuilding of Idaho, being particularly active in the growth of Weiser, where he still makes his home. He is numbered among the pioneers of Idaho, Cali- fornia and Oregon, his memory going back to the time when the entire Pacific coast was but very sparsely settled, when the Indians were more numerous than the white men, and the land had not been reclaimed for purposes of cultiva- tion, but remained in the primitive condition in which it came from the hand of nature. Mr. Jeffreys was born in Jackson county, Mis- souri, February n, 1835, and is of English line- age. His father, Thomas Jeffreys, was born in Kentucky and was married there to Miss Mary Dickerson. In 1845, with his wife and five chil- dren, he started for Oregon with a train of sixty- wagons, drawn by oxen and mules, there being about two hundred persons in the company. They were nine months in making the long and tedious journey across the plains and endured many hardships and privations. Their route lay along the south and west banks of the Snake river, but they little dreamed that in the course of a few years members of their party would lo- cate in that beautiful district of what is now the state of Idaho. They pressed onward to the fer- tile Willamette valley, and the father located a "donation" claim of six hundred and forty acres of land in what became the rich county of Yam- hill, Oregon. In 1849, attracted by the discovery of gold in California, he went to that state, ac- companied by two of his sons, and engaged in mining for some time. When they had taken out considerable gold they started to return to Ore- gon, but the father died and was buried at sea, when forty-eight years of age. He was an hon- est, industrious and brave pioneer. His estimable wife, who shared with him in the dangers and privations of frontier life, survived him for a long period, and died at the age of seventy-three years. Of their five children who crossed the plains only two are living, Solomon and James. The former acquired his education in Polk county, Oregon, and at the Methodist Mission College, at Salem. In 1849 he went with his father and brother John to California and en- gaged in mining on the north fork of the Ameri- can river. When they had saved twenty-five thousand dollars they started to return to Ore- gon. After the death and burial of their father at sea, the brothers continued on their way alone to Yamhill county, where Mr. Jeffreys of this re- view engaged in farming for a number of years. He then followed stock-raising in eastern Ore- gon, and became one of the largest cattlemen of that time. In 1862 he drove one thousand head HISTORY OF IDAHO. 45 of cattle from The Dalles to the Carriboo country, where he butchered them, selling the beef to the miners for fifty and seventy-five cents per pound, making on that venture about half a million dollars. On the trip to that place, the Indian chief Moses and his band accompanied Mr. Jeffreys and his party, and they feasted the In- dians on the best they had. His brother John was a lieutenant in the Wasco Company, and with his command participated in the Indian war of 1856. In the year 1865 Mr. Jeffreys of this review ar- rived in Idaho, and settled in what is now Wash- ington county, and he engaged in the raising of cattle and horses. Later he was actively identi- fied with many of the industrial and commercial interests of Weiser. He built the first flouring- mill and was also one of the early merchants of the town. He became one of the builders of the city water ditches and a member of the Weiser City Ditch and Irrigation Company, which has been of great value to the town and surrounding country. Since its organization he has been president of the company, and in all his business interests he has met with gratifying success, ow- ing to his careful management, his reliable judg- ment and his unabating energy. In 1868 Mr. Jeffreys married Miss Mary Boyles, a native of Polk county, Oregon, and a daughter of Dr. Boyles, who was a very promi- nent physician. By that marriage there were three children. The mother died soon after the birth of her twins, and they did not long sur- vive her. The first born, Laura, is now the wife of W. W. Curtis, of Salem, Oregon. On the 23d of April, 1878, Mr. Jeffreys wedded Mrs. Sarah E. Ripper, and they have two sons, Oliver, in school, and Woodson, who is a volunteer in the American army at Manila. Mrs. Sarah E. Jeffreys, nee Anderson, was born in Fleming county, Kentucky, December 29, 1845. Her parents, Samuel Anderson and Cynthia Ann, nee Penland, were born, raised and married in Fleming county, Kentucky. Her father is seventy-five years of age and makes his home with his children. Her mother died Jan- uary 13, 1884, when sixty-one years of age. Her great-grandparents, of Scotch-Irish descent, came from Virginia and took part in the war of 1812. Mrs. Jeffreys moved with her parents to Bu- chanan county, Missouri, in 1847, an d crossed the plains to Willamette valley in 1851. She was married to C. W. Ripper, March 19, 1863, and with her husband moved to eastern Oregon in 1864, and to Weiser, Idaho, in 1869. They had five children, three sons and two daugh- ters; one son and daughter were twins. Only one of the five is living, Isaac N. Ripper, of Day- ville, Oregon. Mrs. Jeffreys is a charter member of the Baptist church and one of its most active workers. Mr. Jeffreys was made a Master Mason in Amity Lodge, No. 20, at Amity, in Yamhill county, Oregon. In his earlier years he gave his political support to the Democratic party, but is now a Populist. He was a member of the terri- torial legislature in the seventh session and aided in procuring the erection of Washington county, being one of the commissioners appointed to ef- fect its organization. He is now a member of the town council and his popularity in Weiser is indicated by the fact that he was made the nom- inee of three parties for the office of county treas- urer. He has ever discharged his duties with marked ability and fairness, for he is a most loyal, public-spirited citizen. As a business man he has been conspicuous among his associates, not only for his success, but for his probity, fair- ness and honorable methods. In everything he has been eminently practical, and this has been manifest not only in his business undertakings but also in private and social life. SAMUEL STRICKLER. 1 The story of pioneer life in Idaho is well known to such men as Samuel Strickler, for through thirty-six years he has been a witness of tiie de- velopment of the northwest and has faithfully borne his part in the work of upbuilding and advancement; he now resides in Bellevue. He claims Pennsylvania as the state of his nativity, his birth occurring in Chambersburg, Franklin county, November 21, 1832. He is of German descent and his ancestors were among the early settlers of the Keystone state. His father, Sam- uel Strickler, was born in Lancaster, Pennsylva- nia, and married Susanna Hollinger, also a na- tive of Pennsylvania. Twelve children, six sons and six daughters, were born of this union, and ten grew to maturity, while six are yet living. 46 HISTORY OF IDAHO. The father died in 1875, at the age of eighty-one years, and the mother passed away a little later at about the same age. Mr. Strickler, of this review, was educated in Pennsylvania and in 1846 accompanied his fam- ily on their removal to Mount Carroll, Illinois, where he also attended school. In 1859 he crossed the plains to Colorado with an ox team and through the summer successfully engaged in mining. In the fall of the same year he returned to his home in Illinois, and in 1860 he again went west, locating in Denver, where he engaged in farming, selling his produce in that city. He was very successful in that venture, but in 1863, learning of the gold excitement in Idaho, he pur- chased a stock of miners' supplies and took them to the territory, opening a store in Idaho City, July 3, 1863. On the 15th of December of the same year he removed to Boise, built a store and there engaged in business. He had a pack train with which he hauled his own goods, and also engaged in packing for others. In 1866 he sold out and engaged in gold-mining in Oregon, but after a time returned to Boise and purchased three hundred and twenty acres of land in the valley, below the capital. There he cultivated hay and grain and obtained good prices for his products, selling oats sometimes as high as five cents per pound. At length an excellent oppor- tunity came for him to dispose of his property, and selling out he returned to Boise. Later he also sold his town property and purchased a freighting outfit, freighting from Boise to Kelton and other places. But gold and silver were dis- covered in large quantities in the Wood river val- ley, and, selling his stock, he came to Bellevue, where he once more resumed mining. He is the owner of considerable property in the town and also of Kentucky Ledge, a fine property located thirty-five miles northwest of the town. He is now engaged in its development, and has made a tunnel one hundred feet long. The ore yields eighty ounces of silver and sixty per cent lead. Mr. Strickler also has a number of teams which he uses in hauling ore and in freighting, and thus his life is one of activity and usefulness, in which his labors are being crowned with a good financial reward. Throughout the passing years Mr. Strickler has experienced many of the hardships incident to pioneer life. In 1869 there were about five hundred Indians hunting in the Wood river val- ley, when he and his partner, Senor Hicks, pur- chased a load of goods which they took to the valley to trade with the Indians for furs. They camped on the present site of Bellevue, and on the second day passed there Mr. Hicks started up the valley to see how far they could go with the wagon, leaving Mr. Strickler alone with the wagon and the goods. For two days there was not another white man within miles. During that time he went over to the Indians and a. big "brave," grabbing hold of him, threw him on the ground, planted his knee upon him and then put a big knife at his breast! Mr. Strickler ex- pected instant death, but the Indian finally re- leased him, and, getting up, he made his way back to the wagon where he had two guns. Soon afterward he saw the Indian coming toward him, but he did not think it best to shoot. The In- dian then offered to smoke a pipe of peace with him, but Mr. Strickler did not smoke, and so the red man gave him a mink skin as a peace offering. Mr. Hicks soon afterward returned and the partners remained in the valley until they had sold their goods, clearing two thousand dollars off the transaction. They then returned to Boise, and in 1870 Mr. Strickler again engaged in freighting on the Kelton road. In 1877, with two companions and two wagons, he was cor- raled by the Indians on Clover creek. The sav- ages were on the war path and Mr. Strickler and his party, not being able to pass them, were forced to remain for five weeks. During this time, on a certain night, one of the men came and awakened him, saying that the Indians were coming. Our subject then asked, "Where?" and in response to the man's reply, "From all around:" he said, "Well, I will remain where I am." Such was the coolness with which the pioneers met danger. On reaching Kelton the party found the United States soldiers there and learned that five teamsters had been killed and their wagons burned. The Indians had also gone down the Snake river, and, meeting a man with a pack horse and saddle, had grabbed the horse by the bit and held him until the chief came up, when he gave word to release the man, who returned to Kelton, sold his horse and went HISTORY OF IDAHO. 47 by rail to the states. Such experiences were very common among the hardy pioneers, who left be- hind them the comforts of the east to subdue the western wilderness for purposes of civilization. In politics Mr. Strickler was for many years a stalwart Republican, and is now identified with the "silver" Republican party. He is rated as one of the leading and influential citizens of Bellevue, where he has a pleasant home, and acts as his own housekeeper, having never married. He has many friends among the pioneers and later arrivals in Idaho, and well deserves men- tion 'among the early settlers of this splendid commonwealth. THOMAS T. REDSULL. Great, indeed, have been the changes that time and man have wrought since Thomas T. Red- sull landed on the Pacific coast. California yet belonged to Mexico, and much of the land, espe- cially in the southern part of the state, was di- vided into large estates, owned and occupied by Spanish families. Mr. Redsull was then but eleven years of age, yet had started out to make his own way in the world. He was born in the county of Kent, England, on the I5th of Novem- ber, 1827, a son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Goy- mer) Redsull, both of whom were natives of England and representatives of ancient families of that country. They were both members of the Episcopal church, and the father was a col- lector of excise for the government. He departed this life in 1858, at the age of fifty years, and his widow is now living at the age of one hundred and three years. They had seven children, but only three are now living. Mr. Redsull of this review acquired his early education in England, and when only eleven years of age was bound out as an apprentice to the Hudson's Bay Company, and in their service came to the United States in 1838, landing in California. He is consequently one of the oldest pioneers of that state. The same year he also went to Oregon, and therefore can claim the honor of being a pioneer of that state, too. He made his home at Vancouver and was for twenty years a pilot on the Columbia river at Mult- nomah. On Multnomah island, May 4, 1854. Mr. Red- sull was united in marriage to Miss Amelia Spence, a native of Canada, and their union has been blessed with six children, five of whom are living, namely: James Spence, a resident of Owyhee county, Idaho; Elizabeth, wife of George B. Pinkham; Emma, widow of Charles H. Te- gaskis; Caroline, wife of W. H. Bailey, of Hailey; and Sarah, who is at home with her parents. During the mining excitement in this state Mr. Redsull removed to Idaho City, where he engaged in placer mining, taking out consider- able gold. He was a soldier in the Cayuse war, and was on the field at the massacre of Dr. Whit- man and his family. In 1863 he was one of the organizers of a company formed for the purpose of checking the Indian depredations. This com- pany was commanded by Captain Jeff Stanford, and they came upon the Indians at the crossing of Snake river on the Weiser. They were sent there to protect the emigrants and had sev- eral little encounters with the red men, continu- ing the organization for two and a half years, during which time some eight or ten of the vol- unteers were killed, and also several Indians; but the habit of the Indians in carrying off their dead made it impossible to determine with accuracy just how many of the red men were slain. In 1878 Mr. Redsull volunteered to aid General Howard and continued with him until the close of hostilities, when the Indians surrendered. He then located in Boise and was engaged in freight- ing for four or five years. On the expiration of that period he went to South Mountain, and on to Tuscarora, Nevada, where he conducted the Grand Prize Hotel, at the Grand Prize mine. There he remained until 1881, when he came to Bellevue, being one of the first settlers of the town. Since that time he has been prominently associated with its development and upbuilding, and for seventeen years was honored with the office of justice of the peace. In 1898 he was elected judge of the probate court of Elaine county and is now acceptably serving in that ca- pacity. What higher testimonial of his ability,, trustworthiness and fidelity to duty could be given than the statement that he served in one office for seventeen consecutive years? His of- ficial record is above question and is indeed cred- itable to himself and his constituents. He be- came a Republican on attaining his majority, and 48 HISTORY OF IDAHO. now votes the "silver" Republican ticket. He has passed all the chairs in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is probably the oldest repre- sentative of the order in the state, having been identified therewith for forty-eight years. He joined Pioneer Lodge, No. i, of Idaho City, and his name is now on the roll of Bellevue Lodge, No. 9. He is also a member of the Sailors' Be- nevolent Society, and his wife belongs to the Episcopal church. They have a beautiful home in Bellevue, which he erected in 1892. During the sixty-one years of his residence on the Pa- cific coast he has seen the formation of terri- tories, their development into states, the estab- lishment of villages which have become thriving cities, and the introduction of all the lines of busi- ness known to civilization. The rapid and won- derful development of the northwest is a matter of marvel, and it is a glorious thing to have been a part of it as Mr. Redsull has been. He has through more than six decades watched the march of progress and well deserves mention among the honored pioneers. GEORGE J. LEWIS. The life history of him whose name heads this sketch is closely identified with the annals of the northwest, and he is ex-secretary of the state of Idaho. An important department of the gov- ernmental service of the commonwealth has thus been entrusted to him, and in the discharge of his duties he manifested a loyalty to the public good that was above question and reflected credit upon the party that called him to office. He is a western man and possesses the progres- sive spirit so characteristic of the region this side of -the Mississippi. His birth occurred in Minne- apolis, Minnesota, on the 28th of March, 1861. He is a representative of an old New England family that was established in Connecticut in early colonial days, and when the war of the Revolution was inaugurated bearers of the name joined the forces of General Washington and fought for the independence of the nation. The father of our subject, Isaac I. Lewis, was born in Meriden, Connecticut, in 1825, and is still living, in the seventy-fourth year 'of his age. He mar- ried Georgiana Christmas, a native of Wooster, Ohio, and removed to Illinois at an early period in the history of that state. He was also a pioneer of Minnesota, and in connection with his father aided in founding the city of Minneapolis. He was a druggist, surveyor and metallurgist, and is now engaged in mining on Wood river, Idaho, his residence being in Ketchum. He removed to Montana, in 1872, locating in Helena, and be- came the owner of very valuable mining interests in that state; From the Elkhorn mine, on Wood river, in which he is now interested, gold has been taken to the value of one million one hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars. In public life Isaac I. Lewis has also been an important factor, and while in Minnesota served as a member of the state legislature and in Montana was a mem- ber of the territorial council. George J. Lewis is the fourth in order of birth in the family of seven children. His preliminary education was supplemented by a four-years course in the Minnesota University, which he completed in 1882. He then went to the Wood river district of Idaho just as the great boom struck that region, and engaged in the publica- tion of the Ketchum Keystone, of which he was practically the founder, making it one of the best weekly papers in the state. In 1884 he also pub- lished a daily edition, which was imbued with the energetic and enterprising spirit of the owner and the northwest. In 1886 he sold the paper and engaged in the drug business in Butte, Mon- tana; also was for a time city editor of the Daily Inter Mountain, published in Butte. He resigned that position to become assistant cashier of the First National Bank, of Ketchum, and later he was promoted to the position of cashier, in which capacity he served until the bank closed out its business, in 1890. He then established a private banking business under the firm name of George J. Lewis & Company, of which he was principal and manager. In 1896 he paid off all the depositors and closed his bank, be- cause of the many failures of the country caused by the great depreciation in silver. His ten years' career as banker, however, served to demonstrate his marked business ability and evidenced his careful, conservative methods. He won the con- fidence of the public in the highest degree, a confidence that was never betrayed to the slight- est extent. No run was ever made on his bank even during the most severe period of the panic, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 49 and he well deserved the regard thus manifest. He is still interested in mining, and in the Sal- mon river mining district, at Elko, Nevada, owns very valuable copper mines. On the aoth of January, 1887, Mr. Lewis was united in marriage to Miss Leta May Crawford, of Anamosa, Iowa. She is a graduate of Iowa College, of Grinnell, Iowa, and is a most cultured and accomplished lady, who presides with grace over her pleasant home in Boise. Four sons have been born of this union. In his political connections Mr. Lewis is a Democrat and cast his first presidential vote for Hancock and English. He supported the men and measures of the Democracy until the organi- zation of the Populist party of Idaho, with which party he was identified until the Democratic party again took up the cause of bimetallism. He has always been one of its active workers in the convention halls and through the campaigns, and has done all in his power to promote its inter- ests. In 1892 he was elected to the state legisla- ture from Alturas county, and was honored by the solid vote of his party for speaker of the house. He was the author of the famous "anti- test-oath bill," which was defeated through party influence and was afterward passed at the third session, when the honors were unmistakably Re- publican. The passage of the public-printing act was also mainly due to his efforts, and through all tne sessions he proved himself an active and capable worker, most deeply interested in the advancement of such measures as he believed would prove of public benefit. In 1894 he was the unanimous choice of the Populist party in convention for state senator from Alturas coun- ty, but owing to a local fusion between Demo- crats and Republicans he was defeated by a all majority. He has frequently been a dele- te to the county and state conventions of his party and has always been a liberal contributor fo the campaign fund. In 1896 he received the nomination for secretary of the state at the hands of the People's Democratic party, and was elected to the office. His record in that position is now a matter of history and reflects credit upon the state. He neglected no duty, however trivial, and at all times manifested a patriotic spirit, showing his deep interest in the real welfare of the commonwealth. At the fourth session of the legislature of Idaho he was a candidate of the Democratic party for United States senator, re- ceiving seventeen votes for that position. Mr. Lewis is a member of the Idaho Press As- sociation, and in 1895, largely through his influ- ence, its annual meeting was held in Ketchum. He is now owner and manager of the Capital Printing Company, of Boise. He is one of the popular citizens of Idaho, widely and favorably known throughout the state, and young and old, rich and poor are his friends. JOHN M. HAINES. The wise system of industrial economics which has been brought to bear in the development of Boise has challenged uniform admiration, for while there has been a great advancement in all material lines, there has been an entire absence of that inflation of values and that erratic "boom- ing" which have in the past proved the eventual death knell to many of the localities of the west, where "mushroom" towns have one day smiled forth with "all modern im- provements" and practically on the next day have been shorn of their glories and of their possibilities of stable prosperity, so to remain until the existing order of things shall have been radically changed. In Boise progress has been made continuous and in safe lines, and this is due in no small degree to Mr. Haines and those with whom he is associated in the real- estate business under the firm name of W. E. Pierce & Company. To real-estate men, prob- ably more than to any one else, is due the health- ful development of the town, and Boise is cer- tainly indebted to this firm for much of its sub- stantial growth and improvement. It is there- fore meet that its members be represented in the history of the capital city, and therefore with pleasure we take up the task of preparing the life record of J. M. Haines. This gentleman was born in Jasper county, Iowa, January i, 1863, and is of German and English extraction. Early ancestors of the fam- ily located in Pennsylvania at the time when William Penn planted his colony there, and were members of the Society of Friends, to which religious faith many of their descendants have since adhered. From Philadelphia representa- tives of the name removed to Maryland, where 50 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Isaac L. Haines, father of our subject, was born and reared. He married Eliza Bushong, a na- tive of Ohio and a member of the Christian church, while he belonged to the Quaker churcn. He has devoted his life to agricultural pursuits, and is now living in Iowa, at an advanced age. His wife was called to her final home in 1893, at the age of sixty-three years. John M. Haines was reared under the parental roof and acquired his education in Penn College, of Oskaloosa, Iowa. In his twentieth year he secured a position as clerk in the Merchants & Farmers' Bank, of Friend, Nebraska, where he remained until 1885, when he removed to south- western Kansas and engaged in the real-estate business. He prospered in his undertakings there and did a large business in locating emi- grants on government land. He also took an active part in the political affairs of that new and rapidly developing section of the state and was a member of the Republican state central com- mittee. He was also deputy clerk of the court of Morton county, and in 1889 was elected register of deeds. For some time he was very successful in his undertakings, and accumulated consider- able capital, but a season of "dry winds" came, the country produced nothing, and in the finan- cial panic which followed he lost nearly all he had accumulated. In the meantime the firm of Pierce & Com- pany, of Boise, had been formed, the partners be- ing W. E. Pierce, J. M. Haines and L. H. Cox. They arrived in the city soon after the admission of the state to the Union, when Boise was a town of about three thousand. They at once took rank as the leading real-estate men of Idaho, a position which they have since retained. Their realty transactions amount to almost a million and a half of dollars. During the first three years they handled property to the value of seven hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars, and since that time their sales have amounted to five hundred thousand dollars. They now own much desirable city property and have made many excellent im- provements thereon, in which way they have added to the attractive appearance of Boise, as well as by planting beautiful shade trees. 'They have sold much property on the installment plan, thus enabling many to gain good homes of their own, and have been important factors in the growth and development of Boise. In 1883 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Haines and Miss Mary Symons, a native of Jas- per county, Iowa. They have a pretty home, surrounded by well-kept grounds, and in their residence are seen many evidences of the refined and cultured taste of our subject and his accom- plished wife. In the affairs of the city Mr. Haines has ever taken a deep interest, and is now a mem- ber of the city council. He does all in his power for the advancement of the city in material, moral, educational and social lines, and is a most popu- lar and highly esteemed resident. CHAPTER VII. IDAHO HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. S TO the exact time and period in which the United States acquired possession of what is now the state of Idaho there seems to have been somewhat of confusion in the minds of historical writers, and while it is scarcely de- manded that we enter into a consideration of the various theories and conjectures that have been advanced, it is proper that the matter receive due attention and that the most authentic evidence be recognized. The majority of writers and text- books have assigned the region as a part of the vast area included in the Louisiana purchase, to which due reference is made on other pages of this work. This view, however, can not be held as essentially correct in its premises. What was generally known as the "Oregon Country" was not an integral portion of that purchase, and no better or more concise evidence to this effect may be found than that given in the following excerpt from James. G. Elaine's valuable work, "Twenty Years of Congress:" The Louisiana purchase did not extend beyond the main range of the Rocky mountains, and our title to that large area which is included in the state of Oregon and in the territories of Washington and Idaho rests upon a different foundation, or rather upon a series of claims, each of which was strong under the law of nations. We claimed it, first, by right of original dis- covery of the Columbia river by an American nav- igator, in 1792; second, by an original exploration in 1805; third, by original settlement, in 1810, by the enterprising company of which John Jacob Astor was the head; and, lastly and principally, by the transfer of the Spanish title in 1819, many years after the Louisiana purchase was accomplished. It is not, how- ever, probable that we should have been able to main- tain our title to Oregon if we had not secured the in- tervening country. It was certainly our purchase of Louisiana that enabled us to secure the Spanish title to the shores of the Pacific, and without that title we could hardly have maintained our claim. As against England, our title seemed to us to be perfect; but as against Spain, our case was not so strong. The pur- chase of Louisiana may, therefore, be fairly said to have carried with it and secured to us our possession of Oregon. When the territory of Idaho was set off by act of congress, March 3, 1863, it contained 326,373 square miles, extending from the iO4th meridian to the H7th, and from the forty-second to the forty-ninth parallels of latitude. Thus it ex- tended to a meridian within fifty miles of the great bend of the Missouri below the mouth of the Yellowstone river, and included the Milk, White Earth, Big Horn and Powder rivers, and also a vast extent on the North Fork and Sweet- water rivers, tributary to the Platte. It then con- tained the Black Hills, Fort Laramie, Long's Peak, the South Pass, Green river, Fort Hall, Fort Boise and that tedious strip of territory ren- dered .notorious by the routes of the emigrants to the Pacific coast along Snake river. As orig- inally constituted it included all the present state of Montana and a large portion of Wyoming. The territorial boundary line, according to the act of March 3, 1863, organizing the territory, was as follows: Beginning at a point in the mid- dle of the channel of the Snake river where the northern boundary of Oregon intersects the same, thence following down said channel of the Snake river to a point opposite the mouth of the Kooskooskia or Clearwater river, thence due north to the forty-ninth parallel of lati- tude, thence east along said parallel to the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west of Washington, thence south along said de- gree of longitude to the northern boun- dary of Colorado territory, thence west along said boundary to the thirty-third degree of longi- tude west of Washington, thence north along said degree of longitude to the forty-second par- allel of latitude, thence west along said parallel 51 HISTORY OF IDAHO. to the eastern boundary of the state of Oregon, thence north along said boundary to the place of beginning. In 1868 Idaho was reduced to its present di- mensions, extending from the British possessions on the north to Utah and Nevada on the south: from Montana and Wyoming on the east to Ore- gon and Washington on the west, having a length from north to south of four hundred and ten miles, and a width from east to west varying from fifty to two hundred and fifty-seven miles. In size the state is larger than all New England, or about equal in area to New York and Penn- sylvania combined. The straight western fron- tier is four hundred miles long; the southern three hundred miles; and the northern only fifty; while the eastern runs due north for one hundred and thirty miles, and then follows the crest of the Rocky mountains northwesterly to the na- tional boundary line. The United States government prior to 1863 opened a road across the Bear river chain of mountains, at the expense of several millions of dollars, under the direction of Colonel Lander. Hence this shortening of the overland route to the Pacific was known as "Lander's cut-off." Antecedent to the year mentioned, concerning all the country now embraced in Idaho, the public knew scarcely anything beyond the narrow limits of the old trail. The principal thing known to the early travelers was the wonderful Snake river, which stream, by the way, derives its name from the principal tribe of Indians found in the vicin- ity, though it has also been called Shoshone, Lewis and Les Serpents (the French term for snake). This river in sections consists of great pools, both in the plains and in the mountains, and falls and rapids of great extent. In a dis- tance of one hundred and fifty miles it has a fall of over two thousand one hundred feet. Therefore it is not navigable, but renders a vast amount of water power and also water for irri- gation purposes. The first large cataract to be noticed is the American falls, so named on ac- count of the fact that a party of Americans lost their lives here in their effort to cross the river in canoes. It is twenty-five miles southwest of Fort Hall, and the descent of the water is sixty feet. Thence the river flows between banks of trap rock for about seventy miles, when it enters a deeper canyon, several miles in length and from eight hundred to a thousand miles in width. Soon after this there is a fall of one hundred and eighty feet in one perpendicular descent, of the main portion of the water, while a smaller portion makes its way down the descent gradually to a certain point, where it completes the downward journey to the great pool by a perpendicular de- scent. These descents are called the Twin falls, and sometimes the Little falls, to distinguish them from the great Shoshone falls four miles be- low, where the entire body of water 'plunges down two hundred and twenty-five feet in a per- pendicular descent, after a preliminary descent of thirty feet down an incline. Forty miles still farther west, at the Salmon or Fishing falls, the river makes its last great downward plunge of forty feet, after which it flows, with frequent rapids and canyons, on to the Columbia. Much of the way from the head to the mouth is marked by remarkable scenery,- awful, grand, weird or mysterious. The American falls are forty feet high, the water plunging over a lava stairway; and the Oregon Short Line Railroad crosses the river amid their roar and spray. Below Goose creek the river enters a deep canyon, within whose gloomy abyss it flows for seventy miles, and in this course the river sweeps through a group of five islands of volcanic origin, amid which occur several cascades, and then forms the magnificent Shoshone falls, descending in full volume nine hundred and fifty feet wide, over a semi-circular cliff two hundred and twenty-five feet high, torn by projecting rocks of lava into cataracts of white foam and prismatic spray. At times the volume nearly equals that of Niagara, while the descent is a third greater. Richardson calls it "a cataract of snow with an avalanche of jewels, amid solemn portals of lava, unrivaled in the world save by Niagara." This remarkable locality is twenty- five miles from the railway, and of course there is a hotel here for the accommodation of tourists. A more detailed description of this magnificent cataract appears on other pages of this volume. The Snake is navigable from a point a few miles above the Boise river to Powder river, a hundred miles below. The following beautiful word-picture is from the pen of C. C. Goodwin, who, after a descrip- Great Shoshone, Below the Falls. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 53 tion of the Columbia river and its beauties, con- tinues in these words: The Columbia is grand, but you must follow it up to its chief tributary if you would find perfect glory fol- low it into the very desert. You have heard of the lava beds of Idaho. They were once a river of molten fire from three to nine hundred feet in depth, which burned its way through the desert for hundreds of miles! To the east of the source of this lava, the Snake river bursts out of the hills, becoming almost at once a sovereign river, and, flowing at first south- westerly and then, bending westerly, cuts its way, with many bends, finally, far to the north, merging with the Columbia. On this river are several falls. First are the Amer- ican falls, which are very beautiful. Sixty miles below are the Twin falls, where the river divides into two nearly equal parts and falls one hundred and eighty feet. They are magnificent. Three miles below are the Shoshone falls, and a few miles lower down are Salmon falls. It was of Shoshone falls that I began to speak. They are real rivals of Niagara. Never anywhere else was there such a scene; never anywhere else was ?o beautiful a picture hung in so rude a frame; never any- where else on a background so forbidding and weird were so many glories clustered. Around and beyond there is nothing but the desert, sere, silent, lifeless, as though Desolation had builded these everlasting thrones to Sorrow and Despair. Away back in remote ages over the withered breast of the desert, a river of fire one hundred miles wide and four hundred miles long was turned. As the fiery mass cooled, its red waves became transfixed and turned back, giving to the double desert an indescrib- ably blasted and forbidding face. But while this river of fire was in flow, a river of water was fighting its way across it, or has since made the war and forged out for itself a channel through the mass. This chan- nel looks like the grave of a volcano that has been robbed of its dead! But right between its crumbling and repellent walls a transfiguration appears; and such a picture! A river as lordly as the Hudson or the Ohio springing from the distant snow-crested Tetons, with waters transpar- ent as glass but green as emerald, with majestic flow and ever-increasing volume, sweeps on until it reaches this point where the august display begins. Suddenly, in different places in the river bed, jagged, rocky reefs are upraised, dividing the current into four rivers, and these, in a mighty plunge of eighty feet downward, dash on their way. Of course the waters are churned into a foam and roll over the precipice white as are the garments of morning when no cloud obscures the sun. The loveliest of these falls is called the Bridal eil, because it is made of the lace which is woven ith a warp of falling waters and a woof of sunlight, Above this and near the right bank is a long trail of foam, and this is called the Bridal Train. The other channels are not so fair as the one called Bridal Veil, but they are more fierce and wild and carry in their furious sweep more power. One of the reefs which divides the river in mid- channel runs up to a peak, and on this a family of eagles have through the years, maybe through the centuries, made their home and reared their young, on the very verge of the abyss and amid the full echoes of the resounding boom of the falls. Surely the eagle is a fitting symbol of perfect fearlessness and of that exultation which comes with battle clamors. But these first falls are but a beginning. The greater splendor succeeds. With swifter flow the startled waters dash on and within a few feet take their second plunge in a solid crescent over a sheer precipice two hundred and ten feet to the abyss below. On the brink there is a rooting crest of white, dotted here and there, in sharp contrast, with shining eddies of green, as might a necklace of emerald shimmer on a throat of snow, and then the leap and fall. Here more than foam is made. Here the waters are shivered into fleecy spray whiter and finer than any miracle that ever fell from India loom, while from the depths below an everlasting vapor rises, the in- cense of the waters to the waters' God. Finally, through the long, unclouded days the sun sends down his beams, and to give the startling scene its crowning splendor, wreathes the terror and the glory in a rain- bow halo. On either sullen bank the extremities of its arc are anchored, and there in its many-colored robes of light it stands outstretched above the abyss like wreaths of flowers above a sepulcher. Up through the glory and the terror an everlasting roar ascends, deep-toned as is the voice of fate, a diapason like that the rooling ocean chants when his eager surges come rushing in to greet and fiercely woo an irresponsive promontory. But to feel all the awe and to mark all the splendor and power that come of the mighty display, one must climb down the steep descent to the river's brink below, and, pressing up as nearly as possible to the falls, contemplate the tremendous picture. There some- thing of the energy that creates that endless panorama is comprehended; all the magnificence is seen. In the reverberations that come of the war of waters one hears something like God's voice; something like the splendor of God is before his eyes; something akin to God's power is manifesting itself before him, and his soul shrinks within itself, conscious as never be- fore of its own littleness and helplessness in the pres- ence of the working of Nature's immeasurable forces, not quite so massive is the picture as Niagara, but it has more lights and shades and loveliness, as though a hand more divinely skilled had mixed the, tints and with more delicate art had transfixed them upon that picture suspended there in its rugged and somber frame. As one watches, it is not difficult to fancy that away back in the immemorial and unrecorded past the angel of love bewailed the fact that mortals were to HISTORY OF IDAHO. be given existence in a spot so forbidding: a spot that apparently was never to be warmed with God's smile, which was never to make a sign through which God'.s mercy was to be discerned, that then Omnipotence was touched, that with His hand He smote the hills and started the great river in its flow, that with His finger He traced out the channel across the corpse of that other river that had been fire, mingled the sun- beams with the raging waters and made it possible in that fire-blasted frame of scoria to swing a picture which should be shown first to the red man and later to the pale races, a certain sign of the existence, the pdwer and unapproachable splendor of the Great First Cause; and, as the red man through the centuries watched the spectacle, comprehending nothing except that an infinite voice was smiting his ears and insuffer- able glories were blazing below his eyes; so through the centuries to come the pale races will stand upon the shuddering shore and watch, experiencing a mighty impulse to put off the sandles from the feet, under an overmastering consciousness that the spot on which they are standing is holy ground. There is nothing elsewhere like it, nothing half so weird, so wild, so beautiful, so clothed in majesty, so draped in terror; nothing else that awakens impressions at once so start- ling, so winsome, so profound. While journeying through the desert, to come suddenly upon it, the spectacle gives one something of the emotions that would be experienced to behold a resurrection from the dead. In the midst of what seems like a dead world, suddenly there springs into irrepressible life something so marvelous, so grand, so caparisoned with loveliness and irresistible might, that the head is bowed, the strained heart throbs tumultuously and the awed soul sinks to its knees. J. P. McMeekin, a photographer of Hagerman, Idaho, thus describes these wonderful springs: "Of all the wonderful and beautiful scenes of earth there are none, in all probability, more worthy the attention of the lover of the grand and beautiful than Thousand springs. This sublime spectacle is situated in the heart of the great Snake river desert, Idaho, some twenty-four miles from Shoshone, a town on the Oregon Short Line, and owing to its isolated position is known but to few; yet it is doubtful whether it has a parallel on the globe. Imagine a cliff or cliffs from two to four hundred feet high, from which for a distance of two miles, at a height varying from ninety to two hundred and eighty feet, rush crystal streams of water forming water- falls of almost every conceivable form, and you have but a faint idea of this lovely scene. It must be seen to be appreciated, and the senses become even bewildered by its extent and beauty. "Viewed from the green, placid bosom ot Snake river, but a few hundred feet distant at this point, the scene is sublime, the foaming tor- rents contrasting well with their dark back- ground of lava, or where they trail their beautiful lace-work over carpetings of velvet moss of the most gorgeous hues green, scarlet, orange and crimson. Below, on the banks of the numerous streams formed by these springs, grow the birch, cedar and willow, their varied foliage dripping with the never-ceasing spray. Wild flowers are scattered here in profusion and coloring not known to other localities near by. "A boat may be taken the whole distance around the base of these falls, when the river is high, say in June or July. It is then that their variety, extent and beauty may be seen to full advantage. Then, too, you can look down into the clear, cool water below, where trout and other fish may be seen darting through their beautiful, blue depths or over shallows of golden sand and bright-hued pebbles. And then, as we look upward to the dizzy heights, what a trans- formation we behold! Rainbows are everywhere visible in the spray as it rises in masses or de- tached fragments, coloring the snowy jets into flame and colors for which there are no names; and the most gorgeous colorings of the palette become lifeless compared with them. Set in its frame of adamant and surrounded by a barren waste, its beauty is greatly enhanced, and forms a wonderful and lovely picture, one on which the eye loves to linger until wearied of trying to trace the endless torrents as they plunge madly onward to rest in the placid river below." The eastern gateway to the Snake river valley and also to Idaho, is the famous South Pass, where the lowest point on the summit of the di- vide is nearly seven thousand and five hundred feet above sea level, while the peaks in the vicinity rise to an elevation of ten to over thirteen thou- sand feet, Fremont peak being thirteen thousand five hundred and seventy feet. The pass to the north to the Blackfoot country is six thousand feet above the sea level, which is the general level of that region. Various peaks in the Bitter Root range rise to elevations between seven and ten thousand feet. Fort Boise is in the lowest part of the Snake river valley in Idaho, being onlv two thousand feet above the sea. The HISTORY OF IDAHO. 55 Florence mines are about eight thousand feet above the level of the sea. The largest body of level land affording grass instead of the almost omnipresent sage brush is the Big Camas prairie, on the headwaters of Wood river. Camas prairie comprises five hundred square miles of rolling farm lands. Much of the southern part is a dry, black lava desert four hundred miles long and fifty miles wide, cut deep down a thousand feet or more by the sheer canyons of the Snake river and other streams and by many great crevasses. The northern part of the plain has a wonderfully- weird appearance, as of a black sea suddenly turned to stone. The soil elsewhere in the val- ley is sandy and unstable, and the chief vegeta- tion consists of enormous sage-brush and bunch- grass; but irrigation is redeeming it for farming. Within the bend of the Snake river is an immense basaltic plain, out of which rise the granite crests of the Three Buttes, famous landmarks for overland emigrants. South of the Snake the valleys and foot-hills contain bunch-grass and arable bottom land, alternating with abrupt ranges of mountains, which are dotted with a few evergreens and aspens. The beautiful Ma- lade, Cache, Gentile, Bear river and other valleys open the way into the Utah basin and are oc- cupied by Mormon hamlets, around which ex- tend broad farms, with efficient irrigation sys- tems. Southwestern Idaho contains a dreary, alkaline desert, out of which rise the Owyhee mountains. A small portion of the wonderful Yellowstone National Park is included within the state. Almost everything grand or mysterious in na- ture, in her land exhibits, is represented here in the state now beautifully characterized as the "Gem of the Mountains." Even a magnificent volcano exists within its limits. Buffalo Hump, an isolated butte between Clearwater and Salmon rivers, has had three or four eruptions within the period of white settlement, flames shooting high into the sky and lava flowing down the sides of the mountain. In 1881 an outburst of lava oc- curred in the mountains east of Camas prairie, while at the same time an earthquake occurred. In 1864 the Salmon river rose and fell several feet, rising a second time higher than before, and Xvas warm and muddy. But volcanic action has never been so exten- sive as to destroy the fine paleontological char- acter of most of the country. The country be- tween Reynolds creek, in Owyhee county, and Bruneau river is one vast bed of organic remains of extinct species of animals. Even parts of the human skeleton have been found which were so situated as to indicate that a race of men once ex- isted here before the present Indians. Many lo- calities are rich in organic remains, whence the paleontologist will find interesting material for his museum for ages to come. In Scribner's Magazine for February, 1890, there is a scientific account of a miniature but finely wrought image, a few inches long, of a human skull, apparently representing the skull of an extinct race of men, found at the bottom of an artesian well over two hundred and sixty feet deep at Nampa, in sand- stone, below vegetable soil. S. F. Emmons, of the geological survey, considered that the strat- um in which this relic was found was far older than any others in which human remains had ever been found, excepting perhaps those under Table mountain, in California. It raises a ques- tion of the stability of geological developments, upheavals and subsidences that are impossible to calculate. On the hills and mountain spurs almost the only vegetation consists of Artemisia tridentata, or "absinthe," as the early Canadian voyageurs used to call it, and sage-brush, another species of artemisia, and cactus, the whole giving a uni- formly dull gray tint of inconceivable melancholy to the landscape. The hills themselves consist of black lava, and this is slightly covered in spots with vegetable soil, almost always dry. There was primarily no particular reason for calling the Rocky mountains by that name. This appellation was probably given it by some trav- elers who first saw the range where it was ex- clusively rocky, or possibly by Indians who lived in its vicinity, who, never having seen any other mountains in the world, considered these great elevations peculiarly rocky. At any rate, along the eastern boundary of Idaho, on both the west- ern and eastern slopes the mountains are in gen- eral beautifully rolling masses like the waves of the sea, covered to a certain height by rich forage grasses, shrubbery and trees. The "Poet of the Sierras" thus describes the general scene in his peculiar style: 56 HISTORY OF IDAHO. "The only thing that strikes the stranger with awe and admiration on first looking at these great mountain slopes, is their massiveness. As you climb up the rounded, grassy steeps, either from the west or from the east, you first notice a tremendous hill before you, and massive, grass-set tumuli to your right, to your left, behind and before, as you proceed. You pass huge hills clotted with herds, ribbons of rills threading down and around and running together, here and there forming wooded streams. Then you see before you more massive, grassy hills, more herds, more massive hills now, more herds, more herds, then more massive and mighty hills. "Such was the sublime aspect of this land when my eyes first looked upon it more than a genera- tion ago, and such it must remain until 'the wreck of matter and the crash of worlds.' Man may break this sublime monotony of nature a little, as time sweeps on, by a harvest field where the ever-fertile hilltops tempt him to sow and reap; he may set his little city and center of trade by the meadow brook at the base; he may grid- iron the great, rounded domes of grass that stretch in billowy succession east and west and north and south; but he will never be able to drive from the mind of the stranger the convic- tion, as he first beholds Idaho, that it was at the first cast in a tremendous mold." All the streams emptying into Snake river at a distance below the great falls sink before reaching it and flow beneath the lava, shooting out of the sides of the canyon with beautiful ef- fect and forming a variety of cascades. The lava presents phenomena like breathing-holes, where strong currents of air find continual vent. Chasms extending seemingly to immense depths, "devil's" corrals of lava walls, extinct craters, a pile of basalt resembling a magnificent city in ruins, and numerous other basaltic masses pre- senting a weird and suggestive appearance and having correspondingly significant names, many of them having the word "devil" as an essentially descriptive element. Salmon river, in the descriptive language of a miner, almost cuts the earth in two, the banks having a perpendicular height of about four thou- sand feet for miles and backed by rugged moun- tains that seem to have been rent by the most violent convulsions. Godin or Lost river is a con- siderable stream from the Wood River moun- tains, which disappears near Three Buttes hence the name Lost and reappears at a distance. Op- posite the Big Camas prairie is a range of moun- tains whose tops glisten with perpetual snow. Stretching southward is a sea of cinder, wavy, scaly, and sometimes cracked and abysmal. All the rivers of Idaho run into the Columbia ex- cepting the Bear river, which flows into the Great Salt Lake. Curious mineral springs have been discovered in various parts of the state, .the most famous of which are the soda springs in the Bear river re- gion. Around these springs are circular embank- ments of pure white soda several feet in height and twenty to thirty feet wide. In the Bear river valley there is an area equal to a square mile in which there are masses of pure soda, and others of soda mixed with sulphur, others with iron, etc.; and some are warm, some cold, some bub- bling, others quiet, etc. The climate of the valleys of Idaho is found to be far milder than had been expected from their great elevation, while the mountains, of course, present their usual variety. In the mountainous regions are some picturesque lakes, many of them navigable. Lakes Coeur d'Alene and Pend d'Oreille are navigable, being thirty to thirty- five miles in length, and they abound in choice varieties of fish. Kaniksu is a clear body of water twenty miles long and ten wide. Hindoo lakes are a group of small bodies of alkaline wa- ter of medicinal qualities. Bear lake is a magnificent oval, twenty by twenty-eight miles in dimensions, whose deep and mountain-fed waters abound in trout and mullet, and ripple up sandy shores below Paris, Montpelier and other peaceful Mormon villages. The valley is five thousand and nine hundred feet above the sea. Bear lake remains ice-bound from January to April. Lake Pend Oreilles is thirty miles long and from three to fifteen miles wide, studded with islands and surrounded by Granite mountain, the snowy Pack-saddle range, the purple Coeur d'Alene mountains and other peaks, nearly ten thousand feet high. This lake has two hundred and fifty miles of shore line and is navigated by several small steamboats. The Northern Pacific HISTORY OF IDAHO. 57 Railroad follows the north shore for twenty-five miles. Coeur d'Alene lake fills a wide gorge in the spurs of the Coeur d'Alene mountains, and bears the form of the letter E, with the branches point- ing southeast. Its irregular and lonely shores are clad with forests of pine and tamarack. The ex- panse is twenty miles long and one to four miles wide, with a depth reaching one hundred and eighty feet, a wild Windermere of clear, cold, light-green water, abounding in trout and other fish, and stocked with millions of white-fish. St. Joseph river, flowing into this lake, is navigable for twenty-five miles. The lake is said to be agitated in the evening by mysterious swells, like those on lake Geneva in Switzerland. Out of the northern end of this lake flows the Spokane river, which runs a hundred miles west to the Columbia. At the head of this lake, ten miles from Rath- drum station, is an eight-company post, Fort Sherman, established by General Sherman. Farther north, under the lonely Cabinet moun- tains, in a land inhabited mainly by caribou, deer and bears, lake Kaniksu covers two hundred square miles. This remote locality, forty miles from the railway, is visited only by hunters. In the southeastern part of Idaho are Henry and Cliff lakes, surrounded by high peaks and basaltic cliffs of the Rocky mountains. Each of these is three to four miles long. The clear, cold, deep Payette lakes, one of which is two by ten miles in magnitude, lie at the head of the beau- tiful Long valley. The Bear lake country has a mountain of sul- phur and deposits of lead and coal. The latter is also mined on Irwin creek and at Lewiston. Near Bear river is the soda springs health resort, with its alterative and tonic iron, sulphur and magnesia waters, sparkling, effervescent and pleasant, and highly charged with carbonic-acid gas. One of these fountains Fremont named the Steamboat spring, on account of its measured puffs of steam. In this vicinity are sulphur lakes, a deep ice cave and the beautiful Swan lake. The most famous springs are the Mammoth and Ninety Percent; and there are also mud, hot, ammonia and gas springs. These* waters are 5,779 feet above the sea, among the Wasatch mountains, in a pure and dry air, which is of great benefit to consumptives. They were the favorite resort of Brigham Young, and many Salt Lake Mormons frequent them still. Also other well-to-do persons have built summer cot- tages here. Large quantities of this water are bottled and shipped to the markets. Besides the abundance of fish in the waters, there is yet a great number of game animals, even of the large class, as bear, deer, antelope, elk and mountain sheep, among the quadrupeds; besides large quantities of partridge, quail, grouse, swan and wild duck. Formerly there was also an abundance of the fur-bearing animals, including the beaver, martens and muskrats, etc., and also wolves, red and silver-gray foxes and some speci- mens of the mountain lion. In the vegetable world there are grapes, cherries, blackberries, gooseberries, huckleberries, strawberries, salmon-berries, several useful spe- cies of pine and fir, white cedar, hemlock, yew, white oak, live oak, cottonwood, poplar, moun- tain mahogany and madrono. Among the curi- osities were the camas root, which was formerly eaten by the Indians, and the quallah, an inferior root, also consumed as an article of diet by the natives. Professor F. V. Hayden, in his "Geological Survey of the Territories," in referring to the sur- face of a large portion of Idaho, describes it as literally crumpled or rolled up in one continuous series of mountain ranges, fold after fold. Per- haps even better examples of these remarkable folds may be found in the country drained by Salmon river and its branches, where lofty ranges of mountains, for the most part covered with limestones and quartzites of the carboniferous age, wall in all the little streams. None of our published maps convey any idea of the almost innumerable ranges. We might say that from longitude 110 to 118, a distance of over five hundred miles, there is a range of mountains, on an average, every ten to twenty miles. Some- times the distance across the range in a straight line, from the bed of a stream in one valley to the bed of the stream in the valley beyond the range, is not more than five to eight miles, while it is seldom more than twenty miles. "From these statements," says the Professor, "which we believe to be correct, the reader may form some conception of the vast amount of labor yet to be performed to explore, analyze, and locate on a 58 HISTORY OF IDAHO. suitable scale these hundreds of ranges of moun- tains, each one of which is worthy of a name." Though the foregoing may be somewhat exag- gerated, Idaho is in reality a mountain territory. It is from the interior of her mountains that the chief source of her wealth is derived. It is her mountain sides that afford the nutritious grasses that sustain hundreds of thousands of her cattle, and it is her intermountain vales that furnish the soil of her farms and ranches. In the north are the Cceur d'Alene and Bitter Root mountains, a portion of the latter range, together with the crest of the Rocky mountains, forming the dividing line between Idaho and Montana. Spurs from the main range of the Rockies ramify into all sections of the state. The Sawtooth, Salmon river, Wood river, Boise, and other ranges are the scenes of active mining operations in central Idaho; while the Wahsatch and Owyhee mountains are among the more im- portant in the southeastern and southwestern portions, respectively. The average elevation of the state is about 4,700 feet, being from 2,000 to 3,000 feet less than that of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, or Colo- rado. The highest peaks range from 9,000 to 13.000 feet in height. The lowest altitude is at Lewiston, where the Clearwater joins the Snake at an elevation of 680 feet. A bird's-eye view of the state would represent a vast, wedge-shaped plateau, rising from an elevation less than 700 feet in the extreme west to over 10,000 feet in the extreme east. Over this rugged surface countless streams are flowing as tributaries to the three principal streams. In its long serpentine course through the state, the Snake absorbs the waters of such streams as the Clearwater, Salmon, Payette, Boise, Owyhee, Bruneau, Wood and others. Of these the largest is the Salmon, which, rising in the Sawtooth range, after a long circuitous course, receiving numberless tributaries, and forcing the very mountains asunder, finally empties into the Snake not many miles above Lewiston. The immense water power of Idaho is one of its great resources, affording as it does ample facilities for irrigating, mining, and manufacturing purposes. This "northern" region, as Colonel McClure justly remarks, is not in all respects "northern." It is, indeed, the "cold blue north" in this respect, where the stars glitter in the clear, sparkling air of the majestic winter; but the cold is not un- comfortable. The air is so dry, pure and bracing that even zero does not make the resident flinch ; he rather enjoys it. Men wear fewer clothes than in the same latitude in the east, and at the same time suffer less. Overcoats are seldom worn, ex- cepting by travelers in conveyances. Rheuma- tism and consumption are unknown here except in the cases of those immigrants who had such ailments before locating here. Catarrh, or "cold in the head," is seldom experienced. And even those who come here with these troubles, if in the incipient stage, are almost always cured. The same remarks are practically applicable to asth- ma and all other throat and lung diseases. Moun- tain fever, however, is sometimes contracted, but the people are learning to avoid this, and to treat it successfully when contracted. No community can be continuously prosperous with but a sole dependence. This has been shown repeatedly in the history of our own country. Fortunately for Idaho, she is not so situated. She is not a land of mineral veins and gold placers only. The wealth of these mineral veins and deposits, and the fact that their discovery and development came in advance of the natural movement by which her other resources are now being developed, have served somewhat to give the impression that Idaho is only a mining state. As a matter of fact, this is only one of her re- sources, and one that is destined gradually to be overshadowed by those giving a more stable basis of permanent and unbroken prosperity. Five great industries occupy the attention of her people, mining, agriculture, stock-raising, fruit- growing and lumbering. The last four are in- creasing year by year and have such capabilities of expansion that it may be safely predicted that in a few years they will absorb the attention and contribute to the support of a large majority of the population, in connection with the manufac- turing that will be based upon them and grow out of them and be provided by them, with the home market supplied by the largely increased population. M CHAPTER VIII. THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS THE MARCH OF PROGRESS INDIAN DEPREDATIONS MINING DEVELOPMENTS. THE first settlements made by whites with- in the present boundaries of Idaho were effected by Jesuit missionaries, as is true throughout the Pacific coast region; and pre- viously to 1863, the beginning of a new era in this region, there were but two or three settle- ments made by others. In the primeval stage the country was not at all inviting to civilized people. The almost omnipresence of red savages precluded all thoughts of prospecting in the mountains for valuable minerals, while the val- leys seemed to be only arid deserts absolutely irreclaimable for agricultural purposes. In the outside world ideas as to the climate were de- rived only from hunters and trappers, who spent only the winters here, in the mountains, where the cold was intense and snow abundant, and from emigrants, who passed through here only during hot weather, when the valleys they trav- ersed seemed to deserve connection with what was known as "the Great American desert." One authority states that the first permanent settlement in Idaho was made at Mount Idaho, the present county-seat of Idaho county. Prob- ably the first permanent settlement, however, was made in 1834, in which year Nathaniel J. Wyeth, with a party of sixty men, started across the con- tinent and established Fort Hall as a trading post near Snake river. This fort was the most important point between the Missouri river and Salt Lake to most of the early trans-continental emigrants. It was at the crossing of the Mis- souri-Oregon and Utah-Canada trails. On the I ith of June, 1834, Wyeth and his party encamped on a branch of the Blackfoot, near Port Neuf ; the I2th on Ross' Fork, and the i4th on Snake river. The fort was permanently lo- cated on the east bank of the Snake river, a little north of the Port Neuf. The post became famous and performed good service during the several great overland emigrations. The emigrant trail was made to pass by it ; it was near to the Great Salt Lake; was central and valuable in scores of 59 ways. From this point in time radiated roads in every direction, to Missouri, to California, to Utah, to Oregon, and to British Columbia. In 1865 Angus McDonald valued the fort and lands belonging to it at one million dollars. It was near the old war ground of the Blackfeet, Snake, and Crows, and prevented many a massacre. It was several times attacked and nearly burned, but stood to its duty nobly. Wyeth and his party crossed the Snake on the 6th of August and ex- plored the region for miles around. Crossing the mountains, they encamped on Malade river. On the 1 3th Camas prairie was reached. Two days later they reached Boise river, "crammed with salmon." On the 23d they crossed Snake river, leaving Idaho behind them, camping on the rich plains of Malheur. In 1836 Wyeth was forced to sell Fort Hall to the Hudson's Bay Company. The latter company had already erected, probably in 1835, what is known as old Fort Boise, near the mouth of the Boise river. The original structure fell down about 1847, but was rebuilt a short distance north. The new building continued to be occupied by the Hudson's Bay Company until the United States acquired undisputed title to the land. According to the published account by Mr. W. H. Gray, the first mission in Idaho was es- tablished in 1836 at Lapwai, twelve miles from the present town of Lewiston. A printing press with type was presented, in 1839, by the mission- aries of the Sandwich Islands to the Presbyterian missionaries of Oregon, and it reached Lapwai that year, where E. O. Hall put it in operation to print books in the Nez Perce language. Messrs. Rogers and Spalding soon learned to set type, and they printed small books in the Nez Perce language that were used in their school. That old press and type are now stored in the state capitol of Oregon, and the building used for that primitive printing office is yet standing, though somewhat modernized, near the Lapwai Mission in Idaho. This was the first printing office on 60 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the Pacific coast of America north of Mexico. Thus Idaho has the honor of having the first printing press on the coast. The Roman Catholic missionaries seem to have been in the main more successful with the In- dians than the Protestants, and in some instances have sustained their missions to the present day. Father De Smet in his Letters, published at Phil- adelphia in 1843, is responsible for the following statement: "The Jesuits De Smet, Mengarini, Point, and others had since 1840 made several missionary tours through the Columbia coun- tries, in the course of which they baptized some thousands of Indians ; they also erected a church at a place near the Kallerspelm lake (Pend d'Oreille), on Clarke's river, where the Blessed Virgin appeared in person to a little Indian boy, whose youth, piety, and sincerity, say the good fathers, joined to the nature of the fact which he related, forbade us to doubt the truth of his state- ment." Early in 1854 a small colonyof men of the Mor- mon church was sent here to form the nucleus of a settlement on Salmon river, among the buffalo- hunting Nez Perces. They erected a fort, which they named Lemhi, after an illustrious name in their sacred scriptures commonly known as the "Mormon Bible." The next year others joined them, with their families, horses, cattle, seeds and farming implements. In 1857 Brigham Young visited this colony, attended by a great retinue, and found the people prosperous, their crops abundant and the country giving promise of considerable wealth. As this colony continued to grow, the Nez Perces Indians became sus- picious and jealous, knowing that our govern- ment had not given them permission thus to squat upon these lands, and, making an attack upon them, drove them out, killing three of their men and destroying their crops. The other set- tlements at this time were a few French Cana- dians cultivating farms in the Cceur d'Alene country, the Jesuit missions, and, east of the Bit- ter Root mountains, Fort Owen, in the valley of the St. Mary's branch of Bitter Root river. The county of Shoshone was set off from Walla Walla county by the legislature of Wash- ington as early as January 29, 1858, comprising all the country north of Snake river lying east of the Columbia and west of the Rocky mountains, with the county-seat "on the land claim of Angus McDonald," and this was subdivided by legisla- tive acts in 1860-1 and 1861-2, according to the requirements of the shifting mining population. This population first overran the Clearwater re- gion, discovering and opening, between the au- tumn of 1860 and the spring of 1863, the placers on Oro Fino creek, North Fork and South Fork of the Clearwater, Salmon river and its tribu- taries, and finally the Boise basin. We might say that the first distinctive settle- ment of Idaho began in August, 1862, when the Boise mines were discovered by George Grimes, of Oregon City, John Reynolds, Joseph Branstet- ter, D. H. Fogus, Jacob Westenfelten, Moses Splane, Wilson, Miller, two Portuguese called Antoine and Phillipi, and a man whose name is unknown. Previously to this time the movement proposed for the organization of Idaho territory met with but little favor. By the spring of 1863 there were four county organizations and ten mining towns, and the total population in this section was probably about twenty thousand. There had been a large immigration the preced- ing year, owing to the civil war and the fame of the Salmon river mines. Some of the immigra- tions of that year halted on the eastern flank of the Rocky range, in what is now Montana, and others went to eastern Oregon ; but none suc- ceeded in reaching Salmon river that year ex- cepting those who took the Missouri river route. Four steamers from St. Louis, Missouri, ascend- ed to Fort Benton, whence three hundred and fifty emigrants came by the Mullan road to the mines on Salmon river. Those who attempted to get through the mountains between Fort Hall and Salmon river failed, some losing their lives and the rest, returning to some distance, went on to Powder river. Grimes creek was named in commemoration of George Grimes, the leader of the Boise expedi- tion already mentioned, who was killed by the Indians while prospecting for gold on that stream. After that event his party retreated to Walla Walla, where a company of fifty-four men was raised to return and hold the ground. They arrived at Grimes creek October 7th and founded Pioneer City. Others quickly followed, and in November Centerville was started a few miles south on the same stream. Placerville, at the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 61 head of Granite creek, contained three hundred houses. Buena Vista, on Elk creek, and Ban- nack City, on Moore creek, also sprang up this season, in December, and before the first of Jan- uary between two and three thousand persons were on the ground ready for the opening of spring. Up to this time the weather had been mild, allowing wagons to cross the Blue moun- tains, usually impassable in winter. Companies of fifty and over, well armed to protect themselves against the Indians, who were at this time actively engaged in hostilities, were frequent along the route mostly traveled, and supplies for these people poured rapidly into their settlements. During the first ten days of Novem- ber twenty thousand dollars' worth of goods went out of the little frontier trading post at Walla Walla for the Boise country. Utah also contrib- uted a pack-train loaded with provisions, which the miners found cheaper than those from the Willamette valley, as the latter had to be trans- ported a long distance up swift-running rivers and pass through the hands of numerous middle- men. The latter, in order to ascertain the navi- gability of Snake river and the practicability of delivering their goods at less cost, dispatched a party to old Fort Boise to examine the character of Snake river in this regard. After waiting till the river had arrived at its lowest stage for the season, this party descended to Lewiston on a raft constructed by them for the purpose; but subsequent surveys and attempts evolved the fact that Lewiston was hopelessly cut off from Salt Lake City so far as navigation was concerned. The people of Boise were equally interested in means of travel and transportation, and there was great cause for disappointment when they found that only wagons and pack trains could be relied on to convey their freight from Umatilla landing on the Columbia river, three hundred miles dis- tant. By this time Lmatilla had supplanted Walla Walla in this trade. It will be interesting, in this connection, to quote the language of a prospector, Sherlock Bristol: "In December, 1862, I prospected the country and finally settled down for the balance of the winter and spring on Moore creek (the origin of Idaho City). There we built twenty log houses, mine, William Richie's and I. Henry's being among the twenty. We made snow-shoes and traversed the valleys and gulches prospecting. As the snow was deep and it was some distance to the creek, some one proposed that we should dig a well, centrally located, to accommodate all our settlement. One day, when I was absent prospecting, the well-digger struck bed rock down about eighteen feet, but found no water; but in the dirt he detected particles of gold. A bucketful panned out two dollars and seventy-five cents. When I returned at night I could not have bought the claim on which my house was built for ten thousand dollars: it proved to be worth three hundred thousand dol- lars. The whole bench was rich in like manner. My next-door neighbors the three brothers named White for nearly a year cleaned up fif- teen hundred dollars daily, their expenses not exceeding three hundred dollars. Bushels of gold were taken out from the gravel beds where Idaho City now stands." During the winter of 1862-3 and the following spring the miners were busy developing and working in preparation for further developing. Eighteen dollars a day was ordinary wages, and eighty dollars to the pan was the average taken out on Grimes creek. Water and timber were abundant, which made life much easier here than at many other points. On Granite creek, the headwaters of Placer and Grimes creeks, from ten to fifty dollars, and often two and even three hundred dollars a day were panned out. In the dry gulches from ten to fifty dollars a day were obtained to the man. During the winter B. L. Warriner erected, on Grimes creek, a sawmill, which was ready to run as soon as the melting snows of spring should furnish the water power, and early in the spring a second mill was erected, near Centerville, by Daily and Robbins, and in May a third was erected. The first steam sawmill was running in July, being built in Idaho City by two men, eacn known as Major Taylor! This mill cut from ten to fifteen thousand feet in ten hours. The killing of Grimes and other white immi- grants, with depreciations of various sorts, by the Shoshones, led to the organization of a volunteer company of the Placerville miners in March, this year (1863), whose captain was James Standifer, a man noted for his energy and daring. He was six feet in height, with broad, square shoulders, HISTORY OF IDAHO. fine features, black hair and eyes and moustache, and as brave as any Norseman. Standifer and his men pursued the Indians as far as Salmon falls, killed fifteen of the savages and wounded about as many more. Returning from this ex- pedition about the last of the month, Standifer raised another company, of two hundred men, who made a reconnoissance until they came upon the Indians, fortified at Malheur, where, by arti- fice, they gained entrance to their camp and killed all the adult Indians and even the children, ex- cepting three boys. One of these, four years old, was afterward adopted by John Kelly, a violinist of Idaho City, who taught him to play the violin and to perform feats of tumbling. He was after- ward taken to London, where he drew great houses, and then to Australia, where he con- tinued on exhibition. In order to protect themselves against the hos- tile Indians in Idaho, Fort Boise was established, July i, 1863, by P. Lugenbeel, with two com- panies of Washington infantry in the regular service. It was situated on the Boise river about forty miles above the old fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, near the site of the present Boise City. The structure was erected out of brown sandstone and was a good building. The reser- vation was one mile wide and two miles long. At this period mine discoveries and develop- ments in Idaho began to attract more of the public attention. Claims in the Beaverhead country, on the headwaters of the Jefferson fork of the Missouri river, were held as high as ten to fifteen thousand dollars. Also claims wonder- fully rich were reported on Stinking Water creek, and in many other parts. Bannack City, on the Beaverhead, and Virginia City, on a tributary of Jefferson fork, sprang into existence, simulta- neously with settlements and towns in the Boise basin. In the spring of 1863 a bateau-load of miners left the northern part of the territory with a hundred and fifty pounds of gold dust. In the northern part of the territory, however, there was an almost insurmountable obstacle to immigration, namely, the hostility of the Black- foot Indians, who, despite their treaty, robbed or murdered wherever they could find white men. Sometimes whole parties were killed and whole pack-trains were seized. The immigration of 1863 was not so large as that of the preceding year. The three principal streams of humanity westward were one for southern Idaho and east- ern Oregon, one for California and one for the Beaverhead mines. The latter party, however, had headed for the Salmon river country, fur- nished by the government with a separate escort under Fisk, and changed their intention before reaching their destination and stopped in the Beaverhead country. Four steamers left St. Louis for Idaho and vicinity, but were unable to reach Fort Benton, disembarking their passen- gers and freight two to eight hundred miles be- low. The emigrants had to make their way to various points as well as they could on horse- back and on foot through a wild and inhospitable country; and, returning east, many miners had gathered at Fort Benton, expecting to take steamers down to St. Louis, but were disappoint- ed, by reason of the failure of the boats above mentioned to arrive at the fort, and the miners, with their gold and provisions, etc., had to go all the way to Salt Lake City and take stages. In anticipation of these steamers, too, one hundred and fifty wagons had gone to Fort Benton, to be ready to convey passengers and freight to their respective destinations. * Although these drawbacks were so numerous and heavy, as many as twenty-five or thirty thou- sand people, of whom nearly two thousand were women and children, succeeded in settling in the Boise region. Improvements were rapid and prices high. One importer said. "I sold shovels at twelve dollars apiece as fast as I could count them out, on one occasion." A wagon-load of cats and chickens arrived in August, which sold readily, the cats at ten dollars apiece and the chickens at five dollars! But in the line of woolen socks, in the following winter, the market was for once overstocked, some of the stock being used for cleaning guns and some even left to de- cay in the cellars of the merchants. In July and August ten or more pack-trains arrived daily in the Boise country. Horses proved better than cattle for use on the roads, as their noses were higher above the ground and they were not so much affected by the alkaline dust. CHAPTER IX. THE GROWTH OF QUART" 2 MINING DISCOVERIES MINING TOWNS STAGE ROUTES INDIAN TROUBLES- EMIGRATION IN THE SPRING OF 1864 SOCIAL DISTURBANCES-EFFORTS FOR BETTER TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES STAMP MILLS A REMINISCENCE- EARLY RATING OF GOLD AND SILVER THE UNITED STATES ASSAY OFFICE. PROSPECTING early indicated that the future mineral wealth of Idaho would de- pend upon quartz-mining, and accord- ingly efforts were early made to develop that feature of Idaho's principal industry. In the autumn of 1863 it was found that thirty-three claims of gold and silver quartz-mines had been made on the south Boise alone, all of which promised well. The Ida Elmore, near the head of Bear creek, the first and most famous of the south Boise quartz mines in that year, was dis- covered in June. In an arastra it yielded two hundred and seventy dollars to the ton of rock; but at length it fell into the hands of speculators. The next several mines of this class were the Barker, East Barker, Ophir, Idaho, Independ- ence, Southern Confederacy, Esmeralda, General Lane, Western Star, Golden Star, Mendocino, Abe Lincoln, Emmett and Hibernia. The Idaho assayed, thirty feet below the surface, one thou- sand seven hundred and forty-four dollars in gold and ninety-four dollars and eighty-six cents in silver; Golden Eagle, two thousand two hundred and forty dollars in gold and twenty-seven dollars in silver, from the croppings. At the Ida Elmore a town was laid out called Fredericksburg, and other towns were also laid out elsewhere, many of which remained towns only in the imagination. Rocky Bar, however, laid out in 1864, beautifully materialized, while Boise City, founded at the junction of Moore creek with the Boise river, has long been the capital of this commonwealth. The first discovery on Granite creek, in the line of quartz-mining, was at first named the Pioneer and afterward Gold Hill, when consoli- dated with the Landon ; and it was at length pur- chased by the "Great Consolidated Boise River Gold and Silver Mining Company," which had control also of other mines. Even the poorest rock in the Pioneer assayed over sixty-two dol- lars to the ton, while the better class went from six to twenty thousand dollars! These assays be- came the occasion of an organization in San Francisco of the Boise River Mining and Explor- ing Company, which contracted for a ten-stamp mill to be used in the Boise country. One of the rich lodes discovered in 1863 was the Gambrinus, owned by an incorporated com- pany of Portland; but, HKC many other openings of mines, it lasted but a short time. It was so rich that pieces of rock which had rolled down into the creek and become water-worn could be seen to glisten with gold at a distance of fifty feet. On Granite creek a town was started, called Quartzburg, two miles west of Placerville; but soon after mills were brought into the vicinity at a little distance, the initial town became ex- tinct and forgotten. The greatest discovery of this year, however, and the most sensational, was the result of a search made by a party of twenty-nine from Pla- cerville to rediscover the famous "lost diggings" of 1845. Crossing Snake river near the mouth of the Boise, they proceeded, not in the direction supposed to have been taken by the party of 1845, but went along Snake river, on the south side, to a considerable stream, which they named Reynolds creek, after a member of their own party. While encamped here two of the men, Wade and Miner, ascended a divide on the west and observed that the formation of the country indicated a large river in that direction. Con- tinuing their course up the Reynolds creek, in the direction of the supposed river, and crossing some very rough mountains, they fell upon the headwaters of another creek, flowing toward the unknown river, where they commenced prospect ing, late in the afternoon of the i8th of May, 63 HISTORY OF IDAHO. and found a hundred "colors" to the pan. This place, called Discovery Bar, was six miles belo\v the site of Boonville, on Jordan creek. The "unknown" river proved subsequently to be the Owyhee, whose course had previously been but partially known. After prospecting ten days longer, locating as much mining ground as they could hold, and naming the district Carson, they prospected two other creeks, Bowlder and Sink- er, without making any further discoveries, and then returned to Placerville. The story of Discovery Bar naturally set every- body "crazy" to fly to that point as soon as pos- sible, and within two days as many as two thou- sand five hundred men are said to have left Boise City for the new "diggings," with the usual re- sult of disappointment to a large majority. The original discoverers had "hogged" everything. Only about one in ten of the men rushing there remained. Next was the discovery of silver-bearing ledges of wonderful richness on tributaries to Jordan creek, which caused a second rush of prospectors to the Owyhee region, late in the autumn of 1863. The two first discoveries here were named Oro Fino and Morning Star. As often happens, the first discoveries proved ultimately to be the rich- est. Men made fifty dollars a day pounding up the Oro Fino rock in common hand mortars. It assayed seven thousand dollars in silver and eight hundred dollars in gold to the ton. A year after- ward, when a larger quantity of ore had been tested by actual working, ten tons of rock yielded one ton of amalgam. In one small place a pound and a quarter of rock gave nine ounces of silver and gold, and one pound yielded thirteen dollars and fifty cents, half in silver and half in gold. It was indeed claimed that this discovery was the second in importance, in regard to silver, within the United States. The first town laid out on Jordan creek was Boonville, at the mouth of a canyon between high and rugged hills, and its streets were nar- row and crooked. In a short time another town, called Ruby City, was started, in a better loca- tion in most respects, the principal nuisance there being the fact that the locality was subject to high winds. During the ensuing winter, 1863-4, each of these places contained about two hundred and fifty men, while about five hundred were scattered over the Carson district. In December a third town was laid out, about a mile above Ruby City, and called Silver City. Timber was scarce in this region. Lumber, which had to be manufactured with the vvhipsaw, brought forty dollars per hundred feet. Throughout Idaho the general condition of the miners in the autumn of 1863 was that of pros- perity. Bannack City, which the next year was changed to Idaho City, had in the spring of that year about six thousand inhabitants, with two hundred and fifty places of business, Protestant and Catholic churches, a theater, a fire depart- ment, three newspapers, etc. At the same time Centerville, a very pretty place, grew and thrived, having about three thousand people. From this point a stage road was in process of improvement each way, one to Placerville and one to Idaho City. Of this enterprise Henry Greathouse, the pioneer in this species of work, was the proprie- tor. At this time Placerville had a population of five thousand, and that of Pioneer City was two thousand, chiefly Irish, on account of which fact it was sometimes called New Dublin. In Boise society was chaotic, arid included numerous rough characters, especially lawless men from the south. As this was during the progress of the civil war, many of the most intractable characters of the rebellious states slipped off to the wilds of the west. Misdemeanor and crime advanced to such a degree as to become reactionary and suicidal, and therefore the criminal period was short-lived. The citizens, however, had a hos- pital, where the sick were kindly cared for; but many a sturdy miner died and was buried far away from his kindred, who have never known what became of their "friend that went out west." From November, 1864, to November, 1865, one year, there were received at this hospital one hun- dred and twenty-five men who had been injured in mining. To avoid the winter, many went east, some into Colorado, Utah, Oregon and else- where, and others would have gone did not the law of the camps require each man to work his claim at least one day in seven in order to hold it. One of the laws here declared that "any citizen may hold one creek claim, one gulch, one hill and one bar claim, by location." It will be interesting to notice in this connec- tion a characteristic of the Californian which is HISTORY OF IDAHO. 65 conspicuous in the Golden state even to this day, and that is a freedom from the Puritanic re- straints of the east and a kind of easy and social manner more characteristic of the Kentuckian and Tennesseean than of any other people in the world. During this period of which we are writ- ing, 1863-5, there were many Californians in southern Idaho, two hundred and thirty from Siskiyou county alone in the Boise basin. Some of these free and easy-go-lucky but honest and social men were also from Oregon. Generally they were enterprising men, also patronizing charities and pleasures liberally. The sport which offered the most novel attractions, while morally unobjectionable also, was that furnished by the "sliding" clubs, of which there were several in the different towns. The stakes for a grand race, according to the rules of the clubs, should not be less than one hundred dollars nor more than two thousand five hundred dollars, for which they ran their cutters down certain hills covered with snow and made smooth for the purpose. Some of the larger occasions were accompanied by un- usual festivities. One sled was so large as to carry twenty persons, and the position of the pilot was a peculiarly responsible one, and many were in fact injured in this exciting and danger- ous sport. Many found entertainment by patron- izing a circulating library and a literary club, evidences of a high degree of civilization. The winter of 1863-4 proved to be somewhat treacherous in one important respect. It was so mild and yielded so little snow that pack-trains and wagons kept under way between Walla Walla and the mines until February, and stage com- panies made great preparations to start up with their great trips about the 2Oth of that month; but about that time a heavy snow came, accom- panied by a fall of the temperature to a point about twenty-five degrees below zero, which de- layed stage traffic till the ist of March, but caught many travelers en route to their destin- ations. The snow was so deep that even six horses could not pull an empty sleigh through. For the same reason the express from Salt Lake City, which was due early in February, did not arrive until in March. Here is an appropriate place to give some of the most important particulars concerning stage enterprises, as it was here and during this period that some of the most exciting experiences in connection with them were undergone. The line from Walla Walla to Boise, the route most used in those days, was owned by George F. Thomas and J. S. Ruckle, who announced that they would, on commencing business, use only the best horses out of a band of a hundred and fifty, to be driven by a man named Ward, a famous coach-driver from California, where coach-drivers had attained the highest reputa- tion for skill in the world. Thomas himself had been stage-driver in Georgia. Going to Califor- nia in the early times of gold-mining in that state, he engaged in a lucrative business and be- came a large stockholder in the California Stage Company, which at one time had coaches on fourteen hundred miles of road. As vice-presi- dent of the company he established a line from Sacramento to Portland, where he went to reside. On the discovery of gold in the Nez Perce country he went to Walla Walla and ran stages as the ever-changing stream of travel demanded. In partnership with Ruckle he constructed a stage road over the Blue mountains, at a great expense, and opened it in April, 1865. Henry Greathouse was another stage proprie- tor on the route from the Columbia to Boise, and was an enterprising pioneer who identified him- self with the interests of this new region. Al- though a southern man he had the prudence to remain neutral in regard to the great and excit- ing issues between the north and south during the great war. While he was making arrange- ments to put on a line of stages to connect with boats at Wallula, he succeeded, on the i6th of March, in bringing through to Placerville the first saddle train for a month, with a party of twelve, one of whom was a woman. They were eleven days on the road. On the ist of April the pioneer coach, belong- ing to the Oregon & Idaho Stage Company, which was to run its stages from Umatilla land- ing to Boise, arrived at Placerville, with a full load of passengers, at one hundred dollars each. But this coach had come from Shasta, California, and had taken the California and Oregon stage road to Portland, going thence to The Dalles by steamer and there taking the road again. It had been fifty-nine days on this trip. Four other coaches of this line, starting from Shasta March 66 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 2, accomplished the journey in twenty-three days. Ish & Hailey, of Oregon, owned this line. To Mr. Hailey is due the honor of first taking a com- pany through the Blue mountains from the Col- umbia into Idaho in the dead of a snowy winter. On the ist of May, coaches began to run from Idaho City and Placerville to Boise City and Owyhee. Ward, the driver previously men- tioned, and John J. McCommons, owned this line at first. Road and ferry franchises were much sought after. A new road up the John Day river and through Canyon City to Boise was opened on the 2Oth of June. A franchise was granted to a company to build a road from the Camas prairie north of Salmon river to Boise, but it was after- ward found impracticable to open that route. The Owyhee Ferry Company also obtained a franchise at the first session of the Idaho legis- lature. Bristol established a ferry across Boise river at Boise City, and another across Snake river on Jordan's road to Owyhee. Michael Jor- dan, Silas Skinner and W. H. Dewey built a toll road from Owyhee to Boise in the summer of 1864. Naturally the matter of cheaper freights en- gaged the attention of many enterprising men, who made sundry attempts to find better routes, or routes from new points, from Los Angeles to Fort Benton and Portland, and several large companies were incorporated for the purpose of establishing extensive routes, most of which found that they were undertaking enterprises too expensive. In May, 1864, two express lines were established between Boonville and Sacramento. They left Boonville on the 2d and 4th respec- tively, and returned successfully. The first men- tioned arrived at Boonville on the 22d, bringing the Sacramento Union of the i6th, to the great delight of the Californians here. -These lines were successful until interrupted by Indian hostilities. Westerfield and Cutter ran an express from Star City, Humboldt valley, to Jordan creek, fur- nishing news only nine days old. In June, John J. McCommons and C. T. Blake bought out Hillhouse & Company, who owned the express line between Idaho City and the Owyhee mines, which they operated until the death of McCom- mons, by the hands of the Malheur Snake In- dians, in February, 1865. In the spring of 1864 a contract to carry the tri-weekly mail from Salt Lake to Walla Walla by way of Fort Hall and Boise City was awarded to Ben Holladay & Company, carriers of the Cal- ifornia mail, the service to begin July ist; and an Indian agent was sent over the route with men, teams, hay-cutting apparatus and other means and appliances. The agent arrived . in Boise in June. The main line from that place passed directly to Payetteville, a station on the north side of the Payette river, crossing the Snake river a short distance above the mouth of the Payette and running through Burnt Powder and Grande Ronde valleys to Walla Walla. The first overland mail reached Boise on the ist of August. In the early mining period of Idaho the preju- dice against Chinese labor was as great as it was in California, and the immigrants, indeed, went so far as to adopt regulations against their em- ploy; but at times and places white labor could not be secured to do the work, and despite the regulations a few Chinese were employed, who were obliged to pay a tax of six dollars a month for the privilege, one-half of this to go into the territorial fund and one-half into that of the coun- ty. The places where Mongolian labor was em- ployed were those where the richest pockets of gold and silver had been abstracted and the gath- erings were more tedious and not so remunera- tive; for a white man, naturally, had too little patience to work at any given spot when he heard rumors of greater discoveries elsewhere. The most of these white miners were almost constant- ly running around from one field to another. Silver was discovered at various points in the Kootenai region as early as 1859, especially over in British territory, but little was done to open the mines. Gold was discovered in the Pend d'Oreille and Coeur d'Alene country as early as 1853, but the hostility of the Indians and the dis- coveries of gold elsewhere diverted attention from this region. Good prospects were found on the Kootenai river in the autumn of 1863. In the spring of 1864, although much snow was remaining upon the ground, many prospec- tors from eastern Oregon and northern Idaho located claims fifty miles north of the United States line and started a town which they named Fisherville. During the winter early in 1864 a HISTORY OF IDAHO. 67 fleet of thirty bateaux was built at Colville, on the Columbia, in what was then northeastern Ore- gon, now Washington, and the building of a steamer was commenced, to run on that river above Colville, and was completed within the next two years, by the Oregon Steam Navigation Company. The favorite country, however, for the immi- grant miners of this period was still southern Idaho and the newly created territory of Mon- tana, which for a year was a part of Idaho. Among the more important discoveries made in 1864 were those on the North Boise, where the mining towns of Beaver City and Summit City were founded in the latter part of the winter; on the Malade river in Volcano district, forty miles south of the Little Camas prairie, by a company led by J. Z. Miller; in the Silver Hill district, in July, by a party headed by James Carr and Jesse Bradford, and here two towns, Banner and Eu- reka, were begun, with a hundred miners each; and minor discoveries in many other, places. Naturally many discoveries were made where quartz-mining was indicated, but nearly all these were remote from the few mills in the territory at that time, and capitalists did not feel justified in rushing up a mill immediately upon the dis- covery of a ledge, on account of the uncertainty attending the durability of the vield. The first quartz mill erected in the Boise basin was built by W. W. Raymond on Granite creek, about two miles from Placerville. The apparatus arrived in July and the mill was started in September. It consisted of ten stamps, each weighing nearly six hundred pounds and crushing one and a half tons daily, with a reserved power amounting to half a ton more each. This mill crushed ore from the Pioneer, Lawyer and Golden Gate ledges, and from its first week's work fifty pounds of amalgam. A novel device for crushing ore, on a small scale, was profitably practiced at the Landon lode, three miles northeast of Idaho City, on the divide between Moore and Elk creeks. Ordinary sledge hammers were fastened upon the ends of spring poles, and by this process one man in three days would crush two hundred pounds of ore, yielding about forty-six dollars. But soon a mill was placed here, by the Great Consolidated Boise River Gold and Silver Min- ing Company, which, with five stamps, com- menced operation in December; and during the year other mills were erected in the district. A ten-stamp mill was started in December on the Garrison Gambrinus; two others, one on Sum- mit Flat, owned by Bibb & Jackson; another, a mile from Idaho City, owned by F. Britten & Company; another, on Bear Run, at Idaho City, attached to the steam power of Robie & Bush's sawmill, to do custom work. This sawmill, which was first erected at Lewiston, was removed to Boise in July, and was burned in September; it was rebuilt in October, with the quartz-mill at- tached. At South Boise between thirty and forty arastras were run by water power, with flattering results, and the number was soon increased to eighty-four, each crushing about a ton a day. In the arastra the Ophir yielded one hundred dollars to the ton. In order to attract the attention of capitalists in the east and in San Francisco, several mining companies of Idaho shipped to New York and San Francisco from one to ten thousand tons of ore, but this was an expensive task, as the ore had to be hauled to great distances by the em- ployment of horses or mules. The Confederate Star mine yielded one hun- dred and fifty dollars per ton, and the Ada El- more one hundred dollars, by the use of the quartz-mill in South Boise, owned by Carter, Gates & Company. As a specimen of modern wickedness, we may relate here the instance of the operation of the Ada Elmore mine by specu- lators, a company who employed an agency to run a tunnel in the ledge, at an enormous ex- pense, in such a way as purposely to let the roof fall in, so that by additional expense they could freeze out the small share-holders. An eight-stamp mill at this time was built in Portland for South Boise, intended for the Idaho lode, and at the same time' Andrews and Tudor, who left South Boise for the east in November, 1863, purchased a twelve-stamp mill in Chicago, for the Idaho, which was hauled by ox teams from the Missouri river in Nebraska, at a cost of thirty cents a pound. It reached its destination in October and was ready for work in December. In the autumn a five-stamp mill, built at Port- land, was placed on the Comstock ledge. R. B. Farnham took a ton of rock to New York and on its merits succeeded in forming a company, 68 HISTORY OF IDAHO. called the New York & Idaho Gold & Silver Mining Company, who purchased and shipped to South Boise a thirty-stamp mill, which, how- ever, arrived too late for work that year. South Boise had at this time four towns, Es- meralda, Clifden, Rocky Bar and Happy Camp, and about two thousand persons were scattered over the district. A good wagon-road was com- pleted to Boise City in August, by Julius New- berg & Company. In 1864 a new mining district was discovered on the headwaters of the middle Boise river, which was named Yuba. The ledges found on the south and middle Boise were solid quartz, larger than those of Owyhee but not so rich. They were in granite. Among the many companies who organized and flourished more or less this year, 1864, we would mention the Oro Fino Gold & Silver Tun- nel Company, which was incorporated in May, in the Carson district, in the Owyhee country, for the purpose of running a tunnel through Oro Fino mountain. Thirty locations had already been made upon this mountain, one of which, named the War Eagle, subsequently gave its name to the mountain itself. This wonderful mass of mineral constituted the dividing ridge between Jordan and Sinker creeks; and it was on the northeastern side of this ridge that the first quartz-mill of the Owyhee region was placed. The great discovery of 1865 was what has since been generally known as the Poorman mine, so named, it is said, because the discoverers were without capital to work it. The ore was the rich- est known, and so easily worked that it could be cut like lead, which indeed it resembled, but with a tint of red in it, which gave it the name of ruby silver. It was a chloride of silver, richly impreg- nated with gold, and brought four dollars an ounce as it came from the mine. The discoverers were O'Brien, Holt, Zerr, Ebner, Stevens and Ray, according to one authority, but according to others D. C. O'Byrne or Charles S. Peck. The initial point of discovery was about a thousand feet from what is now called the dis- covery shaft, the ore being good but not particu- larly rich, and the vein small. Before operations had proceeded very far, Mr. Peck found the rich "chimney," or discovery shaft, concealing the place until he learned from Hays and Ray, the first locators, the boundaries of their claim, and that it included his discovery. Peck then cau- tiously endeavored to buy the mine; but, finding that it was held too high, absented himself in the hope that the owners would diminish their price. In the meantime another of the prospectors came upon the rich chimney and located it, calling it the Poorman. A contest now arose for the pos- session of the mine, the Hays and Ray owners taking Peck into their company for finding and tracing the vein from their opening into the Poor- man. The Poorman company erected a fort at the mouth of their mine, which they called Fort Baker, and mounted some ordnance. They took out some of the richest of the ore and sent it to Portland, where it aroused a great sensation ; but the prospect of endless litigation over the pro- prietorship induced both companies to sell, one to Put. Bradford and the other to G. C. Robbins, both of Portland, who worked the mine jointly, taking out nearly two million dollars, after which they sold to a New York company. In the spring of 1864 was discovered the Mam- moth district, south of the Carson district, con- taining veins of enormous size. Flint district, separated from the latter only by an extension of the War Eagle mountains, was also prospected with good results. Of this the Rising Star ledge was the principal mine. INDIAN HOSTILITIES. Indian hostilities seemed to increase with a prospect of permanence. On the 3d of May, 1864, a party of whites was attacked about sixty miles from Paradise valley, and J. W. Dodge, J. W. Burton and others were killed. Between Warner and Harney lakes, Porter Langdon and Thomas Renny were killed, and the ranch of Michael Jordan was attacked in July, the owner soon afterward losing his life. A force of one hundred and thirty-four men was raised, which overtook the Indians in a fortified canyon and killed thirty-six, losing two of their own number, besides two being wounded. Colonel Maury then took the field, with one hundred men and four howitzers, encamped on Jordan creek and en- gaged in scouting during the remainder of the summer. About this time the people of Idaho petitioned to have General Conner sent to them from Utah ; but most of the fighting was done in HISTORY OF IDAHO. 69 Oregon, by the First Oregon Cavalry, who ex- tended their operations to Alvord valley and thence into Nevada as far as Mud lake. The spring of 1865 opened with renewed hos- tilities, and a detachment of Washington infantry, under Sergeant Storm, and a small company, came upon Indians on Catherine creek and killed eight of them. The Shoshones becoming power- ful by their many depredations upon the property of the whites, began to give unusual trouble, and the people throughout the Pacific slope petitioned the general government for better defensive measures, and Charles McDermitt, of the Second California Volunteer Cavalry, established Camp Bidwell, near Goose lake, on the California road, which had been closed by hostilities, and from this point operated with good effect. After the close of the great civil war the general govern- ment spared several detachments for the far west, which in a year or two reduced the hostilities of the Snake Indians and kindred tribes. The winter of 1864-5 se t m during the month of November with a violent snow-storm, which inflicted heavy damages by destroying miles of flumes in eastern Oregon, letting the water into the ditches and carrying dirt into the claim open- ings and breaking down many of the fences of the newly improved farms. Heavy rains followed, which made the season unusually severe. But the spring opened early, and there was a heavy immigration, which arrived before the freight trains could get through. The new-comers, many of whom were the "left wing of Price's army," created first a bread famine, and then a riot. There was food enough for all, however, but flour was a dollar a pound, and bread an "extra" dish at the eating-houses. Street meetings began to be held by the idle consumers to compel the mer- chants, who had a little flour left, to reduce the price. A mob of sixty men marched to the store of Crafts & Vantine in Idaho City, where they found about two hundred pounds of flour and seized it. Proceeding to the store of Heffron & Pitts, the command was given by their leader to seize whatever flour thev found. At this point Jack Gorman, deputy sheriff, with great courage arrested and disarmed the leader, a blustering Missourian six feet tall, and this action soon re- sulted in the restoration of order. The merchants reduced the price of their flour to fifty cents a pound, and not long after that the coveted com- modity was as low as six cents a pound: Restrained wickedness, however, soon found opportunity to vent itself, for the mob element set fire to the city, May 18, and burned the most valuable portion of it. leaving only three build- ings, the Catholic church, the Jenny Lind the- ater and the office of the Idaho World. Besides these nothing remained but the scattered houses on the hillside, and Buena Vista bar, a suburb. Into these the homeless were gathered, while the Catholic church was converted into a hospital, the county hospital being among the structures consumed by fire. Much looting, of course, was done by thieves during the fire; but the mer- chants fortunately had a large portion of their goods stored in underground excavations, saved from both the fire and the thieves. Their aggre- gate losses were estimated at nine hundred thou- sand dollars. The town was immediately rebuilt, with many improvements, and by the middle of June it had almost its former proportions, and more than its former dignity of appearance. Idaho City was burned twice afterwards, in 1867 and 1868, the loss in the former year being estimated at a million dollars! In 1865 the emigration from the Pacific slope was so great as to lead to increased means of transportation. Hill Beachy. an enterprising citi- zen of the Boise basin, formerly of Lewiston, es- tablished direct overland communication with Star City, Nevada, and with California, supplying the road with vehicles and animal power for a distance of two hundred and sixty miles. In April he passed over this route with five coaches, filled with passengers; but the Indians burned one of the stations, within forty miles of Owyhee, killing the keeper, and the route was abandoned. John Mullan, who published a miners' and travelers' guide to the west and was an engineer of the military road from Walla Walla to Fort Benton on the Missouri, undertook to establish a stage line from Umatilla to Boise City, and another from the latter place to Chico, California, organizing the Idaho & California Stage Com- pany. Early in September they advertised to sell tickets from Boise City to San Francisco, Vir- ginia City, Nevada, and several other points, promising through connections and rapid transit; but the predatory Indians interfered and before HISTORY OF IDAHO. the close of October their property was mostly stolen and the running of stages entirely ceased. In addition to all the obstacles mentioned, the citizens of Idaho had even the newspapers of Ore- gon to fight, which by this time began to defend the trade of their territory at the expense of what rightfully belonged to this territory. In favor of Oregon there were already in operation two great regular lines, the steamship line from San Fran- cisco to Portland and the Oregon Steam Naviga- tion Company on the Columbia river. The trav- eling time from San Francisco to Idaho by the steamer route was nine days, and the fare, with meals, was one hundred and forty-two dollars. The Idaho Stage Company offered tickets to the Golden Gate city for ninety dollars, and promised to take passengers to Sacramento in six days. Freight from San Francisco by steamer cost from twenty-two to twenty-nine cents a pound; overland, about twelve cents. The Oregonians also seized upon all the mountain passes and river crossings with toll roads and ferries, thus wring- ing tribute from all the traveling public. The Oregon Road, Bridge & Ferry Company was in- corporated in April, 1865, and their object was to connect all the stage roads from Umatilla and Walla Walla at one point, Express Rancho, and thence down Burnt river to Farewell Bend, or Olds ferry, and so on down Snake river to the mouth of the Owyhee, with the control of all the ferries between these two points. Many attempts, large and small, were made in vain to establish new routes of transportation. Among the larger was that of the Oregon Steam Navigation Company, which at this time built a boat called the Shoshone, above tne crossing of Snake river, at great cost, to test the navigability of the stream. She made her trial trip May 16, 1866. It was expected that she. would carry a large amount of freight from Olds ferry to the crossing of the Boise City and Owyhee road, and also government freight to Fort Boise; and also that in case she could run up to Salmon falls a road would be opened to South Boise, and an- other to the mines of the Volcano district. But this experiment failed, for the boat could not pass the mouth of the Bruneau river, little more than half way between the Boise landing and Salmon falls, and there was not wood enough along the route for fuel. In connection with this and sim- ilar schemes the newspapers of the respective lo- calities carried on a lively contest. In 1865, the year of which we are now writing, the overland immigration was large. Eighteen hundred and forty wagons passed Fort Kearney in May, the most of which made their way to Idaho and Montana. The emigrants coming with these trains generally possessed consider- able means and comfortable outfits; probably nine-tenths of them were fully equipped for mak- ing a successful and permanent settlement in the new territory. The nuclei of towns and "cities" were made noisy by the hammer and saw of the carpenter. The stages also brought many full loads of passengers who had money. But the immigrants who brought merchantable goods with them were the most welcome. During the next year, 1866, notwithstanding the continued depredations of the Indians and other obstacles, the Humboldt and Chico routes were again opened, to establish communication with the coast. For this purpose the money, men and horses were raised by citizens of Owy- hee and Boise City, to fight the Indians, and money, coaches and horses were raised also by Mr. Mullan, in New York and California. Thirty wagons were advertised to start from Chico, with a number of the company's coaches, early in April; and, indeed, trains did arrive over the Chico route by the middle of the month. This was the occasion of renewed rejoicing, for the prospects of success were so bright that the Ore- gon Steam Navigation Company offered to re- duce their freight charges. To aid the Idahoans by way of competition with that great company, the California Navigation Company and the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad Company offered to carry freight free to Chico landing. Thus freight was carried by wagon to Ruby City and Boise for eleven and twelve cents a pound. Ox teams came through in one month, and Mulian's Stage Com- pany put men and teams upon the road to im- prove it, build stations and cut hay. The coaches began running in August, making the distance from Chico to Silver City in four days, and treasure and government freight were also car- ried over the route. About this time also a man named Conness, of California, introduced a bill in the senate to provide for the opening of a wagon road from HISTORY OF IDAHO. 71 Boise City to Susanville, in that state, with a branch from Surprise Valley to Puebla, with an appropriation of ten thousand dollars for surveys. This was called the Red Bluff route and was favored by the i\orthern Teamsters' Association, which advertised to take freight for eleven to thir- teen cents, and obtained many consignments. Also, Sacramento merchants subscribed five thousand dollars as a bonus to the first train which should carry one hundred tons of mer- chandise through to Owyhee by the Truckee pass, to be applied to the extra expenses of the trip. Jesse D. Carr secured a contract for carry- ing a daily mail between Virginia City, Nevada, and Boise City, by the last mentioned route, which ran. east of the Humboldt mountains. A large amount of money was expended in these enterprises, but success was attained. From a valuable work written by Joaquin Miller and issued by the publishers of this His- tory of Idaho we make the following extracts, the same being peculiarly pertinent and interest- ing in connection with the account of the early mining enterprises in Idaho: There is a sort of Freemasonry among miners and all sorts of honest men of the gold mines. The men of the placer gold mines are and have been from the modern Argonauts a sort of civilized advance army. They are men who have stepped to the front from out of the millions. It is their courage, enterprise and audacity of faith that has set them to the front; besides, they are generally men of good sense, good physique, good education. Travel for they all had to travel much and have much intercourse with traveled men to reach the gold mines gave to even the rudest of them a sort of polish not found so general in any other large body of men on the globe. You can always find more sincere manhood and real politeness in a mining camp with its sprinkle of cattle men, grangers and the like than in the average crowds of London and Paris. Being among the first in the new mines of Oro Fino in the spring of 1861, I found myself at once among friends, and friends of the best; for these miners of Pierce City and Oro Fino were not only gentlemen of the class described, but they were, many of them, also old personal friends from northern California. It was the glorious old Yuba and Shasta days over again, and they were very happy and hopeful. Pierce City at this date was a brisk town, neatly laid out, built of hewn logs, brooks through the streets, pine trees here and there on the gently sloping hillside to the sun, with white tents all around and up and down the mountain of dark woods to the east, red-shirted men, mules, long lines of laden, braying mules, half- tame Indians with pack panniers, a few soldiers off duty, crowds of eager people coming and going, action, motion everywhere. The old days had come again, we all believed, and miners who had missed fortune in other lands and laid the blame upon themselves resolved not to miss her favors now, if work could win them. Oro Fino lay a brief half-hour's walk to the south at the foot of a steep, wooded mountain and in the forks of a creek of the same name and Rhodes creek. This Rhodes creek had been discovered by William Rhodes, of Siskiyou county, California. He was a manly mu- latto of great good sense and very honest. Oro Fino was a hastily built place, having tumbled together in great disorder with one narrow street, and made up out of round logs and mud and brush. Compared with Pierce City, it was a wild-looking place; but it was very orderly, very much in earnest, and preaching and Sunday-school here, as well as at Pierce City, came as regularly as the Sunday. There were a good many saloons in these towns, as well as up and down the creeks, but I recall no drunkenness nor depravity of any sort. Women were scarce as yet, and of children there was the merest sprinkle. But many of these first men here were expecting their families on from Califor- nia and Oregon, and were not slow in their support of church and school. As for myself, I had studied law, and had been ad- mitted to the bar a few years before, and came here to practice my profession. But the place was so or- derly, so far from any sort of disturbance or contention, that there was absolutely no business whatever in this' line. I found plenty of lawyers, but no law, or rather no need of any law. Having two brothers with me and finding several cousins here, and none of us getting any foothold, we pushed out over the mountains to the east. Do you know the music of the pick and shovel as they clang and ring on the bed-rock, the rattle and the ring of the sluice-fork in the hands of the happy, tall, slim man who stands astride the sluice and slings the gravel behind him in high heaps of polished pebbles? He has a keen eye. There may be a big nugget on the tines of his broad sluice-fork at any moment. He is a supple man, of not too much flesh, and keeps his footing finely on either side of the sluice-box which he bestrides. To fall will be not only to break his own knees, but to endanger the backs of his dripping and bespattered partners in the pit beneath him. And now he sees something glitter in the swift water that washes the gravel down across the ripples. Down goes a long, dripping arm at the risk of his neck; but somehow the rugged, slim man never falls! Up goes the long right arm in the air. A shout! The men in the pit look up altogether, and then there is a shout that shakes the very pine tops above them. The gold nugget, half quartz, is nearly as big as a hen's egg. The slim man on the high sluice-box who holds the nugget high in the air laughs and shouts with the rest. We have struck it! The friendly Freemasonry sort of good will and well-wishing among miners spread in a 72 HISTORY OF IDAHO. day or two to Pierce City and Oro Fino, and the place was soon packed with prospectors. The stampede that always was created by the news of a new discovery of gold is thus described: Although there were in this then distant land 'of Idaho no telegraph wires or other means of rapid com- munication, the discovery of new gold fields or a rich strike made within the boundaries of the territory trav- eled with the rapidity of a carrier pigeon. Apparently one caught the news from the breezes. No one could give the source of the whisperings that a new find was reported. It was sufficient to the toilers and pros- pectors that such were the reports without investigating whence they came. These reports grew as they trav- eled. They were passed from cabin to cabin along down the gulches and across the flats and bars. Tom would tell Bill that near the bed-rock they were getting five cents to the pan. Bill would inform Sam that in the new "diggin's" they were getting ten cents right in the grass roots: and thus it kept on increasing as it traveled until it would reach a dollar or two to the pan! In the fall of 1861 reports began to be noised about Oro Fino that new places had been discovered on the head-waters of the Salmon river, which were said to be fabulously rich. The matter was discussed by the miners during the day while shoveling gravel and sand in their sluice-boxes. At night they would gather in their cabins and discuss the probabilities by the snap- ping of log fires. Then it was noised about that the Smith boys from Pierce's bar had left their claims and disappeared in the direction of the new El Dorado, and again parties from Ore Grande and Rhodes creek were making preparations to start. Later, information was circulated about the camp that two men had just arrived for the purpose of laying in a stock of supplies, and who confirmed the previous reports as to the richness and extent of the new find. The old miners who had had many visions and dreams of wealth to be obtained just over the ridge were soon worked up to fever heat. Horses and mules to pack supplies were in great de- mand. Any kind of an animal would bring four times the price it would have brought a few months before. Like other contagions, this mining fever is catching, and when it strikes you the only remedy is to go. You do not stop to consider the hardships, but only have the wish to reach the promised land and acquire the glittering metal that would serve to make the folks at home happy. How many of such hopes have been blasted! Yet those hopes and expectations were the incentives which caused the pioneers to push out into the snow-covered mountains and broad valleys and lay the foundations for civilization. During the early mining period of Idaho the quality and amount of the precious metals were rated as follows: The standard of gol.l bars was 1,000, and anything below half that amount was denominated silver. A bar 495 fine was 500 fine o.f silver, worth ten dollars and twenty-three and one-fourth cents per ounce. A bar 050 fine was 45 fine of silver and was stamped nineteen dollars and sixty-three cents per ounce, as tne Kootenai gold for example. Santiam (Oregon) gold was 679 fine ; Oro Fino gold-dust assayed sixteen dol- lars to the ounce; Elk City, from fifteen dollars and seventy-five cents to sixteen dollars and for- ty-five cents ; Warren's diggings, ten dollars and eight cents to fourteen dollars and fifty-four cents; Florence, from eleven dollars and eighty cents to thirteen dollars and seventy-five cents; Beaver Head, eighteen dollars and thirty-seven cents to eighteen dollars and fifty cents; and Boise, fourteen dollars and twenty-eight cents to seventeen dollars and forty cents, little of it as- saying less than fifteen dollars, at which price the merchants of Idaho City agreed to take it, while paying only ten dollars for Owyhee and twelve dollars for Florence. The actual amount of gold produced in any particular district of either of the territories for a given time would be difficult of comptitation. A Portland paper estimated that during the summer and autumn of 1862 about three million dollars was brought to that city; but some of this was not Idaho gold. A government officer reported that between seven and ten million dollars was probably a fair estimate of the gold taken from the Nez Perce mines in two years. In six months, from June to November, 1863, the express com- pany shipped two million and ninety-five thou- sand dollars, which certainly was not more than one-third of the product of Idaho and Montana for 1865 and 1866 at a million and a half dollars monthly. For 1866, J. Ross Browne, in his pamphlet Mineral Resources, etc., states that Montana yielded twelve million dollars, Idaho six millions, Oregon two millions and Washing- ton one million; but the San Francisco Chronicle makes the product of Idaho for that year eight million dollars, and for 1867 six and a half mil- lions, 1868 seven millions, 1869 the same, 1870 six millions, 1871 five millions, and 1872 only two millions and five hundred and fourteen thousand. Of course only guess work can be made of the quantities mined during that exciting and chaotic period. S3 4-* "3 ^ in D HISTORY OF IDAHO. 73 In 1864 an attempt was made to obtain a mint for the Boise basin, and two years later it was proposed to bring the North Carolina mint to Boise, neither of which movements was success- ful. In the first year congress appropriated one hundred thousand dollars for a branch mint at The Dalles, a measure which Portland vigorously opposed because of more local interest; and be- fore the mint was erected at The Dalles it be- came apparent that on the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad bullion could be shipped to Philadelphia as easily as to The Dalles, and the act was revoked, which was a definite defeat of any proposition for a mint in either Oregon or Idaho. An assay office, however, was erected by the United States government in i87O,-at Boise, at a cost of eighty-one thousand dollars. It was built of sandstone, sixty feet square, two stories high above the basement and well finished. It was built under the direct supervision of J. R. McBride, once United States district judge of Idaho. THE UNITED STATES ASSAY OFFICE. The assay office was founded here by the United States government in 1871. Minerals are purchased from miners, assayed here and for- warded to the mint in Philadelphia, free of trans- portation charges. An idea of the importance of this institution to this section may be gained from the fact that in 1897 there were about five thousand depositors, whose bullion amounted to a million and a half dollars in valuation, an increase of about fifty per cent in the past six years. The building occupied is a substantial one of cut stone, is fifty by sixty feet in dimensions and two stories and basement in height. The structure was completed the same year that the office was established here, and was erected and has been maintained by the government. The ground on which it stands is bounded by Main, Idaho, Sec- ond and Third streets. This block was donated to the United States by the city, which, in turn, has been incalculably benefited by the location of the assay office here. The building is in the center of a beautifully kept lawn, tastefully em- bellished with flowers and fine shade trees, the spot being considered one of the restful and picturesque places of interest in Boise. J. W. Cunningham, who for many years has been the government custodian of the assay office, is eminently qualified for the responsible position, as he thoroughly understands every de- tail of the business and is entirely' trustworthy and reliable. It was in 1889 that he was ap- pointed to the office of superintendent, by Presi- dent Harrison, and at the end of four years of service he was superseded, during President Cleveland's administration, only to receive a re- appointment at the hands of President McKinley. CHAPTER X. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. COLONEL WILLIAM H. DEWEY. TT MONO the prominent influential citizens j\ f Idaho, Colonel Dewey, of Dewey, en- * *- joys a unique position and reputation. He is a pioneer Idahoan in the true sense of that word, and the marvelous development of the in- terests and industries of his adopted state is large- ly attributable to his enterprise and sagacity. He is a man of remarkable resources, and has never failed to measure fully up to all the requirements and emergencies of life. Although over seventy years old, he is well preserved and exhibits un- abated vigor of mind and body. Colonel Dewey is a native of the state of New York, and his first American ancestors were early settlers in Massachusetts. In the autumn of 1863 he came to Idaho and located where the town of Dewey now is, but subsequently removed to where the town of Ruby City was located, and with others, March 21, 1864, laid out the town of Silver City. The gentleman whose name introduces this review is a born miner, and from his first ar- rival in Idaho the Colonel became prominently- connected with the mining interests of the north- west, in which connection it is perfectly fair to say that he has been one of the leading and prin- cipal factors in the development of the mineral resources of this state. He owned nearly half of the South Mountain camp during the period of its greatest activity and was one of three men to discover and locate this magnificent property. He purchased the Trade Dollar mine in 1889, and after making numerous and expensive im- provements upon it, sold to the present owners one hundred and thirty-four thousand of the five hundred thousand shares. He also owns over one-half of the Florida Mountain group of mines and has just succeeded in forming a combination of these mining prop- erties, in which he holds the strategic position. The accomplishment of this consolidation re- quired rare tact and finesse. At the village of Dewey, a town named in his honor, the Colonel has erected one of the best twenty-stamp mills in Idaho, or even in the west. He has also erected the fine Dewey Hotel, which is considered one of the best in the state, and he has built a beautiful residence for himself, and in addition constructed numerous valuable residences and business houses in the town of Dewey. He is also the projector and owner of the Boise, Nampa & Owyhee Railway, on which line is a splendid steel bridge, crossing the Snake river at Guffey, which is the pride of the whole state. Colonel Dewey built this bridge at his own expense, and also the railroad from Nampa to Guffey, which he is now extending to Murphy. He is also preparing to extend his road north from Nampa, the survevs now having been com- pleted for a distance of fifty miles. When all these extensions are completed, the road will connect with the Central Pacific and furnish u continuous line from San Francisco to Butte, Montana, and thereby shorten the distance be- tween these two points by about three hundred miles. Colonel Dewey is distinctly a man of great practical turn of mind. He is simple in his habits and unassuming in his manners, being all energy, push and enterprise. He was cast in a large mold and would have been conspicuous and successful in any department of human activity that he might have entered. He has been fre- quently urged to accept nominations for import- ant official positions, but has invariably declined. His name is now mentioned in connection with the nomination for United States senator from Idaho. This is against the Colonel's wishes, but his many friends are very urgent in their re- 74 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 75 quests that he shall openly enter the field for that distinguished office. HOMER G. PATTERSON. Homer G. Patterson is a leading member of the Idaho legislature, representing Elaine county, and is a prominent practitioner of dentistry in Hailey. Dentistry may be said to be almost unique among other occupations, as it is at once a profession, a trade and a business. Such being the case, it follows that in order to attain the highest success in it one must be thoroughly con- versant with the theory of the art, must be ex- pert with the many tools and appliances inci- dental to the practice of modern dentistry, and must possess business qualifications adequate to dealing with the financial side of the profession. In all of these particulars Dr. Homer George Patterson is well qualified, and therefore has at- tained prestige among the able representatives of dentistry in southern Idaho. He was born in Ontario, St. Joseph county, Indiana, October 4, 1862. The family is of Scotch origin and the original American ances- tors were colonial settlers of New York and par- ticipants in the events which formed the early history of that state. Among those of the name were also members of the American army who fought for the independence of the nation. James H. Patterson, the father of our subject, was born in the Empire state and married Miss Wealthy J. Foster, a native of Michigan. When a young man he removed to Indiana and there followed the trade of carriage and wagon maker. Later he went with his family to Iowa, and subsequent- ly removed to Montgomery county, the same state. The Doctor is the eldest in a family of five children, four sons and a daughter. The family circle yet remains unbroken by the hand of death, and the parents are now residents of Port- land, Oregon. Our subject was a child of seven years when they went to Iowa, and a youth of nine when they located in Montgomery county, Iowa. He was educated in the public schools and read medicine in the office and under the direction of Dr. J. B. Hatton. He afterward went to Oregon, where he studied dentistry in the office of Dr. Wise, of Portland, and in 1882 he went to California, where he continued his preparation for the profession. In 1889 he opened a dental office in Bellevue, where he re- mained until 1896, when he came to Hailey, where he has since made his home. He has a well appointed office and from the beginning has met with gratifying success, his patronage con- stantly increasing. In 1882 occurred the marriage of Dr. Patter- son and Miss Nettie J. Orr, a native of Illinois, and their union has been blessed with four daughters and a son, namely: Bessie, Lena, Roy, Lora and Irma. The parents are members of the Christian church, but as there is no con- gregation of that denomination in Hailey they attend the services of the Methodist church. Their pleasant home is characterized by a charm- ing hospitality and is the center of a cultured so- ciety circle. The Doctor belongs to the Modern Woodmen of America and the Ancient Order of United Workmen.. In addition to his professional in- terests he has several placer-mining claims, and in partnership with F. M. McDowell leased the Niagara silver mine on Boyle mountain. They have uncovered a vein of excellent ore a foot thick, which will undoubtedly make the mine a paying one. In his political views Dr. Patterson is a "silver" Republican, and on the fusion ticket he received a flattering majority for the office of state representative. He served in the fifth ses- sion of the Idaho legislature and his course indi- cated his loyalty to the best interests of the county and the commonwealth. He was appointed by the governor a member of the state dental board, and by said board was elected its president. Through the work and influence of Dr. Patter- son the state dental law was adopted. CHARLES A. SCHNABEL. Thirty-seven years have passed since Charles Augusta Schnabel came to Idaho. This state, so aptly termed "the gem of the mountains," was then a wild district, its lands unclaimed, its re- sources undeveloped. A few courageous fron- tiersmen had dared to locate within its borders, but the work of progress and improvement re- mained to the future, and there was little prom- ise of early development. In the years which have since passed Mr. Schnabel has not only wit- nessed a most wonderful transformation, but has HISTORY OF IDAHO. largely aided in the labors which have trans- formed the wild tract into a splendid common- wealth. Now in his declining years he is living retired, enjoying the well earned rest which is the merited reward of a long and honorable busi- ness career. A native of Prussia, Mr. Schnabel was born in Elberfield, October 18, 1828, and for generations his ancestors had resided in the fatherland. He acquired his education in the public schools, and in Germany learned the trade of fringe and lace weaving. When a young man of twenty years he determined to try his fortune in America, landing in New York on the day that Zachariah Taylor was elected president of the United States. He then made his way to Baltimore, Maryland, where he had a brother living, and in that city worked at his trade for a year, when, hearing of the rich gold discoveries in California, he deter- mined to make his way to the Pacific coast. Twice he attempted to work his way across the country, but each time, after getting as far as western Missouri, lack of means forced him to turn back. A third time, however, he made the attempt, and this time succeeded in reaching the goal of his hopes. He traveled by way of New Orleans and by the Panama route to California, where he arrived in 1853, and in Sierra county successfully engaged in mining. He was thus enabled to send money home to his mother and sisters, but in the winter of 1862 mis- fortune again overtook him, a flood carry- ing away his flumes and other mining ma- chinery. It was at this time that he learned of the discovery of gold in Florence, Idaho, and so, traveling by way of Portland, Oregon, and up the Columbia river, he ultimately arrived in Florence, in May, 1862. His mining operations in that locality, however, did not prove profitable, and in the spring of 1863 he went to Idaho City, where he engaged in merchandising, his sales in one year amounting to one hundred thousand dollars. In a single day he sold and wrapped goods to the value of twenty-six hun- dred dollars. Mr. Schnabel was thus closely connected with the development of the business interests of the northwest, and has taken an active part in pro- moting all enterprises which tend to advance the welfare of his state. In 1859, while engaged in mining, he visited Virginia City, when there was one store in the town. He became the owner of the Monte Christo claim, which in the following spring he sold to Senator Stewart for twelve hun- dred dollars. He purchased a fourth interest in the Hale & Norcross claim for one hundred dol- lars, and sold it the following spring for fifteen hundred dollars. That claim afterward proved to be very valuable, yielding rich deposits of ore. While at that point Mr. Schnabel saw the first pony express that ever crossed the country. In his mercantile ventures his success was assured from the beginning. He had a reputation for in- flexible integrity that extended far and wide, and his word was ever considered as good as his bond. He received a very extensive patronage from the Indians, and never had any trouble with them, for they said that "he has but one tongue," meaning that they always found him truthful. What higher compliment could be paid a busi- ness man? After engaging in merchandising for a year, Mr. Schnabel found it possible, as the result of his success, to visit the fatherland and the friends of his childhood. Five times has he crossed the Atlantic to Germany, thus continuing the ties of comradeship and regard with many in the old country. In 1867 he returned to Idaho, and en- gaged in merchandising with Peter Sonna until 1870, when he sold his interest to his partner and again made the voyage across the Atlantic to the home of his childhood and youth. There he was married to Miss Eva Elizabeth Shafer, his old sweetheart, and with his bride came to his far western home. Here he again opened a store, and was successfully engaged in merchan- dising until 1890, when, having acquired a hand- some competence, he retired to private life. In 1867 he attended the World's Fair in Paris, and after selling his store, in 1890, he took his family abroad. His' seven daughters are all talented musicians and vocalists and in the art centers of the world they were given opportunity to study music under some of the most famous musicians of the age. Mr. and Mrs. Schnabel may well be proud of their family. Their eldest daughter, Elizabeth Idaho, is now the wife of Sherman King, of Boise. The others are Minnehaha, Anna Columbia, Victoria America, Rosa May, Augusta Octavia and Flora Centennia, which latter died HISTORY OF IDAHO. 77 at the age of thirteen years and five months. The youngest daughter was given her father's middle name, Augusta, and also the name of Octavia, by reason of her being the eighth. During the civil war Mr. Schnabel was a stanch advocate of the Union cause, and since the organization of the Republican party has been one of its earnest and zealous supporters. The cause of education in Boise has found in him a warm friend, and while serving as school trustee for a number of years he did effective service in the interest of the city schools. 'He was at one time the nominee for county commissioner. Reared in the faith of the Lutheran church, he has always had great respect for religion and now attends the Methodist services, but is not a member of any church. He is now enjoying a well earned rest and the esteem of his fellow men, who, having long been witnesses of his upright career, entertain for him the highest re- gard. JOHN CRETE, SR. The Fatherland has furnished to America many of her valued citizens, men who have crossed the Atlantic to ally fheir interests with those of "the land of the free." Adapting them- selves to entirely new surroundings, customs and manners, they have achieved success and won a place among the representative men of the com- munities in which their lots have been cast. Such is true of John Crete, the genial, well known and popular proprietor of the War Eagle Hotel, at Silver City. Born in Hasbrouck, Hanover, Germany, April 25, 1832, he was a son of a Ger- man soldier who afterward became a police offi- cer, and while making an arrest, was beaten by a criminal. His injuries brought on blood-pois- oning, from which he died when fifty-two years of age. His wife long survived him, and passed away at the advanced age of ninety years. They had six children, five sons and one daughter, all now deceased but two. John Crete, the fourth in order of birth, was educated in the schools of his native land, and in 1849, when seventeen years of age, crossed the Atlantic to the New World, hoping to better his financial condition in this country, where broader and better opportunities are afforded young men. He landed in New York and there accepted a position as salesman in a coffee and tea house, where he remained until 1860, when he sailed for California, going by the isthmus route. At the old town of Shasta in the northern part of California he first engaged in mining. On the ist of May, 1862, with seven others, he started on a prospecting tour to the upper coun- try, expecting to go to Florence, Oregon, but at Canyon City, that state, they discovered gold, and Mr. Crete engaged in prospecting and min- ing there until fall, when, attracted by the dis- coveries in the Boise basin, he came to Idaho. Here he engaged in mining and in conducting a pack train between the basin and Auburn, Ore- gon. He received twenty-five cents per pound for all goods which he handled, but his expenses in other lines were proportionately high. In the fall of 1863, allured by the rich gold dis- coveries at Silver City, he came to this place and began quartz-mining, but the evident de- mand for a good bakery determined him to with- draw from mining ventures and establish a bak- ery and saloon. This he did on the I4th of June, 1864, and from the beginning he prospered in the new undertaking. He added an eating house and constantly enlarged his facilities to meet the growing demand of the trade until 1878, when he purchased the War Eagle Hotel, the nucleus of which was a log structure that had been built by a Mr. Carrol, who was killed by the Indians in June, 1864. In 1867 it was enlarged, and after Mr. Crete became the owner it was enlarged to its present proportions and greatly improved. It now contains thirty-five rooms well furnished, and everything possible is done for the accommo- dation and comfort of the guests. Joseph Gross, who is acting as clerk, is a well known California and Idaho pioneer and prominent Freemason, and, like the proprietor, is highly esteemed by the traveling public, owing to his obliging ser- vice and evident desire to make the guests of the War Eagle at home. The hotel was named for the War Eagle mountain, which stands near by and which rises seven thousand and five hundred feet above the sea level and towers one thousand feet above Silver City and the surrounding moun- tains. It is full of valuable ore, both gold and silver, and is one of the historic places of inter- est in the state. In New York, in 1856, Mr. Crete was united in marriage to Miss Mary Kornmann, who was 78 HISTORY OF IDAHO. of German lineage, and was born in New York city, in 1841. In 1861 she accompanied her husband to California, where she remained two years, while he was prospecting in Oregon and Idaho, and then joined him at Silver City in the fall of 1864. She has been to him a faithful com- panion and helpmeet, and has thus contributed to his success. Three sons and three daughters have been born to them: Louisa, now the wife of Anthony Brooks, of Butte, Montana; August, who is engaged in business in Silver City ; Emma, who is the widow of Alfred Hicks and resides with her parents; Minnie, now the wife of Dr. Weston, a prominent physician of Silver City; Frederick, who is his father's partner in several mining enterprises; and John, who is operating his father's electric-light plant. Mr. Crete has been prominently and actively connected with various interests of this locality, and has done much to promote the public welfare and general prosperity. He has built a system of water-works, by which a supply of pure spring water is brought from the mountain side to the hotel and also supplies many of the homes of Silver City. At his own expense he erected an electric-light plant of twelve hundred candle- power, and thus illuminates the hotel and busi- ness houses. These two enterprises have proven of great practical benefit to the town, and indi- cated the progressive spirit of the owner. In ad- dition to his hotel property, Mr. Crete also has a number of buildings in Silver City, and in con- nection with his brother Fred owns the San Tuan group; and the Banner group of mines is owned by John Crete, Sr., Fred Crete, Jr., and Robert Leonard, Sr. In his political views Mr. Crete is a Democrat, and though well informed on the issues of the day and interested in the success of his party has never sought office. He has taken the Royal Arch degrees of Masonry, is past master of the blue lodge and has held nearly all the offices in the chapter. He also belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He came to America with the hope of bettering his financial condi- tion, a hope that has been more than realized; and by taking advantage of opportunities and by unabating energy and good management he has won a handsome competence and is now num- bered among the substantial citizens of Owyhee county. As the genial proprietor of War Eagle Hotel he has a wide acquaintance and is popular in all classes. JOHN WAGENER. John Wagener is one of the owners of the Trook and Jennings mine and five-stamp mill, one mile southeast of Silver City. He is also proprietor of several stock ranches and since pioneer days has been active in the development of the business resources of this state. A native of Germany, he came to America hoping to bet- ter his financial condition, and whatever success he has achieved is due entirely to his own la- bors. Mr. Wagener was born June 30, 1833, and in his native land acquired his education. When a young man of nineteen years he bade adieu to home and friends and in 1852 sailed for America, coming to this country in limited circumstances and without any knowledge of the language, manners or customs of the people. It is aston- ishing how rapidly our foreign-born citizens adapt themselves to new surroundings and be- come an integral part in our public life. Mr. Wagener took up his residence in New York city and began learning the wagonmaker's trade, at which he worked for a number of years. He then left the Atlantic for the Pacific coast, and in 1858 visited Idaho, when it was still a part of Washington Territory. He crossed the plains to Vancouver's, thence came to Florence in 1862, and after engaging in placer-mining at the latter place for a year, went to Idaho City in the Boise basin, where he worked at placer-mining, receiv- ing three dollars per day and his board in com- pensation for his services. In January, 1864, he arrived in Boonville, now called Dewey, and engaged in sawing lumber for the different stamp mills then being erected in that locality. In 1865 he aided in the erection of the mills. As the years passed, his diligence, energy, enterprise and capable management brought him success, and from time to time he made judicious investments in mining and ranch property. He has been the owner of several mining claims and for a number of years past has been principally engaged in milling ore. In connection with John Scales, he is now the owner of the Trook and Jennings mine and the five- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 79 stamp mill, situated on the War Eagle mountain. The mill was built in 1864 by a Mr. Shonebar and was an arastra mill, but afterward five stamps were added to it, since which time an ex- tensive custom business has been carried on and mine averages five dollars per ounce and the ore has yielded as high as two hundred dollars per considerable money made. The bullion from the ton. Both the mill and the mine are now on the market, for though a very desirable property, the owners are not so situated as to give it the needed development. Mr. Wagener is now the owner of several ranches, and is becoming quite exten- sively interested in stock-raising. In 1884 was celebrated his marriage to Miss Christina Nelson, a native of Sweden, and to them has been born a daughter, Alice. Their pleasant home is located near the mill. In his political affiliations Mr. Wagener is a Democrat, but has never been an aspirant for office, pre- ferring to devote his energies to his business in- terest. His activity in business has not only con- tributed to his individual success but has also been an active factor in the development of the state, and he is now accounted one of the honored pioneer settlers of Idaho. GENERAL EDWARD McCONVILLE. In the recent trial of arms in which America won recognition and admiration never before ac- corded her by the older "powers" of Europe, there was no more distinguished or valiant sol- dier than General McConville, of Idaho, who went forth as one of ,the commanders of the Idaho troops and laid down his life on the altar of his country. His was a noble life and a glori- ous death, and his name is enduringly inscribed on the roll of America's heroes. Though his loss is deeply mourned by his many friends, his mem- ory will ever be cherished by all who knew him, and the cause of liberty will acknowledge its ad- vancement to him and his compatriots who have fallen in defense of the honor of the flag and the noble principles of republicanism and justice which it represents. General McConville was a native of New York, his birth having occurred at Cape Vincent, Jef- ferson county, June 25, 1846. The history of the family furnishes many examples of valor, for since the days when William the Conqueror fought the battle of Hastings its representatives have won honor and fame in the military and naval service of France, England, Ireland and America. The family had its origin in France, its branches being found in Brittany, Gascony and Normandy. Two representatives of the name fought with William, the Norman prince, at the battle of Hastings, and their descendants went to Ireland with Sir John de Coursey's forces in 1166 A. D., and were of the Normans of whom it was afterward said by the English that "they became more Irish than the Irish themselves." The original name was Conville, but after taking up their residence on the Emerald Isle the Celtic "Me," signifying "the son of," was prefixed to the original name of the Norman settlers in Ire- land. The family resided in the northern section of that country and a number of 'its members served in the army of King James II. After the defeat of that monarch several of them accom- panied him to France and entered the service of Louis IV., both in the army and navy of France. The greater number of the McConvilles resided near Carlingford Lough, in county Down, Ire- land, not far from the city of Newry. A number of the name came to the United States, but the family has not been very numerous here, and there are also comparatively few of the name in France, England and Ireland. For centuries, however, the McConvilles have sent forth their sons to the army and navy service and from the time of the battle of Hastings down to the pres- ent, deeds of valor have illuminated the pages of the family history in connection with the wars of France, England, Ireland and this great re- public. Several representatives of the name were killed in our great civil war, while fighting for the perpetuation of the Union. The General's brother, Hugh McConville, gave his life for his country at the battle of Malvern Hill, and his cousin, John McConville, was killed at Santiago, July 3, 1898, in the glorious assault on San Juan hill. ' General McConville was reared on his father's farm, and received an academic education in the University of Syracuse. He was but a youth of fif- teen years when the war of the Rebellion was in- augurated, but the spirit of patriotism, so dom- inant an element in his family, soon manifested itself, and he offered his services to the govern- 80 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ment, enlisting as a private of Company I, Twelfth New York Volunteer Infantry. He was enrolled April 30, 1861, at Syracuse, New York, and was mustered into service on the I3th of May, for two years. He was appointed corporal of his company, October 27, 1862, and continued at the front until honorably discharged, May 17, 1863. Just eight days later, on the 25th of May, he re-enlisted, at New York city, and was mus- tered in July 18, 1863, as a private of Company C, Thirteenth New York Cavalry, to serve three years. He was appointed corporal September 1 1, 1863, and sergeant February 4, 1864, and on the 7th of October of the latter year he was assigned to duty with the pioneer corps. On August 17, 1864, upon the consolidation of his regiment, he was transferred to Company H, Third New York Provisional Cavalry, with which command he remained until honorably discharged, September 21, 1865. He participated in a number of hard- fought battles, including the engagements at Blackburn Ford, Virginia, July 18, 1861: Bull Run, July 21, 1861 ; York-town, April 5 to May 4, 1862; Games' Mills, June 27, 1862; Malvern Hill-, July i, 1862; Bull Run, August 30, 1862, and Antietam, September 17, 1862. During his four- years service he was never on the sick list a sin- gle day. He was twice slightly wounded, but stopped only long enough to have the bullet ex- tracted and the wound dressed and then contin- ued on the march. In 1866 General McConville enlisted again in Company G, Twenty-first United States Infantry, and served seven years in the regular army. In the year 1870 he was sent with an expedition against the Apache Indians in Arizona, and in the battle of Chifeto he was distinguished for his gallant conduct. He served in New Mexico, Arizona and on the coast until he was mustered out and honorably discharged, -at Fort Lapwai, in 1873. In June, 1877, when Joseph's band of Nez Perces Indians began their cruel depredations and massacres of the unprotected settlers on Sal- mon river and Camas prairie, General McCon- ville was the first to respond to the call to arms, and raised Company A, of the First Regiment of Idaho Volunteers, at Lewiston. His zeal, ac- tivity and bravery in protecting the defenceless and scattered population won for him the grati- tude of the state and resulted in his election to the office of colonel of the regiment. In the war he was ever found in the front of the battle, and proved a very valuable ally to General O. O. Howard. On July 10, 1877, the Indians made a night attack on Fort Misery, in which General McConville again won distinction by his valor. The volunteers, eighty-five strong, were en- camped on the brow of the hill and General How- ard was on the opposite side of Clearwater river, when General McConville suddenly discovered the hostile Indians. He sent Lieutenant Lou Wilmot to General Howard with the informa- tion and a request to send the cavalry to his as- sistance, and at the same time was asked to at- tack the Indians on the side next to the river. General McConville ordered his entire force to begin throwing up rifle pits, their knives and their tin cups being their only implements with which to accomplish this work, but a circle of pits was dug on the brow of the hill and soon after dark the war whoop of the savages was heard all around, together with the rapid firing of guns, the neighing of horses and the snapping of picket ropes. The Indians fought desperatelv and succeeded in capturing forty-five of the horses belonging to the volunteers, and when dawn broke hundreds of cartridge shells were found within fifteen feet of the rifle pits, but only one man was wounded, he having received a slight scratch from a bullet which struck his gun, glanced and made a slight wound in his arm. When the bullets were flying thickest it seemed as though General McConville was almost omni- present, his form outlined against the sky offer- ing a prominent mark for the Indian rifles, but he passed through the deadly fire without injury. During the progress of the battle it became nec- essary to transfer two men from one side of the hill to the rifle pit on the opposite side, in order to strengthen the fire on that side. The General gave the command for the men to go, but al- though one of the men receiving the order had fought for four years in the civil war, they all hesitated for a moment before entering into what seemed to promise certain death. The General saw their hesitancy, and instantly jumped into the opening and commanded the men to follow. This display of valor at once inspired them to go where he led, and the brave leader walked HISTORY OF IDAHO. 81 across the hill in the face of that leaden hail as unconcernedly as though he were treading the streets of Lewiston. Some fifteen or twenty horses had been saved from the Indians, and the next morning when the volunteers started for Mount Idaho the saddles were put on these horses and General McConville was offered one to ride, but he declined, saying, "Let some of the older men ride," and he took his place at the head of the column and marched to the town. This sharing with the men in all the hardships of war, and taking his place at points of greatest danger, won their unbounded admiration and love, and probably no soldier has ever had the respect of his men to a greater degree than General McConville. When it was necessary to use force of arms to bring the savages to a state of subordination, so that they would not abuse the white settlers, he was always ready to engage in warfare, but when arms could be laid aside, no man was more will- ing or active in laboring for the best interests of the red men than the General. When the Indian school was removed from Forest Grove, Oregon, to Salem, that state, he was sent there in charge of sixty boys and forty girls to perfect arrange- ments to accommodate the entire school of over three hundred pupils. The land was heavily tim- bered and General McConville, with the aid of the Indian boys, felled the trees, cleared the land and erected rough houses, to be utilized until the government buildings could be erected. They carried on the work unremittingly, and since his death the family have received many letters from his Indian pupils, expressing their profound grief over the loss of their kind benefactor. After completing his labors in connection with the school, he was appointed superintendent of the Lapwai school, a position which he very ably filled through several administrations of the gov- ernment, and that school, with its magnificent buildings, stand as a monument to the great- ness of the man. He endeavored not only to train the children along intellectual and indus- trial lines, but also to develop character and in- stil into their minds high and lofty principles. Soon after taking charge of the school he pro- cured an American flag, and called out the entire school, pupils, teachers and employes to the number of two hundred. Then, with the Indian band at their head, they formed a hollow square, and a large flag-pole, which had been brought from Craig's mountain, was planted in the center and a young Indian boy and girl, selected from their number, raised the starry banner for the first time over the industrial school at Lapwai. With uncovered heads the entire school, to the accompaniment of the band, sang our national anthem, "America," and as the music was borne aloft Old Glory floated out upon the breezes. An- other instance of General McConville's intense loyalty was his inauguration of a service con- sisting in saluting the flag each morning in the chapel. The pupils were permitted to vote on the adoption or rejection of. the custom, and every vote was cast in its favor. The salute con- sists of touching the head with the right hand, then placing it on the heart, then pointing to the flag as they repeat the words, "We give our heads, our hearts to our country, one country, one language, one flag." Many other incidents might be mentioned showing General McConville's intensely patriot- ic spirit and his great love for his country. He taught the children of the forest to observe every national holiday, all religious services and or- ganized a number of Christian Endeavor, tem- perance and literary societies, and also societies simply for social intercourse. He came in close touch with his pupils in their moral, intellectual and social life, and left the impress of his in- dividuality upon all. The home life of General McConville was most happy and interesting. On the 1st of October, 1878, in Lewiston, he had married Miss Viola C. Arant, a native of Kansas, and a daughter of Samuel W. Arant, a representative of an old American family. They had four children, Harry, Alta, Ermeth and Hugh. The family have a nice home in Lewiston and are held in the high- est regard throughout the community. Mrs. Mc- Conville is a lady of culture and refinement, and is meeting her great loss with the courage and resignation befitting the wife of such a brave pa- triot. She is a member of the Eastern Star, the 'Order of Rebekah and the Rathbone Sisters, and is busily engaged with other Lewiston ladies in providing for the wants of the Idaho volunteers at the front. The General's name was enrolled among the valued members of the Grand Army HISTORY OF IDAHO. of the Republic, and he had taken the degrees of the York and Scottish rites in Masonry. He was also a prominent member of the Knights of Pythias fraternity, a charter member of the Uni- formed Rank of that order and its first captain. Later he was elected major of the Lewiston regi- ment, subsequently was chosen its colonel, and at the time of his death was aid de camp on the staff of Major General James R. Cranahan, with the rank of colonel. Thus in the successful con- duct of his school, and in the enjoyment of home, family and friends, General McConville spent the last years of his life, having the warm regard and sincere respect of all who knew him. On the 22d of August, 1898, President Mc- Kinley, by proclamation, called for one hundred and twenty-five thousand volunteers, and the governor of Idaho also issued a similar proclama- tion. Every company of the Idaho National Guard responded to the call, and from May 7 to May 14, 1898, the companies were mustered into the service of the United States as Companies A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H, First Idaho Volunteers. General McConville was appointed by the gov- ernor to the rank of major of the second battalion, and the troops left Boise May i8th, sailing from San Francisco for the Philippine islands, June 27, 1898. He was accompanied by his son Harry, a youth of seventeen years, who enlisted in Com- pany B, and with his father went to Manila as color-bearer of the regiment. The deeds of valor and heroism of the Idaho volunteers from that July day in 1898, when the Morgan City reached Manila bay, is a matter of history. In every case they have covered themselves with glory and have reflected credit upon the state and country which they represent. It was on the 5th of February, 1899, that Gen- eral McConville fell, while leading his battalion in a charge. No braver man ever lived. When he was shot he was standing on a little knoll in front of his battalion and had just fired a rifle that had dropped from the hands of a fatally wounded soldier. At the same time a Mauser bullet entered his body under his right arm, passed entirely through his body and came out under the left arm, while another ball struck his shoulder. He fell, and Adjutant Roos and Lieu- tenant Martinson, commanding Lewiston's com- pany, ran to him and carried him off the field. As he was being borne along he said with a smile: "It was glorious! the Idaho boys are covering themselves with glory!" He was taken to the field hospital, where his son Harry was by his side and closed the eyes of the noble father. He was brevetted brigadier general be- fore he died, in recognition of his great bravery and gallant service. His last words were ad- dressed to his son: "Go home and take care of your mother. Tell my wife and the children I died for my country." His remains were brought home, attended by the son, who was dis- charged in order that he might return to his mother with the father's body, and such a burial was given him as had never before been accorded any citizen of Idaho. Every possible tribute of respect and love was paid him, and with military honors he was laid to rest. The governor of Idaho in acknowledgment of Harry McCon- ville's fidelity to his father and to his country, commissioned him a colonel of the National Guard of the state, an honor never before con- ferred upon one so young. It was a token of Idaho's high appreciation of the noble father and of the son's devotion to the father and the starry flag. Hon. James W. Reid, of Lewiston, pre- sented the commission at the funeral of the Gen- eral, and pronounced the eulogy upon the dead hero who four times entered his country's service and valiantly battled for its interests. "His life was noble, and the elements so mixed in him that Nature might stand up and say to all the world, 'This was a man.' " GEORGE AINSLIE. Hon. George Ainslie is a western man by birth, training and choice, and possesses the true west- ern spirit of progress and enterprise. He belongs to the little group of distinctively representative business men who have been the pioneers in in- augurating and building up the chief industries of this section of the country. He early had the sagacity and prescience to discern the eminence which the future had in store for this great and growing country, and, acting in accordance with the dictates of his faith and judgment, he has garnered, in the fullness of time, the generous harvest which is the just recompense of indomit- able industry, spotless integrity and marvelous enterprise. He is now connected with many ex- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 83 tensive and important business interests, is one of the leading lawyers of Boise, and is a recog- nized leader in Democratic circles in Idaho. A native of Boonville, Missouri, he was born October 30, 1838, and is of Scotch descent. Sev- eral of his paternal ancestors served in the Brit- ish army as members of Scotch regiments, and the grandfather and an uncle of our subject both held the rank of colonel. His father was also an officer in the army and was a graduate of Edin- burg University, where he won a gold medal on the completion of his course. He was admitted to the bar in his native land and licensed as an advocate. In 1836 he came to America, but after the birth of our subject returned to the land of his nativity, remaining in Scotland until 1844, when he again came, with his family, to this country, once more taking up his residence in Boonville, Missouri, where he was the qwner of large landed interests. He engaged in the manufacture of salt at Boone's Lick, and man- aged his business interests with such ability that his efforts were crowned with substantial success. He married Miss Mary S. Borron, a native of Lancashire, England. They were members of the Episcopal church and people of the highest re- spectability. The father was drowned in the Missouri river in June, 1844, and the mother, long surviving him, departed this life in Cincin- nati, Ohio, in 1886, at the age of seventy years. Hon. George Ainslie, the only survivor of the family, began his education in the schools of Scotland, and after the return of his parents to America, pursued a high-school course. Later he spent one year in the St. Louis University, and in 1856 was offered an appointment as cadet at West Point, by Hon. Henry S. Geyer, United States senator from Missouri, but owing to the opposition of his mother, who believed all gradu- ates of the military school and its officers were lore or less dissipated, he did not accept the Drier. Desiring to enter the legal profession, Mr. Ainslie began reading law under the direction of Judge Ben Thompkins, and later continued his studies in the law office of Douglass & Hay den. In April, 1860, he was admitted to the bar and the same year started for Pike's Peak, where he engaged in mining and in the practice of his chosen profession. He was one of the pioneers of that locality, where he remained until 1862, when he went to Salmon river, attracted by the discovery of gold at that place. There he con- tinued until the snow fell, when he went to Clackamas county, Oregon, spending the winter in school-teaching. In the spring of 1863 he came to the Boise basin, where he practiced law and also engaged in mining, owning an interest in the General Custer mine, which paid several million dollars in dividends. His first knowl- edge of the administration of the law in this then wild district came to him in rather a peculiar but also typical manner. In the winter in which he came to Idaho, on the arrival of himself and party at Lewiston, he was waited upon by some gentlemen who desired to secure his services in a professional capacity. Some days before, three men, Dave English, Frank Scott and William Peoples, were accused of having robbed a' man by the name of Berry on the Florence trail. They were to be tried by a "citizens' court," and de- sired the services of an attorney. Mr. Ainslie con- sented to act in their defense and started down town to see his clients, who, he learned, were confined in a temporary jail under guard. Upon asking the guard if he might be permitted to see his clients, he was told that he could not see them that day, but if he would call next morning they would grant him an interview. Accordingly he called at a seasonable hour the next day and was favorably received by the guards, who ushered him through several rooms and finally led him to a rude shed at the back of the build- ing, where he beheld all three of his whilom clients hanging side by side. This was Mr. Ains- lie's first experience with Idaho justice. Realiz- ing the importance of demurrer and the irrele- vancy of an appeal, he retired in good order. He has witnessed great changes in the workings of the courts since that time, and through all the years has enjoyed a liberal patronage. Of recent years, however, he has largely confined his at- tention to the branches of law which treat of min- ing and of water irrigation. He is careful and painstaking in the preparation of his cases, is logical and convincing in argument, forcible in his appeals to court or jury and holds high rank as one of the ablest representatives of the pro- fession in the state. Since his arrival in Idaho Mr. Ainslie has taken 84 HISTORY OF IDAHO. a deep and active interest in political questions, and aided in formulating the first Democratic platform of the territory. In 1865 and 1866 he was elected to the legislature, and from 1869 un- til 1873 he edited the Idaho World, then the only Democratic paper in the territory. He was elected and served as district attorney for the second judicial district from January, 1875, to January, 1879; in 1878 he was elected a delegate to congress and re-elected in 1880. In 1889 he was chosen a member of the constitutional con- vention, and was chairman of the committee of the executive department. In 1890 he removed to Boise, where he has since made his home. Here again he has been called to lead the Dem- ocratic forces to victory, and his influence in political circles is most marked. He has perhaps more than any other man shaped the policy of the party in Idaho, is one of its most trusted and respected leaders, and is the Idaho member of the Democratic national committee. In the promotion of many business interests Mr. Ainslie had also been an important factor, and belongs to that class of representative Amer- icans who advance the general prosperity while laboring for individual success. He was one of the organizers of the Rapid Transit Company, of Boise, and from the beginning has served as its president. Through his instrumentality the electric street railway was built in Boise, before an electric line was laid in San Francisco. He was one of the organizers and stockholders of the Artesian Hot and Cold Water Company. In 1891 he organized a company and built the elec- tric-light works at Baker City, Oregon, and is now at the head of that enterprise as its presi- dent. He is a man of resourceful business ability, keen discrimination, sound judgment and well defined purposes, and carries forward to success- ful completion whatever he undertakes. He is also interested in various mines, and from these varied concerns is deriving a good income. In 1866 Mr. Ainslie was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Owens, a native of Clay county, Mis- souri, and to them have been born two daugh- ters: Lucy Lee, who is now the wife of Dr. Edward Perrault, of San Francisco; and Adelma, wife of John F. Nugent, of Silver City, Idaho. The parents were members of the Episcopalian church. Theirs is one of the beautiful homes of Boise, its characteristic culture and intellectuality making it a favorite resort with the best people of the city. Mr. Ainslie has ever taken a deep interest in those movements or measures calculated to prove of public benefit, and withholds his support from no enterprise that tends toward the general good. Boise owes much of her advancement to his en- terprising and carefully directed efforts, for its commercial interests have been the important element in building up the city. He is a member of the Pioneer Association of the state, of which he formerly served as president, and during more than a third of a century he has engraved his name deeply on the pages of Idaho's history. PRESLEY M. BRUNER. A prominent practitioner at the bar of Hailey, and ex-district attorney of Alturas (now Elaine) county, Idaho, Presley Morris Bruner, was born in Chillicothe, Ohio, September 15, 1850. On the paternal side is of German lineage, and on the maternal of Scotch descent. His father, J. A. Bruner, was born in Virginia, a representative of one of the old and prominent families of that state, living- in the Blue mountain region. He married Miss Margaret Morris, a daughter of Judge Presley Morris, of Chillicothe, Ohio. Her father was a descendant of the McDonald clan of the highlands of Scotland, and traced his ancestry back to Mary, Queen of Scots. Mr. Bruner's father was a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, and devoted fifty-six years of his life to spreading the gospel of peace on earth, good will to men. He removed to California in 1856, going by way of the isthmus, and spent the remainder of his days as a member of the j California conference. He was a man of schol- arly attainments, of marked ability in his chosen calling, a persuasive speaker and a power for j good among men. He departed this life in 1892, at the age of seventy years, and his wife passed away three years previously, at the age of sixty- nine. She was to him a. most faithful helpmeet, ably assisting nim in his work, and by her influ- ence, example and kindly spirit largely augment- ing the efforts of her husband This worth} couple were the parents of seven children, si> of whom are living. Three of the sons and one of the daughters completed classical courses of HISTORY OF IDAHO. 85 study and four of the sons are prominent prac- titioners of law, three being located in Sacra- mento, California, while the fourth, our subject, has gained prestige at the bar of Hailey. Presley M. Bruner, the eldest of the family, was educated at the University of the Pacific, at Santa Clara, California, and graduated at that institution in the class of June, 1871. He after- ward studied law under the direction of Thomas H. Laine and S. F. Lee, the latter now one of the prominent attorneys of southern California, and was admitted to practice in the courts of Califor- nia in 1877. Establishing an office in San Jose, he there secured a good clientage, and continued his professional labors until 1881. The following year he came to Hailey and has been prominently identified with the growth, upbuilding and prog- ress of the city since that time. The town was then in its infancy, so that Mr. Bruner has wit- nessed its entire advancement. He is actively connected with a profession which has important bearing upon the progress and stable prosperity of any section or community, and one which has long been considered as conserving the public welfare by furthering the ends of justice and maintaining individual rights. His reputation as a lawyer has been won through earnest, hon- est labor, and his standing at the bar is a mer- ited tribute to his ability. He now has a very large practice, and his careful preparation of cases is supplemented by a power of argument and a forceful presentation of his points in the court room, so that he never fails to impress court or jury, and seldom fails to gain the verdict desired. Mr. Bruner has also been active in de- veloping the mining interests of this vicinity, laid out the town of Huston, and put ten thou- sand dollars in the development of the copper mines, and has been an active factor in further- ing many enterprises which have contributed to the welfare of Hailey, as well as his individual prosperity. On the 8th of June, 1871, Mr. Bruner was united in marriage to Miss Martha M. Wilson, daughter of James Wilson, a respected California pioneer. Mrs. Bruner was attending college when her husband was a student there, they were graduated in the same class and almost imme- diately afterward they united their destinies for life. Their union has been blessed with two chil- dren, who are living: Morris Elwood, who is his father's law partner, but is now in Manila, having volunteered for service at the beginning of the war with Spain; and Bertha J., a graduate of the Hailey high school, and now acting as a typewriter and clerk in her father's office. On attaining his majority Mr. Bruner became an advocate of the principles of the Republican party, and on that ticket was elected to the Ne- vada legislature in 1873. While serving in that body he made the speech nominating John P. Jones for the United States senate. In 1896, however, he differed with his party on the finan- cial question, and has since given his allegiance to the Populist party, becoming one of its stal- wart advocates. He served as chairman of the Populist state convention of 1898, and is an ef- fective worker in promoting the cause which he now espouses. Socially Mr. Bruner is a Mason, having taken the degrees of the blue lodge in Bellevue in 1883. He also belongs to the Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows, having been past grand master thereof, and exemplifies in his life the beneficent principles of the societies. ROBERT H. LEONARD. Into the bosom of the earth the hand of nature placed many rich mineral deposits, and the great value of these, together with the magnificent for- ests and rolling lands of Idaho, have gained for the state the well deserved title of the "Gem of the Mountains." Its mines are now yielding a large output of gold and silver, which adds to the wealth and prosperity of the country as well as of the individual mine owners. Among the enterprising arid prominent business men who are now engaged in the development of the rich mineral resources of the state is Robert H. Leon- ard, of this review. The home of his childhood was the far-off state of Maine. He was born near the Kennebec river, in the Pine Tree state, June 7, 1832, and his ancestors, natives of England, were early set- tlers of that northeastern section of our land which was named for the mother country. The grandfather, Isaac Leonard, was a ship-owner of Maine, and served his country in the war of 1812. His son Isaac, the father of our subject, was also born in Maine, and became a sea captain. He married Miss Levina Snow, a native of his own 86 HISTORY OF IDAHO. state, and to them were born five children. The mother died and the father afterward married her sister, Priscilla Snow, by whom he had ten chil- dren. The sisters were both members of the Methodist church, but Mr. Leonard was a Uni- versalist in religious faith. He died at the age of seventy-three years. Robert H. Leonard, whose name introduces this review, attended the common schools near his boyhood's home, and remained in New Eng- land until 11852, when, attracted by the discovery of gold on the Pacific coast, he went by way of the Nicaragua route to San Francisco, where he arrived on the I7th of November. He spent a month in the mines at Hangtown, now Placer- ville, and then made his way to Sacramento, and there remained a short time. Then he went to Marin county, California, where he was engaged in lumbering until March 4, 1861. He then loaded a sawmill outfit upon twelve wagons and started for Moro county, Nevada, where he en- gaged in sawing lumber for some time. In 1862 he took up his abode in Florence and engaged in mining on Salmon river. There he was asso- ciated with eight other men, and putting all their earnings together they divided equally, thus mak- ing from seven to twenty dollars per day. On leaving that place Mr. Leonard returned to Nevada to dispose of his property, and in May, 1865, came to Silver City. Here he accepted the position of superintendent of the Ainsworth Mill and Mining Company, and for a number of years was very actively engaged in mining and milling. He had charge of the New York twenty-stamp mill and the ten-stamp Cosmith mill. In 1871 he began the same business on his own account by erecting a mill where the Poorman mill now stands, and worked the first one hundred tons of ore taken out, yielding ninety thousand dol- lars or nine hundred dollars per 'ton. In 1866 he took by steamer to New York eighteen tons of this ore, which was smelted in New Jersey, yielding five thousand dollars to the ton. The Poorman mine was discovered in August, 1865, by six men, all of different nationalities, who sold their interests for from two to five thousand dol- lars, the purchaser being P. F. Bradford, who took out a great deal of money, but eventually sold the mine, after which there was much liti- gation concerning it. It finally became the prop- erty of C. W. Moore, of Boise, who sold it to an English syndicate, the present owners. Mr. Leonard has operated the Dewey mill and the mill of the Florida Mountain Mining and Mill- ing Company, and now has a third interest in four claims, the Banner, Harmon, Coffee and Star Spangled, a rich group in the Florida mountains. In the Coffee mine they have taken out two hundred and sixty ounces of silver and five ounces of gold to the ton. Thev have an eight-foot ledge, of which three feet yielded twen- ty-two dollars in free gold, and parts of tne Ban- ner mine produce pure silver. Mr. Leonard also owns a claim on the south side, only partly pros- pected. He has made judicious investments of his capital in these various mining interests, and is accounted one of the leading mine-owners in ' this section of the state. In March, 1867, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Leonard and Mrs. Adelaide Victoria Chase, nee Durgin. They had been neighbors in childhood in their far-off Maine home, and for thirty-two years they have traveled life's jour- ney together. They have had three children. The two sons, Lewis F. and Robert H., were both born in 1868, the former January i, the latter November 26. The elder was accidentally killed, but the younger is now a representative young business man of Silver City. He was the first district court clerk of the district and ex- officio auditor and recorder after the admission of Idaho as a state, being elected to that office when only twenty-two years of age. He is now engaged in mining. The daughter, Adelaide E., is now the widow of James S. Ryan, and is quite celebrated as a musician and vocalist, having re- ceived superior advantages in her art as a stu- dent in the New England Conservatory of Music, in Boston. In 1857, in the old town of Shasta, California, Mr. Leonard, of this review, was made an Odd Fellow, and he has also passed all the chairs in the encampment. In 1867 he was raised a Mas- ter Mason in the old lodge in which his father and his brother had been initiated into the mys- te: ies of the craft, and has served as master of the blue lodge and is past high priest of Cyrus Chapter, No. 2, R. A. M. Since the organization of the party he has been a Republican, unfalter- ing in support of its principles. His life has HISTORY OF IDAHO. 87 been one of continuous activity, in which has been accorded due recognition of labor; and to- day he is numbered among the substantial citi- zens of his county. His interests are thoroughly identified with those of the northwest, and at all times he is ready to lend his aid and co-operation to any movement calculated to benefit this sec- tion of the country or advance its wonderful de- velopment. JUDGE JOHN T. MORGAN. The gentleman whose name heads this review has been a conspicuous figure in the legislative and judicial history of two states. Probably the public life of no other illustrious citizen of Idaho has extended over as long a period as his, and certainly the life of none has been more varied in service, more constant in honor, more fearless in conduct and more stainless in reputation. His career has been one of activity, full of incidents and results. In every sphere of life in which he has been called upon to move he has made an indelible impression, and by his excellent public service and upright life he has honored the state, which has honored him with high official prefer- ment. Judge Morgan was born in Hamburg, Erie county, New York. His ancestors, leaving the little rock-ribbed country of Wales, became early settlers of New England, and through many gen- erations members of the family were residents of Connecticut and active participants in the affairs which go to form the colonial history of the na- tion. In the war of the Revolution they fought for the independence of the country, and at all times have been loyal to American interests. James Clark Morgan, the father of the Judge, was born in Connecticut in 1798, and married Penelope Green, a native of Herkimer county, New York. He was an industrious farmer and served as justice of the peace for many years, discharging his duties most faithfully. In his religious views he was a Universalist. He died in February, 1872, at the age of seventy-four years, and his wife departed this life in her forty- sixth year. They had six children, of whom three are living. Judge Morgan, their third son, in 1843 accom- panied his parents on their removal to Illinois, which was then a largely undeveloped state, while Chicago was little more than a village on a wet prairie. He was reared on a farm, attended the public schools of Monmouth, and afterward en- gaged in teaching school in order to continue his own education. In 1852 he entered Lombard University, at Galesburg, Illinois, where he was graduated in 1855. He then took up the study of law in the office of General E. A. Paine, afterward a promi- nent brigadier general in the Union Army, and remained in that office for three years. He then entered the law department of Albany Univer- sity, New York, and later continued his studies in the State Law School at Poughkeepsie, New York, where he was graduated in 1856, with the degree of Bachelor of Law. In 1856 he began the practice of his profession at Monmouth, Illinois, and soon secured a large and distinctively representative clientele, but the civil war was inaugurated, and as time passed and the conflict became more bitter he felt that the country needed his services, and on the nth of August, 1862, enlisted in Company F, Eighty- third Illinois Volunteer Infantry. On the 6th of that month Governor Yates, the famous war governor of the Prairie state, had commissioned him to raise a company, and it was in that com- pany he enlisted, being elected its captain, in which capacity he served until the close of the war, when he received an honorable discharge on the 26th of June, 1865. While in the service he was for two years provost marshal, and sta- tioned at Clarkville, Tennessee, where he had charge of all the abandoned and contraband goods, houses and lands of all persons who had joined the rebel army in that vicinity. After returning to the north Judge Morgan re- sumed the practice of law in Monmouth. His fidelity to his clients' interests was proverbial, and his comprehensive knowledge of the princi- ples of jurisprudence won him marked success in his chosen calling. In 1870 he was elected a member of the Illinois house of representatives, in which he served for two years. In 1874 he was elected a member of the state senate, serving in that capacity until 1878, and most earnestly laboring to promote the interests of his constit- uents and of the commonwealth. In 1867 he was appointed registrar in bankruptcy, filling the office until 1879. On the 26th of June, of that 88 HISTORY OF IDAHO. year, he was appointed by President Hayes chief justice of the supreme court of Idaho, and in ad- dition to presiding over that court of last resort he also served as ex-officio judge of the district court, which included all the southeastern part of the state, including the counties of Oneida, Cassia, Custer and Lemhi. He presided over the first term of court held in Cassia and Custer coun- ties. Oneida county at that time comprised the territory in the eastern part of the state from Utah to the Montana line, a section of country about one hundred and fifty miles wide by three hundred miles long, with the exception of a small tract known as the Bear Lake country. Judge Morgan was reappointed chief justice of the su- preme court of Idaho by President Arthur, and satisfactorily filled that position until 1885, when he was removed by President Cleveland. After filling the office of chief justice for six years, in which he won the highest commenda- tion of the bench and bar of the northwest, he resumed the private practice of law in Boise, and soon secured a large clientage throughout the eastern part of the state, connecting him with most of the important litigation carried on in the courts. When the subject of Idaho's admis- sion to the Union was agitated he gave his earn- est efforts to the creation of sentiment favorable to the project, and when it became necessary to frame a state constitution he was elected a mem- ber of the convention which met for that purpose, and served as chairman of the committee on the legislative department. In October, 1890, he was elected one of the justices of the supreme court of Idaho, and again ably served on the bench for six years, until March 4, 1897, when he again resumed his law practice. Few men on the Pacific coast have been as long in public ser- vice as Judge Morgan, who has. filled positions of great importance and responsibility for thirty- six years, throughout which his course has ever been above reproach and his fidelity to duty most marked. Since his arrival in Idaho he has justly been regarded as one of the most worthy and prominent men of the state, and has attained a high reputation as one of the ablest jurists who ever occupied the bench of the supreme court. The Judge was happily married, in November, 1858, to Miss Maria Horroun, of Pennsylvania, and they have three children living, besides one deceased, namely: Nellie L., now the wife of George M. Snow, of Boise; Coral, who married Charles P. Durst and resided in Salt Lake City, Utah, until her death, in 1890; Ralph Tod, a practicing attorney at Moscow, Idaho; and Grace, wife of James M. Stevens, of Blackfoot. The Judge and his wife have a delightful home in Boise and are held in the highest esteem throughout the community. ANDREW B. ANDERSON. Mr. Anderson, who is president of the Weiser Bank, at Weiser, and chairman of the board of commissioners of Washington county, dates his residence in Idaho from 1869. He is a- native of Kentucky, his birth having occurred in Louis- ville, February 21, 1846. He is of Scotch-Irish ancestry, the family having been founded in America by Thomas Anderson, the grandfather, who crossed the Atlantic in early manhood, tak- ing up his residence in Kentucky. He aided his adopted country in the war of 1812, and also par- ticipated in the battles with the Indians during the early settlement of the "dark and bloody ground." He married a Miss Henry, a native of that state, and their son Joseph, father of our subject, was born and reared in Kentucky. He married Miss Rachel Henry, a distant relative of his mother, and in 1848 removed with his family to Missouri. They continued their westward journey in 1860, when the father, accompanied by his wife and four children, started across the plains to California. He took up his abode in Butte county, and there resided until his death, which occurred in the sixty-fifth year of his age, while his wife lived to be fifty-five years of age. Three of their children still survive, two being residents of the Golden state. Andrew Bradley Anderson was only two years of age when the family went to Missouri, and a youth of fourteen at the time of the emigration to California. He continued his education in Butte county, and there made his home until 1864, when he removed to Canyon City, Oregon, where he engaged in placer mining, making as high as one hundred dollars per day. He thus took out gold in considerable quantities, but afterwards lost much of it in other mining invest- ments. On the I3th of June, 1869, he arrived in the Boise basin, where he engaged in mining HISTORY OF IDAHO. 89 until 1881, meeting with satisfactory success. He took quite a large amount of gold from one of his claims and then sold it for ten thousand dollars. In the year mentioned he removed to the Payette river, near Falk's Store, and engaged in stock- raising, an enterprise which he has since fol- lowed. He has owned large herds of cattle and horses, and his efforts have been crowned with prosperity. In 1888 he came to Washington county and purchased two hundred acres of land six miles from Weiser. He has since improved the property, has a good residence and farm buildings upon it, and in the management of his property displays the most progressive methods. Everything about his place indicates the careful supervision of the owner, whose business ability is also shown in other lines of endeavor. He is one of the leading stockholders in the Weiser Bank, of which he is now acceptably serving as president, is a member of the Telephone Com- pany and of the Payette Irrigating Ditch Com- pany. His wise counsel and sound judgment have been important factors in the successful con- duct of these enterprises, which have yielded ex- cellent financial returns to the stockholders. Mr. Anderson is a most progressive business man, ready to adopt new methods and measures which are an improvement on those already in vogue. In 1876 was celebrated the marriage of our subject and Miss Rebecca Elizabeth Stewart, a native of Missouri, and two children blessed their union: W. A. B., now in the Weiser Bank, and Emma Belle, who is attending school in Boise. Mrs. Anderson departed this life in 1883. She was a consistent member of the Episcopal church, and was greatly beloved by her family and friends, so that her death was deeply deplored throughout the community. In his political views Mr. Anderson has been a life-long Democrat, and in 1872 he was elected to the territorial legislature, where he served most acceptably to his constituents and credit- ably to himself. He is now chairman of the county board of commissioners, and uses his offi- cial prerogative for the advancement of the gen- eral welfare and the promotion of the county's best interests. All measures for the public good receive his support and co-operation and his in- fluence in behalf of such interests is most effect- ive. He was made a Mason in 1866, in Canvon City, Oregon, and became one of the charter members of the lodge at Weiser, of which he is now past master. He also received the royal- arch degree in Canvon City, has held various offices in the chapter, and is also a valued mem- ber of the Knights of Pythias fraternity. In his business affairs he has met with splendid success, and by reason of his energy, ambition and care- ful discrimination he has been very successful, and is now regarded as one of the wealthiest men of the community in which he makes his home. A man of unswerving integrity and honor, one who has a perfect appreciation of the higher eth- ics of life, he has gained and retained the confi- dence and respect of his fellow men, and is dis- tinctively one of the leading citizens of Weiser and Washington county, with whose interests he has been identified for twelve years. MOSES H. GOODWIN. The history of mankind is replete with illustra- tions of the fact that it is only under the pressure of adversity and the stimulus of opposition that the best and strongest in men are brought out and developed. Perhaps the history of no people so forcibly impresses one with this truth as the annals of our own republic ; and certainly in our own land the palm must be awarded to New Eng- land's sturdy sons. If anything can inspire the youth of our country to persistent, honorable and laudable endeavor it should be the life record of such men as he of whom we write. The example of the illustrious few of our countrymen who have risen from obscurity to the highest positions in the gift of the nation serves often to awe our noting men rather than to inspire them to emula- tion, because they reason that only a few can ever attain such eminence; but the history of such men as M. H. Goodwin proves conclusively that with a reasonable amount of mental and physical power success is bound, eventually, to crown the endeavors of those who have the ambition to put forth their best efforts, and the will and manliness to persevere therein. The history of the Goodwin family shows that four brothers of the name, natives of England, crossed the Atlantic and located in New Hamp- shire. Aaron Goodwin, the grandfather of our subject, sailed with Paul Jones, the renowned naval hero who won fame in the American ser- 90 HISTORY OF IDAHO. vice during the war of the Revolution. Aaron Goodwin was twice taken prisoner by the British during the war, but when released loyally re- turned to his duty as a defender of the colonies. His son, Moses Goodwin, was born in New Hampshire and married Hannah Ricker, whose father was also in the naval service, on the ship commanded by Paul Jones. The parents of our subject were industrious farming people and were members of the Baptist church. The father resided upon his farm in the old Granite state until twenty-one years of age, when he removed to Maine, where his death occurred, in the sev- enty-seventh year of his age. His wife lived to be more than eighty years of age. In his early life he was a Whig, and on the dissolution of that party, being a lover of liberty and opposed to every form of oppression, he joined the newly organized Republican party. Moses Hubbard Goodwin was the sixth in order of birth in a family of seven children who reached mature years, five of the number yet liv- ing. He was born in Waldo county, Maine, December 29, 1834, and was reared on his fath- er's farm, assisting in the labors of the fields through the summer months, while in the winter season he pursued his education in the schools of the neighborhood. When seventeen years of age he learned the carpenter's trade, and after working for a year in Boston went to Minnesota, where he was employed for two years. He next went to Mississippi, where he remained until the breaking out of the war. An attempt was made to force him into the rebel army, and this being contrary to his wishes he left for the north. Hav- ing, however, contracted a severe cold which set- tled on his lungs, he decided to go to California, hoping thereby to benefit his health. He sailed from New York on the 2Oth of October. 1861, and reached San Francisco after a voyage of twenty-two days. He was soon able to resume work at his trade, and was thus engaged through the winter. In the spring the news of the dis- covery of gold at Auburn, Oregon, led him to start for that place, but on reaching Portland he learned that the reports of rich finds were largely exaggerated, and accordingly he remained in Portland, where he was employed from Decem- ber until June by the Oregon Navigation Com- pany in building steamboats. The Boise basin gold excitement then brought him to Idaho, where he arrived in July, 1863, before the terri- tory was organized. To some extent Mr. Goodwin engaged in min- ing, but there was a great demand for carpenter- ing, and he resumed work at his trade, receiving eight dollars per day for his services. He aided in the erection of the Mammoth Quartz Mill, the second mill of the kind in the state, and built, in 1864, the first water wheel of any size in Idaho, thirty feet in diameter. The following year he assisted in building the Elkhorn Mill, and in the fall of 1865 was engaged to superintend the Mam- moth Mill and the interests of the company, oc- cupying that position for two years. On the ex- piration of that period he became a part owner in the mill and continued in charge until 1870, meeting with excellent success in his undertak- ings; but his health failed him in that high alti- tude and he removed to Payette, where he pur- chased an interest in a band of cattle and a farm. There, in addition to looking after the stock, he also followed carpentering until his return to the east. On the 4th of July, 1876, Mr. Goodwin was united in marriage to Miss Emma Frances Burdge. Their wedding journey consisted of a visit to the Centennial Exposition, in Philadel- phia, and a trip to his old home in Maine to see his aged mother and to visit the scenes and friends of his youth. The following spring they returned to Idaho, locating in Boise, and to them has been born a daughter, Mabel C., who is now the wife of R. V. Stone. Mr. Stone is now en- gaged as Mr. Goodwin's city manager for the lumber business. In 1877, after his return from the east, Mr. Goodwin purchased and put in operation a plan- ing-machine, which he later incorporated in the sawmill which he now owns. In 1883 he pur- chased the water power and the mill site, the latter consisting of four acres. Since that time he has carried on an extensive lumber business. For some time he had the only planer and im- proved machinery in that line in the city and was the only manufacturer of doors, sash and blinds. He cuts his pine lumber in the mountains, sup- plies his home demands, and carries on two lum- ber yards and offices in Boise. He is a very en- terprising and progressive business man, and HISTORY OF IDAHO, 91 these qualities have gained him a well merited prosperity. Mr. Goodwin is not only a leader in industrial circles, but is also a man of much prominence in political affairs, and has been potent in molding public thought and feeling. He is a stanch Re- publican, unwavering in support of the principles of his party. He was twice a member of the ter- ritorial legislature, and has twice been elected and served as a member of the county board of commissioners, of which he has been chairman. In political thought and action he has always been independent, carrying out his honest views without fear or favor. In business he has achieved success through honorable effort, untiring indus- try and capable management, and in private life he has gained that warm personal regard which arises from true nobility of character, deference for the opinions of others, kindliness and genial- ity. HON. MICHAEL CAREY. Hon. Michael Carey, a member of the Idaho state senate (session of 1899), and one of the lead- ing mine-owners of the commonwealth, now re- siding at Ketchum, Elaine county, is a native of the Emerald Isle. He was born December 12, 1844, a son of Michael and Mary (Tracy) Carey, both of whom were natives of Ireland, whence they crossed the Atlantic to the United States in 1850, bringing with them their family of seven children. They settled in Keweenaw county, Michigan, where the parents spent their remain- ing days. The father was a man of intelligence and a surveyor by profession. Both he and his wife were members of the Catholic church. Mr. Carey departed his life in the sixty-fourth year of his age, and his wife passed away in her fifty- sixth year, both being buried in northern Mich- igan. Senator Carey is their youngest child, and was only six years of age when the family arrived in the United States. He acquired his education in the public schools of northern Michigan, and at the age of sixteen years began to earn his own livelihood by working as a miner in Houghton county, Michigan, where he remained until 1864, when he went to California by way of the Isth- mus route and mined in Mariposa county for six years. On the expiration of that period he went to Silver City, Idaho, and accepted the position of manager of the mines there, serving in that capacity for eight years. In 1878 he accepted the management of the Virtue mine, at Baker City, Oregon, where he remained for two years, and in 1881 came on a prospecting tour to Hailey. Here he leased the Elkhorn mine, at Ketchum, and in six months took out thirty-one thousand dollars. After the term of his lease had expired the owners took out ore to the value of a million dollars. Mr. Carey subsequently leased the Er- win mine from the Philadelphia Company, oper- ating it for two years, during which time he made a shipment of five hundred tons of ore to Denver, which yielded one hundred dollars to the ton and netted Mr. Carey thirty dollars per ton after pay- ing the company's royalties. Later he took charge of the Ontario group of mines, of which he has since become the sole owner, and which he is now successfully operating. A sketch of these mines is given on another page of this vol- ume. He has long been identified with the min- ing interests of the northwest, and his labors have been effective in developing the rich min- eral resources of this state and thus adding to the general prosperity. Senator Carey gave his political support to the Democracy from the time he attained his major- ity until the organization of the Populist party, since which time he has affiliated with the latter, and in 1898 he was elected on its ticket to repre- sent Blaine county in the state senate. In the discharge of his duties he has been most prompt and loyal, laboring earnestly for the general good. He considers carefully every problem that comes up for solution, and after determining upon a course which he believes to be right noth- ing can turn him aside from following it. In business he has depended upon his own efforts from youth, and all that he has acquired is the de- served reward of his own labors. April 3, 1899, Mr. Carey was united in mar- riage to Mrs. Mary Lowery, a native of King- ston, Canada, who came to Hailey in 1887. ALBERT WOLTERS. Among the prominent residents of Hailey is Albert Wolters, who was born in Germany, May 19, 1841, his parents being Carl and Augusta (Petri) Wolters, who also were natives of the same country, where the father served as a min- 92 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ing official. Our subject acquired his education in Germany, and was graduated in the Mining Academy at Clausthal, in the class of 1862. He then studied chemistry at the University at Got- tingen, and in 1866 came to the United States, landing in New York. He remained in the eastern metropolis only a short time, and then went to Colorado, and after building the first Gerstenhofer roasting furnace for James E. Lyon & Company established an assay office in Central City. He moved to George- town January 20, 1868, where, in partnership with L. Hupiden, he ran the first silver mill ever constructed at Georgetown, Colorado, and thus occupied his time until 1869, when he assumed charge of the Baker Silver Mining Company's mill and mine until the works were destroyed by fire. He next received from President Grant the appointment of superintendent of the United States assay office in Boise, and he acceptably filled that position until July i, 1883, when he came to Wood river and purchased an interest in the Star mine, which he operated from 1880 until 1884, within which time the mine produced one hundred and twenty thousand dollars in sil- ver, the silver selling at from one dollar and twelve to one dollar and fifteen cents an ounce. He sold his interest in 1884, and in 1889, in con- nection with two others, leased the Star mine for three years. Two years of that time were spent in development work, and in the last ten months before the expiration of the lease they took out seventy thousand dollars. Mr. Wolters now has extensive and valuable mining interests, including the Washington, a group of mines at the head of West Boulder; the Senate mine, east of Bellevue; and the Big Iron mine on the East fork, the iron ore being used for fluxing. He is now half owner of the Fair Play mine and of the Hey, adjoining the Star mine, and is now engaged in developing and operating the former. He is also conducting an assay office. In 1867 Mr. Wolters married Miss Amelia Otto, a native of Germany, and they have three daughters: Marie, now the wife cf John Cramer, a resident of Hailey; Lucv, wife of Richard M. Angel, county attorney for Elaine county; and Ella, who is now studying music in Valparaiso, Indiana. Socially Mr. Wolters is connected with Boise Lodge, No. 2, F. & A. M., and is also a member of Boise Chapter, No. 3, R. A. M. In the former he has served as master, and in the latter as king. He gave his political support to the Republican party until 1892, when he with- drew on account of the different views which he held concerning the money question. He then joined the ranks of the Populist party, and on that ticket was elected to the state legislature in 1894. He was an active and influential member of that body and was prominent in the introduc- tion and passage of the Elaine county bill which created the county of Elaine. This was a meas- ure of vital importance to the people of this local- ity, and though it met with much opposition, after a six weeks' contest it was passed. From 1868 until 1879 Mr. Wolters held the office of deputy United States commissioner of mining statistics, and during that time made extensive annual re- ports on the mining resources of Colorado and Idaho. In Hailey Mr. Wolters and his family own a nice home, and the members of the household occupy enviable positions in social circles. Our subject has led an active and useful life, and his well directed efforts have brought to him a hand- some competence. He enjoys the high esteem of all who have the honor of his acquaintance, and he is widely known throughout Idaho. JAMES I. CRUTCHER. One to whom has been entrusted important public service and over whose record there falls no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil, is James I. Crutcher, of Boise. President Cleveland rec- ognized his eminent qualifications for responsible duties when he appointed him United States marshal for Idaho, in which position he served for four years and two months, in a manner above suspicion. His unbending integrity of charac- ter, his fearlessness in the discharge of duty and his appreciation of the responsibilities that rested upon him were such as to make him a most ac- ceptable incumbent of that office, and his worth then, as now, was widely acknowledged. A native of Kentucky, Mr. Crutcher was born in Shelby county, on the 3ist of December, 1835. His ancestors were early settlers of Virginia and North Carolina, and members of the family be- came pioneers in the development of Kentucky. It was in that state that Thomas M. Crutcher, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 93 father of our subject, was born, his natal day being in 1810. He wedded Miss Mary Ann Ed- wards, a native of Woodford county, Kentucky, who also belonged to a family of equally early settlement in the south. Her father was James Edwards, a pioneer widely and favorably known in Kentucky. Thomas M. Crutcher was an en- terprising farmer, and through the capable man- agement ,of his agricultural interests won a com- fortable competence. He held membership in the Christian church, and died in the seventy- third year of his age. The mother of our subject died when he was only four years of age, after which he was reared by his stepmother, who is still living, and now, at the advanced age of eighty-two years, is spending the evening of her life upon the old homestead in Shelby county, Kentucky. James I. Crutcher acquired his education in the schools of Frankfort, Kentucky, and in 1860 left his native state, crossing the plains to Colo- rado with a party. After two years spent in the Golden state he came to Idaho, in 1862, locating in Elk City, where he engaged in mining for a few months. He then made a short trip to Ore- gon, and on returning to Idaho took up his resi- dence in Boise county. In 1865 he was elected sheriff of the county. At that time the office was no sinecure, owing to the rough and lawless ele- ment that had come to the new district, hoping to gain a living in ways that would not bear legal inspection. However, he discharged all the du- ties that fell to his lot most fearlessly, never wavering in the fulfillment of any task assigned him, and his course at once inspired confidence in the law-abiding citizens and terror in the hearts of the evil-doers. After his four years' term of office expired he resumed his mining operations, and since then he has been largely interested in various mines which have yielded him good returns. He entered upon his duties as United States marshal in 1894, and even the most malevolent can say naught against his faith- fulness and ability in office. Politically Mr. Crutcher has always been an ardent Democrat, stanchly supporting the principles of the party and doing all in his power to promote its growth and insure its success in a legitimate way. In 1865, in Idaho City, Mr. Crutcher was united in marriage to Miss Adelma C. Belknap. Her father, Dr. David H. Belknap, was one of the pioneer physicians of Oregon. Her mother, who bore the maiden name of Rachel E. Stub- bins, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1814, and died in Silver City, Idaho, in 1875. To Mr. and Mrs. Crutcher have been born four children, three sons and a daughter, but all are now de- ceased, the only daughter, Rachel Harriet, hav- ing passed away January I, 1899, at the age of twelve years, four months and fifteen days. The Daily Capital of January 3, 1899, expressed the sentiment of the entire community when it said: "In any form and at any time the angel of death is most unwelcome; but when he enters the home and strikes down the young, the talented, the lovable, when he bears away the choicest and only jewel of the hearthstone, then, indeed, he seems most cruel. Rachel was the only child left to Mr. and Mrs. Crutcher. One by one the oth- ers passed into the empyrean of the immortals, and now Rachel has joined them, leaving the par- ents in the dark shadow of a bitter bereavement. The many friends of Mr. and Mrs. Crutcher extend to them their most sincere sympathies. 7 ' Since 1894 Mr. and Mrs. Crutcher have resided in Boise, the capital of the state. They have in their possession a relic in the shape of a melodeon that was purchased in San Francisco in 1856 by Dr. Belknap and taken to Portland, Oregon; and in 1863 the old instrument was transported across the country from Umatilla, Oregon, to Idaho City by pack animals, a distance of three hundred and fifty miles. This instrument was the first used in all southern Idaho, and was used at funerals for many years and at parties, etc. Mrs. Crutcher is a consistent member of the Episcopal church and one of the leading ladies of Boise, presiding with gracious hospitality over her pleasant home, which is a favorite resort with her many friends. Mr. Crutcher was made a Mas- ter Mason in Arrow Rock, Missouri, and has also taken the Royal Arch degrees. He has been a prominent factor in the public life of the state, and belongs to that class of men of public spirit and patriotism who place the good of the com- monwealth above partisanship and the welfare of the many above personal aggrandizement. He was a member of the convention which framed the present constitution of the state of Idaho, and throughout the long years of his residence here HISTORY OF IDAHO. he has ever labored for the advancement and up- building of the commonwealth. Mr. Crutcher is an excellent type of the southern gentleman, courteous, genial and kindly, and he and his wife are popular throughout Idaho, where their friends are legion. EDWARD J. CURTIS. Among the eminent men of the northwest whose life records form an integral part of the history of Idaho was numbered Hon. Edward J. Curtis. In his death the state lost one of its most distinguished lawyers, gifted statesmen and loyal citizens. As the day, with its morning of hope and promise, its noontide of activity, its evening of completed and successful efforts, ending in the grateful rest and quiet of the night, so was the life of this honored man. His career was a long, busy and useful one, marked by the utmost fidel- ity to the duties of public and private life, and crowned with honors conferred upon him in rec- ognition of superior merit. His name is insep- arably interwoven with the annals of the Pacific coast, with its best development and its stable progress, and his memory is cherished as that of one who made the world better for his having lived. Edward J. Curtis was born in Worcester, Mas- sachusetts, in 1827 and acquired his preliminary education in public schools and under the instruc- tion of private tutors in his native town. He was thus prepared for college and entered Prince- ton, where he was graduated with high honors. On the completion of his collegiate course he re- turned to Worcester, but soon after went to Bos- ton, where he began the study of law in the office of the renowned jurist, Rufus Choate, but after a short time the news of the discovery of gold reached the east, and in company, with a number of young men he started for California, crossing the plains to San Francisco, where he arrived early in 1849. Soon, however, he went to San Jose, where he entered the law office of Judge Chipman, and later removed to Sacramento, where he continued his studies under the direc- tion of Judge Murry. In 1851 he removed to Yreka, where he became editor of a paper, and was elected to the legislature from Siskiyou county, serving for two terms. In Sacramento, in April, 1856, he was admitted to the bar, be- ginning practice in Weaverville, Trinity county, California, where soon afterward he was elected judge of the court of sessions of northern Cali- fornia. He also owned and published the Trinity County Journal. At the outbreak of the civil war Judge Curtis was commissioned a second lieutenant by Gov- ernor John L. Downey, in a company of the Sec- ond Brigade of California Volunteers, but his command was never ordered to the front. When his property in Weaverville was destroyed by a flood he removed to Virginia City, Nevada, where he formed a law partnership with Hon. Thomas Fitch, the famous orator. In 1864 he went to Silver City, Idaho, with Hon. Richard Miller and the noted Hill Beachy, of stage-line fame. In that new and prosperous mining camp Judge Curtis and Mr. Miller opened a law office. In 1866 the latter was appointed by the president judge of the second judicial district of the terri- tory, and the former was elected distrkt attorney, after which he became a resident of Boise. From that time forward he was prominently connected with the events which form the history of the commonwealth, with its business interests and political life, and at all times was a leader in pub- lic thought and action. In 1869, while in Wash- ington city, he was appointed by President Grant to the position of secretary of the territory of Idaho, and in 1872 he was elected a delegate to the Republican national convention at Philadel- phia, where he cast his vote for the renomination of the hero of Appomattox. Later he was reap- pointed territorial secretary, which position he held for eight consecutive years, and during four years of that time was acting governor of Idaho. At the breaking out of the Indian war of 1877-8 he was adjutant-general of the territory, and as such made treaties of peace with several hostile chiefs in southern Idaho. Such was the excellent record which he made in these various positions, and so high was his standing in Washington cir- cles that President Arthur appointed him, entirely without solicitation on the part of Judge Curtis, and even without his previous knowledge, to the office of territorial secretary, and by President Harrison he was reappointed in 1889, holding that position until Idaho was admitted to the Union and passed under control of the new offi- cials, in November, 1890. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 95 His efforts in behalf of Idaho were by no means confined to his political services. He was the advocate of all measures which tended to advance her social, moral, material and intellectual wel- fare, and it was through his instrumentality that the Territorial Library was established. He went to Washington, D. C., to get an appropriation for that purpose, and 'through the co-operation of Senators Edwards and Sumner he secured the sum of five thousand dollars, the full amount asked for. This library grew and prospered un- der his fostering care and would now do credit to any state in the Union. After his retirement from office Judge Curtis .resumed the private practice of law, in which he continued until his last illness. He was one of the most distinguished members of the bar of this state, and on account of his wonderful command of language and his persuasive eloquence was irresistible before a jury. His arguments, too, were based upon the facts in the case and the law applicable to them, and displayed a profound knowledge of the prin- ciples of jurisprudence. In 1856, while in Sacramento, California, Judge Curtis married Miss Susan L. Frost, of New Haven, Connecticut, who at that time was one of the popular school-teachers in Sacramento. The marriage was a most happy one, and their union was blessed with five children. E. L. Cur- tis, the eldest, served as territorial secretary, act- ing governor and register of the land office, tak- ing a leading part in public affairs, but his brill- iant career was terminated by death in 1890. Anna, the only daughter, is the wife of Dr. J. K. DuBois, a physician of Boise; and the younger sons are William R., John J. and Henry C. Mrs. Curtis and her children, with the exception of the eldest son, survive the husband and father and are yet residents of the capital city, where the Judge made his home for thirty years. He was a life-long Republican in his political affiliations, was a member of Ada Lodge, No. 3, I. O. O. F., and of the Pioneers of the Pacific Coast. His death occurred December 29, 1895. Faultless in honor, fearless in conduct, stainless in reputation, such was his life record. His scholarly attain- ments, his statesmanship, his reliable judgment and his charming powers of conversation would have enabled him to ably fill and grace any posi- tion, however exalted, and he was no less hon- ored in public than loved in private life. CHAPTER XI. *THE SNAKE RIVER VALLEY REMINISCENCES OF THE EARLY DAYS ITS PRESENT ITS FUTURE. IN 1833 Captain Bonneville, an officer in the army, secured leave of absence and spent about two years here, mostly in the Snake river valley. He left his horses for the winter with some Indians at a camp near where St. An- thony is now located. He and his men made their way down Snake river in boats till they reached Black Rock canyon, where now is Idaho Falls, the thriftiest town in southeast Idaho; but they dared not venture in their boats through the canyon. Captain Bonneville found a desolate sage-cov- ered valley, holding out no promise of ever being more than a range where Indian cayuses might pick a precarious living on bunch grass. Not a tree as far as the eye could reach, except an occasional wind-twisted and gnarled juniper growing out of the seams in the lava rock along the banks of Snake river. In 1849, when the California stampede was on, many of the gold-seekers passed over the same Snake river valley, and, in after years, relating their experience, described it as one of the most hopeless spots encountered in their ox-train jour- ney across the continent. In 1864 the stampede for Alder Gulch, Mon- tana, was fairly under way. Whether from east or west, the Snake river valley was on the route. A ferry was put in by John Gibson just below where Blackfoot now is, and soon afterward one by a man named Kutch, some miles further up the river. The same year Harry Rickets started a ferry, known as the Eagle Rock ferry, to catch the travel that came over what was known as Lander's cut-off, or the Soda Springs trail. It was in this year also that Ben Holiday started his ever memorable stage line and put up stage stations at intervals of fifteen to twenty miles. *This very interesting reminiscent and descriptive chapter is contributed by that well known pioneer and representative citizen of Idaho Falls, Mr. Robert An- derson. This year may be said to have been the starting point in opening southeast Idaho to the knowl- edge of even western people. Early in the century Fort Hall had been estab- lished for a trading post with the Indians, but it was no more than an isolated post, such as the Hudson's Bay Company now have scattered over the northwest territory. The camp where Cap- tain Bonneville left his horses was not a fort at all, and he, by the way, never saw his horses again. In short, prior to 1864-5 tne few white people in the country were hunters and trappers, often "squaw men," who were little more civil- ized than the Indians, their only associates. The ferries were the important points in the country. After General Conner's battle with the Bannocks, on Bear river, in 1864, in which he killed more than half the "bucks" of the tribe, travelers and the ferry-owners still felt insecure, and some of Conner's troops were stationed at Eagle Rock ferry, about nine miles above the present Idaho Falls. That ferry in 1864 took in tolls over thirty thousand dollars in greenbacks from wagons Montana bound; but it must not be forgotten that thirty thousand dollars in green- backs at that time was only equal to fifteen thou- sand dollars in the current money of the coun- try, gold dust, and, by the way, Anderson Brothers' Bank, at Idaho Falls, still uses on occa- sions the identical gold-scales used by Harry Rickets in 1864 for weighing gold dust. James M. Taylor, an energetic man well known in Colorado and Montana, and Robert Anderson bought out the Eagle Rock ferry in 1865. In the winter of 1865-6, at an expense of twenty thou- sand dollars, under a territorial charter signed by "Caleb Lyon, of Lyonsdale," first governor of Idaho, they built a toll wagon-bridge across that identical Black Rock canyon where Captain Bonneville had to let his boats down by ropes held on to by men on shore. The bridge tim- bers were cut and hewn out at Beaver canvon and 96 ttj J3 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 97 in six feet of snow, then hauled eighty miles in wagons over the road which Ben Holiday's stage mules could not keep open with their semi-occa- sional winter trips. As an instance of the diffi- culties encountered, and the high cost of every- thing, it is interesting to recall tnat to get a little strap-iron for stirrups on the bridge one broken- down wagon was bought for the sake of the tires, at a cost of two hundred and fifty dollars. All prices were high. In mining camps it was not uncommon to balance gold and tobacco against each other in the scales, ounce for ounce. In the fall of 1865 the ferry people laid in their winter's supply of potatoes at twenty-five cents per pound, and were glad to get them at that. The common price for bacon, lard, sugar, coffee and many other articles of food was one dollar per pound. Flour, and a poor article at that, was twenty-five dollars for a fifty-pound sack. In those "good old days," besides the Indians squatted round the store, filling the air with the smell of their sage-brush-smoked buckskins and breath nauseating with the smell of wild garlic, were a very few trappers: Beaver Dick, Johnny Poe, and then, in the next two or three years, came Captain Heald, Doc. Yandell, Shep. Med- aira, Charley Conant, for whom Conant valley was called, "Tex." (whose name was Parker), and old Joe Crabtree (uncle to Lotta, the celebrated actress, and much ashamed that his niece had descended to the stage). Paul Coburn was superintendent of the stage line and Paul, justly or unjustly, was not held 'above suspicion. In July, 1865, tne stage was robbed at Robbers' Roost, in Portneuf canyon, and thirty thousand dollars in dust was carried off by the robbers, or road agents. The stage was crowded with passengers and every one of them was killed except a small boy, who escaped in the brush on the Portneuf river, and a man named Carpenter, who got off with the loss of a leg. Suspicion pointed to Paul as a silent partner in the job, but it was never established, though a vigilance committee came down from Montana to investigate. !n tin- spring of 1866 the wagon bridge was -"h> Bingham, Fremont and 132 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Cassia. Father Van der Donckt enjoys the dis- tinction of being the first priest ordained for the vicariate of Idaho under Bishop Glorieux, and also of being the oldest in point of years of ser- vice of the present diocesan clergy, although he has yet to see the thirty-fifth year of age. He was ordained and received his theological train- ing at the American College of Louvain, Bel- gium, and came to Idaho in the fall of 1887; he has been in the harness ever since, as the Bishop's right hand. Twice since he was appointed to the missions of southeastern Idaho have they been divided, and even now does the Father call for another division and the appointment of a col- league for part of the district to whose spiritual wants he attends. Fathers Hendrickx and Burri have for a few years past held the rectorship of missions which Father Van der Donckt used to look after single-handed, together with the dis- trict over which he now presides. Wallace and the whole Coeur d'Alene country is ably rectored by Father F. A. Becker, formerly president of St. James' College, at Vancouver. The work of the Catholic church nobly carried on in the state of Idaho by Bishop Glorieux and his devoted little band of priests is supplemented by the labors of four religious communities of Sisters, numbering fifty-six subjects, engaged some in nursing the sick at the hospitals of Wal- lace and Boise, others in teaching the young in the church schools of Boise, Pocatello, Genesee, Lewiston and De Smet. Idaho is on the eve of an era of prosperity and progress. The railways that are projected and in course of construction at various points of its magnificent commonwealth testify that its re- sources are beginning to be appreciated. People are bound to flock to its borders within a short time, to develop its mines, to cultivate its millions of acres of virgin soil, and to appropriate for the use of mankind the magnificent timber of its wide-stretching forests. Among the new comers there will undoubtedly be a fair percentage of members of the Catholic church. The writer would say to them that not only will they be made welcome, but that their spiritual wants will be attended to; for the devoted prelate who guides the destinies of the church in this state is ever on the alert to procure to all the children of his flock the means to satisfy the spiritual as- pirations of their nature. In many places they will find churches as beautiful and pastors as de- voted and able as any they have known in the homes they left behind. Where there are no churches as yet they will soon be built; for there is not now a community with at least twenty Catholic families that does not have its own Cath- olic church, and whilst Bishop Glorieux remains at the helm there never will be. RT. REV. ALPHONSUS J. GLORIEUX. The bishop of the diocese of Boise is a native of Belgium, his birth having taken place at Dot- tignies, in the province of West Flanders. His parents were Auguste and Lucy (Vanderghinste) Glorieux, both of whom were devout Catholics. The father was a man of influence and a member of the council of his township. He departed this life in 1848, aged forty-nine years, and was sur- vived by his wife until 1891, when she passed away, at the age of eighty years. They were the parents of four children, our subject being the only son. Alphonsus Joseph Glorieux attended the pub- lic schools and later took a collegiate course of six years at Courtrai, where he was graduated in 1863, and then entered the American College at Louvain, where he prepared for the priesthood and was graduated in theology in 1867. He was ordained by His Eminence Cardinal Engelbert Sterckx, in August, 1867, and then came to America, locating in Oregon, where he entered upon his missionary work, being appointed to Roseburg, from which charge he was transferred to Oregon City and thence to St. Paul, or French Prairie, the cradle of the Catholic church in Ore- gon. In 1871 he was made president of St. Mich- ael's College in Portland, Oregon, where he ac- quitted himself with such ability that in 1884 he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Idaho, the Catholic interests of that state having been, after the retirement of Bishop Lootens, under the care of the Archbishop of Oregon. Bishop Glorieux was consecrated in the city of Baltimore, in April, 1885, the officiating prelate being His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, assisted by Archbishop Gross, of Oregon, and Bishop Maes, of Covington, Ken- tucky. He came immediately to Idaho, which has been the scene of his labors ever since, and here he has been an incessant toiler in the vine- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 133 yard of his Master. When he took charge of the Idaho field, in 1885, the membership of the Catholic church numbered two thousand and five hundred: the number now exceeds ten thousand. There were ten church edifices in the state: there are now thirty-eight. He found but one school: now there are four flourishing institutes of learn- ing. At that time there were no Catholic hos- pitals: now there are three and all are doing well. The number of clergymen has increased during his term from six to twenty, the number of sisters from fourteen to forty-five, and 'not only has the Catholic church of Idaho in general felt the pious impulse of Bishop Glorieux' consecrated life, but Boise has been especially favored by his wise ministry. Twice has the church building been enlarged to accommodate the ever increasing congregation, the large episcopal residence has been erected, and St. Teresa's Academy and St. Alphonsus Hospital have been built largely through his labors. Bishop Glorieux travels throughout the state each year, preaching in all the churches and mis- sions. He is one of the best church organizers in the Catholic denomination in America, his re- ligious zeal and piety being equaled only by the purity of his life and the catholicity of his re- ligious faith. Not only as a devout churchman, but as a patriotic citizen, devoted to his country and its flag, is his life lifted far above the com- monplace. There has not been an enterprise af- fecting Boise or the state in which he has not taken a deep interest and of which he has not in some sense been a promoter. He has been a member and one of the directors of the board of trade since its organization, and has been act- ive on some of its committees. It is his intention to give Idaho his best efforts for her advance- ment and improvement, both morally and finan- cially, and he enjoys the very high esteem of all who meet him and who know him to be the un- assuming Christian gentleman that he is. CHAPTER XV. THE INDIANS OF IDAHO NEZ PERCES AND SHOSHONE UPRISINGS. SOME notice of the original inhabitants of Idaho is due the reader of this book, even though that notice must necessarily be short and 'its data largely traditional. With- out a written language of any kind, unless it was the use of the rudest and most barbarous symbols, they have passed away and left no re- corded history; without architecture, except that which exhausts its genius in the construc- tion of a skin wigwam or a bark lodge, they have died and left no monuments. Traditions concerning them are too confused, contradictory and uncertain to satisfy any who desire reliable history. Any real information at all reliable con- cerning them began with the publication of the journal of the exploring expedition of Lewis and Clarke in 1804 and 1805. Incidental notices of various tribes have been given to the world by other explorers and travelers, but very much that has been written concerning them was not the ascertainings of patient and continued per- sonal investigation, nor yet the impressions of any extended personal contact, but the chance and hasty gatherings of unreliable traditions, or, what was even less to be depended on than this, the exaggerated recitals of some wild, camp-fire stories. All these, of course, have a value as liter- ature, and occupy an interesting place in roman- tic story, but their ratus as history is not great. When these people were first brought under the study of civilized men two facts distinctly marked them: One was that the tribes east of the Cas- cade mountains had very different mental and physical qualities from those residing west of that range. The other was, that there was no form or semblance of civilization of any character among them; they were as entirely savage and barbarous as the tribes of ''darkest Africa." For this first fact the marked difference in the cli- mate, productions and consequent modes of liv- ing necessary for them, furnishes a reason, if not the reason. West of the Cascade mountains the climate was soft, moist; and its indigenous productions were those that a rich soil would send forth in such a climate. -It was a region of large, deep rivers; of numerous bays and inlets from the ocean extending far inland, all filled with fish of the finest and richest quality, easily taken, and hence inviting to a life of effortless indolence and ease. Hence these aborigines were short of stature; heavy and broad and fat of body; indolent and sluggish in movement; without alertness or per- ception of mind; indolent and inactive in all their habits; sleeping away nearly all but the little time that was requisite for them to throw their barbed harpoon into the shining side of the sal- mon that swam on the shoals and sands of the rivers and bays along which they thus droned away their meaningless life, and the few ad- ditional moments required to boil or roast it sufficient to gratify their uncultured appetite. East of the Cascade mountains the country was a high, rolling, mountain prairie, averaging from one to six thousand feet above the tides of the ocean. The streams are rapid, boiling torrents. The climate was dry and the natural vegetable productions were minimized; it was almost a desert. It furnished abundance of grass for grazing, and its vast distances of hill and plain required their use for locomotion. Hence these tribes were equestrian, rather than semi- aquatic like the tribes of the lower rivers and sea inlets. The mountains were covered with open and scattering forests of pine, with occa- sional groves of fir and tamarack, almost with- out undergrowth, through and over which the horseman could ride almost unhindered in any direction. The game, such as elk, deer, ante- lope, bear, buffalo, mountain sheep and goats, ranged both plain and mountain; furnishing the chief food of the tribes that inhabited this region. To take it, however, required activity, 134 0. to a < HISTORY OF IDAHO. 135 cunning, courage, and hence developed a tall, stalwart, erect, active race of men ; lithe and springy as a panther; which animal, indeed, many of the Cayuse and Nez Perces would re- mind the jbservant traveler of by the quick stealthiness of their movement, the restless, pene- trating glance of their eye that caught every quivering motion of leaf or feature: the sensi- tiveness of their ear, that missed no snap of twig, or tread of foot;, and their ever-tensioned sinews ready for the spring of attack or the speed of the flight. Of all the Indians in Idaho the Nez Perces had the highest degree of intelligence, and prob- ably of social morality also. The men were tall, large, upright in bearing, generally of open countenance and intelligent expression. The women were rather fairer in color, and much fair- er in form or feature, with easier and more grace- ful carriage than the women of other tribes. They were also much neater in person. Though they were brave in war, yet it was long before a Nez Perces took up arms against the white man ; but when he did he proved himself the equal in generalship and in valor to his white-faced brother. The Nez Perces have withstood contact with civilization better than any other tribe of the northwest, and they have taken on not a little of the spirit of its progress. They have many farms, with improved implements of husbandry; many homes with organs, sewing machines, carpets and other comforts of civilized life. What Lewis and Clarke found them when they reached their country in the autumn or 1805, and what Bonne- ville described them as he found them twenty- five years later, they have been found up to the present time. The Nez Perces have had some chieftains worthy in all respects to take rank with Brandt, Tecumseh, Keokuk, or any of the chieftains of the eastern states. Ishholhoatshoats, or Lawyer, as he was named by the whites, was both a states man and a warrior. Bold, yet cautious, he knew when and how to strike the most effective blows. Timothy, the first man admitted to membership in the church under Mr. H. H. Spaulding, for so many years the teacher of this people, had a com- manding manhood, and was the brave and stead- fast friend of the whites. Joseph the younger, who never forgot that he was an Indian, and as such cleaved to his people to the last, was a consummate soldier; and, though his forces were much smaller than those of General Howard in the great Nez Perces war he proved that on the battlefield or in the march he was as brave and resourceful as that able and indefatigable general, and that he could hold his warriors to the rifle's front as steadily and long as he could his trained soldiers. The Cayuses were nearly related to the Nez Perces. Their country lying contiguous, and being of much the same character, with no diffi- cult natural barrier between them, the tribes had intermarried to a considerable extent. Still the character of the Cayuses was not as noble and truthful as was that of their relatives. They were more treacherous and warlike, and less sus- ceptible to improvement. It was among these people, on the northern margin of their terri- tory, that Dr. Marcus Whitman established his missionary station in 1836, and, after he had given them eleven years of the most devoted instructions in the arts of peace and in the prin- ciples of Christianity, it was they who barbar- ously murdered him and his devoted and culti- vated wife in a moment of savage frenzy. In all the wars with the whites occurring in eastern Oregon the Cayuses were deeply and criminally involved. Lacking in intelligence and nobleness of the Nez Perces, they also lacked their real bravery. Still they were cunning, crafty, full of alertness and energy, and by no means a foe to be despised. The Skizoomish Indians were named by the early French voyageurs Coeur d'Alenes (awl- hearts), indicating that their spirits were small and hard, as shown by their shrewdness in trade. In 1820 there were two thousand of these In- dians, but by the year 1890 there were only two hundred and fifty, although they have ever been subject to hostilities on the part of the United States. The native wild tribes of Idaho are now of chiefly historic interest. The existing remnants are confined to reservations, and are rapidly learning the arts of peace and civilization. The Indians inhabiting the most northern por- tions of Idaho were the Kootenais, who dwelt in British Columbia and the extreme northern por- tion of Idaho; the Pend d'Oreilles, who dwelt 136 HISTORY OF IDAHO. about the lake of the same name, and for from fifty to seventy-five miles above and below the lake on Clarke's Fork; and the Coeur d'Alenes, who dwelt on Coeur d'Alene lake and its tribu- taries. The Pend d'Oreilles and Coeur d'Alenes belonged to the Salish family, which dwelt south of the Shushwaps, between the forty-ninth and forty-seventh parallels, and on the Columbia and its tributaries. The remnants of these last-named Indians now in Idaho are on the Coeur d'Alene reservation. They number at present less than three hundred, all converted to the Roman Cath- olic religion. Most of them have farms in sever- ally, own houses, cattle, sheep, wagons, mowers, reapers, and all necessary and improved agricul- tural implements, raise large crops of wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, etc.; they own droves of hogs, and are to-day probably as prosperous and peace- ful a tribe as can be found west of the Rocky mountains. This tribe are self-supporting and have never been at war with the white men. They have schools under the direction of the Roman Catholic nuns, and many of their young people are acquiring a fair knowledge of the Eng- lish language. The Sahaptin family, like the Salish just de- scribed, belongs to the inland tribes of the Co- lumbia group. They inhabited the region be- tween the Cascade and Bitter Root mountains, and the forty-fifth and forty-seventh parallels. Of its nations, the Nez Perces or Sahaptins proper dwelt on the Clearwater and its branches, and on the Snake about the forks. Ross, in his work entitled "Fur Hunters," says they derive their name from the custom of boring their noses to receive a white shell, like the fluke of an anchor. Most writers follow Ross in taking for granted that these Indians were so named from some habit of piercing their noses, though there is no tradition of anything of the sort. According to others it is a word tortured from nez pres, mean- ing flat nose, which was given them by the old French Canadian trappers in early days. Mr. H. H. Bancroft, to whose work on the Native Races of the Pacific Coast we are in- debted for many of the items in the following pages, states that in bodily strength the Sahaptin Indians are inferior to the whites, but superior, as might be expected from their habits, to the more indolent fish-eaters on the Pacific. The Xez Perces and Cayuses are considered the best specimens, while in the north the Kootenais seem to be superior to the other Shushwap nations. The Salish are assigned by Wilkes and Hale an' intermediate place in physical attributes between the coast and mountain tribes, being in stature and proportion superior to the Chinooks, but in- ferior to the Nez Perces. Inland a higher order of face is observed than on the coast. The cheek- bones are still high, the forehead 'is rather low, the face long, the eyes black, rarely oblique, the nose prominent, and frequently aquiline, the lips thin, the teeth white and regular, but generally much worn. The general expression of the fea- tures is stern, often melancholy, but not as a rule harsh or repulsive. Dignified, fine-looking men, and handsome young women, have been re- marked in nearly all the tribes, but here again the Sahaptins bear off the palm. The complexion is of decidedly coppery hue. The hair is gen- erally coarse and worn long. The beard is very thin, and its growth is carefully prevented by plucking. Methods adopted by other tribes to create deformities of the head are comparatively unknown among the Nez Perces, who are gener- ally better clad than some of their neighboring tribes. They build houses of straw and mats in the form of the roof of a house. Lewis and Clarke's narrative refers to one of these as one hundred and fifty feet long and about fifteen wide, closed at the ends and having a number of doors on each side. War and hunting were their chief occupation, but they were and are not infrequently compelled to resort to roots, and berries, and mosses. The favorite roots are the camas, couse, and bitter root, and the natives to obtain these make regu- lar migrations as for game or fish. The women are generally much more kindly treated among the Nez Perces and Pend d'Oreilles than among the generality of aboriginal tribes. In their personal habits, as well as the care of their lodges, the Nez Perces and Kootenais are mentioned as neat and cleanly. De Smet, how- ever, represents the Pend d'Oreille women as untidy, even for savages. ''The inland families," says Bancroft, "cannot be called a warfike race." They seldom resort to arms, yet when fighting becomes necessary, the Cayuses, Nez Perces, Flatheads, and Kootenais are notably brave war- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 137 riors for defense or vengeance against a foreign foe. The two former waged both defensive and aggressive warfare against the Snakes of the south, while the latter joined their arms against their common foes, the Blackfeet. Departure on a warlike expedition is preceded by ceremonies, including councils of the wise, great, and old, smoking the pipe, harangues by the chiefs, dances, and a general review or display of eques- trian feats and maneuvers of battle. After battle they smoke the customary pipe of peace with the enemy, and renew their protestations of eternal friendship. In the matter of marriage, the standard of a wife's qualifications is her ca- pacity for work. The Nez Perces have more and better stock than other nations. Individuals often own large bands of horses. The Kootenais are the most northern tribe who are accustomed to the horse. It is supposed that these animals were introduced among the northern tribes by Shoshones from the south, the last named being connected with the Comanches, who obtained horses from the Spaniards during the sixteenth century. The rights of property are duly respected, but it is said that among the Salish nations on the death of the father his relatives would not scruple in the least to seize the most valuable property, regard- less of the rights of the children who are too young to take care of themselves. With the Pend d'Oreilles, when reduced to severe straits, it was not uncommon to bury the very old and very young alive, because, they said, "these can- not take care of themselves, and they had better die." On approaching his majority, the young Pend d'Oreille would be sent to a high mountain where he would have to remain until he dreamed of some animal, bird, or fish, which was to be thereafter his medicine. A claw, tooth, or feather of such animal was thereafter to be worn as his charm. The howling of certain beasts, especially of the medicine wolf, was supposed to forebode evil. Among the Nez Perces it was the custom to overcome the spirit of fatigue, or mawish as it was called, by a certain ceremony which was sup- posed to confer great powers of endurance. This ceremony was repeated yearly from the age of eighteen to forty, and the performance would last three to seven days. It consisted of thrust- ing willow sticks down the throat into the stomach, a succession of hot and cold baths, and fasting. Medicine-men are supposed to acquire won- derful powers by retiring to the mountains and conferring with the medicine-wolf, after which they become invulnerable, and bullets fired at them flatten on their breast. They have a super- stitious fear of having their portraits taken. Steam baths or sweat-houses are used for the purpose of purification in their religious rites. These sweat-houses usually consist of a hole in the ground from three to eight feet deep, and about fifteen feet in diameter, with a small hole for entrance, which is closed up after the bather enters. A fire is built in this retreat by means of which stones are heated. In this oven-like receptacle, heated to a suffocating temperature, the naked native wallows in the steam and mud, singing, yelling, and praying, and at last rushes out dripping with perspiration, and plunges into the nearest stream. The good qualities of the Kootenais and Nez Perces have been commended by all having ac- quaintance with them. "Honest, just, and often charitable; ordinarily cold and reserved, but on occasions social and almost gay; quick-tempered and almost revengeful under what they consider injustice, but readily appeased by kind treatment; cruel only to captive enemies, stoical in the en- durance of torture; devotedly attached to home and family these natives probably come as near as it is permitted to flesh and blood savages to the noble red man of the forest sometimes met in romance." The Nez Perces now on the reservation in Nez Perces county at Fort Lapwai belong to the treaty Indians as opposed to the non-treaty Nez Perces who, under Joseph, were banished to In- dian territory. The Nez Perces now in Idaho have ever been stanch friends of the whites; they are brave, but industrious and peaceable. With the exception of the agricultural implements is- sued to them by the government, they can be justly termed self-supporting. Their means of support are agriculture and stock-raising. Each year witnesses decided advancements. The children are said to be advancing nearly as rapid- ly in their school-room studies as average white children, and show a remarkable aptitude in all kinds of farm and garden work. 138 HISTORY OF IDAHO. The Lemhi Indians are composed of Sho- shones, Bannocks, and Sheep-eaters. The Sho- shone or Snake Indians are fairly honest, peace- able and intelligent. The Bannocks possess more of the sly cunning and innate restlessness of dis- position than would appear to be good for them or agreeable to their nearest neighbors. The Sheep-eaters are naturally quieter and less de- monstrative than either, and therefore seem more inclined to take life easy. The Shoshone ele- ment largely predominates. The Shoshone family is generally included in the California group of native tribes. Their ter- ritory formerly spread over southeastern Oregon and southern Idaho, extending into Utah, Ari- zona, and eastern Idaho. They are divided into several tribes, of which the Bannocks were orig- inally one. The word "Shoshone" means "Snake Indian," though Ross is authority for the asser- tion that it means "inland." The Snakes are better dressed than the tribes farther south, and make some pretensions to ornamentation. Their clothing is generally made of the skins of larger game, ornamented with beads, shells, fringes, feathers, and pieces of bril- liant-colored cloth. Their dwellings are also superior to those of the Utahs, though consist- ing chiefly of skins thrown over long poles lean- ing against each other in the form of a circle. A hole is left in the top for a chimney. Another one in the bottom, about three feet high, is used as a door, and closed by placing a skin against it. The poorer Shoshones live on pine-nuts, roots, berries, insects, rats, mice, and rabbits. Those liv- ing in Idaho, however, generally are supplied with plenty of fish and game. In their native wild condition they can hardly be called a cleanly race. Their characteristic weapon is the poggamog- gon. "It consists of a heavy stone, sometimes wrapped in leather, attached by a sinew thong- about two inches in length to the end of a stout, leather-covered handle measuring nearly two feet. A loop fastened to the end held in the hand prevents the warrior from losing the weapon in the fight, and allows him to hold the club in read- iness while he uses the bow and arrow." The Snakes had a limited knowledge of pot- tery, and made very good vessels from baked clay. Some of these were in the form of jars, with narrow necks and stoppers. They pos- sessed little knowledge of the use of boats beyond crude and clumsy logs made of branches and rushes, generally preferring to swim the streams. Dried fish, horses, skins, and furs were their cur- rency. No trade was indulged in unless preceded by a solemn smoke. Among the Idaho Snakes four and five beaver-skins were sold for a knife or an awl. Horses were held at the value of an ax. "A ship of seventy-four guns might have been loaded with provision, such as dried buffalo, bought with buttons and rings." The standard of values was absurdly confused. The utility of an article was a matter of no consideration. A beaver-skin could be bought with a brass ring, but a necklace of bears' claws could not be bought for a dozen such rings. Axes, knives, ammunition, beads, buttons, and rings were most in demand. For clothing they had little or no use; a blanket^vas worth no more than a knife, and a yard of fine cloth was worth less than a pot of vermilion. They had no established laws. Like all other Indians, they are natural gamblers, and take to "poker" with an aptitude that is aston- ishing. They are skillful riders, and possess good horses. "The Snakes have been considered," says Ross, "as rather a dull and degraded people, weak in intellect and wanting in courage. And this opinion is very probable to a casual observer at first sight, or when seen in small numbers, for their apparent timidity, grave and reserved hab- its, give them an air of stupidity. An intimate knowledge of the Snake character will, however, place them on an equal footing with that of other kindred nations, both in respect to their mental faculties and moral attributes." "The Shoshones of Idaho," says a writer in the California Farmer, "are highly intelligent and lively, the most virtu- ous and unsophisticated of all the Indians of the United States." The Bannocks are naturally a brave and war- like race. They inhabited the country between Fort Boise and Fort Hall. As the name implies, it was given to those Indians who dug and lived on roots. At least, so says Johnston, in School- craft's Archives. The Sheep-eaters, like the Bannocks, are doubtless an offshoot of the Snake or Shoshone Indians. The Tookarikkas, or Sheep-eaters, oc- cupied the Salmon river country, the upper part of Snake river valley, and the mountains near HISTORY OF IDAHO. 139 Boise Basin. They belong to the genuine Snakes. Other inferior bands were the Hokandikas, or Salt Lake Diggers, who lived in the neighbor- hood of Salt Lake, and Aggitikkas, or Salmon- eaters, who occupied the region around Salmon Falls, on Snake river. The Bannocks are far inferior to the Shoshones or Snakes proper. Though the Lemhi Reservation is situated at an altitude of 5,500 feet, agriculture has been pursued with fair success. These Lemhi Indians are greatly improved in habits of industry. Be- sides cultivating their little garden patches, many of them have been engaged in cutting rails, fenc- ing, and ditching. "The possession of wagons," says Mr. Harries, "by some Indians, is materially helping to lift what is literally a heavy burden off the backs of the squaws in the ma'tter of the hauling of the firewood." Some difficulty has been encountered in educating the children, as there is a superstition among them that "if the Indian children learn to read and write they will die." This feeling has such a strong hold upon the mothers particularly, that it has been some- what difficult to overcome the prejudice against education. With the improvidence characteristic of the race, moreover, the rations issued to the lodges on Saturday seldom last beyond Monday or Tuesday, so that unless the children are fed at the school, they are not likely to have much to eat the biggest part of the week. Indians are not superior to the generality of human nature, and naturally encounter some difficulty in studying on an empty stomach. The Indians stationed at the Fort Hall agency are both Bannocks and Shoshones. The latter are industrious, good-natured, and quiet. The Bannocks are more restless and roving. These Indians, according to Dr. Cook, are making steady advancement in agricultural and civilized pursuits. This is noticeable to all who come in contact with them, and they are manifesting an increased desire to conform to the customs of civilized life. The use of sign-language exists to a greater or less degree among Idaho Indians, as among most tribes. Thus the tribal sign of the Pend d'Oreilles is made by holding both fists as if grasping a paddle, vertically downward and working a canoe. Two strokes are made on each side of the body from the side backward. The tribal sign of the Nez Perces is made by closing the right hand, leaving the index finger straight, but flexed at right angles with the palm, then passing it horizontally to the left, by and under the nose. That of the Shoshone or Snake In- dians is the right hand horizontal, flat, palm downward, advanced to the front by a motion to represent the crawling of a snake. For that of the Bannocks, make a whistling sound "phew" (beginning at a high note and ending about an octave lower): then draw the extended index finger across the throat from left to right, and out to nearly arm's length. They used to cut the throats of their prisoners. Major Haworth states that the Bannocks made the following sign for themselves: Brush the flat right hand backward over the forehead as if forc- ing back the hair. This represents the manner of wearing the tuft of hair backward from the fore- head. He also states that the Shoshones make the same sign for the Bannocks as for them- selves. It is not difficult to understand how readily ideas may be conveyed by signs and gestures. Thus the Shoshone sign for rain is made by holding the hand or hands at the height of and before the shoulder, fingers pendent, palm down, then pushing it downward a short distance. That for to weep is made by holding the hand as in rain, and the gesture made from the eye down- ward over the cheek, back of the fingers nearly touching the face. Brave or strong-hearted is made by the Sho- shone and Bannock Indians by merely placing the clenched fist to the breast, the latter having allusion to the heart, the clenching of the hand to strength, vigor, or force. As a good example illustrative of the univer- sality of sign-language, may be mentioned the conversation which took place at Washington in 1880 between Tendoy, chief of the Shoshone and Bannock Indians of Lemhi reservation, Idaho, and Huerito, one of the Apache chiefs from New Mexico, in the presence of Dr. W. J. Hoffman. Neither of these Indians spoke any language known to the other, had lived over a thousand miles apart, and had never met or heard of one another before. Huerito Who are you? Tendoy Shoshone Chief. 140 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Huerito How old are you? Tendoy Fifty-six. Huerito Very well. Are there any buffalo in your country? Tendoy Yes; many black buffalo. Did you hear anything from the Secretary? If so tell me. Huerito He told me that in four days I would go to my country. Tendoy In two days I go to my country just as you go to yours. I go to mine where there is a great deal of snow and we shall see each other no more. Here was an intelligent dialogue carried on by two savages, strangers to each other, without a word spoken on either side. Thus to make the last answer as Tendoy did, place the flat hands horizontally, about two feet apart, move them quickly in an upward curve toward one another until the right lies across the left, meaning night, repeat this sign, two nights, literally, two sleeps hence; point toward the individual addressed with the right hand, you; and in a continuous movement pass the hand to the right, i. e., toward the south, nearly to arm's length, go; then throw the fist edgewise toward the ground at that dis- tance, your country; then touch the breast with the tips of the left ringers, I ; move the hand slow- ly toward the left, i. e., toward the north to arm's length, go to; and throw the clenched hand to- ward the ground, my country. Make the sign of rain as already described, then place the flat hands to the left of the body about two feet from the ground, deep; literally, deep rain, snow. Raise the hands about a foot, very deep, much; place the hands before the body, about twelve inches apart, palms down, with forefinger only extended and pointing toward one another; push toward and from one another several times, see each other; then hold the flat right hand in front of the breast pointing forward, palm to the left, and throw it once on its back toward the right, not, no more. INDIAN WARS. Idaho, ethnologically, was divided by the Snake river into two grand divisions, the Nez Perces occupying the territory north of the river, and the Shoshones the southern portion. The Nez Perces were of a higher grade, and took no part in the five years' war, from 1863 to 1868. They had their grievances, however, such as would have incited inferior tribes to rise in war; and among themselves there were naturally two parties, a peace party and a war party. The latter, although persuaded to sign a treaty with the whites, violated their agreement and rose in war, but were soon suppressed, and the country was opened for settlement by the whites. The discovery of gold and other valuable minerals in the Nez Perces region caused many white ad- venturers to overrun their country contrary to the provisions of the treaty and thus irritate the Indians, and this was the cause of the formation of the ''war party" among them. Actual war was averted by the combined efforts of Superintend- ent Hale, of Washington, and Lawyer, the head of the Nez Perces. The establishment of a mili- tary post at Lapwai was a permanent "peace- maker." The troubles really began in 1855, when there was a strong party of Indians who were opposed to the formation of any treaty whatever. Look- ing-glass, the war chief, becoming too old to lead in battle, Eagle-from-the-Light became am- bitious to succeed to his honors and gave his voice for war at a council held at Lapwai in August, 1861. Some of the subordinate chiefs supported him, but Lawyer was against his pro- ject; and a company of dragoons under Captain Smith at Lapwai, ostensibly stationed there to protect the Indians against the miners, was a standing menace to those Nez Perce Indians who might be disposed to break the treaty. The council of 1861 adjourned without agreeing to anything important. Congress was asked to appropriate fifty thou- sand dollars for the purpose of purchasing a part of their reservation and establishing a satisfac- tory treaty; and forty thousand dollars was granted ; but if this money ever arrived we have no account of it. As white men rushed in and made valuable discoveries in minerals, even the soldiers at the fort were withdrawn, lest they might desert in the craze and likewise sally out for prospecting and mining. The irritability of the Indians be- coming more evident, however, General Alvord determined to have a permanent fort established at Lapwai, on the return of Maury's command from an expedition to Fort Hall, in the autumn of 1862. Fort Lapwai was built under the su- perintendence of D. W. Porter, of the First Ore- gon Cavalry. It was situated upon the right HISTORY OF IDAHO. 141 bank of Lapwai creek, three miles from its con- fluence with the Cleanvater, and the reservation was a square mile. As the Indians began to gather at the council promised in November, 1862, the white com- missioners were obliged to announce to them that no money had yet arrived from the govern ment, and requested them to postpone the con- ference to the next May. This naturally irri- tated even the most peaceably disposed Nez Perces; and William Craig and Robert Newell exerted themselves to the utmost to hold them in check. May 15, 1863, the time fixed for the confer- ence, arrived; and the whites, preparing for the occasion, stationed four companies of the First Oregon Cavalry at Fort Lapwai and made as great a display as possible, while they at the same time erected a beautiful little tent city about a mile from the fort and entertained the Indian leaders as magnificently as possible, in order to keep their good will. Eagle-from-the-Light, Big Thunder and Joseph all chiefs opposed to another treaty were present with twelve hun- dred followers, and also Lawyer and his people, numbering about two thousand. On the part of the United States there were Superintendent Hale, and the agents Hutchins and Howe, and Robert Newell, with the military force already mentioned. When all was ready, a delay of two weeks occurred because the Indians would have no interpreter excepting Perrin B. Whitman, who was in the Willamette valley and had to be sent for. The Palouses, taking advantage of this period of idleness, invaded the Nez Perces camp, bent upon mischief, one of them going so far as to strike Commissioner Howe with a riding-whip, when they were ordered off the reservation by Colonel Steinberger, and Drake's company of cavalry was assigned to the duty of keeping them away. The long looked for council began its sessions, about the last of May. The lands in considera- tion aggregated about ten thousand square miles. The chiefs put in their claims to certain parts of the former reservation ; and Big Thunder claimed the spot on which the white agency was located and which had also been claimed in part by other white parties. Eagle-from-the-Light laid claim to the country on White Bird creek, a small branch of the Salmon river, and adjacent to the Florence mines, while Chief Joseph declared his title to the valley of Wallowa creek, a tributary to the Grand Rond river. Each of these chiefs, representing his band, declined to sell-. The first proposition of the commissioners was that the Nez Perces should sell all their lands except five or six hundred square miles on the south side of the south fork of the Clearwater, emoracing the Kamiah prairie, to be surveyed into allotments, with the understanding that a patent was to issue to each individual holding land in severally, with payment for improvements abandoned. But to this the nation would not agree. The whites next proposed to enlarge this boundary to double the size, and the provisions of the treaty of 1855 to be continued to them ; and seventy-five thousand dollars, in material utilities, school-houses, etc., was offered to be expended among the Indians by way of indemnity. Lawyer made a shrewd speech, in order to get ahead of all the other chiefs as well as of the United States. Then for several days various propositions were made al- ternately by each party and rejected, and fears were entertained that the council would end with- out an agreement and war would result. But the absence of most of the chiefs and the presence of a detachment of white cavalry caused Lawyer to make propositions that were acceptable to the commissioners, and a treaty was signed by him. "From the subsequent action of one of the chiefs," says Bancroft's history, "it is presumable that they believed that by refusing to sign the treaty made with the majority of the nation they would be able to hold- their several favorite haunts." This treaty reserved about a million and a half acres, that is, about five hundred acres to every individual in the nation, and to Lawyer and Big Thunder, the two principal men in the nation, their old homes, at Kamiah and Lapwai respect- ively. The consideration to be paid for the re- linquished lands, in addition to the annuities due under the former treaty, and the goods and pro- visions distributed at the signing of the treaty, was two hundred and sixty thousand dollars. But the general government of the United States had its attention too intently fixed upon the great civil war and its subsequent issues to look after the Indians of the northwest. Characters like 142 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the "carpet-baggers" of the south were left to ad- minister affairs here and general looseness pre- vailed. The only natural consequence was dis- satisfaction everywhere, with a constant danger of an Indian uprising. In 1867 an attempt was made by the general government to have the Indians obtain a clear understanding of the provisions of all the treaty clauses that were still in force. A special agent was appointed, in conjunction with Governor Ballard and others, to induce the Xez Perces to accept the new provisions. This failing, the treaty was ratified in its first form by six hun- dred of the nation. The next year a number of chiefs and whites went to Washington to talk with the president, which conference resulted profitably, and Lawyer and Jason, chiefs, re- turned to instruct their people. In 1869 the government made a radical change by assigning to each Indian agency a military officer as agent. Lieutenant J. W. Wham was appointed to the Lapwai agency. But in 1870 congress passed an act whereby it became neces- sary to relieve officers of the army from this ser- vice and to substitute the missionaries of the various religious organizations of the country. Accordingly a Presbyterian was sent to the Nez Perces, some of whom had been made Catholics, and friction naturally resulted. None of these church missionaries were as satisfactory to the Indians as their former agents had been, and meanwhile white invasions continued, by estab- lishing routes of travel, building bridges, etc., all of which tended to arouse and confirm Indian suspicions as to the fidelity of the white man's government. The limitation of the Indian to narrower quar- ters was in the direction of compelling him to labor for his livelihood more than he hacl been accustomed to, with the result that any one would naturally expect. Besides, the policy of our gov- ernment in giving annuities and payment for lands encouraged idleness among them. Thus for years sundry propositions and decrees were made and either rejected or disregarded by both parties, leaving many things in chaos as be- tween the whites and reds. After the close of the Modoc war, in 1 874, General Davis ordered a march of seven hundred miles by the cavalry through the country threatened by the dissatisfied tribes, in order to impress upon their minds the magnitude or power of the military force of the United States. The Indians continued to roam at will, regardless of reservations, while the white set- tlers on the so-called reservation or disputed ter- ritory ended their uneasiness by having the gov- ernment annul the reservation clause of the treaty, June 10, 1875, when the president released fourteen hundred and twenty-five miles from all Indian title. At this juncture the department at Washington appointed a commission to repair to Idaho and hold a consultation with Joseph and others, in order to learn more thoroughly the exact status of affairs. The commission learned from the shrewd chief that he cared for no reservation or anything else made by the white man, and he seemed too independent to parley with white men about the matter. The commissioners, how- ever, recommended that the teachers of the In- dian religion, which consisted mainly in hatred to the white man and to all division of land, should not be permitted to visit other tribes and influence the non-treaty Indians ; that a military station should be established at once in the Wal- lowa valley, while the agent of the Nez Perces should still strive to settle all that would listen to him upon the reservation; that unless in a reasonable time Joseph should consent to remove he should be forcibly taken with his people and given lands on the reservation; and that if they persisted in overrunning the lands of the settlers and disturbing the public peace by threats or otherwise, sufficient force would be used to com- pel them to take the reservation and keep the peace. A similar policy was recommended to- ward all the roaming bands, whether they had signed any treaty or not. The government adopted these suggestions, stationing two com- panies of cavalry in the Wallowa valley and using all diligence in persuading the Indians to go upon the reservation ; and, at length, in May, 1877, they consented, Joseph and White Bird, for their own and smaller bands, agreeing to re- move at a given time and select their lands, within thirty days. On the twenty-ninth day the war-whoop was sounded and the tragedy of Lost river valley in Oregon was re-enacted along the Salmon river in Idaho! For this purpose the Indians had been gath- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 143 ering on Cottomvood creek at the north end of Camas prairie, at the foot-hills of the Florence mountains, about sixty-five miles from Lewiston, with the ostensible purpose of removing to the reservation. General O. O. Howard was at Fort Lapwai, and, seeing that the Indians were con- gregating in large numbers near the reservation, instead of going directly upon it, sent out Cap- tain Perry on the afternoon of the last day of grace, to have ready a small detachment which should start early on the morning of the I5th to obtain news of the actions and purposes of the red men. The same evening he received a letter from a prominent citizen of Mount Idaho, who expressed fears that the Indians did not intend to keep faith with him; but the General took no measures to prevent the disaster feared. In the morning the detachment under Perry started out toward Cottonwood creek, meeting two reservation Indians who excitedly bore the news that four white men had been killed on John Day creek, and that White Bird was riding about declaring that the non-treaty Indians would not go on the reservation. Howard has- tened to the agency to consult with J. B. Mon- teith, the Presbyterian missionary there, taking with him the Indian witnesses, who stated that the white men were killed in a private quarrel. This report necessitated the sending of other messengers to prove the truth of what they had heard before the General would feel justified in displaying any military force. Late that after- noon they returned, and with them another mes- senger from Mount Idaho, with letters giving a detailed statement of a general massacre on Sal- mon river and the destruction of all the property of the settlers. At Fort Lapwai were two companies of cav- alry, numbering together ninety-nine men. On the night of the isth, above mentioned, Perry set out with his command, Troop F, and came upon the Indians in White Bird canyon, early on the morning of the I7th. He immediately attacked them, but with the most disastrous results. In about an hour thirty-four of his men were killed and two wounded! He retreated to Grangeville, sixteen miles distant, leaving his dead upon the field! Of course the whites were obliged to rise sud- denly with all the force they could command. General Howard and the governors of Oregon, Washington and Idaho issued orders for the rais- ing and equipment of volunteer companies with all haste. By the 22d of the month troops enough had gathered to enable General Howard to take the field, having two hundred and twenty-five men, with artillery, ready to march. The war thus inaugurated on the 23d of June continued to the 4th of October, "with interesting incidents enough," says Bancroft, "to fill a volume.'' Jos- eph continued to run from one point to another, marvelously escaping capture until his surrender to Colonel Nelson A. Miles, near the north end of Bear Paw mountains, on the 5th of October. Miles lost two officers Captain Hale and Lieutenant Biddle and twenty-one killed and forty-four wounded. The number of persons killed by Joseph's people outside of battle was about fifty; volunteers killed in war, thirteen; officers and men of the regular army, one hun- dred and five, and the wounded were not less than a hundred and twenty. Thus, to capture three hundred warriors, encumbered with their families and stock, required at various times the services of between thirty and forty companies of United States troops, aided by volunteers and Indian scouts! The distance marched by How- ard's army from Kamiah to Bear Paw moun- tains was over fifteen hundred miles, one of the most famous marches on record. The fame of Joseph became widespread by this enormous out- lay of money and effort in his capture and from the military skill he displayed in avoiding it for so long a time. When the Xez Perces surrendered, they were promised permission to return to Idaho, and were given in charge of Colonel Miles, now a general, to be kept until spring, it then being too late to make the journey. But General Phil. Sheridan, in whose department they were, or- dered them to Fort Leavenworth and afterward to the Indian Territory, near the Ponca agency, where they continued to reside in peace and prosperity. In 1878 the number of Xez Perces, exclusive of Joseph's followers, still off the reservation, was five hundred. The progress of the Xez Perces on the reservation was rather assisted than re- tarded by their separation from the non-treaty Indians. Four of the young men from Kamiah 144 HISTORY OF IDAHO. were examined by the Presbytery of Oregon in 1877, and licensed to preach and teach among their tribe. The membership of the Kamiah and Lapwai churches in 1879 was over three hundred. They were presided over by the white minister, and one Nez Perce minister, named Robert Wil- liams. In 1880 there were nearly four thousand acres of land in the reservation under cultivation by one hundred and forty Nez Perce farmers. Of the twelve hundred who lived on the reserve, nearly nine hundred wore the dress common to the whites. In education they were slow. Not- withstanding the government grant of six thou- sand dollars annually for school purposes for thirteen years, and notwithstanding all the mis- sionary work, the number who could read in 1880 was only one hundred and ten! The number of children of school age was two hundred and fifty, only about one-fifth of whom attended school. July i, 1880, the Stevens treaty expired by limi- tation, and with it chieftainships and annuities were abolished. In most cases chieftainship had been a source of jealousy to the Indians and danger to the white people, as in the cases of Joseph, White Bird and others; but the influence of Lawyer and his successor was probably worth much more than the salary he received, in pre- serving the peace. When the war was forever ended, it was no longer needed for that purpose. THE SHOSHONE WARS. Soon after the termination of the war with the Nez Perce Indians in the north, the Shoshones of the southern part of the territory of Idaho be- gan to make trouble. During the Shoshone war of 1867 Governor Ballard made an informal treaty with the Bannock branch of this nation in the eastern part of the territory, by which they agreed to go upon the Fort Hall reservation be- fore June i, 1868, provided the land should be set apart for them, and that they should be taught husbandry and mechanics and given schools for their children. The Boise and Bruneau branches were gathered under an Indian agent and fed through the winter. In 1868 all these Indians were located upon the reservation about Fort Hall, although a few afterward strayed back to their former homes. This year, 1868, a formal treaty was made with the Bannocks by which over a million and a half acres were set apart for their use and also for the use of kindred tribes. But these Indians, al- though patient in many respects, had never before had the occasion to learn patience in the new phase brought on by the circumstances inaugu- rated by white civilization. They commenced farming, but the grasshoppers destroyed a large portion of their crops, and at the same time the United States government was, as usual, behind with its annuities. By the terms of the treaty the Indians were permitted to go to the buffalo grounds and to dig camas on Big Camas prairie, a part of which, it was agreed, was to be set aside for their use whenever they should desire it. Matters generally progressed favorably until the death of the principal chief, Tygee, in 1871, and then the Indians began to evince signs of restlessness, suspicion and even hostility. In 1872 an Indian from the Fort Hall reservation attempted to shoot a farmer at work making hay on the South Boise river. He was captured, but finally liberated by the white man who arrested him, for fear of arousing a general conflict with the tribe. But during the summer several mur- ders were committed by the Indians and other misdemeanors practiced. In 1873 the government ordered a special com- mission to investigate causes of trouble in the district of Idaho; and they modified the treaty in force with the Bannocks and Shoshones, by which the latter relinquished their right to hunt on the unoccupied lands of the United States without a written permit from the agent; but by an oversight no reference was made to the privi- leges the Indians were enjoying on Camas prai- rie. They soon gathered to that prairie in large numbers, especially in the Weiser valley, where there were many white settlers; and here they were met by Umatillas from Oregon, held a grand fair, horse-races, etc., and made exchanges of property in their old style. When the number here had reached about two thousand, the white settlers in the vicinity began to feel uneasy. The superintendency of Indian affairs here having been taken away from the governor, the only appeal of the whites was to the Fort Hall agent, who justified the giving of passes to the Indians on account of the meagerness of the commissary department at the agency. Suspicion and discontent were further aggra- vated in 1874 by an order from the Indian de- partment for the removal of about a thousand Too-Lah. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 145 Indians from the Lemhi valley to the Fort Hall reservation, who refused to be thus removed. Among these were a band of "Sheep-eaters," who had been settled in the Lemhi valley under an .agent. The next year, however, the order was withdrawn and a reservation of a hundred square miles set apart for them; and during this year also an addition was made to the Malheur reser- vation in Oregon, which was still further enlarged in 1876. Meantime the Modoc war and Joseph's ob- streperousness occasioned a great deal of dis- turbance in the minds of the Indians of southern Idaho and vicinity. The annihilation of the Mo- doc nation was followed by an ominous lull for three or four years. Then the Nez Perce out- break occurred and great fears were entertained by the whites that all the Indians of Idaho and vicinity would join in the great revolt. Even the Piutes were in sympathy with their red neigh- bors. Winnemucca, their chief, appeared on the Owyhee with all his warriors; but, finding the people watchful and the military active, he had the prudence to remain quiet and let the Nez Perces do their own fighting. The presence of the Piutes, in connection with the revival and spread of the "Smohallah" or "dreamers' " doc- trine that the red man was ultimately to repossess all the land, tended to augment the alarm of the white settlers. Numbers, among men as well as among boys, intensify the central focus of excitement and mis- chief. By the summer of 1877 the Bannocks be- came so excited and even turbulent as to require a considerable military force at the agency. The ensuing spring there was not enough food to keep them all on the reservation. The scarcity was caused partly by the Nez Perce war, which Bannocks understood plainly, and partly by the fact there was a greater number on the reserva- tion than usual. In May they commenced shoot- ing white people on Camas prairie, which terri- tory they claimed, under the treaty, equally with the United States. Another source of irritation was the fact that the white settlers imported and kept swine, which destroyed the camas root in large quantities. War was opened by the Indians, who first fired upon two herders, wounding them severely. They next seized King Hill stage station, destroying property and driving off the horses, the men in charge barely escaping. About the same time they appeared on Jordan creek, demanding arms and ammunition, seized two freight wagons near Glenn's ferry on Snake river, driving off a hun- dred horses, cutting loose the ferry-boat and de- stroying several farm-houses from which the fam- ilies had fled. Throughout the territory again, as during the preceding summer, business was prostrated, farms were deserted and the citizens under arms. To concentrate troops and ascertain the locali- ty of the hostile Indians required time. Their movement seemed to be along Snake river from Fort Hall to the Owyhee, but the Piutes under the chiefs Winnemucca and Natchez, still main- tained at least an apparent friendship, while those under Eagan and Otis, along with some Mal- heurs and Umatillas, engaged in their murderous raids. The Bannocks were led by Buffalo Horn, who had been employed as a scout by General Howard in the Nez Perce war but deserted that general at Henry lake on account of a difference of opinion concerning the practicability of cap- turing Joseph at a certain camp. It was not until the 8th of June that the whites could assume the aggressive, on which day J. B. Harper, of Silver City, with a squad encountered sixty Bannocks seven miles east of South moun- tain in Owyhee county, and was repulsed. On the nth a mail stage was attacked, the driver killed, the mail destroyed and some arms and ammunition seized. Malheur Indians from Ore- gon were on the way toward Boise. On the 151)1 Howard discovered six nundred armed Indians, the main body of the enemy, gathered in the val- ley between Cedar and Steen mountains, and sent four companies of cavalry upon them, and dur- ing the first engagement Buffalo Horn was killed. But before General Howard, who had in the dis- trict altogether sixteen companies of cavalry, came to the scene the Indians, as usual, had dis- appeared. Going northward they committed as many outrages as they could, in the destruction of property, while Howard's forces were far too limited to make a successful pursuit. On the 2d of July the loyal Umatillas, under their agent, Connoyer, met the enemy four hun- dred strong, fighting them all day and killing thirty, with a loss of only two. Although this 146 HISTORY OF IDAHO. prevented a raid the general alarm of the settlers was scarcely allayed. A thousand or more wo- men and children were gathered at Pendleton. General Wheaton at Walla Walla, with an avail- able force, was appealed to for help, and as soon as he got under way he found the wilds almost alive with Indians on the war path. In a few days Captain Sperry with nearly all his com- mand was killed at Willow Springs, Oregon, and white families were rushed to places of safe- ty as rapidly as possible, while the governors and generals were massing their meager forces with all haste. Skirmishes and small battles were hurriedly entered into, generally with vic- tory to the whites, until, little by little, the great uprising was totally suppressed, this requiring several weeks. The loss of property was immense. To the marauding parties were added, about the ist of August, a portion of White Bird's band of Nez Perces, who had returned from the British pos- sessions, where they had not met with satisfac- tory treatment from Sitting Bull, the exiled Sioux chief. The close of hostilities soon after their arrival rendered them powerless to carry on war, and they became reabsorbed in the Nez Perce nation. Directly after the suppression of these raids Camp Howard was established near Mount Idaho, and also Camp Coeur d'Alene, afterward Fort Coeur d'Alene, and after this there was no more trouble with the Indians. Such is a brief synopsis of the Indian troubles which so long retarded the development of Idaho. All danger from that source has now been re- moved forever. The feebje remnants of once powerful tribes have settled down to the prosaic arts of peace. The great increase of white popu- lation, the Construction of railroad and telegraph lines, the rapid diminution of their own num- bers, all preclude the possibility of Indian out- breaks in the future. Yet we should be grossly lacking in appreciation if we should overlook the struggles and hardships endured bv the early set- tlers in combating these treacherous foes, and rendering the land safe as it now is beyond the shadow of peril. Surely, when the true history of heroism is written, the story of our northwestern pioneers should receive proper recognition. TOO LAH. One of the most interesting Indian characters connected with the history of Idaho was Too Lah, the friendly Nez Perces squaw who rode her pony twenty-five miles in the night to give warning to the miners at Florence that the In- dians were massacring the white settlers. She started from Slate creek and rode to Florence in order to save the white settlers, and covered the distance in such a short time that her pony died from the effects of the hard ride. Her noble work accomplished, she then returned on foot to her home on McKenzie creek. Naturally the white settlers had the highest appreciation for her he- roic action and always held her in grateful re- membrance. She made a living by raising and drying fruit, by taking in washing, by nursing, and at one time was engaged in driving a pack train of six Indian ponies from Grangeville to Freedom. She died in 1898 and was buried at Meadow Creek. CHAPTER XVI. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. JAMES WILSON. JAMES WILSON, deceased, was for many years one of the leading farmers and stock- men of Idaho, and during his residence in this state did as much as any other man in the commonwealth in the interests of agriculture and stock-raising. He is properly classed among . the pioneers of Idaho, for his residence dated from 1864, and from that time until his death he took an active part in the conduct of business interests that resulted to the benefit of the state, as well as to his individual prosperity. A native of Washington county, Indiana, he was born May 15, 1826, his parents being Jesse and Sarah (McCoy) Wilson. The father was born near Morgantown, Virginia, May 17, 1800, and removed to Washington county, Indiana, during the pioneer period in the history of that state. His death occurred in Grande Ronde valley, Ore- gon, in the fall of 1863, but his wife, who was likewise a native of the Old Dominion, died in Washington county, Indiana, in 1828. When seven years of age James Wilson removed from his native county to Vigo county, Indiana, where he resided until 1854, when he took up his abode in Wayne county, Iowa, making his home there until the spring of 1862. At that date he crossed the great plains and located in Oregon, whence he came to Idaho in March, 1864, locating in the section that was then in Boise county but is now in Ada county. In 1887 he took up his resi- dence about twelve miles west of Boise city, on the farm where his death occurred March 20, 1899. At the time of his demise he owned in Ada and Elmore counties ten hundred and twenty-six acres of land. He was one of the leading and progressive stockmen of the state, his ventures in that respect, however, being con- fined almost exclusively to the cattle industry. He introduced into Idaho many thoroughbred shorthorn cattle, thereby greatly improving the grade of cattle raised and thus adding to their value on the market. Mr. Wilson was married May 27, 1849, in In- diana, to Miss Nancy Perkins, who was born in Indiana, October 15, 1832, and died in Ada county, Idaho, July 30, 1888. To Mr. and Mrs. Wilson were born six children, namely: Jesse, who was born in Vigo county, Indiana, July 5, 1850; Charlotte, born in the same county, Sep- tember 19, 1852, and now the wife of D. C. Cal- houn; Emily J., born in Wayne county, Iowa, October 7, 1855; Elizabeth M., who was born in Wayne county, Iowa, February 15, 1858, and is now the wife of Phelps Everett; James Lloyd, who was born in Wayne county, Iowa, August 4, 1860, and was drowned in the Boise river, in May, 1865; and William E., who was born in Oregon, December 29, 1862. In politics James Wilson was for many years a supporter of the principles of the Democracy, but in the latter part of his life he voted for the men who, in his judgment, were the best quali- fied for the positions to which they aspired, re- gardless of their political affiliations. As early as 1869 he was made a Mason in Boise Lodge and ever afterward continued a worthy exemplar of the lofty teachings and purpose of that fra- ternity. His labors in behalf of the farming and stock-raising interests of the state were most effective and beneficial and therefore his death proved a loss to the entire commonwealth. Something of the success which crowned his ef- forts may be inferred from the fact that when he came to the Boise valley he brought with him only five yoke of cattle and had a cash capital of only two dollars and sixty-five cents, and at the time of his death left an estate valued at more than sixty thousand dollars, which is a very con- servative estimate. This he divided by will among his relatives. At all times loyal to truth and right, fair and just in his dealings, and faith- ful to the duties of friendship and of citizenship, he won and retained the confidence and respect of all with whom he was brought in contact. Jesse Wilson, the eldest child of James 147 148 HISTORY OF IDAHO. and Xancy (Perkins) Wilson, is a native of In- diana, and is now residing upon the family home- stead near Boise. His education was acquired in the early schools of Ada county, and, like his father, he has devoted the greater part of his life to agricultural pursuits and the raising of fine cattle. He is regarded as one of the best au- thorities on stock in the entire state. He has made a close study of the best methods of raising cattle of the best breeds, and of their qualities and fitness for domestic market purposes, and his opinions carry weight in all agricultural and stock-raising communities. He has never mar- ried, but makes his home on the farm which was left him by his father, which comprises one hundred and sixty acres of land, and in addition he inherited a valuable tract of one hundred and twenty acres in Kendall county. He has some of this under a very high state of cultivation, and everything about his farm bespeaks the thrifty, enterprising and progressive owner. Socially Mr. Wilson is connected with Boise Lodge, No. 2, F. & A. M., and in politics he is independent. THE EASTMAN BROTHERS. Tales of heroism have been the theme of song and story throughout all ages. He who has gone forth to battle for his country, his home or his principles, has figured in history, in literature and in music, and his bravery has stirred the souls of men through all times. All honor to such an one, and yet his heroism is no greater or his daring more pronounced than that of the honored pioneers of the west. Men reared in comfortable homes, accustomed to all the con- veniences and privileges of life in the east, have come into the wild western districts and braved danger and hardships untold. Cut off from all comforts and luxuries, they have also had to face death at the hand of the treacherous Indian, and in little bands and ofttimes singly they have had to fight for liberty and life. Volumes have been written, yet the story of the pioneers has never been adequately told. They deserve all praise and honor and the mighty states of the west with their splendid improvements, enterprises and to- kens of civilization are monuments to their memory. The Eastman Brothers, Benjamin Manson and Hosea Bradford, are among those who have founded the state of Idaho and brought about her present prosperity and greatness. They are now numbered among the leading business men of Boise, where many important business interests are found as the result of their diligence and executive ability. They are natives of White- field, New Hampshire, born December 30, 1830, and November 21, 1835, respectively. They are descended from good old Revolutionary stock, their grandfather, Ebenezer Eastman, having aided the colonies in their great struggle for in- dependence. He and his wife,. Susan Eastman, were members of the Baptist church and were industrious farming people, noted for their in- tegrity and sterling worth. The grandfather died in his seventy-fifth year, and the grandmother in the ninetieth year of her age. The father, Caleb Eastman, was born on the farm at Lisbon, and having arrived at years of maturity married Tabitha Aldrich, who was born at Sugar Hill, New Hampshire, and was descended from one of the old New England families. They became the parents of fourteen children, of whom eight sons and four daughters grew to mature years, and one of the sons laid down his life on the altar of his country in the civil war. Benjamin M. and Hosea B. Eastman received but limited educational privileges, but in the school of experience have learned many valuable lessons. While in the old Granite state, they engaged for a short time in the sawmill and lumber business. Attracted by the varied re- sources of the west they resolved to make their way to the Pacific slope, and on the 2ist of October, 1861, sailed from New York, making the voyage by way of the Isthmus of Panama, to California. There were nearly one thousand pas- sengers on board, and on one occasion they had a very narrow escape from shipwreck at the ''ninety-mile boulder." The long voyage ended, the brothers landed at San Francisco, and at Vallejo followed the plow for a time. In the spring of 1862 they went to Mendocino county, where they joined a party planning to go to the mines of Idaho. Not having money enough for both of them to make the trip, they drew "cuts" and it was thus decided that Benjamin should accompany the party. He located a claim at Canyon City, Oregon, and soon Hosea B. fol- lowed with a pack train, working his passage HISTORY OF IDAHO. 149 by driving mules. During the journey they had considerable trouble with the Indians, and night after night a guard had to be placed around their camp as they slept. The mining camp at Canyon City did not prove a paying one, and thus obliged to seek another location they started for Owyhee county, Idaho. At night they slept on their arms for fear of Indian attacks, but at length reached their desti- nation in safety and secured good claims at Silver City, on Jordan creek. At other times, however, they were engaged in serious encounters with the red men, and their deeds of valor form part of the early history of the state. Throughout Idaho and other sections of the west were wild districts not yet explored by the white men. The Indians regarded the ad- vance of civilization as an encroachment on their rights and rose in hostility, making raids against the pioneers, carrying off their stock and goods and often killing the men. In 1864 they made a raid on Silver City and drove off fifty mules and horses. Twenty-one men, including H. B. East- man, started in pursuit. They rode all one day and part of the next, and then came up with the Indians in a rocky canyon. Jordan, Henderson, and Mr. Eastman were in the advance. The In- dians challenged them to come into the canyon. They rode, however, to a bluff on the left, and saw that the other side would be best for the attack. While crossing over they shot at the Indians and killed some of them. At the top of the bluff was a large juniper tree, from which point Mr. Eastman saw an Indian, two hundred yards away, trying to drive a horse. He ran his own horse toward the savage, who left the horse he was driving, but himself dodged behind trees and rocks so dextrously that Mr. Eastman could not get a shot at him. He captured the horse, how- ever. The white men tied their horses to the tree; Henderson, Edgerton and Berry took their station behind rocks, while Mr. Jordan and Mr. Eastman got into a little thicket of bushes, from which vantage point they fired on the red men. Mr. Jordan had a breech-loading rifle, and just after Mr. Eastman had shot at the Indians skulk- ing behind the rocks he raised his gun to shoot, with the remark, "See the d d Indian jump in the air." The Indian did jump, but Mr. Jordan also fell dead, shot through the heart. Mr. East- man then took his papers and his gun, drew the body into the bushes out of sight, and returned to the other men and the horses. There were more than three hundred Indians, who were grad- ually closing in around the white men. Mr. East- man was shot just below the hip, but never men- tioned it until the fight was over. Without water, their mouths became so dry that they could not wet the patches to load their guns, and they were finally ordered to retreat. By this time the In- dians had come very near. The pack-horse had strayed off some distance, but Mr. Eastman man- aged to capture him and was rushing him along a rocky path when he fell, and our subject's horse got his foot in a loop of the rope and was strug- gling. Henderson saw the trouble, drew his knife from his boot and cut the rope. Mr. East- man had fallen from his horse and in the tumble had lost his hat. He started to get it when Mr. Henderson with an oath bade him to let the hat go for the Indians were in hot pursuit. Soon they came to some water and Mr. Eastman said he would drink if the Indians were on top of him, so he and his horse took a few swallows of water from the same pool. That night the party camped thirty miles from Silver City. The next day Mr. Eastman was in much pain from his wound and was forced to ride standing in his stirrups. On their return the surgeon, a man of very little ability, said that the ball was so near an artery that he was afraid to cut it out. Three weeks passed in which he constantly grew worse, and at last he said the bullet must be gotten out. The surgeon, therefore, after much probing and cutting secured the ball. The operation was a most painful and difficult one, but Mr. Eastman took no anesthetic nor uttered a word, although he afterward said it required more nerve than to fight the Indians! A piece of his trousers, which had also been carried in with the ball, was taken out, and after that the wound rapidly healed. On another occasion Air. Jennings, who was a renowned Indian fighter, with a party of twenty- men, were surrounded by Indians in the South mountain country, where they were prospecting. They built a fort and fought the Indians off as best they could. At length two of the party made their escape in the night and brought the news to Silver City, arriving at two o'clock in the 150 HISTORY OF IDAHO. night. The next morning at sunrise one hun- dred and fifty men started to the rescue, and when they arrived the Indians at once fled. Both the Eastman brothers were with that party. In 1868 H. B. Eastman returned to Vallejo, California, and on the return trip, with a six-horse team, the wagon was put on runners in order to cross the snow of the Sierra Nevada moun- tains, on the loth of May. They had reached Jordan valley, fifty miles from Silver City, when Mr. Eastman, with his three companions in the wagon, was attacked in passing through a nar- row track between rocks. One of the men shouted "Indians!" and jumped from the wagon without taking a gun or other weapon of defense. The man who sat beside Mr. Eastman was shot in the breast, the other man had a ball across the back of his neck, while a third ball crossed Mr. Eastman's arm and the off wheel-horse was slightly wounded. Mr. Eastman started the team on the run. Looking back he saw the man who had jumped running after them, and giving the reins to the wounded men he started to the defense of the other. As he advanced he fired, and the nearest Indian fell into the bushes. On the run he reloaded and then shot the other In- dian dead. With the rescued man he then got into the wagon and drove as fast as possible four miles to a little station where there were a few- soldiers, hoping that the stage would be through a little later; but on reaching the station they were told the stage had arrived, the driver had been shot dead by the Indians and a ball had struck the blinder of the leading horse, which in fright had left the road and broke one of the wheels of the stage. There were eleven passen- gers in the stage, one of them a woman. Mr. Eastman afterward drove his team back and as- sisted the soldiers in taking up the dead driver. The man who had been shot in the breast after- ward recovered, and Mr. Eastman learned that the Indian he had first shot had his leg broken. Those days of peril are now over, and a debt of gratitude which cannot be paid is due to the sturdy pioneers who braved the dangers of the west and steadily advanced in the work of re- claiming this wild but rich region from the sav- ages. The Eastman brothers continued their mining operations for a number of years. From their claims on Jordan creek and at Silver City they took out on an average an ounce of gold apiece each day, and soon had some seven thousand dollars. Later they purchased an interest in the Morning Star mine, the first quartz mine in the county. It proved very rich, yielding eight hun- dred tons which assayed five hundred dollars to the ton. Most of the bullion taken out at the time was sent down Snake and down Columbia rivers to Portland. In 1867-8 they abandoned mining and purchased a half interest in the Idaho hotel, of Silver City, which proved a profitable investment, and was successfully conducted by them until 1877, when they sold and purchased the Overland hotel, at Boise, a property which they conducted until 1891. They carried on one of the best hotels in the west, supplied with all modern conveniences and accessories, and its splendid equipment secured it a very large pat- ronage. They found the water supply of Boise very poor and immediately set to work to secure better water. At a cost of ten thousand dollars they established a small plant, which became the nucleus of the present fine water system of the city, and which supplies both hot and cold water to many of the best homes and business houses of the city. The hot water is obtained from ar- tesian wells on the mountain side, a novel fea- ture in the water supplies of cities. In connection they also conduct one of the finest natatoriums in the country. The Eastman brothers are heavy stockholders, both in this enterprise and in the electric light and power company of Boise. The Artesian Hot and Cold Water Company have done more for the advancement and prosperity of Boise than any other one agency, and this has resulted largely from the progres- siveness and industry of the gentlemen whose names begin this review. They were also instrumental in the organization of the Boise City National Bank, in 1886, the officers of which are Henry Wadsworth, of San Francisco, president; H. B. Eastman, vice president; Alfred Eoff, cashier; and W. B. Bruce, assistant cashier. The board of directors comprise Alfred Eoff, W. S. Bruce, B. M. East- man, H. B. Eastman, Henry Wadsworth. The bank is capitalized for one hundred thousand dol- lars. In 1891 the bank was built, of fine sand- stone quarried near the city. It is a large and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 151 substantial bank building, fifty by seventy feet, three stories in height with a basement. The Eastman residence is a beautiful home, supplied with all modern conveniences and sur- rounded by most attractive grounds. In 1872 H. B. Eastman was united in marriage to Miss Mary Blackinger, who was bom in Buffalo, New York, in 1850. They now have two sons, Frank M. and Ben S., who are being provided with lib- eral educational privileges. In politics the broth- ers have ever been stalwart Republicans. Their attention, however, is not given to political mat- ters, but to their extensive business interests, which have brought to them merited prosperity and have also advanced the welfare of Boise, and in the history of Idaho their names are found among those who have conferred honor upon the state. WILLIAM J. TURNER. The first resident of Mountain Home was Wil- liam J. Turner, and since the time of his arrival here his history has been inseparably interwoven with that of the town. He is now its postmaster and proprietor of its leading hotel, and from the beginning he has been most active and earnest in promoting and aiding its upbuilding and im- provement. A native of the Buckeye state, Mr. Turner was born March 17, 1854, and is of Eng- lish and Irish descent, his ancestors having been early settlers of Maryland and Virginia, where they located in colonial days. They were promi- nently associated with many events which go to form the history of that epoch and members of the family also aided in the glorious and effectual struggle for independence. The grandfather, Thomas Turner, served his country in the war of 1812. Thomas P. Turner, the father of our sub- ject, was a native of Maryland, married Miss Ra- chel Linton, and with his family removed to Noble county, Ohio, in 1831. There he secured a homestead, erected buildings and otherwise im- proved the property, making it his place of abode until called to his final rest, in the sixty- third year of his age. His wife passed away in her fifty-fourth year. They were the parents of eight children, but only three are now living, Mr. Turner and two sisters. The subject of this review was reared on the old home farm in Ohio, and pursued his educa- tion in a little log schoolhouse, wherein he studied his lessons through the winter seasons, while in the summer months he assisted in the labors of the field. He was married in Ohio, in 1876, to Miss Maria Waller, a native of Ohio, and their union has been blessed with four child- ren: Fred A., who is now serving as deputy postmaster at Mountain Home; Bertha B.; Nel- lie and Everett. William J. Turner dates his residence in Moun- tain Home from August 22, 1881. At the time of his arrival on the present site of the now flourishing town there were no houses within six miles of the place. Plans had been made for the building of the railroad, however, and with ex- cellent foresight he believed that the possibilities of establishing a thriving commercial center were very good. The town was platted by Robert E. Strahorn and from him Mr. Turner purchased five lots, which he still owns and which are now situated in the business section of the place. He is also the owner of other realty interests here, and has been a most important factor in pro- moting commerce and various industries. Mr. Turner erected the first building in Mountain Home, the structure that is now being used as the post-office. He also erected the first hotel and is recently completing a fine hotel property, sixty by one hundred feet, three stories in height with basement, and containing sixty-eight rooms. It will be a credit to the town and to the owner. No enterprise calculated to advance the gen- eral good has ever failed to receive his support and co-operation, and educational, moral, social and material interests have found in him a friend. In the early development of the town the resi- dents of Mountain Home were J. M. Hager, R. H. Tragiskis, James Justin, William. Gibson, Gus Rikewyne and J. A. Tutwiler; but of this number Mr. Hager and Mr. Turner are the only ones still living in the town. The latter is now serving as postmaster. July i, 1899, the post-office was made a presidential office. He has been a life- long Republican, and was appointed to his pres- ent position by President McKinley, since which time he has acceptably discharged his duties, his administration being most efficient. The growth and prosperity of Mountain Home bears the im- press of his individuality, and the beautiful and progressive little village largely stands as a mon- 152 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ument to his enterprise and ability in the active affairs of life. GEORGE M. PARSONS. Professional advancement in the law is pro- verbially slow. The first element of success is, perhaps, a persistency of purpose and effort as enduring as the force of gravity. But, as in every other calling, aptitude, character and indi- viduality are the qualities which differentiate the usual from the unusual; the vocation from the career of the lawyer. Less than fifteen years ago George Matthias Parsons was admitted to the bar, and within that time has gained an eminence for which older practitioners have striven a life time. He was born in Cambridge City, Indiana, on the I5th of January, 1850, and is of English de- scent. His ancestors located in Massachusetts in colonial days, later removed to New York and were prominent factors in the early history of the country. One of the number, Commodore Deca- tur, became eminent in connection with the navy of his native land, and William Parsons, the grandfather of the general, participated in tne war of the Revolution and the war of 1812. He lived to be eighty-three years of age. His son, George L. Parsons, father of our subject, was born in Syracuse, New York, and after arriving at years of maturity wedded Miss Mary Elizabeth Matthias, of Ohio, who was descended from an old Virginia family that was early established in the south. Her father, Jacob Matthias, was born in the Old Dominion and removed to Ohio, be- coming one of the founders of the town of Ham- ilton, in which he long made his home, being numbered among its most influential and valued citizens. George L. Parsons died at the age of sixty-four years, and his wife passed away when forty-four years of age. In the public schools of Cincinnati, Ohio, Gen- eral Parsons of this review began his education, which was completed in the high school of Ham- ilton, Ohio. He was very large for his age, when, as a youth of fifteen years, he offered his services to his country and joined the "boys in blue" of Company F, One Hundred and Eighty-ninth Ohio Infantry. This was in the last year of the war. Thousands of brave men had fallen and thousands of homes had been made desolate by the loss of loved ones. The people realized now all that war meant with its sufferings, its horrors, and its sacrifices, and it required no small amount of courage for men to leave their homes and fam- ilies for the battle-field. With a patriotism which would have been creditable to a man of twice his years, General Parsons responded to the call for more volunteers, and with his company was engaged in scouting duty in the mountains of Alabama until after the cessation of hostilities, when he was honorably discharged, in October, 1865. Returning to his home, he completed his edu- cation and then followed various enterprises un- til 1871, when he came to Idaho. Since that time he has been an active factor in the public life and the development of the state, ever put- ting forth his best efforts for the advancement of its welfare and the promotion of its best inter- ests. He was a member of the seventh and tenth general assemblies. In 1883-4 he served as judge of the probate court of Alturas county, and in 1885 was admitted to the bar, since which time he has engaged in the practice of his pro- fession. In 1892 he was elected attorney general of Idaho, and in 1894 was re-elected, serving in that important office for two terms most creditably. For many years he was a stalwart Republican, an active worker in the ranks of the party and an able exponent and advocate of its principles, but when, at the national convention in St'. Louis, the party declared for the gold standard, with much regret he abandoned its ranks and gave his sup- port to the cause of bimetallism, of which he is a, firm believer. Soon afterward he identified him- self with the free-silver party of Idaho, by which he was once more nominated for attorney gen- eral, but on account of the division in the silver forces was defeated. On his retirement from office he resumed the private practice of law. He is now a member of the firm of Kingsbury & Parsons, which holds rank among the leading and successful law part- nerships of Idaho. Their fine suite of rooms in the Sonna Block, in Boise, is unsurpassed in any of the western states, and is supplied with a most extensive and valuable law library. Since com- ing to the west General Parsons has also success- fully engaged in mining to a considerable ex- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 153 tent. While he has won distinction at the bar and honors in public life, he has at no time failed in the performance of the least duty devolving upon him, and at the time of the Indian outbreak in 1878 he raised a company and served as its captain, aiding in the suppression of the troubles. In 1875 General Parsons was united in mar- riage to Miss Mary E. Welply, of Brooklyn, New York, and a lady of superior culture and natural refinement, who holds membership in the Episcopal church. In 1875 the General was made a Master Mason, in Alturas Lodge, No. 12, A. F. & A. M., has served as past master, and has been a most active worker. He is also a valued member of Phil. Sheridan Post, G. A. R., of Boise, is past commander of E. D. Baker Post, at Hailey, and was junior vice commander of the Department of Utah, Idaho and Montana. He is a man of fine physique, large and well pro- portioned. His entire freedom from ostentation or self-laudation has made him one of the most popular citizens of Idaho, with whose history he has now been so long and prominently identified. WILLIAM H. BAUGH, M. D. Dr. Baugh is the well known physician and druggist of Shoshone, and has a wide acquaint- ance throughout southern Idaho. A native of Missouri, he was born in Boonville, July 28, 1864, and is of German lineage. His paternal grandfather removed from one of the eastern states to Indiana, and there the Doctor's father, Henry Clay Baugh, was born and reared. In 1860 he removed to Missouri and married Eliza- beth Steger, of that state. He had previously crossed the plains to California, where he had en- gaged in mining with fair success. After his return to Missouri he engaged in stock-raising until 1874, when his life's labors were ended in death. He died of pneumonia when forty-eight years of age, and his wife passed away in 1880. They were both members of the Methodist church and people of much worth. They left six children. Dr. Baugh, the eldest of the family, spent his youth in the state of his nativity, and acquired his medical education in the Missouri Medical College, at St. Louis, where he was graduated in the class of 1891. For two years he practiced in that state and then came to Idaho, forming a partnership with Dr. Smith, at Mountain Home. On leaving that place he took up his abode at Shoshone, and from the beginning has enjoyed a large and lucrative practice, extending over a radius of forty miles. After two years he estab- lished the only drug store in the town, having a good store, twenty by ninety feet, which is sup- plied with a well selected stock of drugs, paints, oils, jewelry, stationery, cigars and tobacco. He is also the local physician and surgeon for the Short Line Railroad Company, and is a member of the State Medical Association. In addition to his other business interests he is engaged in sheep-raising, which is now a very important in- dustry in Idaho, and like the other branches of his business it is yielding to him a good income. On the 3ist of July, 1896, was celebrated the marriage of Dr. Baugh and Miss Rose Burke, a native of Watertown, New York, and a daughter of Morris Burke, now of Shoshone. The Doctor is a very prominent Mason, belonging to the blue lodge, chapter, commandery and the mystic shrine. He is an energetic business man of marked ability, a progressive citizen and justly popular in his wide circle of acquaintances. JULIUS S. WATERS. A distinguished jurist has said: "In the American state the great and good lawyer must always be prominent, for he is one of the forces that move and control society. Public confidence has generally been reposed in the legal profes- sion. It has ever been the defender of popular rights, the champion of freedom regulated by law, the firm support of good government. In tne times of danger it has stood like a rock and breasted the mad passions of the hour and finally resisted tumult and faction." A review of the history of Julius Spencer Waters shows that his life is largely an exemplification of this state- ment; that as an individual he has shared in the work thus attributed to the class, and through many years has labored for the good of the na- tion, advocating every measure intended to ad- vance the welfare, prosperity and happiness of his people. His ancestors were among those who fought for American independence, his grand- father, Walter Waters, and his brothers all serv- ing in the colonial army. His father, William Waters, was born in Monroe county, New York, 154 HISTORY OF IDAHO. in 1795, and was a soldier in the war of 1812, participating in the battle of Lundy's Lane under General Scott. He was one of the pioneers of the western reserve of Ohio, locating in Ashtabula county. In 1837 he removed with his family from Ohio to Boonville, Warwick county, In- diana, and when his son Julius was eight years of age went to Iowa, taking up his abode near what is now Mount Pleasant, Henry county. About this time the family was bereft by death of the wife and mother. Julius S. Waters was born in Warwick county, Indiana, March 25, 1838, and although now in his ninth year had had no opportunity to secure an education, having always lived in a wild frontier district, having no knowledge of what was going on in the great busy world outside. Soon after the death of the mother the family became scattered and the sub- ject of this sketch, although a mere lad, was thrown entirely upon his own resources. He has thus indeed been the architect of his own for- tunes and has builded wisely and well. He early gave evidence of the elemental strength of his character in the self-reliance, energy and true pluck which he has displayed, qualities which have marked his entire career and have brought to him a well merited success. Under many and diversified circumstances they have enabled him to conquer obstacles and advance to a position of prominence in the professional and political world. Left alone, he began seeking a way whereby he might earn his own living, and soon secured work at driving oxen in breaking prairie sod, his wages being four dollars per month and board. He eagerly accepted this opportunity of earning his livelihood, and after four months of constant hard work he was able to boast of being the possessor of sixteen dollars cash, which he expended for such warm but cheap clothing as would protect him from the cold during the com- ing winter. It was in that winter of 1850 that he first attended school, pursuing his studies for three months, during which time he lived with an old friend of his parents, working nights, morn- ings and Saturdays in order to pay for his board. The following summer was spent as the former one, save that he received five dollars for his ser- vices, and again in the winter he attended school for three months, his wages being expended for books and clothing. At this time he could only spell and read a little, even the simpler mathe- matics being to his mind as enigmatical as the characters on a tea chest. In the fall of 1852 he began to have aspira- tions for something a little higher in the scale of manual labor than driving oxen and decided to learn a trade. A young acquaintance gave him such glowing accounts of the rising town of Galesburg, Illinois, that he decided to remove thither, and with his little bundle of clothing swung on a stick over his shoulder, and only three dollars in his pocket, he started on foot for Burlington, Iowa. After a tedious and laborious journey through the then wild country he ar- rived at Burlington in the evening and at once boarded a steamboat and paid fifty cents for his fare to Oquawka. Much of the remainder of his small capital went for food, crackers and cheese. He walked from Oquawka to Galesburg in a day and a half, and as he made his way through the streets of the town he passed a harness and sad- dle shop. Thinking he would like to learn that trade he entered and making his wishes known to the proprietor, D. M. Chapin, he entered upon an apprenticeship, during which time he not only received instructions in the business but also was given much valuable advice which he has profitably followed in late years, his employer proving to him a good friend. On completing his apprenticeship, Mr. Waters began business in Burlington, Iowa, and later returned to Mount Pleasant, where he carried on operations in that line. In 1857 he returned to Indiana to visit the old family homestead and renew the acquaintances of former years, and among the hallowed scenes of his childhood he decided to remain and devote as much time as possible to such studies as would fit him for the practical duties of life. His new home, too, was situated on the banks of the Ohio, the division line between the free and slave districts, and there developed the strong anti-slavery views and ten- dencies which were so manifest in later years. The Abolition party, then well organized, found in him an ardent and energetic advocate, and in the fall of 1858, although not yet twenty-one, he was nominated as the Abolition candidate for the legislature. Such was his popularity in the coun- ty that he received four hundred votes, when only thirty-seven votes had been cast for John C. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 155 Fremont two years before. The county was strongly Democratic, and during the canvass made by the youthful candidate, which was very thorough and vigorous, he was frequently bru- tally treated and almost constantly threatened with violence by the opposition. After the fall election of 1858 he at once began to organize his county for the coming contest in 1860, and so well did he succeed that the Republicans had a small majority. During that campaign Mr. Waters was a delegate to the state convention which nominated Henry S. Lane for governor and O. P. Morton for lieutenant governor, while the name of Benjamin Harrison appeared at the foot of the ticket in connection with the office of reporter of the supreme court. Thirty-two years later, in 1892, he was one of the Harrison presi- dential electors for Idaho. During all these years of great political strife Mr. Waters applied himself closely to the study of law and was admitted to the bar, since which time he has successfully engaged in practice. At the breaking out of the great civil war he devoted himself assiduously to promoting the cause of the Union and of human freedom, and never during the darkest hours did he doubt the final triumph of the northern arms. In 1865 he removed to Labette county, Kansas, becoming one of its pioneer settlers. He was one of the organizers of the Republican party there, and by his efficient labors contributed materially to its great success, attending most of the state conventions and pre- siding as chairman at many of the county and district conventions. He was admitted to the bar in 1867, was elected to the office of county attor- ney in 1869, and was re-elected in 1870, 1876, 1878 and 1880. In 1882 he was chosen to repre- sent his district in the state legislature, and in 1883 was appointed by President Arthur re- ceiver of public moneys in the United States land office, at Hailey, Idaho, at which time he removed with his family to that place, filling the position for four years, at the expiration of which period he was elected on the Republican ticket to the office of district attorney of Alturas county for a term of two years. In 1892 he was a delegate to the Idaho Republican state convention, and was there nominated as one of the Idaho presi- dential electors. He came to Shoshone in 1896, and in 1898 was elected county attorney for Lin- coln county, in which office he is now acceptably serving. At the bar he has attained prestige by reason of ability, comprehensive understanding of the principles of jurisprudence and his accu- racy in applying these to the points in litigation. He prepares his cases very carefully, looking up the authorities and precedents and fencing his argument- about with logical reasoning that is generally incontrovertible. In 1860 Mr. Waters was united in marriage to Miss Glenn, of Indiana, but she was spared to him only a short time, her death occurring dur- ing the war. In 1870, in Labette county, Kansas, he wedded Mrs. Amy Myers, a native of Spencer county, Indiana. They have one daughter, Maude, an accomplished young lady, who is skilled both in instrumental and vocal music. The family occupy a very prominent position in social circles and their pleasant home is cele- brated for its hospitality. In 1869 Mr. Waters became a Master Mason, and the following year took the Royal Arch degrees. He has been mas- ter of the blue lodge, high priest of the chapter and eminent commander of the commandery. During a large portion of his residence in Kansas he was a member of the Press Association, being editor of the Oswego Independent, one of the leading newspapers of Kansas. Mr. Waters now occupies a position of distinction in connection with the bar and the political interests of Idaho. Starting out in life for himself ere he had attended school for a day, working at the breaking plow for several seasons, and then becoming imbued with a laudable ambition to attain something bet- ter, he has steadily advanced in those walks of life demanding intellectuality, business ability and fidelity, and to-day commands the respect and esteem not only of his community but throughout the state. Over the record of his public career and his private life there falls no shadow of wrong, for he has ever been most loyal to the ties of friendship and citizenship, and his history well deserves a place in the annals of his adopted state. KNOX TAYLOR. This gentleman, who has furnished for this work the history of the mines with which he has been connected, is a native of New Jersey, born at Highbridge, on the igth of October, 1873. loG HISTORY OF IDAHO. His father and grandfather are the principal own- ers of the large Taylor Iron and Steel Works at his native place, the grandfather being the presi- dent of the company. Knox Taylor was edu- cated in the noted College of New Jersey at Princeton, graduating in the class of 1895, and he has made metallurgy and mining engineering a specialty. After graduating he went to New Mexico to engage in mining, as his chosen voca- tion. In October, 1896, he came to Ketchum, Idaho, to take charge of the large mining interests which he now represents. He is a thorough expert in his calling, is a social and courteous gentleman, and withal an enthusiastic sportsman. Just pre- vious to his interview with the writer of this sketch he had killed five out of eight black-tailed deer in the mountains but a short distance from Ketchum; and May 23, 1899, he killed a black bear near the town. Wood river, directly at the door of the residence of the Philadelphia com- pany, where he resides, affords an abundance of fine trout. AUGUSTUS G. UPTON, A. M., D. D. Although Dr. Upton has been a resident of Weiser for little more than three years he has been so closely and prominently connected with the educational and moral interests of the town during that time that no history of the communi- ty would be complete without the record of his career. It is a widely acknowledged fact that the most important work to which man can direct his energies is that of teaching, whether it be from the pulpit, from the lecture platform or from the schoolroom. Its primary object is ever the same, the development of one's latent powers that the duties of life may be bravely met and well performed. The intellectual and the moral na- ture are so closely allied that it is difficult to in- struct one without in a measure influencing the other, and certainly the best results are accom- plished when the work goes hand in hand. Christian instruction is having an influence over the world that few can estimate, for it is in youth that the life of the man is marked out, his future course decided and his choice as to the good or evil made. It is to this work of thus instructing the young that Dr. Upton devotes his time, energies and thought, and as the president of the Weiser Col- lege and Academy his influence in this direction is most widely felt. He was born at Heath, Mas- sachusetts, on the 7th of December, 1851, and is of English and Scotch lineage, his ancestors hav- ing located in New England at an early period in the colonial history of the country. His fath- er, Benjamin Flint Upton, was also a native of the Old Bay state, and by trade was a wagon and carriage manufacturer. In his religious views he was a Congregationalist, and thus amid the re- fined influence of a Christian home Dr. Upton of this review was reared. He was educated in Oberlin College, at Oberlin, Ohio, and on the completion of the classical course was gradu- ated in 1873. He then pursued a course in the- ology and was graduated in that department in 1876. For a time he was a member of the faculty of Oberlin College, holding the position of tutor of Latin. On leaving that excellent institution he was ordained to the ministry of the Congregational church, after which he efficiently engaged in his chosen work as pastor of prominent churches in Ohio, Michigan and New York. In the last named state he was for some time secretary of the Congregational Home Missionary Society, but in 1888, on account of impaired health, he re- signed his position and moved to Colorado. His residence in Weiser dates from 1895, at which time he accepted the presidency of the Weiser College and Academy. Under his wise direction the school has been making rapid advances and stands among the first educational institutions of the state. He is a careful and capable financier, giving the whole energy of a thoroughly trained mind to the work of placing the school on a stable financial and educational foundation. He is also justly regarded as a talented and eminent minister of the church, and the spiritual as well as the intellectual man is given every opportunity for growth. In 1876 President Upton was united in mar- riage to Miss Lucy H. Metcalf, of Elyria, Ohio, daughter of E. W. Metcalf, of that state. She is a Christian lady of superior education and refine- ment, and is now teaching in Weiser College and Academy, her marked ability ably fitting her for the work. Both the Doctor and his wife enjoy the esteem of their students and a large circle of HISTORY OF IDAHO. 157 friends, and are valued additions to the social and church circles of the place, being particularly active in the work of the Congregational church. They have one daughter, who is with them in their delightful home, which was erected by Dr. Upton and stands on an eminence overlooking the beautiful valley, forming a delightful scene. In his political views he is an independent Re- publican, but takes no active part in political work, his time being fully occupied by his school and church duties. .At this point it would be al- most tautological to enter into any series of statements concerning his high intellectuality, broad human sympathies and tolerance or to the effect that he is imbued with fine sensibilities and clearly defined principles, for all this has been indicated in the account of his work. Honor and integrity are synonymous with his name, and he enjoys the respect, confidence and high regard of the community. HON. JAMES GUNN. To the energetic natures and strong mentality of such men as James Gunn, member of congress from Idaho, is due the success and ever increas- ing prosperity of the Populist party in this state, and in the hands of this class of citizens there is ever assurance that the best interests and wel- fare of the party will be attended to, resulting in a successful culmination of the highest ambitions and expectations entertained by its adherents. Given to the prosecution of active measures in political affairs, and possessing the earnest pur- pose of placing their party beyond the pale of possible diminution of power, the Populist lead- ers in Idaho are ever advancing, carrying every- thing before them in their irresistible onward march. Certainly one of the most potent ele- ments in the success of the Populistic movement in Idaho is James Gunn, who throughout his life has been a loyal citzen, imbued with patriotism and fearless in defense of his honest convictions. Through the long years of the civil war he fol- lowed the Union banners on southern battle- fields, and to-day, just as fearlessly and just as loyally, he is advocating in the halls of congress and before the people the principles which he believes will best advance the welfare of the na- tion. Such is the man whose life history forms the theme of this article. Mr. Gunn was born on the 6th of March, 1843. His parents were John Gunn and Mary (Kerns) Gunn, the former of whom died before the war of the Rebellion. The mother survived him for many years and was almost a centenarian at the time of her death. James Gunn is the eldest of their four children. He attended the public schools, also acquiring an academic education, and began to earn his own living by working as a farm hand, at eight dollars per month. He saved all of his money and used it in the acquire- ment of an education. In this way he fitted him- self for school-teaching, and after pursuing that profession for a time he became imbued with a desire to study law. With him to will has ever been to do, and accordingly he entered the office of Judge Mills, of Grant county, Wisconsin, under whose direction he read law until 1862, when, feeling that his country needed his ser- vices, he put aside all personal considerations and responded to the president's call for troops. In August of that year he joined Company G, Twenty-seventh Wisconsin Infantry. He parti- cipated in the siege of Vicksburg and in the operations that drove Price out of Little Rock, Arkansas. He was afterward transferred to the Department of the Gulf, and was connected with the expedition against Mobile, participating in the siege of that city. He was on duty the night the Confederates evacuated the fortifica- tions, and after the close of operations in south- ern Alabama, he joined the army that was massed on the banks of the Rio Grande river for the pur- pose of overawing the French in Mexico. In October, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant, and at Fish river, Alabama, in March, 1865, was made captain. He served until October of that year, when he was hon- orably discharged. He made for himself a most honorable military record. Always found at his post of duty, fearlessly discharging every task assigned to him, he battled earnestly for the cause of the Union, and to-day deserves the thanks of a grateful people for what he and his comrades in arms did for the nation. After the war Mr. Gunn removed to Colorado, where he resided during the early days of its territorial existence, becoming an important factor in its development and improvement, and where he was associated with some of the most import- HISTORY OF IDAHO. ant enterprises connected with the opening up of that country to settlement. He assisted in building some of the first wagon roads across the crest of the Rocky mountains by this means establishing communication between the eastern and western sections of the state. He served as mayor of Georgetown, Colorado, for four years . and was one of the committee that drew up the charter for that city. In 1875 he removed to Vir- ginia City, Nevada, visited various places in Cal- ifornia and was finally attracted to Idaho by the Wood river silver excitement in 1881-82. He thus became one of the pioneers of the Wood river valley, and in many ways aided in advanc- ing civilization and progress in that part of the state. In 1890 Mr. Gunn was elected a member of the Idaho senate from Alturas county and served on several important committees. He was an active adherent of the Republican party and its principles until 1892, when, on account of the position taken by the party on the money ques- tion, at the Minneapolis national convention, he severed his connection therewith and became one of the organizers of the Populist party in Idaho. He was nominated for congress at the first state convention held by the party. At that conven- tion but six counties were represented, but though the contest was known to be a hopeless one from the beginning Mr. Gunn made a strong canvass, speaking in nearly every precinct in the state, with much power and earnestness. In 1894 he was again nominated by the Populists for con- gress, and materially increased his vote over that of the previous election, but was again defeated. In 1896 a union was effected between the Popu- lists and Democrats, at which time he was once more nominated for congress and was elected, carrying the state by a plurality of forty- five hundred votes, there being but twen- ty-nine thousand votes cast in the state. He has recently completed his first term and the people of his state have no reason to regret that they chose him as their representa- tive. When the Populist party was organized it was clearly seen that in order to win success it should have an organ to voice its sentiments and advocate its principles; accordingly the "Senti- nel" was launched upon the journalistic sea. This was a mere venture. Work was begun on a small scale, for there was no strongly organized party back of it and no capital save that contrib- uted by the people, many of whom were poor in purse, but rich in principles and in the sublime faith that these would finally triumph. Captain Gunn early became associated with the Sentinel as its editor, and continued his connection there- with until his election to congress, in 1896. Owing to his untiring efforts and his signal ability as an editorial writer the paper was carried through the critical period and became a recognized force in the politics of the state, its influence on the political mind being immeasurable. The Cap- tain is thoroughly honest in his convictions and is an earnest and fearless champion of what he believes to be right. He is eloquent and convinc- ing in argument and has made an excellent rec- ord in congress, while his true manhood and many admirable qualities have made him pop- ular in Washington, as well as in Boise and the state of his adoption. JOHN S. WHITE. The subject of this review has been long and conspicuously identified with the history of the great west, and in varied official positions has proved a wise and discriminating factor in the public life. He is at the present time the incum- bent of the important office of judge of probate of Elmore county, retaining his residence at Mountain Home, the flourishing and attractive little city which is the capital of said county. Judge White is a native son of the old Empire state, and may look with satisfaction upon a line- age which traces back to the stanchest of old New England stock. He was born in Cortland county, New York, on the loth of August, 1830, the son of John K. and Sally (Griffin) White, both of whom were born in Connecticut. The ancestry is traced back to Puritan representatives who founded the family in America, having come to the rugged but hospitable shores of Massachu- setts on the Mayflower and landed at Plymouth Rock, famed in history and story. The original American ancestors are supposed to have been of Irish and Welsh extraction. The parents of Judge White removed from their native state to Cortland county, New York, where for many years the father was engaged in contracting and building, having previously HISTORY OF IDAHO. 159 learned the trade of a mason. He was a man of vigorous intellectuality and sterling rectitude of character, and left the record of a long and useful life. He lived to attain the age of seventy years, and his wife was of about the same age at the time of her death, which occurred in Minnesota, at the home of her son, the subject of this review. Both were worthy and devoted members of the Methodist Episcopal church, exemplifying in their daily walk the faith which they professed and in that faith going forward to the eternal life which they felt was assured them. They became the parents of three sons and one daughter, of whom Judge White is the only survivor. John S. White was reared to maturity in his native state, and there received an excellent ed- ucational discipline in the public schools. In 1855, at the age of twenty-five years, he deter- mined to try his fortunes in the west, and accord- ingly removed to Minnesota, where he contin- ued to reside for nearly a quarter of a century. He was there honored with official position, hav- ing served as deputy sheriff and deputy United States marshal. In 1879 he again turned his face westward, casting in his fortune with what was then the comparatively undeveloped territory of Idaho. The Judge may be consistently classed among the pioneers of the commonwealth which is so appropriately christened the "Gem of the Mountains," and that he has been a valuable citi- zen is evident from his tenure of offices of dis- tinctive trust and responsibility, as accorded through the suffrage of the people. He first lo- cated in Boise, where he entered the employ of the United States marshal, E. S. Chase, and was given the position of warden of the territorial penitentiary. In 1884 he removed from the cap- ital city of the territory to Shoshone, where he entered the employ of the railroad and stage com- pany, also becoming a justice of the peace, in which office he served with signal ability, his rul- ings being so well taken as to gain to him the confidence and respect of the people. Here he entered claim to a tract of one hundred and sixty acres of excellent land, which he improved, erect- ing substantial buildings and making the place a valuable one. This property he still owns. In 1898 he received the appointment of judge of probate of Elmore county, whither he came in the spring of 1897, and where he has since re- sided. His administration of the affairs of the office is careful and discriminating and gained to him the commendation of the public. Thus it was but natural that he should become a candi- date for that office in November, 1898, his name having been placed on the silver-Republican fu- sion ticket. The votes were a tie and by lot he won, the drawing being done by the county com- missioner. The marriage of Judge White was solemnized in Cortland county, New York, on the 7th of April, 1857, when he was united to Miss Laura E. Wheeler, who, like himself, is a native of that county. She is the daughter of Johnson Wheeler and is the only survivor of the family. Judge and Mrs. White have one daughter, Katie E., who became the wife of Harry C. Mollison. She was honored with the office of president of the Ladies' Silver Club, of Mountain Home, and proved a most capable presiding officer, taking a deep interest in the work of the club. In the concluding paragraphs of this sketch we must revert to another important and hon- orable chapter in the life history of Judge White. His patriotism and loyalty have ever been above question, and the heroic manifestation of these at- tributes came at the time when the integrity of the nation was threatened by armed rebellion. In March, 1862, he enlisted as a private in the Second Minnesota Battery of Light Artillery, with which he served until the expiration of his term, covering a period of two years. The san- guinary struggle was not yet ended, and the ster- ling characteristics of the man prompted him to veteranize and to again enlist. Thereafter his military record of active service continued until victory crowned the Union arms and the great- est internecine war of history was terminated. The government which he had served so faith- fully in her hour of need granted him a discharge in September, 1865, and he returned to his home, once more to take up the pursuits of peace in a country whose integrity he had helped to pre- serve. From the time of attaining his majority Judge White was a stalwart supporter of the Republican party and its policies, but in 1896. believing that the party platform did not represent the best in- terests of the nation and that certain of its planks were calculated to work injury to that great sec- 160 HISTORY OF IDAHO. tion of the west with whose interests he is identi- fied, he joined the silver wing of the party, with motives as purely in the interest of the country as those which animated him when he went forth to face her enemies on the field of battle. He has not wavered in his belief in the elemental principles of the Republican party, but believes that the platform of 1896 stands as a blot on the 'scutcheon of an organization whose record has theretofore been one of the brightest and wisest. Judge White keeps green the memory of the days passed on the tented battle-field and manifests his abiding interest in his old comrades in arms by retaining membership in the Grand Army of the Republic, whose ranks are rapidly being deci- mated by the ravages of time, the great and final promotion having come to the greater portion of the brave boys in blue. He holds member- ship in U. S. Grant Post, No. 8, at Shoshone, and has filled all of its offices, having served sev- eral terms as its commander. Judge White is uniformly honored and esteemed, and his record is one which reflects credit upon himself and does honor to the vital young commonwealth in whose progress and welfare he is so deeply con- cerned. JAMES D. McCURDY, M. D. In an analyzation of the character and life work of Dr. James Darwin McCurdy we note many of the characteristics which have marked the Scotch nation for many centuries, the perseverance, re- liability, energy and unconquerable determina- tion to pursue a course that has been marked out. It is these sterling qualities which have gained to Dr. McCurdy success in life and made him one of the substantial and valued citizens of Idaho. He now resides in Bellevue, Elaine coun- ty, and while he has retired from the practice of medicine he is still actively interested in mining, being the owner of a valuable group of mines in the Wood river valley. Mr. McCurdy was born in Kentucky, March 22, 1820. The family originated in Scotland, al- though the grandfather of our subject came to America from the north of Ireland and took up his residence in Virginia. He loyally served the colonies in their struggle for independence, and afterward emigrated to Kentucky, becoming one of the pioneers of that state. He was a Pres- byterian in his religious belief, and lived to an advanced age. The Doctor's father, James Dar- win McCurdy, Sr., was an only son and was born in Virginia. He married Miss Livenia Sharp, a native of Virginia, and a daughter of Thomas Sharp, who also removed from the Old Dominion to Kentucky during the early history of the lat- ter state. Unto James D. and Livenia McCurdy were born eleven children, two of whom reached years of maturity. The father died at the age of sixty-three years, and the mother, long surviving him, passed away at the age of eighty-seven. The Doctor is now the only surviving mem- ber of the family. He acquired his literary edu- cation in his native state and was graduated in Russellville, Kentucky, and in 1848 the degree of M. D. was conferred upon him by the University of New York. Returning to Kentucky he there began the practice of medicine, but after a short time removed to Missouri, and in 1852 crossed the plains to Oregon. Many were the emigrants who in that year made their way over the hot sands and through the mountain passes to the Pacific slope, but many also fell by the wayside, stricken down with the dread disease, cholera. The services of Dr. McCurdy were in great de- mand t>y the sufferers, and keeping two horses ready for use he treated the emigrants in trains both ten miles in advance and ten miles in the rear of his own train. It was an arduous service, but one which was very gratefully received by those who were attacked by that strange and generally fatal illness. In the year 1853 Dr. McCurdy was commis- sioned surgeon-general of the Oregon forces raised to suppress an outbreak of the Rogue river Indians, in southern Oregon. When these In- dians began to exhibit hostilities the white set- tlers made a requisition on the governor, George L. Curry, who promptly responded with a pro- clamation for volunteers, who with equal prompt- ness came forward, as Americans always do when duty and patriotism call. The governor appointed as commander in chief of these forces General Joseph Lane, who afterward was elect- ed one of the two first United States senators from Oregon when this commonwealth became a state, and was also candidate in 1860 on the Breckinridge ticket for the office of vice-president of the United States. The company raised in Salem elected James W. Nesmith as their cap- X / ^0, /h-T-CL^. *Uy HISTORY OF IDAHO. 161 tain, who succeeded Lane in the United States senate; and also elected Lafayette F. Grover as their lieutenant, who was afterward governor of the state of Oregon two terms, and was United States senator one term. Dr. McCurdy served as surgeon-general of the army until peace was restored, when he returned to Salem and re- sumed the practice of his profession. After five and a half months spent upon the journey, Dr. McCurdy arrived in Salem, Oregon, where he opened an office and engaged in prac- tice until 1857, when he returned to his old Ken- tucky home to visit his aged mother. He then went to Weston, Platte county, Missouri, where, on the 2d of September, 1858, he was happily married to Mrs. James H. Baldwin, nee Susan B. Thornton, daughter of Colonel John Thorn- ton, a pioneer of Missouri and a descendant of a prominent southern family. Mr. Baldwin in life was of the firm of Doniphon & Baldwin, leading attorneys of Missouri. The Doctor and his young wife went to St. Joseph, Missouri, where he opened a drug store, which he success- fully conducted for seven years, when he sold out and removed to Denver. He conducted a drug store and also engaged in the practice of medi- cine in Virginia City for a year, and then again went to Salem, Oregon, where he resumed his professional duties. His wife joined him there, and they continued their residence at that place until December, 1876. when they removed to Walla Walla, hoping that a change of climate would benefit Mrs. McCurdy's health, which had become impaired. This desirable result was at- tained, and in addition the Doctor acquired a large practice there and also became interested in ranch property and in the raising of sheep. His wife also assisted him in the latter enterprise and prosperity attended their efforts. They still own the real estate at Walla Walla; but in 1882, hear- ing of the great mining excitement in the Wood river valley, the Doctor made a trip to this part of the state, found the mines rich and productive, and the country becoming the place of residence of an enterprising and progressive population. He therefore invested in mines, purchased land and built a good home in Bellevue and is now pleasantly located here. He continued to prac- tice his profession to some extent until 1896, when he retired altogether from professional life in order to devote his time and energies to the care of his mining and other property interests at Walla Walla. He is part owner of seven silver and lead mines and of two gold mines. The group is located in the Camas District, No. 2, of the gold belt, and the mines are at present bond- ed by a syndicate of St. Louis men. The Doctor has long been identified with the Masonic fraternity, having been made a Mason in 1850. He is also a strong advocate of tem- perance and belongs to the Good Templars' So- ciety. His wife is an active member of the Chris- tian church. They occupy a leading position in social circles where true worth and intelligence are received as the passports into good society. In his business ventures the Doctor has been very successful, his enterprise and energy over- coming all obstacles and enabling him to reach the plane of affluence. WILLIAM H. TOWNSEND. Since the earliest pioneer development of Owy- hee county, William H. Townsend has resided within its borders. Silver City had as yet no beginning when he arrived on its present site, in 1863, and De Lamar, Dewey and other towns were not heard of for many years afterward. The rich mineral deposits of this region, however, have attracted a large population, and with mar- velous rapidity villages have been builded and all the enterprises and business industries of older communities have been introduced. All honor is due to the brave band of pioneers who first opened up this region to civilization, among which number is William H. Townsend. He is a native of New England and a represent- ative of one of the oldest American families, his English ancestors having come to the shores of the New World in 1630, only ten years after the planting of the colony at Salem. Among the heroes of the Revolution were some who bore the name of Townsend, the number including the great-grandfather of our subject. The grand- father, William W. Townsend, was born in Mas- sachusetts, and built the first block house in Shoreham, Vermont. In the Green Mountain state occurred the birth of our subject's father, Vernon Townsend, who on attaining his ma- jority married Eunice Haskins. In his early life he was a mechanic, but in 1844 ne removed to 1C2 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Wisconsin, where he industriously followed farm- ing throughout his remaining clays. His death occurred when he had reached the age of eighty- six years, and most of his family were long-lived people, few passing away before arriving at the eightieth milestone on life's journey. In reli- gious belief the Townsends were Congregation- alists. The mother of our subject was about sixty years of age at the time of her demise. Vernon and Eunice (Haskins) Townsend had five children, of whom three are now living. William H. Townsend was born in Vermont, April 12, 1832, and when a youth of twelve sum- mers went with his parents to Wisconsin, where he remained until 1853, when he crossed the plains to California. On the long journey across the sands and through the mountain passes the party with which he traveled was attacked by Indians, and Mr. Townsend received a flesh wound in the thigh, but they succeeded in driving off the red men. On arriving in the Gold- en state our subject engaged in mining in Siskiyou, Trinity and Calaveras counties, and his placer-mining operations in Trinity county yielded him one hundred dollars per day on an average. Three of them took out three thou- sand dollars in one week. For nine years Mr. Townsend followed mining in California, and in 1862 went to Powder river, Oregon, near where Baker City is now located. Subsequently he came to Owyhee county with a party of thirty miners, who arrived on the present site of Sil- ver City in September of that year. This rich mineral district had been discovered the previous year by the celebrated Jordan, which fact, how- ever, was unknown to Mr. Townsend and his party. Our subject secured his claim in the Gulch, one mile below where the town of Dewey now stands, and during the first six weeks, in connection with H. B. Eastman and A. C. Hud- son, he took out three thousand dollars. When the quartz mines were discovered he and Mr. Eastman engaged in packing supplies to the miners and later became interested in the Morn- ing Star mine, in conjunction with Marion Aloore and D. H. Fogus. They took considera- ble gold from that claim, the first ore yielding nine hundred dollars to the ton. Since that time Mr. Townsend has followed prospecting and locating mines. He now has a mill and good outfit on Jordan creek, three miles from De Lamar, where he has impounded a large quantity of tailings from the De Lamar mines. He has about thirty thousand tons of ore, and his mill has a capacity of twenty-five tons daily. A flume, a mile in length, conducts water to his mill for power, and he will furnish em- ployment to several men when his plant is in operation. His practical mining experience can- not but render his new enterprise a profitable one, and all of his friends wish him the greatest suc- cess. Mr. Townsend was united in marriage to Miss Nellie Scales, a sister of John Scales, of Owyhee county. They have five children : Lottie, wife of Fred Crete, Jr. ; Albert, who is his father's assist- ant in business, and Jennie, Harry and Alice, all under the parental roof. The family have until recently resided in Silver City, where Mr. Town- send owns a good residence, but are now occupy- ing a new home near the mill. Mrs. Townsend is a member of the Methodist church, and the subject of this review belongs to the Independ- ent Order of Odd Fellows. He has passed all of the chairs three times and is one of the most val- ued representatives of his lodge, which he has represented in the grand lodge. In politics he has always been a Republican, but differs with the main branch of the party on the money ques- tion. The success he has achieved in business is due entirely to his own efforts. He is a natural mechanic, being able to do any kind of work in wood or iron, and this is of great benefit to him in his new enterprise. He is industrious and energetic, and his capable management has re- sulted in securing to him a comfortable prop- erty, which will undoubtedly bring him better financial returns in the future. PETER PENCE. The life record of this honored pioneer, and his connection with many of the leading events in the history of Idaho, form no unimportant chapter in the annals of the state. He has been identified with its early development through the period when existence in the northwest was at- tended by many difficulties and dangers, and with its latter-day progress and advancement which have placed Idaho on a par with many of the older states of the east. His early years were spent far HISTORY OF IDAHO. 163 .from this "Gem of the Mountains." He was born in Armstrong county, Pennsylvania, in October, 1837, and is of German ancestry, the founders of the family in America having been early settlers of the Keystone state. The grand- father of our subject, George Washington Pence, served as a lieutenant in the Revolutionary war and lived to be one hundred years of age, while his wife reached the remarkable age of one hun- dred and seven years. Their son, who also bore the name of George W. Pence and is the father of our subject, was born in Pennsylvania, November 10, 1810, and is still living on the old family homestead where be first opened his eyes to the light of day. He married Deborah McKee, who was of Irish line- age. They were industrious farming people and were members of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Pence has survived his fourth wife. By his mar- riage to the mother of our subject he had ten children, eight of whom are living, including Sarah Pence, who resides in the east and is presi- dent of the National League. Other members of the family are prominent in various walks of life and the Pence history is most creditable and commendable. Peter Pence was reared upon his father's farm, assisting in the labors of field and meadow through the summer months, while in the winter season he attended the public schools of the neighborhood. In 1857 he went to Kansas, where he was living all through the troublous times concerning the adoption or rejection of slavery in that state. He had many thrilling ex- periences and narrow escapes, which if written in detail would form an interesting volume. He almost met death at the hands of border ruffians on several occasions, and at one time was way- laid by the "jayhawkers," who stole his team from him, but with dauntless courage he followed them and finally succeeded in recovering pos- session of his horses. With his team he hauled to Atchison the "Jim Lane cannon," with which they defended the town. In 1861 Mr. Pence made three trips to Denver, Colorado, freight- ing with oxen and hauling the goods that stocked some of the first stores built in that city. In 1862 he again started with an ox team on the long and perilous journey across the arid plains, leaving the Missouri river on the glh of June. They were harassed by Indians, lost some of their stock and saw the remains of many emigrants who had been killed by the savages. They arrived at the ford- ing place of the Malheur river, September 26, 1862, but were there delayed for a day by the death of one of the party. At that point they met the men who had just discovered gold in the Boise basin, but Mr. Pence was prevailed upon to go with the company to Batter City, Oregon, which was then a town of two unfinished houses. After two weeks passed there, he went to Auburn and thence came to the Boise basin, where he ar- rived on the ist of November. He formed a part- nership with Samuel Kenney and they whip- sawed lumber, for which in the spring of 1863 they were paid three hundred dollars per thou- sand feet, the winter's work thus bringing them thirty dollars per day. Expenses, however, were very high, flour sometimes selling for a dollar a pound, and other things in proportion. In 1863 Mr. Pence began mining, but did not meet with success in that venture, and so followed freight- ing from Umatilla and Walla Walla to the Boise basin until 1866, when he operated a horse-power threshing machine in Boise valley, receiving fif- teen cents a bushel for threshing grain. He saw a man called Beaver Dick stake out the first ranch located in the Boise valley, the land being about five miles above Boise City. In 1867 he too became a ranch owner, in the famous Payette valley, ten miles above the present town of Pay- ette, turning his attention to the raising of stock, in which he has since been successfully engaged. He has had as many as two thousand head of cattle at one time, and his sales of stock, in 1887, amounted to forty-two thousand and five hun- dred dollars. For many years he has made his headquarters in Payette, and at various times has successfully conducted a meat market in connec- tion with the management of his large ranch, both in Boise City and other places. His business interests have been conducted with marked ability, and he is widely recognized as one of the leading stock dealers of the state. His realty holdings are very extensive, including about three thousand acres of rich farming lands, together with an entire block in the city of Payette, on which his residence is situated. He also owns a half interest in the Garie addition to Payette, is largely interested in the irrigation 164 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ditch known as the Lower Payette ditch, which supplies water in the lower Payette and Snake river valleys to the Weiser river, a distance of twenty-two miles, and is at present president of three ditch incorporations. He is also vice- president of the Payette Valley Bank. The var- ied nature of his business interests indicates his resourceful business ability. He is quick to note a favorable opportunity, is energetic and enter- prising, and in matters of business management his judgment is rarely at fault. His property has been worthily acquired and is a fitting reward to one who has experienced all the hardships of pioneer life in the northwest. On the 6th of October, 1873, Mr. Pence mar- ried Miss Anna Bixby, who was born in Mis- souri, but was reared in Nebraska. Her father, Seth Bixby, was a prominent California pioneer. Mr. and Mrs. Pence have six children, four sons and two daughters: Emma Belle, wife of F. M. Satoris; Edward, Lloyd, Harry, Walter and Grace. The three eldest children are all college graduates, and it is the intention that the young- er ones shall receive equally good educational privileges, that they may thus be well fitted for the practical and responsible duties of life. Mr. and Mrs. Pence are charter members of the Methodist church of Payette, and have ever taken a most active interest in its work. They contributed liberally toward the erection of the house of worship in Payette, and also the Meth- odist church in Weiser. The cause of education has likewise found in them trustworthy friends, and no worthy movement seeks their aid in vain. He is at present a member of the school board in Payette. In his political views Mr. Pence is a stalwart Republican. He served as the first mayor of Payette, proving a competent and faithful offi- cial, and is now a member of the town council. He is a charter member of the Masonic lodge of the town and has taken the Royal Arch degrees of the order. Thus has he been prominently con- nected with the business, social, educational and moral interests of his adopted state, and that, too, from the earliest period of its development. He came to Idaho at a time when perils and hard- ships were on every hand, when the pioneers built for their protection at different points along the river stockades to which they escaped from the savages. Many a night Mr. Pence has slept with his family in the bushes for fear the Indians would attack them in their home and murder them all. On other occasions he has hastily placed wife and children into the wagon and driven with all speed to the stockade. Atrocities committed by Indians, and often by the lawless element usually found in a new community, are too terrible to relate; but that period in the his- tory of the state has long since passed; law, order and peace hold dominion over this beauti- ful region, rich with the bountiful gifts of nature, and Mr. Pence, with many others of the brave pioneers, is now enjoying the fruits of his former toil. DAVID HERON. In a pleasant, attractive brick residence in a de- sirable section of Boise City, are living to-day David Heron and wife, esteemed citizens and pioneers of Ada county. Mr. Heron has fre- quently served his neighbors and friends in offi- cial positions of much responsibility and trust, and has won their highest praise for the able and conscientious manner in which he discharged the duties resting upon him. For a period of two years he was the recorder and auditor of this county, for a similar length of time was the county assessor and during some six years was one of the commissioners of Ada county. He has just reason to be proud of his record as a public official, and no breath of criticism or doubt of his strict integrity and impartiality has ever diminished his fair fame. The parents of David Heron were David and Jennie (McGee) Heron, both natives of Scotland. They emigrated to the hospitable shores of America in 1820 and settled in Pottsville, Penn- sylvania, where for many years Mr. Heron was engaged in the coal business. In 1857 he re- moved to Jefferson county, Iowa, where he turned his attention to milling and was thus em- ployed until the time of his death, in the sev- enty-second year of his age. His good wife sur- vived him, her demise taking place when she was in her eighty-third year. In religious faith they were Presbyterians, but for some time they were members of the Baptist church. Of their seven children four are living. David Heron was born in Blossburg, Pennsyl- vania, February 11, 1833, and received his educa- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 165 tion in his native state. For several years after he embarked in business he was engaged in the manufacture of lumber, in the state of Iowa, and in 1860 he removed to Colorado, of whose mining industries he had heard glowing accounts. He mined in Gilpin county for some time arid car- ried on a stamp mill, but, not meeting with the prosperity which he desired and had anticipated, he came to try his fortunes in the mines of the Boise basin, this being in 1863. Mining opera- tions, however, did not seem to be his special field, and he ultimately became a farmer and stock-raiser, in which line he was eminently suc- cessful. He selected fertile, productive land, on which he raised as high as eighty bushels of oats to the acre, and one season he sold his crop of oats at fifteen cents a pound. The prices of other things were in proportion, and it cost a dollar to get a letter here from Salt Lake City. As the years rolled away Mr. Heron wrought out suc- cess and is now the owner of several farms, ag- gregating about five hundred acres. From time 'to time he has branched out into other lines of business or investment, and is at present a stock- holder in the Artesian Hot and Cold Water Com- pany of Boise City, an enterprise which has been of great benefit to this community. Mr. Heron is a man of deep convictions of right and duty, makes up his mind on all mat- ters of moment independently, and then acts in strict accordance with what he believes is best. He has been a lifelong Republican, and it was with keen regret that he felt impelled to step out of its ranks in 1896, when the party took the at- titude which it did on the money issue. He is frank and outspoken in favor of bi-metallism, and believes that this principle will eventually tri- umph, and that the people of this democratic country will be greatly profited thereby. In the meantime he is content to wait, as hopefully as may be, having the courage to remain with the minority. In 1861 Mr. Heron married Miss Fidelia A. Canfield, who was the first school-teacher in Cen- tral City, Colorado, and a pioneer in that state, as well as in Idaho. The only son of our subject and wife, Frank E., is now managing one of their farms, he being a practical, progressive young agriculturist. Mary T., the elder daughter, is now the wife of William F. Yarvan. Alice I. is a graduate of the Boise high school, subsequently graduating in the Michigan State Normal school; was for three years principal of the schools of St. Louis, Gratiot county, Michigan, and is now occupying a similar position in the Whittier school of Boise City. She has had ex- cellent advantages and seems specially qualified, both by nature and training, for her chosen work. WILLIAM F. SMITH, M. D. The state of Idaho, with its pulsing industrial activities and rapid development, has attracted within its confines men of marked ability and high character in the various professional lines, and in this way progress has been conserved and social stability fostered. He whose name initi- ates this review has gained recognition as one of the able and successful physicians of the state, and by his labors, his high professional attain- ments and his sterling characteristics has justified the respect and confidence in which he is held by the medical fraternity and the local public. A representative physician and surgeon of Mountain Home, the county seat of Elmore county, Idaho, Dr. William F. Smith has main- tained his residence here since the year 1889, having acquired an enviable professional pres- tige and built up a successful practice. Dr. Smith is a native of the Old Dominion state, having been born in the beautiful old southern city of Richmond, on the nth of August, 1863, being a representative of one of the old and honored families of Virginia, a family which was prom- inently identified with the early annals of that patrician old commonwealth. The Doctor's grandfather, Hiram M. Smith, and his father, Isaac T. Smith, were prominent manufacturers of Richmond, and during the late civil war were extensively engaged in the manufacturing of arms and munitions for the Confederate service, their sympathies being naturally with the cause of the south and the institutions which time and custom had amply sanctioned in that section of the Union. The grandfather is still living, hav- ing attained the venerable age of ninety-one years. The Doctor's father, Isaac T. Smith, was like- wise a native of the old capital city on the James river, and there he was reared and educated. He married Miss Philomena Clew, a native of New 166 HISTORY OF IDAHO. York, and of French ancestry. They became the parents of seven children, all of whom are liv- ing but one. The father departed this life in 1884, at the age of forty-four years, and the mother and all the children, with the exception of the subject of this review, still have their home in Richmond. William F. Smith was the eldest son in the family, and he grew to maturity in his native city, in whose schools he received his edu- cational discipline, completing his more purely literary training in the Richmond College, after which he pursued his medical studies in the Rich- mond Medical College and in the local hospitals, where he secured excellent clinical work. In the year 1887 Dr. Smith left his southern home and journeyed to the far distant northwest- ern coast of the United States. For a time he was located at Pendleton, Oregon, where he be- gan the practice of his profession, but after a short interval he came to Mountain Home, where he has since continued in active and successful practice. At the time of his arrival here there was no physician in the town, and as the pioneer of his profession in the locality he received the heartiest of receptions and welcomes. That this cordial welcome was merited has been shown in the work he has accomplished and in the popu- larity which he has retained, his devotion to his profession and his kindly nature having gained him the friendship and support which have so conserved his success and reputation. Enthusi- astic in the technical study of his profession, and desiring to keep fully abreast of the advances made in the science of medicine, the Doctor took a post-graduate course at the New York Poly- clinic in 1895, being essentially a student and maintaining a lively interest in the progress of the profession to which he is devoting himself. Dr. Smith is a member of the Idaho State Med- ical Society, the American Medical Association, and is the local physician and surgeon of the Oregon Short Line Railroad, having also the railway practice at Glenn's Ferry. He served as coroner of Elmore county for several years, has also been physician to the county poor and has in every way endeavored to make his professional work a power for good in the community. He is animated by a broad sympathy and charity, and in his care and solicitude for the afflicted has had recognition of neither poverty nor riches, his ser- vices being accorded with equal promptitude and devotion in either case. His kindness and sym- pathy have endeared him to all classes of citizens, and as a man he justifies the reputation borne by the people of Virginia for never-failing courtesy and intrinsic refinement. In his political adherency the Doctor has been stanchly allied with the Democratic party, in- heriting the loyalty to the Jeffersonian principles and policies from his ancestors. He has taken an active part in the work of his party in the state, and he was one of the electors of Idaho during Mr. Bryan's Campaign, in which connec- tion his was the distinction of bearing to the na- tional capital the results of the election in his state. He is conspicuously identified with a num- ber of- the principal fraternal and social orders. He is past chancellor commander of the Knights of Pythias: has passed the chairs in the Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows, in which he has represented his lodge in the grand lodge of the state; is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and is a prominent and valued' member of the Masonic fraternity, being past master of his lodge, and having passed the capitu- lar and chivalric degrees, thus securing member- ship in chapter and commandery, while his iden- tification with that popular adjunct of Freema- sonry, the Mystic Shrine, indicates that he has crossed the burning sands of the desert and gained distinction as a noble of the temple of that ancient Arabic order. Doctor Smith has a conveniently located and well equipped office in Mountain Home, and also owns other property in the thriving little city where he makes his home, and in whose progress and material prosperity he is deeply interested. He is well known throughout the county, and his personal popularity is unmistakable. GARNER MINER. For thirty-eight years Garner Miner has been a resident of Idaho, having come to the territory in 1861, when the development of this great northwest was in its incipiency and the fron- tiersmen had to meet many privations and dan- gers. The Indians were frequently on the war path, carrying death and devastation wherever they went; and separated from the base of sup- plies, from the comforts and luxuries of the east, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 167 the pioneers endured hardships undreamed of by the present generation. In those clays brave hearts were necessary, indeed, but the same spirit of Anglo-Saxon daring, fortitude and stability, which has characterized the people of this fair land from its earliest colonization, and has car- ried the English language and English suprema- cy to all parts of the globe, found renewed mani- festations among the mountains and valleys of Idaho, and thus were laid the foundations of the state, which now occupies a prominent place in the great galaxy of states west of the Mississippi. In all the work of progress and development, in the task of subduing the wild land to the pur- poses of civilization, Garner Miner bore his part, and now in the evening of life is living retired at his pleasant home in Caldwell, enjoying a well earned rest. Mr. Miner was born in New Haven, Connecti- cut, on the 5th of November, 1822, his parents being John and Mary (Marshall) Miner, also na- tives of the Nutmeg state. In their family were five children. Garner Miner attended school in New Haven and in New York and subsequently removed to Ohio, where he worked at the car- penter's and millwright's trades. He was mar- ried in that state, in 1847, to Miss Ann Eliza Willson, whose birth occurred in Wood county, Ohio, in 1827, her father being Almon Willson, of that state. The young couple removed to Michigan, locating in Branch county, where they resided until 1852, when Mr. Miner started on the long and perilous journey across the plains to California, the usual dangers of which were augmented by the cholera, which struck down many a company of the emigrants, the new-made graves of its victims being seen all along the way. Arriving in the west, Mr. Miner engaged in min- ing enterprises in Sierra and at Dry Creek, after \vhich he turned his attention to agricultural pur- suits. He purchased a farm in the fertile valley of the Sacramento river and, meeting with suc- cess in his ventures, sent for his wife, who, mak- ing her way to New York, sailed thence to Nicaragua, October 2, 1854. On reaching San Francisco she was met by her husband, and to- gether they proceeded to their new home, where they continued to dwell for some years. In 1861, attracted by the gold discoveries at Florence, Idaho, they -came to this state, and later made their way to the Boise basin. Mr. Miner became the owner of two-sevenths of seven claims in Illinois Gulch, the company of which he was a member employing twenty-one men, at six dol- lars each per day, and seven dollars each night, to operate the mines. Excellent returns were gathered from their labors, Mr. Miner's net divi- dend being one thousand dollars per week. After some time he disposed of his mining interests, and purchased three hundred acres of land on the Payette, where he successfully engaged in farm- ing. He had ten acres planted to vegetables, which at that time brought very high prices, onions selling for ten dollars per hundred pounds and other things in proportion. Mrs. Miner and her three little daughters made the journey to Idaho, by way of steamer to Portland, where they were met by Mr. Miner, who with ox teams brought them to the farm. Their place bordered an old Indian trail, along which bands of red men frequently passed. During periods when the savages were on the war path, Mrs. Miner and her little girls spent many a night in the wheat field, while the husband and father like- wise slept out under the stars, where he could see both up and down the trail, his rifle within reach in order that he might protect himself in case of attack. He carried on his farming opera- tions until 1892, when he removed with his fam- ily to Caldwell, where he now resides. The eldest of the three daughters of the fam- ily is Mary Francelia, who was born in Ohio, and during her early girlhood came with her mother to the Pacific coast. She grew to be a beautiful young lady and then became the wife of William Lynch. He died in 1877, and she is now the wife of a Mr. Fisher. The second daughter, Ada Caroline, also an accomplished and cultured woman, was born in California, married Will- iam H. Isaacs, and died in 1895, at the age of thirty-eight years. Her death was deeply de- plored by all who knew her, for her excellencies of character had endeared her to many friends as well as to her husband and parents. Her daughter, Ada Norine, is now living with Mr. and Mrs. Miner. The third daughter, Martha Ellen, who was also born in California, died at the age of twenty-eight years, and thus only one of the children is left to the parents in their declining years. 168 HISTORY OF IDAHO. For more than forty years Mr. and Mrs. Miner have been faithful and consistent members of the Methodist church. They have passed the fiftieth anniversary of their wedding day, on which occasion they were visited by many friends in Caldwell, who, unknown to them, arranged to celebrate the occasion and to express their esteem for the worthy couple by presenting Mr. Miner with a gold-headed cane, and his wife with a gold badge and chain, gifts which are greatly prized by Mr. and Mrs. Miner as evidences of the spirit which prompted their bestowal. With the consciousness of lives well spent, and with pleasant memories of good deeds performed for their fellow men, they are nearing the end of the journey of life, but their influence on their gen- eration cannot be measured, nor can their value as pioneers in the great state of Idaho be over- estimated. They well deserve mention in this his- tory, and with pleasure we present to our readers this brief record of their lives. C. W. WERNICKE. The county treasurer of Lincoln county, Idaho, C. W. Wernicke, is also the pioneer hardware merchant of Shoshone, and throughout the eight- een years of his residence here has been prom- inently connected with the various interests which have contributed to the growth, prosper- ity and advancement of town and county. He belongs to that class of progressive German citi- zens who have severed the ties binding them to the old world in order to seek homes in the land of the free. He was born in Goldburg, Ger- many, on the I3th of January, 1847, anc ' m the land of his nativity acquired his literary education and learned the tinsmith's trade. He was a young man of nineteen years when he decided to come to America. Hearing of the advantages afforded by the United States to young men of energy, diligence and ambition, he crossed the Atlantic resolved to try his fortune among new scenes. He had only money enough to pav his passage, and landed in New York city almost penniless, ignorant of the language and customs of the peo- ple among whom his lot was to be cast. With resolute heart, however, he started out to seek work and secured employment at his trade in Lyons, Xew York. Later he worked as a tinsmith in Jackson and in Paw Paw, Michigan, and after a time began business on his own ac- count on a small scale. As the days passed his industry and economy added to his capital, his business was proportionately increased, and for twelve years he successfully carried on opera- tions in that line. The excitement over the gold discoveries at Leadville, Colorado, drew him to that state, and in 1881 he came to Idaho, first locating in Blackfoot, where he carried on the hardware business for two years. On the expiration of that period Mr. Wernicke came to Shoshone, and as there was not a build- ing in the town he slept in a tent until he could erect the frame structure in which he has since conducted his store. The rough lumber with which he constructed the building cost eighty dollars per thousand feet. As soon as it was com- pleted he put in a stock of shelf and heavy hard- ware and has since enjoyed an extensive trade throughout Shoshone and the surrounding coun- try, his patronage steadily increasing and bring- ing to him a well merited success. In addition to his mercantile labors he is also discharging the duties of county treasurer of Lincoln county, to which position he was first appointed, entirely without his solicitation, by Governor McConnell. Since that time he has twice been re-elected by popular vote, and is now acceptably and credita- bly serving for the third term. Mr. Wernicke is a valued and prominent mem- ber of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, has passed the chairs in both branches of the order and is past grand master of the state and past grand representative to the sovereign grand lodge. In politics he has been a life-long Re- publican, and keeps well informed on the issues and questions of the day, both political and other- wise. His honorable business methods, his trust- worthiness in public life, and his cordial, genial manner have gained him a host of warm friends, who will, we feel assured, gladly read this review of his career. DAVE ADAMS. While "the race is not always to the swift nor the battle to the strong," the invariable law of destiny accords to tireless energy, industry and ability, a successful career. The truth of this as- sertion is abundantly verified in the life of Mr. Adams, who, though he has met many difficulties and obstacles, has overcome these by determined HISTORY OF IDAHO. 1G9 purpose and laudable endeavor, working his way steadily upward to success. He is now account- ed one of the leading business men of Silver City, and has been prominently identified with the de- velopment of many of the leading business in- terests of Idaho since his arrival in the territory in 1868. Mr. Adams was born in Clark county, Illinois, on the nth of April, 1843, an d his ancestors, who were of Scotch and German birth, were early settlers of Kentucky and Ohio. His father, Abner Adams, was born in Ohio, and in 1851 crossed the plains to California, engaging in mining at different camps in that state until 1860, when he returned to his old home for his family. He had gone to the Golden state by way of the northern route, but took his family by the south- ern route, traveling through Texas, New Mexico and Arizona to Watsonville, Santa Cruz county, California, where he made a location. There his death occurred in 1882, at the age of seventy-one years, but his wife is still living and is now in her seventy-ninth year. Their children are. Re- becca, deceased; Dave; Green, who resides in Silver City, Ida,ho; Amanda, Isabella, George and Albert, all residents of California. Dave Adams received but limited educational advantages in his youth. He pursued his studies in a little log schoolhouse, but the instruction was of a primitive character, and in the school of ex- perience most of the valuable lessons of his life have been learned. In 1857 he emigrated with his uncle to Pocahontas, Arkansas, and a year later went to Fort Smith, that state, where he was employed for a year or two as "devil" in a printing office. Subsequently he spent a short time in the Indian Territory and then located in Sherman, Texas, where he worked in a printing office until the 4th of March, 1861. On the day on which the lamented Lincoln took the oath of office as president of the United States, he started to join his father and family, who were then en route for California. They were frequently at- tacked by Indians while in Arizona, and Mr. Adams accordingly learned something of the inhuman methods of warfare as practiced by the savages. Late in the fall, however, they reached their destination in safety, and the subject of this review soon secured a position in a printing office. Such establishments have often been termed "poor men's colleges," and such they were to Mr. Adams. While working at his trade he gained a broad, miscellaneous knowledge that has made him a well informed man, and he has ever maintained a deep interest in the living ques- tions of the day and kept well informed thereon. In 1864, however, Mr. Adams gave up his posi- tion in the printing office in order to enter his country's service as a member of Company A, Eighth Regiment of California Volunteers. It was expected that the command would be or- dered to the front, but instead they were engaged in defending the coast until the close of hostili- ties. In the fall of 1865, at the Presidio, in San Francisco, Mr. Adams received an honorable dis- charge. He remained in California until the spring of 1866, and then, with a horse team, took a load of flour to Humboldt county, Nevada, where he engaged in various occupations, among which were operating pack trains and burning charcoal for smelting companies. In the spring of 1868, in company with seven or eight others, he walked from Humboldt county, Nevada, through a portion of Oregon to Silver City, Idaho, a distance of three hundred miles. That summer he was employed on the Ike Jennings ranch in Snake river valley, the place now known as Oreana, and in the autumn joined a government surveying party engaged in draw- ing township lines and subdividing the land on both sides of Snake river, between Walters' Ferry and the mouth of the Bruneau river. Soon after his return to Silver City he accepted a position on the Tidal Wave, a newspaper then published by the Butler brothers, but in July, 1869, he left that office to go on a prospecting tour in the Salmon river mountains, in company with Henry Knapp, a printer and assayer. That fall the fam- ous Loon Creek Placer Camp was discovered, and Mr. Adams and Mr. Knapp were the first men on the ground with the exception of the dis- coverers. They located several claims, and as a flourishing town soon sprang into existence, they admitted M. A. Wentworth to a partnership, built some houses, and on pack animals brought in a stock of general merchandise from Boise Basin and started in business. They also estab- lished an express line between Loon Creek and Idaho City, a distance of one hundred and forty miles, carrying mail and express, making the 170 HISTORY OF IDAHO. journey in summer on horseback, but in winter going on snow shoes. Flour sold as high as fifty cents per pound.' The charge for carrying a letter either way was fifty cents; newspapers from fifty to seventy-five cents; magazines one dollar and small packages in proportion. The camp, however, proved to some extent a failure, the mineral deposit not turning out to be what was expected. The firm of Adams, Knapp and Went- worth had done much of their business on the credit system, and when the miners could not pay they in consequence suffered heavy losses. In the fall of 1870 Mr. Adams went to Boise, where he again worked in a printing office. In 1871 he returned to Silver City and engaged in mining on War Eagle mountain for a few months, when he secured a situation on the Ava- lanche, then published by W. J. Hill, continuing in that position until July, 1874. His health fail- ing him, he then made a tour of the coast towns of California, and at San Francisco speculated unsuccessfully in mining stock. He returned to Silver City in July, 1876, and a few days later went to Boise, where he secured the position of foreman on the Statesman, which was then pub- lished by Judge Milton Kelly. In 1877 he again returned to Silver City and worked for a year on the Avalanche for Major Hay, but the following winter he engaged in mining on War Eagle mountain and met with losses in the venture. In 1879, however, he conducted a number of suc- cessful speculations at Silver City and surround- ing places, and in October, 1880, in partnership with Guy Newcomb, purchased the Avalanche plant, conducting the paper until 1882, when he sold his interest to Charles M. Hays. Mr. Adams then purchased the Silver City Iron Foundry, and in addition to its operation dealt in wood, conducted a number of speculations, and bought and sold real estate. In 1889 in connection with a partner he opened a furniture store, and three years later, closing out their furniture business, they put in a full line of general merchandise. The same year the partner abscotided, but Mr. Adams continued the business, and such was the confidence of the people in him that he soon won a very large patronage, and carried on the store with excellent success, eventually having the largest trade in his line in the county. On the 1st of May, 1898, he sold out in order to give more of his time and attention to the conduct of a private banking business which he had pre- viously established and which had grown to con- siderable proportions. In the year 1897 his oper- ations in that line amounted to nearly two hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars, for the bank is considered a great convenience by the miners and business men of this section of the state. He still conducts a profitable banking business, and is regarded as one of the most reliable and trust- worthy men of the county. His success is cer- tainly well merited, as it has been won entirely through his own well directed and honorable efforts. In his political views Mr. Adams was long a Republican, voting for the men and measures of that party until 1896, when not favoring its stand on the money question he gave his support to W. J. Bryan, the Democratic candidate for president. He was elected to the territorial legis- lature in 1884, and therein labored with patriotic and untiring zeal for the adoption of many meas- ures which he believed would advance Idaho's best good. He is still the owner of extensive mining interests, and his business career is one of which he has every reason to be proud. Start- ing out in life in the humble capacity of errand boy in a printing office, he has been connected with many business interests and has ultimately not only won prosperity, but through all has maintained a reputation for honesty and integrity of character that is unassailable. His connection with the journalistic, mercantile, mining and banking interests of the state has gained him a wide acquaintance and all who know him speak of him in terms of the highest respect. COLUMBUS R. SHAW. One of the most enterprising, energetic and successful business men of Caldwell, is the gen- tleman whose name appears above. He is a na- tive of the state of Missouri, his birth having oc- curred in Ray county, in 1859. His father, Will- iam P. Shaw, was a native of Tennessee, whence he removed to Alissouri, in 1833, becoming one of the pioneers of the latter state. He married Miss Julia A. Waterman, a nadve of New York, whose people were also numbered among the early settlers of Missouri. The Shaw family is of Irish origin, and leaving the Emerald Isle crossed HISTORY OF IDAHO. 171 the Atlantic to North Carolina during the colon- ial epoch in the history of this country. In re- ligious faith they were Methodists, and were peo- ple of the highest respectability and worth. The father of our subject died in his sixty-ninth year, and the mother passed away in the forty-eighth year of her age. They had six children, three sons and three daughters. Columbus R. Shaw, the youngest of the family, acquired his education in the schools of Missouri, and in 1883 came to Idaho as terminal agent for the Oregon Short Line Railroad Company. Subsequently, locating at Mountain Home, he engaged in cattle-raising and in conducting a stage line, -meeting with fair success in his under- takings. His next venture was in the lumber trade, to which he has since devoted his energies, building up a large and profitable business. He makes his home and headquarters at Caldwell, but his operations are not confined to the one city. He carries on the lumber and milling busi- ness in Boise and Guffey also, and the volume of his trade has constantly increased until it has as- sumed extensive proportions. He is president of the board of trade of Caldwell, was one of the organizers of the Caldwell Creamery Company and is its president, and in this as in his other enterprises displays marked ability in his man- agement and control of affairs. In matters of judgment he is rarely at fault, and his keen discrimination, resolute purpose and untiring en- ergy have brought him most gratifying pros- perity. As a citizen, Mr. Shaw is public-spirited and loyal, manifesting a deep interest in all that per- tains to the welfare of his city and state along educational, moral, social and material lines. He is now serving as a member of the city council and exercises his official prerogatives to upbuild and benefit the town. He is now chairman of the board of county commissioners, and though he takes a deep interest in political affairs, and keeps well informed on the issues of the day, he cannot be called a politician in the sense of office-seeker, as he prefers to devote his time and energies to his extensive and varied business interests. In 1891 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Shaw and Miss Mabel Stucker, of Silver City, Idaho. They now have four children: Clarence Rupert, Inez, Francis and Delia Elizabeth. Mrs. Shaw is a valued member of the Episcopalian church and presides with gracious hospitality over her pleasant home in Caldwell, which is the center of a cultured society circle. Mr. Shaw be- longs to the Masonic order, the Odd Fellows society and the Knights of Pythias fraternity. He is justly accorded a place among the prom- inent and representative citizens of Idaho, for he belongs to that class of men whose enterprising spirit is used not alone for their own benefit; he also advances the general good and promotes public prosperity by his ably managed individual interests, thus placing this section of the country on a par with the older east. He has excellent ability as an organizer, forms his plans readily and is determined in their execution. This en- ables him to conquer obstacles which deter many a man, and it has been one of the salient features in his success. JOHN C. CONNORS. Entrusted with an important public service, the care of the funds of Owyhee county, John C. Connors is proving himself an efficient officer as well as a leading business man of Silver City. The greater part of his life has been passed at the place which is now his home, and for many years he has been actively connected with its mercantile interests. A native of California, he was born in Placer county, on the loth of Feb- ruary, 1859, a son of Peter Connors, who was born in county Galway, Ireland, in July, 1822, and came to the United States in 1846, when a young man of twenty-four years. In 1852 he went to California by way of the Isthmus route and at times made considerable money in his mining ventures, but lost much of it in other mining speculations. In 1866 he came to Silver City and for about thirty years was successfully engaged in mining and stock-raising in Owyhee county. In 1875 he devoted his energies to mining and milling and also conducted a dairy at South Mountain. In 1882 he located a ranch on Trout creek, where he resided until 1896, when he came to Silver City and retired from active business life. He now makes his home with his son John. He was married in New Or- leans, Louisiana, April 10, 1849, * o Miss Mary Dimond, also a native of county Galway, Ireland, 172 HISTORY OF IDAHO. who departed this life on the ist of February, 1880, leaving a husband and family to mourn her loss. They had seven children, five of whom are yet living. John C. Connors was the fifth in order of birth. He spent the first seven years of his life in his native state, and then came with his parents to Silver City, where he acquired his education in the public schools. After putting aside his text- books he began to earn his own livelihood, and has for some years been numbered among the leading and influential business men of the com- munity. For some years he was successfully engaged in the stock-raising business, but in 1888. in partnership with Timothy Shea, he opened a meat market at Silver City, and the Owyhee Meat Company, which was then organ- ized, conducted shops at this place and also at De Lamar, George W. Bruce being the other member of the firm at the latter place. Mr. Con- nors has conducted his business in a most hon- orable and upright manner and in consequence has now a very liberal patronage, enjoying the leading business of the kind in this part of the county. His efforts, however, have not been lim- ited to one line of endeavor. He is an enterpris- ing and resourceful business man, who having made judicious investments in real estate is now the owner of several houses in Silver City. He also has eight hundred acres of land in Pleasant Valley, where he raises two hundred and fifty head of cattle, while his fields are largely planted to hay for the use of his stock. Mr. Connors was married on the 3Oth of April, 1891, Miss Alice McMahon becoming his wife. She is a native of Owyhee county and was 'a daughter of Patrick McMahon of Silver City, now deceased. One son has been born of this union, Daniel P., who is the joy of his parents' home. In his political associations Mr. Connors is a Democrat, having supported that party since obtaining the right of franchise. The first public office he held was that of county commissioner, to which he was elected to fill the unexpired term of T. Shea. In 1896 he was elected county treas- urer and so acceptably filled the office that he was made the nominee of the three parties at the succeeding election. This fact is certainly a liigh testimonial of his efficiency and also indi- cates in an unmistakable manner his personal popularity. He is an active member of the Ma- sonic fraternity and the Odd Fellows lodge, has filled most of the offices in both organizations and is past master of the blue lodge, past high priest of the chapter and a member in good standing of Idaho Commandery, No. I, K. T. His life exemplifies the noble principles of the craft, and his brethren of the order hold him in the highest esteem. In his business dealings his course has ever been marked by probity and fairness, while in public life patriotism and loyal- ty to duty are his chief characteristics. (In (J o 1 |S CHAPTER XVII. THE MORMON QUESTION THE FIFTEENTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY LOOKING TO STATEHOOD CHANGES IN JUDICIARY CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. THE fifteenth legislative assembly of Idaho convened December 10, 1878, when the people were excited over Mormonism more than in regard to all other things together. In all contested elections the Mormon candidates were excluded, and even an undue prejudice was bitterly exhibited against them. Congress was memorialized to refuse Utah admission into the Union, and also to require of homestead and pre- emption settlers an oath giving a statement of their polygamous practices. Already the local law required superintendents of schools to sub- scribe to an affidavit that they were neither biga- mists nor polygamists, but at this session it was so altered that in case the person challenged were a woman the objectionable terms should not be included in the oath! At this session, also, was created the county of Elmore from the western portion of Alturas county, and Logan and Custer counties were formed. In the case of Elmore county, after much display of parliamentary tac- tics, the bill was passed, although the speaker became so excited that he bolted and left the chair abruptly during the reading of the jour- nal on the last day of the session. The president of the council also left his chair on the last day of the session, in order to obstruct the passage of a measure obnoxious to him. In neither case was the action successful, as the house immediately elected George P. Wheeler, of Bingham, chair- man, and the council chose S. F. Taylor, of the same county, president. To encourage the settlement of the territory a board of immigration was established. This mea- sure was recommended by the committee on ter- ritorial affairs, whose report set forth that the natural wealth of Idaho was less known to the world than that of any other part of the Union. This legislature appropriated fifty thousand dol- lars for the construction of a road, long needed, between Mount Idaho and Little Salmon Mead- ows, more closely connecting the Panhandle with the main body of the commonwealth. Congress was also memorialized for an amendment to the alien act, so as to except mines from its provis- ions and encourage the immigration of miners, and the establishment of the "University of Ida- ho" was provided for. Preparatory to the admission of Idaho into the federal Union, a bill was introduced in the house by Bruner, of Boise, providing for a constitu- tional convention ; and Perkins, of Alturas, gave notice in the council that a joint memorial to congress would be presented for adoption in due time for an act enabling the people of Idaho to form a state government. The citizens of Lewis- ton held a mass meeting and adopted resolutions, which they forwarded to the legislature, demand- ing of congress admission into the Union, and indorsed Delegate Dubois and others who were laboring to secure this end. Accordingly, on the 29th of January the council approved a house joint memorial for the admission of Idaho, with- out a dissenting voice; and on the 4th of Feb- ruary a special committee, appointed to examine a house bill providing for the calling of a con- stitutional convention, made a favorable report. Statehood was unanimously regarded as a great help to the investment of capital in Idaho. The year 1889 found the people in a much improved condition. Both mining and agriculture were making rapid advances, aided by the opening of routes of travel and transportation, and also by plants for irrigation. Prosperity was in the air. Nearly all the old political acrimony had died out. Even the scheme for annexing the Panhan- dle to Washington was not heard of, except to be denounced. Such an expression of sentiment was indeed made emphatic by resolutions of the legislature and of both the main political plat- forms. The little opposition to statehood was tx- 173 174 HISTORY OF IDAHO. hibited principally among the farmers, who feared increased expenses without a full com- pensation. In the judiciary of Idaho the changes during its territorial career were frequent. James B. Hays was appointed chief justice in 1886, in place of John I. Morgan; Norman Buck and Case Bro- derick, appointed in 1884, were his associates, while James S. Hawley was the United States at- torney. In 1888 Hugh W. Weir was chief jus- tice, and John Lee Logan and Charles H. Berry associates, with Hawley still the federal attorney. In 1889 Weir was superseded by James H. Beat- ty, of Hailey ; and Logan, who was removed on account of ill health, was succeeded by Willis Sweet, of Moscow, who had a few months pre- viously been appointed United States attorney. Judge Logan came to Idaho when the bench and society were shaken to their foundations and mob law openly advocated, but he exhibited a remarkable degree of moral courage and re- formed matters as if by magic. The people rec- ognized in him a splendid lawyer and a man of firmness and clear intellect. He conducted and ruled the court, instead of permitting the court to rule him. He was just and fearless. The very first criminal cases tried before him showed that he was a judge for the people and that he would apply the law as it should be applied. With a change of administration, and the elec- tion of 1888 in Idaho, came a general change of federal and territorial officials. Frederick T. Dubois, however, was again chosen delegate to congress. George L. Shoup was appointed gov- ernor, E. J. Curtis remained secretary, Joseph C. Straughan was appointed surveyor general Richard Z. Johnson was elected attorney general of the territory, James H. Wickersham comp- troller, Charles Himrod treasurer, and Charles C. Stevenson superintendent of public instruc- tion. Regents of the university, capitol and pri- son commissioners, etc., were appointed by the legislature. Thus it may be seen that as the country grew older a greater and greater propor- tion of the territorial officers were taken from the resident population. April 2, 1889, Governor Stevenson issued a proclamation that the people elect delegates to a constitutional convention, to meet at Boise City July 4 of that year, although as yet no enabling act had been passed by congress. Shoup, suc- ceeding Stevenson as governor April 30, issued another proclamation, indorsing the one which Governor Stevenson had published; and accord- ingly seventy-two delegates were elected, who met and continued in session for thirty-four days, framing a constitution for the coming state, which instrument had no peculiar features, ex- cepting perhaps the one which emphasized the prohibition of polygamy. It provided for the election of the state justices, three in number, by the people. Six months' residence was required as a condition of voting. Taxes for state pur- poses should never exceed ten mills on the dollar; when the assessed valuation should reach fifty millions of dollars, five mills, and when it should reach a hundred millions, three mills, etc., as the state advanced in wealth. The capital was located at Boise for twenty years. According to Governor Shoup, the population of Idaho in 1889 was 113.777, of whom he thought about twenty-five thousand were of the Mormon faith. Although public sentiment to a considerable extent suppressed the visible fact of polygamy, it was really known that plural mar- riages were occasionally contracted, and that the doctrine of polygamy was taught by some of the Mormon leaders. It was not so much, the Gov- ernor said, that examples of plural marriages were known that the Gentile majority made war upon Mormonism, but because the leaders of that faith taught that all laws enacted for the suppres- sion of polygamy were unconstitutional, on the ground that they were an interference with re- ligious liberty. This was a point, he claimed, most dangerous to the safety of society ; for, ac- cording to that heresy, any association of per- sons could, under the cover of religion, commit any crimes with impunity. The legislature of 1884-5 passed a registry law requiring voters to take an extremely rigid oath to the effect that they were opposed to polygamy both practically and theoretically. The popular vote on the constitution as pro- posed took place on the 5th of November, 1889, when 12,398 votes were given for the document and 1,773 against it. At this time the territory was about evenly balanced between the two main political parties. In order to settle the question raised by the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 175 Mormons as to the constitutionality of the reg- istry oath, a Mormon voter was arrested, charged with conspiracy and imprisoned. A writ of habeas corpus was denied and the case was taken to the United States supreme court. Pending this case Delegate Dubois was taking the opin- ion of congress on the admission of Idaho, and was met by the assertion of the Mormon leaders that the effort to disfranchise twenty-five thou- sand people would prove a stumbling block in the way of statehood. He rejoined that rather than have the territory come in without the anti-Mor- mon clause in its constitution he would prefer that it should remain out of the Union. Furthermore, with reference to loyalty in gen- eral, for he remembered the secession days, "Our constitution,' 1 said he, "forbids the carrying of any flag in public processions except the American flag. We want a state for those whose highest allegiance is to the United States, or else we want no state at all." There were several other complications besides the "Mormon test oath" in the way of a smooth admission of Idaho into the relation of a state. One was the objection raised by the Democrats as a partisan measure, that Idaho should not be admitted without Wyoming and New Mexico at the same time. Another was that should there be by this means or other any delay in the ad- mission of Idaho, the near approach of a new federal census would occasion a new basis of representative apportionment and thus postpone Idaho's admission for a number of years. Thus fears and hopes alternated. It is well to glance at the material advance- ment now being made here. The thirty-eight newspapers of the territory truthfully asserted that never had there been so many new enter- prises inaugurated in Idaho as in this year of 1889, irrigation schemes that would cost mil- lions; new mining camps as fast as they could be built and machinery could be transported to the mines; homestead filings for the year, 861 ; homestead proofs, 463; desert filings, 294; des- ert proofs, 841; pre-emption filings, 841; pre- emption proofs, 441; timber-culture filings, 293; timber-culture proofs, 5: mineral filings, 72; proofs, 62. All these meant so many times one hundred and sixty acres improved, or about to be. The total amount of land surveyed in Idaho was 8,500,000 acres; amount of land patented or filed on, 4,500,000 acres; land in cultivation, sur- veyed and unsurveyed, 600,000 acres. Altogether Idaho contained about 55,000,000 acres, 12,000,- ooo of which were suitable for agriculture, while nearly as much more could be made so by irri- gation. There were 5,000,000 acres of grazing land, 10,000,000 acres of timber and 8,000,000 acres of timber land. Idaho had indeed advan- tages unsurpassed in the world. CHAPTER XVIII. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. GEORGE H. STEWART. PROBABLY every state in the Union has contributed to the quota of prominent men in Idaho. Among the number furnished by Indiana is Judge George Har- lan Stewart, who is now presiding over the third judicial district of the state. He was born in Connersville, Indiana, on the 26th of February, 1858, and is of Scotch and English lineage, his ancestors having located in Pennsylvania at a pioneer epoch in the history of the Keystone state. Representatives of the family were also early settlers of Ohio, where, in 1821, occurred the birth of Mathew Stewart, father of the Judge. Having arrived at the years of maturity he married Miss Nancy Harlan, whose father was a Baptist minister and an early settler of the state of Indiana. Mr. and Mrs. Stewart took up their residence near Conners- ville, Indiana, where he industriously carried on farming. He >vas an ardent Republican, a lover of civil liberty and a hater of every form of op- pression. He died in 1887, at the age of sixty-six years, and his wife departed this life in the fifty- eighth year of her age. They were the parents of eight children, of whom four are living. Judge Stewart is the second eldest survivor of the family. In the common schools he acquired a sufficient education to enable him to engage in teaching, and in that way he won the means which enabled him to continue his studies in higher institutions of learning. He attended the Northern Indiana Normal school, located at Val- paraiso, Indiana, where he graduated in 1879, on the completion of the scientific course, after which he took up the study of law in the same institution and was graduated in the law depart- ment in 1 88 1, and the same year he was admitted to practice before the supreme court of his native state. In 1882 Judge Stewart opened a law office in Fowler, Indiana, and soon won a fair clientage, and his business steadily increased as he gave evidence of superior ability in the handling of intricate law problems. In 1886, on account of failing health, he removed to Stockville, Nebras- ka, where he practiced law until 1890, during which time he was elected and served as county attorney of Frontier county. He was retained as counsel either for the defense or prosecution in nearly every case of importance tried in south- western Nebraska, and gained prestige among the members of the bar in that section of the state. In 1890 he came to Idaho and for a time was associated in the practice with Hon. John S. Gray, and later he formed a partnership with Hon. W. E. Borah. He rapidly gained a com- manding position at the bar of the state, and his clientage constantly increased in volume and im- portance. In 1893 he was elected to represent Ada county in the state senate and served in that position with marked credit to himself and sat- isfaction to his constituents. In 1896 he was ap- pointed judge of the third judicial district upon the resignation of Judge Richards, and in 1898 was elected to the same position. His campaign and election constitute one of the brightest pages in the political history of the state. He was nominated upon the straight Re- publican ticket in a district where the silver vote was in the majority by several thousand. In addition to this, there was a fusion of silver Re- publicans and Democrats, while the Populist can- didate withdrew and permitted the fusion candi- date's name to go upon the Populist ticket. So far as the party was concerned, the three silver parties were combined and practically united on one candidate, this apparently uniting the entire silver force in an overwhelming silver district. Notwithstanding this, Judge Stewart was elected by a large majority, the vote of his home county being one of the rarest compliments ever paid to the personal worth of a candidate. Men of all parties voted for him simply because they had 176 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 177 discovered in the two years he had sat upon the bench that he not only possessed exceptional ex- ecutive ability and invincible moral courage in the discharge of his duties, but also what was and is perhaps more difficult to find, that peculiar turn of mind without which a man may be strong in the pit but can never be a great judge. He had won and held so firmly the people's confi- dence that the party lash was used in vain. From the beginning of his career as a legal practitioner, his efforts have been attended with success. He has mastered the science of juris- prudence, and his research and thorough prep- aration of every case committed to his care en- abled him to meet at once any contingency that might arise. His cause was fenced about with unanswerable logic, and his arguments were strong, clear, decided and followed in natural sequence, forming a chain of reasoning that his opponent found very difficult to overthrow. His record on the bench has been most creditable, his rulings ever being those of a just and impartial judge, while his charges to the jury are clear and concise, and his decisions plain and incapable of being misconstrued. In addition to his law business, Judge Stewart has other business interests. He is the owner of some valuable realty, including a forty-acre or- chard of winter apples near the city of Boise. He has other property interests in different parts of the state, having made judicious investments of his earnings at the bar. In 1881 the Judge married Miss Elizabeth School, of Connersville, Indiana, and to them were born two children, Charles L. and Ethel C. In 1885 Mrs. Stewart departed this life, and in 1888 the Judge married Miss Agnes L. Sheets, a native of Fowler, Indiana. They have a de- lightful home in Boise and their circle of friends is only limited by their circle of acquaintances. In his political connections the Judge has al- ways been a Republican and warmly advocates the principles of that party. He is president of the Bar Association of his judicial district, and is a valued member of the Masonic fraternity. He was made a Master Mason in Fowler, Indiana, in 1883, and has filled most of the offices in the blue lodge, and is now an acceptable member of Boise Lodge, No. 2, A. F. & A. M., and Boise Chapter, R. A. M. He is also a charter member of the Elks and is past exalted ruler of Capital City Lodge, No. 310. His life record commends him to the confi- dence and regard of all and no man occupies a higher position in the public esteem than Judge Stewart. MILTON G. CAGE. Among the practitioners at the Boise bar hold- ing marked prestige among the members of the legal fraternity is Milton G. Cage. A native of Tennessee, he was born in Tipton county, near Covington, that state, January 26, 1862, and is descended on both sides from prominent old families of the south. His paternal ancestors came originally from Wales and established a home in America at an early period in our coun- try's history. His father, Gustavus Adolphus Cage, was born in Middleton, Tennessee, and married Miss Charlotte A. Green, a native of North Carolina. His father was formerly a planter and during the greater part of his life has been identified with the ministry of the Meth- odist church. He is now living in Colorado, at the age of eighty years. His mental faculties remain unimpaired, and he is still occasionally seen preaching in different pulpits, as opportunity calls. Milton G. Cage was only ten years of age when he accompanied his parents on their removal to Colorado. He was graduated in the high school of Greeley, that state, in the class of 1882, and then, determining to make the practice of law his life work, he became a student in the office of his brother-in-law, Hon. Samuel P. Rose, a prominent attorney of Denver. Under his pre- ceptorage he continued his reading until the fall of 1883, when he was matriculated in the Michigan State University, where he was gradu- ated, on the completion of the law course, in 1885. He then began the practice of his chosen profession in Denver, and in 1886 was appointed assistant United. States attorney under Henry W. Hobson, serving in that capacity until July, 1889. The following year Mr. Cage came to Boise, and at the bar of this city has won distinction as a most able lawyer, well versed in the principles of jurisprudence, and is especially skilled in the handling of the points in evidence and the force- ful presentation of his cause before judge or jury. 178 HISTORY OF IDAHO. In March, 1894, he was appointed receiver of the United States land office. He proved an efficient and capable officer, giving good satisfaction. He is in politics an active Democrat, and in 1898 was acting secretary of the Democratic state cen- tral committee and president of the Jefferson Democratic club. He was a very active worker in the campaign of 1896, and his labors were most effective. On the 5th of May, 1894. Mr. Cage married Miss Caroline C. Sweet, a native of Iowa, and they have two sons, Richard M. and John P. The family occupies a prominent position in so- cial circles and Mr. and Mrs. Cage have a circle of friends almost coextensive with their circle of acquaintances. NATHAN C. DELANO. Xathan C. Delano is the oldest merchant of Bellevue, when years of active and con- secutive connection with business interests are considered, and is a most reliable rep- resentative of the commercial welfare of the town. He is now enjoying a large and con- stantly increasing trade and his prosperity is the reward of his well directed efforts and untir- ing diligence. A native of New York, he was born in Allegany county, October 31, 1852, and on the paternal side is of French-Huguenot an- cestry, while on the maternal side he is of English lineage. Both families were founded in America at an early period in the history of the country, and the great-grandfather Richardson participat- ed in the Revolutionary war, while the grand- father, William Richardson, fought in the war of 1812. Nathan C. Delano, Sr., the father of our subject, married Maria Richardson, daugh- ter of William Richardson. She, too, was a na- tive of the Empire state. Nathan C. Delano, the father of our subject, died in New York state, and five years later his widow married Thomas H. Young. This couple, with their family, crossed the plains in 1849, and for a time resided in Den- ver, Colorado. They afterward returned to Lea- venworth, Kansas, where the father engaged in business for fourteen years, then removed to Texas, and in 1874 came to Idaho, locating near Glenn's Ferry. Nathan C. Delano, whose name heads this re- view, was educated in Leavenworth, Kansas, and is a graduate of Bush's Commercial College. He afterward engaged in clerking in Leaven- worth and then removed to Texas, where he was engaged in farming. From the Lone Star state he removed to Idaho, taking up lands from the government on Cold Spring creek, eight miles west of Glenn's Ferry. That property he im- proved and sold, after which he came to Bellevue, where he engaged in the lumber business for a year. He then opened his general mercantile es- tablishment, and with the exception of one brief interval has carried on business in that line con- tinuously since. In 1883 he formed a partner- ship with H. H. Clay and they were thus asso- ciated for fourteen years, the relation proving mutually pleasant and profitable. In 1893 Mr. Delano was elected treasurer of Logan county, and served two years, and was also elected as- sessor and collector of taxes; but soon after this the county was consolidated with Alturas, and the act which created the new county of Blaine made him collector and assessor of Blaine coun- ty. While in office the second year he sold out to his partner, Mr. Clay, and was not connected with the store through 1896. He has also served as treasurer of the city of Bellevue. In 1897 he re- purchased his interest in the store, and has since successfully conducted the mercantile enterprise which he established in 1882. He has a large and well equipped store, and carries a well as- sorted stock of goods in order to meet the varied tastes of the public. His methods are honorable, his manner courteous and obliging and his prices reasonable, and he has thus secured a liberal and lucrative patronage. He also has valuable mining interests in Nevada. In 1883 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Delano and Miss Jessie Fisher, and their union was blessed with a daughter, Delia. In 1891 the wife and mother was called to her final rest, and in 1894 Mr. Delano was again married, his sec- ond union being with Miss E. Church. They also have an interesting little daughter, Helen. Theirs is one of the pleasant and hospitable res- idences of the town. In his political views he was formerly a Re- publican, and gave to the party a stanch support until its policy as a "gold" party was announced. He then withdrew his allegiance, and has since alHed himself with the Populist movement, be- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 179 lieving that its position on the great financial question best embodies the general good. He is a charter member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and is now financier of that lodge. He is also a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and has filled all the chairs in that order. He ranks very high as a good citizen and reliable merchant, and his sterling worth com- mends him to the confidence and good will of all. JOHN BRODBECK. One of the representative business men of Boise, Mr. Brodbeck, is a pioneer of Idaho, hav- ing come to this state in 1865. He is a native of Switzerland, where he was born April 4, 1833, and was reared and educated in his native land and there learned the brewing business. His parents were Nicholas and Elizabeth (Hagler) Brodbeck, the former of whom was a miller by trade, and he and his wife were members of the Lutheran church and were people of high re- spectability in the old country. He died in his fifty-third year and his wife survived him until attaining the advanced age of eighty-five years. They had five sons and two daughters, one of the latter and our subject being the only ones now living. After leaving school Mr. Brodbeck entered a commercial house, remaining there four years and then became connected with a brewing house. Subsequently he came to America, land- ing at New York, whence he journeyed to Cali- fornia in 1857 and settled at Scott Valley, where he had a brother living near Fort Jones. General Crook was then a second lieutenant at the fort and Mr. Brodbeck became intimately acquainted with him. Our subject was engaged in farming for a few years, but hearing of the silver discov- eries in Nevada he sold out and went to that state, where he remained a year and then decided to come to the gold fields of Idaho. He pur- chased an ox-team outfit, and with the pioneer Sommercamp he set out for the "Gem of the Mountains," walking all the way and driving one of the teams, while his young wife came also at this time. When they left Nevada the Indians were on the war path and emigrants were killed both in front and behind them, but they were not molested and arrived at Boise late in May, 1865, and in Idaho City on the first of June, residing in the latter place for thirteen years. Finding noth- ing better to do, Mr. Brodbeck bought a dray and engaged in draying for two years, and then purchased a brewery, which .he conducted suc- cessfully from 1867 to 1872. In 1871 he was elected county treasurer of Boise county and served with efficiency in that capacity for two terms of two years each, and he was also engaged in mining. In 1878 he came to Boise and pur- chased from Mrs. Missed what is now the city brewery of Boise, which he has since most suc- cessfully carried on. It is one of the oldest brew- eries in the state and under Mr. Brodbeck's able management has attained an enviable reputation for its high quality of home-made beer. Mr. Brodbeck also owns the City Brewery saloon. He built his present brick brewery in 1890 and during the twenty-one years he has been in busi- ness in Boise he has interested himself in many of the improvements of the town, with other busi- ness men, and has rendered valuable aid to many public enterprises. He is thoroughly reliable in all his transactions and possesses the esteem and respect of his fellow citizens. On February 29, 1860, Mr. Brodbeck was mar- ried to Miss Sarah Grattiger, and of this union one daughter has been born. She is now Mrs. T. P. Woodcock. In 1865 Mr. Brodbeck was made a member of Pioneer Lodge, No. i, I. O. O. F., at Idaho City, and since then has passed all the chairs in that order. CLARENCE W. BROOKS. A little thoughtful consideration of the career of Clarence W. Brooks, proprietor of the Brooks House, Idaho Falls, brings one to the conclusion that he has in most of his business operations been impelled by the spirit of the pioneer. He has sought out new plans and new conditions likely to favor his projects, and after he has made them available and profitable, he has sought out still others, and after those others. The wisdom of his selection has been proven by the success which has crowned his efforts. Not only is he one of the boldest, most venturesome and most successful hotel men in the west, but he is one of the best all-round hotel men "to the manner born" and experienced in the best houses in the country, with a comprehensive grasp on the hotel business, as such, and an intimate knowl- 180 HISTORY OF IDAHO. edge of all the details of good hotel-keeping. Clarence W. Brooks was born in Royalton, Vermont, Ju.ie 22, 1848. His ancestors came from England and. settled early in New Hamp- shire. His paternal grandfather was a Revolu- tionary soldier, and lived for some years after American independence, for which he had fought, was an established fact. Austin Brooks, his son and the father of Clarence W. Brooks, was born in Vermont, and there married Miss Susan Smith, and they lived and were farmers at Roy- alton for fifty years, until his death, in July, 1880, at the age of eighty-one years. His widow lives at their old home and is now (1899) seventy- eight years old, still active in her interest in the Congregational church, of which her husband also was a lifelong member. They had seven children, three of whom are living. Clarence W. Brooks was educated in the public schools of his native town, and at the age of eighteen took a position in a grocery house in Boston. After three years there he went to New York city, where he se- cured his first experience in hotel life, and for five yearS was employed in leading houses. In 1874 he went to Denver, Colorado, and was connected with the Sargent House for six months. After that, for six years, he managed the hotel at Ante- lope Park, Colorado. For a time he was at Butte, Montana, then, in 1884, he bought the Eagle House at Idaho Falls and renamed it the Brooks House. In August, 1886, he sold it and went to Kansas, where he remained three years, during that time building two hotels, in two different towns, and at the end of that time took control of the St. James Hotel, Ogden, Utah. In 1892 we find him in Chicago, making extensive prep- arations for a hotel enterprise during the World's Fair. After the close of the Columbian Exposi- tion of 1893 he went to San Francisco, Califor- nia, and, after taking in the Mid-winter Exposi- tion there, returned to Idaho Falls. In 1895-6 he was the lessee and manager of the hotel there, and later, during the Omaha exposition, and until May, 1899, he was proprietor of the Brooks House in that city. At the date last mentioned he bought the Brooks Hotel at Idaho Falls and closed it and remodeled and largely rebuilt it, and re-opened it as a first-class house with modern accessories and conveniences. In all these hotel enterprises Mr. Brooks has been successful, and he has never given up a house except to improve his fortunes elsewhere and has never disposed of one which he had not placed on a paying basis. He is the owner of four hundred acres of choice farming land, on which he raises hay and grain and vegetables in great variety, and which has proven a valuable auxiliary to his hotel at Idaho Falls. Throughout the entire west Mr. Brooks is known as a genial and successful man, and Mrs. Brooks' reputation as a model "landlady" is co- extensive with his. She was Miss Mary Wallace, of Butler, Pennsylvania, and she is a woman of education and refinement, having taken such a hearty, sensible and helpful interest in many of his enterprises that he has attributed their success to her in no small degree. Mr. Brooks is known as a voting Republican who does not work at politics. JOSEPH GEIGER. The career of this successful business man has been crowned with results which must be taken as another evidence of the progressive quality of the German-American character. Joseph Gei- ger was born in Baden, Germany, July 28, 1853, was educated in the Fatherland and came to the United States at the age of seventeen years, poor in purse and ignorant of the English language. After spending six months in New York city, he went to Texas, where he remained two years. Then he lived two years in Iowa. By that time he was pretty thoroughly Americanized, for he was a studious and observant young man, with everything to accomplish and with an indomita- ble determination to make his way in spite of any and all obstacles. From Iowa he came to Genesee valley, in Idaho, and took up a government ranch of three hundred and twenty acres. There were not, at that time, more than half a dozen settlers in the valley, and Lewiston and Walla Walla were the nearest towns. Mr. Geiger built upon and im- proved this holding, sold it at a profit and bought other lands, and he still owns one hundred acres of rich clover land, about a mile from the center of the city of Genesee. He is the owner also of considerable town property, including one of the most cosy and comfortable homes in Genesee. In 1888 the firm of Geiger & Kambitch built HISTORY OF IDAHO. 181 and established the Genesee brewery, one of the pioneer concerns of the town. The plant has been enlarged from time to time to meet the re- quirements of the increasing trade of the growing town, and it has been kept always adequate to the demands upon it. The beer made by Messrs. Geiger & Kambitch is of superior quality, and finds ready sale in Genesee and throughout the surrounding country. In 1889 Mr. Geiger married Miss Meta Smith, and their union was blessed by the advent of one child, a daughter, whom they named Ann. His young wife died when they had had but two years of happy married life. In 1893 Mr. Geiger mar- ried Miss Charlotte Brager, and to them have been born two children, Tillie and Fred. Mrs. Geiger is an admirable woman, an affectionate wife and mother and helpful in the woman's work of the city. The family are members of the Cath- olic church. A stanch Democrat, Mr. Geiger is influential in the public affairs of Genesee. He has been for two terms president of the city council and in other ways has done the community good service. In every sense of the term, he is a public-spirited citizen, and his generosity has been manifested rot only in the building of his own church, but in the establishment and material advancement of the other churches of Genesee. He is always ready to aid to the extent of his ability any move- ment which has for its object the promotion of the public good. He is unostentatious in his pri- vate helpfulness, but it is known that more than one man has found him "a friend in need." BENJAMIN A. JENNE. Character and ability will come to the front anywhere. As boy and man, many a man has been buffeted by fortune and had almost insur- mountable obstacles thrust in his path, but per- severance has cleared them away and he has gone on to success. Such has been the experience of the subject of this sketch, one of the rising and popular citizens and public men of Bingham county, Idaho, a man with a heart for any ven- ture, and a smile for friend and foe. Benjamin A. Jenne, deputy sheriff and jailer of Bingham county, Idaho, was born at Poor Man's Gulch, California, October 22, 1855, and is descended from English and French ancestry. His grandfather, Benjamin P. Jenne, was born in France, whence he emigrated to the United States and settled in St. Lawrence county, New York. There his son Benjamin P. Jenne, 2d, was born and reared. He went, while yet a young man, to California, and there married Miss Annie Ann Richardson, who died in giving birth to her only child, the subject of this sketch. Benjamin P. Jenne, 2d, died, aged eighty-seven, in 1894. When he was four years old, Benjamin A. Jenne was taken to Ohio to live with his uncle, Ansel Jenne, and remained there, attending school after he was old enough, until he was twelve. He then went back to St. Lawrence county, New York, where he had a home with relatives, and at fifteen began to earn his own living. For two years he was a sailor on the great lakes between Ogdensburg, New York, and Chicago, Illinois. Then he went into the Michigan lumber country and worked in the woods in the winter months and in a sawmill at Muskegon during the balance of the year. After that he was a farmer in DeKalb county, Illinois, until 1878, when he came to Idaho and found employment as a stage-driver between Echo and Park City, Utah. After two years of such ex- perience he took up the hotel and restaurant business, in which he has since been continuously successful. His first venture of this kind was at Soda Springs, Idaho, and he was encouraged by its success to go to Idaho Falls. There for a time he kept the Burgess House. Then he built the Grahel House and still later finished and ran the Berry House. As a hotel man he is known widely and favorably. Politically Mr. Jenne has been a Democrat ever since he began to take an intelligent in- terest in public affairs. In 1896, at Idaho Falls, he was elected justice of the peace, in which office he served until January 15, 1899, when he was appointed deputy sheriff of Bingham county, by Sheriff Clyne, who has long been his warm personal friend, in recognition of his influence in furthering Mr. Clyne's election. In 1880 Mr. Jenne married Miss Kittie E. Sutor, a Pennsylvania!! by birth, who was brought very young to Michigan, and there grew to womanhood. They have four children: Ada Blanche, Earl C., Fred and Cora Belle. Mrs. Jenne is conducting a successful millinery busi- 182 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ness at Idaho Falls. She is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Jenne is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows and has passed all the chairs in both branch- es of that order and has also been twice chosen to represent his lodge in the grand lodge of the state. ISAAC N. SULLIVAN. As long as the history of jurisprudence in Idaho shall be a matter of record, the name of Judge Isaac Newton Sullivan will figure conspic- uously therein, by reason of the fact that his has been the distinguished honor of serving as the first chief justice of the state as well as from the fact that he is recognized as the peer of the ablest representatives of the legal profession in the entire northwest. For the third term he is oc- cupying a position on the bench of the supreme court, and his career has been an honor to the state which has so highly honored him. Judge Sullivan is a native of Iowa, his birth having occurred on his father's farm in Coffin Grove township, Delaware county, November 3, 1848. He is of Scotch, Irish and German extrac- tion, and in his life exhibits some of the most commendable characteristics of those nationali- ties. His paternal grandfather, Aaron Sullivan, was born in the north of Ireland and when a young man emigrated to New Jersey. He was married in New Jersey and at an early day in its history removed to Ohio, locating in Logan county, near Degraff. He had seven children, born in New Jersey and Ohio, and reared and educated in Ohio. The third of this family was Aaron Sullivan, father of the Judge. He mar- ried Miss Jane Lippincott, and in 1844 removed to Iowa, becoming one of the pioneers and prom- inent citizens of Delaware county. He held the office of justice of the peace and also that of county commissioner, and was one of the or- ganizers of the Republican party in that locality, being a great lover of liberty and an inflexible opponent of slavery and oppression in every form. He became an extensive farmer and stock-raiser and largely promoted the agricultural interests of his county. He died in 1892, in the eighty-sec- ond year of his age, and the community mourned the loss of one of its most upright and honorable citizens. His wife had departed this life in 1886, at the age of sixtv-seven vears. They were mem- bers of the Wesleyan Methodist church, that offshoot from the Methodist Episcopal denom- ination which took a firm stand in its opposition to slavery. Judge Sullivan is the fifth in order of birth in their family of nine children, eight of whom are yet living. His elementary education, acquired in the public schools, was supplemented by a course in Adrian College, of Michigan, and sub- sequently he pursued the study of law under the direction of Judge J. M. Brayton, of Delhi, Iowa. In 1879 he was admitted to practice by the su- preme court of that state, and continued a mem- ber of the Iowa bar until 1881, at which time he came to Idaho, locating in Hailey, Elaine county, where he practiced with success until his eleva- tion to the supreme bench. Nature bountifully endowed him with the peculiar qualifications that combine to make a successful lawyer. Patiently persevering, possessed of an analytical mind, and one that is readily receptive and retentive of the fundamental principles and intricacies of the law; gifted with a spirit of devotion to wearisome de- tails ; quick to comprehend the most subtle prob- lems and logical in his conclusions; fearless in the advocacy of any cause he may espouse, and the soul of honor and integrity, few men have been more richly gifted for the achievement of success in the arduous, difficult profession of the law. At the first election held after the adoption of the Idaho state constitution, in 1890, Judge Sul- livan was chosen a justice of .the supreme court. The judges then cast lots for the length of terms they should serve, and by reason of securing the shortest term Judge Sullivan became the first chief justice of the state. In 1892 he was re- elected for a full term of six years, and during the years 1897 and 1898 he was again chief justice, and in November, 1898, was once more chosen for the high office which he is now so creditably filling. His decisions form an important part of the judicial history of the state, and have in many instances excited the highest admiration of the bar bf the state. He has been a lifelong Re- publican, but disagrees with his party on the money question and was elected for his third term on the silver Republican ticket. He has interests in both farming and mining lands, owning a number of patented mining HISTORY OF IDAHO. 183 claims which yield silver and lead ores. At Hailey, where he has so long resided, he has a very commodious home, containing a large and valuable law library, as well as an extensive libra- ry of general literature, which indicates the cul- tured and Intellectual taste of the inmates of the home. The Judge was happily married in 1870, to Miss Chastine Josephine Moore, a daughter of S. W. Moore, a pioneer settler of the West- ern Reserve of Ohio. They have two sons, both lawyers. The elder, Willis E., is a graduate of the Columbian University, of Washington, D. C., and is now engaged in the practice of law in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The younger son, La Verne L., is a graduate of the same university, and is now with his parents in Hailey. Mrs. Sullivan is a valued member of the Methodist church, and, like her husband, is highly esteemed by many friends throughout the state. In man- ner the Judge is quiet and unassuming, and this entire lack of self-laudation is one of the char- acteristics that have endeared him to the people. A man of unimpeachable character, of unusual intellectual endowments, with a thorough under- standing of the law, patience, urbanity and indus- try, he took to the bench the very highest quali- fications for this most responsible office in the system of the state government, and his record as a judge has been in harmony with his record as a man and a lawyer, distinguished by unswerv- ing integrity and a masterful grasp of every prob- lem that has presented itself for solution. CARLYLE L. PELOT. It is worthy of note that a majority of the pioneers of Idaho Falls were young, or compara- tively young, men. They did not come to mold a new community in accordance with antiquated precedents which had been worn out elsewhere. They came open-eyed, susceptible to conviction, ready to take conditions as they existed and shape them according to the logic of the time and the place. How they succeeded, every one knows who knows anything of the history of the town. One of the most far-sighted of these pioneers was the man whose name appears above; and it is the purpose of the writer to give a brief ac- count of his antecedents, his life and his suc- cesses to the present time. Carlyle L. Pelot descended from French an- cestry. His grandparents in the paternal line came to America at an early day and located at Savannah, Georgia. There Frank L. Pelot, fath- er of Carlyle, our subject, was born. He mar- ried Miss Bettie Carlyle, a native of Kentucky. In 1856 they removed to Missouri and settled near Blackburn, in Salem county, where Mr. Pelot became a successful farmer. He is yet living, aged seventy. His wife died in her sixtieth year. Their son, Carlyle L., was born in Woodford county, Kentucky, May 18, 1854. He was two years old when his parents located in Missouri, and there he was educated in the public schools and brought up to the life of a farmer and stock- breeder, and also was taught all the arts of horse- taming, etc. Twenty years ago a change of cli- mate was prescribed for him, and he sought a broader field of enterprise than the one in which he had been working. He got together a good "bunch" of horses and drove them to Omaha and shipped them to Laramie, Wyoming, and from there drove them to Idaho Falls, where he ar- rived July 3, 1879. There were fifteen men in his party, and a large portion of them became per- manent citizens of Idaho. Mr. Pelot engaged in the livery business, opening the first livery stable in the town. In three years he sold it to Mr. Taylor, and during the succeeding three years followed farming on Mr. Taylor's ranch. Re- turning to Idaho Falls, he resumed the manage- ment of the livery business, under an arrange- ment with Mr. Taylor, which was in force four years, when he bought the business which, in the spring of 1899, he sold to S. F. Taylor. He is now dealing in coal, and in his new venture is meeting with success. Mr. Pelot's experience in the Snake river val- ley has been a comprehensive one. When he arrived, there were only seven ranches in the val- ley. Gradually he has seen it dotted with bustling towns and villages and everywhere with homes and ranches; he has seen a band of brave and in- dustrious pioneers, of whom he was one, make a wilderness literally bloom like a rose; he has seen the old order of things pass away, and wit- nessed the dawn and advancement of civilization in a land, strange, rich and beautiful. In 1884 Mr. Pelot married Miss Alice Buck, a native of Maine, and they have five children, two sons and three daughters, all born in Idaho 184 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Falls: Bettie C., Carlyle L., Jr., Helen H., Ellis S. and Alice J. Mr. Pelot is a member of the Woodmen of the World, and is identified with other secret and social organizations. The upbuilding of the in- terests of Idaho Falls has always had his helpful support, for he is as public-spirited as he is en- terprising and progressive. Politically he is a Democrat, and, while he is not an active poli- tician as the term is usually applied, he exerts a recognized influence upon the affairs of his party. WILLIAM H. RIDENBOUGH. A business man of Boise engaged in the man- ufacture of lumber and flour, Mr. Ridenbough, is a native of St. Joseph, Missouri, where he was born April 17, 1853. He has built a most palatial residence in Boise, and his home, with its beauti- fully arranged grounds, fittingly represents the good taste of its builder. In Boise Mr. and Mrs. Ridenbough possess a large number of friends, who are often the recipients of their cordial hos- pitality. J. D. C. THIESSEN. One of the best known and most successful sheep-raisers and wool-growers of Idaho is J. D. C. Thiessen, of Lewiston. A native of Holstein, Germany, he was born February 16, 1843, and is of Danish ancestry, although his parents, John D. and Mary (Hanchild) Thiessen, were both natives of Germany. The father was a farmer and trader. In religious faith both he and his wife were Lutherans, and the former lived to be fifty-four years of age, while the mother departed this life in her fifty-sixth year. Mr. Thiessen of this review is the fourth in their family of seven children. He was educated in his native land, and when twenty-three years of age emigrated to the United States, reaching New York in 1866. Two years later he came to San Francisco, where he pursued a course in a commercial school and was thus fitted for life's practical duties. He did not come to this country entirely empty-handed, as so many have done, having had five hundred dollars on his arrival. He was, however, ignorant of the English language, and had to meet other difficulties. After having spent several years in America, he received three thou- sand dollars from his father's estate, but lost it in mining enterprises in California and Nevada, and when he arrived in Lewiston, November 10, 1876, he had just eighteen and one-half dollars remaining. Here he entered the employ of John Brearley, but soon afterward the Indian war broke out, and he engaged in packing army supplies for the gov- ernment, receiving eighty-five dollars per month and his rations. In the spring of 1878 he estab- lished a saloon in Lewiston, which he conducted for a year. He then went to San Francisco, but after about a year returned to Lewiston. In 1885 he received the appointment of deputy sheriff of Nez Perces county, and in 1886 he became con- nected with the stock business, raising cattle and horses. In 1889, however, he sold his cattle, numbering about two hundred head, and turned his attention to the sheep industry, in which he has since been eminently successful. His first purchase consisted of nineteen hundred and sixty-four head, and he now has twelve thousand old sheep and five thousand lambs. He raises Merino sheep, slightly mixed with Delaine, and for raising in large flocks he has found this breed well adapted to Idaho. The bucks average twen- ty-eight pounds of wool and the ewes nine pounds each. He says that the tariff on wool has doubled its price and he now has two years' clip on hand, which will bring him handsome returns. He has also acquired one thousand acres of land, on which he raises hay and grain, employing from fifteen to forty men, according to the sea- son. He has one of the most desirable business locations in Lewiston, known as "The Old Cor- ner." He has also erected a fine residence in the city. In 1879 Mr. Thiessen was united in marriage to Miss Lillie Meister, who was born in Chicago, March 10, 1862. They became the parents of six children, four of whom are living; Clarence C. and Sylvester S. are attending school in Port- land; George Garfield and Vandaline V. are at home. In politics Mr. Thiessen is a stalwart Repub- lican. On coming to this country he studied closely the political questions, the platforms of the parties and the measures advocated by each, and has always been identified with the Republi- can party. In the campaign of 1896 so active was he in support of the Republican presidential nominee that his friends laughingly termed him HISTORY OF IDAHO. 185 "Mr. McKinley." He is an intelligent, enterpris- ing, progressive man, and his well directed ef- forts have brought to him a success that numbers him among the substantial citizens of his adopted state. WILLIAM A. BAKER. The commercial interests of Moscow are well represented by William Alexander Baker, a lead- ing and enterprising merchant, whose well direct- ed efforts, sound judgment and reliable dealing are bringing to him a creditable and satisfactory success. For twelve years he has carried on operations in Moscow, where he deals in both new and second-hand goods. He is a native of Virginia, born in Augusta county, July 13, 1855, of Scotch-Irish descent. His grandfather, Guinn Baker, was the founder of the family in the Old Dominion, and was an industrious and respected farmer and a valued member of the Methodist church. He devoted his entire life to agricultural pursuits in Virginia, and died at the age of eighty-two years. His son, Frank Baker, father of our subject, was born in Pennsylvania and married Miss Martha Guinn, a native of Vir- ginia. They removed to Tippecanoe county, Indiana, and he began farming on a tract of land of forty acres, but as time passed he extended the boundaries of his place until it comprised one hundred and forty acres. His wife died in her forty-second year, but he lived to be seventy-one years of age. Both enjoyed the high regard of their fellow men, and their lives were well spent. They had a family of three daughters and two sons, of whom four are living. William A. Baker, their eldest child, spent his childhood days on his father's farm and was early inured to the arduous labors of the fields. He assisted in the planting and harvesting of crops through the summer months and attended the public schools through the winter season. He began to make his own way in the world by buy- ing and raising stock, and followed that business for five years, after which he removed to Dallas, Texas, where he served on the police force of the city for a year. The yellow fever then broke out, and in order to escape the dread disease he re- moved to Polk county, Oregon. In 1878, in Monmoudi, Oregon, Mr. Baker was united in marriage to Miss Alice Hooper, a native of Indiana, and their union has been blessed with three children, two of whom are de- ceased, Etta and Earl G. Leta, a talented young lady, who has graduated in music, is now at home with her parents. Mr. Baker remained in Oregon only two years, and then came to Idaho, where he secured a claim of one hundred and sixty acres of government land. This he cultivated for a time, but later sold and took up a homestead six and a half miles east of Moscow. This he also improved, but at length disposed of that property and invested his money in city realty in Moscow, where he now owns his store building and several good resi- dences. He also has real estate in Portland, Ore- gon, and other property in Moscow. His store is twenty-five by fifty feet, with an addition in the rear, forty by sixty feet. He carries a large stock of new and second-hand furniture, and by close attention to his business, straightforward dealing and courteous treatment of his patrons, he has secured a large trade, which returns to him a good income. Mr. Baker joined the Masonic fraternity in Romney Lodge, No. 441, F. & A. M., in Rom- ney, Indiana, in 1874, and is now treasurer of the lodge in Moscow, wherein he has also filled other offices. He and his wife and daughter are all members of the Eastern Star, and he also be- longs to the Knights of the Maccabees. His wife holds membership in the Christian church, while he gives his preference to the Methodist belief. In politics he has always been a Republican, and he was the efficient marshal of Moscow for three years, manifesting marked fidelity to duty during his term of service. The success he has achieved is the merited reward of his own labors, and he has justly won the proud American title of a "self-made man." * NEWELL JONATHAN BROWN, M. D. The well established family physician obtains an influence in any community which is more far- reaching than that of any man sustaining other relations to the public. The reasons for this are . too obvious to require mention here. Dr. N. J. Brown is to the people of Hailey the ideal family doctor, and he is the oldest physician and sur- geon in the place. He cast his lot with the citi- zens of Hailey in 1883, when the town was but two years old, and from that time he has prac- 186 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ticed his profession in Hailey and its tributary territory, and shown a helpful interest in every movement tending to the greatest good of his townspeople. Dr. Brown comes of a good old English family, and was born in Stanstead, Canada, March 10, 1854. Generations before that time his progeni- tors had come over in the Mayflower and located in New England, whence his particular branch of the family had, in the exigencies of life, found its way to the Dominion. The "pilgrim" of the Brown family who landed at Plymouth Rock was James. Ozias Gilbert Brown, the father of Dr. N. J. Brown, was born at Epsom, New Hamp- shire, March 27, 1806, and, now in his ninety- fourth year, is living in Stanstead county, prov- ince of Quebec, rounding out a life as a useful citizen and a successful farmer. He married Miss Margaret Foss, a native of Canada but of New Hampshire lineage, who could trace her ancestry- back to a "pilgrim" refugee. She died at the age of forty-eight years, leaving five children. Her eldest son is now seventy-one years old. The subject of this sketch is her youngest son. Two of her sons served the Union cause in the war of the rebellion and died from disease contracted in the army. Dr. Brown, whose name heads this sketch, was educated at McGill University, at Montreal, and at Dartmouth College. His degree of M. D. was conferred upon him November 3, 1875, and he began the practice of his profession at Montreal. Three months later he moved to Red Oak, Iowa, where he was in successful practice for some time. While on a visit to some friends at Grundy Cen- ter, Iowa, in 1877. he was induced to locate with them, which he did for a time. October 19, 1878, Dr. Brown married, at El- clora, Iowa, Miss Celia Frances Eastman, the daughter of ex-Lieutenant Governor E. W. East- man, a prominent attorney and one of the pio- neers of that state. A few weeks afterward he con- tracted pneumonia, and when he had partially re- covered he was advised by brother physicians to spend some time in the climate of Colorado as the only means which held out any certainty of his complete restoration to health. He went to Colorado December 28 following and remained there until his removal to Hailey, in April, 1883. This place possessed dual advantages for him, being both prosperous and of the right altitude for him. Health awaited him here, and almost at once he entered upon a prosperous and grow- ing practice, which extends for many miles throughout the country. He has established a commodious, well appointed and altogether de- lightful home, in which a generous hospitality is dispensed. In general, Dr. Brown is first and beyond all a physician. His profession commands him be- fore any other interest. But at the same time he has not been blind to his opportunities, and has secured several valuable gold and silver mining interests, to the development of which he devotes intelligent attention, with good prospect that they will prove profitable. He is a member of the American Medical Association and of the Idaho State Medical Association, and has been local surgeon of the Union Pacific and the Oregon Short Line Railroad Companies ever since 1883. Fraternally he is one of the highest Masons in the state, belonging to the blue lodge, chapter and commandery, and has taken all the Scottish rite degrees up to and including the thirty-second. He is also a Mystic Shriner and a Knight Com- mander of the Court of Honor, which makes him eligible to the thirty-third degree, the last and highest in Freemasonry. He has membership also in the Ancient Order of United Workmen and in the Modern Woodmen of America. Dr. and Mrs. Brown have four sons, Newell J., Jr., Newbern N., Austin F. and Gilman. The Doctor has identified himself with every worthy interest of Hailey and is considered one of its most enterprising, progressive and public- spirited citizens. He is popular beyond most of his fellow townsmen and has an influence second to that of no other. He possesses a frank and genial manner, which makes him friends wher- ever he goes, and such is his strong, helpful character that he is enabled to retain all of these friends. CHAPTER XIX. THE PRESS OF IDAHO. IX THE promotion and conservation of ad- vancement in all the normal lines of human progress and civilization there is no fac- tor which has exercised a more potent in- fluence than the press, which is both the director and the mirror of public opinion. Idaho, both as a territory and a state, has been signally favored in the character of its newspapers, which have been vital, enthu- siastic and progressive, ever aiming to advance the interests of this favored section of the Union, to aid in laying fast and sure the foundations of an enlightened commonwealth, to further the ends of justice and to uphold the banner of the "Gem of the Mountains." In a compilation of this nature, then, it is clearly incumbent that due recognition be accorded the newspaper press of the state, and in view of this fact this chapter is thus devoted, in appreciation of the earnest la- bors of those who have represented Idaho jour- nalism in the past and who represent it in these latter days of the century. THE IDAHO DAILY STATESMAN. The press has not only recorded the history of advancement, but has also ever been the leader in the work of progress and improvement, the vanguard of civilization. The philosopher of some centuries ago proclaimed the truth that "the pen is mightier than the sword," and the statement is continually being verified in the af- fairs of life. In molding public opinion the power of the newspaper cannot be estimated, but at all events its influence is greater than any other single agency. In the history of Idaho, therefore, an account of the paper whose name heads this article should form an important factor. The old- est newspaper in the state, for thirty-five years it has sent forth accounts of the "Gem of the Moun- tains," its splendid resources, its rich mineral de- posits, its arable lands, its valuable forests, its splendid climate and beautiful scenery, and has thus attracted to the state hundreds and thou- sands of her best people. But this is not all the work accomplished DV the Statesman during the thirty-five years that have come and gone since there drove into the little mining town of Boise three men, who halted their two bull teams in the sand and gravel of Main street. These men all bore the name of Reynolds. The eldest, however, was from Maine, James S. Reynolds. He was about forty years of age. angular, over six feet in height and hav- ing the hardihood that came through labor in the lumber camps of the Pine Tree state. He, however, possessed intelligence and great force of character, and for a number of years remained at the head of the Statesman, meeting with ex- cellent success in its conduct. His two com- panions were much younger, brothers of twenty and eighteen years. The elder was a merry-faced, brown-eyed young man with long, dark curly hair; the younger was of shorter stature, light complexion, blue eyes and in manner more quiet and reserved. They were from Missouri, and the date of their arrival was July 15, 1864. In talk- ing with some of the men of the town it was learned that the Messrs. Reynolds had a print- ing outfit in their two wagons, which they were transporting from The Dalles, Oregon, to Idaho City, then called Bannack, where they expected to establish a printing-office. Riggs & Agnew, at whose place of business the conversation oc- curred, and who were members of the town-site company, knew the value of a newspaper in build- ing up a town, and in connection with other lead- ing citizens of Boise induced the owners of the printing outfit to remain in the capital city, then a mere hamlet. The only building that could be procured by the Messrs. Reynolds as a place in which to begin business was a small structure of cottomvood logs, containing two rooms, the rear one with a back entrance like the open end of a sawmill. 187 188 HISTORY OF IDAHO. On the 26th of July the first copy of the paper was issued. It was a small, four-column paper, christened the Idaho Tri- Weekly Statesman. The senior member of the firm was a stanch aboli- tionist and Union man; the brothers were from Missouri, and their sympathies were strongly with the south; but though their views were so diametrically opposite they managed to avoid all disturbances in their business, and the little paper flourished. The subscription price was one dollar a week by carrier or twenty dollars a year by mril, and three dollars a square for each in- sertion for advertisements and twenty-five dollars a thousand for bill-heads, with other work in pro- portion. The Statesman Company not only prospered but made money very rapidly. In its first issue the following paragraph appeared in the saluta- tory: "We shall in the first place try to make the Statesman a newspaper that everybody in the territory can afford to buy, and if possible one that few can afford to be without. * * * We shall undertake to so conduct the Statesman as shall best advance the interests of this community and this territory, knowing that in so do- ing we shall best secure our own." Thus was outlined a policy that has been car- ried out to the letter through all these years. While of marked Republican sym- pathies, it has always endeavored to give all the news and to deal justly and fairly by all, and it has been in the best sense of the term a news- paper. In the interests of the Republican party, however, it has labored most earnestly. In its first issue the name of Abraham Lincoln stood at the head of its editorial columns, and every four years since, the name of the standard-bearer of the Republican party has occupied that place. The paper was published as a tri-weekly for some years. Almost continually A. J. Boyakin has been connected with the paper, and on the occasion of the thirty-fourth anniversary of its establishment he wrote an account of the States- man, in which appeared the following: "In get- ting out the paper on time we worked nearly all night, and frequently the Boise Basin stage would pull out ahead of us and we would have to send Dick Reynolds to overtake it on a horse with the mail packages for the different mining camps. The war news made a big demand for the States- man, and we ran off an edition of a thousand copies each issue. When the details of a great battle came we would get out an extra, print sev- eral hundred, and send a man on a fleet horse with them to the Boise Basin, where they sold for from fifty cents to a dollar." In the summer of 1866 T. B. and R. W. Rey- nolds sold their interest in the Statesman to the senior member of the firm and returned to Mis- souri. In 1867 James S. Reynolds sold out to H. C. Street, Claude Goodrich and A. J. Boyakin, but after a month they resold to Mr. Reynolds, who continued as owner and editor until 1872, when it was purchased by Judge Milton Kelly, one of the supreme justices of Idaho, who con- ducted it as a tri-weekly until 1888, when it was changed to a daily. The following year it passed into the hands of the present management, The Statesman Printing Company. The Statesman is the oldest paper in the state, and from the beginning has never missed a pub- lication. Prosperity has attended it from the start, and it has been the mirror sending the re- flection of Idaho's beauty, development, history and opportunities throughout the world. It has also been characterized by a broad national sym- pathy, and perhaps we cannot better indicate its patriotic spirit than by quoting from the editorial in the issue of July 26, 1898, the thirty-fourth anniversary of its founding: "The Statesman was born while the country was in the throes of the civil war. The people of this country were divided, apparently hopelessly so; black clouds overshadowed the nation and the people were shaken by storms of dissension. Although far removed from the actual scenes of warfare, the infant paper uttered its first cry in the midst of a community the majority of whose people were moved to bitterness against their country's flag; but that cry was nevertheless for Old Glory. Sur- rounded on all sides by bitter enemies, the sturdy little journal raised its voice for the Union cause and prophesied ultimate victory for the forces of freedom. To-day it is a most gratifying reflec- tion that the Statesman celebrates its thirty- fourth birthday with a united people engaged in a warfare against the enemies of liberty in a for- eign land. It has witnessed the healing of the old wounds; it has seen the gradual reuniting of the people, and, on this anniversary of its natal HISTORY OF IDAHO. 189 day, it beholds the north and the south hand in hand and shoulder to shoulder, fighting a com- mon enemy that the tree of liberty may be planted in a foreign land, the shade of which will protect foreign brothers from the blighting sun of tyranny. It looks to the west and it sees the stars and stripes kissed by the breezes that wave the tropical foliage of Hawaii, and it rejoices with the people in the extension of American power and in the knowledge of the possession of na- tional forces that guarantee maintenance of American prestige gained and to be gained.'' THE DAILY AND WEEKLY PATRIOT. The Patriot is published at Lewiston by Frank M. Roberts, having made its first appearance be- fore the public on the ist of September, 1897, as an independent paper, with strong Republican proclivities, but devoted to the upbuilding of Lewiston and Nez Perces county. From the be- ginning it has met with very flattering and satis- factory success, and is a bright and entertaining journal, ably edited by its owner, Frank M. Roberts. This gentleman was born in Lancaster, Schuy- ler county, Missouri, on the 28th of August, 1846, was educated in the state of his nativity, and ac- quired a knowledge of the "art preservative of all arts" in the office of the old Jacksonville Jour- nal, of Jacksonville, Illinois. When only eigh- teen years and four months old he responded to his country's call for troops, and enlisted as a defender of the stars and stripes, in December, 1864, as a member of Company K, One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Volunteer Infantry. Some of his relatives were in the Confederate army, but he valiantly served the Union cause until honor- ably discharged, at Nashville, in September, 1865, after the close of hostilities. Since that time Air. Roberts has devoted his energies entirely to journalistic work, in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, New Mexico, Oregon and Idaho, and for some time was in the government print- ing office in Washington. He has established many successful papers in the states mentioned, and is familiar with the printing business and with newspaper work in every department and detail. Perhaps had he been less conscientious he would have been more successful as the world judges success, but he has preferred to write as he believes, to support the measures which tend to promote the public good, and to oppose all which are detrimental to the best interests of society, of the government and the welfare of mankind, regardless of the financial results that may follow his course. In 1872 Mr. Roberts was united in marriage to Miss Lydia A. Boyce, who died in 1882, leav- ing one child, a son, Coral F. In August, 1897, he was again married, Mrs. Anna Myers, of Lewiston, becoming his wife. He is a well known citizen of northern Idaho and has been a resident of the northwest since 189^. In that year he lost much of the property he had acquired, through the failure of a bank in Kansas City, and for some time thereafter he devoted his attention to prospecting in the mountains of Washington and Idaho. He also was engaged in making explora- tions of the cliff dwellings of New Mexico and made many valuable discoveries of great benefit to the scientific and historic world. Since com- ing to Lewiston he has been accorded a place among her foremost citizens, and The Patriot ranks among the best journals of this section of the state. THE OWYHEE AVALANCHE. This very influential paper was established as early as August, 1865, bv the Wasson brothers and J. C. Hardin. The last named withdrew from the firm a year later and the Wassons continued the publication a year longer. On the I7th of August, 1867, they sold out to W. J. Hill and H. W. Millard, and these men subsequently sold the concern to John McConp-le, November 7, 1868, and he managed it until October 19, 1870, when Messrs. Hill and Millard repurchased the property, and at the same time purchased the Tidal Wave, a paper which had been in existence a year or more, under the ownership and man- agement of the Butler brothers. The two paperi were on this occasion consolidated, under the name of the Idaho Avalanche. A few weeks afterward Mr. Hill bought out his partner and became the sole proprietor. In October, 1874, during the flush times of Owyhee, Mr. Hill established a daily paper, which he continued for about a year and a half. In April, 1876, he leased the concern to Major J. S. Hay, who a year later purchased it and con- 190 HISTORY OF IDAHO. tinned to manage it until October 16, 1880, when he disposed of it to Guy Xewcomb and Dave Adams, who formed a partnership, under the style of Newcomb & Adams. These gentlemen ran the paper until May 20, 1882, when Mr. Adams disposed of his interest to C. M. Hays, who also bought out Mr. Newcomb, on the pth of December, 1882. Mr. Hays published the paper until November 8, 1890, when he leased the office to John Lamb and L. A. York, who con- trolled the publication until the spring of 1892. Mr. Lamb then retired and Mr. York again leased the plant, and on June i, 1894, purchased it. August 20, 1897, the beginning of the thirty- third volume, the name of the paper was changed from the Idaho Avalanche to the Owyhee Ava- lanche, the name, indeed, under which it first ap- peared, August 15, 1865. The Owyhee Avalanche was never better than to-day, and never had so bright a future. In politics Mr. York is a ''silver" Republican, and in local af- fairs independent. The paper is issued every Fri- day, at Silver City, at the subscription price of three dollars a year, and is noted for its reliability in giving the news. THE LEWISTON TRIBUNE. A daily and weekly paper published at Lewis- ton, Idaho, the Tribune is the principal organ of the Democratic party in the state. It was es- tablished by A. H. and E. L. Alford, in August, 1892, and entered upon a prosperous existence. The Alford brothers were reared in Dallas, Texas. A. H. Alford acquired his newspaper knowledge in the office of the Dallas Morning News, with which paper he was connected for two years, after which he was employed on the Tacoma Morning Globe, of Tacoma, Washing- ton. On severing his connection therewith he came to Lewiston, and in partnership with his brother established the Tribune, the paper and its proprietors at once becoming prominent fac- tors and taking a leading position in the affairs of Idaho. The efforts of the brothers have met with very gratifying success. They have also been interested in various mining enterprises and in Lewiston real estate, which is rapidly rising in value. In 1896 A. H. Alford was elected to the state legislature and had the honor of being chosen speaker of the house, filling that important po- sition with marked ability and fairness. He is now one of the regents of the Idaho State Uni- versity and is president of the State Editorial Association. Both he and his brother are active members of the Masonic fraternity, E. L. Alford having attained the thirtieth degree in the Scot- tish rite, while A. H. Alford is a Knight Templar Mason. Through the columns of the Tribune they wield a power in political circles that is im- measurable, and the cause of Democracy owes much to their efforts in its behalf. A. H. Alford is a most progressive citizen, giving a loyal sup- port to all measures which he believes will prove of public benefit, especially to all that tend to advance the educational status of the state. THE TIMES-DEMOCRAT. An effective exponent of the generil interests of Latah county, the Times-Democrat was es- tablished in the city of Moscow on the ist of March, 1891, as the organ of the Democratic party in northern Idaho. William Taylor, who was its founder, continued its publication for a period of four months, when he sold the property to Samuel T. Owings, who presided over the destinies of the paper for three months, when it passed into the hands of J. L. Brown, who ef- fected its purchase on the ist of October, 1891. On the ist of April, 1892, Mr. Owings again be- came the editor and publisher, and so continued until the ist of June, 1899, when another change was made in the management of the journal, the property being then leased to the present editor and publisher, Hon. Samuel C. Herren. Samuel T. Owings, who is the owner of the plant and for the longest period identified with the publication of the paper, and who will take charge again, January i, 1900, is a native of Balti- more, Maryland, where he was born on the ist of September, 1868. He has been active in vari- ous business enterprises and has ever maintained a public-spirited interest in all that has conserved the development and material progress of Mos- cow and Latah county, as well as the state at large. He received his educational discipline in his native state, and became a resident of Mos- cow in September, 1888. Here he is at the pres- ent time engaged in the grocery business, and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 191 he has large mining interests in British Columbia. He has erected several residences in Moscow and has otherwise contributed in many ways to the progress and substantial upbuilding of the city, being recognized as one of its successful and representative business men. The plant of the Times-Democrat is valued at thirty-five hundred dollars, and this is but one of his property in- terests in the city. The paper is issued on Thurs- day of each week, being a five-column quarto, and in its letter-press and general mechanical ap- pearance is a model country paper. THE NUGGET. The Augget is the appropriate name of a four- page, five-column weekly paper edited and pub- lished at DeLamar. Owyhee county, by John Lamb. It was established in May, 1891, by the present proprietor and L. A. York, and since 1893 has been run solely by the present owner. It is independent in politics and devoted to local and mining interests. The publisher is a native of Pennsylvania, born in 1838, of north Irish stock, both of his parents having been born in the Keystone state, of Irish parentage. The subject of this sketch received his education in the public schools and Waterford Academy, in his native state, and after leaving home resided for a few years in Alabama, whence he went to St. Louis and engaged in journalism, and was for four years connected with the state board of immigration of that state. After a dozen years spent in Missouri, he came to Idaho, in 1888. In politics Mr. Lamb is a "silver" Republican. In respect to local responsibility he has been a justice of the peace in his county almost con- tinuously since his residence there, giving gen- eral satisfaction, he never having had a case ap- pealed from his court. He is an accomplished descriptive writer, and is recognized as a prom- inent factor in the upbuilding of the interests of the state through the use of his pen. THE MOSCOW MIRROR. This vital and ably conducted weekly has the distinction of being the pioneer paper of Latah county, its first issue having been run from the press in July, 1882. The Mirror is issued on Fri- dav of each week and is devoted to the interests of Moscow and contiguous districts and to pro- moting the development of the great state of Idaho. It is worthy of note that the paper has never missed an issue. Ex-Congressman Willis Sweet was its editor for a time, and in 1883 C. B. Reynolds purchased the plant and business and continued the publication of the paper until 1889, in which year it was purchased by the Jolly brothers, who have since been the proprietors and publishers. The three brothers have given the enterprise their personal attention and have made the venture a genuine success, Elmer E. Jolly being the editor and manager. The original publisher of the Mirror was C. B. Hopkins. Elmer E. Jolly was born in the state of Minne- sota on the 23d of May, 1861, representing sturdy Pennsylvania ancestry. In the town of Dunlap, Iowa, he learned the printer's trade, becoming familiar with the varied details which go to make up the "art preservative of all arts," and acquiring a knowledge of the mechanical processes which are employed in the makeup and issuing of a modern country newspaper. For a number of years he "held cases" on the Logan Observer, at Logan, Iowa, after which he came to Moscow and became foreman of the Mirror office, in the employ of Mr. Reynolds. His brother, Thomas H. Jolly, learned the trade in the office of the Mirror, and another brother, James D., also worked in the office. The brothers eventually purchased the property, and by discrimination, careful business methods and by supplying to subscribers a paper which stands as an exponent of local interests, offering the news in acceptable form, they have made the enterprise a success. Thomas H. Jolly is now a practicing lawyer in Moscow. The Mirror is edited with ability, and its mechanical work is so carefully handled that it is attractive and neat in appearance, being creditable alike to the publishers anu to the town with which it had practically a simultaneous birth, and to whose advancement it has contrib- uted in every possible way. The political policy of the Mirror is Republican. THE KENDRICK GAZETTE. The Gazette is a weekly newspaper devoted to the interests of the Potlatch country, and is the organ of the Democratic party of Latah county. It was founded on the I4th of January, 1892, by 195? HISTORY OF IDAHO. Joseph S. Vincent, who has since been its editor and proprietor. The paper is issued on Friday of each week and the subscription price is one dollar and a half annually. In his efforts Mr. Vincent has met with very gratifying success, and the paper has never missed an issue. The office was burned out August 16, 1892, the fire occurring on Thursday night, but he saved the forms and issued his paper on time the next day. Again the Gazette went through a fiery baptism, March 16, 1894. That also occurred the night before the time of publication, but he got every- thing out of the building and the paper was is- sued as usual, a fact which indicates the indomit- able enterprise of the owner. Mr. Vincent is a native of Idaho and one of the first white children born in the state, his birth occurring in Lewiston, April 24, 1866. He is the son of Judge Vincent, now of Mount Idaho, who was one of the pioneers of California and Oregon, as well as of Idaho, the "Gem of the Mountains." Our subject acquired his education in his native city and learned the printer's trade in the office of the Lewiston Teller, under the di- rection of his grandfather and his uncle, Alonzo and C. F. Leland, who were the founders of that paper. He remained with them for five years and then came to the infant town of Kendrick, in January, 1891, where he leased the Advocate, the pioneer journal of the place. He continued its publication until the fall of 1892, when it ceased to be issued, but in the meantime he had founded the Gazette and conducted belli papers for six weeks. On the 23d of January, 1893, Mr. Vincent was united in marriage to Mrs. Alice York, a native of Corvallis, Oregon. She was the widow of A. F. York and the daughter of J. B. Springer, a respected Oregon pioneer. They have a bright little daughter, whom they have named Kather- ine M. Mr. Vincent is an Episcopalian, and his wife is a member of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Vincent's name is on the membership roll of the Knights of Pythias fraternity and he was the first chancellor commander of the lodge in Kendrick. In 1897 he was representative to the grand lodge of the state, and was re-elected repre- sentative to the session of 1899, a fact which indi- cates his popularity among the Knights and his fidelity to the principles of Pythianism. He was chairman of the Democratic convention of Latah county in 1896 and was also made chair- man of the fusion convention. He has served three times as city clerk of Ken- drick, is now the trustworthy and capa- ble city treasurer and was appointed by Governor Steunenberfr one of the commissioners to the Trans-Mississippi and International Expo- sition. As a journalist he ranks high and has not only been successful in the publication of the Ga- zette, but through its columns has also ma- terially promoted the interests of Kendrick. THE POCATELLO TRIBUNE. This news organ, the leading paper in south- eastern Idaho, is owned and conducted by Ifft & Wallin, who own and operate the most complete printing and publishing house in the state outside of Boise City. The paper was founded, as a weekly, on the I4th of August, 1889, by a stock company, and began its career as a distinctly Republican organ. For the first several years it passed through the hands of half a dozen different managements, un- til January i, 1893, wrien it was purchased by George N. Ifft and William Wallin, who have conducted the enterprise ever since. Messrs. Ifft and Wallin are both experienced newspaper men. On taking possession of this property they at once set to work to make the Tribune a first- class newspaper in every respect. While remain- ing always a Republican organ, the journal stands as an exponent for that class of Republi- cans who believe firmly in silver, and it has be- come recognized as the leading exponent of the issues of the "silver" Republicans of the state. In keeping with the competition characteristic of the times, the Tribune, in March, 1897, joined the Associated Press and began the publication of a daily edition ; but, after an experience of about two months in this enterprise, the undertaking was ascertained to be unprofitable and was ac- cordingly discontinued. The proprietors then be- gan the publication of a semi-weekly edition, which is still continued. In May, 1897, the company purchased the plant and good will of the Idaho Herald, a week- ly newspaper which had been published in Poca- tello since 1885, and incorporated it with its own journal, and thus the Herald was merged into HISTORY OF IDAHO. 1:1:1 the Tribune. On January i, 1899, the Tribune, in connection with its semi-weekly edition, began the publication of a weekly. THE GENESEE NEWS. The value of the local newspaper in the up- building of the best interests of any community is universally conceded. The rule is that good papers are found in good towns, inferior journals in towns of stunted growth and uncertain future. It is not so much a matter of size as of excellence and of adaptability to the needs of its locality. These conditions given, in an appreciative and progressive community, the size of the paper will take care of itself in a way mutually satisfactory to publishers and patrons. This has been proven in Genesee. The Genesee News was first issued in 1889. In 1892, when it came into the hands of Messrs. Hopp & Power, its present enterprising owners, publishers and editors, it was a five-col- umn folio. They improved it in every way to- ward perfection as a local newspaper and have enlarged it to a six-column quarto, and their pro- gressiveness has been appreciated and rewarded by an increase of patronage, in both the subscrip- tion and advertising departments, which more than recompenses them for their increased outlay in its publication. Messrs. Hopp & Power are newspaper men of experience, taste and discrimination. They be- lieve that first of all a local journal should be dis- tinctively local and should command all worthy home interests. They believe that a home paper to be successful must be adapted to the needs of the whole family. They believe that a family- paper should be a pure paper, so clean in every line that it will not offend the nicest taste, and that its publisher should so respect his con- stituency as to assume that such is the kind of paper it would place in the hands of its boys and girls fifty-two times in the year, fifty-two incen- tives to higher ideals, never one suggestion that can debase or contaminate. So believing, they have made the News a strong local paper, they have made it a family paper and they have made it a clean paper. Beyond this they have given it an attractive guise, print it nicely and manage its affairs in a business-like manner that make the publishers as well liked in the community as is the paper. The News is an independent paper politically and is published in the interests of the people of Genesee and its tributary territory, without re- gard to political or religious affiliations. It is the aim of the publishers to help every worthy home enterprise, to advocate every proposition, with- out regard to source, which seems to them to offer anything for the benefit of the place. It is their aim to so set forth the advantages of Gene- see as a place of residence and for business in- vestment as to bring to it men and women who are likely to advance the interests of the city by working intelligently to advance their own. The News establishment is one of the best equipped printing houses in this part of the state, and the job printing of all classes done by Messrs. Hopp & Power is artistic in design and well clone in every way, and their facilities are such that they are able to compete in prices with any printing concern in the state. The Genesee News is published every Friday, at two dollars a year. Its issue for February 25, 1899, was a special illustrated number, devoted to home projects and enterprises and of a char- acter, in a literary way and mechanically, to re- flect the greatest credit on its publishers. THE SALUBRIA CITIZEN. This journal was founded in the year 1887, by Dr. S. M. C. Reynolds, under the name of the Idaho Citizen. It was a five-column folio paper and issued weekly, and during its early history the proprietorship was changed several times. In April, 1891, and while owned by a stock com- pany, the plant was consumed by fire in a con- flagration that did considerable damage to the town. After this Eugene Lorton purchased a complete new outfit and continued the publica- tion of the journal, changing its name to the Salubria Citizen, its present title. On the ist of November, 1896, Thomas Nelson, an experienced newspaper publisher and editor, purchased the paper and has ever since owned and conducted it. It is now a five-column, eight-page weekly, de- voted to the interests of the Salubria valley, while it is independent in politics. Being ably man- aged and well supported, it has become an im- portant factor in the development of the locality and in the increase ot general intelligence. It is really a good newspaper. 194 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Mr. Nelson is a native of the state of Illinois, born April 16, 1869, and has been a printer and newspaper man continuously ever since the four- teenth year of his age. He learned the printer's trade in the office of the Rocky Mountain News, at Denver, Colorado, and was employed on that paper for a period of four years. He then re- moved to southern Colorado, where he founded the Lajara Tribune and continued its publication for nearly a year. Next he worked as a journey- man job printer until 1891, for two and a half years of the time being the foreman of the job department of the Heppner Gazette, in Oregon, tor some time he also ran a job printing office at Pendleton, Oregon, since which time he has been connected with his present enterprise, as already stated. He is a gentleman thoroughly posted in news- paper work and is enthusiastic in his support of the interests of Washington countv. He is one of the organizers of the Washington Fair Association, and has published a neat pamphlet setting forth the resources of the county in an at- tractive manner. He has also published an ex- haustive artrcle on the same subject in the issue of his paper dated May 18, 1898. In his political principles Mr. Nelson is inde- pendent. He is a member of the Woodmen of the World, the Knights of the Maccabees and of the Typographical Union. January i, 1894, he was united in marriage to Belle Oswald, of Free- port, Illinois, the daughter of James Oswald, of that city. They have two interesting little girls, Ruth and Myrtle. Mrs. Nelson is a prepossess- ing and amiable little lady. The family deserve and enjoy the highest esteem of the community. THE WOOD RIVER TIMES. This enterprising daily and weekly is published at Hailey, Elaine county, by T. E. Picotte, who founded it June 15, 1881, the very year in which the city itself was started, as a small village of tents. The principles emphasized by the founder were announced to be independence, impartiality and fearlessness, but not sensationalism, and fair wages, fair prices and fair living. The weekly is a four-page sheet, twenty-four by thirty-six inches and seven columns to the page, and placed at three dollars a year; while the daily is twenty-two by thirty-three inches in dimensions, with six columns to the page, and is sold at ten dollars per annum. Politics, "silver" Republican. Mr. Picotte has been a newspaper man from boyhood. He was born in Montreal, Canada, October 26, 1848, began his apprenticeship at the printer's trade at the age of fourteen years, in New York city, and when the civil war broke out enlisted, but was rejected on account of his youth. A little later, however, he succeeded in entering the New York City National Guards, in Com- pany K, One Hundred and Second Regiment; and he was in active service for four months. After this he was telegraphic editor on the Cour- rier des Etats Unis, of New York, the leading French paper in the United States; next he was proof-reader on the Chicago Republican, now the Inter Ocean; and from Chicago he went south an.d was assistant foreman of the New Or- leans Daily Republican. Thence he went to Aus- tin, Texas, as superintendent of the state print- ing. Returning to Montreal, he formed a part- nership with his brother as a contractor for ma- sonry and cut stone, and after a time he came west and published, in Denver, Colorado, the Daily Programme and a weekly, the Colorado Real Estate and Mining Review. Next he was mining reporter on the Virginia Chronicle, at Virginia, Nevada, two years, and for a year was local editor of the Daily Independent, at the same place. He was the founder of the Sutro Independent, at the mouth of the Sutro tunnel, and was also editor and proprietor of the Lyon County (Nevada) Times two years. In 1882-3 he brought to Hailey the telegraphic dispatches from Black-foot, the nearest point on the railroad, a hundred and seventy-five miles distant, and published the contents, for six months, during which time the price of his daily was at the rate of twenty-six dollars a year. In 1881 he came to Hailey, then a village of a few tents, where he founded the Wood Rivet- Times. His varied experience in life, the high responsibilities he has so often carried, and the shrewd insight he naturally nas in the affairs of men, have combined to qualify him for the best management of a public journal. He is also in- terested in various mines, has built a good dwell- ing in Hailey, and is esteemed as one of the most valuable citizens. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 195 In October, 1863, he was united in marriage with Mrs. E. J. Taylor, who by a former mar- riage had a son and a daughter. Mrs. Picotte departed this life in 1891, and Mr. Picotte has since remained single. He is giving his step-son and daughter a liberal education. As to the fra- ternities, he is an active member of the Grand Army of the Republic, of which he was adjutant general in 1891-2 for the department of Idaho: and of the Ancient Order of United Workmen he was the first deputy grand master workman and the first past master of the oldest lodge of the order in the state. IDAHO FALLS TIMES. The Idaho Falls Times, Hon. George Chapin, publisher, is a six-column quarto weekly, Demo- crat in politics, devoted to the local interests of Idaho Falls and Bingham county. It was first is- sued in 1890, by the Times Publishing Company. A year later it was purchased by James Lamer- aux, from whom, after he had published it six months, Mr. Chapin bought it. It was first is- sued by Mr. Chapin in January, 1892, and since then has appeared regularly and on time, every Thursday, and has taken a leading place among the county papers of the west. Its plant is first- class in every respect, fitted up with modern ma- chinery and with type of new and attractive faces, and its facilities for turning out good job work, large or small, in any quantity, are in all ways adequate to any probable demand. Hon. George Chapin was born in Rochester, New York, April 3, 1839. He was educated in New York and Brooklyn and began his literary career as a cor- respondent for several eastern papers. During the civil war he was in the transport service, mov- ing materials of war for the United States gov- ernment. After the war he was connected with important steamboat enterprises in the east until 1870. His health declined and he was advised to subject himself to the influence of a mountain climate. He came west, and in the mining camps found the physical improvement he sought. He mined on Snake river, in Boise basin and at Rocky Bar, but met with only partial suc- cess. He was one of the historic six men who took the copper plates into the big canyon and were the first to use that method to secure the fine gold. After mining for five years, Mr. Chapin en- gaged in the stock business, running as many as fifteen hundred head of cattle on the ranges, and was fairly successful until the feed became poor and the mortality among the cattle in the winter became ruinous, from the ordinary loss of three to five per cent. Mr. Chapin sold out his cattle interests, bought the Idaho Falls Times and has since devoted himself to the building up of the paper and of the town, fostering all local inter- ests by every means at his command and making his paper of the greatest interest to the agricul- tural class in all the country round about. Mr. Chapin was married, in 1861, to Miss Delphine Henion, daughter of Captain Henion, of New York. Their daughter Cornelia is the wife of A. R. Hutten, of Brooklyn, New York; Charles D. Chapin, one of their sons, is a civil engineer; Clarence, the other, is a printer and is employed in his father's establishment. A lifelong Democrat, Mr. Chapin has been called to places of trust and responsibility. In 1878 he represented his county in the legislature. He is an Odd Fellow and a Knight of Pythias, and he and his family attend the services of the Episcopal church. THE SHOSHONE JOURNAL. The Shoshone Journal was founded in 1882, by W. C. B. Allen. At first this paper was only a two-page weekly; but its career from the be- ginning to 1894 we are not able to give. In the latter year it was purchased by a stock company of Republican gentlemen and since then it has been the organ of their party for Lincoln coun- ty. It is now leased by R. M. McCullom, and the same policy of the paper is c6ntinued. Its greatest specialty, however, consists in faithfully giving the local news and in aiding the develop- ment of the material resources of its section of the country. For these purposes it is indeed a vigorous sheet. Mr. McCullom is a newspaper man of lifelong experience, having learned the printer's trade when a boy, and having adhered to his favorite vocation to the present time, including editing and publishing. He is practically identified with the best interests of the town, is married and has his home here. After an absence of twenty-nine years from his old home at Ypsilanti, Michigan. 196 HISTORY OF IDAHO. he recently made a visit there, which was particu- larly interesting, in view of the many changes in the country in that time. THE ELMORE BULLETIN. This able journal, owned, edited and published by George M. Payne and his daughter, Mabel, is a four-page, seven-column weekly newspaper, the Democratic organ of Elmore county, devoted to the interests of the town of Mountain Home and Elmore county. Mr. Payne established this pa- per in 1888 and has ever since controlled its pub- lication, meeting with success in the enter- prise. In 1894 he associated with him his daughter, Mabel, who is now its business man- ager, while her father is the editor and the pub- lisher. Mr. Payne is a native of Virginia, born in Cul- peper county, November 27, 1834, of English ancestry whose first American representatives were early settlers in that state. His parents, Richard and Susan (Asbury) Payne, were natives also of the Old Dominion and were Methodists in their religion. His father, a planter, died in the thirty-eighth year of his age, and his mother survived until her fifty-sixth year. Of their five children only two are now living. The fourth of these, the subject of this outline, was educated in the public schools in Alabama, and at the age of twelve years began to learn the printer's trade, and ever since then, excepting a few years' min- ing in California, he has been connected with newspaper work. In California he founded and for a number of years published the Amador Dis- patch, until he was elected a member of the legis- lature of that state. In i86q he removed to Ne- vada, where he was a compositor on the Virginia City Enterprise ; next he was the foreman of the office of the Elko Chronicle. In 1869, after a visit to his relatives and friends in Alabama, he went to Louisville, Kentucky, where, April 16, 1872, he married Miss Ada Cole, a native of that city. After this he spent eight years in Nevada, where he was foreman of the Eureka Sentinel, and in 1882 came to Hailey, Idaho, where he had the position of foreman of the News-Miner office. In 1887 he came to Mountain Home and purchased the Range and Valley, a small publication owned by Frank Ma- son. From this nucleus he developed his present enterprise, the Elmore Bulletin, which is an in- fluential organ of local interests. Mr. and Mrs. Payne have but the one child, al- ready mentioned. She was born in Louisville and reared here in the west. The family have a nice home and are highly esteemed by the citi- zens of Mountain Home and vicinity, in the in- terests of which they are so enthusiastically en- gaged. THE BLACKFOOT NEWS. The Blackfoot News was established by Colonel John W. Jones in Tune, 1887. It is a Democratic local paper, edited witn much dis- crimination and dressed and printed with taste and care. Its subscription price is two dollars a year. For twelve years it has been preaching Democracy and helping to ouild uo Blackfoot and the surrounding country. It has never missed one issue, and only one issue has been delayed. A delay of two days occurred in Janu- ary, 1894, occasioned by the death of Mrs. Jones. Colonel John W. Jones was born in Virginia, September 12, 1839, and is descended from Eng- lish ancestors. His grandfather, Worthington Jones, fought for America in the Revolution and again in the war of 1812. Worthington Jones's son, W. B. Jones, father of Colonel John W. Jones, was born in Virginia and became prom- inent there as a physician. He died in 1842. Colonel Jones was educated in the Old Dominion and passed his youth and young manhood in that state. He enlisted in the Confederate service, in the Fifty-sixth Virginia Volunteer Infantry, and was elected captain of his company. He fought at Fort Donelson, in the seven-days fight in the Wilderness, at Gettysburg, and in many less im- portant engagements, and was wounded four times and promoted for his good soldierly qual- ities to be colonel of his regiment. His regiment was attached to Pickett's division of Long- street's corps, in command of General Rob- ert E. Lee, and laid down arms at the historic surrender at Appomattox. After the war Colonel Jones was president of a fe- male college in Arkansas and was elected to the legislature of that state. He came to Idaho in 1885, and two years later es- tablished the Blackfoot News. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland receiver of the United States land office at Blackfoot. In 1898 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 197 he was commissioned, by the governor, as lieu- tenant-colonel of Idaho troops, and went with his command to Manila and was there at the time of Admiral Dewey's great victory. But his health failed soon afterward, and he was permitted to re- sign his commission and return to the more fa- vorable climate of Idaho. In 1860, Colonel Jones married Miss Anna Gregory, a native of Virginia and daughter of one of the most distinguished physicians of the south. Mrs. Jones was a woman of many graces and rare accomplishments, and her death was a blow not only to her husband and children but to the entire community, in which she had striven loyally to help in such works as commended themselves to her excellent judgment. The fam- ily consisted of five sons and two daughters. Norman, the eldest son, is in the cattle business in Wyoming. Percy is now the active publisher of the Blackfoot News. Gregory is clerk and stenographer in the United States land office at Blackfoot. John W., Jr., is a recent graduate from the law department of the Washington and Lee University in Virginia. Blanche is her fath- er's housekeeper. THE NEWS-MINER. This is a daily and weekly paper publisned at Hailey, Elaine county. The daily is issued every morning except Monday, and the weekly every Friday. In dimensions the latter is twenty-two inches by thirty-two in size, a folio of six columns to the page, while the daily is twentv inches bv S * twenty-six, with five columns to the page. As the name implies, this periodical is devoted to mining and local news. In politics, since 1892, the publishers have advocated the cause of the People's party. It was first published in Belle- vue, by Frank A. Harding, under the simple name, The Miner. The News was started in Hailey, by C. H. Clay, and in 1883 tnese papers were combined and passed under the control of the present owners, Richards & Richards, who changed the name to the News-Miner. 1'he price of the weekly is two dollars a year, while that of the daily is ten dollars; and they both have a good circulation. E. R. Richards has had charge of the journal for the past four years. He has been a news- paper man all his life, in the east and in the west. He learned the printer's trade when a young man, in the state of Maine, of which state he is a na- tive. As newspaper men here they have done all in their power to advance the material interests of Hailey and Blame county. THE POCATELLO ADVANCE. This periodical was founded in Pocatello in February, 1894, a weekly seven-column folio, and is the organ of the Democracy of Bannock coun- ty and the state of Idaho. It was established by Frank Walton, who conducted it for the Advance Publishing Company. In March, 1898, it was purchased by Messrs. Moore & Wright, who now manage the journal. H. A. Moore was formerly the publisher of the Herald here. He learned the printer's trade in Kansas and Nebraska, and is a very active and able newspaper man. C. E. Wright, the junior member of the firm, has long been in the newspaper business, in Iowa and Nebraska. He came to Idaho in 1894, and published the Elmore County Republican, at Mountain Home, lor three years. Both of these gentlemen are exerting their best energies for the material interests of their com- tnunity, and are accordingly held in high esteem by the citizens. THE KENDRICK TIMES. A weekly newspaper published at Kendrick, Idaho, is the Times, which was established in 1893 by the Treisch brothers. It was issued on Friday and was an independent journal, devoted to local news and to the upbuilding of Kendrick and the surrounding country. Its founders con- ducted it for two years, and it was then published by E. H. Thompson for a year. On the ist of June, 1897, E. E. Aldeman became the editor and proprietor and has since remained in charge. In 1898 he also began the publication of the Canyon Echo, which is issued on Tuesday, while the Times comes out, as usual, on Friday. Mr. Aldeman is a stanch Republican in his political views, and edits his paper in the interests of that party. He is a native of Ohio, was educated in the public schools of that state and in Hiram Col- lege, and during the greater part of his life has been engaged in the manufacture of lumber, his 198 HISTORY OF IDAHO. present enterprise being his first venture in the field of journalism, but he is meeting with very satisfactory success and has a large patronage from the business public. He was prominently connected with educational affairs while residing at Hart's Grove, Ashtabula county, Ohio, and served as school director for a number of years. In 1874 he became connected with the Masonic fraternity and took an active part in the work of the order, serving as junior warden of his lodge. He is now a member of the city council of Kendrick and is a valued citizen. THE SOUTHERN IDAHO MAIL. The Southern Idaho Mail is an eight-page weekly paper, Republican in politics, which was first issued at Blackfoot, Bingham county, Idaho, by the Mail Publishing Company (Willis Earl Smith, editor and publisher), May 24. 1899. It is published on Wednesday of each week in the in- terest of Republicanism, the city of Blackfoot and Bingham county. It is ably edited and well printed and is a high-toned home journal, giving all the home news and advocating all measures calculated to advance the interests of Blackfoot and its tributary territory. Its reception by the people of Blackfoot has been cordial and encour* aging and its future seems bright with promise. Willis Earl Smith is a native of Shellsburg, Iowa, and was born February 26, 1869. He re- ceived his primary education in the Waco, Ne- braska, high school and was graduated from the college at York, Nebraska, in the class of 1888. He learned the printer's trade in his native town and has been a newspaper man since he left school. Before establishing the Southern Idaho Mail he published the Herald at Wallace, Ne- braska, and the World, at American Fork, Utah. Mrs. Smith has established a prosperous mil- linery business at Blackfoot. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are popular in society and leaders in many good works. THE ELMORE REPUBLICAN. This lively journal was established in 1889. by a man named Abbott. At first it was an eight- page five-column weekly, devoted to the interests of Elmore county and the Republican party in general. Later it was purchased by a company. In 1894 the office was destroyed by fire and the files of the paper were lost. This misfortune has deprived the historian of many desirable items in connection with the career of the paper, as well as of the community generally. It is now owned and published by the Simpson brothers, George E. and Lawrence E. Simpson. The Simpson brothers are natives of the state of Indiana and are both practical newspaper men of years of experience, both at the printing trade and as publishers. George E. Simpson was em- ployed on the Idaho Statesman eight years, and had been a part owner of the Marion County (Iowa) Reporter; and Lawrence E. was for a time proprietor of the Pleasantville (Iowa) Tele- graph. George E. has a wife and two children, while Lawrence E". is single. The latter is a member of the order of Knights of Pythias and of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and also of the Order of Daughters of Rebekah. Both these gentlemen are capable, agreeable and obliging young men and are giving their best energies to the upbuilding of the town and county. THE IDAHO MINING NEWS. The News is published monthly, at Boise, by the Idaho Mining Exchange. The first issue, in March, 1896, was devoted to the Boise eold belt. In that instance, through absence of snow at the time, the Exchange was able to employ a writer to visit each individual property and describe it, and this plan has been followed as far as practi- cable throughout the various other mining dis- tricts of the state. In the edition of the News for May, 1896, its aims and purposes are thus briefly defined : "The News has for its goal a complete description of the mines and mining of the whole state of Idaho. Its contributors will be the min- ing men, its editors 'the committee on develop- ment, information and advertising' of the Idaho Mining Exchange. The magazine does not rep- resent any clique or locality other than all the inhabitants and the whole of our state. Its circu- lation includes the mining men, engineers, brokers, companies, bankers, prospectors, hotels and exchanges of America." THE KEYSTONE. The Keystone is the appropriate name of a sprightly newspaper published weekly at Ketch- um, Elaine county, this state. It was founded in 1 88 1, by George J. Lewis, later the honorable HISTORY OF IDAHO. 199 secretary of state of Idaho, and was ably man- aged and edited by him, in the interest of Elaine county and the then very prominent mining en- terprises of the Wood River valley. At length the establishment was burned down, and Mr. Lewis rebuilt and set up again a printing office, wherein he continued the publication of the jour- nal. in 1886 Isaac H. Bowman, the present pro- prietor, purchased the concern, since which time he has been the successful editor and manager of the paper. This organ was for a time independ- ent in politics, but it is now a Democratic advo- cate, still devoting, however, most of the space to local news. Mr. Bowman is a native of the state of Vir- ginia, born February 6, 1840, was educated in the Old Dominion and learned the printer's trade there, and came to Idaho in 1862, and thus be- came one of the pioneers of the Boise Basin. In 1864 he purchased the Boise Xews and made it the Idaho World, and controlled its publication successfully during all the formative period of the territory and during the height of the mining ex- citements. In 1874 he sold out and removed to Oakland, California, where he conducted a job- printing office and was the founder of The Mail, an independent paper. After running this paper for two years he sold it and returned to Idaho, locating in Ketchum, where he has been engaged as already outlined. He is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and a popular man in social and business circles, but he devotes his time prin- cipally to the favorite Keystone. THE GRANGEVILLE STANDARD. The Standard, a weekly paper, published at Grangeville, is issued on Friday of each week, having been established March 2C. 1899. It is published in the interests of the town and of Idaho county by the Standard Publishing Com- pany, which is composed of G. W. Goode and C. F. Lake. The subscription price is two dol- lars per annum, and the journal has already be- come a welcome visitor at many homes in this locality. Mr. Lake, who is the managing editor, is a newspaper man of experience. He was born in Wisconsin, July 21, 1859, was educated in south- eastern Minnesota and entered a printing office when fourteen years of age. He then thoroughly mastered the trade and since that time has been continuously engaged in journalistic work. He has been connected with various papers in the east, and published the Spokane Opinion for a time, after which he became one of tue founders of the Spokane Daily Times. From that place he went to Moscow, in 1895, and from there came to Grangeville and founded the Standard, becoming its managing editor. The paper is a clean, bright, newsy and well printed sheet, and from the beginning has received a good advertis- ing patronage. THE REPUBLICAN. The Republican, a weekly newspaper pub- lished at Preston, is issued every Wednesday and is an eight-page, four-column quarto, devoted to local interests and to the advancement and pro- mulgation of Republican principles. The pub- lishers are R. H. Davis and W. H. Peck. The former is a newspaper man of marked ability and wide experience. He is owner of the Caldwell Tribune and the Malad Enterprise, in addition to his partnership interest in the Republican. Mr. Peck, the junior partner, learned the printer's trade in the office of the Enterprise at Malad City, where he was employed for vears. He then worked on the Caldwell Tribune for two years, after which he took charge of the Republican, in January, 1899. Messrs. Davis & Peck are now building a good office at Preston and are enlarging their plant. Theirs is the pioneer pa- per of the town, and it was first published in 1893, by B. N. Davis, a brother of R. H. Davis, who called it the Standard, under which name it appeared for two years. It was then leased to L. R. Whitney, who changed the name to the Republican. Mr. Peck, the present manager, is a bright young newspaper man, an able and intel- ligent worker and has made his paper a paying investment. JULIAETTA NEWSPAPERS. The first paper published in Juliaetta was the Juliaetta Gem, whose initial number was issued May 18, 1889, with W. L. Taylor as editor. Mr. Taylor was a young man of talent, and was a step-son of Judge Piper. He continued his iden- 200 HISTORY OF IDAHO. tification with the Gem only eighteen months, when the enterprise was temporarily abandoned, being practically resurrected in the issuing of the Potlatch, which made its first appearance in June, 1891, with Collins Ferryman as business man- ager and J. M. Bledsoe as editor. Air. Ferry- man managed the paper with much energy and ability, securing to it a good patronage and mak- ing a success of the venture. After the lapse of somewhat more than one year the newspaper was sold to William R. McCracken, who rechristened it the Juliaetta Advance. He continued the pub- lication of the Advance for two years, when it was discontinued by reason of the general de- pression in financial affairs. Somewhat later the Potlatch Press was started here by the Alford Brothers, now publishers of the Lewiston Tri- bune. They conducted the business with marked ability, making the Press a live, newsy journal. At the expiration of one year F. J. Bratton be- came proprietor and published the paper two years, after which he sent the press to Spaulding. The Juliaetta Register made its first appear- ance on May i, 1899, M. P. Stevens presiding over its destinies. He is a lawyer by profession, and is the incumbent of the important offices of justice of the peace, city clerk and city attorney. Mr. Stevens is making the Register an excellent paper, devoted to the interests of the town and surrounding country, and it merits the support of all residents of the community. THE IDAHO COUNTY FREE PRESS. The Free Press is a weekly publication, and was founded by A. F. Parker, its present editor and proprietor, in June, 1886, as an independent journal devoted to the interests of the town of Grangeville and of Idaho county. Mr. Parker is a gentleman of considerable literary talent and ability, and has met with such eminent success in the conduct of his journal that in January, 1899, he was encouraged to produce the first issue of the Daily Press, which is a wide-awake and popular paper, full of general and mining news. He is an energetic, progressive and cap- able journalist and has done much for the welfare of the state in setting forth its advantages and re- sources in the columns of his papers. A native of England, he was born in Wells, Somersetshire, March 16, 1856, and when only twelve years of age shipped before the mast, fol- lowing a seafaring life until 1873. In 1876 he made a voyage around Cape Horn to the Pacific coast, and came directly to Idaho, engaging in quartz mining in the Brownlee country, in Big Snake river canyon. He followed that pursuit until advised to quit on account of the Nez Perces Indian outbreak in 1877, when he entered the service of the government as scout, courier and guide. He also served in the same capacity at the time of the Bannock Indian outbreak, in 1878, and in the Sheep-eater Indian campaign of 1879. The following year Mr. Parker located in Lew- iston, and published the Nez Perces News from January, 1880, until September, 1883, when he sold out and joined the throng making its way to the Coeur d'Alene district. He established the Coeur d'Alene Daily and Weekly Eagle, at Eagle City, in February, 1884, and served as postmaster and deputy recorder there through- out the excitement, making sometimes as high as one hundred and fifty dollars per day through his labors in the recorder's office. Since that time he has engaged in the publication of The Idaho County Free Press, and in the manage- ment of his investments. He has various mining interests in Idaho, Nez Perces and Washington counties and owns a large amount of stock in the Cleveland group of mines, eight miles south of Elk City, where considerable development work has shown up a very valuable property. He also has realty interests in Grangeville and has erected a number of buildings in the town, thereby ad- vancing the work of public improvement. On the 4th of February, 1890, Mr. Parker was united in marriage to Miss Mary S. Newman, the youngest daughter of Horace S. Newman, formerly general claim agent of the Union Pa- cific Railroad Company. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Parker have been born four children, but they lost their eldest in her fourth year. The living are Foster C., and Lyclia and Sylvia, twins. They have a delightful residence in Grangeville and are numbered among the most highly esteemed citizens there. In politics Mr. Parker has always been a stal- wart Democrat, but his publications are strictly neutral, and are conducted on strictly business principles. He was, however, a Democratic HISTORY OF IDAHO. 201 member of the convention which prepared the state constitution, which was adopted in conven- tion in Boise, August 6, 1889, and which is now the organic law of Idaho. He is one of the two oldest representatives of the Knights of Pythias fraternity in Idaho, and is also a member of the Woodmen of the World and the Masonic fra- ternities. THE IDAHO FALLS REGISTER. The Idaho Falls Register, a newsy, eight-page, six-column paper, published by William E. Wheeler, is devoted to the interests of the city of Idaho Falls and the county of Bingham. It is Republican in politics, gives all the local news and pays much attention to the county's agri- cultural interests. It is ably edited and well printed and has had a powerful influence upon the development of the county. Mr. W'heeler issued the paper first at Blackfoot, July i, 1880. He removed it to Idaho Falls in 1884, and it at once became a potent factor in the progress and prosperity of the field in which it circulates. William E. Wheeler was born at Peacham, Caledonia county, Vermont, August 29, 1844, and is descended from a family which settled early in Maine, where his father, Samuel Dexter Wheeler, was born. His grandfather, Colonel William Wheeler, fought in the war with Mexico. Samuel Dexter Wheeler married Sarah Jane Bai- ly, a native of Peacham, Vermont, and they had five children, of whom only three survive. Mr. Wheeler was a shoemaker and farmer and he and his wife were Seventh-day Adventists. Mr. Wheeler died in his fifty-eighth year. His widow has now reached the advanced age of seventy- eight. When William E. Wheeler, the eldest of the children of Samuel Dexter and Sarah Jane (Bai- ly) Wheeler, was fifteen years old, the family re- moved to Illinois, where the boy finished his edu- cation. He was not yet seventeen when the civil war began, but he tried to enlist in the Ellsworth Zouaves and was rejected because he was not of legal military age. In 1864, when he was twenty- one, he tried again to enter the army, and was accepted as a member of Company B, One Hun- dred and Forty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and did provost and guard duty in southern Illi- nois and Kentucky. He was at Springfield, Illinois, at the time of the funeral of President Lincoln, and helped to guard the state house while the remains of the martyred president were lying in state in that building. He was honor- ably discharged and mustered out of the service at Springfield. Mr. Wheeler began his journalistic career at Evanston, Wyoming, where he published the Evanston Age until 1880. He then removed to Blackfoot, Idaho, where he established the Reg- ister, which he later brought to Idaho Falls and made an influential journal. He has made the Register a success from every point of view and has never been stintful of time or means in pro- claiming to the world the advantages of this part of Idaho for residence and investment. His pub- lic spirit has been recognized by his fellow citi- zens and he has received a liberal patronage. He has built up a fine printing and publishing plant, and it is as well equipped for development and success as any newspaper in the state. Mr. Wheeler was married, in 1883, to Miss Elizabeth W. Dougherty, a native of Elgin, Illinois, and a daughter of Michael Dougherty who came to the United States from Ireland. Mr. Wheeler was made an Odd Fellow in 1865. THE STANDARD. The Standard, an interesting journal issued each Friday, in Preston, Oneida county, is a four- page, six-column quarto, published by W. H. Kenner. It is devoted to local interests and is the organ of the Oneida stake of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. It was first published in 1895 as the New Era, and in 1896 was sold to Sponburg & Barnes, who changed the name to Oneida Herald and made it the organ of the Democratic party. In 1898 it was repurchased by the original company and as- sumed the name of the Standard, under which title it is still published. Mr. Kenner, its editor, was born in St. Francis- ville, Clark county, Missouri, January 19, 1860, and went to Salt Lake as an emigrant. He was employed by Mr. Ford in a job-printing office in Salt Lake City, later worked on the Herald and subsequently on the Tribune, and has done much newspaper work in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming. He has had wide experience in the field of jour- nalism and is a man of marked ability in the newspaper field. He is now serving as a mem- 202 HISTORY OF IDAHO. her of Governor Steunenberg's staff, and is a notary public. He was married in 1883 to Miss Ida V '. Conover, daughter of Peter Conover, who emigrated to Salt Lake in 1848 and was a mem- ber of Joseph Smith's body guard. He was the founder of Provo City and built the first house there. In the Indian war he served as a colonel of the Utah militia, and lived to the ripe old age of eighty-five years. Mrs. Kenner has learned the printer's trade with her husband, and is his able assistant in the office. They now have two daughters, Katie and Ada. THE NORTH IDAHO STAR. This is a weekly paper published each Friday in Moscow, and is the property of Henry C. Shaver, who is both editor and proprietor. The paper is published in the interests of the Repub- lican party and of northern Idaho, and was es- tablished October i, 1887, by J. L. Brown, who continued its publication for three years. He then sold to the Star Publishing Company, who continued in control until October 9, 1893, at which time the journal was purchased by its present owner. Mr. Shaver is a newspaper man of experience and ability. He was born in Kendall county, Illi- nois, August 8, 1858, and when a child removed with his parents to Iowa. He was educated in the public schools of that state and first began to learn the printer's trade in the office of the Re- publican, at Waverly, Iowa. After completing his apprenticeship and acting as compositor and performing other duties in connection with print- ing for some years, he purchased the Cedar Falls Recorder, at Cedar Falls, Iowa, which was his first business venture of importance. He con- tinued the publication of that journal for four years and then removed to Des Moines, Iowa, where he became identified with the Des Moines Daily Leader, first as manager of the job de- partment and later as manager of the subscrip- tion department. He was then promoted to the reportorial staff, subsequently became city editor and finally editor in chief, holding the last named responsible position for six years, when he re- signed in order to devote his entire time to the Iowa interests of the Chicago Herald, with head- quarters at Des Moines. That position he held until June, 1893, when he resigned to accept a business offer from the Des Moines Leader, mak- ing him its correspondent in Washington, D. C. At the same time he acted as correspondent for the Omaha World-Herald and the Indianapolis Sentinel. That work he continued until the fol- lowing autumn, when he decided to come west and cast in his lot with the residents of Latah county, Idaho. Since becoming the owner and editor of the Star the paper has materially ad- vanced in business prosperity and journalistic standing and has become a very potent factor in promoting the interests of Moscow and the county. Mr. Shaver is thoroughly identified with the interests of his adopted town and county, and, with a full appreciation of their excellent ad- vantages and resources, he has put these before the public through the columns of nis paper and has been particularly active in calling attention to the wonderful white-pine belt in the eastern sec- tion of the state, which is a source of great wealth, as yet undeveloped. One result of his labors in this direction has been the organization of a company which now has its plans consum- mated to build a railroad to the center of the pine belt, that it may be advantageously worked. In the near future the work of construction will be instituted, and when the road is completed the future of Moscow as a large manufacturing town is assured. Mr. Shaver was married, June i, 1893, to Miss Emilie Cozier, a daughter of Rev. B. F. Cozier, a prominent minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, and a sister of United States Attorney Cozier. They have one child, Seymour. Mrs. Shaver is a valued member of the Methodist church. In politics Mr. Shaver is an inflexible adherent of the Republican party and does all in his power to promote its growth and insure its success. He belongs to the Modern Woodmen of the World, and is a popular and representative citizen of northern Idaho. THE POST. An excellent weekly newspaper published at Paris, the county-seat of Bear Lake county, is the Post, which is a five-column quarto. Repub- lican in its political proclivities, and the official organ of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Idaho. The paper was established HISTORY OF IDAHO. 203 in 1880 by the officers of the Bear Lake stake, a division of the church as to territorial jurisdic- tion, and it has been continued under the same management up to the present time. During the years of its publication two judges have "gradu- ated" from the office of the Post, Judge Charles H. Hunt, who was employed in the office in 1881; and Judge Rolapp, of Ogden, Utah, who was connected with the enterprise in 1885. In the years 1881 and 1882 James H. Wallis figured as editor and publisher of the Post, again becoming the manager of its destinies in 1885-6, and after an interim again assuming its manage- ment in 1892, since which time he has been at the helm. In the meantime he had been employed on the Salt Lake Herald. During the entire period of its existence the Post has been a potent factor in promoting the interests of Paris and Bear Lake county, as well as of the Republi- can party and the church, and its affairs have been ably handled. James H. Wallis, who has so long been the editor and publisher of the pa- per, is a native of London, England, having been born in the famous Tower of London. His father, James Wallis, was camp artificer for the English government, and resided in the historical tower, of which the latter's father was turnkey, so that it was long occupied by the family. James H. Wallis was born on the i3th of April, 1861, and received his education in his native city, after which he served the full bound-apprenticeship of seven years at the printing trade, in which he be- came as thorough and skillful a workman as only the old system can insure. He eventually em- braced the faith of the Church of Christ of Lat- ter Day Saints, and sailed for the United States in April, 1881, making this change of residence by reason of his religious convictions, the doc- trines of the church being to gather its adherents together. At first he was employed by George Q. Cannon, in Salt Lake City, whence, in Octo- ber of the same year, 1881, he came to Paris, where he became interested in political affairs. His management of the Post has been such as to make it a strong defender of the rights of the people. He was a Democrat until Cleveland's second administration, when he became identified with the Republican party, of whose principles he has ever since been a stanch advocate. Mr. Wallis graduated in the law department of the Nebraska State University, and in 1890 was elected prosecuting attorney of Juab county, Utah. He is now United States commissioner for the state of Idaho, receiving the appointment from the federal judge, and in the sessions of the state senate of 1898-9 he held the office of general committee clerk. He is also a member of the national executive committee of the Republican party. In 1881 Mr. Wallis was married to Miss Eliza- beth Todd, of London. They crossed the At- lantic together and were married in Salt Lake City. They became the parents of eleven child- ren, and all save one of the number are still living. Mr. Wallis is a man of marked intellectuality, is a bright journalist and able statistician, and is well and favorably known throughout the state. THE LEWISTON TELLER. The Teller is an independent weekly newspa- per which was founded in 1876 by A. Leland and his son, C. F. Leland, the terms being five dollars per annum. Those gentlemen published the pa- per successfully until 1890, at which time it was purchased by C. A. Foresman, who has since conducted it as a Republican journal, and since 1898 has issued it bi-weekly. It has a wide cir- culation in Latah, Nez Perces and Idaho coun- ties, and is one of the strongest and most in- fluential Republican papers in the state, having been a potent factor in the growth and upbuild- ing of this section of Idaho. Mr. Foresman, the editor and proprietor, was born in Indiana, May 29, 1859, was educated in the State Normal School and came to Idaho in 1889. Here he was principal of the Lewiston schools for six years, and in 1894 he was elected state superintendent of schools. He is a man of scholarly attainments and broad general cul- ture, and has given to the school system of the state an impetus whose effect will long be felt. His strong mentality is shown through the col- umns of the Teller, which is a most interesting journal, faithfully mirroring forth the events of the locality, state and nation. Mr. Foresman has built a nice home in Lewiston, is married and has two children. His wife is a member of the Methodist church, and he is past grand chan- cellor of the Knights of Pythias fraternity of HISTORY OF IDAHO. Idaho. He and his family are held in high es- teem in Lewiston and he is justly regarded as one of the prominent and representative citizens of his adopted state. THE MONTPELIER EXAMINER. The ancestors of Charles E. Harris, editor and proprietor of the Montpelier Examiner, settled at Jamestown, Virginia, in the seventeenth cen- tury and he was born in West Virginia in 1866. He has been thirty years in the west and fifteen years a newspaper man in Oregon, Montana, Wyoming and Idaho, and during that time has established four papers. The Montpelier Examiner was first issued in March, 1895. It is an eight-page, six-column sheet, Independent-Democratic in politics, and is the official paper of the city of Montpelier, which has a population of nearly two thousand, and of Bear Lake county, which has a population of ten thousand, and it covers the whole field. Its sub- scription price is two dollars a year and it circu- lates in three states, Idaho, Wyoming and Utah. It has the most complete plant in southern Idaho, and the office turns out fine job printing in all branches. Mr. Harris was married, in 1895, to Mary Rob- inson, of Park City, Utah. He is a citizen of much public and personal popularity, and is a member of the Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows and Woodmen of the World. He is a member of the board of regents of the University of the State of Idaho and was nominee on the Demo- cratic ticket, in 1898, for the office of state sena- tor, being defeated by a majority of only seventy- three. He is regarded as one of the rising men of this part of the state, and those who have been watching events closely in Idaho predict that he will come to the front in an unmistakable way as soon as local conditions are favorable. THE ENTERPRISE. This is a weekly, five-column quarto news- paper, published every Saturday at Malad, Onei- da county, in the interests especially of its city and county, and in general politics it is a Re- publican organ, wielding a great influence in the advancement of Republican principles. The paper was founded by J. A. Streight, in Sep- tember, 1886. After he had conducted it a year he sold it to R. H. Davis, a gentleman of con- siderable ability, who has since been its pub- lisher; and since 1896 W. E. Beers has been its successful manager. Mr. Beers is a native of Kentucky, born at the capital of that state. He acquired a practical knowledge of the printer's trade while a boy; and his business life since then has been such as to make him an accomplished newspaper man- ager. After coming west he was a reporter for the Oregonian and other Oregon papers in the Idaho legislature during the session of 1896-7, coming to this state for that purpose. He has since been located at Malad, where he has a home and family ; and he has located here with the in- tention of making this his permanent abode. He is considered by the citizens a valuable acquisi- tion to the community. CHAPTER XX. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. JAMES H. HAWLEY. NO COMPENDIUM such as the province of this work defines in its essential limita- tions will serve to offer fit memorial to the life and accomplishments of the hon- ored subject of this sketch a man remarkable in the breadth of his wisdom, in his indomitable perseverance, his strong individuality, and yet one whose entire life has not one esoteric phase, being an open scroll, inviting the closest scru- tiny. True, his have been "massive deeds and great" in one sense, and yet his entire life ac- complishment but represents the result of the fit utilization of the innate talent which is his, and the directing of his efforts in those lines where mature judgment and rare discrimina- tion lead the way. There is in Mr. Hawley a weight of character, a native sagacity, a far- seeing judgment and a fidelity of purpose that commands the respect of all. A man of inde- fatigable enterprise and fertility of resource, he has carved his name deeply on the record of the political, commercial and professional history of the state, which owes much of its advancement to his efforts. James H. Hawley was born in Dubuque, Iowa, on the 1 7th of January, 1847, anc l m ms y ei ns mingles the blood of English, Dutch and Irish ancestors. The Hawley family was founded in America in 1760. William Carr, the maternal great-grandfather of our subject, was a major in the Revolutionary army; and the grandfather, Henry Carr, commanded a company in the war of 1812, with the rank of captain. Thomas Hawley, his father, was born in Brooklyn, New York, and became a civil engineer by profes- sion. He married Miss Annie Carr, who died during the infancy of her son James. In 1849 the father went to California, and in 1856 took up his residence in Texas. When the civil war was inaugurated he joined the Confederate army, and served throughout that great struggle as major of a regiment of engineers. He is still living in the Lone Star state. He was married a second time, and by that union had five children, but our subject is the only son by the first marriage. In his native city Mr. Hawley of this review acquired his early education. In 1861 he ac- companied an uncle to California, and was pre- paring to enter college there when he heard of the wonderful discoveries of gold in the Salmon river country, in Idaho. Hoping to gain wealth in that district he left California April 8, 1862, arriving at Florence the latter part of the month while the mining excitement was at its height. Since that time he has been identified with min- ing interests, though his efforts have been con- fined by no means to one line of endeavor. In December, 1862, he went to Dallas, Oregon, and in May, 1863, came to.Boise county, locat- ing at Placerville, working for several months on Gold Hill mountain. He then purchased placer claims near Ophir creek, and in 1863-4 prospected in various sections of Idaho, his part- ners being James Carr and James Bradford. They were the discoverers of the Banner mining district, and Mr. Hawley was interested in many of the first locations there. He also made many of the first locations at what is now Quartzburg. In December, 1864, however, he returned to San Francisco, California, where he attended school and studied law, remaining there until the fall of 1868, when he returned to Idaho and re- sumed mining operations at Banner. In the spring of 1869 he worked placer claims on Cali- fornia Hill, and through the summer was at Gold Hill mountain. He also prospected in the Loon creek country, returning in the fall to what is now Quartzburg, where he prospected for quartz. That autumn he discovered what is known as the Iowa mine, a very valuable prop- erty. While working one day he found a very rich deposit, and, gathering some of the rocks into a flour sack, he took it to the creek, where 205 20G HISTORY OF IDAHO. he washed out the gold to the value of one thou- sand dollars! He was interested in most of the best placers in the basin, notably the Ebenezer and Yellow Jacket, and still has large mining in- terests in various parts of the state. When the mining exchange was established in Boise, in 1895, he was chosen its first president, and has since held that position. Throughout his entire life Mr. Hawley has been an advocate of Democratic principles, and has been a most active worker in the interests of his party in Idaho. In 1870 he was elected a member of the lower house of the territorial legislature, receiving the largest majority given any one on the ticket. During that session he served as chairman of the judiciary committee. He was chief clerk of the house at the seventh session, was a member of the council of the eighth session and was chief clerk at the ninth session of the territorial legislature. In 1878 he served as county commissioner of Boise county. In the meantime he had studied law and was at- taining considerable prominence at the bar. He began his legal studies in San Francisco and con- tinued them at every available opportunity until February 14, 1871, "when he was admitted to practice in the supreme court of the territory. He acted as deputy district attorney under Hon. George Ainslie for several years. In 1878 he removed to Idaho City and was nominated and elected on the Democratic ticket to the position of district attorney for the second district, em- bracing Boise, Alturas, Lemhi and Custer coun- ties. It was during his term that there occurred the great mining excitement in the Wood river country and in Custer county, bringing with it a great increase in the population and a great accumulation of criminal work in the courts, but Mr. Hawley discharged his duties with marked fidelity and ability, and in 1880 was renominated for the same position. So great was his popu- larity that the Republicans would make no nom- ination, and he was therefore practically elected by acclamation. In 1883 he removed to Hailey, Alturas county, where he remained until 1886, when he came to Boise, where he has since made his home. In 1885 he was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland to the position of United States district attorney, in which capacity he served most acceptably for four years. It was during that time that the Mormon troubles arose in the territory and he became prominent as the prose- cutor of many of that sect under the Edmund Tucker law, though he vigorously opposed the test-oath law, being persuaded that it was wrong in principle. He was a conspicuous figure in the settlement of the Idaho land matters under the Sparks administration, and in 1884-5, while as- sistant prosecuting attorney of Alturas county, with Hon. N. M. Ruick as principal, he had charge of and settled amicably the strikes on Wood river. In 1888 he received the Democratic nomination for congress and was defeated after a vigorous campaign by ex-Senator Fred T. Du- bois. He was elected chairman of the Boise county Democratic committee, in which capacity he served for six years, doing excellent service for the party by his capable and wise manage- ment of its forces. He has been a member of every Democratic state convention since his ar- rival in Idaho with the exception of that of 1896 and has been one of the leading figures in Idaho politics for a third of a century. In 1896 he took the stump for Bryan, and his voice was heard in every precinct in Idaho, ably expounding the doctrines in which he believes. But it is as a learned, experienced and eminent lawyer that Mr. Hawley is most widely known. He is one of the most celebrated criminal lawyers of the northwest, and it is a notable fact that he has tried more criminal cases than any lawyer on the Pacific coast. He was associated with Hon. Pat Reddy, of San Francisco, in the Coeur d'Alene mine trials, of 1892, and out of between seven and eight hundred indictments by federal and state courts they cleared every one of the defendants, carrying some of the cases into the United States supreme court, where they were likewise'victorious. Mr. Hawley enjoys a very extensive and remunerative practice, mostly in the departments of criminal, mining and irriga- tion law. The home relations of our subject are most pleasant. He was married on the 4th of January, 1875, to Miss Mary E. Bullock, of New York city, and to them have been born nine children, six of whom are living. Edgar T., the eldest son, is now lieutenant in the Idaho regiment, and is serving his country in the Philippines; Jesse B. is a student in the high school; Emma and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 207 Bessie are attending the Sisters' school; and James H. and Harry R. are at home. The family is one of prominence in the community, and the members of the household occupy high positions in social circles. Mr. Hawley belongs to the In- dependent Order of Odd Fellows, in which he is past noble grand, and he is a member of the Knights of Pythias and the Benevolent and Pro- tective Order of Elks. He was also at one time president of the Bar Association of Idaho. The future of such a man can be forecast at least to this extent: it will be characterized by great ac- tivity in the important things that concern the interests of society and government. The world is always in need of men of his character and ability, men who are high-minded, public-spirited, energetic and enterprising, who believe that the citizen owes a solemn duty to the community; and while the demands on such men are in- creased by their willingness to sacrifice for the public good, fortunately they are possessed of the patriotism, humanity and public spirit which prompt them to respond whenever the public will imposes a burden upon their time and patience; and while their successes are regarded as per- sonal achievements, they are also credited as vic- tories for society and civilization. NORMAN M. RUICK. This distinguished practitioner at the bar of Idaho has been connected with the leading inter- ests of the state for some years, and in all the re- lations of life he has commanded the respect and confidence of his fellow men by his fidelity to duty and his devotion to the interests entrusted to his care. He comes from the far east, being a native of Connecticut. His birth occurred in Granby, that state, on the 4th of October, 1854, and his ancestry includes both Irish and Puritan stock. His paternal great-grandfather, a native of the Emerald Isle, emigrated to the New World and took up his residence in Hartford county, Connecticut, where he resided for many years. When the colonies attempted to throw off the yoke of British tyranny, he joined the army and valiantly fought in the war which gave to the nation her independence. The grandfather of our subject, William Ruick, Sr., and the father, who also bore the name of William, were -both born in Granby, Connecticut, the latter on the loth of July, 1822. He was a carriage-maker by trade and followed that pursuit in order to gain a liveli- hood for his family. He married Miss Temper- ance C. Hutchinson, a native of Mansfield, Con- necticut, and a representative of one of the old Puritan families of New England. The Ruick family for several generations had been connected with the Methodist church, of which denomina- tion the parents of our subject were also mem- bers. The mother departed this life in 1884, at the age of sixty-two years, and the father was called to his final rest in 1888, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. They had five sons and a daugh- ter, and the sons are all yet living. Norman Melville Ruick, whose name intro- duces this review, remained on the home farm with his father, assisting in the labors of field and meadow until seventeen years of age. Then, as so many other country boys have done, he went to the city to try his fortune. The ranks of prom- inent business men in our industrial and commer- cial centers are constantly being recruited from the farm, where the outdoor life and exercise have developed sturdy youths well fitted to cope with the ofttimes difficult problem of securing a start in the financial world. Making his way to Troy, New York, Mr. Ruick first served an ap- prenticeship at the machinist's trade in the Schenectady Locomotive Works, but he did not find this entirely congenial. He seemed to pos- sess a natural predilection for the law, and de- voted all his leisure hours to reading the text- books containing the fundamental principles of the science of jurisprudence. When his term of apprenticeship was ended he entered the law of- fice of King & Rhodes, of Troy, New York, and after a thorough course of study was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Indiana, in In- dianapolis, in 1877. For three years Mr. Ruick engaged in practice in that city, and then went to Tucson, Arizona, with a view of locating there, but changing his mind he came to Idaho, by way of San Francisco, locating in the Wood river country, where he re- mained for a number of years. He practiced law in Bellevue and Hailey and served as assist- ant district attorney for Alturas county for two years. He was three times the nominee of his party for the position of district attorney, and filled that position in 1885 and 1886. In 1892 208 HISTORY OF IDAHO. he was elected to the state senate and served with distinction as chairman of the judiciary com- mittee. He was the author of the "Ruick law," making all obligations to be paid in money pay- able in any lawful money gold, silver or green- backs notwithstanding anything in the contract to the contrary. Since his arrival in the state Mr. Ruick has been an important factor in political circles. In 1894 he was elected chairman of the Populist state central committee, and with signal ability conducted the memorable campaign of that year. As an organizer he has few equals and no superiors in Idaho. He marshals his forces with the skill and precision of a general on the field of battle, and at the same time does it with such tact that the most harmonious work- ing is secured within the ranks of the party. It was he who conceived the plan and was largely instrumental in carrying to a successful issue the combination between the Populists and Demo- crats in 1896, which resulted in the election of the Democratic-Populist state ticket, giving a ma- jority in the legislature and thus sending a Popu- list to the United States senate. Upon becoming chairman of the state central committee, Mr. Ruick removed to Boise, where he has since made his home, successfully engag- ing in the practice of law. He is one of the most celebrated criminal lawyers in the state, his ser- vice as prosecuting attorney causing him to give special attention to this department of jurisprud- ence. His ability in this direction has caused him in many instances to be employed by various counties as assistant prosecutor, and he has al- most invariably succeeded in winning the suits with which he has thus been connected. Pos- sessed of a keen and penetrating intelligence, a thorough knowledge of the law and an indomit- able will, he has attained an eminent position in his profession, and in legal circles is known throughout the entire northwest. On the 1 7th of August, 1888, Mr. Ruick was married to Mrs. Manda D. Reiff, and their union has been blessed with two sons and a daughter, Norman M., Eleanor and Melville. In his religious belief Mr. Ruick is a Christian scientist, and socially is connected with the Modern Wood- men of America and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. In the latter he has served as past master in the local lodge and has been representa- tive to the supreme lodge. He is of a genial na- ture and gentlemanly bearing, which character- istics are evidences of a commendable character, and he is one of the popular and esteemed citizens of Boise. DAVID C. CHASE. David C. Chase, the secretary and treasurer of the great Payette Valley Mercantile Company, Limited, doing business in Payette, Idaho, is a native of Ohio, his birth having occurred in John- sonville, Trumbull county, on the 26th of April, 1853. He traces his descent from English ances- tors who were early settlers of Connecticut, and participated in many of the leading events which go to make up the history of that state. His father, David Chase, was a New England farmer, and died when his son and namesake was only a small boy. The latter was educated in the public schools of Meadville, Pennsylvania, and began life as a newsboy, selling papers on the streets and afterward on the train. As the years passed and he became fitted for more responsible duties, he resolved to learn telegraphy. This he did, and was employed in the railroad service for twenty years, being with the Union Pacific Railroad from 1873 unt il I &9 1 > one of i ts most competent, faithful and trusted employes. His industry and economy in that time had en- abled him to save some capital, and in the latter year he became one of the organizers of the Pay- ette Valley Mercantile Company, Limited. He was elected its secretary and treasurer, a position which he has since filled with great acceptability, for in no small degree the success of the house is attributable to his efforts. The company do a large wholesale and retail business, dealing in general merchandise, and enjoy an extensive and constantly growing trade. They have one of the best department stores of the northwest, stocked with everything found in their line, and have gained a reputation for reliability, fair deal- ing, moderate prices and courteous treatment, and this insures them a liberal share of the public patronage. In 1879 Mr Chase was happily married to Miss Mary A. Platt, of Lynn, Indiana, and they have a son and daughter, Eva Fredericka and Danna Carl. The former is a graduate of St. Margaret's School of Boise, and also of the Ken- wood Institute, of Chicago. The family is one PUBLISHING CD CHtCARQU.l, ENG BY HENRY TAYLOR JR CHICAGO HISTORY OF IDAHO. 209 of prominence in the community, and the hospit- able doors of the Chase household are ever open for the reception of their many friends. Mrs. Chase is a valued and active member of the Episcopal church. Mr. Chase is a lead- ing representative of Washoe Lodge, No. 28, A. F. & A. M., has the honor of be- ing the first man on whom was ever conferred the degrees in his lodge, and is now serving his second term as master. He also belongs to Pay- ette Chapter, No. 8, R. A. M. In politics he is a Silver Republican, and keeps well informed on the issues of the day, but has never been an office- seeker, preferring to devote his time and attention to his business interests. His home in Payette is a fine brick residence, situated in the midst of carefully kept grounds. He also owns other buildings and several valuable city lots, together with a forty-acre farm, of which twenty acres have been planted to winter apples. He ranks very high in business circles, and his advance has been most marked. A third of a century ago he was a little newsboy. To-day he is active in the management of one of the important business enterprises of the state, and is the owner of much valuable realty. He has certainly won the proud American title of a self-made man, and his suc- cess is most creditable. JAMES HARVEY FORNEY. A visit to the library of the gentleman whose name is above and a chat with him in his pleas- ant home at Moscow, are sufficient to dispel any idea that the new west is without culture or men of ability interested in its educational progress, and development. Mr. Forney has given some of the best years of an active and useful life to the cause of education in Idaho, and has attained more than local distinction otherwise. James Harvey Forney, a prominent citizen of Moscow, Idaho, and ex-United States district at- torney for the district of Idaho, was born in Rutherford county, North Carolina, forty-seven years ago, a son of James H. and Emily (Logan) Forney. The old homestead in North Carolina, where Mr. Forney was born, has been in the pos- session of his family for four generations. The Forneys are of French-Huguenot descent and Mr. Forney's great-great-grandfather, who was born in 1640, fled from his native land in 1685, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and settled in Alsace, on the Rhine. His son, Mr. Forney's great-grandfather, was born in 1721. In 1754 he married a Miss Maria Bergner, of Canton P>erne, Switzerland, and thereafter settled in Lincoln county, North Carolina. The fact that they and their sons, Jacob, Peter and Abraham, were uncompromising Whigs, and that the family sustained the cause of American liberty by the expenditure of their means and by force of arms, did not tend to make their relations with Cornwallis' men any more pleasant, and they were deprived of about everything they pos- sessed, even to their gold, silver and jewelry, much of which was brought from Europe. The head of this loyal family died in 1806, near the place where he had first settled. The eldest son, Jacob, was born November 6, 1754, and married Mary Corpening of Rutherford county. North Carolina. Not long after the close of the Revo- lution he bought a valuable tract of land near Morgantown, North Carolina, where he lived a long, useful and quiet life, and there died No- vember 7, 1840, aged eighty-six years. James H. Forney, the second son, married Emily Logan, of Rutherford county, North Carolina, and his sec- ond son, named in his father's honor, is the sub- ject of this sketch. At the age of eighteen, James Harvey Forney entered Wofford University, South Carolina, and after four years' study was graduated with sec- ond honor in a large class, and delivered the salutatory address. In 1875 he went to Califor- nia and there taught school and read law, as occasion offered. In 1878, at the organization of Hastings Law College, he was among the first pupils enrolled, and he was admitted to the bar in 1879. Immediately thereafter he came to Idaho, settling in Idaho county, and in January, 1880, was appointed deputy district attorney. At the ensuing election he was elected district at- torney, and under the territorial and state gov- ernments was re-elected five consecutive times. In 1894 he resigned the position of district at- torney for the second judicial district of the state, and was appointed United States attorney for the district of Idaho. Under the territory and state of Idaho and United States, he held the position of district attorney for seventeen consecutive years. He has been engaged in a large number 210 HISTORY OF IDAHO. of criminal prosecutions and was appointed spe- cial prosecutor for the state in all cases arising out of the riots in the Coeur d'Alene district in 1899. He is a man of broad culture, and, in ad- dition to a fine law library, he has a well selected miscellaneous library of twelve hundred volumes. He has lived at Moscow since 1890. In 1881 he married Mary E. Belknap, of Santa Barbara, California. She is the daughter of Hon. C. G. Belknap and a graduate of the University of the Pacific. They have two daughters, Rosa Alletha and Cora May Forney. Mr. Forney has held the position of grand master of the Odd Fellows of the jurisdiction of Idaho; was the first acting president of the fac- ulty of the University of Idaho and has served as regent and president of the board of regents of the university. FREDERICK S. KOHLER, M. D. The wise system of industrial economics which has been brought to bear in the development of Nampa has challenged uniform admiration, for while there has been steady advancement in ma- terial lines there has been an entire absence of that inflation of values and that erratic ''boom- ing'' which have in the past proved the eventual death knell to many of the localities in the west, where "mushroom towns" have one day smiled forth with "all modern improvements" and prac- tically on the next have been shorn of their glories and of their possibilities of stable prosperity until the existing order of things shall have been radi- cally changed. In Nampa, progress has been made continuously and in safe lines, and in the healthful growth and advancement of the city Dr. Kohler has taken an active part. Hardly had the town a beginning when he located here, becoming its pioneer druggist and physician. Here he has since carried on business, and while in professional lines he has achieved individual success, he has also labored for the growth and development of the place in which he resides. The Doctor is a native of Pennsylvania, his birth having occurred in Lewistown, December 18, 1838. He is of German lineage, and three generations of the family had previously resided in. the city of his nativity. His parents were Henry and Mary (Livermore) Kohler, the former for manv vears a successful merchant of Pennsvl- vania, where he remained until called to the home beyond, at the age of eighty years. His wife was a representative of an old Virginian family, and lived to be seventy-five years of age. They had eight children, of whom the Doctor was the youngest. He was educated at Dartmouth and Swarthmore Colleges, was graduated in 1860, and on the breaking out of the civil war became surgeon of the Twenty-first Pennsylvania Cav- alry, under General Sheridan. He remained at the front, alleviating the suffering of the wound- ed, throughout the war, and was present at the surrender of General Lee, which was the climax of the great tragedy which had engaged the at- tention of the nation through four long years. When hostilities had ceased the Doctor return- ed to Lewistown, Pennsylvania, where he prac- ticed his profession for five years, when he re- moved to Yevay, Indiana, making his home there for ten years. In 1882 he went to Denver, but during his year's residence there he found that the altitude was too high for him, and he removed to Morgan, Utah, where he remained until 1887, when he came to the new town of Nampa. Here he has resided continuously since, and in his drug store and in the practice of medicine he has re- ceived a liberal patronage. He has always been a close student of his profession, and his skill and ability have made him very successful. Soon after the war, Dr. Kohler was united in marriage to Miss Sallie Carson, who died four years later, leaving two sons, William Henry and B. Rush, both practicing physicians. The Doctor has never married again. He is a Democrat of the old school, and keeps well informed on the issues of the day, although he does not aspire to official preferment. He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and among those who wore the blue, as well as his associates in busi- ness and social life, is held in high esteem. MESERVE M. GETCHELL. The popular postmaster of Silver City and one of the proprietors of the Idaho Hotel of that place is Mr. Getchell, who was born at Baring, Maine, January 5, 1868. His ancestors were na- tives of Wales, who emigrated to this country at an early day. His great-great-grandfather, Benjamin Getchell, was born February 4, I753 married Mehitable Meserve and moved to St. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 211 Stephens, New Brunswick. He assisted in the capture of the English schooner Diligence and her armed cutter Tatmagouch July 14, 1775, be- ing a volunteer in Captain John Preble's com- pany, the colonel of the company being John Allen. The great-grandfather, Joseph Getchell, and his son of the same name, fought in the Revolutionary war and were members of the vol- unteer crew on the sloop Unity, which, under the command of Captain Jeremiah O'Brien, cap- tured the English armed schooner Margaretta, June 12, 1775. The grandfather of our subject, Daniel Get- chell, was born in St. Stephens, New Brunswick, January 24, 1785, and married Miss Elizabeth Grimmer, who was born May 6, 1806. He died January 10, 1876. Their son, Asher B. Getchell, the father of our subject, was born at St. James Mills, New Brunswick, September 3, 1829. When he was ten years old he removed to Baring, Maine, where he grew to manhood and married Miss Julia F. Smith, a daughter of Dr. S. M. and Mary Ellen (Nickerson) Smith and a de- scendant of one of the Pilgrims who came over in the Mayflower. Mr. and Mrs. Getchell are still living, as are five of their six children. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools of his native town and spent his boyhood days upon a farm. For several years he followed various lines of business, being em- ployed in a sawmill, then as a clerk in a store and also in a shoe factory at Northwood, New Hamp- shire. In July, 1889, he took up his residence in Silver City, being engaged as a clerk in the drug store and also in the post-office under his uncle, S. T. N. Smith. When the latter pur- chased the Idaho Hotel, December I, 1889, Mr. Getchell became clerk in the hotel, holding that position until assuming the duties of postmaster. Although always a stanch Republican, Mr. Get- chell 's popularity with all parties was shown by his appointment as postmaster under President Cleveland and his continuance in office under President McKinley. Under the efficient management of Mr. Get- chell the post-office at Silver City now holds rank as a third-class office, and he has made various improvements and changes which add greatly to the convenience and comfort of the public. The assistant postmaster, Asher A. Getchell, is a brother of our subject, and by his accommodating and genial manners has made himself very popu- lar. Both gentlemen have a large circle of friends and are among the most useful and progressive citizens of Silver City. Mr. Getchell was united in marriage Decem- ber 27, 1891, to Miss Ida Maud Hays, born in Silver City July 16, 1870, a daughter of Hon. C. M. Hays, district attorney and one of Idaho's most prominent citizens, whose sketch will be found on another page. They had one child, who died September 3, 1893. Mrs. Getchell passed away August 7, 1897, deeply mourned by all who knew her. She was a woman of amiable disposi- tion and kind heart, devoted to her husband and her home and beloved by every one. December 28, 1898, Mr. Getchell was united in marriage to Miss Mary Elizabeth Hutchinson, daughter of James Hutchinson, of Silver City. Mr. Getchell is past noble grand of Lodge No. 5, I. O. O. F., at Silver City. He is chairman of the Republican central committee of Owyhee county, and is a leader in his party. JAMES P. GRAY. Thirty-five years have passed since James P. Gray came to Idaho to cast in his lot with its pioneers. People of the present end-of-the-cen- tury period can scarcely realize the struggles and dangers which attended the early settlers, the heroism and self-sacrifice of lives passed upon the borders of civilization, the hardships endured, the difficulties overcome. These tales of the early days . read almost like a romance to those who have known only the modern prosperity and con- veniences. To the pioneer of the early days, far removed from the privileges and conveniences of city or town, the struggle for existence was a stern and hard one, and these men and women must have possessed indomitable energies and sterling worth of character, as well as marked physical courage, when they thus voluntarily selected such a life and successfully fought its battles under such circumstances as prevailed in the northwest. James P. Gray was a young man of eighteen years when he took up his residence in the min- ing camp at Idaho City. His early life was spent in Illinois, his birth having occurred in Peoria county, that state, December 10, 1846. He is of HISTORY OF IDAHO. Scotch-Irish ancestry, and his grandfather, Will- iam Gray, emigrated from the north of Ireland with his wife, taking up his residence in Indiana, where occurred the birth of Thomas Gray, the father of our subject. In the Hoosier state Thomas was reared, and having attained years of maturity was married there to Rebecca Coch- ran, by whom he had seven children, five of whom are yet living. In 1864 the father, accom- panied by three of his sons, including James, crossed the plains to the Pacific slope. They left Atchison, Kansas, on the 6th of May, with twen- ty-two wagons in their train, loaded with freight and drawn by oxen. Near Fort Laramie they were attacked by Indians, and William Gray, who was with another part of the train from the other members of his family, was killed. At length the father and his other two sons arrived in Idaho City, and engaged in mining and teaming there, but not meeting with very great success in placer mining, they came to what is now Washington county and turned their at- tention to stock-raising. The father took up three hundred and twenty acres of government land near the city of Weiser, and devoted his attention to the management of his ranch until 1881, when he one day went out in search of a bear that he had seen prowling around the place. He was accidentally shot by a man who, catching sight of a moving object, thought it was the bear and fired. Mr. Gray was taken to Boise for medical treatment, but after lingering for some months he passed away, and his remains were interred in the cemetery at the capital city. The stream which bordered his ranch is known as Gray's creek, for he was the first settler in that locality. He was one of the prominent and influential citi- zens of the community, and served for two terms in the territorial legislature, thus taking an active part in shaping the early policy of the state. The sons inherited the farm, but afterward sold it, and George D. Gray now resides in the old town of Weiser. James P. Gray of this review aided his father for some time after coming to Idaho, but event- ually entered upon an independent business career, purchasing three hundred and twenty acres of land on Weiser river, where he carried on farming and stock-raising for some years, meeting with excellent success in his undertak- ings. In 1898, however, he sold that property and purchased eighty acres a short distance north of the city. Erecting thereon a good residence he devoted his energies to the cultivation of his fields and the care of his stock, and is regarded as one of the most progressive, practical and en- terprising farmers in southwestern Idaho. He is one of the best known stock-raisers of Washing- ton county, and for the past twenty-seven years has threshed most of the grain in this section of the country. He displays great diligence and sound judgment in the management of his busi- ness interests, and has thereby become the pos- sessor of a competence. On the 3 ist of October, 1871, Mr. Gray mar- ried Miss Clarissa E. Brassfield, a native of Mis- souri, and to them have been born eleven chil- dren, ten of whom are living, namely: Laura, wife of David Jones ; Elizabeth, who died at the age of two years; Sarah, wife of Nathan Kimble; and Lucetta, Thomas, Josie, Ethel, James, Alba, Emma and Edward, who are still under the pa- rental roof. The daughters are valued members of the Baptist church, and the family enjoy the friendship of many of the best people of this lo- cality. In his political views Mr. Gray is a Dem- ocrat, and on that ticket was elected sheriff of Washington county, in which office he served most acceptably for four years. He is well and favorably known by the citizens of the county and the pioneers of the state, and merits honorable mention among the representative men of Idaho. ALMON S. SENTER. An eventful career was that of Colonel Almon S. Senter, who for some years figured conspicu- ously in connection with the mercantile and of- ficial interests of Lincoln county. At the time of his death, March 6, 1899, he was serving as district-court clerk and ex-officio auditor and re- corder of Lincoln county, and he was also an enterprising and prominent merchant of Sho- shone. A native of the old Granite state, he was born February 18. 1845, and is a representative of one of the old and honored families of New Hampshire, of English descent. His ancestors were early settlers of Londonderry, that state, and one of his great-granduncles served in the Col- onial army during the Revolutionary war. The grandfather and father of our subject, both of HISTORY OF IDAHO. 213 whom bore the name of Thomas Senter, were natives of New Hampshire, the latter born in Petersboro. He wedded Miss Mary C. Gid- dings, a native of Temple, New Hampshire, and also a descendant of one of the prominent col- onial families. Mr. Senter was an industrious farmer, who followed agricultural pursuits throughout his entire life. Both he and his wife were Methodists in religious belief, and the father lived to be sixty-four years of age, while the mother departed this life in her forty-seventh year, leaving a family of eleven children, the eld- est but seventeen years of age, the youngest only three months old. Colonel Senter was at that time a little lad of five summers. He was reared to manhood in Hudson, New Hampshire, was educated in the public schools, and when thirteen years of age began to earn his own living by working on a farm at six dollars per month. He was but six- teen years of age when the country was plunged into civil war, and in the following year he re- sponded to the call for aid, enlisting August 29, 1862, as a member of Company G, Second Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He served in Virginia and North Carolina, participated in the battles of Plymouth, Little Washington, Golds- boro, Fort Fisher, Smithfield and various other engagements, and received an honorable dis- charge, September 5, 1865. He was always found at his post of duty, faithfully defending the cause represented by the starry banner, but was never wounded or taken prisoner, and returned to his home a veteran and a victor. Taking up the pursuits of civil life, Mr. Senter engaged in car-building and had charge of the car shops at Reno, Pennsylvania, in the employ of the Atlantic & Great Western Railway Com- pany. On the 4th of August, 1886, he removed to Omaha, Nebraska, where he was employed in the car shops until May 7, 1887, when he was sent to take charge of the car shops at North Platte, Nebraska. He continued in that position for six and a half years, during which time, in August, 1868, the Indians, under command of Chief Turkey Leg, the Cheyenne chief, derailed a train of freight cars at Plum Creek and plundered and burned them. Mr. Senter then organized a com- pany of thirty-eight men to go in pursuit and save the goods, if possible. The Indians had loaded their ponies with all the goods they could carry and then fired the train, and as our subject and his men came nearer the smoke was carried by the wind far over the prairies, and the red men were seen galloping away in the distance, with pieces of high colored goods tied to the ponies' tails and streaming behind in the breeze for many yards as the bolts unrolled. About the time Mr. Senter reached the scene Captain Pollock, with a company of United States regulars, came up and took charge of the pursuit of the Indians. In 1874 Mr. Senter received the government contract to transport supplies to the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail Indian agencies, and had two hundred and twenty-five oxen to convey the goods. He handled during that year over three million pounds of supplies, and lost on the con- tract about twenty thousand dollars. In 1874 Mr. Senter also resigned his position in the railroad shops and established a general mercantile store in North Platte, where he car- ried on a successful business until June i, 1882. He then sold out and began dealing in stock, to which enterprise he devoted his energies until March 7, 1883, when he came to Idaho, arriving in Shoshone, on the I5th of the same month. Here he engaged in merchandising, and erected a large store building, which he filled with cloth- ing, dry goods, boots and shoes. He had a lib- eral patronage and his honorable methods com- mended him to the confidence and good will of all. He also engaged in the fire-insurance, real- estate and undertaking businesses, and was the manager of the Shoshone Falls Stage Company, having been a prominent factor in the establish- ment of the route to the fine falls twenty-five miles distant. These falls, with the surrounding territory, form one of the most beautiful and magnificent scenes in all Idaho, a state noted for the splendid scenic pictures it affords. In public life Mr. Senter was long a prominent factor. He always supported the Republican party and on that ticket was elected clerk of the district court and ex-officio auditor and collector of Lincoln county, discharging his duties in a most capable and satisfactory manner. His life was a very busy one, yet no public or private duty was neglected by him, and his fidelity in all rela- tions won him uniform confidence and regard. He was appointed by Governor McConnell one of 214 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the trustees of the Idaho Soldiers' Home and was commissary general of subsistence on the staff of Governor Shoup, with the rank of colonel of cavalry. He had a remarkable memory for dates, and could recall with accuracy the time of many incidents in his past life. Socially he was con- nected with the Masonic fraternity and served as master of the lodge. He also belonged to the Knights of Pythias fraternity and the Grand Army of the Republic, in which he was past department commander of Idaho. On the I4th of October, 1875, was celebrated the marriage of Colonel Senter and Miss Emma Honn, a native of Ohio. They were married in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and by their union were born two children, Kate Irene and Clyde A. The daughter is now the wife of Henry A. Brown, who assisted her father in the store. The son followed his father's example of patriotism, and with loyal spirit volunteered in his seventeenth year for service in the war with Spain, and after his discharge at Manila, March 17, 1899, he re- turned home, arriving May 5, 1899, having fought to establish the right of the United States to rule over the Philippines. Clyde A. Senter was mus- tered into the United States service May 12, 1898, went to Manila by way of San Francisco, and took an honorable part in seven battles in the Philippines. Such in brief is the life history of Colonel Senter. The character of the man has been shadowed forth between the lines of this review, and in a summary of his career we note only a few of the salient points, his activity and sound judgment in business affairs and his conformity to the ethics of commercial life, his loyalty to the old flag in times of war and likewise in days of peace, his faithfulness to public office, and his genuine friendship and regard for true worth of character. These are the qualities which made Colonel Senter a valued citizen in whatever com- munity he has made his home. ALEXANDER S. ROBERTSON. In the field of political life and commercial ac- tivity Alexander S. Robertson has won distinc- tion, and to-day is numbered among the leading, influential and honored citizens of Nampa. A young man, he possesses the enterprising spirit of the west, which has been the dominant factor in producing the wonderful development of this section of the country. Brooking no obstacles that honest effort can overcome, he has steadily worked his way upward until, having long since left the ranks of the many, he to-day stands among the successful few. A native of Ontario, he was born in Elgin county, June 22, 1863, and when a child of two years was taken to Whiteside county, Illinois, by his parents, J. A. and Christina (McFarlane) Robertson. They made their home in Morrison and the father was accounted one of the indus- trious and leading farmers of that community. In 1878 the father removed with his family to Exeter, Fillmore county, Nebraska, where he car- ried on agricultural pursuits until 1883, when he went to Custer county, Nebraska, and engaged in the banking business, being president of the State Bank at Arnold for several years. In 1890 he took up his residence in Boise, where he still makes his home. He has put aside all business cares, and now in his sixty-fifth year is enjoying the rest which he has so truly earned and richly deserves. His wife is sixty-two years of age, and they have seven children, all of whom are yet living. Alexander S. Robertson was educated in the public schools of Fulton, Illinois, and Exeter, Nebraska, and received his business training un- der the direction of his father, in whose bank at Arnold he served as cashier for six years. In 1890 he came to Nampa, where he established a drug store, which he still conducts. He has built up an excellent trade, for his establishment is well equipped with everything found in a first- class drug store, and his straightforward dealing and courtesy to his patrons have won him their confidence and regard. He is by all accorded the position of the leading druggist of Nampa, and the success which he is now enjoying is well merited. In political affairs Mr. Robertson has ever taken a deep and commendable interest, studying closely the questions which affect the public wel- fare and influence the policy of the nation. He voted with the Republican party until 1896, in which year he was sent as a delegate to the na- tional convention at St. Louis. There the atti- tude of the party on the money question caused him, together with many other delegates from HISTORY OF IDAHO. 215 the northwest, to withdraw, and since that time he has been an active "silver" Republican. His influence in political life has been marked and has ever been exerted in be- half of the principles which he believes contain the best elements of good government. In 1893 he was elected a member of the state legislature, and later was chosen to represent his district in the state senate in the assembly of 1895-6. In every position of honor and trust which he has filled he has made a creditable record for himself and his constituents, and at all times he views broadly and patriotically the questions which come up for settlement. On the i3th of March, 1885, occurred the mar- riage of Mr. Robertson and Miss Lelia D. Gor- don, of Whiteside county, Illinois, and they now have four children, two daughters and two sons: James D., Mary, Ada and Stewart. The mother is a valued member of the Presbyterian church and her many excellencies of character have gained her a large circle of friends. Socially Mr. Robertson is connected with the Knights of Pythias, the Modern Woodmen of America and the Home Forum. He has a wide acquaintance throughout the state and is highly respected as a successful business man of integrity and ability. WILLIAM L. RYDER. Prominent among the business men of Payette is William Louis Ryder, who for eight years has been closely identified with the history of the city as a representative of one of its most important business interests. He is a man of keen dis- crimination and sound judgment, and his execu- tive ability and excellent management have brought to the concern with which he is con- nected a large degree of success. The safe, con- servative policy which he inaugurated commends itself to the judgment of all, and has secured to the company a patronage which makes the vol- ume of trade transacted over its counters of great importance and magnitude. The prosperity of the Payette Valley Mercantile Company, Limited, is certainly due in a large measure to its president and manager, the gentleman whose name in- itiates this review. Mr. Ryder claims Kentucky as the state of his nativity, and was born in Louisa, Lawrence coun- ty, February 5, 1847. His ancestors were early settlers of the east and south. His grandfather, John Ryder, removed from Pennsylvania to Vir- ginia, and Levi Ryder, father of our subject, from Virginia to Kentucky. He married Miss Martha Burns, and was engaged in the manufacture and sale of harness, saddlery and other goods in that line. He died of pneumonia, in the thirty-fifth year of his age. His wife survived him for some time, and reached the age of seventy-six years. Her people were all representatives of profes- sional life. William L. Ryder was one of two sons, but is now the only survivor of the family. He was only five years of age when his father died, and for a time lived with his grandfather and after- ward with an uncle, but when only twelve years of age began to provide for his own maintenance, following any pursuit, howevei humble, that would yield him an honest living. One of the first positions which he secured was that of driver of a cart used in hauling dirt for a railroad grade. Later he secured a situation in a drug store, working nights and mornings for his board and the privilege of attending school. In 1861, when the civil war was inaugurated, he was a slender youth of fourteen, but he made four different at- tempts to enlist in the Confederate army, and at length served without being mustered in, joining his regiment in 1863. After the war Mr. Ryder went to Pikeville, Kentucky, where he opened a drug store, which he conducted until 1868, when he sold out and returned to Virginia. There he engaged in rail- roading for a year, and in 1869 entered the ser- vice of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, as brakesman. He was with that company for twen- ty-two years and steadily worked his way upward, gaining promotion from time to time until he was made superintendent. Xo higher testimonial of his efficient service could be given than the state- ment of his long connection with a corporation which demands fidelity and ability on the part of its employes. In 1891, however, he resigned and came to Payette, where he aided in the organiza- tion of the Payette Valley Mercantile Company. Limited, of which he was made president and manager, a' position which he has filled continu- ously since. He devotes his energy almost ex- clusively to the conduct of the store, but has made investments in property, and is the owner of a 216 HISTORY OF IDAHO. valuable farm of one hundred and sixty acres near Parma. In his political affiliations Mr. Ryder is a Sil- ver-Republican, and is deeply interested in the growth and success of that part}'. He has twice served as chairman of the board of trustees of Payette. He is also an exemplary Mason, thor- oughly informed on the teachings and practices of that benevolent fraternity. He has taken the York and Scottish degrees, has attained the thirty-second degree in the consistory, and also belongs to the Mystic Shrine. He was made a Mason in Bethany Lodge, Xo. 21, A. F. & A. M., in Shoshone, and while residing in Pocatello passed all the chairs and was master for two terms. He is a charter member of Washoe Lodge, Xo. 28, in Payette, and has been its mas- ter for three years. He received the Royal Arch degrees in Ogclen, was high priest at Pocatello for two years, and is now holding the same office in the chapter, in Payette. He is familiar with the ritual, and is also active in the work of the order which prompts the relief of suffering. He is a man of broad sympathies, and the poor and needy have found in him a friend. The difficul- ties which he had to encounter in his own busi- ness career have made him very ready to extend a helping hand to those who try to aid them- selves, and in his business he ever rewards faith- ful service on the part of his employes when opportunity offers. JOSEPH CARMAN PENCE. For thirty years Joseph Carman Pence has been a resident of Idaho, and has been exten- sively interested in one of the leading industries of the state stock-raising. He was born in Des Moines county, Iowa, on the 28th of May, 1844, and is a representative of an old. Pennsylvania- Dutch family that was founded in America in colonial days. Some of its members participated in the Revolutionary war, valiantly aiding in the struggle for independence. William Pence, the father of our subject, was born in the Keystone state, and in early manhood married Miss Mary Thurston, who was a native of the same county in which her husband's birth occurred. During the pioneer epoch in the history of Iowa, they emigrated to Burlington, that state, and there spent their remaining days, the father dying in his fifty-fourth year, while the mother passed away in the fifty-sixth year of her age. They were the parents of six sons and four daughters, of whom six are yet living. Mr. Pence of this review is the ninth of the children in order of birth. He was reared and educated in his native state, and when eighteen years of age responded to his country's call for aid in crushing out the rebellion in the south. Joining the Union army in 1862, he became a member of Company A, Nineteenth Iowa Volun- teer Infantry, and participated in the battle of Prairie Grove, the siege and capture of Vicks- burg and the capture of Brownsville, Texas. Later his command was sent to Pensacola, Flor- ida, where it spent the winter of 1864-5, and in the spring went to Mobile and was engaged in the siege of Spanish Fort, which was at the close of the war. Mr. Pence received an honorable discharge, having for three years faithfully de- fended the stars and stripes. Then he returned to Iowa, where he remained until the following spring, when he started westward with a com- pany who crossed the plains with mule and horse teams. They traveled by way of the Bozeman route, this being the second year that route was ever followed. On arriving in the northwest, Mr. Pence engaged in freighting from Fort Benton to Helena, and in 1869 went to White Pine, Ne- vada. He engaged in the cattle business in that state and in Idaho, owning as high as six hun- dred head of cattle at a time. They sold their stock directly from the ranches and were able to command a good price, the enterprise thus proving a profitable one. In 1881 Mr. Pence came to Boise and began dealing in sheep. For eight years he owned an extensive sheep ranch, having thereon as many as seven thousand head of sheep at one time. His capable management and business ability made this undertaking suc- cessful, and largely added to his capital. On the expiration of eight years he purchased a tract of land at Boise, which he planted with prunes, and his orchards have borne plentifully. In all that he has undertaken through a long business career he has met with success, owing to his careful direction, his perseverance and his enter- prise, and to-day a handsome bank account indi- cates the result of his labors. He was one of the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 217 organizers of the Capital State Bank, of Boise, and from the beginning has been one of its stock- holders and directors. On the 22d of August, 1877, Mr. Pence was united in marriage to Miss Susan M. Keene, a native of Dallas, Texas, and to them were born five children, four of whom are living, namely: Ruth, Laura, Myrtle and Homer. The mother departed this life June 5, 1896, and her death was deeply mourned by her many friends. The two older daughters have since cared for the home, and Mr. Pence is justly proud of his family. Their residence is a commodious brick dwelling, which was erected by our subject in 1882. In politics he has always been Republican, taking due interest in supporting the principles of that party and in promoting the public welfare gen- erally. Socially he is connected with the Knights of Pythias fraternity, and is a valued member of Phil. Sheridan Post, No. 4, G. A. R. In all the relations of life and to all the duties of citizenship he is as true and faithful as when he followed the nation's starry banner upon southern battle- fields. FRED W. GOODING. Fred W. Gooding, ex-assessor and tax col- lector of Lincoln county and one of the most prominent and extensive sheep-raisers of this section of the state, was born in England, May 8, 1856, his parents, John and Elizabeth (Wyatte) Gooding being likewise natives of that country. Emigrating to the United States, they took up their residence in Paw Paw, Van Buren county, Michigan, where they still make their home, the father being a retired farmer of that locality. Both he and his wife are members of the Epis- copal church. They had six sons and a daugh- ter, and three of the sons are now successful sheep-raisers of Lincoln county, Idaho. Fred W. Gooding was eleven years of age when he arrived in Michigan with his parents. He acquired the greater, part of his education in that state, and in 1878 went to California, where he engaged in farming in Tehama and Colusa counties. Subsequently he returned to Michigan and a little later pursued a business course in the Northern Indiana Normal College, at Valparaiso. In the spring of 1882 he came to Idaho and en- gaged in the wholesale and retail butchering busi- ness in Ketchum until the spring of 1888, when he turned his attention to the sheep-raising in- dustry. He then purchased sixteen hundred head of sheep. In the fall of that year he purchased two thousand more. The winter of 1889-90 was an unusually severe one, many of the sheep died and many sheep-raisers lost everything they had. Mr. Gooding not only suffered heavy losses, but was in debt. However, he sustained a most cred- itable reputation for honesty in business affairs, and was thus enabled to secure credit and make a new start. He had purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land at a place now called Good- ing, named in honor of the Gooding brothers, and in the fall of 1890 he again purchased more sheep. Since that time he has prospered, and has had as many as thirty thousand sheep on his ranch at one time. His farm is excellently equipped for the purpose used, and he and his brothers are regarded as among the most intelli- gent, progressive and prominent sheep-raisers of the county. Mr. Gooding now has eleven hundred and sixty acres of land, on which he raises large quantities of alfalfa hay for his sheep. He man- ages his business interests carefully and system- atically, and his diligence, enterprise and honor- able dealing have brought him a most desirable prosperity. Mr. Gooding also owns a pleasant residence in Shoshone, where he and his family reside. He was married in 1884 to Miss Mary L. Griffin, a native of Oregon and a daughter of Joseph Grif- fin, one of the pioneers of that state. They have two children, Edward and Alta. Mrs. Gooding and her daughter are valued members of the Episcopal church, and the family is highly es- teemed in the community. In the fall of 1894 Mr. Gooding was elected county commissioner of Logan county, and that winter Elaine county was created out of portions of Logan and Alturas counties, and Mr. Gooding was appointed com- missioner of the new county of Elaine; but be- fore the expiration of his term Lincoln county was created and he was appointed assessor and tax collector, to which position he was elected by popular vote in the fall of 1896. He was the nominee of the Republican party and received an overwhelming majority, which indicated the faithfulness and ability with which he has dis- charged his duties during the first term, and also stood in evidence of his popularity as a citi- 218 HISTORY OF IDAHO. zen. He has been an active member of the Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias fraternity, has filled all the highest offices therein, is a member of the grand lodge of the latter organization and is favorably known in its circles throughout the state. CHARLES O. STOCKSLAGER. One of the leading representatives of the bench of Idaho is Judge Charles O. Stockslager, now presiding over the courts of the fourth judicial district. He maintains his residence in Hailey, and in that city and throughout this section of the state is widely known as a jurist of marked ability, whose "even-handed justice" has won him "golden opinions" from the bar and from the general public. A native of Indiana, he was born in Harrison county, February 8, 1847, and is a son of Captain Jacob Stockslager, whose birth occurred in Vir- ginia and who won his title in gallant service in the American army during the hostilities with Mexico. He was married in the Old Dominion to Miss Jane W. Newell, also a native of Virginia, and later they removed to Indiana, becoming owners of a farm near the homestead of William Henry Harrison. When a young man Captain Stockslager engaged in boating on the Ohio river for several years, then devoted his energies to agricultural pursuits, and subsequently car- ried on merchandising. He also served his coun- ty as sheriff for several terms and was a loyal and progressive citizen, who lived an honorable and upright life and won the regard of all with whom he came in contact. He was called to his final reward at the age of eighty-four years, and his wife died at the age of seventy-six years. They were parents of four children, three of whom are .living. Two of the sons loyally served their country in the civil war. The eldest, S. M. Stockslager, was a captain in the Thirteenth In- diana Cavalry, has since been a member of con- gress and is now engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D. C. Thomas, the second mem- ber of the family, enlisted when only sixteen years of age, in the company of which his brother was captain and served as a private until the close of the war. Judge Stockslager spent his boyhood days un- der the parental roof, devoting his energies to the work of the fields, the duties of the school-room and-the enjoyment of those pleasures which usu- ally occupy the attention of the American youth. Having acquired his preliminary education in the common schools, he entered the normal school at Lebanon, Ohio, and later, having deter- mined to enter the legal profession, read law in the office of Ritter & Anderson, prominent attor- neys of Columbus, Kansas. In 1874 he was ad- mitted to the bar and at once began practice, con- tinuing an active member of the profession in that state until 1887. During that time he was elected and served as clerk of the district court, as county attorney and as mayor of the city of Galena, Kansas, and in all those positions proved a capable and faithful officer. In 1887 he was appointed by President Cleve- land receiver of the United States land office, at Hailey, Idaho, and came to the territory to fill that position of trust. Since that time he has been a resident of the city which is now his home, and in 1890, at the first state election, he was, by popular ballot, chosen judge of the fourth judicial district. Four years he sat upon the bench, and so ably did he discharge his duties that in 1894 he was re-elected, and in 1898 he was again selected for that position. He has a broad and comprehensive understanding of the principles of jurisprudence, a mind free from judicial bias. While in active practice he was regarded as one of the most prominent representatives of the pro- fession. Thoroughly versed in the science of jurisprudence and equally at home in every branch of the law, his defenses were able, logical and convincing. His arguments showed thor- ough preparation, and he lost sight of no fact that might advance his clients' interests, and passed by no available point of attack in an opponent's argument. On the bench his rulings are .ever just, incisive and incapable of misinterpretation. With a full appreciation of the majesty of the law he exemplifies that justice which is the inherent right of every individual, and fearlessly discharges his duties with a loyalty to principle that knows no wavering, and has the sincere respect of the entire Idaho bar. Judge Stockslager was married in 1876 to Miss Ingobo Chrisman, and to them were born a son and daughter, Rosco N. and Ingobo. After five years of happy married life the wife and mother HISTORY OF IDAHO. 219 was called to her final rest, and her death was deeply mourned by many friends as well as her immediate family. The Judge remained single until 1883, when he married Miss Carrie F. Bryce, of St. Louis, and to them have been born two sons. Leslie B. and William M. Mrs. Stocks- lager is a leading member of the Baptist church of Hailey, while Judge Stockslager is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and for many years was an active member of the In- dependent Order of Odd Fellows. Their genial qualities render them popular in social circles, and the best homes of the locality are open to them. ALONZO L. RICHARDSON. Thirty-eight years have passed since Alonzo L. Richardson came to Idaho, then a sparsely pop- ulated territory of the extreme northwest, its splendid resources undeveloped, its advancement a development of the future. For many years he has been closely identified with the work of progress, and is now filling the position of clerk of the United States court in Boise. A native of Missouri, Mr. Richardson was born in Franklin county, that state, on the iQth of December, 1841, and is a representative of one of the old families of Virginia. His ancestors located there in 1750, and there occurred the birth of Daniel Richardson, the great-grand- father of our subject. He removed from the Old Dominion to Kentucky and subsequently to Mis- souri, being a pioneer of those states. The father of our subject also bore the name of Daniel Rich- ardson and was a native of Kentucky. He mar- ried Dorcas Caldwell, a native of Missouri, and in 1843 started with his family to cross the plains to Oregon, being in the second emigration to that far distant territory. Gold had not then been dis- covered in California, and the tide of emigration had not set toward the Pacific coast. The hard- ships and dangers of such an undertaking were many, and to add to the difficulties the father was taken ill and died at Fort Hall, Idaho, then a Hudson Bay station, when only thirty years of age. Mrs. Richardson continued on her way to her destination, and some time after her arrival in Oregon City she married Sidney W. Moss, now one of the oldest living pioneers of that place. Alonzo L. Richardson was only two years of age at the time of the removal to the Pacific coast. He was reared and educated in Oregon City, and in 1861 removed to Pierce, Idaho. The following year he went to Florence, this state, during the mining excitement there, and in 1863 went to Idaho City. For a number of years he was engaged in placer mining and owned a num- ber of good claims, but the money easily won is soon spent and he did not save much from those investments. In 1863 he went to Montana on a prospecting tour, but returned the same winter, traveling through the snow by way of Fort Lem- lin to Boise, where he arrived at the Christmas season. Continuing his journey to Idaho City, he was there employed in a lumber yard for three years, and in 1866 was made manager of a saw- mill. The following year he located in Boise and entered the employ of a lumber company, acting as bookkeeper during a part of the time he was connected with that firm. In 1872 he was ap- pointed clerk of the supreme court of the terri- tory, and the same year received the appointment of clerk of the district court, holding both posi- tions for fifteen years, or until the state was ad- mitted to the Union, in 1890. He was then ap- pointed clerk of the United States circuit court by Judge Sawyer and clerk of the district court by Judge Beatty, and has since ably and effici- ently filled both these offices. His long connec- tion with such position has given him a thorough knowledge of the requirements thereof, and his faithfulness and thoroughness have won him the fullest confidence and good will of the bench and bar of the state of Idaho. He is also interested in various mines. In 1872 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Richardson and Mrs. Caroline A. Yarington. a native of Pennsylvania. They have two children. May and Harvey L.. and by her former marriage Mrs. Richardson had one daughter, Estella B. Yarington. The family hold a membership in the Episco- pal church, of which Mr. Richardson has served as vestryman for a number of years. In poli- tics he is a stalwart Republican and gives an un- wavering support to the men and measures of that party. Widely known in Masonic circles throughout the state, he has taken the degrees of the blue lodge, chapter and commandery of Boise, has held a number of offices in these or- 220 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ganizations, was secretary of the commandery for a number of years, and is past junior warden of the grand lodge of the state. He has a wide acquaintance among the prominent men of Idaho, and his genuine worth has made him pop- ular in all circles. He has watched the entire de- velopment of the state since the days when its mountainous regions and beautiful valleys were the haunts of red men, and has borne no unim- portant part in the development of the rich re- sources of the state a work that has placed Idaho among the foremost of the common- wealths of this great western district. DAVID T. MILLER. In both the military and political service of his country David Truxton Miller has won dis- tinction by his loyalty to the public good, his fidelity to the trust reposed in him. On southern battle-fields he has followed the stars and stripes to victory, and in the civic department of the na- tion's service he has labored to promote the prin- ciples which underlie good government and form the foundation upon which all stable pros- perity must rest. He has inscribed his name high on the roll of Boise's distinguished citizens, and is now serving as deputy collector of internal revenue there. Born in Ohio, on the 2d of May, 1843, Mr. Miller is of English and Irish lineage, his ances- tors having come to America in 1728. Repre- sentatives of the family participated in the war for independence, and in one of the battles of the Revolution the paternal great-grandfather of our subjest sustained a gunshot wound in his thigh. Although he carried the ball to the clay of his death, he attained the ripe old age of eighty years. His son, David Miller, the grandfather of our subject, was born in Alexander, Virginia, and became the father of John Wesley Miller, who was born in Pennsylvania, and on arriving at years of maturity married Matilda Ford, a na- tive of Washington county, Ohio. They became the parents of eight children, five of whom are living. Throughout his entire life the father en- gaged in the manufacture of iron, thus providing for his family. He lived to the advanced age of ninety years, and his wife was eighty-nine years of age at the time of her death. David T. Miller, whose name introduces this sketch, spent the first ten years of his life in New- ark, Ohio, and then accompanied his parents on their removal to Iowa, a location being made at Sigourney, where he pursued his education in the public schools. Later he became a student in the Iowa State University, but left that institution in December, 1863, in order to enter his country's service as a member of Company G, Fifteenth Iowa Volunteer Infantry. The civil war was then at its height and thousands of brave men on both sides had sacrificed their lives for the cause which they were following. It required great courage for volunteers to go to the front and take the place of those who had been shot down in battle, for the country now realized that the war was no holiday affair, but an awful actuality that carried death, destruction and sorrow with it. Prompted by an unfaltering patriotism, how- ever, Mr. Miller donned the blue. He was with Sherman throughout his brilliant campaign and on the celebrated march through Georgia to the sea, and thence through the Carolinas, and with the victorious army participated in the grand re- view in Washington, "where wave after wave of bayonet crested blue" swept through the streets of the city. Through all his service Mr. Miller was never off duty for a single day, and though often in the thickest of the fight was never wounded or disabled. In July, 1865, he received an honorable discharge and with a military rec- ord of which he may justly be proud he returned to his home. He then resumed his interrupted education by pursuing a two years' course in the State Normal School of Iowa, after which he engaged in teach- ing and also read law in the office of Judge Cory, of Ottumwa, Iowa, being admitted to the bar in 1870. He then began practice in Ottumwa, con- tinuing a member of the bar of that place until 1891, when he came to Boise and opened a law office in April. He soon won a liberal clientage, and also became active in the movements calcu- lated to advance the interests of the city. He was very prominent in an effort to build a railroad from Boise to Butte, Montana, but on account of the financial panic which occurred this project had to be abandoned. In his political views Mr. Miller has always been a stalwart Republican and is widely recog- nized as one of the influential and capable work- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 221 ers in the ranks of the party in Idaho. In 1892 he received the nomination of his party for repre- sentative to the state legislature, made an excel- lent canvass and was elected. Further honors awaited him, for after the assembling of the ses- sion he was chosen speaker of the house, in which capacity he served in a most creditable manner. His knowledge of parliamentary law, his absolute fairness and freedom from all par- tisan or personal bias, his uniform courtesy and urbanity, all combined to make him one of the most able speakers that has ever occupied the chair in the lower house. In the fall of 1896 he made a vigorous canvass in behalf of President McKinley, and his logical, instructive and enter- taining addresses did not a little in turning the tide of favor for the Republican candidates. Recognition of his services came through his ap- pointment to the position of deputy United States collector of internal revenue, and on the 1st of December, 1897, ' le entered upon the discharge of the duties of the office. The business of the office has been largely increased during his in- cumbency, and he is now taking in many thou- sands of dollars annually for the government. On the 2nd of October, 1872, Mr. Miller was united in marriage to Miss Mary Griswold, and with their two children, Maud and Sidney, they occupy a very pleasant home in Boise, where they enjoy the warm regard of many friends. Mr. Miller is widely and favorably known throughout the state, his abilities well fitting him for a posi- tion of leadership in political, professional and social life. The terms progress and patriotism might be considered the keynote of his character, for throughout his career he has labored for the improvement of every line of business or public interest with which he has been associated, and at all times has been actuated by a fidelity to his country and her welfare. ALBERT K. STEUNENBERG. Numbered among the successful and rep- resentative citizens of Caldwell. Canyon county, is Albert K. Steunenberg, brother of the present governor of Idaho. He is cashier of the Commercial Bank of Caldwell, which institution was established in January, 1894. During the five years of its existence the bank has flourished, largely owing to the fine executive ability and genius as a financier which are marked qualities of Mr. Steunenberg. The capital stock of the bank is twenty-five thousand dollars, and an annual dividend of ten per cent is paid to stockholders. The volume of business transacted has materially increased from year to year, and entire satisfaction has been expressed by every patron of the bank with the manner in which their affairs have been handled. The bank transacts a regular banking business, and sells exchange throughout the United States and Europe. The organizers of the Commercial Bank were John C. Rice, W. S. Badley, S. S. Foote, Robert Aikman, Jacob Plowhead, S. F. Chancy and A. K. Steunenberg. The officials of the bank then elected and still serving in their respective capacities were J. C. Rice, president; Jacob Plow-head, vice-president, and A. K. Steunenberg, cashier. The subject of this article is a native of the state of Iowa, his birth having occurred in Knox- ville, September n, 1863. His parents, B. and Corinne (Keppel) Steunenberg, were both na- tives of Holland, and were married in that land of dykes and windmills. The father was a shoe- maker by trade and worked at thai calling for several years. He enlisted in the United States service during her war with Mexico, and has always been a loyal citizen of the land of his adoption. For some years he lived in Holland, Michigan, and later he made his home in Keo- kuk. Iowa, and Knoxville, Iowa. He is still a resident of Knoxville, and has attained the sev- enty-fifth year of his age. His wife died many years ago, in June, 1876, when she was forty- six years old. Their ten children all survive and are occupying respected positions in the several communities in which they dwell. After he had completed his public school edu- cation in Knoxville, his native town, Albert K. Steunenberg began learning the printer's trade, as did also his brother Frank. At the end of four years of persistent labor, during which period he had occupied the various positions in the office and had become fairly familiar with every detail of the business, he started out as a journeyman, and in May, 1886, came to Caldwell. Here he pur- chased the Tribune press, type and equipments, and, aided by his brother, Frank, whom he sent for, he resuscitated the newspaper and made a 222 HISTORY OF WAHO. successful and representative journal of the same. The brothers are both practical printers and men of sound judgment and business ability, and dur- ing their partnership they were instrumental in bringing Caldwell to the front as one of the live towns of the state in the estimation of the public. Though they were affiliated with the Democratic party, personally, they edited the paper as an in- dependent journal. For the past five years, as previously stated, our subject has given his chief attention to the duties which devolve upon him as cashier of the Commercial Bank of Caldwell. He has never craved public office, and has served as a member of the city council and as a school trustee merely because strongly urged to do so for the benefit of the town. For the past twelve years Mr. Steunenberg has held the honored position of secretary of the grand lodge of the state of Idaho in the Odd Fellows society. He is an active member of the local lodges of Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias. In 1890 the marriage of Mr. Steunenberg and Miss Carrie Coulter, a native of his own state, was solemnized at Des Moines, Iowa. A little son and daughter brighten the home of our sub- ject and wife, they being named, respectively, Bess and Ancil K. Mrs. Steunenberg is a mem- ber of the Christian church. ALEXANDER DUFFES. The pretty, flourishing town of Xampa, Canyon county, was founded about thir- teen years ago by Alexander Duffes, who has made his home here continuously since the nth of November, 1885, and has given his most earnest efforts toward the development and improvement of the town. At that time the rail- road had been constructed through this section and a small station had been built at Nampa. Mr. Duffes, passing through, on his way to his old home in Canada, saw the possibilities of the place as a location for a town, and decided to cast his lot here. He obtained a quarter section of land of the government and laid part of it off into town lots, investing considerable money in improvements. He donated building sites to various denominations for churches, set aside a block for a school-house, and in many ways pro- vided for the advancement of the citizens. His wisdom and foresight have been abundantly proven; the town has steadily grown, and it is now one of the most promising locations in the county. Many of the substantial business blocks and residences here were built by Mr. Duffes, and are monuments to his good taste and skill. A native of the state of New York, Alexander Duffes was born on the 26th of March, 1839, in the town of Utica. His parents, John and Eliza- beth (Ferrier) Duffes, were both natives of Scot- land and in 1835 sailed across the sea to America, where they desired to found a new home. For a number of years they dwelt in the vicinity of Hamilton, Canada, the father working at his trade, that of carpenter and builder. He lived to a good old age, dying when in his seventy-ninth year. His faithful wife, who, like himself, was a devoted Presbyterian, died when in the prime of life, aged about forty-eight years. They were the parents of six children, two sons and four daugh- ters. Two of the number have passed to the bet- ter land, two reside in Canada and two live in Xampa. In his early manhood our subject learned the builder's business with his father, and for a period of eleven years was engaged in merchandising in the town of Burlington, Ontario. He prospered in his financial undertakings, and finally sold his stock of goods, while retaining his real estate in- terests, which were not inconsiderable. For various reasons he decided to travel more or less extensively in the west and to see something of his native land, particularly of the great north- west. He went to Portland, Oregon, where he remained for about a year, and among other places which he visited were points in British Co- lumbia, Montana, Oregon and Washington. It was when he was pursuing his eastward journey that he conceived the idea of building a town on the present site of Nampa, and with characteristic energy and directness of purpose he at once set about realizing his dream. In his political views Mr. Duffes adheres to the principles of the Republican party, and has never had aspirations to public distinction. So- cially he is identified with the Ancient Order of United Workmen. Thirty years ago, in 1869, the marriage of Alexander Duffes and Miss Hannah Lucinda Cummings was solemnized. Mrs. Duffes was HISTORY OF IDAHO. 223 born and reared in the town of Cumminsville, Canada, which place had been named in honor of her father, who was an influential citizen and early settler there. The only child of Mr. and Mrs. Duffes is Picton Warren, of Nampa. Mrs. Duffes was called to her reward eight years ago, in 1891, loved and mourned by all who enjoyed her friendship. JOHN C. FOX. Eighteen years have come and gone since John C. Fox arrived in Hailey. The town was then in its infancy, and throughout the intervening period he has been a prominent factor in the advancement of the com- mercial interests upon which the growth and prosperity of a village always depend. Widely known, his life history cannot fail to prove of in- terest to his many friends, and it is therefore with pleasure that we present this record of his career to our readers. Mr. Fox was born July 2, 1847, m Pennsyl- vania, a son of Daniel Fox, who was of German descent. The father married Mrs. Jane Titman, a daughter of Issachar and Elizabeth (Morris) Corson. The maternal grandfather of our sub- ject was of French-Huguenot ancestry, de- scended from Cornelius Corson, who belonged to the religious sect so bitterly persecuted in France. The edict of Louis XIV., which resulted in the expulsion of all the Huguenots from the country, was dated October 18, 1685, and it must have been soon after that when Cornelius Corson fled from the land of his birth. He took up his residence on Staten Island, for his will was pro- bated there in 1693. His son, Benjamin Corson, emigrated to Bucks county, Pennsylvania, where several generations of the family have resided. Among those who have borne the name have been several prominent physicians and scholars of note, and the family history is one of which the descendants may well be proud. At an early day the Corsons became members of the Society of Friends, and in harmony with the teachings of that sect were opposed to warfare, so that there is no account of members of the family taking part in the Revolutionary war. In the war of 1812, however, there were loyal representatives of the name, and thirty-one of the family partici- pated in the civil war, some as privates, others as colonels or in high offices, and still others as surgeons. One of the name participated in fifty- seven battles and skirmishes. The history of this distinguished family has been compiled by Dr. Hiram Corson, M. D., of Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, and this information has been taken from a volume of that work now in pos- session of John C. Fox, who is a representative of the family of the seventh generation from the original American progenitor. His father lived and died in Pennsylvania, passing away at the age of forty-seven years, while the mother died at the age of seventy-three years. They were the parents of six children, three of whom are living. To the public-school system of his native state John C. Fox is indebted for his early educational privileges, which were supplemented by a course in the Millville Seminary and in the Dickinson Seminary, at Williamsport. Thus well fitted by a liberal education to take up the practical duties of life, he entered upon his business career as a clerk in a mercantile establishment. In 1872 he came to the west, locating in Salt Lake City, where he accepted a position in the mercantile house of Walker Brothers, with whom he re- mained for nine years, a most trusted and faith- ful employe. During that time he gained a most thorough knowledge of the business, and in 1881 he came to Hailey, where he began merchandis- ing on his own account. The town had but just been established and he opened his store in a tent. His trade rapidly increased, for he soon won the confidence and good will of the people, and in a short time he was enabled to erect a board store. This was later replaced by a brick structure, but in 1890 a conflagration swept over Hailey and his store was destroyed, his loss in a single hour amounting to sixteen thousand dol- lars. With characteristic energy, however, he erected a new and even better brick building, thirty by seventy feet, and his establishment would do credit even to many a city of much larger size than Hailey. He first carried a stock of general merchandise, but gradually he limited this to ladies' dress goods, notions and such things as are usually found in a dry-goods estab- lishment. His stock is large and carefully se- lected, and meets with the favor of the public. In the center of the store is a novel feature, a pretty little fountain, furnishing pure water at all times to the patrons. HISTORY OF IDAHO. Mr. Fox was married in 1874, the lady of his choice being Miss Fanny E. Lovell, a native of Dubuque, Iowa, and a representative of an old Virginia family. They now have five children, four sons and a daughter: James Otis, Earl W., John Russell, Janette Rachel and Howard Creasy. Mr. Fox and his family attend the Epis- copal church. He was made a Master Mason in Orangeville, Pennsylvania, April 24, 1874, and also belongs to the chapter and commandery. In politics he has always given his support to the Republican party, but now affiliates with the sil- ver wing of the organization. He takes a deep interest in the welfare of his town, county and state, withholding his support and co-operation from no movement or measure which he believes will prove of public benefit. Every educational, social and moral interest receives his aid, and his labors have been most effective in the advance- ment of the town. In his business his keen dis- crimination, his courteous treatment of his cus- tomers and his strict conformity to the ethics of commercial life have gained him a large patron- age and brought him a good income, and his rep- utation in commercial circles is unassailable. MILTON KELLY. Judge Milton Kelly, now deceased, who at- tained considerable prominence as one of Idaho's most loyal citizens and public-spirited men, was born in Onondaga county, New York, September 9, 1818, and descended from Irish an- cestors who were early settlers in New England. He was reared on his father's farm, obtaining his early education in Bloomfield, New York, and when still young taught school. He went to Ohio, subsequently removing to Wisconsin, where for some time he was engaged in the mer- cantile business, and then studied law and was admitted to the bar about 1845. He then took up the practice of his profession, for which he was peculiarly fitted by his natural abilities, and during his thirteen years of active profes- sional life in Wisconsin he became intimately ac- quainted with the leading men and was promi- nently identified with shaping the destiny of the then new state. In 1861 Judge Kelly went to California and the following year removed to the new mining town of Auburn, Oregon, where he engaged in the ex- press and transportation business, between that town and Placerville, Boise county, Idaho, later making his home in Placerville. In the autumn of 1863, following the act of organization of the territory of Idaho, he was, at an election held in Boise county, elected a member of the first ses- sion of the Idaho territorial legislature, which was held in Lewiston, Nez Perces county, then the capital. In framing the laws of government for the new territory Judge Kelly's knowledge and wide experience made his services of the greatest value, the result being the adoption of general laws and the passage of such special acts as were needed, which proved entirely satisfac- tory to the people and served as a basis for future legislation, with but few material changes, for a number of years. Judge Kelly continued the practice of law and was also engaged in mining until April, 1865, when he was appointed one of the associate judges of the supreme court of the territory and was assigned to the first judicial dis- trict, embracing the counties of Nez Perces, Sho- shone and Idaho, which then covered the entire area now known as northern Idaho. This office Judge Kelly received from President Lincoln just before the latter's death, it being the last appointment that the martyred president made. While in office the Judge resided at Lewiston, but at the close of his term he came to Boise to live, and on January 2, 1871, he purchased the Idaho Statesman of James Reynolds and became its owner, editor and publisher. During his man- agement the paper grew in the esteem of the people and was a very potent factor in advancing the best interests of Idaho, its circulation grow- ing until it found a place in the homes of nearly all the families of the territory. He brought to his work as an editor keen judgment, discrimina- tion and the impulses of a genuine patriot, while as a writer he was clear, direct and terse. He seldom made a mistake in estimating the char- acter of his fellow men. His opinions were his own and were given with such candor and cour- age that they commanded the respect of the peo- ple. During the seventeen years that he was at the helm of the Statesman, Idaho passed through its most interesting and eventful days, and Judge Kelly's influence was always used on the side of right, and to him in a great measure is due much of the development and good government of the HISTORY OF IDAHO. Gem State of the Mountains. In the spring of 1889 the veteran pioneer journalist and patriot found himself advanced in years and enfeebled in health, and, an opportunity offering, he sold his paper to the Statesman Publishing Company, which has since conducted it in an able and effi- cient manner. Retiring from active life to his home on the warm-springs tract of land lying five miles from the city, Judge Kelly devoted his time to making improvements at the springs. He had not been in retirement long before he suffered from a se- vere attack of paralysis, from the effects of which he passed away on April 9, 1892. He was a man of the kindest impulses, a loving husband and father, and a warm-hearted and sympathetic friend. His record as a judge and journalist dur- ing his prominent career in Idaho was a pure and spotless one and gained for him the highest esteem of his fellow men in the territory, where he had been such a worthy and useful citizen. In 1843 Judge Kelly was married to Miss Lois Eliza Humphrey, a native of Connecticut and a descendant of one of the old Xew England fami- lies, and of this union four children were born, namely: Ellen, who became the wife of Hon. James H. Bush, whose biography also appears in this work; Kate Amanda, who married Hon. Joseph Perrault, United States surveyor general of Idaho; Homer H., who resides at Payette; and Anna D., the wife of Edgar J. Sencerbox. Judge Kelly was in his political affiliations a Republican and one of the organizers of that party. He was a great lover of liberty and an ardent opponent of oppression in any form, and he made good use of his great ability and natural talents in assisting in the removal of the stain of human slavery from the honor of his country. SIMON J. FRIEDMAN. One of the pioneer merchants and enter- prising, progressive business men of Hailey, Simon J. Friedman, was born in Germany, April 5, 1846, a son of Itzig and Ber- tha (Usher) Friedman, also natives of that coun- try. The father is still living, at the age of ninety years. Our subject was educated in Germany, gained his mercantile experience in his father's store, and in 1869, when twenty-three years of age, came to the United States, for he had heard of the superior advantages and facilities afforded' young men in the new world, and resolved to win success here if possible. He first took up his residence in Salt Lake City, Utah, and accepted a position as salesman in the store of Fred Auer- bach & Brothers, with whom he remained for eleven and a half years, gaining a thorough knowledge of merchandising and of the methods of business as practiced in America. He was a most trusted and faithful employe and had the entire confidence of the house with which he was connected. From Salt Lake City Mr. Friedman went to southern Utah, where he opened a store on his own account. In the spring of 1881, learning of the great silver and gold discoveries in the Wood river country of Idaho, he was among the first to reach this section. The town of Hailey had just been laid out and a few tents raised. Mr. Fried- man put up a tent twenty by forty feet and there- in began the sale of dry goods, clothing and boots and shoes. This was the small beginning of what has become one of the leading mercantile establishments of the city. In the fall of 1881 he erected his fire-proof building, twenty-eight by fifty feet. He was the architect of the structure and superintended its erection. Over the build- ing he put a foot of dirt, covering the whole with a roof to turn snow and water. His store has since been enlarged until it is now thirty by ninety feet, with a forty fpot basement filled with a well selected stock of dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes, and such have been the liberal and honor- able methods that have marked the conduct of his business that he now has a large patronage and enjoys the confidence and regard of his custom- ers. His was the first fire-proof building of the tow : n, and when the great conflagration of July 2, 1889, swept over the city his store stood un- harmed, he remaining in the building during the progress of the fire and caring for his property. In recognition of his efficient and able labors during that time of great excitement the Union Insurance Company sent him a letter of thanks and presented him with a silver pitcher and tray. In addition to his mercantile interests Mr. Friedman has extensive and important mining interests. He is one of the stockholders in the Venus group of mines on the East Fork, includ- ing eight mines in all, some of them very rich 226 HISTORY OF IDAHO. and promising large returns. Some have been large producers, others are leased and others are not being worked because of the low price of silver. By great diligence, keen discrimination in business, careful management and judicious investments, he has acquired a large amount of property and has erected one of the good resi- dences that adorn the town, yet he is conservative and takes but little money out of his mercantile business, using only the profits in outside invest- ment. On the nth of April, 1886, Mr. Friedman was united in marriage to Miss Lucia Meyer, a native of Germany, and their union has been blessed with four children, Beatrice, Myrtle, Jerome and Frederick. He and his family are liberal mem- bers of the Israelite faith, and he is a valued rep- resentative of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He belongs to Utah Lodge, No. i, in Salt Lake City, and, having been connected with the fraternity for a quarter of a century, is num- bered among its veterans, and has been presented with the Veteran Odd Fellow medal. His pleas- ant, genial manner has made him popular in social circles, and his sterling worth commends him to the confidence and good will of all with whom he has been brought in contact. DAVID S. LAMME. The history of the pioneer settlement of Payette would be incomplete without the record of this gentleman, who from the earliest founding of the town has been a prom- inent factor in its substantial growth and im- provement. When Idaho was cut off from the advantages and comforts of the east by the long, hot stretches of sand and the high mountains, he made his way across the plains, braving all the trials and hardships of pioneer life in order to make a home in the northwest rich in its re- sources, yet unclaimed from the dominion of the red men. Mr. Lamme is a native of Hancock county, Il- linois, born February n, 1842, and is of French and Irish descent. The Lammes were of French origin, and at an early period in the history of the east crossed the Atlantic. Representatives of the name participated in many of the leading events mentioned in the annals of the country, and in the Revolutionary war they aided in the struggle for independence. Jonathan Lamme, father of our subject, was born in Sangamon county, Illinois, and married Lydia Hamilton. One of her ances- tors also was a Revolutionary hero, and her fam- ily is of Irish lineage. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Lamme were born six children, of whom four sons and a daughter are living. Both parents died when about forty-five years of age, and the children were left to make their own way in the world. David S. Lamme spent the days of ,his boy- hood and youth in the county of his nativity, and provided for his own livelihood by working as a farm hand and following other occupations that would supply him with the necessaries of life. He was married in 1861 to Miss C. C. Beary, a native of Summit county, Ohio, and in 1864, with his wife and child, started across the plains with oxen, their destination being Idaho. They traveled with a large party, forming the "Big Missouri Train," there being one hundred wagons and one hundred armed men. The In- dians were very troublesome that year and they had several skirmishes with them, four or five of the company being killed, while several others were wounded. Their stock stampeded and the long journey of five months was a very hard and trying one, but on the 5th of September they reached the Payette valley. For nine years Mr. Lamme engaged in min- ing in the Boise Basin and made thirty thousand dollars, but lost it again in quartz-mining specu- lations. He still has rich specimens of gold quartz taken from Mountain Chief, the mine in which he sunk his money. He was at one time offered ten thousand dollars for his interest in the mine, but refused it.. This mine is still be- lieved to be very rich, but as yet has been only partially developed. After failing in his mining ventures Mr. Lamme purchased three hundred and twenty acres of land, the purchase price being twenty-two hundred dollars, going in debt for the greater part of it. At the end of two years, however, he was enabled to pay the entire amount, and successfully continued his farming operations until 1883, when he sold his land, and on the 1 5th of May came to the present site of Payette. The railroad was then in course of con- struction, but the town was not surveyed. He purchased a small lot and called the hamlet HISTORY OF IDAHO. 227 Boomerang, by which name it was known for some time, but was finally changed to Payette taken from the Payette river, which was named in honor of a Frenchman in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. Mr. Lamme built a cheap house on the site of his present fine resi- dence and conducted a boarding. house for four months. He then secured a small stock of goods from Chicago and opened a general mercantile store, which he has since conducted with gratify- ing success. After selling goods at his residence for five years, he built his present brick business block, twenty-six by eighty feet, and in this he has since conducted a large and constantly in- creasing business. In addition to his mercantile interests and city property, he owns five hundred acres of valuable land and is a stockholder in the Lower Payette Ditch Company, which provides an ample water supply for irrigation purposes. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Lamme is a com- modious and pleasant residence, built of brick, and there, in the midst of many friends, they are now enjoying the fruits of former toil. All the hardships and trials of pioneer life have passed, and with advancing civilization the comforts and many of the luxuries that go to make life worth the living have come to them. Mrs. Lamme is a valued member of the Methodist church, and with her husband enjoys the high regard of Pay- ette's best citizens. In politics Mr. Lamme is a Democrat, and has taken an active part in the affairs of the city. For years he has been a mem- ber of the city board of trustees, was one of the incorporators of the town, and at all times has given his support to those measures which he believes are for the public good. In 1884 he was elected a member of the Idaho legislature and therein served with the same loyalty to his con- stituents and regard for the best interests of the state that have ever characterized his career in the walks of both public and private life. ERNEST L. BALLARD. The clerk of the district court and ex-officio auditor and recorder of Owyhee county, Idaho, residing in Silver City, is a native of the state of Virginia, his birth having occurred in Lynchburg on the ist of February, 1862. His ancestors, leav- ing their home in England, crossed the briny deep to the New World and became residents of Penn- sylvania at the time William Penn founded the colony. They participated in the events which go to make up the early history of the Keystone state, and representatives of the name also fought for America in the war of 1812. Removing from Pennsylvania to Virginia, the family became identified with the interests of the south. Henry Clay Ballard, the father of our subject, was born, reared and educated in the Old Dominion and became a railroad contractor. He married Miss Sally Pollard, and during the civil war he served as a captain in General Munford's cavalry in the Confederate army. He continued to reside in Virginia until 1880, when he removed to Colo- rado. He is now engaged in railroad contracting in British Columbia, and has reached the age of fifty-seven years. For many years he has been a member of the Masonic fraternity and in his life exemplifies the beneficent teachings of that order. His wife died in 1880, in her fortieth year, leaving the husband and two children to mourn her loss. The daughter is now Mrs. Carr, of Liberty, Missouri. The son, Ernest L. Ballard, is indebted to the schools of the Old Dominion for the educational privileges he received. He remained a resident of Virginia until 1880, when he went with his father to Leadville, Colorado, where he engaged in mining for about a year. He then went to Georgetown in the same state, and there devoted his energies to railroading and mining until June, 1886, at which time he came to Owyhee county, Idaho. He followed mining at Flint for three years, and on the expiration of that period made a tour of the prominent mining localities on the Pacific slope, returning to Silver City after an absence of a year and a half. He has since re- mained in Owyhee county, and in 1893 was elected county sheriff. He acceptably filled that position and in the fall of 1894 was elected dis- trict clerk for a term of four years. His fidelity to duty and his promptness in the discharge of the tasks that devolved upon him led to his re- nomination in the fall of 1898. Over his public record there falls no shadow of reproach, and he belongs to that class of representative American citizens who hold public office as a sacred trust. Mr. Ballard was married April 30, 1893, to Miss Nellie L. Stevens, of Flint, a daughter of W. S. Stevens, a respected pioneer of Owyhee 228 HISTORY OF IDAHO. county. They have one child, William Henry, and throughout the community they are held in high regard. WILLIAM T. RILEY. William T. Riley was one of the founders of the town of Hailey, and throughout the period of its existence he has been identified with its development, and his name is therefore insep- arably interwoven with its history. The won- derful upbuilding of the northwest is due to such men, men of enterprise, sagacity, sound judg- ment and rare discrimination, whose methods are practical and whose plans are comprehensive and far-reaching. Mr. Riley was born in Allegany county, New York, March 31, 1843. His father, John Riley, was born on the Emerald Isle, came to America when a young man and was married in Mon- mouth, Xew Jersey, to Miss Mary Bowles. They became pioneers of western New York, where the father carried on agricultural pursuits until his death. He was a member of the Catholic church and his wife belonged to the Episcopal church. His death occurred in the forty-fourth year of his age, and his wife passed away at the age of seventy years. Of their family of three sons and four daughters, only four are now living. The youngest son of the family, William T. Riley, was reared and educated in Allegany county and had attained the age of eighteen years when President Lincoln issued his first call for volunteers to aid in suppressing the rebellion. \Vhen the need for soldiers became more press- ing, he offered his services, and in September, 1861, was assigned to Company D, Eighty-sixth New York Volunteer Infantry, serving for three years in the Army of the Potomac. When that period had elapsed the south was still uncon- quered, and Mr. Riley determined to stand by the Union until the supremacy of the national government should be permanently established. He re-enlisted in General Hancock's army, and participated in all of the many battles of the Army of the Potomac, in which that vast body of brave men won honor and glory. At the battle of Locust Grove, following the battle of Gettysburg, he sustained a gunshot wound in his right arm, which has resulted in resection of the elbow joint, thereby shortening the mem- ber five inches and rendering it almost useless; but, notwithstanding it is a great hardship, it is nevertheless a badge of the greatest honor, ever indicating his faithful service. He partici- pated in the grand review in Washington, the most brilliant military pageant ever witnessed in the New World, "wave after wave of bayonet- crested blue" sweeping by the President's stand, amid the applause of a grateful nation anxious to yield its tributes of praise and love to the heroes who through four years had followed the starry banner. When hostilities had ceased and the country no longer needed his services, Mr. Riley returned to his home. He came to the west at the time of the building of the Union Pacific Railroad and conducted stores all along the line, finally locat- ing at Kelton, where he engaged in merchan- dising and also served as postmaster, stage agent and express agent. In 1881 the great Wood river excitement was at its height, and he came to Elaine county, where in connection with John Hailey, A. H. Boomer and two others he laid out and platted the town of Hailey. He has since been closely identified with its interests and has been one of its most successful and useful citi- zens. After platting the town he had charge of the sale of its lots, and much of its property has passed through his hands, while he still has con- siderable realty here. For some years he con- ducted a drug store, under the firm name of Riley & Tracy, and enjoyed a good trade. In 1890 he was appointed register of the land office, where he remained for four years and was also county treasurer and agent for the Wells-Fargo Express Company. He withholds his support from no movement or enterprise for the public good, and his work in behalf of the town has rendered him one of the most valued citizens. He became active in the organization of the water company, which has brought pure water from the mountains under pressure, thus secur- ing to Hailey a good water supply for both fire and domestic purposes. He has been superin- tendent of the company since its organization and to him is due much of the credit for securing this most necessary adjunct to the prosperity of the town. In 1871 Mr. Riley was united in marriage to HISTORY OF IDAHO. 229 Miss Frances Heckman, of Angelica, New York, and their union has been blessed with four sons and six daughters. The eldest daughter, Jessie M., is now principal of the Ketchum school, and was recently the prominent candidate of the fu- sion party for superintendent of schools. The younger children are Bertha B., Mary and Esther (twins), and Harriet, John H., Russell T. and Weston T. Six of the ten children are now living. The family are members of the Episcopal church, and are greatly esteemed in the town in which they reside. Mr. Riley is a member of the lodge and chapter of the Masonic frater- nity, has filled various offices in the former and is past master workman in the local lodge of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. He is a very prominent and influential member of the Grand Army of the Republic and is past com- mander of the department of the state of Idaho. He is therefore widely known among those who wore the blue and has the warm regard of his old associates in arms. His life has been one of activity and usefulness, and he is to-day as true to his duties of citizenship as when he followed the old flag upon southern battle-fields. THOMAS M. JEFFREYS. Thomas M. Jeffreys, probate judge and super- intendent of public instruction in Washington county, Idaho, is a native of Oregon, his birth having occurred in Yamhill county, on the 7th of April, 1852. His father, Woodson Jeffreys, was born in Jackson county, Missouri, in 1825, and in early manhood, in Oregon, married Jane Forrest, also a native of Missouri. They crossed the plains to Oregon in 1845, being nine months in accomplishing the long and weary journey across the plains, their way being beset by many obstacles, difficulties and dangers. They located on government land in Yamhill county, and dur- ing the first winter suffered many hardships and privations. Their stock of provisions was almost exhausted and they subsisted on boiled wheat and what game they could kill. Mr. Jeff- reys also participated in the wars with the In- dians in those early years of his residence in the northwest, and was a brave pioneer and a man of sterling character. In 1865 he came to Idaho, accompanied by his wife and five children, and purchased three hundred and twenty acres of land at Weiser, where he built a residence and began the development of the farm upon which his widow yet resides. In connection with his brother he was extensively engaged in stock- raising, both in Oregon and Idaho. They were enterprising, ambitious and fearless, and recog- nizing an excellent business opportunity, they drove large herds of cattle to the Carr.iboo coun- try, where by furnishing the miners with beef, they made large sums of money. Mr. Jeffreys departed this life in 1881, at Weiser, at the age of fifty-six years, respected by all who knew him. His wife, who still survives him, is now sixty- five years of age, and like her husband is a consistent member of the Christian church. In the early days he served as county commissioner when the county comprised Ada, Canyon and Washington counties, and discharged the duties of that important position with promptness and fidelity. He was an important factor in the de- velopment of the state, and his labors proved very effective in opening up this region to the advance of civilization. Judge Jeffreys, whose name introduces this review, was the eldest child of Woodson and Jane Jeffreys. He spent his youth in his parents' home and was well fitted for the practical and responsible duties of life by liberal educational privileges. His early advantages in that direc- tion were supplemented by a course in Kentucky 'University, at Lexington, Kentucky, where he was graduated in the law and commercial de- partments in the class of 1876. He then returned to his home in Idaho, where for some years he was successfully engaged in school-teaching, be- ing numbered among the most efficient educators of the state. For five years he was also engaged in general merchandising at Weiser, but is now devoting his energies to the public service, faith- fully performing the duties entrusted to his care. Since attaining his majority he has exercised his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Democracy, and is a recognized leader in the party ranks in this section of the state. In 1881 he was elected a member of the territorial legislature and has also served for two terms as treasurer of Washington county. On His retirement from that office he was elected probate judge and superintendent of schools, and 230 HISTORY OF IDAHO. is now serving his second term in those offices, discharging his duties in a manner highly satis- factory to the people and creditable to himself. In 1881 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Jeffreys and Mrs. M. G. Jewell, who by her former marriage had one son, C. W. Jewell. Mr. and Mrs. Jeffreys have a daughter, Ethel F. They have a nice home and fruit farm at Weiser, and occupy a leading position in social circles where true worth and intelligence are received as the passports into good' society. They are valued members of the Baptist church, and give their support to all measures tending toward the moral and educational advancement of the com- munity. HON. DE FOREST H. ANDREWS. It is the enterprise and character of the citizens that enrich and ennoble the commonwealth. From individual enterprise have sprung all the splendor and importance of this great west. The greatest business men have developed from the humblest origins, and from clerkships have emerged men who have built up great business enterprises. Among those who have achieved prominence as men of marked ability and sub- stantial worth in Boise is the subject of this sketch, De Forest H. Andrews, one of the most successful real-estate dealers of Idaho. A native of Auburn, New York, he was born on the 23d of May, 1841, and is a representative of one of the old families of that state. His grand-_ father, Salmon Andrews, was a resident of Syra- cuse, New York. His father, Salmon S. An- drews, was born in the Empire state, and there married Miss Sarah Stolp, a lady of German descent. In 1843 they removed to Aurora, Illi- nois, where for a time Mr. Andrews was engaged in farming. Later he removed to Valparaiso, Indiana, where he died at the age of seventy years. Mrs. Andrews then made her home with her son in Leadville, Colorado, where she died in the sixty-eighth year of her age. This worthy couple were the parents of eleven children, but only three are now living. De Forest H. Andrews acquired his education in the public schools of Indiana and Illinois. Throughout his business career his energies have been devoted principally to stock-raising, to min- ing and to real-estate dealing. In 1860 he emi- grated to Colorado, where he engaged in mining, at Leadville and Aspen, and in Gilpin and Boul- der counties. He was successful in his ventures there and ultimately sold his mining interests for eighty-five thousand dollars. In 1890 he came to Boise and purchased property, since which time he has engaged in the real-estate business, both on his own account and for others. He has been a very prominent factor in the growth and up- building of the city, for through his instrumen- tality many substantial improvements have been made. He has large realty holdings in the Thatcher, Broadway, Park, South Boise and Londoner additions, and the amount of his sales would reach a large figure. In 1872 Mr. Andrews married Mrs. Isabella L. Rice, a native of Steubenville, Ohio, and to them were born five children, but all are now deceased. By her former marriage Mrs. Andrews had three children, George W., Nellie N. and William C., all of whom have reached mature years. She is a valued member of the Congre- gational church and a lady whose many estim- able qualities have gained her many friends. On attaining his majority Mr. Andrews gave his political support to the Democratic party. Later he became one of the organizers of the Greenback party, and is now a Populist. He was one of the founders of the enterprising little city of Nevadaville, Colorado, and for some time was its progressive and efficient mayor. When thene was a fusion between the Populist and Democratic forces he was nominated for election as a member of the state legislature, but was de- feated at the ensuing election, in Gilpin county, Colorado. In 1896 he was nominated on the Democratic-People's party ticket in Ada county, Idaho, and elected by a safe majority. As a member of the legislature he was instrumental in introducing and securing the passage of the irrigation bill, a very important measure, result- ing greatly to the benefit and improvement of the state. In 1898 he received his party's nom- ination for governor, a high tribute to his worth and an unmistakable indication of his popularity in Populistic circles. His business career is one most commendable. He follows most systematic methods, is thoroughly reliable, has strict regard for the ethics of commercial life, and, by enter- prise and careful management, has secured a most gratifying success. Scene on Alpheus Creek. CHAPTER XXI. OWYHEE COUNTY ITS HISTORY, TOWNS, INDUSTRIES. IN 1862 the present county of Owyhee was a part of- Boise county, which comprised all of the western portion of Washington Ter- ritory lying south of what was then called Idaho county, its area being nearly equal to that of Penn- sylvania. When Idaho was created a territory by act of congress, March 3, 1863, Boise county be- came part and parcel of the territory of Idaho, and at the first session of the territorial legisla- ture, held at Lewiston, Idaho, Owyhee county was created, December 31, 1863, out of all terri- tory south of Snake river and west of the Rocky mountains. In 1864 Oneida county, and in 1879 Cassia county, were cut off of Owyhee county, reducing it to its present limits. Its northern boundary line is the Snake river. Cassia county on the east, state of Oregon on the west, and the state of Nevada forms its southern boundary. Its area is 8,130 square miles, being somewhat larger than the state of Massachusetts. Its name, "Owyhee," is believed to have been borrowed from the Ha- waiian language, and to have been given to the Owyhee river by two Kanakas in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. Prior to the spring of 1863, Owyhee county was an unexplored country, inhabited only by bands of hostile Indians, while at that time the diggings of Boise basin and Oro Fino boasted of a population of over ten thousand miners. A legend of the early immigrants to Oregon of the "Blue Bucket diggings," in the vicinity of the Owyhee mountains, wherein they used sinkers of gold for fishing purposes, led several adven- turous spirits to organize a party of discovery at Placerville, in May, 1863. The party consisted of the following: Michael Jordan, A. J. Miner, J. C. Boone, P. H. Gordan, L. C. Gehr, G. W. Chadwick, Cy Iba, William Phipps, Joseph Dor- sey, Jerome Francisco, John Moore, J. R. Cain, W. Churchill, H. R. Wade, A. J. Reynolds, James Carroll, William Duncan, Dr. A. F. Rudd, F. Height, W. L. Wade, John Cannon, M. Con- ner, C. Ward, R. W. Prindall, D. P. Barnes, W. T. Carson, J. Johnson, A. Eddington and O. H. Purdy, in all numbering twenty-nine. We take the following from the narration of O. H. Purdy, a member of the party, a well- known citizen of Silver City, who was killed in the skirmish with the Bannack Indians at South mountain, in June, 1878: We crossed Snake river at the mouth of Boise river, traveling in a southwesterly direction, until we came to, at that time, quite a large stream, which we named, in honor of the laziest man in the company, "Reynolds creek." We camped here one day. During the day, two of the party, Wade and Miner, ascended the divide westerly from camp, on a tour of observation, and dis- covered still farther south and west what appeared to be a large stream, judging from the topographical for- mation of the mountains, which were well timbered. This was reported to the balance in camp. The next morning (May 18, 1863), our party of twen- ty-nine men and about sixty horses and mules was headed in thedirection of the supposed water-course, which we reached about four o'clock p. m., at a point we named "Discovery Bar," about six miles below where Booneville now is. The locality presenting a favorable place for camping, it was so agreed. Dr. Rudd, a verdant emigrant, not waiting to unpack his mule, took his shovel, and, scooping up some of the loose gravel on the bank of the creek, "panned it out" and obtained about a hundred "colors." The excite- ment and amazement which followed this "discovery" can better be imagined than described. In ten minutes, every man, with pan and shovel (except the lazy man), was busy digging and panning, and upon their return about an hour after, each man had favorable prospects to exhibit. The prospecting continued up the creek for ten or twelve days, when, at "Happy Camp," the laws of the district were made and adopted, the creek and district named, and claims located the creek and district tak- ing the names of two of our company, Michael Jordan and W. T. Carson. It may be interesting to know the future of this party of twenty-nine, but a great many of them have unfortunately passed into obscurity. Michael 231 232 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Jordan and James Carrol] fell victims to Indians in 1864. H. R. Wade was the first county treas- urer-elect, and he and W. T. Carson died at Silver City in 1865. William Duncan died in 1873, in Nevada. J. R. Cain moved to Boise valley. Height and Iba emigrated to southeastern Idaho, and Height recently sold the Hailey hot springs, of which he was the proprietor. Purdv. as stated before, met his fate bv Indians in 1878. The return of the party to Boise basin with the news of the discovery at once created a "stampede" for Owyhee, and the mining towns of Boone- ville and Ruby City were speedily in course of erection, and gold hunters busily engaged in changing the formation of Florida and War Eagle mountains. In July, 1863, the first quartz ledge was discovered and located, in Whiskey gulch, by R. H. Wade & Company. A few days after, the Oro Fino quartz ledge was discovered and located by A. J. Sands and Svale Neilson, who a month later also located the "Morning Star." The first quartz mill, called the "Morning Star," with an equipment of eight stamps, was erected by Moore, Fogus & Company. In May, 1864, the Oro Fino Gold & Silver Tunnel Com- pany was incorporated in Carson district, to run a tunnel through Oro Fino mountain, on which were at that time thirty locations, one of which was the "War Eagle," which gave its name sub- sequently to the mountain. The tunnel com- pany, however, never materialized, though the project has again been agitated in the later days. The great discovery of 1865 was the celebrated Poorman mine. According to Professor Gilbert Butler, it was discovered by O'Brien, Holt, Zerr, Ebner, Stevens and Ray, and was first called the "Hays & Ray." Some say it was discovered by D. C. O'Byrne, and others mention Charles S. Peck. It is said that it was first discovered by Peck, about one thousand feet from the present discovery shaft, in which he (Peck) uncovered a rich chimney, but concealed his discovery, and, finding that it lay within the boundaries of the Hays & Ray claim, endeavored to purchase the mine from the owners, but was unsuccessful. The chimney, however, was uncovered by an- other company of prospectors, and the mine was then named the "Poorman," on account of the discoverers being without capital to work it. Peck was subsequently given an interest in the mine by the owners, but in the meantime a fight for possession was imminent, the owners barri- cading the entrance of the mine and mounting a couple of pieces of ordnance, naming the forti- fications "Fort Baker." The ore taken from the Poorman was a silver chloride, richly impreg- nated with gold, easily worked, and soft as lead, which it resembled, tinted crimson, which gave it its name of ruby silver. As it came from the mine it readily sold for four dollars an ounce, which was said to be much below its real value. At a depth of one hundred feet a body of na- tive ore was uncovered weighing about five hun- dred pounds, which was one solid mass of ruby silver crystals, specimens of which were exhibited at the Paris exposition of 1866 and were awarded a gold medal. Two thousand tons of second and third-class rock yielded $546,691.59, and tailings went over $70.00 to the ton, first-class rock rang- ing from four thousand dollars to five thousand dollars per ton. Other mines of note were dis- covered in Carson, Mammoth and Flint districts, and between 1863 and 1865 two hundred and fifty mining locations were recorded, the principal ones, aside from those previously men- tioned, being the Golden Chariot, War Eagle, Ida Elmore, Whiskey Gulch, Minnesota, Silver Bullion, Hidden Treasure, Noonday, Centurion, Golden Eagle, Allison, Blazing Star, Montana, Home Ticket, Floreta, Silver Legion, Eureka, Calaveras, Caledonian, Empire, Dashaway, Red Jacket, Mahogany, Stormy Hill, South Chariot, Illinois Central, Belle Peck, North Extension Poorman, South Poorman, Lucky Poorman, Big Fish, Boycott, Glenbrook, Clearbrook, Idlewild, North Empire, South Empire, San Juan, Du- buque. Silver Cloud, Louisiana, Ruby Jackson, Silver City, Ruth, Sinker, By Chance, Potosi, Rattling Jack, St. James, Northern Light, Crook & Jennings, Brannan, Home Resort, Savage, Piute, Miami, Lone Tree, Home Stake, Little Fish, Silver Cord. Golden Cord, Standard, Phi- lox, Webfoot, Wilson, Idaho, Gentle Emma, Stoddard, Ohio, Henrietta, Tremont, Crown Point, Redemption, Booneville, Empire State, Florida Hill, Seventy-Nine, Paymaster, Cumber- land, Black Jack, Leviathan, Sierra Nevada, Yreka, Owyhee Treasury, Avenue, Rose, Hud- son, Phoenix, and Carson Chief, all in Carson district, besides the Webfoot and Garfield in HISTORY OF IDAHO. 233 Wagontown district, and Rising Star, Astor and Twilight in Flint district. The Owyhee mines, up to 1881, were worked to a depth which varied from one hundred and fifty to one thousand five hundred feet. The Owyhee Treasury, at a depth of one hundred feet down, yielded ore worth seventy-five cents per pound. A "stringer" in the mine, worked in a common mortar, yielded forty-six dollars to a pound of ore. The mining camps for several years flourished and enjoyed a continuous run of unparalleled prosperity until the year of 1875, when the sus- pension of the Bank of California and other causes for a while paralyzed the mining indus- tries of the county, and resulted in the withdrawal from the field of a number of large companies who had been in active operation here. While it was considered somewhat hazardous in the early history of this county to follow the pursuit of what might be termed "experimental farming" in a country which was generally re- garded as the home of the miner, and a locality where the sage brush blossomed as the rose, nev- ertheless a few hardy pioneers of agricultural pro- clivities, like their worthy congeners, the honest miners, prospected the soil with good results; others followed in their footsteps, and to-day, where formerly the hardy sage brush flourished and the wary coyote trod, we find thousands of acres covered with thriftv farms and ordiards, yielding annually almost fabulous quantities of cereals and esculents. The valleys of the Bru- neau, Reynolds creek, Castle creek, Catherine creek and Sinker creek are unsurpassed for fer- tility and productiveness of soil, and the moun- tain slopes in season are luxuriant with the most nutritious grasses, affording the best of ranges for stock raising. With irrigation scientifically applied, Owyhee farmers have succeeded in trans- forming what was termed in immigration days the "God-forsaken country" to an earthly para- dise. Wheat is always a sure crop, and great success has been met with with barley and oats. Hay of all descriptions, mostly alfalfa, is pro- duced in large quantities; and potatoes, cab- bages and all the smaller garden vegetables grown in great profusion. Fruits, vines and shrubs, wherever planted, have turned out thrifty and produced largely. To the weary traveler crossing the dreary, monotonous and arid plains of Owyhee, the emerald and picturesque ranches, sequestered in the deep canyons of the creeks, are a source of joy and beauty. It was early discovered that cattle that were fed on the nutritious bunch grass and white sage that abounded on the plains and mountain slopes of Owyhee county attained a perfection of bone, muscle and flesh not equaled by any other lo- cality, and this led to a rapid settling of the ranges of Bruneau, Reynolds, Castle, Catherine, Sinker, Cow and Sucker creeks, which were speedily covered with immense herds of hardy cattle. In 1882 the number of cattle assessed in the county was 24,559, which was believed to be 6,000 short of the actual figure. In 1885 it was estimated that there were over 60,000 head of cattle within the confines of Owyhee county. In 1888-9 tne cattle interests in the county reached their maximum, and, as we are reliably informed, there was at that date over 100,000 head of cattle in the county. At that date the principal cattle owners were: Murphy & Horn, 12,000 head; Scott & Company, 18,000 head; Grayson & Com- pany, 16,000 head; Hardiman Bros., 5,000 head; Sommercamp, 5,000 head; Jack Sands, 3,500 head; Con Shea, 5,000 head; Sparks & Harrell, 5,000 head; Bruce Brothers, 2,500 head; total, 72,000 head. Add to this several stock raisers with herds numbering 500 to 1,000, a very low estimate would be 18,000 head, making a grand total of 100,000 head. These were the flush cattle times of Owyhee, when the cattle kings viewed with swelling pride their increasing herds and pocketbooks; but a couple of severe winters, the inability to find sufficient suitable food for such large herds, and several other causes, created a great loss of cattle, and the cattle trade gradu- ally shrank to its present condition, there not be- ing, it is believed, at present date, over 15,000 head of cattle within the county. But the loss of one industry has been the gain of another, viz., the sheep industry, which from small beginnings has gradually risen to its pres- ent proportions, and it is generally estimated that at this date there are over one hundred and fifty thousand head of sheep in Owyhee county. The first settlement in the countv was made at 234 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Booneville, now Dewey, which took its name after Boone, one of the discovery party of twenty- nine. A little later the town of Ruby City sprang into existence, and by the summer of 1864 boasted of a population of eight to nine hundred, and was made the county seat upon the organi- zation of the county on December 31, 1863. Its location being an unfavorable one, a rival town sprang up, which was named Silver City, which not only gradually absorbed Ruby City, but be- came the county-seat in 1866. Fairview, located on the apex of War Eagle mountain, was also a thriving little burg, and would have been made the county seat were it not for its inaccessibility. It was destroyed by fire October 16, 1875, loss being about one hundred thousand dollars, and' never recuperated from the disaster. De Lamar, another flourishing town, with a population nearly equal to that of Silver City, was first settled in 1888, and has since shown con- siderable improvement. Guffey, the baby town of the county, and the terminal point of the B. N. & O. Railroad, is rapidly increasing in popula- tion, making extensive improvements, and giving great promise for the future. The United States census of 1890 gave the population of Owyhee county as 2,021. At the last presidential election, in the fall of 1896, there were 1,240 votes cast, and the estimated popula- tion of the county at present date is about 5,000. The total value of taxable property in Owyhee county, as per assessment roll of July, 1896, amounted to $795,549.00, which embraced 10,- 769 head of cattle, 122,777 sheep, 8,299 horses, 170 jacks and mules, and 188 hogs. The total value of taxable property in Owyhee county, as per assessment roll of July, 1897, amounted to $894,786.00, which embraced 11,636 head of cat- tle, 118,705 sheep, 8,687 horses, 238 jacks and mules, and 231 hogs. THE ONLY LEGAL HANGING IN THE COUNTY. The morning of Friday, October 15. 1881, the day appointed for the execution of Henry Mc- Donald, dawned dark and disagreeable, a heavy snow storm prevailing, as if nature was angry that man, created in the image of God, should fall so low as to make capital punishment a neces- sity. All preparations for the execution had been completed by Sheriff Springer, and at one o'clock, p. m., the prisoner was taken from his cell, and in company with the sheriff and deputy, walked down to Jordan street, where a wagon was in waiting to carry him to the gallows and the grave. He showed no signs of emotion ; walked very erect, and got in the wagon, in company with the sheriff, deputy and Father Nattini, and was driven to the place of execution, at the old Ruby City cemetery, which has been unused for many years. About three hundred people gath- ered about the scaffold, many having come in from the adjacent valleys. At seventeen minutes past one o'clock the prisoner firmly ascended the scaffold, and until 1 145 remained in consultation with Father Nattini, at which time Sheriff Springer read the death warrant. McDonald shook hands with those who had guarded him while in jail here and the priest, bidding them good-bye, but had nothing else to say. James T. Griffin pinioned his hands and feet, and Father Nattini adjusted the black cap. At six minutes before two o'clock the sheriff sprung the trap, and thus without a sign of emotion or word of complaint the bloodstained soul of Henry Mc- Donald was ushered into eternity. In fourteen minutes life was pronounced extinct by Dr. Belk- nap, and the remains were buried within a few yards of the scaffold. The evidence in this case is well known and the law has been vindicated. Not only should the youths of this place remember, but those men who are ready to draw the deadly knife and re- volver, that "He who sheds man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed." This is the first execu- tion by law in this county; may we hope that another will never be required. THE MARION MORE TRAGEDY. As there are several versions afloat of this la- mentable affair, we present to our readers such facts as we have been able to glean from the sources at our command, which will probably be new to the rising generation and will refresh the memories of the old timers. During the winter of 1867-8 a dispute arose between the celebrated "Ida Elmore" and "Gold- en Chariot" Mining Companies as to the respec- tive boundaries of their mining lines, which at first it was thought would be settled by com- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 235 promise or litigation. To the surprise of all, however, force was resorted to, and each party secured the services of well known fighters, heavily armed, to protect their interests. March, 1868, found both parties strongly fortified and closely watching each other, and on the morning of March 25 hostilities were commenced by the Golden Chariot party storming the works of their opponents. Desperate fighting ensued and dur- ing the charge John C. Holgate, an owner in the Golden Chariot, was shot in the head and died instantaneously. Shooting was kept up at inter- vals during the night, and the next morning Meyer Frank, one of the Ida Elmore contingent, was fatally wounded and died a few hours subse- quently. At noon another Ida Elmore man named James Howard was seriously wounded and several others on both sides received slight wounds. On the 28th Governor Ballard issued a proc- lamation commanding both parties to disperse peaceably and submit to the proper authorities, and a squad of United States cavalry was sent from Fort Boise to the seat of war. On the morning of the 2f)t\\, however, the principal par- ties on both sides effected a compromise and hos- tilities ceased and the armed men were with- drawn. On the evening of April i, 1868, Sam Lock- hart was seated in front of the stage office at the Idaho hotel, when Marion More, accompanied by one Jack Fisher and two or three others, came up, and an altercation ensued between Lockhart and the More party, and shooting commenced on both sides. Several shots were exchanged and Lockhart was wounded in the left arm. Fisher received an ugly wound in the left thigh. More was shot in the center of the left breast and ran about fifty yards, falling in front of the then called Oriental restaurant, into which he was taken and promptly attended to, but he was pro- nounced in a dying condition, and death ended his sufferings the following afternoon. More was well known in Idaho as a member of the firm of More & Fogus, and his death was universally regretted. His remains were con- veyed by the Masonic fraternity, of which he was a member, to Idaho City, where they were in- terred. Subsequent to the affray several arrests were made, but proceedings were afterwards quashed and peace and quietness again reigned in the town of Silver City. Lockhart's arm was amputated, but blood poisoning ensued, and he died on the I3th of July following. THE BALDWIN AFFAIR. The failure of the Bank of California in Au- gust, 1875, led to the closing of several of the prominent mines on War Eagle mountain for lack of funds, causing considerable distress and destitution among the miners and their families, a good many of the miners being forced to quit work upon seeing no prospect of securing their pay. For a while the "Golden Chariot," which since November 15, 1875, had been under the superin- tendency of M. A. Baldwin, met its engagements in due season, but eventually allowed two months to elapse without a pay day, though making many promises which did not materialize. Cer tain actions on the part of the officers, such as removing the valuable property of the company and the peremptory closing of the mine, were looked upon as rather suspicious by the miners, who were smarting under their grievances and roused to action by the destitution of their fam- ilies, which they justly attributed to the conduct of the company, and after a cool and deliberate consultation they concluded to take action them- selves, and not wait for the uncertain and tor- tuous windings of the law. About midnight Friday, June 30, 1876, about one hundred men comprised of the "Golden Chariot" employes, and miners from other mines, assembled and pro- ceeded to the office of the company, located near the mill, and conducted the superintendent, M. A. Baldwin, to a house at Fairview and placed him under guard, at the same time informing him that he would not be released unless assur- ance was given that the employes of the com- pany would receive their just dues. Everything was conducted in a very peaceable manner, and Mr. Baldwin's wants fully provided for. On the assurance of the San Francisco officials of the company that the pay of the miners would be forthcoming, Mr. Baldwin was released from durance vile on July 21, 1876, and allowed to pro- ceed to San Francisco. He returned from there a month later, and the miners were paid off as promised, and operations for a short period re- 236 HISTORY OF IDAHO. sumed, but eventually the mine was closed down and has, with the exception of an occasional spurt, remained in sta f u quo ever since. SILVER CITY. Silver City is a flourishing mining camp in southwestern Idaho, containing a population of nearly two thousand people. It was laid out in 1864 and through its mining interests is known in nearly every quarter of the globe. The town lies in a canyon, on the headwaters of Jordan creek, and at an altitude of about 6,300 feet. War Eagle mountain on the east, and Florida moun- tain on the west, rise to heights of about eight thousand feet, the former being the higher and the most prominent peak in southern Idaho. From the summit of War Eagle mountain, on a clear summer's morning, with the aid of a tele- scope one can see the Teton range in Wyoming, the southwestern corner of Montana, the Was- atch range in Utah, a butte in Washington, four hundred and twenty-five miles northwesterly, and glimpses within the state lines of Nevada, California and Oregon. The climate during the summer months is nearly perfect, the days never getting very warm, and the nights so cool that quite a weight of clothing is necessary for comfort. Mosquitoes, gnats or fleas are unknown. In the winter the snow sometimes falls to considerable depth, but the cold is not severe, and teaming of any char- acter can be done at all seasons. The social life of Silver City is free from the petty jealousies and heart-burnings that are so common in small places, where the ''upper ten" and "codfish aristocracy" swell over their infe- riors. Here there is a pleasant, natural commin- gling between all classes, and a cordial hospitality rules society. Church services ars conducted at odd intervals, there being no resident ministers. The Masonic order has two lodges in Silver City, chapter and blue lodge, and Odd Fellows three, encampment, subordinate and Rebekah. The Knights of Pythias are also represented with a strong lodge. Silver City Union, No. 66, of the W. F. of M., was organized August 8, 1896, the first officers installed being: O. D. Brum- baugh, president; Simon Harris, vice president; W. H. Hutchins, financial secretary: D. C. Wil- son, recording secretary; Thomas James, treas- urer; T. W. Drew, conductor pro tern.; and J. McLeavey, warden pro tern. Since its organization the union has paid out in benefits to members and their families about six thousand dollars, and also expended fourteen hundred and fifty dollars on the Miners' hospital, of Silver City, which was opened during the latter part of October, 1897. Besides the social position which this associa- tion holds in the community, it has ever been ready to preserve the harmony which exists be- tween the large mining companies and their em- ployes. Its membership in 1898 was five hun- dred and twenty-five, all in good standing, and financially the union has ever kept itself in a flourishing condition. Silver City has six general merchandise stores, two hardware stores, a tin shop, two meat mar- kets, two hotels, four restaurants, eight saloons, bakery, one shoe shop, a photograph gallery, brewery, soda-bottling works, two livery stables, a feed store, three drug stores, a jeweler, three blacksmith shops, a furniture store, two lum- ber yards, a tailor shop, three barber shops, a newspaper, four lawyers, two doctors, etc., etc. This is essentially a mining town and is wholly dependent upon this industry for its support and prosperity. The whistle of hoisting and mill en- gines, and the sullen roar of giant-powder blasts, are music to her people. She has four stamp mills carrying an aggregate of fifty stamps, and two arastras. The mines are about equally di- vided between War Eagle and Florida moun- tains, each being covered with a network of veins carrying precious metals. War Eagle mountain is of granite formation. The veins lie generally north and south and the mountain is traversed east and west by numerous porphyry dykes. Generally speaking, the bonan- za ore bodies found in that locality have been where the veins came in contact with these dykes. The ores of this mountain are free milling and carry a nice percentage of gold, the bullion run- ning from $3.50 to $13.00 per ounce. War Eagle has a credited production record of about thirty millions of dollars, taken out during the first ten years of the camp's history. Florida mountain, until very lately, was con- sidered to be of porphyry formation with some HISTORY OF IDAHO. granite upheavals, but the deep mining now done by the companies operating thereon has exploded this idea, and demonstrated that the rock masses are of granite, capped with porphyry. The veins of this mountain also maintain a north and south course, but dykes are not as common as on War Eagle. The ores, too, generally carry more iron, requiring concentration before amalgamation. Some of the largest and most exclusive gold veins in the camp are found on Florida moun- tain, which furnished the rich auriferous deposits that attracted the attention of the early prospect- ors to this camp. Florida mountain is covered to considerable depth by gravel and loam, making it extremely difficult to prospect, but when access to her treasure vaults is once obtained, powder, steel and muscle are sure to win. The country surrounding Silver City abounds in game of all kinds, and the mountain streams are plentifully supplied with speckled trout, mak- ing it a grand locality for camping parties in the heated term. Grouse, sage hens and prairie chickens are numerous. In the higher mountains deer are found in large numbers, and antelope are frequently seen in isolated valleys near South mountain, and on the lava beds which skirt the southern boundary of the county. THE IDAHO HOTEL. The Idaho Hotel, of Silver City, was first erected at Ruby City, Owyhee county, as early as 1863, by J. K. Eastman; and the following year, when Silver City was started, the building was taken down and moved to the latter place. Mr. Eastman conducted the hotel for a time and then sold it to Tim Regan and M. McGregor, who were the proprietors and managers until December, 1889, when S. T. N. Smith purchased the establishment. He conducted the hostelry until April, 1898, when it was bought by Shea, McLain & Getchel, who are now running it as a first-class hotel. It has sixty well furnished rooms, a large and commodious sample room, a stage office and an express office. The present proprietors, ener- getic, ambitious and polite, take great delight in preserving the fine prestige of the institution and even of making all the improvements that may be demanded by varying circumstances. They have a large patronage of the first class. TRADE DOLLAR MINING AND MILLING COMPANY. The Trade Dollar Mining and Milling Com- pany was incorporated under the laws of the state of Kentucky, in July, 1891. The head- quarters of the company are at Pittsburg, Penn- sylvania, and the present officers are: President, Hon. J. M. Guffey; vice president, A. W. Mellon; secretary and treasurer, T. B. McKaig; superin- tendent, James Hutchinson; foreman, Joe H. Hutchinson; accountant, L. J. Weldon. The company owns the following mines located on the southern slope of the Florida mountain, all of which are patented: Colorado, Sierra Nevada, Jumbo, South Pluto, Black Bart, J. G. Blame, Pluto, Pluto millsite, Trade Dollar, Fraction, Elaine Extension, Caroline; and the following claims unpatented: Alpine, Harrison, Alleghany, Standard and Little Chief. The company did not have a patented claim when Mr. Hutchinson assumed charge, and three-fourths of the producing territory at the present time is from claims acquired since he as- sumed charge. The property to-day ranks with the best paying properties on the Pacific coast. At the present time there is over three miles of track laid, railed and tied ; and over five miles of tunnels, drifts, adits, etc. The main tunnel is 3,854 feet in length, and connects with the Black Jack tunnel at its northern boundary. The com- pany plant is very complete, consisting of a ten- stamp combination mill, office buildings, depart- ment shops, bunk and boarding houses, Inger- soll-Sergeant air compressor, compound Corliss engine, drill press, lathe in fact, a full and com- plete mining and milling outfit. The officers at the eastern end have been liberal and progressive, and the management at this end conservative and intelligent. While it may seem preposterous, the facts are that the Trade Dollar in 1897 paid larger dividends than any one mine in Cripple Creek, according to pub- lished records of dividends. CUMBERLAND GOLD MINE. This mine, which is located on the eastern side of War Eagle mountain, is owned by James Shaw, and has been operated under bond by Sonneman & Branscombe, of Spokane, since 238 HISTORY OF IDAHO. September, 1897, since which time the property has been equipped with hoist, shaft house, ore house, and other improvements made necessary for extensive work. The situation is on the mineral zone which contains all the famous properties of War Eagle mountain, and on the system of veins on which are located the Oro Fino, Elmore, Golden Chariot, Minnesota, Mahogany, the aggregate production of which, amounting to thirty-six mil- lion dollars, did much towards producing the enormous amount of gold bullion produced by Owyhee county in the past. The Cumberland is the southerly extension of the Oro Fino, a cele- brated producer, and a parallel location to the Golden Chariot, which carried pay ore to a depth of one thousand five hundred feet, and has a rec- ord of shipments through Wells-Fargo express of fourteen million dollars. The Cumberland is virgin ground, and is proving on development to be as rich as any of the adjacent properties. It is the second quartz property to have been opened in Owyhee county, the Oro Fino, on the same vein, being an earlier location. In the early sixties, a no-foot shaft was sunk on the Cum- berland vein, and some sloping done on the richest ore ; but, on account of the large amount of trouble from the placer miners, and the depth demanding a power hoisting plant, work was stopped, and the shaft quickly filled to the collar with the debris washed down the canyon. The property eventually passed into the hands of Shaw, who has run upwards of 200 feet of tunnel on the vein above the collar of the old shaft. Most of the ground above this tunnel he has stoped, and, in spite of large expense attached to hauling, arastra milling, and large loss in tail- ings, the greater percentage of the silver value escaping, has averaged a clean-up, of over one hundred dollars per ton. The ore is quartz, occasionally stained by small percentage of copper, and carrying nothing else but silver and gold, in proportion of one ounce of gold to ten of silver, or, at present quo- tations, eighty per cent, gold and twenty per cent, silver. Very often the gold percentage will exceed ninety, but never less than eighty. The gold values are entirely free-milling, the sil- ver occurring as silver glance (argentite), and occasionally as native silver. On securing the property, Sonneman & Brans- combe immediately commenced to secure depth, by sinking a winse in the Shaw tunnel, and by cleaning out and sinking to greater depth the old shaft, unentered for thirty years. Besides the increased value and size of ledge in the winse, the showings uncovered in the old shaft are most pleasing. Considerable sloping had been done to within forty feet of the bottom, but, in the faces of these old slopes, a vein is left which pays well to extract, and below these slopes, to Ihe bollom of the shaft, and in the botlom, is a good vein ready for sloping and of high-grade ore. t)uring Ihe winler the work will be continued by sinking shaft, which has a present depth of one hundred and seventy-five feel, by Ihree shifls, and pushing both the one hundred foot level and the Shaw tunnel ahead. These developments are made jus- tifiable by Ihe presence of ore in the faces of both tunnels, the vein in Ihe shafl being nearly two feel in widlh, and running over two and one-half ounces in gold and thirty ounces in silver. While all development indicates thai Ihe ore bodies in the Cumberland will equal in richness and tonnage those of Ihe adjacent properties, Ihe facl is already proven lhal in ihis mine is a strong, perfectly continuous ledge, the ore chute being three hundred feel long and of an average widlh of twelve inches, which will yield to ordi- nary mill methods a return sufficienl lo reward the investors heavily and encourage others to in- vestigate, develop and reopen the long neglected veins of War Eagle mountain. DE LAMAR. The town of De Lamar is prettily nestled in a cluster of hills, prominenl among which is Ihe De Lamar mounlain, dislant sixty miles from Ihe capilal, Boise Cily, and nine miles from Ihe coun- ly seal, Silver Cily. Il is lighled eleclrically, and supplied wilh lelegraphic and lelephonic com- munications with the outer world. The town is located on the banks of Jordan creek, famous in the early history of Owyhee county, Ihe ap- proaches of Ihe lown being lined with well built residences. In the cenler of Ihe town is located the plant of the De Lamar Mining Company, Limited, consisting of mill buildings, department shops, offices, hotel and bunk houses, and sur- rounded by the principal mercanlile houses. A HISTORY OF IDAHO. 23. W. Fiegins, who went with the Idaho volunteers to Manila and is now engaged in service in th : Philippines. 246 HISTORY OF IDAHO. General Weaver entered upon his duties May 16, 1898, and has entire supervision of the military forces of the state. His conscientious purpose and fidelity insure a faithful performance of duty, which his strong mentality will also render ca- pable. On the igth of February, 1880, General Weaver married Miss Ida M. Jayne, a native of Indiana, and a daughter of Celey Jayne, of that state, who was killed while serving as art officer in the Union army during the civil war. Mr. and Mrs. Weaver have three daughters: Lucile, Lot- tie J. and Rachel Mary. Mrs. Weaver has for ten years been supreme chief of the Rathbone Sisters of the World, the ladies' department of the Knights of Pythias fraternity. She was a delegate from Iowa to the World's Columbian Exposition, in Chicago, being also a delegate to the National Congress of Women. General Weaver belongs to the Knights of Pythias lodge and to 'the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, is past grand high priest of the encampment and past brigadier-general of the patriarchs militant. He is a gentleman of marked ability, of scholar- ly attainments and superior mental culture, and, while commanding the respect of those with whom he has come in contact in public life, in private he has won the love and warm regard of many friends by his many admirable traits of character and good qualities of heart and mind. WILLIAM H. REDWAY. Business enterprise and success at Caldwell, Idaho, have an able representative in the subject of this sketch, William H. Redway, dealer in hardware and groceries. He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, De- cember ii, 1858, son of A. G. Redway, an hon- ored pioneer of Idaho, whose history is referred to at length on another page of this work. Wil- liam H. was very small at the time the family came west and settled on the Idaho frontier, and here he was reared, his education being received in St. Michael's school at Boise and St. Mark's school at Salt Lake City, both institutions under the supervision of the Episcopalian church. After completing his studies at Salt Lake City he re- turned to Boise and accepted the agency of the Utah, Idaho & Oregon sta?e line, which business occupied his time and attention for three years. During that period he was in what was known as the Wood river excitement, engaged in mer- cantile business for eight years. Selling out his business on Wood river, he moved to Salt Lake City, where he became bookkeeper for a large dry-goods house. In 1892 he came to Caldwell and bought out tne mercantile firm of the M. B. Gwinn Mercantile Company, and has since been in business at this place, keeping a large and carefully selected stock of goods and controlling a large trade, his success being gained through honorable and upright methods. Mr. Redway ranks to-day as one of the most prosperous and popular merchants of the town and stands high also in the business circles of the state. October 25, 1891, he married Miss Edith Ja- cobs, daughter of an honored pioneer of Idaho, who came here in 1863 and who was one of the prominent merchants of Boise. Mr. and Mrs. Redway have three little daughters, Mary E., Annie L. and Helen E. Both he and his wife are members of the Epis- copal church of Caldwell, and he maintains fra- ternal relations with the I. O. O. F. and K. of P. ISAAC F. SMITH. Isaac F. Smith, of Weiser, who is serving as clerk of the district court and ex-offkio auditor and recorder of Washington county, was born in Butte county, California, on the 28th of July, 1854. His father was born in Ohio. Tulv 27, 1823, and married Miss Josephine C. Whitaker. In 1849 they crossed the plains with ox teams to California, bringing with them their firstborn, Walter W. Smith, who is now a resident of Washington county, Idaho. The father engaged in mining on Feather river for a time, and in 1854 removed to Xevada and thence to Utah, re- maining in the latter territory for nine -years. In 1880 he took up his abode in Weiser, Idaho, where he spent his remaining days, his death occurring in the home of our suoject, in 1896, when he had reached the age of seventy-three. He was an honorable and worthy citizen, re- spected by all who knew him. His wife had died in Silver City, Xevada, at the age of forty- one years. Isaac F. Smith, the younger of their two chil- dren, was educated in the public schools of Vir- ginia City, Xevada, and in Oakland, California, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 247 and has been prominently identified with the de- velopment of the mineral, mercantile and agri- cultural resources of this section of the country. He engaged in mining in Utah for six years, was a clerk in a general mercantile establishment at Rush Lake, and in 1880 came to Weiser, since which time he has been one of the leading pro- moters of many of the best interests of Wash- ington county. He first entered from the govern- ment one hundred and sixty acres of land four miles northwest of the town, built a' residence and made other substantial improvements, and still owns the property. From 1885 until 1890 he was employed as a salesman in the store of Mr. Haas, and in the latter year was called to public office, being nominated by the Republican party for the office of clerk of the district court and ex-officio auditor and recorder of Washing- ton county. He discharged his duties so accept- ably during his first term that he was renomi- nated and again elected, and for the third time has been elected to that position, a fact which indicates in an unmistakable manner his fidelity to duty, his promptness and ability, as well as his personal popularity. In 1877 Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Harriet Hunt, a native of Ogden, Utah, and a daughter of Marshall Hunt, then residing in that city. They now have six children: Isaac F., Harriet H., Walter F., Isadore, Bert and Hazel. Mr. Smith's name is enrolled among tjie members of the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows, the Ancient Order of United Workmen and the Masonic fraternity, and he also holds mem- bership in the Episcopal church. He is now a silver Republican, differing from the main branch of his party on the money question. He keeps well informed on all the issues of the day and is therefore able to give an intelligent and earnest support to the principles in which he so firmly believes. In Weiser he has a nice home, and he and his family enjoy the high esteem of all who know them. WILLIAM N. NICHOLS. Among the earnest men whose depths of char- acter and strict adherence to principle excite the admiration of his contemporaries, Mr. Nichols is prominent. He is now the esteemed and ca- pable chairman of the Owyhee county board of commissioners and resides at Silver City. At present he is connected with various mining and business interests and is the possessor of an am pie fortune; but the time was when his means were very limited, and to his own well directed efforts his success is attributable. Mr. i\ichols was born in Shelby county, Ohio, on the 9th of May, 1853, and is of German line- age. His father, L. H. Nichols, was a native of Buffalo, New York, and married Miss Anna Bell Newell, of Pennsylvania. They removed to Wis- consin, where they made their home for many years. In 1853, however, the husband and father crossed the plains to California, where he en- gaged in mining for some time and then returned to the Badger state. In 1858 he again crossed the plains, his destination being Pike's peak. He was a regular physician and served his country as a surgeon during the civil war. After the close of hostilities he returned to his Wisconsin home, where he resumed the practice of his pro- fession. He died in 1887, at the age of seventy- seven years, and his wife passed away at the age of seventy-eight years. They had a family of six children, three sons and three daughters, of whom three are now living. William N. Nichols, the fourth in order of birth, was educated in the public schools and in the State University of Wisconsin. He came to Silver City, Idaho, on the i8th of June, 1873, and here engaged in bookkeeping and mining for a number of years. He was at South mountain during the "boom" times at that camp, after which he opened an assay office in Silver City and acquired a successful business and won an enviable and wide reputation for the accuracy and reliability of his work. He was also agent for the California, Oregon & Idaho Stage Com- pany at Silver City for a number of years, and has held many positions of trust and responsibil- ity during his residence in Owyhee county. In 1878 he was elected a member of the territorial legislature, and in 1894 was elected county com- missioner. So ably did he discharge his duties that he was re-elected in 1896 and is now serving as chairman of the board. He is a most progres- sive and enterprising officer, and has exercised his official prerogatives to advance many inter- ests and make many needed reforms. In 1897 he sold his interest in the Alpine group of mines to 248 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the Trade Dollar Mining Company, but still re- tains large mining and other business interests, from which he derives a handsome income. His capable management of his business affairs and his enterprise and sound judgment have been crowned with success, and he is now accounted one of the substantial citizens of the community. On the ist of July, 1880, Air. Nichols was united in marriage to Miss Ora B. Justice, and the hospitality of their pleasant home is enjoyed by many friends. Mr. Nichols has been a life- long Republican, and now belongs to the silver wing of that party. He is a most reliable and capable public officer, who takes a deep interest in promoting the welfare of county and state. No trust reposed in him has ever been betrayed, and he is greatly respected by all who have been at all familiar with his honorable and useful career. C. M. SCOTT, M. D. In viewing the mass of mankind in the varied occupations of life, the conclusion is forced upon the observer that in the vast majority of cases men have sought employment not in the line of their peculiar fitness but in those fields where caprice or circumstances have placed them, thus explaining the reason of the failure of ninety-five per cent, of those who enter commercial and pro- fessional circles. In a few cases it seems that men with a peculiar fitness for a certain line have taken it up, and marked success has followed. Such is the fact in the case of the subject of this biography. Dr. Scott is one of the most capable physicians in his section of the state, and as pro- prietor of the Payette Valley Pharmacy, he has shown that he is endowed with that commercial instinct and foresight which enable one to enter into competitive business relations, and by the pursuit of honorable business methods gain prosperity. A native of Kentucky, he was born in Bran- denburg, May 6, 1854. His fatner, Captain Will- iam Scott, was born in the same state, and mar- ried Indiana Roberts. He was a steamboat pilot and was engaged as pilot on General Grant's boat during the siege of Vicksburg. Although born and reared in the south, he strongly opposed the institution of slavery and advocated the cause of freedom. When the troubles between the two sections of the country precipitated the nation into civil war, he took his stand as a stanch Union man and was an ardent admirer and sup- porter of President Lincoln. Captain Scott died in the forty-seventh year of his age, and his wife died at the age of forty-five. They left three sons, one a fruit-grower in Anaheim, Califor- nia, the second a successful lawyer of Seattle, Washington, and the third the Doctor. Dr. Scott acquired his early education in Ken- tucky and afterward attended scnool in Indiana, for the family, on account of their anti-slavery views, were obliged to leave Kentucky, and went to the Hoosier state. Determining to devote his energies to the practice of medicine, he fitted himself for the profession by a course in Rush Medical College, in Chicago, and was graduated in the class of 1883. He then practiced for a year in Nebraska, and from 1884 until 1890 en- gaged in practice in Los Angeles, California, whence he came to Idaho in the latter year, ar- riving just the day before the state was admitted to the Union. He opened an office in Payette, and at once began practice, meeting with excel- lent success from the beginning. As he has dem- onstrated his power to cope with disease and shown marked skill in the application of the principles of medical science to the needs of suf- fering humanity, he has gained a liberal patron- age and has won rank among the leading physi- cians in this part of the state. In 1895 he opened the Payette Valley Pharmacy, which he con- ducted until the spring of 1899, when he sold the business. In 1884 was celebrated the marriage of Dr. Scott and Miss F. M. Elwood, a native of New York. Socially he is connected with the Masonic fraternity, having been made a Master Mason in York Lodge, No. 56, A. F. & A. M., of York, Nebraska, in 1884. In the line of his profession he is associated with the American Academy of Railway Surgeons and with the Idaho State Med- ical Society. In politics he is a Republican, is an active worker in the local ranks of his party and has served as city trustee. His time, however, is principally given to his business affairs. De- voted to the noble and humane work which his profession implies. Dr. Scott has proved faithful, and has not only earned the due reward of his efforts in a temporal way, but has proved himself worthy to exercise the important functions of his HISTORY OF IDAHO. 24 1 J calling, through his ability, his abiding sym- pathy and his earnest zeal in behalf of his fellow men. In manner he is most genial, courteous and friendly, and he is popular with all classes. FRANCIS E. ENSIGN. Holding marked prestige among the promi- nent members of the Idaho bar is Francis Ed- ward Ensign, who is now engaged in the practice of the legal profession in Hailey. There are few men whose lives are crowned with the honor and respect which is uniformly accorded him; but through forty-five years' connection with the west his has been an unblemished career. With him success in life has been reached by sterling qualities of mind and a heart true to every manly principle. In his varied business interests his reputation has been unassailable and in offices of public trust he has displayed a loyalty that classed him among the valued citizens of the commonwealth. He has nearly reached the sev- entieth milestone that marks earth's pilgrimage, but is still concerned with the active affairs of life, and in the courts of his district displays a strong mentality undimmed by time and a power of ar- gument that wins him many notable forensic vic- tories. A native of Ohio, Mr. Ensign was born in Painesville, March 4, 1829, and is descended from English ancestors who came from the "merrie isle" to the New World, locating in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1630, only two years after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock. A little later the Ensigns became pioneer settlers of Hartford, Connecticut. The paternal grandfather of our subject was one of the first settlers of Pitts- field and one of the incorporators of the town. When Benedict Arnold, then in command of American forces in the Revolutionary war, at- tempted the capture of Fort Ticonderoga, he vol- unteered and aided in taking that British strong- hold, bringing away with him a number of mus- kets which were greatly needed by the colonial troops. He also participated in the battle of Bunker Hill. He spent the latter part of his life in Ohio and reached an advanced age. In religious belief he was a Congregationalist. Orrin Ensign, the father of our subject, was born in Dalton, Massachusetts, and when a young man removed to the Buckeye state, locat- ing on a farm on the Grand river, near Paines- ville. There he married Miss Xancy Peppoon, who was descended from French Huguenot an- cestry. Her grandfather, having been expelled from France on account of his religious views, joined the English army and was commissioned captain. Later he came to America and took up his abode in Connecticut. The father of our sub- ject was an industrious farmer and he and his wife spent their married life on the old Ohio homestead, where they died when about seventy years of age. They, too, belonged to the Congre- gational church, and in politics Mr. Ensign was a stanch Whig. He always declined to fill po- litical offices, but was president of the temperance society of the county. In the family were six children, but only two are now living. The eld- est son, William O. Ensign, was the war com- missioner for northwestern Ohio during the civil war. Francis E. Ensign, whose name introduces this review, was only six years of age when he accompanied his parents on their removal to Will- iams county, Ohio, which was then an almost unbroken wilderness, the little log cabins of the white settlers being widely scattered, while In- dians were still there in considerable numbers. He received his elementary education in a log school-house, which stood in the midst of the timber, and afterward studied in the Western Re- serve Collegiate Institute, at Austinburg, Ashta- bula county, Ohio, also spent one year in Ober- lin College. Failing health forced him to aban- don his hopes of completing a collegiate course, and he went to sea, spending a year before the mast. This proved very beneficial and with re- stored health he landed at San Francisco, Febru- ary i, 1854. He worked for two months on a dairy farm, milking cows and digging ditches. The farm was then situated several miles from the city, but the corporation limits now extend far beyond it. In the ensuing month of May Mr. Ensign went to the French Gulch placer mines in Shasta county and thence to Siskiyou county, engaging in mining on McAdams and Indian creeks, also in Scott valley, for about four years. During the first three years thus passed he was satisfactorily successful, but lost all through high floods in the winter of 1857-8. In the meantime Mr. Ensign had studied law 250 HISTORY OF IDAHO. and in 1858 was admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Yreka, where he followed his pro- fession for eight years. During six years of the time he was district attorney of Siskiyou county and was a most efficient and acceptable officer. He also acquired a wide reputation as a moun- tain climber, having several times made his way to the top of Mount Shasta. He was the first to discover its volcanic nature, of which he was assured by little jets of smoke issuing from crevasses, and later this was confirmed by a prominent scientist, who also saw the smoke. In 1866 Mr. Ensign left California and came to Idaho, practicing law for twelve years in Sil- ver City. In 1868 he was elected a member of the territorial council and was chairman of the judiciary committee at the fifth session of the leg- islature. In 1872 he failed by one vote of being nominated for delegate to congress bv the Demo- cratic territorial convention. He was three times elected district attorney of the third judicial dis- trict of Idaho, including all the southern por- tion of the state south and east of Boise and Alturas counties, holding the office for six years, from 1872 until 1878. In the latter year he re- moved to Boise, where he practiced law for three years, and in 1881 he came to Hailey, then in Alturas county, to accept the position of attorney for the then new town, also hoping that the change of climate would prove beneficial to his family. Since that time he has been actively en- gaged in the practice of law in Hailey and has been connected with all of the most important litigated interests tried in the courts of his dis- trict. He has also figured prominently in con- nection with political affairs. In 1889-90 he was chairman of the Democratic territorial commit- tee, and after the adoption of the new state con- stitution in 1890 he was nominated by the Democ- racy as one of its candidates for justice of the supreme court, receiving the largest vote of all the candidates of his party for that office. In 1892 he was again nominated for that position, but shared the fate of the rest of the ticket. In addition to his law practice he also has extensive mining interests, which contribute not a little to his income. When in Silver City, in 1876, Mr. Ensign was united in marriage to Miss Margaret Reid, and they now have three children. Henry F., the eld- est, is a bright young man, now studying law in his father's office. The two younger Children, Edith and Arthur, are at home. The mother is a valued member of the Methodist church and a most estimable lady. Mr. Ensign was made a Mason in Fort Wayne, Indiana, many years ago, belongs to the lodge, chapter and commandery and at one time was grand master of the grand lodge of Idaho. He has erected a commodious and very pleasant residence in Hailey, and he and his family enjoy the highest respect of all who know them. He is a man whose life experiences have been broad and varied, and as the years passed he has learned the lessons of life and be- come imbued with humanitarian principles. His strong intellectuality, his generous sympathy and marked individuality have rendered him one of the honored pioneers and valued citizens of his adopted state, and his record now forms, an im- portant chapter in its history. RICHARD H. BRITT. This gentleman is the present capable manager of the Poorman mines, near Silver City, and for a number of years has been connected with the development of the rich mineral resources of the northwest. He was born in the state of Mis- souri in 1 86 1, and is of English descent. His father, J. W. Britt, was born in Kentucky, and in 1855 removed to Missouri, locating on a farm in that state. There he married Miss Margaret Horn, also a native of Kentucky. At the time of the civil war he entered the Confederate ser- vice under General Price, and since the close of hostilities has successfully engaged in agricul- tural pursuits. In religious belief he is a Bap- tist, while his wife is of the Methodist faith. They have five sons and a daughter, and the family circle yet remains unbroken by the hand of death. Richard H. Britt, of this review, their third child, was reared to manhood in the state of his nativity and studied civil engineering in the Missouri State University, in which institution he was graduated in the class of 1888. Thus well qualified for an active business life, he entered the employ of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, as an examiner of land, and later was engaged in inspecting the lands of the Willa- mette Valley and Cascade Mountain Wagon Road Company, inspecting the lands from Al- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 251 bany, Oregon, to the Snake river. In the winter of 1890-1 he was engaged in railroad work on the lower Columbia river, and in 1892 came to Boise, where for a number of years he was em- ployed as a civil and mining engineer. On abandoning that work he became identified with the mining interests of Silver City, and for several years has served as manager for the Poorman Gold Mines, limited. He is particularly well qualified by collegiate training and practical ex- perience for this position and has given the great- est satisfaction by the prompt and able manner in which he has discharged his duties. In politics Mr. Britt is a Democrat and is a member of the Idaho state board of arbitration, to which he was appointed by Governor Stcunen- berg. He keeps well informed on the issues of the day, yet has never been a politician in the sense of office-seeking, preferring to devote his energies to his business interests. His life has been one of activity and usefulness and he is highly respected and accounted one of the valued citizens of the community. JONAS W. BROWN. Jonas W. Brown, of Boise, is an honored pio- neer both of California and of Idaho. He crossed the plains with ox teams to Shasta county, Cali- fornia, in 1853, and since that time his life record has been inseparably interwoven with the history of this section of the country. At all times he has been the advocate of those measures tending to- ward the advancement and development of the region, and his influence is that of an honorable, upright man, whose force of character stamps itself indelibly for good upon the public life. This work would be incomplete without men- tion of Jonas W. Brown, and it is therefore with pleasure that we present his sketch to our read- ers. A native of Ohio, he was born in Roscoe, Coshocton county, on the 27th of June, 1825, and is descended from New England ancestry. His father, Samuel Brown, was a resident of North Danvers, Massachusetts. His mother, Mrs. Lyclia (Warren) Brown, was a relative of General War- ren, who won fame at the battle of Bunker Hill. They were members of the Methodist church and were people of much worth. The father was a farmer and also engaged in the manufacture of brick. He departed this life in 1871, at the age of eighty-four years, and his wife was called to her final rest in her fifty-sixth year. They had a family of ten children, of whom two are now living. Upon the homestead farm, in Ohio, Jonas W. Brown spent his boyhood days and early became familiar with the various duties and labors which fall to the lot of the agriculturist. He obtained his education in the common schools of Ohio, and when seventeen years of age started westward. He first located in Iowa, where he found employ- ment in a flouring mill, there remaining until 1853, when he joined a party en route for the gold fields of California. He drove an ox team in order to pay his passage, and also gave the leader of the party fifty dollars in money. The journey across the wild, unpeopled plains was a long, tedious and often perilous one. On arriv- ing at Honey Lake valley, one of the oxen was stolen by the Indians, and when James Macklay, the owner, started in pursuit ne was hit by an arrow, the wound causing his death. The com- pany carried his remains for ten days and buried him at their destination in what is now the old town of Shasta. After arriving in California Mr. Brown worked at the carpenter's trade and also engaged in min- ing at Deadwood, that state. In 1855 he was elected county clerk of Siskiyou county, Califor- nia, served in that position for two years, and afterward was deputy clerk for two years. He was then deputy sheriff under Dr. F. C. Horsley, and in 1862 he removed to Florence, Washing- ton, where he held the positions of clerk of the district court, clerk of the probate court, deputy county auditor, recorder, deputy sheriff and dep- uty treasurer of Idaho, all at the same time. In August, 1863, he took up his residence in Idaho City, Idaho, where he successfully practiced law for nineteen years. He is still engaged in active practice in partnership with Hon. Thomas Caha- lan, also one of the pioneers and a very able law- yer. They have a large clientage and their busi- ness is of an important character. During the greater part of the time since coming to Idaho, Mr. Brown has been a notary public and United States commissioner for the district of Idaho. In 1882 he came to Boise, and has since been numbered as one of its leading and influential citizens. HISTORY OF IDAHO. For half a century Mr. Brown has been an exemplary member of the Masonic fraternity and is a leading representative of the society in Idaho. He was made a Master Mason in Eagle Lodge, No. 12, F. & A. M., of Keokuk, Iowa, in 1849, under dispensation, receiving all three of the blue-lodge degrees on the same day and night. He has also taken the Royal Arch and Knight Templar degrees, is past worshipful master, past high priest and past grand master of the grand lodge of this state, having served in the last named exalted position in 1869 and again in 1871. He has served the grand lodge as grand secretary, and in his home lodge at Boise has been secretary for twelve years. He is true and faithful to the benevolent and fraternal teach- ings of the order and is held in the highest esteem by his Masonic brethren throughout the state. He has likewise been prominent in church work through a long period. When only thir- teen years of age he was converted and joined the Methodist church, and at eighteen years of age was made an officer in the church. Since that time he has been most active and zealous in re- ligious work and by his faithfulness and labor has done much to advance the cause of Christ- ianity. He has twice served the church as a lay delegate to the general conference. In politics he has been a lifelong Republican, but now strongly favors bimetallism. He has studied the question closely and thoroughly and is now firm- ly fixed in his opinion. He belongs to the Pioneer Society of the state, has served as its president and is one of Idaho's best known and highly esteemed citizens. Thus many honors have come to him in life and prosperity has attended his efforts in a con- siderable degree, yet his career has also been checkered by adversity and sorrow. He has been twice married and has lost by death both wives, and now has only one surviving son, James Edgar, who is a farmer residing near Prather, Indiana. Mr. Brown has now passed the seventy-third milestone on the journey of life, and for forty-five years has been identified with the interests of the far west. At all times he has endeavored to promote the best interests of this section of the country, has seen the greater part of its growth and develonment, and high on the roll of the honored men of Idaho is found the name of this worthy pioneer. JOSEPH F. WHITE. Among the public officials of Lincoln county is Joseph F. White, who is now serving as sheriff. A native of Iowa, he was born in Alla- makee county, July 4, 1854, and traces his an- cestry back to the Emerald Isle, whence his grandfather, Andrew W r hite, emigrated with his family to New Orleans. For many years he was engaged in merchandising in the Crescent City, and at an early day in the history of Ohio re- moved to that state, where Joseph P. White, the father of our subject, was born and reared. He married Sarah Heffron, a native of Ireland, and later they removed to Allamakee county, Iowa, where the father engaged in farming and mer- chandising. He died in 1879, at the age of seven- ty-two years, and his wife departed this life in the forty-second year of her age. Ihey were the parents of three children, all yet living. Joseph F. White, whose name introduces this review, was educated in the public schools of his native county and reared to manhood on the home farm, in the development and cultivation of which he assisted from the time he was old enough to handle the plow. In 1875 he went to Colorado, where he engaged in mining and pros- pecting. In 1880 he became a resident of Mon- tana and engaged in the meat business in Dillon. He also spent some time in Deer Lodge and Silver Bow, and in 1883 came to Shoshone, where he again established a meat market and soon secured a liberal patronage in that line. He has also been identified with many other lead- ing business interests of the town and county. He has erected several residences in Shoshone and is the owner of an excellent ranch of four hundred acres near the town, upon which he raises hay for his extensive herd of cattle. These varied business interests are bringing him ex- cellent financial returns as the result of dili- gence, a careful management and honorable methods. On the 3d of December, 1883, Mr. White was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Keefer, daughter of Joseph Keefer, of Nebraska, and they now have two sons, Gilbert and Walter, the former now attending college in Salt Lake HISTORY OF IDAHO. City, while the other is a student in the high school in Shoshone. The family are held in high regard in the community and the members of the household occupy enviable positions in social circles. In his political views Mr. White has always been a stalwart Republican, and when Lincoln county was created he was appointed sheriff, since which time he has twice been elected sheriff, serving six years in all. He has been a brave and efficient officer, discharging his duties in a most fearless manner and thus proving a bulwark to the community, his efforts resulting in the replacement of lawlessness by peace and tranquillity. He was instrumental in breaking up one of the worst gangs of horse and cattle thieves that ever infested the state. They had their headquarters at Shoshone and he arrested them and later took a number of their leaders to the state penitentiary. Socially Mr. White is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, has filled all the offices in the lodge and has been representative to the grand lodge. He has also passed all the chairs in the Ancient Or- der of United Workmen. He is an upright and reliable citizen, true to all the duties of business, official and private life, and his sterling worth has gained him high regard. WILLIAM CLARENCE HOWIE. Out of the depths of his mature wisdom Car- lyle wrote, "History is the essence of innumerable biographies," and Macaulay has said, "The his- tory of a nation is best told in the lives of its people." It is therefore fitting that the sketches of Idaho's eminent and distinguished men should find a place in this volume, and to the number belongs William Clarence Howie, a prominent lawyer of Mountain Home. A native of Iowa, he was born in Davis county, near the Missouri state line, November 27, 1860. The Howie fam- ily originated in France. Two brothers, who were French Huguenots, were driven out of that country on account of their religious views and fled to Scotland, one locating in the highlands, the other in the lowlands. From the latter our subject is descended. He founded a family in Scotland that became renowned in the history of that country, many representatives of the name occupying prominent positions in public life. John Howie, the father of our subject, was born on Prince Edwards island. His parents had started for America, and in a storm the vessel on which they sailed sought refuge in the harbor of the island, whereon occurred the birth of the son. On reaching the New World the grand- parents located in Bradford county, Pennsyl- vania, and later the grandfather removed to Illi- nois, where he died in the eighty-ninth year of his age. John Howie was reared and educated in Pennsylvania, and there married Miss Hannah Evans, who was of English and Holland ances- try. Mr. Howie was a farmer, and with his fami- ly removed to Michigan. Later he returned to Pennsylvania and thence went to Iowa, where he died in 1898, at the age of seventy-six years. His good wife still survives him and is now sixty-two years of age. They were Presbyterian in religious faith and their upright lives exemplified their Christian belief. Of their four children three are living. William Clarence Howie, the second in order of birth, accompanied his parents on their removal to the west and was educated in Bloomfield, Iowa. He took up the study of law in the office of Good & Good, in Wahoo, NebrasKa, as a prep- aration for a life work, and later continued his reading in the office and under the direction of Reese & Gilkeson, of Lincoln, Nebraska, very prominent attorneys of that city. The senior partner is an ex-supreme judge and is now dean of the Nebraska State Law School. He was ad- mitted to the bar and then practiced for some time under the guidance of his last preceptors, gaining a practical knowledge of their methods. On the 8th of October, 1890, Mr. Howie ar- rived in Idaho and opened a law office in Moun- tain Home, where he has since enjoyed a large business. He has won for himself very favorable criticism for the careful and systematic methods he has followed. To an understanding of uncom- mon acuteness and vigor he has added a thor- ough and accurate preparatory training, and ex- emplifies in his practice all the higher elements of the truly great lawyer. He invariably seeks to present his argument in the strong, clear light of common reason and sound logical principles, and his fidelity to his clients' interests is a matter of uniform acceptance. Everything pertaining to the welfare and upbuilding of the town also re- HISTORY OF IDAHO. ceives his approval, and co-operation and his la- bors for the public good have been most effective. Since coming to Mountain Home, he has served as a member of the school board for a number of years, was a prominent factor in the building of the splendid public-school building, which is an ornament to the town, and he is an active and helpful friend of education. In political circles Mr. Howie is also promi- nent. He has always been a stalwart Republican, and is now the state Republican central com- mitteeman for his county, and the candidate of his party for the office of district attorney. On the 9th of June, 1891, Mr. Howie married Miss Ada Eunice Harris, a native of New York. Her father died when she was a child and she was reared by her uncle, Hon. L. C. Blanchard, a district judge and state senator. They have one of the most beautiful residences in Mountain Home. It was erected under the direction of Mr. Howie and stands in the midst of an acre of ground, which is planted with fruit and ornamen- tal trees. Socially Mr. Howie is connected with Elmore Lodge, No. 30, A. F. & A. M., of which he is past master, also belongs to the Modern Woodmen Camp, the Home Forum, and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. His pleas- ant, genial manner renders him a favorite with all classes, while his sterling worth commands uniform esteem. FRANK HARRIS. Hon. Frank Harris, the leading lawyer of the bar of Weiser, and a member of the state senate of Idaho, is a native of California, his birth hav- ing occurred at Placerville, on the 2Oth of June, 1854. He is the second in order of birth in a family of seven children, whose parents were William and T. E. (Saltzman) Harris. The Har- ris family is of English descent and was founded in Virginia in colonial days. William Harris, the grandfather of our subject, was born in the Old Dominion, and when the Revolutionary war was inaugurated aided in the struggle for independ- ence. His son, William Harris, was born in Vir- ginia, in November, 1809, and after attaining the age of forty years he married Miss T. E. Saltz- man, a lady of German lineage. In 1849 William Harris removed to California, where he engaged in mining for a number of years, but later devoted his energies to farming in Humboldt county, where his death occurred in 1886, in the seventy- seventh year of his age. His estimable wife still survives him, and is now seventy years of age. All of their seven children are also living. Frank Harris acquired his literary education in the public schools of California, and on determin- ing to make the practice of law his life work entered the office of Buck & Stafford, well known attorneys of Eureka. He completed his studies under the preceptorage of the firm of Chamber- lain & De Haven of that place, and in 1880 he came to Weiser and was admitted to the bar. Here he has since made his home, and in the prac tice of his profession has met with gratifying success, to-day holding rank as the leading mem- ber of the legal fraternity in his county. In 1884 Mr. Harris was united in marriage to Miss Nettie Oakes, a native of Wisconsin, and they now have three children, William, James and Emma. They have a delightful home in Weiser, erected under the direction of Mr. Har- ris, and they enjoy the high esteem of a large circle of friends. Socially our subject is con- nected with the Knights of Pythias fraternity and is now the efficient chancellor commander of the lodge. His political views are in accord with the principles of the Democratic party, and to that organization he has rendered valuable service during the campaigns, being a most effective, entertaining and instructive campaign speaker. His utterances are logical and convincing, and at the same time are never tiresome or pedantic. In 1889 he was elected a member of the conven- tion which framed the present constitution of Idaho, and his knowledge of constitutional law made him a valuable factor in framing the most important document in the state government. In 1896 he was elected a member of the state senate, where he served most acceptably to his con- stituents and with credit to himself. Thus in various departments of the public life he has rendered important service to his state, yet his greatest work is in the line of his profession. His preparation of cases is most thorough and ex- haustive; he seems almost intuitively to grasp the strong points of law and fact, while in his briefs and arguments the authorities are cited so extensively and the facts and reasoning thereon are presented so cogently and unanswerably as to HISTORY OF IDAHO. 255 leave no doubt as to the correctness of his views or of his conclusions. Xo detail seems to escape him; every point is given its due prominence and the case is argued with such skill, ability and power that he rarely fails to gain the verdict desired. He is a member of the Idaho State Bar Association, of which he is vice-president for Washington county. Mr. Harris is also personally interested in min- ing in the Seven Devils district, and has a large clientage among the mine owners and miners of the now famous mining country just men- tioned. In March, 1899, he formed a partnership with R. A. Stuart, late of the Washington bar, and formerly a member of the law firm of Thomp- son & Stuart, of Iowa. FRANK CROSSON. Frank Crosson is now engaged in general mer- chandising in De Lamar and is one of the most successful and enterprising business men here. His life stands in evidence of the fact that am- bition, enterprise and diligence can cope with an adverse fate and ultimately reach the goal of prosperity. He came to Owyhee county on foot, reaching Silver City in June, 1889, and secured employment in driving a freight team. Since that time he has advanced steadily toward suc- cess and competence and is to-day accounted one of the most progressive, respected and well-to-do merchants of the county. Mr. Crosson was born at Red Bluff, California, < on the 24th of April, 1862, and is of Scotch- Irish lineage. His father, Samuel Crosson, was born in the state of New York, and in 1852 took up his abode in California. He was married in Sacramento to Miss Mary Burk, a native of Ire- land. For six years he lived the life of a sailor, making trips on the Sacramento river between San Francisco and Red Bluff. He died in 1893, at the age of sixty-four years, but his wife is still living and makes her home in San Francisco. Frank Crosson of this review started out in life on his own account when but ten years of age and is truly a self made man, a title of which he has every reason to be proud. He has trav- eled in Oregon, Nevada and in Mexico, and came to Idaho on foot, without money, having resolved to settle down and win success if it could be secured through energy and industry. He was first employed as driver of a freight team be- tween Nampa and Silver City, after which he went to Wood river and engaged in mining for six months. Then, in connection with five others, he leased the Potosi mine, which he continued to operate until March, 1890, when he came to De Lamar and was employed for a time in the De Larnar mine. Subsequently he purchased a half interest in the De Lamar and Silver City stage line, which he conducted until April i, 1892, after which he spent a month in California. Upon returning to De Lamar he succeeded George W r . Bruce in the meat-market business in Silver City, as a partner of J. C. Conners, and later be- came a partner in the De Lamar & Silver City- Meat Company, with which he was connected un- til April, 1893, when he sold his interest in the business. Through the succeeding thirty clays he engaged in mining and then established a confectionery store in De Lamar, but on the 8th of September, 1897, entered a new field of opera- tions by purchasing the general mercantile store of Shea & McLain in De Lamar. Here he is now carrying on business, having a large and well selected stock and enjoying an extensive and con- stantly increasing patronage. He is also a part- ner of John Crete, Sr., in several mines in the Florida mountains. On the 1 5th of October, 1892, Mr. Crosson was united in marriage to Mrs. Sarah Bennett, nee Lane. She is a native of Iowa and a lady of culture and intelligence, who enjoys the esteem of a large circle of friends. She was appointed postmistress of De Lamar by President Cleve- land in 1893, entering upon the duties of the of- fice on the 1 3th of November of that year. She appointed Mr. Crosson her deputy, and for four years and three months she discharged her duties in a most promising and creditable manner, and succeeded in raising the office to one of the third class. She now assists her husband in the store and he attributes not a little of his success to her efficient aid and business ability. Mr. Crosson is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and his wife belongs to the order of Daughters of Rebekah. He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity and has served as master of his lodge. From the early age of ten years his life has been one of ceaseless activity, and all that he has acquired is the reward of his 256 HISTORY OF IDAHO. own labors. He is a man of strong purpose and resolution, who brooks no obstacles that can be overcome by determined and honorable efforts, and it is this laudable quality that has led to his success. He justly merits the high regard in which he is held, and his example should serve as a source of inspiration and encouragement to others. J. J. PLUMER, M. D. Dr. J. J. Plumer, the physician and surgeon of the De Lamar Mining Company, also engaged in general practice in De Lamar, is a native of Missouri, his birth having occurred in Edina, April 8, 1860. He traces his ancestry back to England, whence in the year 1832 members of the family who belonged to the sect of Puritans crossed the Atlantic to America. They braved the dangers so common to ocean voyages in those clays in order to have liberty of conscience in the New World, and they and their descend- ants were connected with the early history of the colonies. They were mainly farming people, whose upright lives commended them to the con- fidence and respect of all. The Doctor's father, William F. Plumer, was born in Marietta, Ohio, and married Miss Sarah F. Beswick, also a na- tive of that place. In religious faith they are Presbyterians and by profession Mr. Plumer is a civil engineer. He now resides in Hillsboro, Iowa, at the age of sixty-seven years, and all of the family, including three sons and three daughters, are also yet living. The Doctor, the second in order of birth, spent his boyhood at his parental home, acquiring his literary education in Birmingham Academy; in Iowa. Determining to make the practice of med- icine his life work he prepared for his chosen calling in the Starling Medical College, in Co- lumbus, Ohio, where he was graduated with the class of 1882. He then opened an office in Bona- parte, Iowa, where he remained for two years, after which he practiced for six years in Kansas and one year in Baker City, Oregon. In 1890 he came to De Lamar to accept the position of physician and surgeon for the De Lamar Min- ing Company, and in addition to his labors in that capacity he carries on a general practice, having many patrons in this vicinity. He is a skilled and efficient representative of his chosen calling, and faithfully performs each duty as it comes to him. He is also proprietor of the only drug store in the town, a well appointed estab- lishment. On the 2Qth of June, 1897, the Doctor was married, the lady of his choice being Miss Mar- garet C. DeQuette, whose father was one of the pioneers of the Boise basin. She is a valued member of the Episcopal church and a most esti- mable lady. The Doctor belongs to the Masonic fraternity and has taken the degrees of the blue lodge, chapter and commanclery, being now a worthy Knight Templar and follower of the beauseant. He is a man of scholarly tastes and studious habits, and by his perusal of the leading medical journals and text-books he keeps thor- oughly abreast with the latest discoveries and theories advanced in connection with the science of medicine, and is very successful in applying these to the needs of his professional work in Owyhee county. FRANKLIN P. AKE. The historian Bancroft has said, "Taken alto- gether Idaho is the most grand, wonderful, ro- mantic and mysterious part of the domain en- closed within the federal Union ;" and no one who has ever looked upon its beautiful and oittimes sublime scenery will doubt that it rightly de- serves to be called "The Gem of the Mountains." Its natural resources are probably more diversi- fied than any other state can show, for in the midst of its high hills, rich in their mineral de- posits, are fertile valleys affording ample oppor- tunity to the agriculturist, horticulturist and stock farmer. The owner of one of the finest ranches and most beautiful homes in Elrnore county is Franklin P. Ake, a man of excellent business ability, who has been prominently con- nected with many interests of this region, and now in addition to the capable management of his own affairs is acceptably serving as the cus- todian of the county exchequer in the capacity of county treasurer. Mr. Ake, whose residence is pleasantly situ- ated about four miles from Mountain Home, was born in Muscatine, Iowa, July 6, 1857. During the colonial epoch in our country's history his ancestors left their homes in Holland and be- came residents of Pennsylvania, taking part in many of the events which form the annals of that HISTORY OF IDAHO. 257 state, and also participating in the war of the Revolution. John H. Ake, the father of our sub- ject, was born in the Keystone state and mar- ried Margaret Tediker, a native of Ohio. He removed with his bride to Iowa and became an extensive land-owner and dealer in real estate. His wife died soon after the birth of her son Franklin, when only twenty years of age, but Mr. Ake reached the age of seventy-five years. The subject of this review, an only child, was reared and educated in Iowa and Nebraska, and in 1877 went to Colorado, where he was engaged in freighting. He made money rapidly, invested in real estate in Leadville, Colorado, and when prices declined lost nearly all that he had saved. In 1882 he came to Idaho, and making his head- quarters at American Falls again engaged in freighting and contracting from Kelton to Boise, Rocky Bar and Hailey. He also took contracts for supplying and delivering wood and charcoal to the mines at Rocky Bar and later contracted to haul mining timbers. He also built the tele- graph line from Mountain Home to Rocky Bar, and subsequently became the promoter and builder of the reservoir and canal of the Moun- tain Home Reservoir & Land Company. They have thus supplied water to three thousand acres of land, and have a reservoir with an irrigating capacity for five thousand acres, and fifteen miles of ditches. Mr. Ake, in connection with others, now owns the system, which is one of the most valuable enterprises ever inaugurated in this section of the state. It is not only a profitable investment for the stockholders, but has proven of incalculable benefit to the farmers, making cultivable many thousand acres of rich land. Mr. Ake is now the owner of a splendid ranch of six hundred and forty acres. He has greatly im- proved this property, making it one of the most attractive and desirable country seats in Elmore county. There is now a fine orchard, containing two thousand bearing fruit trees, mostly prunes. The home is a most tasteful and commodious dwelling, creditable alike to the owner and the county. In addition to the cultivation of his orchard, Mr. Ake is extensively engaged in rais- ing stock and is proprietor of an excellent meat market in Mountain Home, where he supplies the citizens with choice beef and other meats. In 1886 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Ake and Miss Laura Ford, of Salem, Oregon, a daughter of Colonel Ford of that city. They now have two daughters, Mary Frances and Clara Lail. Mr. Ake has been a lifelong Democrat. In 1896 he was appointed treasurer of Elmore coun- ty, and in 1898 was the nominee of his party for the same position. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity, having been raised in Elmore Lodge, Xo. 30, of Mountain Home, in which he served as master in 1898. He has also taken the Royal Arch and commandery degrees and is a Xoble of the Mystic Shrine. A man of marked busi- ness and executive ability, he forms his plans readily, is determined in his execution and carries forward to successful completion whatever he undertakes. His methods command uniform con- fidence and respect and the most envious could not grudge him his prosperity, so worthily has it been won. BARRETT WILLIAMS. This venerable citizen of Boise City is be- lieved to be the oldest man in the state of Idaho, as on the 7th of March, 1899, he celebrated the ninety-sixth anniversary of his birth. He was sixty years of age when he came to this place for the first time, in 1862, and during the years which have intervened he has maintained his earnest interest in the development of the town and the resources of the surrounding country. He has always been strictly temperate in his habits, has led an active, industrious life, and is reaping his reward in the evening of his career,, for he enjoys very good health, being sound in mind and body, possesses his senses of sight and hearing almost unimpaired, and still takes long walks about the town with perfect ease. The birth of this worthy old pioneer occurred in Wales, March 7, 1803, and in his native land he learned the saddler's trade, in his youth. He never attended school a day. with the exception of Sunday-school, where he learned to read, and when he grew to manhood he wished to be able to sign legal documents and so learned to write his name. In 1840 he came to the United States and for about a year worked at his trade as a harness-maker in Utica, Xew York. He then removed to Ohio and purchased a farm in Lick- ing county, not far from Granville. After four years of farming operations there he removed to 258 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Iowa county, Wisconsin, and during the next twelve years successfully carried on a farm. The praises of the great and growing west had been so long heard that at last Mr. Williams con- cluded that he would see something of it for himself. In 1861, in company with two of his sons, Thomas and Richard, he crossed the plains to Oregon. They spent the winter in the town of Auburn, and in the spring returned to Idaho, arriving in Boise City May 22. He was one of the first white men here, though the Bannack Indians were numerous. However, the red men treated him well and he has often camped with them and shared their hospitality. With his sons he went to the Boise basin and discovered gold on Willow creek. He mined there for several years and later was located on Dry creek, where he and his companions each took out about an ounce of gold a day. The rheumatism finally made him seek other employment and for eight years he engaged in farming on Dry creek. Later, he purchased a block and a quarter on Jef- ferson street, Boise City, and built ten houses on the property. For eight years he was in the lumber business in the mountains, and built two sawmills, which he afterward gave to his sons. In 1886 he deeded his real estate in Boise to his children, retaining a life lease on it. He has always affiliated with the Democratic party since he became a voter but has never been an aspirant to public office. Without exception, all who have known him or been associated with him in busi- ness relations speak in the highest terms of his honor and integrity, his kindliness and helpful- ness toward those less fortunate than himself. In his early manhood Mr. Williams married . Miss Elizabeth Griffith, a native of Wales, and before they left that country their son John was born. Two children were born in Ohio to this worthy couple and five were born in Wisconsin. All but one of the number are living. Mrs. Williams, who was a devoted wife and mother, an earnest member of the Presbyterian church and loved by all who knew her well, departed this life in 1885. At present only two of the children are residents of Boise City, namely: Rachel Williams and Elizabeth Ann, the latter being the wife of Charles May, whose history is printed upon another page of this volume. Mr. Williams is being tenderly cared for in his declin- ing years by his daughter, Mrs. May, with whom he is making his home. WILLIAM H. MANION. Elmore county figures as one of the most at- tractive, progressive and prosperous divisions of the state of Idaho, justly claiming a high order of citizenship and a spirit of enterprise which is cer- tain to conserve consecutive development and marked advancement in the material upbuilding of the section. The county has been and is sig- nally favored in the class of men who have con- trolled its affairs in official capacity, and in this connection the subject of this review demands representation as one who has served the county faithfully and well in positions of distinct trust and responsibility. He was the incumbent of the office of clerk of the district court, and was ex- officio auditor and recorder of Elmore county for the years 1897 anc l 1898. A native of the state of Missouri, Mr. Manion was born on the 28th of January, 1844, the son of James and Mary Ann (Wood) Manion, both of whom were born in Virginia, the famous Old" Dominion of our national annals. The ancestry on either side traces to stanch old Irish stock. The parents removed from their native state to Missouri, where the father engaged in agricul- tural pursuits, and where both resided until death. They were people of sterling integrity, industrious and God-fearing, and were held in the highest respect in the community. Both were members of the Missionary Baptist church, in whose cause they were zealous workers. They became the parents of two children, both of whom are living, William H., the immediate subject of this review; and Charles G., of Kan- sas City, Missouri. Death claimed the devoted wife and mother, and the father subsequently consummated a second marriage, of the fruits of which union three of the children still survive. The father died in 1854, at the age of fifty-four years. William H. Manion received an excellent edu- cational training in his native state of Missouri, and that he made good use of the opportunities thus afforded him is evident from the fact that he put his acquirements to the practical test in mak- ing his initial personal effort. He engaged in teaching school for a .year in Missouri, after HISTORY OF IDAHO. 259 which he went to Nevada, where he became con- cerned in quartz mining, meeting with a fair measure of success in this line of endeavor. Re- moving later to Utah, he there continued mining operations for a number of years, having been the original locator of the Rebel mine, in the Star district of that recently admitted state. From this mine he secured quite an appreciable product of gold. He eventually sold the mine and in 1889 came to Camas Prairie, Idaho, where he entered claim to a homestead of government land, prov- ing up on the same in due course of time. This place he still owns, having erected buildings thereon and made other substantial improve- ments. In 1897 Mr. Manion was appointed clerk of the district court by the board of county commis- sioners, and he discharged the manifold duties of this office, with its adjuncts noted, with such care, fidelity and discrimination that in the fall of 1898 he was again nominated by his party for the same office, but was defeated by six votes. His official position practically demanded that Mr. Manion should take up his residence at the county-seat, and thus he has maintained his home in Mountain Home since 1896, when he assumed his official duties. In his political proclivities Mr. Manion is a stanch and enthusiastic adherent of the Demo- cratic party, while fraternally he is identified with the Masonic order and the Knights of Pythias, of the lodge of which latter he has rendered ef- ficient service as vice chancellor. As a public officer our subject has been cour- teous, obliging and thoroughly capable, and these facts have not lacked for recognition on the part of the people, who have accorded due commen- dation. His popularity in the community is un- mistakable, and he is clearly entitled to consider- ation in this work as one of the representative citizens of his county. LUCIUS COZZENS RICE. Lucius Cozzens Rice, state treasurer of Idaho and one of the leading business men of the com- monwealth, is a native of Riceville, Fulton coun- ty. Xew York, where he was born June 20, 1867, being the only son now living that was born to the marriage of Harvev P. and Sarah C. Rice. The Rice family is one of the oldest in Cen- tral New York; and in the old dwelling, which is still standing, and in which Mr. Rice was born, five generations have lived. This residence was built prior to the war for American independ- ence, by Colonel Oliver Rice, who was a soldier under Washington. Mr. Rice prepared for college at the Clinton Seminary, at Clinton, New York, and subse- quently entered Union College at Schenectady, same state, where he took the classical course, was president of his class and a member of the college society, Alpha Delta Phi. Completing his college course, Mr. Rice came west and first lo- cated at Gunnison, Colorado, and later was en- gaged in merchandising at Sapinero, Colorado, for nine months, and then for some time at Delta, the same state; and in 1891 he came to Idaho, on horseback, looking for a location, and settled at St. Anthony, where, under the firm name of Rice & Findley, he opened a general merchan- dise store. This business venture has been a suc- cess from its inception and has been continually extended, so that to-day it is the most extensive general merchandise establishment in southeast- ern Idaho. In 1898 the firm of Rice, Findley & Company was incorporated, and to-day the name of this reliable firm has become a household word in the southeastern portion of "The Gem of the Mountains." Mr. Rice, during his career in Idaho, has dem- onstrated that he is both an enterprising and a 'public-spirited man, and St. Anthony and Fre- mont county have particularly been benefited by his business ability and public spirit. He organized the First Bank of Fremont County and has been its president since its organization in 1893. Through his influence the Snake River Valley Telephone Company was organized and the line built. Of this company he is one of the directors and officers. He was the leader of the great reform movement and investigation in Fre- mont county which was the means of turning back many thousands of dollars to the countv treasury. This was a long fight, some of the cases being carried through the district and su- preme courts of the state. In August, 1898, he was nominated by the Democratic party for state treasurer of Idaho, and later was indorsed for the same office by the silver Republicans and the Populists, and at 260 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the November election of 1898 he was elected by the largest vote ever cast for any candidate for public office in the state. He has always been an ardent suporter of the principles of the Demo- cratic party, and in 1896 was a delegate to the Democratic national convention that nominated Hon. W. J. Bryan for president. As state treas- urer Mr. Rice is prudent, careful and painstaking, and it is already conceded that he is the best state treasurer the state has ever had and that in his hands the public funds have been safe. In 1896 he was united in marriage to Miss Alice L. Tarr, of Gloversville, New York, and he and his wife are prominent in the select circles of Idaho. FREDERIC IRWIN. Frederic Irwin is the superintendent of the Idaho & Pittsburg Mining & Milling Company's Black Jack mines on Florida mountain, near Sil- ver City, Owyhee county. A native of Pennsyl- vania, he was born in Sewickley, Allegheny county, November 15, 1859. On the paternal side he is of Scotch lineage and on the maternal is of Scotch descent. His ancestors were among the early settlers on the Atlantic coast and repre- sentatives of the Irwin family aided the colonies in their struggle to throw off the yoke of British tyranny. The paternal great-grandfather of our subject served as adjutant general on the staff of General Wayne, and gallantly bore his part in the war which resulted in the establishment of the American republic. His son, John Irwin, was born in Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, and became a large real-estate owner there. John Irwin, Jr., father of our subject, was born in Sewickley, that county, and married Martha M. Nevin. He became largely interested in the oil business and was one of the early operators on Oil creek, Pennsylvania. He later became con- nected with the firm of T. H. Nevin & Com- pany in the manufacture of white lead in Pitts- burg. He was also president of the Alleghany Insurance Company, treasurer of the Pittsburg Steel Casting Company and president of the Ida- ho & Pittsburg Mining & Milling Company. He has now reached the age of seventy-six years and has largely retired from the active cares of life, but for many years was a most important factor in the business circles of Pittsburg. on account of his extensive and varied interests. His wife departed this life at the age of sixty-three years. They were the parents of six children, three of whom are yet living. In religious faith the family has long been identified with the Presbyterian church. Frederic Irwin is a graduate of the Western University of Pennsylvania, and on completing the scientific course in that institution the de- gree of Ph. B. was conferred upon him. He then entered upon his business career and was engaged in mercantile and journalistic pursuits until 1891, when he was appointed to his present position as superintendent of the Idaho & Pitts- burg Mining & Milling Company, taking charge of the Black Jack mine in April, 1891. With characteristic energy and enterprise he en- tered his new field of labor, and that the fame of the mine is so widespread is due to his efforts. He is also consulting engineer of the Poorman gold mines, owned by a London (England) syn- dicate, and is very popular in mining circles. He possesses marked business and executive ability, keen discrimination and correct foresight, and is exceptionally well qualified for the superin- tendency of the extensive mining interests now in his charge. In his political affiliation Mr. Irwin is a "silver" Republican, and socially is connected with Capi- tal City Lodge, No. 310, B. P. O. E., of Boise. He is a gentleman of marked courtesy, genial disposition and agreeable manner, and in conse- quence makes friends wherever he goes. OSCAR F. BRUNZELL. Since seven years of age Oscar F. Brunzell has been a resident of Owyhee county and is now residing in Silver City, where he is faithfully dis- charging the duties of assessor and tax collector. A native of Sweden, he was born January 5, 1864, and is a son of J. M. Brunzell, who is now serving as postmaster of Reynolds, Owyhee county. In 1868 the father came to Idaho, and in 1871 sent for his family, who joined him, since which time they have resided continuously in Owyhee county. He is a stock-raiser and pro- prietor of a hotel and successfully conducts a good business. The family circle yet remains unbroken by the hand of death, and the thre sons, Carl, Oscar F. and John A., are all resi- dents of Idaho. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 261 The subject of this sketch attended the public schools of this locality and later continued his education in the Lincoln school in San Fran- cisco. He has since been engaged in general stock-raising and mining until called to public office. In politics he is a "silver" Republican, and at the election of 1892 was chosen by popu- lar ballot for the office of assessor and tax col- lector of Owyhee county, serving in that capacity until 1896, when he was again elected to that office. In 1898 he received the nomination of his party for county sheriff, and was elected by a majority of fifty-four. Mr. Brunzell was married October 30, 1895, to Miss Laura E. Winchester, of Owyhee county, and they have two children, Bryan William and Albert. Mr. Brunzell is a member of both branches of the Odd Fellows society, and is past noble grand and past chief patriarch, while he and his wife are members of the Rebekah lodge of the fraternity. He is also a member of the Woodmen of the World. Both our subject and his wife were reared in the Lutheran church and are peo- ple of the highest respectability. JULIUS ISAY. Julius Isay is one of the most prominent busi- ness men of Owyhee county, being the senior member of the firm of Isay & Gombrig, dealers in general merchandise, both at De Lamar and Silver City. A country has but one chief ruler, be he king, emperor or president. Comparative- ly few men can attain to the highest offices in" civil or military life, but commerce offers a broad and almost limitless field in which one may exer- cise his powers unrestrained and gain a leader- ship as the head of a chosen calling. Drawing the lessons which we do from the life of Mr. Isay, we learn that the qualifications necessary for success are a high ambition and a resolute, hon- orable purpose to reach the exalted standard that has been set up. From an early age he has de- pended upon his own resources and has won the proud American title of self-made man. Mr. Isay was born near Treves, Germany, Sep- tember 22, 1862, his father, Mark Isay, being a prominent cattle dealer in that country. He ob- tained a good education in the excellent schools of his native land, and when eighteen years of age determined to cross the ocean and see what fate had in store for him in the land of freedom of which he had heard such favorable reports. He was well acquainted with the German and French languages, but knew no English; and although he had energy and ambition he had no capital. On the completion of the ocean voyage he made his way to Indiana, where he had an uncle living, to whom he stated his desire to become inde- pendent in life. This relative very kindly fitted him out with a peddler's pack of notions, and with these on his back he started out of the town, his uncle accompanying him as far as the cross roads and bidding him good-bye with the part- ing remark, "Take which road you like and don't come back until the end of the week." Thus be- gan the mercantile career of a most successful and enterprising business man. A stranger to the language and the customs of the country, his natural intelligence was brought into play and he soon learned enough to enable him to carry on a brisk trade. After three months spent in going from house to house selling his goods, he turned his attention to the butcher's trade, which he learned in Churubusco, Indiana; and in Sep- tember, 1882, he went to Chicago, where he worked in meat-packing houses until the latter part of March, 1884. That date marked Mr. Isay's arrival in Silver City, where he conducted a meat market until the fall of 1890. In January, 1891, he purchased a small stock of general merchandise and opened a store in De Lamar, carrying on operations on a small scale. Gradually, however, his trade in- creased in volume and importance, and in 1895 the firm of Isay & Gombrig was formed, the lat- ter being a brother-in-law of the former. They bought out a large business at De Lamar, and since that time, owing to their liberal and hon- orable business methods, their success has been almost phenomenal, and they now command at their two large stores in De Lamar and Silver City the most extensive retail trade in the county of Owyhee. Mr. Isay was married, in 1891, to Miss Sophia Gombrig, who was born in the same town in Germany in which her husband's birth occurred. They have one child, a daughter, Hattie. Theirs is a most pleasant home and their hospitality is enjoyed by many friends. Mr. Isay is a Royal Arch Mason and is now serving as senior warden 263 HISTORY OF IDAHO. of the lodge and high priest of the chapter. He also belongs to the order of the Knights of Py- thias. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, un- swerving in his allegiance to the principles of that party, and in 1898 he received its nomina- tion for the office of county commissioner. His dreams of securing a home and fortune in Ameri- ca have been realized, and his life demonstrates the opportunities that are here afforded young men of energy and perseverance. WILLIAM H. WATT. William H. Watt, the president of the Delia Mountain Mining Company, has been largely in- strumental in developing the natural resources of Idaho thus far, and his labors have not alone contributed to his individual prosperity but have also largely promoted the material interests of the state. By nativity a Canadian, he was born near Ottawa City, in the Dominion, December 23, 1851, and is of English descent. His grand- father, James Watt, was a native of England, and as an officer in the British army fought through the Crimean war. When his term of military ser- vice expired he crossed the Atlantic to Canada, where he lived to the ripe old age of eighty-two years. His son, John Watt, father of our sub- ject, was born in Canada and married Miss Ann Malcomson, also a native of Ottawa. They were industrious and well-to-do farming people, and were Episcopalians in religious belief. Mr. Watt departed this life in the seventieth year of his age, but his wife is now living, at the age of three- score years and ten, on the old Canadian home- stead. They had eleven children, ten of whom are yet living, the greater part of the number being residents of the old home neighborhood in Canada, though one is now living in West Bay City, Michigan, and one in Butte, Montana. William H. Watt, the fourth in order of birth, was reared under the parental roof and acquired his preliminary education in the public schools of Canada, after which he pursued a course in a business college of Minneapolis, Minnesota. He entered upon his business career as a farmer and also engaged in lumbering. In 1876 he went to the Black Hills and since that time has de- voted his energies to mining in the northwest. On leaving the Black Hills he went on a North- ern Pacific surveying expedition from Fort Rice on the Missouri river to Powder river, the coun- try being then a comparatively unexplored re- gion. In 1881 he came to Hailey on a prospect- ing and mining tour, at which time the place was just being opened up for mining interests. Its fame was great because of the richness of the dis- coveries made, and Mr. Watt, with characteristic energy, turned his attention to the development of the mineral resources of the region. He has since continuously engaged in mining and in promoting mining interests, and in con- nection with Thomas Brenan he organized the Delia Mountain Mining Company, of which they are the principal stockholders. This is one of the best paying properties in the district. It con- sists of a group of mines located six miles north- west of the town of Hailey, which are called Idaho Democrat, Idaho Republican, Marquis, Vermont and Belmont. They yield silver and lead ore (the latter called galena), and the output is very rich and valuable. Mr. Watt is president and manager of the company, which is incorpor- ated under the laws of the state of Idaho, and is a member of the board of directors in connec- tion with Thomas Brenan, E. Daft, Leo Cramer and Samuel Allen. The capital stock of the com- pany is one hundred thousand shares, the par value of which is ten dollars per share. These mines were discovered in 1880 by W. S. Van Dusen and worked by him, in connection with other parties until November 18, 1895, at which time the Delia Mountain Mining Company was organized and purchased the property. The or- iginal owners took out one hundred thousand dollars and the present owners have taken out seventy-five thousand dollars. Their work thus far has been largely development work, and the . property is being well opened by tunnels. There is considerable ore now in sight, which yields from seventy to seventy-six percent lead and from one hundred and five to one hundred and sixty- six ounces of silver per ton. They have an ex-' cellent plant, consisting of well constructed build- ings, comfortably furnished with iron bedsteads and spring mattresses, and the houses lined with compo-board, which render them very habitable. Sixteen men are now employed in working the mines. Mr. Watt is interested in various other mines, and is also engaged in the banking busi- ness. He is also interested in sampling all the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 263 ore taken out of the mines and buys and ships large quantities of ore to Denver, Pueblo and Salt Lake for reduction. He is a heavy stockholder and a member of the directorate of the Parker Mining Company, which owns eight claims, patented as follows: Parker, St. Louis, Montgomery, Western Re- serve, Calibre, Transit, Denver and the Three K's. They also have nine claims not yet pat- ented. This group of mines is located three miles east of Ketchum in the Warm Springs creek mining district. The company under whose di- rection they are operated was organized in Octo- ber, 1887, with one hundred and fifty thousand shares, the par value of which is ten dollars per share. Ore to the value of three hundred and forty thousand dollars has been taken from these mines, and a dividend of one hundred and fifty .thousand dollars has been paid. The ores from these mines are the richest ever found in the Wood river country, carrying at times as high as forty-five per cent lead and six hundred and sixty ounces of silver to the ton. In 1890 Mr. Watt erected a fine brick building in Hailey, in which he has one of the finest and best equipped offices in the state. Mr. Watt has been a life-long Democrat, was elected and served as treasurer of Alturas county, and was chosen to represent his district in the state senate in 1894. He was the only Democrat in either house of the legislature, and, knowing that it was useless to attempt to elect a man of his own party, he espoused the cause of Gov- ernor Shoup and was an active and prominent factor in securing his election to the United States senate. Mr. Watt was also largely instru- mental in abolishing the counties of Alturas 'and Logan, and creating the county of Elaine. He was one of the most active and prominent mem- bers of the senate, studying carefully the issues which concerned the public welfare and giving his support loyally to all measures which he be- lieved would promote the general good. Prom- inent in the ranks of the Masonic fraternity, he belongs to the blue lodge, chapter and command- ery, and has attained the thirty-second degree of the Scottish rite. He is also a noble of the Mystic Shrine, is past master of the lodge and has taken a deep interest and justifiable pride in the working of this ancient and benevolent fra- ternity. In business circles he sustains a high reputation. He is a mining expert, is a man of keen discrimination and sound judgment, of un- faltering perseverance and unflagging enterprise, and through the possession of these qualities has gained rank among the foremost business men of his state. ISHAM L. TINER. This well known citizen and successful fruit- grower of Boise was born in Williamson county, Illinois, July 14, 1827, and is of Welsh descent, his forefathers being among the early settlers of Georgia and South Carolina. His ancestry, both paternal and maternal, was represented in the Revolutionary war. Richard Tiner, his great- grandfather, was a loyal soldier in the war for independence, and while he was absent in the army his family suffered an attack by Indians. His wife was shot through the right breast, their youngest child was ruthlessly beaten against a tree until its little life was ended, and a boy of five years and a girl of seven were carried away as captives. Another son, Isham Tiner, our sub- ject's grandfather, then a youth of sixteen, es- caped the massacre, joined his father in the army and remained in the ranks until the close of the war. The wife and mother eventually recovered from her wound and some time afterward the captive children were returned to their parents. Isham Tiner, the grandfather, removed from Georgia to Illinois, becoming a frontier settler of 'the latter state. At the time of his removal to the prairie state his son Isham, father of our sub- ject, was a small boy. When grown to manhood he married Miss Nancy Piett, who died at an early age and left three children, the youngest, Isham L., being an infant, and he alone survives. The eldest son, William, lost his life at the battle of Vicksburg, fighting in behalf of the Union. The father was a farmer by occupation and a man active in local affairs, for some years filling the office of county commissioner. He lived to attain the ripe age of seventy-five years. Isham L. Tiner was reared to manhood on his father's farm in Illinois, working hard in sum- mer and in winter attending the common school. At the age of eighteen he enlisted in Company B, Second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for the Mexican war, and went at once to the front. He participated in the battle of Buena Vista and 264: HISTORY OF IDAHO. other engagements, through which he passed un- wounded. He remained in the army until the war was over. In 1851 he went to California, stopping at the mines on Pitt river. Later he engaged in the management of a ranch and in teaming from Red Bluff to Shasta and Yreka. In 1862 he sold his interests and with a capital of fifteen hundred dollars came to Idaho. At Placerville, where he was one of the first to lo- cate, he secured a mining claim, from which, in company with five others, he took out about two hundred dollars of gold a clay. He paid his men eight dollars a day and after he had taken out most of the gold, as he supposed, he sold his claim for five hundred dollars ; but for some time thereafter it continued to yield the precious metal. Following his mining experience, Mr. Tiner was for a time successfully engaged in the bakery business at Placerville. In 1880 he purchased six acres of land at Boise, now within the corporate limits of the city, and here he raises many varieties of peaches, pears, apples and plums, and in large quantities. In 1865 Mr. Tiner married Miss Jane Baker, who was spared to him only eight brief years. Their only child died in infancy and thus he has been left alone, for he has never married again. He is a member of the Masonic order, and politically he has always given his support to the Democratic party. He has been honored with official positions, in each instance acquitting him- self most creditably. In 1865 he was elected a member of the territorial legislature of Idaho, and thus becoming connected with Boise he has since resided in the capital city. He has also filled the offices of county sheriff and warden of the penitentiary. In all the varied relations of life he has striven to do his whole duty toward his own community, state and country, and to put into daily practice the noble, helpful teachings of Masonry and brotherhood. GEORGE W. BRUCE. George W. Bruce is one of the successful business men of De Lamar, where he is conduct- ing an extensive and well appointed meat mar- ket. He is also the owner of a well cultivated fruit and stock farm on Castle creek, Owyhee county, and is one of the citizens of foreign birth of whom the community has every reason to be proud, for he has taken an active part in develop- ing the resources and augmenting the wealth and prosperity of this section of the state. A native of the Emerald Isle, Mr. Bruce was born in county Wicklow, Ireland, in the town of Bray, September 28, 1851, and is of Scotch ancestry. His parents, John and Margaret (Thompson) Bruce, were farming people and worthy members of the Methodist church. Mr. Bruce was educated in his native country and emigrated to the United States when twenty- years of age. The following year he took up his residence in Silver City, Idaho, and has spent twenty-six years in this part of the state, so that he is numbered among the pioneer settlers. He first engaged in quartz-mining, but after three months devoted to that pursuit he became pro- prietor of a dairy farm at Flint, and, in addition to supplying the citizens of Silver City and vicin- ity with milk and butter, he engaged quite ex- tensively in raising stock, continuing in that en- terprise until 1890 and having as many as twenty- five hundred head of cattle on his ranch at one time. His efforts in that direction were crowned with success, prosperity attending his labors as the years passed. In 1890, in partnership with J. C. Connors, now treasurer of the county, he opened a meat market in Silver City, and after establishing that enterprise on a paying basis they opened a branch house in De Lamar. This partnership continued until 1898, at which time the Owyhee Meat Company was organized, the members of the firm being W. P. Beers, M. Col- born and George W. Bruce. They have built a large cold-storage warehouse and a good shop, and are doing an extensive and lucrative business. They supply meat to the De Lamar Mining & Milling Company and to almost all the citizens of the town and surrounding country. They put up a great deal of their own beef, pride them- selves on carrying the best grades of mutton and pork, and as the result of the excellence of their products, combined with their trustworthy busi- ness methods, they have secured a large and desirable patronage. In his political affiliations Mr. Bruce is a Re- publican, and socially is connected with the Odd Fellows fraternity. He is a man of strict in- tegrity, well and favorably known in Owyhee countv, and his life illustrates what can be ac- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 26.5 complished through determined efforts, perse- verance and capable management. Such men form the bulwark of our nation. ALEXANDER K. STODDARD. The subject of this review is a self-made man who, without any extraordinary family or pecu- niary advantages at the commencement of life, has battled earnestly and energetically, and by indomitable courage and integrity has achieved both character and fortune. By sheer force of will and untiring effort he has worked his way upward and is numbered among the leading busi- ness men of Xampa, Idaho. A native of Utah, he was born in Wellsville, November 3, 1860, and is of Scotch ancestry. His father, John Stoddard, was born in Scotland and during his boyhood emigrated to the United States, in company with his father and the other members of the family, a location being made in Utah. During his business career he followed farming and engaged in the sawmill business. He married Miss Emily Kershaw, a native of England, who departed this life in the twenty- eighth year of her age, leaving four children, all yet living. The father passed away when fifty- five years of age. Alexander Stoddard, their second son, was educated in Utah, and when eleven years of age began to learn the trade of manufacturing lum- ber in his father's sawmill, since which time he has continued in that line of business. He is now a part owner of a sawmill at Baker City,' Oregon, and in 1886 he located at Nampa, where he opened a yard for the sale of his lumber. Not long afterward he purchased a hardware store, and in 1898 erected a large brick store in the center of the business district, in which he con- ducts his hardware trade. He has won a good patronage, enjoying the public confidence, be- cause of his honorable business methods and his courteous treatment of his patrons. Other en- terprises have also claimed his time and atten- cion. He was instrumental in organizing the Nampa Fruit Evaporating Company, which has a large and well arranged building and uses the Monteith patent, with a capacity of fifteen thou- sand pounds of green fruit per day. The country surrounding Nampa is a fine fruit district and the evaporator will therefore furnish an excellent market for the products of the orchard. In con- nection with a partner Mr. Stoddard owns six thousand eight hundred and eighty acres of land, in Uinta county, Wyoming, on which they are extensively engaged in stock-raising. On the igth of January, 1892, was celebrated the marriage of our subject and Miss Mary Ann Parkinson, a native of Grantsville, Utah. They have six children: Laura, Edna, Cora, Charles, Hortense and Veda. Socially Mr. Stoddard is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and in politics is a "silver" Republican, but has neither time nor inclination to seek pub- lic office, preferring to devote his energies to his business interests, which are varied and exten- sive. He is a man of resourceful business ability and along many lines has successfully conducted his operations, steadily advancing to a place among the substantial citizens of the state of Idaho. He has met obstacles and difficulties, but has overcome them by determined purpose, and by energy and careful management has won prosperity. CHAPTER XXIII. WASHINGTON COUNTY ITS TOWNS, RESOURCES, ETC. WASHINGTON COUNTY lies on the western border of the state of Idaho, and about five hundred miles from the Pacific coast. It contains a large area of land suited to various purposes. It has a population of over five thousand people. Its inhabitants are, gener- ally speaking, enterprising and thrifty people, many of them having settled here in the early 6o's and have remained ever since. The early settler devoted himself to stock-raising and placer-mining, and he thought that was all the county was fit for. But as the county began settling up it was soon found that anything which grew in a temperate climate would grow here. Washington county is now considered to be a kingdom within itself, as it produces everything necessary for comfort and happiness. Its re- sources are so varied that it would be impossible to mention all of them in this connection. Agriculture and kindred industries are pursued more at present than anything else. This in the past has been confined largely to the raising of wheat, and hay. But of late years our farmers have been planting large orchards and diversify- ing their products generally. Anywhere in the valleys all kind of grain, fruits and cereals can be successfully grown. Wherever Washington county fruit is exhibited it always carries away a premium. At a recent state fair held in Boise, Washington county carried off more premiums than any other county in the state. But agriculture is not the only industry of the county, by any means. The northern portion of the county, which is mostly mountainous, is thick- ly studded with pine timber, the supply of which is practically inexhaustible. In the past it has been used largely for fuel and in mining, but it is a shame to burn up such fine saw timber when there is an abundance of other fuel right at the doors. With the advent of better transportation facilities lumber will form an important factor in our commerce. There are good coal indications all over the county, only awaiting the advent of capital to develop them. In Crane creek canyon, a large bed of good coal has been unearthed and some development work done. The coal is of a good quality, making excellent furnace coal, and can be used in the forge with fairly good results. This coal will coke. It has been estimated by some that there is coal enough here to supply all of the state of Idaho. Up on Middle fork is an- other coal deposit which has been used for black- smithing for several years. One blacksmith has used this coal ever since its discovery, and says he has used coal all the way from Pittsburg to the coast and has never seen any superior to this. On the hill just above the vein where he gets his coal was found a chunk weighing over a ton, which gives evidence that there is an immense deposit further back that has not yet been un- covered. Down in Middle valley, which adjoins the Salubria valley on the south, are strong indica- tions of petroleum. In fact it is almost impossi- ble to get good water in some locations on ac- count of the strong coal-oil taste. The raising of range stock is still carried on to a large extent. The abundance of fine range on the hills which surround the numerous valleys make this the stock-raisers' paradise and make it possible to conduct the business on a large scale at a very small cost. Animals keep fat on the range nine or ten months in a year. As a general thing they are gathered into the feed yard in December and turned out again in March. Sheep are summered back in the mountains and driven down to the lower land in the fall, where they are kept until after lambing and shearing are over. The tendency of late years has been to get rid of the scrub stock and breed up to a higher standard, and as a result Washington county cattle, hogs and mutton sheep are sought for by buyers from all over the country. At present Washington county only has a few 266 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 267 miles of railroad. The Oregon Short Line taps the county at the extreme southern end, running through Weiser and crossing the Snake river into Oregon a short distance from that place. There will, however, soon be a railroad running the entire length of the county from north to south. Starting from some point on the Oregon Short Line (the exact location of which has not been decided upon), a survey has been run up the Weiser river through Middle valley, Salubria, Alpine, Council, and following up Hornet creek terminates at the famous Seven Devils. It is also proposed to run a branch road from Salubria in a northwesterly direction to Ruthburg. SALUBRIA VALLEY. This is in the geographical center of Washing- ton county, Idaho. It is about sixty-five miles southeast of the famous Seven Devils mining dis- trict and seventy-five miles east of north of Boise, the state capital. It has a population (including families on the small streams which run into the valley, and which are practically a part of this valley) of about twelve hundred people, and con- tains about forty-five square miles of rich agri- cultural land, very level, with a gradual slope to- ward the rivers which course through it. The Big Weiser river flows the entire length of the valley, while the Little Weiser flows only a short distance and forms a partnership with its bigger brother just below the town of Salubria. The two streams furnish an ample supply of water for all the needs of the valley. Mills, factories, smelters, etc., have no use for steam engines, as there is sufficient water power in the Big Weiser to run all the machinery that will ever be needed here. Salubria valley contains about twelve thousand six hundred acres of land under cultivation. This land produces almost anything that is put in the ground. Many farmers here own from one hun- dred and sixty to one thousand acres of land, and having more than they can handle profitably are willing to dispose of it to settlers. The average price of lands is thirty dollars to thirty-five dol- lars per acre. If these farms were cut up into forty or eighty acre tracts, the present amount of cultivated land is capable of sustaining at least three times the population it now has. There are seven thousand five hundred and sixty acres of uncultivated deeded land, most of which could be converted into good farms, and about half that amount of government; land. This includes the valley lands only. All of the best land in the valley has been taken up, but there remains ten thousand acres of hill land which can be taken up as homesteads and which produces better fall grain than the low land of the valley. It being rolling, the ground does not flood when the snow melts in the spring, and fall-sown grain gets a sufficiently good start by the spring rains so that it is past the danger point before the dry season sets in. Much of the hill land can be irrigated from springs. Prices of uncultivated deeded land range from four dollars per acre up. So it will be seen that there is an abundance of good farm land here. The only drawback in the past has been trans- portation facilities, but this problem is about to be solved by the building of railroads. THE TOWN OF SALUBRIA. As Salubria valley is in the geographical cen- ter of Washington county, so also is Salubria in the Salubria valley. It is advantageously situ- ated in the very heart of one of the greatest min- ing, agricultural and stock-raising sections of Idaho. Its inhabitants are enterprising and in- dustrious people, who are always awake to the best interests of their town and themselves. Situated, as it is, at the confluence of the Big and Little Weiser rivers, it possesses irrigating and manufacturing advantages not excelled by any other town in the west. East, west, north and south of Salubria, as far as the eye can reach, may be seen immense fields of luxuriant grain and beautiful meadows, dotted with farm houses and fine orchards; while thousands of cattle, horses and sheep roam the adjacent hills and plateaux, and grow fat upon their nutritious wild grass. Salubria is a business center for all this vast agricultural, mining and stock-raising country which surrounds it. In fact it only needs a glance at the map to convince one that it is the "hub" of the county. The warm springs, about two miles north of Salubria, are destined to become a famous sum- mer resort. They contain medicinal properties common to mineral springs, the exact analysis 268 HISTORY OF IDAHO. of which we have never learned. If the water from here were piped down to Salubria, and a bathing place built and water used for heating purposes in business houses and residences, the promoters would realize handsomely on the in- vestment. MIDDLE VALLEY. Middle valley is about five miles west of south from Salubria. It is very similar to Salubria val- ley in climate, products, etc. All that has been said of Salubria valley can truthfully be said of Middle valley. It contains an area of about forty square miles, and is well supplied with water for irrigating purposes, having a canal from the Weiser river on the east side and Keithley creek on the west. This valley has about fifteen thousand acres under cultivation, and about seven thousand acres of uncultivated land; eighty per cent of the uncultivated land is government land and open to settlement. It is estimated that between fifty and seventy-five per cent of the government land would make good farm land if taken up and cultivated. This would leave over four thou- sand acres of good tillable land that may be had for taking. By building reservoirs for storing water for irrigating purposes, a much larger area could be brought under cultivation with very small expense. The principal products of this valley are wheat, oats, barley, rye, apples, prunes, pears, peaches and small fruits. Lumber and stock-raising are also important factors in tribu- tary resources. COUNCIL VALLEY. The town of Council is the metropolis of this valley. The town has a population of about one hundred people, and supports three general merchandise stores, and a hotel, saloon, black- smithshop, etc., in proportion. The town has an enterprising and progressive class of citizens, and is pushing ahead with a future that its people would not exchange with any town in the county. The principal industries of the valley are farming, stock-raising, mining and lumbering. Its prod- ucts are wheat, oats, cane, barley and hay, as well as all kinds of hardy fruits. The valley con- tains about sixteen thousand acres of cultivated land and one hundred thousand acres of unculti- vated land. About fifty per cent of the latter is government land. It is estimated that about twenty per cent of the government land could be cultivated. The town of Council is twenty-two miles from Salubria. INDIAN VALLEY. Alpine is the chief town of Indian Valley. It is ten miles from Salubria. It is a small town, but is growing and has bright future prospects. The valley contains sixteen thousand acres of deeded land; four thousand under cultivation, and one hundred and fifty thousand acres of gov- ernment land. Its principal industries are farm- ing and stock-raising. The principal products are wheat, oats, barley, hay, fruit, vegetables, pork and wool. It is very similar in every re- spect to the valleys above mentioned. The town of Indian Valley is about five miles beyond Alpine and is the terminus of the Weiser- Indian Valley stage line. It is in the center of a rich agricultural and stock-raising country. RUTHBURG. Ruthburg precinct has a population of about one hundred people. The post-office is located twenty-three miles northwest from Salubria. The altitude is lower than that of Salubria valley, it being almost on a. level with. Snake river. Its products are all and more than can be raised in the higher valleys. Owing to its mild climate, some of the more tropical fruits which cannot be raised here do well in that valley. The Ruth- burg country prides itself on the excellent quality of its fruits. Mining is an important industry and quite an item at Ruthburg. There are many good mines here, producing gold, silver, copper and iron. The mountains around Ruthburg are a continuation of the Seven Devils range, and it is considered by experts that just as good copper mines as the Peacock in the Seven Devils will be found here. BROWNLEE. Brownlee is at the ferry across the Snake river. Continuing on from Brownlee the wagon road passes through Pine valley and reaches Cornu- copia. Pine valley is a large agricultural and grazing country and Cornucopia is a mining camp of about one thousand people. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 269 MEADOWS. Continuing on up the road from Council we come to the Meadows. This neighborhood has a population of about three hundred. The town contains two stores, a blacksmith shop, hotel, etc. It is the place where prospectors purchase the last of their supplies before going back into the mountains. The principal industries are farming, stock-raising, mining and lumbering. There are endless forests containing fine lumber material. HORNET CREEK. Continuing on up Hornet creek to Dale and Bear, one passes through a rich agricultural, stock and fruit-raising country. The conditions here are about the same as in the lower valleys, except that nearer the mountains the valleys gradually narrow, and the altitude being higher, the growing season is necessarily a little shorter. LONG VALLEY. Situated a little south of east from Salubria and just outside of the county line is Long val- ley. The valley has a population of fourteen hundred people. As its name indicates it is a very long valley, containing seven townships of surveyed land ; twenty thousand acres under cul- tivation and one hundred thousand uncultivated. About sixty per cent of the uncultivated could be made good producing land. About three thousand head of cattle and six hundred head of horses roam its hills. The principal industries are stock-raising and dairying. Hay, grain and vegetables do well in this valley and the people are just learning that the hardier fruits can be raised as well there as anywhere else. CRANE CREEK. The Crane creek and Paddock valley country comprises the bigger part of the southwestern portion of the county, and it is a vast agricultural and stock country. It contains three post-offices, namely, Brannan, Crane and Wilburs. WEISER. Weiser, the county-seat of Washington county, is located in the extreme southern portion of the county on Snake river and on the west bank of Weiser river, which joins the Snake at this point, and is the central point for an immense tract of the most fertile and productive land in Idaho. Weiser is the base for supplies for all the country north as far as Salmon river, the new iron bridge for that river having been freighted from here, this being the only possible route practicable for wagon traffic. County and state roads lead to all important points in central and northern Idaho and a portion of eastern Oregon embracing a territory at least one hundred and fifty miles square and giving Weiser exceptional idvantages in the matter of location. Weiser is also the distributing point for twenty-three post-offices. A direct natural roadway up the Weiser river connects Weiser with Middle, Salubria, Indian and Council valleys; and a telephone line thirty- five miles in length now connects Weiser with those valleys. This is the only route to the great Seven Devils copper camps. The exports consist of cattle, horses, hogs, sheep, wool, hides, fruit and other farm products! and silver, gold and copper ores. All branches of business are well represented. The court-house is a new brick, and is in every way creditable, of pleasing style, and the ap- pointments for all the officials being ample and convenient. The edifice for the new graded school is of brick, two stories, divided into four rooms, with ample halls and cloak rooms, and fully furnished and equipped with all required appliances, and is ably and carefully conducted. , The business blocks are of brick and erected in pleasing style. The hotels are adapted to all classes, and the little city can point with pride to the best one in the state, a handsome brick, with all modern conveniences, and conducted in a manner that leaves no occasion for reasonable complaint. Religious denominations are well represented. The Baptists have a very neat church building and a large and growing membership. The Epis- copalians have completed an elegant church, in which divine service is regularly held and largely attended. The Congregational society have dedi- cated a convenient and commodious church building, and have a strong and steadily increas- ing congregation. The Catholics (Roman) have a desirable church property, and it is with satis- faction that we can note a social advancement in proportion to our material progress, and those 270 HISTORY OF IDAHO. who come from the adult communities of the older states will here find ample educational facil- ities and religious homes in place of those left behind, and day by day the clouds roll back, lift- ing in the full sunshine of new prosperity and enlightenment. Another and a very attractive feature is the climate, which for salubrity is unequaled, the per- centage of deaths by disease being less than any of the United States. Starting from New York, traveling by way of any of the great routes across the continent, as soon as the Boise river is crossed the temperature moderates, and from there to the crossing of Snake river, twenty miles west of Weiser, the difference is very marked. This is due, no doubt, to the fact that the north line of the valley is environed by high hills that protect us from the northern storms. Again, by reason of its nearness to the Pacific (the actual distance being only three hundred and fifty miles) and the elevation of Weiser being only two thousand one hundred feet above sea level, the climate is re- markably mild, the summers are long and during the day very warm, but evening never fails to bring cool breezes, and a sultry night is a rare exception even in Snake river valley, and when these- hot clays come, as come they must to ripen grain and fruit, then only a short day's drive and we have the snow-fed streams and pine-covered mountains. At any month of the year from the heat of the valley one can look away and see some giant peak snow-capped and suggesting cooling shades and healthful retreats. The win- ters are short as compared with those of the east- ern states. During one season there was none at all, and the average time that sheep are fed will not exceed sixty days, often less. Cyclones have never presumed to put in an appearance. But many of the residents from Kansas and Ne- braska are becoming reconciled to their absence, showing that cyclones are not, after all, abso- lutely necessary to perfect happiness! Thunder storms occur, but are not frequent, and are not by any means of that demonstrative kind that happen in by way of the stovepipe and take the whole house with them when they leave, none of that sort. In brief, the climate here is one that for all seasons cannot be excelled by any country, and, truly said, equaled by very few. Malarial diseases are very uncommon and can be traced to local causes in every instance, and the general health of the community is a serious drawback to gentlemen of the medical profession. As the days of gold digging began to lose their attraction by reason of smaller production some of the old pioneers remembered that away back in the land of the rising sun there used to be a fashion among men of tilling the soil, and as a result crops of different kinds were produced, good for man and beast to eat. The valleys were pleasant to look at and the experiment was tried. Ground was broken and the seed put in. Water was brought from the abundant streams, and the results were astounding. As by magic the desert blossomed and the memories of old home farms were eclipsed by results in the new land. These experiments, and they cannot be classed much higher, demonstrated that here was a soil and all the climatic conditions necessary to successful and highly varied agriculture, and moreover its proximity to the mining and lumber districts would in the near future furnish a home demand that would insure remunerative prices. The soil of all the valleys is eminently productive and con- tains all the elements vegetable and mineral required to impart the highest degree of fertility and producing phenomenal yields of grain, fruit, vegetables and hops. Weiser is situated in the center of a vast garden. From one of the hill tops north o'f town one sweep of the vision can take in a territory of more than fifty thousand acres, and every ten acres under cultivation could afford a home and support to ten people. It is a land for small holdings to be well cared for and for the production of a class of commodities that pay to raise and are always in demand, but their production requires patience, industry and attention, and any ten acres of sage-brush land, with proper water in two years from the start will be subjugated and become the owner's taith- ful supporter if the above requirements are com- plied with. There is no such word as "fail," and there is no fear of over-production, for at all times fruit, vegetables and other products can be profitably shipped in car and train load lots to various market points. Land is cheaper here than in any other part of the continent, produc- tiveness and favorable climatic conditions con- sidered. Nearly every product required for can- ning purposes, grows luxuriantly here, such as HISTORY OF IDAHO. 271 berries, grapes, apples, pears, apricots, nectar- ines, peaches, plums, prunes, etc., and such veg- etables as sweet corn, beans, cucumbers, peas, tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, melons and can- taloupes are on par with other products, and every year carloads are shipped to adjacent and less productive localities. Any ordinary garden in Weiser or vicinity will demonstrate all these claims. The culture of hops promises to be a great resource of this county, but fruit culture is fast becoming the leading industry here, and the record of Idaho at the Columbian Exposition is of world-wide notoriety; the fruits receiving the highest awards all came from this (Washington) county and were grown within ten miles of Weiser. And Mann creek valley is fast assum- ing the appearance of a vast orchard, and coming years will see this beautiful section wholly de- voted to fruit-raising. Any number of other localities afford equal facilities. The prune industry promises to become a leading feature, and to this we will devote a special mention. The cultivation of this staple product is an industry that has been fully dem- onstrated a success. Nowhere in the known world are found all the conditions as here for the production of this almost indispensable fruit, and no other locality has yet produced it to such a degree of perfection, and it is confidently regard- ed as a source of future wealth for this county. The prune-producing countries are not numer- ous, but are confined to a very limited number of localities, and over-production is a practical impossibility. Encouraged by the success of the past few years the industry has steadily assumed . greater proportion, and fruit-growers are now satisfied beyond question of the ultimate results, and reduced to figures the profits seem fabulous. As a natural sequence hundreds of acres are now set out with prunes; and why not, since a careful examination of the facts as to the profits derived from a small prune orchard are sufficient to con- vince the most conservative? We regret that our space is too limited to give this all important subject the explanation it so justly deserves. We* have, however, prepared the following statement, based, on correct figures and actual results, which we trust will convey to the mind of the interested reader something of an idea of the profits accru- ing from the prune industry: Placing the value of unimproved land under irrigation at twenty dollars, and expense of fencing and breaking ground eight dollars per acre, makes actual cost of land, ready for planting the trees, twenty-eight dollars per acre. Ordinarily, one hundred and thirty trees are planted to the acre. Two year old trees are worth ten cents each, or one hundred and thirty trees thirteen dollars. Expense of planting is three dollars and fifty cents per acre. Taxes and interest on investment and culture of the orchard until the trees are in bearing condi- tion, fifteen dollars making the total cost of one acre of orchard in bearing condition, fifty-nine dollars and fifty cents. The wholesale price of evaporated prunes averages nine and one-half cents per pound. The loss in weight by evapor- ation is fifty per cent. Hence, allowing one-half cent per pourid for expense of picking, evapor- ation and boxing, the value of the product in the boxes would be four and one-half cents per pound. Counting two hundred pounds per tree, makes a grand total of one thousand and one hundred dollars per acre! Touching the other resources, so vast a field opens as to make it impossible to fully cover it in the space we have here. So far, most of the resources are only sufficiently developed to dem- onstrate what future well directed efforts can accomplish. It is of course generally known that Idaho has always been classed as a mineral state and all other industries have been considered secondary in importance, and very justly; for only a few years back are the old days when Boise basin was adding its millions in gold to the national wealth; and still further in the north old Flor- ence was producing fabulous amounts, and in fact all over the territory placer diggings were in operation and thousands of hardy miners were taking the yellow metal from the sands and scat- tering it with careless hands broadcast. In those days of old, less than ten dollars a day to the man was not worth making, and so on and on this gold-hunting army would travel, making only a superficial survey of the land. Lead claims that to-day are worth millions were passed by as not worth taking. Silver was then, as now, of no account. Copper, lead, iron, gypsum, and such base substances, were only impediments to be cursed for their frequency. But those days are HISTORY OF IDAHO. past the record made up. But yet in the ever- lasting mountains this hidden wealth remains a treasure left for this and future generations, and of this Washington county has her full pro- portion, and within its limits are found all of the valuable materials just named and coal in addi- tion. Among the mining camps of the county, the most prominent was Mineral. Several mines were in active operation, producing silver, and giving employment to hundreds of men. The recent action of our glorious government did not hurt Mineral it simply killed it. It is still there with myriads of others waiting for a resur- rection. Its two idle smelters are monuments of former greatness. The county abounds in streams that are capable of furnishing unlimited power for min- ing and milling and are now running to wanton waste, that only require to be harnessed to wheels to furnish motive power and light. THE SEVEN DEVILS. Eighty miles north from Weiser, as the road runs, the district with the above suggestive name is situated. Whence the name no man knows. By reason of a clerical error in denning the boundary line between this and Idaho county part of the district was placed in the latter. The immense deposits of copper in this district are matters of astonishment to all investigators either experts or ordinary visitors exceeding as it does, beyond question, anything of the kind elsewhere on the continent. It is not intended in this to give the names of properties. Sufficient it is to say that thousands of tons of ore are in sight from the surface that will pay well now to mine and transport to Weiser for shipment by rail to Salt Lake for reduction. In and very near this district are the Hilderbrancl mines. Bear Creek, Plaza Basin, Rapid River and other promising points, all of which are sure to develop into prominent producing camps. The greatest elevation of this county is less than eight thousand feet, and the mountains are thickly covered with magnificent forests of pine, fir and tamarack, and the general appearance of the country very beautiful and abundantly watered by swift mountain streams and abound- ing in springs. On the Snake river slope the scenery is of the wildest description. The river here, for several miles, runs through a box can- yon, and quite narrow, and may be said to liter- ally turn up on its edge. The country breaks very abruptly and the difference in elevation between the river and the mines is nearly five thousand feet in a distance of less than four miles. All the intersecting canyons are heavily timbered with pine and spruce and some day will be of immense value for wood-pulp manufac- tories. The east side is a far different country, not nearly so rough, and the giant timber and grass-covered slopes, entirely devoid of under- brush, give it a park-like appearance that is pleas- ing beyond description. Altogether, it is a fair land to look upon and will soon be a profitable one to be in. Nearly equidistant from the North- ern Pacific and the Union Pacific, there will some day be a strife for possession, and the only possible route into this country is by way of Weiser and up the Weiser river, the distance being about ninety miles, and most of the way on grades of less than one per cent to within five miles of the principal mines. The timber resource is most valuable, and the demand now exists and is increasing for home consumption, and for no other reason but lack of local enterprise and capital the present supply of lumber comes largely from Oregon or some other point by rail, and besides is not of the best quality. There is also a large local demand for fuel, that would all be supplied from these forests. All of this will directly benefit Weiser. Besides the precious metals and immense de- posits of copper, iron and lead abound, and other minerals, such as coal, asbestos, gypsum and mi- ca, are abundant; and the immense quantities of garnets found in the copper mines would suggest that they be utilized as an abrasive material, and no doubt superior to many now extensively used. This should eventually become a prom- inent industry, as the use for such material is constantly increasing, and the value of a perma- nent supply will be appreciated by practical men. WARREN. This great gold-producing camp is directly tributary to Weiser and the developments of the past indicate that, if situated in any other county, it would attract the attention of the world. As the most wonderful placer camp of the old days, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 273 the stories of its richness are fabulous; but as time passed the diggings available to the primi- tive methods became too tame for wild ideas, and gradually the population removed. But the few who remained turned their attention to quartz, and now have developed properties that are un- surpassed for richness. This camp is destined to become a permanent and wealthy locality. IRRIGATION. This is an arid country. That means that for the growing of all products of the soil irrigation is required, and in this respect we are fully and perfectly prepared to meet all requirements. Our never failing supply is the Weiser, a beautiful, swift-flowing stream that heads one hundred miles north, and is fed on its way to the Snake river by numerous mountain streams, and at the mouth of the canyon where it enters the valley it shows, at the lowest stage ever known, a depth of three feet and a width of one hundred and twenty feet, and a flow of eight miles per hour. This record was made in August, after the maxi- mum drain for irrigation was over. During the earlier months the amount of water is far beyond any possible requirement. The present irrigation facilities are: The Weiser Water Company's canal, seventeen miles in length, which supplies twelve thousand acres, this being ample for the present, and can be easily increased to double its size; and the Weiser Irrigation Company's canal, six miles in length, which supplies over three thousand acres and also furnishes power for mill- ing, the fall being twenty-seven feet, offering un- surpassed facilities for factories of any kind, and the capacity and usefulness of this property can be doubled at small outlay. Mann creek, Mon- roe and Jenkins' creek valleys are all supplied by- local streams. Snake river at this point is a mag- nificent river one thousand feet wide and only divides the .fertile valleys of Idaho from thou- sands of acres of equally productive lands in Ore- gon. The water is clear and pure, and when the demand comes for city water works no place in the world could excel Weiser for permanence and purity of its water supply. Water is also taken out for irrigation by means of wheels. CHAPTER XXIV. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. HON. JAMES G. WATTS. TT MONG the practitioners of the bar of j\ Silver City, Idaho, is James G. Watts, -* * who is also a distinguished member of the state senate. Pennsylvania is the state of his nativity, his birth having occurred in the town of Wellsboro, July 23, 1858. His father, Daniel Watts, was a native of Eng- land, and on crossing the Atlantic, to America took up his residence in New York, whence he afterward removed to the Keystone state. There he was married to Miss Harriet Goodrich, a na- tive of Tioga county, Pennsylvania, and a repre- sentative of an old Puritan family. During the civil war the father entered the service of his country as a member of the Union army, and participated in the celebrated march to the sea. He died in a New York hospital of disease con- tracted in the service, leaving a widow and five children. The mother of these children died in 1890, when she had attained the age of sixty years. James G. Watts acquired his literary education in the Mansfield (Ohio) Normal School, where he was graduated in the class of 1880. For a number of years he successfully engaged in teach- ing school, and then began preparation for the legal profession as a student in the law office of Hon. T. W. McNealy, of Pittsburg, Illinois. Later he attended the Union College of Law, of Chicago, and was admitted to practice April i, 1886, in North Platte, Nebraska. He com- menced practice at Ogallala, Nebraska, and con- tinued there two years; then was in Omaha two years. In 1890 he removed to Idaho City, con- tinuing a member of the bar of that place for three years, since which time he has made his home in Silver City. Here he has enjoyed a satisfactory clientage, and has been connected with most of the important litigation tried in the courts of his district. He has a keenly analytical mind and determines with accuracy the strong points in a suit without losing sight of the de- tails. He is exacting in the research and care with which he prepares his cases, and in argu- ment he is strong. His ability has drawn to him a large practice, and his success indicates his mastery of the principles of jurisprudence. . In 1889 Mr. Watts was united in marriage to Miss Pearl Stoner, a daughter of S. A. Stoner, who was engaged in merchandising in Ogallala, Nebraska. They have two children James G. and Nancy E. Mr. Watts is a member of the Episcopal church and of the Masonic lodge of Silver City, in which he is now serving as junior warden. His political support is given the men and measures of the Democratic party, and while in Idaho City he was elected to the second ses- sion of the state senate. In 1898 he was again elected to that position from Owyhee county, and is now serving most creditably in the upper house of the state legislature, his close study of the issues of the day and the needs of the com- monwealth enabling him effectively to advocate those measures which he believes are best calcu- lated to promote the general welfare. At the close of the fifth session of the legislature he was appointed by Governor Stuenenberg chairman of the code commission a commission created by the legislature to codify and annotate the laws of the state. He is accounted one of the leading lawyers of the state, one of its most competent officials, and is highly esteemed for those social gifts and manly qualities which render him popu- lar with all classes of society. GEORGE PETTENGILL. The subject of this review is one whose his- tory touches the pioneer epoch in the annals of the state of Idaho, and whose days form an inte- gral part of that indissoluble chain which linked the early formative period with that of latter day progress and prosperity. Not alone is there par- ticular interest attaching to his career as one of 274 - HISTORY OF IDAHO. 275 the pioneers of Idaho, but in reviewing his genealogical record we find his lineage tracing back to the colonial history of the nation and to that period which marked the inception of the grandest republic the world has ever known. Through such sources have we attained the true American type, and along this line must our in- vestigations proceed if we would learn of the steadfast and unyielding elements which consti- tute the basis upon which has been reared the lofty and magnificent superstructure of an en- lightened and favored commonwealth. In 1620 Richard Pettengill was born in Staf- fordshire, England, and in 1641 he landed on the shores of New England, there to found a family that has sent its branches out into various sec- tions of the country. He married Johanna Ingersol, and their son, Samuel, was married February 3, 1674, to Sarah Poor. On the i8th of December, 1692, was born to them a son, to whom they gave the name of Benjamin. He was the father of Andrew P. Pettengill, the grand- father of the subject of this sketch. He was born in 1742 and removed to Salisbury, New Hampshire, where he married Miss Sarah Abi- gail Greely, who was born in 1749. Their son, David Pettengill, father of our subject, was born December 4, 1791, and married Hannah Quinby. She died, and lie later married her sister, Sarah Abigail Quinby, who became the mother of our subject. In 1838 they removed to Alton, Illinois, and the father established one of the first saw- mill industries in that section of the state, but he was not long permitted to enjoy his new home, his death occurring soon after his arrival in the Mississippi valley. His wife did not long sur- vive him, and thus three little children were left orphans in that then new country. George Pettengill was born in Salisbury, New 'Hampshire, on the i8th of May, 1832, and was only ten years old at the time of his mother's death. Thus early he was thrown upon his own resources, and whatever success he has since achieved is due entirely to his own efforts. He worked on a farm and obtained his education in the hard school of experience. At the age of seventeen he secured a clerkship in a country store, and was thus employed until the building of the railroad from Alton, Illinois, to Terre Haute, Indiana, when he was made superintend- ent of a number of men engaged on the con- struction of that road. In 1852, with a party of fifteen, he crossed the plains with oxen, taking three hundred head of cattle. At Fort Laramie, in company with five companions, he left the re- mainder of the party and continued the journey to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he remained for a month. On the expiration of that period Mr. Pettengill resumed his trip, by way of the Honey Lake Valley route, to California, and, after a short time passed at Shasta, went to Weaverville. He engaged in mining along the Trinity river until 1858, when, attracted by the excitement at the Eraser river, he made his way thither in search of gold. The following year, however, Mr. Pettengill returned to California and for some years was en- gaged in hauling freight from Red Bluff, then the head of steamboat navigation on the Sacramento river, to various points in the northern section of the state. In 1862 he came with a pack train across the mountains to Lewiston, Idaho, and engaged in the raising of cattle and horses on Squaw creek, in which undertaking he met with excellent success, having on hand as many as three hundred and fifty head of cattle at one time and half that number of horses. In 1883 he came to Boise and for some time conducted the Central Hotel, but for some years past has been engaged in the public service. In politics Mr. Pettengill has been a lifelong Republican, and in 1876 was a member of the territorial council for Boise county. He repre- sented Ada county in the state legislature in 1884, and from 1887 until 1890 he was the assessor of Ada county, a position which he has since filled for six years. His long service plainly indicates his fidelity to duty and his ability in the discharge of the tasks that fall to his lot. He is thoroughly posted on the value of every piece of property in the county, and neither fear nor favor can swerve him from the path of duty and rectitude. In 1876 Mr. Pettengill was united in marriage to Mrs. Anna Harris, and they have three sons. The eldest, George T., is now in the naval service of his country, as a member of the crew of the Puritan. He was at Matanzas and had the honor . of firing the first shot in the Spanish-American war. The other sons, Benjamin and Hugh, are twins, and are graduates of the high school of 27G HISTORY OF IDAHO. Boise. The family is one of prominence in the community and the members of the household occupy a prominent position in social circles. His political career has been marked by fidelity, and in social circles his genuine worth commands the respect of all. He is numbered among Ida- ho's honored pioneers, and his name should be placed high on the roll of her leading citizens. ED E MAXEY, M. D. Illinois has furnished to Idaho a number of her leading citizens, including Dr. E. E. Maxey, of Caldwell. He was born in Irvington, Wash- ington county, Illinois, on the 2ist of August, 1867. His ancestors resided in Maryland, Vir- ginia and Tennessee. His father, Dr. W. C. Maxey, was a practicing physician of Illinois for many years. He was graduated in the Univer- sity of Tennessee, and, determining to devote his energies to the medical profession, has gained marked prestige therein. During the civil war he joined the First Illinois Cavalry and afterward re-enlisted in the Eightieth Illinois Infantry, being promoted to the rank of lieutenant before the close of hostilities, in recognition of his meri- torious service on the field of battle. For the past twelve years he has resided in Caldwell, where he has secured a large and lucrative prac- tice. In politics he is a Republican and was elected a member of the convention which framed the present state constitution of Idaho. He was also at one time commandant of the Soldiers' Home in Boise and is now United States exam- ining surgeon. Dr. Ed E. Maxey is one of a family of seven children. He prepared for his professional career in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Chicago, graduating in the spring of 1891, imme- diately after which he began the practice of medi- cine in Caldwell, where he has succeeded in building up a good business. He is now the resi- dent surgeon of the Oregon Short Line Railroad, which passes through the town. He is a member of the State Medical Association of Idaho, and his prominence therein is indicated by the fact that he is now serving his second term as secre- tary of the organization. He is also a member of the American Medical Association. In the af- fairs of Caldwell he has taken an active part, and is a public-spirited, progressive citizen. He has filled the office of coroner, has been a member of the city council, and was the first coroner of Canyon county, having been appointed to that position by Governor Willey when the county was formed, and on the expiration of his first term was re-elected. Socially he is connected with the Masonic fraternity and is past master of Essene Lodge, No. 22, of Caldwell. Devoted to the noble and humane work which his profession implies, Dr. Maxey has proved faithful, and has not only earned the due reward of his efforts in a temporal way but has also proved himself worthy to exercise the important functions of his calling. ANTONE HINKEY. The popular proprietor of the Commercial Hotel at Nampa is a native of Ottawa, Illinois, where he was born April 2, 1857, his ancestors having come from Germany. His early educa- tion was obtained in the public schools of Ottawa, where he remained until reaching his eighteenth year, when he went to Nevada and engaged in farming and stock-raising until 1888, and then he came to Nampa and built the Commercial House, which has done the greater part of the hotel busi- ness of the town. The building is fifty by sixty feet, two stories in height, and contains thirty nicely furnished rooms. Mr. Hinkey is a most accommodating host, sparing no pains to make the traveling public feel at home and comfortable in his house. The hotel is centrally located, con- venient to the trains and the town and has the majority of the transient trade. Politically Mr. Hinkey is a stanch member of the Democratic party and has served his home city as trustee, and is numbered among her en- terprising and liberal citizens. GEORGE O. SAMPSON. George O. Sampson, of Silver City, was born in Siskiyou, California, on the nth of Decem- ber, 1853, and is of English lineage, the original American ancestors of the family having settled in Maine on their emigration from the Old World. Jonathan Sampson, the father of our subject, was born in the Pine Tree state and en- gaged in the lumber business there. In 1850, however, he came to the Pacific coast and en- gaged in mining in California, also in lumbering in Siskiyou county. In 1855 he removed to Ash- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 277 land, Oregon, and later took up his abode in Portland. He lived to a good old age and spent his last days at Garden City. His life was up- right and honorable, in harmony with his profes- sions as a member of the Methodist church. His wife lived to be sixty-three years of age. They were the parents of six children, five of whom reached years of maturity, while four are still liv- ing. George O. Sampson acquired the greater part of his education in Portland, Oregon, and on putting aside his text-books became a mechan- ical engineer. His residence in Idaho dates from 1864. He worked on newspapers for some years and in 1871 came to Silver City, where he was employed as an engineer for about fifteen years, running some of the largest hoists in the camp. In 1893 ne purchased the Silver City and De Lamar stage line, and in January, 1894, in part- nership with J. C. Brown, bought out the De Lamar Livery Company. In 1895 they also pur- chased the Owyhee livery stable at Silver City, and in October, 1896, they sold the other stable and the stage line to Messrs. Scott, McCain and Forney, retaining the Silver City business. In 1896 they purchased the big Palmer ranch in Pleasant valley, where they have eight hundred acres of land under fence, and cut about three hundred tons of hay annually, while extensive pastures supply the needs for their surplus live stock. This is one of the best conducted ranches in southern Idaho, and the proprietors also have the leading livery business in Silver City. Their barns are well supplied with good horses and vehicles of various kinds, and their honorable business methods and earnest desire to please their patrons have brought them a large and con- stantly increasing business. In public affairs Mr. Sampson has borne an important part, and in 1888 was called to repre- sent Owyhee county in the territorial legislature, where, giving careful consideration to every sub- ject or question to be acted upon, he supported such measures as he believed for the public good and was a valued member of the house. He is now chairman of the "silver" Republican county central committee, and was a delegate to the "silver" Republican state convention held in Boise in 1898. He is also a member of the state central committee, and his opinions carry consid- erable weight in the councils of his party. Socially he is connected with the Knights of Pythias, and has been master of the exchequer in the home lodge. He is also a member of the Masonic lodge and has served therein as master. He is a broad-minded man, who, in his support of measures affecting the general welfare, looks beyond the exigencies of the moment to the fu- ture needs, and his devotion to the public good, his irreproachable business record and his social qualities have won him the high esteem of all whom he has met. E. M. BARTON. There is probably no better criterion of the growing and prosperous condition of a town or city than its hotel interests. The town which is self-centered, having no connection with the out- side world, is unprogressive, its business stag- nates, and its residents become lacking in enter- prise, but if connected with outside affairs, travel and commerce add new life and energy, and there is a demand for entertainment on the part of the visitors, which makes good hotels a necessity. One of the most popular hostelries in this section of the state is known as the Weiser Hotel, owned by the Barton Brothers, and under the personal management of the gentleman whose name in- troduces this review. He has gained for his house a reputation that is far-reaching, and its excellence in every particular has secured it a very liberal patronage. The hotel building was com- pleted' in February, 1897, and is built of brick, the main building being one hundred and ten by thirty-two feet, two stories in height with base- ment, while the wing is thirty by seventy feet and of the same height. The hotel contains thirty- nine rooms furnished and fitted up in modern style and supplied with the latest improvements and conveniences. E. M. Barton, its manager, is a very genial, courteous gentleman, and as he does all in his power to make his guests com- fortable he has become a very popular landlord and has many friends among those whose lives are largely devoted to travel. He was born in Miller county, Missouri, De- cember 1 6, 1856, and is descended from Welsh ancestors, who located in the south at an early period in the history of this country and were for many years residents of Tennessee and Ken- HISTORY OF IDAHO. tucky. John H. Barton, father of our subject, was a native of Bowling Green, Tennessee, and in Kentucky married Miss Olive Johnson. In 1854 he removed with his family to Missouri, where he owned lands and engaged in farming until 1873. He then resumed his westward journey, accompanied by his wife and five chil- dren. He remained for a year in Kansas and two years in Colorado, then came to Idaho, locating in Weiser in September, 1877. He departed this life in June, 1897, and his estimable wife survived him only six weeks. They were seventy-nine and eighty years of age, respectively, at the time of death. Of their children three are still living. E. M. Barton, the youngest child, acquired the greater part of his education in the schools of Missouri. He accompanied his parents on their various removals, and since coming to Weiser has been engaged in business with his brother James. They have given their attention to min- ing and stock-raising and are still extensively engaged in those enterprises. They have ten thousand sheep and own two sections of land, on which they raise one thousand tons of hay per annum. They own several valuable quartz mines in the Seven Devils mining district, and^have sold a mine at Mineral City for nine thousand dollars, another for twenty thousand dollars and a third for thirty-two thousand dollars. They also have valuable property interests in Weiser, in addition to the hotel, and in connection with managing the last named enterprise E. M. Bar- ton is also serving as a director of the Weiser Bank. He and his brother are accounted two of the most enterprising, successful and reliable business men of Washington county, and enjoy the regard of all with whom they have been asso- ciated. In 1888 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Barton and Miss Carrie Grab, a native of Mis- souri, and a daughter of Conrad Grab, a farmer of the Salubria valley. They have three children: Edward Conrad, a student in Baker City, Ore- gon; Katie E., and Inez. Mr. Barton is a mem- ber of the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias fraternity. He has given his support in many generous ways to the perpetuation of those forces which conserve the best interests of any com- munity, and it has been no insignificant part he has taken in the substantial upbuilding of his adopted city and state. He is a man of unim- peachable integrity and sound judgment. His mental acumen gives him a thorough compre- hension of large issues and at the same time an appreciation o'f all essential details. Such quali- ties have brought him marked success and made him one of the leading business men of his sec- tion of the state. TROWBRIDGE C. EGLESTON. Occupying a prominent position among the leading business men of Caldwell, Idaho, we find the subject of this biography, Trowbridge C. Egleston, wholesale and retail dealer in hard- ware, stoves, tinware, groceries, provisions, wagons and farm machinery. The business of which Mr. Egleston is the head was established in 1884 by Frank R. Coffin & Brother. In 1892 Mr. Egleston purchased the store and has since been at the head of its management, doing a prosperous business. He occupies a brick build- ing, forty by one hundred and twenty-five feet in dimensions, with basement, and also has two large storehouses, in which his supply stock is kept. Mr. Egleston is a native of Ohio. He was born in Madison, that state, June 19, 1857, and traces his ancestry to England. The progenitor of the Egleston family in this country was Eben Egleston, who settled in Massachusetts at an early date. He was by trade a tanner, and was a most influential and worthy citizen. His family comprised three sons. Russell S. Egleston, the father of Trowbridge C., was born in Westfield, Massachusetts, and in early life had excellent educational advantages. He graduated at both Auburn Theological Seminary and Williams College, and was for many years in the active work of the ministry of the Presbyterian church. He preached in Madison, Ohio, Westfield, Con- necticut, and Gaines, New York, his pastoral work covering half a century. He is now eighty- three years of age, vigorous in both mind and body, and is still a resident of Gaines, New York. His good wife, who is now seventy-two years of age, was formerly Miss Elizabeth Trowbridge, she being a native of Dutchess county, New York. To them were born two sons and a daughter. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 279 Trowbridge C. Egleston was educated at Cor- nell University, Ithaca, New York, and learned the hardware business in Albion, that state, and in the hardware establishment of Pratt & Com- pany, of Buffalo, was employed for some time. He then became traveling salesman for the Cam- bia Iron Company, of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, with which he was connected four years, and the following four years he traveled for the Simmons Hardware Company, of St. Louis. While thus occupied he learned the manufacturers' prices and gained a wide range of information, which has been of great value to him since he estab- lished himself in a business of his own. On pur- chasing the store above referred to at Caldwell, he centered his interests here and from the first has met with merited success, and he now con- trols a trade that extends into the surrounding country for miles. Mr. Egleston was married in 1878 to Miss Sarah B. Mann, of Pittsfield, Ohio, daughter of Philo H. Mann, an Ohio stockman. Mr. and Mrs. Egleston have two daughters, Florence I. and Ethel E. Mrs. Egleston is a member of the Baptist church. Fraternally, Mr. Egleston is a Mason, having received the degrees of the blue lodge and chap- ter. He has served Caldwell as mayor, and is a Republican, taking a commendable interest al- ways in public affairs and looking ever to the welfare of his city and country. TIM SHEA. Perhaps no one business enterprise or indus- try indicates more clearly the commercial and social status of a town than its hotels. The wide- awake, enterprising villages and cities must have pleasant accommodations for visitors and travel- ing men, and the foreign public judges of a com- munity by the entertainment afforded to the strangers. In this regard the Idaho Hotel, of which Mr. Shea is proprietor, is an index of the character and advantages of Silver City, for the hostelry will rank favorably with those of many a larger place, and its genial proprietor neglects nothing that can add to the comfort of his guests. He is a native of Canada, born January 7, 1852, and is of Irish lineage. His parents, Jeremiah and Teresa (Regan) Shea, were both born on the Emerald Isle, and in early life crossed the Atlan- tic to Canada, where the father died when quite a young man. His wife reached the advanced age of eighty-one years,, and departed this life in Boise, Idaho. Our subject was only seventeen years of age when he first came to Idaho. In company with his brother, Con Shea, he brought a drove of cattle from Texas to this state, and here sold them. For three successive years they made similar trips and, although the long journey was often a trying one, they were unmo- lested .by Indians and met with no loss. For a number of years they continued in the stock busi- ness, making Silver City their headquarters. Con Shea now makes his home in Santa Rosa, Cali- fornia, being one of the wealthy residents of that beautiful city. He of whom we write, however, has continued his residence in Silver City and has become an important factor in the business life of Owyhee county. In addition to his proprietor- ship of the Idaho Hotel, he is also the senior partner in the mercantile firm of Shea, McLain & Crete, proprietors of an extensive store, and has an interest in the Monmouth mine, which is located twelve miles from Silver City. In 1881 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Shea and Miss Lizzy Conners. They reside in the hotel and in this community they are widely and favorably known. Mr. Shea has a wide ac- quaintance throughout the state, and is very popular with the traveling public. In politics he is a "silver" Republican, but has neither time nor inclination to seek office. His energies are largely devoted to his business interests, and he is a man of excellent business and executive abil- ity, who carries forward to successful completion whatever he undertakes. He forms his plans readily, is determined in his execution, and his regard for the ethics of commercial life, combined with his enterprise, has won him success and the unqualified confidence of the community. EDWARD C. HELFRICH. The superior business ability of Mr. Helfrich has been an integral factor in the commercial ac- tivity whereon has rested much of the prosperity of southern Idaho. The world judges the char- acter of a community by those of its representa- tive citizens, and yields its tributes of admiration and respect for the ability and accomplishments of those whose works and actions constitute the 280 HISTORY OF IDAHO. record of the state's prosperity and pride. There- fore it is proper that a just celebrity should be given to those men who are prominent in their day and generation, that the living may enjoy the approbation of their contemporaries as well as that of a grateful posterity. Edward G. Helfrich is one of the leading and pioneer merchants of southern Idaho, and is now successfully and extensively carrying on operations at Mountain Home. He has, how- ever, been the originator of many other_ enter- prises which have contributed not alone to his individual prosperity but have also promoted the general welfare. He was born in North San Juan, Nevada county, California, March n, 1858. His father, Conrad D. Helfrich, was a native of Germany, and when a young man emigrated to the United States, becoming a resident of Cali- fornia in 1850. Two years later he returned to Maryland and was married to Miss Elizabeth Gaynor, bringing his bride with him to his Cali- fornia home. For many years he was engaged in the manufacture and sale of soda water. He died in 1876, at the age of fifty-four years, and his wife, who still survives him, is now sixty-two years of age. Both were members of the Cath- olic church and by their marriage they became the parents of nine children, of whom seven are yet living. Mr. Helfrich of this review, the second in order of birth, was educated in the public schools of California, and when fifteen years of age went to Utah, where he engaged in clerking in the store of his uncle, J. W. Guthrie, a prominent mer- chant of that territory. He continued in that service for seven years, acquiring a thorough and comprehensive understanding of the business, both in principle and detail. Later he began merchandising on his own account, conducting stores in both Corinne and Ogden. In the fall of 1882 he came to Shoshone, Idaho. The rail- road was then being constructed through this section of the state, but the now promising and progressive towns found along its line had not then been founded. Mr. Helfrich formed a part- nership with Sam Holt and Howard Sebree in the ownership of stores at Shoshone, Mountain Home. Caldwell, Weiser and at Ogden and Salt Lake, Utah. This connection was continued until the spring of 1886, when the property was divided, Mr. Helfrich becoming owner of the stores in Weiser and Mountain Home. In 1887 he consolidated the two stores and has since re- mained at Mountain Home, where he has a large and well appointed store and is regarded as one of the most reliable and successful merchants of the town. He has built a double store, fifty by sixty feet, in which he carries a large line of gen- eral merchandise, and in addition he has a large warehouse adjacent to the railroad track, in which he stores his surplus stock, also utilizing it for the storage of wool, Mountain Home being an extensive wool market. Mr. Helfrich was happily married, in February, 1888, to Miss Nellie G. Mallison, a native of Pennsylvania and a daughter of Samuel Mal- lison, now of Kansas. She is a lady of refine- ment, possessing many estimable characteristics. Theirs is one of the delightful homes in their lo- cality and they are justly entitled to the high esteem in which they are held by the citizens of the town. In his political views Mr. Helfrich has always been a Democrat, and has taken a prom- inent part in promoting the interests of that or- ganization. He represented Alturas county in the territorial legislature in 1886-7, but is not an office-seeker, preferring to give his entire time and attention to his business, whereby he has ac- quired a good property. His mercantile career is above reproach. He has met every obligation most fully and honorably, is courteous and fair with his patrons, and his reliability commends him to their confidence and good will. THE VENDOME HOTEL. Among the enterprises of Weiser which are alike creditable to the city and to their proprie- tors is the Vendome Hotel, which was built by- its present owners and managers, Messrs. Mc- Gregor and Coakley, and by them opened for business in February, 1891. Since that time the hotel has gained a very favorable reputation with the traveling public and enjoys a large patron- age. It is a brick structure, two stories high, and contains twenty-eight rooms, well finished, well furnished, well ventilated and nicely kept. Great care is given to the perfection of all arrange- ments which will contribute to the comfort of the guests, and from the daintily spread tables, supplied with all the delicacies of the season, to HISTORY OF IDAHO. 281 the tastefully appointed parlors, all is harmonious and attractive. Malcolm McGregor, the senior member of the firm of McGregor & Coakley, was born in Pic- ton, Nova Scotia, on the I4th of January, 1845, and in his youth learned the machinist's trade. He afterward operated a stationary engine and worked at his trade both in San Francisco, Cali- fornia, and Virginia City, Nevada. In 1871 he removed to Silver City, Idaho, where he accepted the position of chief engineer of the Ida Elmore mine and mill. He also conducted the Idaho Hotel there for some time, but came to Weiser in 1885. Here he engaged in raising sheep, also conducted a hotel, but abandoned both of those interests on joining Mr. Coakley in the erection of and conduct of the Vendome Hotel. He is an obliging and courteous landlord, well fitted by nature for the duties which rest upon him, hav- ing a social, genial disposition. He is also num- bered among the enterprising and public-spirited citizens of the county and withholds his support from no movement intended to advance the gen- eral welfare. He is a stockholder in the Tele- phone Company and the Creamery Company, and his sound business judgment has contributed in no small degree to his success. As a hotel man he is widely known and has many friends all over the country. James B. Coakley, the junior member of the firm, is a western man by birth and possesses the true western spirit of progress. He is a native of San Francisco, California, his birth hav- ing occurred on the loth of October, 1856. His parents, John J. and Maria (Hanley) Coakley, were both natives of Ireland, and in early man- hood the father came to the United States. He was married in San Francisco, where he now re- sides, at the advanced age of eighty-two years. He was custom-house inspector at New Orleans for a number of years, and for a considerable period engaged in merchandising in California. His wife died in her fifty-ninth year. They were the parents of five children, two of whom are liv- ing. James B. Coakley acquired his preliminary education in the public schools of New Orleans, and afterward attended the Soule Commercial College. He dates his residence in Idaho from 1875, at which time he took up his abode in Sil- ver City and entered upon the ditties of book- keeper for William Hardiman, in whose employ he remained for six years. Later he engaged in merchandising on his own account in connection with William Sommercamp, of Silver City, and while there was twice elected probate judge and ex-orficio county auditor and recorder, accept- ably filling the position for six years, when he re- signed to come to Weiser, in 1890. Here joining Mr. McGregor they inaugurated their new enter- prise, and the Vendome Hotel now stands as a monument of their progressive spirit and busi- ness ability. In 1882 Mr. Coakley was happily married to Miss 'Myrtle Stacey, of Pennsylvania, and they have three children: Raynor J., Verna S. and Donna D. Mr. Coakley is connected socially with the Knights of Pythias fraternity, in which he has filled all the chairs of the local lodge, and also belongs to both lodge and encampment of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In both branches he has taken a prominent part and has been representative in the grand lodge. His ex- tended circle of acquaintances includes many warm friends, and, like Mr. McGregor, he is popular with the traveling public. Both are men whose success is attributable to their own efforts, capable management, perseverance and consecu- tive effort, and it is to such citizens that the northwest owes her rapid and substantial devel- opment. CHARLES H. CRETE. A member of the firm of Shea. McLain & Crete, prominent dealers in general merchandise at Silver City, our subject is a native of that place, born April 7, 1866, and is the son of Fred- erick and Wilhelmina (Kornmann) Crete, a sketch of whom will be found on another page of this work. Charles Crete attended the public schools of Silver City during his boyhood and began his business life in a store of William Hardman. with whom he remained five years, during this time becoming thoroughly acquainted with the details of the business and acquiring an enviable reputa- tion as a faithful clerk and good salesman. He afterward spent five years with the firm of Baxter & Company, in Jordan Valley, after which he re- turned to* Silver City and was for nine years in the employ of Dave Adams in the store of which IS2 HISTORY OF IDAHO. he is now one of the proprietors. His ability and diligence in the discharge of his duties, his wide experience and his unfailing courtesy have se- cured him the esteem not only of the citizens of Silver City but also of the surrounding country. . Mr. Crete was married September 6, 1893, to Miss Helen Thompson, who was born in Lin- wood, Nebraska, May 19, 1875, and is a daugh- ter of R, C. and Elizabeth Thompson. They have three children Bessie, Gladys and Mirriam Rebecca. Mr. and Mrs. Crete are active and valued members of the Odd Fellows fraternity., in which he has passed all the chairs, and Mrs. Crete has the honor of being past noble grand of the Daughters of Rebekah. They have a pleas- ant home, in which they delightfully entertain their many friends. W. F. BURNS. W. F. Burns, who has engaged in general mer- chandising in Nampa since 1893, and is one of the successful merchants of the town, was born in McDonald county, Missouri, on the 25th of February, 1859, ar >d is of Scotch and Irish line- age. His parents, E. F. and M. E. (Kennedy) Burns, were natives of Georgia and Tennessee, respectively, and several generations of the fam- ily lived in the south. The paternal great-grand- father of our subject was one of the heroes who fought for the independence of the nation. E. F. Burns was a prominent farmer, and successfully carried on agricultural pursuits for many years. He belonged to the Methodist church and took an active part in public affairs, being called to many positions of honor and trust! He served as United States marshal for a number of years and discharged his duties with marked promptness and fidelity. At the commencement of hostilities in the civil war he espoused the Cause of the south, joining the Confederate army, but early in the struggle he was made a prisoner of war and incarcerated in Indiana until the war was al- most ended. He departed this life in the sev- enty-fourth year of his age; and his wife, who had died some years previously, was sixty-six years old at the time of her demise. They were the parents of eight children. W. F. Burns, a member of their family and the subject of this sketch, was reared on his father's farm in Missouri and received such educational privileges as were afforded by the public schools of the neighborhood. In 1881 he determined to try his fortune in Idaho, and after his arrival drove a mule team and performed other labor that would yield him an honest living. Oppor- tunity for advancement, however, is not wanting to one of ambition and determination. He was industrious, saved his money, and in 1889 went to Boise, where he engaged in business on his own account as proprietor of a hotel, which he conducted for four years, meeting with satisfac- tory success. In 1893 he came to Nampa and opened a general mercantile establishment. He carries a large and carefully selected stock of goods, and by close attention to business and honorable methods he has acquired a good busi- ness and won the good will and confidence of the citizens of Nampa and the surrounding country. He erected a good store and residence, the for- mer twenty by ninety feet, and is now enjoying a large patronage. In 1892 Mr. Burns married Miss Fannie W. Morrison, a native of McDonald county, Mis- souri, and they have three sons and a daughter Lloyd, Clarence, Thomas T. and Laura D. Mr. and Mrs. Burns are members of the Methodist church. In politics he is independent, voting for the men whom he regards as best qualified for of- fice. He is now serving as one of the trustees of Nampa and is an enterprising, progressive citi- zen. A self-made man, he deserves great credit for his advancement in life, for fate did not favor him in his youth. He has been the architect of his own fortunes and has builded wisely and well, placing his confidence in those reliable qualities of energy, industry and honesty which in the end never fail to bring the merited reward. JOSEPH PINKHAM. Canada has furnished to the United States many bright, enterprising young men who have left the Dominion to enter the business circles of this country with its more progressive methods, livelier competition and advancement more quickly secured. Among this number is Mr. Pinkham. He has somewhat of the strong, rugged and persevering characteristics developed by his earlier environments, which, coupled with the livelier impulses of the New England blood of his ancestors, made him at an early day seek HISTORY OF IDAHO. 283 wider fields in which to give full scope to his ambition and industry his dominant qualities. He found the opportunity he sought in the free- dom and appreciation of the growing western portion of the country. Though born across the border, he is thoroughly American in thought - and feeling, and is patriotic and sincere in his love for the stars and stripes. His career is iden- tified with the history of Idaho, where he has ac- quired a competence and where he is an honored and respected citizen. Thrice has he served as United States marshal of Idaho, and is accounted one of her bravest pioneers. Mr. Pinkham was born in Canada, on the 15th of December, 1833, and is a representative of an old New England family who were early settlers of Maine. The first of the name to come to America was Thomas Pinkham, a native of Wales, who established his home in the Pine Tree state. Henson Pinkham, father of our sub- ject, was born, reared and married in Maine, and a short time prior to the birth of his son, Joseph, removed to Canada. The latter was reared upon a farm near New London, and acquired his edu- cation in the public schools of the neighborhood. In 1850, when seventeen years of age, he sailed from New York around Cape Horn for San Francisco, and was eight months making the trip, and after a short period spent in the latter city went to Shasta City, California, where he secured a situation as clerk in a store. Soon afterward, however, he went to Pitt river, where he engaged in placer mining, and next went on horseback to Jacksonville, Oregon, where he en- gaged in mining and farming, meeting with fair success. On the 3d of August, 1854, he went to the Rogue river valley. The same day the Rogue river Indian war broke out, being precipitated by the killing of a white man near Table Rock. The war continued for a year and peace was procured by General Joseph Lane. In the fall of 1855, however, trouble broke out anew, and Mr. Pink- ham aided in its suppression. He was in the quartermaster's department and participated in the battle of Hungry Hill. He remained in Ore- gon until 1862, devoting his energies to mining and farming, and then removed to Umatilla, on the Columbia river, where he engaged in clerk- ing in the store of Z. F. Moody, who was after- ward governor of Oregon. In 1864, in connec- tion with Ish and Hailey, he conducted a saddle train between the Columbia river and Boise. He was engaged in purchasing supplies and forward- ing the trains until 1866, when he assisted in the purchase of stage stock for the Mecham route to the Boise country, and also had charge of the road from Umatilla across the Blue mountains until 1868. In that year he removed to Idaho City, Idaho, and purchased the stage route across Boise Basin to Placerville, Pioneer and Quartz- burg; and in 1870 he bought the stage line from Idaho City to Boise, conducting the two lines until 1872, when he sold to the Greathouse brothers. In 1870 Mr. Pinkham was appointed United States marshal for the territory of Idaho by Pres- ident Grant, and on the completion of his first term was again appointed by the same execu- tive. He filled the office in a manner indeed cred- itable to himself and satisfactory to the govern- ment. He entered upon the duties of his position at a time when the region was largely infested with a lawless element and when crime held sway in many districts. He was ever fearless in the discharge of his duty, and to his efforts is largely due the rapid transformation of the state to its present condition of advanced civilization. A brave officer, carrying out the laws of the land, is a bulwark of defense to the better class of citi- zens and a continual menace to the worst ele- ment. In 1890 President Harrison appointed Mr. Pinkham for a third term in the office of United States marshal, and he therefore carried forward the work which he had so splendidly be- gun, the work of ridding the state of all criminal characters, so that it might become the abiding place of a prosperous and happy people. He had several narrow escapes while discharging his duties, but his bravery was ever above question, and his reputation for fearlessness and loyalty to duty soon spread among those who were amen- able to law. On one occasion he started in pursuit of a crim- inal. He was riding on the front seat of the stage with the driver, when, as they were passing through a narow defile in the mountains, they were waylaid by two men. From the brush at his side a rifle was pointed at Mr. Pinkham, so near that he could almost reach it as he sat lean- 284 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ing back with his arm across the seat. The ball from the gun passed just in front of him and lodged in the driver. At the same instant a man fired from the other side, using a gun loaded with nine buckshot. Every shot struck the beam of the coach just behind the driver, passed through the coach over the heads of the passengers and lodged on the beam in the opposite side. The driver, Charles Phelps, exclaimed: "I am shot." Mr. Pinkham then attempted to take the lines and whip, but could not wrench them from the grasp of the dying man; so, sitting in his lap, he swung the whip and urged the horses into a run toward Pocatello, a distance of two or three miles. There the driver was taken down and a doctor who was in the coach examined him, but said that the wound would prove fatal. So they put him in the coach, while Mr. Pinkham sup- ported his head and another man drove to the Black Rock stage station, where, soon after their arrival, the driver died. At this place the Mon- tana stage came down, loaded with bullion and accompanied by four well armed Wells-Fargo messengers. Mr. Pinkham proceeded on his way and arrested the man he was after and returned safely with him to the seat of justice. On another occasion, in 1878, a man was killed at Ross' Fork by an Indian, whom the military followed up Snake river and arrested. Mr. Pink- ham then went after the offender and took him to Malad City, where he was tried, the sentence being that he should be hung at Boise. Mr. Pinkham then started with him in an open rig, putting him beside the driver, while he and his deputy sat behind. They learned that a large number of Indians were going to attempt his rescue, and accordingly they took another route. Mr. Pinkham instructed the deputy that if they were attacked to kill their prisoner, and then fight for their own lives; but the new route selected prevented them from having an encounter with the red men. At length they arrived safely in Boise, where the Indian was hung. In 1892, the time of the miners' strike and riots at Coeur d'Alene, the members of the Miners' Union were enjoined from interrupting the peaceable working of other miners. It was Mr. Pinkham's duty to serve the papers in these cases, which he served on about five hundred men in Shoshone county, where he and his depu- ties arrested two hundred and fifty-seven of them for violating the injunction, holding them in Wallace under military guard. It was a time of great excitement and the miners were very des- perate. Those arrested had a hearing before the United States commissioner, and all were dis- charged except about thirty of the leaders, one of. whom was the notorious Ed Boice. At a special term of court held by Judge Beatty they were sentenced to six months' imprisonment in the Boise jail. During the strike there were fifteen non-union men working in a mine near Burke. They were surrounded by union men, who threat- ened to capture the mine and kill the miners. Mr. Pinkham was ordered to take the men away from the mine. He ,knew it to be a very difficult and dangerous duty, owing to the desperate char- acter of the union men, and for a time he hardly knew how to accomplish the task, for the head- quarters of the union men were at that place and serious trouble was expected. Studying over the matter during the night, in the morning he had reached the determination to go unarmed, and, instructing his deputy to go likewise, they took a coach and engine to bring the men away. At Wallace, about three miles from Burke, they tel- ephoned for the guards to bring the men from the mine to the foot of the hill, about one hun- dred feet from where the cars would stop. From his station on the train he could see the men come down the hill. The yard was packed with union men. Mr. Pinkham and his deputy got out and walked through the crowd of desperate and angry men, all armed, reached the miners, and then our subject, starting toward the train, ordered the men to follow, the deputy bringing up in the rear. In this way they marched to the car, boarded it and pulled ovit in the midst of the most horrible abuse ever heaped upon any in- dividuals, but the daring feat was safely accom- plished and the lives. of the miners were saved through the skill and courage of Mr. Pinkham. It was also during his service as United States marshal that the American Railway Union strike occurred, and he also handled the Coxey move- ment successfully without the loss of life or the destruction of property. It was said of him by the United States at- torney general that he had been more successful than anv other marshal in the entire service of the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 285 United States. With a keen appreciation of the great responsibility that rested upon him, with a full understanding of his duty, and without fear, he met every call without shrinking and made for himself a most creditable record. His name has thus become inseparably associated with the early history of the state, and Idaho owes not a little to him for the advancement which she has been enabled to make. In politics Mr. Pinkham has always been a stalwart Republican, has taken an active interest in the work of the party, and has been chairman of the Republican state central committee. He served in that capacity for three years, and by his capable organization and wise management brought success to the party.- His business inter- ests connect him with a number of good mines in the state. He buys and sells mining property on an extensive scale and is a mining expert, being rarely if e,ver mistaken as to the value of ores. In 1857 Mr. Pinkham was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Gray, a native of Missouri. She is the daughter of the Rev. Mr. Gray, a Meth- odist minister, and in that church she is a valued member. Socially Mr. Pinkham is a Mason, hav- ing taken the three preliminary degrees in Uma- tilla lodge, of Oregon, in 1864. He is now a Royal Arch Mason and a Knight Templar, is past master of the blue lodge, past grand secre- tary and treasurer and past deputy grand master of the grand lodge of Idaho. He is also a mem- ber of the Order of Elks. Such in brief is the life history of Joseph Pink- ham. In whatever relation of life we find him in the government service, in political circles, in business or in social relations he is always the same honorable and honored gentleman, whose worth well merits the high regard which is uni- formly given him. CHARLES R. -KELSEY. Among the more recent accessions to the town of Mountain Home is Charles R. Kelsey, a gen- tleman of large business experience, who, as a wholesale dealer in groceries and hardware and general merchandise, has already proved himself a potent factor in the business circles of his adopted county. Mr. Kelsey is a native of New- York state, born in Delaware county, at Can- nonsville, November 2, 1857, and in his veins flows the blood of French and German ancestors, who were among the early settlers of Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania. His father, Michael B. Kel- sey, was born in that city and counted among his relatives the distinguished family of Buchanans which furnished to the nation one of its presi- dents. Michael B. Kelsey was a prominent and successful farmer and stock dealer. He married Miss Phebe Galusha, who was also a representa- tive of a distinguished eastern family. Both he and his wife were members of the Methodist church, and in county affairs he was active and influential, holding a number of official positions, including those of county commissioner and county sheriff. His wife died at the age of forty- five years and his death occurred when he had reached the advanced age of seventy-four. Their three children are all living at this writing. Charles R. Kelsey acquired his education in Poughkeepsie, New York. At an early age he was taught to depend upon his own resources and when only a small lad entered upon his busi- ness career, as a newsboy, employing other boys to work for him and furnishing their outfits. Thus early he became self-reliant and also mani- fested a strong commercial instinct, which in later years has made him a leader in mercantile circles. After discontinuing the sale of papers, he was for some time a member of the Engineers' Corps on the New York & Oswego Midland Railway. In 1875 he started for the Black Hills, but on teaching Cheyenne, Wyoming, he was in- duced to accept a position in the large business house of Max Meyer & Company in that city. For two years he was in Cheyenne, after which he was transferred to Omaha, Nebraska, where he served in the capacity of bookkeeper and cash- ier for a number of years, or until 1881, when he returned to New York city on a vacation. How- ever, while there he became interested in a brok- erage business, which he conducted with suc- cess for some time; but not desiring to remain in the east he again went to Omaha, where he once more entered the employ of the old 'firm, being at that time made manager of the extensive busi- ness. Subsequently Mr. Kelsey opened a store of his own on the corner of Sixteenth and Cass streets, Omaha, and did a good business, but as compe- tition was very strong and he had an excellent 286 HISTORY OF IDAHO. opportunity to sell out at a good profit, he dis- posed of his stock. In 1883 he went to Camp Clark, Nebraska, where he opened up a stock of general merchandise and from the start met with good success, his partner in the enterprise being Dennis Sheedy, vice-president of the Colorado National Bank and head of the Globe Smelting Company and the Denver Dry Goods Company. After two years spent there Mr. Kelsey removed to Miles City, Montana, and engaged in the manufacture of harness and saddlery, securing a large patronage and conducting a profitable business until 1887, when a severe winter caused the death of ninety per cent of the cattle of that state and changed the fortunes of many a man. This consequently brought on hard times, and Mr. Kelsey accordingly closed out his business, returned to Omaha, and again entered the em- ploy of Max Meyer & Company as manager. Later he became a resident of Wyoming, where he engaged in the coal business at Rock Springs until his removal to Mountain Home in 1896. Here, in September, 1897, he established his present business, and as a wholesale dealer in hardware, groceries and general merchandise, he has built up an excellent business which enables him to furnish employment to ten men. He also has a branch store at Rocky Bar and at that place is engaged in gold-mining, being superin- tendent of the Commonwealth Gold Mining and Milling Company, which has a large and valuable plant. They employ fifty men and secure a high- grade gold ore from their mines. In Omaha, Nebraska, January i, 1881, Mr. Kelsey was united in marriage to Miss Althea Houck, a native of Pennsylvania and a relative of the Harrison family, to which two of our presidents have belonged. Mr. and Mrs. Kelsey have two children, a son and daughter, Her- bert and Mary, the former, although still in his minority, having charge of the store at Rocky Bar and displaying excellent business ability in its management. Mr. Kelsey and his family are identified with the Episcopal church. They have a delightful home, celebrated for its hospi- tality and good cheer, and with their many friends it is a favorite and popular resort. In his fraternal relations Mr. Kelsey is a Ma- son and has taken all the degrees of the York rite and the thirty-second degree of the Scottish rite. He is deeply interested in the political questions of the clay, closely studies the issues which concern the state and nation, and gives a loyal support to the Republican party. He was the chairman of the first Republican state con- vention of Wyoming, held at Laramie, and was for seven years county commissioner of Sweet- water county, Wyoming. He is also distin- guished as a parliamentarian, and has written and published a volume on parliamentary usage. He is in the best sense of the term a self-made man. Starting out to earn his own living when a mere boy he has steadily worked his way up- ward, overcoming all difficulties and obstacles and taking advantage of all favorable opportuni- ties for acquiring an honorable fortune. Tire- less purpose, keen perception, honesty of pur- pose, genius for devising and executing the right thing at the right time, joined to every- day common sense, guided by great will power, these are the chief characteristics of the man. GEORGE SPIEGEL. Among the enterprising young business men of Boise is the subject of this review, who is now at the head of an extensive wholesale and retail grocery house. His marked ability has done much to promote the commercial activity upon which the welfare of every community depends, and in trade circles he enjoys an unassailable reputation. Almost his entire life has been passed in Idaho, and he is numbered among the native sons of California, his birth having occurred in San Francisco, on the 6th of April, 1861. His father, David Spiegel, is numbered among the pioneers of California, Oregon and the Gem of the Moun- tains. He was born in Poland, Russia, in 1831, and when a young man came to the United States, locating in San Francisco when it was only a small town, where he began merchandis- ing. In 1863 he came on foot to the Boise Basin, and in the manner of the old-time peddlers sold his goods throughout the new territory, traveling through the wild region when it was infested with savage Indians and white men ready to commit any crime for the sake of booty. Many times Mr. Spiegel walked from Umatilla to Boise Basin in all kinds of weather, sleeping in his blankets on the ground and enduring HISTORY OF IDAHO. 287 many discomforts; but he persevered in his labors, and when civilization had founded enter- prising towns he was ready to take his place among the progressive merchants in these new centers of commerce. In 1867 he came to Boise and opened a fruit and cigar store. Prices were very high in those days: he often paid ten dollars a box for apples. By close attention to business he secured an ex- cellent patronage, constantly extending the field of his labors until, he became one of the enterpris- ing general merchants of Boise. After some years he was joined by his son .George, and to- gether they carried on the general store until there seemed to be a demand for a wholesale and retail grocery, and the present enterprise was accordingly inaugurated. For many years Da- vid Spiegel was prominently associated with the commercial interests of the capital city and did much to promote the business activity. The well deserved success which ultimately crowned his labors enabled him to put aside business cares in 1898, and since that time he has traveled ex- tensively along the Pacific coast, visiting the scenes of his early ventures. He was married in San Francisco, during the days of his early residence there, to Miss Rosa Dux, a native of Bohemia, Austria, and of their children we may state that Leo is also engaged in the grocery business in this city. The sons are active business men, and Joseph is now in the employ of Franklin MacVeagh & Company, of Chicago. The daughters are Fannie, now the wife of Charles Stoltz; Julia, wife of Lee Hirch- land; and Rebecca, wife of Leo P. Greenbaum. The mother departed this life in 1895, at the age of fifty-seven years. George Spiegel was reared and educated in Boise, and in 1890 became associated with his father in the ownership of a general mercantile establishment. It was at his suggestion that the business was merged into the wholesale and re- tail grocery, of which he is now sole proprietor. He is a business man of great energy and execu- tive ability, following the most systematic meth- ods, and conducting his store along the line of the strictest commercial ethics. His trade ex- tends throughout Idaho and into Oregon and Nevada. His earnest desire to please his pat- rons, as well as his known reliability, has been an important feature in his success and made him one of the leading merchants of Boise. Socially Mr. Spiegel is a Mason, having taken the three preliminary degrees in Boise Lodge, No. 2, A. F. & A. M., in 1882, since which time he has been exalted to the degree of a Royal Arch Mason. He is a member of the Beth Is- rael congregation, and in politics is a Republi- can. During the years of his residence in Boise he has steadily worked his way upward to a position among her most prominent merchants. S. D. McLAIN. The prosperity of any community, town or city depends upon its commercial activity, its in- dustrial interests and its trade relations, and therefore the real upbuilders of a town are those who stand at the head of the leading enterprises. Among the prominent representatives of com- mercial life in Silver City is S. D. McLain, who as a partner in the firm of Shea, McLain & Crete is at the head of the most extensive mer- cantile establishment of the town. This well ap- pointed store, with its large and carefully se- lected stock, is a credit to the proprietors as well as to the city, and in its management Mr. Mc- Lain displays that executive force and able man- agement that rank him among the leading busi- ness men of the community. Mr. McLain was born at Chariton, Iowa, Jan- uary 3, 1869, and is of Scotch descent. His father, Clinton J. McLain. is a native of Ohio, and now resides in La Grande, Oregon, where he is engaged in the sale of farm implements. He married Miss Eva Hollingsworth, a daughter of M. Hollingsworth, a farmer living in Iowa. Six children were born to them, of whom five are living, the subject of this sketch being the eldest. In the public schools our subject acquired his education, and as soon as old enough to engage in business on his own account went to Kamela, Oregon, where he was engaged in general mer- chandising for two years. He then removed to La Grande and organized the firm of Coy & Mc- Lain, remaining there for two and a half years. In 1896 he removed from that place to De La- mar, Idaho, where he was in business with T. Shea until May i, 1898, when he came to Silver City, and the present firm of Shea, McLain & Crete was established. They purchased the 288 HISTORY OF IDAHO. large general mercantile business of Dave Ad- ams, and now carry an extensive stock of salable goods to meet all the tastes and requirements of the public. Their able management and honest dealing, combined with their courteous and ac- commodating manner to all, have secured to them a liberal patronage, which is constantly increasing. Mr. McLain was married August 30, 1895, to Miss Lizzie Ormand, who was born in Braid- wood, Illinois. In politics he is a Republican, and favors the free coinage of silver, but has never been active in political work, his time be- ing occupied entirely with his business and social duties. COLUMBUS M. HIXON. Many articles have appeared in the press of our land on the "corruption in politics," but, while this may be found to some extent in the largest cities, the majority of our American citi- zens are too practical and public-spirited to wish to entrust their affairs in unscrupulous hands, and especially in the selection of one to manage the financial interests do they show great dis- crimination in choosing a man of known integ- rity and unimpeachable honor. It was these qualities which secured to Mr. Hixon election to the responsible position of county treasurer of Washington county. His record in the walks of public and private life had been as an open book, and his honesty, combined with excellent busi- ness ability, led to his selection for the office which he is now so acceptably filling. Mr. Hixon was born in Ashland county, Ohio, June 3, 1854, and is the third in order of birth of the five children of Jacob and Casandre (Stonebreaker) Hixon, who were natives of Pennsylvania and Ohio, respectively. Subse- quently they became residents of. Indiana, and thence went to Holton, Kansas. The father is accounted one of the leading and influential citi- zens of the community and has been honored with a number of county offices. He is a man of the highest integrity, fully meriting the confi- dence reposed in him. Holton is still his home. He has been a successful farmer, following pro- gressive methods in the management of his agri- cultural interests. In the Presbyterian church he holds membership and takes a very active part in its work, having served as elder for many years. His estimable wife lived to the age of sixty-eight years, and three of their children yet survive, the brother and sister of our subject be- ing still residents of Kansas. Columbus M. Hixon of this review acquired his education in the Holton graded schools, and for a number of years engaged in teaching both in Kansas and Idaho. His marked ability in that direction made his services very acceptable, and his labors were very effective in advancing the intellectual standard of the state. He ar- rived in Idaho in 1877 and conducted schools for about ten years, since which time he has been extensively engaged in stock-raising. This is one of the most important industries in the state, the rich and fertile valleys offering abundant pas- turage, and enabling Idaho to furnish large quantities of cattle to the markets of the coun- try. Mr. Hixon is also a stockholder and di- rector in the Weiser Bank, of which he is now assistant cashier, and in business affairs he mani- fests a persistence in the pursuit of his purpose, and an energy and sound judgment which read- ily account for the fair measure of prosperity which is attending his efforts. Mr. Hixon came to Weiser to reside in 1878, and on the I3th of June, 1879, was united in marriage to Miss Adrietta Applegate, a native of Oregon and a daughter of John Applegate, an honored pioneer of that state. The marriage of our subject and his wife was the first celebrated in Washington county after its organization, and was solemnized at Mann Creek. Their union has been blessed with two children, Clyde and Clarence B. The parents are valued members of the Congregational church, of Weiser, in which Mr. Hixon is serving as deacon and trus- tee. Socially he is a Mason, having received the degrees of the blue lodge in Holton, Kansas, in 1877. He there served as senior deacon, but his membership is now in the lodge in Weiser. In politics he is a Republican, and served as a mem- ber of the first state legislature of Idaho after its admission to the Union. That was a very im- portant session, and he took an active part in its proceedings, manifesting marked patriotism in his efforts to advance the best interests of the commonwealth. He was postmaster of Weiser during President Harrison's administration and was elected treasurer of Washington county in HISTORY OF IDAHO. 289 1894 and re-elected in 1896, a fact which indi- cates his personal popularity and the confidence and trust reposed in him. He is a man of broad general information, well informed on the issues of the day and a reliable, public-spirited and loyal citizen who withholds his support from no move- ment calculated to advance the moral, material, educational or social welfare of his city, state or nation. GEORGE H. HANDY. George H. Handy, probate judge and ex- officio superintendent of schools for Owyhee county, Idaho, resides at Silver City. He was born at Grand Island, Hall county, Nebraska, on the 2Oth of February, 1871, and is of Scotch and English ancestry. His paternal grandfather, Parker Handy, was a native of New York city, and for many years was prominently connected with the banking business, his death occurring at the advanced age of ninety years. H. P. Handy, father of the Judge, was also born in New York city, and throughout his active business career has followed civil engineering. He came to Idaho in 1894 and now resides in Nampa, where he is living retired. He married Miss Elizabeth Cassidy, who was born on the Emerald Isle but was of Scotch and English lineage. In their family were eleven children, six of whom are yet living. Judge Handy, the fifth in order of birth, ac- quired his education under the direction of his parents, both of whom are people of high mental culture. He also attended the public schools of Fort Collins, Colorado, and was graduated with the class of 1888. He then matriculated in the Colorado Agricultural College, but left that in- stitution when in his senior year in order to ac- cept an insurance agency. He continued in that position for three years, and later occupied a number of clerical positions in the service of Larimer county officials. In 1892 he took up his residence in Nampa, Idaho, and in October of 1892 he removed to De Lamar, where he ac- cepted the situation of cashier for the De Lamar Mercantile & Banking Company, of De Lamar, serving in that capacity until the following June, when he resigned in order to accept the appoint- ment as deputy district clerk of Owyhee county. He filled that place most acceptably for two years, under R. H. Leonard, Jr., and two years under E. L. Ballard, but resigned to qualify for the office of probate judge and ex-officio county school superintendent, to which he was elected in November, 1896. In 1898 he was made the nominee of all the parties in the county for re- election, so faithfully and ably had be discharged his duties, giving satisfaction to all concerned. The Judge was happily married on the 24th of February, 1897, to Miss Sarah Brooks, a na- tive of Silver City and a daughter of Anthony Brooks, now of Butte, Montana. Judge and Mrs. Handy are valued members of the Episco- pal church at Silver City, and contributed liber- ally to the erection of the new church edifice, which is a credit to the town. The subject of our sketch is also a member of the Order of Maccabees and Modern Woodmen of America, and is the venerable counsel of the local camp of the latter. In politics he is a "silver" Repub- lican, well informed on the issues and questions of the day. In manner pleasant and agreeable, in business reliable and in office trustworthy, he has won many warm friends in this locality, and undoubtedly still higher political honors await him in the future. CHARLES MAY. When the roll of the pioneers of Boise, Idaho,, is called the name which heads this sketch wilF be found well to the top. Charles May was born in Berkshire, England, May 17, 1833, and was reared in his native coun- ty, learning in his boyhood the business of brick manufacturing and brick-laying, his father, Charles May, having been engaged in that busi- ness. Indeed, the family for centuries, or as far back as their history can be traced, were brick- makers in England. The younger Charles May remained in England until 1856, when he came to America, locating first in Xew York, and he put in the first gas retorts in the Harlem Gas Works. He remained in New York and Brooklyn until the spring of 1857, when he went to Chicago, where he was for a time engaged in contracting, and then he went to St. Louis and New Orleans. He was in Missouri at the time the civil war broke out, and about that time he went to Kan- sas, where he was a resident during the exciting times which marked the historv of that state. HISTORY OF IDAHO. He built the first brick house in Junction City, Kansas. In May, 1862, he started across the plains for the far west, traveling with the regulation wag- ons, which were drawn by horses or mules. When his party arrived at Fort Laramie they learned that the Indians had attacked the pony stage and had massacred the passengers. Some of the trains which reached the fort about that time were poorly equipped with armed men, so they tarried for three days until a train from Denver came up, and thus re-enforced they all started on together. The company now con- tained eighty young men well armed, beside wo- men and children. At Green river their horses were stampeded by the Indians. Mr. May and another man ran after the horses and succeeded in recovering them, escaping the shots which were fired at them by the red men. They came by the way of Lander's cut-off, and at Blackfoot creek stopped on account of the sickness of a woman in their party. The following day they saw a cloud of dust at a distance and supposed they were to be attacked by the Indians. Soon, however, as the dust cloud approached, they dis- covered a white flag, and it proved to be a signal from twelve California miners who were making their way back to the states to join the Union army. Continuing on, the next day Mr. May and his party saw behind them what this time proved to be Indians. They halted and got ready for a fight. The Indians stopped on a hill back of where the white men were, and a moun- taineer, who knew the country, said, "Boys, let us go to one of these hills quickly." No sooner had they reached the hill than the Indians gave the war-whoop and attacked them. The com- pany fell back, fighting bravely and working to- ward the camp. When they reached the camp they found the packs and pack animals were all gone. The women were badly frightened and objected strongly to the men going out to re- cover the property. Notwithstanding their ob- jections, however, the men went in search of the animals and when they got within a mile of where the fight had been they saw large quan- tities of feathers scattered over the ground and discovered that another depreciation had been committed. Two wagons had been attacked and five men were killed and scalped and left on the spot. The sight was indeed a ghastly one! They buried four men that day and the next day bur- ied the fifth. They followed the Indians thirty miles and found them in camp early the next morning, where they gave them a hard whipping. At Burned river they fell in with the Grimes party, with whom they found a Mr. Johnson and the wife of one of the dead men above referred to. These two were all that were left of the party in the two wagons attacked by the Indians. Mr. May went to Walla Walla and there built the first two brick stores of the town, these being his first contracts in the west. Afterward he traveled about considerably, and was variously employed at different places. In the Boise Basin he made adobe brick and built ovens. He also burned brick at the Buena Vista Bar. From there he came to Boise and took charge of the building of the fort, where he remained a month, after which he took a claim of one hundred and sixty acres of government land near by, and on it cut and cured hay, which he sold for one hun- dred dollars per ton. Selling his claim shortly afterward, he returned to Boise and began the manufacture of brick where Mr. Redway's house now stands. Here he built a small dwelling, which is still standing, and soon afterward he erected a store building, twenty by fifty feet, of adobe brick, for Mr. Jacobs, its location being on the ground now occupied by the McCarty block at the corner of Seventh and Maine streets. Since then he has done a large amount of build- ing, both for himself and for other parties, and many of the handsome buildings of Boise, in- cluding his own brick residence, are monuments to his skill as a builder. Also he laid the stone of the custom-house at Portland, worked on the Market street front of the Palace hotel in San Francisco, and aided in the erection of the capitol building in Salem, Oregon. In 1871 Mr. May was married to Miss Eliza- beth Williams, the daughter of Mr. Barret Will- iams, a pioneer of Idaho who is now ninety-six years of age and in the enjoyment of all his facul- ties. Mr. and Mrs. May have two daughters, Rosa and Edith Virginia. The former is the widow of Professor W r ebber and since his death she has resided with her parents. The whole family are identified with the Episcopal church and he has served as vestryman of the same. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 291 Mr. May was made a Mason in Boise Lodge, F. & A. M., No. 2. In 1875 Mr. May went to Australia to visit his parents, and on this trip visited Honolulu, New Zealand. Melbourne and Sydney, his people liv- ing in the last named city. While there he su- perintended the building of the first dry pressed- brick works in Sydney, and had charge of the building of the aqueduct that carries the water to that city. He remained in Sydney until after the death of his parents, when he returned to Boise, Idaho, which has since been his home. WILLIAM A. COUGHANOUR. For almost fourteen years Payette has num- bered William A. Coughanour among its most prominent and progressive citizens. He may well be termed one of the founders of the city, for he has been the promoter of many of its lead- ing business enterprises, and the growth and de- velopment of a city depend upon its commercial and industrial activity. His connection with any undertaking insures a prosperous outcome of the same, for it is in his nature to carry forward to successful completion whatever he is associated with. He has earned for himself an enviable reputation as a careful man of business, and in his dealings is known for his prompt and honor- able methods, which have won him the deserved and unbounded confidence of his fellow men. Mr. Coughanour was born in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on the I2th of March, 1850, and is of Pennsylvania Dutch lineage. His father, H. S. Coughanour, is still residing in that county, at the age of eighty-four years. He followed ship-building as an occupation through the period of his active business career. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Caroline Conkle, was likewise a native of his neighborhood, and be- longed to one of the old Dutch families. They became the parents of four daughters and a son, and all are yet living. The subject of this review was reared in the place of his nativity and acquired his education in the public schools. The year 1870 witnessed his arrival in Idaho, where he has since made his home, becoming prominently identified with the development and advancement of the state. The last two hundred and eighty-five miles of his journey hither were made by stage, and upon his arrival he assumed the management of the Gold Hill mine, at Quartzburg, acting as secre- tary and treasurer of the mining company for fifteen years, and being also superintendent of the same for an equal period of time. This is one of the richest and most celebrated mines in Ida- ho. Under Mr. Coughanour's management ore to the value of three million dollars was taken out, yet the mine is only partially developed. He is still one of the stockholders, and his income is materially increased thereby. In 1885 he came to Payette and has been associated with many business enterprises, which have not only proved profitable to himself but have also ad- vanced the general welfare. He has large landed interests in Oregon and Idaho and is conduct- ing an extensive lumber business in Payette, where he has large yards that supply anything in his line that the public may demand. He is a director in the Payette Valley Bank and a stock- holder and the secretary of the Lower Payette Ditch Company, which has been an important factor in irrigating the lands in this section of the state. His realty holdings, aggregating twenty-seven hundred acres, are about equally divided between Oregon and Idaho. He has a fine orchard of thirty-three acres near this city and is also interested in stock-raising, having as high as five hundred head of cattle at one time. It demands superior executive ability, keen dis- crimination and sound judgment to manage such extensive -and varied business interests, but Mr. Coughanour controls all with a steady hand, and gains therefrom very gratifying financial returns. In politics he is a Democrat, and before com- ing to Payette was elected and served as county commissioner of Boise county. In 1896 he was elected a member of the state senate, from Can- yon county, and introduced the horticultural in- spection bill, securing its passage, together with an appropriation of ten thousand dollars, in order that the horticultural board, established through the measures of this bill, might be able to earn- on its work of protecting the fruit interests of the state from destructive fruit pests. Our subject is now president of the state board of horticul- ture, and is interesting himself in effective meas- ures for the protection of Idaho's fruit industry. He is now serving his third term as mayor of Payette, and his administration of the affairs of 292 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the city is most progressive, as he exercises his official powers to promote all interests and measures which will prove of public benefit. He was also postmaster under President Cleveland, and at all times has been most true and faithful to the trust reposed in him, discharging his du- ties with marked promptness and fidelity. Mr. Coughanour was married in 1874 to Miss Galena Bunting, a native of Fayette county, Pennsylvania, and they now have a daughter and son, Emma L. and William M. The former was the efficient enrolling clerk in the state senate at the session of 1896-7. The family occupy an enviable position in social circles and enjoy the hospitality of the best homes of Payette. Mr. Coughanour has one of the finest museums in the state, including many specimens of quartz and gold nuggets, one of which is valued at one hundred and eighty-five dollars. Socially he is connected with the Order of Elks and he is also' a very prominent representative of the In- dependent Order of Odd Fellows, in which he has the honor of being grand marshal of the grand lodge of Idaho. He is widely and favor- ably known throughout the entire state, his po- litical, fraternal and business prominence gain- ing him a wide acquaintance. He is a man of integrity and splendid business ability, through the medium of which he has acquired consider- able wealth. He is a gentleman of exceedingly fine address, possessing that natural geniality of temperament and affability of deportment that, united to a heart full of sympathy, make him an easy winner of friends, and he is ever welcome in the best social circles. RICHARD H. BENNETT. The proprietor of one of the fine sheep ranches of southern Idaho, Richard H. Bennett main- tains his residence in Mountain Home and from that point superintends his extensive business in- terests, in which he is meeting with good suc- cess. He is truly a self-made man, for he came to America empty-handed and through his own labors has worked his way steadily upward. He was born in England, March 19, 1850, a son of James and Jane (Sanders) Bennett, also natives of that country. In 1868, at the age of eighteen years, he severed the ties which bound him to his native country, and crossed the Atlantic to begin life in the New World as an employe in the coal mines of Pennsylvania. He received for his services two dollars and a half per day, and thus he gained a start in life. He continued his resi- dence in the east until 1871, when he came to Idaho, and has since been identified with the in- terests of this state. In 1878 Mr. Bennett married Miss Flora Anna Benney, a native of England, who had come to the United States in 1859. Her father is John Benney, now a resident of Missouri. Mr. and Mrs. Bennett took up their abode in Silver City, Idaho, where our subject engaged in mining for several years. He located the Stormy Hill mine, afterward sold it, and his last connection with the mining interests of that locality was in the Gold- en Chariot mine. On leaving Silver City he went to Castle Creek, Owyhee county, where he secured a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, and for a short time was engaged in the cattle business, after which he sold his stock. He is now the owner of an excellent ranch of two hun- dred acres near Mountain Home, on which he raises hay for his sheep, feeding as high as one hundred and fifty tons of hay annually. For his first flock of sheep he paid three thousand dol- lars. For eighteen years he has been engaged in the business, and at times has owned as high as six thousand head. His income from the sheep industry in one single season was nine thousand dollars, receiving nineteen and a half cents per pound for the wool. He raises prin- cipally Merino sheep, which he finds are well adapted for the climatic and forage conditions of southern Idaho. He is accounted one of the leading and most successful sheep-raisers of this part of the state, and his opinions on such mat- ters are received as authority. Mr. Bennett is also the owner of a ten-acre block of ground in Mountain Home, and has thereon erected a very pleasant dwelling, in which he and his family reside. They have sev- en children, namely: Joseph S., Richard H., Lil- lie E., Frederick W., Flora E., Elmer J. and James Gordon. The parents were reared in the Methodist faith, but now attend the Episcopal church. In politics Mr. Bennett is a Republican, and in the Odd Fellows lodge he has passed all the chairs. He is a worthy, reliable citizen, a progressive and enterprising business man, and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 293 having been the architect of his own fortunes is deserving of great credit for his success. ROBERT E. LOCKWOOD. The editor and proprietor of the Weiser Sig- nal was born in Kirbyville, Josephine county, Oregon, February 15, 1858, and is of English de- scent. His grandparents were William and Lucy (Lord) Lockwood, and his father was Rob- ert Lockwood, Sr., a native of Australia, in which country he married Miss Clara Sophia Belknap. They became residents of Oregon in 1853, and the father engaged in mining on Rogue river. In 1871 he removed to Albany and later located in Canyon City, in the John Day valley of Ore- gon, where he continued his mining operations and also acted as deputy sheriff of the county, .which position he ably filled for twelve years, under both Republican and Democratic admin- istrations. In 1887 he declined to longer fill that office, but consented to remain three days under the newly-elected sheriff. On the night of the third day there was a fire in the town. After it was extinguished Mr. Lockwood remarked that he would lock the prisoners in the cells and de- liver the keys to the sheriff in the morning, but while performing that duty he was murdered by one of the prisoners. He was then in the forty- fourth year of his age, a brave man and a highly esteemed citizen who never faltered in the per- formance of any duty, no matter how hazardous. He left a widow and ten children, and Mrs. Lock- wood is still living, while six of the children also survive. Robert E. Lockwood, whose name introduces this review, acquired his education in Canyon City, Oregon, and at an early age began to learn the printer's trade and to make his own way in the world. On learning of his father's death he returned to the funeral and remained at home until after the execution of the murderer. In 1878 he came to Idaho, where he was employed at tamping ties on the railroad, and afterward worked in the office of the Weiser Leader. He was for three months at Caldvvell, in the employ of Steunenberg Brothers, and then began the publication of the Weiser Signal, with which he has since been connected. On the 3ist of Au- gust, 1882, a neutral paper, called the Weiser Leader, had been established, with Messrs. Stine & Mitchell in charge. The county had been created only three years previously. There had been only six issues of the paper when J. W. Haworth purchased Mr. Mitchell's interest, and the firm of Haworth & Company was formed, while S. M. C. Reynolds was made editor. For a time the paper was published as an independent political journal, but later was changed to a Re- publican sheet. On the 25th of August, 1883, Judge Henry C. Street became its manager; March 22, 1884, William P. Glenn became pro- prietor and editor, and in 1890 H. S. King, C. D. King and Frank Harris became its owners. Mr. Harris and H. S. King had editorial charge, while C. D. King was business manager. On the ist of September, 1890, Mr. Harris discon- tinued his connection with the paper, but the King Brothers continued its publication until September i, 1891, when Robert E. Lockwood became its owner, editor and publisher. He had worked on the paper for some months prior to the fall of 1890, at which time he had severed his relations therewith, and on the i8th of Decem- ber, 1890, issued the first number of the Weiser Signal. Both papers were then published until September I, 1891, when Mr. Lockwood pur- chased the Leader and merged it into the Signal, since which time he has made his paper a large and valuable weekly, independent paper, devoted to the advancement of the interests of Weiser and Washington county. Its editorials are apt, concise, -readable and instructive, and the Signal is now enjoying a large circulation and an ex- tended advertising patronage. Mr. Lockwood is a man of strong mentality and broad general in- formation, and has made his journal one of the best in southwestern Idaho. In politics he has taken a deep and active in- terest and was a member of the state convention which nominated Frank Steunenberg for gov- ernor. In the fall of 1898 Mr. Lockwood was the nominee of the Democratic, Populist and Silver- Republican parties for the office of state senator, a fact which indicated his personal popularity and the confidence reposed in him by people of dif- ferent political faith throughout the district. Mr. Lockwood was married March 17, 1891, to Leah Norah Wilson, a native of Illinois. She is a cultured ladv and a valued member of the 294 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Congregational church. By their marriage there is one son, George Edwin. Socially Mr. Lockwood is a representative of the Masonic fraternity, and he is recognized as a most promi- nent and influential citizen. SELDEN B. KINGSBURY. The profession of the law, when clothed with its true dignity and purity and strength, must rank first among the callings of men, for law rules the universe. The work of the legal pro- fession is to formulate, to harmonize, to regu- late, to adjust, to administer those rules and principles that underlie and permeate all gov- ernment and society and control the varied rela- tions of men. As thus viewed there attaches to the legal profession a nobleness that cannot but be reflected in the life of the true lawyer, who, rising to the responsibilities of his profession, and honest in the pursuit of his purpose, em- braces the richness of learning, the profound- ness of wisdom, the firmness of integrity and the purity of morals, together with the graces of modesty, courtesy and the general amenities of life. Of such a type Selden Bingham Kings- bury is a representative. For eighteen years he has practiced law in Idaho, and for five years has been a resident of Boise. Mr. Kingsbury was born in Camclen, Lorain county, Ohio, on the 29th of October, 1842, and is descended from New England ancestry. Mem- bers of the family became early settlers of Brock- port, New York, and also of Lorain county, Ohio. Lemuel Kingsbury, the grandfather of our subject, valiantly aided the colonies in their struggle for independence, and lost a limb in battle. He attained the age of ninety-six years, and thus long enjoyed the advantages of the re- public for which he made so great a sacrifice. Charles B. Kingsbury, the father of Boise's well known lawyer, was born May 5, 1812, and be- tween the ages of eleven and thirty-five years sailed on whaling vessels. Later 'in life he be- came a prosperous farmer. In his early political affiliations he was a Democrat, but being a great lover of liberty he aided in organizing the Re- publican party, formed to prevent the further ex- tension of slavery, and voted for Fremont in 1856. He held various county offices and was an influential citizen in the community in which he lived. He married Betsey Tenant, who be- longed to a family of western New York, and to them were born seven children, of whom six are still living. Selden B. Kingsbury acquired his early educa- tion in the public schools, later attended the academy in Oberlin, Ohio, and in 1859 entered Oberlin College, where he continued until the great civil war fell upon the country. At the first call of President Lincoln for volunteers, he, in company with many of the students and one member of the faculty of the college, entered the country's service, in April, 1861. He was assigned to Company C, Seventh Ohio Volun- teer Infantry, which had an enrollment of one hundred and twelve all students of said college and officered by members of its faculty, and on the 2Oth of April was mustered in at Camp Tay- lor, Cleveland, Ohio. Three days later they were ordered to Camp Chase, thence to Camp Dennison. Mr. Kingsbury aided in surveying that camp, which afterward became one of the finest and largest camps in the United States. In July, 1861, under the call for three years' troops, he re-enlisted and almost immediately was sent to West Virginia, his regiment being on the advance under General Cox, in charge of the brigade, and General McClellan, in command of the corps. After a forced march of fifty-two miles and a light skirmish, his regiment captured the city of Weston, took a number of prisoners, deposed the rebel forces and captured state funds of Virginia amounting to fifty-seven thousand dollars in specie. This was afterward turned over to Governor Pierpont and was the money with which he was first supplied to carry on the business of the new state of West Virginia, which at that time was organized as a state of the Union. Mr. Kingsbury later participated in the battles of Summerville and Cross Lanes, where his regiment fell into an ambuscade of the Con- federate forces under Generals Floyd and Wise. The Union forces were driven from the field and his company, covering the retreat, was badly cut to pieces, most of the men being either killed, wounded or taken prisoners. Mr. Kingsbury was captured and so was every officer of his com- pany who was not killed, and after being incar- cerated in Libby prison for a month was sent to Parish prison, New Orleans, where he remained *^s-i^A^3 '/t-v-cx^*-/ ' f o s o bf & OQ to c HISTORY OF IDAHO. 295 until that city was captured by General Butler, in the spring of 1862, when with .some five hundred other prisoners, he was then taken to Salisbury, North Carolina, in which prison he was held un- til the following July, when he was paroled. Re- turning north, he was sent to Camp Chase, near Columbus, Ohio, and there discharged on ac- count of disability, a year and a half before his complete exchange was effected. On leaving the army Mr. Kingsbury returned to college and on the completion of the classical course, in 1864, was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Later the degree of Master of Arts was conferred upon him by his alma mater. Previous to his graduation he had charge of the Union school of Mentor, Ohio, and after graduation was for two years principal of the city school of Flint, Michigan. He was then elected principal of the Union school of Con- stantine, that state, a position which he filled with general satisfaction for eight years. Dur- ing that time he read law, was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of law in Constan- tine, Michigan, where he remained until 1881. In that year he came to Idaho, locating in Hailey. whence he .removed to Boise, where he now re- sides. Mr. Kingsbury has always been a tireless stu- dent, and after choosing the law as his profes- sion he read almost nothing else for three years, giving his entire attention to the mastery of the principles of jurisprudence. While engaged in teaching he attained considerable distinction as a lecturer on scientific subjects, and had the hon- or of securing and sending to the University of Michigan the skeleton of a large mastodon now on exhibition in the museum of that institution. It is considered the finest specimen of its kind in the United States, and hence was a very valuable acquisition to the museum. Mr. Kingsbury has one of the finest law offices and largest law libra- ries in the west. He has attained prestige among the legal practitioners of Idaho, his abili- ties securing him high rank. As a lawyer he is sound, clear-minded and well trained. The lim- itations which are imposed by the constitution on federal powers are well understood by him. With the long line of decisions from Marshall down, by which the constitution has been ex- pounded, he is familiar, as are all thoroughly skilled lawyers. He is at home in all depart- ments of law from the minutiae in practice to the greater topics wherein is involved the considera- tion of the ethics and philosophy of jurispru- dence and the higher concerns of public policy. His fidelity to his clients' interests is proverbial, and therefore his clientage is very extensive. While in charge of the schools in Mentor, Ohio, Mr. Kingsbury became acquainted with Miss Hulda C. Corning, a native of that town, and in 1865 they were happily married and began residing at Flint, Michigan, where Mr. Kings- bury was engaged in teaching. They have had five children, three sons and two daughters: Xathan C., who is engaged in business in Co- lumbus, Ohio; Lizzie Alice, who died at Con- stantine, Michigan; Fred and Helen, who are attending Oberlin College; and Ross Selden, a pupil at the public school of Boise. Culture, re- finement and intellectual activity characterize this family, and in social circles they occupy a very prominent position. They have a com- modious and elegant home, which was erected by Mr. Kingsbury. Socially he is a Knight Templar Mason, a member of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, and also of the Grand Army of the Republic. As a citizen and lawyer he stands among the first of the residents of Boise, and his name should occupy a prominent place on the pages of the history of his adopted state. L. A. YORK. The present popular editor and proprietor of the Owyhee Avalanche, at Silver City, Mr. L. A. York, is a native of Lewiston, Maine, born March 13, 1866. His parents were Jerome W. and Martha (Read) York, both natives of that city, and his father of Scotch ancestry. The first representatives of the family in America settled in Maine very early in its history. On the maternal side this ancestry is English, trace- able back to Sir John Read, an English noble- man born in th'e year 1600. Mr. York's father died in North Dakota, in 1894, at the age of sixty-five years; and his mother is living, being now in her fifty-eighth year. In religious faith they were Universalists. Mr. York, the subject proper of this brief bio- graphical outline, was the second of a family of three children. He was educated in the public 296 HISTORY OF IDAHO. schools, was taken by his parents to New Hamp- shire, in their change of residence to that state in 1871, and to Evart, Michigan, in 1879. In 1881 Mr. York entered the Weekly Review office, at Evart, to work in the capacity of printer's "devil," and in the spring of 1883 left for Tel- luride, Colorado, where he was employed at the printer's trade. From the fall of 1884 to the spring of 1889 he was in North Dakota. Next he returned to Colorado and then proceeded to Salt Lake City, arriving there in the fall, and there he engaged in work on the Salt Lake Trib- une, as "Slug 14," until March, 1890, at which time he severed his connection with that estab- lishment to accept the foremanship of the Ava- lanche office, of which he became the proprietor in 1894. As a newspaper man and editor Mr. York has considerable ability and enterprise. In January, 1894, he published, in book form, a Historical Descriptive and Commercial Directory of Owy- hee County, finely illustrated, which reflects great credit on his ability and enterprising spirit. The work has been favorably received. Mr. York was happily married, at Weiser, Ida- ho, September, 1893, to Miss Catharine Brady, and they have three children. Mr. York is an active member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and in his political principles he is a "silver" Republican. R. W. BERRY. A leading representative of the commercial in- terests of Hailey is R. W. Berry, the well known proprietor of a hardware store. He is an enter- prising and progressive business man, whose well directed efforts, sound judgment and capa- ble management insure him success, and to-day he is numbered among the substantial and valued citizens of Elaine county. A native 'of Maine, he was born in Augusta, on the 25th of March, 1842, and is of Scotch lineage. His father, Arthur W. Berry, was born in Maine and married Miss Lucretia Jane Marble, also a native of the Pine Tree state. The father was for many years engaged in journalistic work as the publisher of the Gospel Banner. He died at the age of thirty- two years, leaving a widow and one son, the sub- ject of this review. The mother lived to be fifty- seven years of age, and died in Boise. After the death of Mr. Berry she married again and with her second husband removed to California, locat- ing in Yuba county in 1857. In the public schools of his native state, R. W. Berry acquired his education, and when fifteen years of age began to earn his own living. He accompanied his mother to California. At- tracted by the discovery of gold, he went to Washoe, Nevada, where he engaged in prospect- ing and mining. He also entered land from the government and followed farming for a time, but subsequently abandoned that occupation and returned to San Francisco, where he accepted a clerkship in the Washington market, where he was employed for four years. In the fall of 1864 he went to Portland, Oregon, and the following spring made his way to the Oro Fino mines, fol- lowing placer mining there and meeting with satisfactory success in his undertakings. In the fall of 1865 he sold his claim for one thousand dollars and with a party crossed on the Lolo trail to Helena, Montana, and thence to Fort Benton, where he took a Mackinaw and pro- ceeded down the Missouri river to St. Joseph. From that point he retraced his steps to his old Maine home, and spent four years in his native state. In 1869 Mr. Berry became a resi- dent of Boise, Idaho, where for several years he acceptably filled the office of assistant assessor of internal revenue. He was also engaged in cattle raising and owned as high as one thousand head at a time. In the spring of 1881 he received the appointment of collector of internal revenue from President Garfield, and was also engaged in the drug business at Boise for six years, as a member of the firm of W. H. Nye & Company. In 1886 Mr. Berry came to Hailey. The town was then at the height of its prosperity, silver bringing a high price, and the mines producing largely. He purchased an interest in the hard- ware firm of Coffin & Company, and the follow- ing year the business was incorporated, the prin- cipal incorporators being E. C. Coffin and R. W. Berry. Two years later a destructive fire swept over the town and with many others the com- pany lost heavily. They carried insurance to the amount of thirty thousand and five hundred dol- lars, but their losses above that were estimated at sixty thousand dollars. Four blocks of the enterprising little city were swept away by the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 297 fiery element, and many merchants were thus badly crippled financially. Almost immediately, however, a new business center rose phoenix-like from the ashes. Hardly had the smoke cleared away when Coffin & Company, on the site of their old store, began the erection of a good building, thirty-five by one hundred and twenty feet, refitted it with a well selected stock of hard- ware, and in the fall of the same year Mr. Berry bought out the other members of the corpora- tion and became the sole owner of the business, which he has since successfully conducted. He keeps a large general stock of hardware and min- ing supplies, and now enjoys a liberal patronage which comes to him not only from Hailey, but also throughout the surrounding country. His pleasant manner, his courteous treatment of his patrons, and his honorable dealing have secured to him a large trade, and he justly merits his prosperity. In 1875 Mr. Berry was married and has two daughters. The elder, Mary, is a stenographer for the civil-service commission at Washington, JJ. C. ; and Louise, a graduate of the State Nor- mal School at New Paltz, New York, is now a successful teacher in Ulster county, that state. In 1863 Mr. Berry was made a Mason in San Francisco Lodge, No. i, F. & A. M., in Califor- nia; has held various offices in the order, and is now affiliated with Boise Lodge, No. 2. In politics he has always been a Republican, but since 1896 has supported the silver wing of the party. He ranks very high as an honorable and successful business man, and well deserves men- tion among the representative citizens of his adopted state. CHAPTER XXV. THE PAYETTE VALLEY ITS TOWNS, WATER, WEATHER, SOIL, PRODUCTS, RESOURCES AND VARIED ATTRACTIONS. POR the following graphic and ably written article in regard to the attractions of the Payette valley we are indebted to a sou- venir edition of the Payette Independent issued in March, 1898: The Payette valley lies in the southwestern part of Idaho, with its upper and narrow end extending far back into pine-clad moun- tains and its lower flaring into broad, fer- tile fields, terminating at the banks of the Snake river, just across whose waters rise the mountain peaks' of Oregon. Its length is upward of forty miles, its width varying from two miles at the upper point to eight where it merges into the larger delta of the Snake. On its northern side rise foothills which succeed each other with in- creasing height until they are lost in the great chain of the Seven Devils mountains; on the south a long, low line of hills divides it from its sister valley, the Boise; and through it from end to end the Payette river, broad, deep, perennial, threads its way around innumerable islands. At its mouth, its gateway and outlet, within half a mile of the confluence of the Snake and Payette rivers, is the flourishing town of Payette; midway in its length, on its mesa or bench lands, is New Plymouth, a new community established on the co-operative principle ; still farther up the valley- is Falk's Store, which in an early day was one of the most widely known stage stations in the state and an outfitting point for cattlemen of a large adjacent territory; and at its upper end, where the waters of the Payette, cold and clear, come tumbling out of a deep canyon, Emmett, a thrifty village, stands sentinel. Such is a brief outline of the district to which we have come to pay tribute. Its area is not large, but the stuff it is made of is "pay dirt." Up to the time of the building of the Oregon Short Line Railway, a link in the Union Pacific system, the Payette valley lay, as did the greater part of the arid northwest, a desert which was covered with sage brush, and over which the coyote chased the jack rabbit for his daily meat. A few men, more hardy and more enterprising than their fellows, had located homes along the water courses, but they had done so with no other expectation than spending their lives in the picket line of pioneers. Irrigation was then in its swad- dling clothes in the northwest. The general opinion of it then, as it is now to a less extent, was that it was a fad, a game to play at, but as a utilitarian proposition nil. But the railroad drew people in its wake, who found a climate so genial that they cast about them for some occu- pation that would yield a livelihood, so that they might stay. Many embarked in the live-stock industry, some sought the great forests of pine, fir and tamarack toward the headwaters of the Payette, rafting logs to its mouth, and some, set- tling on the lower lands, easy to water, com- menced tilling the soil. To these latter and to the few who preceded them in the same work is due the growth of the tree of knowledge. Through them the possibilities of production of the valley's seventy-five thousand acres has been made known, and from that time the certainty of future prosperity was made as sure as the coming of the seasons is sure. It was these men who first planted fruit trees. They were set out for home orchards and home consumption, with little thought or expectation of their being utilized for anything else. But when they reached maturity their enormous yields and the excellence of the quality of the fruit opened a new field for en- deavor. Commercial orchards were planted. They came to fruitfulness and the future great industry of the valley was established. From this small beginning, although it was less than a decade ago, there are now in the valley upward of twenty-five hundred acres in tree fruits, five hundred acres in berries, and an annual acreage in melons in excess of two hundred and fifty. The climatic, soil and moisture conditions which make it possible for the Payette valley to outrival even some of the famed lotus lands of California and to raise fruit that is second to none in any market, are unusually felicitous. The summer season is long and warm, with an aver- age of twenty-nine days of sunshine each month. Practically no rain falls from May to October, making the harvesting of all crops a matter of comparative ease. The winters are short and mild, yet with that indispensable touch of frost which gives the crispness and flavor to fruits of the temperate zone which those of California lack. The soil is of the same nature as abounds throughout the inter-mountain region, a deep 298 HISTORY OF IDAHO. alluvial, rich in all mineral constituents and of a durability widely known. In an irrigation dis- trict "water is king." On it depends the success of all crops; without it land is not worth annual taxes. The Payette valley claims, and is pre- pared to make good this statement to all comers, that it has the best water supply in the irrigated northwest. To-day four-fifths of all the land in it that is susceptible of irrigation is under ditch, yet at the time when the Payette river is at its lowest stage there runs to waste fifty thou- sand miner's inches. That is an amount suffi- cient to irrigate twice the number of acres in the entire valley. Should this present natural flow ever diminish there are on the north fork of the Payette two lakes whose storage capacity can hardly be estimated in figures. They lie in deep canyons, walled on all sides with mountains that reach the line of perpetual snow, and their out- lets are through deep cuts where they may be dammed at comparatively small cost. The canals now constructed and in operation are of a sub- stantial and permanent character and supplying water with every facility for the best and most economical use of it. Second only to getting water on land is getting it off. At no place in the valley is there a lack of ample drainage chan- nels which carry all waste to one of the two riv- ers. The slope on the bench lands is an even one to the north, the ideal exposure for fruit, and on the lower lands to the north and west. These lands are universally level, but susceptible of easy irrigation. While horticulture will be a leading industry it will not be the only one. The first settlers to accumulate means, and some of them wealth, were the stock men, and they form to-day a large proportion of the population. The foot hills ad- jacent to the valley form good ranges, on which large bands of cattle and sheep roam. The ma- jority of these are rounded up and fed during the three winter months, but many get no other forage than they can "rustle for themselves" throughout the year. The quantity of hay that can be raised to the acre makes the question of winter feeding an easy one to meet. The average is five tons. Here as elsewhere the cat- tle business is being divided into small holdings, and with the exceptional advantages for feeding it has already become a most important factor in the support of many homes. The many large valleys lying to the north of the Payette afford summer ranges for sheep that are wintered in the Payette. It is estimated that eighty-five thousand sheep were fed between Emmett and Payette last winter, making a market the value of which the growers of hay acknowledge. Dairy- ing is, up to the present, almost neglected, and it affords a field for enterprise second to none. Where by actual test one-eighth of an acre of alfalfa pasturage has kept one cow from May to September, where five tons of hay can be grown to the acre, where other forage is plenty and cheap, and where in the neighboring cities cream- ery butter is quoted at from eighteen to twenty- two cents a pound, there must be some ground for the belief that dairying will at least keep the wolf from the door. To those who are looking for a location for general farming the Payette valley offers induce- ments. Thirty bushels of wheat, fifty of corn, forty of oats, twelve thousand pounds of pota- toes, eighteen thousand of onions are some of the yields that are certified to by the state's engineer. A guaranty of plenty of water leaves nothing lacking to good crops but muscular en- ergy and that intelligence that makes the Ameri- can people the foremost in the world. Reference has already been made to the tim- ber belts that surround the Payette valley. Their acreage runs into the millions, pine, tamarack, fir, spruce and mountain poplar. There is but one natural outlet for this vast amount of lum- ber. It is the Payette river. Already a company has prospected the ground and made estimates on what is needful to be done to effect rafting of logs down the river to Payette, where it con- templates the establishment of a mill that will employ two hundred men. Taking into consid- eration that each year sees the visible supply of lumber in the world decrease, the practically un- touched forests of Idaho will be a source of boundless wealth. In and contiguous to the Payette valley are a number of mining propositions that are on a well paying basis, and many others that promise much for the future. At Pearl a half dozen prospects have developed paying quartz; in the Seven Devils, copper that assays forty-five per cent pure is being mined on the surface; in Lit- tle Willow creek, a vein of coal has been un- covered that is getting better and better in qual- ity as the shaft is sunk ; and in the sands of the two rivers any one may pan out gold practically the year round in quantities that will yield a revenue of two dollars per day. In these same sands lie untold riches, when some inventive genius perfects a way to separate the precious metal from them. Many have tried and failed, others have tried with a fair measure of success, and at the present time a large capital has been invested in a still newer process which promises greater results than have yet been attained. Although the money invested in the mining in- dustry in Idaho is small compared with such states as Colorado or California, her yield of precious metals ranks with the first. Yet there is two-thirds of her territory that has never been 300 HISTORY OF IDAHO. prospected, except in the most desultory manner, and much of this virgin ground properly belongs in a section to which the Payette valley bears the relation of a base of supplies. The average prospective settler, when he be- gins to think of moving to the far west, hesitates because he dreads that he will be compelled to undergo himself or subject his family to hard- ships and privations incident to pioneering. In his mind's eye he sees his home surrounded by a wilderness, neighbors, schools, churches and the doctor far distant; no conditions whereby his children may be brought up with proper social training 1 or where he and his wife can secure re- laxation from the labor of overcoming the virgin soil, and possibly himself engaged in some hand- to-hand encounter with wild beasts, or wilder men. Generally he who hesitates is lost; and by reason of failure to investigate he goes to some perhaps less genial clime. The Payette valley offers nearly all the advantages and many of the luxuries of any well regulated rural community, whether it be in effete New England or the mid- dle-aged central west. Payette has a graded school, housed in a handsome brick building; in all the country districts schools are opened and taught for six to nine months; and in New Ply- mouth, Falk's Store and Emmett there are good schools with ample facilities for all scholars. The state has a compulsory-education law, buys and furnishes all books. There are two denom- inational colleges, a Congregational and a Presbyterian within a day's drive of any part of the valley. Each community has its churches, which represent nearly every denomination with the exception of the Mormon. They have their regular pastors and services, their church so- cieties and entertainments and their work for the relief of the sick. Social organizations, such as literary and debating societies; fraternal or- ganizations, such as the Masons, Odd Fellows, G. A. R. and others; business organizations, vil- lage-improvement societies; outing clubs, gun clubs and riding clubs form nuclei around which revolves a social life that older communities would not blush to father. The business and banking facilities are on a par with what are called modern methods. The services of physi- cians in good standing can always be secured, and medicines are easy of access. As for the struggle with the virgin soil, there are but few places in this wide land where the settler may first stick plow in the ground in the spring, with no previous preparation, and raise that same year a good crop of almost anything he is minded to plant; and the Payette valley is one of those places. And wild animals! The fiercest animal that roams the sage brush is the timorous coyote, and next is the reserved and distant jack rabbit. So that here is no pioneer- ing. It is of course not the excellence of living in some large center of population, but hardship there is none ; and here is refuted the maxim that ''the poor ye have with ye alvvay." There are no poor as it is understood to be poor in any older settled country. There is no man in the Payette valley so poor but that he has a roof to cover his head, a fire at which to keep warm, and food for himself and family when meal-time comes. Nor is there any man who, if he is willing and able to work, but can lay up that little store that is so needful on the "rainy day." The lands of the Payette valley are cheap. Practically all that can be entered under the desert or homestead acts are taken up, but the best lands under ditch can be had for from fifteen to fifty dollars per acre. Those prices are a con- trast to what is asked for fruit lands in California, Colorado or any other recognized fruit locality; and those or any other states are challenged to show a greater yield or a better quality of fruit than that from the fertile fields of the Payette. The people of this section make no claim to a super-excellence or to an absence of disadvan- tages. It is not set forth that this is a Garden of Eden, a bower of the Fountain of Youth, or a land flowing with milk and honey, where the peo- ple, like the lilies of the field, toil not nor spin. There are those drawbacks always incident to the infant days of making a commonwealth. There are bad, muddy roads in winter and bad dusty ones in summer, transportation charges are high, and neither DeWolfe Hopper or Miss S. Bern- hardt play at Payette's opera house, but there is no disadvantage that will not yield to time, and a short time at that. This is a place where ener- getic and intelligent men and women can secure, at a nominal cost, homes that will support them in their old age in ease if not in luxury; it is where a young man, if he will exercise the same industry as he does to keep his head above water in crowded avenues of trade, can acquire a com- petence if not wealth; and where no man, if he will work, will become a patron of a public soup house. Each year sees a large number of the Ameri- can people seek to escape the heated term by flight to the mountains or sea side. Near to the Payette valley lies a country of mountains and forests and lakes, of perpetual snows, of magnifi- cent panoramas, of little sequestered valleys of indescribable charm, and of grand, deep canyons and precipitous mountains of granite, that offer such delights for the lover of nature and such possibilities to the adventurous traveler as no land excels. There, too, the hunter may find some of the remaining few of those vanishing species the moose, the elk, the mountain sheep, the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 301 caribou and the fierce grizzly. The seeker of health may there locate himself at any altitude in an atmosphere redolent of the pines and fairly crackling with vigor, and on every side he win find living examples of the beneficence of nature to man. Of the family of states that forms 'the empire of the northwest, Idaho is the Cinderella, the least known and the most fair, and her fore- most foot is slippered by the Payette valley and its surroundings. Even now the tread of the fairy prince who is to lead her to wealth and prosperity is heard. Now is the time to enroll in her train of courtiers. PAYETTE. Since the time, in 1836, when Marcus Whit- man demonstrated that it was possible to travel from the Missouri river to Puget sound on wheels, the Payette valley has lain in the direct route of travel to the northwest. But it was not until the building of the railroad, in 1884, that it was looked upon as a place for permanent settlement. In the previous year the engineers of the Union Pacific surveying the line through, located a bridge over the Snake at the mouth of the Payette valley, and at that time A. B. and F. C. Moss and others, under contract to de- liver a quarter million of ties, camped near the junction of the Payette and Snake on the site of the present town of Payette. That marked its birth. In July of that year the Moss brothers erected the first store building, and settlers be- gan coming in. The year 1884 saw the com- pletion of the railroad as far as Huntington ; the building of the first school-house in the infant town on the site of the present Baptist church; the construction of the lower Payette ditch by the farmers along its route, an irrigating canal, with extensions, twenty miles in length and carrying a volume of water of seven thousand miner's inches; and the establishment of a sawmill by W. A. Coughanour. In this year and those im- mediately following there located in Payette the greater number of those men who now form the "old guard." This ancient and honorable pha- lanx has on its rolls such names as Peter Pence, Henry Irvin, William Ireton, S. W. King, J. T. Clement, Alex. Rossi, John Ashbaugh, James Welch, W. C. Johnson, Samuel and John Apple gate, John, Ben and William Bivens, August and Adolph Jacobsen, John Henshaw, Jacob Stroup, D. S. Lamme, A. B. and F. C. Moss and others. The growth of the town was not particularly rapid from that time on to 1890, but the popula- tion steadily increased and from a supply station for railway-construction gangs it had become a center of trade and base of supplies for a coun- trv an hundred miles in extent. The "brick age" was inaugurated in 1890. It received its main impetus from the decision of a German syndicate, which had sent representa- tives to investigate the resources of the valley, to make extensive purchases in real estate and place money in various enterprises. The syndi- cate invested about two hundred thousand dol- lars. Its faith in the future was pinned to the valley's horticultural, timber and live-stock re- sources. A two-story brick school-house had already been erected and following on the upward trend of affairs given by the location of the syndi- cate named there went up a two-story hotel, three-story bank building, two-story Odd Fellow building, the large establishments of the Moss, Payette Valley and Lamme mercantile companies and several large residences, all of brick, as well as a number of large frame buildings. Payette was incorporated as a village in 1891. In 1891 the first car load of fruit was shipped. To-day Payette has a population of one thousand. In speaking of its future, A. B. Moss, one of the original pioneers, says: "I traveled in Col- orado in 1866, when it was less advanced than Idaho is to-day. Colorado is now a rich and populous state, yet it has never had any more ad- vantages to offer than has Idaho and particularly the Payette valley. Therefore I look to see this valley support a population of fifty thousand people ; I look to see a town within its borders of ten thousand people inside of fifteen years; I look to see a railroad running the length of it inside of ten years; and I look to see its people prosperous and happy. This may happen much sooner than the time I state, but I do not think my time will be overrun." NEW PLYMOUTH. New Plymouth is the youngest of the com- munities in the Payette valley, and is the result of the first organized effort to secure immigra- tion. In the year 1893 the Payette Valley Irri- gation & Water Power Company completed the construction of an irrigation canal forty miles in length on the bench lands of the valley, and at once set about to induce settlement under it. B. P. Shawhan, in charge of this plant, in 1894 associated himself with William E. Smythe. then chairman of the executive committee of the Na- tional Irrigation Congress, for the establishment in the Payette valley of a community -under the general plan of colonization, but also to include a number of novel and advantageous features. The plan formulated was based on the principle of co-operative business interests, government by the people, the prohibition of the sale of in- toxicating liquors in any manner, and social and civic equality. 302 HISTORY OF IDAHO. The city of Chicago was selected as the most available point at which to introduce the project, and during the summer of 1895 a committee of seven was sent to Payette to investigate the country. Its report was so favorable that in the fall of that year some thirty-five families sub- scribed to the plan offered and settled where New Plymouth now stands. During that winter 1895-6 a town site of three hundred and twenty-five acres was laid out, upward of ten miles of streets graded, thirty-six hundred shade trees planted, and a village hall and two houses for general occupancy erected. From that time to the present the growth of New Plymouth has gone steadily forward. People from all sections of the United States have become its citizens. To-day, although it is less than three years ago when its being was certainly decided upon, it has handsome residences on its streets, commodi- ous public buildings, business buildings, a con- siderable population of intelligent and industri- ous people and has passed the stage where its successful future was in doubt. When the irrigation ditch was completed, the year before the establishment of New Plymouth, the lands which it now waters and of which New Plymouth is the logical and geographical center, were as innocent of the taming hand of man as in the days when fierce mountain torrents swept it from divide to divide. Now there are upward of three thousand acres of land under fence and annually yielding crops; there are one thousand acres of orchard, some of which will this year bear fruit; and from a desert it has become a garden. FALK'S STORE. Falk's Store is the oldest settlement in south- ern Idaho between the Boise basin and the Snake river. A station on the Utah, Idaho & Oregon stage line was first located there, and around it sprang up an outfitting and trading post which had all those lively characteristics incident to the frontier. The first store was established about 1867, by James Toombs, on what is now called the Scott Stuart place, about a mile and a half below Falk's Store proper. A few years later he was bought out by A. J. McFarland, who successfully conducted a large business for about ten years. Nathan Falk, now a prominent mer- chant in Boise city, then established a store at the station, and from it the name was taken. In those days the place boasted a hotel, store, sa- loon, blacksmith shop and numerous smaller en- terprises, and in proof of the assertion that times were good in the seventies it is said that Falk's store alone did a business of sixty thousand dol- lars in one year. The building of the railroad, however, put an end to staging and Falk's Store has since declined. EMMETT. James Wardwell built a sawmill on the Payette river close at the head of the valley in the early seventies, to which logs were rafted from the great timber belts lying to the north. Around this mill lumbermen and merchants congregated, with the result that the town of Emmett was es- tablished. Emmett now has a population of five hundred, large mercantile establishments, fine residences and is surrounded by bearing orchards of many acres in extent. The sawing of lumber has been moved further back into the mountains, but Emmett is the distributing point for the in- dustry. WATER. The Payette valley has that most necessary ad junct to an irrigated section, water. It has the best water supply in the irrigated northwest. Not only has it a supply greatly in excess of all de- mands that are being made on it at present, but 'it has a supply that is more than twice sufficient to irrigate every acre of land that the valley con- tains, and should its present annual flow ever be diminished by some unforeseen disturbance of nature there are at its source two natural reser- voirs of an extended surface area and of a depth that has heretofore baffled measurement, and a mountain chain on which there are snows and ice an hundred centuries old. This fact in itself makes the Payette valley pre-eminent among the many of this section of the country. There may be others where the soil is as fertile, the climate as salubrious and the people as intelligent and industrious, but there are few whose familv skele ton is not labeled, "Fear for future water supply." Therefore the Payette valley says to any and all home-seekers that to leave it out of consideration in the making of permanent homes is to be blind to self-interest. During the year 1896 the state engineer of Idaho, F. J. Mills, made measurements of the flow of water in all the rivers in the state from which water was diverted for irrigating purposes. The tables of figures he has compiled are too cumbersome for reproduction here, although they may be obtained from him on request; but his general statement as to the Payette's water sup- ply is the best of evidence. He says: "The gauging station on this stream is at the wagon bridge near the town of Payette not far from the mouth of the stream and below all di- verting canals. As the flow of this river is so much greater at all times than any possible de- mands upon it by any existing or projected ca- nals, this station answers all purposes as well as one located above the canals. The quantity of water carried at all seasons of the year by the . Payette is more than sufficient for the irrigation of all the agricultural land in the valley, and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 303 therefore there need be little fear of any scarcity of water. The Payette lakes offer natural reser- voir sites, but it is doubtful if it will be necessary to make use of them, certainly not for many years, and never unless a larger part of the flow of the Payette be taken out of its own drainage area for use elsewhere." The Payette lakes, to which the engineer re- fers, lie on the north fork of the Payette, distant about one hundred and forty miles. Their com- bined surface area is about fifty square miles. The deepest sounding ever made in the lower lake was two thousand and five hundred feet, which failed to reach bottom, so that it is im- possible to compute the number of gallons of water it contains. , They lie in deep, steep-sided ravines and their outlets dash over rocky bot- toms through walled canyons. The cost of dam- ming them so as to raise their surfaces many feet will be, if it should ever become necessary, light compared with the enormous expenditures of time and money to conserve almost an in- finitesimal amount of these waters in the states of California, Colorada and New Mexico. The middle fork of the Payette rises in eternal glaciers in the Sawtooth mountains. Here is another fruitful source of water supply. Just at the time when other accumulations of water begin to ebb the snow and ice here are melting most rapidly. The south fork of the river drains a large area and contributes no little to the general fund of moisture. If you want to irrigate, the Payette valley can furnish you with water. Water for drinking is found at depths varying from twenty to sixty feet and is universally free from impurities and any trace of alkali. WEATHER. The state of Idaho, has as many varieties of climate as there are styles in feminine headgear. On the exposed mountain peaks and in high alti- tudes old Boreas holds frozen court the greater part of the year, while on the lower levels and in the sheltered valleys winter is little more than a name. One of these latter is the Payette. Its altitude is two thousand and two hundred feet, and it stands open-mouthed to the warm winds from the Japan current that come sweeping up the deltas of the Columbia and Snake. Its latitude is the same as that of southern France and Italy, and it is protected from the fierce colds that originate in the region of Montana by the continental divide. The winter season usually lasts about three months, with varying degrees of cold. Taking one winter with another the mean average temperature is but little below the freezing point. The thermometer generally sinks to zero for not to exceed three or four nights during the season. The lowest point it has ever reached since the establishment of a voluntary observer's station in Payette, seven years ago, is twelve degrees below zero. The ground sel- dom freezes to a depth greater than six inches. The summer season approaches the tropical as far as the thermometer's record is concerned. It is no unusual thing for the one hundred degree mark to be hovered around for weeks at a time, but there the resemblance to the tropics ends. There is no depressing humidity, nor hot, sultry nights. The average difference of thermometer readings between day and night is, for the summer months, thirty- five degrees, and the rarity and dryness of the air so tempers the rays of the sun that no bad effects are ever experienced. At the same time, when in Chicago and other eastern cities, with the thermometer standing at about ninety degrees, people and horses have been dying of sun-stroke by the dozens, the ther- mometers in the Payette valley have registered as high as one hundred and fifteen, with men and animals working under its mid-day rays practical- ly oblivious of their heat. A case of hydrophobia has never been known in the state of Idaho. The dry season lasts from about the first of May until the first of October. During this time the atmosphere is practically devoid of humidity and days of uninterrupted sunshine succeed each other, furnishing, in connection with the abun- dant water supply of the valley, the most favor- able conditions for plant life and growth. The periods of rain are in the fall and spring, when a considerable volume falls. Snow sometimes suc- ceeds during the winter months, but sleighing of more than two weeks' duration seldom occurs. What makes the coldest of weather the easier to endure is the fact that the colder it gets, the less the wind blows, and if the thermometer hovers at the zero point the faintest breath of a breeze cannot be detected. Such conditions produce a climate that is beneficial, and in many cases cura- tive to pulmonary complaints, catarrhal trouble?, malarial diseases and many other ills that flesh is heir to. In other words the climate is health- ful and stimulating, and there are many persons living in the Payette valley to-day, vigorous and robust, who left former homes with a doctor's prophecy hanging over them that life for them was short. SOIL. The soil of the Payette valley is an alluvial de- posit of a volcanic nature, varying in weight and depth in different places. Surrounding the town of Payette. including those lands adjacent to the mouth of the Payette river, the bottom lands of the Snake, and an area containing about one thousand and five hundred acres, which is known HISTORY OF IDAHO. as the Washoe flat, the soil borders on a sandy loam. It assimilates irrigation waters with great ease, and is deep and friable. On the bench lands about New Plymouth there is more of a clay consistency. It makes a soil less friable when first cultivated than the more sandy, but competent judges are of the belief that it will be longer lived. In the upper end of the valley there is a mixture of sand, clay and bottom lands. The statement is made here without fear of successful contradiction that there is no hard pan or gumbo land in the Payette valley; and no alkali except along the river bottoms, which form a most insignificant part of the total acre- age. The soils are all rich in the ingredients needful for plant life, and their longevity is in- creased in that the running of irrigating water on their surface continually refertilizes them. FRUIT CULTURE. An advancement in fruit-growing has already been made in the Payette valley that places it among the foremost in the state and surrounding country. It is past the experimental stage. N. A. Jacobsen shipped the first solid car of fruit prunes from Payette in 1891, since which time shipments have increased, until last season they amounted to twenty-five car loads of green fruit, twenty-three car loads of melons; and by express, 3,537' crates of berries and 1,689 crates of cantaloupes. In addition there have been from time to time shipped dried fruits. There are about six hundred acres of tree fruits now in bearing, an acreage that will be doubled within the next two years, and should not even another tree be planted there will within the next five years two thousand and five hundred acres come to bearing. There is little danger, however, of planting ceasing. An average yield of such fruits as prunes and apples is a car load to an acre, and the average number of hands ordinarily required to care for it during the harvesting season is five per acre. The above figures give an idea as to the point whither the industry is tending. The acreage of berries is large and in many instances the grow- ing of them has been more profitable than of tree fruits. The production of melons is assum- ing some magnitude, and the acreage of them the coming season will reach two hundred and fifty. The following is a list of the fruits that are grown in the valley with profit: Apples, prunes, pears, peaches, plums, apricots, nectarines, quinces, cherries, grapes, strawberries, raspber- ries, dewberries, blackberries, currants, goose- berries and ground-cherries. Plantings of wal- nuts, chestnuts, pecans, almonds and English walnuts are also being made, and the few nut trees in bearing have shown big and profitable yields. The right of the apple to the title of the "king of fruits" was established early in the history of man. It has successfully defended that title against all challengers ever since; and while the apple is the "king of fruits" the "king of ap- ples" grows in the Payette valley. It is of large size, fancy, flavor, colored so highly that gen- erally the same apple grown by irrigation and perpetual sunshine here is unrecognizable beside the one grown in the east, and is of a weight and keeping-quality not excelled. Its early produc- tiveness is a feature of its value. One-year-old nursery stock will bear fruit the fourth year from planting, will yield a partial crop the fifth, a large crop the sixth and seventh, and from the eighth to tenth come to maturity. The number of apples that a tree will put forth is an increasing marvel as one year succeeds another. From two to three boxes forty pounds to the box of marketable fruit off a five-year-old tree to twenty boxes off one from seven to ten years old are ordinary figures, although the standard estimate of first-class fruit from trees aged seven and up- ward is ten boxes. Taking the latter as a basis, there being generally planted fifty trees to the acre, the average yield year in and year out may- be safely placed at five hundred boxes per acre an even car load. Last season these apples sold in the Chicago and New York markets for from two to four dollars per box, if they were Jona- thans, and from one to three dollars n less fancy varieties. ''Incredible as it may seem, Idaho has the best show of prunes in the general exhibit" (at the World's Fair) San Francisco Examiner, May 10, 1893. Coming as this does from the heart of Califor- nia it is generous praise from a worsted com- petitor. The prunes in this exhibit were from southwestern Idaho, some of them from the Pay- ette valley. If the apple is the "king of fruits/' the prune is the "royal consort." The state en- gineer of the state of Idaho places the average yield of prunes in Canyon county, of which the Payette valley forms a considerable part, at twen- ty-five thousand pounds to the acre. Although there are a number of prune-growers in the Pay- ette who annually exceed these figures, and there are some whose trees are yet in the first years of bearing, who equal them, they are sufficient for the purpose of illustration and are an official statement capable of proof. The average num- ber of trees to an acre is about one hundred, making the yield of each tree two hundred and fifty pounds. Many of the Payette valley grow- ers sold their product in the green state, some HISTORY OF IDAHO. 305 for three-quarters of a cent per pound on the trees, and others for one cent delivered at the station in Payette. Gross proceeds of two hun- dred and fifty dollars per acre leave a wide mar- gin for the expense of care and picKing. Others have shipped to eastern markets with large profits, and some have made long shipments at a loss. As yet the only practical way of handling this crop, by evaporation, has not been adopted to any extent. The need of it is felt, however, and there are at least two projects on foot look- ing to the establishment of evaporating plants. The particular excellence of the Idaho prune is in its size, flavor and large percentage of sugar. In the Payette valley there is no fear of wet weather to give it an excess of water, making it dry, light or poor, or to develop the fungus dis- eases that sometimes cause disaster in Oregon. The prune has become a staple in the market and where the properly cured and packed Idaho product has been offered it has commanded a price often above that of California. Prune trees begin bearing the third year from planting and yield largely the fourth and fifth. There are many residents of the Payette valley who contend that the pear is the fruit to grow for profit. Certain it is that it reaches a size, lusciousness and carrying quality which make it as marketable as it is in any country. An aver- age acre's yield according to the state engineer's estimate, is eighteen thousand pounds. On mar- ket pears are generally quoted at from two to four cents, with even higher figures for the fancy article attractively packed. So far none of the pear orchards in the valley have suffered serious- ly from blight, that universal enemy of the pear tree, the cause of which is yet a matter of specu- lation among pomologists and bacteriologists. Like other fruits the pear bears early, the third year generally furnishing a crop. The quality and productiveness of these fruits is such that many orchardists are planting them extensively. Some question their ability to stand the climate, but the Payette valley furnishes peaches when they are a failure in every section about here, and none of the bearing apricot or- chards have gone a season uncroppea. Peaches yield from eighteen to twenty thousand pounds to the acre and always command a good price. The yield of apricots is about the same. Both begin bearing the second year. They, too, await the advent of the evaporator that their entire value may be utilized. Cherries, plums, quinces, nectarines and other tree fruits all bear in like proportion to those stated above and at the same early date, but have not been so extensively planted. Their acreage will, doubtless, be much less than of the staple fruits, but they will be grown at a profit and form a considerable part of the total volume of business. The staple small fruits grown commercially are the strawberry and black raspberry. Both yield profusely and have that same carrying qual- ity that makes Idaho's tree fruits famous. Al- ready large shipments of strawberries are being made, some of them goine to points east of Chi- cago, and the profits secured in some instances seem almost fabulous. A prominent nurseryman of Payette sells his berries on the vine for two hundred and fifty dollars per acre, the buyer picking and packing. The black-cap is grown chiefly for drying, yielding at a conservative esti- mate from one thousand to one thousand and five hundred pounds of the dried fruit to the acre. In the season of 1897 the market prices were from ten to fifteen cents. While every fruit-grow- er and rancher has nearly all the 'other small fruits and grapes on his place in quantities suffi- cient for home consumption, no extensive effort to utilize them commercially has yet been made, although there is no reason why there should not be. The most popular of fruits in its season is the melon, particularly the cantaloupe. It is the ne plus ultra of the breakfast table and the facile princeps of all desserts. It is said of the canta- loupe that it is the one fruit of which enough cannot be had; and the smiling watermelon is synonymous with a tickled palate. Both these melons grow to a state of high perfection here. The sandy soil on the lower lands is just what they require for an early and rapid growth. Last year twenty-three car loads and thousands of crates were shipped. The standard for melons in recent years has been, by common consent, the melon grown at Kockv Ford, Colorado. Pay- ette valley- melons shipped to Denver have elic- ited the following comment from the G. G. Lieb- hardt Commission Company, under date of January 5, 1898: "We know of no other place, outside of Rocky Ford, where as good melons are raised as we have seen from your point. The trouble with all cantaloupes raised in the east is that they are just like a turnip: there is no taste to them. The only way they can eat them is to put sugar on them ; but the beauty of the Rocky Ford melons, and also the melons at vour place, is that they are sweet. They do not re- quire any artificial sweetening." One incalculable advantage that the Payette valley melons have is that they are from two to three weeks ahead of the Rocky Ford. The first shipments here in 1897 were on July 26. Some idea of yields and profits may be gained from the experience of R. L. Jimerson, who cer- tifies to the fact that in 1897 from two acres of ground, he delivered at the Payette station eight 306 HISTORY OF IDAHO. hundred and twenty-seven crates of cantaloupes that netted him $627.32. It does not neces- sarily follow that all can come and do likewise, but what man has done man may do. For the purpose of advancing this industry there has re- cently been incorporated a company styled the Payette Valley Melon Growers' Association, with a capital stock of three thousand dollars. GENERAL FARMING. General farming is most successfully carried on throughout this entire section, but as the growing of fruit and handling of cattle and sheep hold out inducements for larger profit, only a comparatively small acreage is devoted to it. All cereals and grains and all vegetables yield well, and farmers have in instances made unusual profits from potatoes, onions and other special crops. A strict adherence to the truth, however, makes necessary the observation that the Pay- ette valley is not as well adapted to the growth of general farm crops as it is to fruits, and that there are better grain sections in the state. In the state engineer's report before alluded to the following yields for this county are given: Wheat, 30 bushels per acre; oats, 42; corn, 35; rye, 18; barley, 34; potatoes, 10,480 pounds; car- rots, 19,960; beets, 19,900; and onions, 18,666. Many orchardists successfully plant and grow root crops and corn between tree rows, assisting materially in meeting the expenses of caring for the trees until they come to bearing. The growth of early vegetables has, up to the present time, been wholly in the hands of the Chinese, who have made it extremely profitable to themselves and demonstrated that it may be made profitable to others. So much so has it been to them that one of them, a man of means and education, has made the offer that if a cannery could be estab- lished in the valley he would agree to take five hundred acres of land at an annual rental of twenty-five dollars per acre, pay water rental and taxes on it, and put it out to vegetables. One thing the farmer in this valley may be ab- solutely certain of, and that is that he will get a crop every year. There are no "off years," no droughts, no floods, no tornadoes, A story is told of a tourist through Kansas who met a native and asked him what sort of a country Kansas was to settle in. The native replied by- asking this question: "If you had known a man for twenty-two years and he had been a horse thief, a blackleg, and a regular out and out child of sin and the devil for twenty years, and then had reformed and been just a tolerably decent sort of fellow for two years, would you tie to him?" The tourist said that he didn't think that he would. The native dug spurs into his tired broncho, leaving the tourist to cipher out the moral. Xo such allegory can be drawn of the Payette valley. It is the same one year with another. If it is bad, there is no hope of reform; if it is good, there is no fear of its fall. It courts investigation. DAIRYING. In the valley of the Payette the farmer cuts from two to four crops of hay each season. The average tonnage per acre each season is five. There have been as high as eight and nine tons of alfalfa taken off a single acre from four cut- tings a season. With all the grasses alfaVfa, clover, timothy, orchard-grass, blue-grass and others yielding such weights of forage, the question of feeding stock is reduced to a mini- mum, taking into consideration also that all other forage produces in like measure. It is no unusual thing for four to eight head of stock to be pastured to the acre. Compare this feeding capacity with that of eastern acres. There is but one creamery in the state of Idaho, and even dairies are few. There is but one in the Payette valley. The price of butter in the Payette val- ley has never been less than twenty cents per pound. The price of creamery butter is from that figure to twenty-five cents anywhere in the state. Idaho annually ships in thousands of pounds of butter from California, Utah, Oregon and other states. POULTRY. Nobody in this section of the country has as yet taken special interest in the development of the poultry industry. During the winter months it is oftentimes impossible to buy an egg in the Payette valley, and if any are offered for sale the price asked for them is from twenty-five to thirty cents a dozen. There is no reason why the hen should not be worked to her full ca- pacity here. The weather is never severe enough to necessitate the erection of expensive buildings, and feed is plenty. The rearing of chickens will, in fact, become a part and parcel of fruit-growing. A few dozen industrious birds in an orchard will do more than almost any other agency, unless it be hogs, to destroy the various insect enemies of fruit.- The chicken has come to stay and it will produce a considerable part of the valley's wealth. There are several residents both at Pay- ette and New Plymouth who have introduced thoroughbred birds, such as Cochins, Wyan- dottes, Langshans, Plymouth Rocks and Leg- horns. Eggs and individual fowls from these fanciers are being distributed over the country, to the effect that nearly all flocks are being im- proved. TIMBER. Scrutiny of and reflection on the following fig- ures are invited. They do not misrepresent in HISTORY OF IDAHO. 307 any essential. There are one million acres of timber land of which the Payette river is the natural and only outlet. It is certain that this timber will cut twenty thousand feet to the acre, and in all probability it will cut more. That means that there are twenty billion feet of it. It is worth fifteen dollars a thousand at Payette. Therefore it represents a value of three hundred dollars per acre, or three hundred million dollars. Of this timber five per cent is tamarack, ten per cent is fir and eighty-five per cent is pine. The percentage of rot in this timber will not exceed one-half of one per cent; that of Michigan ex- ceeds twenty-five per cent. These are surpris- ing figures and such as may sound exaggerated to those who live in less extensive areas than the people of Idaho; but, taking into considera- tion that there are fifty-five million acres in the state, of which twenty millions are estimated as timber lands, there is nothing unreasonable in them. This timber, often rising to a height of over one hundred feet, stands in most instances so thick as to exclude the light of the sun, and is straight and flawless, generally speaking. It is not claimed for it that its quality is superior to other timber belts of this section, but it is as- serted for it that it is of more value than the same kinds either in Oregon or Washington be- cause there is a greater percentage of "uppers" or clear lumber. As previously stated the Pay- ette river is the natural and only outlet for these billions of feet. Not only does it furnish a high- way on which logs may be driven to mill every month in the year but two, but it will also furnish the power to drive the mills. It is possible, also, to get the logs out of the timber to the river at all seasons of the year, the snow never getting so deep as to prevent work. Another feature that adds to the value of the lumber is that all refuse can be sold for wood, and even the sawdust com- mands ready sale. It is a well known fact that the demand for lumber exceeds the supply. There is now going eastward over the Oregon Short Line Railway daily often as much as a train load of lumber from Oregon. The forests of that state have been subjected to a steady drain for many years, and those in the western part, in the Blue mountain region, are becoming badly thinned. As a matter of fact the only untouched pineries of the United States are in this state, and the Payette taps one of them that is not the least. The market for the lumber stretches east for a distance of fifteen hundred miles, a countrv a large part of which is timberless There are now two mills sawing lumber in this belt, one at Payette and one in what is called the Dry Buck country. Emmett is the distributing point for the latter and it is a Payette valley enterprise. These mills have never been able to supply the local demand, quantities of lumber being shipped here from Oregon. CATTLE. Time was, ten years ago, when the cattle of the Payetfe valley were counted by the tens of thousands; and the "hi, hi!" of the cowboy made the land merry during the spring and fall round- ups. There has been a change since then, and although there are many still in the country, the days of individual ownership of large bands is past, If you ask a cattle man to tell you why it will pay you well to embark in his business, he will say to you, "Because there are spring, summer and fall ranges off which you can send your stock to market in first-class condition, and you can winter them at a cost of one dollar and fifty cents a head." The cheapness of winter feeding is the main article of faith. More cattle are fed only two months of the year than are fed three, and the cost of hay is seldom over three dollars a ton. The quality of the cattle of this section of Idaho ranks among the best of grass-fed stock of the northwest, taking precedence of that of Mon- tana, Wyoming and Oregon. This is due not so much to any superiority of feed as to the fact that there have been imported a number of bulls of high grade. One owner in the Payette se- cured two Herefords from Adams Earl, of Earl Park, Indiana, at a cost of one thousand dollars at five months old, and there is some shorthorn and Durham stock of the best. It is estimated that there were about ten thou- sand head of cattle wintered in the Payette val- ley this year. Of these the largest single owner- ship was fifteen hundred, at Emmett, and the' next about one thousand, at Payette. The rest were divided up into holdings of from fifty to three hundred head. Tributary to the Payette, in the Weiser, In- dian, Crane creek, Squaw creek, Paddock and Long valleys, there are many thousands of stock which are driven in for shipment at this and ad- jacent points. Present prices range at fifteen and sixteen dollars for yearlings and twenty to twenty-four dollars for two-year-olds. The future of the cattle industry will see a continually in- creasing number in the country, but they will be in bands of tens and twenties owned by each rancher whose few acres of hay land will furnish them abundant feed. SHEEP. Wool is not the least of the items that swell the commerce of the Payette vallev. The wool clip from it and the surrounding sections amounts to about a half million pounds annually. With the advance in price guaranteed by a pro- 308 HISTORY OF IDAHO. tective tariff the business nas oroved most profit- able under the conditions existing here. This valley offers a winter range which is un- excelled. Hay can be bought on an average for three dollars per ton, and the weather is never so severe as to necessitate artificial shelter. The time of feeding the past winter did not exceed two months. Several bands fed in the Payette broke winter camp in the middle of February and headed for the upper ranges. Others com- menced as early as the first of that month to turn out in the sage brush. The summer ranges for the sheep fed in the Payette valley lie irt the numerous smaller valleys contiguous, and even 1 ' high up on the mountain ranges. Feed is plenty and the ranges are not overrun. The number of sheep in the country is increas- ing each year. From an insignificant number a half dozen years ago the industry has grown until the present. The supply of hay is increasing each year, making it a certainty that those engaging in the business will find an abundance of feed in a sheltered country. IRRIGATING CANALS. One of the largest irrigation enterprises in the state is that of the Payette Valley Irrigation & Water Power Company. Diverting water fro'm the Payette about two miles above Emmett, its canal, running close under the foot-hills that di- vide the Payette and Boise valleys, carries water for a distance of about forty miles to all the bench lands of the valley, an acreage in excess of thirty thousand. The cost of construction was about three hundred thousand dollars, an expenditure resulting in the most substantial work, both at the headgates and along the route, and giving every facility for quick and economic deliverance of water. Its capacity will at all times be greater than any probable demand that will be made on it, the, intake at the headgates being 556.5 cubic feet per second, or 27.825 miners' inches. There always being plenty of water in the river, those locating under this ca- nal will never lack moisture. This com- pany has sold perpetual water-rights to the lands under it, and charges an annual maintenance fee of one dollar and fifty cents an acre. The canal was constructed by New York cap- ital, and was completed in the fall of 1893. Water was first turned out to users in the spring of 1894. Settlement under it from that time on has been rapid, seeing established the town of New Ply- mouth, the planting of many hundreds of acres of orchard and the cultivation of thousands of acres of land. At the present rate of progress it will be but a few years at the most until all lands under it will be occupied by permanent settlers. B. P. Shawhan, at that time treasurer and member of the board of directors of the Equit- able Securities Company of New York city, was sent to the Payette valley in charge of the con- struction of this canal, and has since remained as president of the company and manager of it. The company has been most active in advancing the interests of the country, advertising widely and promoting permanent improvements. The lower Payette ditch, which waters those lands of the valley that lie on the north side of the river from a point opposite New Plymouth to one about seven miles below Payette, is a ''farm- ers' ditch," having been built and still being operated by the users of water from it. Agitation for its construction was begun in 1881 and the next year a company was incorporated bv David and Norval Gorrie, C. T. Williams and S. L. Sparks, with a capital stock of eight thousand dollars, divided into eighty shares. Work was commenced at once and the canal was completed in 1883. Since that time both the size of ditch and the capital stock of the company have been increased until the latter has reached three hun- dred and twenty shares of one hundred dollars each, and the former a carrying capacity that makes it an irrigation enterprise of first magni- tude. Its affairs are managed by a board of directors, and consumers are charged for water at the rate of actual operating expenses assessed pro rata to each share. It is estimated that the average annual cost of water under it for the past five years has been thirty-seven cents an acre. This ditch is of ample size to carry all the water needed under it for many years to come. It also supplies much land above it. the water being raised by means of under-shot wheels. The oper- ation of these wheels is one of the novel and interesting sights of irrigation. A number of smaller community ditches water the upper end of the valley, and some of its lower stretches mid-way between Emmett and Payette. While no one of them irrigates any considerable amount of land, their aggregate makes a good showing in the total acreage of lands cultivated. Water under them is charged for on the basis of operating expenses. WASHOE BOTTOM. West and south of Payette, just across the beautiful river from which that village derives its name, lies Washoe bottom. It is a fine body of land, alluvium and loam, almost entirelv bounded by the left bank of the Payette and the right bank of the Snake rivers. It contains about two thousand six hundred acres, four-fifths of which was converted into an island when A. Rossi built a head-gate at the Payette river and constructed a ditch out of a certain "sloo" for the purpose of running logs down to his saw-mill on the Oregon HISTORY OF IDAHO. 309 Short Line Railroad at Washoe. Through this ditch a large part of the bottom receives its water for irrigation. The Washoe Irrigation and Water Power Company also owns a fine ditch from the Payette, which waters the remaining and larger portion of the land. These ditches will sufficiently irrigate all the land on the bottom at an expense not to exceed twenty cents per acre. All of the cereals, vegetables, forage plants and fruits of the temperate zone can be produced here in abundance and of special fine quality. Five tons of alfalfa to the acre have been harvested at two cuttings. Thus far, since the settlement of these lands, hay has been the principal crop, much of which is still produced from the native grasses. Orchards, what few we have here, are young and bear in from two to three years from setting. Apples and pears give fair yields at four years from setting of one and two year old trees. Be it known that the crop of vegetables, grain and hay was less in the season of 1897 (with one exception) than any during the past 13 years, yet it amounted to the following: Hay, 526 tons; wheat, 2,900 bushels; oats, 4,458 bushels; alfalfa seed, 5,000 pounds; potatoes, 36,000; winter squashes, 252,000; tomatoes, 4,500; grapes, 5,- ooo; apples, 15,500; peaches, 4,750; prunes, 5,- ooo; pears, 1,380; apricots, 800; cherries, 400; and other crops in like proportion. There are also a large number of cattle owned on the bot- tom. In the gravel and sand underlying its fields there is untold wealth. Experts in mining state that gold abounds all through them to a depth of thirty feet to bed-rock. There is an under- flow of water beneath every acre which will facil- itate mining by means of the use of centrifugal pumps, and it is believed that the Snake river valley will in the near future rival the famous Yukon. WHITLEY BOTTOM. What is known as Whitley bottom is an area of about three thousand acres lying along the east bank of the Snake river and between it and the bench lands of Payette valley. Its entire extent is almost as level as a floor and its surface is but little above that of the river. When the river is running high in the spring, water sets back into a number of channels, forming minia- ture lakes and ponds which afford facilities for irrigation later on. For this reason it was se- lected by the earlier settlers for the location of cattle and hay ranches. Many thousand head of stock have been wintered there in times gone by, and some are yet. but the falling off of the cattle business and the improvement of the high- er lands have enlarged the feeding area once con- fined to the river lands. Whitley bottom is now under the ditch of the Payette Valley Irrigation and Water Power Company and is a fine tract for general farming. RECREATION AND SPORT. Sportsmen who have been used to long jour- neys in search of feathered, furred or scaled game, with indifferent luck at their end, will find hunting and fishing in and about the Payette valley an easy and successful matter. In the ponds and bayous formed by the irrigation ditches, and in the many stretches of still water along the rivers countless thousands of ducks, geese, brant, crane and other game fowls find feeding grounds, winter quarters and breeding places. During the fall of the year the air may be said to be literally filled with them, and they do not entirely disappear until late in the 'spring. Quail, sage-hen and a species of snipe are also abundant in their season. In the neighboring foothills and in the smaller valleys there are grouse^ curlew and various kinds of chicken in numbers at times confusing to the gunner and heating to his gun-barrels. The divide between the Payette and Boise val- leys is a runway for deer passing to and from winter feeding grounds in the southern valleys of Oregon and summer ones in the high mountains north of the Payette. Many of them are shot during these pilgrimages by men who are less than a half day's ride on horseback from home, and occasionally a band of timid doe, led by an adventurous buck, stray down among the ranches of the lower valley to fall prey to some marksman. But it is in the timbered and mountainous country northward for an hundred miles and more that the royal sport lies. There may' be found deer, elk, antelope, mountain sheep, nu- merous bears of the smaller species, and occasion- ally a fierce grizzly and a timid moose. Big game is becoming more and more scarce, and in the mountains and forests of Idaho are found many of those animals that are extinct in almost every other portion of the continent. The hunting of them in summer and fall gives an invigorating outing that is an experience in itself. No more charming resort than the Payette lakes, lying as they do sunk deep into snow-cov- ered mountains, their waters as clear and cold as the mountain springs from which they have their source, and their shores and clean, sandy beaches, lined with gigantic pines that stretch far up onto the mountain's sides, can be found any- where ; and many spots that are storied in poetry and song are as much less beautiful than they as a cheap print is less beautiful than nature. The arduous toil of the chase can be intermitted there by repose and recreation, and in a thousand other places the tourist may set himself down to an enjoyment of fine vistas, seductive odors, stimu 310 HISTORY OF IDAHO. lating waters and an appetite that fears no dish and knows no limit. All the mountain lakes and streams are more or less filled with that finny delicacy. the speckled mountain trout and at certain seasons of the year they are caught in large numbers. In the lakes and rivers, salmon, salmon trout, bull trout and red fish are plenty, to say nothing of less toothsome species that may be caught by the thousands. In the lower rivers salmon are caught, and in the Snake huge sturgeon some weighing as high as three hundred pounds are victims of the angler. A summer spent in the mountains and forests and on the lakes of the country adjacent to the Payette valley will give to the hunter months of such sport as Cooper writes of; will furnish the tourist a series of novelties that will delight the most blase; will afford the searcher for rest and recreation rest that will have permanent value and recreation that will recreate with all the variations of the word's meaning; and will be of more benefit to an invalid than all the nos- trums known. THE SWINERY. To review the resources and industries of this valley without making a few remarks about the author of the ham would be to leave the review incomplete. It is believed and frequently as- serted that more hogs can be grown and fattened to a given area of land in the irrigated valleys of this section than at any other place in the world. The magic lies in that greatest of forage plants alfalfa. It is a fact too common to excite comment that from fifteen to twenty head of hogs can be summered on an acre of it, taken up in the fall and fed corn from twenty to thirty days, and be sent to market in as prime condition for slaughter as any buyer demands. The rais- ing of hogs is also a powerful auxiliary to the growing of fruit. Turned in an orchard they eat all decaying, stunted or infested fruit as it falls, and by continual agitation of the surface of the soil and rubbing against the trunks of the trees destroy innumerable hiding places for pests of all sorts. APIARIES. The busy bee is another important and profit- able prop to the fruit business. Many berries and tree fruits have need to be fertilized from some other of the same family, and the bee is a most potent agent in this work. Every orchard should have its apiary. The country affords every pos- sible inducement for the bee to make honey. Three and four times a season the alfalfa and clo- ver blossom give a harvest that yields a superior product. Alfalfa honey is a special brand in the west. The countless fruit blossoms are enough to almost set the drones at work, and even the sage-brush puts forth blossoms in the spring that the bee seeks. The country, since the intro- duction of bees, has become filled with wild swarms that have escaped from the home hives through the carelessness of keepers. They seek lodgment in buildings, groves and out of the way places, and as much as fifty to one hundred pounds of honey has frequently been taken from these nomads at the end of the season. SUGAR BEETS. No systematic effort has been made to cultivate the sugar beet. Last year and the one before the experiment station at the state university, at Moscow, sent out a large amount of seed to farmers in various sections of the state for the purpose of testing the adaptability of the soil and climate to it. A number of reports were re- ceived and they were for the most part flattering. The beets grew well, and upon being analyzed showed a percentage of sugar above the profit- able mark. Those grown in the Payette valley averaged with the best, and growing them in large quantities would not be an experiment, but certain to prove as profitable as the beet is at any place. The sugar beet propaganda is spreading so rapidly that it is not unlikely that a plant will be established in this section in the near future. PAYETTE VALLEY MERCANTILE CO. The Payette Valley Mercantile Company, lim- ited, doing business ' at Payette, Idaho, was organized with twenty thousand dollars cash capi- tal on the loth of April, 1891, comprising the following named gentlemen: A. A. Miller, Alex- ander B. Allen, A. E. Gipson, W. G. Whitney, D. C. Chase, H. B. Platt, A. Rossi and S. S. Morris. For their place of business they erected a brick store, thirty by one hundred feet in dimensions and two stories high, all devoted to both the wholesale and retail branches of general mer- chandise. At the organization of the company the officers were: W. G. Whitney, president; A. Rossi, vice-president; D. C. Chase, secretary and treasurer; and A. A. Miller, manager. The pres- ent officers are: W. L. Rider, president and gen- eral manager, and D. C. Chase, secretary and treasurer. The officers are men of the highest integrity and responsibility, are business men of experi- ence, and their establishment is patronized by a large portion of the community. The citizens feel proud of having such an enterprising com- pany at the head of the principal mercantile inter- est of the town. CHAPTER XXVI. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. JAMES H. RICHARDS. IT MONG the prominent lawyers of Boise is j\ Judge James Heber Richards, who has -* *- practiced at the bar of this state for nine years, winning an enviable reputation by his eru- dition, his ability to give to each point of a case its due prominence, liis force in argument and his master^' of the intricate problems of jurisprud- ence. In a witty after-dinner speech Chauncey M. Depew once said, "Some men achieve great- ness, some men are born great, and some men are born in Ohio." The first and last clauses are both applicable to Judge Richards, who is a na- tive of the Buckeye state, his birth having occurred in the town of Mount Vernon, on the 5th of May, 1852. He is of English and Scotch descent, his ancestors being among the early set- tlers of New York and Ohio. They wefe enter- prising, progressive business men, and thrifty farmers. The father of the Judge, Daniel Rich- ards, was born in Syracuse, New York, and mar- ried Miss Clarissa Allen, a representative of one of the distinguished families of America. Among its members was Colonel Ethan Allen, who in connection with his "Green Mountain Boys" won fame in the Revolutionary war. Her uncle, I. J. Allen, was an intimate friend of John Sher- man, a journalist of considerable prominence, later was consul to China, and is now writing on the legal department of the new Standard diction- ary. Another uncle, William Allen, "stumped" the state of Illinois in company with Abraham Lincoln, and was one of the warmest friends and supporters of the martyred president. Daniel Richards engaged in the manufacture of linseed oil in Ohio, and was also the agent of the Ohio state penitentiary for the sale of its manufactures. He died in 1884, at the age of seventy-eight years, after which his widow came to Idaho with her son, the Judge, and died in Boise, in 180,6, at the age of seventy-eight years. They were members of the Congregational church and their upright lives won them the confidence and es- teem of all with whom they came in contact. Judge Richards was the fifth in order of birth in their family of eight children. He attended the schools of his native town, and after the re- moval of the family to a farm continued his studies in the country schools until fourteen years of age, when he started out to make his own way in the world, working on a dairy farm for seven dollars per month. He was employed in that way for two years, during which time he saved the most of his small earnings, whereby he was enabled to continue his education in Belleville, Ohio, where he studied for two years. On the expiration of that period he rented a farm of one hundred and forty acres in Huron county, Ohio, for two years, and dealt quite extensively in stock. Later he was elected a teacher of the First grammar school of Mount Vernon, Ohio, and subsequently served as its principal for four years. Desiring to further perfect himself along educational lines he next entered the Ohio Wes- leyan University, at Delaware, Ohio. On the completion of his collegiate work there he re- turned to Mount Vernon and took up the study of law under the direction of the firm of Mc- Intyre & Kirk. In 1879 he removed to Denver and continued his preparation for the bar in the office of Markhan & Patterson, prominent attor- neys of that city, who aided him in his reading for two years, when in 1881 he was admitted to the bar. Judge Richards entered upon his professional career in Breckenridge, Colorado, where he con- tinued in practice for six years, and in 1889 he removed to Boise, for the benefit of his wife's health. Here he has since continued actively in the work of his profession. He throws himself easily and naturally into the argument with marked self-possession and deliberation. There is no straining after effect, but a precision and clearness in his statement, and acuteness and HISTORY OF IDAHO. strength in his argument, which exhibit a mind trained in the severest school of investigation and to which the closest reasoning has become habitual. In addition to his law practice he has also been an active factor in promoting some of the most permanent and valuable public im- provements in southern Idaho. He undertook the construction of the Payette ditch, which en- terprise he pushed to a successful termination. He organized the Payette Valley Bank, and the Payette Land and Improvement Company, and of the latter was made president and still holds that position. He has been instrumental in bringing half a million dollars of .capital into this part of Idaho since his arrival, a sum that has gone a long way toward the substantial develop- ment and improvement of the state. The Judge has also held a number of import- ant offices and through his faithful service in se- curing an able administration of public affairs has also promoted the welfare of the communi- ties with which he has been connected. He was attorney at Breckenridge, Colorado, and county commissioner of Canyon county, Idaho, which county he aided in organizing and in placing it on a good working foundation. He early became identified with the Republican party, and was chosen chairman of the Republican state conven- tion, which met in Boise in 1804. He attended the judicial convention of the same year, was nominated for judge of the third district and was elected by a large popular majority. He was the choice of a very large percentage of the bar, and his service on the bench reflected credit upon himself and the profession which he represents. He found the calendar far behind, but by his splendid executive and administrative ability he brought the court business up and cleared the calendar in all of the counties of his district. Dur- ing his two years upon the bench he tried four hundred and forty cases, among which were nine murder cases, and in one of these the pris- oner was sentenced to- be hanged. After two years' service on the bench Judge Richards re- signed and resumed the private practice of law. He has a distinctively representative clientage, and is retained as counsel or advocate on nearly every important case tried in the courts of south- ern Idaho. On the i8th of November, 1881. Judge Rich- ards was united in marriage to Miss Fannie Howe, a native of Fredericktown, Ohio. They have a pleasant home in Boise, and enjoy the warm regard of many friends. The life of the Judge has been one of unusual activity and has not been without its desirable results. Blessed with good health, from the age of fourteen years he has not only provided for his own support but also for others dependent upon him. By capable business management, inde- fatigable energy and perseverance he has won a handsome competence, and now enjoys a most enviable reputation in industrial circles, at the bar and in the field of politics. JOHN P. VOLLMER. One of the ablest and best known business men of Idaho is John P. Vollmer, of Lewiston. In past ages the history of a country was the record of wars and conquests; to-day it is the record of commercial activity, and those whose names are foremost in its annals are the leaders in business circles. The conquests now made are those of mind over matter, not of man over man, and the victor is he who can successfully establish, con- trol and operate extensive commercial interests. John P. Vollmer is one of the strong and influ- ential men whose lives have become an essential part in the history of Lewiston and the state. Tireless energy, keen perception, honesty of pur- pose, genius for devising and executing the right thing at the right time, joined to every-day common sense, and guided by great will power, are the chief characteristics of the man. Con- nected with various trade interests, the place that fie occupies in business circles is in the front rank. Mr. Vollmer was born in Germany, January 25, 1847, his parents being Otto P. and Elizabeth (Fix) Vollmer, also natives of the same country. The father was a chemist, and he came to the United States in 1840. He became a naturalized citizen of this country, and in January, 1845. re- turned to Germany and was married. In 1851 he brought his family to the New World, locating in Louisville, Kentucky, where he engaged in the distilling business, meeting with excellent suc- cess. He did a large business, having two dis- tilleries in that state and two in Indiana. Mr. and Mrs. Vollmer spent their last years in the HISTORY OF. IDAHO. 313 Hoosier state, becoming residents of Indianapolis in 1855. There the father died in the fifty-eighth year of his age, and the mother passed away in 1863. They were Lutherans in their religions faith, and they reared a family of five children, three of whom are yet living. John P. Vollmer, the eldest of the family, was educated in the Northwestern Christian Univer- sity, after which he acquired a practical knowl- edge of business as chief clerk in Merrill & Com- pany's large book concern, with which lie was connected for several years. In 1868 he came vvest under engagement, and, locating at Walla Walla, had charge of a refinery. His enterprise, perseverance and untiring labor brought him suc- cess as the years passed. In 1870 he came to Lewiston and embarked in the wholesale liquor and grocery business, which he conducted with marked success for three years, but becoming convinced that temperance principles were cor- rect, he abandoned the liquor business, and opened a general mercantile establishment in connection with W. Scott. He has since pros- pered greatly in his undertakings, and his honor- able business methods and enterprise have made the firm of J. P. Vollmer & Company one of the most prominent in the northwest. They now have five large stores, located at Lewiston, Gen- esee, Grangeville, Uniontown, and Asotin. The annual business transacted in these stores is now figured by the millions. In 1883 Mr. Vollmer became the organizer of the First National Bank of Lewiston, the first national bank established in the northern part of the state. He was elected its president and still retains that connection with the institution, which is now enjoying an almost phenomenal success and is regarded as the most reliable financial concern in the state. Business was be- gun on a capital of fifty thousand dollars, and now there is a surplus of that amount, with nine- ty-two thousand dollars undivided profits and a reserve fund of forty-five thousand dollars. In its dividends it has returned the capital to the stockholders and thirty per cent additional, and it stands thirty-fourth on the roll of honor of the thirty-three hundred national banks of the United States, a splendid showing, and one which reflects credit upon the managers of the bank! Mr. Vollmer was also one of the organ- izers and is half-owner of the bank at Grangeville, which has a rating of one million dollars. He has also been largely interested in farming, and has one hundred and ninety farms, with two hundred and forty-eight miles of fencing. He was also prominent in the organization of the Sweetwater Irrigating & Power Company, which was organ- ized in 1890, and now has seven miles of ditching and will add ten miles of steel pipe line. This ditch has a large amount of power besides afford- ing irrigation for several thousand acres of rich land, and is of immense value to the section which it traverses. From 1877 to 1885 he was agent for the Oregon Steam Navigation Com- pany and its successor, the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company, while later he was made state agent for the Northern Pacific Railway Company and its allied lines, for the state- of Idaho, which position he still holds. Mr. Voll- mer also takes a just pride in the thought that he was the first to introduce the use of the tele- phone on the Pacific coast, also the first tele- graph line in northern Idaho. Such in brief is the history of a remarkably prosperous business career. The multiplicity of Mr. Vollmer's business ventures and their uni- form success well indicate his superior business and executive ability, which has enabled him to rise to an eminent position in commercial circles. In his early life Mr. Vollmer affiliated with the Democracy, but, Deing a believer in a protective tariff, he is now a Republican. He has never con- sented to accept office, his time being fully oc- cupied with his business interests, which have also prevented him from being an active worker in the Masonic order, although he belongs to this ancient and benevolent fraternity and has attained the fourteenth degree in the Scottish Rite. On the 27th of September, 1870, was cele- brated the marriage of Mr. Vollmer and Miss Sallie E. Barber, a native of Kentucky, and a daughter of M. A. Barber and granddaughter of Judge Duval, of that state. Their union has been blessed with seven children, five of whom are living, namely: Ralston, who has charge of the bank and store at Genesee: Bessie, who had the honor of being selected "Queen of Idaho" at the state fair held in 1897, at Boise: Genevieve, who is attending school ; and Norman 314 HISTORY. OF IDAHO. and Xorma, twins, at home. They are a family of much refinement, and their delightful home in Lewiston is the center of a cultured society cir- cle, while the members of the household are held in the highest esteem by tneir many friends. JOSEPH K. VINCENT. More than thirty-seven years have passed since Judge Vincent arrived in Idaho, and he is justly numbered among her honored pioneers and lead- ing citizens. He has been prominentlv identified with her business life, being connected with min- ing, agricultural and commercial interests, and although he has rounded the psalmist's span of three-score years and ten, and although the snows of many winters have whitened his hair, he has the vigor of a much younger man, and in spirit and interest seems yet in his prime. Old age is not necessarily a synonym of weakness or inac- tivity. It needs not suggest, as a matter of course, want of occupation or helplessness. There is an old age that is a benediction to all that comes in contact with it, that gives out of its rich stores of learning and experience, and which, in its active connection with the affairs of life, puts to shame many a younger man, who grows weary of the cares and struggles and would fain shift to other shoulders the burdens which he should carry. Of such an honored type Tudge "V incent, now in the evening of life, is a representative. A na- tive of New England, he was born in Salem, Essex county, Massachusetts, June 26, 1822, and is of Welsh and English ancestors, who were early settlers of Salem. His grandmother, his father and he himself were all born in the same house, one of the oldest residences of Salem, and long occupied by his ancestors. His paternal grandfather was one of the heroes of the Revolu- tion. Joseph Vincent, the father of the Judge, married Letitia Pease, a native of Salem. He was a sea captain and was murdered in the West Indies by some of the negroes of the islands, his death occurring just before the birth of our sub- ject. The bereaved mother, however, tenderly cared for her two little children, and lived to the advanced age of ninety-two years, her death oc- curring in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1879. The Judge is now the only survivor of the family. He may justly claim the proud Ameri- can title of a self-made man, for since his ninth year he has earned his own living, and whatever success he has achieved is due entirely to his own well directed efforts. In his youth he learned both the printer's and the carpenter's trade, fol- lowing the former for some time before going to California. In 1849, attracted by the discovery of gold on the Pacific slope, he made his way to the west, going around Cape Horn, being then twenty-seven years of age. He landed at San Francisco and engaged in mining at Coloma, where Marshall first discovered the precious metal; but he did not meet with the success he anticipated in his mining ventures there, and accordingly made his way to Oregon, in 1855. He then mined at Gold Beach with fair success for a time, but the Rogue river war broke out and resulted in his losing what he had made. He volunteered in the war and was at the Rogue river massacre, in 1856. From there he went to Althouse creek, became a resident of Washing- ton in 1859, and in 1862 enlisted in the First Volunteer Cavalry of Oregon, as a member of Company F, expecting to be sent south. The regiment, however, was sent to Fort Lapwai, Idaho, and he remained in the service of his country for three years and three months, being honorably discharged at Vancouver, in 1865. He had served as post commissary sergeant for three years. After the war Judge Vincent took up his abode at Lewiston and has since resided there and at Camas prairie. He is interested in a number of quartz-mining claims, on the Clearwater, includ- ing the Admiral Dewey, St. Patrick, Ida May and the Pride of Clearwater, and has assays of the ore gold and copper yielding from sixteen to three hundred dollars per ton. He has also engaged in stock-raising for a number of years and has been general auctioneer, conducting many of the leading sales in this part of the state. His business interests have been well managed, and as the result of his honorable deal- ing and enterprise he has acquired a comfortable competence. For many years Judge Vincent has been a very prominent factor in political circles and is a stanch advocate of Republican principles. He has been deputy license collector, was justice of the peace for thirty years and filled out an HISTORY OF IDAHO. 315 unexpired term as deputy sheriff of Nez Perces county. He was provost marshal during the In- dian war in 1877-8 and was police judge of Lewis- ton for a number of years. In 1898 he was elected probate judge of Idaho county, and is now acceptably filling that position. His duties in all these offices have ever been performed most faithfully, and no trust reposed in him has ever been betrayed. In 1864 Mr. Vincent married Miss Elizabeth M. Leland, daughter of Judge Alonzo Leland, of Lewiston, now deceased. Of their union nine children have been born, namely: Joseph, the publisher of the Kendrick Gazette; Alonzo P., who resides at Cottonwood; Lettie R., wife of Frank Scott, a resident of California: Edward S., who makes his home with his parents, in Mount Idaho: Charles, who is engaged in business at Kendrick: Harry G. ; Alida; Tamanay and Wil- liam, the last four named being at home. The family is one of prominence in the community, and their pleasant home in Mount Idaho is the center of a cultured society circle. The Judge is a valued member and past commander of Arthur Guernsey Post, G. A. R., of Lewiston. He has not only traveled much in this country, but has also visited the Sandwich and the Philip- pine islands, our two recent acquisitions, and has that culture and experience which only travel can bring. He is highly esteemed for that genu- ine worth which, in every land and every clime, commands respect and confidence. ROBERT E. McFARLAND. Robert E. McFarland, late incumbent of the responsible position of attorney general of Idaho, by his faithful and capable discharge of duty won the highest commendation. Thoroughly versed in the principles of jurisprudence, he was well fitted to handle the intricate problems which presented themselves for solution, and his suc- cess affords the best evidence of his capabilities. He is a native of Missouri, born in Independence, November 21, 1857. The family is of Scotch lineage, the first American ancestors having crossed the Atlantic in colonial days and actively participated in the events which form the history of that epoch. They also battled for the freedom of the nation in the war of the Revolution. The father of our subject, Rev. W. B. McFarland, was born in Pennsylvania, whence he removed to Virginia, and later to Missouri. He married Miss Elvira Early, a sister of General Jubal Early, and at the age of sixty-five she departed this life. Rev. W. B. McFarland now resides in Iowa and has attained the advanced age of seven- ty-nine. He has led a long and useful life in the Methodist ministry, and is now practically re- tired, although he still preaches occasionally. One of a family of nine children, Robert Early McFarland was reared in a cultured home and acquired his education in Central College, at Fay- ette, Howard county, Missouri. He began read- ing law in Pettis county, that state, under the instruction of Hon. George G. Vest, now United States senator, and later continued his study in the office and under the direction of George L. Hayes, of Sweet Springs, and Judge John L. Strother, of Marshall, Missouri. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1880, and to practice in the supreme court of the state in 1891. He entered the practice of his profession in Socorro, New Mexico, and his career at the bar has been uni- formly successful, his patronage steadily increas- ing as the years have gone by. In the fall of 1883 he was elected a member of the New Mexi- co legislature, and at the close of the pession in March, 1894, he left the south for the far north- west. Locating in Shoshone county, Idaho, he has since been numbered among the prominent mem- be.rs of the legal fraternity in this state. In the fall of 1884 he was elected probate judge, which position he filled until May, 1885, when President Cleveland appointed him register of the land office at Coeur d'Alene, in which capacity he served for five years. He then resumed the private practice of law, and on the 9th of April, 1 894, was admitted to practice before the supreme court of the United States. In 1896 he was nominated for the position of attorney general of Idaho on the People's Democratic ticket, and was elected to the office, which he acceptably filled until the expiration of his term, in January, 1899. He came to Boise in December, 1896, and made his home in the capital city until the expira- tion of his term of office, when he removed to Lewiston, where he entered into a professional partnership with his brother, S. L. McFarlnnd, and is now actively engaged in the practice of 316 HISTORY OF IDAHO. law in that city. While practicing in Kootenai county he made a specialty of criminal law and for eleven years was retained on the defense in every important criminal case tried in that coun- ty. He lost only three out of all the number, and his reputation extended far throughout the state. As a lawyer he is sound, clear-minded and well trained. The limitations which are imposed by the constitution on federal powers are well un- derstood by him. With the long line of decisions from Marshall down he is familiar, as are all thoroughly skilled lawyers. He is at home in all departments of law, from the minutse in practice to the greater topics wherein is involved the consideration of the ethics and philosophy of jurisprudence and the higher concerns of public policy. He has always been a Democrat in his political affiliations and on account of his bril- liant oratory and readiness in debate has done much effective campaign work. On the 25th of November, 1885, Mr. McFar- land was united in marriage to Miss Marie Pendy, a native of Virginia City, Nevada. They now have three children, two sons and a daugh- ter: W. B, Cathleen R. and Robert Early, Jr. The General is a genial, agreeable companion and friend, possessed of talent of a superior order, back of which is a will that commands success. MATH. JACOBS. Math. Jacobs, the well known and popular president of the Kendrick State Bank, is a native of Minnesota, and for several years has been prominently connected with the business interests of this section of Idaho. He was born in St. Cloud, May i, 1865, and is of German descent, his parents, Theodore and Elizabeth Jacobs, hav- ing both been natives of the Fatherland. When young people they crossed the Atlantic to America, locating in Minnesota, where they were married in 1856. Theodore Jacobs became a suc- cessful farmer and carried on agricultural pur- suits until 1898, when his death occurred, at the age of sixty-two years. He left a widow and nine children. Mrs. Jacobs now resides in Gene- see, Idaho, at the age of sixty-one years. Math. Jacobs was reared and educated in the state of his nativity, and in 1884 came to Idaho, where he entered the employ of J. P. Vollmer, one of the most extensive merchants of the north- ern section of the state. He remained in Mr. Vollmer's store in Uniontown for five years and was then made manager of his store in Kendrick, conducting the large mercantile business here for two years. Since that time he has been actively connected with the banking business, and is now at the head of the State Bank, one of the most reliable financial institutions in this locality. Its business policy is most trustworthy and its offi- cers are men of reliability, so that its success is assured. Mr. Jacobs possesses excellent execu- tive ability, keen discrimination and sagacity, qualities which are very successful in the conduct of a prosperous banking business. In 1891 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Jacobs and Miss Cora Addison, a native of Illi- nois and a daughter of John G. Addison, now of Kendrick. They have a nice residence in the town and many friends enjoy its hospitality. They are valued members of the Catholic church, and Mr. Jacobs is prominently connected with the Knights of Pythias lodge here. He is past chan- cellor of the order and a representative to the grand lodge, and is also a member of the Modern Woodmen of the World. In politics he is a stalwart Democrat, and attends the conventions of his party, but never seeks or desires office for himself, preferring to devote his energies to his business interests. WILLIAM A. HALL. Honored and respected by all, there is no man in northern Idaho who occupies a more enviable position in professional circles than William A. Hall, who for many years has devoted his ener- gies to the practice of law and to the spread of the gospel among his fellow men. Born in England, February 15, 1847, ne was fi ye years of age when brought to America by his parents, William and Lucy (Atkinson) Hall, who crossed the Atlantic with their six children and became residents of Walworth county, Wisconsin. There the father engaged in farming up to the time of his death, which occurred in the fortieth year of his age. His widow afterward married William Ambler, and by that union had four children. Mr. Ambler enlisted in the Union army in 1862, as a member of the Twenty-seventh Wisconsin Infantry, and after a year's active service was taken ill and died, at Helena, Arkansas, in 1863. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 31', The mother reared her family of children, and died at Traverse City, Michigan, in the seventy- seventh year of her age. Four of the children of her first marriage and four of the last survive her. William A. Hall is indebted to the public- school system of the Badger state for the educa- tional privileges accorded him. He was reared upon the home farm, and when his stepfather entered the army, the management and care, of the place devolved upon him. In 1866 he crossed the plains and located in Helena, Montana, where he engaged in teaching. While there he was also licensed as a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal church, after which he devoted much of his time to preaching the gospel, meeting with excellent success in his labors to build up the churches of his denomination in the then territory of Montana. In 1879 the presiding elder of the Walla Walla district of the Columbia river con- ference sent for him to come to Grangeville and take charge of the Columbia River Conference Academy. Mr. Hall entered upon that work with zeal, and ably conducted the school for eight years, preaching at times, as occasion required. In the meantime he had given some attention to the study of law, which he later pursued under the direction of Judge Norman Buck, and in 1887 he was admitted to the bar. He then opened his law office in Grangeville, where he has since remained, and has enjoyed a good prac- tice. He is a man of strong mentality, keen dis- cernment and possessed of an analytical mind, elements that insure success in the legal profes- sion. Thus as preacher and lawyer he has been prominently connected with the interests of the town and has come into close touch with its people, many of whom have acquired their edu- cation under his instructions, while for others he has performed marriage ceremonies, and, as necessity has demanded, has preached funeral sermons, or delivered public addresses. In con- nection with his other labors he serves as notary public, makes conveyances and does all kinds of work in connection with his real estate business. Believing in a prosperous future for Grangeville, he purchased two hundred acres of land adjacent to the town and has since made three additions to Grangeville, known as Hall's addition, Moxey's addition and the Prairie View addition. Many of his lots have been sold and improved, and now form one of the best sections of the town. Mr. Hall has also erected a number of good buildings, which have largely advanced material interests here. He has likewise ac- quired mining property at Florence, Buffalo Hump, Salmon river and the Clearwater country. In public office he has rendered effective and faithful service to his fellow citizens and at all times has been a competent officer. He has been justice of the peace, has been probate judge and ex-officio county superintendent of schools for Idaho county, and while in Montana held similar offices. He is now referee of bankruptcy for Idaho county, and was for several years com- missioner of the circuit court of the district of Idaho. In politics he has always been a stalwart Republican, unswerving in support of the party principles. On the i8th of July, 1876, Mr. Kail was united m marriage to Miss Susan M. Haynes, a native of Maine. Having no children of their own, they have adopted a daughter, Winifred G. Hall. AJ1 three are members of the Methodist church, in which Mr. Hall is serving as trustee and steward. He belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Woodmen of the World and is an earnest advocate of the cause of temperance. He is a man of even temperament, calm and self- poised, of refined character, one in whom na- ture and culture have vied in making an honored and interesting gentleman. JAMES F. AILSHIE. James F. Ailshie is one of the most distin- guished criminal lawyers of Idaho, his marked success in that department of jurisprudence win- ning him enviable prestige. He is also public- spirited and thoroughly interested in whatever tends to promote the moral, intellectual and ma- terial welfare of his town, ranking among her progressive and popular citizens. A native of Greene county, Tennessee, he was born June 19, 1868, and is of Scotch ancestry, the family having been established in the south at an early period in its settlement. His great-grandfather. Stephen Ailshie, fought for independence in the war of the Revolution, and after American lib- erty was secured he took up his residence in Kentucky, where George Washington Ailshie, 318 HISTORY OF IDAHO. his grandson and the father of our subject, was born. George W. Ailshie removed to Tennessee while yet young and afterward married Miss Martha A. Knight of that state, where they still reside, respected members of the commun- ity. They belong to the Baptist church and their well spent lives are in harmony with their relig- ious professions. To them were born ten chil- dren, nine of whom are yet living. James F. Ailshie, the eldest of the family, was educated in the state of his nativity and in the Willamette University, at Salem. Oregon, win- ning the degrees of Bachelor of Philosophy and Bachelor of Law, both in 1891. The same year he was admitted to practice in the supreme court of Oregon, and after seeking for a favorable loca- tion in which to begin business decided to establish a home in Grangeville, where he opened an office in August, 1891. He has never had occasion to regret his choice, for success has here attended his efforts and he has gained a reputation as one of the leading lawyers of north- ern Idaho. He has built up an excellent practice and now has a distinctively representative clien- tage. His high order of talent, his comprehen- sive and accurate knowledge of the principles of jurisprudence and his keen power of argument enable him to handle criminal cases in a way that has won him some remarkable victories. He never loses sight of any point bearing on his case, and gives to each fact and point of law its due prominence, at the same time always keep- ing before court and jury the important element upon which the decision of the case finally turns. His reasoning is sound and convincing, his argu- ments logical and his eloquence seldom, if ever, fails to produce the desired effect. While Mr. Ailshie devotes his time and atten- tion principally to his profession, he has other business interests. Believing firmly in the future growth and prosperity of the town of Grangeville, he has invested quite extensively in real estate in this locality and is now the owner of several hundred acres adjacent to the city. He also owns some of the best business sites and business blocks in Grangeville. On the igth of June, 1894, Mr. Ailshie was united in marriage to Miss Bundren, a daughter of Rev. J. B. Bundren, a Baptist minister of Tennessee. Their union has been blessed with a beautiful little daughter, whom they have named Lucile. Mr. and Mrs. Ailshie are mem- bers of the Baptist church, and are very widely and favorably known throughout the state. Mrs. Ailshie, a true southerner, entertains a great deal, and their beautiful home on College street is the scene of many pleasant social events. In politics Mr. Ailshie is a stalwart Republican, and did most effective service for his party by his campaign addresses in support of the can- didacy of McKinley in 1896. At the Republican state convention of 1898 he had the honor of being chosen its president, and conducted its meetings and business with marked fairness and ability, showing him to be a thorough parlia- mentarian. He has for two terms served as regent of the State University of Idaho, being ap- pointed to that office by Governor McConnell. He was also a delegate from Idaho to the bi- metallic congress held in Chicago during the World's Columbian Exposition. Socially he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, has filled all the chairs in both branches of the order and has been a member of the grand lodge. He is also a member of the Maccabees and the Woodmen of the World. His fitness for leadership and his devotion to the public good have gained him prominence in public life, and his ability in the law has won him a distinguished position at the Idaho bar. He is a man of reso- lute purpose, of strong mentalitv and of genuine worth, and his high standing in the community is a merited tribute to his superiority. In man- ner, however, he is most unpretentious, genial and cordial, and in the community he has many warm personal friends. JAY M. DORMAN. No man has been a more prominent factor in the growth and improvement of Mount Idaho than this gentleman, who for many years has been identified with its building interests, nor have his efforts contributed alone to his individual prosperity, for he belongs to that class of repre- sentative Americans who promote the public good while securing their own success. A native of Delaware county, New York, he was born August 27, 1837, and is descended from an old American family, early settlers of the Em- pire state. His father, Anthony Dorman, was HISTORY OF IDAHO. 319 likewise born in Delaware county and married Miss Charlotte Bursack, a lady of German de- scent. Their only child, Jay M. Dorman, was left an orphan at a tender age and was reared by his aunt until fourteen years of age. With her he removed to Louisiana, where he learned the carpenter and joiner trade, in 1861 he went to California by way of the isthmus route, sailing on the steamer North Star, which arrived in San Francisco in July. He worked in a sawmill on the coast range for a time, and by the water route went to The Dalles and then by mule train to the place of the gold discoveries in Idaho. He traveled with a company of eight, who ultimately reached Lewiston, which was then a town of tents, with only two log houses. Mr. Dorman proceeded to Elk City, and engaged in mining at different claims for nine years, but met with only a moderate degree of success. He had at times as high as three thousand dollars, but like many other miners sunk his capital in a bed- rock tunnel, He, however, never lost anything through gambling or in the saloon, as so many men did in those early days. In 1871 he came to Mount Idaho, at which time there was but one log house in the town. Here he began work at the carpenter's trade, and since that time has been actively interested in the erection of most of the buildings of the ' place, so that Mount Idaho now largely stands as a monument to his skill, thrift and enterprise. In 1877 ne built his own commodious residence, one of the most attractive homes of the place. In connection with contracting and building, Mr. Dorman has also superintended the operation of his ranch, comprising three hundred and twenty acres of good land, on which he raises hay and grain. The county-seat of Idaho county was es- tablished at Mount Idaho in 1875, and our sub- ject erected the court-house and jail there. He served the county for two years in the position of treasurer and for one term as county commis- sioner, discharging his duties in a most prompt and commendable manner. In politics he has been a lifelong Republican, and in addition to the other offices mentioned he has served as school trustee, the cause of education finding in him a warm friend and one zealous in advancing its interests. Thus in many ways he has been prominently identified with the advancement of his county along material, political and educa- tional lines, and at all times is a progressive, public-spirited citizen. He was a volunteer in the Nez Perces Indian war, in 1877, and assisted in building a rock fort in Mount Idaho, which formed such a protection that the Indians made no attempt to attack the inhabitants of the town, and many settlers from the surrounding country also found shelter there. In 1880 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Dorman and Mrs. Arabella J. Randall, widow of Captain D. B. Randall, who served his country as a lieutenant in the great civil war and as a captain of volunteers in the Indian war. She was the daughter of Captain A. P. Ankeny, of Virginia, and crossed the plains to California in 1849, going to Oregon in 1850. Mrs. Dorman was only four years of age when she went with her father's family to the Sunset state. By her first marriage she had five children, namely: Oronoka L., wife of S. D. Ingram, of Lewiston; Henry A.; Bell J.; Maude E.; and Ada L., .wife of Lewis D. Stevens. Mr. and Mrs. Dorman have one daughter, to whom was given the full name of her father, Jay M. Mrs. Dorman is a mem- ber of the Episcopal church and is one of the honored pioneer women of Oregon and Idaho. Our subject holds membership in Mount Idaho Lodge, No. 89," F. & A. M., has held various offices in the lodge and served as its treasurer for ten years. ' He is one of Idaho's worthy and reliable citizens, and since early pioneer days he has labored for the welfare of the state, proving especially active in the upbuilding of the northern section. He is highly esteemed for his integrity in all the walks of life, and well deserves repre- sentation in this volume. ROBERT F. FULTON. A worthy representative of the legal fraternity, and the first city attorney of Grangeville. Robert F. Fulton is a native of Pennsylvania, his birth having occurred in Westmoreland county, De- cember 8, 1864. He is of Scotch-Irish lineage, his great-grandfather, John Fulton, having been a. resident of the north of Ireland, whence he emigrated to Pennsylvania at an early epoch in the history of this country. The grandfather, George Fulton, was born in the Keystone state and the father, James P. Fulton, is a native of 320 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Washington county, Pennsylvania. He married Miss Frances Shouse, also a native of the same county, and descended from good old Revolu- tionary stock, her great-grandfather having served as a colonel in the Continental army. In religious faith the family has always been con- nected with the Presbyterian church. Rev. Cooper, the great-grandfather of our subject, was the first minister of that denomination west of the Alleghany mountains. James P. Fulton also be- came a Presbyterian minister, and in 1875 went to Harper county, Kansas, becoming a most ef- ficient laborer in that field, where many Presby- terian churches stand in evidence of his untiring zeal and efforts in behalf of the cause of Chris- tianity. He organized the first church in the county, and since that time has been actively identified with Christian work there. He and his estimable wife are still residing in Harper, and if their lives are spared until May, 1900, they will celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of their marriage. Rev. James P. Fulton is now seventy- five years of age. Eight sons and two daughters have been born to them, and the family is one of the highest respectability, the circle yet re- maining unbroken by the hand of death. Most of the sons are now in professional life, as law- yers, doctors or educators. Robert F. Fulton, whose name introduces this review, acquired his early education in the schools of his native state, and read law in the office of the firm of Finch & Finch, of Kansas, being admitted to the bar in 1888. He then removed to Bent county, Colorado, where he engaged in the practice of law for a year and a half and then came to Grangeville. Here he opened his law office, being one of the oldest practitioners in years of continuous connection with the bar of Idaho county. He has met with very gratifying success in his efforts, and his ability in present- ing a case to judge or jury is widely recognized. His close study has given him a comprehensive knowledge of the science of jurisprudence and he has secured a large and constantly increasing clientage. For five years he was also associated with Aaron F. Parkes in the publication of the Idaho County Free Press, and has made some judicious investments in real estate, owning con- siderable valuable property in Grangeville. On the 1 8th of July, 1895, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Fulton and Miss Lillian Robin- son, a daughter of J. H. Robinson, of Grange- ville. They now have an interesting little son, Edwin Dale. Mrs. Fulton is a valued member of the Methodist church, while he adheres to the faith of his fathers and is an earnest Presbyterian. Socially he is connected with the Independent Order of Red Men, and in politics he was an active Republican until 1896, since which time he has been identified with the silver branch of the party and is now chairman' of the Silver Republi- can county central committee. He was elected a member of the fourth session of the state legis- lature and served as the first city attorney of Grangeville. He keeps well informed on the issues of the day, and was an active and valued member of the body which formed the laws for the commonwealth. His public and private life are alike above reproach, and he is accounted one of Grangeville's representative citizens. JAMES EDWARDS. After a long period of active connection with the industrial interests of northern Idauo, James Edwards is now living a retired life in Grange- ville. He was born in Richmond, Chittenden county, Vermont, on the 2Oth of June, 1838, his parents being George and Martha Sophia (Burr) Edwards, both of whom were natives of Massachusetts. Tae father was a farmer and a dealer in cattle and grain. He attained the age of only fifty years, but his wife lived to the ripe old age of eighty-four years. Tney were Univer- salists in religious faith, and Mr. Edwards was a man of ability, taking a leading part in public affairs and serving his district in the state legis- lature. In the family were twelve children, but one died at the age of five years, another at the age of fifteen, a daughter recently massed away, and later a brother died, leaving eight of the family yet living. In the common schools James Edwards ac- quired a fair English education, which has been supplemented by knowledge gained through ob- servation and business experience. He entered upon his business career as clerk in a store in Acton, Massachusetts, spent some time in Penn- sylvania, and on the 1st of March, 1856, sailed from New York city for California, on the steam- er Illinois. Reaching the western shore of the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 321 isthmus, he took passage on the John L. Stevens, and arrived in San Francisco, in April, 1856. He remained for a month in Sacramento and then removed to Nevada county, where he purchased cows and engaged in the dairy business. He was paid one dollar per gallon for milk, which he sold to the miners, and in the winter time he received two dollars per gallon. He had forty cows and conducted a profitable business for four years, on the expiration of which period he carried on the butchering business. When gold was discovered in the Boise basin, stock had greatly depreciated in value, and he resolved to go to the new mining district, so as one of a company of four, he started with a spring wagon, traveling north through the old town of Shasta, then on through Ore- gon to Walla Walla and to Boise, which was then a small place, containing a few adobe houses and a few log cabins, built of cot- tonvvood trees. The party, however, continued on their way to the Cortney diggings, in British Columbia, but failed to find the gold for which they had traveled so far and for which they had braved many dangers and hardships. Mr. Edwards then returned to Lewiston, Idaho, where he engaged in packing miners' sup- plies from that point to Warrens, Elk City, Oro Fino and Montana. On his first trip to Warrens he carried twenty packs, receiving twenty-five cents per pound, and thus making eighty-seven dollars for each animal pack on the trip. There was a great demand for services along that line, and the packers received good pay, but the busi- ness was often accompanied by danger and diffi- culty, so that the men who engaged therein were necessarily possessed of the highest courage. He continued in the business until 1871 and made considerable money, but contracted rheumatism, from which he suffered for eighteen months, and was forced to pay out twenty-five hundred dol- lars of his hard-earned savings for medical treat- ment and to meet other expenses occasioned by his illness. Later he again entered tne business, but, finding that he was not physically equal to the task, he went to Warrens, where he was en- gaged in both placer and quartz mining. A part of the time he also conducted a hotel at Warrens, where he made forty-five hundred dollars, and in 1889 he came to Grangeville, where he purchased the Jersey House, of William Hawley. It was the first hotel built in the town and Mr. Edwards was its popular and successful proprietor until 1893, when he arranged to sell the property for eight thousand dollars. A payment of fifteen hundred dollars was made, but the purchasers allowed it to lapse, and later he sold it to the present owners for seven thousand dollars. It has always been recognized as the best hotel of the town and has enjoyed a liberal patronage. It stands on a large and pretty plot of ground and is very desirably located. Mr. Edwards, since selling the hotel, has occupied a good resi- dence in Grangeville, and is now living a re- tired life. He is also the owner of a number of good farms on which he raises hay and grain. For many years he has witnessed the develop- ment and growth of Idaho and has been an active participant in many of the events which go to form the earlier history of the state as well as the annals of its later progress. He participated in the Sheep-eater Indian war, which occurred in 1879, when, on the south fork of the Sal- mon river savages murdered two men, whose horses they took, after which they went on the war-path, and the white settlers were obliged to leave that part of the country and take refuge in Warrens. Among the number was Mr. Rains, who was obliged to leave his hay in the fields. He was dependent upon this crop for a livelihood and accordingly wanted help to go with him to his farm and finish taking care of tbe hay.- Mr. Edwards and a Mr. Serren volunteered to go, and for some days as they worked in the fields they carried their guns with them. When nearly through the work, however, thinking all danger past, they one day went to the field with- out their arms. It was a hot day and they worked very hard until almost dark, when they were attacked by the Indians, who fired first at the house and then at the men, but missed them. There was a little creek close by and the men dropped into the ravine made by it and tried to run to the house. They got only half way when Mr. Rains was shot dead. Mr. Edwards and Mr. Serren then turned back to seek again the shelter of the creek. The Indians then fired the house, and Mr. Edwards and his companion made their way up the stream to its source. On reaching that point they saw signal fires at dif- 322 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ferent places, but succeeded in making their way back to Warrens. The man who had been in the house also escaped up a gulch in the dark- ness, but it was almost miraculous that they all got away. In 1880 Mr. Edwards was united in marriage to Mrs. Mary Rains, widow of the man who had been killed by the Indians. She had two sons by her former husband, Jesse and Henry. The latter died in his eleventh year, but Jesse grew to manhood and is now serving his country as a soldier in the Philippine islands, filling the posi- tion of clerk for General Lipencott. In his polit- ical views Mr. Edwards is a Republican, and while at Warrens acceptably served as justice of the peace for the long term of twelve years. He is a valued member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a citizen of the highest re- spectability, his identification with the interests of his adopted state having been of material bene- fit thereto. GEORGE B. HILL. George B. Hill, of the extensive mercantile firm of Hill & Ballentine, of Bellevue, Idaho, is one of Idaho's prominent business men and states- men. He came, through New England ancestry, of honorable English and German descent, and was born at Cherry Valley, New York, August 28, 1843. He is of fighting stock, too, his great- grandfather Hill having fought for independence in the Revolution, his grandfather Hill having risked his life for his country in the war of 1812-14, and his father and himself having done battle for the Union in the civil war of 1861-65, the latter yielding up his life on the field in de- fense of the starry flag, while his maternal grand- father Busch fought in the war of 1812-14. Charles Hill, father of George B. Hill, was a native of Barrington, Massachusetts. He became a lawyer of ability and while yet a young man re- moved to Cherry Valley, New York, where he married Margaret Busch, of German descent and a daughter of an old and honored resident of that town. He was a member of the One Hun- dred and Twenty-first New York Volunteer In- fantry and was killed while upon a reconnois- sance in 1864. His good wife, a devout member of the Christian church, survived until 1884, and died in her seventy-ninth year. George B. Hill was the youngest but one of the eight children of Charles and Margaret (Busch) Hill. He was being educated in the Cherry Valley Academy for boys, when, in 1861, at the age of eighteen, he enlisted in the Seventy- sixth New York Volunteer Infantrv, with which he served in the Army of the Potomac, partici- pating in twenty-two hard-fought battles. In the battle in "the Wilderness," the boy soldier re- ceived a wound in the right thigh, and at Gettys- burg he got a gunshot wound in his foot. After the Wilderness fight he was promoted as second lieutenant. Three months later he was made first lieutenant, and he was in command of his company at the close of the war. He was present at the surrender of General Lee and had the honor of commanding the color company of his regiment at the historic grand review of the vic- torious army at Washington, D. C. He was honorably discharged at Albany, N. Y., July 4, 1865. He returned to his home at Cherry Valley, and in the spring of 1866 went by steamer by way of Graytown to California. After spending a few months in that state, he went to Virginia City, Nevada, where he was employed as a clerk and became deputy recorder of the city. Later he built the Reno water works, and in 1875 organ- ized what was known as the Carson City Savings Bank, of which for seven years he was cashier and general manager. He subsequently returned to California, where he remained until the spring of 1887, when he came to Bellevue, Idaho, and, in partnership with Colonel Ballentine, opened the extensive general store of which he has since been at the head. Originally a stalwart Repub- lican, he came at last to embrace the principles of the Populist party as being most favorable to his ideas of Abraham Lincoln Republicanism; and since 1892 he has been one of the ablest advocates of them in Idaho. He has six times been elected mayor of Bellevue, and was, in 1898, chosen by his party as its candidate for governor of Idaho; but for business reasons he declined the nomina- tion. He has done much effective campaign work, and when he addresses his fellow citizens on political subjects he speaks from deep con- viction and with great energy and power. He has frequently been invited by his comrades of the Grand Army of the Republic to the honored post of orator of the day on Decoration day. He is a HISTORY OF IDAHO. 323 Son of the Revolution and fought through the long civil war and shed his blood in defense of the Union; and his father gave up his life for the same cause, and, on such occasions, he is moved by the presence of survivors of the great struggle in which he participated and by memories of comrades who sleep in soldiers' graves, and his oratorical spirit is aroused and he speaks with a dramatic intensity that swells into a flood of eloquence carrying all before it. It is doubtful whether in all the country any one can surpass him as a Decoration day orator, for it has been said of him that "his efforts reach the heights of inspired sublimity." Mr. Hill was married December 17, 1874, to Miss Elizabeth Wheeler, a daughter of M. W. Wheeler, a Mexican war veteran and a California miner of '49, and she is a native of San Jose, California. Their only child, Miss Grace Hill, was educated at the Michigan State Normal School at Ypsilanti and is an enthusiastic young teacher who is destined to make her mark in her profession. Mr. and Mrs. Hill have a beautiful home at Bellevue, where they dispense a gener- ous and far-reaching hospitality. JAMES KING. A leading representative of the building inter- ests, of Boise, and the present register of the land office of this city, James King is a native of Pennsylvania, his birth having occurred in Pitts- burg, on the isth of August, 1832. He is of both German and English descent, his ancestors of those nationalities having settled in New York in 1664. They came with General Braddock and always remained in this land. In the war of the Revolution the family was represented by loyal Americans, who fought for liberty, and through- out many years they were prominently identified with the Presbyterian church. The grandfather of our subject was the first of the name to locate in Pennsylvania. He was an industrious farmer and reached the commonly allotted age of three- score years and ten. His son, Jacob King, the father of our subject, was born in Pennsylvania, July 25, 1799, and married Miss Mary Covert, who represented an English family equally an- cient and honorable. Among her ancestors were likewise found those who aided in throwing off the yoke of British tyranny. Jacob King de- parted this life in 1883, at the age of eighty-four years, and his wife, who was born in 1804, died in 1878, at the age of seventy-four years. James King is the second in their family of six children. He was educated in his native city of Pittsburg and is indebted to its public school system for the educational privileges he received. After putting aside his text-books he studied architecture and then went to Missouri, where he was located when Fort Sumter was fired upon and the civil war thus inaugurated. He had anxiously watched the progress of events in the south, and resolved that if an attempt was made at secession he would strike a blow for the preservation of the Union. Therefore at Presi- dent Lincoln's first call for volunteers, he en- listed, in April, 1861, as a member of Company A, First Ohio Infantry, and when his three- months term had expired re-enlisted, remaining at the front until the cessation of hostilities. He served in the quartermaster's department in West Virginia, and was commissioned second lieuten- ant by Governor Dennison, of Ohio. When the war was over and the country no longer needed his services. Mr. King returned to the north and his family. He was married in 1862 to Miss Sarah B. Gorham, a native of Ohio, descended from early New England ancestry who located in Providence, Rhode Island. Three children were born to them, but at the age of ten, eleven and twenty years respectively they de- parted, this life. On resuming civil pursuits at the close of the war, Mr. King continued in business as an archi- tect, following that vocation in West Virginia until 1888, when he came to Boise. Most of the best buildings of the city have been erected after designs which originated in the brain of Mr. King, and to-day they stand as monuments to his skill in his chosen profession. Since the civil war he has given his political support to the Republi- can party, and in 1898 was appointed by Presi- dent McKinley to the position of register of the United States land office, at Boise. He is now serving in that capacity, and is most conscien- tious, faithful and efficient in the discharge of his duties. Since 1860 he has been a member of the Odd Fellows society, and also belongs to the Veterans' League. He is as true to his duties of citizenship to-day as when he followed the 324 HISTORY OF IDAHO. old starry banner on southern battle-fields, and his record in business, social and political life has left his fair name untarnished. MANSFIELD C. McGREW. One of the prominent merchants of Kendrick, and the senior member of the large general mer- cantile firm of McGrew & Carmean, is the gen- tleman whose name heads this sketch, an enter- prising, energetic man whose keen discrimina- tion in business efforts and indefatigable industry have brought him a success which he well mer- its. A native of Illinois, he was born in Clay county, July n, 1862, and is of Scotch-Irish lin- eage. His great-grandfather, James McGrew, having emigrated from the Emerald Isle to the New World, settled in Pennsylvania and became the progenitor of the family in the United States. He later became a pioneer of Ohio, where the grandfather, Joseph McGrew, was born in 1804. The latter became a successful farmer and was also a devout Methodist. In 1854 he removed with his family to Clay county, Illinois, where his death occurred, in 1898, at the advanced age of ninety-four years. James McGrew, the father of our subject, was a native of Clay county, and there married Miss Sarah Adeline Moore, a native of Indiana. Her father died -when she was a small child, and she was reared in Illinois. Both of Mr. McGrew's grandmothers died in 1898, the one on the pa- ternal side at the age of ninety years, the one on the maternal at the age of eighty. On both sides the families were people of the highest respecta- bility. The McGrews were active, energetic and successful in accumulating money, but the Moores were less ambkious, satisfied with enjoy- ing the good things of life as time passed. In the McGrew family of which our subject is a member, are eight children, the- eldest being a son, then six daughters, and the youngest a son. All are yet living and are in the enjoyment of good health. Mansfield C. McGrew, the eldest of the family, was educated in the public schools of his native state, and in the Heyward College, after which he successfully engaged in teaching for four years. In 1889 he came to Idaho, locating first in Moscow, where he engaged in teaching until he took charge of the public schools in Genesee. Subsequently he was employed as a salesman by J. P. Vollmer, for two years, and his experience in that line determined him to engage in mer- chandising on his own account. Accordingly he organized the Genesee Mercantile Company, with which he was connected for five years, after which he came to Kendrick and opened his pres- ent store, which he has successfully conducted continuously since. In 1899 Mr. Carmean was admitted to a partnership.. They do an extensive general mercantile business, occupying a large double store and two warerooms. Their cour- teous treatment of patrons, reasonable prices and correct business policy insure them a large busi- ness, and they are also extensive buyers and ship- pers of grain. Mr. McGrew was married March 12, 1885, to Miss Aldorah S. Yockey, a native of Iowa, and of German ancestry. They have six children: Elba, Joy, Beulah, Veva, Portia and Merton C. The parents are leading members of the Metho- dist church, and Mr. McGrew is serving as a member of the board of trustees. He also be- longs to the Knights of Pythias fraternity and the Modern Woodmen of the World, and in his po- litical views is a Democrat. The cause of educa- tion finds him a wise supporter, and he lends his aid and co-operation to all movements intended to advance the material, social, intellectual and moral welfare of the community. JAMES W. REID. Idaho has won distinction for the high rank of her bench and bar. Perhaps none of the new- er states can justly boast of abler jurists or attor- neys. Some of them have been men of national fame, and among those whose lives have been passed on a quieter plane there is scarcely a town or city in the state but can boast of one or more lawyers capable of crossing swords in forensic combat with any of the distinguished legal lights of the United States. Idaho certainly has reason to be proud of. her legal fraternity. In James W. Reid we find united many of the rare qualities which go to make up the successful lawyer, and he is to-day regarded as one of the most promi- nent representatives of the bar of the state. He possesses perhaps few of those dazzling, meteoric qualities which have sometimes flashed along the legal horizon, riveting the gaze and blinding the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 325 vision for the moment, then disappearing, leav- ing- little or no trace behind; but he has, rather, those solid and more substantial qualities which shine with a constant luster, shedding light in the dark places with steadiness and continuity. He has in an eminent degree that rare ability of say- ing in a convincing way the right thing at the right time. His mind is analytical, logical and inductive, and with a thorough and comprehen- sive knowledge of the fundamental principles of law, he combines a familiarity with statutory law and a sober, clear judgment, which makes him a formidable adversary in legal combat. Mr. Reid is a native of North Carolina, his birth having occurred in Wentworth, Rocking- ham county, June n, 1849. He is of Scotch- Irish descent, but his ancestors have for many generations resided in the south and were par- ticipants in the early history of the country and in the Revolutionary war. Blueford Reid, the great-grandfather of our subject, was a native of Virginia, but became the owner of a farm in Guilford county, North Carolina. He was one of the early followers of the Methodist church in this country, and was a man of sterling worth. He lived to be nearly one hundred years of age. His son, James Reid, the grandfather of our sub- ject, was born in North Carolina and spent his entire life in that state. He was a faithful and devoted minister of the Methodist church, and lived to be seventy-six years of age. His son, Numa F. Reid, was born in North Carolina, was educated in the Emory and Henry College of Virginia, and became an eminent Methodist di- vine. He was a man of superior literary and ora- torical ability, and was a power for good in his holy calling. A large collection of his sermons has been published, and these indicate his su- perior ability. He died in 1873, at the age of forty-nine years, and his death proved a great loss to his family, the church and the world. His wife bore the maiden name of Ann E. Wright. She, too, was a native of North Carolina and of Scotch lineage, but belonged to an equally old American family. Eight children, four sons and four daughters, were born of their union, six of whom are yet living. The mother passed away in 1869, at the age of forty-five years. She was a woman of great amiability and worth of char- acter, and proved to her husband an able assist- ant in his Christian work, while by all who knew her she was greatly beloved. For many genera- tions her family have been active and devout Presbyterians, and in professional life many of the name have achieved distinction. James W. Reid was the second in order of birth in the family of eight children. He com- pleted his literary education by his graduation in Emory and Henry College, Virginia, in the class of 1869, and afterward pursued the study of law under private instruction, being licensed to prac- tice in 1873, by the supreme court of North Carolina. He has since been an active member of the profession and has attained considerable prominence in his chosen field of labor. He was not only an able lawyer of North Carolina, but was called to positions of public trust, being elected treasurer of Rockingham county, in 1874, and continuing in that position by re-election for ten years, proving a most capable, efficient and trustworthy officer. He resigned the position in 1884, on his election to congress, being chosen to fill out the unexpired term of General A. M. Scales, who resigned his seat in the forty-eighth congress. At the general election in November, 1884, he was elected a member of the forty-ninth congress, on the Democratic ticket, his opponent being Colonel L. C. Edwards of Granville county. On both occasions he won his victories in a Re- publican district, but in 1886 he was defeated by J. M. Bower, who succeeded in winning the col- ored vote. In 1887 Mr. Reid came to Idaho, locating in Lewiston, where he has since engaged in the practice of law, having an extensive clientage from all sections of Idaho and even from adjoin- ing states. In his practice he has been eminently successful and has won a foremost place at the Idaho bar. He is well versed in all departments of the law and has been connected with much of the important litigation heard in the courts of this section of the state since his arrival. He is also a recognized leader in political circles. He was a member of the state constitutional conven- tion in 1889, served as its vice-president and as chairman of the Democratic caucus of that body. He was president of the first Democratic state convention held after the admission of Idaho to the Union, and, at the request of the central ex- ecutive committee, canvassed the entire state 326 HISTORY OF IDAHO. with the candidate for governor, Hon. Ben. Wil- son. On the establishment of the state univer- sity he was appointed by Governor Stevenson as one of its regents and subsequently reappointed by Governor Willey, serving four years in that capacity. Through his efforts in the constitu- tional convention a term of the state supreme court was located at Lewiston. In January, 1893, he conceived the idea of securing the loca- tion of one of the state normal schools at Lewis- ton and drafted the bill instituting the same and secured its passage in the legislature. He has since been president of its board of trustees, and has been active in promoting its interests and up- building. It stands as a monument to his ef- forts and to his zeal in behalf of education and of the city of his abode. His address delivered be- fore the literary societies of the normal school on the "Glory of Manhood" was one of the finest ever heard in the state, a most scholarly effort, indicating superior literary talent, deep research and a just conception of the possibilities of our race. In 1894 Mr. Reid was elected a delegate to the Democratic national convention in Chi- cago, and in 1896 presided over both the Demo- cratic state convention and the People's Demo- cratic convention that nominated the state of- ficers who were elected that year. In 1872 Mr. Reid was united in marriage to Miss Mary F. Ellington, a native of Rocking- ham county, North Carolina, and a daughter of William Ellington, clerk of the superior court of Rockingham county, and a leading merchant there, also a representative of an old American family. Mr. and Mrs. Reid have two daughters: Annie D., a graduate of the old Moravian Col- lege, at Salem, North Carolina; and Lucile, wife of Reuben D. Reid, a son of ex-Governor Reid of North Carolina. The ladies of the family are members of the Presbyterian church and are most highly esteemed in social circles. Mr. Reid is a valued and active member of the Ma- sonic order, has taken the Scottish rite degrees up to and including the thirty-second degree, S. P. R. S. He is now at the head of the Rose Croix and Lodge of Perfection in Lewiston, and is also past deputy grand master of the grand lodge of North Carolina. He also belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Knights of Pythias fraternity. He is a man of high scholarly attainments, and his prominence at the bar is the merited tribute to his ability. Socially he is deservedly popular, as he is affa- ble and courteous in manner and possesses that essential qualification to success in public life, that of making friends readily and of strengthen- ing the ties of friendship as time advances. CHARLES SNYDER. Charles Snyder is the proprietor of the Julia- etta Hotel, and is practically one of the founders of the town, having secured the establishment of the post-office, and also promoted many of the leading enterprises of the place. His labors have been most effective in its upbuilding, and his name is therefore inseparably connected with its history. Mr. Snyder is of German birth. He first opened his eyes to the light of day on the 8th of November, 1827, and is of honorable German ancestry. He was educated in his native land, learned the cabinet-maker's trade, and in 1850 bade adieu to friends and fatherland, preparatory to trying his fortune in the United States. When he came to this country he was entirely ignorant of the language of the people, but possessed na- tive intelligence, a good knowledge of his trade and was energetic and ambitious, and through the combination of these qualities he has secured a handsome and creditable competence. Land- ing at New York he thence made his way to Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked two years. He then went to Detroit, Michigan, and accepted a position in the car shops, where he remained three years, and in 1855 he went to Kansas. That state was just opening up to civilization. He located at Wyandotte, just across the river from the present site of Kansas City, helped plat the town and had a tenth interest in it. After two years spent there he believed that the town would not amount to anything, and consequently abandoned interests which, had he retained them, would make him to-day an independently wealthy man. In 1857 he opened a carpenter shop in Kansas City, then a small town. In 1859 Mr. Snyder was united in marriage to Miss Augusta Keck, a native of Poland. She came with her parents to America when ten years of age and was married at the age of twenty, her husband being then thirty-four years of age. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 327 They have reared a family of ten children, six sons and four daughters. It is now forty years since the wedding took place, and the parents and children are all yet living, and constitute a well informed and highly respected family, of which fact Mr. Snyder has every reason to be proud. In 1861 he went to New York, where he took passage for San Francisco, California, going by way of the isthmus route, and arriving safely at his destination some weeks later. He located with his family in Sacramento, where he estab- lished a cabinet shop, working at his trade for two years. With the hope of making money more rapidly, he decided to join in the search for gold and went to the mines at Aurora, Nevada county, where he followed mining for seven years. He was the owner of the Garibaldi quartz mine, which was a good producer, but he had no mill, and the expense of hiring the ore crushed was so great that he only managed to make good wages and not to secure wealth at a rapid rate. From that point he went to Reno, being one of the first settlers. He aided in platting the town, established a store and conducted it for a year, after which he removed to Wadsworth and built a hotel. After continuing in that business for a year he sold out and removed to Folsom, Sacra- mento county, California, where he engaged in placer mining for six years, meeting with good success. He took out nuggets that were worth three dollars and a half, but thinking he had mostly exhausted the claim he sold to a China- man, who afterward took out quite a large amount of gold. In 1877 Mr. Snyder came to Idaho and secured a claim of government land in Latah county, on the American ridge. This he improved and oper- ated for five years and then sold it for four thou- sand dollars, after which he removed to what is now the town site of Juliaetta. He established the postoffice here and named it in honor of his two bright daughters, Julia and Etta. He was instrumental in forming a school district and opening the first school, and also opened a gen- eral mercantile store, selling goods to the In- dians. When Mr. Schupfer platted his home- stead for a town, Mr. Snyder moved his store and post-office upon the site, and the town began to grow. He continued actively in merchandising until 1893, when he traded his stock of goods for the hotel building which he now occupies. He has enlarged and improved the place, and now has a very excellent hotel for a town the size of Juliaetta. A pleasant, genial host, he is assisted by his family in keeping a creditable hotel at rea- sonable rates, and all who enjoy his hospitality hold him in high regard. In 1894 Mr. Snyder went to Santa Barbara, California, and bought a fine twenty-acre fruit orchard, for which he paid ei^ht thousand dollars. It is his intention to spend the evening of a useful and honorable life in that beautiful district, to which he will remove in October of the present year probablv before this work is issued from the press. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Snyder are Julia, wife of Albert Patten, Robert, Nettie, Frank, Charles, William, Daisy, George, Gus and Clara. In his political views Mr. Snyder is a Democrat, and he has held the office of notary public for fourteen years. He has made a val- uable citizen in the land of his adoption and is held in the highest regard. HENRY DORSEY. Henry Dorsey, deceased, formerly the propri- etor of the Dorsey Cottage Hotel, at Mountain Home, was born in Hancock county, Ohio, in February, 1853, and traced his ancestors back to German and Scotch people who located in Penn- sylvania at an early epoch in the history of the Keystone state. His father, David Dorsey, was born in Pennsylvania, and married Miss Rosana Wyant, also a native of that locality. In 1821, soon after their marriage, they started westward and located in the midst of the unbroken forests of Ohio. Mr. Dorsey was a farmer by occupa- tion, and in order to prepare land for cultivation at his new home he felled the first tree that had ever been cut upon what is now the site of the city of Findlay, Hancock county, Ohio. He was one of the honored pioneers of that locality, bearing a very important part in the work of development and im- provement, and at an early day he served as justice of the peace and county commissioner. He was a man of ability and worth, and exerted marked influence in his township and county. His death occurred when he had reached the ripe old age of eighty years, and his wife departed this life at the age of fifty-three years. In the family 328 HISTORY OF IDAHO. were eight children, Henry, who was the young- est, being but three years of age at the time of the mother's death. Reared on the home farm, he began work in the fields as soon as old enough to manage the plow, and was thus employed through the sum- mer months, while in the winter season he at- tended the public schools. In 1872, when nine- teen years of age, he came to the territory of Idaho, locating in Silver City, where he worked for his brother, David Dorsey, who at that time owned a meat market in the town. Later our subject engaged in packing, mining and con- tracting, and for several years owned and oper- ated the ferry across Snake river, at the place then called Dorsey's Ferry, but now known as Grand View. After continuing in that line of business for six years he sold out to the Owyhee Land & Irrigating Company, and in 1888 came to Mountain Home, after which time he was numbered among its leading and influential citi- zens. For a few years he engaged in freighting, carrying supplies to the mining camps at Rocky Bar. In 1889 Mr. Dorsey was united in marriage to Mrs. S. J. Pattee. By her former marriage she had a daughter named Ethel, who is now at- tending school in Des Moines, Iowa. Mr. Dor- sey purchased six lots and erected thereon the building now known as the Cottage Hotel, plant- ing shade and fruit trees and making this a very valuable and attractive place. In 1895 Mr. Dor- sey and his wife, realizing the need of a well kept and comfortable hotel, determined to engage in that line of business, arranged their house for the purpose, and thenceforward there was no more popular host and hostess than this worthy couple, who spared no pains to enhance the convenience and pleasure of their guests. They had well kept rooms, a good table and received a liberal share of the public patronage. The Traveling Men's Union selected the Cottage Hotel as headquar- ters when in Mountain Home. They were obliged to rent rooms in the locality in order to entertain some of their guests, and, as indicated, enjoyed a large and profitable business. Mr. Dorsey became a member of the Home Forum and the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows, and he, with his wife, belonged to the Re- bekah lodge. He was a most highly esteemed citizen, having the warm regard of many friends. He advocated the principles of the silver Repub- lican party, and had long taken an active interest in educational matters. He served as school trustee for a number of years, at length becoming chairman of the board. Mountain Home now has an excellent eight-department school, which has a good reference library, and most competent teachers are employed, so that the school system reflects credit upon the progressive town and es- pecially upon the board of trustees. Mr. Dorsey at all times gave his support to the measures and movements calculated to advance the general welfare, and was accounted one of the most val- ued citizens of Mountain Home. He died Feb- ruary 23, 1899, lamented by a very large com- munity of enthusiastic friends. Mrs. Dorsey continued the hotel business until May i, 1899. SAMUEL E. BIBBY, M. D. In the subject of this review we have one who has attained distinction in the line of his profes- sion, who has been an earnest and discriminating student and who holds a position of due relative precedence among the medical practitioners of northern Idaho. He is the leading physician and surgeon of Grangeville and has a very large and lucrative practice. A native of New York city, he was born May 24, 1847, is of Scotch descent and is a representative of a family of physicians. His grandfather, Samuel Bibby, and his father, George Bibby, were both eminent medical prac- titioners of the American metropolis. The latter married Miss Ann Lavery, a lady of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and they became the parents of eight children. They are faithful members of the Pres- byterian church, and Dr. George Bibby has been a lifelong Republican in his political affiliations. He is now seventy-eight years of age, and his wife has reached the Psalmist's span of three score years and ten. . Samuel Edward Bibby, their third child, ac- quired his literary education in the schools of his native city. He is a graduate of the University of New York and of the Columbia University of Washington, and his education was further per- fected by a course in the Edinburg University of Scotland. Thus afforded the highest educational advantages to be secured by the practitioners of medicine, he entered upon the work of his profes- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 329 sion peculiarly well qualified for its arduous duties. He began practicing in New York city, and was afterward retained in a professional ca- pacity in the service of the United States govern- ment, after the civil war. He went to Fort Lap- wai, Idaho, in 1884, and after three years passed there came to Grangeville, where he has since re- mained, enjoying an extensive practice that comes from miles in every direction. He had had the honor of being surgeon on the staff of Gov- ernor Willey, and in 1896 he received the ap- pointment to represent Idaho in the Pan-Amer- ican Medical Congress, held in Washington, D. C. The success which attends his efforts is but in natural sequence, for his position soon-became assured as an able physician, a man of sterling integrity and one devoted to his profession and to the interests and welfare of those to whom he ministered. He possesses marked judgment and discernment in the diagnosing of disease, and is peculiarly successful in anticipating the issue of complications, seldom making mistakes and never exaggerating or minifying the disease in rendering his decisions in regard thereto. He is a physician of great fraternal delicacy, and no man ever observed more closely the ethics of the unwritten professional code or showed more careful courtesy to his fellow practitioners than does Dr. Bibby. During his residence in Grangeville the Doc- tor has become fully identified with the town and its interests, and has invested a considerable sum in business property in the heart of the town. He has erected a number of good buildings and is also largely interested in mining and has a large stock ranch at White Bird, on Salmon river, where he breeds Hereford and Durham cattle and Hambletonian horses; these business inter- ests, however, are not allowed to interfere in the slightest degree with his ministrations to the sick and suffering. On the 25th of December, 1889, Dr. Bibby was married to Miss Addie Pearson, a native of Grangeville, and a daughter of William Pearson, a prominent pioneer of Idaho. The Doctor is past chancellor of the Knights of Pythias fraternity, a valued member of the Masonic order, of the Eastern Star and of the Woodmen of the World. In politics he is a stalwart Republican, and has served Idaho county as county coroner for six years. He was assistant World's Fair commis- sioner for Idaho, and undoubtedly had he aspira- tions in that direction could, win high official hon- ors, "for he is a man of strong mentality and recognized ability, commanding the respect, con- fidence and esteem of his fellow men. SAMUEL G. BENEDICT. Samuel Benedict, a brave Idaho pioneer, who was killed by the Nez Perces Indians June 14, 1877, was born in Kingston, Canada, and was of English lineage. In his early manhood he mar- ried Miss Sarah Kelley, a native of New Brigh- ton, New York, and in 1862 they came to Idaho. They were among the earliest settlers in the northern section of the etate and Mr. Benedict established a general mercantile store at the mouth of White Bird river, where he was carry- ing on business at the time of his death. When the Nez Perces Indians went upon the warpath they visited that locality, and he lost his life at the hands of the treacherous savages. In the early morning he was shot through both of his legs, but managed to escape to the house. At six o'clock in the evening of the same day eighteen Indians called him out of the house and shot him eighteen times. The hired man then shot one of the Indians, but was himself shot, the ball enter- ing his right eye and causing his death. Mrs. Benedict and her -little daughter, then eight years old, were taken prisoners by the savages, who burned their house, but the squaws took pity on the white woman and secured the release of her- self and daughter, so that she was only held as a prisoner one night. She escaped on foot to Mount Idaho, where she was cared for by Cap- tain E. W. Robie, whom she afterward married. She still survives, and her daughter is now the wife of G. W. Brown. By her marriage to the Captain she had two children, Emily and Edward Victor, who are still at home. Captain Robie had served throughout the civil war and was a captain of volunteers in the Nez Perces Indian war. Samuel G. Benedict, the elder child of Samuel and Sarah (Kelley) Benedict, to whom we are in- debted for this account of the family, was born at Freedom, Idaho, October 9, 1864, and now re- sides at Grangeville. He owns a valuable farm of one hundred and sixtv acres near the town and 330 HISTORY OF IDAHO. is the proprietor of the Idaho Steam Laundry. An enterprising and energetic business man, he is meeting with a well deserved success in his un- dertakings and occupies a foremost place in b'usi- ness circles in Grangeville. Mr. Benedict married Miss Cora Perkins, and they had one son, Lloyd, who died in his second year. They have a pleasant home in Grange- ville and a large circle of friends. The name of our subject is on the membership rolls of the Knights of Pythias fraternity and the Order of Red Men, and in social and business circles he ranks deservedly high. GEORGE H. STOKER. The roster of state officials of Idaho for 1898 embraced the name of George H. Storer as filling the responsible position of treasurer. He is a practical, progressive business man, of sound judgment and keen executive ability, and upon the basis of a practical business experience he conducted the financial affairs of the state. His history is in many respects remarkable. From an humble position he has risen to one of promi- nence, and the success which has attended his ef- forts is the outcome of his own unaided labors. A native of England, he was born on the I7th of February. 1860, his parents being Dennis and Sarah (Carlisle) Storer. His father died during the early boyhood of the son, who, with his mother and three younger brothers, came to America in 1871. He was then only eleven years of age. The family made a location in Echo canyon, on the Weber river, in Utah, where they resided for eight years, during which time George Storer did what he could to support his mother and the younger children. This period was not without many hardships and trials, but he did his best to overcome these, and thus early the elemental strength of his character was shad- owed forth by actions and words. In 1879 the future state treasurer arrived in Idaho. He arrived at Black Foot with just fifty- cents in his pocket, and then entered seriously upon the task of securing a livelihood, willing and anxious to follow any pursuit that was hon- orable. He had great energy and industry and such qualities never fail. As the years passed his labors brought him a small capital, which, as judiciously invested, has brought him excellent financial returns. He established for himself a home, by his marriage to Miss Elizabeth Payne, on the 6th of March, 1881, when he was twenty- one years of age. Her father was George Payne, for many years roadmaster of the Utah North- ern Railroad. In 1884 Mr. Storer removed with his wife to Idaho Falls, where he, through a period of fifteen years, has sustained a reputation of being one of the most prominent and success- ful business men of the place. In December, 1898, he removed to Lewiston, Idaho. In a com- paratively short time he has accumulated a com- fortable fortune, and his name is everywhere the synonym of honorable business dealing and suc- cess. He carries forward to a prosperous con- clusion whatever he undertakes and manifests rare good judgment in his investments. He has one of the best stock ranches in the state, com- prising one thousand acres of land, near Idaho Falls. He also has a number of other valuable ranches in Bingham county and large realty hold- ings in Idaho Falls and Ogden. He is a recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic party, is especially skillful in the planning of campaigns, and in 1891 was a mem- ber of the Democratic state central committee. He worked faithfully and with much ability in the campaign of that and succeeding years, and took a prominent part in the anti-Mormon fight, standing firm against the fierce attacks of the Republicans, and ever contending for what he believed to be right and just. Though he met defeat he never became dis- couraged, and with fresh vigor re-entered the conflict in each campaign. He has often been honored with positions of public trust, and to every duty has been most loyal. When a young man he served for two terms as justice of the peace, has been mayor of Idaho Falls, and at the same time served as its assessor and treasurer. Such was his fidelity to all trusts and such his service to his party that in 1896 he was nom- inated and elected on the People's Democratic ticket to the office of state treasurer. A better choice could not have been made, and his elec- tion was hailed as a blessing by many people of the state. He administered the affairs of the of- fice in a manner that won him commendation and reflected credit upon the party that installed him in office. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 331 Mr. Storer is one of the most prominent Masons in the state. He was initiated in Corner Lodge, No. 6, A. F. & A. M., of Utah, was a charter member of Eagle Rock Lodge, No. 19, and has three times served as worshipful master. H'e belongs to Pocatello Chapter, R. A. M., and to the grand lodge of the state, in which he has filled the office of junior and senior deacon, and in 1898 he was grand master of the state. He is a worthy exponent of the beneficent principles of the -fraternity and in his life exemplifies the hu- manitarian truths upon which the order rests. His friends in social life are many, and both Mr. and Mrs. Storer are held in the highest esteem. They have an interesting family of three children, James Arthur, Ada Elizabeth and Earl Maurice, who reside with their parents in a most delight- ful home in Lewiston. Emerson has said that "the way to win a friend is to be one," and in this way Mr. Storer has surrounded himself with a circle of true friends, who were drawn to him by his genuine worth, his unselfish interest in his fellow men, and his marked social qualities. MRS. LUCINDA J. BREARLEY. In a history of the settlement of a state there is usually but slight reference made to the part which the women have taken in its development. This is, of course, due to the more active connec- tion of the pioneer men with public life, while the wives, mothers and daughters are concerned in the duties of home-making. Great credit, how- ever, is due the brave pioneer women, who stand courageously by the side of husbands and fathers, sharing with them in the hardships and dangers which accompany the development of a new sec- tion; nor is their influence a minor factor in the social, educational and moral life of the commun- ity, and therefore the names of such esteemed pioneer ladies as Mrs. Brearley well deserve a place by the side of those of the men who have laid the foundations for the growth and prosper- ity of a newly developed region. Her husband, John Brearley, was the pioneer banker of Lewiston, and for many years was con- nected with its business interests. He was born in Hudson, Michigan, in 1839, his parents being early settlers of that state. In 1855 he crossed the plains with an ox team and spent several years in Sacramento. In 1862 he removed to Elk City, where he engaged in mining, making consider- able money, after which he purchased the express business between that place and Lewiston, carry- ing the express on horseback through the sum- mer months, while in the winter he made the journey on snowshoes. He also learned assaying at Lewiston, and bought out the assay business of John Proctor. In this way he became ac- quainted with the miners, from them purchased gold, and at the urgent solicitation of his good wife he opened the first bank in the town, known as John Brearley 's Bank. This he successfully conducted up to the time of his death. He was very liberal in his methods, thoroughly reliable in his dealings and progressive in his management of the affairs of the bank, and thus he prospered, at the same time giving to the people of the com- munity a safe place of deposit for their surplus earnings. He also successfully engaged in stock- raising and in the meat business, and in fact car- ried forward to successful consummation what- ever he undertook, his industry and capable man- "agement being most marked. He died in 1883, at the age of forty-four years, and after his death his brother, N. W. Brearley, and W. F. Ketten- bach, who had been employed in the bank, or- ganized as its successor the Lewiston National Bank, which has been a paying investment and is now doing a good business. Mrs. Brearley was in her maidenhood Miss Lucinda Jane Hatton, and she was born in In- diana, August 14, 1835. Her father, John Hat- ton, was of English descent, and with his family he started across the plains in 1852, but unfortu- nately died on the way, at Burned river. Mrs. Brearley was thus in a measure thrown upon her own resources. She went to the home of a rela- tive in Vancouver, and in 1865 went with a lady friend to Florence and thence to Lewiston. Here she worked for Mrs. Grostein and later gave her hand in marriage to Mr. Brearley, proving to him a most faithful companion and helpmeet. They became the parents of three children, but their only son, John, died at the age of ten years. Frankie became the wife of Isaac B. Gray, who for some years was mate on the steamer Lewis- ton. Phoebe is the wife of Captain John Akin, a pilot on the Clearwater river. After the death of her husband Mrs. Brearley had to obtain pos- session of and manage her share of the estate, 332 HISTORY OF IDAHO. which she has done with considerable ability, but not without meeting with serious difficulties. Most of these, however, she has overcome and is now the owner of some valuable property. She is greatly esteemed for her sterling worth, and has many friends in the community where she has so long resided. JAMES H. ANDERSON. James H. Anderson, whose term as state auditor of Idaho expired at the beginning of the present year (1899), was born in Platte county, Missouri, on the 4th of October, 1845. His an- cestors were early settlers of Virginia and were participants in that struggle which ended in the overthrow of British rule in the colonies' and the establishment of the United States of America. In the year 1818 his grandfather emigrated to Kentucky, at which time George W. Anderson, father of our subject, was only about six years of age. His birth had occurred in the Old Domin- ion in 1812, and he remained in Kentucky until 1837, when he removed to Platte county, Mis- souri, where he industriously and successfully carried on agricultural pursuits. In Kentucky he married Miss Mary Roberts, and to them were born six children, five of whom are yet living. The father attained the age of eighty-six years, and the mother passed away at the age of sev- enty-three. Both were consistent members of the Methodist church, and had the high regard of many friends. James Harvey Anderson, their second child, was educated in the public schools and at Pleas- ant Ridge College and in Spaulding's Commer- cial College, at Kansas City, pursued a business course and a course in commercial law, holding diplomas as a graduate of both departments. On laying aside his text-books he returned to the old homestead, where he was engaged in farming and stock-raising, buying, selling and breeding shorthorn cattle and French draft horses. He also bought and shipped fat cattle to the eastern markets and continued in that line of business until 1884, meeting with excellent success in his efforts. In that year he came to Idaho, locating in Washington county, where he has since contin- ued stock-farming. A good income has rewarded his labors, although at one time he narrowly escaped financial disaster, owing to his indorse- ment of notes for friends. Notwithstanding this he has not lost confidence in the honesty of his fellow men, and is ever ready to lend a helping hand to those who need and deserve aid. He has managed his business interests carefully and sys- tematically, and his integrity in trade transactions is above question. His prosperity is well merited, being the just reward of his own efforts. In politics Mr. Anderson has always taken a deep interest, and gave to the Democratic party a loyal support until President Cleveland's sec- ond campaign, when, believing that the Populist platform contained the best ideas of American government and was calculated to advance the best interests of the people, he joined its ranks and has since followed its banner. He became one of the organizers of the party in Idaho and was chosen a delegate to the first Populist na- tional convention, which met in Omaha, Ne- braska, July 4, 1892. He was also a delegate to the St. Louis convention which nominated Wil- liam J. Bryan for the presidency in 1896, and has been a member of the Populist national commit- tee for Idaho since its organization. He also rep- resented Idaho on the conference committee at the St. Louis convention of 1896, a committee composed of representative Populists and "silver men." He was chosen secretary of the tri-state convention of the Populist party and also of the joint convention of the Populists and Democrats in 1896, after which he was nominated for the position of state auditor and elected in the fall of that year. He filled that responsible position in a most creditable manner. Although thus exalted to a high place, he is a man of the people, plain and unassuming, but possessing that genu- ine worth of character which in every land and every clirrie commands respect. In the discharge of his official duties he was prompt, careful and methodical, and no more capable official could have been chosen for the position of auditor. On the 8th of December, 1884, Mr. Anderson was happily married to Miss Mary Jeffreys, a native of Oregon and a daughter of Woodson Jeffreys, a pioneer of that state, now deceased. They have two children Georgie and James Woodson. Their comfortable and pleasant home in Weiser is the abode of hospitality, and as their circle of acquaintances is extended, their circle of HISTORY OF IDAHO. 333 friends is correspondingly enlarged. Socially Mr. Anderson is connected with the Knights of Pythias fraternity. He is a man possessed of that too often rare quality of common sense, which enables him to view matters in their true and practical light. He is loyal and patriotic, placing country before party and the public good before self-aggrandizement, and though he has been honored with high office he is exceptionally quick to recognize real worth in others, no matter how humble their station in life. WILLIS ARNOLD. Willis Arnold, proprietor of a saw mill at Ken- drick, is a native of Ohio, his birth having oc- curred in Kenton, that state, April 29, 1862. His father, Samuel Arnold, was born in Trumbull county, Ohio, and after the inauguration of the civil war entered the service of the Union. He was wounded and held as a prisoner in Anderson- ville, and after great suffering he died from the effects of his wounds in 1866. Our subject was born when his father was at the front and was thus deprived of his care at a very early age. He was educated at Big Rapids, Michigan, and began to earn his own living when fifteen years of age. From that time he has been dependent upon his own exertions, and is there- fore deserving of great credit for the success which he has achieved in life. He learned the carpenter's trade, which he followed in northern Michigan for some time, and in 1880 he removed to Dakota. His sojourn in the -latter state was followed by a period of residence in Montana, where he was engaged in the manufacture of lumber and in contract work. About the time of the establishment of Kendrick he came here, and in 1897 erected the saw mill which he has since operated. The yellow pine logs for the mill are procured six miles above the town and floated down the river to the mill, where they are con- verted into lumber, cut in sizes to meet the wishes of his patrons. The home demand consumes the entire output of the mill, and the business is re- garded as one of the leading industrial concerns of this section of the county. In 1896 Mr. Arnold was united in marriage to Mrs. Mary Potter, widow of G. E. Potter and a daughter of Judge John Fulkerson, of Minne- sota. They have three children: Ralph, John and Ruth. Mr. Arnold has erected a good resi- dence in Kendrick, and he and his family enjoy the esteem of all who know them. In politics he is a Republican, and he has made a good record as a business man and citizen, being at all times reliable and upright. EVAN EVANS. Evan Evans, a successful business man of Grangeville, came to this town in 1880 and for almost twenty years has been one of her enter- prising and highly valued citizens, taking a deep interest in and giving aid to every measure and movement intended to promote the general wel- fare. He was born in Norway, February 5, 1855, and is of Norwegian ancestry. His parents were Andrew and Mary (Olson) Evans, successful farming people and respected members of the Lutheran church. The subject of this review ac- quired his education in his native country, and at the age of seventeen went to England, where he took passage on an English steamer and sailed to the Mediterranean sea. While he was in Italy, May 6, 1872, he entered the United States naval service on board the Shenandoah, a man of war, and sailed under the American flag for two years or until the Shenandoah went out of commission, April 23, 1874. She was commanded by Captain Wells, Lieutenant Higginson and Robley D. Evans. They were at Key West, Florida, for some months, engaged in drill work, and Mr. Evans speaks of his service in the navy as one of the most valuable in his life. He was paid off at New York city and then, leaving the sea, he went to New Hampshire, where he visited his sister, after which he made his way to California. Locating at Truckee, in the Golden state, he there engaged in furnishing wood to a railroad company, under contract, and made considerable money in that venture. He remained in Cali- fornia until 1880, when he came to Grangeville, where he has since made his home. Here he was first employed in carrying the mail, under con- tract, between Mount Idaho and Pierce City, making the journey on horseback. He received a fair remuneration for his services, and contin- ued that labor until the route was discontinued. He next accepted a position in the butchering business at Warrens, with the firm of Chamber- lin & Bentz, and subsequently returned to 334 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Grangeville, where he engaged in stock-raising, beginning in that enterprise with twenty head of cattle. He carried on that industry until 1890, raising, buying and selling cattle, having at times as many as three hundred head. He met with fair success, and retired from the business when stock was bringing high prices. In 1891 he opened a butcher shop at Grangeville, in partner- ship with his former employer, Mr. Bentz, the connection being continued with mutual pleasure and profit until 1896, when Mr. Evans sold out. In the winter of 1897 he purchased the hardware business of Davy & Bonnell, built up a good trade and enjoyed a large and remunerative patronage until 1899, when he was forced to re- tire, the close confinement of the store undermin- ing his health. He is now living partially retired, although he personally superintends his invest- ments. During his residence in the thriving town of Grangeville he has made several judicious pur- chases of realty, which have increased in value with the growth of the town. In 1893 he became the owner of a beautiful plat of six acres within the corporation limits and has erected thereon a delightful residence. Another purchase which he made, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, he sold to a Lewiston stock company, and half of it has been platted and is called the Lewiston ad- dition to Grangeville. He has also made a forty- acre addition to the town, called the Grand View addition, and well is it named, for it is high and splendidly situated and commands a fine view of the great Camas prairie and the surrounding mountains. He also has forty acres in reserve, and his realty holdings class him among the sub- stantial citizens of Idaho county. He also has various valuable quartz-mining interests, and is a successful, energetic and enterprising business man, his reputation in business circles being above reproach. In 1885 Mr. Evans married Miss Ella Jones, a native of Oregon, and a daughter of Seth Jones, who is numbered among the pioneers of Oregon and Idaho. Their union has been blessed with two bright daughters, Irena and Mary. They have a pleasant home, which is a favorite resort with their many friends. Mrs. Evans is an esteemed member of the Episcopal church. Mr. Evans is an active member of the Masonic fra- ternity, having been identified with Mount Idaho Lodge, No. 9, for fifteen years. He has accep- tably filled many of its offices and has the honor of being one of its past masters. He is also a Royal Arch Mason, belonging to the chapter at Lewiston, and his name is on the membership roll of the Woodmen of the World. In politics he is a Republican, and is a most loyal citizen of his adopted land, unswerving in support of its insti- tutions. The cause of education finds in him a warm friend, and he was serving as one of the school trustees of Grangeville when the present fine school building was erected. Leaving the "land of the midnight sun," Mr. Evans came to America to try his fortune, and here his well di- rected labors have been crowned with success. He is truly a self-made man, and as the architect of his prosperity he has builded wisely and well. 8 4-* t/5 b/ W CHAPTER XXVII. PROMINENT CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE STATE. T BOISE, THE CAPITAL CITY. HE following descriptive article is an ex- cerpt from the souvenir edition of the Boise Sentinel, issued in June, 1897: So much has been said and written and sung of "Boise, the Beautiful," that the task of saying any- thing new seems utterly hopeless; and of this there is little need. While those who have made their homes here from the beginning, and those who from year to year have come to stay, might naturally be ex- pected to be most fervent in their praises, they have not always been the happiest in laying appropriate tributes before the shrine of the object of their love and admiration. Strangers and transient visitors have often been more fortunate in their offerings. Perhaps the first question that arises in the mind of a stranger in regard to this locality is why was it so named. After more than a third of a century has passed since the first human habitation was erected on the present site of the town, and after the story has been so often repeated in print, the inquiry con- tinues to be daily made, Why Boise? Briefly, this is what the ancient chroniclers tell of the origin of the name: In the summer of 1834 a party of French Canadian voyagers, belonging to the expedition of Captain Bonneville (whose explorations and adven- tures were afterward immortalized by the pen of Wash- ington Irving), in traveling across the treeless and arid Snake river plains, reached the edge of a pla- teau overlooking a beautiful valley, which, extend- ing westward beyond the limits of their vision, seemed to present a continuous forest belt of trees in full foli- age. Of trees, these travelers had seen but very little for several days while journeying among the vast fields of sage-brush, the essential elements of whose growth is the entire absence of water and shade; when their eyes at length fell upon the valley, and they caught glimpses of the crystal stream that wended its serpentine way westward among the groves of cot- tonwood trees that kept it company, they exclaimed, "Les bois! les bois! voyez les bois!" (The woods! the woods! see the woods!) Here for them were woods, real forests. With the facility with which a French- man brings his language into practical use, these Can- adian explorers soon affixed a name to their latest discovery, and called the river, whose presence was so welcome to them, La riviere Boise (pronounced bwoizay), that is, "the wooded." To reach this spot they had followed an old Indian trail, which was sub- sequently followed by explorers down to the advent of the first immigrants with their wagons, the immi- grants having adopted the marks which their prede- cessors had made as their guide across the otherwise trackless desert. During the month of August, 1843, nearly ten years after the valley had been named, Fremont reached it at the same point, opposite the present site of the city of Boise, and the cool, crystal waters of the stream and the grateful shade of the groves that adorned its banks drew from him a description of the scene, which has often been quoted and admired by many who have not yet even seen Idaho. Such are the circumstances that attended the naming of the river, the valley and of the spot now occupied by the fair city of Boise. Situated in the upper section of the valley of the Boise river, on the right and northern bank of the stream and within ten miles of the point where the mountains close in upon the stream, Boise presents a picture of quiet beauty and a scene inspiring a sense of peaceful repose and activity that has never failed to charm and delight every one who has seen it. Idaho is adorned with many lovely valleys and charm- ing localities, possessing many natural advantages and presenting many natural attractions; but nowhere else within her borders is there a spot so securely shelt- ered from the rude blasts of winter, nowhere else are the winters so mild, the clime the year round so health-giving, and the fierce cold of winter so sweetly tempered and adapted to the health and comfort of its inhabitants; nowhere else are there sources of cold and hot water close at hand and easily available for all the purposes to which hot and cold water can be ap- plied, even to the heating of public buildings and private dwellings; nowhere else have the elements of progress and growth shown themselves so healthful and so persistently active. In 1863 the outposts of civilization, as they extended themselves eastward from the Pacific coast settlements, reached the valley of the Boise. The discovery of gold in the section of the mountain known as the Boise basin, and the presence of discontented savages led to the establishment of the present Fort Boise, or as it is now called, Boise Barracks, which is situated on a beautiful and elevated site, commanding a fine view of the town and surrounding country. Among other good reasons, doubtless this site for the military post was selected largely because of the marvelous beauty of the landscape here presented to view. Looking south- ward from the narrow plateau upon which the officers' quarters at the barracks are situated, the eye wanders 335 336 HISTORY OF IDAHO. over the great Snake river sage plains to the magnifi- cent range known as the Owyhee mountains, which close the view in that direction. To the right from the point of observation, the view embraces the west- ern course of the Boise river and of the valley, with its bright and verdant stretches of meadows, farms, or- chards and forests of shade trees, while to the left and eastward the view is more abruptly closed by the neighboring mountain masses of the Boise river range. The military post, then called Fort Boise, was located and established on the 5th day of July, 1863, by Major P. Lugenbeel, and was the immediate cause of the location of the town, which event took place on the 7th. The area surveyed and staked out was covered with a dense growth of sage-brush. Then commenced the era of town building. The buildings first erected were of the crudest and most primitive construction, being in some cases mere brush shanties. The number of inhabitants living with promise of becoming permanent residents was very small indeed. The greater number whose presence graced the scene were transient visitors on their way to and from the gold fields. Many are the claimants, some of them yet living here, to the honor of having been first on the spot. As time went on the number of houses and inhabi- tants increased and the incipient city soon began to feel the vivifying influence of the golden stream which began to trickle down from the rich placer fields in the "basin." The first parcel of gold-dust from the new mines was bought by Cyrus Jacobs, who is still here. Mr. Jacobs had brought a stock of goods here, which were opened and offered for sale by H. C. Riggs and James Mullaney, acting for C. Jacobs & Company. About a week afterwards H. C. Riggs and James Agnew commenced building on the northeast corner of Main and Seventh streets, the location then and many years afterward known as Riggs' corner. This pioneer adobe building was destroyed by fire in 1879 and was replaced by the brick building now occupied by the clothing store of M. Alexander. The first jus- tice of the peace was a Dr. Holton, who had his office in a log cabin on the site now occupied by the Over- land Hotel. The first school was taught by F. B. Smith, in the winter of 1863-4, at the corner of Idaho and Seventh streets, opposite the site of the old Cen- tral Hotel. The first paper published was the Idaho Statesman, first issue being Tuesday, morning, July 26, 1864; office in a log cabin one door west of the present location. The Statesman is with us yet, and has never missed an issue since that first bright July morning. The first hotel was kept by Burns & Nor- dicke, on the northwest corner of Main and Seventh streets, the building now occupied by Joe Kinney. Two or three weeks after the opening of the first store by C. Jacobs, a second stock was opened by Da^elle & Moore. The first contractors were May & Brown. Thompson & McClelland established a ferry here across the Boise river, a short distance below the present Ninth street bridge, in the spring of 1864. The removal of the capital of the young terri- tory from Lewiston to Boise, December 10, 1864, gave a fresh impetus to the growth of the town. The columns of the local papers, during the earlier years of the town's existence, were filled with thrilling stories of the dangers bravely met and of the hardships patiently endured by the first settlers, who had deter- mined to build here a city, which has been justly and aptly called the "Damascus of the Plains." For a long series of years prior to the advent of railroads, the principal and best means of communication across the country between the Missouri river and the shores of the Pacific, as well as that connecting important points in the interior, was furnished by stage coaches, the main line of this means of travel passing through Boise, from which point as a center radiated the shorter lines, reaching the outlying towns and mining camps. Apart from the loss of time and the hardships inci- dent to this mode of transit and travel, there was the frequent danger to life from the lurking and blood- thirsty savages. Even as late as 1866 we have veri- fied accounts of all communication being cut off from the outside world by interruptions suffered at the hands of the Indians, while all around and near their homes the pioneers were battling with the treacherous foe, who threatened them with destruction. These greater dangers and obstacles to business, to travel and to tranquil, happy home life being at length overcome and removed, there came another long series of years of "hope deferred," during which one promised scheme after another failed to bring what was so much desired and needed, a better means of communication, until a partial fulfillment and realization was reached by the advent of railroads into what was yet the terri- tory of. Idaho. During all these pioneer years, Boise was the center of trade, of travel, and of every impor- tant interest in the territory. Here were held, as now, the sessions of the legislature and of the supreme court, and here was gathered the great library of almost universal legal scope, accessible at all times to the members of the bar, and also to all the people having occasion to visit and consult it. Here the- medical profession, augmented by the military sur- geons, has had its largest representation of educated and skilled men. Here popular education has had its inspiration and impulse in the public schools, which have always been in the advance line. In the estab- lishment of the United States assay office, Boise was made largely the center of intelligent mining, as its banks were and are still the center of financial exchanges. The fraternal, patriotic and religious bodies have ever made their headquarters here, because the hospitality and generosity of Boise have been equal to every opportunity and demand. It will be easily under- stood why for so many years of her existence Boise was comparatively unknown. She was only the capi- tal and chief city of an isolated northwestern terri- tory; only one of the many similar objects found in this vast intermountain territory. True, the locality always had its power to charm the minds and senses HISTORY OF IDAHO. 337 of visitors by its many attractive natural features and commended itself to the judgment of all by its many superior natural advantages. With the progress of settlement, irrigation brought the "magic touch of water" to the apparently sterile but really fertile and productive soil, and soon transformed what was always a scene of natural beauty into a veritable "garden of the gods." The growth of the city has been a steady, healthy growth from the beginning, with no boom spurts to accelerate it, because none were needed. The city grew by its own inherent advantages of location, cli- mate and soil, and by the energy and enterprise of its inhabitants. After a long period of isolation and obscurity, Boise has emerged into the light of day and has worked out a place for herself where her many attractions and advantages are seen and recognized. By the provis- ions of the state constitution, adopted in 1890, the capital of the state was permanently fixed here for the period of twenty years. At the close of this period we shall have reached the end of the first decade in the twentieth century. Then the beautiful capital city of Idaho will be in full possession and enjoyment of all her native and acquired resources and advantages, ready to work out her glorious destiny under her own sunny skies and with the natural means with which she is so highly favored. In the meantime, Boise will be busy getting ready for the dawn of the more glorious era. She will be developing and bringing into full use all her many natural powers of progress and prosperity. She has an intelligent and enterprising people who will make the most of all the means and advantages which nature has placed in their hands. Very soon every dwelling may be lighted and heated from the great urns and reservoirs which nature has provided. As the city grows, the supply of natural hot water can be indefi- nitely increased, until coal and wood will be rarely used for fuel. Those who wish for perfect security and exemption from fierce winds and rude winter storms will find in the upper Boise valley the most completely sheltered locality on the continent. But, conceding all that the ardent lovers of Boise claim for her, and all that she is so justly entitled to claim for herself, in point of geographical position, political importance, climate, soil, tree and flower growth and picturesque beauty of surroundings, still there is the important and vital question ever con- fronting us: What is there here to justify a population, already numbering eight thousand and daily increas- ing, in hoping to find the means of a happy and pros- perous existence? The past is secure and quite cred- itable to us. The present is what we see it to be. What of the future? One of the bright day-dreams of the inhabitants of Boise has been that the time would soon come when we should have local manufactures. He.re, as elsewhere, by far the larger percentage of the population are wage-earners. We can see no reason why our dreams and our wishes in this par- ticular should not be soon realized. All the fruits grown in the temperate zone grow here in the rich- est profusion. The valley of the Boise is the true home of all the fruits, large and small, and especially so of the prune, one of the most popular fruits known, and one for which the demand is constantly increas- ing. We cannot believe that the day is far distant when we shall have canning establishments here, where the great abundance of our surplus fruits can be pre- pared for a market that can never be over-supplied. The area of mining discovery and development is con- tinually broadening and extending itself northwardly toward the Arctic zone, and as the area becomes larger, the means of transportation are extended to meet and supply the. wants of the delvers for the precious metals. Very soon every product of this beautiful and fertile valley that can be prepared for market here, where every facility for manufacturing exists, will meet with ready transit and quick and profitable sale. An era of manufacturing once set in, there are no limits to the possibilities in this direction. The soil and cli- mate here are admirably adapted to the cultivation of the sugar beet, which is destined soon to "beat" the sugar trust to death with its saccharine club. Boise cannot hope to have a monopoly of the market for home-made sugar; nor will she need it; but she can supply her own market, and the surplus will always find a ready demand. Other points, far less favored every way, have woolen manufactories, which have succeeded beyond the most sanguine hopes and expectations of the enterprising men who inaugurated them under trying and unprom- ising beginnings. It requires no gift of prophecy to see that we must soon have woolen manufactories. We have long had the very stupid habit of export- ing hides, to be transported to distant establishments to be there manufactured into leather, shoes and har- ness, to be then returned to us, we paying every cost and charge, even to the rent, taxes, cost of living and the profits of our local merchants, who kindly give us back our hides transformed into the various articles which we might have made ourselves. It is time that this folly should cease. The local tannery and local shoe and harness factory must soon be made to add their forces to the many possibilities soon to be rea- lized. In spite of past mistakes, Boise is destined to be a railroad center, just as it was the center of travel and transportation by stages and freight wagons in the early days. It is the natural center and radi- ating point for Idaho, and natural causes must produce their natural results in due time. Of Boise as a mining center and of the mining districts imme- diately tributary to her, it is impossible now to write so as to do them justice. The theme is too prolific. These resources are known and appreciated, and the possibilities to grow out of them are already being enjoyed. Boise has all the elements and all the natural resources and attractive features requisite to make her the queen of this intermountain region. Her people 338 HISTORY OF IDAHO. have faith, hope and courage and they have fully proved that they know how to labor and wait for the good time that is surely coming. The early history of the Boise schools is difficult to obtain, as no records can be found. The oldest settlers say that about the first free school was taught in the small brick building now standing on the cor- ner of Eighth and Washington streets. It was here, in 1885, that John W. Daniels was called from the far east to collect the educational forces of the com- munity, then consisting of four ungraded schools, into a graded system. One at this age cannot understand how the crude material and possibly the cruder public opinion were molded into a unity of thought and action that in 1881 erected the Central school building and established the strong system of schools that ever since has given education to our children and great satisfaction to our citizens. The legislature at this time gave Boise the independent school district under whose control the people still work. The ground, consisting of a whole block, upon which the Central building stands was donated for public buildings. The building of such a structure was a heroic deed. When we remember that the nearest railroad station was Kelton, Utah, and that nearly all the manufactured goods had to be freighted the two hundred and fifty miles, at a cost of from five to ten dollars per hundred, the enormity of the enter- prise is apparent. When completed, the building and furniture cost fifty thousand dollars. There are, in it, sixteen school rooms and an office, and the whole number of pupils accommodated is about eight hun- dred, ninety-three of them being in the high school (1897). The heat is furnished from the natural hot water. Many thought it folly to erect such an immense structure when only a small portion of it was util- ized, but the increase in population was so great that the Whittier school, corner of Fort and Twelfth streets, was built in 1894. This consists of four large rooms, airy and well furnished. The cost of the build- ings and grounds was eight thousand six hundred dol- lars. The unprecedented growth of the city soon filled these buildings to overflowing. In the summer of 1896 the Lincoln school, on Idaho and Fourth streets, was erected, at a cost of fourteen thousand five hundred dollars. The large halls, the six ele- gant rooms and the basement are models of archi- tectural skill. No pains were spared to make this the most attractive and the best arranged school-house in the city. The Wesleyan Hospital and Deaconess Home, though comparatively new in Boise and Idaho, having been established in 1896, has mounted rapidly into popularity and influence by dint of merit and substantial worth until it is recognized as one of the best in the state. It is located on Ninth and Eastman streets, in Hyde Park addi- tion to Boise, where patients can have a quiet place, fresh air and plenty of sunlight. The rooms are tastefully furnished, well ventilated and kept scrupulously clean and tidy. The med- ical staff is composed of only competent and thor- oughly qualified physicians who have had years of experience in all kinds of medical and surgical cases. Surgical operations of every character are performed at this institution, where the most suc- cessful and approved means are employed for the correction of deformities and the restoration of health to all those who are afflicted. Patients are left absolutely free to select any physician they may desire. S. M. Coffin, secretary of the Boise Chamber of Commerce, in the Idaho Statesman of May 27, 1899, thus describes in a "nutshell" the present prosperous and stable condition of the capital city of the Gem of the Mountains state: This city may well be proud of its citizens and com- mercial solidity of its banks and business houses. The First National Bank of Idaho was the second national bank organized on the Pacific coast and has since 1867 opened its doors to its depositors with unwavering integrity. There are three thousand six hundred and sixty-five national banks in the United States; the number of this bank is 1668. The Boise City National bank obtained its charter in 1886 and is a United States depository. The deposits of both banks aggregate over one million dollars. There are stockholders in both banks who are worth, in cold cash, more than the banks. The Capital State Bank was born in 1891 and is a solid, reliable institution. The bankers of Boise are high-class, honorable gen- tlemen and bankers in the truest interpretation of the word, which is of vital importance to the public, whose commercial blood flows through the arteries of these institutions. And the business men of Boise are pros- perous, shrewd and solvent, always ready to protect their customers and maintain the high standard of business ethics that insures commercial stability. Boise is justified in a feeling of security in its educa- tional institutions, which are second to none on the coast, especially in the public schools, which are a high standard of perfection. The Episcopal and Catho- lic schools, are high-class and of a good standard of discipline and management. The churches of all denominations are ably pastored and have large and intelligent congregations, and all of the secret orders have cozy homes and good mem- berships. Boise has the finest natatorium in the United States, being supplied with natural hot water. Boise is the only city in the United States whose dwellings and business blocks are heated by nature in the shape of hot water from artesian wells. Boise has a United States assay office, military post. I 1 .s Bj HISTORY OF IDAHO. 339 signal service, electric lights, telephones, electric rail- roads and paved streets. The sanitary conditions of the city are good. The municipal government from Mayor Alexander to Chief of Police Francis are the right men in the right places. Boise has a population of ten thousand, is a city of commercial solidity, beautiful home?, and refined, cul- tured, Christian people who believe in their city, their state, and their flag. Boise has for its environments a vast and rapidly developing mining country whose minerals consist of gold, silver, copper, iron and lead, an agricultural and horticultural country of such magnitude that it must be seen to be understood; it is the home of the prune, pear and apple; sweet flowers and sturdy people grow on these broad acres. Irrigation companies are reclaim- ing thousands of acres from their native aridity and irrigation is king. Boise is the natural and actual rail- road, mining, agricultural and commercial center in southern Idaho. LEWISTON. The early history of this point is nearly all given in the general history of Idaho on other pages of this volume, under the various heads of discovery, early mining, the history of the In- dians, including the various wars with them, and the political government of the territory, as this town was for a time the capital of the common- wealth. Lewiston is situated in the fork made by the Snake and Clearwater rivers, at an average ele- vation of only six hundred and twenty-five feet above the sea level, and hence has the best cli- mate of all localities in this part of the United States. During the severe winters in the moun- tains the early miners came out to this place and enjoyed the climate as well as they would that of California in the winter time, indeed much bet- ter than they would that of the Sacramento valley and many other highly praised localities in the Golden state. It has been estimated that as many as twenty thousand persons were in the mines in this vicinity during the early '6os, the winter population of Lewiston running from ten to twelve thousand people. These men would touch nothing for less than ten dollars a day, some "earnings" running up to thousands of dol- lars a day! The cause of the delightful character of the climate here during the colder portion of the year is seen in the fact that a river of warm air flows through this valley from the heated table-lands of Arizona, the Colorado valley and the dry val- leys of northern Mexico; and possibly also the warmth of the earth itself, as indicated by the numerous hot springs of this and adjoining states, has a perceptible effect upon the super- incumbent atmosphere. Another fact is, the air here is dry, enabling any one to endure a far greater degree of heat or cold than in moist air. The average rainfall here per annum is about one foot. It was during the early mining period, namely 1863, that the territory of Idaho was organized, with the capital at Lewiston. Accordingly the first legislature met here on the loth of Decem- ber, that year, attended by representatives from very distant points, now in Montana, Wyoming, etc. About this time the gold which was easily picked up began rapidly to disappear and the miners naturally ran to other points from which they chanced to hear extraordinary reports, the transient population drifting southward to the Owyhee country and the Boise Basin. This stampede proved to be sufficiently permanent to force the capital away from Lewiston to Boise City the very next year, 1864. As related in an- other place, when the order was given to remove the territorial records to Boise City, the county commissioners of Nez Perces county, of which Lewiston is the county seat, enjoined the removal of the capital, on the ground that the legislature ordering the removal did not assemble at the re- quired time and the members had not all taken the oath prescribed by law. The supreme-court justice, A. C. Smith, decided in favor of Lewis- ton, and for ten months confusion reigned, the territory being without an acknowledged capital, while the governor returned to New York to escape the controversy ; nor was there even a ter- ritorial secretary to take temporary charge of the executive business. Finally United States Mar- shal Alvord received instructions to convey the records to Boise; but the transfer had to be made stealthily in order to avoid a riot. The boom of early bonanza mining and the capital both gone, nothing remained for the building up of Lewiston excepting permanent features, which, however, have proved to be far greater than had been before imagined. The location is at the head of navigation on the Snake river, and at the mouth of the Clearwater, which is navigable for a considerable distance. This 340 HISTORY OF IDAHO. fact, besides the delightful climate already men- tioned, together with the development of good agricultural, horticultural and grazing lands in the vicinity, has constituted a permanent founda- tion for Lewiston's prosperity. The bench lands, of varying heights as one approaches the moun- tains, have proved to be first-class grain-produc- ing grounds, the farmers often reaping thirty to forty bushels of wheat to the acre, grain of first- class quality, and this, too, without irrigation. At first the Indians in the vicinity were turbu- lent and were a great obstacle in the way of the settlement of the country; but at the present time they are peaceable citizens, following agricultural pursuits, and give to Lewiston a considerable trade. Thus Lewiston has kept ahead of all the northern towns of Idaho. Very soon after the pacifying of the Indians, the city secured the passage of an act by the legis- lature creating it an independent school district, and a handsome, commodious school building of three stories was erected, at a cost of eleven thousand dollars. The graded system was intro- duced and has been continued with great success ever since. .In 1881 the Columbia River confer- ence of the Methodist Episcopal church estab- lished the Lewis Collegiate Institute here; and subsequently the Catholics erected a large and important structure, where their St. Aloysius Academy was conducted. Rev. A. D. McCon- key's school and other private educational insti- tutions added to the city's growing importance as a home center. At that early date it was con- ceded that Lewiston was destined to be known as the Athens of the northwest. A government land office was established here in 1875, which had jurisdiction over Nez Perces, Idaho and Shoshone counties, which included Latah county, segregated from Nez Perces in 1887. This office necessarily had a great amount of business. The lands to the east are chiefly oc- cupied as a reservation by the Nez Perces. In 1896 these lands were first sown for crops, pro- ducing half a million bushels of wheat and pro- portionate quantities of other grain, hay and vegetables; and the next year the acreage was doubled, and so on. The products of this section are now mostly marketed at Lewiston, either by wagon or by navigation of the Clearwater. Also considerable business comes to Lewiston from across the Snake river, as far out as the Seven Devils mining region, in Oregon and Washing- ton. On both the east and the south the rich rolling prairies gradually ascend until, sixty to eighty miles distant, they fade into mountain ranges that hold the mineral treasures that made Idaho famous in the early '6os. Nearly all these mining camps are tributary to Lewiston and form a large part of its trade. Not, however, until within a few years has a railroad reached this distant point from the great centers of civilization, the Northern Pacific hav- ing recently completed a branch to this place, putting it in communication with the east and west. Other line's of railway are in contempla- tion. Lewiston at present has a population of about five thousand, with two national banks, numerous large mercantile houses, two daily newspapers and one semi-weekly, the State Normal School, five church edifices and flourishing congrega- tions and the usual beneyolent and fraternal or- ganizations, which are largely supported. The Masonic and Odd Fellows orders have handsome structures of -their own. It is a unique and noteworthy feature of the commercial stability of Lewiston that instead of paying interest and dividend charges to outside financial institutions, the town receives this tribute from its neighbors ; and consequently dur- ing the severest periods of stagnation it continues healthy and able while other points are depleted. The Nez Perces Indians are indeed among the wealthiest people of the country, and their trade alone brings a hundred thousand dollars a year into the city. The general government expends annually fifty thousand dollars upon the Indian industrial school and in the maintenance of the agency, both situated but a few miles out of town, and this money i? largely poured into the coffers of the citizens of Lewiston. The government is at work on the dalles of the Oregon river constructing a canal around the falls, in order to render navigation uninterrupted between Lewiston and the high seas. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK. This solid and ably conducted financial institu- tion of Lewiston was founded in 1883 by J. P. Vollmer; ex-Governor M. C. Moore, of Wash- PQ 1 o "5 O HISTORY OF IDAHO. 341 ington: William O'Donnell, of Walla Walla, Washington; Wallace Scott, of Grangeville; and R. Schlicher, of Lewiston, and was capitalized for fifty thousand dollars. Mr. Vollmer was elected its president and has since remained in charge of the affairs of the bank in that capacity, his administration proving most acceptable and satisfactory. The history of the bank is a record of remarkable success, there being now a surplus of fifty thousand dollars, ninety-two thousand dollars of undivided profits and a reserve fund of forty-five thousand dollars, and the bank has re- turned to the stockholders the original stock and thirty per cent additional. On the roll of honor of the thirty-three hundred national banks of the United States the First National of Lewiston holds the thirty-fourth place surely a most cred- itable record. The present officers are J. P. Voll- mer, president; Ralston Vollmer, vice-president; and E. W. Eaves, cashier. The directors are J. P. Vollmer, W. Scott, A. W. Krontinger, C. V. Shearer and Ralston Vollmer. A general com- mercial banking business is carried on, and the First National is regarded as the strongest and safest financial institution of the state. THE LEWISTON NATIONAL BANK This is one of the strongest banking institu- tions in the state. It was founded August 9, 1883, by William F. Kettenbach, John Brearley and others. Mr. Brearley was elected its presi- dent, but lived only a short time after its organi- zation, when Mr. Kettenbach was chosen his suc- cessor and served in that capacity, with remark- able ability and fidelity, until his life's labors were ended in death, September 9, 1891. His brother, F. W. Kettenbach, was then elected to the presi- dency, and held that office until January i, 1897, when he was succeeded by Daniel M. White, whose death occurred December u, 1898. The vacancy thus occasioned was supplied by the election of W. F. Kettenbach, the son of the founder of the bank, to the presidency. Al- though only twenty-four years of age at the time, he had previously filled, in a most capable man- ner, almost all the lesser positions in the bank, and he now has the honor of being the youngest bank president in the United States. The capital stock of the bank at its organiza- tion was fifty thousand dollars, and there is now a surplus of fifty thousand and undivided profits amounting to six thousand dollars. The bank has had a most prosperous and honorable career and has been enabled to pay to its stockholders ever since its organization a semi-annual dividend of five per cent. It does a general commercial banking busi- ness, sells exchange on all parts of the world, and owns its magnificent bank building, which is constructed of magnesia stone, being three stories in height. It was built by Mr. W. F. Kettenbach during his presidency of the bank, at a cost of forty-seven thousand five hundred dollars, and is considered the finest bank block in Idaho. The main floor is splendidly equipped for banking purposes, and the other floors are divided into office suites, the rental of which is four hundred dollars monthly. POCATELLO. This, the "Gate City of Idaho," was named in memory of the doughty old chief of the Bannack Indians, a band of surly savages who formerly roved over the Snake river plains and kept the pioneers of civilization uneasy. The city is sit- uated at the intersection of the Oregon Short Line and the Utah & Northern Railroads, and has a commanding location at the natural gate- way to the great northwest of the region west of the Rocky mountains. By its railroad facilities lines from the east, the west, the north and the south meeting within its limits it controls the freight traffic from the east and the great Missis- sippi valley and the trans-Mississippi centers of commerce to the northwest coast and growing commonwealths of Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington. Sixteen years ago this site was a sage-brush covered plain; to-day there is a city here with a population of five thousand, with handsome brick business blocks, fine private residences, the finest school edifices in the state and prosperous busi- ness enterprises. Its growth and prosperity have been phenomenal. Only nine years ago the place was without a substantial building of any descrip- tion ; to-day it numbers its brick and stone blocks and residences by the score. Topographically, the city is located at the head of the Port Neuf valley and on the banks of the river of that name, a tributary to the magnificent old Snake river. At the foot of the city lie the 342 HISTORY OF IDAHO. broad level plains of the Port Neuf valley, com- prising as rich and fertile land as any in the west. They stretch out in level distances as far as the eye can carry the vision and until they meet the still broader and equally fertile plains of the Snake river valley. Behind the city the broken spurs of the Wasatch range rear their rugged sides and rocky peaks, rich in all the minerals that have made the golden west great. In 1882 the Oregon Short Line Railway was completed, connecting the Oregon Railway & Navigation line in the west with the main line of the Union Pacific in the east. In the same year the Pacific Hotel was built and the division headquarters of the railroad established here, which have remained here ever since. Pocatello then consisted of the hotel and store of the Fort Hall Indian trader, it being almost in the geo- graphical center of the Fort Hall Indian reserva- tion. The railroad company had a grant of some two hundred acres of land here, and it was a con- venient point for an overland eating-house. This state of things called the hotel into existence, but at the same time the wildest flights of imagination saw no prospects of a great city in the future. The railroad company, however, early began to see the advantages of the situation. With the completion of the Utah & Northern line, north and south, Pocatello became the natural location for the great shops of the united lines, and ac- cordingly, in 1886, the shops, which had been lo- cated at Eagle Rock, were removed to Pocatello and very much enlarged. This enterprise at once brought four or five hundred men, many of them with families, to Pocatello, and for their accom- modation the railroad company began the erec- tion of the neat dwellings which constitute what is known as Company Row, and these were the first residences built in Pocatello. The first to occupy any of these were J. M. Bennett and wife; he was superintendent of bridges and buildings on this division. The depot, which had been completed the previous year, was dedicated with a grand ball in October. Pocatello was a booming town in those days, a typical frontier town, and almost the last that the United States has seen. Money was plenti- ful and flowing freely, and the restraints of law and the effete features of eastern civilization were scarcely noticeable. Immigrants rushed in, with money and enterprise, even faster than room could be found for them, for the railroad com- pany owned the only available land, the rest of the land belonging to the Indians. Squatters were ordered off the reservation and their "shacks" pulled down. Something had to be done. In 1886 there were six hundred people in Pocatello and more crowd- ing in every day. At this juncture the railroad company began to permit people to build on their right of way, and, as if by magic, a city of "shacks" and shanties, devoted to all kinds of business, sprang up on what has since been called the plaza the broad, open space around the hotel and office buildings and where the parks are located. The town did not present a very commanding appearance, but was accomplishing an immense amount of business. Directly after the town site was thrown open to market the "shacks" were torn down and better structures were under way. One of the first buildings erected in the town was a school-house, in which school was opened in 1887, with Miss Brooks as teacher. The citi- zens, however, were often in sore straits for money to keep the schools going; but private subscriptions and benefit entertainments were al- ways found in time, and since its founding the city of Pocatello has always maintained a high reputation for its schools. To-day it has two public-school edifices and also a handsome pri- vate academy, unexcelled in the state. The crowding of a pushing and enterprising population into the narrow limits of the railroad right of way at once resulted in agitation for more room. Delegate Dubois was appealed to for relief. Barbecues and "big talks" were held with the red men of the tribes of the Bannacks and Shoshones at Fort Hall. The braves were fed and petted and finally agreed to a treaty sell- ing two thousand acres of land to the United States for a town site, and Mr. Dubois promptly had a bill passed by congress ratifying this treaty. In June, 1889, the town site was surveyed, and the next summer the lots were sold at public auc- tion. Pocatello had in the meantime grown to a city of between thirty and thirty-five hundred population. Long previously the people had overflowed the extreme limits of the railroad HISTORY OF IDAHO. 343 lands and were squatted all over the town site. Many of them, indeed, had erected buildings of considerable pretensions, and it was feared that there might be some trouble when the sale took place: but fortunately everything passed off quietly. A committee of citizens was organized, and when a lot with improvements on it was of- fered for sale a member of this committee an- nounced that Mr. - - had improvements on it and asked outsiders not to bid; and this request was honored excepting in one instance, and then the bidder was soon persuaded to withdraw his bid. Thus most of the people who had gone ahead and built houses secured their property by the payment of ten to fifty dollars per lot, the appraised value. A large number of speculators were present, who bought many outside lots, which were held for a time, some of them for a number of years. With the sale of the city lots, building started with a rush. Substantial business blocks and handsome residences sprang up everywhere as by magic. The old "shacks" came down by the hundreds and parks were laid out on their sites. The city now has many fine business blocks and residences, and every modern improvement that might be expected in a thriving western town occupied by the most intelligent people from the east. The municipal history of Pocatello is compar- atively simple and brief. The community was organized as a village in the spring of 1889, prev- ious to which time there was no definite govern- ment, being situated on an Indian reservation and no one knowing who was in authority. Dep- uty marshals and deputy sheriffs were constantly present, but the people did about as they pleased. The village organization in 1889 was too late for the spring election that year, and the board of county commissioners of old Bingham county appointed the first board of trustees, for this pur- pose naming H. L. Becraft as chairman, and D. K. Williams, A. F. Caldwell, L. A. West and Dr. Davis as trustees. Sam Gundaker was appointed the first town marshal, but soon resigned, and W. S. Hopson was appointed in his place. At the city election in the spring of 1890, C. S. Smith was elected chairman of the board of trustees and J. H. Shuffleberger, John G. Brown, A. F. Cald- well and D. K. Williams trustees. James Scan- Ion was elected town marshal, and J. F. Myers treasurer. In 1891 D. Swinehart was elected chairman and A. F. Caldwell, D. W. Church, John S. Baker and George Green trustees ; E. G. Gallett, clerk; J. I. Frantz, treasurer; and W. S. Hop- son, marshal. In 1892 J. M. Bennett was elected chairman and Al. Davis, W. B. Eldredge, James Connors and Jack Gorman trustees; E. G. Gal- lett, re-elected clerk; M. C. Senter, treasurer; and W. S. Hopson, marshal. By special enactment of the legislature of 1892- 1893 Pocatello was erected into a city of the first class. It was divided into four wards, and in the spring of 1893 elected a mayor, eight councilmen and a full city ticket. Edward Stein was chosen mayor by a plurality of six. Ed. Sadler was elected city clerk, J. J. Curl city treasurer, and J. F. Connor police magistrate. The council- men were George Griffith, A. M. Bagley, M. Condon, Al. Miller, F. H. Murphy, J. H. Shuf- fleberger, W. J. Harvey and E. P. Blickensderfer. The mayor, clerk and treasurer are elected for one year, and the police magistrate for two years. The aldermanic term also is two years, but at the first election one-half the number were elected for one-year terms, so that, according to custom, one-half the council can be chosen each spring while the other half hold over. In the election of 1894 Ben Bean was elected mayor, Ed. Sadler clerk and J. F. Kane treas- urer. The councilmen elected were J. G. Sand- ers, John Fusz, T. B. Smith and Tim Farrell, Griffith, Condon, Murphy and Harvey holding over. In 1895 W. F. Kasiska was elected mayor, W. D. Johnston clerk, A. W. Criswell treasurer, T. A. Johnston police magistrate, and M. M. O'Malley, J. Bistline, Felix Van Reuth and Eph. Miller councilmen. Politically, honors have been about even. On the state ticket the Republicans usually carry Pocatello by fair majorities, but in municipal contests the honors have been almost evenly di- vided between the Republicans and Democrats, the Populists scarcely ever electing a man. Financially, Pocatello keeps itself in good con- dition. It spends over two thousand dollars a year for electric light, and about the same amount for water, and also about the same or a little more for the fire department. For salaries of of- 344 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ficers, about fifteen hundred dollars represents the disbursement, while the annual income has been about eighteen hundred to two thousand dollars. The city started out with an indebted- ness of about twenty thousand dollars, which has since been reduced. By an act of the legislature of 1892-3 the lower end of Bingham county was cut off and the county of Bannock created, with Pocatello as the county-seat, thus making this city the capital of one of the best counties of Idaho. The coun- ty contains scores of the very finest agricultural valleys in the state, besides high lands that are unsurpassed as cattle and sheep ranges. Soon after its organization, the county sold its six per cent, bonds at a very handsome profit. It is therefore on a cash basis, with first-class credit. Abundant building material is to be had at the very doors of the city. Two miles west of the place a quarry is worked which is practically inexhaustible, from which the stone was taken to build some of the finest structures in the city, and even used for trimming when other stone is used for the body. Although soft when first taken from the quarry, and easily worked, it hardens on exposure to the weather. It is a light gray in color and is pronounced by experts to be as fine a building material as any in the country. An- other quarry, of much harder rock, is worked at a short distance south of the city. The stone is a very close-grained and hard sandstone, and has been used for the construction of the great storage basin of the Pocatello water-works. Its supply also is without limit. Some buildings here have been constructed of semi-lava boulders, which are abundant on the southern section of the town site, but they are hard to work and not handsome in a wall. The clay in the vicinity of the city is good for brick, and hence all the brick used here is home-made, and is excellent both in quality and appearance. At times the brickmakers here have been rushed with work. The Pocatello opera-house is one of the pret- tiest in the west. It was completed in 1893, at a cost of thirty thousand dollars, is a three-story brick structure, trimmed with "reservation" stone. The seating capacity is five hundred on the main floor and two hundred and fifty in the gallery. The stage is fifty by twenty-seven feet and is furnished with nine full sets of scenery. The Pavilion, a large amusement hall, is the scene of most of the balls that are so popular here. It is a large frame building with an ample and excellent dancing floor, well lighted and admirably adapted for orchestral and exhibition purposes. The Pacific Hotel was practically the first house built in Pocatello. It is a large, barn-like two-story frame, with Mansard roof, and has over fifty rooms. It was originally built for the accommodation of overland travel and the rail- road employees at this point. The fare at this hostelry is very good. The Pocatello House is a handsome three-story brick building, com- pleted in 1893, at a cost of about fifteen thousand dollars. It has forty rooms, but is strictly a lodging house rather than a hotel for the tran- sient public. It is well kept. The Hanks Hotel is a three-story brick structure, furnished with steam heat and electric light, like the other houses just mentioned, and is equipped with the modern conveniences. This hostelry is con- ducted by Mrs. Hanks, a model landlady. Pocatello has a magnificent water-works sys- tem, ample for a city of thirty thousand inhabi- tants. There are two immense reservoirs, with a combined capacity of over four million gallons. The upper reservoir is five hundred and sixty- two feet above the highest point in the city, and therefore gives force enough to the hydrants throughout the city to serve any emergency. The water supply, indeed, is an ideal one. The system was conceived by J. J. Cusic, who in 1890 appropriated the water for its supply from Gibson Jack and Mink creeks, two tribu- taries of the Port Neuf that flow from the moun- tains south of the city. In 1891 he and Dr. F. D. Toms began the work of constructing the reser- voirs and flumes and also a large dam in Gibson Jack creek. The next year the Pocatello Water Company was incorporated, with J. J. Cusic, F. D. Toms, A. F. Caldwell, T. F. Terrell and E. J. Adams as members, and the capital stock was placed at one hundred thousand dollars. In Oc- tober of that year the system was completed and in operation. Early in 1893 James A. Murdock, a Butte capitalist, purchased the entire plant and proceeded to make extensive improvements. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 345 The water is as pure as crystal, coming from a natural reservoir of granite, shale 'and slate high up in the mountains, four miles above the reservoirs, and through a covered flume which has a capacity of four million gallons every twenty-four hours. The lower reservoir, used as the service basin, has a capacity of four hun- dred thousand gallons, is three hundred feet lower than the other, but is two hundred and sixty-two feet above the highest point in the city, as already mentioned. The water rate, for all purposes, is fixed by a commission appointed by the common council. Pocatello has an electric-light plant second to none in cities even of twice its size. The Port Neuf river has been harnessed and furnishes the power that lights the streets, business houses and homes of the city. In round figures, the plant cost forty-five thousand dollars, and has a ca- pacity sufficient to furnish light for a city twice the size of Pocatello and a water power ample for a plant many times the size of the present one. For the construction and maintenance of this enterprise, as well as for purposes of irrigation, The Pocatello Power & Irrigation Company was organized in 1895. But long before that date a citizen named Dan Swinehart, who came here in 1888 as a butcher, conceived the feasibility of the enterprise here described, and despite much ridicule and discouragement from many friends proceeded to inaugurate the improvements neces- sary to the undertaking. He was elected the first mayor of the city, and such was his faith in its future growth and prosperity that he erected the first brick block in Pocatello, the "Pioneer" block, a handsome structure. In July, 1892, on the very next day after the town site was thrown open to the market, Mr. Swinehart took up the water right that is to-day the life of the Pocatello electric-light plant, and posted his notices appropriating six thousand inches of water from the Port Neuf river for electric-light, power and irrigating purposes. He had his surveys made and plans for the plant made up, which plans called for an expenditure of thirty thousand dollars. He found most of the people incredulous and many of them even ridiculing his project, and even claiming that he could not develop as much as a six-horse power and that Pocatello was not going to be much of a city anyway! But he persevered, and in the autumn of 1892 built a dam across the Port Neuf between C and D streets northwest, and cut the ditch and finished the canal to the power-house site. The power-house was erected in June, 1893, and furnished with the finest machinery that could be purchased at the time, comprising two Thomson-Houston one-thousand-candle-power incandescent-light dynamos and one Thomson- Houston fifty-light arc dynamo. February 22d the machinery started and the light began to blaze in the city. Previously a small concern known as the Pocatello Electric Light & Tele- phone Company supplied a number of electric lights, with power from the railroad shops. Mr. Swinehart bought its franchises and property and incorporated them with his own. But soon after he commenced operation he was met by a new difficulty which at first seemed insurmount- able, namely, his dam caused the Port Neuf to overflow the land adjoining the pond and many damage suits were brought against him ; but this was overcome by his purchase of the land in question, in part, and condemnation of the rest. Afterward he raised a levee along the bank of the river on the east side, which prevents all over- flow, and now he enjoys the enhanced value of the land. By the beginning of the year 1894 all difficul- ties were cleared away, but by this time the en- terprise had cost him forty-five thousand dollars. In 1895 Mr. Swinehart sold his institution to a company consisting of himself and C. W. Spauld- ing, F. W. Smith and A. D. Averill, of Chicago, and it was incorporated under the laws of Illi- nois, under the name of the Pocatello Power & Irrigation Company. The capital stock, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, is all paid up. Mr. Swinehart, who holds one-third of the stock, is the president and general manager. The prospects for valuable minerals in. the mountains adjacent to Pocatello began to attract attention in the early '6os; but the hostility of the Indians, added to the excitement caused by the fabulously rich strikes in the Boise country, prevented any active work in this region, and indeed any thorough prospecting. In 1868 the Fort Hall reservation was set 346 HISTORY OF IDAHO. apart for the benefit of the Shoshones and Ban- nacks ; and as white men were forbidden to tres- pass upon the reservation and the Indians were troublesome, the rich minerals hidden in the mountains here were lost sight of until after the town of Pocatello had sprung into existence. Then people began to speculate on what might be in the hills. Occasionally a rich piece of float was picked up on the reservation, and at length this set men to looking for what they could find. In the course of a few years men by the hundred came to Pocatello, many of whom waited for months, and even years, for an opportunity to get at the hills. The mountains south of Pocatello are known to contain vast deposits of co'pper, silver and gold, as demonstrated by many outcroppings that give promise of the most fabulous richness. Many assays from the rock have been made, and they run up into the thousands. The agent in charge of the reservation, however, has been strict in enforcing the treaty laws. In the sum- mer of 1893 a company of Pocatello men dis- covered a copper ledge of marvelous promise on Belle Marsh creek on the reservation, and made a determined effort to work it. They put a force of men to work there and uncovered a ledge for a distance of a hundred feet and found a well defined ledge six feet wide of wonderfully rich copper ore. They worked it until twice warned off by the Indian agent, and quit only when they were finally threatened with arrest. Experts who have examined this property pronounce it as promising as any in the west. Also, during the same summer, a strong com- pany of capitalists of Pocatello, Butte and Salt Lake City, organized and made an effort to se- cure a lease of the mineral lands on the reserva- tion; but other men in Pocatello, who had been watching prospects and opportunity for years, entered a protest and the interior department at Washington refused to grant the lease. The same year still another attempt was made to ob- tain permission to develop mines on this reserva- tion, by a Pocatello organization, but it also failed. In 1891 some very rich galena was dis- covered about two miles east of Pocatello, so rich, in fact, that it almost created a stampede here to the point, and miners from other parts of Idaho and from Utah and from Nevada rushed to the scene and began digging vigorous- ly. The signs were most encouraging, but the In- dian agent again came down upon them and drove them all off the reservation. During the sum- mer of 1895 there was found ore assaying thirty- three dollars to the ton in a quartz cropping in the mountains just south of the city. Accord- ing to the testimony of all the old-timers in this region there are many rich deposits of the re- spective valuable minerals in nearly all the moun- tains in Bannock county, but the particulars can- not be given to a great extent, on account of the severely executed prohibitory laws made in treaty with the Indians. Even coal, apparently in paying quantities, has been discovered at vari- ous points. Also, some very fine specimens of asbestos have been exhibited, obtained in the hills near Pocatello. Apparently there is enough of this material here to make a whole community rich. Of the fine building stone here we have spoken in our sketch of the city of Pocatello. KENDRICK AND THE POTLATCH EMPIRE. Perhaps no more adequate description of the "Metropolis of the Potlatch Empire" can be giv- en than that which is afforded by the following extracts from a special edition of the Kendrick Gazette : Kendrick is located at the junction of the Bear creek and Potlatch river, on the southern boundary line of Latah county, and on account of her location in respect to the geographical lay of the Potlatch country, has been appropriately named the Metropolis of the Pot- latch Empire. The Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company furnishes its transportation facilities. Nestled between hills, nature has made her the natural and logical location for a town, by breaking the walls that protect her with gulches through which lead the roads to the various ridges, the scenes of her resources. These ridges, divided by gulches through which flow beautiful streams, form what are known as the Potlatch, American, Big and Little Bear, Texas, Fix and Cedar Creek Ridges, which, with their prolific soil, are among Kendrick's resources. It might well be said that Kendrick was born of necessity, from the fact that the resources of the Potlatch naturally sought an outlet at her doors, through easy and accessible routes, generously supplied by nature. With her strongest competitors Moscow, about thirty miles north, and Lewiston, thirty miles south- west, Kendrick must remain for an indefinite period of time the metropolis of some of the finest agricultural, timber and mineral country in the northwest. c j s I o 5 > HISTORY OF IDAHO. 347 Draw a circle with a radius of seven miles from Kendrick and you include the territory known as the Potlatch Empire, being about evenly divided between the counties of Latah and Nez Perces. Nowhere are a people more favored than those of the Potlatch, with their rolling fields of rich black soil and invigorating climate. The gentle zephyrs that steal across the hills to kiss the waving fields of grain, are purified and scented with occasional belts of tapering pines, that stand as barricades to moderate the hot winds, and allow him who toils to reap. Scarcely fifteen years ago, the hardy pioneer drove his team across these hills in search of better land, rather than take these rolling prairies, that annually blossom with the luxuriant crops that have made her famous. The Potlatch knows no crop failure, and her people appreciate the fertility ef its soil. Scarcely eight years have passed away since the whistle of the iron- horse broke the somber stillness of these hills and prairies, to furnish the transportation facilities for the shipment of her produce to the markets of the world. The thrift and energy of the people soon asserted itself, and the fields that once fed bands of cattle were trans- formed into waving fields of grain. In the spring-time the scene on the various ridges is one of unusual splendor, with the fields robed in green stretching out to the foot-hills in the distance. In no section can a more enterprising class of people be found than those of the Potlatch. Between the citizens of the town and those of the country the best of feelings exists, which harmonizes all the phases that enter into the progress and welfare of the Potlatch Empire in general. Scarcely had the outlines of the town that was des- tined to become the keystone of the Potlatch assumed shape ere the energy and enterprise that have character- ized its existence were asserted by the building of roads to the various ridges. To-day Kendrick's location, with roads leading in from all sides, might well be com- pared with the hub of a wheel, that holds its position through the spokes. Each serves as an avenue of re- source, which year by year strengthens with the devel- opment of the country and contributes towards the healthy progress of the town. With such a scope of fine agricultural land, superbly adapted to the raising of fruits, at her doors, which is the basis of all manufactures, the questions of power, space and shipping facilities naturally come up, which find answer in the force of her position. Just above the town empties Bear creek into the Potlatch river, a beautiful stream of clear, running water, which takes its source from mountain springs. With numerous trib- utaries it taps valuable forests of timber. Fir, cedar, yellow and white-pine timber tracts line the banks of both streams. The current of the river is strong; the waters have about thirty feet fall in every one thousand yards. Along the banks of the stream are many beautiful sites for mills. In the corporate limits of the town the river has a fall of thirty-eight feet in one thousand yards, which, with the body of water that runs continually the year around, would furnish power to operate a number of mills. With the expenditure of but little money the stream could be cleared sufficiently to drive logs down to mills, where shipping facilities can be had on the Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific railway. With such a water-power and mill sites in abundance, Ken- drick offers advantages to manufacturers superior to any town in the country. A flouring mill and a tannery are numbered among the successful industrial enter- prises established here. Another important and attractive feature of Ken- drick's location is in respect to her superior advantages for maintaining a system of water works. With a gradual slope towards the west, the lay of the ground furnishes a perfect system of drainage and sewerage. The climate is exceptional. High hills protect the town from winds, making a difference in the climate of the top of the hills and Kendrick of from ten to twenty degrees. The summers are delightful. The days from twilight to sunset lengthen to about sixteen hours. With the going down of the sun a refreshing breeze blows across the country to fan the brow of the weary toiler. The winters are free from severe blizzards, so common to other parts of the country, and last from eight to ten weeks. Mountain ranges protect it from the chilling blasts from the north, while the warm southwest winds sweep across the country melting the snow, which soaks into the soil for the summer's moist- ure. Here is where the man who toils may sleep with comfort, for the nights are cool and refreshing. Kendrick has reason to feel proud of her public schools and houses of worship. The public schools are chief among the hopes and aspirations of the people, and to-day her schools stand in the highest ranks of the educational institutions of the public-school system. The high standard that the public school has attained has been one of the potent factors in making Kendrick a town of homes. Four religious denominations, in- cluding the Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist and United Brethren, look after the religious welfare of the com- munity. On October 15, 1890, on petition of H. L. Frost, the pioneer editor of Kendrick, and others, the town of Kendrick was incorporated. The first board of trustees were: Thomas Kirby, the founder of Kendrick, Cap- tain J. M. Walker, president of the Lincoln Hardware & Implement Company, and one of our most progres- sive citizens; M. C. Normoyle, the genial proprietor of the St. Elmo Hotel; E. V. Nichols, until recently proprietor of the Pioneer City dray, and now of Nez Perces; E. Kaufman, of the well known firm of Dern- ham & Kaufman, at present manager of their large main store at Moscow. These practical business men held the reins of the city government and wisely guided its infant steps, so that it has kept free from debt in assuming premature improvements. The advantages of Kendrick's location for a town were due to the foresight of Thomas Kirby, who saw at a glance its superior advantages. Mr. Kirby also showed equally good judgment in selecting men to asso- 348 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ciate with him in the building of the "Hub of the Pot- latch." Aside from the officials of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, he associated with him such prac- tical business men as G. E. Potter, deceased, of Colfax; G. Holbrook, Colfax; Hon. J. C. Lawrence, Water- ville; W. White, of Colfax, Washington; J. P. Voll- mer, of Lewiston; and R. D. McConnell and James Grimes, of Moscow. The streets of the growing burg had hardly assumed their definite outlines when the handful of business men organized themselves into a board of trade to com- mence aggressive work for the upbuilding of the new town. All was activity. New businesses were opening up, the extension of the Palouse branch of the North- ern Pacific Railway was built into Kendrick in the winter of 1890, the first train arriving on February 4, 1891. From that day on new life entered the people, and progress was made the watchword. On July 4, 1800, the day on which Idaho's star was placed on Old Glory, as one of the states of the Union, with no cover- ing but the blue-arching canopy of heaven, the first issue of the Advocate, the forerunner of the Gazette, was issued. With all lines of business represented, the march of progress began under favorable circumstances, build- ings were looming up on all sides, enterprises were being launched, the future looked hopeful and bright, until the l6th day of August, 1892, when a disastrous fire swept over the town, completely destroying six blocks of business and entailing a loss approximating about one hundred thousand dollars. The town had hardly been in existence two years, yet, with the same energy and enterprise that characterized its former progress, the citizens, undaunted and undismayed, im- mediately began the work of rebuilding, and in three months afterward nine substantial brick buildings had risen out of the ruins. The spirit of progress did not cease, and in January of 1893 electric lights illuminated the streets and build- ings. In the spring of 1894 two fires occurred within a week of each other, destroying one and one-half blocks with a heavy loss. The panic of 1893, with its depressing influence, naturally served as a check on enterprises that demanded .capital to push them, and the people, ever wide-awake and alert, inaugurated the immigration movement, for the purpose of showing the advantages and resources of the Potlatch Empire. The work has been carried on through the efforts of the Potlatch Immigration Association, which is distributing descriptive literature throughout the east. The fruit- growers, ever alert to their interests, have organized the Potlatch Horticultural Association. With such unlimited resources of agriculture, timber and mineral, Kendrick's future must be one of progress. Her citizens, ever mindful of the needs of the Potlatch, stand ready to put their shoulders to the wheel of prog- ress. No discordant element or factions characterize their movements; a perfect unanimity of sentiment pre- vails. No legitimate enterprise has ever gone begging for support. The financial condition of the city commends itself to the investor. The city is practically out of debt, as the present tax money, about due, will have wiped out the last vestige of indebtedness, there being no bonded, only a warrant, indebtedness. The assessed valuation of the property of the city is $98,960, and the tax levy is eight mills. Kendrick is one of the nearest railroad points to the Nez Perce reservation, which was thrown open to set- tlement on the i8th day of November, 1895. This ter- ritory embraces about seven hundred and fifty thousand acres of some of the finest timber and agricultural land in the Northwest, and in many respects shares the advantages of the Potlatch. If there is any one attractive feature of the Potlatch, it is the adaptability of her soil and climate for the raising of fruits. With an elevation much lower than that of the Palouse country, and protected from the north winds by mountain ranges, the country receives the benefit of the soft, exhilarating winds that sweep up the Columbia and Clearwater valleys from the Pacific ocean, which makes it warmer. The success that has been attained in raising fruit might be considered phe- nomenal. The fruit is especially free from defects and blemishes so common ,to fruit, and to-day the fame of the Potlatch fruit has spread to such an extent that a ready market has been found in the east at remuner- ative prices to the grower. It is but a question of a few years until these slopes and benches will have become dotted with blossoming orchards, and a new source of revenue added to the farmer's income. During the season of 1894 about twenty-seven thou- sand dollars were expended by the farmers for fruit trees, with proportionate amounts since, and to-day within a radius of seven miles from Kendrick there are three thousand acres of land given up to orchards. The short time in which these orchards thrive and bear relieves fruit-growing of much of the monotony that is experienced in some sections of the country, in wait- ing from eight to ten years for the trees to come into bearing. An attractive feature of growing fruit in the Potlatch is, that the trouble and expense of irrigation is unnecessary, as the tree draws its moisture from the soil, which gives the fruit a soundness and luscious flavor. In this, nature has favored the Potlatch with a lavish hand. A peculiar characteristic of the climate of the Pot- latch is that the occasional frosts seldom affect the fruits. While this assertion may appear as preposterous to the fruit-grower in the east, who frequently sees his crop fail because of frost, yet this fact will be substan- tiated by any of the fruit-growers here. The reason of this is attributed to the fact that there are draughts of air continually passing through the canyon which naturally draws the frosty air down. In one or two particular years, where the springs have been unusually late, and especially of the spring of 1896, instances are cited where the blossoms on the trees have frozen solid, yet causing no material damage to the fruit crops. Aside from the prizes that have been awarded to the HISTORY OF IDAHO 349 Potlatch fruit-growers at the annual fruit fairs at Spokane, Washington, one of a national character that bears testimony to the superior quality of the fruit was awarded by the World's Fair commission, in the shape of a medal and diploma to John Hepler, of the Pot- latch, for the best exhibit of pomaceous fruit. The exhibit was of eight varieties of apples and the medal and diploma were awarded on the decision of the com- mittee that the apples were free from blemishes and defects, and recommended the fruit as an excellent marketable fruit. The experience of the last few years has demonstrated that the climate and soil are especially adapted to the raising of apples, prunes, cherries and berries, while other fruits do remarkably well. In view of the increase in the orchard acreage, and the interest that is being centered around this infant industry, it is only a matter of a few years when the chief occupation of the people will be raising fruit. This industry is yet but in its in- fancy, and still the records show that one hundred and twenty-seven carloads of fruit were shipped in 1898. Another industry that is connected with fruit-raising is the drying of fruit. The progress and success of dry- ing fruit has kept pace with the other improvements, and to-day the Potlatch dried prunes are finding ready sales in outside markets. Numerous individual dryers are in operation, and the product is of an excellent flavor. Dried prunes, pears and apples are the product. While a good climate is an absolute necessity to the raising of fruits, cereals and vegetation, a rich soil is a necessity as well. The soil of the Potlatch is of a rich black loam, and might appropriately be called "vegeta- tion rot." and lies at various depths, from eighteen inches to four feet. Underlying the soil, a strata of clay is found which helps retain the moisture in the soil by refusing to let it seep away. This is what contributes so much toward her luxuriant crops of fruit, cereals and vegetation. The country is remarkably free from pestilence, very few squirrels have been found, and only in the land in close proximity to the rimrock do the crops suffer from heat. The experiments of the last few seasons have proven beyond doubt that corn, which it was thought could not be grown on account of the cool nights, will do exceedingly well here. The corn of the past seasons, while growing to a remarkable height, has produced well. Sorghum cane grows well. All kinds of vegetables, such as potatoes, beans, turnips, produce enormously. Wheat yields on an average of thirty-five and forty bushels per acre, while there are instances where eighty-acre tracts have yielded sixty bushels through and through, such are common. Oats, barley, rye and flax and other varieties do equally as well. The production of cereals has grown from fifty thousand bushels in 1800 to about eight hundred thousand bushels in 1808, and with the constant en- croachment of the new settlers upon the timbered foot- hills, and the farming of the section lying idle, this will be greatly increased in the next few years. Two hun- dred and seventy-five thousand bushels of wheat were shipped in 1898. There is no industry that asserts a more potent in- fluence in the progress of a town than that of mining. As capital is necessary to develop mining property, pay-rolls are made, and that is the backbone of a town. It creates a substantial form of improvement, that rep- resents capital and gives confidence and activity. Ken- drick receives much of her trade from several large quartz and placer mines which are tributary to her. Another resource which already gives promise of great benefit to -the future prosperity of Kendrick is the vast body of timber which stretches eastward from Kendrick. Fine bodies of cedar, yellow and white pine are to be found in the region of country at the source of the Potlatch river. The state has selected a large portion of this timber and will soon place it upon the market for sale. The diminishing of the white-pine forests in the east is naturally causing them to turn their attention towards the west for their future supply. Several syndicates have been here during the last few years, investigating this body of timber, and surveys made by lumbering men show that the most feasible and available route for putting it on the market is down the Potlatch river to Kendrick. The Potlatch, with but a comparatively small expense, can be driven with logs, which will not necessitate the building of a railroad to the timber, which, owing to the roughness of the country in that direction, would be very expen- . sive. It is reasonable to conclude under the circum- stances, with so much in Kendrick's favor, that she will in the near future feel the magnetic touch from this great resource. The white-pine tract of timber begins about twenty miles east of Kendrick and comprises about one hundred and fifty thousand acres in all. The timber is of an excellent quality. THE BANK OF KENDRICK. This institution was opened for business in the fall of 1890 by Captain J. M. Walker and his son, R. M. Walker, and was managed by them until July, 1892, at which time the First National Bank of Kendrick was organized and absorbed the Bank of Kendrick. The capital of the bank was fifty thousand dollars. F. N. Gilbert was elected president and Math Jacobs, cashier. It contin- ued to do business under the national banking system until May I, 1899, when it surrendered its charter, preferring to do business as a state bank. Its present officers are Math Jacobs, president; F. N. Gilbert, vice-president; A. W. Gordon, cashier; and P. R. Jacobs, assistant cashier. It does a general banking business, and as its meth- ods are liberal it enjoys a prosperous business, having among its patrons all of the best people of Kendrick and the surrounding country. 350 HISTORY OF IDAHO. MOUNTAIN HOME. This, the county-seat of Elmore county, is a nice town on the Oregon Short Line Railroad, in the midst of a rich and productive valley along the Snake river. The village comprises about a thousand industrious and intelligent inhabitants, has a large brick school-house, with eight depart- ments, and a fine little library. The school fa- cilities are indeed fully up with the most im- proved methods of the age. The Episcopalians, Congregationalists and Baptists all have church organizations, while the first two mentioned have also commodious houses of worship. A new brick bank building and a fine large brick hotel are in process of construction at the time of this writing. There are four general stores in the place, three blacksmith shops, two livery stables, two millinery stores, two weekly newspapers, the Elmore Bulletin and the Elmore Republi- can, two hotels, two physicians, two lawyers, one dentist, one real-estate office, one drug store, one restaurant, two meat markets, and other facilities in proportion. The town is one of the best situated and best platted in the state, second to none of its size in Idaho, and is the natural shipping point for a great interior country which is rapidly coming to the notice of the general public. Over a million and a quarter pounds of wool are shipped an- nually from the railroad station here, besides many head of live stock. Indeed, this is one of the largest shipping points in the state. It is also the outlet for a number of rich mining camps. The state legislature has already appro- priated half a million dollars' worth of school lands as an endowment for a state industrial school at Mountain Home, and it is expected that ere long the state will erect a fine school edifice here. An abundance of cool water is found at a depth of only fifteen feet below the surface of the ground. Three miles distant is a large reservoir for irrigation purposes, while the lands in the vicinity of Mountain Home are unexcelled in their adaptation to fruit culture. Twenty miles distant in the mountains is a large canyon where water, at a comparatively light expense, can be collected sufficient for the irrigation of two hun- dred and fifty thousand acres of land. The history of the town dates back only seven- teen years, to 1881, when W. J. Turney, now the postmaster here, began improvements at this point by the erection of a building. There is no doubt that Mountain Home has a very bright future before it, because of its location, good climate, vast tract of rich fruit and farming land in every direction, as well as the rich mines tribu- tary to the prosperity of this locality, while irri- gation is feasible almost anywhere. Such is the permanent foundation for a lasting prosperity in store for Mountain Home. GRANGEVILLE AND THE BUFFALO HUMP MINES. The following interesting account is repro- duced from the San Francisco Wave of May 13, 1899, the article being from the pen of Alan Owen. Not only does it depict a glowing future for Grangeville, but tells briefly but carefully the history of the famous Buffalo Hump mining dis- trict, opened with almost the enthusiastic "rush" of the old-time mining days: The first white man to test the temper of the Nez Perce Indians by living among them was a pioneer missionary named Spaulding. This visitation dated from 1836, and the subsequent rude behavior of the dark-skinned brethren has nothing to do with the mat- ter now in hand. A son of the pioneer, H. Spaulding, early in the year 1874, came to the Camas prairie for the purpose of organizing a grange. The population of that portion of central Idaho scarcely numbered three hun- dred white men, and the settlers were widely scattered; the prairie was a place of magnificent distances. In July a representative gathering was obtained, which met one day in a school-house near Mount Idaho. Six- teen persons signified their willingness to unite with an order to be known as Charity Grange. Initiations followed; William C. Pearson was chosen worthy mas- ter, and J. H. Robinson, secretary. The foundations of the city of Grangeville, the coming commercial center of the Clearwater country, were thus laid. At that time the land upon which Grangeville subse- quently grew was a pasture belonging to the farm of J. M. Crooks. Two stores were in existence in Mount Idaho, which made that place an outfitting place for miners, the only town between Florence and Lewiston, a gap of one hundred and twenty miles. Three miles below the foothills that serve as a site for the hamlet Mount Idaho, the members of Charity Grange com- menced building a hall in 1876. All work on the struc- ture was done by hand, planing mills being a dream of the future, only to be realized, so far as the prairie is concerned, in 1899. During the winter of 1875-6, a joint stock company was formed in the grange and incor- porated to build a flour mill, with a capital stock of twenty-five thousand dollars, in shares of twenty-five HISTORY OF IDAHO. 351 dollars each. The company built the mill now owned by Vollmer & Scott, the machinery being hauled on wagons from Walla Walla. The mill was grinding wheat in the fall of 1876. During the Nez Perce war of 1877-8, the grange hall was made a safe refuge by a heavy stockade of logs, sixteen feet long, set upright around the building, and the upper floor banked all around to the height of the windows with flour in sacks from the grange mill. This floor was used as a hospital for sick and wounded soldiers during the Indian war. A large proportion of the prairie pioneers were south- erners, forced to seek a new country by loss of property consequent upon the war of the Rebellion. They made, therefore, a good and steady nucleus for the foundation of a community, and to a broad western spirit many southern graces will be found grafted in the habits and manners of the early settlers. The country twenty years ago was absolutely without transportation facilities, and walled in by mountains exceedingly difficult of access. Even to-day it is not the easiest locality in the world to reach in the winter time. The Camas prairie farmers paid seven cents a pound for seed wheat, but, on the other hand, could command their own price for their produce. Meanwhile Grangeville was growing. In 1878 a small merchandise store was opened by a settler named William Hill, and next came a miners' outfit- ting store. By 1886 substantial progress had been made. About this time Hon. A. F. Parker founded the Idaho County Free Press. The publisher, one of the best authorities on the mineralogy of the northwest that the state affords, made his annual trip in August to the great gold belt of central Idaho, leaving his paper in the hands of a substitute. That worthy, in a burst of enthusiasm over the town's advancement, wrote "Grangeville already possesses the attributes of a place ten times as populous, viz., a high school, a resident minister of the Methodist persuasion, a brass band and other indications of culture and refinement." As a mat- ter of fact, the growth of the town at this time was steady, if not very rapid. In 1892 the Bank of Grange- ville was founded, with the wealth of the firm of Voll- mer & Scott, estimated at over a million dollars, behind it. About this date Grangeville was organized into an independent school district. A new school-house was built in 1893, to accommodate some two hundred and fifty pupils, costing seven thousand dollars. In 1892 the Bank of Camas Prairie was incorporated by a num- ber of the citizens of Grangeville and capitalized at fifty thousand dollars. In October of 1898 the town of Grangeville was incorporated, the first board of trustees consisting of Henry Wax, chairman; W. F. Schmadeka, E. C. Sherwin, W. W. Brown and A. F. Freidenrich. Subsequently a number of stores and residences of a substantial character were erected, and Grangeville was in a fair way of advancement when the discoveries at Buffalo Hump attracted the eyes of the mining world to central Idaho. The fame of the discoveries, in three short months, was instrumental in changing the face of the town. It brought fresh blood and capital, and gave an impetus to enterprise that at one bound has succeeded in con- verting a country village into an up-to-date American city. Now Grangeville boasts the best water supply of any city in the state. A volunteer fire department has been organized and equipped. Other improvements and enterprises directly attributable to the new order of things include lime kilns, brick yards, building-stone quarries, an eighteen thousand dollar hotel, a brewery and distillery. The conditions under which the great discovery at Buf- falo Hunt was made are interesting to rehearse. A couple of prospectors, named B. R. Rigley and C. H. Rob- bins, camped on the main trail between Florence and Elk City in August, 1898. The trail crossed the Buffalo Hump mountain, and their camp lay on this mountain, some eight feet from a solid wall of quartz, three thou- sand feet in length and six hundred feet wide, that had been ridden and climbed over for years by veteran pros- pectors on their way to the Boise basin. In an idle moment the prospectors clipped off a chunk from the ledge, burned it, crushed it on the flat of a shovel, and from this rough method of assay got big values in gold. They at once took samples back to Florence and, hand- ing them to an assayer, got the following results: Sample No. I, an average of 24 feet of the ledge, $38.81 in gold and silver. Sample No. 2, an average of nine feet of the ledge, $458.17 in gold and silver. Sample No. 3, an average of three feet of the ledge, $712.17 in gold and silver. About one-eighth of the foregoing values were in silver, and the balance gold. The formation of the rock is gneiss, and the general character of the ore of the district is identical with that of the Mother Lode in California. A California or Colorado gold mill will save from fifty to sixty per cent on the plates, and the remaining values can be saved in the form of concentrates that will run from four hun- dred to five hundred dollars per ton. Soon after the discovery by Robbins and Rigley, three tons of the ore were packed on horses to a Huntington mill, a distance of fifty-five miles. The ore assayed six ounces gold and seven silver, and the yield was four ounces fine gold and three hundred and sixty pounds of concentrates. These latter were shipped to Tacoma and gave returns from the smelter of one hundred and forty ounces of gold and sixty-three ounces of silver, a gross value of two thousand eight hundred dollars per ton. The saving was fully ninety per cent of the values. The vein is cross-cut in two places. The first claim located was the far-famed Big Buffalo. The vein is exposed for over a hundred feet northerly from the first cut on the Big Buffalo, and one hundred feet southerly from the second cut on the Merrimac, showing a con- tinuous ore body three hundred feet in length by an average width of thirty-five feet. It may be safely pre- sumed that in this ore body, should the vein hold to a depth of one hundred feet of the same character of ore, 352 HISTORY OF IDAHO. there will be in sight seventy-five thousand tons, having a gross value of one million five hundred thousand dol- lars. Captain De Lamar offered five hundred thousand dollars for the Big Buffalo group after having the prop- erty thoroughly experted. The offer was refused. Spokane capitalists finally purchased the group for five hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars, making a cash payment of twenty-five thousand dollars. This is the largest sum ever paid for an undeveloped prospect. In pursuance of the terms of the bond, the syndicate controlling these claims are expending fifteen thousand dollars per month in actual development work. Over three hundred mining locations have already been made within a radius of ten square miles of the original discovery on the Hump since August, 1898. In the opinion of one of the most competent experts in the state, no one, however skeptical, can doubt the permanency of these ledges. There are thousands of tons of pay rock lying above the surface, and, according to the authority quoted, of better grade gold ore than is now being milled in any of the gold districts of South Africa, Nova Scotia, California, Utah, Dakota or Colo- rado. I cannot do better, in closing this brief glance at the history of Grangeville and the great mineral belt tribu- tary to the city, than to quote a portion of the recent speech made by the Hon. A. F. Parker before the Portland Chamber of Commerce: "The Clearwater and Salmon river country," said that authority, "may very properly be considered as the mother of gold in the northwest. On tributaries of these rivers were discovered in 1860 the rich placer camps of Pierce City, Elk City, Florence, Warrens, and the rich bars bordering on these streams, from which probably five hundred million dollars of gold have been produced from that date on in a more or less desultory way, owing to our isolation and distance from railroads, for the past twenty years and alwavs with profit. There is no more promising field for prospecting and investment than the Clearwater and Salmon river country. It has gold mines, fine farm lands and unlimited stock ranges, and will eventually develop into the richest and most thickly populated part of the northwest interior." The head of dry-land navigation to the Bitter Root and Salmon river mining camps is Grangeville. The city almost owes its origin and certainly its growth to the fact that in the past it has been the most convenient point of access for investors and mine owners to meet on the common basis of Central Idaho's mineral wealth. Recent revelations concerning the richness of this belt explain the happy choice of site for founding the metropolis of Camas prairie. Within ten miles gold-bearing quartz has been found on the Clearwater. This discovery, made less than a month ago, is assuming an importance that will de- mand notice from the mining world in the near future. Scarce twenty miles from the city of Grangeville winds the Salmon river, from the banks of which reports of gold discoveries arrive with increasing frequency, as more men pour into that temperate region. Many of these prospectors, while testing the river's bed and banks as a method of putting in their time until Buffalo Hump has shed its fifteen-foot mantle of snow, have at time of writing made discoveries that bid fair to throw the Big Buffalo find into the shade. A placer proposition always possesses superior popularity to quartz, however rich returns the latter may yield under assay, and in like degree free-milling quartz with gold glistening beneath the naked eye will outrank refrac- tory ore of possibly better final values. Free gold is the Salmon river slogan. Forty-five . miles separate the Robbins mining dis- trict from Grangeville. They are not easy miles to brave in winter. Prospectors with experience in Alaska prefer the Chilkoot. The novel theory advanced by trading points more than a hundred miles dis- tant, that the trip is simplified the farther away from the Hump a start is made, is more amusing than attractive. In the first place, Grangeville is a mining center. The wealth of the district is concentrated here, and the people are possessed of extensive knowledge not only of the country but the needs of prospective set- tlers. The prospector will obtain reliable information, based upon actual experience, concerning seasons, dis- tances, and the time required to make the trip. A stranger can learn more of trails, roads, and the topog- raphy of the country by talking with Grangeville men, in one day, than he could learn in a month of aim- less exploration. Grangeville, so long lacking railroad and transpor- tation facilities, will soon be the terminus' of two systems. The Oregon Railway & Navigation Com- pany has already made its survey, obtained right of way and secured deeds for depot grounds. Large forces of men are at work along the Snake river section of the line, and as soon as spring opens they will push on up the Clearwater and onto the great Camas prairie, which is an agricultural belt about twenty-five by thirty-five miles in extent. A country as fertile and magnificent as the broad fields of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. The Northern Pacific has made surveys and is grad- ing within less than fifty miles of Grangeville and is operating within twenty-six miles of the town. It is claimed by the best informed on the subject that this system will have trains running into Grangeville by November of the present year (1899). With rail- roads to transport farm products, mining machinery and supplies, lumber and live stock from the boundless ranges of this territory, Grangeville ought to be, within a brief space, the metropolis of Idaho. THE BANK OF GRANGEVILLE. This is a private banking institution which opened its doors for business in 1891. It is owned by the well known banking and mercan- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 353 tile firm composed of John P. Yollmer, of Lew- iston, and Wallace Scott, of Grangeville. It is the agency of the First National Bank of Lewis- ton, and for its capital has the backing of the entire wealth of the firm, easily estimated at one million dollars, thus making it one of the strong- est institutions in the northwest. Wallace Scott is its manager and Martin Wagner its cashier, and it does a general banking business. THE BANK OF CAMAS PRAIRIE. This institution, which is located at Grange- ville, was incorporated in August, 1892, with a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars. Since its organization it has paid a dividend of ten per cent per annum and has now (1899) a surplus of five thousand dollars. The bank building is a brick structure, twenty-five by fifty feet, which was erected for the special purpose in 1898. The interior is furnished with what are known as the Andrews fixtures, in polished oak, and has fire- proof vaults and a Diebold patent safe of solid steel, weighing sixty-five hundred pounds, with triple time-locks. The officers of the bank, elected on its organization, were F. W. Ketten- bach, president; A. Friedenrich, vice-president, and W. W. Brown, cashier. They have since continued to occupy their respective positions, and in 1898 John Norwood was elected assistant cashier. A general banking business is carried on and the institution is in a flourishing condi- tion. NAM PA. This village of about eight hundred inhabitants is situated in the southwestern part of the state on the Oregon Short Line Railroad, at the junction of the railway to Boise and also of the railway to Silver City. The first residence at this point was built in 1885, by Alexander Duffes, who indeed was the founder of the village, platting the town upon his land, ever since which time he has been one of the most prominent factors in its upbuild- ing. Among the most prominent early business men here were John E. Stearns, Benjamin Wall- ing and B. Grumbling, and since their advent, in the order mentioned, the town has enjoyed a steady growth. There are ten or twelve good brick business blocks here at the present time, two hotels, three church edifices, Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Baptist, a large brick school- house and many fine residences. All branches of trade are creditably represented. A capacious steam fruit-evaporator has been constructed, which goes far toward enhancing the market value of fruits raised in the vicinity. Nampa is surrounded by an extensive tract of rich land, on which fruit, grass and grain grow profusely. It is particularly well adapted to fruit culture. The Boise & Nampa Irrigation Company have constructed a large canal to the city, from which a district twenty-seven miles long and six miles wide is amply supplied with water. Besides the operation of the railroads already mentioned, the building of others is con- templated, and it is believed that Nampa is des- tined to become a large railroad center and a city of considerable importance. GENESEE, The following interesting account of the city of Genesee and its attractions is an extract from a most attractive souvenir and finely illustrated edition of the Genesee News, issued in February, 1898: Genesee is situated at the terminus of the Spokane & Palouse branch of the Northern Pacific Railway, and its history dates from the advent of the iron horse in May, 1888. It is therefore but little more than a decade since the "first house" was erected, by J. S. Larabee. The growth of the town has been truly remarkable during this brief period of time. Its rapid growth was due to.the richness of the country tributary. A town cannot advance in substantial growth ahead of the life sources which nourish it. It is the design of this edition to substantiate our claim that Genesee is not a mushroom growth but a substantial town re- flecting in its schools, churches, handsome residences and large business blocks, the wealth of the country tributary thereto. The same appearance of thrift and prosperity which characterizes the town is apparent in a marked degree in the country. Nice farm houses and good outbuildings are the rule rather than the exception. With eastern people contemplating a change of resi- dence, other things being equal, good school and church privileges are prime factors in deciding their choice of a location. In these matters Genesee meets the require- ments. Our public schools are graded and thoroughly systematized and efficient teachers are employed. A private school is also conducted by the Sisters of the Catholic church. Of churches there are five. School, church and social privileges, both in city and country, are good, although, of course, the country being new the rural districts have their Imitations. For the pur- suit of knowledge, our young people who desire a higher education are highly favored, having almost at 354 HISTORY OF IDAHO. their very door the University of Idaho, at Moscow, and State Normal School at Lewiston. Thus those who bring their sons and daughters among us are not depriving them of any educational privileges and may even be bringing them in closer touch with educational work. Our teachers are required to have a high stand- ard of attainments and show their qualifications for the work by rigid examinations. Genesee is essentially a social and fraternal town, having lodges of the Masonic order, Odd Fellows, with camp, Knights of Pythias, Woodmen of the World, Young Men's Institute, Ancient Order of Pyramids, G. A. R. and W. R. C., Rathbone Sisters, Rebekah, besides an athletic association and a company of militia. In population the city numbers about 1,200. It is beautifully situated. The residence portion is largely built on several large hills, at the foot of which lies the main street and business part of the town. The location is not only sightly but hygienic, having a good natural drainage, which, while it does not remove, reduces the liability of sickness. The city's finances are in excellent shape, its only obligation being in the form of bonds for one thousand dollars for the purchase and improvement of a public park. This indebtedness could be obliterated and add but little to the rate of taxation. No town in the west can 'make a better showing in financial affairs, and few are as free from debt. Not only is the city free from debt but there is plenty of money in the several funds for all the requirements of city government. The gov- ernment of the city is in the hands of capable men of affairs. KETCHUM. The town of Ketchum is located upon a beau- tiful site at the terminus of the branch of the Oregon Short Line Railroad, twelve miles north of Hailey. The nucleus of the town was started in 1880, and for several years it was a nourishing mining town; but the great decline in silver has worked adversely and the place now comprises only about two hundred and fifty inhabitants, who, however, are as intelligent and hospitable as any community in the United States. There are in the town a fine large brick school- house, several good brick stores 'and the large plant of the Philadelphia Mining & Smelting Company, which cost nearly one million dollars. To this point is a daily train service from the Oregon Short Line Railroad; Wood river flows majestically by, a delightful mountain stream containing an abundance of trout; and there are in the vicinity many rich silver and lead mines. Being surrounded by high mountains, the scen- ery in every direction is decidedly picturesque. Deer and other large game abound in the wilds. At Ketchum is a good hotel, owned and con- ducted by Paul P. Baxter, and after him is called the Baxter Hotel. This host and his good wife spare no pains in their efforts to give a cozy and comfortable home to all their guests. HAILEY. This ambitious and prosperous town is the county-seat of Elaine county. It is located in the Wood river valley, sixty miles north of Sho- shone, five thousand, two hundred and fifty feet above the level of the sea, and on a branch of the Oregon Short Line Railroad. The site is on a plain almost level, a mile and a half wide and thirty miles long, beautifully nestling among the mountains. Only a mile from Hailey are the celebrated Hailey hot springs, the resort of in- valids afflicted with mineral poisons or rheumatic troubles. The Hailey land district of the United States originally comprised about nineteen million acres, of which less than half had been surveyed in 1888, seven years after the founding of the town. Nearly all this land is in Elaine and Cas- sia counties, and is specially rich in qualities re- quired by horticulture, agriculture and live stock. Sixty bushels of wheat to the acre have been raised without irrigation, and other cereals, fruits and vegetables in the same proportion. The greater part of the land, however, requires irri- gation; but the creeks are plentiful, and a large river present, so that irrigation and the watering of the live stock are very practicable. When sufficiently watered, the soil produces crops threefold larger than those of the eastern states. To farmers seeking homes in the west, no por- tion of Idaho presents more natural advantages or promises more substantial benefits than this part of the state. In recent years the sheep in- dustry has wonderfully developed in this vicin- ity. Hailey is therefore a great wool-shipping point, and from seven hundred and fifty to one thousand cars of lambs and sheep are shipped annually.- But the "backbone" of industrial prosperity here is the mining interest, which seems literally infinite, the operation of the mines varying, how- ever, with the varying prices of the respective minerals. Among the principal mines in this lo- cality we may mention the Tiptop, Crcesus, Min- u tj H HISTORY OF IDAHO. 355 nie Moore, Camas No. 2, Queen of the Hills, Idahoan, Mayflower, Bullion, Parker, Triumph, Jay Gould, Eureka, Red Cloud, Bay State, Pass, Red Elephant, Idaho Democrat, War Dance, Elkhorn, Carrie Leonard, Stormy Galore, North Star, Silver Star, Ophjr, Relief, Climax, Nay Aug, Pride of Idaho, Dollarhide, Jumbo, King of the West, Montana, Vienna, Silver King, Ty- rannis, etc. These and other productive proper- ties of the valley and hills around are capable of sustaining a population of hundreds of thou- sands. The forests are "alive" with game, both large and small, from the ferocious grizzly bear and majestic mountain lion down to the ground squir- rel and innumerable grouse, quail and other birds, while the streams abound in the delicious speckled beauties which the eastern disciples of Izaak Walton are compelled at the present day to travel hundreds of miles to see in their native element. Trout weighing eleven and a half pounds have been caught here. Wood river affords about two millions min- ers' inches of water, yielding an immense power for factory purposes, a large portion of which is utilized. The climate of this valley is notoriously de- lightful. Jay Gould, the great capitalist and traveler, who was in a position to select the best climate in the world for his own comfort, spent his last summers on earth at this point; Horace K. Thurber's home is here; and other wealthy men, with their families, from the east, have en- joyed their sojourns here. It is really a favorite summer resort. The town was founded by Hon. John Hailey, J. H. Boomer, now of Oakland, California; W. T. Riley, and then United States Marshal Chase. These gentlemen began improvements in 1880, and settlers began to locate here during the en- suing spring, first occupying tents; even the merchants had their stores in tents; and the place has ever since had a steady growth, varying but little with the times. The population has grown to fifteen hundred. The city has a complete sys- tem of water-works, which furnish an ample sup- ply of pure mountain water, under a pressure of one hundred and twenty feet; electric light for the whole city, of the Brush-Swan system; a telephone system, radiating from Hailey to all the mines, smelters and mills within a radius of twenty miles, and furnished by the Rocky Moun- tain Bell Telephone Company; several fine ho- tels, of which the Alturas is the principal one, costing sixty-five thousand dollars and supplied with every modern improvement; several sub- stantial brick stores; beautiful drives and bicycle roads, mostly natural, leading in every direction to the very ridges of the mountain chains and through scenery which for picturesqueness, rug- gedness and grandeur cannot be excelled; sam- pling works, having a daily capacity of two hun- dred tons, where cash is paid for the ore; two newspapers, the Wood River Times and the News-Miner, both daily and weekly, live papers which are effecting much good for the commu- nity; a court-house, costing sixty thousand dol- lars, which is a three-story fire-proof brick and stone structure and very commodious in all re- spects; one of the best appointed school-houses in the state, where the teachers, also, are the best paid of all in the west; three church organiza- tions, Catholic, Methodist and Protestant Epis- copal, each of which has a fine house of wor- ship; and the most popular fraternal organiza- tions are represented here by the Freemasons, Odd Fellows, United Workmen, Modern Wood- men of America, Good Templars and the Grand Army of the Republic. The Masons have a chapter here, the Odd Fellows an encampment and a lodge of the Rebekah degree, and the Workmen a lodge of the Degree of Honor. The intelligence and moral character of the people at Hailey and in the vicinity are conspicu- ously above the average, as many of the immi- grants here are wealthy and cultured people from the east. In conclusion we quote a paragraph from a local historian: "Who has not felt the surprise akin to wonder at the almost marvelous growth of whole regions in Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska and Colorado? The lesson taught by the past will help the prudent man or woman to build for the future, and a moment's thought will teach that there is no magic at work in the growth and de- velopment referred to, only the relentless march of empire into the west. The leviathans of old ocean deposit upon our eastern shores a larger number of immigrants each year, a great major- ity of whom seek the western states, and, as the 356 HISTORY OF IDAHO. advantages offered them in the newer sections are known, overflow into them. Far out, al- most beyond civilization, in 1881, the present site of the prosperous city of Hailey was dotted here and there with a few tents, and the writer was hailed on his arrival as from 'God's coun- try,' that is, the United States. To-day it enjoys the reputation of being itself the best part of God's country!" FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF HAILEY. This bank was founded in July, 1888, with a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars, by W. B. Farr, of St. Louis, Missouri, and he was made its first president. A private bank had been previously established, in 1883, by T. R. Jones & Company, who the next year sold to McCormick & Company, of Salt Lake City, and they sold to Mr. Farr, who organized the National Bank, as already stated. Mr. Farr con- tinued to act as the president until October 15, 1890, when R. F. Buller purchased his interest, and M. B. Loy was elected president. He served until January, 1892, at which time Mr. Buller was elected to the office, he being the largest stockholder. Since he has had the management of the concern it has paid good dividends and it now has a surplus of twelve thousand dollars. F. H. Parsons is its present cashier, and the di- rectors are J. C. Fox, F. H. Parsons, M. Mc- Cormick and R. H. Plughoff. They do a gen- eral commercial banking business. BLISS. Application has recently been made by the Mullins Canal & Reservoir Company for segre- gation, under the Carey law, of several thousand acres of choice land near the new town of Bliss, on the main line of the Oregon Short Line Rail- way. Under the wise provisions of this modern land law it is possible for everyone to secure one hundred and sixty acres of land, including a per- petual water right and a proportional interest in the canal system by which it is watered, at the price fixed by the state for the same. This law also protects the settler in all his water rights and relieves him from the perpetual payment of water rent except what is actually necessary for the keeping up of repairs and improvements on the canal system. The deeded lands belonging to this company, and such lands as are held under the Carey act, are all near the town of Bliss, about one hundred miles east of the state capital, at an altitude of three thousand feet, and having the great ad- vantage of being the most eastern lands in the state within the fruit belt, having an abundance of water for irrigation, with a climate less op- pressive and hot in summer than that farther west in lower altitudes, and of more even temperature and less extreme cold in winter than is found farther east and north. Land and perpetual water rights, including proportional interest in the canal, may now be obtained under contracts with the Mullins Canal & Reservoir Company and the state of Idaho, at not to exceed twenty dollars per acre, the price varying according to distance from railroad sta- tion, improvements, etc. The terms of payment are easy and on long time, at six per cent inter- est. There is little difference in the- fertility of the soil, which is very rich and susceptible of a high state of cultivation during the first season; the sage-brush, which has little root, being easily re- moved, after which the land is as easily plowed as old land under cultivation. A large number of ten-acre fruit tracts adjoin- ing the town plat of Bliss are being planted, while the purchaser takes his choice of several varieties of fruit selected by the company, or chooses his own land and varieties. Unless oth- erwise directed they plant about one-half in ap- ples and balance in prunes, peaches, pears, apri- cots and cherries. Five acres of each tract are set out with not less than one hundred thrifty trees to the acre. The company levels the ground, sets out, cultivates and irrigates the trees , sprays and replaces all that die, and pays taxes, charges and expenses of all kinds from the time of planting until delivered to the purchaser. . The company requires a payment of one hundred dollars at the time the contract is made, and fifteen dollars per month for seventy- two months, with interest at six per cent per an- num. Idaho not only received the World's Fair gold- en medal for apples, but at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition in 1898 was awarded more gold, sil- ver and bronze medals than any other state, for fruit display. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 357 The great Snake river, which is only one and one-half miles from the new town of Bliss, abounds with fish, including the sturgeon, which usually weigh from one to five hundred pounds, and the salmon, from one to ten pounds each, while the smaller streams and rivers are full of all kinds of mountain trout. It is considerably lower than the table-land on either side, and wherever it has been possible to irrigate the nar- row fields along its banks there are now thrifty orchards and farms which have been tilled for many years. The land which lies on both sides of the Ore- gon Short Line Railway at Bliss station, gradu- ally rises to the north in a gentle, undulating slope for a distance of twenty miles to the low foothills which form the border line of the cele- brated Camas prairies, a veritable paradise for the stock-raiser. These prairies vary in width from five to twenty-five miles, and extend along the foothills of the Sawtooth mountain range for a distance of sixty miles, the average width being about fifteen miles. A luxuriant growth of nutritious native grass is found upon these prairies, the blue-joint and red-top in many places producing an excellent crop of wild hay without irrigation, while the large and small bunch grass which grows upon the adjoining foothills cannot be excelled for sheep pasture. Responsible parties are now herding the small bunches of cattle belonging to farmers in this vicinity at one dollar per head for the season, taking them in April and returning them in De- cember, the feeding months in this locality being January, February and March. This is an ex- ceptional opportunity for the man who wishes to build up a large stock business with little trouble and at the same time use his farm for winter feed- ing. Lucern from ten acres will produce suf- ficient hay for the wintering of forty head of cat- tle; and this plan will not interfere with the rais- ing of all kinds of fruit in their season. Because corn is not considered a profitable crop in this state, it has been generally sup- posed until recently that hogs could not be raised here at a profit; but this is now conceded to have been an error; and those who are experi- menting in this direction find that alfalfa or lu- cern pastures for summer, and field peas with steamed potatoes and barley for winter feed and fattening, will give most excellent results. For the purpose of irrigating the large body of choice land in the vicinity of Bliss, the Mullins Canal & Reservoir Company has already com- pleted a canal nearly fifteen miles in length from the Malad river, about five miles from where it empties into the Snake river above the town of Bliss. This canal is connected with a system of reservoirs of sufficient size and capacity to irri- gate fully ten thousand acres of land. With such a reservoir system the main canal is always readily supplied with an even flow of clear water which is not subject to the rise and fall of a tur- bulent stream, and by keeping the reservoirs well filled the farmers will always be sure of a full supply. Within a distance of twenty miles from Bliss station, up and down the Snake river, the banks on either side are rich in gold. Scores of loca- tions having recently been made, many of which are now being profitably worked where water can be obtained from springs and streams which empty into the river, and other rich placer ground . is still open for entry. A few miners are now using pumping plants or current motors to raise water from the river to wash gold out of the gravelly banks, many feet above the river's chan- nel. All the water from the Mullins canal and reser- voir system can be used (when not needed for irrigation) for mining purposes on the placer claims down the river below Bliss for a distance of ten or more miles, by an extension of the main canal. Sufficient electricity can easily be manufactured from the immense water power on the Snake river near Bliss for all kinds of manufacturing industries. Within six miles of this new town are the great Salmon Falls, where the entire Snake river drops about twenty-five feet, while nearer by are springs of enormous size, with at least four thou- sand second-feet flow, which by being piped one thousand feet will give a fall of over fifty feet, and one large spring within two miles of Bliss will furnish electricity for two hundred horse power. Within ten miles of Bliss on the north are the famous Idaho Hot Springs, similar to those at Hailey and Boise. These springs are still in 358 HISTORY OF IDAHO. their natural state, without improvement, but as they are nearer the main line of the Oregon Short Line Railway than any other similar springs in the state, and can easily be connected therewith by an electric line, it is reasonable to suppose that they will soon be improved. The temperature of the water from these springs as it comes to the surface is sufficiently hot to boil an egg, and its curative properties are manifold, being especially beneficial for rheumatism and all diseases of the skin. To those familiar with the local conditions sur- rounding Bliss, it is apparent that it has all the requisites for the making of a prosperous town of no mean proportions. Situated twenty-nine miles west of Shoshone, the county seat of Lin- coln county, and twenty-three miles east of Glenn's Ferry, the nearest towns of any import- ance on either side; on the main line of the Ore- gon Short Line Railway; surrounded by a large and extremely fertile agricultural district, with the finest stock range in the state; silver and copper mines, and thermal springs, on the north, and the Snake river, with its placer gold mines, great water power and fish industry, on the south; the nearest railroad station to the great Shoshone Falls; the center of supplies for a large number of settlements off the railway, with all these and many minor advantages, it offers unmistakable inducements to home-seek- ers. Already the railroad station, with express and telegraph office, has been opened, and stock- yards are built; a postoffice, one general mer- chandise store, and a good school, add much to the convenience and comfort of the incoming set- tlers. MOSCOW. The following history of Moscow was written by W. G. Emery in the year 1897, and was orig- inally published in the Moscow Mirror. It is reproduced, but with slight change, as a worthy supplement to the history of the state: Standing on the steps of Idaho's university and looking eastward across the beautiful town-site of Mos- cow, with its substantial business bricks and neat brown and white cottages and elegant residences thickly clustered along the western slope of a low, rolling hill, a spectator can hardly realize how it ap- peared to the early settlers as they first saw it over twenty-six years ago. It was as attractive probably then as now but its beauty was wild and untrammeled and the undulating hills were covered with luxuriant grasses. No roads traversed the rolling prairies, save an occasional Indian trail and lying serene, and undisturbed beneath the shadow of Moscow mountain, no wonder it secured its first name, Paradise Valley. One evening early in March, 1871, one of our oldest settlers, Asbury Lieu- alien, "struck camp" at a spot not far from where the Imbler house now stands. He found here an abandoned shanty which had been put up by a couple of immigrants named Haskins and Trimbell, and im- pressed alike by the picturesqueness of the scenery and the richness of the soil, as evidenced by the abun- dance of forage, he determined to locate here a claim and build for himself a home that would insure him a prosperous old age. The nearest house was at Lew- iston, in those days a little settlement, about thirty miles southward. Eastward from Moscow mountain lay a wild and unbroken timber country where virgin forests extended to and beyond the grim and tower- ing crests of the unexplored Bitter Root range. To the north was an almost equally unsettled country, there being but two houses between Paradise Valley and Spokane Falls. To the west, one hundred miles away, was Walla Walla, at that time the principal supply post of this sparsely settled inland empire and the site of the only flouring mill between Portland and St. Paul. The homestead located by Mr. Lieuallen is situated about three miles east of Moscow and here he farmed till the early part of the year 1875. In the mean time a number of other settlers had located claims in his vicinity whose names as taken from the records of the Pioneer Association of Latah County were William Ewing, John Russell, James Deakin, George W. Tomer, Henry McGregor, Thomas Tierney, William Taylor, William Calbreath, John and Bart Niemyer, John Neff, James and Al Howard, Reuben Cox, O. H. P. Beagle, James Montgomery and probably a few oth- ers, whose names have been lost in the lapse of years. In 1872 the first mail route was established in this section and the post-office was situated about one mile east of Moscow and called Paradise post-office. The mail was then carried from Lewiston on horse- back by Major Winpey. In May, 1875, Mr. Lieuallen, at the urgent request of his neighbors, decided to establish a little store at some convenient point and having purchased from John Neff that tract of land extending westward from the present Main street for one-half mile, he erected a little one-story building on the vacant lot just north of Kelley's jewelry store, laid in a small stock of merchandise and christened the embryo village, and thus Moscow was started on the road to future prosperity. He hauled his goods from Walla Walla, then the nearest railroad point, and that was reached only by Dr. Baker's "rawhide road." Two ordinary wagon-boxes would have held his entire stock in the store, but the prevailing prices made up o - to I 1 O o i-l I HISTORY OF IDAHO. 359 In size for the smallness of the stock. Five pounds of flour sold for one dollar, brown sugar was fifty cents per pound, common butts and screws were fifty cents per pair and everything else in proportion. But at Lewiston prices were infinitely worse. Some of our older settlers will remember paying C. C. Bunnell one dollar for one-half a joint of stovepipe, although a whole joint could be bought for fifty cents. He charged fifty cents for cutting it and had half left. In 1877 the post-office was moved to Moscow and located in a little shed in the rear of Lieuallen's store, he becoming Moscow's first postmaster. The office furniture consisted of a boot-box, about the size of a .half-bushel, which Postmaster Lieuallen used as a receptacle for the mail. This box is still preserved as one of the relics of the early history of Moscow. About this time John Benjamin, now at Kendrick, Idaho, put up a little "shack" and opened a black- smith shop, and a little box house was torn down and moved over from the former Paradise post-office and put up on a little knoll which was just back of Zumhoff & Collins' present blacksmith shop. This was afterward remodeled and moved on to William Hunter's lot adjoining I. C. Hattabaugh's. The only other building the village contained was an old log barn, which may yet be seen standing, just south of the fair grounds, on the John Niemeyer place. In June, 1877. came the Joseph Indian war. At the first alarm the settlers with their families sought safety in temporary forts and stockades that were hastily constructed as a protection against the raids of the treacherous redskins. Moscow's first stockade was built near the residence formerly occupied by J. S. Howard, who died in the early '8os. The permanent stockade was built where part of Moscow now stands, back of the residence of John Russell and now the residence of Mrs. Julia A. Moore. The stockade was built out of logs from six to ten inches in diameter, set on end in the ground close together. They were hauled from the mountains six miles distant and at a time when it was taking a man's life in his hands to make a trip. These old posts may yet be seen along the road to the south of the Moore residence. Here about thirty settlers ' and their families spent many anxious days and nights. The greatest danger was from the Coeur d'Alene Indians of 'the north joining their forces with those of the wily leader of the Nez Perces and making a raid on the settlers, who were very poorly supplied with arms and more poorly supplied with ammunition. But through the efforts of their chief, who was always peace- ably disposed toward the whites, and the timely assistance of the good Father Cataldo, the mission priest, they were held in check. In the meantime the United States troops and volunteers pressed the hos- tile Joseph and his warriors so hard that they re- treated across the old Lo-Lo trail to Montana, where they were finally captured. The very scarcity of set- tlers in this section caused the savages to turn their attention southward toward Grangeville and Mount Idaho, where there were more scalps and plunder to be obtained. By way of digression one little incident of this war may be mentioned, as it concerns one of the most estimable ladies of Moscow who was also one of our earliest pioneers. Herself, husband and little child, a boy about ten years of age, and another settler and family were fleeing from near the south- ern portion of the county to Mount Idaho for a place of safety. En route they were surrounded by a band of the bloodthirsty cut-throats and at the first fire her hus- band fell, mortally wounded. Calling his little son to his side he told him to slip away if possible and go for assistance. The little fellow succeeded in elud- ing the savages and made his way to Mount Idaho, thirty miles distant. Early next morning a score of avenging settlers arrived at the scene of the fight, but too late except to succor his mother, who had been shot through both limbs and left for dead; the others had all been killed. Tenderly she was conveyed to the settlement and in time recovered from her wounds. She has since married and Mrs. Eph. Bunker is known and respected by all. Her little boy is now a man, and who is better known to the boys who call him friend than Hill Norton? The first sawmill in the Paradise valley was about six miles northeast of Moscow, owned by Stewart & Beach, but it was soon moved away. Just at the close of the Nez Perce war, R. H. Barton, our pres- ent efficient postmaster, arrived in the Palouse coun- try, bringing with him a portable sawmill, which he hauled all the way from Corine, Utah, with an ox team. He settled in the foot-hills six miles east of Moscow and here, together with S. J. Langdon and Jack Kump, succeeded, after many difficulties, in man- ufacturing lumber late in the fall of 1878. In the meantime Hi. Epperly bought out the inter- est of Kump who returned to Utah, and these three men continued in the business over two years, saw- ing all the lumber used in Moscow at that time, including the lumber used in building our first hotel, erected by Mr. Barton. 'On the same ground where stood the Barton House, afterward burned down, there now stands that magnificent structure known as "The Moscow." By this time several had pitched their tents in Mos- cow, among them Curtis and Maguire, who had wan- dered ^here distributing eyeglasses among the mem- bers of our little community, collecting thereon their usual commission. Attracted by the many natural advantages of the locality, they built a little box house where the Moscow National Bank building now stands, and were ready for business. St. George Richards had also built on the lot just south of Miss Farris' millinery store, and kept a stock of drugs in the front room. The stock consisted principally of a barrel of old Bourbon and a few bottles of Hostet- ter's stomach bitters. Early in the spring of the following year W. J. 360 HISTORY OF IDAHO. McConnell, our ex-governor, visited Moscow and, im- pressed with the richness of the country and its future possibilities, bought out Mr. Curtis and went into partnership with Mr. Maguire, under the firm name of McConnell, Maguire & Company. This new firm at once proceeded to erect a large and commo- dious store on the corner of Second and Main streets, where now stands the Moscow National Bank. The store was one hundred and twenty feet deep, with a thirty-foot frontage, and was stocked with fifty thou- sand dollars' worth of goods. The people in the sur- rounding country were greatly encouraged at the sight of this, at that time, mammoth store, and from that time on the town began to grow rapidly. When this store was complete, Moscow had the immense popu- lation of twenty-five. The news of the great store at Moscow spread everywhere and people from all parts of the Potlatch and Palouse country flocked to Moscow to do their trading, and it is no exaggera- tion to say that to no other men living in Moscow is the town so much indebted for its present size and flourishing condition as to ex-Governor McConnell and J.' H. Maguire. Dr. H. B. Blake, Moscow's first physician, and the Rev. Dr. Taylor arrived during the year 1878, and James Shields and John Kanaley came in the fall. John Henry Warmouth had started a hotel on the present site of the U. S. Store, and also kept whisky for "medical purposes." Shields and Kanaley boarded with him; Splawn and How- ard had built a saloon where the Commercial Bank building now stands, and A. A. J. Frye had a small house on the present site of the Commercial Hotel, and "Hog" Clark kept a butcher shop on the lot now occupied by the drug store ot Hodgins & Rees. They often amused themselves by shooting holes through the ceiling of Howard's saloon or taking a shot at the whisky bottles on the rude shelves, and by way of variation Scott Clark would proceed to paint the town red until someone would yell "Indians" when Clark would at once subside. The next sum- mer, that of 1879, there were but three families living in Moscow. R. H. Barton had moved to the north Palouse and engaged in the sawmill business with Jerry Biddison. leaving Dr. Reeder, Asbury Lieuallen and A. A. J. Frye to hold the fort. While Barton was living in Moscow, and before he went to the Palouse, he had been keeping boarders; Johnson's family had in the meantime come out from the east and were working with Biddison on the Palouse, and so when Barton went to Palouse to go into the sawmill he sent the Johnsons to Moscow to attend to the boarding house, which they did till the spring of 1880, when one morning Barton got up and found the dam had washed out and all his logs floated down the river to Palouse City. Being disgusted with the turn affairs had taken, he came back to Moscow and built the old Barton House and also a livery stable, where the handsome Skatteboe brick now stands. The old wooden building was moved back and became a part of the Red Front stables. Moscow did not grow much during the summer of 1879. James Shields had gone into the implement business in a building later occupied by Kelly & Allen, and this was after- ward torn down to make room for the handsome brick in which the James Shields Company now have their quarters. When he opened business he had in stock two wagons, half a dozen plows and a sec- ond-hand standing plow-coulter. Barton bought the coulter for what he would have to pay for a first- class breaking-plow nowadays and traded for one wagon which he in turn traded to Splawn for the house and lot adjoining his,, being a portion of the ground now occupied by the Hotel Moscow. About this time C. & M. C. Moore built the Peerless, after- ward the Moscow, roller mill, which was located just west of the ball park and was destroyed by fire about four years ago. This, together with the noted McCon- nell & Maguire's store, gave the town a start, and it has been growing ever since, except in 1884, when Moscow became almost bankrupt, owing to the col- lapse of Villard and the failure to complete the rail- road into the growing city. Before this the residents of Moscow and vicinity had to go to Palouse City for flour, and of course that diverted from this place a great deal of trade that rightly belonged here. People who come to our city to-day have but little conception of the hardships and difficulties which fell to the lot of the early settlers. All the grain had to be hauled to Wawawai and shipped by boat down the Snake river, and all other products had to be sent the same way. Freight rates were exorbitant and prices for grain were low, while everything brought in was almost worth its weight in money. Had this not been one of the richest and most productive coun- tries in the world, every one would have been bank- rupt. But Moscow continued to steadily increase in population and wealth till 1890, when her position as one of the leading cities of the state was assured. From that date to the summer of 1893 was witnessed a prosperous and growing city and a happy and con- tented people, and these three years will long be remembered as the time during which Moscow reached the high-water mark of prosperity. Everybody made money and everyone had money, and the volume of business transacted here during that period was enor- mous. Among the great business enterprises which were rapidly building up fortunes for their owners at that time may be mentioned the elegantly furnished and palatial store of the McConnell-Maguire Company, who had built up a business which any Chicago or New York house might justly have been proud of; the magnificent establishment of Dernham & Kauf- mann, on the southeast corner of Main and Third, they carrying at that time a one hundred thousand dollar stock, the largest amount of goods in any store in the Palouse or Potlatch country; the mammoth business of the M. J. Shields Company, which taxed to its utmost capacity their three-story brick, with HISTORY OF IDAHO. 361 its one hundred and sixty foot frontage; this com- pany was also owner of the electric-light plant which lighted the city, the Moscow planing mill, which gave employment to fifty skilled mechanics, and was, besides, interested in five large giain warehouses outside of Moscow; and the Chicago Bargain House, an exclus- ive dry-goods store owned by Messrs. Creighton & Company who had just moved into their new and commodious quarters in the Skatteboe block. Many other lesser business houses and corporations, too numerous to mention at this point, were flourishing and all combined to make Moscow one of the wealthy cities of the northwest, and the wealthiest in Idaho. With individuals and with cities prosperity is no test of stability, and it was destined that Moscow should pass through the refining and crucial test of adver- sity, crop failures, and business depression before we could prove to the world and to ourselves that the superstructure we had reared was as solid and per- manent as the foundations laid by the pioneers of the '/os. In the fall of 1893 a long continued wet season caused almost the entire loss of our staple product, the wheat crop, and to make matters worse there was a complete demoralization in prices on all products. Wheat dropped from eighty-five cents per bushel to fifty cents, then down lower and lower till it seemed that it would be a drug on the market. Debtors were absolutely unable to meet their obliga- tions, the farmer had no money to pay his bills, the smaller concerns could not settle their accounts with the wholesale houses and money could not be bor- rowed, even though gilt-edge security was offered. The panic spread to large cities, and business houses of long standing and established credit toppled and fell into ruins, carrying with them many smaller firms. Banks everywhere were compelled to close their doors. In Portland there were seven bank failures recorded in one day. A number of our business houses were driven to the wall, but the most far reaching failure of all was that of one of our largest and most import- ant establishments, the McConnell-Maguire Company. In 1894 and 1895 wheat was quoted in Moscow as low as twenty-three cents per bushel, and it seemed as though universal bankruptcy was inevitable, but the pendulum of adversity had reached the lowest point of its arc and slowly but steadily it swung onward and upward to better prices and better times, and we had time to draw a long breath and find out "where we were at." One fact patent to all was that, though some of our strongest props had crumbled and fallen, yet Moscow was still here, and, though tried in the crucible of hard times, had maintained her title as the Queen City of northern Idaho. In 1806 an abundant crop, with prices of our staple prod- uct touching seventy cents per bushel, brushed away the last traces of depression. Along all lines was seen unusual activity, old debts were cancelled, old scores straightened up and new business houses opened and old ones enlarged their quarters. Moscow has truly proven that, unspoiled by prosperity, she can, un- scathed, withstand the "slings and arrows" of adver- sity. The county-seat of Latah, and with a population of five thousand, Moscow stands to-day the gem city of the northwest and is an educational center of unsur- passed facilities with her public schools and the Uni- versity of Idaho (described elsewhere in this volume). Nowhere in the northwest can be found a more thriv- ing town. Its location is favorable to its rapid growth and development, its site being both healthful and accessible to the surrounding country. The principal business center is on Main street. To stand at the north end of this principal street and look south with- out having a knowledge of the population of the city, one would think, judging from the palatial business brick buildings to be seen, that it might be a city of ten or fifteen thousand people. Socially speaking, Moscow has no equal in the northwest, for it is a city of cultured ladies and beau- tiful, rosy-cheeked maidens. During the long winter months there is no dearth of amusements. musicals, social dancing parties, theater parties, etc., follow each other in rapid succession, and the stranger within our walls is always sure of a pleasant time and a hearty welcome. There are to be seen here neither "finicky" cliques that make life a misery in many of the smaller cities nor the chilly exclusiveness to be found in a metropolis. Thus it may be seen that Moscow is a very desirable place to live. We have two railroads, the Oregon Railway & Navigation Com- pany's line and the Northern Pacific. (The Moscow & Eastern Railroad Company has been organized (1809) and will soon build its line, which will tap the vast white-pine timber belt of Idaho, in which it is esti- mated there is 1,293,000,000 feet of lumber. This road will be an immense accession to Moscow's prosperity.) The city is well supplied with the purest water, free from all organic -and deleterious matter and derived from artesian wells situated within the city limits. The cli- mate is delightful and healthful, and within a short drive of mountain or forest is situated our beautiful city. These are environments especially appreciated by invalids and convalescents, and the benefits derived from a residence amid this diversity of scenes is incal- culable. No epidemic has ever visited us, and no pre- vailing disease makes its home here. It is a matter of fact that the longevity attained by many of our citi- zens is greater in proportion to our population than in other places. We are fanned by airs untainted by malaria and we have sunshine and shadow in suffi- cient quantity to suit the most fastidious. Between the months of March and October the rainfall is much less than during the remaining months, when we have an abundance of rain and snow, often enjoy- ing the finest of sleighing, and the tinkle, tinkle of the merry bells may be heard night and day for sev- eral weeks at a time. Our average temperature is about fifty degrees, the thermometer seldom register- 362 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ing ten degrees below zero in the winter or higher than ninety degrees in the summer. The "Chinooks," or warm winds, during the spring rapidly melt the snow, which carries in its bosom a fruitful and refresh- ing fullness to the soil. Finally, Moscow is a natural distributing point and has a class of business men who always work in harmony and concert for the upbuilding of all her interests, and she is destined to become a great manufacturing center, which will in- crease her population, her wealth, her prestige and make her a power and producer among the great cities of the northwest. The newspapers of Moscow are duly considered in the chapter devoted to the press of the state. Moscow's first school-house was built in 1878, just beyond the south Palouse. It was known as the Ma- guire school-house. In the fall of that year R. H. Barton was engaged to teach, and district No. 5 was supplied with its first educational facilities. But this location was not satisfactory to the inhabitants of Moscow, it being nearly a mile from the one store the village contained, so a petition was circulated to move it in closer. It was finally decided to settle the matter by a vote to be held at the school-house, as the country people did not wish to change its location, on the ground that it was easier to move the town to the school-house. It seemed as though their wishes would prevail, as there were many more votes from the country than from the town. But Asbury Lieuallen threw off his coat and rustled around among the floating population and by running a free 'bus all day between his store and the polls, carried the election. John Russell donated a piece of ground, and a new building was put up on the present loca- tion of the Russell school. It was not long before the young and growing city found that this building was entirely too small, and those interested in the welfare of Moscow early gave consideration to the erection of a public-school building capable of afford- ing accommodation to the school children then resi- dents of the village, making some allowance for any increase that might take place. Silas Imbler, one of Moscow's beneficent citizens, donated a splendid piece of land on which to place the proposed building. The site is most centrally located in the northeastern por- tion of the city. At the time of which we are writ- ing it was admirably suited to the convenience of the residents, being equidistant from all. The new building, finished in 1883, was capable of accommo- dating one hundred and twenty pupils, and was thought to be of sufficient size to meet all the requirements for the next decade. In the meantime reports as to the richness of the country and the productiveness of the soil began to go abroad, with the result that the country began rapidly to settle, and Moscow, with the neighboring district, began to take the leading place in northern Idaho, so that in 1889 the trustees of the public-school found it necessary to procure additional school accommodations. They immediately set to work, had plans prepared, and soon the con- tract was let for the erection of the present Russell school. The cost of this structure was sixteen thou- sand dollars, making. in all twenty-two thousand dol- lars for school buildings. -No pains were spared to make this school second to none in the state. In this endeavor the trustees received the hearty endorse- ment of the citizens of Moscow. The school furni- ture is all of the most modern and improved manu- facture. The interior of the building is so arranged that each department can be reached with the least passible confusion. The different rooms are so located that each grade can depart from the building with- out intruding on the province of, or coming in con- tact with, members of other departments, thus avoid- ing the slightest confusion. This is borne out by the fact that the entire school, numbering over four hundred pupils, has vacated the building in less than thirty seconds. On the 3d day o! July, 1890, Idaho was admitted into the Union,, and since that time the state has experienced a steady increase in population. Moscow continued to keep the lead, so much so that during the seven months of the last school term of 1892, in spite of her new school building, she was compelled to rent a place of worship and to utilize it for a school in which to place over fifty of her children. Many thought this state of affairs would not continue longer than the end of the term but on the reassembling of the school in the fall it was found that the same state of affairs existed, thus mak- ing it necessary for the trustees to secure another temporary building. This was found to be impos- sible, so a new room was fitted up on the present site and the building, on south Main street now occupied by Emery's photograph gallery, was rented and as many children placed therein as could be accommodated. In spite, however, of the most stren- uous efforts the school began again to be overcrowded. It was clearly seen that one of two things had to be done either to overcrowd the building they had, thus making it impossible for the teachers to do jus- tice to the children, or to purchase property and erect another building to serve the purpose of a high school, thus taking from the Russell school those pupils who had passed the curriculum prescribed by the board and were prepared to enter a higher grade and more advanced course of study. They chose the latter course, and purchased a tract on Third street for which they paid about four thousand dollars. The plans had already been prepared and the contract was let for over twenty thousand dollars, exclusive of school furniture and heating apparatus. This building, as finished, is of hard brick, with a stone foundation. It is fitted up with the most modern improvements and is constructed according to the most approved principles, both for sanitary arrangements and venti- lation. Although the capacity of this school is four hundred and twenty-five pupils, the same old trouble has been worrying the trustees for the last two years. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 363 The two large school buildings have been crowded to their utmost, as well as a smaller building occu- pied exclusively by primary pupils. The schools are divided into eleven grades, each in charge of an experienced and competent teacher. The greatest care is exercised by our trustees in select- ing teachers, and none but those who show a mas- tery of the subjects essential to a sound education, and also an adaptation to teach, find a place in our public schools. The University of Idaho is located in Moscow and is an institution which is a credit to the state. It is fully described on other pages of this work. The Presbyterian church of Moscow was organized January 25, 1880, by the Rev. Daniel Gamble, who served the church only about a year. The society is in most excellent working condition and has taken a place as one of the leading churches of Moscow. The First Baptist church of Moscow was organized August 6, 1876, at Paradise Valley school-house by Rev. S. E. Stearns, who supplied the church once a month as the pastor for about two years. The old church, built in 1878, was for some years the only house of worship in the town. In 1897, feeling the need of more room, the old building was torn down and a handsome edifice erected in its place. The Christian church was organized in the old Maguire school-house by Elder D. B. Matheny and in this vicinity he was the first to preach the gospel as taught by the people known as the Disciples of Christ. Fifteen years ago Elder C. J. Wright reor- ganized the work in Moscow and built up a member- ship of over two hundred. After his departure the work ceased and the church pYactically disbanded till the winter of 1888, when Elder William McDonald again reorganized, and continued to preach till the following June. In the spring of 1890 Elder William F. Caroden took charge and perfected the organiza- tion. In 1891 a church edifice was erected and serv- ices were first held in it on February 14 of that year by Elder L. Rogers assisted by James Sargent, since which time there has been a constant growth in mem- bership. The Methodist Episcopal church of Moscow was organized August 8, 1881, by Rev. Calvin M. Bryan, with a membership of about twenty. After a two-years pastorship he was succeeded by Rev. Theodore Hoag- land, by whom their first church was built, in 1883-4, on a tract of land donated by Henry McGregor. The society has an excellent edifice and also a par- sonage. The Episcopal church was established by the Rev. Mr. Gill in 1888. Previous to this time, however, Rev. J. D. McConkey, who was located at Lewiston, made a number of visits to Moscow and preached here in the interest of this church. The present church was built about the year 1892. The Swedish Lutheran church was organized about 1886 by Rev. P. J. Carlson, who had charge of this work till 1891. During this time the present church was erected. The Norwegian Methodist church was established in 1886 by the Rev. Carl Erickson, and the present place of worship was built about 1888. The Catholic church of Moscow was organized in 1882 by Father Teomitie. Their present building was erected in 1886 by Father Hartleib. The Dunkards have an organization here and a house of worship, but we have been unable to secure the data in regard to its early history. The Seventh Day Adventist's church was organized in 1890 and a building erected by Rev. Scales. RESOURCES OF LATAH COUNTY. In writing a history of the thriving city of Moscow, it is necessary to speak of the varied resources of the surrounding country, of which it is the principal re- ceiving and distributing center. Latah county con- tains within its limits the most favored section of what is known as the famous Palouse country, widely known for its genial climate, picturesque scenery and wonder- ful productiveness of soil. The western and southern portions of the county are a rolling prairie under thor- ough cultivation. The products are wheat, flax, bar- ley, oats, beans, hay, fruit and vegetables. At the present time the cereals are the principal crops, although the other products are encroaching each year upon the grain acreage and gradually reducing it. The fruit industry is yet in its infancy, but is growing with great rapidity. In the southern portion of the county, where the altitude is the lowest, the orchards are more advanced, having been planted earlier, but in the remote northern part peaches have been raised very successfully and the yield of apples, pears, prunes, peaches, plums, apricots, cherries and the smaller fruits is certain and simply enormous. The trees, unless securely propped, break down almost every year with the weight of their yield. All this part of Latah county, contiguous to Moscow is an empire within itself and constitutes one of the rich- est agricultural countries in the world. Wheat aver- ages thirty-five bushels per acre, barley and oats forty to fifty, and flax fifteen to twenty bushels. By care- ful cultivation there are many who produce greater yields than the average. In this section no irrigation whatever is required, the natural rainfall being always sufficient to insure bounteous crops without the ex- pense of establishing an artificial water system. Within the confines of Latah county is the greater part of the largest body of white pine now standing in the United States. So far as the examinations have gone it is estimated that this body of timber contains the enormous amount of two billion feet of white pine and five billion feet of other timber con- sisting of yellow pine, tamarack, red and white fir, and cedar. The title of the greater portion of these timber lands is vested in the state for the benefit of educational and charitable institutions. On some of 364 HISTORY OF IDAHO. it claims have been located and the rest is subject to homestead and timber entry. If this body of timber stood in any state east of the Mississippi river there would not be a quarter-section left vacant, but here all is different. Well worn trails traverse this dense forest in every direction but their only travelers are the restless prospectors with their outfits seeking a phantom Klondyke and passing carelessly by the sure fortune that capital will in the near future glean from this valuable tract. The importance and necessity of opening up this vast timber region to the manufac- turer, and the great advantages and benefits that would necessarily accrue to this city have of late be- come so apparent to the business men of Moscow and vicinity that steps have been taken for the early con- struction of a railroad to and through this forest of untold value, upon no tree of which the lumberman's ax has yet fallen. A company has been incorporated under the name of the Moscow & Eastern Railway Company and a survey made from our city to the timber belt. This proposed road when completed will traverse the forest for a distance of thirty miles, thus affording good mill-sites along any portion of this distance. Ten sawmills can be located along this line, with an annual output of lumber that could be safely reckoned at fifty million feet. In addition to this there would be a large amount of wood, ties, shingles, etc., prepared for market. Long before this county was considered adapted to the pursuit of agriculture, successful mining was car- ried on within its confines. As far back as the '6os we have record of placer claims having been worked along our different water courses. Besides rich de- posits of gold and silver, there are also valuable mica and opal mines within its limits. It may not be known to all that the Idaho exhibit of opals, that attracted such widespread attention at the World's Fair, came from Latah county. In 1881 a mine of mica was discovered about thirty miles from Moscow by J. T. Woody, and in a short time a number of other locations were made in the same vicinity. The principal placer mines in the county are situated in the Hoodoo district, which has been worked for the last thirty-five years. Other mines be- ing worked successfully are on Jerome creek, Swamp creek, Gold creek and many others and in Howard gulch, Garden gulch, Crumrine gulch and others on Moscow mountain. The first quartz mill in the county was operated on a ledge on Moscow mountain and owned by Dr. Worthington and D. C. Mitchell. In 1896 a mill was started in the Daisy mine on Jerome creek, which is now on a paying basis. On Ruby creek is a most valuable gold and silver mine called the Silver King. For years gold has been taken from the ledges of Moscow mountain by the arastra pro- cess, and if this mountain of wealth was situated in some remote locality, difficult of access it would be considered a veritable Klondyke. The Gold Bug, Gol- den Gate and the Big Ledge are the principal mines now being worked there. MALAD CITY. Oneida county was organized August 2, 1865, and then embraced all of southeastern Idaho from Utah to Montana, and contained, in whole or in part, the counties of Cassia, Bear Lake, Bingham, Bannock and Fremont. In 1884 the present county of Oneida was organized, and it contains thirty-two hundred and seventy-six square miles, two-fifths of it being adapted to farming purpose, while the remainder is used for grazing or is mountainous land. Malad City, now the county-seat, was incorporated in 1896 and now has an excellent mayor and board of trustees. It was settled in 1864 by Henry Peck, Louis Gaulter, William H. Thomas and Benja- min Thomas, who came here with their families, but all have now passed away. There are now about eighteen hundred people in Malad, two- thirds of the population being representatives of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. They have a large and costly tabernacle, and the Presbyterians also have a church and school. The Josephites, or reorganized church of Latter Day Saints, likewise have a chapel. An inde- pendent school district has been formed in the city and a large and commodious school-hou ( se is now in course of erection. There are six gen- eral mercantile stores, two drug stores, two meat markets, a bank, two blacksmith shops and a large roller-process, water-power flouring mill, with a daily capacity of fifty barrels. There is also a large new creamery for the manufacture of butter and cheese, and a rag-carpet weaving fac- tory completes the list of the business industries. The court-house is a frame building, well adapted to the purposes for which it is intended, and the city also supports a good weekly newspaper, the Enterprise. Collingsworth, the nearest railway station, is thirty-five miles distant, and Malad City is situated in a beautiful valley which is about ten by fifteen miles in extent, containing one hundred thousand acres of rich farming land, well watered. Grain and hay are raised in abundance, and cattle and sheep raising are lead- ing industries among the inhabitants. JULIAETTA. The attractive village of Juliaetta is located in Latah county, on the Potlatch river, and its rail- road facilities are those afforded by the Moscow- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 365 Levviston branch of the Northern Pacific Rail- road. The town was founded and platted by Robert Schupfer, who had entered from the gov- ernment, in 1878, the quarter-section of land upon which the village is located. He had im- proved his farm, having built thereon a house, located within one-fourth of a mile from the pres- ent business section of the town. The first house in Juliaetta was built by Perry Thomas, and the place now has a population of five hundred. It has a fine large public-school building, while the Roman Catholic and Presbyterian churches have attractive edifices. The German Lutherans also hold services in the village. Industrially the place has four well stocked general merchandise stores, a furniture store, a bank, a brewery, a bakery, two livery stables and a good roller- process flouring mill. This mill is operated by water power, which is supplied by the Potlatch river, which here flows swiftly in a narrow chan- nel, affording a fine power, adequate for all de- mands which may be placed upon it by future industrial enterprises. The town has a well managed hotel, owned and conducted by Charles Snyder, who had the honor of naming the village. He had a ranch near by, and there he succeeded in having a post-office established, naming the same after his two pretty daughters, Julia and Etta, hence the name of the town, Juliaetta, since he eventually removed the post- office to the town, where he opened a store, and the little village naturally assumed the cogno- men of the post-office. The place is beautifully situated on the banks of the river, amid the hills, which add to its healthfulness and picturesque appearance. It receives its support from a wide range of excellent agricultural lands, on which large crops of wheat, oats, flax, hay and fine fruits are raised each year. The town was in- corporated in 1892, its first board of trustees hav- ing the following personnel: Robert Shupfer, J. E. Halleck, F. P. Seigler, T. H. Carither and Charles Snyder. The present board is com- posed of Messrs. J. R. Collins, F. Earnest, J. L. Whettid, D. H. Sutherland and M. P. Stevens, the last mentioned being the clerk of the board as well as editor of the Juliaetta Register, to which due reference is made in the chapter on the press of the state. Of the fraternal organi- zations the Independent Order of Odd Fellows is represented here by a lodge and an adjunct of Daughters of Rebekah, while there are also lodges of Knights of Pythias and Star of Bethle- hem. SODA SPRINGS. The town in Idaho known by this name is situated on the Oregon Short Line Railroad, in Bannock county, deriving its name from a large number of mineral springs in the place and in the vicinity, in most of which soda is present in a large proportion. The medicinal properties of these springs have been found of great value in the treatment of many of the diseases from which humanity suffers. The first settlement of the place, in 1863, was made by a small colony of dissenters from the Brigham Young Church of Jesus Christ of Lat- ter Day Saints. The devout people who were the first settlers of Soda Springs were followers of young Joseph Smith and differed materially in their religious ideas from the main body of the church, and because of their alleged disbelief were driven out of Utah. They appealed to General Conners, at Fort Douplas, for assistance, and he with a military guard conveyed them to "Old Town" Soda Springs, supplied them with rations, and left Captain Black with a small de- tachment of soldiers to protect them. A treaty was effected with the Indians, who agreed not to molest them. They were very destitute and undoubtedly would have perished had it not been for the rations given them by the soldiers. Gen- eral Conners had the land surveyed and allotted to about fifty families who had located here at this time, but later most of the families went away, one by one, and became scattered, and of that band of pioneer settlers there now remain in the town only Nels Anderson and his wife, William Bowman and Mrs. C. Eliason. The town has now about six hundred and fifty inhabitants. It is surrounded by a wide extent of farming and grazing lands, and is a point where extensive shipping of sheep and cattle is done. It has a mineral-water bottling works, the water shipped from this place being consid- ered equal in medicinal effectiveness to any min- eral water in the world. There are two church edifices in the town, one owned by the Latter Day Saints and the other by the Presbyterians, the latter a very cosy stone edifice, surrounded 366 HISTORY OF IDAHO. by shade trees. There are six general merchan- dise stores in the town, all doing a good busi- ness, and those that have been there the longest have met with excellent success. There is a water-power saw and planing mill there, as one of the leading industries. The town has four hotels, one of which is large and pretentious, two drug stores and two physicians. Mrs. C. Eliason, one of the few remaining first settlers of Idaho Springs, gives this account of the manner in which the town came to be settled: A number of Latter Day Saints at Salt Lake City refused to obey the mandates of President Brig- ham Young, and formed what is called the Re- organized Church of the Latter Day Saints. They planned and founded the church after the teaching of the junior Joseph Smith, the son of the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The leader of the new or- ganization was Joseph Morris, and its councilor was a Mr. Banks. They, with about three hun- dred men, women and children, left Salt Lake City, determined to worship God after their own hearts. Going into camp at South Weberg, a short distance from Ogden, they were attacked by seven to eight hundred men from Salt Lake City. They defended themselves until six of their number were killed and many wounded, and their ammunition expended. They sent out a flag of truce, and the attacking party came to the camp, led by Mr. Burton, who asked Mr. Morris whether he would give up his opposition to the authority of Young. Mr. Morris an- swered, "Never!" "Then," Mr. Burton replied, ' r we will try your God." Mr. Morris asked to be allowed to speak, and, the permission granted, he said: "I have taught only the truth, whether you will receive it or not." Without further words Burton shot him! A lady who stood by Mr. Morris and who tried to take his part was also shot; and they also shot Mr. Banks, the councilor. Mrs. Bowman had said, "Why did you kill that man? you bloodthirsty hound!" Burton replied, "No woman can call me that and live," and he shot and killed her also. They then took the rest of the men prisoners to Salt Lake City, kept them a day and then released them, and they returned to their camp. "They were ordered off from there," continues Mrs. Eliason, "and they were a poor, outcast people." After the fight everything they had was taken and confiscated, and they could not maintain their organization against such disadvantages; and the men scattered and sought work wherever they could get anything to do. The following spring General Conners came to Fort Douglas, and to him they went for help; and he furnished teams and moved them to what is now called Old Town Soda Springs. There he had a survey made and gave small allotments of land, and they dug holes in the ground and covered them with brush, and lived in them, in great destitu- tion. A small detachment of soldiers under Cap- tain Black was left to protect them, and their captain made a treaty with the Bannack Indians to let them live there in peace. Had it not been for rations supplied by the soldiers many of them must have starved. This little company of. soldiers staid with the colony for about two years. After a time the colony broke up, some members going to Car- son valley, some to Washington territory, or Montana, and some back to Salt Lake City. Those who remained built log houses and began to live in comparative comfort. Mrs. Eliason's husband, Arick Eliason, raised a few cattle. With a scythe he cut a quantity of wild hay and sold it for four hundred dollars, and that gave them their first little start. From emigrants who passed that way to Montana or to Boise basin, they bought a pair of oxen, for one hundred and sixty dollars, and a wagon, for one hundred dol- lars. After this Mr. Eliason cut tar-wood in the mountains and made tar, which he took to Cache valley and exchanged for provisions and other necessaries; and from this time his fortunes im- proved, and by hard work and indefatigable in- dustry he became comparatively well off. He died in 1893, aged seventy-six years. Mr. and Mrs. Eliason were natives of Sweden and were converted there to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. They arrived at Salt Lake on the 5th of October, 1860. Mr. Eliason took up a ground ranch near Soda Springs and bought land in Montana, and in 1898 his widow built a nice little cottage in Soda Springs, where she now resides in peace and comfort. She has had six children, namely: Caroline, who became the wife of Ed. Culvert; Annie, now Mrs. Henry Smith; Joseph, John, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 367 Isaac and Jacob. Most of these sons are now well-to-do farmers. Mrs. Eliason is seventy years of age. FRANKLIN. Franklin is the oldest town in Idaho. It is located in Oneida county in the beautiful Cache valley, about one mile north of the Utah state line, and on a branch of the Oregon Short Line Railroad about one hundred miles north of Salt Lake City. When this great state was unpeo- pled save by the wild sons of the forest a com- pany of brave and faithful members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints made their way to the "Gem of the Mountains," arriving at the present site of Franklin, April 14, 1860. Around them spread the lovely valley, and nature seemed to have provided all that man deems necessary to livelihoo'd. The honored patriarchs, Samuel Rose Parkinson and Thomas Smart, both still residing in the town, together with a Mr. Anderson, were appointed to survey the town, and having no compasses they took God's sure guide, the north star, whereby they laid out the lines of the village. About fifty families took up their residence here in 1860, and the distribution of land was by lot, five acres of meadow, ten acres of upland and an acre and a quarter in the village were given to each man, whose ground was assigned to him by lot, and the greatest harmony prevailed throughout the distribution. The band of pioneers built modest little log houses in the form of a hollow square, the backs forming part of the walls of the fort. For some time a guard was kept, for fear of In- dian attack. The days brought privations and hardships, but the little colony had the most im- plicit faith in God, and with great energy they began the task of earning a living and making homes in the wild region. They made ditches to convey the water to their lands, and not for- getful of the intellectual needs, in the fall of 1860, they built a little log school-house, the first in- stitution of learning in this great commonwealth. There they also held their religious services, and prayers and songs of praise arose to the God they worshiped. Those pioneer days, however, have long since passed, and the Latter Day Saints have erected a large and well furnished tabernacle, which is surrounded by a grove of beautiful trees, and the Presbyterians have also built a nice little church. The school district is now erecting a laree brick school-house ; a beau- tiful square has been set aside to serve as a park, and progress and beauty are seen on every hand. Fine shade trees abound, and almost every home is surrounded by some beautiful specimens of these monarchs of the forest. In 1874 the railroad was built, the church urg- ing the settlers along the line to aid in making the grade, so that they contributed materially to the success of the enterprise which has thus brought Franklin into close connection with the outside world. A large shipping business is now carried on, sheep, cattle and produce being exported in large quantities. Most of the citi- zens are farmers, having their homes in the vil- lage, with farms near the corporation. The town has a fine large stone roller-process mill, with a capacity of one hundred and twenty-five barrels; an excellent butter and cheese factory; an exten- sive union store and several smaller ones, and is enjoying a prosperous existence. The people have remained true to the faith of their fathers, almost ninety per cent of the six or seven hun- dred inhabitants being members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. PRESTON. Preston is an enterprising business center, with a population of fifteen hundred, and is lo- cated at the upper end of the beautiful and fer- tile Cache valley, one hundred and ten miles north of Salt Lake City. Railroad communication is obtained through a branch of the Oregon Short Line Railroad. The town was platted in 1885 by William Parkinson, John Larson and Augus- tus Canfield, and the post-office was established about the same time. The growth of the place has been continuous and healthy, and Preston is now the best business center of Oneida county, having many excellent enterprises and commer- cial establishments. There is a large wagon, carriage and farm implement store, three exten- sive and prosperous general mercantile stores, a clothing store, a harness shop and store, two hotels and other places of business usually found in a progressive town of the west. There are also two good newspapers. The town is sur- rounded by a broad and rich farming country, peopled by a thrifty, intelligent and successful 368 HISTORY OF IDAHO. class of agriculturists, who do business in Pres- ton, both as purchasers and shippers. The at- tractive residences of the town are surrounded by lovely shade trees and Preston is justly celebrated for its beauty. About ninety per cent of the inhabitants are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and they have erected a large church and a splendid stake academy, the latter built at a cost of nearly fifty thousand dollars. Preston also supports a well equipped and uniformed company of the Idaho State Militia, known as Company B, and composed of forty-five of the representative young men of the place. There is also a good district school in Preston, and the people are an intelligent, enterprising and pro- gressive class, readily supporting all measures and movements for the public good. Tin Lewi; ?i:bli shine- C CHAPTER XXVIII. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. AMASA B. CAMPBELL. THE rapid development of all material re- sources during the closing years of the nineteenth century has brought business enterprises up from the day of small things to gigantic proportions, where millions of dollars take the place of hundreds and where men are required to handle millions as coolly, as carefully and as successfully as their grandfathers handled hundreds. All the history of the world shows that to grapple with all new conditions, to fill breaches in all great crises men have been de- veloped and have stood ready to assume new and great responsibilities and have discharged them well and profitably. Many youths now tak- ing their first lessons in practical business will work up gradually from one responsibility to one higher, and then to still higher ones, as did Amasa B. Campbell, Idaho's great mining mag- nate, and will be, as he was, the right man for the place, when, in the march of advancement, the place is ready and they are needed in it. Amasa B. Campbell is a son of John and Re- becca (Snodgrass) Campbell, and was born in Columbiana county, Ohio, April 6, 1845. His father, a native of Pennsylvania, died in Illinois in 1845, aged forty-five years, and his mother, whose life began and ended in Ohio, died in 1892, at the age of eighty-six. Mr. Campbell's boy- hood was passed in his native county, where he attended public school until he was seventeen years old. Then he went to Alliance, Ohio, where he entered the employ of the firm of Pettit & Nixon, commission merchants, as a clerk. There he remained five years, gaining a thorough and practical knowledge of business and the methods best calculated to insure its success. He went west in 1867, where he was employed by the Union Pacific Railway Company until 1870. His work here gave him broader ideas of busi- ness and fitted him to consider larger and more important commercial and financial propositions than had been represented to him hitherto. He was drawn away from the employment, how- ever, by the mining excitement which was then beginning to make Utah the Mecca of venture- some men who sought to achieve fortune by a short cut, and he went to the country in 1871 and was engaged in prospecting in Utah, Colorado and Idaho until 1882. At that time he returned to Ohio and located at Youngstown, but, as events have proven, not with the intention of giving up mining. He remained there five years and, meantime, in association with John A. Finch organized at Youngstown a syndicate of capital- ists to purchase and operate mining property in the Coeur d'Alene country, Idaho. Those who are at all informed concerning the mining his- tory of the Coeur d'Alene district know that Mr. Campbell's enterprises and their successes have made him one of the leading mining men of the great west and that through his influence and exertions some of the greatest mining properties in the world have been developed, have yielded their treasures for the enrichment of Idaho and the improvement of the commerce of the nation and have long afforded and are now affording profitable employment to thousands of men. A self-made man in all that the term implies, Mr. Campbell has won his great success by legiti- mate methods and by the exercise of sagacity, foresight and business capacity of the highest order, and another factor potent in his successes has been labor, early and late, hard and unceas- ing. In his views of affairs of public moment, Mr. Campbell is a Republican, adhering strictly to the principles of that party as enunciated by Abraham Lincoln. But in Lincoln's time the silver question, as it is now understood, had not arisen, and Mr. Campbell believes, with Senator Teller and other distinguished Republicans of the west, that he made no departure from Repub- licanism when, as delegate to the national Re- publican convention, at St. Louis, in 1896, he 369 370 HISTORY OF IDAHO. with Senator Teller and others, refused to sup- port the gold platform, and left the convention hall. Mr. Campbell has risen to a high place in the Masonic fraternity. Education has ever commanded his best thought, and his dearest wish is for the thorough and general education of the American people. In recognition of his interest in this subject, so vital to our national progress, he was in 1899, appointed by Governor Steunenberg a member of the board of regents of the University of the State of Idaho, but fear- ing that his important private interests would prevent his giving due attention to the duties of this office he declined it appreciatively but firmly. In 1890 Mr. Campbell married Miss Grace M. Fox, of Youngstown, Ohio, and they have a daughter, named Helen. They lived at Wallace from 1890 to 1898, but have since had their home at Spokane, Washington. FRANK STEUNENBERG. Frank Steunenberg was born in Keokuk, Iowa, August 8, 1861, and in the public schools of his native state acquired his literary educa- tion. In early life he learned the printer's trade, and until January, 1887, was engaged in the printing and publishing business in his native state. He then came to Idaho, locating at Cald- well, where he began business along the same line. In 1889 he was chosen a member of the convention that framed the state constitution, and served upon several of its important com- mittees. In 1890 he was elected a member of the house of representatives, on the Democratic ticket, from what was then Ada county. He also served as chairman of the board of trustees of Caldwell for two terms. In politics he has always been a Democrat, unswerving in his allegiance to the party, and laboring earnestly to secure the adoption of its principles. Since his arrival in the state he has been a prominent factor in its circles. He was chosen secretary of the Democratic state central committee; in 1896 he became the nominee of the People's-Democratic party for the office of governor, being elected over the Republican candidate by a good majority. In his first mes- sage to the Idaho legislature Governor Steunen- berg called attention to some abuses that needed correcting, and also indicated the economic lines upon which he meant to conduct the administra- tion of the affairs of the state. This policy was closely followed, and so acceptable were his services that in 1898 he was renominated by the bimetallists of the state, the Democrats and sil- ver Republicans, and was elected. CHARLES F. BURR. The trite saying that "blood will tell" does not depend for its illustration on the achievements of distinguished members of the family so much as upon the sum of the achievements of the rank and file of the family in all generations and amid varying circumstances, few of which are condu- cive to what the world is pleased to call greatness. There has been one great man in America named Burr and there have been countless representa- tives of the name in many communities who have performed well their part and added to the sum total of greatness by quiet work where work has been needed and has counted. Such a man was the late Rev. Samuel Prentice Burr and such a citizen is his son, the subject of this sketch, who is more truly a representative American than the Burr whose name is prominent on the printed pages of our early national history. And the Rev. Samuel Prentice Burr and his son Charles F. count for only two of thousands of the family who have made their ranks in the communities in which their lot has been cast, and in doing so have advanced the interest of their fellow citizens. Judge Charles F. Burr, an early settler and an influential resident of Genesee, Idaho, was born in Momence, Illinois, March 31, 1857, a son of Samuel Prentice and Almira J. (Evans) Burr, and lineal descendant of Rev. Jonathan Burr, who was born in Redgrove, Suffolk, England, in 1604. He came to New England in 1639 and settled in Dorchester, New Hampshire. He died in 1640, aged thirty-seven years. He was the founder of the American family of Burrs. One of his sons was the progenitor of the branch of the family of which Aaron Burr was a member, and another was the ancestor of the family of Burrs of which our subject is a representative. Laban Burr, the grandfather of the Judge, was born in New Hampshire, and in 1820 located in Ohio. In 1821 he removed to Illinois. The Rev. Samuel Prentice Burr was born in Hing- ham, New Hampshire, September 8, 1809, and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 371 came west with his father's family. He married Miss Almira J. Evans, a native of Virginia and a daughter of Joshua Evans, who came of one of the old Virginia families and was one of the earliest pioneers in Illinois. He was a Methodist and a circuit-rider of the pioneer days ; he spent forty-four years of his life among the pioneers and in the service of the new anu struggling churches of Illinois, and his work was crowned with signal and permanent results. After this long experience in Illinois, he continued the work in Nebraska, always busy, always achieving, to the very day of his death, which occurred sud- denly, November 28, 1881, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. He had preached the day uefore, with all his wonted energy and forcefulness. He is remembered as a friendly man with a hand- shake and encouraging word for those in trouble or in doubt, a preacher of sermons sound, vigor- ous and brilliant, and a tireless worker in the cause to which he gave his life. Living, he was long and widely popular; dead, he will be long and widely mourned. His wife survives him, aged seventy-four years. They had eight chil- dren, five of whom are living. Charles F. Burr, their only son, was educated in the public schools of Illinois and followed agricultural pursuits most of the time until 1876, when he came to the Pacific coast and traveled extensively through California, Oregon and Washington, looking the country over carefully, with a view of changing his location. He came west to stay in 1880 and for a time was in the government employ at the Cascade locks. He then went east and settled up his father's estate, and in 1888 came to the site of the present thriv- ing town of Genesee. He arrived April 10 and found just two structures to foreshadow the future prosperity of the locality. One of these was a "shack" occupied by Mr. Larrabee, the other was John J. Owens' little frame hotel. Mr. Herman was erecting a small building for a store. The possibilities of the locality were ap- parent to Judge Burr and he engaged in the real- estate, loan and insurance business and was largely instrumental in advancing the interests of the town. He was of material assistance to its business enterprises, and naturally succeeded in his own undertakings. Besides handling real estate he has erected a number of the good build- ings in Genesee, and in addition to his local interests he has valuable mining property in the Pierce City district. With others he owns a rich group of mines there, and all are in various stages of promising development. Judge Burr was one of the incorporators both of the town and city of Genesee and was the first city clerk. He has served as its police judge and justice of the peace, and was its postmaster for four years, through the appointment of President Harrison. He was also one of the founders and the cashier of the Bank of Genesee, and his influence has been exerted to further the public interests in every way. He has always represented a line of the largest and strongest insurance companies and has been instrumental in settling all losses to the entire satisfaction of his patrons. Judge Burr was married November 30, 1876, to Miss Mary E. Wigg, a native of Elgin, Illinois, and their children are as follows: Samuel P., the eldest son, is now serving his country in the Philippine islands as a member of Company D, First Regiment of Idaho Volunteers; Fannie is now the wife of Gilbert C. Crawford; William is first sergeant of Company D, First Regiment of Idaho Volunteers, now in active service in the Philippines; Daniel C., LeRoy, Dora B., Alta and Marie are all at home with their parents. In his political views the Judge is a stalwart Republican. He has passed all of the chairs in all of the branches of Odd Fellowship and the grand encampment and is now serving his second term as representative to the sovereign grand lodge. He was made a Master Mason in Unity Lodge, No. 32, F. & A. M., and his wife is an influential member of the Congregational church. He has erected and occupies one of the finest res- idences in the city, and he and his family are held in the highest esteem by a wide and constantly enlarging circle of acquaintances. JOSEPH R. SHEPHERD. This is an age when the young man is prom- inent. He is at the head of many important enter- prises and is bringing others to the front which are bound to startle very many who have per- mitted themselves to be buried under superannu- ated ideas. At an age when the average business man of two generations ago was considered but a child, the bovs of the end of the century have 372 HISTORY OF IDAHO. acquired the foundation of a practical knowledge of successful business methods, and with broad ideas, in harmony with the spirit and opportu- nities of the age, are planning their work for the future with a view to achieving success and retir- ing early in life. The west is full of young business men, and Idaho has its share of those who have made their marks early in life. One of these, the narrative of whose career will serve as an illustration pertinent to these remarks, is Mayor Shepherd of the city of Paris. Joseph R. Shepherd was born in Hampshire, England, March 18, 1865, a son of William and Mary Ann (Tracy) Shepherd. His parents came of old English stock, and his father was a shoe- maker by trade. They became converts to the doctrines of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and in 1877 they emigrated to this country, bringing with them their ten children, and located at Paris, Bear Lake county, Idaho, where Mr. Shepherd worked at his trade until he retired from active life, and he died in 1898, aged seventy-three. His wife survives him and is now (1899) sixty-nine years old. He was a high priest in his church, having done valuable missionary work for it before coming to the United States, and his exertions in its behalf were continued with good results after he took up his residence in Paris. His children, except one, all live in Paris. Joseph R. Shepherd, the seventh in order of birth, attended school in England from his fifth to his twelfth year, when he was Drought to Paris. Here he entered upon the work of earning his own living as a boy clerk in the store of the Paris Co-operative Institution, with which concern he was employed about five years. He then accepted a position with the Wooley Brothers, and was employed in their store about three years. He was then engaged as manager of the co-operative store of the town, and had charge of all its interests about five years, during which time he bought and sold large quantities of goods. In 1891, in connection with others, he organ- ized the Paris Mercantile Company, in which he was a large stockholder and of which he was made business manager. At the expiration of two years he bought out the other stockholders and he has since that time owned and conducted the business of the concern. He deals in every kind of merchandise for which there is any demand at Paris, and is a large buyer of the produce of the country round about. He is the owner of the large frame building in which his business is conducted and which is now too small for its adequate accommoda- tion, and is now erecting a large double brick block, with rock basement and steel roof, which will be as nearly fire-proof as it is possible to make it. He is a man of liberal methods, who is willing to invest money to make money and who treats his employes so generously that they work for his interests faithfully and tirelessly. His public- spirited helpfulness is recognized by all his fellow citizens. In politics he is a Republican. He was one of the organizers of the city of Paris, was one of the first councilmen and is its present effi- cient and popular mayor. All the members of his household are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. He was married, in 1885, to Miss Rose Budge, daughter of State Senator William Budge of Paris, and they have six children: J. Russell, Alfred Will- iam, Clarence, David, Eva and Harold. WALTER ALLEN JONES. This gentleman is the senior member of the law firm of Jones & Morphy, of Wallace, and holds a position of distinctive precedence at the bar of northern Idaho, by reason of his eminent ability as counsel and advocate. He was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, May 5, 1855, and is a son of Joseph D. and Catherine A. (Kaercher) Jones, both of whom were natives of Pennsyl- vania and spent their entire lives in that state, as had their ancestors since early colonial days. The father died at the age of forty-five years, and the mother was called to her final rest when seventy-three years of age. The subject of this review was reared and edu- cated in the common schools of Pottsville and further continued his studies in the Paschal Insti- tute, at that place. Determining to prepare for the bar, he began familiarizing himself with the principles of jurisprudence in 1874, as a student in the law office of the Hon. W. H. M. Oram, of Shamokin, Pennsylvania. He was admitted to the bar at Sunsbury, Pennsylvania, Janu- ary 15, 1878, and immediately afterward began HISTORY OF IDAHO. 373 practice, spending one year in Mount Carmel, and then removing to Shamokin, where he practiced from 1879 until the close of the year 1885. In January, 1886, he came to the Coeur d'Alene country and took up his abode in Murray, Shoshone county, where through the summer he engaged in mining. Since the autumn of that year he has been in active practice in all of the civil and federal courts of the state, and in November, 1897, was admitted to practice in the United States supreme court, and in October, 1892, had been admitted to practice in the United States circuit court of ap- peals, at San Francisco, California. He is re- garded as one of the leading lawyers of the north- west, and much important litigation has been en- trusted to his care. In politics Mr. Jones was a Republican until 1892, since which time he has been identified with the People's party. He has been honored with a number of official positions, he was elected city auditor of Shamokin, Pennsylvania, in 1875, serving for two years; in 1879 was elected police magistrate of the same city, and acceptably filled that position for five years ; and he received the unanimous nomination of the Republican party for state senator from the fourteenth dis- trict of Pennsylvania, but declined the honor proffered him. In 1886 he was elected district at- torney of Shoshone county, Idaho, and during his term of service prosecuted some of the noted criminal cases of the state. He conducted the prosecution at the trial of ex-Sheriff Teddy Guthrie and of Patrick McGown, county com- missioner, both of whom were convicted. In 1889 Mr. Jones removed to Wallace and con- ducted the litigation which arose from the locat- ing of the town site by Colonel Wallace. He has been elected city attorney of Wallace for four successive terms, and in addition to his official duties has all the time carried on a large and important private practice. He prepares his cases with great care and precision and in the court-room marshals his facts and evidence with all the ability of a general on the field of battle. His manner is always courteous to judge, jury and witnesses, yet he never loses sight of a point that will advance his client's interests, and has won many forensic triumphs. On the ist of January, 1880, Mr. Jones mar- ried Miss Frances M. Thomas, at Wilkesbarre, in the famous Wyoming valley of Pennsylvania, which was the home of her parents and had been the ancestral place of residence of the family for more than a century. She is a member of the Episcopal church and is a cultured lady who shares in the high regard in which her husband is uniformly held. MARCUS D. WRIGHT. One of the most successful and progressive business men of Idaho, and the leading land- owner of Kootenai county, is Marcus D. Wright, of Rathdrum. He was born in Kentucky, April 16, 1851, and is a son of John W. and Mary (Gipson) Wright, both of whom were likewise natives of Kentucky. The father died in Illinois, at the age of sixty-four years, but the mother is still living, at the age of eighty-seven, and is a resident of Germantown, Kentucky. Of their seven children six yet survive. Marcus D. Wright was reared in Kentucky and acquired his education in the public schools there. At the age of seventeen he left his native state and went to Missouri, making his home in 'St. Joseph until he had attained his majority. In 1871 he went to Montana, in which state he lived for six years, and in 1877 he removed to Spokane, Washington. In 1881 he came to what is now Kootenai county, Idaho, locating on the present site of the town of Rathdrum, with whose interests he has since been prominently identified. He was one of the first merchants of the place, and for thirteen years he has been engaged in furnishing railroad ties, under contract, to the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, which he has supplied with more than three million ties in that period. The period of his mercantile career here covers eleven years. He has a well selected stock of general merchandise, and commands an excellent patronage by reason of his courtesy, his enterprise and his reliable business methods. He is also the most extensive land-owner in Kootenai county, having four thousand acres, of which eight hundred acres are planted to wheat, oats, hay and potatoes. His agricultural interests add materially to his income, and the various depart- ments of his business have proved profitable, owing to his sound judgment and capable busi- ness management. 374 HISTORY OF IDAHO. In 1881 Mr. Wright married Miss Bertie Piper, a native of California, and they have eight chil- dren, as follows: Florence A., May W., Elida R., Zella Z., John J., Bertie D., Stella H., and M. Gordon. In his political adherency Mr. Wright is a Democrat, and he keeps well informed on the issues and questions which affect the public pol- icy and the national welfare. He aided in organ- izing Kootenai county, and served as its first collector and assessor, yet has never been an office-seeker, preferring to devote his energies to his business interests. He belongs to that class of representative American citizens who promote the general prosperity while laboring for individual success, and is a man of pleasant de- meanor and genuine worth, having gained the confidence and regard of all whom he has met. JOHN COZZENS. The man whose name appears above is one of the most prominent citizens of Montpelier, Bear Lake county, Idaho, and is entitled to the distinction of having been a pioneer and a leader of pioneers on the site of the present town, where he first arrived a third of a century ago and where he has lived since, active in all good works tending to development and prosperity. John Cozzens was born in South Wales, at High Cross, Penbrookshire, May 17, 1833, of Welsh, Scotch and Irish ancestry. James Coz- zens, his father, was a farmer and a member of what was then the Independent Presbyterian church. His wife was Diana Thomas. He died in the thirty-seventh year of his age, she at the age of forty-two. They left nine children, of whom only three are living. John Cozzens, the eldest of the family, was educated in Wales, learned the butcher's trade there and, at the age of nineteen, married Miss Martha Cozzens, a distant relative and one of the pioneers of Mont- pelier. They were converted to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and sailed, the year after their marriage, for America, with Utah as their destination. That was in 1856. Mr. Cozzens took up government lands in Weaver valley and lived there until the church called for volunteers to settle Bear Lake valley. Then he was one of the fifteen men, who with their families, responded to the call. After stop- ping for a while at Paris, they came to Mont- pelier in 1864. There was not at that time a rod of iron rail within the limits of the present county of Bear Lake and the settlers had to go seventy-five miles for their supplies and bring them in with ox teams. They lived simply and cheaply in the poorest apologies for log houses, and had to rely on the most primitive means for everything. Mr. Cozzens brought along a big coffee mill, and this was used to grind the grain for the colony. It was hard enough for the pio- neers to procure the necessaries of life for them- selves and their families, but they fed the Indians also when opportunity presented, as a means to gaining and retaining their good will. Mr. Coz- zens early took up a quarter-section of govern- ment land, and most of his companions secured land in the same way. He was the president of the colony during the first ten years of its ex- istence. For a time the hardships and discour- agements were numerous and diversified. They took the form of early frosts, which killed every- thing that had been planted and had appeared above the ground, and of crickets and grasshop- pers, which destroyed the crops when the harvest time approached. But the pioneers were patient and were upborne by their faith. The winters were colder than any winters have been in the same locality since, and this brought many dis- comforts. The mail was brought in irregularly by men on snow-shoes and it was necessary to burrow down under the drifts for the fuel which was indispensable. But better things came by and by. The wilderness disappeared, a beautiful agricultural country was developed and a thriving town grew up as if by magic. Mr. Cozzens is now the owner of two hundred acres of land which, even if he had nothing else to show for his years of toil and self-denial, would in itself be a small fortune. Modern improvements and appliances are to be seen everywhere. The pests of the early days are for the most part gone. The Indians are gone, but this blessing has a shadow. The Indians formerly ate ground-squirrels in such large numbers that those pests were killed and frightened off so thoroughly as to be no ob- struction to successful farming. The squirrels have now multiplied to such an extent that, though many are killed every year for the bounty, paid by the county, of two cents on each tail HISTORY OF IDAHO. 375 brought in, they are numerous enough to de- stroy much grain. July 25, 1870, Mr. Cozzens married Miss Emily Merrill and Miss Sarah J. Perkins. By his two marriages he has eighteen children. Following are the names of his children by his first wife: Almira, who married D. E. Rich and lives at Ogden, Utah; James D., of Preston; William, who is on a mission to Kansas for his church ; Orrin, who has a sheep range in the mountains; and Mark, Earl and Lucille, who are members of their father's household. His children by his second marriage are named as follows: John, who is married and lives at Meadowville; Diana, Matthew, David, Luke, Joseph, Paul, Milton, Martha and Golden. Mr. Cozzens is a Democrat, a man of good business reputation and a citizen of much liberality and public spirit. WILLIAM E. BORAH. In the "learned professions" merit alone can win advancement. When success must depend upon the various mental attributes of the indi- vidual, neither wealth nor influential friends can aid one in the progress toward fame. The man who has attained prominence at the bar is there- fore entitled to great credit, for as he lengthens the distance between himself and mediocrity it is the indication of great zeal, marked abil- ity, close application and thorough knowledge. It has been through the exercise of these qualities that William E. Borah has attained a position at the bar that might well be envied by many an older practitioner. He was born in Fairfield, Wayne county, Illi- nois, June 29, 1865, and is of German and Irish lineage. Three brothers of the name emigrated to America in colonial days and two of them fought for the independence of the nation, while the third was an ardent loyalist. William N. Borah, the father of our subject, was a native of Kentucky, numbered among the influential farm- ers and officials in his county for many years. He married Elizabeth West, a native of Indiana, and in 1820 they removed to Illinois, where they still reside, their home being in Fairfield. They are members of the Presbyterian church, honored pioneers of the community, and are widely and favorably known. They had a family of ten chil- dren, eight of whom are yet living. Among this number is William Edward Borah, of Boise, who was reared on the old family home- stead in Illinois, aiding in the labors of field and meadow through the summer months, while in the winter season he attended the district schools of the neighborhood. Later he entered the Southern Illinois Academy, at Enfield, that state, where he studied for a year, after which he was matriculated in the university at Lawrence, Kan- sas. He had almost completed his course there when failing health forced him to seek a change of climate by going south. When he had suffi- ciently recovered he came to Lyons, Kansas, and began reading law under the instruction of A. M. Lasley, now of Chicago. He applied himself with great earnestness to the mastery of the fundamental principles of jurisprudence, and in 1888 was admitted to the bar. He was then ready to put his theoretical knowledge to the practical test, a test which afterward fully dem- onstrated his ability to cope with the intricate problems of the courts. He came to Boise in 1891, entered upon the practice of his profession and rose rapidly to prominence, acquiring an ex- tensive and profitable clientage. He now has the reputation of being one of the most successful lawyers in the state, having won many notable victories before judge and jury. On the 28th of April, 1895, Mr. Borah was united in marriage to Miss Mamie McConnell, a daughter of ex-Governor McConnell, of Idaho. They have a nice home in Boise and their posi- tion in social circles is very enviable. In politics Mr. Borah has always been a stalwart Republi- can; but in 1896, not agreeing with his party on the position which it took on the money question, he refused to follow its leadership and joined the ranks of the "silver" Republicans. With great power he defended the cause of bimetallism, was nominated for congress on that issue and con- ducted one of the most brilliant campaigns in the history of the state. The brilliance and force of his eloquence soon became noised abroad and wherever he spoke he attracted large audiences from every class and station in life. He had the power of holding the attention of his hearers to a remarkable degree, and though he was defeated he led his ticket, won hosts of friends and ac- quired the reputation of being one of the ablest campaign orators in Idaho. He is a young man 376 HISTORY OF IDAHO. of great promise. His close study of the momen- tous questions of the day and his loyalty to America and her institutions well fit him for leadership, and both in the field of politics and at the bar he will undoubtedly win still greater successes in the future. HENRY M. THATCHER. Throughout the greater part of his life Judge Henry M. Thatcher has resided on the Pacific slope, and as one of the honored pioneers of this section of the country has been prominently identified with its development, progress and up- building from an early day. He was born in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, October \"J, 1833, and is of German lineage. His grandfather, Samuel Thatcher, was born in Germany, and when a young man emigrated to the United States, settling in Susquehanna county, Pennsyl- vania, where he married Miss Hannah Smith. He was a soldier in the war of 1812 and lived to the advanced age of ninety-three years. Enos Thatcher, the father of the Judge, was one of a family of three sons and five daughters. He married Miss Artemesia Case, also a native of Susquehanna county, and in 1837 they removed to Illinois, locating at Ottawa, LaSalle county, where the father entered land and, in connection with agricultural pursuits, conducted a hotel. Both he and his wife were Congregationalists in religious belief, and for many years Mr. Thatcher served as chorister of his church and took an active part in other branches of the work. He lived to be seventy-eight years of age. The mother of our subject died in the fifty-first year of her age, leaving two children, Henry M. and Elizabeth, who is now Mrs. Deckerd, of Albany, Oregon. After the death of his first wife the father married again, and by that union had two children. Judge Thatcher was reared on the old home- stead in Illinois, and in 1850 crossed the plains from LaSalle county to Placerville, California. He traveled with a party, and they experienced many hardships and trials. At Independence Rock they were obliged to abandon their wagons and supplies, after which they suffered for the want of food and were obliged to live on boiled corn, of which they partook but once a day. They had no money with which to buy food at the few places where it could be obtained, and thus it was, empty-handed, that Henry M. Thatcher began life in the west. . For a time he engaged in placer mining near Hangtown and then went to Coloma, just below where Marshall made the first discovery of gold. He also engaged in mining at American Bar, on the American river, but in 1852 returned to the east, making the journey by way of the isthmus route. After paying all expenses he was enabled to take back with him a capital of two thousand dollars. In the spring of 1853, however, Mr. Thatcher again crossed the plains to California, and was engaged in ranching in the San Jose valley, where he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land, near Hayward. He raised barley and wheat and received good prices for his cereals. Later he was in San Francisco for a time and served as a member of the vigilance committee, being present when Cora and Casey were hung. The work of that committee was very important in bringing to an end the power of the lawless element which infested the new country and per- petrated many atrocious crimes. In 1858 he re- moved to Albany, Oregon, and thence to Salem, where he engaged in the livery and transfer busi- ness until 1878, when he came to Boise, Idaho, and took charge of the overland stage from Boise to Kelton. After three years devoted to that business he purchased a ranch on Goose creek, in Cassia county, and in connection with its cultivation and improvement he conducted a hotel, his energies being devoted to that enter- prise for nine years, during which time he met with a gratifying success. In 1890 Judge Thatcher came to Shoshone, and purchased four hundred and forty acres of land five miles east of the town on Little Wood river. Here he has since been engaged in ranch- ing and raising cattle, and has made his property one of the best in the country. He has a fine water right, and also has various placer-mining claims, the estimated value of which is from one to two dollars per yard. He is now engaged in doing hydraulic work, which it is expected will yield large returns. Thus steadily has he added to his possessions, and although he came to California without capital he is to-day the pos- sessor of considerable property, which has come to him as the reward of his own labors. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 377 In 1878 Judge Thatcher was united in mar- riage to Miss Lou L. Hart, of Portland, Oregon, and they have two sons, Leroy and Harry S. The former, now eighteen years of age, is ably con- ducting affairs on the ranch and is engaged in the stock business. The younger son is a little lad of six summers. Socially Mr. Thatcher is a Mason, having been connected with the order since 1868. He is past master of the lodge and has also been scribe in the chapter and is a member of the Odd Fellows society. In politics he has always been a stal- wart Republican, but does not agree with the party on the money question. He was elected a justice of the peace in 1894, and is now serving his fifth year in that office, having ever discharged his duties with marked promptness and fidelity and without fear or favor. He has a wide acquaintance in Califor- nia, Oregon and Idaho, and takes a deep interest in the western states, where so many years of his life have been passed. JOHN CUDDY. In western Idaho is located Cuddy mountain, which will ever stand as a monument to the gen- tleman whose name heads this sketch, one of the honored pioneers of the state. More than a third of a century has passed since he came to this part of the Union, and few if any of the early settlers are more widely known than he, while none are held in more genuine regard. In almost daily fear of Indian attack, he planted his business interests near the mountain named in his honor and there maintained his home while civilization slowly advanced toward him from the older east, gradually lessening the realm of the red men, who were once lords over this rich and beautiful region. The history of his life here in the early days, if written in detail, would prove more marvelous than the most wonderful tale of the novelist, but space forbids us to give more than a limited notice of his career. Mr. Cuddy was born in county Tipperary, Ire- land, November 15, 1834, a son of Michael and Catharine (Murphy) Cuddy. In 1840 his parents crossed the Atlantic to Boston, Massachusetts, bringing with them their ten children, while one of the number, having married, remained on the Emerald Isle. The father died at the age of seventy-eight years, and the motner passed away at the age of ninety-three. John Cuddy, their youngest child, was only six years of age when they sailed for the New World. He is a self-made man, for from early youth he has been dependent entirely upon his own efforts. His education was acquired at night schools and in the hard school of experience, but through his activity in the af- fairs of life he has gained a good practical knowl- edge. In his youth he learned the machinist's trade and operated a stationary engine. In 1852 he made his way to the Pacific coast, traveling by way of the isthmus route to San Fran- cisco, where he was employed in a ware- house for a time. He also engaged in mining on the Tuolumne river and operated a sawmill. In 1856 he went to Puget sound, where he manufactured lumber, and then accepted a position as engineer on a tow boat. In 1865 Mr. Cuddy came to Idaho, bringing with him a stock of goods from San Francisco. He came by water up the coast and through the river to Umatilla, and thence by team proceeded to Boise, where he opened his store, having a stock of liquors, groceries, paints and oils. He was the senior member of the firm of Cuddy & Tyne, 'and carried on business in Boise until 1869, when they came to Salubria and erected the first mills in this part of the country. These were ready for operation in 1870, and the following year Mr. Cuddy purchased his partner's interest and has since carried on the business alone. He engages in the manufacture of both lumber and flour, and nearly every house in this part of the state is constructed from lumber from his mill, while there is scarcely a home not familiar with the John Cuddy brand of flour. There were many difficulties and obstacles to be overcome in the establishment of a pood business, but he is now enjoying a large trade, and his efforts are crowned with a merited deeree of prosperity. In addition to his milling interests he owns a valuable farm of three hundred and twenty acres, a mile and a half from Salubria, and is justly re- garded as one- of the successful agriculturists and stock-raisers of this section of the state. When he brought his materials and supplies from Boise to build his mills, there were no bridges in this part of the state, and so he and Mr. Tvne built a boat, which they carried with 378 HISTORY OF IDAHO. them. On reaching a stream that was not ford- able they loaded their supplies in the boat and swam their stock across, thus eventually reaching their destination. Salubria is only seventy- five miles distant from Boise, but at that time it required twenty-one days to make the trip to and from the capital city. He located seven miles from any habitation, and the mountain near which he built his mill and home soon became known as Cuddy mountain, a name which it still bears. The first winter after his arrival in the Salubria valley the roads became so blocked with snow that for three months Mrs. Cuddy saw no one but her husband and baby On one oc- casion he loaded two four-horse teams with dressed hogs and bacon and started for the city, but the snow and mud under it were so deep that it required four days to go nine miles. They left the loads and went back to the house to sleep at nights. At another time Mr. Cuddy went to Boise for a ton of salt and was commissioned by a neighbor to purchase a can of kerosene. He paid one hundred and sixty dollars for the salt and secured the oil, but when he reached home he found that it had leaked on the salt, render- ing it unfit for use, and thus he was obliged to make the trip again for more salt. The first load he left exposed to the weather, and at the end of a year the oil had evaporated so that the salt could be fed to the stock. In 1877, when the Nez Perces war broke out, the settlers were in imminent danger, and many of them packed up their goods, left their homes and went to Weiser. Mr. Cuddy sent his family to Boise, and thus they lived in constant danger of the red men who again and again went on the war-path. The men always wore their cartridge belts to the fields where they worked, and at the slightest noise glanced apprehensively around, fearful of seeing the Indians. In 1878 the Ban- nacks went on the war-path, and when the news reached Mr. Cuddy he put his family in a wagon and took them down the valley to a fort which was built for protection for the settlers. No less than ten times did he thus take his wife and children from home, for he had taken part in an Indian war in Oregon in 1865, and knew of the cruelties and treachery of the savages. Grad- ually, however, as civilization advanced and the country became more thickly populated, the In- dians were subjugated and thus departed for other regions, leaving this fair district to yield its splendid gifts in return for the labors of the white race. It was on the loth of January, 1871, that Mr. Cuddy was united in marriage to Miss Delia Tyne, a native of his own country and county, and to them have been born six children, five of whom are living, namely: Kate, Ellen, John, Mary and Edward. They are being provided with good educational privileges and thus fitted to become useful men and women and to do credit to the untarnished family name which they wear. In his political views Mr. Cuddy is a Republi- can, but has never been a politician in the sense of office-seeking, preferring to devote his time and energies to his business interests, in which he has met with good success. He, however, served his county on the board of commissioners for eight years, and has ever sought to promote the public welfare and the general good. He be- longs to that class of brave and loyal men who have made possible the present splendid devel- opment of the northwest, and on the pages of Idaho's history his name will ever be engraved as one of its honored pioneers. WARREN P. HUNT. Warren Palmerton Hunt, who has been a highly respected citizen of Lewiston since 1862, and is numbered among the California pioneers of 1854, was born in Erie county, New York, March 13, 1832, a son of Isaac and Diantha (All- bee) Hunt, the former a native of Vermont and the latter of the Empire state. In 1852 the father went by way of the Cape Horn route to California, but returned to his farm in Erie coun- ty, where he made his home until his death, which occurred in the eighty-sixth year of his age. His wife passed away in her eighty-second year, and both died on the old family homestead in New York, where they had spent the greater part of their lives. They were honest, industrious farming people, highly respected by all. They held membership in the Christian church, and Mr. Hunt gave his political support to the Re- publican party. Warren P. Hunt was the eldest in their family of three children, and was reared upon the old HISTORY OF IDAHO. 379 homestead, attending the public schools through the winter months, while in the summer he assist- ed in the labors of field and meadow. In 1854 he sailed from New York for San Francisco, .reaching the latter place after a month's voyage. He then went directly to the mines in Sonora, Tuolumne county, California, and engaged in mining for about six years, meeting with only moderate success. While on the Stanislaus river with three partners, an incident occurred which terminated fatally to two of his partners, and Mr. Hunt and the other partner narrowly es- caped with their lives. In the river they had a wheel that lifted the water to the sluice. Three Frenchmen below them were engaged in putting in a wing-dam in the river some distance below, which backed the water on the wheel and pre- vented its turning. Mr. Hunt and his partners went down to see the Frenchmen and in a peace- able way endeavored to get them to obviate the difficulty. They even offered to help deepen the race without charge, but the Frenchmen were obstinate and would agree to nothing, but con- tinued to wheel dirt onto their dam. This so excited the little Englishman of Mr. Hunt's party that he pushed the plank on which they were wheeling the dirt into the water. At this, the big Frenchman clutched him, and Mr. Hunt, fearing that his partner would be drowned, went to the rescue. Finding that his fists for he had no firearms with him did not suffice to make the Frenchman desist, he took a stone and hit him on the head hard enough to make him loosen his hold. While they were in the fight the other Frenchmen ran to the cabin and brought out two guns and shot and killed the two partners of Mr. Hunt. By this time the Englishman had partially succeeded in disengaging himself from the clutches of his opponent, but he was also shot, being wounded in the knee. The French- men then rushed back to the cabin to reload their guns, while Mr. Hunt and the Englishman en- deavored to make their escape. They hadn't gotten away from the range ot the guns, how- ever, before they were fired upon again, and the partner, who was leaning on Mr. Hunt for sup- port, was again wounded. They however, man- aged to reach their own cabin, where they had arms, but the Frenchmen did not follow them. Soon the news of the murder sped among the miners in that vicinity, who turned out in force, but the Frenchmen escaped in the under- brush, which was then very dense. One of the hunting parties, however, came upon them, and was fired upon by them. It was supposed that they were helped out of the country by a brother Frenchman, who conveyed them away in dry- goods boxes. However, Mr. Hunt afterward learned that one of the Frenchmen was later hung in Los Angeles, for other crimes. In 1859 the subject of this sketch removed to Monterey, California, where he engaged in farm- ing until 1861. In the winter of that year he went to San Francisco, thence by steamer to Portland, and up the Columbia river to The Dalles. At that point he joined a party of five, who secured pack horses and came overland to the Grande Ronde country on the Powder river and thence, in the same year, to Lewiston. There were then but two wooden buildings in the town, but many tents marked the site of the now flour- ishing and prosperous city. In July the party went to Warren's, where Mr. Hunt took a miner's claim, but met with only fair success in his ef- forts there. He next made his way to Idaho City, in the Boise basin, where he followed mining for a year and a half. That venture, however, did not prove very profitable, and in the winter he returned to Warren's on snow-shoes, digging down and making a bed in the snow at night. The heavy snows greatly delayed the party, and their supply of food gave out. Some of the men suffered greatly and a number of them froze their feet. At last most of them were so exhausted that a Scotchman and Mr. Hunt were the only two strong enough to go ahead and break the track, and a part of the time they were able to make only from five to ten miles a day. After again mining at Warren's for a year Mr. Hunt abandoned that industry altogether and engaged in carrying the mail and express be- tween Lewiston and Warren's, traveling on horse- back in the summer and making the journey on snow-shoes in the winter. He carried on his back from eighty-five to ninety pounds from Warren's to Lewiston, and was paid one dollar per pound. He made the round trip of one hun- dred and seventy miles each week in the summer and in the winter once in two weeks, seventy miles of the distance on snow-shoes. There were 380 HISTORY OF IDAHO. road agents in the country then, but Mr. Hunt succeeded in evading them, and although he ran great risk he never received a scratch. He con- tinued this arduous task for six years and then took up his abode in Lewiston, where he has since made his home. He was elected to public office in 1867, being chosen sheriff of Nez Perces county, the candidate of the Republican party, of which he has always been a stanch supporter. He was afterward elected auditor, recorder and clerk of the board of county commissioners, serv- ing for two years in such a capable and satisfac- tory manner that on the expiration of his two- years' term he was re-elected. Since that time he has been engaged in stock-raising, farming and in the meat business. He owns a valuable farm of one hundred and sixty acres, ten miles from Lewiston, and in the city he has erected a de- lightful residence, a fitting place for one of Idaho's bravest and best pioneers to spend the evening of his days. In 1870 Mr. Hunt was united in marriage to Miss Olive C. Martin, a native of New York, and a daughter of Joel D. Martin, who took up his abode in California in 1850, and is numbered among the honored Idaho pioneers of 1862. He resides near Lewiston, and is one of the respected and valued citizens of this commonwealth. Mr. and Mrs. Hunt had two children. The little son died in infancy, and their daughter, Clara Irene, was spared to them only until her tenth year, when the dread disease, diphtheria, carried her away, bringing the greatest grief to the house- hold. Mrs. Hunt is a leading member of the Methodist church. Mr. Hunt is not connected' with any church or society, but is widely recog- nized as a man of sterling worth, and in his up- right and useful life has gained not only a com- fortable competence, but has also won that good name which is rather to be chosen than great riches. EZRA BAIRD. In the year which witnessed the arrival of so many of Idaho's prominent pioneeers 1862 this gentleman cast in his lot with the early set- tlers, and through the period which has since elapsed he has been an important factor in the development and progress of the state. He is a native of Schoharie county, New York, born May u, 1839, and is of Scotch and English descent. His ancestors came to America in colonial days, and the maternal great-grandfather of our sub- ject, Major Norton, fought throughout the strug- gle for independence. Joseph Baird, the father of our subject, was born in New York, and married Miss Sally Ann Gifforcl. For many years he engaged in. the operation of a flouring mill, but in 1849 took up his residence upon a farm near Binghamton, New York, where he spent the re- mainder of his life. He took an active part in public affairs, and held various county offices, discharging his duties with marked promptness and fidelity. Both he and his wife were faithful members of the Episcopal church. The former departed this life in the fifty-ninth year of his age, the latter in her seventy-seventh year. They had a family of four sons and three daughters, of whom five are living. Ezra Baird was reared and educated in Bing- hamton, New York. With the hope of more rapidly acquiring a competence in the west, in ' 1861, when twenty-two years of age, he went by way of the isthmus of Panama to San Francisco, where he remained for a year. The following year he arrived in Lewiston, where he has since made his home. He engaged in placer mining on Newsom creek and in the vicinity of Elk City, meeting with fair success, and taking out at times as high as one hundred dollars per day. After these early mining experiences he engaged in the stage and express business between Lew- iston, Warren's, Elk City and other places, and met with prosperity in that undertaking, which he continued for ten years. He was then called to public office, being elected sheriff of Nez Per- ces county in the fall of 1874. So fearlessly and efficiently did he discharge his duties that he was elected for three successive terms and served in all for eight consecutive years, proving a most capable officer and true to the public trust. He was also United States marshal for the territory of Idaho, appointed by President Cleveland. He is now largely interested in quartz mining in Montana, British Columbia; and, in Idaho, at Buffalo Hump, Dixie, Florence and on the Snake river, where he has rich copper mines. He is also engaged in buying and selling mines on his own account. At Lewiston he was also en- gaged in the livery business for several years, and has uniformly met with success in the various HISTORY OF IDAHO. 381 undertakings to which he has devoted his ener- gies. In 1873 Mr. Baird was united in marriage to Miss Mary A. Odle, a native of Oregon and a daughter of James Odle, a pioneer of the Sun- set state. They have two children, Edna May and Lewis Lawrence. They reside in a very at- tractive home, which stands on the hill near the State Normal School, and the household is noted for its genial hospitality. Socially Mr. Baird is connected with the Masonic fraternity, being connected with the blue lodge, chapter and com- mandery, and has also attained the thirty-second degree of the Scottish rite. In addition to his service as county sheriff, he has filled the office of alderman of Lewiston and has also been its mayor. He has exercised his official prerogatives for the upbuilding and development of the city, and at all times gives a hearty support to all measures intended for the public good. For thir- ty-seven years he has been a resident of Idaho and is widely and favorably known throughout the state. BENJAMIN F. HASTINGS. It has been the discovery of the rich mineral deposits of the northwest that has led to the de- velopment of this section of the country, and among those who have been prominent in pro- moting the mining interests of Idaho is Benjamin F. Hastings, late mining inspector of the state. An excellent judge of the value of ore, and a man of unimpeachable integrity, he was well quali- fied for the position which he so acceptably filled, and all concerned commended him for the straightforward, prompt and reliable manner in which he discharged his duties. A native of Mississippi, Mr. Hastings was born in the city .of Vicksburg, on the jist of August, 1848. His ancestors were English peo- ple who took up their abode in Pennsylvania at an early period in the history of the Keystone state. They took an active part in the affairs which shaped the destiny of the colony, and rep- resentatives of the name aided in the struggle for American independence. Benjamin Franklin Hastings, father of our subject, was born in Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania, and when a young man removed to Vicksburg, Mississippi, where he married Miss Ann Caroline Baker, a native of Somersetshire, England, and a daughter of Amos Baker, Esquire. On the discovery of gold in California, in 1849, Mr. Hastings, Sr., made a voyage around Cape Horn to the Pacific coast and became prominently engaged in the banking business in Sacramento, Virginia City, Nevada, and in San Francisco. He died in the last named place in 1882, at the age of sixty-five years. He was a man of excellent business ability and un- questioned integrity and left to his family the priceless heritage of an untarnished name as well as a goodly competence. In the family were ten children, but only two are now living, Benjamin F. and James, the latter now a resident of Cal- ifornia. In 1852 Benjamin F. Hastings of this review was taken to California by his parents. He was then only three years of age, and since that time he has resided in this section of the country. He attended the public schools of the Golden state, continued his studies in Philadelphia, and com- pleted his education abroad, studying both in England and in Paris, France. In 1868 he came to Idaho and for a year engaged in mining near Silver City, but at the expiration of that period returned to San Francisco and accepted the po- sition of receiving teller in the banking house of John Sime & Company. At the time of the Pioche excitement, in 1870, he went to that region, where he spent four years, and in 1875 he returned to Silver City, where he has since made his home. He has made judicious and extensive investments in mines, has operated a number successfully, has sold others at good profits, and still has valuable mining property in the vicinity of Silver City. He also has some good residence property here, and is one of the substantial citizens of this section of the state. He was elected to the office of state inspector of mines in 1896, and his term expired in January, 1899. He has always been a stanch Democrat in his political affiliations, and in 1886 was elected on that ticket to the position of sheriff of Owyhee county. On the expiration of his term of service he received his party's nomination for re-election. Mr. Hastings was united in marriage to Mrs. Anna Kimberly, of Dallas, Texas. They are both members of the Episcopal church, and are very highly esteemed in the community in which they make their home. Mr. Hastings has a wide 382 HISTORY OF IDAHO. acquaintance throughout the state, especially in mining circles, and his election to an important office indicated the confidence reposed in him and the high regard accorded him. HON. BURDICE J. BRIGGS. There are few men in southern Idaho better or more favorably known than Hon. Burdice J. Briggs, a lawyer of ability and success, an up- right and patriotic citizen, and the constant promoter of the best interests of the state and its people. His effective work in the legislature in behalf of irrigation entitles him to a prominent place in any volume which purports to give an account of Idaho and her leading useful citizens. Hon. Burdice J. Briggs was born at Bellevue, Nebraska, November 21, 1859, a son of Alpheus N. and Harriet (Green) Briggs. The Briggs family in America is of English origin and Bur- dice J. Briggs' ancestors came over previously to the Revolution and located in New England and New York. Alpheus N. Briggs was born in Vermont. While yet a young man, unmarried, he settled with his parents in Michigan, where he was a pioneer. He married Miss Harriet Green, of Allegan, that state. Judge Henry C. Briggs. of Kalamazoo, long a legal light in Michigan, was his brother. The family were Baptists for a long period in their earlier history. Later some of them became Congregationalists. During his younger and more active years Alpheus N. Briggs was a carpenter and a farmer, and he has always proven himself a man of good knowledge and understanding and influential as a citizen. He has attained the age of sixty-four years. He lives at Council Bluffs, Iowa, with his daughter, Mrs. H. C. Compton, whose husband is battalion sergeant of the Iowa volunteers in the United States service at Manila. His wife died at Georgetown, Montana, in January.. 1891, aged forty-nine. Alpheus N. Briggs removed with his family to Nebraska in 1853, an d located at Bellevue, where Burdice J. was born. The future lawyer gained a common-school education at Columbus, Neb- raska, and began his legal studies in Nebraska and finished them in Idaho. He came to this state in 1881 and was so fortunate as to secure as a preceptor F. S. Dietrich, a man thoroughly grounded in the law and now a prominent legal practitioner at Pocatello. Mr. Briggs was admit- ted to practice in 1887 and located at Idaho Falls, and he has built up a large and lucrative business in Bingham and adjoining counties. He is a member of the popular law firm of Briggs & Reeves, Judge William T. Reeves being his part- ner, and they have offices at Pocatello and at Idaho Falls. Politically Mr. Briggs is a Populist, and he is active and influential in the inner circles of his party. Mr. Briggs was a Republican until 1896, when he became a Populist because he could no longer support the financial theories of the Republican party. He was elected to the first legislature as a Republican and to the fourth legislature as a Populist, and was prominent in connection with much important legislation. He took deep interest in the passage of a bill to pro- mote the irrigation of the state, on which the fortunes of southern Idaho greatly depend. He is a prominent Mason and is now (1899) filling an important office in Eagle Rock Lodge, No. 19, A. F. & A. M., of Idaho Falls. He has a beautiful residence at Idaho Falls and a hundred and sixty acre farm, seven miles north of that place. Mr. Briggs was married October 7, 1885, to Miss Isabelle W. Gordon, a native of Scotland and daughter of James Gordon, of Castle Doug- las, Scotland. They have four children: Ethel Gordon, Milroy Green, DeForest Graham and Jane. Mrs. Briggs is a member of the Presby- terian church. PERRIN BEZA WHITMAN. The name of Perrin Beza Whitman is indeli- bly inscribed on the pages of the history of the northwest, for throughout the period of its de- velopment he was an active factor in promoting its interests and is numbered among the honored pioneers who made possible its later-day prog- ress and prosperity. The lot of the pioneer of the northwest has been a peculiarly hard one. The Indians, driven from their hunting grounds farther east, have cherished the resentment char- acteristic of the race, and have met as foes the brave band of white men who came to the west- ern wilderness to reclaim the lands for purposes of civilization and to garner the riches of nature for themselves and families. Not only were the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 383 pioneers met by the hostility of the Indians, but vast stretches of sandy plains and almost impass- able mountains separated them from the com- forts and conveniences of the east, and their lot was one of danger, difficulty, hardship and toil. A courageous spirit, an unconquerable deter- mination and steadfast purpose, these were the qualities demanded of the pioneers, and such characteristics enabled Mr. Whitman to meet conditions before which many another man would have quailed. He was the adopted son and nephew of the renowned Indian missionary, Dr. Marcus Whit- man, who was massacred by the Indians in 1847. His birth occurred in Danville, Illinois, March 4, 1830. In 1840 he went to New York, and in 1843, when thirteen years of age, he crossed the plains to Oregon with his uncle and the first wagon train that made its way over the plains to the Columbia river. When Dr. Whitman was killed and the mission burned, the papers of his adoption were destroyed. His life was spared only through chance, he being at The Dalles when the massacre occurred. His uncle had sent him to that place to take charge of some property which he had purchased of the Methodist mission, and sixteen days intervened before our subject heard of the tragedy. A Mr. Hinman had gone to Vancouver, where he learned the news, which had been carried to that point by a Frenchman, and on learning of the sad event Mr. Hinman at once hurried back to The Dalles. While a con- sultation was being held to decide what had bet- ter be done about the matter, five Indians rode up, saying that they were hungry, and Perrin Whitman went to the barn with them and gave them in their blankets nearly half a bushel of wheat. They had placed their guns by the fence, and all at once they gave a tremendous yell, scat- tered the wheat out of the blankets and rode away, for they had discovered that the white men had learned of the killing and were in a measure prepared for them. At three o'clock on the fol- lowing morning the pioneers at The Dalles started for Oregon City, knowing they were no longer safe at the former place, but after pro- ceeding only sixteen miles on their way, a severe wind caused them to have to push ashore, and they were forced to remain at that point for six- teen days longer, days fraught with danger and suspense. After reaching Oregon City Mr. Whit- man joined a party of volunteers that started out to arrest the Indians that had committed the crime, and also to relieve and protect the white men at the other mission. When all the volun- teers had assembled there were several hundred of them, and Mr. Whitman piloted the boats up the Columbia river and also acted as interpreter to the Indians. Many of the savages who had been connected with the murder were killed, and five were tried, convicted and hung. At the time the volunteers were mustered out, it was re- quested that fifty should continue in service, and Mr. Whitman was one of the number who ac- ceded to the request. He was in the upper coun- try when the Indians who had murdered his uncle were hanged, at Oregon City, and though he made all haste to reach the scene he arrived a day too late. Later he secured a clerkship in a store, where he remained for two years, and on the expiration of that period he began buying and selling horses. He was married February 5, 1854, to Miss Priscilla M. Parker, of Salem, Oregon, a daughter of Samuel Parker, who was born in Virginia and crossed the plains in 1845. He was a lawyer of ability, a man of much prominence in the early history of Oregon, and was instrumental in securing the establishment of the capital at Salem. In his religious connections he was a Methodist, and in his political views he was a Democrat, but was a strong advocate of the Union cause during the civil war. He died in 1887, and the community in which he resided mourned the loss of one of its most valued citi- zens. In 1863 M>. Whitman came with his familv to Idaho, locating in Lapwai, where he was em- ployed by the government as an interpreter in the Indian schools, anl also had charge of the Indian agency for a time. In 1883 he removed to Lewiston, where he was employed during the greater part of the time as a salesman. He was most trustworthy in business circles, reliable and honorable, and his enterprise made him a valued factor in the promotion of any business concern with which he was connected. In his religious belief he was a Presbyterian, and was a man of the highest integrity of character, who gained and retained the respect and confidence of all 384 HISTORY OF IDAHO. with whom he camein contact. He was atall times a loyal citizen of his adopted state, and did all in his power to promote its growth and advance its interests along educational, material, social and moral lines. He departed this life January 26, 1899, ar "d his many friends mourned the loss of not only a valued citizen but of a gentleman whom to know was to esteem and honor. Mr. and Mrs. Whitman were the parents of seven children, namely: Marcus S., who died in his eleventh year; Katherine, who became the wife of Mr. Barber and departed this life in her twenty-second year; Frances, wife of Charles E. Monteith, who is United States consul to Can- ada and resides in Chatham; Elizabeth K., wife of Henry K. Barnett, of Lewiston; Sophia, wife of William E. Mallory, a resident of Lewiston; Ethel, wife of Dr. Ashford, of Canyon City, Ore- gon; and Jennie, wife of T. D. Barton, of Lew- iston, an ex-sheriff of Nez Perces county. There are now two granddaughters and seven grand- sons. Mrs. Whitman survives her husband and makes her home with Mr. and Mrs. Mallory. She is one of the noble pioneer ladies of the state, and her splendid qualities of mind and heart have endeared her to all who have the pleasure of her acquaintance. The family is one of prominence in this community and the history of Lewiston would be incomplete without reference thereto. MATTHEW H. TRUSCOTT. The leading merchant and efficient postmaster of Alount Idaho, Matthew H. Truscott, has been a resident of this state since 1865, and has there- fore been a witness of the greater part of its growth and development, has seen its wild land reclaimed for purposes of cultivation, its rich mineral storehouses give forth their treasures, and the forests yield their trees to be converted into the homes of white men, who thus replaced the tents of the Indians. He was a young man of only twenty years when he arrived in the terri- tory, his birth having occurred in England, March 20, 1845. He was educated in the schools of his native land, there learned engineering and was for some time employed in that line of in- dustry and at mining. In 1861 he went to Chili, and two years later proceeded up the Pacific coast to California, where he was engaged in mining and engineering until the spring of 1865, when he came to Idaho, making the journey on horse- back through the Indian country, Nevada and the valley of the Humboldt river, to Idaho City, in the Boise basin. He remained there only a month or two, when, attracted by the gold excitement at Coeur d'Alene, he went to Clearwater station and mined in the different camps of Elk City and Newsom. He met with a fair degree of success and still has mining interests on the Clearwater. On coming to Camas prairie he was employed as engineer in a saw and flouring mill until 1883, when he accepted the position of clerk in the Mount Idaho Hotel. In 1886 he was appointed by President Cleveland to the position of post- master, an office which he has since filled most satisfactorily to the people of the town and most creditably to himself. He was also agent for the Wells-Fargo Express Company for two years, and in 1892 he entered into a contract with the firm of Vollmer & Scott to manage their general mercantile store in Mount Idaho. The following year he purchased that store, and has since car- ried on the business on his own account, having the principal establishment of the kind in the town. He is now enjoying a good trade and is meeting with excellent success in his undertak- ings. In addition to his duties in the post-office Mr. Truscott has performed other public service, hav- ing been deputy sheriff, deputy county assessor, deputy county treasurer and deputy school super- intendent, and at the present time he is capably filling the position of county superintendent of schools. In his political affiliations he is a stal- wart Democrat, and keeps well informed on the issues of the day, doing all in his power to pro- mote the growth and insure the success of the party. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity and has attained the twentieth degree of the Scottish rite. In his life he exemplifies the benevolent and inspiring principles of the order, and throughout northern Idaho he is widely and favorably known. HENDERSON ORCHARD. Each community is judged by the character of its representative citizens, and its social, intellec- tual and business standing is determined thereby. The sterling worth, commercial ability and en- terprise of the leading men are mirrored forth in the public life of the town, and therefore the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 385 history of the people of prominence is the his- tory of the community. Xo account of Grange- ville would be complete without the life record of Henderson Orchard, the popular president of the board of trade and a man whose public spirit is manifested in his many efforts to improve the conditions and promote the upbuilding of the town. A native of Oregon, he was born in the city of Monmouth, November 22, 1857, his parents being Jesse C. and Minerva (Medford) Orchard, natives of Virginia and Illinois respectively. They crossed the plains with oxen to Oregon in 1852, making that long and perilous journey with their family of five little children. While residing in Oregon six more children were added to their family. Mr. Orchard secured their donation claim of six hundred and forty acres where the town of Monmouth now stands, a beautiful tract in one of the richest and loveliest valleys of the northwest. There the family resided until 1859, when the father sold that property and purchased a homestead seven miles west of Portland, where he now resides, at the age of eighty-one years. His wife passed away in 1886, in her sixty-fifth year. This worthy couple were the parents of eleven children, all of whom are yet living. Henderson Orchard, the sixth in order of birth, acquired his education in Portland, learned the plumber's trade in early manhood, and for the past twenty-five years has devoted nearly- his en- tire time and attention, through business hours, to putting in water systems in various towns in Oregon, California, Washington and Idaho, which work has gained for him the title of "The Water King." He put in and owns the fine water system which is so valuable an acquisition to the business interests of Grangeville. The water is obtained from springs three and a half miles up in the mountains, and is piped under pressure to the town and through Grangeville in all direc- tions. Mr. Orchard is also engaged in the hard- ware business here and he was one of the organ- izers of the board of trade and was elected its first president. One of the principal objects of the board is to promote the building of good roads in all directions, and other improvements receive its encouragement and support. In 1878 Mr. Orchard was united in marriage, at Portland, to Miss Emma Jane Mason, a daughter of M. B. Mason, one of Oregon's brave pioneers. They now have four sons, Hollie, Thane, Vance and Tesla Edison. In his social relations Mr. Orchard is connected with the Odd Fellows lodge, and with the Modern Woodmen of the World. In politics he is a stalwart Republi- can and friend of the administration. His life has been one of activity in the industrial world, and the success which he has achieved is the fitting crown of well directed labors. ROBERT L. NOURSE, M. D. Dr. Robert L. Nourse, a prominent citizen and leading physician of Hailey, was born at Clo- verport, Kentucky, September 27, 1864. He descended from English ancestry, and his Amer- ican progenitors were among the early settlers at Salem and Nashua, Massachusetts. History tells how Rebecca Nourse, a member of his family, was burned at the stake at Salem on a charge of witchcraft, and the story forms one of the darkest and most painful chapters of our American history. One of the sights of Salem is the monument erected to her memory by mem- bers of her family of a later generation, and there is no other shrine on the continent at which so many tears have been shed. Dr. Nourse's father, Charles Augustus Nourse, was born at Salem. He came west to Illinois with his brothers and was married at Ouincy to Miss Frances Bridges, a native of Kentucky, re- lated to the Bullard and Murray families of that state, members of whom, as did some of the Bridges, participated in the war of 1812-14 and the war with Mexico. He died in 1880, at the age of sixty-one; his wife, at the age of forty- one, in 1867. They had nine children, of whom five are living, and so far as possible reared their family in the strict Presbyterian faith, of which they were lifelong adherents. Dr. Robert L. Nourse, their youngest child, was educated in the public schools and at an academy, and received his degree of M. D. from Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1889. He practiced his profession in Chicago and at Ash- land, Wisconsin, until he came to Hailey. Al- most from the day on which he opened his office in the flourishing Idaho town he may be said to have had a successful practice. It has grown constantly and extended into the country sur- 386 HISTORY OF IDAHO. rounding Hailey until it is very valuable. While devoting himself to general practice, Dr. Nourse has been an enthusiast in the study and treat- ment of diseases of the eye, ear and nose, and in surgery he has won a wide reputation as a safe and skillful operator. He is the sort of phy- sician who would practice his profession for the love of it, even under less favorable environ- ments than those of Hailey; and he recognizes the fact that the physician, endowed with superior knowledge and skill, is under grave responsi- bility to suffering mankind regardless of any mere question of pecuniary gain. In May, 1899, he was appointed by the governor a member of the state board of medical examiners for six years, and was elected secretary and treasurer by said board for two years. In 1889 Dr. Nourse was married to Miss Marie Crawford, daughter of Dr. S. K. Crawford, an eminent practitioner of Chicago. They have two children, Robert L., Jr., and Norman Craw- ford. Dr. and Mrs. Nourse are Presbyterians, but, there being no church of their own denom- ination in Hailey, attend the services of the Methodist Episcopal church and contribute lib- erally toward its support. Dr. Nourse is a mem- ber of the American Medical Association and of the Idaho State Medical Society. He was made a Master Mason in Ancient Landmark Lodge, No. 210, of Ashland, Wisconsin. He is an Odd Fellow and a Modern Woodman. He is one of the most popular men in Hailey and has a wide acquaintance among the leading men of the state. LOUIS N. B. ANDERSON. Fortunate is the man who has back of him an ancestry honorable and distinguished, and happy is he whose lines of life are cast in harmony there- with. In person, in character and talents, Mr. Anderson is a worthy scion of his race. Though his life has been one rather of modest reserve than of ambitious self-seeking, he has shown him- self a peer of the brightest men of his adopted state, and his mental talents led to his selection for the important position of superintendent of public instruction of Idaho for the years 1897 and 1898, in which capacity he served with dis- tinction. For several generations his ancestors have devoted their energies to the advancement of intellectual acquirements among their fellow men. His great-grandfather, a native of Den- mark, followed school-teaching in his native land prior to his emigration to America. The latter event occurred, however, in the colonial period of our country, and he aided in the struggle which brought to the nation her independence. He afterward erected a school-house, and conducted a private school throughout the remainder of his life. He was born December 22, 1747, and died in 1834, at the advanced age of eighty-seven years. His son, Allen Anderson, the grandfather of our subject, was born in North Carolina, in 1777, and he likewise devoted his life to educa- tional work. He married a Miss Evans, and died in 1847, at the age of seventy years. Of his three sons, Watson Gates Anderson was born in North Carolina in 1815, and when seventeen years of age removed to Indiana. He was among the pioneer school-teachers of that state, being of the third generation of the family to devote his en- ergies to that profession. He married Miss Beu- lah Jane Jeffrey, a native of Indiana, whose father was born in New Jers.ey and was of Eng- lish descent. He also loyally served the colonies in the war of the Revolution. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Anderson were born nine children, three sons and six daughters, four of whom are living. The father and one son aided in the defense of the Union during the civil war and the latter died of disease contracted in the service. Mr. Ander- son and his family were all devout members of the Methodist Episcopal church. Professor Anderson, whose name intro- duces this review, was born on the i6th .of August, 1850, in Spartansburg, Randolph county, Indiana, and was given the name of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. When a child of seven years he accompanied his par- ents on their removal to southern Kansas, a set- tlement being made near Neosho Falls, in Wood- son county, where they lived during the troublous times which preceded the war and during the great struggle between the north and the south. At the age of ten years Professor Anderson be- came a member of the church, and his whole life has been guided by the lofty principles of Chris- tianity. He acquired his early education under the direction of his father, who instructed him by the light of a hickory fire, in the wilds of Kansas. From 1872 until 1881 he engaged in teaching in HISTORY OF IDAHO. 387 Woodson county, and with the capital he had thus acquired he pursued a classical education in Hanover College, in Indiana. In 1882 he was ordained an elder of the Methodist church, and has since been a very acceptable minister in that denomination, preaching in Kansas, Washing- ton, Oregon and Idaho. In 1879 ne began a five years' course in history, literature, science and theology, and was graduated in 1884. The previous year he had located in Idaho, where he has made his home almost continuously since. He resided in Boise county for one year, and has since lived in Latah county. In 1888 Professor Anderson began the study of law, which he pursued at intervals for a num- ber of years, acquiring a thorough and compre- hensive knowledge of the principles of jurispru- dence. On the loth of February, 1897, he was admitted to practice by the supreme court of the state. In 1894 he was elected probate judge of Latah county, serving two years in that capacity, during which time he passed judgment upon as many cases as most of the district judges, and his decisions were never in a single case, civil, crim- inal or probate, reversed on revision by a higher court. He was absolutely fair and conscientious in the discharge of his duties and his judicial career was most commendable. In 1896 he was nominated by the People's Democratic party for superintendent of public instruction, to which office he was elected, serving in that capacity for the years 1897 and 1898. For several years he has been an active factor in the politics of Idaho. He gives a stanch sup- port to the Populist party, believing that its prin- ciples are more in accord than those of any other party with the sentiment of a government "of the people, by the people, and for the people." He also holds firmly to the opinion that remoneti- zation of silver would be of immense benefit to the country, both in the east and in the west. He gives to all political questions his earnest and careful consideration and his views are the result of logical deductions. He is now engaged in the active practice of the law, with headquarters at Moscow. In 1876 Professor Anderson was united in marriage to Miss Ellen Taylor, a native of Mis- souri, and a daughter of George M. Taylor, a well known ranch-owner and a representative of Revolutionary ancestors. To Professor and Mrs. Anderson were born five children, three of whom died in childhood, while in Kansas. Those now living are Ella and Paul. The family have a pleasant home in Moscow and enjoy the friend- ship of many of the best people of the state. At this point it would be almost tautological to enter into any series of statements as showing the Professor to be a man of broad intelligence and genuine public spirit, for these have been shad- owed forth between the lines of this review. Strong in his individuality, he never lacks the courage of his convictions, but there are as dom- inating elements in this individuality a lively human sympathy and an abiding charity, which, as taken in connection with the sterling integrity and honor of his character, have naturally gained to him the respect and confidence of men. JAMES M. STEVENS. In a new state like Idaho the really prominent men who are native to the soil are comparatively few, for the reason that few men are able to at- tain prominence young enough to take this dis- tinguished position. James M. Stevens, junior member of the firm of Detrich, Chalmers & Ste- vens, of Blackfoot, one of Idaho's law firms, has the distinction of being one of Idaho's native sons. He was born January 30, 1873, at his father's home on the bank of the Snake river, in what was then Oneida county, near where the city of Blackfoot has since come into being. He is of Scotch-English ancestry, and his forefathers settled early in New England, where four gen- erations of the family were born, at Lynn, Mas- sachusetts, and was there reared and educated. While yet a young man, he went to California. Not long after his arrival there, the war of the states being in progress, he enlisted in the United States army, with the expectation that the regi- ment would be sent south to take part in aggres- sive fighting. To the bitter disappointment of Judge Stevens and his comrades-in-arms, the regiment was, instead, sent into Utah to keep the Indians in subjection and defend emigrants and settlers against their attacks. At the expiration of his term of service he settled on a government ranch, which he improved and to which he added until he had one of the large and fine farms of the state, comprising five hundred acres, fitted 388 HISTORY OF IDAHO. up with first-class buildings and appointments. His home here is a beautiful one, and it was amid its refined surroundings that he reared his fam- ily. As a farmer he has given much attention to stock-raising, which he has prosecuted with much success. He has been a lifelong Republi- can, stanch and active, and, in recognition of his effective work for the success of the party, was appointed by President Harrison postmaster at Blackfoot, a position which he filled four years to the entire satisfaction of every one concerned, and in any locality everyone is concerned in the local post-office and will criticise its management if there is any chance for criticism. Later he was elected judge of probate for his county, and filled that office six years, with credit to himself and honor to his fellow citizens. Judge Stevens married Miss Finnetta E. Garrett. a native of England. They had four children: Emma, James M., Abbie and Richard. James M. Stevens was reared on his father's farm and attended the public schools. He ob- tained his education in the law in the law depart- ment of the Leland Stanford University, Califor- nia, and was admitted to practice by the supreme court of the state of Idaho, at Boise, and soon afterward became a member of the law firm of Detrich, Chalmers & Stevens, a very strong pro- fessional combination which has a wide reputa- tion for honorable methods and substantial suc- cess. Mr. Stevens has proven that he possesses not only knowledge of the law but real talent for its practice. He is an honest advocate, respects himself and the court, and does credit to any cause with which he identifies himself. He is a Mason, a Modern Woodman of the World and an Odd Fellow, and has passed every chair in the lodge of the order last mentioned. EDWARD H. MOFFITT. Edward H. Moffitt, secretary and treasurer of the Coeur d'Alene Hardware Company, of Wal- lace, Idaho, is numbered among the native sons of the Keystone state, his birth having occurred in Allegheny City, August 22, 1845. His parents were Rev. Thomas and Maria L. (Patterson) Moffitt. The father was born in Pennsylvania in 1818, and for many years devoted his energies to the work of the ministry in connection wirh the Methodist Episcopal church. His death oc- curred in 1878, when he had reached the age of sixty years. His wife, who was born in Penn- sylvania, in 1818, is now a resident of Canon City, Colorado. The family resided in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, until 1857, when they re- moved to central Illinois, where they remained until 1870, the year of their removal to Kansas. It was in the latter state that the father died, and since 1881 the mother has made her home in Colorado. Mr. Moffitt, whose name introduces this re- view, acquired his education in the public schools of Pennsylvania and Illinois, and in January, 1864, when eighteen years of age, loyally offered his services to the government as a defender of the Union, and was assigned to Company F, Second Illinois Cavalry. He served until Jan- uary, 1866, and was mustered out at San An- tonio, Texas, for the war had ended and his aid was no longer needed. Returning to his home in Illinois Mr. Moffitt was for two years engaged in the grocery busi- ness in Monticello, and in 1868 he went to Colo- rado, where he engaged in mining and prospect- ing until 1887. He first visited Idaho in 1879 and was for some time in the Wood river coun- try. In February, 1884, he came to Shoshone county and was one of the first settlers in the Coeur d'Alene section. In 1887 the hardware business with which he is now connected was established in Wallace, under the firm name of J. R. Marks & Company and later passed into the hands of the firm of Holley, Mason, Marks & Company. Upon the reorganization of the firm, in 1882, the business was incorporated under the firm name of the Coeur d'Alene Hardware Com- pany, with J. A. Fitch as president; A. B. Camp- bell, vice-president, and Edward H. Moffitt, sec- retary and treasurer. They deal in mining and mill supplies and all kinds of general hardware and have one of the most extensive hardware stores in the west. They enjoy a very liberal patronage, and not a little of the success of the enterprise is due to the energetic and capable secretary, whose executive ability and keen fore- sight are most marked. In 1888 occurred the marriage of Mr. Moffitt and Miss Effie J. Colborn, of lola. Kansas, and to them have been born two sons. They have a pleasant home in Wallace, and the household is HISTORY OF IDAHO. 389 celebrated for its hospitality. In his political views Mr. Moffitt is a Democrat and socially is connected with die Masonic fraternity. He is a public-spirited and progressive citizen, lending his aid and co-operation to every movement for the public good, and is a reliable business man, who fully merits the confidence reposed in him. WYLIE A. LADDER. Among those who have been distinctly con- spicuous in connection with the substantial up- building and legitimate progress of the attractive little city of Moscow, the county-seat of Latah county, very definite recognition must be given to him whose name initiates this paragraph. It was his fortune to be on the ground when the town practically had its inception, and with every advance movement he has been prominently iden- tified, being recognized as one of the leading and most enterprising business men of the place and as one who has contributed liberally and with enthusiasm to every cause which has had as its object the growth and prosperity of Moscow. Mr. Lauder traces his ancestral line through many generations of sturdy Scottish stock, he himself being of but the second generation on American soil, since his father, William Lauder, was a native of bonnie Scotland, the fair land of "brown heather and shaggy wood." Wylie A. Lauder is a native of Canisteo, Steuben county, New York, where he was born in July, 1857, the son of William and Mary (Cameron) Lauder, the former of whom was born in Scotland, as has already been noted, while the latter is likewise of Scottish ancestry. William Lauder came to the United States in the year 1845, locating at Duanesburg, New York, where was eventually solemnized his marriage to Miss Mary Cameron. In the year 1869 they removed to North Caro- lina, where the father of our subject devoted his attention to agricultural pursuits until the fall of 1885, when he made a visit to Moscow, Idaho, becoming so impressed with the attractions of the place that when he returned to his home in the south he determined to dispose of his prop- erty there and to make his home in the little city where his son was located. Accordingly, in 1891, he closed out his interests in North Caro- lina and came to Moscow, where he passed the residue of his days, his death occurring on the 24th of November, 1897, at the age of seventy years. He was a Republican in his political pro- clivities, was a man of strong intellectuality and so ordered his life as to gain and to merit the esteem and confidence of his fellow men. His widow is still living, having reached the venera- ble age of seventy-six years, and makes her home in Moscow, where she is accorded the utmost filial devotion by her children, who are three in number. Wylie A. Lauder, the immediate subject of this review, was the second in order of birth of the three children, and his educational discipline was secured in the public schools of North Caro- lina, where he was reared under the invigorating influences of the parental farmstead. He contin- ued to be identified with agricultural pursuits until 1883, when he came to Colfax, Washington, where he was placed in charge of the store which furnished supplies to those engaged in the con- struction of the line of the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company. When the line had been completed to Moscow Mr. Lauder determined to make this his permanent abiding place, foresee- ing that the natural advantages of the location would in time make it an important point. His confidence in the future of Moscow has been justified by results, and his faith in its still greater precedence is unwavering. His first distinctly local business venture was made in company with Fred S. Clough, with whom he became asso- ciated in the manufacture of brick, in which im- portant line of enterprise they were the absolute pioneers in the place. They made the first brick ever manufactured in Moscow, and supplied the material in this line for all of the many fine brick structures which have made the town so attract- ive and substantial in its upbuilding. The first building erected of brick was the Bank of Mos- cow, and for this the firm supplied the material, as well as for all other structures both public and private. The association of Messrs. Lauder arid Clough continued for three years, after which, in 1886, our subject entered into partnership with his brother-in-law, T. J. Taylor, who is now sher- iff of Lemhi county, Idaho. They continued the manufacture of brick up to the year 1895, con- ducting an extensive business in this line and also in that of contracting and building. The firm erected the building for the Washington 390 HISTORY OF IDAHO. State Agricultural College, at Pullman; the splendid building of the Idaho State University, at Moscow; all of the public-school buildings of this city and all but three of Moscow's fine busi- ness blocks. They manufactured more than twelve million brick, having shipped over a mill- ion to Spokane, and the firm had a reputation for the highest integrity and for scrupulous honor in every business transaction. When their business success was at its height, the general financial depression of 1893 began to make its influence felt in this section of the Union, and the firm failed, as did many others within that memorable period. The loss entailed to the firm was such that they were compelled, though with great reluctance, to discontinue the business which they had labored so assiduously to establish. In 1892-3 they had brought about the organization of the Builders' Supply Com- pany, of which Mr. Lander was president. Quite extensive investments had been made in real estate, and with the depreciation in values and the slight demands for investments in realty, re- sulting from the unsettled financial conditions of the country, they met with heavy losses. Mr. Lauder is net, however, a man to be easily disheartened or discouraged, and he soon turned his attention to other lines of enterprise, confi- dent that energy, careful methods and hard work would insure success, even with many obstacles to be overcome. He accordingly organized the Idaho Fruit & Produce Company, of which he is manager. The company deals largely, at wholesale, in hay, grain and other agricultural products, and also handles fruits of all kinds in large amounts. The enterprise supplies a' dis- tinct need in Moscow, and excellent success is attending it. The producers find here a ready cash market for their products, and to Moscow is thus attracted the business of a large tributary territory, practically comprising the entire north- ern section of the state. The value of such an enterprise can not be overestimated, and in this way Mr. Lauder is contributing to the progress and prosperity of the city while promoting indi- vidual success. He is public-spirited in his atti- tude, and is at all times ready to lend his aid and influence to whatever conserves the well-being of his home city. In the vear 1886 Mr. Lauder was united in marriage to Miss Minnie Taylor, daughter of William Taylor, the pioneer settler of Latah county, to whom specific reference is made on other pages of this work. To the article men- tioned the reader is referred for a detailed his- tory of the family. Mr. and Mrs. Lauder are the parents of two children, Ralph Emerson and Alma. The family home is a most attractive resi- dence of modern architectural design, located on a ten-acre tract near the grounds of the State University, and here a gracious hospitality is ex- tended to a large circle of friends. Mr. Lauder is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, while Mrs. Lauder holds membership in the Christian church. Our subject is one of the trustees of his church and was prominently iden- tified with the building of the fine church edifice. In his political adherency he is arrayed in sup- port of the Republican party. An energetic, up- right and enterprising business man of Moscow, Mr. Lauder is one of the city's honored and rep- resentative citizens. WILLIAM M. BROWN, M. D. The medical fraternity is ably represented by Dr. William M. Brown, who is the leading phy- sician of Cuprum, whither he removed in June of the present year, 1899, from Salubria, where he had continuously and successfully engaged in practice from June, 1892. He was born in Preble county, Ohio, on the i8th of November, 1860. His ancestors were early settlers of South Carolina, and his grandfather, James Brown, was born in Due West, that state. James Scott Brown, the Doctor's father, was a native of Preble county, Ohio, and having arrived at man's estate he married Miss Julia Robertson, of Brighton, Iowa, who was born at Spring Hill, Indiana. He spent his entire life, however, near the old homestead where his birth occurred, and was an industrious, prosperous and honorable farmer. He and his wife were valued members of the United Presbyterian church and exempli- fied in their daily lives their religious belief. Dr. Brown, the eldest in their family of nine children, eight of whom are yet living, was lib- erally educated and thus fitted for the responsi- ble duties of life. Having attended the public schools of the Buckeye state, he further contin- ued his studies in the university at Oxford; Ohio, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 391 and in Monmouth College, at Monmouth, Illi- nois. He was graduated in the Miami Medical College of Cincinnati, Ohio, in the class of 1888, having therein completed a course in medicine, after which he engaged in the practice of his chosen profession in Omaha, Nebraska, until June, 1892, when he came to Salubria. For seven years he made his home there and his practice constantly extended throughout the val- ley. In June, 1899, he removed to Cuprum, Idaho, where in connection with his practice, he conducts a drug store. He numbers among his patrons many of the best people of this section of the state, and his success is richly merited, for he is a close student of his profession and spares no efforts whereby he will be better fitted to min- ister to the needs of suffering humanity and check the ravages of disease. Dr. Brown erected a good residence in Salu- bria and there resided with his interesting family until his removal to Cuprum. He was married on the ist of October, 1889, to Miss Emma L. Sherman, of New York, a daughter of Jesse S. Sherman, of the Empire state. They have two daughters, Winifred and Mildred, and the mem- bers of the family are highly esteemed in the community. The Doctor is a valued member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and in his political preferences and affiliations he is a Republican. He has served as coroner of Wash- ington county and takes a deep interest in every- thing pertaining to the welfare and advancement of town, county and state. JESSIE K. CLARKE, M. D. In no field of endeavor requiring intellectuality has woman failed to demonstrate her equality with man, and more and more the different lines of professional labor are opening to her, and therein she is winning successes that are most creditable. Dr. Jessie K. Clarke, although a re- cent acquisition to the medical fraternity of Grangeville, has already demonstrated her right to be classed among the foremost physicians oi Idaho county, and her ability is indicated by the liberal patronage she now enjoys. She makes a specialty of diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, and her labors have been attended by most gratifying results to patient and practi- tioner. Dr. Clarke is a native of Ohio, her birth hav- ing occurred in Circleville, June i, 1861. She is of English lineage on the paternal side and of Scotch descent on the maternal, her mother's people tracing their ancestry back to Sir William Wallace, one of the greatest heroes and patriots that his land has ever produced. The Clarkes have for generations been residents of New York. To this family belongs Dr. Elisha Clarke, a grand- uncle of the lady of whom we write. Her father, William A. Clarke, was a native of Albany, New York, was a farmer by occupation, and relig- iously was connected with the United Brethren church. He married Miss Sarah M. Cleveland, and to them were born eight children, all of whom are living. The father passed away in 1892, at the age of seventy-eight years, and his wife is now living, in her seventy-first year. Dr. Clarke was educated in the Normal School and Business Institute, at Paola, Kansas, and in the Willamette University, in Oregon, graduat- ing at the latter institution in the class of 1879. She pursued her medical education in the Eds- worth Medical College, at St. Joseph, Missouri, where she was graduated with honors in the class of 1896, after which she spent a year in perfect- ing herself in her specialty in the New York Polyclinic. Thus well informed concerning the science of medicine, and particularly well versed concerning the diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, she began practice in Topeka, Kansas, where she still has her office, which is now in charge of her partner, H. L. Akire. She is a val- ued member of the Kansas State Medical Society, also the City Medical Society and of the Acad- emy of Medicine and Surgery in Topeka. She came to Grangeville in October, 1898, to see her mother and sister, who were ill, and was by them induced to open an office in Grangeville, where she is meeting with very gratifying suc- cess. She is a close student of her profession, and her knowledge of the science of medicine is com- prehensive and accurate. Her zeal and devotion are manifest in the faithful performance of each day's duty, from which she also gains inspiration and strength for the labors of the succeeding day. She is very skillful in the diagnosing of a case, and has effected some remarkable cures. Dr. Clarke is a lady of fine physique and most pleasing manner, is an excellent conversational- 392 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ist and has a very sympathetic nature, which is manifest in her professional as well as social life. She deserves great credit for her success, for through her own efforts she has worked her way upward. By teaching she acquired the means that enabled her to pursue her professional edu- cation, and her resolution and zeal are most com- mendable. She has already won many friends in Grangeville and the surrounding country, and the medical fraternity accord her a leading place in their ranks. HENRY W. CURTIS. There is a sprinkling of English blood in Idaho which adds to the moral and financial vitality of the state. One of the leading citizens of Black- foot of English birth is ex-County Treasurer Henry W. Curtis, who was also the pioneer hardware merchant of that city. Mr. Curtis was born in London, England, August 9, 1854. His father, Joseph H. Curtis, of an old English fam- ily, married Miss Sarah Morrell, a native of Lon- don. They had seven children born to them in England, and in 1860 they came to the United States, to found a home in the New World. Mr. Curtis was a silk-weaver by trade and for about a year was employed at stocking-weaving in Philadelphia. In 1861 the family moved to Utah, and there the father died in 1877, aged sixty-four years. His wife has attained the age of eighty- four, and their children are all living. Henry W. Curtis, the youngest of the seven, was educated in public schools of Utah and be- gan to earn his living at the early age of nine years. He has not only depended on himself since that time, but has helped others, and may be called a self-educated man. In his early efforts to get on in the world he engaged four years in freighting from Corinne, Utah, to different points in Montana. In 1874 he embarked in the hard- ware business and general manufacture of tin- ware, and in 1885 became the first hardware mer- chant of Blackfoot, where he met with well de- served success. He has proven himself a busi- ness man of first-class ability, and the favor with which he has been received and which has re- sulted in the building up of a large trade through- out all of Blackfoot tributary territory, has been won by honest methods and the policy of giving full value in ever}' transaction, large or small. Mr. Curtis has a genial manner and a hearty courtesy which gain him friends not only nume- rous but warm and steadfast. Possessed of a gen- erous disposition and much public spirit, he has interested himself in every movement for the public good, and he has been a useful citizen whose good offices are appreciated by the people of Blackfoot. He was twice elected, as a Re- publican, to the office of county treasurer and performed its duties to the satisfaction of every good citizen. Mr. Curtis was made a Mason, in Grove City Lodge, No. 33, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, and has passed every chair in the local Odd Fellows lodge and is a Modern Woodman of America. In 1870 Mr. Curtis married Miss Luella Ben- son, who bore him. a son, Harry B. Curtis, who is one of Blackfoot's most prominent young men and is a valuable assistant to his father in his business. Mrs. Curtis died in 1881. She was a woman of great ability and of the truest worth, and her loss was felt keenly not only in her own household, but throughout her large circle of acquaintance. After the expiration of nine years, in 1890, Mr. Curtis married Miss Agnes E. Mil- len, who was of Scotch parentage and a native of Minnesota. She died in March, 1895, leaving two daughters, Lola and Sadie. She had proven herself a loving wife and mother and a woman of value to the community, and her death caused sorrow to all who knew her. Mr. Curtis has since lived a single life, comforted by the affec- tion of his children. EPHRAIM W. BAUGHMAN. Few men are more widely known in the north- west than Captain E. W. Baughman, of Lewis- ton, who for forty-eight years has sailed on the rivers in this section of the country. His circle of friends is indeed extensive, and his genial manner and social disposition win him the regard of all. He was born in Fulton county, Illinois, May 18, 1835, and is of German lineage, his an- cestors having long been residents of Pennsyl- vania, however. His father, John Baughman, was born in that state and married Miss Jane Murphy, a lady of German descent. In an early day they removed to Illinois, settling in the west before the Black Hawk war. The father secured a HISTORY OF IDAHO. 393 farm in Fulton county and there reared his family of nine children, four of whom are yet living. He departed this life in the eightieth year of his age, and his wife passed away when about the same age. Captain Baughman, their fifth child, was reared in the state of his nativity until his sixteenth year, and then crossed the plains with ox teams to California, in 1850. The party with which he traveled took with them a year's provisions, but found they had more than they needed, and on reaching California they sold their surplus sup- ply of flour, bacon, beans and sugar for two dol- lars per pound. The Captain engaged at placer mining at Hangtown and on the south fork of the American river, and after spending a brief time in the mines he went on a sailing vessel to Portland, Oregon, paying fifty-five dollars for the passage. The voyage lasted for a month, and on reaching his destination Captain Baughman worked at whatever he could find to do, being principally engaged in "packing" things on his back from one place to another in the town. After a winter spent in that way his employer wanted him to take city lots at fifty dollars each in payment, but he declined, wanting money in- stead. The man, however, failed and in conse- quence he got nothing, and the lots which he refused are now of great value. That spring Captain Baughman suffered a severe attack of rheumatism, during which he was cared for and treated by Dr. Baker. When our subject had recovered and asked for his bill, expecting to be charged a very large sum, the doctor responded that he would make no charge except for the actual cost of the medicine, about forty dollars. Thus Captain Baughman realized the truth of the old adage: "A friend in need is a friend indeed!" Removing to Oregon City, he soon became well and strong again, and accepted a position as fireman on a steamboat. Later he was engaged in the sawmill business and subse- quently went to Yamhill county, Oregon, where he operated a farm for a year. In 1851 he ac- cepted a position as fireman on the Lot Whitman and was thus employed until 1853, when he went to the Cascades and became captain of a little sailboat, carrying lumber and merchandise on the Columbia river and also taking emigrants down the river to Portland and other points. He received eighty-four dollars per ton for loading freight. He next became captain of the steamer Hasalo, running between the Cascades and The Dalles, and in May, 1861, he was sent by the Oregon Steam Navigation Company to explore the Snake river from Caldwell to Lewiston. In 1862 he was in command of the Colonel Wright and made the first -trip up the Snake river. He made for his company over twenty-one thou- sand dollars, the trips averaging about fifteen thousand dollars. In August, 1862, in partner- ship with Henry Corbet (now ex-senator) and others, he built the steamboat Spray, at a cost of thirty-three thousand dollars, and in five months he earned on her trips fifty-two thousand dollars. He then sold the vessel to the Oregon Steam Navigation Company for sixty-three thousand dollars. While running that boat the Captain made seven hundred dollars per month. After selling the Spray he went to the Willamette river and was a director of the People's Navigation Company and captain of one of the boats, but the starting of an opposition boat proved a failure and he lost money. Subsequently Captain Baughman engaged in boating on the Puget Sound for two years, and was also on the Fraser river for two years. In 1873 he returned to the Willamette river and urged the building of the locks at Oregon City, helped to organize the company for this purpose and was elected its president. He was in com- mand of boats on the Willamette until 1876, and has been. connected with the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company longer than any other of its employes. His long service on the rivers of the northwest has gained him a very extensive acquaintance, until in this section of the country not to know Captain Baughman is almost to argue oneself unknown. In 1864 was celebrated the marriage of the Captain and Miss Lizzy Thomas, a native of St. Louis, and a daughter of John Thomas, an Eng- lish gentleman who was brought to America when a child by his parents. Mrs. Baughman crossed the plains to the Pacific coast in 1850. By her marriage she has become the mother of four children: Hattie, wife of H. A. Thatcher; Henry, who was a steamboat captain for a num- ber of years, and is now a leading business man of Lewiston; Ralph, who is a pilot on the steam- 394 HISTORY OF IDAHO. er Lewiston; and Frank, who died of typhoid fever in his nineteenth year, while attending school in Portland. The family is one of prom- inence in the community. Mrs. Baughman is a valued member of the Episcopal church and also of the order of the Eastern Star. The Captain belongs to the Masonic fraternity, and has at- tained the fourteenth degree of the Scottish rite. His many excellent qualities, uniform courtesy and genuine worth have gained him high and uniform regard, and he well deserves mention in the history of his adopted state. BISHOP JAMES THOMAS. "Faith without works" has never accomplished much. Religion that is practical and applicable .to the every-day life of any people is good for them, regardless of any peculiarities of creed. Bishop Thomas, of the Eagle Rock ward of the Church of Latter Day Saints, must be recom- mended as a man of the highest quality of busi- ness ability, one who makes a business of re- ligion and does not attempt to do business except by the rule which is the rule of his private life. Bishop Thomas is a native of Wales and a son of John and Mary (Roberts) Thomas. He was born at Llanelly, Carmarthenshire, April 29, 1848. His parents were converted to the faith of the Church of Latter Day Saints that same year. His father, who was a tailor, came with his wife and seven of their sons to America, twenty years later, and settled at Salt Lake City, Utah. There he devoted himself to his trade until his retirement from the active life. He is living at Smithfield, Utah, aged eighty-four years. His wife died in 1885 aged sixty-five. John, Thomas, William, James, Lorenzo, Dan and George, their seven sons who came with them to the United States, all settled in Utah and were ardent adherents to the Mormon faith. Dan alone has died. James Thomas, fourth son of John and Mary (Roberts) Thomas, was educated in Wales, where he learned the tailor's trade with his father and worked at it before he came to the United States. He followed it successfully at Salt Lake City, Utah, from the date of his arrival there until 1882, when he came to Idaho and opened a tailoring establishment at Idaho Falls. Later he added a millinery department, and in 1892 a ready-made clothing and men's furnishing department. As a practical tailor of almost life- long experience, he has an advantage over ordi- nary merchants in selecting ready to wear clothing. Not only is he able to judge instantly the quality of the cloth and trimmings, but a glance suffices to inform him if garments are artistically cut and properly tailored, and he car- ries no goods that do not in every way come up to his high standard of quality and finish. He has built up a large trade, for the public has come to know that anything bought at his estab- lishment is exactly as represented. The history of Bishop Thomas's religious de- velopment would be most interesting in a work devoted to the spiritual side of life, but it will scarcely be looked for in a history of the material growth and prosperity of Idaho and her people. Suffice to say that he showed such zeal in church work and developed such conspicuous talent as an expounder of the word of God, as it was re- vealed to him through the teachings of the dis- ciples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, that, as one of the ministers of the church, he was sent to England to preach and to make converts. He was so successful in this work and in other important duties which were entrusted to him, that in 1885 he was ordained a bishop and in that high and responsible office is serving his people with rare ability and fidelity, with authority over the Eagle Rock ward. His duties are many and diverse. Aside from his ministerial office, he has a business-like super- vision over the temporal affairs of the church in his ward, and is especially charged to see that the poor, of any religion or no religion, do not suffer for food or other absolute essentials to continued existence which may be supplied by the charity of the church. The members, elders and bishops of the Church of Latter Day Saints are all enjoined to work, and they are more than self-supporting in their relation to the work they are given to do. At Idaho Falls a fine meeting- house of sandstone has been erected, and the church is thrifty and progressive. Politically Bishop Thomas is a Democrat, and as such he has twice been elected a member of Idaho Falls town council, and in that capacity has served with the practical, business-like effec- tiveness that characterizes everything he does, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 395 holding the welfare of the whole people in view at all times. In every way he has shown himself public-spirited and deeply concerned for the growth of Idaho Falls and the advancement of its every important interest. Personally he en- joys the friendship of the best and most patriotic citizens of southeastern Idaho, and is highly re- garded in business circles throughout Idaho and adjoining states. Bishop Thomas was married, in Wales, in 1866, to Elizabeth Richardson, daughter of Charles and Mary (Harvey) Richardson, this event occurring before he came to America, and his wife came with the family party, as did the wives of some of his brothers. They have a son and a daughter. Lorenzo R. Thomas, the son, is a prominent citizen of Bingham county, and is now filling the office of register of the United States land office at Blackfoot. Mary E., the daughter, married S. H. Jacobs and has five children. JAMES C. HANSON. The Danish citizens of the United States are more nearly identical with our Anglo-American race than any other citizens of foreign birth. They possess the spirit which we call "go-aheaditive- ness" in as large measure as any of our citizens, and they become Americanized and assimilate with the older population of our country sooner perhaps than foreigners of any other race. They are industrious, take to business on broad prin- ciples and are about as certain to make successes as any people among us. James C. Hanson, one of the prominent farmers of Latah county, Idaho, is not by any means one of the exceptions that prove this rule. He belongs rather to the large majority whose progressive and intelligent industry is having an influence mpre and more marked on our general prosperity as we approach the beginning of a new century. Mr. Hanson was a pioneer in Latah county and is one of its most prominent citizens. He located in Idaho in 1872, before there had come into existence anything to so much as foreshadow the inception and development of the city of Genesee, and he not only witnessed but has as- sisted in the opening up and improvement of Latah and her sister counties. Mr. Hanson was born in Denmark and was educated and began his active life there. His father, Hanse K. Hanson, married Miss Paulson, and the worthy couple lived and died in their native land, Mr. Hanson passing away in 1889, aged seventy years, and Mrs. Hanson in 1899, aged eighty. They were devoted members of the Lutheran church. They brought into the world five children, of whom four are living. James C. Hanson, the subject of this review, came to America in 1868 and located in Wis- consin. He had six hundred dollars with which to begin life in a new world, but no knowledge of the language and ways of the country in which he sought success and fortune. He determined to begin cautiously and carefully, and he found employment in Waupaca county, Wisconsin, as a farm laborer, first at sixteen, and later at twenty dollars a month. He saved his money and acquired a knowledge of English as well as much other information that he has since found useful. Besides this, he saved his money. In 1872 he came to Lewiston, Idaho. There were then but few settlers in this part of Latah county, and Lewiston was the only town within the county limits. He entered government land, built on it, farmed it profitably and sold it in 1880, for two thousand five hundred dollars, and then bought a settler's right to another pre- emption. Later he bought his present property, near Genesee, and he now owns one hundred and seventy acres. He has put this property under advanced improvement and has every facility for thorough and successful farming and many con- veniences and up-to-date luxuries not possessed by farmers generally in this vicinity. From a somewhat distant spring, water is brought to his house, barns and stock-yards, pure, cold, health- ful and always available. In 1898 he raised two thousand two hundred bushels of wheat and cut sixty tons of hay. He has bred many Norman- Percheron horses and has some fine specimens of this celebrated breed on hand at this time. Mr. Hanson was married January 14, 1869, to Miss Carrie Beck, a native of Denmark. They have had five children, two of whom are living. Alonzo, the elder son, is married and his father has built him a cosy residence near his own. He is assisting in the management of one of the farms. The other son, Ira D. J. Hanson, is a member of his father's household. Mr. Hanson is an influential Republican. He has passed all 396 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the chairs in both branches of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and has been representa- tive in the grand lodge and holds an important office in that lodge. Mr. and Mrs. Hanson are active and helpful members of the Congrega- tional church of Genesee. JAMES W. POE. James W. Poe, a distinguished lawyer and Idaho pioneer, residing at Lewiston, is a native of Jackson county, Missouri, his birth having there occurred on the I5th of January, 1838. His father, William B. Poe, was born in North Caro- lina, and married Mrs. Nancy Mulkey, nee Johnson, a native of South Carolina, by whom he had four children, two of whom are yet living. He valiantly served his country as a soldier in the Mexican war, and in 1853 crossed the plains to Oregon with his family. Our subject accom- panied his parents on their westward emigration, and acquired his education at Forest Grove and in the Portland Academy. He has the honor of being the first male graduate of that then new institution of learning. Well fitted by superior educational advantages for the practical duties of life, he then entered upon his business career, and in 1861 came to Idaho. He engaged in min- ing at Oro Fino, Florence and Warren, and also conducted a mercantile establishment for a time, but wishing to enter the legal profession, he took up the study of law in the office and under the direction of the law firm of Williams & Gibbs. The senior partner, George L. Williams, after- ward became United States attorney general, and Mr. Gibbs held the office of governor of Oregon. In 1869 Mr. Poe was admitted to practice in the district court. His partner was the discoverer of gold at Warren's, and they operated and sold goods there for some time. Mr. Poe was elected the first district recorder of the Warren's mining district, and practiced law at Warren's and Mount Idaho until 1876, at which time he was elected attorney for the district comprising all of north- ern Idaho. He then established his office in Lewiston, where he has since made his home. He had served for six years previously as deputy district attorney, filling that position in all for ten years. He was elected and served in the territorial legislature in 1879-80, and took an active part in shaping the destiny of the territory during that period. Other public service of a very different nature also fell to his lot, as he was a participant in the Clearwater battle with the Nez Perces Indians, the conflict resulting in driving the Indians back into Montana. He was a leading member of the state constitutional con- vention, his knowledge of constitutional law ren- dering him an important factor in framing the organic law of Idaho. He also had the honor of presiding over the first mass meeting which was called for the purpose of adopting measures to secure statehood for Idaho, and is now, 1899, city attorney of Lewiston, and attorney for the board of education of the independent school district of Lewiston. Such in brief is the history of his public service, a service in which at all times and under all circumstances he has shown himself worthy of the trust and confidence reposed in him. He has studied closely both the conditions and needs of his state, both locally and otherwise, and at all times has manifested a most loyal and public- spirited interest in the common good. He is now engaged in the private practice of law, as the senior member of the firm of Poe, Anderson & Anderson, one of the most able and prominent law firms in this section of the state. He enjoys a large and lucrative practice and his clientage has been secured through his marked ability in handling the intricate problems of jurisprudence. He is careful in the preparation of his cases, clear in argument and logical in his deductions and has gained many important cases. Mr. Poe has also been the promoter of the horticultural interests of northern Idaho. He planted a large fruit orchard at Lewiston, and as the seasons passed gathered large crops, thus adding to his income and at the same time dem- onstrating the adaptability of the soil of this region for the production of choice fruits. In 1877 Mr. Poe was united in marriage to Mrs. Fannie L. Turpin, a sister of Judge More- land's wife and a daughter of Colonel John L. Cline, a Mexican war veteran. She had two children by her former marriage, the elder, Serena, being now the wife of Dr. C. W. Shaff, a prominent physician of Lewiston ; and Sarah E., who has been a successful teacher in the state university at Moscow since its organization. Socially Mr." Poe is connected with the Ma- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 397 sonic fraternity, having joined the order at Mount Idaho in 1876. He now affiliates with Lewiston Lodge, No. 10, F. & A. M. In politics he has been a lifelong and ardent Democrat, has kept well informed on the issues of the day and has rendered his party valuable service in the cam- paigns. The record of Mr. Poe is that of a man who has by his own efforts worked his way up- ward to a position of affluence. His life has been one of industry and perseverance, and the systematic and honorable business methods he has followed, together with his diligence and ability in his profession, have won him the sup- port and confidence of many. Without the aid of wealth, he has risen to a position among the most prominent men of the state, and his native genius and acquired ability are the stepping stones on which he mounted. FRANK C. RAMSEY. The history of a state, as well as that of a nation, is chiefly a chronicle of the lives and deeds of those who have conferred honor and dignity upon society. The world judges of the character of a community by those of its repre- sentative citizens, and yields its tribute of ad- miration and respect for the genius or learning or accomplishment of those whose works and actions constitute the record of a state's prosper- ity and pride. In a review of the events that constitute the annals of Idaho we learn that Frank C. Ramsey is numbered among those who have been active in shaping the policy of the state, in promoting its interests and advancing its welfare. In public office he has acquitted himself as a loyal and patriotic citizen, having the best interests of the state at heart, and to-day he is a recognized leader in political circles. A resident of Boise, where he engaged in the loan and insurance business, he was born in Fulton county, Pennsylvania, in 1855, and is of Scotch and German ancestry. The founders of the family in America were early settlers in the south, and the maternal ancestry furnished sev- eral representatives to the colonial army in the war of the Revolution. His father, James Ram- sey, was born and reared in the south, and in early life removed to Pennsylvania, where he was married to Miss Susan Snyder, a native of Penn- sylvania. They had seven children, all of whom are living. The father departed this life in 1859, but the mother lived to the age of eighty years and passed away on the 6th of March, 1898. They were members of the Methodist church and Mr. Ramsey was an honest and industrious farmer who won the respect of all with whom he came in contact. In the public schools of his native state Frank C. Ramsey acquired his early education, which was supplemented by a course in the Iron City Business College. Owing to ill health he sought a change of climate, going first to Ohio and thence to Idaho, where he spent some years en- gaged in farming. He later removed to Kansas and afterward to Colorado, where he engaged in the stock business until 1884, the year of his arrival in Idaho. Here he continued in stock raising for some time. In Cassia county he turned his attention to journalistic work, becom- ing the publisher of the Cassia County Times, now the Albion Times. He also published the Pocatello Tribune, both Republican papers, and through the columns of those journals exerted considerable influence in public affairs. While in Cassia county, Mr. Ramsey served as county assessor and was elected a member of the legislature in 1890, taking a prominent part in the great senatorial contest of that year. In 1892 he was nominated and elected on the Republican ticket state auditor of Idaho, and so acceptably discharged the duties of that responsi- ble position that he was re-elected in 1894. His official record -was indeed creditable and he was again nominated in 1896, this time for state treasurer; but in that year there was great dis- satisfaction among the Republicans of Idaho on account of the money question and he was de- feated by the candidate of the People's Demo- cratic party. He is a member of the Republican state central committee and president of the Re- publican League of Ada county. After com- pleting his term as auditor he was engaged in the insurance and loan business for about two years, or until he was appointed by President McKinley United States marshal for Idaho, receiving his commission September 10, 1898. On the 2d of February, 1888, Mr. Ramsey mar- ried Miss Rachel Worthington, a native of Salt Lake City, Utah, and they have three children, Marion L., Lilian G. and Frances C. Mr. Ram- 398 HISTORY OF IDAHO. sey is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. He is very popular among his brethren of these so- cieties, in political circles and in business and . social life; for his uniform courtesy, his char- acter, worth and his genial manner have brought him the friendship and regard of a large circle of acquaintances. CHARLES L. GRITMAN, M. D. Among the ablest representatives of the med- ical profession of Idaho is Dr. Gritman, of Mos- cow, who is successfully engaged in practice as the senior member of the firm of Gritman & Ward, and is also conducting the Moscow Hos- pital. He was born near Springfield, Illinois, December 28, 1862. His grandfather, Erastus Gritman, was a native of Germany, and when a young man crossed the broad Atlantic to Amer- ica, locating at Lockport. He thus became the progenitor of the family in the United States. He was married at Lockport, spent the remainder of his life there and died at the age of seventy-nine years, an honest, industrious and respected farmer. His son, Delos Walter Gritman, the Doctor's father, was born in Lockport in 1831, and in his nineteenth year removed to central Illinois, where he married Mary Ellen Davis, a. native of Maryland. In his early life he was a carpenter, contractor and builder, but later be- came a prosperous farmer. He and his wife were valued members of the Methodist church. The father died in 1893 at the age of sixty-two years, and the mother died exactly a year later, at the age of fifty-eight years. Thev had a family of nine children, eight of whom are living. The Doctor, the third in order of birth, was reared on the home farm and obtained his literary education in Lincoln, Illinois. He then became a student in the Cincinnati Medical College and was graduated in the class of 1890, entering upon an active connection with the medical pro- fession in that city. There he remained until September, 1892, when he was called home on account of the death of his mother, the family having in the meantime removed to Washington. His father being in poor health, the Doctor did not return to the east, but remained on the Pa- cific coast and soon afterward opened an office i'n Moscow, where he rapidly acquired a large and lucrative patronage. He is well versed in his chosen profession and his devotion thereto has made him one of its most able representatives in this part of the state. In 1897 he opened the hospital, which is a well built two-story brick structure, located on the main street of the town and containing sixty rooms. It is fitted up with all modern appliances and conveniences for the care of the sick, and has been well patronized. In his practice Dr. Gritman is now associated with Dr. Ward, and in the hospital they are as- sisted by an able corps of trained nurses. Their office is on the first floor of the hospital building, and in addition to the care of the patients in the institution they enjoy a large general practice, both in medicine and surgery. On the nth of January, 1895, Dr. Gritman was united in marriage to Miss Bertie E. Cox, a native of Washington, and their hospitable home is the center of a cultured society circle, their friends in the community being many. The Doc- tor is a member of the Woodmen of the World and the Fraternal Union of America, and in his political views is a stanch Republican, but has never been a politician in the sense of office-seek- ing, preferring to devote his time and energies to his professional duties, in which he is meeting with most creditable success and in which he has attained a most enviable reputation. HON. JOHN I. MITCHAM. The well known and popular postmaster of Kendrick, John Irving Mitcham, was born in Indiana, April 7, 1849, and is of Scotch-Irish lineage, his ancestors being early settlers of South Carolina. His paternal grandfather emigrated to Ohio at an early day, and there John" Mitcham, father of our subject, was born and reared. When a young man he removed to Indiana and was married in the Hoosier state to Miss Jane Mc- Cann, a native of Indiana. They have been life- long and faithful members of the United Brethren church, and now, in their declining years, are surrounded by the veneration and respect which should always accompany an honorable old age. They reside in Fairbury, Nebraska, to which state they removed in 1867. The father is now eighty-five years of age, and the mother eighty- one. Their home was blessed with five children, three of whom are living, and they have passed HISTORY OF IDAHO. 399 the fiftieth anniversary of their wedding day, thus traveling life's journey together for more than half a century, their mutual love and con- fidence increasing as the years have gone by. The subject of this sketch is the eldest of their children. He was educated in Greenhill Sem- inary, in Indiana, and at Taber College, Iowa, and has devoted his life to agricultural pursuits and religious work in the United Brethren and Methodist 'churches. In 1885 he was ordained a minister of the gospel, and became a very zealous and efficient worker in the Master's vine- yard. He joined the Columbia river conference and for some years also carried on his ministerial labors in Idaho. He came to Kendrick very early in the history of the town, in 1883, and purchased seventy-five acres of land adjoining the corporation limits. He has a very pleasant home, overlooking the picturesque valley in which the town is located, the view being a most attractive and delightful one, hardly surpassed in the entire state, which so richly deserves the name of "Gem of the Mountains." Mr. Mitcham was happily married August 22, 1878, to Miss Arizona Miller, a native of Ne- braska. Three children, two daughters and a son, have come to bless their union, Floyd, Mary E. and John Milton. In his political affiliations Mr. Mitcham is a stalwart Republican, unswerving in his advocacy of the principles of the partv. On that ticket he was elected a member of the last territorial legis- lature of Idaho and has been a member of the state senate. His close study of the conditions, needs and demands of the state made him a val- uable member of the assembly and his aid was zealously given to every measure which he be- lieved would prove of public benefit. For three years he served as a member of the city council of Kendrick, was mayor of the city two terms, was police judge four years and justice of the peace six years. His public duties have ever been discharged in a most prompt and faithful manner, showing him to be a trustworthy and patriotic official. He is a man of broad general information, of sound judgment and the highest integrity of character and has the unqualified confidence of his fellow townsmen and all who know him. The cause of education has also found in him a warm friend, and he has taken a deep interest in everything pertaining to the intellectual advancement of this town, county and state. For three years he was a member of the school board of Kendrick, was largely instru- mental in securing the establishment of the State University at Moscow, and has the credit of hav- ing cast the deciding vote which located the State Normal School at Lewiston. He received the appointment of postmaster of Kendrick on the 3d of July, 1897, and has made a very capable officer, winning the commendation of all con- cerned. In manner he is free from all ostentation and display, but his intrinsic worth is recognized and his friendship is most prized by those who know him best, showing that his character will bear the scrutiny of close acquaintance. He is a generous, broad-minded man, a true type of the American spirit and an embodiment of that progress which in the last few years has drawn to this country the admiring gaze of the nations of the world. DE FOREST CHAMBERLAIN. Not only has the subject of this all too brief sketch seen southeastern Idaho grow from a wild country, with only a few white inhabitants, to a rich agricultural country, containing thousands of good homes and acres of growing towns, in- habited by an industrious, prosperous, enlight- ened and progressive people, but he has partici- pated in and assisted the slow, persistent work of development which was necessary to produce a change which is so complete that it has come to be popularly referred to as magical. De Forest Chamberlain is descended from English and Irish ancestors, who settled in America before the Revolution and were partici- pants in the struggle for libertv. Riley Chamber- lain, his father, was born in Vermont, and mar- ried Miss Sarah Mann, a native of Onondaga county, New York. With his wife he removed to Illinois, some time between 1830 and 1840, where he died in 1873, aged sixty-six vears. His widow is still living, aged eighty-one, making her home with a daughter at Creston, Iowa. They had three children. De Forest Chamberlain was born in Stark county, Illinois, August 24, 1843. He entered Lombard University with the intention of taking the full collegiate course, but his studies were in- 400 HISTORY OF IDAHO. terrupted by his patriotic ardor, aroused by the opening of actual hostilities between the northern and southern sections of our country, early in 1861. He was one of the first to offer services for -the defence of the Union, and enlisted, June 17, 1 86 1, in Company B, Nineteenth Illinois Vol- unteer Infantry. His first active service was in Missouri, under General John C. Fremont. Later he served in the Department of the Tennessee. He was in battle at Stone river, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Resaca, and was promoted to sergeant and honorably discharged from the service and mustered out July 9, 1864, after hav- ing served his country faithfully for three years and twelve days. In 1866 he went west and traveled extensively through Colorado, Wyom- ing and Idaho, prospecting and mining, but not successfully. He went to the Dakotas also, and to western Nebraska, on a prospecting tour, a part of the time in company with one or two others who were going his way for longer or shorter distances. While journeying thus through the Indian country, he had many peril- ous adventures, and hair-breadth escapes. Several of his party were killed in a skirmish with the Indians at South Pass. At Lodge Pole creek he and a companion were attacked by fifty Indians. Mr. Chamberlain and his comrade were provided with long-range rifles and were fairly supplied with ammunition and they stood their assailants off for twenty hours. How the siege may have terminated under other circumstances cannot be known, but it was evident to them that the policy of the Indians was to induce them to expend their ammunition and after they had done so to close in on them and destroy them. Opportunely two companies of United States cavalry came upon the scene and the Indians took their ponies and escaped. It was in April, 1879, that Mr. Chamberlain came to Idaho Falls. The railroad, then under construction, had its terminus here. He opened a saloon and built the Chamberlain hotel, which he managed successfully for seventeen years. Since 1896 he has kept it open as a lodging house only. After coming to the town, he bought one hundred and eighty acres of land, all of which has been platted and added to the town site, and he has sixty-five acres more adjoining the town. He has taken an active interest in the breeding of fine trotting horses and has bred several of m<3re than ordinary merit and is the owner of Young Gypsey Boy, which is regarded as one of the best horses in the state, if not the best one. Ever since the organization of the Grand Army of the Republic Mr. Chamberlain has been identi- fied with it actively and helpfully. He is a member of Joe Hooker Post, No. 20, of Idaho Falls, and has several times served as its commander. Pie is past master of the Eagle Rock Lodge, No. 19, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, of Idaho Falls, and has a wide acquaintance among Ma- sons throughout Idaho and adjacent states. In his political views he is a Populist, but his tastes have never inclined him to special activity in political work, yet he is not without recognized influence in his party. He is a modest man who says little of himself or his achievements, but his worth is known to his fellow citizens, who give him rank as a leader in public-spirited work for the general good and regard him as an upright and reliable man of business and one of great value to Idaho Falls. He was married, Novem- ber 12, 1871, to Miss Harriet Regan, a native of New York city. ALFRED DAMAS. The career of Mr. Damas has been a very eventful and interesting one, and now, at the age of sixty-four, he is the possessor of a handsome competence, the fitting reward of his well spent life. For twenty-six years he has been prominently connected with the mercantile interests of Lewiston and his efforts have been an important element in the prog- ress and advancement of this section of the state. He was born far from his present home, being a native of Brussels, Belgium, where his birth occurred on the i8th of July, 1835. He attended school in his native country until nine years of age and then became a cadet in the celebrated naval academy at Antwerp, where he remained for several years, spending a part of the time on a school-ship at sea. During that period they sailed in every sea and visited all of the principal ports of the world, and later Mr. Damas was graduated as a second-class midship- man. In 1848 his father sent him to Salem, Massa- chusetts, to learn the English language, and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 401 there, as an apprentice, he went aboard the vessel Thomas Perkins, under command of Captain William Rogers, sailing for San Francisco, Cali- fornia, the vessel dropping anchor in that harbor in the summer of 1849. Gold had but recently been discovered and the great excitement there caused every man to desert the ship save Mr. Damas and the captain, who had to do the com- mon sailor's work. Early in the spring of 1850 they secured a small crew of men and bovs and sailed to the Sandwich islands, where a good crew was employed, and from there they con- tinued the voyage around the world. They remained at Calcutta, India, for some time and returned by way of the Cape of Good Hope, visiting St. Helena and the place where one of the greatest military heroes of the world, Napoleon Bonaparte, was laid to rest. They reached Bos- ton, Massachusetts, just before Christmas of 1851, and found Captain Rogers' father ready to launch the Witchcraft, a very fast sailing clipper ship, making a record of eighteen miles an hour. Mr. Damas was sent aboard this ship under his former captain and was given the confidential position of secretary. They took on a cargo for San Francisco and started on a second voyage around the world. In the China sea the vessel was totally dismantled in a severe typhoon, in which several ships were lost, but after great effort the Witchcraft managed to reach Hong Kong, where she remained four months undergo- ing repairs. Notwithstanding all this she made better time to San Francisco than any other ves- sel had previously done. From Rio Janeiro they took on four hundred Chinamen for San Francisco, and during the voyage the Celestials mutinied, and almost succeeded in gaining con- trol of the ship, but finally they were subdued and the Witchcraft reached San Francisco in safety. There they proceeded to prepare for another trip to Calcutta, but Mr. Damas came to the conclusion that it was advisable to seek to better his condition on land, as he saw no pros- pect of ever becoming owner of a vessel and probably would never be more than a third of- ficer, or at most a second officer. The relations between himself and Captain Rogers had always been most harmonious and agreeable, and the Captain gave a very reluctant consent to Mr. Da- mas' withdrawal, yet acceded the justice of his wishes to better his lot in life. He was, how- ever, asked to remain until the ship was ready to start. While the preparations for sailing were being made the crew made considerable fun of him, assuring him that he would not be allowed to leave the ship, and he had some fears himself that such might be the case, but he packed his trunk and had all in readiness to disembark. The pilot came on board, the ship -set sail, and it was not until the pilot left the Witchcraft that Mr. Damas received orders to go ashore. His trunk was then lowered into the pilot's boat, and the Captain bade him an affectionate good-bye, placing in his hand a sealed envelope, which on opening he found to contain a letter of recom- mendation and a check for one thousand dollars, certainly a high tribute to the fidelity and ability of Mr. Damas! After some time our subject went to Sierra county, California, where he engaged in mining with good success. In 1853 he took out as high as one hundred dollars per day, but he.loaned his money and did not have much at the end of the year. He was one of the discoverers of the How- land Flats, a rich minine district, but before he knew the real value he sold out for a small sum and went to the Feather river, where he became interested in the building of a large flume near Oroville. He was also interested in the Spanish Flat-water ditch. From there he went to Siski you county, and arrived at Scott's Bar just in time to take a part in the Indian war on the Kla- math river. In 1861 the Oro Fino gold discov- eries attracted" him to Idaho. As the snow melted and they progressed farther into the state, they endured many hardships. In 1862 Mr. Damas arrived at Lewiston, and at Oro Fino ac- cepted a clerkship in the store of A. P. Aukeny, remaining in that position until 1866, when, on his own account, he began packing goods to Montana. He sold out at Beartown, making ten thousand dollars on the transaction. He then returned to Oro Fino and succeeded A. P. Auk- eny & Company in the mercantile business. After successfully conducting a large trade there for about six years, he was taken ill and by his physician was advised to go to a lower altitude. This led to his removal to Lewiston, where he has made his home since 1872, engaged in the gen- eral merchandise business. 402 HISTORY OF IDAHO. In that year Mr. Damas went to San Fran- cisco, purchased a stock of general merchandise and opened the store which he thereafter carried on with eminent success. He had a large and well appointed store, carried a fine line of goods, and enjoyed a very liberal patronage from the beginning, so that he is now the possessor of a handsome competence acquired through his own well directed efforts. He sold out his busi- ness in May, 1899. In 1869 Mr. Damas was united in marriage to Miss Maria Frances Sperling, a native of New York city, who was brought to Idaho in her early girlhood, and is now one of the honored pioneer women of the state. They have one daughter, Amy D., now the wife of Frank W. Kettenbach, of Lewiston. She was born in Pierce City, in 1870, and is now one of the esteemed residents of Lewiston. Mr. Damas has held several positions of pub- lic honor and trust. He was the first treasurer of Shoshone county, to which position he was elected in 1862. He was its first district deputy clerk and also filled the offices of justice of the peace and probate judge, but he is probably best known in connection with the Masonic fraternity, of which he is an exemplary member, his life standing in evidence of the humane, benevolent and ennobling principles of the order. He be- came a Master Mason in Mount Idaho Lodge, No. 9, in 1864, and since then has taken all the degrees of the York rite, and has attained the thirty-third degree of the Scottish rite, and been proclaimed a Sublime Prince of the Royal Se- cret. He became a Royal Arch Mason in Lewis- ton Chapter, No. 4, has filled all of its offices, and was its high priest for four consecutive terms. He is a charter member of Lewiston Commandery, No. 2, was knighted in 1892, and has filled the office of generalissimo. Having been a close student of the teachings and tenets of Masonry, and becoming more and more im- pressed with its beautiful teachings, he advanced to the thirty-second degree of the Scottish rite, and has been instrumental in founding the four bodies in Lewiston. He established the Lewis- ton Lodge of Perfection, No. i, fourteenth de- gree; Lewiston Rose Croix Chapter, No. i, eighteenth degree; Lewiston Consistory of Knights of Kodash, thirtieth degree; and Idaho Consistory, No. I, thirty-second degree. He now has the honor of being inspector general of the state of Idaho, and has the great honor of legally wearing the Masonic cross of honor, voted him by the supreme council of the southern juris- diction in 1897, and in October, 1899, he was elected a thirty-third degree Mason. He is a very enthusiastic Mason, taking great delight in the work of the order, and his wife is connected with the ladies' branch of Masonry, being a mem- ber of the Order of the Eastern Star. As pio- neers of Idaho they have a wide acquaintance and many friends, and none are more worthy the high regard of their fellow townsmen. NORMAN SIMON HUBBELL. To the brave pioneers of the early '6os and '705 Idaho owes, in a large measure, the pros- perity she now enjoys, as a state. Among those hardy souls and courageous hearts who then believed in her future, and by long years of toil and undaunted perseverance assisted nobly in the development of her resources, is the subject of this article; and no one is more worthy of repre- sentation in the annals of the state. The ancestors of Norman S. Hubbell were respected American citizens for many genera- tions. He was born near Burdette, in what is now Schuyler county, New York, October 29, 1837, and his parents, Walton and Rebecca Emily (Cure) Hubbell, were likewise natives of the Em- pire state. The father was a millwright by trade, an excellent machinist and a good business man. At one time he was the drum major of a militia company in his own state. He lived to reach his seventy-second year, and died, loved and re- spected by all who knew him. The wife and mother was summoned to the silent land when she was in her sixty-fifth year. Of their eight children but two survive. The education which N. S. Hubbell acquired was such as the public schools of his boyhood afforded, and from the time he was sixteen until he was twenty-five years of age he gave all of his earnings to his parents, reserving only what was necessary to his support. On the I2th of June, 1862, he started west from Omaha, bound for the Pacific coast, and on the 3d of the following October reached his destination at what is now Baker City, Oregon. From that place he and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 403 two companions went to Auburn, Oregon, pros- pecting for gold, and though they found good claims they were obliged to leave them, as the Indians were so hostile that their lives were constantly menaced. In the spring of 1863 Mr. Hubbell came to Boise basin, where he found employment at six dollars a day, and the next winter he returned to Oregon. After a few months he again came to this locality and for a few years he worked at freighting, mining and other occupations, at anything whereby he might earn money honestly. From 1868 to 1871 he was engaged in the butchering business at Union, Oregon, and at the same time he bought, sold and raised cattle extensively. The country becoming overstocked with cattle, prices declined, and Mr. Hubbell retired from the business in 1873. Returning then to Boise Citv. he opened a meat market here and also owned one at Wood River, but these enterprises did not prove suc- cessful. Then for some years he was interested in sheep-raising, which he continued until 1898. He now owns forty-six acres of land, situated a mile and a half west of Boise City, and here he still makes his home. He built a comfortable house and planted a prune orchard and various other fruits. He is still financially concerned in the raising of sheep, and at this writing has be- tween eight and nine thousand head. The flock is in charge of his son Walton, and some seasons of the year the sheep graze on the ranges and need no feed, while some winters the cost of keep- ing them is considerable. Mr. Hubbell owns stock in the Artesian Hot & Cold Water Com- pany of Boise City and has invested in other local plants. In his habits of life Mr. Hubbell is strictly temperate, upright and just in all his transac- tions. He was postmaster and a justice of the peace in Oregon, but has never sought nor de- sired public office. Fraternally, he belongs to the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and politic- ally he has been a life-long Republican. The marriage of Mr. Hubbell and Miss Cyn- thia Elizabeth Reynolds was celebrated Au- gust 14, 1870. Mrs. Hubbell is a daugh- ter of C. F. Reynolds, of New York state, and she was born and reared in the same town as was her husband. In all his joys and sorrows she has been a true helpmate, cheering and strengthening him with her wifely devotion. She is a valued member of the Method- ist church of Boise City. Of the five children born to our subject ana wife, one, Nora P., died at the age of seventeen months. Clara Rebecca is the wife of John McMillan. Walton is manag- ing his father's sheep, and Reynolds, the next son, is in charge of the McMillan sljeep ranch in the same locality. Norman S., Jr., is a student in the local schools. ROBERT GROSTEIN. Robert Grostein, one of Idaho's most success- ful pioneer merchants, has carried on business in Lewiston since 1862, and through the interven- ing years has borne an unassailable reputation in trade circles, never making an engagement which he has not kept nor contracting an obligation that he has not met. His sagacity and enterprise and moreover his untiring labor have brought to him a handsome competence, and the most envious could not grudge him his success, so honorably has it been acquired. Mr. Grostein is a native of Poland, born in 1835, and is the eldest in the family of four chil- dren whose parents were Moses and Bena (Herschell) Grostein. Thev also were natives of Poland, in which country they were reared and married, the father there remaining until 1838, when he came to the United States. He had been in sympathy with Napoleon, to whom he had rendered active assistance, and for this reason he was obliged to flee from his native land. After spending a year in America he sent for his fam- ily, having decided to make his home in the land of the free. He settled first at Mason, Georgia, spending six years there, after which he went to Buffalo, New York, and was engaged in trade there until 1870. In that year he came to Lewis- ton, Idaho, bringing with him his good wife, and here they spent their remaining days with their son Robert, the father dying in 1891, at the age of ninety-two years, while the mother reached the age of eighty-eight years. Of their family two sons and the daughter are yet living. During his early childhood Robert Grostein was brought to the United States by his mother, and was educated in the public schools of Buffalo, New York. He received his business training in 404 HISTORY OF IDAHO. his father's store and then went to California by way of the Nicaraugua route, in 1854, landing at San Francisco. From the coast he made his way to Downieville, where he engaged in mining for two years, working for wages at eight dollars for six hours' labor. He wisely saved his money, hoping to be able soon to engage in business on his own account, and in 1856 he went to The Dalles, Oregon, where he opened a store and soon built up a large and lucrative trade, suc- cessfully carrying on operations there until 1862, when he chose Lewiston as a new field of labor. The gold excitement here, and the large number of people who were making their way to this point, made Mr. Grostein realize that this would prove an excellent business opening, and accord- ingly he came to the new town, which was then a collection of tents. As in all new mining com- munities there was a rough element mixed in with the better class, and on the first night which Mr. Grostein spent in Nez Perces county a man was ruthlessly murdered. In a small tent he opened the store which has now grown to such magnificent proportions, and began business in the primitive style of the mining camps. He had to pay about one hundred and fifty dollars per ton to get his goods hauled to this place, and he took his pay for his merchandise in gold dust, at from thirteen to fifteen dollars per ounce. He purchased his goods in Portland, and the pioneer merchants of the northwest soon became his in- timate and warm friends. He conducted busi- ness in the tent for a year and a half, and in 1864 erected a log building, twenty by forty feet and one story in height, the logs having been floated down the Clearwater river. In 1865 he admitted Abraham Binnard to a partnership in the store, and they carried on business with mutual pleas- ure and profit for thirty-three years, when, in 1898, Mr. Binnard was called to 'the home be- yond. In 1890 they erected the fine brick block in which Mr. Grostein now carries a sixty thou- sand dollar stock of goods. This is a double store, fifty by one hundred feet and two stories in height with basement. It is splendidly equipped in the most approved style of modern merchan- dising, and he carries everything found in a first-class establishment of the kind. By close attention to business and liberal and honorable methods he has met with marked success and has a very liberal patronage, which insures continued prosperity as long as he continues in the trade. He also has a branch store in Warren. Mr. Grostein is a man of resourceful ability and carries forward to successful completion what- ever he undertakes. As his financial resources have increased he has made judicious investments in real estate, has erected a number of substantial buildings in Lewiston, and is now putting up sev- eral fine brick blocks, the rental from which adds materially to his income. He has also been the owner of about thirty-five hundred acres of land, mostly comprised in farms in Nez Perces county, on which he raises large quantities of wheat. He has also erected one of the finest residences of the city, and his improvements of property have been of incalculable benefit to Lewiston. He has wit- nessed almost the entire growth and development of the city, and has done much for its advance- ment. He has given his support to many meas- ures for the public good, and in 1864, when murder and theft increased to an alarming extent in Lewiston, and life and property were in jeop- ardy, he joined the other law-abiding citizens, and a vigilance committee was formed. A num- ber of the worst characters were then caught and hanged, order v/as effectually restored, and life and property soon became as secure in Lewiston as in any section of the entire country. In many ways Mr. Grostein has been connected with the events which form the early history of the state. At one time he had two hundred mules, used in packing goods to the different mines where he had supply stores, and during the Nez Perces war one hundred and fifty of these mules were rented to the government to carry supplies to the army. He was paid one dollar a day for each mule, and seventy of them were lost and killed, for which the government paid him one hundred dollars each. The remaining eighty mules were returned to him. In the Cayuse war the government again had his mules for ninety days, and he was again paid for the forty that were lost in that war. When the Bannack war came on he was able to once more immediately meet the needs of the government for pack mules, and thus greatly expedited the work of the sol- diers. In 1864 Mr. Grostein was happily married to Miss Rachel Newman, of Sacramento. Their HISTORY OF IDAHO. 405 union has been blessed with the following named children: Leah, wife of A. Kuhn, a resident of Colfax, Oregon; Bell, wife of H. Keminskey; Henry, who is conducting his father's store in Warren; Louie and Ruth, who are attending school in Portland, Oregon; and Mitchel, the youngest, a student in the Lewiston schools. In connection with one of his school friends, he is now publishing a bright little weekly paper called the M. & M., devoted to local news. The family adhere to the Hebrew faith. Mr. Grostein is a man of excellent business and executive ability, and is widely and favorably known throughout the northwest. He has steadily worked his way upward through his own efforts, and the competence that crowns his labors is well merited. HON. GEORGE B. ROGERS. Some men achieve success almost instantan- eously, some by slow accretion, others only after long and patient working and waiting. The ex- perience of men who are willing to work persist- ently and intelligently and wait calmly goes to prove that success may surely be attained during an ordinary life-time, and no man not cut off at an untimely age need work and wait in vain. These reflections have been suggested by a con- sideration of the career of Hon. George B. Rog- ers, receiver of the United States land office at Blackfoot, Idaho, who is one of the most promi- nent and successful citizens of the state. He was born in Dodgeville, Iowa county, Wisconsin, February 22, 1842. His father, John Rogers, was born in England and there married Miss Hannah Bailey. They came to the United States in 1837, bringing with them two daughters, named Susan and Elizabeth, and located at Min- eral Point, Wisconsin, where Mr. Rogers en- gaged in lead-mining and later became a farmer. He died in 1880, aged seventy-six years, and his wife passed away in 1882, aged seventy-three. They were lifelong members and supporters of the Methodist Episcopal church. Six more children were born to them in Wisconsin, of whom George B. Rogers was the second in order of nativity and of whom two others are living. George B. Rogers was brought up on his father's farm and at a tender age gained an inti- mate accuiaintance with hard work and long hours. The winter schools of that day and lo- cality were poor, but such as they were he at- tended as opportunity presented, and later he attended night schools, but he may be said to be practically self-educated. In 1862 Mr. Rogers went to California by water and was twenty-six days en route. He left Wisconsin with borrowed capital to the amount of three hundred dollars. For a time he worked for three dollars and a half a day in the middle California mines, and a knowledge of lead-min- ing he had acquired while working with his father in Wisconsin proved of 'great service to him in this employment. Then he went back to San Francisco and from there to Victoria, British Columbia. Thence he came back to Portland, Oregon, and from Portland he came to Idaho, in 1865, and went to the placer mines in Boise basin and worked for wages in the Elkhorn mine. At the time of Salmon river mining excitement he went to that district. He worked there two months, in 1867, and went from there to Mon- tana. The succeeding two years he put in at the mines at Helena and the next two years in pros- pecting in Nevada and Idaho. He then returned to Montana and worked six months in the old Cable mine. He then bought mules and en- gaged in freighting between points in Utah and Montana and, in partnership with C. W. Berry- man, continued that business successfully for fourteen years. An idea of the extent of their operations will be afforded by the statement that they owned considerably more than one hundred mules and much of the time kept six twelve-mule teams and eight six-mule teams busy. The work was always arduous and sometimes dangerous, but it was profitable, and when, in 1882, Rogers & Berryman sold out, they found themselves well on the way to fortune. Conditions had changed and the business that had served them so well was of decreasing value. They now turned their attention to stock-raising, in which they have been eminently successful. They own twenty-six hundred acres of land twelve miles northwest of Blackfoot, and most of it is im- proved and fenced. Six hundred acres of this land lies just outside of Blackfoot. This exten- sive property is in every way adapted to stock- raising, and is as valuable as any land of its class in the state. At times there are as manv as five 406 HISTORY OF IDAHO. hundred horses and two hundred to five hundred head of cattle on these ranges, and a specialty has been made of bringing fine blooded stock from the east. Thus Mr. Rogers and his partner have improved their own stock and have at the same time raised the standard of stock through- out this whole section. Mr. Rogers' interest in the growth and pros- perity of Blackfoot has been manifested in many ways, and he has been influential in advancing the public interests to a degree that renders him conspicuous as a public-spirited citizen. In 1885 he erected one of the best residences in the city. He has been a lifelong Republican, and was elected a member of the first Idaho state senate, in which he served on several important commit- tees and was active in securing the passage of the law authorizing the use of the Australian ballot system in the state. For two years he was one of the county commissioners of Bingham county. In October, 1897, he was appointed, by President McKinley, receiver of the United States land office at Blackfoot, an office which he is filling ably and affably and to the entire satis- faction of every one interested in its administra- tion. Mr. Rogers was married in 1876 to Elizabeth Toombs, a native of England, whose father, James Toombs, is now a resident of Ogden, Utah. They have four children: Eva, the eldest, is the wife of E. J. Frawley, a prominent lawyer of Boise, Idaho; Walter John, their oldest son, manages a ranch for his father; and Raymond and Susie, two young children, help to make glad their delightful home. HON. SAMUEL F. TAYLOR. Hon. Samuel F. Taylor was not a pioneer of Idaho Falls simply. He was one of a very few who were pioneers at that locality before the town had a beginning, and was active in an en- terprise which was influential in locating a town at that point on the Snake river. He came to the place in 1870 with his cousin, J. M. Taylor, who with the firm of Taylor & Anderson, built the bridge across the Snake river at the falls. It was the first bridge in this part of the state, was a great aid to immigration and made Idaho Falls (then Eagle Rock) a point of so much importance on the route into this country, and to the country beyond, that the springing up of a good town there was a foregone conclusion, and only a mat- ter of time. Samuel F. Taylor is a member of an old Ken- tucky family, and his paternal grandfather was a pioneer in that state. Samuel F. Taylor, Sr., his father, was born there and married Fanny Simpson, and in his time was i rominent in that state. Samuel F. Taylor, Jr., was born in Ken- tucky April 18, 1848, and in 1849 ms parents re- moved to Missouri and located in Lafayette county. His father was a lawyer and a farmer. The family were strict Presbyterians. Samuel F. Taylor, Sr., was an ardent south- erner, and shortly after the beginning of our civil war he enlisted in the Confederate army and served under General Sterling Price, and was killed in battle at Corinth, Mississippi. Records show that he was captain of Company B, Sixth Missouri Volunteers. He left a widow and six children. Mrs. Taylor is now (1899) seventy- two years old. Five of their children survive. Samuel F. Taylor, the third of the children of Samuel F. and Fanny (Simpson) Taylor, was educated in the common schools of Missouri and in the Kentucky State University, from which institution, after having completed his studies, he came direct to what is now Idaho Falls. After the completion of the bridge he decided to re- main in the vicinity and engage in the stock busi- ness. The whole country then was one vast and almost limitless range, offering the best facilities for such enterprise, and Mr. Taylor put in several years in that way with success, and then turned his attention profitably to breeding fine trotting horses. He has introduced several horses of ability, among them Ryland T., who has a record of 2:07^. In 1885 he established his livery stable at Idaho Falls and soon became the leading livery- man of the town. Eight miles southeast of Idaho Falls he has a farm of three hundred and sixty acres, where he raises hay and grain for his stock. He has one of the many roomy and elegant residences for which Idaho is famous. From youth Mr. Taylor has always been a stro'ng Democrat, active in promoting the inter- ests of his party. In 1884 he was elected sheriff of Oneida county, which then comprised the whole of southern Idaho, and filled that impor- tant office, with signal ability, during two elective HISTORY OF IDAHO. 407 terms. There were in Oneida county at that time many horse and cattle thieves, and Sheriff Taylor's work toward ridding the county of them was so effective as to be practically complete in its results. His efficiency as a public official was not forgotten, and later he was elected a mem- ber of Idaho's last territorial legislature, and he was a member of the constitutional convention that framed the constitution of the new state. In 1880 Mr. Taylor was happily married to Miss Bettie Hays, daughter of Judge Gilmore Hays, and a native of Kentucky, she being a sister of Senator Charles M. Hays, of Boise, Idaho. They have five children, Edward Lee, Fanny Simpson, Samuel F. (third), Betsy Jane and Mary Ellen. Mrs. Taylor is a member of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Taylor was made a Master Mason in Eagle Rock Lodge, No. 19, of Idaho Falls, and is one of its past masters. SANFORD EVANS. The self-made man, when he has made a place for himself in the world and installed himself in it, has done as much for the world as he has done for himself. The builder of his own fortunes is an active factor in advancing the best interests of the community in which he lives and flour- ishes, and every dollar he makes for himself becomes, in a sense, public capital. Such a pro- gressive and helpful citizen is Sanford Evans, of Genesee, a prominent farmer and mill owner, who has done as much for the development of Genesee and its tributary territory as any other man. A glance at the successful incidents in his career affords an index to his character and a suggestion of the prime reason of his success. He would appear to be a man who plans far ahead, and, adhering tenaciously to his plans, works untiringly to insure their success. Sanford Evans is of Welsh ancestry. His fore- fathers settled in the part of old Virginia now known as West Virginia, where Benjamin Evans, his grandfather, was a successful farmer. Silas Evans, son of Benjamin and father of Sanford Evans, was born in Virginia, succeeded to the old Evans homestead, married Miss Peggie Walker, a native of his own state, and lived well- to-do and respected until after his sixty-ninth birthday. His wife died in her sixty-sixth year. They had eight children, seven of whom are liv- ing. Sanford Evans, their third child, was born in what is now known as West Virginia, January 8, 1848. He was educated in schools near his home, and at the age of twenty-one years went to Missouri and began life for himself. He worked at first as a farm hand and remained there with varying fortune for about six years. In 1874 he crossed the plains with a team and went to the Willamette valley, thence to Walla Walla and from there came on to Nez Perces county, Idaho, and located on one hundred and sixty acres of government land. At that time Mr. Evans had little besides his horse and wagon and his few personal belong- ings. But he was rich in ambition and had splendid capital in power for a goodly aggregate number of days' work, upon which he drew lib- erally, and which he invested profitably. For eight years he lived a lonelv bachelor life on his place. He paid for it and enlarged his holdings from time to time until he was the owner of eleven hundred and forty acres of nice land. Meantime his attention was directed to another means to the improvement of his fortune and he availed himself of it and improved it with the tenacity of purpose that has characterized his ca- reer. While he was building a fine large resi- dence and other good buildings on his property he engaged in conducting a ware-house business in Genesee. This enterprise grew to such pro- portion that when his ware-house burned, January 9, 1899, he lost forty-eight thousand bushels of wheat. Notwithstanding he carried heavy insur- ance, he sustained an actual cash loss of about three thousand dollars. But he has already erected a new flouring mill and ware-house and has entered upon a new era of prosperity. His mill is supplied with modern roller-process ma- chinery and has a capacity of seventy-five barrels of flour a day. He sows four hundred acres of wheat every year, and one year he garnered twenty-one thousand bushels from eleven hun- dred acres, and on four hundred acres of summer fallow he once raised twelve thousand bushels. Mr. Evans returned to West Virginia in 1886, and, at his old home, married Miss Erma Bur- gess, daughter of Columbus Burgess, who came of an old Virginia family. They have three in- teresting children, named Edgar, Roy and Min- nie. Mr. Evans is a Republican, but is not 408 HISTORY OF IDAHO. enough of a practical politician to have any de- sire for office. He believes he will best serve his personal interests by giving his attention entirely to his large and growing business. He is a Knight of Pythias and is popular in social and business circles, and has proved himself a public- spirited and progressive citizen, devoted to all worthy interests of Genesee. ARCHIBALD GAMMELL. Archibald Gammell, county assessor and tax collector of Latah county, now residing in Mos- cow, is a native of Nova Scotia, his birth having occurred February 23, 1835. He is descended from Scotch-Irish ancestry, of Presbyterian faith. William Gammell was the progenitor of the family in the New World. He crossed the Atlantic to Nova Scotia about 1776, since which time three generations of the family have been born there. Industry, uprightness and reliability are the chief characteristics of the Gammells, and they are also noted for longevity, most of the name having attained the age of eighty years or more. John Gammell, the grandfather, and William K. Gammell, the father of our subject, were both born in Nova Scotia, and the latter married Miss Martha Millen, a native of Ireland. They had seven children, but three are now de- ceased. The mother departed this life in her eighty-first year, and the father survived her only twenty-eight days. They were about the same age, and had celebrated their fifty-sixth wedding anniversary. In religious belief they were Pres- byterians, and their upright lives exemplified their faith. Archibald Gammell is now the eldest of the surviving members of the family. He was reared on his father's farm, educated in the common schools, and entered upon his independent busi- ness career as an employe in a woolen factory. He also learned the miller's trade in a flouring mill, and in 1875 removed to Petaluma, Califor- nia, where he was engaged in the draying busi- ness for three years. He met with moderate success in that undertaking, and in 1878 came to Idaho, securing a farm on American ridge, in the Potlatch country, in Latah county. Here for twenty-one years he has carried on agricul- tural pursuits and has greatly improved his property, now raising large crops of wheat, bar- ley, corn and flax, together with an abundance of fruit for home consumption. His wheat crops have yielded as high as thirty-eight bushels to the acre, and through his well directed efforts he has become one of the prosperous farmers of this rich section of the county and one of the most progressive, practical, and influential agricultur- ists. In 1868 Mr. Gammell married Miss Agnes Brenton, a native of Nova Scotia, who shares with him his pleasant home. In politics he has always been a zealous Republican, and in 1898 he was elected on that ticket to the office of assessor and tax collector, which position he is now filling in a most satisfactory manner. The assessment of the county in 1898 reached the sum of two million seven hundred thousand dol- lars. In his social relations Mr. Gammell is a Mason, having taken the preliminary degrees in Eureka Lodge, No. 17, F. & A. M., in Nova Scotia; the Royal Arch degrees in Keith Chap- ter, No. 3, traveling thirty miles in order to become initiated into the mysteries of capitular Masonry. He is a worthy exemplar of the teach ings of this ancient and beneficent fraternity, but his remoteness from the lodge makes it impossi- ble for him to take an active part in ritualistic work. He and his estimable wife are members of the Presbyterian church at Tuliaetta, and now attend the services of that denomination in Mos- cow. They have many friends in the county where they have so long resided and are highly esteemed by all with whom they have come in contact. TIMOTHY REGAN. Among the pioneers of Idaho is Timothy Re- gan, of Boise, who came to the territory in 1864, and has since been largely instrumental in de- veloping the rich mineral resources of the state. He is a native of Rochester, New York, born November 14, 1843, and is of Irish extraction. His parents, Morgan and Mary (Burk) Regan, were both natives of the Emerald Isle, whence they emigrated to the state of Maine, in 1831, bringing with them their two infant daughters. At a later date they removed to New York, thence to Chicago and afterward to Wisconsin, where the father secured a tract of land and in- dustriously carried on agricultural pursuits until HISTORY OF IDAHO. 409 his death, which occurred in 1878, at the age of sixty-nine years. His wife, surviving him some time, departed this life in 1897, at the age of eighty-four years, in Wisconsin. They were de- vout members of the Catholic church and were people of the highest respectability. Nine child- ren were added to their family in America, of whom seven are still living, one being a resident of Boise, namely, Timothy. Philip, who for many years was a leading grocer of the city, died February 9, 1899. Timothy Regan, whose name introduces this review, was educated in the public schools of Wisconsin, and was reared on his father's farm, early becoming familiar with all the duties of field and meadow. When nineteen years of age he started out in life for himself. Leaving home, he made his way to New York, whence he sailed for California, going by way of the isthmus. After reaching the golden state he traveled by wagon to Humboldt, Nevada, and on to Silver City, Idaho, where he engaged in mining in the employ of others for a short time. He then en- gaged in teaming and in furnishing supplies to the miners. He also conducted a hotel, and as time passed his financial resources gradually increased. Having acquired some capital he in- vested his money in various mines and found this most profitable. He is regarded as an expert in his judgment of ore, and his knowledge in this particular, combined with sound judgment in all business transactions, has brought to him most gratifying success. He is the owner of the cele- brated Oro Fino mine, from which were taken seventy tons of ore, that yielded eight hundred dollars to the ton. He also owns the Golden Chariot mine, and formerly owned a mine at De Lamar which he sold to the De Lamar Mining Company for eighty-seven thousand five hundred dollars. These mines all have seven thousand feet on one, or the mother, lode. He sold the Oro Fino mine to an English company for one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, but after mak- ing a large payment, this company, through mis- management, allowed it to revert to the original owner. As he has met with success in his mining ven- tures, Mr. Regan has extended his field of oper- ations into other lines of business and has been the promoter of many industries, which have largely promoted the material interests of Boise. He was one of the organizers of the Hot and Cold Water Company, which supplies the city with both hot and cold water from artesian wells, many of the best buildings and residences being heated with this natural hot water. This enter- prise has proved of great value to Boise, as have others with which Mr. Regan is connected. He is a stockholder and director of the Boise City National Bank, one of the strongest and best financial institutions in the state, now occupying a splendid bank building, which was erected by the company. He is a stockholder in 4 the Wei- ser Land and Improvement Company and in many other enterprises, and his capable manage- ment and wise judgment in business affairs have proved of great benefit in the control of many of these interests. In 1878 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Regan and Miss Rose Blackinger, of Buffalo. New York, and to them have been born two sons, William and John, who are now attending college in Santa Clara, California. They have a beautiful home at the corner of Fourteenth and Bannock streets, surrounded with well kept grounds, tastefully adorned. t Mr. Regan is a member of the Masonic fra- ternity, having taken the first three degrees in Silver City Lodge, of which he is past master. He has also taken the royal arch and knight templar degrees, and now belongs to the lodge, chapter and commandery of Boise. In politics he is a stalwart Democrat, but has never sought the honors or emoluments of public office, pre- ferring to devote his time and energies to his business interests, in which he has met with sig- nal success. His life has been one of untiring activity, and has been crowned with a degree of prosperity attained by comparatively few men. He is of the highest type of a business man, and none more than he deserves a fitting recognition among those whose hardy genius and splendid abilities have achieved results that are the won- der and admiration of all. GEORGE E. ERB. In the last half century, especially, it is sel- dom that one wins prominence in several lines. It is the tendency of the age to devote one's en- tire energies to a special line, continually work- 410 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ing upward and concentrating his efforts toward accomplishing a desired end; yet in the case of George E. Erb it is demonstrated that a leading position may be reached in more than one line of action. He is an able educator, a successful stock-dealer and business man and a recognized leader in political circles. By reason of his prominent connection with the public life and interests of Lewiston, and on account of his repu- tation, which extends far beyond the confines of the city, he is well entitled to representation in this volume. Mr. Erb was born in Lafayette county, Mis- souri, April 26, 1866, and is of German descent. His father, Maximum Erb, was born in Ger- many, and when a young man crossed the At- lantic to the United States. He served through- out the Mexican war as a loyal defender of his adopted land, and then took up his residence in Missouri, becoming one of the enterprising farmers of that state. He married Miss Mary A. Ferguson, and died in 1878, at the age of fifty- six years. The widow with her five children, four sons and a daughter, crossed the plains to Oregon in 1884, and she has since resided near Weston, that state. George E.' Erb, the eldest son, attended the public schools until thirteen years of age, but after that had no opportunity to acquire further education in the school-room. Study, reading, experience and observation, however, have made him a well informed man, and his literary tastes and attainments have gained him entrance into the cultured society circles. He began his busi- ness career as a stock-raiser in Oregon, and in 1889, when but twenty-two years of age, he walked to the city of Lewiston to try his fortunes among this enterprising people. He had no capital, but was energetic, progressive and will- ing to work, and he soon secured a position at manual labor. His real worth of character was recognized by the Rev. John D. McConkey, rec- tor of the Episcopal church, who took a deep in- terest in the young man and acted as his tutor for a few months, thus enabling him to satis- factorily pass an examination and secure a teach- er's certificate. His appetite for learning has never been satiated, and through the passing years he has continually added to his store of knowledge, until he is now a man of scholarly attainments. After securing his certificate, he successfully engaged in teaching for four years, and then had the honor of being elected county superintendent of schools and ex-officio probate judge, which office he filled most ably until the close of the term. He was then for three and a half years the deputy district-court clerk, having charge of all the legal business of the court. He had the honor of serving one term, for the year ending June 30, 1897, as mayor of the city of Lewiston. On the expiration of that period he became extensively engaged in the butchering business, including the packing and curing of meats and dealing in live-stock, as a member of the firm of Dowd, Shaw & Company. After a year this firm sold out and Mr. Erb has since been engaged in stock-raising, in connection with his brothers-in-law, the Dowd brothers. They have one fine ranch of seven hundred and twenty acres, on which are three excellent artesian wells. On it are six hundred head of cattle and from three to four hundred head of horses. Mr. Erb is also the special right-of-way agent of the Ore- gon Railway & Navigation Company for the counties of Idaho and Nez Perces. He has also acquired valuable interests in some promising mining properties in the celebrated Buffalo Hump mining district of central Idaho. On the i4th of June, 1893, Mr. Erb was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Dowd, a daughter of Michael Dowd, one of the honored pioneers of Idaho, who was engaged in rrjining at Pierce City and afterward in farming and stock-raising in Nez Perces county, Idaho. Mrs. Erb was one of the first white children born in Pierce City. By her marriage she has become the mother of a son and daughter, Charles Frederick and Mary Ernestine. Mr. Erb is a prominent member and the grand vice-chancellor of the Knights of Pythias fra- ternity for the state of Idaho, and adjutant of the First Regiment of the Idaho Uniformed Rank of that order, in which he stands very high. He is also a member of the Rathbone Sisters and of the Woodmen of the World. In politics he has always been a stanch Democrat since casting his first vote, and has done effective service for his party. As chairman of the Democratic county central committee, he ably managed the cam- paign in this part of the state, and did effective HISTORY OF IDAHO. 411 work in the interests of Democracy during the last campaign. He was appointed by Governor Steunenberg a member of the board of trustees of the State Normal School, in January, 1897, to serve for a term of six years. His deep interest in the cause of education well qualifies him for the position. In his own home he has a fine li- brary and some of his most pleasant hours are spent with the companionship of the master minds of both this and past ages. ALFRED EOFF. Alfred Eoff, the able and widely known cashier of the Boise City National Bank, possesses the undaunted spirit and business enterprise which have developed and are developing the marvelous resources and wealth of the western states and territories. All credit is due the brave and fear- less frontiersman who paves the way for the on- coming tide of civilization, and, by his industry and zeal opens a thousand avenues for com- merce and progress. In such a work Mr. Eoff has largely aided and. in the history of Idaho he well deserves representation. Of Dutch ancestry, the forefathers of Alfred Eoff settled at an early day in Wheeling, West Virginia, and one of the streets of that city is named in honor of the family. James Eoff, the father of our subject, was born in Virginia (ere that state had been divided) and in 1840 removed to the prairies of Illinois, in company with his father. When grown to maturity he married there Miss Jane Ayres, and of their five children Alfred is now the only surviVor. He was born in the village of White Hall, Illi- nois, June n, 1845, an d received his education in the schools of Chicago. In 1862, when he was seventeen years of age, he joined an uncle in Col- orado, and within a short time he became con- nected with the Ben Holliday Stage Company. Later he was made cashier of the Wells-Fargo & Company's Bank at Salt Lake City, which posi- tion he filled for six years. He was then offered the place of assistant cashier of the bank in San Francisco, owned by the same corporation, and accepted the position, which he retained until 1885, wh,en he came to Idaho for the purpose of organizing the Boise City National Bank, of which he has since been cashier and manager. As earlv as 1866 Mr. Eoff had come to this state as the agent for the Wells-Fargo Company, also serving as their paymaster from Denver to Salt Lake City, until the road was completed. To his marked business ability is due much of the success of the Boise City National Bank, now recognized as one of the leading banking institu- tions of the northwest. Idaho has just cause to be proud of her fine commercial facilities and of the able, far-seeing financiers who stand at the head of these vast business enterprises the banks of the state. The one with which Mr. Eoff is connected as cashier was organized in the fall of 1885, and on the loth of the following April its doors were opened for business. At that time its capital stock was fifty thousand dollars; in 1891 this was raised to double the amount; and it has been'authorized to increase its capital to five hundred thousand dol- lars. In 1898 the profits and surplus of the bank equaled its original capital, and this has been accomplished in spite of the fact that great finan- cial depression has characterized the money mar- kets of this country much of the time covered by the existence of the bank. In the winter of 1891-92 the fine building occupied by the bank was erected, which, with its furnishings, cost up- ward of fifty thousand dollars; but about half of that amount has been since realized from the renting of offices. The first year the deposits in the bank amounted to one hundred thousand dol- lars, which sum has been gradually increased un- til it has now reached five times the original amount. A dividend of ten per cent has been regularly paid and forty per cent has been added to the surplus. a truly wonderful showing! Among those prominent in the organization of the bank were Henry Wadsworth, cashier of the Wells-Fargo Bank at San Francisco; A. H. Boomer, manager of the California & Oregon Stage Company ; Edward A. Hawley, of Hawley Brothers Hardware Company, of San Francisco; and James G. Walker, a wholesale liquor mer- chant of the same city: H. B. and B. M. East- man, of Boise; and Joseph Perrault, surveyor- general of Idaho. The first officers were Henry Wadsworth, president; Alfred Eoff, cashier; and Joseph Perrault, assistant cashier. There have been no changes since, save that W. S. Bruce is now the assistant cashier. During the civil war Mr. Eoff volunteered his 412 HISTORY OF IDAHO. services in aid of his country, was assigned to Company C, First Colorado Infantry, and was sent against the Indians, who were proving a constant source of danger to the white settlers of the state and of the northwest in general. He is now a member of George H. Thomas Post, No. 4, Grand Army of the Republic. Politically he is an ardent Republican. One of the handsomest residences in Boise is the recently completed home of Mr. Eoff. He was married in 1882 to Miss Victoria Louise Mfrsh, who was born in Canada, is a lady of superior education and social attainments, and is a consistent member of the Episcopal church. In all his business and social relations Mr. Eoff is popular and influential. His marked financial and executive ability has gained him pre-emi- nence in commercial circles, while his pleasant personality and unquestioned integrity have won for him the respect of all. WILLIAM B. ALLISON. One of the most prominent pioneer citizens of Salubria valley, an organizer of Washington county, and now (1898) its assessor, is William B. Allison, an enterprising and leading stock- raiser in the beautiful valley of Salubria, where he has a rich and finely improved farm of five hun- dred and twenty acres, through which runs a splendid stream of water. Air. Allison was born at Glasgow, Columbia county, Ohio, on August 22, 1845, an< l K f Scotch ancestry, his parents, Alexander and Sarah (Glover) Allison, having been natives of Scotland. In 1837 the father emigrated to America, and was married in Pottsville, Pennsyl- vania, where he followed the blacksmith's trade, having learned the same in Scotland. He re- moved to Illinois in 1854, and a year later to northwestern Iowa, and in 1863 he and his fam- ily, consisting of his wife and three children, crossed the plains and located in Boise valley, where he took up a farm of three hundred and twenty acres, becoming one of the pioneers of that valley. He found a ready market for the products of his farm in the mining camps, and in those early days received a very remunerative price for anything he could raise. The cost of threshing grain was at that time twenty-five cents a bushel, and everything else equally high. In 1868 Mr. Allison removed to Salubria valley, where he took up one hundred and sixty acres of rich land, one mile north of where the town of Salubria now stands, built upon this land, im- proved it and became a successful, industrious and capable farmer. Being a lover of liberty, he identified himself with the Republican party when it was organized, and became one of its faithful adherents. Among other of the early enter- prises of the territory aided by him was the founding of the Statesman, at Boise, to which he liberally contributed. In his religious faith he was a Presbyterian. His death occurred at his home in Salubria, in 1882, at which time he had attained the age of sixty-nine years. The wife to whom he was first married departed this life in 1854. His second wife, who crossed the plains and endured the hardships of pioneer life with him, still survives him and has attained the grand old age of ninety years. All the children are living in Salubria. William B. Allison was educated in the public schools of Pennsylvania and Iowa, and in 1863, when in his eighteenth year, he was one of the drivers of a freight train across the plains, the rate per pound for freight at that time being thirty-three cents to Salt Lake, the time consumed in driving from Omaha being ninety days. After coming to Idaho our subject freighted all over the territory, and crossed the plains three times with oxen, without accident or misfortune. In 1868 he came to the Salubria valley and took up one hundred and sixty acres of rich land, upon a part of which is now built the town of Salubria, and on this property he built his log house, with a dirt floor and roof, and in this humble way began his farm life. He en- gaged in raising cattle, horses and hogs, and from time to time, as by his industry he secured means, he added to his farm until now he has five hundred and twenty acres, stocked with a fine grade'of Hereford cattle, Berkshire hogs and good horses. In 1891 he erected a larger and more commodious house on his farm, and there he and his family enjoy the comforts of life which his unaided efforts and intelligence have pro- vided. Mr. Allison was a strong adherent of the Re- publican party up to the time of the St. Louis convention in 1896, when he decided that the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 413 "G. O. P." had left him, and he allied himself with the silver or bimetal forces 01 his state. He was elected a member of the Idaho territorial legislature and introduced the bill creating the county of Washington. He was also elected a member of the second session of the state legis- lature, and became acquainted with all the rep- resentative men of the state. In 1896 he was elected assessor of Washington county, an office he has filled in a most satisfactory manner. So- cially he is a member of the Grand Lodge of the I. O. O. F. of the state. On the 1 8th of November, 1868, Mr. Allison was married to Miss Ruhannah Hedgecock, a native of North Carolina, and a daughter of Jos- eph Hedgecock. Of this union five children have been born, namely: Minnie; Loutitia, now Mrs. Henry Mossman; Alexander, who is married and resides with his father, aiding him in conducting the farm; William B., Jr , and Joseph. JAMES W. BALLANTINE. One of the foremost representatives of the mercantile interests of the Wood river valley is James W. Ballantine, of Bellevue. A native of Pennsylvania, he was born February 15, 1839, and in his life has manifested many of the sterling traits of his Scotch ancestry, who emigrated to the United States in 1825. His parents were Nathaniel and Sarah (Wallace) Ballantine, natives of Scotland, in which country they were reared and married. Crossing the Atlantic to America, they took up their residence near Can- onsburg, Pennsylvania, where the father en- gaged in merchandising. They were Presby- terians in their religious faith, and were people of the highest integrity of character, respected by all who knew them. For more than forty years Nathaniel Ballantine was a successful busi- ness man of Pennsylvania, and lived to be seventy-eight years of age, while his wife passed away at the age of seventy. They had eight children, four of whom are living. James W. Ballantine is the eldest living of their sons. He was educated in the public schools of his native state, and received his business training at the store and under the direction of his father, whom he assisted in the conduct of a mercantile establishment until President Lincoln issued his first call for volunteers to aid in suppressing the rebellion in the south. Mr. Ballantine at once responded, enlisting in April, 1861, and assisted in raising Company E, of the Ninth Pennsyl- vania Reserve Corps, of which he was elected first lieutenant. He was afterward chosen captain of Company K, of the same regiment, in which position he served until the expiration of his term. He then assisted in raising the One Hundred and Ninety-third Regiment of Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, of which he was elected lieutenant colonel, continuing to act in that capacity until the close of his second term of enlistment. For three years he was with the Army of the Potomac and participated in all of its hard-fought battles and glorious victories. He was wounded by a gunshot in the thigh and was also captured at the second battle of Bull Run, but after two months he returned to his com- mand, with which he continued until the close of hostilities. He was always a valiant soldier, fearless and true, and because of his meritorious service on the field of battle was brevetted major by President Johnson. Soon after his return home Major Ballantine engaged in the oil-refining business, at Pittsburg, and did a successful business in that line from 1865 to 1883, when the great mining excitement in the Wood river vailed allured him to Idaho, and he has since been a valued and influential citizen of this part of the state. He came to superintend the mining and smeltino- works of a Philadelphia company, doing business at Mul- doon, and was- thus engaged for two years, when the company concluded to close their establish- ment. Mr. Ballantine then turned his attention to mining and stock-raising. He has been interested in various gold mines, and was a member of a company that, after taking out considerable ore from the Hub mine, sold the property for ninety thousand dollars. He is still interested in mining ventures, and is now work- ing a copper mine in Nevada. This property is bonded and probably sold. He also has a valu- able cattle ranch twenty miles east of Bellevue, where he is raising cattle and horses on an extensive scale. At Bellevue he is a member of the firm of Hill & Ballantine, proprietors of the largest general mercantile establishment in the Wood river valley. They enjoy an extensive and constantly increasing patronage, and have a 414 HISTORY OF IDAHO. well equipped store, supplied with everything in their line demanded by the general public. Reasonable prices, honorable dealing and courte- ous treatment have secured for them a good business, and the enterprise has proved a profit- able one. In 1865, after his return from the war, Mr. Ballantine was united in marriage to Miss Lena Mclntyre, a native of Pennsylvania, and they had one daughter, Carrie, who died while the family yet resided in Pittsburg. Mrs. Ballantine is a consistent and faithful member of the Presby- terian church. Mr. Ballantine gave his political support to the Republican party until 1892, when his opinions concerning the money question led him to with- draw his allegiance. He then aided in the organization of the Populist party, and on that ticket, in 1892, was elected a member of the Idaho state legislature. In 1894 he was honored by the Populist nomination for governor and polled a heavy vote, but was defeated by a small majority of a few hundred. In 1896 he was elected a member of the state senate and was the candidate of his party for United States senator, receiving the full Populist vote, lacking only eight votes of being elected. Before coming west he served as a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. He has long taken an active and influential part in politics, and is a recognized leader in the ranks of his party, his opinions carrying great weight in its councils. Socially, he is connected with the Ancient Order of United Workmen and the Grand Army of the Republic, and served as commander of O. H. Rippey Post, No. 41, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. In business he sustains an unassailable reputation, in political life he has the ability and knowledge of the statesman, and in social circles he is known as a courteous, cultured and popular gentleman. WILLIAM TAYLOR. For twenty-eight years William Taylor has resided in Latah county, and is therefore one of the honored pioneer farmers of the locality. He has not only witnessed the entire growth and development of this section of the state, but has ever borne his part in the work of progress, and his name should be enduringly inscribed on the pages of its history. A native of the Emerald Isle, he was born in county Armagh, Ireland, April 15, 1820, his parents being Joseph and Elizabeth (Rankin) Taylor. In 1840 the father came to America, bringing with him his wife and seven children. They made the voyage on . the sailing vessel Fairfield, and were five weeks on the passage. They took up their residence on Bonus prairie, Boone county, Illinois, near where the city of Belvidere now stands, the father purchasing forty acres of land, from which he developed a fine farm. The city of Chicago was then but a little muddy village and the country was largely unimproved. Both he and his wife were members of the Presbyterian church, were highly respected people, and each lived to the age of seventy-three vears. William Taylor, their eldest child, was edu- cated in his native land, and learned the mason's trade, serving a five years' apprenticeship. After becoming a resident of Illinois he followed that pursuit, doing much of the work in his line in that early day both in Belvidere and Rockford. Many of the substantial structures of those towns still stand in evidence of his excellent handiwork. He was married, in Illinois, to Miss Priscilla Mitchell, a native of Pennsylvania and a daughter of Thomas Mitchell of that state. In 1871 Mr. Taylor determined to seek a location in the new and undeveloped west. He first made his way to California, later traveled through Oregon and then came to Idaho. Here he believed he had found the richest farming land in the United States, and the unsettled condition of the country made it possible for him to take his choice of a claim in the vast region. He selected the farm upon which he now resides, it being then covered with rich verdure. With .1 spade he turned the sod in several places and found a rich black loam, from four to five feet deep. There was also a little stream on the place and several good springs, and he believed that everything could be grown in abundance here. Time has proved the wisdom of his judgment, as his labors have resulted in making this one of the finest and richest farming properties in the state. He built a log house and then wrote for his wife to join him in the new home. With her children she traveled to Ogden, Utah, where Mr. Taylor met them with a team, thus conveying them to the new farm in the wilds of Idaho. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 415 During those first years he had very little money. He had to go to Walla Walla for sup- plies, and for four years Mr. Silcott, who ran the ferry at Lewiston, trusted him for his ferry bill, but after a time he was able to do some building for the kind ferryman, and thus dis- charged his indebtedness and received twenty- five dollars additional for his labor. Mr. Taylor is a man of great industry, energy, diligence and practical common sense, and in his undertakings he prospered. He improved the place and added to it until he has six hundred and forty acres of the splendid farming land of the district. His son, Thomas J., grew up to be a capable young business man and became associated with W. A. Lauder, a son-in-law of our subject, in the manu- facture of brick. They met with splendid success in the business, did contracting and building and furnished all the brick used in Moscow. They erected many of the finest public buildings, including the State University. In order to help his son and son- in-law in their business reverses, he sold a portion of the old homestead, but still has left one hundred acres of the old homestead and three hundred and twenty acres of timber land in the mountains, not far distant. In addition to the fine springs of pure water which he has on his homestead, there is a rich mineral spring which has fine medicinal properties, being a curative for a number of diseases. Charles W. McCurdy, of the chemical department of the University of Idaho, has made a most careful analysis of this mineral earth showing its ele- ments and properties, and in the hands of an enterprising man the spring might be made a most profitable business undertaking, but Mr. Taylor is now too far advanced in years to under- take a new work of this character. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Taylor are Thomas J., now sheriff of Lemhi county, Idaho, and a prominent young man; Edward, who was graduated from West Point Military Academy and is now an officer in the regular army, serving his country in Manila; Elizabeth, wife of Mr. Clayton, of Moscow; and Minnie, wife of W. A. Lauder. The other children are now deceased. In early life Mr. Taylor became a Master Mason, in Illinois. In politics he was formerly a Republican, but differing with the party on the money question, he now gives his support to the men and measures that, in his judgment, stand for the best interests of the country. He is a gentleman of broad intelligence, of sterling worth and unassailable reputation, and he and his estimable wife are numbered among the honored pioneers of northern Idaho, pioneers to whose unselfish efforts this section of the state largely owes its prosperity and progress. JOHN STRODE. With two of the most important industries that have contributed to the development and pros- perity of the northwest, mining and stock- raising, John Strode has long been identified. He became a resident of California in 1852, ten years later went to Oregon, and since 1863 has made his home in Idaho. His birth occurred in Tennessee, on the 6th of February. 1833, and he is of English, German and Welsh descent: but the original ancestors, who came from England Wales and Germany, found homes in America at an early period in her history and were pioneer settlers of Kentucky. John Strode, the father of our subject, was born and reared in Kentucky, and Miss Nancy Evans, of Ohio, became his wife. Thirteen children were born of this union, five of whom are yet living. The father departed this life in the sixty-third year of his age, and his wife passed away in her sixty-seventh year. During his childhood John Strode accompa- nied his parents on their removal to Missouri, where he remained until nineteen years of age, when he drove an ox-team across the plains to California. The dangers and hardships of such a journey can scarcely be imagined, much less realized in this age of parlor-car transportation. The company of which Mr. Strode was a member were four months and eight days upon the way, but though they endured many discomforts, they escaped death through disease or at the hands of treacherous savages, yet many new-made graves marked the route, the last resting places of those who had hopefully started out to seek fortune in the Golden state. After arriving on the Pacific slope, Mr. Strode engaged in mining for a short time and then conducted a ranch in Contra Costa county. Subsequently he went to Siskiyou county, where he engaged in placer mining until his removal to Auburn, Baker 416 HISTORY OF IDAHO. county. He was very successful in his mining operations there, often taking out gold to the value of fifty or sixty dollars per day. In Sis- kiyou county he dug out a nugget worth three thousand and thirty-three dollars! He also carried on mining at Independence, but in 1862 left California for Oregon, and the following year came to Boise. He engaged in mining in the Boise basin, at Atlanta Gulch, and in 1865 secured a nugget worth three hundred and thirty-three dollars. iie was interested in the Monarch mine, which proved to be a very rich one. He sold some of his stock for fifteen thousand dollars cash, but retained stock to the value of fifty thousand dol- lars. After his removal to Boise, Mr. Strode began stock-raising, which he has followed with excellent success, and is now the owner of seven hundred and fifty-two acres of valuable land in Idaho, a farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Oregon, and two grape vineyards in Sonoma county, California. He has also a thirty-acre orchard at Nampa, and a fine residence and fruit farm one mile west of the center of Boise, and there he makes his home. In 1869 Mr. Strode was united in marriage to Miss Sophia Youst, and to them were born seven children, namely: Harvey Lee, John, Sophia, William, James, Charles and George. The mother died in 1886, and eight years later Mr. Strode married Mrs. Flora A. Deeds, a native of Indiana. In all his business relations he has commanded the confidence and good will of his fellow men by his honorable and system- atic methods, his fairness and his enterprise. He carries forward to successful completion what- ever he undertakes, and as the result of his sound judgment and unfaltering industry he is now accounted one of the wealthy farmers and stock- raisers of his adopted state. JOHN L. CHAPMAN. John L. Chapman, the postmaster and city treasurer of Lewiston, is a native of Wisconsin, his birth having occurred in Evansville, Rock county, that state, on the 2/th of December, 1850. He is a representative of one of the old American families. His father, Timothy S. Chapman, was a native of New York, and married Minerva Hurlburt, who was also born in the Empire state. He was a vocalist of superior ability and a teacher of. both instrumental music and singing. In 1844116 removed to Illinois, and there his home became a station on the famous underground railroad. He was a lover of freedom, an oppo- nent of oppression in any form, and, just prior to the war, he assisted many a negro on his way to liberty. Subsequently he removed to Wisconsin, and later came to Idaho, where his remaining days were passed. He died in Lewiston, in 1891, but his wife still survives him, and is now in the eightieth year of her age. In early life they were members of the Presbyterian church, but after- ward united with the Congregational church. Of their family of seven children only three are now living. John L. Chapman, whose name introduces this sketch, was reared and educated in Mazomanie, Wisconsin, and came to Lewiston in 1870, at the age of nineteen years. He began working in the lumber regions at day's work and engaged in saw-milling, which he followed for sixteen years. He has been a stalwart Republican since attain- ing his majority, and in 1892 was appointed by President Harrison to the position of postmaster of Lewiston to fill out an unexpired term. At the following election he was chosen by popular ballot to the office of city treasurer, which posi- tion he has filled most satisfactorily for the past four years. In January, 1899, ne was appointed by President McKinley to the position of post- master, and at once began a work of improve- ment in the Lewiston office, putting in new boxes of the latest style and otherwise carrying on the business on a progressive scale. As yet this is only a third-class office, but it is now doing the business of a second-class office and will undoubtedly soon be raised to that rank. Socially Mr. Chapman is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and with the Royal Arcanum, and has filled all the chairs in the former. He was married in 1875 to Miss Emma J. Thatcher. She was born in what was then Oregon, and is a daughter of C. A. Thatcher, an Oregon pioneer of 1852. Eight children have been born of this union, of whom seven are living. Their son, Charles, a promis- ing young man of twenty-two years, was drowned in the Clearwater river while in swim- ming. The surviving children are Ralph H., HISTORY OF IDAHO. 417 John E., Guy E., Fannie K., Roy, Helen and Willard L. John E. is efficiently assisting his father in the post-office, in the capacity of deliv- ery clerk. Mr. and Mrs. Chapman are valued members of the Presbyterian church and he is serving as one of the elders. Twenty-three years ago they erected their pleasant home in Lewis- ton, and through .the intervening decades it has always been noted for its hospitality and good cheer. Mr. Chapman is regarded as a most trustworthy and efficient officer in both positions which he is filling, and in both public and private life he has ever commanded the confidence and respect of his many friends and acquaintances. JOHN McCLELLAN. John McClellan, one of the earliest pioneers of Boise, Idaho, is a native of Ohio, born in Licking county, March 16, 1827, of Irish and English extraction, his paternal ancestors being Irish, his maternal, English. John McClellan, his father, was born in Ireland in 1777, and in the year 1820 came to America, landing at New York, where he remained for some time and where he was married to Miss Amanda Reed, a native of New York and a daughter of English parents. From New York they removed to Dresden, Ohio, where they resided until iS^o in which year he and his wife and seven children crossed the plains to Oregon, John, the subject of this sketch, at that time being twenty-two years of age. That year many of the overland emigrants died of cholera, and several of the company with which the McClellan family traveled were victims of that dread disease and were buried by the way- side, among them an aunt of our subject. His immediate family, however, made the trip in safety, and stopped first at Milwaukee, on the Willamette river, six miles above Portland. Later they removed to Yam Hill county and settled on a farm, where the father spent the rest of his life and died at the age of eighty-eight years. Of his family of seven who crossed the plains in 1850, only four are now living. John and three sisters. From Dayton, Oregon, in 1863, John Mc- Clellan, the subject of our sketch, came to Boise, arriving on the 6th of May, or, rather, came to where Boise is now located, for this place was then a wilderness and there were plenty of Bannack Indians camped near tne river. The military post was not located until the 7th of July following; the state capital a little later. Mr. McClellan's trip from Oregon to this place was made with an ox train. He mined in the Owyhee, witnout success, however, and was at the Florence mines for a short time, when he took out forty dollars per day, after which he pros- pected, again being unsuccessful. That same year he took a claim to a tract of eighty acres of land on the north side of the river, and built on it a log cabin, which still stands on the property in a good state of preservation, and which he intends to keep there as long as he lives. Later he built a good frame residence, the one ne now occupies, which is surrounded with large fruit trees, planted by his own ha.ncls. In the course of time the city of Boise grew out to his property and he sold thirty acres of it for three hundred dollars per acre, and on it have been built a number of residences. Mr. McClellan, soon after locating at Boise, floated logs down the river, sawed them into lumber and built a ferry-boat, with which for many years he ferried the people across the river. Afterward he, in company with others, built a toll-bridge, and had charge of that some three years. Both of these undertak- ings were a financial success. After selling them he directed his energies to farming and raising fruit and vegetables, and later gave attention to the keeping of bees, in all of which he has been fairly successful. Mr. McClellan is a lifelong Republican, taking an intelligent interest in public affairs, but never caring for or seeking official honors. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and was one of the early trustees of the church at Boise. His sister, Miss Letta Ann, who came to Boise in 1867, is his housekeeper, both having remained unmarried. In their pleasant home they extend to their neighbors and many friends that genial hospitality so characteristic of the west. ADDISON V. SCOTT. Addison V. Scott is well known throughout southern Idaho as a shrewd argl public-spirited financier and real-estate operator, and Mrs. Adelia B. (Dugan) Scott, his wife, has wide dis- tinction as having been the first woman in Idaho elected to the office of justice of the peace, the ' 418 HISTORY OF IDAHO. important functions of which she is discharging with admirable ability. They were married in 1883 and are among the prominent families of Idaho Falls. Addison V. Scott was born in Madison county, Iowa, January 14, 1858, and is descended from English-Irish ancestry. His forefathers settled early in Indiana, and Joseph Scott, his grand- father, became prominent in that state. Joseph C. Scott, son of Joseph Scott and father of Addison V. Scott, was born, reared and educated in Indiana, and there married Miss Eliza Jane Rawlings, a native of Indiana and daughter of Rev. James Rawlings, of the Methodist Episco- pal church, a man whose good life and good works had a beneficent influence upon the people among whom he lived and labored. Joseph C. Scott and Eliza Jane (Rawlings) Scott had eight children, only three of whom are living. The father died, in 1897, at the age of seventy-one. His wife, who was many years his junior, is now (1899) sixty-five years old. Addison V. Scott, their fourth child, was educated in the high schools of Iowa, principally at Burlington, and at the age of seventeen began to teach school. He was successful in the work, but a business career was more to his taste, and later he was a clerk in mercantile houses until he secured a position with a large real-estate, loan and bank- ing firm. In 1883 he was called to the cashiership of the Creston (Iowa) National Bank, of which J. B. Harsh was president. He resigned the position four years later (1887) to go to Kansas. He did not remain long in the Sunflower state, however, but went to Colorado and there engaged in the real-estate and banking business on his own account. In 1890 he came to Idaho Falls, from Denver, and opened a real-estate and fire- insurance office. He secured a combination of first-class fire-insurance companies, and his knowledge of underwriting and his business ability were such than he soon gained a large and increasing patronage. He also dealt exten- sively in real estate for himself and others and platted Scott's Addition to Idaho Falls, which has been partial!* sold off and built upon, and built a hotel and a business block which are among the prominent buildings of the town. Soon after he came to southeastern Idaho, the importance of irrigation became apparent to him, and he became prominent in connection with the work of the Idano Canal Company and later with that of the Marysville Canal & Improve- ment Company, which is doing much for the improvement of Fremont county, and of which he was elected secretary and treasurer, which positions he holds at this time. Mr. Scott is a Republican and takes an active and helpful interest in the work of his party. While he lived in Iowa he was elected city treas- urer of Creston, and since coming to Idaho he was appointed by Governor Willey one of the first regents of the state university. There is no movement for the public good that does not receive Mr. Scott's hearty indorsement and generous financial support, and Mrs. Scott is equally public-spirited. She is vice-president of the Ladies' Improvement Society, of Idaho Falls, an organization having for its object the improve - ment and beautifying of the town, whose work has been so effective that largely through its agency, directly and indirectly, Idaho Falls is cleaner and more attractive than many of her sister towns. Mr. and Mrs. Scott, who are communicants of the Catholic church, did verv much toward the building of the Catholic church at Idaho Falls and have labored otherwise to advance the cause of their church in the town of their adoption. MICHAEL J. SHIELDS. The life of Michael Joseph Shields affords an illustration of the vicissitudes of business under modern conditions; it emphasizes the importance of doing the right thing at the right time, and it teaches a lesson of patience under difficulties and perseverance against obstacles, a lesson that should not be lost upon all of the many who need it. It is suggestive in another way, too, because it affords an example, in addition to many others that have been given in the past, of the excellent quality of the sturdy Irish-American character. Mr. Shields, who is one of the most enter- prising and influential citizens of Moscow and who has the reputation of having done as much toward the upbuilding of that city as any other man, was born near Lockport, New York, Sep- tember 15, 1853. His parents were natives of Ireland. His father, John Shields a well known HISTORY OF IDAHO. 419 contractor, was drowned at the age of thirty- one while making improvements on a section of the Erie canal. After his death his widow, with three children, removed to Lockport, where she died in her fifty-seventh year. After having attended school at Rochester and Lockport, New York, Michael Joseph Shields began the battle of life as a driver on the Erie canal. His business ability was exhibited early in his career, for at seventeen we find him the owner of a team, at work independently, towing canal-boats from station to station, at two dollars a trip. From this work he advanced to towing rafts of lumber between Tonawanda and Troy, New York. In 1871, when he was eighteen, he went to San Francisco, California, and found employment as teamster for a wholesale commission house. He soon won the confidence of his employers to such an extent that he was made collector and general outside man for the concern. In 1872 he had saved enough money to enable him to buy a truck and team and engage in trucking on his own account. He prosecuted that business successfully until 1878, and then went with a very snug sum of money, the result of his enterprise and good management, to Walla Walla, Wash- ington. He found an investment at Dayton, Washington, where he completed and equipped a hotel, which he sold, however, before it was opened. He then bargained for a ranch consist- ing of land for which he was to have paid the sum of two thousand seven hundred dollars, but other opportunities came to him which he accepted as more promising, and he let the deal fall through. In the light of subsequent events he has considered this the great mistake of his life; yet other men have made just such mis- takes, some of them on a large scale. How could he have known that a portion of the big city would in a few years spring forth upon that ranch? If he had possessed such foreknowledge he would have made a still greater mistake in not securing all the land now covered by Spokane and its suburbs. It was at Moscow that Mr. Shields made the investment that he might have made at Spokane. In March, 1879, he opened up a trade in farm implements in Moscow. In 1882 he added hard- ware stock and in 1885 a lumber yard, and he did a growing, profitable business until 1895. At that time the whole country was involved in financial difficulty. Banks were failing, shops were shut down, crops failed and productive energy was paralyzed. There were many failures in the new west as a result of these conditions, and Mr. Shields' failure was by no means one of the largest of them. He had been engaged in very extensive business operations for some years. In 1887 he had built the Moscow planing mills, and he owned and operated four sawmills. He had built the works of the Moscow water system and the Moscow electric-light plant. He had built the Idaho University building, the contract price for which was one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, and he had built, under contract, some of Idaho's largest publir- school buildings, and was thought to be worth at least three hundred thousand dollars. He was literally "driven to the wall" by adverse circum- stances, but his spirit was not broken, nor did his enterprise slumber. The Shields Company, Limited, was organized and incorporated, and Mr. Shields was made its manager. Its success has been noteworthy and it is now one of the strongest concerns of the kind in the state. It occupies a brick block, one hundred and forty by one hundred and twenty-five feet, which Mr. Shields erected in 1890. There was not a citizen of Moscow who did not sympathize with Mr. Shields in his trouble, and there is not one who is not glad that he is coming to the front again with a pronounced business success that promises well for his future. Mr. Shields was married in June, 1885, to Miss Sarah A. Henry, a native of Massachusetts, who has borne him four children, Frederick Milton, Madeline Mary, James Henry and John Lewis. In politics Mr. Shields is a Republican, in reli- gion a Catholic. He was a regent of the State University of Idaho, and in that capacity did much excellent and far-reaching work to advance the cause of public education in his adopted state. JOSEPH B. HULSE. Joseph B. Hulse, proprietor of the only photo- graph gallery in Hailey, is a native of Iowa, born in Glenwood, on the 3d of January, 1859. The family, of German origin, was planted on American soil at an early period in the history of New England. The grandfather, Joseph Hulse, 420 HISTORY OF IDAHO. was a pioneer settler of the state of Ohio, and his son, Henry A. Hulse, the father of our sub- ject, was born near the old home of Abraham Lincoln, in the vicinity of Springfield, Illinois. .Having arrived at years of maturity, he married Caroline Maloon and removed to Iowa, whence he afterward went to Pike's Peak. In 1863 he removed with his family to Denver, Colorado, and in 1866 went to Saline county, Nebraska, settling on a farm on a tributary of the Blue river, where he remained until 1880. In that year he became a resident of Oregon, taking up his abode near LaGrande, Union county, where he remained until called to the home beyond, in 1893, at the age of fifty-seven years. His widow still resides there and is now fifty-six years of age. They were the parents of eight children, five of whom are living. In the public schools Joseph B. Hulse acquired his literary education, pursuing his studies through the fall and winter months, while in the summer season he assisted in the labors of the home farm. In early life he began to learn the art of photography, and in 1889 established a gallery in Alturas, California, where he remained three years, after which he spent nearly a year at Lake View, Oregon. He then went to Mountain Home, and after passing a winter there came to Hailey, in the spring of 1895. Here he opened his art gallery, the only one in the town, and has since conducted a successful business, receiving all the patronage of the entire county in his line. He does his work in a most artistic manner and after the most approved processes in photog- raphy, and his work gives general satisfaction. This, combined with his reasonable prices and his uniform courtesy to his patrons, has secured him a large and profitable business. Mr. Hulse voted with the Republican party until 1892, when, on account of his views on the money question, he transferred his allegiance to the Populist party, and in the fall of 1898 was elected on that ticket to the state legislature, receiving a flattering majority. His careful consideration of matters of public moment and his adherence to a course which he believes to be right make him a valued member of the house and a worthy representative of the interests of his constituents. Socially Mr. Hulse is chief forester of the Modern Woodmen Camp of Hailey. He has in Elaine county a wide acquaintance and many friends, and a home which is a favorite resort with many of the best people of the community. He was married in 1892 to Miss Kittie G. Spar- gur, a native of Reno, Nevada, and a daughter of Henry L. Spargur, an attornev of Alturas, Cali- fornia. Prior to her marriage she was a success- ful teacher in the public schools of California. She is descended from German ancestors, the family having first been founded in New York, whence representatives of the name went to Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Hulse have three children, Amidol A., Henry D. and Joseph B. o >) nl Q I (X CHAPTER XXIX. , MINES AND MINING. IDAHO is essentially a mining territory. It was her mines that first stimulated immigra- tion to within her borders, and it is to the results of the mines that her present prosperity is due in a great measure. Now that mining has been reduced to a legitimate occupation, there is less reckless speculation, perhaps, than of old, but more solid, substantial business. The days of stock gambling in mining properties are about over. Science, aided by practical experience, has taught the best methods of treating ores. Capi- talists no longer purchase prospects for fabulous prices on the strength of picked specimens or the vicinity of rich claims. It is a fortunate circum- stance for Idaho that mining has been for the most part a steady, productive industry, yielding rich returns to the patient and intelligent pros- pector, and that it has not been necessary to rely on fictitious "booms." As in the case of mining countries generally, the placer mines first attracted attention. The placers of Boise basin, Salmon river, and other localities had yielded rich returns. But it is within a comparatively recent period that quartz mining has become as general as at present in southern and central Idaho. Even now in well known mining regions there are many miles as yet unexplored. The minerals of Idaho are gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, plumbago, quicksilver, coal, and others. There are also mountains of sulphur, productive salt springs, quarries of the finest marble and building stone, large deposits of mica, and various varieties of semi-precious stones. Her precious-metal belt is three hundred and fifty miles long, and from ten to one hundred and fifty miles wide. DISCOVERY OF GOLD. It is reported that gold was discovered by a French Canadian in Pend d'Oreille river, in 1852. Two years later General Lander found gold while exploring the route for a military road from the 421 Columbia to Fort Bridger. The earliest discov- eries of which we have any authentic record, however, were probably made by members of the party with that veteran pioneer and path-finder, Captain John Mullan, the originator of the now famous Mullan road from Fort Benton to Walla Walla, a distance of six hundred and twenty- four miles. In a letter dated Washington, D. C., June 4, 1884, to Mr. A. F. Parker, of Eagle City, he says: I am not at all surprised at the discovery of nume- rous rich gold deposits in your mountains, because both on the waters of the St. Joseph and the Coeur d'Alene, when there many years ago, I frequently noticed vast masses of quartz strewing the ground, particularly on the St. Joseph river, and wide veins of quartz projecting at numerous points along the line of my road along the Coeur d'Alene, all of which indicated the presence of gold. Nay, more: I now recall quite vividly the fact that one of my herders and hunters, a man by the name of Moise, coming into camp one day with a handful of coarse gold, which he said he found on the waters of the north fork of the Coeur d'Alene while out hunting for our expedition. This was in 1858 or 1859. The members of my expedition were composed very largely of old miners from California, and having had more or less experience in noticing the indication of mineral de- posits, their universal verdict was that the entire coun- try, from Coeur d'Alene lake on toward and including the east slope of the Rocky mountains, was one vast gold-bearing country, and I was always nervous as to the possible discovery of gold along the line of my road; and I am now frank to say that I did nothing to encourage its discovery at that time, for I feared that any rich discovery would lead to a general stam- pede of my men from my expedition, and thus destroy the probable consummation of my work during the time within which I desired to complete the same. I then regarded it as of the first importance to myself and to the public to open a base line from the plains of the Spokane on the west to the plains of the Mis- souri on the east, from which other lines could be subsequently opened, and by means of which the cor- rect geography of the country could be delineated. My object at that time was to ascertain whether there was a practicable railroad line through the valleys, and if there existed any practicable pass in the main range 422 HISTORY OF IDAHO. of the Rocky mountains through which, in connection with the proper approaches thereto, we could carry a wagon road, to be followed by a railroad line, and I did not hesitate to make all other considerations sec- ondary or subordinate thereto, believing then, and knowing now, that if a railroad line was projected and completed through the valleys and the passes of the Rocky mountains, between the forty-fifth and forty- eighth parallels of latitude, all other developments would naturally and necessarily soon follow. A romantic tale is told of the discoveries which led to the Oro Fino excitement in 1860. Tra- dition relates that a Nez Perce Indian, in 1860, informed Captain E. D. Pierce that while himself and two companions were camping at night among the defiles of his native mountains, an apparition in the shape of a brilliant star sud- denly burst forth from among the cliffs. They believed it to be the eye of the Great Spirit, and when daylight had given them sufficient courage they sought the spot and found a glittering ball that looked like glass, embodied in the solid rock. The Indians believed it to be "great medicine," but could not get it from its resting place. With his ardent imagination fired by such a tale, Captain Pierce organized a company, and with the hope of finding the "eye of their Manitou," explored the mountains in the country of the Nez Perces. He was accompanied by W. F. Bassett, Thomas Walters, Jonathan Smith, and John and James Dodge. The Indians distrusted them, however, and refused to permit them to make further search. Thev would doubtless have had to leave the country had not a Nez Perce squaw come to their relief and piloted them through to the north fork of the Gearwater and the Palouse country, cutting a trail for days through the small cedars, reaching a mountain meadow, where they stopped to. rest. While there Bassett went to a stream and tried the soil for gold, finding about three cents in his first panful of dirt. This is said to be the discovery that resulted in the afterwards famous Oro Fino mines. After taking out about eighty dollars, they returned to Walla Walla. Sergeant J. C. Smith, of that place, thereupon fitted out a party and started for the mines, reaching there in November, 1860. In the following March Smith made his way out on snow-shoes, taking with him eight hundred dollars in gold-dust. This dust was shipped to Portland, where it caused a blaze of excitement. During 1861 and 1862 the rush continued. Steamers arrived at Portland from San Francisco and Victoria loaded down with freight and pas- sengers for the new gold-fields. New mining regions were constantly discovered. In the spring of 1861 Pierce City was founded and named in honor of Captain Pierce. The Elk City mines were discovered early in 1861 by parties from Oro Fino. Florence was discovered in the fol- lowing autumn. In August, 1862, James Warren and others located claims in what was thereafter known as Warren's Diggings. These last named are all on the tributaries of the Salmon river. Warren's never caused the rush and excitement that attended the discovery of Florence. The latter, it is claimed, was found by a greenhorn, one of a party of seven hunters. The recklessness characteristic of new mining camps found full play here. Thirtv men were killed in the first year; shooting and cutting were every-day matters. Prices were abnormal. The Walla Walla Statesman, in chronicling the event, gives the following description of the discovery of the Salmon river mines in 1861 : "S. F. Ledyard arrived last evening from the Salmon river mines, and from him it is learned that some six hundred miners would winter there; that some two hundred had gone to the south side of the river, where two streams head that empty into the Salmon, some thirty miles southeast of the present mining camp. Coarse gold is found, and as high as one hundred dollars per day to the man has been taken out. The big mining claim of the old locality belongs to Mr. Weiser, of Oregon, from where two thousand six hundred and eighty dollars were taken on the aoth, with rockers. On the 2ist three thousand three hundred and sixty dollars were taken out with the same machines. Other claims were pay- ing from two to five pounds per day. Flour has fallen to fifty cents per pound, and beef at from fifteen to twenty-five cents is to be found in abundance. Most of the mines are supplied till the first of June. Mr. Ledyard met between Slate creek and Walla Walla, en route to the mines, three hundred and ninety-four packs and two hundred and fifty head of beef cattle." The same journal on December 13, 1861, gives HISTORY OF IDAHO. 423 the following account of the new diggings: "The tide of immigration to Salmon river flows steadily onward. During the week past not less than two hundred and twenty-five pack-animals, heavily laden with provisions, have left this city (Walla Walla) for the mines. If the mines are one-half so rich as they are said to be, we may safely calculate that many of these trains will return as heavily laden with gold-dust as they are now witn provisions. The late news from Salmon river seems to have given the gold fever to everybody in this immediate neighborhood. A number of persons from Florence City have arrived in this place during the week, and all bring the most extravagant reports as to the richness of the mines. A report in relation to a rich strike made by Mr. Bridges, of Oregon City, seems to come well authenticated. The first day he worked on his claim, near Baboon Gulch, he took fifty-seven ounces; the second day he took one hundred and fifty-seven ounces; third day, two hundred and fourteen ounces; and the fourth dav, two hundred ounces in two hours. One gentleman informs us that diggings have been found on the bars of the Salmon river which yield from twenty-five cents to two dollars and fifty cents to the pan, and that on claims in the Salmon river diggings have been found where 'ounces' won't describe them and where they say the gulches are 'full of gold.' The discoverer of Baboon Gulch arrived in this city yesterday, bringing with him sixty pounds of gold-dust; and Mr. Jacob Weiser is on his way in with a mule loaded with gold-dust." Such glowing descriptions nearly forty years ago had their inevitable effects, while the more substantial argument was adduced in the fact that $1,750,000 in gold-dust was exported from this region that year. According to Mr. Elliott, during April, 1862, three thousand persons left Portland, by steamer, for the mines, and by the last of May it was estimated that between twenty and twenty-five thousand persons had reached or were on their way to and near the mines east of the Cascade mountains. The yield accounted for, of gold, in 1862, in this region of country, reached seven million dollars, and several millions in addition to this were shipped through avenues not reported. "Such," says the chronicler, "were the results following in a few short months upon the trail pioneered by E. D. Pierce, W. F. Bassett, and their little party of prospectors whom the Indians had driven out of the country, but to return to it again and again, first led by a squaw, then through the assistance of T. C. Smith, when pur- sued as trespassers by a company of United States cavalry. Enough has been given to show the reader the influence that awoke eastern Washington, Oregon, and Idaho from their sleep through the centuries, to a new era of activity and usefulness." It was a strange throng that came pouring over the mountains of north Idaho in the days of 1862. On foot, horseback, or by any other means that could be obtained, they pushed their way over swollen rivers, rugged mountains, and Indian-infested valleys. Lewiston, Lapvvai, Oro Fino, Pierce City, Elk City, Florence, these were the magic names that fired the imaginations and stimulated the ardor of these dauntless pioneers. One of the effects of the Florence excitement was the discovery of Boise basin, in Boise county. A party of men left Florence in the fall of 1861, and in the following summer passed over into central Idaho. They came by the way of Oregon, crossing the Snake river by the mouth of the Boise. They followed up Boise river to the site of Boise city. Under instruc- tions from an Indian whom they there encoun- tered, they struck out for the mountains north of Boise river,- and subsequently camped near where Centerville now stands. While prospect- ing on the creek, one of the party named Grimes was killed by Indians. The creek, which has become famous in the history of Idaho placer mining, has ever since been called Grimes creek. After the death of Grimes, his companions left the country for Walla Walla. Another party returned to the basin in October, 1862. A stock- ade was built, and the place was styled "Fort Hog'em," a name which locally survives to this day. A writer in the Idaho World gives the fol- lowing account of the discover}' of Boise basin: A party of thirty-eight men, known as Turner's party, left Auburn, Oregon, in the spring of 1862, far Sinker creek, in Owyhee county. It was reported that emi- grants, in fishing along this creek, used gold nuggets, picked up on the creek, for sinkers hence the name. 424 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Joseph Branstetter, of this place, was with Turner's party. Failing to find gold on Sinker creek, Bran- stetter and seven others left the party and met Captain Grimes' party of eight men, between Sinker creek and Owyhee river. Grimes' party and Branstetter and three others of his party, Colonel Dave Fogus one of the number, making twelve men all told, concluded to strike up into the mountains of this section. They crossed Snake river, eight miles above the Owyhee river, in skiffs made of willows. Snake river was then at high-water mark. The party struck Grimes creek near Black's ranch and followed up said creek, along which they first discovered gold, near where the town of Boston stood two or three miles below Centerville. They obtained good prospects there about a bit to the pan. The party proceeded up to Grimes Pass, near the head of Grimes creek. One day, while all of the party were in camp, a shot was fired a short distance from the camp, the bullet passing over the men's heads. A few moments after a second shot was fired, the bullet cutting the hair over one of Mr. Branstetter's ears. Grimes, a Portuguese named Phillip, Mose Splann, and Wilson, Grimes' partner, then struck out from camp on the hunt of the Indian that did the shooting. Grimes got on the track of the Indian, on the hill above camp, and was following the tracks with his shot-gun in his hands when the fatal shot was fired. Splann was about fifty yards to Grimes' left, and the Portuguese a short distance behind. Grimes was within thirty steps of an Indian and about a hundred and fifty yards from the camp when he was shot. The Indian made his escape. Grimes was shot near the heart, and lived only long enough to tell Wilson to tell his wife, who was in Portland, how he came to his death. Grimes frequently made the remark that he would never reach home, that he was to be killed by Indians. The day before he was killed he remarked, while gazing at the picture of his only child, a daughter of a few years of age, that he would never see her again, that he had only a short time to live. Grimes' remains were buried at Grimes Pass, where he was killed. Grimes was a young man, twenty-seven or twenty-eight years of age. The party consisted of four Portuguese and three other men, in addition to those mentioned, the names of two of whom Mr. Branstetter never knew, and the names of the others he has forgotten. Grimes was killed in August, 1862. A short time after his dea.th the party left for Auburn, Oregon, and returned in October of the same year. That fall Branstetter and A. Saunders rocked out from fifty to seventy-five dollars a day- near Pioneerville. and packed the dirt one hundred yards in sacks. A. D. Saunders and Marion More returned with the party in October. The party num- bered ninety-three men. Jeff Standifer's party arrived from Florence about a week after the party of ninety- three got in from Auburn. W. B. Noble of this place was with the Standifer party. The above was related to us by Mr. Branstetter. He was the youngest man in Grimes' party; was twenty years of age when they reached Boise Basin. The mines on Granite creek were discovered about the ist of December by the party, who also located the site of Placerville, which contained about six cabins, partly completed on the I4th day of that month. Boise basin soon became known as the greatest placer country outside of California. By the ist of January, 1863, over three thousand men had made their way into it. Centerville, Pioneerville, PJacerville, Granite Creek, Idaho City (originally known as Bannock), sprung into existence, and by September of that year there were probably two thousand five hundred men scattered through the basin. Several million dollars had been taken out by the close of the season that year. In July, 1864, over two thousand five hundred claims had been recorded in Banner district; in Centerville over two thousand, and in Placerville over four thousand five hundred. Idaho City, or Bannock, became the metropolis of the basin, and at one time could boast of a population, transient and permanent, estimated as high as from seven thousand to ten thousand. On the 1 8th of May, 1865, the town was com- pletely destroyed by a disastrous fire, property to the extent of one and a quarter million of dollars lost, and seven thousand people left homeless and shelterless. The town was rebuilt durino- the same season, however, and though three times destroyed by fire, for many years retained its prestige as the leading mining town of Idaho. The first ferry across Snake river was estab- lished in 1862. A number of persons from Placerville, twenty-seven in all, in the spring of 1863, visited what is now Owyhee county. They discovered Reynolds creek, which was named in honor of one of their party. On the following day the men reached a stream, where they camped, panned the gravel, and obtained a hun- dred colors. The place was named Discovery Bar. Happy Camp, near the site of Ruby City, was discovered soon after. The creek was named after the leader of the expedition, and the district was called Carson, after another member of the party. In July the first quartz lead was discovered by R. H. Wade, and named Whisky Gulch. In the following month the placers in the French district were discovered, and also the Oro Fino quartz ledge. The celebrated Poor- man mine was not discovered until October, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 425 1865. The mines of middle and south Boise, in Alturas county, including Atlanta, Yuba, and Rocky Bar, were discovered in 1864. Such in brief is the history of the mineral dis- coveries in Idaho prior to 1870. By that time the rush, the fever, the excitement attendant upon new discoveries, had quieted down. Many of those who had come into the territory, carried along by the wave of excitement, left with the ebbing tide. The placer mines had been worked, though by no means exhausted. The rush had subsided and a reaction had set in. According to statistics, the yield of 1869 was less than that of any year before or since. Those who remained in Idaho, however, continued to prosper. Dispersed over Idaho's immense territory, greater than that of New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire combined, there were in 1870, exclusive of tribal Indians, less than fifteen thousand 'inhabitants, including about four thousand Chinamen. Her settle- ments were scattered, frequently a hundred mifes or more apart. Situated far from the ordinary lines of through travel, only the most daring and hardy adventurers sought her mountain soli- tudes. The only means of communication were by tedious journeys by stage or team, or more frequently on horseback, over rough mountain trails, where natural obstacles were only en- hanced by the oft-recurring presence of prowling bands of Indians, who so long resented the intru- sion of the whites. The nearest railroad at this time was the Central Pacific, through Utah and Nevada. None of these drawbacks, however, could deter the pioneer and prospector. Great as these ob- stacles were, they shrank into insignificance when confronted by the spirit of the gold-seekers. The discoveries of the past were regarded as but an earnest of the future. It was known that far up among her mountain fastnesses were other store- houses of precious metals that needed only en- terprise and capital to develop their hidden treas- ures. From the remote and secluded mountains of "Far Idaho," as from an almost unknown and unseen source, the golden streams continued flowing. For years the placers of Boise basin and Salmon river, and the ledges of Owyhee, Rocky Bar, and Atlanta, continued yielding their riches, thus constantly adding to the national wealth. No discoveries of new fields, and no stampedes of any importance, occurred, however, for several years. In the meantime the great work of pros- pecting the rugged mountains still went on. Far up among the*snow-capped hills of northeastern Idaho was an unknown region, still described on some maps as "unexplored country." Along the tributaries of the upper Salmon, in the neighbor- hood of Yankee Fork, Kinni-kinnick and Bay- horse creeks, in what is now Custer county, prior to 1877, solitary prospectors had located a few claims, and placers had been worked to advant- age. Occasional visitors from that far-off land had exhibited among the mining men of Salt Lake City specimens of gold and silver ore, whose assay value could be expressed only in four fig- ures. The Charles Dickens had been located in 1875. A thousand dollars had been crushed out in small hand-mortars in a day. During the first month, two men pounded out about twelve thousand dollars. A few tons of ore were then sacked and shipped to Salt Lake City and to Swansea. The net results were fifteen thousand dollars, the highest grade sampling three thou- sand seven hundred dollars per ton. A lot of twenty-three tons netted over seventeen thousand dollars. In 1878 a two-bed arastra, with pan and settler, was built at a cost of nineteen thou- sand four hundred dollars, and started up late in August. By the first of November, by crushing two tons of quartz per day, the arastra had pro- duced bullion to the amount of thirty-two thou- sand dollars. A well known writer, speaking of the General Custer mine in the same district, says: It is the only instance on record where a ledge so immense in wealth and size was already opened and developed when the eyes of the prospector first looked upon it. Ore bodies are usually found beneath the surface, and miners consider themselves fortunate if, after long searching by shafts and tunnels, they strike a vein that insures them reasonable dividends over and above the cost of development. The Custer required no outlay of money to make it a paying mine. Its face was good for millions. Nature, in one of her philan- thropic moods, did the prospecting and development. The outer wall of this great treasure-vault, through the wear and tear of ages, crumbled and slipped from the ore body for a distance of several hundred feet, leaving many thousands of tons of the very choicest 426 HISTORY OF IDAHO. rock lying against the mountain side, to be broken down at little expense. The Montana mine on Mount Estes has been pronounced by mining men to be the richest vein of quartz ever discovered, taking the whole vein matter from wall to wall. Some of the ledge matter was so rich that it has been worked in a mortar at the mine. A lot of two hundred and fifty pounds yielded one thousand eight hundred dollars. The completion of the Utah and Northern to Blackfoot, early in the spring of 1879, brought the Bay-horse district within one hundred and fifty miles, and the Yankee Fork within one hun- dred and ninety miles, of railroad communication. In the spring and summer of 1879 people rushed in by the hundreds, and Challis, Custer City, Bo- nanza, Clayton, Crystal City and /Etna became prosperous mining camps. The Sawtooth and Wood river sections in Alturas county now began to attract attention, but were not thoroughly prospected till the following year. To these dis- tricts incidental reference is made on other pages of this volume. One of the most remarkable mining excite- ments in history was the great Coeur d'Alene stampede of 1884. Gold had been discovered in that country in former years, but no develop- ments had ever been made, owing to the remote- ness of the locality. In 1883 a man named Pritchard discovered and located the "Widow's Claim," which proved of more than average rich- ness. Further discoveries were made, which were rapidly noised abroad. From the heart of the Coeur d'Alene mountains, though distant only forty miles from the Northern Pacific, came the most exaggerated accounts. The whole re- gion was subjected to an artificial "boom," at a most inopportune time. In February of 1884, over the snows came trudging an eager multi- tude, who would harken neither to the voice of reason nor the warnings of experience. The mails were flooded with fantastic descriptions of this latest El Dorado. Newspaper correspond- ents from all over the land came flocking hither, and contributed to give further publicity to a region already overadvertised. Circulars were sent broadcast all over the land, giving the most glowing accounts of nuggets of fabulous wealth, that could be had almost for the seeking. It was declared that old prospectors and miners, con- versant with the history of the banner districts of California, Montana, and Colorado, would stand amazed at the new fields so unequaled in richness and extent; that twenty-five dollars to forty dol- lars per man per day were being panned out in the gulches; that the fields being practically in- exhaustible, rendered impossible any overcrowd- ing of the district; that wherever the bed-rock had been uncovered, beautiful rich dust was be- ing ''scooped up" by the lucky owners; that no machinery or capital was required; that limitless quartz ledges were being struck "fairly glistening with free gold." The result was that in a few weeks, early in the spring of 1884, the forest land at the junction of Eagle and Pritchard creeks became metamorphosed into a city of five thou- sand restless inhabitants, all waiting for the snow to disappear. The effect of overadvertising soon became manifest in the reaction that took place after the summer had fairly set in. A hasty exodus followed, and hundreds left on foot, "packing their blankets" and cursing the coun- try. The region was even more misrepresented by the unsuccessful adventurers, who, in spite of incontestable facts, declared there ''was no gold in the country." Many of the claims got into litigation, which retarded their development. The July term of court at Eagle City settled the dis- puted titles, when the work of development was fairly begun, and since which time the region has been keeping up a steady output. Business has settled down to a legitimate basis, and the coun- try is being systematically opened up. Major N. H. Camp, an early superintendent of the United States assay office at Boise, fur- nished the following description of the Snake river gold-fields, and the record, though written a number of years ago, is well worthy of perpetu- ation in this work: It is popularly supposed that the occupation of a gold-miner is most favorably adapted to the develop- ment of those qualities called for by a bold and ad- venturous life, uncheered by the amenities of social civilization, untrammeled by its laws and intercourse between its members, unlubricated by the presence of fair woman. What wonder, then, that gold-seeking should be the chief interest of this lonely region! The character of its banks forbids the construction of towns, while the lack of navigation facilities prevents this HISTORY OF IDAHO. 427 great water-way from ministering to the transporta- tion needs of the neighboring stock-farms, sage prai- ries, or the supplying of the isolated mining camps. It is in such localities that gold delights to reward the pains taken by the lonesome prospector, and here does he find, not only the coveted treasure, but in such quantities as will reward his patient search at a minimum of expense. The only drawback is the ex- tremely small size of the particles of gold; coarse gold is unknown on Snake river, but from Eagle Rock, in Oneida county, to the mouth of the river, gold can be found of such exactly similar metallurgical conditions, both as to fineness in grade (shape of grains being scale-like in form) and fineness in character of grains, that it might have come from either end of the river. On the affluents of this river gold is also found; but even within half a mile of its mouth, "Boise" gold sinks to an assay fineness of from 720 to 780, while that from the river under review will assay over goo and even 090. The shape of the grains is noticeably a feature of Snake river gold, being so flat and scale-like that the precious metal is often seen floating on the surface of the water! while gold from any of the feeder streams assumes more the character of shot gold, is coarser, and much more easily harnessed to the service of man. Its extremely small size is also a distinguishing mark of this gold. The writer has seen a gold-pan full of the gold-bearing sands, which, in the hands of an ex- perienced prospector, soon showed its bottom as if gilt by a practiced workman. Out of curiosity, an attempt was made to count the "colors," but when the sum of fourteen hundred was reached, the business was given up in disgust there were so many left to count! Nor has nature herself been niggardly in furnishing facilities to man for mining these rich deposits. From many a fissure in the canyon walls along the banks of this wonderful river fall "springs"- some of which arc the size of young rivers as they are called. Issuing from one to two hundred feet above the level of the river, they only require to be conducted to the gravel bars to assume the duties of washing out gold. At other points rivers fall into the Snake, along whose banks it is only necessary to dig the necessary ditches, to convert the streams into the obedient and useful servants of mankind. In many cases, however, these ditches have to be blasted out of the lava rock, and the dams across the smaller streams are costly and tedious structures, making the enterprise, when completed, as dear to the heart as something attained only at great cost of time, labor and capital, as in one instance where a miner for two years contented himself with the priva- tions and solitude of his cabin, mining in a small way, but devoting all his savings and leisure to the con- struction of a ditch, despite the sneers and ridicule of his neighbors. The ditch was completed in the spring of 1884, and now he harvests three thousand dollars per month in virgin, gold. Where springs gush from the canyon walls in suffi- cient volume to wash gravel for gold, the expense of a moderately profitable mining outfit, comprising say four hundred yards of ditching, seventy-two feet of fluming, thirty-six feet of sluice boxes, twelve feet of grizzlies (sheets of perforated iron), two amalgamating plates, a concentrating tank three by six, and twenty- four feet of burlap tables ought to be not less than $550 to $600; add the cost of one month's subsistence, $40, for two men, and the services of a laborer, and about the cost of a small mining establishment on this river is told. This outfit ought to pay for itself in three months, and yield a moderate profit twelve to fifteen per cent, per annum in excess of working expenses. "High bars" there are, too, prospecting rich, but until some inexpensive method is discovered of raising, and utilizing for mining purposes, the water of Snake river, these spots must remain closed to the avarice of man. A patent motor has been devised for raising water by using the force of the river current, but experiment has failed to demonstrate its economy, or to bring its price within the means of the moderately wealthy. But it is not only the production of fruits, and the golden results of placer mining, that the broadway jf Idaho relies on to attract to her borders those energies necessary in the development of a hitherto terra incog- nita. In the range of mountains through which our river cuts her way, forming here the western boundary of Washington county, are rich deposits of copper and silver, assays of which show from twenty-six to sixty- eight per cent, of copper, and from nine to one hundred and sixty-three ounces of silver per ton. This region is now brought into communication with the rest of, the United States by the railroad system rendered available by the meeting of the Oregon Short Line and the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company's lines. The Wood river country has proved an immense silver success; but it is predicted that the copper region of western Idaho will largely exceed it in bringing ma- terial prosperity to those of limited means coming in to work the bowels of the earth for the riches to be ex- tracted therefrom. To such, Idaho must look in large measure for the permanence of her prosperity, and it is with a view of attracting their attention to our terri- tory that this is written. In view of the developments which iater years have brought forth, this retrospect is doubly in- teresting. THE MINING FIELDS OF IDAHO. The following excellent monograph by W. C. Austin was issued in pamphlet form early in the present year (1899) by authority of C. J. Bassett. state commissioner of immigration, labor and statistics, and as a valuable contribution to the history of the great mining industry of Idaho is held to be worthy of reproduction in this work: There is no other country on God's green earth that has encompassed within her borders such vast and varied mineral wealth as Idaho. The position that 428 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Idaho occupies in the western mineral world is like a wagon wheel, of which Idaho is the hub, while her great mineral belts, radiating out from her mountain fastnesses, penetrating her sister states and enriching them, represent the spokes. Place yourself before a map and trace out several of these great mineral belts. Be- ginning in the southern part of California, the belt runs through Eldorado, Mariposa and Calaveras counties, thence to Bodie, across into Nevada in a northeasterly course, giving birth to the great Comstock lode and other camps, through by Winnemucca. and in Idaho makes its grand entry at Silver City and De Lamar, in Owyhee county; thence on in through Rocky Bar and Atlanta, Custer and Bonanza; thence on ,to central Idaho, at Gibbonsville. Here the oppo- site spoke to the great mineral wheel comes in and penetrates the Rocky mountains on into Montana, where it makes its debut at Butte. The northern belt or zone was first discovered in northern California; gave life to such camps as Wea- verville, Scotts, and Yreka; thence on through into Oregon, via Canyon City, Granite, Old Auburn, Baker City and Sparta. It crosses with a grand flourish into Idaho at the Seven Devils; thence on into Warrens, Florence, Buffalo Hump. Dixie and Elk City, where it loses itself to appear in its opposite spoke in the Missoula country in Montana. The belts penetrating Utah can be easily traced through Cassia county. Idaho, northward to the interior of Idaho. The great northwestern belt begins in British Col- umbia, runs down through Washington, from the Trail Creek country, beginning at Rossland, thence on through the Great Republic camp and on into Idaho, and here it gives to the world the great Coeur d'Alene country, with such mines as the Bunker Hill. Sullivan and Gem. As these great mineral zones draw nearer to the hub the intervening country becomes more and more mineralized, until, when Idaho is reached, bands of mineral reach out from one zone to another, play- ing "hide and seek" in the rock-ribbed mountains that stand like grim sentinels guarding the treasure within. The whole country becomes a network of veins. There is not a hill or mountain from east to west, north or south, in the whole state, but what is mineral-bearing. There is no other country in the United States that is so little prospected, unknown and unexplored as Idaho. No other country in the world can compare with it in richness. Its grand and beautiful scenery, the poverty of language makes it impossible to describe. Words cannot paint it. The poet is unborn who is capable of singing the sweet song of Idaho. From Boise City northward is one unbroken line of forest, valley, stream and lake, and mountain upon mountain, some craggy, grim and terrible, walled and turreted, raising sheer walls of granite, white and glistening in the sun, thousands of feet in the air; here and there great domes, minarets and towers grand, majestic, awful. You feel, as you gaze for the first time upon God's grand cathedral, as if you stood in His very presence; and as you catch the smile of the beautiful valley, with its limpid lake and peaceful river nestling in security at its feet, you can appreciate the words of Joaquin Miller, the poet of the Sierras, when he says: " 'Tis not the place of mirthfulness, But meditation deep, and prayer; And kneeling on the salted sod, Where man must own his littleness, And know the mightiness of God." 'Tis the ideal country for the prospector. Wher- ever he may go, water, timber and grass everywhere. Every stream alive with salmon and trout of every species; while bear, deer, elk, moose and sheep are plentiful. Is he interested in some particular forma- tion, say, in porphyry and granite, slate or lime, or any of the sub-families of these formations? If it is not in this particular mountain he has it in the next. There is not a mineral known to the miner- alogist, nor a gem to the lapidary, that is not found within her borders. Does he want new fields to ex- plore? There are belts of country a hundred miles square, that have never known the step of a white man. The whole western slope of the Bitter Root range, the headwaters of the Clearwater, is an unex- plored field; and yet, it is known to be rich in gold and other precious metals; for every mountain stream is laden with golden sand that has its birth in their rocky fastnesses. Stories of fabulous finds in the early days, on the outskirts of these unexplored fields, of lost diggings, mountains of rich quartz, will be told by old, gray, grizzled miners who were in their prime in the rush and excitement of Pierce City, Flor- ence, Warrens and the Idaho basin. The stories told will be like a chapter from the Arabian Nights; but, wild as you may imagine them to be, upon investi- gation you will find them to be essentially true. For years some of the Indians of the Nez Perce reserva- tion would steal away and go to the mountains, bring- ing back gold by the sack-full. One of them had a short time ago in the bank at Moscow, thirty thous- and dollars in nuggets of gold. The gold was ob- tained by picking it up from off the surface of the ground, as they knew nothing about panning. The secret of these diggings will one of these days belong to some hardy prospector. The Buffalo Hump, six months ago, was known only as a landmark. To-day it marks the center of probably the greatest and richest mining camp ever discovered. Yet hundreds of prospectors have walked and camped right on the great mother lode of the district. Big ledges? Yes; but they never examined them, for they said they were so big they could not carry any value. But how about the hundreds of smaller ones that have been found there? Six months ago two prospectors happened to camp there. Near a large reef of rock, one evening, one of them hap- pened to pick up a piece of the rock and found ore. It was rich beyond his wildest dreaming. Think of it! a vein from forty to sixty feet wide, cropping out I 3 - o HISTORY OF IDAHO. 429 for three miles, all carrying good value, and some of the ore running into the thousands of dollars per tonl And thus the great mine was found. Hundreds of other mines were found and located. The camp is not six months old, and the deepest prospect hole not forty feet deep; yet the original discovery sold for $550,000, then for $650,000. Over $2,500,000 have already been negotiated for property in this camp. This belt was followed south to where the Salmon river cut it, and here a new camp, called Mallack, was formed during the winter. The veins here are from ten to fifty feet wide, and run from five dollars to one hundred dollars per ton; $250,000 has been refused for one group of claims. Twenty thousand people will go into the country during the coming year. Thunder Mountain is another new camp, struck last year, lying about seventy miles east from Warrens. The mountain is a soft porphyry and the whole mass, for three hundred feet wide, will pay to mill. The discoverers, the Caswell boys, sluiced and rocked out $3,500 in a month after their find. Last fall copper ledges were found about twenty-five miles from Thun- der Mountain, great veins, from ten to twenty feet wide, running up one side of the mountain and down the other and carrying values of copper of from twen- ty-five to sixty per cent, and from eight to thirty-five dollars gold per ton. The greatest copper mines not worked in the world lie in Washington county, in what is known as the Seven Devils. The Peacock shows an outcrop of over two hundred feet in width in one place, and gave an average sample of nineteen per cent, copper and eight dollars gold, while contracts have been let to smelters, agreeing to furnish ore by the thousand tons to go not less than twenty-five per cent. Lots of the ore shipped run above fifty per cent, copper. The White Monument, Hecla, Bodie, Standard, South Peacock and other mines in the district show up vast bodies of ore. Two railroads are now being built into the district; one from Weiser City, on the Ore- gon Short Line, which will not only open up the great copper mines that show up for a distance of forty miles north and south, and fifteen miles east and west, but also a rich agricultural country. The whole length the route will be through a country of ever changing beauty, up the Weiser river, around one jutting spur of the mountain, whirled in an in- stant from one beautiful valley to another, rich in fruits and grain that no 'other country can equal, while great forests of pine, fir and hemlock cover the mountains. The other line of railroad begins at Huntington and follows down the Snake river on the Oregon side, and crosses into Idaho below Mineral, and thence on into the Seven Devils. 'Work is being pushed rapidly. The Devils was a name given by the Hud- son's Bay Company to seven high mountain peaks nine thousand feet above Box canyon on Snake river. The west slope of these hills along Snake river is very steep and precipitous and only accessible in two or three places. The district also has running parallel with it, at a distance of about eight miles, a gold belt that is proving of wonderful richness. Colorado capital is investing heavily in the gold district. Over in old Owyhee county they say but little, but the shipments of ore speak for them. Car-loads have been shipped of raw ore running as high as eighty-seven thousand dollars to the car-load, from the Trade Dollar mine. This was acknowledged by the smelters in Colorado to be the richest car-load of ore ever shipped from any mine. The mines of Florida Mountain and W r ar Eagle, at Silver City, have yielded upwards of fifty million dollars. Eight miles west from Silver City is situated the De Lamar mines, which made Captain De Lamar rise from a miner to be the Monte Cristo of the west. Ten years ago he went there poor. In five years he was worth five mil- lion dollars, and he is now estimated to be worth ten million dollars. Such is fortune in Idaho. Boise basin, of which Idaho City is the center, is by careful investigation supposed to have yielded from her placers, a strip of country fifteen miles wide by twenty-five in length, over two hundred and fifty mil- lion dollars, while her quartz veins have yielded ten million dollars. Now great attention is being paid to her quartz veins, which have furnished the placer gold. The yield of some of her quartz veins has been wonderful. The Ebenezer yielded upward of $300,000 in seventy-five feet of ground; the Gambrinus $325.000; Sub Rosa $260,000, etc. This is an old camp, yet new ledges are found every day. The country is not half prospected, nor the hundredth part developed. The mines of Elmore county, at Rocky Bar and Atlanta, have produced, according to the records of Wells, Fargo & Company's express, of bullion hauled by them alone, $58,800.000; the Monarch lode, $4.000.- ooo; the Elmore, $5.000.000, and the Vishnue, $1.500.000. In the Custer country the Charles Dickens has a record of four njillion dollars before a stick of tim- ber was put in the mine or a candle burned. The Montana, in Estes mountains, paid one thousand dol- lars a foot while simply a common prospect shaft, and yielded in going five hundred feet $380.000. The Custer has a record of seven million five hundred thousand dollars. The Lucky Boy has fifteen feet of twenty-five dollar free-gold ore, and has paid hun- dreds of thousands. The De Lamar mine was sold to an English company for $2,500.000 after Captain De- Lamar had taken out several millions. Since that time she has paid in dividends to the English share- holders the amount of the purchase price, and been running on velvet for two years. So the yield must be from this one mine about ten million dollars. The Wood river country was always supposed to be a lead and silver country, and has produced mil- lions of dollars' worth. The Minnie Moore has a record of $6.500.000, but since silver was demonetized attention has been paid to gold mining, and now a gold belt has been found in fact, two of them that 430 HISTORY OF IDAHO. may prove to be more valuable than her silver mines in the palmy days. The Camas No. i and 2 show great bodies of ore and the Croesus, at or near Hailey, has ore that is running from one hundred to two thousand dollars per ton in gold, and has just been sold to a big company. Up the Boise river from Boise city, in the last two years, the bars of gravel have all been located. The old timers have ridden over them day after day, but they were found to be rich in gold by some ten- derfoot, and big companies are formed to work them.. The Twin Springs Company, of which Mr. Ander- son is superintendent, have expended two hundred thousand dollars in opening their ground, and last fall struck an old river channel upon the side of the mountain that out-rivals Klondike, going as high as twenty-five dollars per yard. Other companies, one of which Major F. R. Reed is managing, will be in successful operation in the spring. The Sheep Mountain country contains without doubt the largest and richest silver mines in the west. The Bull Dog mine shows an unbroken vein thirty feet wide for six thousand feet in length and runs from twenty to five hundred ounces silver, and gold from two dollars and fifty cents to eighty dollars per ton. Ore shipped from J. Earley's Birdie ledge all went from three hundred and seventy-five to three thousand ounces silver, and from twenty to eighty dollars gold. This is an unprospected country. Lack of roads and trans- portation has been the greatest drawback to the min- ing industry. There is not a mine in Idaho but has had to pay its own way for all roads, machinery and everything for the successful operation of the mine from the start. The Snake river valley, cold and uninviting as it may look, is lined with a ribbon of gold. Hundreds of miners are working the bars along its banks. They cannot save all the gold, but, then, they save enough to make it a good thing. Some men, by the most primitive methods of working, are making from ten dollars to fifty dollars per day, others good wages, while some of the big companies who have capital to put in requisite plants, are making fortunes. I know one company that banked to their credit for September, 1898, nine thousand dollars' worth of gold. One of these days the great kaolin and kaolinite beds will be worked, which extend for miles along the banks. There are fine beds of gypsum and fire clays, magnesium, lime and lithographic stone every- where, and the opal mines of Opaline produce opals that are equal to those found in any country, and in quantity. They took the prize at the World's Fair. Opals weighing three hundred and seventy-five carets, irridescent, such as would make a Hungarian opal blush with envy, have been found, while in Long Val- ley a sapphire was found that weighed upwards of one thousand carets. It was perfect, without a flaw, and the largest in the world. Every mining camp will see the greatest activity the coming season. The great mines of the Coeur d'Alene in 1898, produced in galena 112.500 tons aver- aging sixty per cent, lead and about thirty-five ounces silver per ton, making 67,500 tons of lead and 3,937,500 ounces of silver. The Bunker Hill, Sullivan and Gem mines, all have records to their credit of producing upwards of ten million dollars each. Can it be beat? Pierce City, or Oro Fino, was one of the early camps of Idaho, and yielded upwards of thirty mil- lion dollars in placer gold. In the last few years quartz prospectors have gone back to the old deserted camps and opened up some wonderful quartz veins. A number of companies have been organized, and mills and machinery put in; three new mills having been built in the past year. The district is fast mak- ing a name for itself and will soon take a front seat as a producer. Elk City is another of the old placer camps that gave to the world in its placer days twenty million dollars of gold. Great veins of quartz have been found in her hills, veins of ore from ten to forty feet in width, and milling upwards of twenty dollar^ per ton free on an average. Two years ago these mines were prospects, but they have been prospected by shaft and tunnel for hundreds of feet, and the great ore bodies improve with depth, and modern gold mills of twenty stamps were erected last year. There is no question as to the future of this district, and it is scarcely prospected. In sight of the little camp are whole mountain ranges that have never had a prospecting pick stuck in them. The Dixie district is another new camp opened up in the last year. It lies south from Elk City, and is on the head waters of the south fork of the Clear- water. The ores are of high value, and ledges carry- ing every character of ore are found, lead, iron, cop- per, zinc, antimony, gold and silver. The great Buf- falo Hump district lies in the center of a triangle, with Florence, Elk City and Dixie at the three cor- ners of the angle. Florence was probably the richest camp ever dis- covered, according to its size. The first pan of dirt in the discovery yielded eight hundred dollars. Last year prospecting for quartz was prosecuted extensively, and five new mills built. The yield per ton of her quartz is wonderful. In the early days this camp yielded thirty-eight million dollars gold from her plac- ers. Warrens, the sister camp to Florence, is also a scene of great activity. In the last few years three new mills have been built. The ore is very rich, some of it milling (from the Riebolt mine) two thousand dollars per ton. This camp in the early days pro- duced upwards of twenty-five million dollars. In most of our sister states the big mines are in the hands of big capitalists and close corporations, while the prospects and anything that has a chance to make a mine are in the hands of middlemen who load the property so heavy that capital has to take uneven chances, while here capital has every show. What the country needs more than anything is pros- pecting and developing capital. There is not a dis- trict in the state but where will be found plenty of HISTORY OF IDAHO. 431 good prospects, which have promise and merit, be- longing to poor men who have no money to prose- cute work on them, or the means or ability to call the attention of capital to what they have got. Idaho is the least prospected of any state in the west. It has scarcely been run over, let alone being prospected. Take any of the old-settled camps, for instance, and the minute you get outside of the im- mediate camp a prospect hole is a curiosity. Only the veins cropping out bold and plain are looked at. and even not one in a hundred then. Just think of the great mother vein in Buffalo Hump, standing out of the ground for twenty-five feet in height in places, and a well beaten trail crossing it half-a-dozen times, over which hundreds of prospectors have ridden seek- ing fortunes, when if they had only gotten off their horses and broken one piece of the ore they would have had the great bonanza. And there it lay un- claimed, with the trail running over it for thirty-five years. Within site of Boise, Idaho's capital, ledges have been discovered in the last year or so that milled free gold from eighty to one hundred and twenty dol- lars per ton. Let the prospector go where he will, to the right of him, to the left of him, to the front of him, behind him, there is but little choice, for it is everywhere. There are hundreds of camps and dis- tricts not mentioned, like Pine Grove, Bonaparte. Cassia, Neal, Black Hornet, Willow Creek, Banner, Mineral, Flint and hundreds of others. The future of Idaho reads like an open book. It is plain as the open day, and he who runs may read. Already the gigantic discoveries made in the last year are astounding the world with the story of their wealth. The dawning season marks a new era in the history of Idaho. She will march on steadily and will soon forge ahead and take the lead as the greatest gold, silver, lead and copper producing country in the world. It is here in the treasure vaults of her hills. The magic wand of capital and labor shall soon touch it. Cities, towns and hamlets, connected with bands of steel, shall find shelter in the lap of her mountains. The silent canyons shall give echo back of a thousand stamps, and her hills shall be lit in a hundred places by night by the glow of her smelters. THE COEUR D'ALENE MINING DISTRICT. This article, as well as that following, con- cerning the lead belt of the district, is contributed by F. R. Culbertson, under date of July 9, 1898: The Coeur d'Alene mineral belt of northern Idaho, in area about twenty miles square, first came into prominence as a gold-placer camp in the summer and fall of 1883. Placer gold was first discovered on Pritchard creek, near Eagle City, now a deserted camp in Shoshone county. Fabulous reports of the rich- ness and extent of this gold soon spread and attracted the attention of the outside world. In the spring of 1884 there was quite a stampede into the Coeur d'Alene district, being somewhat similar to the present excite- ment over Klondike. Prospectors for the Coeur d'Alenes from the west outfitted at Spokane and pro- ceeded thence by rail to Rathdrum, by stage to Coeur d'Alene city and from this point on by the old Mul- lan road (built by the government as a military road) to Evolution, about twenty miles above the Mission; and from this point on by trail to Eagle City. Pros- pectors from the east left the main line of the North- ern Pacific at Herron and Trout Creek and contin- ued from there by trail into the mines. The stories told by the old prospectors of the difficulties of get- ting into the country over these trails remind one of the description and accounts of the Skaguay trail. In the spring of 1884 Eagle City had grown to be a town of two thousand people and became a full- fledged mining camp with all the accessories, includ- ing dance halls, gambling houses, restaurants, etc., where the prospector paid from one to two dollars for a meal consisting of bacon and beans, and one dollar for a bed. which meant the privilege of fur- nishing your own blankets, which were laid on the floor, the landlord furnishing the tent. It was dur- ing the year 1884 that the town of Murray, about five miles up the creek from Eagle City, was laid out, and this new camp soon superseded Eagle and for sev- eral years was the main town of the Coeur d'Alenes. It was during this year that the town of Thompson Falls, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, was laid out, and a trail from there to Murray was built, this be- ing the shorter distance from the railroad, and it was the main outfitting point for the prospectors from this time on. A wagon road was built out from Thompson Falls a distance of fifteen miles to what was known as the Mountain House; a stage line was run to this point; and from there to Murray, a dis- tance of fifteen miles further, a trail was built and the traveler either footed it or took a cayuse (Indian pony, so called from tribe of that name). It was also during this'year, 1884, that Captain I. 'B. San- born, C. B. King and John Monohan built the steamer Coeur d'Alene to ply between Coeur d'Alene City and the Old Mission, a distance of sixty miles. Nel- son Bennett put on a stage line between Spokane and Coeur d'Alene City, and considerable travel and freight were brought in by this route. During this same year from four to five thousand people had come into camp and had prospected Pritchard creek from mouth to source, including the tributaries, and considerable placer gold was taken out up to this time. Pros- pectors in this year began to branch out and look for new fields. Several prospectors found their way over to Canyon creek during this year and Canyon creek, near the town of Burke, was first located, for an extent of several miles, with placer locations, and considerable work was done but no gold found in paying quantities. In September, 1884, John Carton and Almedos Sey- mour, while looking for placers on Canyon creek, 432 HISTORY OF IDAHO. discovered some float, which they followed up and, discovering the source, located the Tiger quartz lode. The next day the Poorman quartz lode was discovered by Scott McDonald. These two claims, both on the same ledge, were the first quartz discoveries found in the lead belt of the Coeur d'Alenes. Other quartz discoveries soon followed on Canyon creek, the Ore- Or-No-Go, Diamond Hitch, Black Bear, Badger, Frisco, Gem and others of less importance soon fol- lowing. Very little work of any consequence was done on any of these properties during the year 1884, except on the Tiger, which was bonded in the month of October to John M. Burke and by him to S. S. Glidden, at that time in Thompson Falls, Montana, Mr. Glidden being engaged in the wholesale grocery business in St. Paul and having a branch wholesale house in Thompson Falls. To Mr. S. S. Glidden, now president of the Old National Bank of Spo- kane, as much, if not more, credit is due as to any other single individual for the development of the quartz interests of the Coeur d'Alenes. Mr. Glidden took hold of the Tiger mine in October, 1884, and has been connected with it up to the recent date, now being president of the Consolidated Tiger & Poor- man Mining Company, one of the principal mining companies in this district and one of the largest pro- ducers. Development work on the Tiger was carried on during the winter of 1884. In the spring of 1885 Mr. Glidden closed out his grocery business at St. Paul and Thompson Falls and devoted his entire time and energies to the development of the Tiger mine. Trails were built by him to connect with the Thomp- son Falls and Murray roads, also to connect at Placer Center, now Wallace, with the old Mullan wagon road. During the summer and fall of 1885 development work was carried on at the Tiger, and the value of the property sufficiently determined to take up the bond for thirty-five thousand dollars, this being the price the property was originally bonded for. In the fall of 1885 the Bunker Hill and Sullivan mines were discovered at Wardner. The surface show- ings at the discovery were so much larger than any- thing that had been found up to that time that quite an excitement was created at that place, and numer- ous other valuable quartz properties were located. Also during the early part of this year the Hunter, Morning, Evening, and other quartz properties were discovered at Mullan. The Bunker Hill and Sulli- van property was leased by the original locators to Jim Wardner, after whom the town was named. Through him some Helena parties were interested in the deal and a contract entered into with the locat- ors for concentrating fifty thousand tons of ore at five dollars per ton, which at this date would be considered a very extravagant price to pay. These locations all coming to the front, and with a boat running between the Mission and Coeur d'Alene City, Mr. Glidden turned his attention to interesting par- ties in the building of a railroad up the South Fork from Spokane to Burke. A company was organized for this purpose, and of this Mr. Glidden was one of the first promoters. The first company organized fell through, and afterward D. C. Corbin became in- terested in the project and organized the Coeur d'Alene Railway & Navigation Company, buying out the boat and building a narrow-gauge railroad from Mission to Wardner. About this time the Washington & Idaho, now the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company, commenced building from Pendleton to Spokane, with a branch from Tekoa into the Coeur d'Alenes. Neither of the roads at that time would entertain the idea of building up Canyon creek, and Mr. Glidden organized the Canyon Creek Railroad Company and built a nar- row-gauge railroad from Burke to Wallace, to meet the other two roads which were heading for that point. This road was built by Mr. Glidden and afterward sold by him to D. C. Corbin, of the Coeur d'Alene Railway & Navigation Company, who later disposed of the same to the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, who had started to build into the country from the main line of their road at De Smet, about six miles west of Missoula. The Northern Pacific also built a branch from Hauser Junction to Coeur d'Alene City, making a .rail, river and lake route from Burke to Hauser Junction. The Washington & Idaho reached Wallace a short time afterward, giving the camp two transcontinental railroads, and reducing the freight rates on ore shipment routes. The first concentrator in the district was placed on the Bunker Hill & Sullivan mine, at Wardner, and was built by A. M. Esler, in the interests of Helena parties having the fifty-thousand-ton contract, and it was of one-hundred-tons capacity. Before the expira- tion of this contract this property was sold to Sim Read, of Portland, who paid the different parties in- terested in the property at that time about six hun- dred and twenty-five thousand dollars, which was con- sidered at that time a very extravagant price for the property. Two-thirds of this money found its way to Spokane and helped to build up the town. The title to the property was in litigation at the time of the sale and numerous interests had to be bought out to perfect the title. The principal parties interested at that time, and the amounts that they were sup- posed to have received for their interests, were: Noah S. Kellogg, $100,000; Goetz & Bear, now of Spokane, $150,000; Cooper & Peck, $75,000; Phil O'Rourke, $75,- ooo; Con Sullivan, $50,000. The Helena parties inter- ested in the lease were paid fifty thousand dollars and the cost of their concentrating plant, to cancel the lease; the different lawyers interested in the litigation received about one hundred thousand dollars out of the deal, and the balance went to other parties, who had smaller interests. Sim Read worked the prop- erty for several years, afterward selling out to the present company, who are California parties and mem- bers of the Standard- Oil Company. This property is now under the management of F. W. Bradley, with head office at San Francisco, California, and F. Bur- bidge as resident manager at Wardner. The com- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 433 pany have been gradually absorbing all the adjacent claims, and now have control of something like forty or fifty locations adjoining and connecting, and, with the exception of the Last Chance Mining Company's property, they have about all the desirable mining property in Wardner. As a whole, it is probably the greatest lead property in the world, exceeding that of Broken Hills mine in Australia, which has always been heretofore considered the greatest lead producer. The company have extensive improvements and are now operating a seven-hundred-ton concentrating plant, producing about three thousand tons of shipping ore per month. The property could probably produce double this quantity of shipping ore by enlarging their concentrating plant, without making any serious in- roads on their ore reserves. They give employment to about four hundred men and are now constructing a tunnel two miles in length from their mill at Kel- logg to their mine at Wardner, which will cut their ledge at seven hundred and fifty feet vertical depth below their lowest workings and, with the incline of the ledge, will give them about one thousand five hun- dred feet of sloping ground. This tunnel will be used for drain purposes and bringing ore from the mine to the mill; it will require about fifteen months for completion, and when completed will give them a large amount of ore which can be taken out without any pumping, and no doubt at that time the capacity of the mill will be enlarged. The Last Chance Company has several valuable claims at Wardner. They are operating a one-hundred- and-fifty-ton concentrator and producing seven hun- dred and fifty to nine hundred tons of concentrates per month. Plans have been drawn for enlarging the mill and the property can easily be made to produce double the present quantity of ore that is now being taken out. Unfortunately, for several years the prop- erty has been handicapped with more or less litiga- tion, which has had the effect of retarding the devel- opment to that extent which the property would war- rant. There are other valuable properties in Ward- ner, but at present none are being worked to any great extent. Between Wardner and Wallace on the South Fork there are several promising prospects, from which con- siderable ore has been shipped, the principal value of the ore being silver; and with an increase in the price of silver considerable work would be done on them. From Wallace, which is now the main town of the Coeur d'Alenes, diverge Placer creek, Nine Mile creek, Canyon creek, and the continuation of the South Fork above Mullan. There are quite a number of prospects on Placer creek, but no extensive devel- opment work has been done. On Nine Mile are sit- uated the Custer and Granite mines, both of which properties have concentrating plants and have been heavy producers, but neither of which are being at present operated. Development work is being carried on in both properties with good showings and fair prospects of resuming milling operations. Numerous other properties are situated on this creek, and con- siderable development work is now being done. Sun- set Peak, on which are situated some of the largest surface-showings in the camp, is reached from this canyon, and with a railroad up the canyon from Wal- lace, the roadbed of which has already been graded, the Nine Mile properties would be brought to the front in a short time. At Mullan, seven miles up the South Fork from Wallace, are situated the Hunter, Morning, Evening, You Like, and numerous other properties. The Hun- ter Mining Company had the misfortune to lose their mill by fire this summer and at the present the prop- erty is not being operated. Report is that they ex- pect to rebuild this winter and arrangements and plans are now made for new concentrating plant. The mine is a valuable one and produces a high-grade ore. The Morning Mining Company, situated at this point, is operated by Larson & Greenough, who are working the Morning, Evening and You Like mines. They have a six-hundred-ton concentrating plant in opera- tion, a narrow-gauge railroad and are producing about two hundred and fifty thousand tons of concentrates per month, giving employment to about two hundred and fifty men. Canyon creek is and has always been the heaviest producer in the Coeur d'Alenes. At the mouth of the creek is situated the Standard mill, the ore from the Standard mine five miles up the creek being brought down by the railroad to the mill, concentrat- ing about four hundred and twenty-five tons per day, and producing about two thousand two hundred tons of concentrates per month. The ore from this prop- erty produces the highest grade of concentrates in the camp and as a dividend-payer has probably exceeded that of any other company in the district. The For- mosa mine and mill is the next property up the creek, being situated about a mile below Gem. The com- pany have erected during the present year a seventy- five-ton mill, which has only recently been completed and very little ore has yet been taken from this property. The Granite mill comes next and at pres- ent is not being operated. The Gem mill belonging to the Milwaukee Mining Company comes next and is now being run on ore from the Mammoth mine. The Mammoth vein is on the same ledge as the Stand- ard and this property also produces high-grade con- centrates. The Gem mine has been a valuable pro- ducer and dividend-payer, but at present only the upper workings are being worked by leasers, the lower part of the mine being allowed to fill with water dur- ing the low prices prevailing for lead and silver last year. The mill having been leased to the Mammoth company, it is not likely that any extensive mining operations will be resumed until the expiration of this lease. The Frisco mine and mill, about a mile above the Gem, are being worked very extensively. The company has expended a large amount of money in improvements and development work since January lit 434 HISTORY OF IDAHO. of this year. The mill started up in July and is now shipping from one thousand eight hundred to two thousand tons per month and giving employment to about two hundred men. The product from this prop- erty is considerably above the average, running high in silver. The controlling interest has recently changed hands and is now in the possession of the London Exploration Company, of England. Joseph McDon- ald is the resident manager for the company. The Black Bear mine and mill, about a quarter of a mile above the Frisco, were operated in early days, but for several years have lain idle, the company, composed of eastern parties, becoming more or less involved in financial difficulties during the panic of 1893. The Standard mine is the next property and adjacent to it is the Mammoth. The ore from the Standard is taken to the mouth of Canyon creek and milled, and that from the Mammoth to the Gem Mill at Gem. The Standard mine at this point gives employment to about one hundred and seventy-five men and at their mill about twenty-five more, Emerson Gee being the manager of the mill and mine, and Richard Wilson the manager of the Mammoth. The Mammoth Com- pany give employment at the mine and mill to about one hundred and twenty-five. The Tiger & Poorman, at Burke, being the oldest location in the Coeur d'Alenes, more work has been done on this property than any other; both mines have been steady producers since January, 1887. The Tiger concentrator was completed in January, 1887, and during the same month the narrow-gauge railroad from Burke to Wallace was also completed. The Tiger mill was the second concentrator in the Coeur d'Alenes, being originally built for a one-hundred-ton mill. The Poorman concentrator was the third mill built in the Coeur d'Alenes and was finished during the fall of 1887, the concentrator being a three-hundred-ton plant. Prior to October, 1895, both the Tiger and Poorman were operated as separate companies and both were fully equipped with mills, hoists, surface buildings, etc. Patrick Clark was the operator of the Poor- man Company up to the time of the consolidation in October, 1893. The two companies consolidated their interests, extensive improvements were made for the economic working of the two properties as one, and at about the time of the completion of these im- provements, in March, 1896, a fire occurred, com- pletely destroying both mills and all surface improve- ments, excepting the Tiger hoist, of the two properties. The mines at the time of the fire had reached a depth of one thousand feet, and, owing to the destruction of their boiler plant, the mines were allowed to fill with water. Considerable doubt was expressed at the time as to what the consequence might be in allowing the mines to fill with water, and fears were entertained that the ground might cave after being pumped out. Rebuilding of the plant was commenced immediately after the fire and a five-hundred-ton con- centrator with the latest improved machinery and ap- pliances for the economical handling of ore was com- pleted and started up in February of this year. Pumping out the mines was started in August and the mine was unwatered by the middle of January, with no bad results showing on account of its hav- ing been allowed to fill. The property is now pro- ducing from one thousand eight hundred to two thous- and tons of concentrates per month and giving em- ployment to one hundred and sixty men. The prop- erty is well equipped with the heaviest mining ma- chinery in the Coeur d'Alenes and is so arranged that all the machinery can be operated by either water or steam power, the company having a water power amply sufficient for all purposes during a portion of the year. The company are also operating an elec- tric plant of about one hundred and seventy-five horse- power capacity which at the time of its completion, some seven or eight years ago, was the largest elec- tric plant in the United States. Both mines are worked from one shaft, which at the present time is down to their one thousand three hundred station, being one thousand one hundred feet vertically below the bed of the creek. 1 The lowest workings show an im- provement both in quality and quantity of ore as depth is increased. From all indications shown in the low- est workings, there is no reason why it is not safe to say that the ore will go down to that point where the cost of handling the water will stop further opera- tions. With improved pumping machinery, water and electric power, this point should not be reached until after the three-thousand-foot mark has been passed. The depth of the Tiger & Poorman augurs well for the future of the Coeur d'Alenes and the mines of this section, insuring a long life ahead as a mining camp. While we read a great deal about the rich mines of Rossland, Cripple Creek, Creede and other camps, there are but few camps in the west that compare to the Coeur d'Alenes as steady producers, and with little or no notoriety they have gone forward and kept steadily at work for the past eight years, except- ing a period of six-months shut-down during the strike of 1892, and with lead down as low as two dollars and fifty cents and silver as low as fifty-one cents. At the present time the shipments from the Coeur d'Alenes will show a tonnage of thirteen thous- and tons per month, which tonnage is made up as follows: Tons per month. Bunker Hill & Sullivan 3,000 Morning 2,500 Standard 2,200 Tiger & Poorman 1,800 Helena & Frisco 1,800 Last Chance 75 Mammoth 600 Other smaller properties including prospects 350 Making a total of 13,000 The output has averaged fifty-five per cent, lead and thirty ounces of silver, which at present prices show a valuation of over seven hundred and fifty thousand HISTORY OF IDAHO. 435 dollars per month or nearly ten million dollars per year added to the wealth of the world by the lead and silver shipments from the Coeur d'Alenes, to say noth- ing about the gold from the north side, of which there is considerable quantity, furnishing steady employ- ment to over two thousand men at the best wages in the west. What other mining camp outside of Butte can beat this record? The total lead production of the United States for the year 1896 amounted to 174,692 tons, of which 135.332 tons were desilverized lead, 33,428 were soft lead from the Missouri and Kansas districts, and 5,932 tons were hard or antimonial lead. In addition to the domestic production there were 80,159 tons imported in all forms, chiefly as base bullion, from Mexico and Canada. This year's production will probably show an increase, and the Coeur d'Alenes will produce nearly one-half of the entire production. It is to this camp that American Smelters now have to look for their largest supply of lead ore. THE LEAD BELT OF THE COEUR D'ALENES. Lead was first discovered in the Coeur d'Alene min- ing district, in northern Idaho, on Canyon creek in the fall of 1884, the discovery at that time being the Tiger mine, situated at the town of Burke. Dur- ing same year a few other locations were made on Canyon creek, a few at Mullan, and in the fall of 1885 the Bunker Hill & Sullivan mines were discov- ered at Wardner. At the time these discoveries were made the coun- try was inaccessible, with no railroads, wagon roads or trails, and the only way of getting in was by foot; ten to fifteen miles' travel per day was about all the distance a prospector could cover, owing to the heavy underbrush and timber at that time. The prospector of that day who has not kept posted with the prog- ress of the Coeur d'Alenes would hardly be able to recognize the country at this time. The camp at pres- ent may be divided into four districts, viz.: Canyon Creek, Wardner, Mullan and Nine Mile, and stand- ing in the importance of output in the order named. The veins in the Canyon creek district are true fis- sure veins and as such are likely to go to great depth, some of them having already reached a depth of one thousand feet to one thousand two hundred feet, with no signs of any decrease in quality or quantity of ore. The ore shutes in all the mines on Canyon creek are well defined, regular in width and length and lying between two walls that require but very little pros- pecting outside the walls or ore-bearing bodies. The shutes are much longer than usually found in other ' camps with like character of ore. The pay streaks vary from two to thirty feet in width and the ore is comparatively clean, requiring no sorting of waste, that is, everything between the walls being milled. This district lies between the Mullan and Nine Mile districts, and being in the center the ore bodies are larger and richer. In the Wardner district the veins are not so regular and defined. The ore bodies lie between the two walls, which are from 200 feet to 300 feet apart; between these walls the vein is filled with ledge matter, the ore bodies or pay ore being bunchy in character and somewhat irregular as to position, requiring a large amount of prospecting work and considerable sorting of the waste from the ore when found. It would be called more of a min- eral zone than a fissure vein. The ore bodies when found are large, being anywhere from two to one hundred feet in width, but the shutes are usually short in length. The Mullan district more fully resembles the Canyon creek veins, but the ore bodies do not carry as high values in silver. The Nine Mile is also similar to Canyon creek with the exception that the shutes are not as regular or defined and the ore bodies not so long or wide. Generally speaking, as to the formation of the camp, the country rock is slate with more or less quartz- ite and is said to resemble closely the formation of the Hartz mountains in Germany, in which district the lead mines have been worked for the last cen- tury to a depth of over three thousand feet. The gen- eral character of the ore is an argentiferous galena, and on an average it carries about one-half an ounce of silver to one per cent, of lead. The output of the camp for the last ten years has been steadily increas- ing, and in 1897 the Coeur d'Alene lead district pro- duced nearly forty per cent, of the entire lead product of the United Slates. It is on this district that the smelters rely principally for their supply of lead ores. From official figures I append the following lead statistics for the past four years; showing the United States production and consumption of lead, together with average prices for same: PIG-LEAD STATISTICS. 1894 TO 1897. Tons produced. 1894 1895 1896 1897 Deslvd product JJ. S. Missouri-Galena 38,113 38.189 44,616 3-"4/0 43.820 Total U. S. produc- tion 1=8 T QA Used from imported ores and bullion. . . Imported foreign pig. 29.276. 8,572 48,O2O 22,947 27.451 2,414 30,528 1,740 Total supply . 196 O42 212 876 7?C S-f^y Re-exported manu- factured QCO 2048 Decrease or increase in stocks 195.092 2 OOO 236,856 211,376 227.313 Total consumption. 197,092 225,356 222,276 223,313 Stocks, Dec. 3ist 2,000 13.500 2,600 6,600 Yearly average price of "Common" at N. $312 $3.12 $2.83 $3.38 Tons of 2.000 Ibs. throughout. 436 HISTORY OF IDAHO. From the above statistics for the year 1897, the total United States production shows 196,295 tons, of which amount the Coeur d'Alene lead belt produced 69.600 tons of metallic lead, having shipped during the year 1897, 116,000 tons of concentrates which will average sixty per cent, lead and thirty ounces silver to the ton, this output for the year 1897 being made up from the three districts Canyon Creek. Wardner and Mullan, as follows: Canyon Creek. 54.565 tons; Ward- ner, 36.715 tons; Mullan, 23,660 tons; and furnished by the following mines: Tons. C C Tiger & Poorman Mining Co. (9 mos.). . . .16.740 a r Mammoth Mining Co 4,360 n e Standard Mining Co 22.075 y e Helena & Frisco Mining Co. (5 mos.) 10,750 o k Milwaukee Mining Co 600 n Formosa Mining Co 40 \\r A j Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining Co. ..29.600 Wardner ] Last Chance Minjng CQ SMu Mullan: Morning Mining Co 23,660 From sundry other smaller claims (estimated).. 1,060 Total 116.000 Of this 116,000 of concentrates shipped, the lead contents will average for the district sixty per cent, lead, producing 69.600 tons desilverized lead, contain- ing 3,480,000 ounces silver, being an average of thirty ounces to the ton of concentrates shipped. The aver- age price for lead for 1897 was three dollars and thirty- eight cents per one hundred pounds, and the average price of silver per ounce for 1897 was fifty-nine cents, showing a gross value of lead, $4,704.960. and a gross value of silver, $2,053,200, making a total of $6,758.160. Statistics so far this year (1898) show a general fall- ing off in the lead production of the United States of about twenty per cent., while British Columbia shows a reduction of about thirty per cent. This falling off of the production and the natural advance in all the products on account of the war have had the effect to advance the price of lead, and prices to-day are about one-half a cent higher than at the beginning of the year, with probabilities of a still further advance. Should the war continue long, Spanish production, which cuts quite a figure, must be considerably de- creased; and this and the numerous sums of money to be spent on the navies of the world for the next few years must create a large demand for all mate- rials. The construction of the larger guns for the navy requires more lead than is demanded for the use of the guns afterward, in actual warfare. the guns using iron and steel for the projectiles, while in the con- struction of the guns there is an average of from thirty to sixty tons of lead used per gun for counter-weights on the disappearing gun carriages. This shortage of production from other sources, the probable increase for the use of lead in gun construction and electrical machinery, would indicate higher prices for the ma- terial and better times for the Coeur d'Alenes. That the Coeur d'Alene district is getting ready to take advantage of these prices is evidenced by the gen- eral activity throughout the entire district, new pros- pects being opened up and getting into the hands of capital able to work them, and all of the older mines preparing for a larger output. Nine Mile district will be a producer in a short time. The Black Cloud Com- pany have recently erected a one-hundred-ton concen- trator, which will be ready for operation August 1st. The Custer mine is also being worked again; consid- erable work has been done on the Tamarack & Chesa- peake properties, also on the Cowan and Blue Grouse, as well as numerous other properties on Nine Mile, all of which make a good showing. There is every reason to expect that Nine Mile next year will show quite a tonnage. That the permanency of the camp is assured is fully evidenced by the workings of the older mines. The first mines discovered in the camp are all working to-day and turning out more ore than ever before in their history. The Tiger & Poorman, the first location in the belt, has been a steady producer since 1887; the Tiger shaft is down to the one thousand four hundred level, a perpendicular distance of one thousand two hundred feet. The lower workings of this property are better to-day than they were nearer the surface. The Helena & Frisco, in the same canyon, is down a depth of one thousand feet vertically, with same conditions. From these two properties, which are the deepest in the camp, it is safe to say that deep mining in the Coeur d'Alenes is only in its infancy and with a long future in store. All the producing mines have concentrators of their own, which for extensive and close work cannot be excelled anywhere in the United States. All of them are equipped with both water and steam power, and for six months in the year are able to run by water power, effecting considerable saving in operating ex- penses. All are equipped with machine shops, enab- ling the mines to do most of their repair work about the mines and mills. Nowhere do you find the busi- ness of mining conducted on better business principles than in the Coeur d'Alenes. The ore is here, the veins are permanent, and while it requires considerable money to open up the properties as well as large outlays for machinery to handle the ore, after this is done it simply becomes a business proposition to get out the ore as cheaply as possible. Every advantage is used for the economical working of the ore with as little handling of same as possible, from the time the ore is taken from the mine until loaded on the cars in the shape of concentrates. Air drills are used almost altogether for the break- ing of the ore in the mines, all the mines being equipped with the best compressing plants that money can buy, and some of the plants having capacities of forty to sixty drills, and very few less than twenty drill plants. Heavy mining machinery of all kinds is used, there being two 20x60 direct-acting hoists now working in the camp, situated on the Tiger & Poor- man and Helena & Frisco properties. These hoists are built to go to a depth of two thousand five hun- dred feet and handle from six hundred to seven hun- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 437 dred tons of ore per day, besides handling the waste and necessary mining supplies, and requiring from five hundred to six hundred horse power to operate them. Pumps of a capacity of one thousand gallons per minute, hoisting one thousand feet in one lift, are to be found in these mines. Some idea of the size of these pumps and the amount of power required to operate same, may be formed when it is consid- ered that few cities of twenty thousand population have larger water-works for supplying the city than these same pumps, which are used only for keeping some of the mines dry. From one thousand to one thous- and five hundred horse power is not uncommon for the amount of power required to operate the machinery of some of the mines of the district; and to furnish this power, water, electricity and steam are generally used. Water power costs nothing outside the devel- opment of the power, which first cost of installation does not generally exceed that of first cost of steam plant for same amount of power; but expenses of operation are only nominal after flumes and water wheels are in place. With steam, the cost of furnish- ing power is quite an item, with some companies re- quiring an expenditure of from thirty-five to fifty thous- and dollars per year. This will be remedied within a few years by the installation of large electrical plants which will be operated by water power and which will distribute the power for the different mines interested, from five hundred to one thousand horse power each. Such an enterprise will be a paying investment and can not long be delayed, there being several suffi- cient water powers within forty to fifty miles of the camp. When this is installed it will materially add to the life of the mines and the permanency of the dis- trict, cheapening the cost of power and allowing low- grade properties to be worked at a profit. The shipping facilities of the camp cannot be ex- celled in any mining camp in the west. There are two transcontinental railroads running to the mill doors of nearly all the producing mines of the camp. The ore is delivered direct from the mill to the cars with- out any team-hauling and the only improvement in this line would be a reduction in railroad freights, which the camp is entitled to, not only on account of the magnitude of the tonnage furnished, but more especially on account of excessive freight charges in comparison with rates given other camps. Present freight rates, which will average twelve dollars per ton to Denver and Colorado points, should be reduced at least one-third. Smelter rates should also be re- duced. Without the lead ores of the Coeur d'Alenes, more than one-half the smelters now in operation would be compelled to close down, and without our lead ores the dry ores of Colorado and Utah could not be worked. The present condition of the Coeur d'Alenes is one of prosperity. We are furnishing steady employment to fully two thousand men in the working of the mines and mills at the best wages in the west. Fully three thousand more men derive their living indirectly from the mines and mills, and depend upon their prosperity. This, with the women and children, will give a popu- lation of eight to ten thousand living immediately in the vicinity of the camp and all more or less inter- ested in the working of the mines in this district. The pay roll of the camp for wages paid out each month will amount to two hundred and fifty thousand dol- lars, or three million dollars per annum. The railroad companies are paid for outgoing and incoming freights not less than one million five hundred thousand dollars per annum, and the smelters, for the treatment of the ore, nearly a million more annually. Where can you find a more prosperous condition of affairs? Were it not for the few agitators who infest the camp, and who not only commit lawless acts them- selves (which are a disgrace to the community and an outrage upon the liberties of law-abiding citizens) but draw others into them who are opposed to such things, but dare not assert their opinions concerning same, for fear of incurring the enmity of organized labor, we would have one of the best and most prosperous camps in the west. The Miners' Union and the Knights of Labor prac- tically control the work of the camp outside of the Wardner district, which is a non-union camp, the other camps being union camps and paying the union scale of wages which is three dollars and fifty cents per day for underground men and three dollars per day for all men above ground. These two organizations are a power in the district and could do and do ac- complish a great deal of good in relieving the suffer- ing of their fellow workmen in case of sickness and accidents, by paying them weekly allowances and look- ing after their sick, and in case of death by giving them a decent burial and paying all funeral expenses. For their efforts in this direction, as well as to secure a good rate of wages, no reasonable person can object to their union; and were it not for the agit.ator who makes himself conspicuous under the guise of work- ing for the cause of labor, but in reality working against the laboring man's interest by stirring up strife and discord between laborer and employer, the country would be better off and more prosperous. By the co-operation of the better class of members of the Miners' Union and the Knights of Labor, which ele- ment is largely in the majority in both orders, with the law-abiding element of the business community, working together in harmony, the restoration of law and order could easily be brought about and a stop put to the many outrages that have been a disgrace to this section of the country and that have prevented outside capital from seeking investment in the Coeur d'Alenes, forcing capital to British Columbia and other points where the opportunities for profitable invest- ments are not half so good or sure as in the lead belt of the Coeur d'Alenes. The unions for their own interests, as well as in the interest of organized labor at large, should lend their assistance to put a stop to some of the occurrences which have taken place in the camp and for which the unions as a body have 438 HISTORY OF IDAHO. been blamed, while as organizations they have had nothing to do with the same, but have allowed a few of their members to commit these acts and to cover them under the plea that it had been done for the cause of labor, thereby using the unions as a cloak to cover their acts. That the better element in both organizations of the camp do not approve and counte- nance these outrages, the writer is satisfied from a personal acquaintance with a large number of its mem- bers. LABOR TROUBLES IN THE COEUR D'ALENE DISTRICT. The following account of the recent labor trou- bles in the Coeur d'Alene mining district is contributed by H. H. Smith, of the Cincinnati Post, who, as a reporter of the Scripps-McRae League, was present on the scene and made careful investigation of the matter: The blowing up of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan mill at Wardner on April 29, 1899, entailing a financial loss of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars and the mur- der of two men, was the culminating act of violence in the ten-years war between labor and capital that has waged in the Coeur d'Alenes. In the active prose- cution of that warfare many lives have been sacrificed, hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of property have been blown to pieces with dynamite, and the devel- opment of the richest and most extensive silver-lead mines in the United States has been retarded to a degree that leaves the country practically in its infancy, when under natural conditions it would now be em- ploying thousands of men. More regrettable is the fact that as this is written things are still in a condition of disorder, and no one can foretell what the end will be. Troubles between the mine managers and their employes commenced almost with the opening up of the new country, but it was not until 1891 that the first serious dispute arose. In that year the employes of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Company struck to enforce their demand that they be allowed to pay their hospital dues of one dollar a month to a hospital of their own selection, and they gained their point. The mine-owners then organized an association of their own with which to combat the miners' unions of Gem, Wardner, Mullan and Burke, and their .relations with their men became badly strained. In 1892 all of the principal mines closed down, and in a short time the mine-owners commenced to import men and work them under the protection of hired detectives and special officers. Wages were not reduced, but the union men claimed that was to follow. The mine-owners bought rifles and ammunition for their new employes and the men who guarded them, and the union men also armed themselves for the approaching conflict. On Monday, July 11, a pitched battle ensued and six men were killed, in addition to the blowing up of the Frisco mill. It has always been a disputed point as to which side was the direct cause of the battle. The union men insist that all of the trouble was created by the imported Pinkerton, Hill and Sullivan agency detectives and that they com- menced the bloody struggle by firing on and killing a union man. On the other hand, the mine-owners allege that the unionists were responsible for the whole affair. At any rate, some one fired the first shot, and before a truce was patched up three men on each side were dead. The unionists lost Ed Cummins and two min- ers named Carlson and Hennessy. Their opponents' death list was made up of Ivory Bean, John Stanlik and McDonald. A penstock, which was afterward known as "the long gun of the Coeur d'Alenes" six hundred and forty feet long, through which water was fed to the turbines, ran down the side of the mountain to the 'Frisco mill. The union men ran three or four hun- dred pounds of dynamite down the penstock and exploded it and the mill was blown to pieces. Mc- Donald, one of the guards, was killed. The Gem and Bunker Hill and Sullivan mills then surrendered, and it was agreed that all of the nonunion men should be sent out of the country and that the companies would employ union men at three dollars and a half a day for all underground labor. Things then quieted down for a time, but trouble broke out at intervals. John Kneebone, who had deserted the union for the mine-owners, was murdered on July 3, 1894, and F. D. Whitney, a foreman at the 'Frisco concentrator, was assassinated on December 23, 1897. These crimes, with others, were laid at the door of the unions, but the unionists always protested their entire innocence, and passed resolutions denouncing some of the outrages. The agreement entered into after the trouble of 1892 was lived up to by all of the com- panies except the Bunker Hill & Sullivan, which soon reduced wages to three dollars a day for shovelers and car men and three dollars and a half for miners. In 1894 it had some more trouble with its men, and again reduced wages to two dollars and a half and three dol- lars a day. The Bunker Hill & Sullivan is the only dry mine in the Coeur d'Alenes. and the company claimed it was paying as good wages as the others, everything considered. Its management was very antagonistic to the unions, and the dislike was mutual. The unions declared it a "scab" mine and let it go at that, attempt- ing no violence. Early in 1899, however, an attempt was made to unionize the mine, and the old fire broke out again. On May 26th the company raised wages to three dol- lars for shovelers and three dollars and a half for miners, but refused to recognize the union. Three days later its mill was blown up. The rioters seized a Northern Pacific train at Burke and ran it to Ward- ner, picking up delegations from Gem, Mullan and Wallace. A stop was made at the 'Frisco magazine and eighty fifty-pound boxes of dynamite were taken. By the time the train reached Wardner it had over a 1 o J-* C/5 h HISTORY OF IDAHO. 439 thousand men on board. Many of them were masked and carried rifles. They evidently anticipated and were prepared for a fight, but they met with no opposition, as all of the mill employes had heard of the approach of the Jrain and fled over the hills. James Cheyne, one of the mill men, was shot and mortally wounded as he was running away, and Jack Smith, one of the rioters, was killed by his companions, presumably by mistake. The eighty boxes of dynamite were scattered around the mill and it was blown to fragments. The rioters then returned home, and in an hour everything was quiet again. Governor Steunenberg called for federal troops, and several hundred were sent in under command of Brig- adier General H. C. Merriam. Martial law was declared in Shoshone county, and Bartlett Sinclair, state auditor, was placed in charge as the governor's representative. He caused wholesale arrests, and at one time nearly one thousand men were in custody. Those who were considered to have had no part in the rioting were released as rapidly as possible, but on September ist there were still about one hundred men confined in a stockade known as the "bull pen," while many others were out on bond. Paul Corcoran, financial sec- retary of the Burke Miners' Union, was the first one of the alleged rioters to be tried. He was convicted and sentenced to seventeen years in the penitentiary. Many other cases are to be tried in September, 1899 the time of this writing. Corcoran's attorneys alleged gross irregularities in his trial and a motion was made for a rehearing. The sheriff and commissioners of Shoshone county were removed from office when martial law was de- clared, as it was claimed they sympathized with the rioters, and the county attorney was suspended for the same reason. Other officers were named in their places. The miners' unions were declared to be criminal bodies, and the governor's representative issued an order that none should be employed in or around the mines with- out a permit from him. Governor Steunenberg declared that troubles in the Coeur d'Alenes must stop and the miners' unions be wiped out, and that to that end martial law would continue until his term of office expires on January i, 1901. The sub-committee on mining of the industrial commission visited Wallace and investigated the trouble, but could secure no con- clusive testimony that the unions were responsible for it, though members of the unions might have been involved in it. All of the union men who were exam- ined swore that the blowing up of the mill, or any other deed of violence, was never discussed or thought of by the unions, and was deplored by them. They said the mill was blown up by outside hotheads and not by members of the unions. Some of the mine- owners expressed the belief that very few of the riot- ers were union men, and even that they did not know that property was to be destroyed when they joined the mob that went to Wardner. There is no doubt that all of the leading spirits in the mob, who are declared to have never been members of any union, were out of the country long before the soldiers arrived, and there seems to be little likelihood of their ever being apprehended or punished. THE STANDARD GROUP OF MINERAL CLAIMS. The Standard group of claims consists of the following patented lode claims: Standard, Ban- ner, Snow Line, Sancho, Sandwich, Youngs- town, Sullivan Fraction, Banner Fraction, Par- allel, Little Chap, Mammoth Fraction, a portion of the Mammoth, and Tariff, also the Columbia, Crown Point and Tom Reed, all located in the Coeur d'Alene silver-lead mineral belt, Lalande mining district, Shoshone county, Idaho, one mile from Burke, also the Union Mill-site, located at Wallace, Idaho, together with water rights and flumes from which is developed about three hundred horse-power. The Standard claim was located May 7, 1885, by Timotny McCarthy, Timothy Hynes, Frank Hanson and John H. Simmons. All the claims in the Standard group are pat- ented, the patents having issued direct to the Standard Mining Company, with the exception of the Mammoth, Tariff and Mammoth Fraction. These claims are patented, but the patent issued direct to the original owners and was afterward transferred to the Standard Mining Company. The Standard Mining Company is a corporation of Idaho. Its capital stock is five hundred thousand dollars, divided into five hundred thou- sand shares of the par value of one dollar each. The officers of the company are as follows: Amasa B. Campbell, president; John A. Finch, vice-president and treasurer: W. E. Finch, sec- retary. The stock is held principally by the Finch & Campbell Syndicate of Youngstown, Ohio, Chicago and Milwaukee. The property was purchased by the Standard Company in the spring of '1891, when the de- velopment work was commenced. The first ore was struck in the fall of 1892, and since that time it has been a steady shipper and dividend-payer. The property has been worked through four tunnels. The lower, or Campbell tunnel, as it is called, is two thousand nine hundred and fifty feet long, and is nine hundred feet below the upper tunnel. In all there are probably over ten thousand feet of tunnel. At the end of this long tunnel is the chamber for the hoisting en- 440 HISTORY OF IDAHO. gine. The chamber is one hundred feet long, fifty feet wide and thirty-six feet high. Here they have a twenty by sixty first-motion hoisting engine, built by Fraser & Chalmers, capable of hoisting two thousand five hundred feet. The shaft is down two hundred feet from the Campbell tunnel, and a drift has been run to strike the vein,- where it is found they have an ore chute over six hundred feet long and from fifteen to forty feet wide. But little stoping has been done from this level up. The ore is silver-lead, and the average assay of the entire vein is ten to fifteen per cent lead and twelve to fifteen ounces silver. This ore is transported from the mine, one mile below Burke, Idaho, to the concentrator, which is located at Wallace, a distance of six miles. Here the ore is concentrated into a shipping product. It re- quires about five and eight-tenths tons of crude ore to make one ton of concentrates, or ship- ping product. The capacity of the mill is six hundred tons of crude ore in twenty-four hours. The average assay of concentrates is fifty-eight to sixty per cent lead and about fifty-eight to sixty ounces of silver to the ton. Up to May i, 1899, the Standard shipped 68,295 tons of concentrates, the net value of which (after paying freight charges to the smelter and treatment on the ore, which averaged about twenty-two dollars per ton), was $3,416,248.87. The company has paid in dividends the sum of $1,775,000.00, or $3.55 per share. The original cost of the property was $33,804.80. The amount expended for improvements and equipment to date is $280,000.00, all of which was taken out of the mine in addition to the amount paid in divi- dends. The property is under the management of Finch & Campbell of Spokane, Washington, their representative being H. R. Allen, of Wal- lace, Idaho. The Standard is one of the best equipped mines in the world, and it was developed from the grass roots by and under the supervision of Archie McCallum, who is at present in charge of the mine. THE HECLA GROUP. The Hecla mine is located at Burke, Shoshone county (Lalande mining district). The original claims comprising the Hecla group were the Hecla and Katie May lode claims, located by James Toner on May 5, 1885. The property was purchased by the Hecla Mining Company, a cor- poration of Idaho, the principal stockholders be- ing A. B. Campbell, John A. Finch, Patrick Clark, Simon Haley and a party of Milwaukee gentlemen. Up to January i, 1898, the Hecla shipped thirteen thousand dollars' worth of lead- silver ore while the development work was pro- gressing. This ore was taken out partly by the company and partly by leasers. During the spring and summer of 1898 the Hecla Mining Company of Washington was organized, with a capital of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, one million shares of the par value of twenty- five cents each, the officers being: A. B. Campbell, president; John A. Finch, vice-presi- dent; and H. R. Allen, secretary and treasurer. The new company purchased the Hecla and Katie May claims from the old Hecla company, and also purchased the Or-No-Go fraction lode from James Doherty, M. Maher and John Stack. A bond was taken on the Orphan Boy, Orphan Girl, Leadville, Denver, Climax and Sylvanite, from John H. Van Dorn, which was subsequently taken up by the company. Later on the com- pany purchased the Muscatine and Burlington claims from J. H. Van Dorn, John Frank and Ed. Ehrenberg, and also the Muscatine Fraction and Croesus from H. R. Allen. In all, the Hecla group now comprises fifteen lode claims and a mill-site, the total area being about two hundred and fifty acres. The develop- ment work consists of a sixteen hun- dred-foot tunnel run in at a depth from the sur- face of about nine hundred feet, and a four- hundred-foot tunnel, which is one hundred and seventy-five feet above the long tunnel. In the lower tunnel they have an ore chute about three hundred and seventy-five feet long, averaging three feet wide. They still have five hundred feet to drive before getting under the immense crop- pings which show on the surface. The Hecla is still a prospect, but it is more than paying its own way. It is being worked by a force of twenty men. The ore is milled at the Standard mill at Wallace, being transported over the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company's road, a distance of seven miles. The average grade of the ore is fifty-eight per cent lead and forty ounces silver. The property is under the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 441 management of Messrs. Finch & Campbell, of Spokane, Washington, their representative in this district being Mr. H. R. Allen, of Wallace, Idaho. THE PHILADELPHIA & IDAHO MINING & SMELTING COMPANY. The above named company was organized in 1882 by Colonel Green and Philadelphia parties, who built two stock plants and a large smelter plant at Muldoon, Elaine county, this state, and operated them for several years, in Muldoon. The ores in the vicinity of Ketchum, Idaho, were of a higher grade, and were attracting more at- tention than those they were then mining, and certain Philadelphia gentlemen had become in- terested in them, and they induced the Philadel- phia Mining & Smelting Company to come to Ketchum. A small test was made with a little tester, and in the course of less than a week a profit of ten thousand dollars was made! They then joined with the other Philadelphia people and organized the Philadelphia & Idaho Com- pany. The Philadelphia company that had first begun the work had acquired the North Star mine, the West Fork group, the Ervin and the Ten Brook on Boyle mountains, the Silver Star, Salamander, Xe\v York Boy and the Muldoon. The build- ings at the North Star and Silver Star mines were, on the reorganization, remodeled and en- larged; power was obtained from two water wheels. The flume, coming out from Warm Springs creek about two miles above the smelter and just below the geyser hot springs, was easily kept open during the coldest weather, which was an exceptional advantage, and enabled the com- pany to continue their work uninterruptedly throughout the year. The operations for a time were so promising that the proprietors overdid the work of providing facilities, especially by the erection of a mill at the Silver Star mine, at a cost-of seventy-six thousand dollars. It was not only badly located but proved ill adapted to the ore, of which there was a large quantity on hand. This ore, which is still there, is a galena, very much mixed with silver, copper and iron, carry- ing gold in a true fissure vein. The silver and lead might be made to pay. The heavy-grade ores, of which there were large quantities mined, have averaged two to three hundred ounces of silver to the ton in quartz. A great deal of galena, which yielded sixty per cent, lead and eighty ounces of silver, was shipped to the smel- ters as first-class ore; but the mill was built to treat only the more common kind, which con- tained twenty-two per cent, lead, as many ounces of silver, with copper sulphide, carrying gold to the amount of ten to fifteen dollars and mixed with zinc, spar, quartz, and lime. The running of the mill, which was located upon the hill side, was unsuccessful and the insti- tution was shut down and sold; and since that time little has been done with it, except that it has been lea&ed to miners who work in a small way. The most prominent property, the North Star, has been a continuous producer ever since 1881. Although much*extravagant outlay was incurred, the operation was successful. The ore is not of a grade so high as most of the ore on Wood river, running sixty per cent, lead and seventy- five to eighty ounces of silver; but many of the bodies have been large and continuous for a con- siderable distance, being large enough to yield over one hundred thousand dollars each. There have also been considerable bodies of ore run- ning on the average eighteen per cent, lead, twen- ty-two to twenty-four ounces of silver, ten per cent, zinc, in arsenical iron and quartz, with spar and lime. These bodies have been milled at the North Star works, making a fairly good grade of concentrates. In 1892, when the clean galena could not be obtained in sufficiently large quantities to run the smelters, the general managers endeavored to run, in the winter of 1892-3, on the bodies of low-grade ore from the North Star mine; and, owing chiefly to the presence of zinc, which ran at times as high as seventeen per cent., the work was unsuccessful: the smelters were closed and have not since been opened. The work at the North Star has been continued by leasing. At the Silver Star they now have fourteen claims, and at the North Star there are also large bodies of arsenical-iron pyrite, which carry gold from ten to twenty dollars to the ton. The mine is on the east fork of Wood river, seven miles from Gimlet station. The Silver Star is thirty miles from the town of Ketchum. At the town of 442 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Ketchum the company have a large and substan- tially built smelter and all the appliances and structures, one of the best plants in the county, and the works are located in a delightful situa- tion. The boarding house and buildings for the offices of the company are first-class and afford a delightful residence and resort in the summer. Wood river is so near the residence that its gur- gling current can be heard there. THE RED CLOUD GROUP OF MINES. This group of mines is situated on Deer creek, a tributary of Wood river, about twelve miles in a northwesterly direction from the town of Hailey, in Mineral Hill mining district, Elaine county, and is owned by Lyttleton Price, of Hailey, and Pittsburg parties. These mines were discovered by Orin Porter, E. H. Porter and James L. Mason, in 1880. The present owners purchased them in 1889, organized what was known as the Red Cloud Mining Company, and worked these properties for several years, paying in dividends ten thousand dollars per month, ap- proximating in the total two hundred thousand dollars. In 1897 large quantities of water were struck and a deep tunnel was run on the property for the purpose of draining the mines and exploring them at greater depth. About this time the com- pany put in a water-power plant, air-compressor, and also every other mechanical adjunct neces- sary to modern mining; but, after they had ex- tended their deep tunnel to a distance of six thou- sand feet and made connection with the upper workings, five hundred and sixty feet higher, they found that the country was broken and faulted and that, together with the very low price of silver and lead then prevailing, discouraged the owners and they accordingly discontinued opera- tions, although the mine was considered by ex- perts to be one of the most valuable in the state. The deep tunnel opens and drains the country to a depth of fourteen hundred feet. United States patents have been granted for these mines, comprising sixteen claims. The Red Cloud Mining Company has gone out of ex- istence, the property being now owned as above stated. Nothing has been done for a number of years on this property until within a few months since, when operations were resumed under lease by Lyttleton Price, Thomas Kennelly and G. L. Havens, who now have a fine ore body developed and are extracting and shipping ore, and from present indications this group of mines now promises to be one of the most valuable proper- ties in the state of Idaho. THE POORMAN MINE. On War Eagle mountain, a mile and a half southeast of Silver City, are a group of about twenty mines, in one of the richest belts in that section of the state, a belt which has afforded material to render Silver City famous throughout the civilized world. The Poorman mine has a production record of three million dollars, and other properties of the group as Bell Pick, Oso, Illinois Central, Jackson and Silver Cord have all been good producers. The Poorman mine was discovered in 1865, and between July 9 and October I, 1866, there was shipped from it the enormous sum of $606,- 692. The ore consists of chloride, sulphide of silver and a considerable proportion of copper. At a depth of one hundred feet five hundred pounds of ruby silver were taken out in one solid piece. This piece of ore was awarded a gold medal at the Paris Exposition of 1867. The Poorman mine is said to have been the richest body of ore for its size ever discovered. The mine is equipped with a ten-stamp mill, erected in 1895, and for the transportation of ore from the mine to the mill there is a wire-cable tramway of the Hallidie system one mile long. In 1888 the property was purchased by a syndicate of London, England, which is incorporated as the Poorman Gold Mines, limited. John B. Bryson, a resident of London, is the. president of the company, and R. H. Britt, a resident here, is the manager. This company contemplates a deeper cut into the earth and a larger development, and great results are expected. THE BLACK JACK MINE. This famous mine, situated on Florida moun- tain three miles southwest of Silver City and one and a half miles from Dewey, was discovered in the early '6os, being the first mine found in this mountain. The company was first incorporated as the Black Jack Mining Company, and was listed on the San Francisco Stock Board. This HISTORY OF IDAHO. 443 company is said to have taken out one million and six hundred thousand dollars worth of the pre- cious metals ; but, owing: tec the failure of the Bank of California, in 1875, all work in this vicin- ity was stopped, including operations in connec- tion with the Black Jack mine. This property was then sold for debt and finally came into the possession of William H. Dewey. During the period of his ownership of the mine it was worked principally by lessees, who opened no new ground, and the production was very light. In 1889 the present owners, the Idaho & Pitts- burg Mining & Milling Company, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, came into possession of the prop- erty, by purchase. They were incorporated in 1890, under the laws of Kentucky, with a nomi- nal capital of two and a half million dollars, di- vided into two hundred and fifty thousand shares, of ten dollars each. They immediately began ex- tensive work, building a ten-stamp mill and all the necessary structures and starting a tunnel to tap the ledge five hundred and seventy feet below the deepest of the old workings. This tunnel reached the ledge in 1891, after passing through over nine hundred feet of country rock, and at last found the ledge barren! Drifting south, however, on the ledge, a pay chute was located. This was cut in 1892, and from that time on the enterprise has been on a permanent producing basis, with the exception of only one month, dur- ing the panic of 1893. In 1894 a tunnel was started three hundred feet below the tunnel above referred to, and was completed in 1895, cutting the ledge after going through two thousand and one hundred feet of country rock. Connections were made with the upper levels, and from that time on all the ore for the mill has been taken out from the lower tunnel and hauled directly to the top of the ten- stamp mill, where it is discharged into the ore bin. In 1896 a shaft was started to work below the lower tunnel, which is now (1898) down two hundred and thirty-five feet; it is equipped with a cage. The power is furnished by an air-com- pressor at the mill, twenty-six hundred feet dis- tant. The lowest level of the mine approximates fourteen hundred feet below the top of the moun- tain, and the mine is opened up by levels about a hundred feet apart. The twelve-hundred-foot level connects with the Elaine tunnel of the Trade Dollar Company, so that it is possible to go from the Black Jack mill to the Trade Dollar by an underground route, the distance being seven thousand and five hundred feet, two thou- sand feet of which being a cross-cut and the re- mainder a drift on the ledge. The mill is a Frazier & Chalmers ten-stamp combination, equipped with frew vanners. There are four six-foot vanners, over which the pulp passes before going to the pans. In the latter the material is treated by regular amalgamation, eight pans and four settlers being required. The engine is a C. & G. Cooper Corliss single-cylin- der structure of a hundred-horse power. Two seventy-five-horse-power boilers generate the steam required for the plant. An Ingersoll-Sar- gent air-compressor, located in the mill, furnishes the power for the underground hoist previously referred to. The ore occurs in a medium-hard quartz; the silver in the form of an argentite carries about two-thirds of the values, and gold one-third. Gold assays can be obtained from picked speci- mens that will run enormously rich, as high as a thousand ounces ; but the average value of the ore is between thirty and forty ounces of silver and ten dollars in gold to the ton. Eighty men are employed at the mine and twelve at the mill. The mine and mill are run continuously, with two shifts of men, every day and night in the year excepting two davs at Christmas, two at the Fourth of July and one Labor Day. . About seventy per cent, of the values are obtained by concentration and about twenty per cent, in bullion, making a total of ninety per cent, saving. The concentrates are shipped to Denver for final treatment. The of- ficers of the company are John Irwin, Jr., presi- dent; Edward Bindley, vice-president: James McKay, treasurer; and Lloyd L. Little, secre- tary, residing at Pittsburg. The local officers are Frederic Irwin, superintendent; J. B. Mattenson, mine foreman ; James Ingals, mill foreman ; and Bert Haug, assayer and accountant. The com- pany are the owners of the following mines: Black Jack, Empire State, Phillips, Sullivan, Bel- fast and Independence, all of which are pat- ented; while the unpatented claims are the Vir- ginia, Bay State, Industry, Economy and Sun- flower. 444 HISTORY OF IDAHO. THE ONTARIO GROUP OF MINES. These mines, which are now owned by Michael Carey, state senator, are located on Warm Spring creek, twelve miles west of Ketchum, in Elaine county, Idaho. They yield galena ore silver and lead and the veins extend east and west, dipping toward the south, and average from three to three and a half feet in width. The ore has an average yield of forty per cent, lead, eighty ounces of silver and three dollars in gold to the ton. These mines are worked by tunnels, which thus afford drainage and permit the ore to be run out on tracks. They were first discovered by John Boyle in 1880, were purchased by the Warm Springs Consolidated Company, and, as stated, are now the property of Senator Carey. The group consists of the following mines: On- tario, Hub No. 2, Niagara, Hathaway, Sunday, Gopher, Kalemet Fraction, Log Cabin, Michigan Fraction and the North Star. Half a million of dollars have been taken from the Ontario. The Star has been a good producer, also the Sunday, and the others have not as yet been worked so extensively. There is a good concentrating mill, costing twenty thousand dollars, on the prop- erty, and quite a number of tunnels have been made, the longest being three hundred feet. All the mines in this vicinity produce rich ore, and there is no doubt but that the Ontario will yield to its owner valuable ores for many years to come. THE ALTURAS SENATOR MINING COMPANY. The mines of this company are situated at Ga- lena, Elaine county, Idaho, comprising ten claims, the most promising of which are the Sen- ate and Gladwater. At one time these mines were yielding well, but, because of the decline in silver, operations were discontinued and the smelter dismantled. Some development is con- templated in this year, 1899. The company is composed of wealthy men in New York. Lewis Edwards, the president, and Dr. Barron, the president of the Carpenter Steel Works of New York, are the principal factors. The Ashland Group Mining Company have four silver-lead claims at Muldoon and two silver- lead claims on Boyle mountain. Nothing has been done with these claims for the past twelve years. The Cansada-Ledlie Company own two claims, the Cansada and the Ledlie, on Trail creek about six miles from Ketchum. George Yount, of Ketchum, and a Philadelphia party are conduct- ing some development work on the Cansada un- der the management of Knox Taylor. THE SILVER KING MINING COMPANY. This company was organized under the laws of New Jersey, by Philadelphia parties, with Henry Tevis as president. They have two groups of mines. The Davitt, a silver-lead prop- erty, is located on Deer creek, a tributary of Wood river. The ore occurs in a granite forma- tion. A large and continuous seam has pro- duced a great deal of silver and lead. , It was operated with a shaft; but a snow-slide ruined the hoist and operations were abandoned. The company also owns the Silver King, a group of four claims located four miles above Sawtooth on the Salmon river, in a granite forma- tion and quartz, being very rich in silver, with sulphur, antimony, a sulphide of iron and zinc. Gold has been found in the iron to the amount of twenty-four dollars. The silver values have been very high, averaging at times three hundred ounces, with sometimes as high as fifteen hun- dred ounces, and many shipments running to four, five and even six hundred ounces. Major Hyndman had a lease of the property for three years and paid the company in one of the years ten thousand dollars on a fifteen per cent, royalty; but little other work has been done on it. At length he acquired an interest in the enterprise and finally became half-owner, and was leasing the property in 1892 when the saw- dust covering of the boiler at the hoist caught fire and the hoist was burned; and the apparatus has not since been repaired, and after Major Hyndman's death disagreements with his widow have prevented work. The improvements of the property consist of mill, rolls and two frew run- ners. PIERCE CITY GOLD CAMP. This camp is now attracting considerable at- tention from capitalists. Ohio parties have pur- chased an interest in the Golden Gate Mining Company's property, and are now carrying on work there. The Milling & Mining Company also have a five-stamp mill on their property three HISTORY OF IDAHO: 445 miles from Pierce City, have begun the milling of ore, and good results have been obtained. Some sixty thousand dollars in gold has been extracted by a three-stamp mill owned by the Dunn Broth- ers on adjoining property. The character of the ore in this camp is mostly free-milling gold quartz. The Chapman group of gold-quartz claims on the Oro Grande creek, fifteen miles northeast of Pierce City will be worked in 1899. The showing is one hundred thousand tons of ore in sight, free-milling, with assays, from seven dollars and forty-five cents to fifty-six dollars per ton. A contemporary publication in an article headed "The Free Milling Gold Belt of Idaho." gives the following: "The Western Mining World's correspondents in Idaho exhibit a well founded enthusiasm over the mineral outlook in that state. In writing from Pierce City one gen- tleman refers to the fact that mining men seeking investment have a natural preference for free- milling propositions, the great advantage being that the ore requires no shipment from the mine, but is milled on the ground by stamp mills. An- other advantage is that the machinery required is not ponderous and can be transported to the mine by wagon or pack train, and a mill can be erected at a cost of from two to five thousand dollars that will turn out from eight to fifteen tons of ore per day at an expense of from four to five dollars per ton. Then again, after the ore is extracted and put on the dump, four men are sufficient to operate a stamp mill with an ex- pense including labor, fuel and repairs not exceeding twenty-five dollars per day to mill twelve tons. The expense of taking ore from the mine might be estimated at two dollars, and the milling two dollars per ton. As no shipment of ore is required, free-milling camps are free from the exactions and high tariffs of transportation companies. The fact that Pierce City is a free- milling gold-quartz camp perhaps has more to do with the rapid growth now in progress than any other one thing. "The Idaho free-milling gold belt embraces thousands of square miles of territory lying in Shoshone county and running southeasterly to Pierce City, between the forks of Clearwater river and including the headwaters of the Oro Fino, Oro Grande, French, Lo-Lo and Mussel Shell creeks, and continuing on to Dixie, Elk City, Florence and Warrens, comprising the southeastern slope of the Bitter Root mountain. The streams above mentioned empty into the Clearwater, Salmon and Snake rivers. Other minerals than gold are found in the territory, and some gold quartz has been found that is not free- milling, but the main feature of the important properties so far developed has been free-milling gold. This vast mineral district is largely tribu- tary to Spokane, and mining men of that city are becoming interested in some of the best proper- ties, and are sending forward machinerv and sup- plies to aid in rapid development." Quartz mining in this locality can be carried on twelve months in the year, and the large tract of agricultural land in the Xez Perces reservation now being cultivated makes living as cheap in Pierce City as in almost any farming community. Fairly good wagon roads from Lewiston and Kendrick are traveled daily with freight, camp supplies, stage and express. The distance is eighty miles from Lewiston and sixty-five miles from Kendrick. Steamboats from Lewiston make trips in the spring within twenty-five miles of Golden Gate, and merchandise for Pierce City is landed at the mouth of Oro Fino creek, forty miles away. The government is now working a. force of men, improving the navigation as far up as Chamois, which will probably make it naviga- ble for steamers six months in the year. Work on the free-milling gold-quartz mines of French, Oro Fino, Rhodes and Mussel Shell creeks is being pushed, and some new developments are reported. The Klondyke has widened into a twelve-foot vein of solid ore. The manager of the Gold Bar reports sixty feet depth in shaft No. I, with a twenty-eight-inch vein of ore that assays one hundred and twelve dollars and twenty-seven cents a ton. It is proposed to go down seventy- five feet and then run in a tunnel, tapping the main body of ore at a depth of one hundred and fifty feet. The Golden Gate will go down two hundred feet on one ore vein of three feet in width and a parallel vein of eighteen inches. The veins are seven feet apart. These properties are attracting a great deal of attention and the invest- ment of capital in the operation of the mines will make this one of the richest mining districts of the country, and will thereby contribute to the growth and material advancement of the state. 446 HISTORY OF IDAHO. THE TIP-TOP MINE. This is a gold property. It is situated twelve miles west of Hailey, Elaine county, in the center of what is known as the gold belt. The mine is thoroughly developed by an inclined shaft three hundred feet in depth, passing through three levels, from which project several wings. The ore is obtained to the extent of five hundred feet, with an average width of the tunnel from five to six feet. The ore consists of gold in iron and copper pyrites. The value of the gold is one ounce to the ton. A twenty-stamp mill is in process of construction at the mine, which will probably be completed and running before the publication of this volume. A four-inch water pipe two miles in length supplies the mill with water, which has to be raised nine hundred feet. The ore is treated by running it from the battery over copper-silver plates, where one-half is amal- gamated. The remaining gold is concentrated by twelve frew runners and other concentrating machinery, which work can be effected with the result of a high percentage. The outlay in developing the mine to its present stage and in erecting the mill is about one hun- dred thousand dollars. The plant is owned by John Q. Packard, of Salt Lake City, and H. E. Miller, of Bellevue, a thoroughly practical mining expert. The work is under the direct superin- tendency of Captain James A. Lusk, a prominent mining man from Utah. Mr. Miller came to Wood river in 1881 and has assisted in the devel- opment of various mines, among which may be mentioned the Minnie Moore, whicn eventually proved to be the largest producer of all the mines in the Wood river country, yielding nearly as much as any four of the best mines in that section of the state. The amount of ore, con- sisting of galena carrying ninety ounces of silver, which has been shipped from this mine, is esti- mated at three or four million dollars, shipping value. In 1883 this mine was purchased by an English company, who for a time afterward continued its operation; but at present no work is being done. They paid half a million dollars for the plant. It has an inclined shaft nine hundred feet in extent, with levels of one hundred feet each. Professor Blake, a distinguished metallurgist, said that this mine contained the largest body of galena ore he had ever seen in America. The ore is clear galena, carrying one hundred and twelve ounces of silver. For a length of three hundred feet the tunnel has an average width of eighteen feet. CHAPTER XXX. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. HORACE E. NEAL. FOR the past six years this enterprising young business man has occupied the responsible position of cashier of the Cap- ital State Bank, of Idaho, and is rapidly acquiring the reputation of being one of the ablest financiers in the state. Prior to his connection with this well known banking institution, now regarded as one of the best in the great northwest, he had had experience in the handling of finances, having for several years been engaged in the loan business in this state and in Colorado, and having served as the first county treasurer of Kit Carson county, Colorado, after its organization by act of the state legislature, his appointment coming from Governor J. A. Cooper. The ancestors of Horace E. Neal were Scotch, as his name indicates, and for several generations the family has lived in New Jersey and Ohio. James E. Neal, the father of our subject, was one of the early settlers of Ohio, and was a farmer by occupation. In politics he has been a Republican from the time that the party was organized. For his wife he chose Miss Mary A. Xincehelser, a lady of German extraction, whose family had long resided in Pennsylvania; and unto James E. and Mary A. Neal were born seven sons and two daughters, and three of the sons are numbered among the successful business men of Boise. The birth of Horace E. Neal occurred in Van Burcn county, Iowa, September 7, 1859, and when a child he removed with his parents to Peru, Nebraska, where he was reared on a farm. He received a common-school train- ing, and later pursued his studies in the State Normal at Peru, Nebraska, and at Tabor College, Tabor, Iowa, and completed his education in the Methodist University, then located at York, Nebraska. For three years he engaged in teach- ing in the common and graded schools of Nemaha county, Nebraska; afterward he went to western Kansas; thence to Burlington, Colo- 447 rado, and during his residence in those cities was engaged in the lumber, real-estate and loan business. He then served in the capacity of treasurer of Kit Carson county, Colorado, for two years, and in November, 1890. came to Boise, where, in partnership with his brother, W. Scott, he engaged in the insurance and loan business.' In July, 1891, Horace E. Neal became inter- ested in the organization of the Capital State Bank of Idaho, and for the first two years of its existence he was its assistant cashier. In Febru- ary, 1893, he was elected to the position of cashier, and has since served as such. Much of the prosperity which this institution enjoys is directly traceable to the energy, good judgment and keen foresight of Mr. Neal in the manage- ment of its affairs. The bank was organized with fifty thousand dollars of paid-up stock, and an authorized capital of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and it now has a surplus of fourteen thousand dollars. Among the gentlemen who were concerned in the establishment of the bank were George D. Ellis; J. S. Fordyce; James H. Bush; B. Lombard, Jr., of Boston; H. E. Neal; H. H. Wheeler, of Lincoln, Nebraska; Edward Shainwald; and Frank A. Nourse. The first officers were J. S. Fordyce, president; J. H. Bush, vice-president; W. E. Mitchell, cashier; and H. E. Neal, assistant cashier. The present officers are George D. Ellis, president; J. C. Pence, vice-president; Horace E. Neal, cashier: and F. D. Young, assistant cashier. The bank now numbers among its patrons the leading mer- chants, cattle, sheep and mining men of the northwest. In 1803 H. E. Neal was honored by an appoint- ment to the office of city treasurer of Boise, and in July, 1895, was elected to the position which he still retains. He takes a deep interest in educational matters, and in 1896 was elected as a member of the board of trustees of the inde- pendent school district of Boise. In the Masonic 448 HISTORY OF IDAHO. fraternity he ranks deservedly higdi. In 1891 he was made a Master Mason of Boise Lodge, No. 2, A. F. & A. M., and is a member of the chapter, commandery and shrine, being past master of Boise Lodge. In his political views he is an uncompromising Republican. On the 24th of May, 1893, Mr. Neal was united in marriage to Miss Mary Wallace, daugh- ter of John N. Wallace, of Boise City. They have one child, a little son, W. Edwin. Mr. and Mrs. Neal are valued workers and members of the Methodist church here, the former being the popular superintendent of the Sunday school. Mr. Neal takes a lively interest in all public matters, and takes a firm stand on the side of right at all times. He is president of the State Sunday School Association, and as such officer has been the means of building up the work throughout the state. AUREN G. REDWAY. F"or thirty-six years Auren G. Redway has been a resident of Boise, and for many years was prominently connected with her banking inter- ests, but is now living retired, enjoying that well earned rest which is the fitting reward of an honorable and active business career. He comes from the far-off east and is a representative of a family that was established in America in colonial days. His grandfather, Preserved Redway, served his country throughout the war of the Revolution, was one of General Washington's body guard, and had the honor of being a corporal of the guard at the time of the surrender of General Burgoyne. He lost one of his limbs in that great struggle for independence, but it was a willing sacrifice for the great cause of American liberty. By occupation he was a farmer, making that pursuit his life work. In religious belief he was a Presbyterian, and his death occurred April 28, 1837, when he had attained an advanced age. His wife, Azuba Redway, survived him a number of years, and passed away January i, 1853. Their son, Abel Redway, father of our subject, was born in Adams, Jefferson county, New York, February 8, 1805, and married Sally Charlotte Grinnell, a representative of the prominent Grin- nell family of the Empire state. She was born at Galway, on the igth of May, 1810, and at the time of her marriage went to her husband's home, on one of the farms of Jefferson county. They were also members of the Presbyterian church, and by their union were born six children, four of whom are still living. Auren G. Redway, the second child, was born in Adams, Jefferson county, New York, on the 5th of March, 1835, and was reared and educated in his native town. On the 2Oth of December, 1859, when a young man of twenty-four years, he sailed from New York to San Francisco, by way of the isthmus of Panama, and arrived at his destination on the loth of January, 1859, making the voyage in twenty days and six hours. For a time he was engaged in the nursery business in San Jose, California, and in 1862 he went to Van- couver, Washington, where he was employed as clerk in a sutler's store until his removal to Boise, on the loth of July, 1863. He was then com- missioned to act as sutler to the fort which had recently been established at Boise, and bought goods, selling to the soldiers. He continued in that business for five years, or until 1868, when he turned his attention to speculating in loans, buying obligations, etc. In 1872 he entered the First National Bank, of Boise, as bookkeeper, and was connected with that institution for twenty- four years. He served for fourteen years as bookkeeper, four years as assistant cashier and six years as cashier, and in 1896 retired to private life. During all that time he was never absent from the bank with the exception of two weeks, and his fidelity, trustworthiness and ability, mani- fested in the discharge of his duties, contributed not a little to the success of the institution. On the 30th of August, 1856, Mr. Redway was happily married to Miss Marv Ann Outterson, a native of Dublin, Ireland, who at the asje of four years was brought to the United States by her father, Andrew Outterson, a paper manufacturer, who made for the government the first paper on which greenbacks were issued. Mr. and Mrs. Redway have three children. William Harvey is now a prosperous and popular merchant of Cald- well, Idaho. George Francis has for seventeen years been connected with the First National Bank of Boise, in which he is now serving as assistant cashier. The daughter, Elizabeth Char- lotte, is an accomplisned and successful teacher in St. Margaret's school, an Episcopal boarding and day school for girls and young ladies. The HISTORY OF IDAHO. 449 family have a pleasant and hospitable home in Boise, and the members of the household occupy a very enviable position in social circles. Mr. Redvvay is a member of the Pioneer Society of Idaho and of the State Historical Society, and of the latter is now serving as treasurer. JAMES A. GERWICK. Of the commercial interests of Weiser James A. Gerwick is a leading representative. He is now engaged in the harness and saddlery busi- ness, and enjoys a liberal patronage which comes to him from all sections of Washington county. His conformity to high business principles and honorable methods, combined with energy and enterprise, have gained him a foremost place in mercantile circles, and a well merited success rewards his efforts. Mr. Gerwick came to the west from far-off Pennsylvania. He is a native of Butler county, that state, and is of German lineage. His parents are Fred and Lovina (Winters) Gerwick, natives of Germany, in which land their ancestors had resided for many generations. The father of our subject came to the United States with his parents, the family locating in Pennsylvania. He was married in Pittsburg, and is now a merchant in McKeen county, of the Keystone state. In the family were eleven children, ten of whom are living. Of these James A. Gerwick is tne ninth in order of birth. He was educated in Pennsylvania and during his residence in the east carried oh agricultural pursuits. In 1887 he came to Idaho and engaged in raising sheep, in which industry he continued successfully for about thirteen years, when he sold his sheep for thirteen thousand and seven hundred dollars. He had at times owned as high as five thousand head, and was very prosperous in that business. He disposed of his ranch, however, in order to engage in the harness and saddlery business, which he finds a more congenial occupation. He has erected a sub- stantial brick store, which is filled with a large line of every class of goods of the kind, and in the fall of 1898 he added a comolete line of boots and shoes. His straightforward dealing, his earnest desire to please his customers and his moderate prices have secured to him a liberal patronage. In 1888 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Gerwick and Miss Laura Monroe, and their union has been blessed with two sons and a daughter, Guy Albert, Roy Leslie and Edith Luvena. Their home, erected by Mr. Gerwick, is one of the finest residences in the city, and its air of culture and good cheer renders it a favorite resort with tneir many friends. Socially Mr. Ger- wick is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and in his political affiliations is a Republican. Coming to the west with the hope of bettering his financial condition, he has never had occasion to regret the step thus taken, for prosperity has attended his efforts and due recognition has been accorded his sterling qual- ities of character, such as command respect in every land and clime. DR. HOMER D. JONES. In nearly every community the leadinsr dentist divides with the family physicians a public con- fidence which is accorded him to a degree that is little understood outside the profession. If a dentist cannot inspire such confidence he never becomes a leading dentist. The experience of Hailey emphasizes these facts. Hailey's leading dentist is Dr. Homer D. Jones, who is also its oldest dental practitioner in point of years, of residence and practice. Dr. Jones was born in Jeffersonville, Oregon. April 12, 1867. His father, Ansel Cromwell Jones, a native of Ohio, was one of the bold and hardy pioneers who crossed the trackless plains in 1850 to the then isolated territory of Oregon. He was one of the first settlers in the beautiful Willamette valley, and there he met and married Miss Elizabeth Smith, a native of Pennsylvania, who had found an abiding place in that far-away land. He was a successful lawyer, influential in public affairs and was elected to numerous offices, representing his people in the Oregon legislature and otherwise serving their interests with ability and integrity. He is now living retired at San Diego, California, and the wife of his youth is spared to him in his declining years. He is sixty-seven and she is fifty-one years of age. They had five children, three of whom are living. Dr. Homer D. Jones was educated at Albany- College, Oregon. After completing his classical 450 HISTORY OF IDAHO. course he studied dentistry three years under the preceptorship of Dr. N. W. Davis, of Roseburg, Oregon. He practiced his profession in his native state until the summer of 1888. June I, that year, he located at Hailey, where his skill as a dental surgeon was at once recognized and where he has built up a large .and successful practice, which extends to all the country round about. He has never married. N. P. NIELSON. N. P. Nielson, treasurer of Bannock county, and a pioneer grocer of Pocatello, is a native of Denmark, his birth having occurred in that country, September 17, 1852. rie was the second in order of birth in a family of two sons and two daughters, whose parents were Peter and Mary (Henson) Nielson, also natives of the same coun- try. The subject of this sketch came to America in 1868, and four years later the rest of the family also crossed the Atlantic, taking up their resi- dence in Utah, where the father died at the age of sixty-four years, the mother passing away several years previously. The brother of our subject is also deceased, but the two sisters are still living. N. P. Nielson acquired his education in the schools of his native land, and after coming to the United States took up his residence in Salt Lake City, Utah, where he secured a position as clerk in the old Townsend House. Later he occupied a similar position in the Keeney House, in Ogden, Utah, and in 1880 he came to Black- foot, Idaho, where he assisted in opening a hotel, also known as the Keeney House. There he remained until 1885, when he took up his resi- dence in Pocatello. Here he served as clerk in the Pacific Hotel for a time, but was soon afterward elected constable of the town and served in that capacity for two years, in a most efficient and acceptable manner. It was then a rough railroad town of twenty-five hundred pop- ulation, and his duties were difficult and arduous, but he discharged them without fear or favor. In 1888 he established a grocery store, and now has the distinction of being the oldest in years of consecutive connection with the trade of any grocery merchant in Pocatello. He established this enterprise with but little capital, but he had the necessary requisites of industry and in- tegrity, and by means of a credit which he never abused he was enabled to stock his store and begin operations. Success has attended his efforts from the beginning, and in the conduct of his store he is now assisted by his wife and son. He now has a large patronage from among the best citizens of Pocatello and the surrounding country, and not only owns the grocery stock, but also the store building in which he is carrying on business. In addition he has a pleasant residence and other city property, all of which has been acquired through his own well directed and honorable efforts. In 1 88 1 Mr. Nielson was united in marriage to Miss Hattie Jackson, a native of England, and a daughter of William Jackson, of Ogden, Utah. Their union has been blessed with nine children, and the family circle vet remains unbroken. They are William E., Niels P., Elvira Pearl, Joseph Leroy, Mary Ethel, Arthur H., Charlotte Kate, Matie Cumorah and John Harmon Gilbert. The parents are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and Mr. Nielson is past master workman of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. In politics he is a Populist, and on that ticket was elected county treasurer, in which capacity he is now serving. His admin- istration of the financial affairs of the county is characterized by the same ability which marks his business affairs, and the public money has certainly been entrusted to worthy hands. JAMES N. STACY. One of the most straightforward, ener- getic and successful business men of Lew- iston is James N. Stacy, who has also attained distinction in political circles and is now the honored state senator from his district. He is president of the Gold Bar Mining Company, a director in the Golden Gate Company and is also extensively engaged in real- estate dealings. In studying the lives and char- acters of prominent men we are naturally led to inquire into the secret of their success and the motives that prompted their action. Success is not the result of genius, as held by many, but is the outcome of experience and sound judgment, for when we trace the career of those who stand highest in public esteem, we find that in nearly HISTORY OF IDAHO. 451 every case they are those who have risen gradually, fighting their way in the face of all opposition. Self-reliance, conscientiousness, en- ergy, honesty, these are the traits of character that insure the highest emoluments and greatest success. To these may we attribute the success that has crowned the efforts of Senator Stacy. He was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, March 10, 1839, and is of English and Scotch lineage. His ancestors were early settlers of the east, and the family gradually spread through New York, Vermont and Massachusetts. His parents were Ezra and Sophia (Gleason) Stacy, both of whom were natives of Vermont. The father was a Methodist in religious faith, and the mother belonged to the Presbyterian church until late in life, when she became a Methodist. Both reached a very ripe old age, and the Stacy family is one noted for longevity, many of its represen- tatives reaching ages between ninety and one hundred years. James N. Stacy was the eighth in order of birth in a family of nine children, and when a little lad of six summers accompanied his parents on their removal to West Virginia, where he received a common-school education. In Decem- ber, 1856, they went to the territory of Minnesota, locating in Wright county, where for some years our subject engaged in land surveying. In 1862, when the Sioux war broke out in Minnesota, he enlisted in the First Regiment of Mounted Rangers, for one. year, and served for thirteen months in the Indian war, holding a commission as second lieutenant. He then received an honorable discharge, and in August, 1863, he enlisted in Company F, Eleventh Minne- sota Volunteer Infantry. He was again made second lieutenant, and with his command was in active service in the army of the Cumberland until the close of the war, when he returned to his home in Wright county. In 1867 he began business as a general merchant in Monticello, Minnesota, conducting his store until 1877, after which he engaged in iron and manganese mining until 1894. In this enterprise he was very successful and also extended his operations into other fields, being a man of resourceful business ability and carrying forward to successful com- pletion whatever he undertakes. He was the organizer and served as president of the Minne- sota Mining Company. He engaged in the manufacture of dry pressed brick and was instrumental in forming the company which con- ducted the Minneapolis and the Monticello brick works. He was also its president, and in addition to his connection with these interests he dealt quite extensively in real estate. His splendid executive ability and his knowl- edge of the public needs also led to his selection for political honors. He was elected and served for six years as auditor of Wright county, was for two years a member of the house of repre- sentatives and for a similar period represented his district in the state , senate. He declined the nomination for congress in the convention of the fifth congressional district, because of his having been instructed for another aspirant. He was a member of the national convention, held in Chicago, which nominated James G. Elaine for the presidency, and also of the Republican con- vention which made Benjamin Harrison its nominee. He was also offered the position of United States marshal of the district of Minne- sota, but declined in favor of another applicant, and signified his willingness to accept an appoint- ment as chief of the secret-service bureau instead, from the secretary of the United States treasury, William Windom. That appointment was to be made at the expiration of the term "of the then incumbent, but before the term expired Secretary Windom died, and his successor did not redeem the pledge which had been made Mr. Stacy. In 1894 Mr.. Stacy came to Lewiston. He spent two years in gold mining and then organ- ized two companies, the Golden Gate and the Golden Bar Companies. From one of the placer mines ten thousand eight hundred dollars were taken, and a number of nuggets were valued from twenty-three to fifty-two dollars, while five nuggets were worth one hundred and one dollars and fifty cents. He is still devoting his attention to mining and to the real-estate business, and his capable management is bringing him excellent financial returns. He is president of the Gold Bar Mining Company, and one of the directors in the Golden Gate, which have a capitalization of one million dollars and a treasury stock of four hundred thousand. He has always taken a deep interest in politics, as every true American citizen should do, has made a careful study of 453 HISTORY OF IDAHO. political matters, and no citizen of Idaho is better informed on the issues of the day. He has always been a stanch Republican and on that ticket he was elected to the state senate from Nez Perces county in 1898. He soon took a prominent place among the leaders of his party and was largely instrumental in securing much needed legislation. He served with ability as chairman of the com- mittees on rules and public lands, and was a member of the committees on appro- priations, judiciary and mines and mining. He introduced and secured the passage of a number of important bills, made an important record, and though strongly partisan, won the warm friendship of many of the Democratic members. In 1869 Mr. Stacy was united in marriage to Miss Augusta E. Granger, a native of Illinois, and a daughter of Joseph Granger, of that state. Their union has been blessed with three children, but only one is now living, Emma A. Mr. and Mrs. Stacy and daughter are valued members of the Methodist church, contribute liberally to its support and take an active part in its work. Mr. Stacy is also a valued representative of the Masonic fraternity, the Order of the Eastern Star and the Grand Army of the Republic. He is a genial, cordial gentleman, and his ready wit and fun make him a most entertaining companion. He is also a most interesting and fluent speaker, and, well informed, progressive and enterprising, he stands to-day one of the leading representative men of the state, a man who is a power in his community. MICHAEL C. NORMOYLE. In the olden days the kings and rulers of countries erected palaces, temples or shrines in honor of themselves and to' serve as monuments perpetuating their memory after they had passed away, but how much more does- one do for civilization and his fellow men who aids in the substantial upbuilding of a city, the promotion of enterprises that add to its prosperity or the establishment of movements that produce prog- ress and improvement along intellectual, social and material lines. Such Michael Charles Normoyle has done. No resident of Kendrick through the past nine years has done more for the city than he, for through the establishment and conduct of private business interests he has led to the improvement and growth of the town. He is a most loyal and public-spirited citizen, and is now the possessor of a handsome capital, which has come to him through his own labors. A bell- boy in a hotel at the age of ten, he is now proprietor of the St. Elmo Hotel, one of the best in the state of Idaho, and has other extensive and profitable investments which render him the heaviest tax-payer in Kendrick. A native of Troy, New York, Mr. Normoyle was born September 8, 1853, and is of Irish lineage. His parents, John and Bessie (Clancy) Normoyle, were both born in Ireland, and came to the United States with their resoective parents in 1834. They were reared and married in Troy, New York, where the father followed his trade of stone-cutting. He departed this life in the forty-third year of age, but his wife survives him and now resides in Kendrick, with her son Michael, at the age of seventy-five years. They were devout members of the Catholic church. Of their six children three are now living. Michael C. Normoyle, whose name introduces this review, was educated in the city of Denver, Colorado, and began his present successful career as a bell-boy in a hotel in Washington, D. C., when but ten years of age. He was 'then an active, bright, good-looking little fellow, who became very popular, on account of his obliging ways, and by his fidelity to duty he steadily worked his way upward, becoming successively waiter, steward and clerk, and when but eighteen years of age was proprietor of the Lindell Hotel, in Denver, Colorado. He successfully conducted it for five years, and then conducted all the eating houses on the Rio Grande Railroad for five years. Subsequently he was actively engaged in the hotel business, conducting two hotels at a time for three years, after which he went to Palouse City, where he was in business as proprietor of the St. Elmo Hotel for two years, meeting with gratifying prosperity in his undertakings. In 1890 Mr. Normoyle came to Kendrick, and has been identified with the growth of the town almost from the beginning. He built a frame hotel the first in the place and therein enter- tained the visitors to Kendrick until 1892, when the building was destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of fourteen thousand dollars, the accumula- tion of many years of active business life. With HISTORY OF IDAHO. 453 remarkable enterprise, however, he continued to care for his patrons in tents until more substan- tial quarters could be secured. Men of means, believing implicitly in his business ability and integrity, offered to advance him the means with which to erect a new hotel, and thus he was enabled to build the St. Elmo, a fine brick structure, together with the St. Elmo block, a two-story brick. These are the finest buildings of the town and the confidence in the future of Kendrick which Mr. Normoyle thus displayed by the erection of these substantial structures has been an important factor in the further upbuilding of the place, by causing others to invest in realty here. The hotel, two stories high, is built in the form of an L, sixty by ninety-two feet, the first story with sixteen feet between joists, the second eleven feet. It is fitted up with fine offices and oarlors and twenty- four handsome sleeping apartments, and supplied with every modern convenience which will min- ister to the comfort of the guests. His patronage is so large that he also utilizes several rooms on the second floor of adjoining buildings. He is a most popular landlord, and his earnest desire to please his patrons, his genuine interest in their welfare, and his cordial, genial manner have gained for him many friends among the visitors to Kendrick. The St. Elmo block is sixty by seventy-five feet, two stories in height, the lower floor making a fine double store, while the second story is fitted up with scenery, stage and chairs, making a most pleasing little opera house, where many attractive entertainments are offered the citizens of the town. Mr. Normoyle takes a deep interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of Kendrick, and lends an active support to all measures for the public good. He was one of the founders of the First National Bank of Ken- drick, one of its stockholders and a member of the directorate. He is the owner of a fine farm of one hundred and forty-eight acres of land adjoining the town, whereon he raises cattle, hogs, poultry, vegetables and fruit, thus supply- ing the hotel with nearlv everything demanded by the table. He is president of the company which has furnished Kendrick with its splendid water system, the water supply being obtained from a spring on his property, four hundred and five feet above the town. They have a reservoir with a capacity of six hundred thousand ^allons, three hundred feet head and on the main street a pressure of one hundred and sixty nounds to the square inch. He also has large and valuable mining interests. He furnished food and pro- visions to the miners who, it is believed, rediscovered the lost Robinson gold quartz mines. To operate this mine a large corporation has been formed, composed of many of the leading capitalists of Spokane, under the name of the Syndicate Gold Mining Company, and Mr. Normoyle was elected its vice-president and is one of its heavy stockholders. The mine is located in Shoshone county, in what is known as the Burnt Creek mining district, three and a half miles north of the north fork of the Clearwater river, thirty-two miles from Kendrick and twenty miles west of Pierce City. There has been over six hundred feet of work done, and competent experts estimate more than one thousand tons of high grade ore in sight, an average of eighty dollars in gold being obtained. Mr. Normoyle is entitled to the credit for the assay and develop- ing work that has been done in this mine. In 1872 he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Aggara, and to them was born a son, Thomas Francis, who is now clerk of the district court at Butte, Montana, and a member of the Montana state legislature, and he is now only twenty-five years of age. The mother died in 1885, and Mr. Normoyle was again married, in Kendrick, in 1891, his second union being with Arra Nichols. They have two very bright little sons, George W. and Edwin N. The father is a valued member of the Masonic fraternity, the Eastern Star and of the Odd Fellows society, of which he is representative for Idaho to the grand lodge of the state of Louisiana. He is a charter member of Kendrick Lodge, No. 26, F. & A. M., formerly served as master and is now its efficient secretary. In politics he is a Democrat, but has had neither time nor inclination to seek office, although he served as a member of tne first city council of Kendrick. He possesses marked busi- ness and executive ability, keen discrimination and sound judgment, and his resolute purpose has enabled him to carry forward to successful completion whatever he has undertaken. His life has been well spent and successful, and his 454 HISTORY OF IDAHO. capital is the merited reward of indefatigable effort. In manner he is free from all ostentation and display, but his intrinsic worth is recognized and his friendship is most prized by those who know him best, showing that his character will bear the scrutiny of close acquaintance. He is a generous-spirited, broad-minded man, a true type of the American spirit and an embodiment of that progress which in the last few years has drawn to this country the admiring gaze of the nations of the world. FREDERICK CRETE, SR. One of the most successful pioneer citizens of Silver City is Frederick Crete, who is a native of Hanover, Germany, where he was born in August, 1833. He is a brother of John Crete, ST., whose sketch will be found elsewhere in this volume. While still a young man Mr. Crete de- cided to try his fortunes in the New World, of which he had heard so much, and bidding adieu to the Fatherland and all its happy associations, he embarked on a vessel which landed him in New York city in 1852. From there he found his way to Attleboro, Massachusetts, where for some time he worked at the jewelry business. In 1858 Mr. Crete became a victim of the California fever and took a trip to the land of gold by way of the isthmus of Panama, sailing on the steamer John L. Stephens. He remained in California until 1865, during that time study- ing and practicing dentistry, and then removed to Silver City, where he carried on his profession for some years. He also had a store at a place called Fairview, on Eagle mountain. This town was burned out in 1875 and Mr. Crete lost all his property. Soon after this the great excite- ment caused by the discovery of gold in the Black Hills swept over the land, and our subject started with hundreds of others to test the" truth of the reports. He traveled as far as Cheyenne, Wyoming, but on reaching there received some intelligence from Silver City which caused him to return, and soon afterward he started the Silver City brewery, which he has since carried on with great success. He is also the owner of the Brewery saloon. Mr. Crete is largely interested in the San Juan group of mines on War Eagle mountain. They are now running a tunnel under- neath the veins which they have been working. and from which many thousands of dollars have been taken. Three hundred feet of this tunnel have been completed and two hundred remain yet to be excavated, when it is expected that very rich ore will be struck. Mr. Crete was married in 1862, in the old town of Shasta, California, to Miss Wilhelmina Korn- mann, a native of New York city, born in 1843, and a sister of Mrs. John Crete, Sr. She has been a resident of California since 1861. Of this union six children have been born, of whom three are living namely: Charles H., a well known mer- chant of Silver City; Ida, the wife of Severon Moe, a jeweler of Silver City; and Edward, who is associated with his father in business. Mr. Crete is a silver Republican, but does not take a prominent part in politics. He is a much esteemed member of the Odd Fellows fraternity, receiving the degrees in Owyhee Lodge, No. 2, in 1869. He has passed all the chairs and has several times represented his lodee in the grand lodge. Mrs. Crete is past noble grand in the lodge of Daughters of Rebekah, and is also a member of the St. James Guild. She is highly esteemed for her kindness and benevolence, and with her husband shares the regard of a large circle of friends. JOHN J. OWEN. The history of the first things is always inter- esting. In any town the first settler's is the name most carefully preserved. The places where he established his home and first worked at his primitive vocation are carefully noted, and his deeds and words are recounted often and witn increasing interest as generations succeed one another. There lives in Genesee, Idaho, a man, now the postmaster of the city, who was its pioneer in more ways than one, and it is the purpose of the biographer to record now a brief statement of the facts of his life and of his resi- dence in the town with whose progress he has been so long and closely identified. John J. Owen is of English and Welsh ancestry and was born in Birmingham, England, January 30, 1843, a son f J onn and Matilda (Jordan) Owen. In 1849, when he was six years old, the family came to the United States. It consisted of Mr. and Mrs. Owen, John J. and two sisters. Charles, an older son, had been lost at HISTORY OF IDAHO. 455 sea. W. H., the youngest of the family, was torn after the others came to this country and is now living in Minnesota. The family settled at Jacksonville, Illinois, where the elder Owen found work as a tinner, a trade which he had learned and at which he had been employed in England. Later the family lived successively in Mason county and in Iroquois county, Illinois; and there John Owen died at the age of seventy- seven, after having survived his wife several years. They had been reared in the Baptist faith, and later in life allied themselves with the Seventh-day Adventists. Their two daughters married well. John J. Owen was educated at the Grand Prairie Seminary, in Illinois, and at Milton Academy, at Milton, Wisconsin. He was in school when the civil war began, and threw down his books to respond to President Lincoln's first call for troops. He enlisted in Company C, Fifty- seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, while yet a boy in his 'teens, served with this regiment until the end of its term of enlistment, and was the only member of it who made himself a veteran by re-enlistment. As a member of Company I of the same regiment he served until the close of the hostilities. His regiment was attached to the command of General Jonn A. Logan, who was in charge of the Western Department, and young Owen fought at Fort Donelson, Altoona Pass. Goldsboro, Shiloh, Corinth (second regiment), Buzzard's Roost creek, Bee creek and Resaca. After that the regiment was transferred to the command of General W. T. Sherman and fol- lowed him on his famous march from Atlanta to the sea. When the war was at the end he participated in the grand review of the victorious army at Washington. He received an honorable discharge from the service and was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, and returned to his home, a victor and a veteran, and at once settled down to the peaceful vocation of a tinner and hardware dealer. From 1868 to 1876 he was a farmer in Nebraska. Then after two years' residence at Sacramento, California, he went to Astoria, Ore- gon. The steamer Great Republic, on which, with his wife and two daughters, he took passage, was wrecked. The disaster occurred unex pectedly, at four o'clock in the morning, when all the passengers were asleep in their state- rooms. They were a day on the wreck before they were taken off by life-boats. Mr. Owen lost all he had, even to his family records, and was so glad that he and his wife and daughters were alive that he felt little like finding fault. He went with his family to Knappa, Oregon, and from there, in 1885, they removed to Moscow, Idaho. Two years later he came to Genesee. When he arrived here only one little shanty had been erected in the town, and on a lot which he purchased he proceeded to put the first building dignified and made habitable by a shingle roof. This was Genesee's pioneer hotel, which he suc- cessfully managed four years, or until he was appointed industrial teacher in the Indian agency. Two years later the school was discontinued and Mr. Owen returned to Genesee, took his hotel off the hands of a lessee who had been running it in his absence and again assumed its personal direction, which he retained until he sold the property. In 1897 Mr. Owen was appointed postmaster of Genesee, then a fourth-class post-office. Not long afterward it was advanced to the third class, and he received his appointment from President McKinley. He has added greatlv to the facilities of the office and, with the assistance of Mrs. Owen, who is his deputy, he is giving Genesee the best mail service the city ever had. Mr. Owen married, in 1867. Miss Thalia L. Krunn, a native of Ohio, and a woman of many virtues and accomplishments. She has borne him three daughters, Mettie E., now Mrs. A. W. Conway; Nettie, wife of Captain A. McKing, of the United States signal service, Philippine islands; and Cora Matilda, who is a member of her father's household. Mr. Owen is a Knight of Pythias and an Odd Fellow and a comrade of the Grand Army of the Republic. Mrs. Owen is a member of the Relief Corps, an adjunct of the local Grand Army post, and of the Rathbone Sisters, a woman's organization connected with the Knights of Pythias. In the Grand Army work Mr. Owen has been especially prominent, and he has been elected to many important offices in his post. He has been a lifelong Republican and has served as city marshal of Genesee and w r as a member of the first city council. Mr. and Mrs. Owen have a home where comfort and quiet 456 HISTORY OF IDAHO. elegance prevail, and its generous hospitality is partaken of by the best people of Genesee and all the country round about. Mr. Owen is a popular citizen, and in the best sense, he wears the honors of a pioneer of the day of small things for Genesee, and is prominently identified with the leading interests of the modern progressive city. PETER ADAMS. For a third of a century Peter Adams has been a resident of Owyhee county, and has been identified with the important work of taking from the mountain side the rich mineral deposits and securing the valuable metals that they may be used in connection with the commercial activity of the nation. He came to the west from the far- off Empire state, his birth having occurred in Dunkirk, New York, on the 24th of February, 1837. The Adams family is of Scotch origin, and the parents of our subject were Peter and Jane (Brodie) Adams, residents of Buffalo, New York. The father followed the business of stone-cutting and contracting, and died in the forty-seventh year of his age. His wife, surviving him many- years, was called to her final rest at the age of seventy-six. They were members of the Presby- terian church, and were people of the highest in- tegrity and respectability. Peter Adams, who was one of their family of seven children, was reared and educated in New York, and in 1864 crossed the plains to California, where he engaged in the butchering business for two years. In 1866 he went to Silver City, Idaho, and soon afterward formed a partnership with T. W. Jones, since which time they have done a large and profitable business as contractors and builders. They have constructed many of the hoisting works and erected many of the resi- dences of Silver City and vicinity, and substantial and attractive structures stand as monuments to their skill and enterprise. For a number of years they were also in the furniture business. Mr. Adams is now the owner of -the Garfield group of mines, located in the Corson district, one-half mile from De Lamar. Here he has the Garfield, Gold Hill, North End, and Chief mines, and he was the shipper of the first ore sent from the De Lamar district over the Short Line Railroad to Salt Lake, Denver and Omaha. He also built the first quartz mill in the De Lamar district. He has three thousand feet of tunnels and has large quantities of gold and silver ore in sight, so that there is every evidence of continued pros- perity. In 1863 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Adams and Miss Etta Wells, and to them was born a daughter, Jennie, who is now the wife of James L. Napier. The mother died in 1891, at Salt Lake, and Mr. Adams has not remarried. In his political affiliations he is a silver Repub- lican and has given close and earnest study to the issues and questions which now demand the public attention. He has been honored with office, having represented his district in the terri- torial legislature in 1872, while in 1898 he was again the nominee for that position. He is a progressive and public-spirited man, deeply inter- ested in the welfare of his county and state, and withholds his co-operation from no movement for the general good. FRANZ L. KOEHLER. The sturdy German element in our national commonwealth has been one of the most import- ant factors in furthering the substantial and normal advancement of the country, for this is an element signally appreciative of practical values and also of the higher intellectuality which trans- cends all provincial confines. Well may any person take pride in tracing his lineage to such a source. As one of the able and enterprising citizens whom the German Fatherland has con- tributed to the United States, and as one of the prominent and progressive citizens of the flour- ishing town of Moscow, Latah county, Idaho, Franz Louis Koehler is worthy of distinct recog- nition in this work. Mr. Koehler is a native of the province of Bavaria, Germany, where he was born on the 8th of October, 1859, coming of stanch old German stock. He received his educational discipline in the excellent schools of the Father- land and there instituted his association with the practical affairs of life by learning the brewing business, a line of enterprise in which the sons of the German empire have ever been the leaders. He was employed in the leading breweries of his native land, becoming thoroughly familiar with every detail of the business and with the methods employed to secure the maximum excellence in HISTORY OF IDAHO. 457 products. Finally determining to try his for- tunes in the New World, Mr. Koehler embarked for the United States in the year 1883, the vessel on which he secured passage dropping anchor in the harbor of New York city in due course of time. Upon his arrival here he was entirely unfamiliar with the language of his adopted country, but was amply fortified by strong men- tality, industrious habits, a thorough knowledge of the brewing business, and by a cash capital of one thousand dollars, with which to make a start for himself. Mr. Koehler readily secured employment in the line of his trade, and worked in leading breweries at Cincinnati and St. Louis prior to removing to the far west. He eventually became a resident of Portland, Oregon, where he was engaged in work at his trade and whence he came to Idaho, becoming foreman of the Boise City Brewery, where he remained until 1890, when he came to Moscow, where he effected a lease of the Moscow Brewery, which he con- tinued to operate on this plan until 1895, when he purchased the property. He forthwith remodeled the plant, supplying it with the most modern and approved facilities, increased its capacity to meet the demands of his rapidlv expanding business, and has made the brewery a model, both in its equipment and in the super- iority of its product. Mr. Koehler is an expert in the brewing business, and in addition to this is not satisfied with anything short of the highest grade of products, so that he spares neither care nor expense in his efforts to insure desired results. He utilizes the finest oarley grown in the Palouse valley and the best Oregon hops, while every process of the manufacture is con- ducted with the single view of securing the highest possible excellence. Adulterated or improperly matured stock he will not tolerate, and this fact is recognized and appreciated by the public, whose patronage is thus freely accorded, so that the business is constantly increasing in extent and importance, the products of the brewery being sold principally in Moscow and contiguous territory. The product is pro- nounced by competent judges to be equal in flavor and permanency to the best eastern beers, and there is a perceptibly increasing demand for it. The capacity of the brewery is two thousand barrels per annum. In the city of Spokane, Washington, in the year 1891, Mr. Koehler was united in marriage to Miss Bertie Herman, a native of Switzerland, and their happy home has been brightened by the presence of a son and a daughter, Adolph Louis and Freda Emma. Mr. and Mrs. Koehler are communicants of the Roman Catholic church and in politics our subject gives his support to the Republican party. He is 3. man whose relia- bility and integrity are beyond question, and he merits the respect and esteem which are so uni- formly accorded him in the community where he lives and in whose advancement he maintains a lively interest. CHARLES W. SHAFF, M. D. Holding marked prestige as a member of the medical profession of Idaho is Dr. Charles W. Shaff, of Lewiston, now the honored president of the State Medical Association. In the learned professions advancement depends upon the man, his talents, his skill and his ambition. The phy- sician's power is especially his own; not by pur- chase, by gift or by influence can he gain it. He must commence at the very beginning, learn the very rudiments of medicine and surgery, con- tinually add to this knowledge by close study and earnest application, and gain reputation by merit. If he would gain the highest prominence it must come as the result of superior skill, knowl- edge and ability, which qualifications are pos- sessed in an eminent degree by Dr. Shaff. He is known throughout the state as one of the most eminent members of the profession in Idaho, and his opinions are widely received as authority. The life history of such a man is always of profit as well as interest. The Doctor has spent his entire life on the Pacific coast, his birth hav- ing occurred in Eldorado covmty, California, July 6, 1855. During the colonial history of New York his ancestors, natives of Germany, located in the Empire state, and representatives of the family loyally served their country in the Revo- lutionary war and in the war of 1812. The Doc- tor's father, Joseph Shaff, was born in New York and married Miss Betsy Matilda Scott, a native of Vermont, and a descendant of two of the prominent families of the Green Mountain state, the Scotts and the Woods. Some of her ances- tors were among the Green Mountain boys who 458 HISTORY OF IDAHO. won fame for their daring and gallant conduct in the struggle for independence. The Scott fam- ily was founded in America in 1622, a settlement being made on Manhattan Island. The Doctor's parents were married in Prairie du Chien, Wis- consin, in 1848, and in 1852 went to California by way of the isthmus route. The father was en- gaged in mining there until 1857, and the follow- ing year removed, with his family to Oregon, purchasing a farm near Salem, where he made his home until his death, devoting his energies to agricultural pursuits. He died in 1880, at the age of fifty-nine years, and his wife, now sixty-seven years of age, is still living on the old homestead, near Salem. They had four sons, of whom only two are living. Dr. Shaff, the second in order of birth, began his education in the common schools, later pur- sued a three years' course in the Willamette Uni- versity, and also took a full course in the Pacific University, at Forest Grove, graduating from the last named institution in the class of 1877. Deter- mining to devote his attention to the practice of medicine, he became a student in the medical department of the Iowa State University, where he was graduated in 1881. Immediately after- ward he began the practice of his profession in Brownsville, Oregon, where he remained for two years, but becoming favorably impressed with Lewiston, its location and its prospects, he deter- mined to locate here, and in 1883 opened his office. From the beginning he has met with very marked success, and the volume of his practice is an indication of his ability. He has put forth every effort to perfect himself in his chosen life work, and took a year's post-gradu- ate work in the New York City Post Graduate School. His careful diagnosis of a case, his comprehensive knowledge of the science of medi- cine and his marked skill in applying medical principles to the needs of suffering humanity have gained him a foremost place among the representatives of the medical fraternity of Idaho. He enjoys a large practice, which comes from the best families of Lewiston and the surround- ing district, and his standing among his profes- sional brethren is shown by the honor conferred upon him by his election to the office of presi- dent of the Idaho State Medical Society. The Doctor is also a prominent and active Mason and Odd Fellow, and is past master in the former organization and past grand in the latter. He has been a lifelong Republican, has served for two terms as regent of the State University, and is now serving his second term as a trustee of the State Normal School. For eight years he has been a member of the school board of Lewis- ton, and his deep interest in educational matters is shown by his efficient efforts in behalf of the schools, which owe not a little of their progress to his labors and influence. The Doctor was happily married, in 1888, to Miss Rena M. Poe, the stepdaughter of Judge Poe, a prominent lawyer and citizen of Lewiston. They now have a lovely little daughter, Terressa Louisa. Mrs. Shaff is a lady of great refinement and culture, and a graduate of the Boston Con- servatory of Music. She has superior talent as a musician, and her accomplishments in that direc- tion form an important feature of many social functions. The Doctor and his wife are both very agreeable, genial people, and have drawn about them a host of warm friends, including Lewiston's best people. JOSEPH R. NUMBERS, M. D. A member of the medical fraternity of Weiser, Washington county, Dr. Numbers was born in Lexington, Ohio, May 30, 1864, and traces his ancestry back to some of the early colonists of Pennsylvania, who were of German lineage. His father, Esau Numbers, was born in the Keystone state, November I, 1816, and became one of the pioneer farmers of Ohio, whither he removed in 1840. He married Miss Anna Smith, of western Ohio, and to them were born eight children, but only three are now living. Their eldest son, Will- iam Numbers, died in the service of his country in the great civil war, losing his life at Cumber- land Gap. The mother departed this life in 1877, at the age of fifty-six years, and in 1888 the father accompanied Dr. Numbers to Idaho, spending his last days in Weiser, where his death occurred when he had reached the advanced age of eighty-two years. Dr. Numbers acquired his literary education in the Ohio Central College and prepared for his profession in the Eclectic Medical Institute, of Cincinnati, where he was graduated in the class of 1885. He entered upon the practice of his HISTORY OF IDAHO. 459 chosen calling in Kansas, where he remained one year, and then went to Minneapolis, Minnesota, being a representative of the medical fraternity of that city for two years. Since 1888 he has been a resident of Weiser, where he has built up a large and lucrative practice that many an older physician might well envy. He has a broad, com- prehensive and accurate knowledge of the prin- ciples of the science of medicine and by the faith- ful performance of each day's duty he finds strength and inspiration for the labors of the next. His efforts have been attended with excel- lent success, and the public and the profession accord him a foremost place among the able prac- titioners of this section of the state. He is a valued member of the Idaho Medical Society, the National Medical Society, and of the board of medical examiners of the state. Through these connections, as well as through the perusal of some of the leading medical journals of the coun- try, he keeps abreast with all the advancement that is continually being made in methods of medical practice. In 1887 the Doctor was united in marriage to Miss Mary B. Swartz, of Topeka, Kansas, and by their union have been born three children; Donald S., Joseph Reno and Josephine. The Doctor and his family occupy a high place in the esteem of their fellow-citizens. In 1886 he was made a Mason in Carbondale Lodge, No. 72. A. F. & A. M., of Kansas, and is a past master. He also belongs to the Knights of Pythias fra- ternity and to the Modern Woodmen of the World. He devotes his time and energies almost exclusively to his profession and his ability has gained him a gratifying degree of success. LOUIS ELG. The man who first used gas for illumination at Idaho Falls, who put in the first telephone and who set up the first soda fountain in the town, is Louis Elg, druggist, Front and Maine streets. In other respects Mr. Elg has been a pioneer as well. His life has been a busy and eventful one and its important details are well worth the writing and the reading. He was born in Swe- den, June 8, 1853, and is descended from a long line of Swedish ancestors. His father, also named Louis Elg, was an iron-worker and was frozen to death, at the age of forty-eight, in 1867. His son Louis was then fourteen years old, and on him devolved much of the task of providing for the widow and her seven other children. He worked in a nail factory and in due course of time learned the blacksmith's trade. In 1874, when he was twenty-one years old, he came to America. His mother is still living in her native land, being eighty years old. When Mr. Elg came to the United States he found himself seriously handicapped in his efforts to get on by reason of his total ignorance of the prevailing language of the country, but that was only one of the difficulties which he overcame as time passed. He stopped for a while in Chi- cago, and then located in Boone county, Iowa, and worked for a time in the coal mines there. After that he made his way to Omaha, Nebraska, where he found employment as a blacksmith. Later he worked in Van Dorn's machine shop and after that the vicissitudes of fortune made him in turn the driver of a grocery wagon and a barkeeper. In 1879 he went to Rollins, Wyo- ming, and again worked at his trade. Then he attached himself to the work gang that was constructing the railroad which connects Idaho Falls with the outside world, and worked in the building department until operations had ex- tended as far as Dillon, Montana. From that point he returned to Red Rock and opened a saloon and ran it for a time at a profit. From Red Rock he came to Idaho Falls, where he accepted a situation as barkeeper and later bought a half interest in the saloon in which he was employed. Still later he engaged in the saloon business alone and continued in it successfully until 1895, when he abandoned the enterprise to open his drug store. He has erected a build- ing at Front and Maine streets, which contains two large stores, one of which he rents and one of which he occupies. He carries a large stock of drugs, medicines, toilet articles, paints, oils and such other goods as are usually found in the best drug stores. He also deals extensively in coal and ice and is the owner of considerable town property and a fine farm of one hundred arid sixty acres. Mr. Elg is a Democrat, but devotes little time or attention to practical politics. He is an en- terprising and public-spirited citizen, who takes a deep and abiding interest in the development and 460 HISTORY OF IDAHO. prosperity of Idaho Falls, and there is no measure for the enhancement of the public weal that does not have his generous support. He is a Master Mason, an Odd Fellow and a Knight of Pythias. In 1887 Mr. Elg married Charlotte Salstrom, a native of Sweden, and they have a son, named Edward August. Mrs. Elg is identified with the Lutheran church. DONALD S. McCREA. Mr. McCrea, who is a hardware merchant of Kendrick, and one of the early settlers of the town, dates his residence here from August, 1891. A native of Minnesota, he was born February 10, 1862, and is of Scotch-Irish descent, his ancestors having been early settlers of New Brunswick. His parents were both natives of that country, and were reared, married and educated there. The father was Andrew McCrea and the mother bore the maiden name of Lydia Jane Murphy. Soon after their marriage they removed to Min- nesota, where Andrew McCrea became a promi- nent lumberman. He was a gentleman of abil- ity and influence and served as a member of the Minnesota legislature, both in the house and senate. Later in life he removed to Spokane, Washington, where he was connected with the Great Northern Railroad Company until his death, which occurred in 1894, at the age of sixty- one years. His wife departed this life in 1876, at the age of forty-seven years. They had a fam- ily of ten children, eight of whom are living. Donald S. McCrea, the fifth in order of birth, was educated in the public schools of his native state, and there learned the hardware business. In 1881, at Warren, Minnesota, he established a store of his own in that line, conducting the same for three years, when he removed to Rock- ford, Washington, where he carried on a hard- ware store for eight years. On the expiration of that period he came to Kendrick, in 1891, and organized the hardware firm of McCrea Brothers & Company. After some time he bought out his partners, and is now the sole owner of the busi- ness. He has a good brick store building, in the center of the business district, and by close attention to his store, by honorable dealing and by courteous treatment of his patrons he has secured a large and constantly growing trade, which extends all over the rich Potlatch country and even comes from a distance of sixty-five miles. He carries a large stock of shelf and heavy hardware, doors, window-glass, iron, steel, farm- ing implements and coal, and his sales have now reached a very desirable volume. In addition to his store building he has a large warehouse, in which to place the stock until needed. Mr. McCrea exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Repub- lican party, and has served as a member of the city council of Kendrick. He has been a trustee in the Knights of Pythias lodge and is also a member of the Modern Woodmen of the World. He was married, in 1883 to Miss Dora M. Davies, a native of Wisconsin, but after three years of happy married life she was called to the home beyond, leaving a beautiful little daughter, Dora Viola, who is now attending school at Spokane. Mrs. McCrea was a most estimable lady, and her many admirable qualities endeared her to all who knew her. Mr. McCrea has maintained a most honorable record throughout the whole of his business career, as well as in private life, and is a useful and popular citizen of Kendrick. He has been the architect of his own fortunes and has builded wisely and well. His honorable methods and indefatigable industry formed the foundation of the structure, which is substantial and endur- ing. FRANK L. MOORE. The junior member of the prominent law firm of Forney, Smith & Moore, of Moscow, is Frank Latham Moore, who was born in Olm- stead county, Minnesota, February 8, 1863, and is of Scotch-Irish ancestry. The family was early founded in Canada, the great-grandfather of our subject being its progenitor there. The grand- father, Chauncy Moore, was born in Canada, and when a young man removed with his family to Rochester, New York, where Reuben Billings Moore, father of our subject, was born in 1826. The grandfather removed from Rochester to Put- nam county, Illinois, where he secured land from the government and made his home until his death, in 1844, when he had reached the age of forty-three years. His wife was a cousin of Cap- tain Johnson, who fought in the war of 1812, and is credited with having killed the Indian chief and warrior, Tecumseh. Her people were of Ger- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 461 man descent and were early settlers of the Mo- hawk valley. In 1849 Reuben B. Moore crossed the plains to California with oxen, being the first to arrive at Sutler's Fort that year. He mined on Feather river, but was principally engaged in construct- ing ditches and flumes to convey water to the miners. He met with a satisfactory degree of success during his ten-years residence in Cali- fornia, and then returned to Illinois. Soon after- ward he removed to Rochester, Minnesota, where he purchased a farm. In 1859 he married Miss Adele Buckland, a native of Cattaraugus county, New York, and to them were born four children. Frank Latham Moore, their eldest child, was educated in the public schools of Rochester, Minnesota, was graduated in the high school with the class of 1879, and was graduated in the law department of the Michigan State University, at Ann Arbor, in 1888. Soon afterward he came to the Pacific coast and practiced his profession for four years in Palouse City, Washington. In April, 1893, he came to Moscow, and in November, 1894, the present law firm of Forney, Smith & Moore was organized. In March, 1893, Mr. Moore married Miss Vina Deavitt, a native of Canada, and they now have two children, Gladys and Latham. C. A. S. PROSSER, M. D. For six years a distinguished member of the medical profession, of Boise, honored and re- spected in every class of society, Dr. C. A. S. Prosser is numbered among the leading citizens of his community. In the great competitive struggle of life, when each must enter the field and fight his way to the front, or else be over- taken by disaster of circumstance or place, there is ever particular interest attaching to the life of one who has turned the tide of success and has shown his ability to cope with others in their rush for the coveted goal. This Dr. Prosser has done and his high standing in his profession is an unmistakable indication of his ability. A native of Ontario, Canada, he was born in Lunenburg, on the zgi\i of January, 1864. For three generations the family has resided in Can- ada, but the ancestry can be traced back to Eng- land. The great-grandfather of our subject located in New England, but during the war of the Revolution, owing to his loyalty to the king, he removed to Canada, accompanied by his fam- ily, which included Jesse Prosser, the Doctor's grandfather. The latter fought on the side of Great Britain in the war of 1812, and his son, Henry Calvin Prosser, participated in the war of 1837, in Canada, fighting at Prescott, at what was called the Windmill battle. He married Ann Eliza Wade, of Fort Covington, New York, a lady of English ancestry, who died in 1863. Henry Prosser, however, is still living, at the ad- vanced age of seventy-nine years, and through his active business career successfully carried on agricultural pursuits. Dr. Prosser is the youngest of a family of six children, and was reared on his father's farm, while in the common schools of his native land he acquired his elementary education. At the age of eighteen years he removed to Le Mars, Iowa, where he began the study of medicine under the direction of his brother, Dr. W. O. Prosser, a graduate of McGill Medical Col- lege, of Montreal, Canada. He also won the de- grees of L. R. C. P. and L. R. C. S., of Edinburg. In March, 1887, C. A. S. Prosser was graduated at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, of New York city, after which he practiced his profession for six months in Potsdam, New York. He then took charge of his brother's business while the latter tookamuch needed rest and upon the return of his brother, Dr. Prosser, of this review, opened an office on his own account in Marcus, Iowa, where he soon built up an excellent business. In 1893 ne entered the Post-Graduate Medical School, of Chicago, and then, on account of his health, he determined not to return to Iowa, but to try the climate of Idaho. Accordingly he came to Boise, where he has built up an extensive and lucrative practice. He holds rank with the ablest physicians and surgeons of the state, and by his study and investigation and the perusal of the medical journals he keeps in constant touch with the profession and the advance which is carrying it forward toward perfection. In con- nection with his private practice, he also occupies the position of physician and surgeon to the Wes- leyan Hospital of Boise. The Doctor occupies a pleasant suite of rooms in the Pioneer Building, and has a beautiful resi- dence at No. 316 Bannock street. He was mar- 4G2 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ried July 3, 1889, to Miss Clara Raymond, of Ontario, and they now have two daughters, Beatrice Gertrude and Laura Clarissa. The par- ents are valued members of the Methodist church and take an active part in its work. Dr. Prosser inspires personal friendships of unusual strength, and all who know him have the highest admira- tion for his good qualities of head and heart. WILLIAM A. CALDWELL. The history of pioneer life has long rivaled in interest the tales of battles and of life on the tented field. Without the roar of cannon and musketry or the inspiring notes of fife and drum, hosts no less brave and determined have gone forth into the wilderness to reclaim it for the pur- poses of civilization and have fought the hard battle of conquering the raw land, the sturdy forest and the rocky fastnesses of the earth, mak- ing each yield of its treasures such elements as can be utilized for man. This is an arduous labor and one to which is due recognition and commen- dation, and therefore in preparing a history of Idaho it is with pleasure that we introduce the life records of such worthy pioneers as William A. Caldwell, whose identification with the state ante- dates the formation of its territorial government. He was born in Newford, New York, Decem- ber 10, 1832, and is of Scotch lineage. His grandfather, William Caldwell, having emigrated from Scotland before the Revolution, settled first in Xew Jersey and later removed to Orange county, New York. By occupation he was an agriculturist, and in connection with general farming he conducted a dairy. He married Miss Maria Anderson, also a native of Scotland, and they became the parents of eight children, of whom Mr. Caldwell of this review is now the only male survivor. The father died in the sixty-third year of his age, and the mother departed this life at the age of fifty-eight. In Tompkins county, New York, William A. Caldwell spent his boyhood days. His early edu- cational privileges there, acquired in the com- mon schools, were supplemented by study in Ithaca, New York, after which he learned the boat-builder's trade. He then served on the Pan- ama railroad survey and crossed the plains from St. Paul with Colonel Knobles. While en route he heard of the Fraser river excitement, caused by the gold discoveries, and with four others con- tinued across the country to Walla Walla, where he arrived December 20, 1859. The government post was then in process of construction, and the pioneers of the northwest were but beginning their labors of reclaiming this section of the coun- try. Mr. Caldwell went with a pack train to Fraser river, taking to the mines provisions, con- sisting of bacon, beans, flour and sugar. Those commodities he bought for about twenty cents per pound and sold for ninety, thus realizing a handsome profit. He also sold his horses and cleared a large sum of money in that way. He made the trip to Carriboo, then returned to Walla Walla and from there made his way to Pierce City. The following year he secured a claim and in two years cleared two thousand dollars off that property. On the expiration of that period he went to the Boise basin and took up a claim, but sold the property for six hundred dollars and engaged in packing to every camp in the territory. He had fifty-two packs, and between July and the late fall cleared four thousand dollars. In 1861 he was paid by Mr. Baker fifty dollars to carry a letter from Walla Walla to Lewiston, and made the journey of nearly a hundred miles with one horse in a day. Nor did he injure the horse by hard riding, but was able to ride it some distance the next day. Subsequently he sold his pack train and was engaged in furnishing hay and grain to the government, under contract. He had a sta- tion on the reservation, and met with most grati- fying and creditable success in that undertaking. His station was located at the foot of the moun- tains, twenty-two miles distant from Lewiston, and there he presided for almost a quarter of a century. He also engaged in raising cattle and sheep, having one thousand head of cattle and ten thousand sheep. By the wise direction of his business affairs and his undaunted energy and perseverance he has gained a desirable fortune, and is now the owner of six hundred acres of land in one farm, together with several lots 'in Lewis- ton. He has a beautiful and valuable block in the city in which he and his family now reside. Mr. Caldwell was married in 1871, the lady of his choice being Miss Maria Reddy, a native of Canada. They have four children: William, Solomon, Frederick and Moses. In his social re- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 463 lations Mr. Caldvvell is a Master Mason, and politically he is a Democrat, but has never sought nor desired official preferment. He is now living retired, enjoying a rest which he has truly earned and richly deserves. JOHN Q. MOXLEY, M. D. Dr. John Quincy Moxley, the pioneer druggist of Lewiston, and a successful practicing physi- cian, was born in Scioto county, Ohio, April 15, 1846, and is of English lineage, the original American ancestors having been early settlers of New England. His father, Thomas S. Moxley, was born in Vermont, and when a young man removed to Ohio, where Tie engaged in the prac- tice of medicine for fifty years. He married Miss Susan McConnell, of Portsmouth, Ohio, and to them were born six children, three of whom are now living. The father died in the seventy-fourth year of his age, and the mother passed away at the age of seventy-nine. Their son, John Quincy Moxley, completed his literary education in the Ohio Wesleyan Univer- sity, and in the Miami Medical College, of Cin- cinnati, prepared for his profession. Subsequent- ly he engaged in the practice of medicine in the Buckeye state, and in 1873 emigrated westward, locating in Mount Idaho, this state, where he practiced for six months. He then came to Lew- iston and bought of Dr. Kelly the pioneer drug store of the town. Since that time he has con- ducted the store and attended to a large practice, which is steadily increasing in volume and in im- portance. He is a competent physician, with a comprehensive and accurate knowledge of the science of medicine, and his professional labors have been followed by excellent results. He has also built up a good trade in the store, and has the good will and respect of all with whom he has been brought in contact. In addition to his other business interests the Doctor was for twelve years a director in the Lewiston National Bank, and is a stockholder in various mines in British Columbia, Pierce City and Florence, and in the Iron Crown mine on Newsom creek, where they have an inexhaustible supply of rich ore, having taken out as high as twenty-one hundred and eighteen dollars in one hundred hours' run. He owns a fine business block. a brick structure at the corner of Main and Third streets, the very center of the business district. He has always taken a deep interest in the educational affairs of the city, has been di- rector of the Lewiston schools, and has efficiently served as county superintendent of schools. He is a most progressive and public-spirited citizen, advocating all commendable improvements and lending an active support to all measures for the public good. EDWARD S. JEWELL. Edward S. Jewell dates his residence in the Salubria valley from 1869, and is therefore num- bered among its pioneer farmers and stock-rais- ers. A native of Wisconsin, he was born in Dodgeville, Iowa county, that state, on the gth of October, 1846, and is of English extraction. His father, Edward S. Jewell, Sr., was born in Cornwall, England, and after his marriage came with his wife and five children to the United States, locating in Wisconsin, where he remained until 1852, when he went to California to secure gold in the Eldorado of the west. It is believed that he was killed by the Indians, for no news was ever afterward received of him. His wife survived him two years and died in 1854, leaving a family of six children, three of whom are now living in Idaho. She was a devout member of the Methodist church. In the public schools of his native state Edward S. Jewell, the subject of this sketch, acquired his education. He was only sixteen years of age when he -drove a team across the hot and arid plains to California, in company with his uncle, U. E. Rowe, and S. B. Dilley. They continued their travel to Auburn, Oregon, where Mr. Jew- ell learned the blacksmith's trade. The following year he went to Idaho City, there continuing to work at his trade, at which there was more money to be made than at mining. The price for shoe- ing a horse was ten dollars, for setting a tire on a wagon from twenty-four to thirty dollars, while a miner's pick sold for sixteen dollars and every- thing else was proportionately high. In 1869 Mr. Jewell came to the Salubria valley, entered one hundred and sixty acres of land, built upon it and otherwise improved it, and from time to time ex- tended its boundaries by additional purchase, until he now has seven hundred and seventy-five acres of highly cultivated land, the well tilled fields yielding to him a golden tribute in return 464 HISTORY OF IDAHO. for the care and labor he bestows upon them. His home is pleasantly located just a half mile west of Salubria, so that the conveniences and ad- vantages of town as well as country life are easily accessible. Upon his farm are located the Wash- ington county fair grounds. Throughout his residence here he has engaged in stock-raising, and he is now breeding Hereford cattle and Ham- bletonian horses, having some of the best stock in the county. He is also engaged in raising Berkshire hogs, and has met with very desirable success in his stock-raising ventures. He was the first to introduce Norman and Hambletonian horses in Salubria valley, and in this way has aided in improving the grade raised in this local- ity. Nor are his efforts confined alone to the labors connected with his farm. He is a stock- holder in the Creamery Company and the Tele- phone Company, and is not slow to co-operate in any movement which he believes will advance the material welfare of this section of the state. In 1868 Mr. Jewell was united in marriage to Miss Mary A. Markham, who, in 1864, came to Idaho with, her father, David Markham, now a resident of Arizona. Mr. and Mrs. Jewell have had ten children, namely: William E., who is en- gaged in merchandising in Arizona ; Mary Grace, wife of W. H. Eckles, a farmer of Salubria valley; Edgar D., who assists in the operation of the home farm ; Maud May, who is engaged in teach- ing music and makes her home with her parents; James Edward, who entered his country's service when war was declared against Spain and is now in Manila; Edna Salome and Esther T., who are successful school-teachers; and Sarah E., Fred Markham and Earl C, yet under the parental roof. In his political views Mr. Jewell has always been a Democrat and was twice elected county commissioner of Washington county. He also served as a member of the territorial' senate and of the convention which framed the present state constitution, and was a member of the first state senate. He has studied closely the questions af- fecting the welfare of the commonwealth, and has given his support to all measures which he be- lieves to be for the public good. His course has ever been most commendable, and he is regarded as one of the most prominent and influential citi- zens of this portion of Idaho. Socially he is con- nected with the Masonic fraternity, having been made a Master Mason in Idaho City, in 1868. He is a charter member of Salubria Lodge, No. 31, and has filled all the offices therein. All who know him, and his acquaintance is extensive, esteem him for the possession of most sterling traits of character. JAMES R. STRONG. James Russell Strong, judge of the probate court of Latah county, was born in Sullivan, Ash- land county, Ohio, September 24, 1849. His great-grandfather, Russell Strong, was a resident of Vermont and participated in the events which go to form the early history of the Green Moun- tain state. His son, Alvah Strong, grandfather of our subject, was a participant in the war of 1812 when but a boy, and for one year served in the Union army during the civil war as a member of Company F, First Nebraska Volunteer Infan- try. He participated in the battle of Fort Donel- son and after the battle of Shiloh received an honorable discharge on account of his advanced age. He spent his last days with his son, Orrin R. Strong, and his grandson, James R. Strong, and had passed the ninetieth milestone on life's journey when called to his final rest. Orrin R. Strong, father of our subject, was born in Ellicottville, Cattaraugus county, New York, September 30, 1823, and having arrived at years of maturity married Miss Amanda Gibbs, who was born in Rutland county, Vermont, a daughter of Elijah Gibbs, of that state. Mr. Strong was a farmer, but at the time of the rebellion he put aside all business cares and per- sonal considerations to enter his country's serv- ice, as a member of Company C, Fourth Regi- ment of Missouri Cavalry. On the expiration of his first term he re-enlisted, and continued at the front until the close of the war. He now resides in Garfield, Washington, at the age of seventy- six years, and his wife is seventy-one years of age. They celebrated their golden wedding in October, 1898, having traveled life's journey to- gether for half a century. They are members of the Methodist church, in which they have for many years been faithful workers. In their fam- ily were eight children, six of whom are living. James Russell Strong, the eldest of the family, acquired his preliminary education in the public HISTORY OF IDAHO. 465 schools, and later was a student in Amity Acad- emy, in Page county, Iowa. He entered upon his business career as a school-teacher and farmer, performing the labors of the school-room through the winter season, while in the summer months he worked in the fields. In 1877 he removed to Kansas, where he purchased a cheese factory, which he operated for five years. He was also engaged in merchandising for five years in Rip- ley, Kansas, but in 1889 sold his business inter- ests in that state and came to Idaho, locating on one hundred and sixty acres of land in the north- ern part of Latah county, his post-office being Cora. He has also acted as salesman, book- keeper and time-keeper in connection with a large sawmill in the neighborhood. In politics Mr. Strong has always been a Re- publican and has been honored with a number of positions of public trust. He has served as postmaster and justice of the peace, and in 1898 received the Republican nomination for judge of the probate court of Latah county. Being elected, he is now ably serving, discharging his duties in a most prompt and able manner. The cause of education ever finds in him a warm friend and he has rendered effective service as school trustee. In 1876 Mr. Strong was united in marriage to Miss Mary M. Putnam, a native of Canton, Ful- ton county, Illinois, and they have four children: Alvah, Eunice, Ettie and Alice, all yet under the parental roof. Mrs. Strong holds membership in the Methodist church, and for many years Mr. Strong has been a valued member of the Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows, passing all the chairs in the encampment. He is a gentleman of ability and is an obliging and painstaking officer. JOSHUA G. ROWTON. One of the prominent farmers of Catnas prairie is Joshua Graham Rowton, who was born in Benton county, Missouri, June 16, 1850. He is of English descent, his ancestors having been early settlers of Kentucky, where the family was founded by John Rowton, the grandfather ef our subject. He afterward removed to Missouri and was num- bered among the pioneers of that state. William Willis Rowton, the father of Joshua, was born near Louisville, Kentucky, and when a young man accompanied the family on their emigration to Missouri. He made his home in Benton county, but died at the early age of twenty-seven years. He married Martha Graham, who was left a widow with two little sons. She was ever faith- fully devoted to her children and is still living, in her seventy-first year, her home being in Kansas. She has long been a member of the Baptist church and is a most estimable lady. Mr. Rowton of this review was only a year old when his father died. He had little oppor- tunity for acquiring an education, and as the family lost all their property during the civil war his school privileges were necessarily more lim- ited than would otherwise have been the case. However, reading and experience in the practical affairs of life have added greatly to his knowl- edge, and he is to-day a very well informed man. When fourteen years of age he removed with his mother to Kansas, and since that time has been dependent entirely upon his own resources for his livelihood, so that whatever success he has achieved is due entirely to his own efforts. In the fall of 1872 he removed to Montana, and the fol- lowing year packed over the mountains to Camas prairie. Here he located the homestead upon which he now resides, a rich tract of land seven and a half miles northeast of Grangeville. Here, as the result of his industry and energy, he has now a fine country place, and from time to time has extended the boundaries of his farm until it now comprises six hundred acres. His cozy home, attractive grounds, good orchard and many other improvements all indicate the pro- gressive spirit and good taste of the owner, who is regarded as one of the leading representatives of the agricultural interests in this part of the state. He follows general farming, but has given his attention chiefly to stock-raising, including cattle, horses, sheep and hogs. He has had as many as three hundred head of cattle at one time, and in this branch of his business is meeting with very gratifying success. In 1877 Mr. Rowton was united in marriage to . Miss Emma L. Clarke, a native of Ohio, and three children grace their union: Eva, Homer C. and Jessie. Mrs. Rowton is a cultured and amiable lady, and presides very gracefully over their hospitable home, being to her husband a worthy helpmeet. Since coming to this state Mr. Rowton has been actively connected with many of the events 466 HISTORY OF IDAHO. which form its history. At the time the Nez Perces Indian war broke out he was at Mount Idaho, and was one of the first to volunteer in the service of quelling the uprising. He aided in building the stone fortifications at Mount Idaho and was one of the party that routed a band of Indians in that vicinity. He also served with General Custer in Texas in following a band of Indians who had captured a white woman on the Red river. After a long and arduous chase they overtook the Indians and rescued the woman, a fact of which the participants in the affairs have every reason to be proud. In politics Mr. Rowton has also been an active factor. He belongs to a family of Republicans, and had an uncle who was a slave-holder in the south, but who nevertheless espoused the cause of the Union and fought in the northern army in support of the supremacy of the government at Washington. Our subject has always been a stanch advocate of the Grand Old Party, and in the fall of 1893 was elected on its ticket to the state legislature, where he served most creditably and was the chairman of the committee on roads and bridges. In 1896 he was again nominated, but the entire ticket met defeat in Idaho in that year. Mr. Rowton, however, has never been an office-seeker, preferring to devote his energies to his business interests. Socially he is a representa- tive of the Odd Fellows society. Both he and his wife have a wide acquaintance on Camas prairie and are very favorably known. CHAPTER XXXI. EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES IN IDAHO. IN THE character of her schools and the facili- ties for education Idaho has kept fully abreast with the other states of the west. Education in the Gem state has kept pace with her material developments. The future of Idaho as regards educational facilities and advantages is most promising. The munificent grant of land made to the state by the general government, coupled with the minimum price (ten dollars per acre) at which state lands may be sold, secures an endow- ment amply sufficient to defray all expenses of the public schools. The amount received from the sale of school lands goes into the general school fund, which is irreducible, the interest de- rived from its investment in state bonds and farm mortgages being alone available for the support of the schools. This interest, after but one year's operation of the law providing for sales of land, amounted to over forty thousand dollars per an- num. The first school land was sold November 27, 1891. When it is remembered that there are belonging to the state, under the grant for com- mon schools, nearly three million five hundred thousand acres, an idea of the magnitude of the school fund in the near future can be formed. Within a few years it is confidently expected that the common schools of the state will be entirely supported by the income from the state fund, and that local taxation, except for extraordinary pur- poses, will not be known in connection with the public schools. Other educational institutions are, like the common schools, munificently endowed. The university, located at Moscow, has a grant of fifty thousand acres, which, at the minimum price of ten dollars an acre, means an irreducible fund for the university of at least five hundred thou- sand dollars. Very much of this land will sell for twice or thrice the minimum, so that the univer- sity may be safely said to have one million dollars represented by her grant of lands. The grant for the support of the normal schools is one hundred 467 thousand acres, and assures for the teachers of Idaho opportunities for technical training equal to the best in the Union. The selection of large tracts of land in all parts of the state, in satisfac- tion of the grants made by the United States, affords to colonies opportunities to secure thou- sands of acres in a body, for the establishment of homes and for the acquisition of lands under the most favorable conditions. The school age is from six to seventeen years. In 1896 there were 39,288 children enrolled in the public schools. On the reorganization of the school system and the passage of the compulsory school law by the legislature, in 1887, a more general attention was given to this subject. As now arranged the school officers consist of a state superintendent of public instruction, a superin- tendent in each county, and a board of three trustees in each district. UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO. The University of Idaho is a part of the educa- tional system of the state. The governing body of the institution is a board of nine regents, ap- pointed by the governor, as provided in its char- ter. The university aims to complete and crown the work that is begun in the public schools, by furnishing ample facilities for liberal education in literature, science and the arts, and for thorough technical training in engineering, mining and agriculture. Through the aid that has been re- ceived from the United States and the state, it is enabled to offer its privileges to all persons of either sex, who are qualified for admission. The university comprises, in accordance with the provisions of its charter, the colleges or de- partments of arts, letters, agriculture and mechanic arts, mining, applied sciences, engi- neering, music, freehand and industrial art and graduate study. Six collegiate courses are of- fered: The classical, leading to the degree of bachelor of arts; the philosophical, leading to the 468 HISTORY OF IDAHO. degree of bachelor of philosophy; the scientific, leading to the degree of bachelor of science; the civil-engineering, leading to the degree of bach- elor of civil engineering; the mining-engineering, leading to the degree of bachelor of mining en- gineering; the agricultural, leading to the degree of bachelor of agriculture. The master's degree will be conferred upon the fulfilment of the proper conditions. The university not yet having facili- ties for graduate work beyond the degree of mas- ter will not entertain applications for the doctor- ate degrees. Moscow, the seat of the university, is the prin- cipal city in the northern part of the state, com- monly known' as the "Panhandle." It is on the main line of the Spokane & Palouse Railroad, a branch of the Northern Pacific, and on a branch of the Spokane line of the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company's lines. The population is about four thousand. The city has electric lights and an abundant supply of pure artesian water. There are several well sustained churches and ex- cellent public schools. The altitude is about twenty-seven hundred feet, the air pure and in- vigorating and the climate healthful. The winters are neither severe nor prolonged. There is no better climate for effective study. The university is located upon one of the beau- tiful rolling hills that environ the city. The pros- pect is one of the most charming in the famous Palouse country and is an ideal scenic location for an educational institution. The campus com- prises twenty acres. North of the main building is a meadow of several acres, which is used as an athletic field and drill ground. In front is a broad terrace, which is devoted entirely to lawn. The main or administration building is an at- tractive and commodious structure of three stories and a high basement, finished in California redwood and supplied with artesian, water and electric lights. It has cost with furniture one hundred and twenty thousand dollars, and when completed and furnished throughout will repre- sent an outlay of one hundred and thirty-five thousand dollars. At present thirty-five rooms are occupied, the different departments hav- ing from one to four rooms as necessity demands. A wooden building, 50x125, known as the An- nex, is located about one hundred feet in the rear of the main building. Standing on the edge of the embankment of "the graded area about the university building it consists of one story and basement and two stories in the rear. The main portion of the front affords fair accommodations for the armory. Here are also to be found rooms for the dairy school, cooking school, milk-testing laboratory and a dark-room for the photographic work of the experiment station ; also seed, work- ing, tool and store rooms, and excellent cellars for the experiment station. East of the main building stands the greenhouse. The greenhouse proper is 18x50 feet, resting upon a stone founda- tion with brick and glass side walls, wrought iron rafters, cement floor, and every provision known to the best greenhouse construction. In front of the greenhouse is a neat wooden structure 24x34, being the class room and office of the horticul- tural department and working-room for the greenhouse. The library of the university is composed of a general library and the technical libraries of agri- culture, art, chemistry, botany, civil engineering, languages, mathematics, mechanic arts, military tactics, mining, physics and zoology. At present the library contains three thousand purchased volumes, thirty-one hundred government docu- ments, and over ninety-five hundred pamphlets, files of magazines, newspapers, and agricultural bulletins and reports. The general library and reading-room occupies a large, well lighted room on the first floor of the university building. The technical libraries are kept in the rooms of the respective departments. The station library has been organized and placed in the general library. This consists of books on general station work, government documents and files of bulletins and agricultural papers. The bulletins are arranged according to states and topics and made available by a special card catalogue of over fifteen thou- sand numbers. The various laboratories are conveniently ar- ranged and supplied with necessary equipments for the proper illustration of the several courses of study implied. The necessary expenses of the student in the university are very low as com- pared with other institutions affording equal advantages. The various courses of study are admirably arranged for effective work on the part of students and the faculty and corps of supple- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 469 mental instructors are all strong in their respec- tive fields. The preparatory school is sustained expressly for preparing students for the college courses. Its courses are so arranged as to facilitate prepa- ration for college. No instruction is given in the elementary sciences, except physiology, as the sciences are fully treated in the collegiate depart- ment. Accordingly students devote their entire time in the preparatory courses to those branches that lead directly to the college courses. The preparatory school is under the immediate super- vision of the president and faculty. This insures a high order of instruction and thoroughly har- monizes its methods with those of the university proper. While the courses, as stated above, are strictly college preparatory, they are nevertheless thoroughly practical, being divested of non- essentials, and invaluable to those who .do not contemplate entering the university. The personnel of the present board of regents is as follows: Hon. James H. Forney (president), Hon. Frank Martin (vice-president), Hon. Frank E. Cornwall (secretary), Hon. John G. Brown, Hon. D. M. Eckman, Hon. James H. Hawley, Hon. A. F. Parker, Hon Warren Truitt, Mrs. M. J. Whitman. Hon. W. L. Payne is treasurer. The faculty of the university as at present con- stituted is as follows, the scholastic assignment of each member being given in the connection: Joseph P. Blanton, A. M., LL. D. (president), philosophy; Charles W. McCurdy, Ph. D., pro- fessor of chemistry ; Willard K. Clement, Ph. D., professor of Latin and Greek; Louis F. Hender- son, Ph. B., professor of botany; John M. Al- drich, M. S., professor of zoology; Harriett E. Cushman, A. M., professor of English language and literature; John E. Bonebright, B. S., pro- fessor of physics ; Fred G. Frink, B. S., professor of civil engineering; Alfred S. Miller, Ph. D., professor of mining and metallurgy; Hiram T. French, M. S., professor of agriculture; Fred A. Huntley, B. S. A., professor of horticulture; S. Annette Bowman, acting professor of free-hand drawing; I. J. Cogswell, B. M., acting professor of music; Aurelia I. Henry, B. L., acting pro- fessor of elocution and physical culture and in- structor in French; Thorn Smith, B. S., assistant chemist and instructor in chemistry; J. J. An- thony, Ph. B., instructor in mechanic arts and preparatory mathematics; Sara E. Poe, B. L., in- structor in English in preparatory department; Flora P. Moore, B. S., instructor in history and German; Gurry E. Huggins, B. L., instructor in military science and tactics and Latin; Herbert T. Condon, registrar and secretary of the faculty; Stella M. Allen, Ph. B., librarian; John M. Al- drich, curator of museum. The following interesting data are gleaned from the annual report of the president of the board of regents for the fiscal year ending De- cember 31, The University of Idaho was chartered by the ter- ritorial legislature in 1889, and located at Moscow. The university and agricultural college were wisely com- bined, making their support by the state comparatively easy, when aided by the several federal funds set apart for the support of colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts and agricultural experiment stations. A state tax for building purposes was levied for several years. Through this, one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars was raised for the construction of the present attractive and commodious main building. Its entire central part, however, above the basement and first story, is still unfinished. The university opened in October, 1892. with a faculty of two. This has been steadily increased and now num- bers nineteen. Among these are graduates from insti- tutions like Cornell, Oberlin. Leland Stanford and Northwestern, the universities of California, Michigan and Missouri, and the agricultural colleges of Iowa. Michigan and South Dakota. The enrollment in 1897 was two hundred and forty-eight, eighty-seven of these being in the college classes: the enrollment to date is two hundred and nine, of whom eighty-one are in the college classes. The enrollment of the present year has been considerably affected by two causes. the lowest preparatory class has been discontinued (this would have had a membership of not less than fifty), and thirty-nine of the young men, nearly all of them college students, enlisted in the Idaho Volunteers and are now stationed at Manila. These two factors will account for the ap- parent falling off in this year's enrollment. As the public high schools of the state had come into closer touch with the university and had adjusted their courses to meet its requirements, it was decided, on account of the crowded condition of the rooms available, to disconfinue the lowest preparatory year. The faculty were exceedingly loath to take this action, as they knew that there were many worthy youths applying fot admission, who had no high-school advantages at home, and who tame to the university to receive what they could not get in their neighborhood schools, but it was found impossible, with the present facilities and teaching force, to accommodate them \vithout neglect- ing the higher instruction which seemed the more legit- imate function of the institution. When the building is 470 HISTORY OF IDAHO. finished it might be wise to reinstate this preparatory year. It is a matter that should excite the patriotic pride of every citizen of the state that the University of Idaho furnished a larger number of soldiers to the late war, relative to enrollment, than any other university in the United States. Nine courses of study have been offered for the past two years. These are the classical, the philosophical, the civil-engineering, the mining-engineering, the agri- cultural, and the four courses in science, with botany, chemistry, zoology and mathematics and physics as major subjects. Considerable freedom of election pre- vails. Advanced courses in art, elocution, oratory and music are offered. The university has a department of music with a course of four years, leading to a diploma. The departments of mining, agriculture and horticul- ture have made special efforts to be of practical assist- ance to the people of the state of Idaho along the lines where so much of its prosperity lies. The professor of mining, besides making frequent assays for miners in all sections of the state, has given two short practical courses in assaying for the benefit of prospectors and mining men. These were well attended. The agri- culturist, assisted by other members of the experiment station staff, has conducted numerous investigations, the results of which have been already published, or are being prepared for the press. Members of the staff have visited various sections of the state repeatedly in response to appeals and have materially assisted in combating many pests which seriously threaten our agricultural and horticultural interests. It is the pur- pose of the agricultural department to hold numer- ous farmers' institutes during the coming winter and spring. In the summer of 1896, the citizens of Moscow pur- chased a fine farm of ninety-four acres and presented it to the university for the use of the college of agriculture and experiment station. Suitable barns and outbuild- ings have been erected and the practical value of the gift is already evident. A course in manual training is offered, instruction in the use of tools and in wood-working being furnished to all young men pursuing courses requiring a knowl- edge of this subject, and in wood-carving to all young women who may elect it. The Morrill act, under which we draw our aid in instruction in the mechanic arts, requires that students, so desiring, shall be given man- ual training in both wood and iron. THE LEWISTON STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. The history of the Lewiston State Normal School is the history of progress. Handicapped for want of funds on several occasions, the normal building came to a standstill and the school was not inaugurated as early as was ex- pected; but from the 6th of January, 1896, when the school was first opened, there has been a steady development until to-day the school has a future in every way most encouraging. In the erection of an excellent building, in the selection of teachers and in the general manage- ment the trustees have been most harmonious and fortunate. The buildings, enclosures and grounds were completed and dedicated with ap- propriate ceremonies on June 3, 1896. THE ALBION NORMAL SCHOOL. This institution was established by an act of the second legislative assembly of Idaho, March "j, 1893, as one of the two normal schools of the state, the other one being located at Lewiston, Nez Perces county. It was at first thought by many to be a mistake for the young state to at- tempt to support two schools of this character, but when it is considered that the two sections of the state, the north and the south, are separated by almost impassable mountain barriers, and that a journey of several hundred miles, passing through two other states, is necessary in order to pass from one section to the other, the necessity of two schools for the training of teachers is ap- parent. The common schools are the hope of the future state, and we cannot have the highest and best results in them without trained teachers. The Albion Normal School is the only state insti- tution of learning in southern Idaho, and the people are coming to more fully appreciate the importance of maintaining it liberally. THE COLLEGE OF IDAHO. One of the promising young institutions of the state of Idaho is the one whose official title is given above. Though but a few years old it has already taken a distinctive position among the educational institutions of the northwest and is destined to exercise vast power, if it may be judged by what has already been accomplished. Nothing is a surer index to the civilization and progress of a community than the character of its schools and the opportunities which are afforded to the rising generation in the acquisition of knowledge, and undoubtedly one of the secrets of the success achieved by the American people lies in the fact that they, as a people, have always en- couraged and loyally supported the cause of edu- cation. The College of Idaho was formally organized HISTORY OF IDAHO. 471 October 7, 1891, its first board of managers being Rev. J. H. Barton, of Boise City, Rev. W. J. Boone, of Caldwell, and J. M. Jones, of Nampa. The first sessions of the school were held in the side room of the Presbyterian church at Caldwell, and it was not until the ensuing year that the col- lege building was ready for occupancy. Rev. W. J. Boone was elected to serve as president, and has continued faithfully at the head of the man- agement since the inception of the enterprise. The college is now out of debt and is self-sustain- ing, and, encouraged and upheld by the memory of past victories, is pressing forward to larger power. The college opens on the 2ist of September and closes on the 22d of June (approximately). The terms are moderate, the regular academic department course being but twenty-five dollars a year. Over three hundred students have been accommodated at the college and forty have been graduated from here. Some have gone forth as teachers and many have gone east to obtain still higher advantages in the fine old universities of their fathers and grandfathers. The first faculty of the College of Idaho in- cluded John C. Rice, A. M., professor of Greek and mathematics; John T. Morrison, A. M., his- tory and English; C. S. Blatchley, B. S., elocu- tion; Edward E. Maxey, M. D., physiology; Charles A. Hand, drawing; L. A. Hemphill, Ph. D., German and Latin. The present faculty and the chairs occupied are as follows: W. J. Boone, M. A., natural science and Latin; Abbie F. Hull, English and mathematics; Ambrose P. Hayden, M. A., Greek and German; J. H. Barton, M. A., Evidences of Christianity; Grace D. M. Mor- rison, M. B., piano and harmony; Elma Brown, painting and drawing; H. O. Douglass, M. A., bookkeeping and commercial law; Nettie Doug- lass, typewriting and stenography; Albert F. Isham, M. D., practical chemistry; William C. Maxey, M. D., American history, and Abbott Satterthwait, hygiene. WEISER ACADEMY. Among the institutions which indicate the in- tellectual progress and status of the state of Idaho is Weiser Academy, which has made for itself a most excellent record and has contributed in no small degree to the mental and moral advance- ment of this section of the Gem of the Mountains. There are at least two prominent essentials in the constitution of a desirable citizen, a conscience and an enlightened common sense. The Christian church and the Christian school are the two most potent agencies in the production of these necessary ele- ments of character, and our Pilgrim Fathers made no mistake when they built a church in every settlement and a schoolhouse by its side. Actuated by the same high moral idea, patriotic men have gone west and founded Christian mis- sions and Christian schools on the frontier. Among the most notable founded in recent years are the Weiser church and Weiser Academy, at Weiser, Idaho. The work which has resulted in the means of grace and of enlightenment was be- gun in 1892, when the Rev. E. A. Paddock was commissioned as missionary to Idaho by the Con- gregational Home Missionary Society, of New York city. The work of erecting a church build- ing was begun in November of that year, and within twelve months from the time ground was broken there was completed a church, which, to- gether with the lot it occupied, cost nearly four thousand dollars. The Church Building Society made a grant of five hundred dollars, and benev- olent persons in the east contributed a large part of the balance required. It was evident to Mr. Paddock that a Christian school was needed also. Miss Miriam Lee, an earnest Christian young lady, whose home had formerly been in New York city, consented to unite with him in the enterprise. The school was opened with five pupils in the new church build- ing. The next year a hotel building was rented for its use. The school was successful and, en- larging the scope of its work, more teachers were needed, and it was evident that some one must be found who would be as self-denying as the founders of the school. Miss Lee remained as lady principal, and the Rev. A. G. Upton, for- merly home-missionary superintendent of New York, accepted the presidency. The second year was even more successful than the first, and the academy abundantly proved its right to be; but the success achieved demanded greater things for the future. Eighty acres of land were donated for the academy campus and building grounds by H. A. Lee, of Weiser, and a HISTORY OF IDAHO. gentleman who is a warm friend of every good enterprise advanced the money at a low rate of interest to erect three buildings for the use of the academy. The school is picturesquely located about one mile to the north of the village, and, situated on an elevation, it commands a fine view of the town, the surrounding country and the two rivers the Snake and the Weiser which here unite. The academy buildings consist of a three- story hall, with first-class appointments for young women; a two-story dormitory for young men; and a two-and-a-half-story recitation building, the last containing a chapel, library and reading room, president's office and recitation rooms. Students may pursue the classical, philosophical, scientific or English courses, and there is an ex- cellent music department in connection. Train- ing is also given in elocution, oratory and phys- ical culture. All work done in the school is of the highest order, exalted ideals being continually placed before the pupils, thus stimulating them to greater effort. The library contains more than a thousand volumes and pamphlets, including standard works of reference, together with the best literature and the modern magazines of worth. Although the majority of the trustees must always be Congregational, the school is non-sectarian, several denominations being rep- resented among both teachers and pupils. The high standard of work done in the school is evidenced by the fact that a certificate of grad- uation therefrom will entitle the holder to admis- sion to some of the leading colleges of the east without further examination. Already a small endowment fund has been started, and the acad- emy is now in a very flourishing condition. Ten pupils have been graduated from the school, which is now only five years old. A paper called The Search Light is published in the interest of the academy, and now has a circulation of four thousand, making the school well known in the east. The faculty consists of seven able teachers, including Augustus G. Upton, A. M., D. D., president, and Miss Miriam B. Lee, lady prin- cipal. Under the able superintendence of Dr. Upton and his corps of assistants Weiser Acad- emy has taken a place among the leading schools of its character in the northwest and is a credit to the town and the state. The institution is incor- porated as Weiser College and Academy, but the college department will not be opened before the fall of 1900. The educational work, however, is only a part of that done by the academy, for the Christian in- fluence exerted over the students is most marked. Nearly all of the students become Christians be- fore leaving the school, and they engage in active Christian work at once, both as students and when they are at home on their vacations. The communities whence the students come are thus leavened and the influence of the academy is felt in many needy places. THE BOISE BUSINESS AND SHORTHAND COLLEGE. Miss Grace E. Doyle, proprietor of the Boise Business and Shorthand College, is in every sense of the word a practical, energetic, young woman, possessing rare natural abilities and skill as an in- structor and the culture and refinement of a lady. She is recognized as one of the most polished and efficient young women of Idaho. She was born in the state of Nebraska, of American-Irish parents of no mean attainments. Inheriting a fine mental but frail physical consti- tution, her parents with wise foresight saw the necessity of an early training in business, its management and methods. They placed her in one of the colleges of her native state, where her general education was well rounded and followed by one of the most complete and thorough busi- ness courses extant. Since coming to the state of Idaho, where the enfranchisement of women gives them equal rep- resentation with their brothers, she perceived the necessity of a wider business education for the young of both sexes, and, associated with James W.McKinney, established the Boise Business and Shorthand College. Two years later Miss Doyle became sole proprietor of the present success- ful and well known institution, which is a daily tribute to her business ability, energy and skill as a teacher. The educational enterprise of this young woman is one of which the state of Idaho may be justly proud, and it has met with hearty appreciation and support of the business people of Boise and southern Idaho. The following tes- timonial reflects the general sentiment of the business men of Boise: Boise. Idaho. May 29, 1899. Miss Grace E. Doyle, Proprietor Boise Business and Shorthand College. Boise. Idaho: Miss Doyle: Boise may well be proud in possessing such an institution as the Boise Business and Short- hand College. The Boise Chamber of Commerce unhesitatingly gives your college and its proprietor its most hearty endorsement. BOISE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, Fred. R. Reed, President. Attest: S. M. Coffin. Secretary. CHAPTER XXXII. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. JAMES H. BUSH. JAMES H. BUSH, deceased, was one of the prominent and widely known business men of Boise, where he spent the greater part of his life. He was born in White Lake, Oakland county, Michigan, July 29, 1842, and was a son of Elias Oliver and Mary Jane (Fife) Bush, both of whom were well-to-do farmers and early settlers of Michigan and members of the Baptist church. James Bush was educated in Flint, Michigan, and in early manhood was a purser on a steam- boat. In February, 1865, he sailed from New York for the Pacific coast by way of Panama, reaching Boise Basin in April, and there engag- ing in mining with William Law. In the summer of 1874 he came to Boise and purchased the Cen- tral Hotel, which he personally conducted for fifteen years in a most successful manner. He was one of the organizers of the Capital State Bank, was elected its first vice-president and filled that office up to the time of his death, de- voting his time and talents during his incum- bency to the task of making it the prosperous institution it became. As a business man he was enterprising, capable and energetic, and in 1892 built one of the beautiful and commodious houses which adorn the city of Boise. As an early set- tler of the state he took a great interest in its de- velopment and progress and did everything in his power to advance its interests. During the Ban- nack war he was captain of a company, and on one occasion, with forty-five men, he gallantly rescued a train of sixty wagons which was be- sieged by the Indians near Cold Springs. On January 5, 1876, Mr. Bush was united in marriage to Miss Ellen Kelly, a daughter of the late Judge Kelly, one of Idaho's distinguished citizens, and three children were born to them: Mabel, now the wife of George S. Lindsey, of Blackfoot; Florence and Milton. Mrs. Bush sur- vives her husband and is a most estimable lady, who now resides in the beautiful home provided by Mr. Bush. Mr. Bush departed this life on November 22, 1897, and his loss was deeply felt not only by his family but also by all the citizens of Boise, to whom he had long been endeared. He was a valued member of the Masonic fraternity and was made a Master Mason in 1868, at Idaho City. He was also made a Knight Templar, at Flint, Mich- igan. CHARLES A. THATCHER. Identified with pioneer life in Oregon, Wash- ington and Idaho, Charles Albert Thatcher fig- ured long, and prominently in the development and progress of the northwest and in the events which form its history. He lived an honorable, upright life, won prosperity through determined purpose and indefatigable energy, and at all times enjoyed the esteem of his fellow men, by reason of those sterling qualities of manhood which in every land and every clime awaken admiration and regard. Mr. Thatcher was born in Bradford county, Pennsylvania, July 24, 1826, and was a repre- sentative of an old American family. He acquired his education in Harford University and in Ober- lin College, at Oberlin, Ohio, but, his health fail- ing him, he was obliged to abandon his studies before the day of graduation arrived, and spent two years in the pine forests of Wisconsin. He was much benefited by his sojourn in that state, and afterward engaged in teaching school in Pennsylvania and Ohio. In 1852 he crossed the plains to Oregon, starting early in the season with a party en route for the Pacific coast. They were fortunate in escaping the cholera and at- tacks from the Indians, safely reaching their destination after some months of travel. The fol- lowing year the territory of Washington was or- ganized and Mr. Thatcher was made its first school superintendent. He formed the first school districts, and filled that office for nine years, dur- 473 474 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ing which time he placed the educational system of the state on a firm basis and gave it a progres- sive impetus whose influence is still felt. Thus he engraved his name deeply on the record of Wash- ington's intellectual advancement. In 1854 Mr. Thatcher was united in marriage to Miss Eliza Huntington, a daughter of Jacob Huntington, who with his family crossed the plains in 1852. Mrs. Thatcher was born in In- diana, and was a maiden of fifteen summers when she came to the west. Her father secured a dona- tion claim on the Cowlitz river, where he made a good home and there lived until October, 1897, when he was called to his final rest, at the age of eighty-five years. His good wife passed away many years previously. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Thatcher continued to reside in Cowlitz county until the time of the mining excitement at Florence, Idaho, when our subject made his way thither, in company with Judge Langdon. They did not, however, meet with the success which they had anticipated, and in consequence went to Lewiston, where Mr. Thatcher was appointed superintendent of farming at Lapwai. He con- tinued in that capacity among the Nez Perces In- dians for six years, and during that time he and Mrs. Thatcher were intimate friends of that noble man, Rev. Spaulding, the Presbyterian mission- ary, who labored so earnestly among the red men and established the mission at Lapwai at a very early day. In October, 1868, Mr. and Mrs. Thatcher re- moved to Lewiston, and he was appointed by President Grant to the position of postmaster, acceptably serving in that office for two years, when he resigned and engaged in general mer- chandising. Later he opened a book and station- ery store, which he conducted until 1896, when, his health failing him, he turned over the business to his son and retired to private life. He had built up an excellent trade, and his business was constantly increasing in volume and importance. Mr. Thatcher never recovered his health, his strength gradually failing him until the end came, September 18, 1897, and he was at rest. In poli- tics he was a stanch Republican. A public spir- ited man and valued citizen, his loss was felt throughout the entire community. He was a de- voted husband and father, and as the result of his well directed efforts in business he was enabled to leave his family in comfortable circumstances. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Thatcher were born six children: Eva, who died in 1870, at the age of fourteen years; Charles, who in 1879, when in his thirty-ninth year, was robbed and killed at Lap- war, where he was engaged in business; Emma, wife of John L. Chapman, who is postmaster at Lewiston ; Harry A., who married the daughter of Captain E. W. Baughman and resides in Gen- esee; Katherine, wife of B. B. Bravincler; Cur- tis, who is conducting business in partnership with Fred A. Kling, in Lewiston; and George, who is likewise at home with his mother. Mrs. Thatcher still makes her home in Lewiston. She is a Christian Scientist, a most intelligent lady and one of the honored pioneer women of the state. JOHN HANSON. John Hanson, who loyally served this country as a member of the navy, is now successfully en- gaged in farming and stock-raising on Camas prairie, in Idaho county, where he owns four hun- dred and eighty acres of land. He is a native of Denmark, his birth having occurred in that land on the gth of June, 1827. At the age of fifteen he bade adieu to home and friends and went to sea, eventually sailing to New York, in 1849. While there he joined the United States Navy and served for sixteen months, at the expiration of which period he received an honorable dis- charge. He then sailed on merchant vessels on the Pacific ocean and on the Mediterranean sea, and became a well informed seaman, his ability and worth winning him promotion from time to time, until he became a first mate. During his seafaring life he passed through many dangers and hardships, which if written out in full would make a most interesting volume. He was ship- wrecked twice off the coast of San Francisco, where the ship was driven ashore, and was also in a fearful typhoon in South American waters, the ship being lost, but the crew escaped -with their lives. When the United States became in- volved in the greatest civil war known to modern history, he determined to aid in the perpetuation of the Union, and enlisted in the navy, March 28, 1862. He became acting master of the Cayuga, a gunboat in the gulf squadron, under Admiral Farragut. They had several engagements up the Mississippi river and were engaged in forming o s o CQ 3 CQ I i HISTORY OF IDAHO. 475 the blockade off Galveston and Mobile. Mr. Hanson continued in the service until December, 1865, when he received an honorable discharge, after which he located at Vineland, New Jersey. There he turned his attention to agricultural pursuits, which he followed for nine years, but the business was entirely new to him, and after nine years of hard work, in which he gained much valuable experience, he was glad to get out of his farm what he had put into it. He then came west, locating first at San Francisco, and in 1876 took up his abode on his present farm on Camas prairie, where he secured three hundred and twenty acres of land, to which he has added an- otherquarter section, now owning a valuable tract of four hundred and eighty acres. He has erected there a comfortable residence, good barns and outbuildings, and has all the latest improved ma- chinery necessary in carrying on his farm after the most approved modern methods. He raises grain, hay, cattle, horses and hogs, and has had as high as two hundred head of cattle at one time. He is a successful stock-raiser, and has acquired a handsome competence through his well directed efforts. In 1859 Mr. Hanson was married to Mrs. Anna Savage, widow of James Savage. She had no children by her first marriage, but by the second union has become the mother of the following named : Henry, a farmer and miner, residing at White Bird, Idaho ; George, who carries on farm- ing and stock-raising; Frederick, an agriculturist; William and Charles, who are at home with their parents. . Mr. Hanson is a Republican in politics and has been a member of the Masonic fraternity since 1857. Both he and his estimable wife hold mem- bership in the Methodist Episcopal church and are people of the highest respectability, enjoying the friendship and esteem of all who know them. Mr. Hanson has ever been a loyal citizen since first entering the naval service of his adopted land, and no native-born son is truer to her inter- ests and welfare. CHARLES F. LELAND. Charles F. Leland, coming to Lewiston in his boyhood, has spent almost his entire life in this beautiful and prosperous city of northern Idaho, where he is now serving as general stage agent and also as agent for the Northern Pacific Ex- press Company. He was born in Portland, Ore- gon, November 5, 1858, and in 1864 removed to Lewiston with his parents. His father, Alonzo Leland, was born in Springfield, Vermont, July 12, 1818, and in the public schools acquired his education. At the age of sixteen he began to earn his own living by teaching, which profession he followed for two years, in the meantime doing what he could to fit himself for a higher educa- tion. He subsequently spent three years as a student in the New Hampshire State Academy, and for a similar period continued his education in Brown University, graduating with honor in the class of 1843. During the acquirement of his education he maintained himself by working dur- ing vacations at the carpenter's trade. After the completion of his collegiate course he engaged in teaching in Maryland and in Massachusetts for a number of years, but becoming aware of the great possibilities of the growing west he re- solved to try his fortune on the Pacific coast. By way of the isthmus of Panama he proceeded to Portland, Oregon, where he arrived in October, 1850, and having acquired a knowledge of civil engineering he was employed on the work ot surveying and platting that city, which was then being builded in the bushes along the banks of the Willamette river. Subsequently he turned his attention to journalism and had the honor of establishing the first daily paper, the Portland Standard, in that then rapidly growing town. He was appointed and served as postmaster of Port- land, and also held the office of judge of the pro- bate court. In the meantime he had devoted much of his leisure time for several years to the study of law, and in 1861 was admitted to the bar. It was not long after this that discoveries of gold were made at Florence and Warrens, Idaho, and with the hope of more rapidly acquiring wealth Alonzo Leland made his way to the terri- tory of Idaho, where for some time he was en- gaged in placer gold mining. In 1862 he opened a law office in Lewiston, and was prominently connected with the important litigated interests in those early days. In addition he was also con- nected with the Lewiston Journal and was the founder of The Teller, which he conducted as a neutral paper, devoted to the best interests of his town and surrounding country. He made this 476 HISTORY OF IDAHO. one of the leading journals of the state, and through its columns he advocated and promoted many movements of great public benefit. He continued to edit and publish this paper until 1891, when he sold out. His death occurred in October of the same year, and thus was ended an important life work. In early manhood he mar- ried Miss Rachel Bliss, a native of Springfield, Vermont, and to them were born five children, four of whom are yet living. Charles F. Leland, the fourth in order of birth, was a mere child when his parents came to Lew- iston. In its public schools he acquired his edu- cation, and in his father's office he learned the printer's trade, which he mastered, becoming an expert workman. He was admitted to a partner- ship in The Teller, and assisted in making it one of the most progressive and readable journals in this section of the state. In 1891 the paper was sold and he has since devoted his energies to other lines of activity. Mr. Leland has been somewhat prominent in the public service, having for two years accept- ably served as marshal of Lewiston. In politics he has been a lifelong Democrat and warmly espouses the principles of his party. Since June, 1893, he has been general stage agent, and in May, 1894, was appointed agent for the Northern Pacific Express Company, serving both the com- pany and the citizens of Lewiston in a most satis- factory manner. In 1892 Mr. Leland married Mrs. Helen Clin- dining, widow of John Clindining, a prominent citizen of Lewiston and a daughter of Joel B. Martin, a noted pioneer of Idaho. Mr. and Mrs. Leland now have one child, Evangeline Rudel. They have a delightful home in Lewiston and en- joy the esteem of many friends. Mr. Leland is an acceptable member of the Knights of Pythias fraternity, and is widely and favorably known in this community, where he has spent almost his entire life. JOHN GREEN. For the past four years a distinguished member of the Lewiston bar, John Green was born in Wythe county, Virginia, September 30, 1860, and is a descendant of General Nathaniel Greene, of Revolutionary fame. His father, John W. Green, was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, and married Miss Betty Newell Fulton, a native of Staunton, Virginia, and a direct descendant of the noted family of Stewarts. Her father, An- drew S. Fulton, was judge of the supreme court and presided over the fifteenth judicial district of Virginia for thirty consecutive years. He was a cousin of J. E. Stewart, a prominent cavalry of- ficer in the civil war. Whgn a young man Mr. Green, the father of our subject, removed to Hillsville, Virginia, and became a successful mer- chant of the town, where he carried on operations along that line until his death, which occurred March 24, 1899, when he had reached the age of sixty-seven years. His wife still survives him and is now in her sixty-eighth year. They were prominent and leading members in the Presby- terian church, and in his political views Mr. Green was a Democrat. He held the office of treasurer of Carroll county, Virginia, for sixteen consecutive years and was a citizen of the highest integrity and worth. John Green, of this review, was the second in a family of two sons and two daughters. He was reared to manhood in Carroll county, Virginia, completed his literary education by his gradua- tion in the Hampden-Sidney College, with the class of 1880, and pursued the study of law in the office and under the direction of his grand- father, Judge Andrew S. Fulton, and his uncle, Judge John Fulton, both eminent jurists of the Old Dominion. He began the practice of his profession in his native county, where he prac- ticed successfully for ten years. He then trav- eled quite extensively through the west, and after visiting many points he gave to the city of Lewis- ton his preference and located here August 15, 1895. From the beginning he has succeeded in his new field of labor and now has a distinctively representative clientage. It would be impossible for any one man to be perfectly familiar with every point of law, but it is possible for him to prepare for each case, and his careful study, ana- lyzation and plan of argument ofttimes bring the decisions for which he strives. Mr. Green is par- ticularly careful in informing himself on the law which applies to the questions in controversy, and this, added to his logical reasoning and ora- torical power, renders his efforts before court or jury most effective. The public and the profes- sion accord him a foremost place in the ranks of the legal fraternity. Since his arrival in Lewis- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 477 ton he has also been thoroughly identified with the affairs of the city and county and withholds his support from no measure which he believes will prove of public benefit. He is a stockholder in the Lapwai Placer Mining Company, owning a number of rich mining claims, which they are now preparing to work after the most approved methods. On the gth of September, 1896, Mr. Green was united in marriage to Miss Annie Alice Russell, a native of Douglas county, Oregon, and a daughter of George Russell, who was born in Kentucky, but who for twenty years has been a resident of the Sunset state. Mr. and Mrs. Green now have two interesting little daughters: Ethel Alice and Lucile. They have a delightful home in Lewiston and are highly esteemed. Mr. Green was made a Master Mason in Ful- ton Lodge, No. 193, F. & A. M., which was or- ganized by his grandfather and named in his honor. He became actively interested in the work of the order and has served as junior warden of the lodge. He also belongs to the Knights of Pythias fraternity, and to Tscemimcum Tribe, No. 8, I. O. R., of Lewiston, having the honor of being the present sachem of the latter. Both he and his wife are members of the United Artisans. In politics Mr. Green has been a lifelong Demo- crat and has taken an active part in the work and counsels of this party. In a recent campaign he was candidate for county attorney, but though he made a strong race was defeated by a small ma- jority. In Virginia he served as chairman of the Democratic county committee and a member of the state executive 'committee, and did a large amount of campaign work. He has studied closely the issues of the day and his intelligent support of the party measures has been effective in securing their adoption in the locality in which he resides. He is a young man of marked ability and strong intellectuality, and his honorable career adorns a profession that has furnished to the nation many of her most brilliant men. MASON A. CORNWALL. This honored citizen of Moscow has now attained the venerable age of seventy-seven years, yet largely possesses the vigor of a man in his prime. His life has been a busy, useful and honorable one, and has been crowned with a rich measure of success as the fitting reward of his labors and his well directed energies. He is still actively interested in business affairs and in all that is connected with the state's prosperity and progress, and is one of the most valued cit- izens of Idaho. Old age is not necessarily a synonym of weakness or inactivity. It need not suggest as a matter of course want of occupation or helplessness. There is an old age that is a benediction to all that comes in contact with it, that gives out of its rich stores of learning and experience, and grows stronger intellectually and spiritually as the years pass. Such is the life of Mr. Cornwall, an encouragement to his associ- ates and an example well worthy of emulation to the young. Mason A. Cornwall was born in Truxton, Cortland county, New York, December 2, 1821, and is a descendant of an old English family that numbers many prominent men among its repre- sentatives. Four Cornwall brothers emigrated to New England in 1636, and founded the family in Connecticut and Rhode Island. William Corn- wall settled in Hartford, Connecticut, and became the progenitor of the branch of the family to which our subject belongs. Benjamin Cornwall, his grandfather, served as a captain in the colo- nial army throughout the Revolutionary war, thus valiantly aiding in the struggle for independence, and after the establishment of the republic he removed from Connecticut to Montgomery county, New York. He had a large family of boys, and with them he divided his landed pos- sessions in Truxton, Cortland county, and they all settled around him. There he resided, sur- rounded by the comforts of life, until called to his final rest, in 1835, at the age of seventy-five years. His wife bore the maiden name of Esther Carrington. Their son Enos Cornwall, the father of our subject, was born in the Nutmeg state, and located on a farm near his father in Cortland county, New York. Loyalty to his country prompted his service as captain of a company in the war of 1812, and at all times he was faith- ful to his duties of citizenship. He married Miss Betsy Fox, a native of Montgomery county, and they became the parents of ten children, six of whom reached years of maturity. The mother departed this life at the age of forty years and the 478 HISTORY OF IDAHO. father died in the seventy-fourth year of his age. They were Baptists in their religious faith and were people of the highest respectability. Mason A. Cornwall, their youngest son, is now the only surviving member of the family. He was educated at Cornwall Hill, the place of his nativity, so called in honor of his father. Remov- ing to the Western Reserve of Ohio, he settled in Cuyahoga, and while there he worked in order to secure further educational advantages afforded in the Berea Seminary. After leaving that insti- tution he taught school for several years and then entered the Fredonia Academy, wherein he be- came a teacher of French. Subsequently he removed to Canada, where he was successfully engaged in educational work for more than twenty years, having the happy faculty of im- parting clearly and readily to others the knowl- edge he had acquired. From Canada he removed to Lorain county, Ohio, where he purchased a large ranch at a bargain, retaining possession of that property until 1864, when he sold the farm (for which he had paid twelve hundred dollars) for forty-seven hundred dollars. Mr, Cornwall also resided for about twenty years in the town- ship of Eagle, Richland county, Wisconsin, and became the owner of a number of farms there. He also purchased a portable sawmill, which was to be operated by another man, but the one who took charge of it did not make a success of the business, and Mr. Cornwall converted it into a store, carrying on merchandising there for sev- eral years. The confinement, however, made in- roads upon his health, and he went to New Orleans, where he became interested in sugar plantations and both made and lost money. In 1883 he arrived in Idaho and secured from the government a ranch of eighty acres, six and a half miles east of Moscow. There he built a store, opened trade, secured the establishment of a post-office, which was called Cornwall, and continued merchandising until 1887, when he re- moved to Moscow. Here he engaged in money loaning and in speculating, and subsequently established the Bank of Moscow, in partnership with McConnell, McGuire & Brown. He held half of the stock and was elected president, but after five months he withdrew, and in 1890 erected the Cornwall Block, sixty-two and a half feet front, on Third street, and seventy feet deep. It is a fine substantial structure, three stories in height, and stands as a fitting monument to his business ability and enterprise. He now* owns nearly the whole of that valuable block, one hun- dred and twenty-five feet front, and his building brings him a rental of four hundred dollars per month. He continues his money speculations and is still the owner of the ranch which he entered from the government, together with many other fine ranches, which are principally planted to wheat. He has built and occupies one of the finest residences in the town, and it stands in the midst of twenty-seven acres of ground. Mr. Cornwall is also largely interested in several gold quartz-mines, among which is the Ozark mine, at Florence, and the Oro Fino, which assays as high as one hundred and twenty-five dollars to the ton, and of which he and his son own one-half interest. He has shares to the value of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars in the Golden Gate mine, six and a half miles from Moscow, its ore assaying seventy-six dollars to the ton, and is a shareholder in many other rich mining properties. In 1849 Mr. Cornwall married Miss Barbara Wise, a lady of German descent, who was born in Canada. Their union was blessed with four sons and two daughters. They lived happily to- gether for about twenty years, when death claimed the loving wife, during their residence in Wisconsin. All of the children of that mar- riage still reside in the Badger state, except the eldest daughter, who is deceased, and the second child, Frank E., who resides in Moscow and is his father's partner in various enterprises. Mr. Cornwall was again married July 17, 1881, when Annie Maria Olson became his wife. She was born in Wisconsin and is of Norwegian descent. Their children are: Lulu A., Mason H., Enos C. and Corwin E., all living at home with their parents, although the two eldest are now attend- ing the state university. Mrs. Cornwall is a valued member of the Presbyterian church and Mr. Cornwall contributes liberally to its support. He was made a Master Mason many years ago in Orion Lodge, No. 70, F. & A. M., in Wiscon- sin, filled every office and is now past master. He has now reached the age of seventy-seven years, but is still hale and hearty. The record of his life is a history of business ability and success, and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 479 his taxes now amount to one thousand dollars annually. He has been a liberal giver to church and public enterprises and has taken a deep inter- est in the upbuilding and prosperity of the town. In his business dealings he ha's ever been just and honorable, and on no occasion has he ever oppressed or cramped a debtor whom he believed to be honest, but who through unfortunate cir- cumstances was unable to meet his obligations. His life has been one of the highest integrity. He is a man of broad scholarly attainments, of culture and ability, and he belongs to that class of repre- sentative Americans who, while advancing indi- vidual success, also promote the general welfare. WILLIAM F. SCHMADEKA. This gentleman has been such an important factor in the upbuilding of Grangeville that his life record forms a part of its history, and no work purporting to give an account of the growth and improvement of Idaho and her towns and cities would be complete without an account of his life. He has always resided in the north- west, his interests are centered here, and he has labored untiringly for the best interests of this section of the country. A native of Lane county, Oregon, he was born on the 5th of September, 1860, and is a son of George Schmadeka, one of the honored pioneers of northern Idaho, whose sketch appears else- where in this work. Our subject was educated in the public schools of Oregon, and also con- tinued his education in Grangeville, whither he came with his parents when sixteen years of age. He entered the Grangeville Academy, and prose- cuted his studies under the direction of Judge Hall. He entered upon his business career as a farmer and stock-raiser, and, owing to his capable management and wise business policy, met suc- cess in his undertakings. He had been a resident of the county only a year when the Nez Perces In- dian war broke out, at which time he was on the ranch with his brothers, George, John and Henry, and his sister, Caroline. While they were loading up a wagon in order to make their escape to Mount Idaho they were joined by some freight- ers, who had been attacked by the Indians and had cut their horses loose from the wagons and ridden them to the Schmadeka farm. They all made their way together to Mount Idaho, the Indians following them almost to the town. At Mount Idaho our subject and his brothers assisted in fortifying the place and remained there for twenty days. After returning to their home, in connection with other settlers ol the locality, they built a strong stockade, formed of logs six- teen feet long, imbedded in the ground five feet. There were three thicknesses of logs. In the center of the stockade was the Grange Hall, the second floor of which was used as a hospital for wounded soldiers, and they fortified the upper room by piling sacks of flour on the inside of the walls. The fort at Mount Idaho was built of stone, and Mr. Schmadeka took an active part in preparing these places of safety and stood on guard many a night on the hill near by, in order to give the warning in case of attack. He has long been prominently identified with the business interests of the city, having for twelve years conducted a meat market, after which, in 1893, he established his present general mercantile store. He erected a brick building, fifty by eighty feet, which is filled with a large and well selected stock of dry goods, groceries, nlen's furnishing goods and millinery. He re- ceives a liberal patronage and is conducting a profitable and constantly increasing business. He is also accredited with having erected more build- ings in Grangeville than any other man. He put up the first brick block and the second two-story building, the first being the Grange Hall, and all these substantial structures, erected through his efforts, not only stand as monuments to his enter- prise and business ability, but have also proven of material benefit to the town. On the loth of May, 1893, Mr. Schmadeka was united in marriage to Miss Lorena Harmon, the wedding ceremony being performed by the Rev. W. A. Hall, his friend and former teacher. Their union has been blessed with one son, whom they have named Edmund Carlisle. Theirs is one of the most beautiful homes in Grangeville. sur- rounded by extensive and well kept grounds, and its hospitality makes it the center of a cultured society circle. In his political views Mr. Schmadeka has al- ways been a Democrat, and active in support of the party. He served as deputy sheriff of the county under T. J. Rhodes, and was a member of the first board of trustees of the town of 480 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Grangeville, being appointed to that position by the board of county commissioners. He was afterward elected to the same office and dis- charged his duties in a most prompt and able manner. He was also at one time an active worker in the Grange, and has ever been regarded as one of the most progressive and public-spir- ited citizens of his town and county. WILLIAM F. SOMMERCAMP. William F. Sommercamp, the leading merchant of Weiser, Idaho, is a native son of the golden west. He was born in California, February 16, 1860, and comes of German ancestry. His father, William F. Sommercamp, was born in Germany and when a young man emigrated to America, landing at New Orleans, where for a time he fol- lowed his trade, that of confectioner. Subse- quently he married Miss Mary Slack, of Zanesville, Ohio, and shortly after their marriage they removed to California, where he engaged in mining. In 1864 he came over into Idaho and became one of the promient miners and stock- raisers of Owyhee county. He died in the sixty- second year of his age. His widow is living, aged fifty-nine years, and of their children, three daughters and seven sons, only four are now living, three sons and a daughter. William F., the subject of this sketch, is the eldest of the family. He was in his fifth year when they moved to Idaho and located in Silver City, and in the public schools of this place his education was begun. Later he attended St. Augustine College, at Benicia, and, after clerk- ing three years in a mercantile establishment, took a course in Heald's Business College, San Francisco, where he graduated in due time. After his graduation he accepted a position in a San Francisco wholesale house, where he re- mained three years. Next, we find him at Bodie employed as bookkeeper for Gilson, Barber & Company, and afterward he was for two years receiving teller in the Bodie Bank. Returning to Silver City at the end of that time, he became manager of the mercantile business of W. D. Bigelow. In the course of a year Mr. Bigelow died and Mr. Sommercamp took charge of the business, running it on shares for a year. Then he purchased the stock and continued the business five years longer. In 1891 he came to Weiser and opened his general merchandise busi- ness in this city. From the first he met with grati- fying success, his long experience and excellent training standing him in good stead. His busi- ness has constantly grown, and to-day his well stocked general store would do credit to any merchant in any town. Mr. Sommercamp was married December 16, 1881, to Miss Alice Harley, a native of Oregon and a daughter of W. S. Harley of that state. They have two sons and a daughter, William H., Walter E. and Ora Belle. Mr. and Mrs. Sommercamp are worthy mem- bers of the Episcopal church. Fraternally he is identified with the popular orders of Odd Fel- lows, Knights of Pythias and Masons. In the I. O. O. F. he is past grand, and past chief patriarch of the encampment, and he holds the rank of past chancellor of the Knights of Pythias. Politically he supports the Democratic party, tak- ing an active and influential part in local affairs. For three successive terms he served as treasurer of Owyhee county. HENRY A. RUSSELL. Among the industrial interests which claim the attention of the residents of northern Idaho fruit- raising now demands special attention, and the gentleman whose name heads this review has at- tained considerable prominence as a horticultur- ist and has made a life study of the subject, is familiar with the needs of the different kinds of fruits, and his success has demonstrated his prac- ticability and enterprise. It is worthy of note that he was but twelve years of age when he planted his first orchard, which comprised two hundred pear, peach and apple trees, which he purchased of the Rochester, New York, nurser- ies, with funds of his own earning. A native of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, Mr. Russell was born December 23, 1855, and is of German and Irish ancestors, who settled there at an early period in its history. His father, John Russell, was born in Lawrence county, Pennsyl- vania, and married Miss Julia A. Bryan. By occupation he is a farmer and live-stock dealer and has followed these pursuits throughout his entire life. He is now seventy-two years of age. His wife died in 1887, at the age of sixty-four years. In their family were seven sons and three HISTORY OF IDAHO. 481 daughters, all of whom are yet living. Leonard Russell, the grandfather of our subject, was a native of Manassas Gap, Virginia, and died at the age of eighty-nine years. Henry Agnew Russell, who was the third child in his father's family, was reared under the parental roof and acquired his education in the Jamestown Academy and the Pennsylvania State Normal School, after which he spent several years in Illinois, in teaching and studying. He then made his way across the Mississippi, and at dif- ferent times has been in southwestern Missouri, Kansas, Dakota and eastern Washington, teach- ing in most of those states. He came to his pres- ent home in 1892 and here has two hundred and forty acres of land. He has planted his trees twenty feet apart, alternating the apple trees with peaches, pears, cherries and prunes. Upon his arrival he erected a nice commodious residence, in which he and his family reside, and all the other accessories of the model farm are there found, in addition to the fruits mentioned. Being a practical nurseryman he propagates ornamental trees and plants as well as fruit trees, and raises wheat, oats, corn, beans, barley, tim- othy and clover hay, flax, live stock, poultry and Italian bees. While the orchard was young he planted it with beans, placing five rows between the trees, believing the growing of a leguminous crop to be much better than to leave the ground uncultivated and uncovered. He raised one thou- sand pounds of beans to the acre, last season's crop amounting to eighteen tons, without taking any of the tree food from the ground, and the land seemed benefited by the methods which he followed. He has taken a very active interest in fruit culture and fruit shipping, his present orchard consisting of more than ten thousand trees, mostly coming in bearing, the output amounting to five carloads last season, and it would be almost impossible to find any one better informed on the subject than he, having propa- gated most of the orchard trees now bearing in the Potlatch fruit belt. Mr. Russell was assistant collector of fruits, etc., for the World's Columbian Exposition, which display from Idaho was so greatly admired and highly spoken of. He was also the first ap- pointed fruit inspector of Idaho and has served continuously under the different laws enacted. The work of this officer is to inspect the orchards, to direct and compel the ridding them of fruit pests and noxious weeds and to aid in promoting and protecting the horticultural interests of the commonwealth and preventing the sale or dis- tribution of infected fruits, etc. He was the rep- resentative of the Potlatch fruit-growers at the Spokane Fruit Fair for three years, and received the gold medal for their display of fruits. He is one of the vice-presidents of the Northwestern Fruit Growers' Association, and it was from their exhibition at the Columbian Exposition that the fruit was taken which won the first prize in com- petition with the apples of the world. Very suc- cessful fruit fairs are now held in Spokane annu- ally, and the horticultural interests of the north- west are thereby greatly advanced. Mr. Russell has built a fruit evaporator on his property with a capacity of three tons of green fruit daily, and is thereby prepared to care for the products of his orchard when the market will not pay fair prices for the fresh fruit. He has served for some years as inspector and secretary of the Potlatch Horti- cultural Association, and is regarded as one of the leading representatives of the fruit-raising inter- ests of Idaho. Mr. Russell was married September 15, 1886, to Miss Minnie O. Burns, a native of Ray county, Missouri, and a daughter of Agnew Burns. They now have three children, Emile H., Frederick A. and Floyd E. In politics Mr. Russell is a Repub- lican,' locally casting his vote without regard to party ties. He belongs to the Modern Woodmen of the World and the Knights of Pythias fra- ternity, and is held in high esteem by all who know him. LEMUEL C. NEAL. A representative of the mercantile interests of Lewiston, Lemuel C. Neal is engaged in the furniture and undertaking business and is a most energetic, enterprising man, whose success comes to him as the reward of his well directed efforts, and is therefore justly deserved. He is native of Wisconsin, his birth having occurred at Sun Prairie, Dane county, on the I2th of June, 1845. His ancestors were early settlers of Maine, and there his parents, Thomas and Olive (Dalton) Neal, were born, reared and married. In 1843 they removed to Wisconsin, locating within its borders ere its admission to the Union. In 1867 482 HISTORY OF IDAHO. they went to Kansas, purchased lands at Beloit, and there the father carried on agricultural pur- suits until his death, which occurred in 1887, when he had reached the age of seventy-two years. His .wife departed this life in her fifty- sixth year. They had nine children, of whom six are living. Lemuel C. Neal, the fifth in order of birth, was reared to manhood on his father's farm in Wis- consin, and pursued his education through the winter seasons in a log school house, while in the summer months he assisted in the labors of culti- vating the fields. When he was but sixteen years of age the country became involved in the great civil war, and from the beginning his patriotic spirit prompted his enlistment. It was not until the 29th of September, 1862, however, when he was seventeen years of age, that he was received, but the demand for soldiers had then become so great that the enlisting officers did not draw the lines so closely, and he was enrolled among the boys in blue of Company I, Twelfth Wisconsin Infantry. He participated in the siege and cap- ture of Vicksburg, under General Grant, and was later, with General Sherman, in the memorable Atlanta campaign, taking part in the thirty-days fighting before the city was reached and captured. Then came the celebrated march to the sea, and later he participated in the grand review in Wash- ington, the most brilliant military pageant ever seen in the western hemisphere, the victorious army marching through the streets of the capital city that was the seat of a government whose power and supremacy they had established by the force of arms. Mr. Neal then returned to Wisconsin, and was honorably discharged in June, 1865, after two years and nine months of faithful service. He participated in many a hard- fought battle, including the terrible battle of At- lanta, but had the good fortune to return to his home with only a slight flesh wound. The record of the boy soldier was a most brilliant and credit- able one, and he had just completed his twentieth year when mustered out. When the war was over and the country no longer needed his services, Mr. Neal engaged in farming in his native state, and also followed that occupation in Dakota, where he took up wild land from the government, transforming it into richly cultivated fields. He also erected and conducted a hotel in Larimore, North Dakota, for ten years, and there established a furniture and undertaking business, meeting with success in both lines of endeavor. His excellent business methods, strict integrity and careful management brought him prosperity, and he continued his active connec- tion with the business interests of that state until failing health caused him to seek a different loca- tion, and he found the needed change of climate in Lewiston. Here he purchased property -and built a good residence and store, opening a furni- ture and undertaking establishment. He has won an enviable reputation in business circles, and his reliability, reasonable prices and earnest desire to please his patrons have secured him a good trade. He studied embalming in the Minneapolis School of Embalming, and, having had an experience of twenty years in the business, is a careful and accomplished funeral director. In 1879 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Neal and Miss Ella Forest, a native of Canada. Four children have blessed their union, namely: John T, Olive E., Thomas F. and Mabel W. The parents are active and prominent members of the Presbyterian church, in which Mr. Neal is now serving as elder. He is a worthy member of R. B. Hayes Post, No. 2, G. A. R., at Lewiston, and while in Dakota filled all the offices of the post with which he was connected there. He is also a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges in Lewiston, and is highly esteemed in social, church and business circles, being true and faith- ful to every duty and in every relation of life. He is as loyal to the best interests of his country as when he followed the starry banner over the bat- tle fields of the south and valiantly fought for the preservation of the Union. JAMES COLSON. One of the respected pioneer farmers of Salu- bria is James Colson, who came to Idaho in 1864, and has since been engaged in stock-rais- ing. He was born in Ripley county, Indiana, October 23, 1834, a son of John and Polly (Allen) Colson, the former of whom was a farmer in Ken- tucky, moving to Iowa in 1850, where he was successful as a business man and land-owner. He died at the advanced age of seventy years. To him and his wife were born eight children, three of whom survive. HISTORY OF IDAHO, 483 James Colson was reared on his father's farm and received his education in the public schools, remaining at home until 1853, when he crossed the plains to California, locating in Siskiyou county. Here he engaged in mining, but met with only moderate success, notwithstanding the fact that he took out in one day four hundred dollars, which, with a great deal more, he lost in unprofitable mining enterprises. After three years spent in California he returned to his home by steamer and in 1860 went to Colorado, where he mined a year, then removed to Idaho in 1864, and during his many journeys never met with any misfortune. He resided two years at Idaho City and a similar length of time at Weiser, and in 1868 located in Salubria valley, on one hundred and sixty acres of land, and since then has been successfully engaged in raising cattle, horses and hogs. In politics Mr. Colson is a silver Repub- lican, but has never sought office, preferring to give his entire attention to his business. On July 3, 1856, our subject was married to Miss Margaret Ann Taylor, a native of Ohio, and of this union ten children were born, of whom five are now living, namely: Anthony M., Daniel S., Frank, Charles and George. Mr. and Mrs. Colson are consistent members of the Methodist church, of which he is one of the pillars. Thor- oughly reliable in all his dealings, Mr. Colson possesses the high regard and confidence of all with whom he comes in contact. JAMES J. ROGERS. The life of James J. Rogers has not been one of unvarying monotony, circumscribed by the habits, thoughts and customs of some narrow community, but contains many interesting inci- dents that come with travel and extensive inter- course with the world. Born on the Atlantic coast, he has visited foreign lands, has viewed many of the interesting scenes of our own coun- try, and is now located in the beautiful city of Boise, which nestles in one of the loveliest valleys of the Pacific slope. There he is successfully engaged in the practice of law, and in the political affairs of the state he is no unimportant factor. A native of Maryland, he was born in the city of Baltimore, on the 24th of July, 1862, and is of Irish lineage. His parents, Joseph P. and Eliza- beth (Donahue) Rogers, were both natives of Bel- fast, Ireland, and in 1858 crossed the Atlantic to Baltimore, where the father devoted his energies to bookkeeping. In politics he was a Democrat, and in religious belief both he and his wife were Catholics. His death occurred on the I4th of April, 1895, when he had reached the age of six- ty-two years, and his wife passed away on the 22d of February, 1878, at the age of thirty-nine years. They were the parents of nine children, seven of whom are residents of either Illinois or Iowa. During his childhood James J. Rogers re- moved with his parents from his southern home to New York city, and in America's metropolis he spent his early boyhood. He there attended the public schools, and after the removal of the family to Peoria, Illinois, he was a student in the Christian Brothers' College of that city for sev- eral years. On putting aside his text-books he entered the theatrical profession, and played with several companies in the south and southwest. In 1882, however, he abandoned the histrionic art and entered the Washington University, at St. Louis, Missouri, where he pursued a special course in painting, and for. some time thereafter engaged in portrait-painting and decorating. He has traveled extensively and has gained that knowledge and culture which only travel can bring. He has visited China and Japan in the Orient, our new possessions in the Pacific, the lately annexed Hawaiian islands, the cold regions of Alaska, and many points in the United States that are of interest to the traveler. For six years he resided in Nevada, and two years in Utah and Montana, and on the I2th of February, 1892, arrived in Boise. Here he entered upon the study of law in the office of Hon. J. H. Rich- ards, and was admitted to the bar in 1895, after which he began the practice of the profession as a partner of his former preceptor. He is now alone, occupying a suite of rooms in the Sonna Block, and at the bar is meeting with success. He is also a very active and influential factor in politics, and was one of the founders of the Populist party in Idaho. He served as secretary of the first state central committee, and also held that office in 1894 and 1895. The following year he was elected to the house of representatives of Idaho and was recognized as one of the most effective debaters and active workers in that assembly. 484 HISTORY OF IDAHO. In 1893 he served as secretary of the state senate. On the 2d of January, 1889, while residing at Elko, Nevada, Mr. Rogers was happily married to Miss Rose Gertrude Garrecht, a native of that place. They now have two interesting children: Lucille Mary and James J. Mr. Rogers and his wife enjoy the hospitality of the best homes of Boise and occupy an enviable position in cul- tured society circles. He is a gentleman of much ability and great versatility of talent. On the stage, in the field of painting and at the bar he has scored notable successes. His broad culture and wide general knowledge, arising from his travels, makes him a most entertaining conver- sationalist, and he is a most companionable gen- tleman, whose unfailing courtesy renders him a favorite with all. i LAMBERT L. STRONG. Lambert Leroy Strong, one of Lewiston's rep- resentative and enterprising citizens, engaged in the undertaking and embalming business here for the past fifteen years, was born in Franklin county, Ohio, August 8, 1849. He is of Scotch descent and his ancestors were early settlers of New York. The paternal grandfather was a Methodist minister and became one of the pio- neer settlers of Ohio. His son, Caleb Strong, the father of our subject, was born in Ohio, and married Miss Albinia Lambertson. When our subject was only five years of age they removed with their family to Cedar county, Iowa. The father served his country in the war with Mex- ico, and in 1862 started across the plains to Cali- fornia, but died at Fort Kearney, at the age of fifty years. His wife still survives him and is now sixty-eight years of age. They had four children, of whom three are living. The eldest of the family, Lambert L. Strong, spent his boyhood days under the -parental roof, and as soon as old enough to handle the plow began work in the fields. He assisted in the culti- vation of the fields through the summer months and in the winter season pursued his education in a little log school-house. On attaining his majority he enlisted in the regular army, and served for three years, receiving an honorable discharge on the expiration of that term. In 1879 he came to Lewiston and entered from the government a claim of one hundred and sixty acres of land, which he has improved and still owns. He has erected a good residence on the place and now has the fields planted to wheat. He also has a good residence in Lewiston, where he and his family make their home. For some years Mr. Strong has been engaged in the under- taking business, and in 1888 pursued a course in the embalming school conducted by Dr. Rogers, of San Francisco. He was graduated there Oc- tober 23, 1890, and has since done most excellent work in the line of embalming. He keeps a large line of caskets and everything pertaining to a first-class undertaking business, and has acquired an excellent reputation. His reliable business methods have gained him a very desirable posi- tion in the ranks of the leading business men of Lewiston, all of whom entertain for him the high- est regard and accord him their confidence. In 1877 Mr. Strong led to the marriage altar Miss Ester A. Blackington, a native of Illinois and a daughter of M. R. Blackington, who re- moved from Vermont to Illinois. Mrs. Strong is a valued member of the Methodist church, and Mr. Strong holds membership in the Knights of Pythias fraternity. Both have many warm friends in Lewiston, won through their sterling qualities of mind and heart. In his political views and affiliations Mr. Strong was for many years connected with the Republican party, but now disagrees with it on the great money ques- tion. He has served his city as one of her coun- cilmen and has twice been elected coroner of Nez Perces county. His duties have been promptly and faithfully performed, and no trust reposed in him, whether of a public or private nature, has ever been betrayed. JOHN CORAM. One of the most extensive land-owners and stockmen of Camas prairie is John Coram, who, through his well directed efforts has achieved a most creditable success in his business career and has not only won a handsome competence but has gained the confidence and respect of all, by rea- son of his honorable methods and reliability. A native of Bristol, England, he was born August i, 1841, his parents being William and Jane (Dunn) Coram, both of whom were natives of England. They were married in that country and in 1847 emigrated to Canada, becoming re- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 485 spected farming people of the British domain. The mother died there in 1853, at tne a ge of thirty-two years, leaving her husband and two children to mourn her loss. Mr. Coram reached the advanced age of seventy-four years. John Coram obtained his education in Can- ada, and became a seafaring man. He was upon the ocean from 1860 until 1883, occupying the position of engineer on a steamer. On December 21, 1861, when on the steamship Columbus, in Central America, he was shipwrecked, the vessel running ashore and dashing to pieces against the rocks in the night. On the 27th of July, 1862, he was on the fated steamer Golden Gate, when she was lost by fire while en route from San Francisco to Panama. Two hundred and thirty passengers were lost. Mr. Coram escaped death by swimming ashore, but he can never forget the terrible disaster. The boat ran toward shore, but he did not leave his post until the flames envel- oped the sixteen-foot ladder upon which he had to depend if he escaped. He was badly burned, but rushed through the flames, jumped over- board into the water and swam ashore, a dis- tance of about five hundred yards. The marks of that catastrophe he still carries with him in the scars of his burns. During his "life on the ocean wave" he experienced many hardships and dan- gers and visited many portions of the world, so that he has a broad and comprehensive knowl- edge of the globe and can relate most interesting anecdotes of his voyages and the sights he has witnessed in foreign ports. In 1883 Mr. Coram came to Camas prairie and took up one hundred and sixty acres of land, since which time he has engaged in raising cat- tle, horses and hogs, of the Durham, Shire and Poland-China breeds, respectively. He and his brother have had as high as four hundred head of cattle, one hundred head of horses and one hundred and fifty head of hogs at one time, and have added to their landed possessions until their farm property aggregates eighteen hundred and sixty acres of the rich productive land of Camas prairie. They have met with almost phenomenal success in their undertakings since coming to Idaho sixteen years ago, the rich land affording them excellent returns for their labors, while in their stock-raising industry they have been equally prosperous. They are gentlemen of ex- cellent business ability and marked energy and well deserve to be ranked among the leading cit- izens of this section of Idaho. Mr. Coram of this review was married in No- vember, 1884, to Miss Mary Catherine Carroth- ers, a native of Westminster, Canada. Their children are: Maude V., Olive G., Cassia M., Jessie I. and Edwin. They are an interesting family and have many friends in the community. Mr. Coram belongs to the Masonic and Odd Fellows fraternities, takes a deep interest in edu- cational affairs and gives an earnest and hearty support to all measures calculated to advance the material, social, moral or intellectual welfare of the community in which he resides. EDWARD E. LORTON. Edward Ewell Lorton, the proprietor of The City Drug Store, at Salubria, is a native of Mis- souri, his birth having occurred in Montgomery county, that state, on the 29th of May, 1866. The family of which he is a representative is of Eng- lish origin, and the ancestry can be traced back to John S. Lorton, the great-grandfather of our subject, who took up his abode in Baltimore, Maryland, at one time owning the town location, whence he afterward removed to Norfolk, North Carolina, in 1801, and there his son, John J., the grandfather of our subject, was born, March 2O, 1805. In 1810 John S. Lorton and family removed to Warren county, Kentucky, where William H. Lorton, father of Edward Ewell Lor- ton, was born, February 20, 1827. Having ar- rived at years of maturity he married Miss Mary A. Sailor, their union being solemnized Novem- ber n, 1854. She was a native of Missouri, in which state William H. Lorton engaged in stock dealing. He owned a large amount of land there and carried on business on an extensive scale. In 1888 he came with his family to Idaho, locat- ing in Salubria, where he is now living a retired life. Edward E. Lorton, whose name introduces this sketch, is the fifth in order of birth in a family of six children. He was educated in Shell City, Missouri, and for a number of years successfully engaged in teaching school, being a most able and efficient instructor, having marked ability to impart clearly and concisely to others the knowl- edge that he had acquired. In 1895 he purchased 486 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the pioneer drug store of Salubria, it having been established by W. D. Shaw, in 1889. From the beginning Mr. Lorton has enjoyed a good trade, which is constantly increasing, and the prosperity which is attending his efforts, is well deserved. As a business man he is highly regarded for his probity, and his upright, honorable methods com- mend him to the confidence and support of all. In politics he is a Democrat and religiously he is connected with the Christian church. A popular resident of Salubria, having many friends in the community, he is justly deserving mention among the representative men of western Idaho. JOHN W. DANIELS. The public-school system of Boise is a monu- ment to the character and labors of Professor John W. Daniels. There is no nobler profession to which man may devote his energies than that of the teacher. What man prominent in public life does not attribute his success in a considerable measure to the influence of some teacher whose instruction he enjoyed in youth? The thoughts implanted in the young minds grow and develop, and largely shape the destinies of those by whom they have been received. It is therefore of the utmost importance that the training of the young shall be entrusted to those who have a just appre- ciation of the responsibilities that rest upon them, who realize the value of physical, mental and moral development, who can instruct the chil- dren how best to use their powers, and, while promoting intellectual activity, neglect not to sow the seeds of character that will produce high ideals of manhood and womanhood. Such is the mission of the teacher, and such has been the life work of John W. Daniels. Professor Daniels was born in England, on the ist of January, 1846, and when five years of age was brought to America by his parents, Thomas and Margaret (Sullivan) Daniels, who crossed the Atlantic with their five children, and located near Boston, Massachusetts. The father had learned the dyer's trade in England and had be- come very proficient in that line of work, which he successfully followed during his residence in this country. He departed this life in the sixty- third year of his age, his wife having died ten years previously. Their son, John W. Daniels, acquired his early education in the public schools, where he was always known as a bright and enthusiastic stu- dent. In his young manhood he engaged in school-teaching, whereby he acquired the capital which enabled him to pursue his studies in higher institutions of learning. He pursued a literary course in New Hampton, New Hampshire, where his Greek and Latin studies were directed by the celebrated Dr. Andrews. He continued studying and teaching alternately until his graduation in Bates College, of Lewiston, Maine, in 1876. The great persistence which he displayed in the ac- quirement of his education has marked his busi- ness career throughout life. For some time he was engaged in teaching in the Westbrook Semi- nary and Female College, at Westbrook, Maine, and during that time Mr. Lippincott, now an ex- sheriff of Boise county, was one of his pupils. In 1876 Professor Daniels was united in mar- riage to Miss Alice S. Steward, of North Anson, Maine, and in 1881 they came to Boise, where they have since made their home. At that time the public-school system had not been estab- lished, there was no good school building in the town, and less than two hundred pupils. When the large and handsome central school building, containing sixteen rooms, was erected, the school board was severely criticized for putting up a structure of such dimensions, but it is now crowded to its utmost capacity, and two other fine brick edifices are included within the school property of Boise. Professor Daniels at once commenced his work of organizing a public- school system, and has been seconded in all his efforts by the school board, who have the utmost confidence in the ability and trustworthiness of their superintendent of public instruction. Thus assisted by a progressive board, he has prose- cuted his labors along advanced lines, introduc- ing the best methods of teaching and securing all the modern appliances which aid in the ac- quirement of an education. His labors are by everyone spoken of in terms of the highest praise, and the schools of Boise rank with the best in the land. A man of scholastic attainments and broad general knowledge, Professor Daniels is also an excellent disciplinarian, an enthusiastic instructor and a gentleman of culture and refine- ment, never failing to leave the impress of his own individuality upon the minds and characters HISTORY OF IDAHO. 487 of his pupils. He is assisted by a most efficient corps of teachers, and the work done in the school is alike creditable to the instructors and the pupils. The latter are furnished with all things necessary for their school work, from the most advanced text-books down to lead pencils and even pencil sharpeners. In teachers-institute work Professor Daniels is also very successful, for his methods are practical and appeal at once to the intelligence of those whom he is directing. He has the faculty of im- parting clearly and readily to others the knowl- edge he has acquired and of inspiring other teach- ers with his own enthusiasm and interest in the work. In 1885, after having advanced the schools of Boise to a high standard of proficiency, he resigned his position, studied law and was admitted to the bar of the supreme court. He then practiced in Boise with good success for six years, but during this time the schools degener- ated, and the board induced him to again resume the superintendency, giving him a salary of two thousand dollars per year. Almost as if by magic the tone of the school was improved, and Boise has now every reason to be proud of her excellent educational system. In April, 1899, Professor Daniels was re-elected to the superintendency, and his long service is certainly an incontrovert- ible argument in evidence of his marked ability. The home of Professor and Mrs. Daniels is the center of a cultured society circle. Mrs. Dan- iels possesses that grace of manner and cordiality that renders her a charming hostess. She is an excellent pianist and her husband possesses a fine tenor voice, so that music is often a feature of their pleasant ''at homes." Their residence is surrounded by most tasteful and beautiful grounds, and the air of culture and gracious cordiality that pervades the place is most pleas- ing. The Professor ranks among the most noted educators of the northwest, and the high char- acter of his work shows forth the lofty principles which permeate all that he says or does. GEORGE A. FROST. The horologe of time has marked off thirty- nine years since George Ai Frost came to the Pacific coast, and thirty years have been added to the cycle of the centuries since his arrival in Lewiston. He is numbered among the esteemed and valued residents of this place, and as a repre- sentative citizen of northern Idaho well deserves mention in this volume. He was born in St. Auburns, Somerset county, Maine, November 14, 1836, and is of Scotch and English lineage. His parents were both natives of Kennebec county, Maine, and in 1852 the father came to the west, making the journey by way of the Panama route. He first located in California, where he engaged in mining, and was one of the first at the Corn- stock lead, in Nevada. He later removed to Walla Walla, Washington, where his death oc- curred in 1878, when he had reached the age of seventy-eight years. His widow still resides there and is now in her seventy-ninth year. George A. Frost is the eldest of their three children. He was educated in Dexter, Maine, and when his father returned to the Pine Tree state for the family he came to the Pacific coast. They followed the isthmus route and located in California, our subject engaging in mining on the American river. He afterward went to Nevada, where he took out considerable gold, and then sold his claim for twenty-seven thousand dollars. Then followed a period in which he was not quite so successful, and he returned to the east by the overland route. He paid Charles A. Robinson fifteen hundred dollars for a claim which was represented to be very rich, and then again crossed the plains for the purpose of finding and working his new claim, but he never found it. He then prospected in the Coeur d'Alene moun- tains for three years, and discovered a valuable claim, which he still owns and which is now about to be developed. It is located between the Coeur d'Alene and Buffalo Hump, and is a very rich property. Mr. Frost, however, has not confined his atten- tion and energies entirely to mining interests. While in San Francisco he studied photography, and in 1871 opened an art gallery in Lewiston, where he carried on business for three winters. Subsequently he accepted a position in John Brearley's private bank and was thus employed until the death of Mr. Brearley. In 1875 he was superintendent of the Rescue mine at Warrens. He was also engaged in the draying business for a number of years, but eventually sold out and is now partially retired from active business. How- ever, he looks after his property interests, hav- 488 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ing considerable improved and unimproved city property, and personally superintends its sales. He manages his business interests with marked ability, and his undaunted enterprise, strong reso- lution and native sagacity have been the salient features in his success. Mr. Frost was united in marriage to Miss Angeletta Sidelinger, a native of Maine, and to them have been born a son and two daughters: Caro C, George H. and Alta A. In his political views Mr. Frost has always been a stalwart Re- publican, unswerving in his allegiance to the party. He was elected and served for five years as a member of the city council of Lewiston, and has ever been active in promoting the best inter- ests of the town, giving his aid to all measures tending to advance the social, intellectual, ma- terial and moral welfare. He has witnessed almost the entire development of this region. When he came to Lewiston there were but four ranches under cultivation near the city, and all goods were brought by pack trains. Now this is a beautiful railroad center, surrounded by a splen- did agricultural district, the fields of waving grain giving evidence of a prosperous and contented people. HON. RUEL ROUNDS. Ex-Senator Ruel Rounds, postmaster and prominent citizen 6f Idaho Falls, was born in Rutland, Vermont, September 3, 1841, a son of William M. and Maria (Sanderson) Rounds, both natives of Vermont, where his ancestors were early settlers. Forefathers of his in both lines fought for American liberty in the Revolutionary war. His parents were members of the Metho- dist Episcopal church and wielded an influence for good upon all who knew them. His father, who was a successful farmer, died in his fifty- eighth year. His mother died ten years younger. Of their eight children, five are living and Ruel was the first born. After having gained requisite primary educa- tion in the district schools near his home, Ruel Rounds entered Windsor College, from which in- stitution he was "graduated" into the United States Army in May, 1861, without waiting to finish his classical course. He became a member of Company K, First Regiment Vermont Volun- teer Infantry, and on the loth of June, the next month after his enlistment, received his "baptism of fire," in the battle of Big Bethel. His term of service expired in 1862, and he re-enlisted in Company K, Twelfth Regiment, Vermont Volun- teer Infantry, which was included in the Army of the Potomac. He was in numerous engage- ments, among them those of Falmouth, Fred- ericksburg and Gettysburg, where he participated in heavy and prolonged fighting. At the end of his term of enlistment he received a second hon- orable discharge from the service in the United States Army. Returning to the life of a private citizen, he was for two years engaged in the marble business.' In 1866 he left New York city for the west and arrived in Virginia City, Mon- tana, in the fall. A little later he joined a com- pany of prospectors bound for the Wind River mountain, where he prospected during the winter and spring of 1866-7, an d early in the summer following he established a trading post at South Bitter Creek, on the stage road between Denver, Colorado, and Salt Lake City, Utah. While this enterprise promised well at the outset, it was doomed to an early termination, for the estab- lishment was wiped out of existence by Indians, July 7, 1867, and its proprietor was left nothing but his rifle and the clothes he wore. A posi- tion as guard on the stage line was offered him by the Wells-Fargo Express Company, and he accepted it, the more gladly because he hoped some day to get a shot at some of the redskins who had despoiled him. Whether he did or not he never knew, for he never recognized any of the Indians who from time to time were defeated in attacks on the stages on which he rode. The life was an exciting one, and he continued it until the Union Pacific railroad was completed to Green river, Wyoming. He then engaged in merchandising along the line of construction, stopping for a longer or shorter time at different points, as business policy appeared to dictate. When the two branches were completed to the junction, in 1869, he sold his stock in trade and for about two years mined with considerable suc- cess in the Sweet Water mining country. Again he started up a business in marble, this time in Denver, Colorado, but he sold it out after two years to go back to mining in the San Juan dis- trict in that state. There he operated to some good purpose, and in 1878 he went to Silver Cliff, a new mining town in the Wet Mountain valley. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 489 He was successful there for two years and then mined a year at Leadville. At this time oppor- tunity for merchandising with profit along the line of construction of the Mexican Central Rail- road was presented. He availed himself of the opportunity and operated at different points be- tween El Paso del Norte and the city of Mex- ico until the railroad was completed. He then returned to Colorado, and in 1885 went thence to southwestern Kansas, where he developed into an efficient and prominent real-estate operator and from 1885 to 1880 helped to "boom" several Kansas towns. In 1889 he returned to Colorado. In 1890 he took up his residence in Idaho Falls, where he bought land, and was interested with others in the purchase of all the unsold lots in the original town site and also bought more land outside the town limits and helped to plat addi- tions thereto and became one of the leading pro- moters of the town. In 1893 ne was appointed, by Governor Mc- Connell, commissioner for Bingham county, a responsible position, in which he served with great ability and credit for two years, assisting to adjust satisfactorily all matters of difference between Bingham and adjacent counties, grow- ing out of the erection of several new counties from the territory formerly known as Oneida county. His part in these important affairs was taken so creditably that he was the most available Republican candidate for the state senatorship, in the campaign that followed. He was elected and made an enviable record as a senator, plac- ing himself on the right side of much important legislation and bearing a conspicuous part in the movement which seated Hon. George L. Shoup in the United States senate. In 1897 Mr. Rounds was appointed postmaster of Idaho Falls, and it is a noteworthy fact that his was the first appoint- ment by the present administration in the state of Idaho, it having been confirmed by the sen- ate April 19, 1897. Mr. Rounds entered upon the performance of the duties of this 'office June I, following, and is discharging them in such man- ner as to win the approbation of all classes of citizens. Mr. Rounds has seven hundred and twenty acres of rich farming land near Idaho Falls, and a fine fruit farm at one side of the town. His residence in Idaho Falls is one of the finest in the city and he owns other town property. His interest in everything which affects the welfare of the people of Idaho Falls and the growth and development of the city along all industrial, com- mercial and financial lines, is deep and abiding, and as a citizen and an official he has the respect of all who have knowledge of his straightforward methods and uprightness of character. JOSEPH ALEXANDER. There is ever an element of interest in the his- tory of a self-made man, one who starts out in life empty-handed and wrests fortune from an adverse fate. Obstacles and difficulties are en- countered, but to the man of resolute purpose these but call for renewed effort and serve as stepping stones to something higher. The life record of Mr. Alexander stands in exemplifica- tion of what may be accomplished in this free land of ours, where the man of ambition and de- termination is unhampered by caste or class. He was born in Adelsheim, in the grand duchy of Baden, Germany, on the i7th of March, 1837, his parents being Samuel and Caroline (Stein- hart) Alexander. The father was a dealer in cat- tle and horses. Both parents were Hebrews in religious faith, and the mother departed this life in her forty-fourth year, while the father reached the ripe old age of seventy-one. They had two sons and two daughters, all yet living. Joseph Alexander attended the public schools of his na- tive land until his sixteenth year, when he bade adieu to home and friends and crossed the Atlan- tic to America, hoping to make a fortune in the New World. He was a poor boy and the lan- guage of the people was unknown to him, but with a stout heart and ready hands he began work, being employed for a few years as clerk in a general store in New York city. During that time he became familiar with the methods of merchandising and thus was well fitted for carry- ing on business on his own account. In 1857 Mr. Alexander sailed for California, going by way of the isthmus of Panama, and ar- riving at San Francisco in the same year. There he secured a clerkship which continued for three years, during which time he saved his earnings and was thus enabled to embark in business on his own account. At the Metropolitan market he began dealing in live and dressed poultry, and 490 HISTORY OF IDAHO. was thus engaged until, attracted by the gold discoveries in Idaho, he came to this state with Mr. Strouce, for whom he clerked for a few years. He then began business on his own ac- count in Lewiston, and the history of his ven- ture has been one of remarkable success from the beginning. He first opened a general mer- cantile store on the street next to the river, and in 1883 erected his present large store and ware- house. He carries a large stock of general mer- chandise and does an extensive and profitable business. So successful has he been in this ven- ture that he has been enabled to establish branch stores in Grangeville, Genesee and Oaksdale, all of which are now paying investments. He has also judiciously invested in lands, until he is now the owner of about four thousand acres, com- prising some of the finest farms of the state. He also owns several good buildings in Lewiston, including a fine residence property, and for some years has been prominently connected with the Lewiston National Bank, as vice-president, di- rector and stockholder. Mr. Alexander has long taken a deep and active interest in the affairs of the town, has been instrumental in promoting many of its beneficial measures, and for fourteen years has served as a member of the city council, exercising his of- ficial prerogatives in support of all movements calculated for the public good. In politics he is a Republican, and socially he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. His business career has been remarkably successful, but his wealth is the natural effect following cause. Energy, untiring labor, keen business discernment and unfailing honesty, these have made him a prosperous man, and at all times his uprightness and reliability have won him the re- gard and confidence of those with whom he has been brought in contact. LOUIS F. HORNING. Louis F. Horning, who follows farming on Camas prairie, is a native of the Sunset state, his birth having there occurred August 20, 1851. .His father, Frederick Horning, was born in Prussia, August 9, 1822, and was educated in Germany, after which he came with his father, George God- frey Horning, to America. The last named was likewise a Prussian by birth, and on crossing the Atlantic he took up his residence in St. Louis, being one of the pioneers of that now populous city. For fifteen hundred dollars he sold ten acres of land which is now in the heart of the city and is now worth an almost fabulous price. He afterward went to Westport, Missouri, and located on the present site of Kansas City, where his heirs now have a vineyard which he formerly owned. He lived to be ninety-three years of age, and died in 1870. Frederick Horning, the father of our subject, went to Milwaukee, Oregon, in 1849, a * which time that little place had hopes of becoming the metropolis of the state. Later he settled near Corvallis and purchased a donation claim, which he improved, transforming it into a good farm. He spent his last days in retirement from labor, and died in 1892, at the age of seventy years. He married Miss Mary A. Johnson, a native of Ken- tucky. Her father crossed the plains with his family at a very early day and suffered greatly on the journey. The wife and one daughter died on the plains. The mother of our subject de- parted this life in her thirty-ninth year. Like her husband she was a faithful member of the Pres- byterian church, and they were regarded by all who knew them as people of the highest respecta- bility and worth. Mr. Horning was also a mem- ber of the Masonic fraternity. They were laid to rest in the cemetery near Corvallis, but their memory remains as a good influence with all who knew them. They had a family of eleven chil- dren, all of whom are yet living. Louis F. Horning, their second child and oldest son, completed his literary education in Corvallis College, and then learned the printer's trade in Corvallis, following. that occupation for a time. He afterward removed to southeastern Oregon and for seven years was successfully engaged in the stock business there. In 1879 he came to Camas prairie, locating at his present place of residence, where he took up a government claim of one hundred and sixty acres. To this he has added until his landed possessions now aggre- gate three hundred and twenty acres. He was still single when he came to the farm. In 1880, however, he married Miss Dora Spooner, who was born in Missouri, but was reared in New York and Maine. He then erected a more com- modious residence and also built substantial HISTORY OF IDAHO. 491 barns and other outbuildings necessary for the shelter of grain and stock. He now has a highly improved farm and was one of the pioneer fruit men of this region, especially in the cultivation of peaches. He now has a most excellent or- chard, and everything about the place indicates the careful supervision of a practical and pro- gressive owner. The home has been blessed with the presence of five daughters and two sons, namely: Emma, Mary, Cora, Ella, Nellie, Charles and Arthur, all of whom were born on the farm and are still under the parental roof. In his political views Mr. Horning is a Demo- crat, exercising his right of franchise in sup- port of the men and measures of the party, yet never seeking office for himself, preferring to de- vote his time and energies to his business inter- ests, in which he is meeting with good success. He has always resided in the northwest, and is thoroughly identified with this region, its inter- ests and its upbuilding, ever lending his aid to all measures for the public good. CAPTAIN R. PICKERING. The veteran soldier who risked his life in de- fense of the flag, all things else being equal, takes high rank as a citizen. This may be partly be- cause of the. quality of the patriotism of the American public, but there is another reason for the pre-eminence of the veteran. The man who has the form of character to rise to distinction as a soldier possesses the resourceful perseverance so necessary to success in other fields. Captain R. Pickering, who has been a prominent resident of Genesee from its earliest history, was born in Belmont county, Ohio, May 3, 1842, and comes of a very old and honorable English family. The progenitor of the 'American branch was Joseph Pickering, who settled in New England in 1711, and he and his posterity were conspicuous in colonial history .and in the struggle for American independence. John Pickering, grandfather of R. Pickering, was born in Virginia, was a successful farmer in that state and removed to Ohio, where he was a pioneer. There his son, Elisha Pickering, father of R. Pickering, was born, and there he married Miss Mary Berry. He removed later in life to Iowa, and thence to Nebraska, where he died in 1891, aged eighty-six years. His wife died two years previously. This worthy couple were of Quaker stock and were strict adherents to the faith of their forefathers. R. Pickering, their only son, had the advantages of excellent moral training and was educated in the common schools of Ohio. He had not yet celebrated his nineteenth birthday, when, in 1861, President Lincoln issued his first call for seventy-five thousand volunteers, for three months, to sup- press in the south an insurrectionary movement whose vitality and longevity had been terribly miscalculated. The next call was for a large number of men to serve for three years or during the war. In response to this call, now that war was upon the country and there was little pros- pects of soon dispelling it, young Pickering of- fered himself for his country's service, and Sep- tember 23, 1 86 1, enlisted in Company K, Fif- teenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He served in the Army of the Cumberland. His first engage- ment, at Stone River, turned out somewhat disas- trously for him. He was slightly wounded and pretty thoroughly stunned, and when he got his senses back he and others were prisoners in the hands of the "Johnny Rebs" and booked for Castle Thunder and Libby prison. He was pa- roled at the end of six weeks' memorable expe- rience. After he returned to the regiment he was in the fighting at Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and in the Atlanta campaign, a month of almost continuous battling, which ceased only when Atlanta fell. He was also in the engagement at Franklin and Nashville, Ten- nessee. In January, 1864, he re-enlisted and was commissioned captain of Company I, of the same regiment, which he commanded until the close of the war, when he was mustered out of the service* at San Antonio, Tex., November 26, 1865. After the war was over Captain Pickering re- turned to Ohio and for two years was engaged in merchandising. He then removed to Iowa and farmed there with success during the ensuing ten years. Selling out his interest in Iowa, Captain Pickering removed to Nebraska, where he re- ceived the appointment of clerk of the United States Indian agency and was later given charge of the agency. When the Indians were trans- ferred to the Indian Territory he accompanied them and remained in charge of them until he was given charge of the Pawnee agency. In 492 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 1889 he' took up his residence in eastern Oregon, and a few months later removed to Genesee, where he engaged in the loan and insurance busi- ness, which he has continued successfully to the present time. He represents a list of strong fire and life insurance companies, and as underwriter has always been exceedingly popular and given the most complete satisfaction to his patrons. He has invested quite heavily in real estate and owns and occupies one of the best residences in the city. He has, for a number of years, served the public well, and faithfully as justice of the peace and notary public. Captain Pickering was married February 21, 1867, to Miss Sarah E. Mead, a daughter of Filo Mead, and a native of his own county in Ohio. Captain and Mrs. Pickering have had seven chil- dren: Fred L.; Mary, M., who is Mrs. George Ingraham; Maud A., who died in her eighteenth year; Anna, who married Charles Power; J. L. ; Edna B., and A. F. Captain Pickering was made a Mason in 1868, has filled every important office and is past mas- ter of Unity Lodge, No. 32, of Genesee. He identified himself with the Grand Army of the Republic at the organization, has always worked ardently to advance its interests, is commander of Lyon Post, No. 24, and has been a member of the staff of the commander of the Idaho state department. As a business man, citizen, public officer and veteran soldier, Captain Pickering takes high rank. He is a man of pleasing per- sonality, genial, sympathetic and helpful, and his friends are many and steadfast. GEORGE N. IFFT. George N. Ifft, of the firm of Ifft & Wallin, proprietors and managers of the Pocatello Trib- une, is a native of Butler county, Pennsylvania, born January 27, 1865. He began .newspaper work, as a reporter, in Pittsburg, that state, and continued in that capacity and in various edi- torial relations in other cities, as Washington, D. C., Chicago, Denver, Salt Lake City and San Francisco, until January i, 1893, when he came to Idaho, locating at Pocatello, and since that time he has been connected with the Pocatello Tribune, as more fully described in our sketch of that paper. Mr. Ifft is a Republican, but is one of those who have always been firm believers in silver as advocated by the people of the west generally, and as such has taken an active part in the poli- tics of the state. William Wallin is a practical, all-around news- paper man, who came to Idaho in 1893, after a service extending over a number of years in vari- ous capacities on papers in Ogden and Salt Lake City. BENJAMIN BENNETT. There have been few more impressive lessons of the value of faithfulness in small things than that afforded by the struggles and triumphs of Benjamin Bennett of Idaho Falls, Idaho, who is prominent in the commercial circles of Idaho and_ adjoining states and whose high position as a merchant and as a citizen has been gained by honest devotion to every interest entrusted to him as boy and man. Benjamin Bennett was born in the north of Wales, January i, 1846. His parents, John and Jane (Roberts) Bennett, came to the United States in 1863, bringing with them their ten children, and settled at Fillmore, Millard county, Utah. In his native land the elder Bennett had been a sea captain and a river pilot. He became a farmer in Utah, where he died, aged forty-six, leaving the management of the farm and the care of the family to his son Benjamin, then a lad of sixteen, but one already used to work, and brave and resolute beyond most boys of his age; for he was the eldest son and his help had been re- quired several years earlier. After he was twelve years old he had no opportunity to attend school, and he may be truly said to be a man self-edu- cated and self-made, for he is a man of thorough and comprehensive mental training and of un- doubted standing. His mother and eight of her ten children are living and she has attained to the advanced age of seventy-six years. Young Bennett tried to do his duty, and in so doing made for himself a good reputation, which helped him to a higher business plane. He was called to a mercantile position and acquitted himself so creditably in it that his promotion was only a matter of time. In 1873 he was made manager of a co-operative store at Halden, Mil- lard county, Utah. He left that position to go to Frisco, Beaver county, Utah, where he be- came a partner in a mercantile house. Mean- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 493 time he had developed religiously until he was an able speaker and an efficient worker in the church of Latter Day Saints. He was chosen one of the elders of that church and for a time relinquished his business career to go on a mis- sionary tour through England. Two years were consumed in the work and his labors were crowned with gratifying success. On his return to Utah he was made manager of a store of the Beaver Co-operative Mercantile Institution, at Beaver, Beaver county, Utah. Later he had charge of a similar establishment at Provo City, Utah, and from there came to Idaho Falls, in 1894, to man- age the large mercantile house of the Zion Co- operative Mercantile Institution at that place. It may be edifying to note in this connection that this extensive business house is one of the branches of a large corporation, capitalized at one million two hundred and fifty thousand dol- lars, which has its principal offices at Salt Lake City, Utah, and, through favorably located branch stores, handles every kind of merchan- dise required by its trade. The concern owns and operates factories in which some classes of goods are made, and is enabled to buy other merchandise in large quantities, to be shipped by the carload to some of its important branch stores, including that at Idaho Falls. Under the management of Mr. Bennett, the business of the store has increased satisfactorily and extends into the country at least fifty miles in every di- rection. Goods are sold for cash or on credit to approved purchasers, and a discount is made in some classes of goods for spot cash, which is quite an inducement to thrifty buyers. Mr. Bennett is a Democrat, and while he has never been particularly active politically, he has been chosen to several important offices, among them that of mayor of Beaver, Utah, and county commissioner of Beaver county, Utah. Wher- ever he has lived, his influence has been for the public good. He was married in 1869 to Emma Jane Holman, daughter of James S. Holman, of Salt Lake City, Utah, who was a pioneer there in 1847. They have had twelve children, eleven of whom are living, all members of the church of Latter Day Saints. Three of the sons are mis- sionaries for the church, one in England, one in California and one in Oregon. CHAPTER XXXIII. BINGHAM COUNTY. WHILE not one of the most populous nor one of the most wealthy counties in the state, Bingham county does not by any means stand at the foot of the list. In 1891 the Idaho Register, published at Idaho Falls, in giving a description of Bingham county, stated that it was the largest county in the state. Its length was one hundred and sev- enty-six miles, its width ninety miles, and it con-_ tained about fourteen thousand square miles, or about eight million acres of land; it extended from the Montana line on the north to within about twenty-one miles of the Utah line on the south. By an act approved March 6, 1893, a strip of about fifty-six miles was taken from the south end of the county and a new county formed, called Bannock county, and by an act approved March 4, at the same session of the legislature, a strip of about seventy-five miles was taken from the north end, forming a new county, called Fremont. This left Bingham county about ninety miles east and west and about forty-five miles north and south. The central portion of the county is traversed by the Snake river, and what is known as the great Snake river valley composes a large part of the central portion of the county. It is a very fertile section of country. The most extensive yield of wheat, oats, hay and potatoes is here shown. Many fields of wheat average fifty bush- els to the acre, machine measure, which would usually hold out to nearly fifty-five bushels by weight, as nearly all the wheat runs sixty-two to sixty-three pounds to the bushel. Oats at ninety bushels to the acre, at forty pounds to the bushel, is not an unusual yield, in fact it is seldom that oats run less than forty pounds to the bushel and sometimes as high as forty-four. For quantity and quality of production there is no country that can excel and few can compare with this valley. All kinds of vegetables are raised, such as squash, pumpkins, turnips, beets and tomatoes, and while it cannot be called a corn country this product is often raised and matured. About two-thirds of the area of the county is mountainous. The foot-hills, valleys and can- yons furnish most excellent feed for cattle and horses, and during many seasons they are (espe- cially horses) allowed to roam during the entire winter to hunt their own feed, and they usually come out in the spring in good condition. The snow in the mountains does not commence to melt until June, when it furnishes an abundance of water for irrigating, the highest stages of the river being usually between the I5th of June and loth of July. The climate is mild, not exceedingly hot in the summer, the nights always being cool. The winters are not severe, although the mercury often indicates from fifteen to thirty degrees be- low zero. The atmosphere being dry, the cold is not felt to the extent the same degree of cold would be in a damper climate. The mountains abound in game such as elk, deer, antelope, moose, bear and mountain sheep, while small game, such as sage hens, prairie chickens, partridges, grouse, geese, ducks and rabbits, are found in the valleys, and the Snake river and its tributaries abound in trout. The altitude of the valley is from forty-four to forty-eight hundred feet above the sea, or about three hundred feet above Great Salt Lake, and in most instances the great storms that traverse the continent, especially those from the west, pass either to the north or south of this section. A blizzard or a cyclone is unknown in this valley. Whenever the weather is severely cold there is hardly a breath of air stirring. It is a beautiful sight on a frosty morning when the sun is just beginning to cast its first rays over the moun- tain tops to see the smoke from the scores of chimneys rising straight toward the sky for hun- dreds of feet. 494 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 495 All crops are raised by irrigation and a failure on account of drouth or excess of rainfall is not known. Being at the head of the water supply of the Snake river, there is no danger whatever of the supply being exhausted. A large amount of money has been expended in this vicinity in building irrigating canals. There are probably more miles of completed irrigating canals in this valley, and the greater part of them in this county, than in all other portions of the state combined. Xone of these are prospective canals, but each and every one of them is completed and supplying water to those having land under them, and, as before stated, these are all in Bing- ham county or its immediate vicinity. The immense canal system of the American Falls Power & Canal Company, consists of a main supply canal eighty feet wide at the top and sixty feet wide at the bottom. This canal is sixty-five miles long and one hundred miles of laterals convey the water 'to the lands to be irri- gated. The company has constructed an emer- gency reservoir covering three hundred acres of land, which will be used as a feeder on the lower end of the system. The canal leaves the Snake river about nine miles north of Blackfoot, on the west side, and takes a general southwesterly course, crossing the Oregon Short Line at American Falls. The system will water about seventy-five thousand acres of the finest and most fertile lands in the west, and as the canal has a carrying capacity sufficient to water ninety- six thousand acres, there will at all times be an abundance of water and the farmer who secures water under this system will be fortunate. The system is one of the most complete and exten- sive in the west, and one of the chief features to recommend it to a man looking for a home is the wise provision made by the company to the ef- fect that whenever sixty per cent, of the stock is sold the control and management of the com- pany passes to the farmers, thereby giving each man entitled to water from the canal a voice in the management of the company. The Snake river rises in the Yellowstone Na- tional Park, among the snow-capped peaks of the Teton mountains, and is one of the most beautiful rivers on the American continent. It affords an abundance of water at all times to irri- gate the immense tracts of land lying along its course, and at the same time would furnish power enough to turn the wheels of every manu- facturing plant in the Union. The land under this canal can be obtained at a nominal cost, and crops of all kinds can be raised at once. This makes it most desirable for the poor man or man with moderate means, as he can make a good living and at the same time meet his payments on the land. He has the best of markets and all the comforts and conveniences of society, schools and churches, as towns are being estab- lished every few miles along the canal. The Oregon Short Line Railroad passes through the county north and south, crossing the Snake river at Idaho Falls. The principal towns of the county are : Idaho Falls, Blackfoot (which is the county seat and location of the United States land-office), Basalt, Shelly, lona; with the settlements of Riverside, New Sweden, Tilden, Bryan, Presto, Leorin, Taylor, Ammon, Fairview, Gray, Coltman, Rosa, Goshen and Prospect. The population of the county is about eight thousand. In regard to schools Bingham county is not behind any of her sister counties, and she has reason to be proud of her facilities in this line. There are in the county thirty-four districts and thirty-six school-houses, the total value of build- ings and other property aggregating nearly forty-four thousand dollars. BLACKFOOT. The attractive village of Blackfoot is located on the Oregon Short Line Railroad, distant to the north twenty-four miles from Pocatello and one hundred and fifty-eight miles from Ogden, Utah; while the city of Butte, Montana, is two hundred and thirty-nine miles northward. Its population is one thousand, grown thus from its birth in 1880, but a conservative forecast of its population five years hence is two thou- sand. It is the capital of Bingham county, and was formerly the mother county seat of this, Bannock and Fremont counties, before their segregation, and a twenty-three thousand dollar court-house is here. It is the home of the State Insane Asylum since 1885, in whose one hun- dred and twenty-five thousand dollar structure some one hundred and seventy-five unfortunates 496 HISTORY OF IDAHO. are kindly kept captive. The original asylum was destroyed by fire in 1887, only to be replaced by a much better one. Since 1887 the United States land-office has been located here, and the following facts hint the magnitude of its transac- tions and its vital import to Blackfoot: In May, 1898, there were of homestead entries 84, with an acreage of 12,766; June, 95 entries, acreage 13,996; July, 122 entries, acreage 18,330. In the corresponding period of homestead proofs there were in May, 1898, 36, acreage 5,475; J une , 22 acreage 3,776; July, 35, acreage 5,404. Industrially there are here: A fifteen thou- sand dollar roller flouring mill, fifty barrels daily capacity, and as an adjunct a five thousand dol- lar elevator with a storage capacity of thirty thousand bushels; a creamery is completed, which will give a high cash market price for milk, but- ter and cheese; the town has one hundred busi- ness and professional representatives, and its yearly trade transactions are about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Its trade territory is twelve miles north and south and one hundred and eighty miles west, beyond even the great Custer county mining district, one hundred and fifty miles distant, whose gold, silver, lead and copper propositions sometimes employ four thousand men, supplies for all of whom are bought in Blackfoot, a daily stage line running between here and Challis, the center of the famous camps. A tri-weekly stage also runs from here to Tilden, thirty-five miles southwest. A goodly quota of trade is likewise drawn from the Indian industrial school, nine miles east- ward, where one hundred and fifty students are under the supervision of thirty government em- ployes. The immediate environing country is agri- cultural, prodigal in its products, though as yet but in the infancy of its development and utility. Blackfoot maintains an advanced position in regard to educational and religious advantages. Its attractive brick school-house was erected at a cost of twelve thousand dollars and is an endur- ing monument to the zeal of the citizens for the mental uplifting of the rising generations. Of the religious societies the Methodists, Baptists and Episcopalians have attractive houses of wor-' ship here, and the Mormon church also has an organization here. The various fraternal or- ganizations are well represented and are in flour- ishing condition. The business portion of Blackfoot is of attrac- tive brick and stone structures, the stone being quarried near by. The town is tented in trees, hence is called "Grove City." The great Snake river is but a mile to the west, and the largest canal in Idaho is near by, supplemented by four others. Both business and resident lots are 25x125 feet; the former sell at from two hundred to four hundred dollars; the latter at from twenty-five to seventy-five dollars. Blackfoot's altitude is four thousand six hundred feet, and one can see with a nude eye seventy-five miles to the west. Blackfoot is the seat of government of Bingham county, with a population of one thousand wide-awake, prosperous, happy and contented people, surrounded by the comforts of life. The history of Blackfoot has been one of steady growth and development. Its streets are dotted with cozy cottages and handsome homes, which form the border for substantial brick and stone business blocks, and it has the general ap- pearance of solidity and commercial activity. Vigorous and strong, its future growth is as- sured. The city has a good system of water- works and a well organized fire department, which affords protection to life and property. IDAHO FALLS. Idaho Falls is an old and a new town. Away back in 1865, when the Indians had possession of nearly all of this country, parties who had gone up the Missouri river and discovered mines in Montana, the trail from these mining camps to Salt Lake City, and to connect with the great overland stage line to California, was opened through this section and Snake river was crossed here. A bridge was built, and in order to get required bolts, one hundred and fifty dollars was paid for an old freight wagon, for the iron it contained. When the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads were completed, a few years later, there was considerable travel between Corinne, about thirty miles west of Ogden, and Montana points. This place was then known as Taylor's bridge. It was afterward changed to Eagle Rock, on account of a large rock in the river, a HISTORY OF IDAHO. 497 short distance above the present town, where eagles built their nests. When the Utah Northern Railroad was com- pleted, in 1 88 1, this was made a division and the machine and car shops were located here. In 1882 and 1883 the town grew rapidly, and in 1885 the population was fully fifteen hundred, and it was one of the best towns in the south- eastern part of the territory. In 1887, however, the railroad company re- moved the shops to Pocatello, and at least sixty other buildings, mostly dwellings, were removed, and the population of the town was greatly de- creased, leaving it not to exceed three hundred. With the completion of some of the irrigation canals, however, the county began to settle up and the town began to grow. In 1890 the name was changed to Idaho Falls, and a new impetus given it. It was advertised throughout the east, until to-day it is one of the best business points in southern Idaho, and we doubt if there is an- other town in the state of equal population that can show the volume of business that Idaho Falls can. Its growth has been substantial. Fine brick or stone buildings have taken the place of shacks. The dwellings are more commodious and pretentious. The population is about one thousand four hundred and is steadily increasing. Idaho Falls is situated on the east bank of Snake river, where the Oregon Short Line Rail- road crosses on a substantial iron bridge. There is also a first-class iron wagon-bridge. At this point there is a succession of rapids in the river, the fall being twenty-two feet in a little over a quarter of a mile, making one of the grandest water powers in the Rocky mountain region. Competent engineers have measured and placed it at twenty-six, thousand horse-power. In respect to schools and churches Idaho Falls is well supplied. The first society to build a church was the Baptist, who have a commodious building that will seat about two hundred per- sons comfortably. The society also has a fine parsonage. The Presbyterians were the next to build, but eventually they found they were short of room, and built a large addition for a Sunday- school room, which is shut off from the main room by folding doors. The Mormons built a small church several years ago, but it was found entirely inadequate to their needs, and in 1896 they erected a large stone building capable of seating four hundred. The Methodist society started to build in 1895, but many things retarded the completion of the building, which is the finest church edifice in the town. The Episcopal society has been organ- ized for some time and in 1896 a handsome brick church was completed except seating. The Cath- olic society has been organized for some time, and on the west side of the river, where there is a large Swedish population, a fine church was built in 1895. Services are held every Sunday. The public schools of Idaho Falls are second to none in the state. A large two-story brick building stands in the center of a block and pre- sents a commanding view. The various secret societies are well represented in the village. Idaho Falls is incorporated as a village. The affairs are conducted by a board of five trustees, elected every year on the first Tuesday in April. There are probably few towns of the size that can boast of as good a system of water-works, which supplies a large portion of the town with fine water from Snake river. There are about three thousand feet of four-inch mains, with a large amount of one-and-a-half-inch connections and four large hydrants for fire purposes. The power is supplied by steam and a wind-mill. There is also a chemical engine, which is always kept ready for use, but Idaho Falls has been very fortunate regarding fires. Only two fires, where there has been any considerable loss, have oc- curred. The United States weather bureau is located here. Reports are received from all over the state during the summer months and a regular monthly bulletin published. Reports of the weather forecasts are received and sent out every day. The following pen picture was written by a citizen of Butte after he had passed a few days in Idaho Falls: "Standing on the terraced foothills of the Teton range, seven miles east of Idaho Falls, Idaho, the wondering eye is met by a scene unsurpassed in beauty and grandeur. The towering mountains are behind you, rising high above the foothills, high above the timber line, until their hoary peaks are bathed in lofty regions of perpetual 498 HISTORY OF IDAHO. snow. Standing thus, you have laid out before you the rich and fertile valley of the Snake river, with her three million acres of farming lands, like a great map. The solemn magnificence of mighty crags and peaks is above you, while the sound of rushing torrents from many waterfalls is sweet music to your ears. Numerous rivu- lets and streams of water, all carrying the wealth of Ophir in their pure and limpid depths, wend their way to the verdant plain below, and in the western distance, some seven miles away, there stands in all her newness, beauty and promise, Idaho Falls, the 'Orient of the West,' upon the banks of the mighty Snake river, containing oceans of water, and beyond to the westward, across the broad and level valley, the purple mountains rise again in majesty and grandeur, while the afterglow of the sun's reflection turns the waters of the irrigating canals throughout the valley into liquid gold." LEWIS PUBLISHING CD CSO *-v 0--v-^ CHAPTER XXXIV. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. JOHN LEMP. TUT ORE than a third of a century has passed 7Y\ since John Lemp came to Idaho, and * * throughout this long period he has been most actively connected with the business interests of Boise. His labors have contributed largely to its growth and upbuilding, and its commercial enterprise is due in no small measure to his investment in industries and business con- cerns which have contributed materially to its prosperity. He is one of the highly esteemed residents of the city, whose history would be in- complete without the record of his life. A native of Germany, John Lemp was born April 21, 1838, and belongs to an old family of the Fatherland. There he was reared and edu- cated. In 1852 he came to the United States, landing at New York, whence he made his way to Louisville, Kentucky, where he was principally engaged in clerking until 1850, when he removed to Colorado. There he owned a claim and was for some time engaged in mining, but not meet- ing with the success he anticipated he abandoned the claim and came to Idaho in 1863. The city of Boise was just springing into existence. The post had been located there, and a few residences and business houses had been erected, but its development was a work of the future in which Mr. Lemp was to bear an active part. He first went to Idaho City, in the Boise basin, then the center of mining excitement, but after a short time returned to Boise, where he has since re- sided. Here he began the brewing business on a small scale, but by good management and in pro- portion to the growth of the city his trade has grown and for many years the manufacture of beer in this city was profitable. In 1864 he erected the brewery, which he still conducts, but being a man of resourceful business ability his efforts have by no means been confined to one line of endeavor. Many of the fine buildings of the city stand as monuments to his enterprising and progressive spirit. He erected the Capital Hotel, a fine building containing one hundred and twenty-three rooms and having a frontage on Main street of one hundred and twenty-five feet. There are three stories and a basement, and the entire building is supplied with modern acces- sories and conveniences, constituting it one of the best hotel buildings in the state. Mr. Lemp also erected the Shainewalt block, thirty-six by one hundred and twenty feet, together with many other buildings. In fact, he has been one of the most extensive builders in the city. He was, for years, a stockholder and director of the First National Bank, one of the leading and reliable financial institutions in the state; is a stockholder of the Boise Electric Railway Company, and a stockholder in the Hot and Cold Water Com- pany. He has probably done as much as any other one individual toward advancing the varied interests of the city and is numbered among its most liberal and progressive men. In 1866 Mr. Lemp was married to Miss Cath- arine Kohlhept, who was born in Germany, but was reared in this country. To them have been born the following children, namely: John Emil. who died in 1895; George William, who is man- aging his father's farm; Elizabeth, wife of W. B. Conner; Augusta, wife of Roderick Grant; Ida and Ada, twins, the latter now the wife of H. Hunt; William, who died in 1881; Albert, who is connected with his father in the management of the hotel and dry-goods business; Edward, Herbert and Bernard, who are attending school ; and Marie, who died in 1896, at the age of four years. The family is one of prominence in the community, and the members of the household occupy enviable positions in social circles. Mr. Lemp has been a member of the Masonic fraternity for many years, having been made a Master Mason in Shoshone Lodgfe, No. 3, which has since been consolidated with Boise Lodge, No. 2, and of which he is a past master. He also 499 500 HISTORY OF IDAHO. belongs to the chapter, commandery and the Mystic Shrine. He has also been a member of the Odd Fellows society since 1868, has filled all of its chairs, was noble grand, and for thirteen years served as its grand treasurer. The Ancient Order of United Workmen likewise numbers him among its valued representatives. In politics Mr. Lemp has always been a stanch Republican and an ardent worker in the ranks of the party. In 1874 he was elected by his fellow townsmen mayor of Boise, and for about twenty years he has been a member of the city council. He has ever used his official prerogatives to advance the welfare of Boise, to aid in its improvement and promote its best interests. At all times he is possessed of that progressive spirit which seeks not his own good alone, but is alive to the ad- vancement of city, county and state, and his place in Boise would be difficult to fill. CHARLES F. BROWN. Charles Francis Brown is the owner of a fine ranch of one hundred and sixty acres on Camas prairie, near Grangeville, where, in addition to farming and stock-raising, he owns and oper- ates a sawmill, manufacturing a large amount of lumber. His well directed efforts are bringing to him a deserved success, and he is accounted one of the substantial citizens of the community. He claims Wisconsin as the state of his nativity, his birth having occurred in Monroe, Green county, on the 1 5th of November, 1846. His parents were William G. and Clarissa (Hartley) Brown, the former a native of Missouri, and the latter of Ohio. They were married in Wisconsin and were numbered among the pioneer settlers of that state. In 1849 the father crossed the plains to California, attracted by the then recent discov- eries of gold, and in his mining ventures met with success. He afterward returned to the east, but later again went to the Golden state. He was a man of ability and influence and held a number of public positions of honor and trust. He departed this life in 1898, at the age of eighty- three years, and his wife passed away in the spring of 1899, at the age of eighty-two years. They were the parents of nine children, four of whom are now living. Charles F. Brown, the eighth of the family, was only a small boy when he accompanied his parents to California. He was educated in the public school at Dutch Flat, that state, and after- ward engaged in mining. When a young man, however, he came to Camas prairie where he purchased eighty acres of land, to which he has since added until he now has a valuable tract of one hundred and sixty acres. He has erected thereon a desirable residence and has one of the most attractive and beautiful ranches in his sec- tion of the county. His land is mostly planted to timothy hay for the stock, and in his stock business he is meeting with signal success. Since coming to Idaho he has crossed his cattle until now the Hereford blood prevails. In 1892 he purchased his sawmill property. He has here a good water-power and a mill which turns out seven thousand feet of lumber daily. He has a large home demand for all the lumber he can manufacture, and this branch of his business therefore adds materially to his income. In 1866 Mr. Brown was united in marriage to Miss Mary Lumis, and to them have been born four children: William G., who now assists his father in the mill; Jennie, wife of 'Harry Mark- ham, a resident of Grangeville; Ada, wife of Charles Keller, whose home is in Cadiz, Wiscon- sin; and Udora, now deceased. The mother of this family was called to her final rest in 1873. She was a most faithful wife and a loving and in- dulgent mother and her loss was deeply felt by her family and many friends. Four years later, in 1877, Mr. Brown wedded Miss Almira Tuck, a native of Maine, and they now occupy their pleasant home on the ranch. Mr. Brown has always been a loyal and de- voted citizen of the republic, and when only seventeen years of age gave evidence of his patri- otic spirit by enlisting, in 1864. in the Union army as a member of Company D, Seventh Cali- fornia Infantry. The regiment expected to be sent to the south, but was put on the border line between Mexico and Arizona in order to keep the Indians in subjection. Thus our subject par- ticipated in several Indian skirmishes. He re- mained in the army until he received an honor- able discharge, in May, 1866. He is a valued member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and in politics has been a stalwart Republican since attaining his majority. His time and attention are closely given to his business interests, and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 501 his industry, enterprise and capable management are the important elements in his success. BENJAMIN F. MORRIS. The prominent position which Benjamin F. Morris occupies in business circles is indicated by the honor that was conferred upon him by his election to the presidency of the Commercial Club, of Lewiston. He is a man of marked busi- ness and executive ability, of sterling worth and of great popularity, and is regarded as one of the most valued citizens of Lewiston. A native of Missouri, he was born in 1843, f English ances- try. The family was founded in America a cen- tury and a half ago, and from Xew York, where the first settlement was made, representatives of the name removed to Virginia, and later to Ken- tucky. One of the family signed the Declaration of Independence and others valiantly fought for the cause of freedom in the Revolutionary war. Benjamin Morris, the father of our subject, was born in Virginia, and married Miss Amanda J. Hamilton, a native of West Virginia. He was a farmer and stock-raiser by occupation, and died of cholera, in the forty-eighth year of his age, while his widow, long surviving him, lived to be seventy-seven years of age. They had eight children, of whom seven are yet living. Mr. Morris of this review acquired his educa- tion in his native state and in Oregon. He crossed the plains to California in 1863, driving a mule team to Salt Lake City and riding a mule the rest of the way. He remained in the Golden state for a short time, but in 1864 went by water to Oregon, where he took pack horses from The Dalles to Warrens. In the latter place he also engaged in mining and took an active part in public affairs, serving for ten years as auditor and recorder and clerk of the district court. He filled that position for fifteen years, after which he was register of the land office for four years, and is now land 'attorney. He is engaged in the real-estate and insurance business, and is a stock holder in the Lewiston Mercantile Company, do- ing a large wholesale business, and has large tracts of land in Idaho county. He is a man of sound judgment, keen discrimination and un- abating energy, and his well directed efforts have crowned with prosperity the various enterprises with which he is connected. He also has the honor of being president of the Commercial Club, of Lewiston, and is justly popular in business and social circles. In 1881 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Morris and Miss Harriet F. Graham, and their union has been blessed with three children: John Roy, William Graham and Zella A. They have in Lewiston a very attractive home, which was built by Mr. Morris, and the members of the household occupy enviable positions in social cir- cles and enjoy the friendship of many of Lewis- ton's best people. In politics Mr. Morris has been a lifelong Dem- ocrat, unswerving in his allegiance to the prin- ciples of the party. He is aiso a very prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, in which he has taken all the degrees of the York rite and has attained the thirtieth degree in the Scottish rite. He is a past master and deputy grand mas- ter of the state of Idaho, and is not only eminent in that organization, but bv his upright life has won a place among the representative men of northern Idaho. WILLIAM H. B. CROW. William Henrv Byron Crow -was born in Greene county, Illinois, June 16, 1852, and came of English ancestors who emigrated to America before the Revolution. His paternal great- grandfather was born at Bennineton, Vermont, in 1754, and with his son, Mr. Crow s grandfather, went to Ohio in 1818, where the elder Crow died in 1844, aged ninety years. Stephen Crow, father of William H. B. Crow, was born in New York in 1816, and was two years old when the family removed to Ohio. He married Miss Elizabeth Prater, a native of Indiana, born in 1825, who was brought up and educated at Dowagiac, Michigan, where her father was a prominent pioneer settler. Stephen Crow and his wife are both living, he being eighty-three years old, she seventy-four.. They are Baptists and have been almost literally pillars of the church, Mr. Crow having been one of its deacons for many years. They had ten children, nine of whom are yet living. William Henry Byron Crow, their fifth child, was educated in district schools in Iowa, in the Missouri Valley (Iowa) high school and at Lincoln University, and he was a pro- fessional teacher in Iowa and eastern Nebraska 502 HISTORY OF IDAHO. during the years from 1870 to 1880. A close student, a logical thinker and conclusive reasoner, he gained a reputation as one of the most suc- cessful educators in that part of the country. In 1880 he came to Idaho Falls and filed on one hundred and sixty acres of land and a desert claim, both adjoining the Idaho Falls town plat on the east, which he subsequently platted and sold and which tract has come to be known as the Crow Addition to Idaho Falls. Not finding an opening in his accustomed vocation, he found employment in the erection of the railroad shops, and as foreman for the railroad company directed their removal. From the day of his ad- vent in the town he has been active in the up- building of all its important interests. He was the organizer of the Idaho Falls Waterworks Company, which supplies water to the town from Snake river, and is now its sole owner. He is the owner also of considerable valuable ranch property and of other town property, including a fine home. His career as a teacher naturally inclined him to concern himself -in the public schools of Idaho Falls, and he has been a tireless and very efficient promoter of their best inter- ests. Since the organization of the school board of the town he has been almost continuously one of its members. He helped to incorporate Idaho Falls and was a member of the first board of trustees. He was one of the organizers of the Bingham County Agricultural Fair Association and was influential in securing the location of the state experimental station at Idaho Falls. He is a charter member of Bingham Lodge, No. 14, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and had much to do with bringing about the building of the Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home, having been a member of the board of trustees that had the supervision of its erection at Idaho Falls. He is an active Republican and serves his party unos- tentatiously, as he does everything else, but al- ways effectively. In 1888 he was elected a mem- ber of the last Idaho territorial legislature. He was a useful legislator, especially active in the irrigation legislation, and represented Bingham county before the senatorial committee on irri- gation in 1890. Mr. Crow married, in 1882, Miss Sarah E. Murphy, a native of McHenry county, Illinois. Mrs. Crow is an active and useful member of the Methodist church, and Mr. Crow, while not one of its communicants, is one of its ardent and generous supporters. Mrs. Crow possesses much musical talent, which has been cultivated most generously, and she is an invaluable help in the musical department of the church work. No children have been born to bless their union and they have an adopted daughter, Emma Owena Crow, who has been to them as their own child since she was two weeks old. JUDGE CHARLES F. MOLDEN. Young shoulders that bend beneath unnatural responsibilities which may not be laid aside be- come strong shoulders, and young brains that must plan and direct the work of bread-winning become active and practical, and the boy who makes success from ruin, as manv a boy has done, is pretty apt to develop into a successful man of affairs. Such a boy was Charles F. Molden, and such a man is this boy grown to maturity, who is the present judge of probate of Blackfoot, Bingham county, Idaho. Judge Molden was born in Germany, March 4, 1862, a son of Fredrick and Bertha (Febing) Molden, both of whom descended from old Ger- man families. In 1872 when the future Judge Molden was only ten years old, .Mr. and Mrs. Molden came with their family of seven sons to the United States and located at Black River Falls, Wisconsin. Mr. Molden had been steward of a large estate in his native land and he became a farmer in the New World. In the spring of 1873, scarcely a year after his settlement in Wis- consin, he died at the age of fifty-eight years. His wife survived him, and died at the age of sixty-nine years, in 1886. It was now that Judge Molden was brought face to face with the stern- est necessity of his life. His mother and his younger brothers must be provided for, and the task devolved largely on him. He sold fish and berries and did anything that was honest that any one would pay him for doing. He proved him- self a good boy, willing to work, and as time passed his opportunities improved. He attended school when he could, read and studied in his spare moments and managed to educate him- self to an extent, and he kept the wolf from the door for those who were dependent upon him. Some of the younger boys came to his assistance HISTORY OF IDAHO. 503 later, and by hard effort and skillful management he not only supported the family, but paid for the farm, which he operated for years, and which he still owns. In 1894 Mr. Molden came to Idaho and lo- cated on a ranch three miles west of Blackfoot, where he has a fine home and raises fruit and cattle. He also deals in cattle quite extensively, buying and shipping them to eastern markets. Judge Molden has, as a Democrat, interested himself actively and intelligently in politics. He was chairman of the Democratic county conven- tion of 1898, and received the Democratic nomi- nation for the office of judge of probate. Later there was a fusion of the county Democracy with the silver Republicans. The election that ensued was a signal test of Mr. Molden's personal popu- larity. While the entire fusion ticket was elected, Mr. Molden was elected by one hundred and forty-eight majority. As a trial judge he has been very successful, his decisions having been in accordance with the law and tne evidence and not one of them having been reversed by an appellate court. Judge Molden was married August 3, 1886, to Miss Anna Lee, a native of Red Wing, Minne- sota. They have three daughters, named Clara, Mabel and Hazel. Mr. and Mrs. Molden are members of the Methodist church, and the Judge is a member of the Woodmen of America. SYLVESTER WERNETH. Sylvester Werneth came to America from the Fatherland. He was born in Germany, on the 29th of December, 1856, and when eight years of age crossed the Atlantic with his parents, the family locating in Wisconsin, whence they after- ward removed to Springfield, Illinois. In the capital city of the Prairie state he acquired his education in the public schools and was there reared to manhood. When about sixteen years of age he entered upon an independent business career, learning the brewer's trade, at which he worked in St. Louis, Missouri, and in California. In 1886 he came to Weiser, Idaho, and purchased the little brewery in the old town. He has since successfully carried on the brewing business, in- creasing his facilities to meet the growing de- mands of his trade, until he now has the best equipped and one of the largest breweries in the state. In 1897 he purchased a large lot in the new section of Weiser, near the depot and in the business center, and erected thereon a large brick building, ninety by seventy feet, and two stories and basement in height. The brewing department is twenty-five by fifty feet, all of brick and substantially built the best brewing plant in the state. He manufactures a fine article of beer and has a large home trade, besides ship- ping quite extensively to various places in the northwest. He also owns a good residence and grounds in the city. In 1885 Mr. Werneth married Miss Mary Fisherkiller, a native of Illinois, but of German descent. They have four children, namely: Tre- sea Ellen, Mary Francis, Ethel Julia and Louis Sylvester. In his political views our subject is a Democrat, but has never sought or desired office, preferring to give his time and attention to his business interests, in which he is meeting with excellent success. His prosperity is the reward of his own unaided and well directed efforts, and to-day he ranks among the representative resi- dents of his adopted city. JOHN HALLENBECK. In March, 1864, John Hallenbeck became a resident of Silver City, and from that time until his death, throughout the period of pioneer de- velopment and latter-day progress, he was promi- nently identified with its upbuilding and inter- ests. A native of the Empire state, he was born in Albany, October 24, 1830, and was of Holland lineage. His ancestors were among the early settlers of New York and participated in the events which form the colonial and Revolution- ary history of that state. The maternal grand- father of our subject was also one of the heroes of the war for independence, and his wife after- ward received a pension in recognition of his services. He lived to be seventy-eight years of age, while her death occurred when she had at- tained the advanced age of eighty-seven. Mathew Hallenbeck, the father of our subject, was born in New York, and married Catharine Shoudy, a native of the same state. He devoted his energies to many pursuits, having been a car- penter and joiner, also a teacher of music and a teacher in the public schools. In 1841 he re- moved with his family to Syracuse, New York, 504 HISTORY OF IDAHO. and in 1854 to Cordova, Illinois, where he re- sided up to the time of his death, which occurred in 1878. Both he and his wife were members of the Dutch Reformed church, and they had a fam- ily of twelve children, nine of whom grew to years of maturity, while three sons and four daughters are yet living. John Hallenbeck spent his early boyhood days on his father's farm, near Syracuse, New York, and assisted in the labors of the fields through the summer months while in the winter season he pursued his education in the public schools. At the age of seventeen he started out to fight the battles of life unaided, and that victory crowned his efforts was due to his untiring dili- gence, perseverance and enterprise. He was first employed as a clerk in a little store in Orville, New York, where he remained for three years, during which time he was made its manaeer. The state was then building an aqueduct at that place, and the house boarded all of the of- ficers engaged in the management of the enter- prise. The superintendent became quite inter- ested in young Hallenbeck, and after completing his work there and becoming superintendent of the Delaware & Chesapeake canal, he sent for our subject, who left the little grocery store and was employed on the canal until its completion, having charge of the construction of the large reservoir adjoining the exit lock. His next work, under the same superintendent, was on the en- larging of the Erie canal at Black Rock, where he remained for a year, when, his task being fin- ished, he visited Baltimore, Norfolk, Richmond and Washington, viewing the various points of interest in the different cities. After this little period of recreation, Mr. Hal- lenbeck engaged once more in canal construc- tion, in the capacity of foreman at Weedsport. New York. He made considerable money in this way. but spent it freely. Later he was con- nected with the engineer's corps as leveler until the fall of 1858, when the discovery of gold at Pike's Peak excited the entire country. In the spring of 1859 he started for Colorado, accom- panied by a party named Benham, whose ex- penses he agreed to pay upon condition that he was to receive half of what Mr. Benham could make for two years. They left Weedsport, New York, for Illinois, where Mr. Hallenbeck's par- ents were then residing, and there engaged pass- age on ox trains bound for "Pike's Peak or bust," and under the charge of two men, Duffee and Addison by name. While at home preparing for the trip Mr. Hallenbeck was accidentally shot in the arm by his partner, which detained him for a few weeks, but when the party could no longer delay he started with them, although entirely un- fit for travel. They journeyed on toward the Eldorado of the west, through mud and snow, over slush and bad roads, a six weeks' trip through Iowa, during which they encountered innumerable storms. At length they reached the Missouri river, at Plattsburg, where they met the returning tide of emigration, declaring the dig- gings a humbug. The captains of the ox teams decided to return and refused to refund Mr. Hal- lenbeck's money, but he succeeded in getting his money at the point of a revolver, and with his partner decided to try and overtake a party en route for California. Thev went to Glenwood, twenty-five miles distant from Council Bluffs, and engaged passage on the stage. It arrived at 12:30 and departed at i P. M., but it was too crowded to take on any more passengers, and they decided to walk the distance to Council Bluffs. They made their way in the moonlight over a rolling prairie, sending their baggage by stage, and the next morning reached their destination tired and hungry. Mr. Hallenbeck, however, could not eat, and after taking a cup of coffee ordered a hack to take them to the river. When they climbed the bluffs at Omaha the California party- was just starting on its long trip across the plains. There were twenty wagons, fifty-seven men, three women and a few children, the party being under command of Captain George Pierce. Mr. Hallenbeck engaged passage for himself and partner to Hangtown, California, for one hun- dred and twenty dollars. They had the privilege of riding all the way in a wagon fitted up to carry ten people, and all they had to do was to take their turn in standing guard once a week. The trip was an exciting one, owing to the stampedes of the stock and the danger of Indian attacks, and for nearly three and a half months they traveled in that way across the hot sands and through the mountain passes until they arrived at Placerville, California, September 8, 1859, having left Omaha on the 22d of May. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 505 After a week Mr. Hallenbeck and his partner went to Sacramento. His funds having become exhausted he borrowed twenty dollars of Captain Pierce and then started for San Francisco, where they boarded the steamer Panama for Portland, Oregon, where they arrived at the time Gen- eral Scott was on his way to settle the San Juan affair "fifty-four, forty or fight." On arriving at Portland Mr. Hallenbeck had only five dollars and ten cents left. He went to the Columbus Hotel, where he was told he and his partner might remain until they found work, but he realized that he would soon be piling up a large debt and proposed to his companion that they should chop wood, as no other employ- ment could be secured. He purchased a chop- ping outfit on credit, took an empty cabin in Penitentiary gulch, and the first week they cut thirteen cords of wood, but the partner \\as not satisfied with his lot, being opposed to hard work, and concluded to return to California, so our sub- ject divided his blankets with him and he took his departure, Mr. Hallenbeck never hearing from him again. The next week, all alone, Mr. Hallenbeck cut thirteen cords of wood for a dollar and seventy- five cents per cord. After a month he obtained a position in Abrams & Hogue's sawmill, first at tail-sawing, then turning screws, and in the spring of 1860, when the sawyer left, he was pro- moted to the vacant position. He was thus em- ployed until the spring of 1861, when he left for the Oro Fino mines, where he worked during the summer, returning to Portland to spend the win- ter. In the spring of 1862, in connection with Kirkpatrick, Hay and others, he discovered the camp where Auburn, Oregon, is now located, but he did not like the prospects there, and visited Walla Walla, Lewiston and Florence. A short time afterward he crossed the country to Oro Fino, where he purchased a claim and made some money, but in the fall again returned to Portland and was sent bv his former employer, Mr. Abrams, to The Dalles to take charge of his office and lumber yards there. Desiring, how- ever, to engage in mining, Mr. Hallenbeck soon started for Auburn, and on arriving there learned of the Boise basin and Owyhee mines excitement. Accordingly he started for Idaho and arrived at his destination March 22, 1864. Ruby City had been founded in the fall of 1863 and Silver City had its beginning in the fall of 1864. Building a cabin out of logs hewed by himself, he then began prospecting, which he continued for five years, when he met heavy losses. With his small re- maining capital he then engaged in various kinds of speculating, in which he prospered somewhat better. Subsequently he invested in stocks and in 1878 the financial crash and the failure of the California Bank again brought heavy losses to him, as well as to many others, but with un- daunted courage he embarked in the grain and feed business, in which he continued at Silver City, building up a large and profitable trade. He also loaned money and was one of the most reliable and trustworthy business men of the county. Great determination, energv and excel- lent executive ability were the salient points in his business career and eventually brought him success. In his early political affiliations Mr. Hallenbeck was a Whig, but joined the Republican party on its organization and was one of its stalwart ad- vocates up to the time of his death, which oc- curred May 5, 1899. He was made a Master Mason in Weedsport. New York, 'in 1854, and afterward took the Royal Arch degrees and served for a number of terms as master of the lodge in Silver City. As a man and citizen he enjoyed the confidence and esteem of all who knew him, and his name should be enduringlv inscribed on the roll of Idaho's pioneers. GEORGE M. ROBERTSON. The treasurer of Idaho county, George M. Robertson, of Mount Idaho, is a native of Kauf- man county, Texas, his birth having there oc- curred February 4, 1862. He is of Scotch de- scent, his great-grandfather, John Robertson, having emigrated from Scotland to New Jersey in colonial days. When the oppression of Great Britain became so intolerable that the colonies rose in rebellion, he joined the American army and served throughout the Revolutionary war, which brought to the nation her independence. He afterward became one of the pioneer settlers of Kentucky, where he spent the remainder of his life. His son, William Robertson, the grand- father of our subject, was born in Kentucky, and removed thence to Missouri, where his active 506 HISTORY OF IDAHO. business life was passed. He served as colonel of militia at the time the Mormons were driven out of Jackson county, that state. His son, George W. Robertson, Sr., was born in Missouri, and having arrived at years of maturity married Larcena Van Pool, a native of that state. He was a talented and devoted minister of the Chris- tian church and made the preaching of the gospel of peace his life work. He died in Lewiston, and was called to his final rest in 1889, when fifty- four years of age. His wife, a most estimable lady, departed this life in 1874. They had five children, four sons and a daughter. George M. Robertson, the third child of the family, was educated at Pea Ridge Academy, Arkansas, and began life on his own account as a farmer and school-teacher. He came to Idaho in the spring of 1886 and resided near Farming- ton, and also engaged in educational work and farming. In the fall of 1890 he sold out and came to Camas prairie, locating on a tract of land on the east side of the south fork of the Clearwater river, where he has since developed a good farm that he still owns. He made many excellent improvements on the place and trans- formed the land into rich and fertile fields. In the fall of 1892 he was elected county surveyor of Idaho county and during his term of office did a large amount of road surveying. In the fall of 1896 he was chosen by his fellow citizens to the office of county treasurer, and on the ex- piration of his term of two years, was re-elected, in 1898, so that he is the present incumbent. In 1898 he also acceptably served as deputy clerk of the county, under C. W. Case. In politics he is a stanch Democrat and keeps well informed on the issues of the day. Socially he is a mem- ber of the Knights of the Maccabees. Mr. Robertson was united in marriage at Farmington, in 1888, to Miss Ora R. Quarles, daughter of J. P. Quarles, a leading citizen of Nez Perces county. They have three children, Jesse, Leo and Ira. The parents are members of the Christian church. OSCAR B. STEELY, M. D. Oscar B. Steely, M. D., is a prominent resi- dent and physician living at Pocatello, Idaho, and is surgeon of the Idaho and Montana division of the Oregon Short Line Railroad. Dr. Steely was born in Belleville, Pennsylvania, August 22, 1862, and is' descended from English and German ancestry. His forefathers in both lines were among the early settlers of Pennsylvania, and his maternal grandfather (Baker) did patriotic ser- vice as a soldier in the Revolutionary war. His parents were William and Sarah (Baker) Steely, both natives of Pennsylvania. His father, who for many years was a successful dealer in meats, died at the age of seventy-six, in 1897. His wife died at the age of seventy-six, three days prior to the death of her husband. They lived happily as man and wife for forty-nine years and enjoyed in the highest sense the respect of all who knew them. They had eight children, four of whom are living and of whom Dr. Oscar B. Steely was the youngest born. Dr. Steely was prepared for college in the pub- lic schools and was graduated from Pennsylvania College in the class of 1883 and from the Jeffer- son Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1891. For a year thereafter he practiced in one of the prin- cipal hospitals of Philadelphia, and thus espe- cially fitted himself for the duties of railway sur- gery. From that institution he came direct to Pocatello to accept the position, which had been tendered him, of assistant surgeon of the Union Pacific Railway. In 1896, when the Oregon Short Line was organized, he was appointed to his present position as surgeon of the Idaho and Montana divisions. He has had an extensive and varied experience in surgery in Idaho and ad- joining states and as a skillful surgeon and phy- sician has won a reputation of which a practi- tioner of twice his years might be justly proud. His standing with the profession is exceptionally high. Dr. Steely was a member of the State Medical Association of Pennsylvania, and is a member of the State Medical Association of Idaho and a member of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. He was surgeon general of the state of Idaho under the adminis- tration of Governor McConnell. As is indicated by the fact that this honor was conferred upon him by such authority, he is a stanch Republican politically, but he is not in the accepted sense of the term a politician. He was made a Mason in Cassin Lodge, No. 273, Ardmore, Pennsylvania, and took tne Royal Arch degree at Pocatello and is now high priest HISTORY OF IDAHO. 507 of his chapter. He has advanced slowly in the order from choice, and has made an exhaustive study of its principles as he nas proceeded, apply- ing them to his daily life, until he has adopted them as the rule of his conduct in all his rela- tions with his fellow men. He is also a mem- ber of the Knights of Pythias and the Woodmen of the World. Personally he is popular wher- ever he is known and his acquaintance is large and growing rapidly, both professionally and sociallv. NOYES B. HOLBROOK. Mr. Holbrook dates his residence in Idaho from 1862, and is therefore one of its pioneer set- tlers. He has witnessed almost the entire growth and development of the state, and has largely aided in its progress and advancement, neglecting no duty of citizenship and withholding his sup- port and co-operation from no measure for the public good. He is now proprietor of the roller- process flouring mill at Juliaetta, and is an en- terprising business man whose honorable meth- ods commend him to the confidence and secure him the patronage of a large portion of the com- munity with which he is connected. Mr. Holbrook was born in New Haven, Con- necticut, March 29, 1830, and is of English de- scent, a representative of one of the early New England families. John Holbrook, his great- grandfather, was a native of the "merrie isle," and thence crossed the Atlantic to the New World, taking up his residence in New Haven county, Connecticut. He had a family of five sons, four of whom served in the war which brought to America her independence, being loyal members of the Colonial army. The young- est served under General Harrison in the war of 1812. One of these sons, Abel Holbrook, was the grandfather of our subject. He was born in New Haven county, and during the Revolution served as captain of a company. By occupation he was a farmer, and operated his land with the aid of slaves, but becoming disgusted with the institution of slavery he freed his negroes and was active in promulgating an abolition senti- ment throughout the community. He was a member of the Protestant Episcopal church, and lived to the ripe old age of eighty years, respected by all who knew him, as one of Connecticut's best citizens. Thomas C. Holbrook, father of our subject, was born and reared in New Haven county, Connecti- cut, and married Miss Maria Benham, also of the Nutmeg state. He followed the occupation of farming in pursuit of fortune, and was an in- dustrious man and reliable citizen. His deatn occurred when he had reached the age of ninety- four, and his wife passed away at the age of eighty-four. They had three children, two of whom are yet living. Noyes B. Holbrook, the youngest of the fam- ily, was educated in Connecticut and in the North Wilbraham Academy, in Massachusetts, after which he learned the trade of a brick-layer and plasterer. Determining to try his fortune in the rapidly developing west, he sailed for California in 1854, by way of the isthmus route, and at length arrived safely in San Francisco. There he worked at his trade for a time, and then engaged in mining in Nevada and Butte counties on the Feather river. He made money, but sunk it in other mining ventures, and after losing all that he had he returned to Marysville, California, where he worked at his trade, doing considerable contracting and building. In 1862, at the time of the gold discoveries at Florence, -he made the journey with a companion through eastern Ore- gon to the place of the excitement. He pros- pected and worked at his trade in the then new town of Lewiston, and the following year went to the. Boise basin, making the journey by boat up the Snake river. He met with fair success in the placer mines in the Boise basin and then returned to the northern part of the state, estab- lishing a store on Salmon river. After a time he sold that property and purchased a placer claim, from which he took out from fifty to sev- enty-five dollars per day. The following spring he went to Lapwai, where he worked for the government for three months, spending the suc- ceeding winter in Lewiston. When spring came he went to the Coeur d'Alene district and was there during the Wilson excitement. A mur- dered negro was found there and buried on the prairie, which for a long time thereafter went by the name of "Nigger Prairie." The town of Mullan now stands on the site. On leaving that locality Mr. Holbrook went to Montana at the time of the Blackfoot excite- ment, and thence returned to Idaho by way of 508 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the Lolo trail. He opened a store at Long Bar, on the Salmon river, but the following year sold that and established a store on the main crossing of the Coeur d'Alene, and in connection pur- chased and operated the ferry there. He sold out the following winter and went to Lewiston, where he secured the appointment to the position of deputy sheriff, in which capacity he served until the following July. He then resigned, and resumed prospecting in the Seven Devils country. He took up the Peacock lead and had it recorded in Idaho county, but finally let it go by default. Thence he went to Warrens, where he aided in building the first quartz-mill at that point. He remained in Warrens for five years, was there appointed deputy sheriff and while thus serving brought out four murderers through the then un- inhabited mountain districts. He spent the winter of 1870 in Portland, Oregon, and the next spring purchased a livery business in Lewiston, conduct- ing the same for fourteen years. He met with good success in the undertaking, having a very liberal patronage. In 1880 he was elected sheriff of Nez Perces county, and so acceptably did he serve through the two years' term that he was re- elected. In 1884 he sold his livery barn and turned his attention to stock dealing.' In 1885 he erected his flouring-mill in Juliaetta, where he has fine water power and a full roller-process mill, with a capacity of fifty barrels of flour per day. His special brand is called the "Pride of the Potlatch," and is of very superior quality. In 1896 Mr. Holbrook removed to Juliaetta, and has since managed the mill himself. Owing to the excellent quality of the product and his honor- able business methods he receives a liberal pat- ronage, and is conducting a profitable business. He resides in a pleasant home of his own, a short distance above the mill, and from his resi- dence has a splendid view of the beautiful valley. In 1880 Mr. Holbrook was united in marriage to Miss Lizzie Armstrong, but she died two years later. In 1896 he wedded Eliza E. Cald- well, his present wife. They have three chil- dren. Mr. and Mrs. Holbrook are most highly esteemed and have a large circle of warm friends in the community. He has been a member of the , Masonic fraternity for more than forty-five years, having joined the order in 1853, m Morning Star Lodge, No. 43, F. & A. M., of Seymour, Con- necticut. He assisted in organizinf the lodge at Lewiston and was one of its most active mem- bers. In politics he has been a lifelong Demo- crat, but during the war was a strong Union man. He has filled various public positions of honor and trust, and in every case has shown himself fully worthy of the confidence reposed in him. He was at one time county commis- sioner of Nez Perces county, and served as mayor of Lewiston. He ever discharged his duties with promptness and fidelitv, and exercised his official prerogatives to advance all measures which he believed would prove of general pood. His life has been a busy, useful and honorable one, and he well deserves mention among the representa- tive citizens of Idaho. JAMES AND THOMAS SURRIDGE. The Surridge Brothers, of Bridgeport, Idaho county, came to the territory of Idaho in June, 1876, and are numbered among the most enter- prising and progressive citizens of the community in which they make their home. They are both natives of London, England, sons of John and Mary (Cochran) Surridge, who emigrated to America in 1859, bringing with them their three children. They located at Milan, Monroe coun- ty, Michigan, where the father improved a good farm and spent his remaining days. Mr. Sur- ridge died in 1898, at the age of seventy-two years, and his wife is still living, in 1899, at the age of seventy-three. Five children were added to the family in Michigan and all the sons and daughters yet survive. James Surridge was born July 3, 1847, and Thomas Surridge in October, 1849. When they became young men they went to California and thence removed to Camas prairie, where they now reside. They took up government land and successfully and extensively engaged in stock- raising, being the first to introduce Clydesdale horses and Berkshire hogs into this section of the county. They also graded their cattle with the Durham breed, and thus did much to advance the interests of the stock-raisers of Idaho by im- proving the grade of cattle, horses and hogs raised. They have become large land-owners, their possessions aggregating two thousand two hundred acres, of which fifteen hundred and sixty acres belong to James, while six hundred HISTORY OF IDAHO. 509 and forty acres belong to Thomas. The land lies on the south fork of the Clearwater river, at the old Jackson bridge, and there they have platted a town site of forty acres, which they have named Bridgeport. It is on the Clearwater river twelve miles from Grangeville and on the road between Elk City and Xewsom creek. The business lots are twenty-five by one hundred feet and the resi- dence lots fifty by one hundred feet, with an alley in the rear. The town site is a beautiful one, be- ing located on high ground adjoining the river. There is fine water-power and two quartz leads on the property, with a five-foot vein at the sur- face and ore which shows fiftv dollars per ton at the shaft. There are also a school-house, store and other buildings on the town site, and the Stirridge brothers, being men of the highest in- tegrity of character, will spare no pains to make it for the interest of people to join them in mak- ing Bridgeport one of the most thriving towns in the county. They conduct a stage line and have the mail contract from Grangeville to Elk City. Their business interests are varied and comprehensive. They own eight hundred head of cattle, one hundred head of horses, and they pack from seventy-five to one hundred head of hogs annually. Their brand is "70," and they brand all of their products. They supply the miners with beef and pork, and thus add materi- ally to their income. They are both men of great industry and enterprise, and their keen sagacity, judicious investments and capable management have brought to them splendid success, which they well merit. In 1876 Thomas Surridge was united in mar- riage to Miss Julia Pequay, a native of Rutland, Vermont, and they have four children: May, Katie, John and Georgie. In politics the broth- ers are both stalwart Democrats and James has served as justice 6f the peace in his township for a number of years. They also belong to the Masonic fraternity and are active and valued members of the order. In 1877 James Surridge made a trip to the east and was absent at the time of the Nez Perces war, but Thomas volunteered and served as a scout and guide. They also par- ticipated in the Bannock and Sheep-eater Indian wars, doing guard duty and performing all the service necessary in the protection of the fort at Mount Idaho. They are very widely and favor- ably known throughout Idaho and are held in high esteem by all with whom they have come in contact. Their efforts have been attended by a most creditable success, and their business policy- has ever commended them to the confidence of those with whom they have had dealings. JOEL M. WALKER. In all the walks of life Captain Joel M. Walker has so acquitted himself as to be re- garded as a most valued and honorable citizen, and as a representative business man and a leader in political circles he well deserves mention among the prominent residents of Idaho. Through the civil war he loyally served his coun- try upon the field of battle, and has ever dis- charged his duties of citizenship with marked promptness and fidelity. It is pleasing in- dulgence to write the biography of a man who has been so prominent in the civil and military affairs of the nation as has Captain Walker. This country has brought forth many heroes, states- men, financiers and brilliant men in all spheres of life. Its annals teem with the records of good lives and noble deeds. Most of our noblest and best men are "self-made," and a worthy repre- sentative of that class is the subject of this re- view, who deserves prominent mention in this volume by reason of his broad sympathies and public spirit. He has left the imprint of his in- dividuality on each place in which, for any length of time, he ever resided, and Kendrick owes much of its advancement to his efforts. His patriotism is clearly shown by his quick response to the call to arms, when his country was in need, and to-day he is numbered among the loyal and progressive residents of Moscow. Captain Walker is a native of Ohio, his birth having occurred in Pickaway county, November 8, 1835. He is a representative of an old Vir- ginian family, and from the Old Dominion his paternal grandfather removed to Ohio in 1805. Thomas Armstrong Walker, the father of the Captain, was born in that year and was given his mother's maiden name, Armstrong. She be- longed to an equally old Virginian family, and of the Walker family, Mrs. James K. Polk was a member. In 1840 Thomas A. Walker removed with his family to Iowa, where he resided until 1882, when he went with his son to southern 510 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Kansas, where his death occurred in 1888, at the age of eighty-three years. In their religious faith both he and his wife were Presbyterians. Mr. Walker was a man of marked ability and wide influence and held a number of positions of public trust. During the administration of Presi- dent Polk he served as postmaster of Fort Mad- ison, Iowa, and was register of the land office at Des Moines during the presidency of Franklin Pierce and a portion of President Buchanan's ad- ministration. His wife died at an early age, leav- ing two children, but the Captain is the only one now living. The father afterward married again and had a family by the second union. In the common schools Captain Walker ac- quired his preliminary education, which was sup- plemented by a course in the Denmark Acad- emy, a Congregational school, at Denmark, Lee county, Iowa. When only four years of age he was taken to the Hawkeye state by his father, and for many years made his home within its borders. After leaving school he spent some time in his father's office and then read law under the direction of Finch & Crocker, the latter being the distinguished General Crocker. He was ad- mitted to practice in the district courts before he was twenty-one years of age, and when twen- ty-two years of age was licensed to practice in the supreme court, but the great civil war was inaugurated and interfered with his professional labors. President Lincoln issued his call for troops and Captain Walker and a friend enlisted two hundred men, from among whom they chose one hundred to form Company B, of the Twenty- third Iowa Volunteers. Mr. Walker was offered the captaincy of the company, but declined be- cause he had no military knowledge, and his friend was then given command, while he was elected first lieutenant. With that rank he went to the front, serving first in Missouri against the guerrillas. The first engagement of import- ance in which he participated was the Vicksburg campaign, and his regiment was the first to cross the Mississippi river, April 30, 1863. They were under fire throughout the entire night and were in the battle the next day. They were also in the battle of Champion Hill, May 16, and led the charge on the enemy's works at Black river bridge, where three thousand Confederate sol- diers were .taken prisoners, and the colonel and several other officers and men were killed. After this battle the regiment to which Captain Walker belonged was detailed by General Grant to take the prisoners to Memphis, Tennessee, and place them in charge of the federal authorities there. When they had returned to Vicksburg a colored regiment was attacked by Texans and when hard pressed broke. The Twenty-third Iowa was then thrown in and stood the brunt of the fight. It was a desperate, almost hand-to-hand, encounter, but finally victory perched on the banner of the Union forces. After the surrender of Vicksburg the regiment was ordered to New Orleans, under General Banks, and with him they made the march through Louisiana and into the border of Texas, where they spent the winter of 1863-4. By this time their ranks had become very much depleted, and in the spring Captain Walker was ordered on recruiting service in order to fill up the thinned-out columns. When that task was completed Captain Walker received an appoint- ment on the staff of General Crocker, who had been appointed governor of Arizona. They made their way across the plains to New Mexico and the Captain remained on the Governor's staff un- til the close of the war, in 1865. Soon after en- tering active service in the Union army he was promoted to the rank of captain, and led his com- pany in all the engagements until he was ap- pointed staff officer. He rejoined his regiment at Mobile, Alabama, in June, 1865, and they were again sent to Texas, where he was appointed assistant provost marshal, and paroled many of General Kirby Smith's men. The regiment was mustered out in August, 1866, and Captain Walker immediately returned to his home. Not long after this he was appointed by Presi- dent Johnson to the position of United States marshal for the state of Iowa, and when his term expired he engaged in farming in the central por- tion of that state, having a large stock ranch, whereon he engaged extensively in the raising of blooded cattle, owning many of the best in Iowa. In 1882 he sold out and removed to southern Kansas, hoping that a change of climate would benefit his impaired health. He engaged in loan- ing money in Howard, that state, and there re- mained for eight years, after which he spent three months in the sanitarium at Battle Creek, Michi- gan. In August, 1890, still in search of health, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 511 he took up his abode in Kendrick, Idaho, and established the Bank of Kendrick, opening it for business in October, of that year. He conducted it successfully until 1892, when he sold out to the First National Bank of Moscow. He had erected the bank building, which was the first brick structure in the town, and was prominent in advancing the interests of the town. He is still connected with business affairs there, he and his family owning all of the stock of the Lincoln Hardware & Implement Company, of Kendrick. They have a large store, carry a complete line of goods and do an extensive business. In connec- tion with his son-in-law. Captain Walker is inter- ested in a book and stationery store in Moscow. Not only has he won prominence in military circles and prosperity in business life, but he is also recognized as a leader in political circles, being a stanch advocate of the Democratic party. He is not an office-seeker in the usually accepted sense of the term, yet has been honored by his fellow citizens with positions of public trust. While in Polk county, Iowa, he was elected and served for two terms on the board of county supervisors, notwithstanding the district was largely Republican. He was also twice candidate for the state legislature and was once candidate for lieutenant governor, facts which indicate his high standing in Democratic circles. Since com- ing to Latah county he has been the candidate for state senator. He was for two years chair- man of the Democratic state central committee of Iowa. He was a member of the Soldiers' and Sailors' national convention, which met at Phila- delphia, in 1866. He has always attended the state conventions of his party, wherever he has resided, and has exerted great influence in the affairs and deliberations of those organizations. In October, 1857, Captain Walker was united in marriage to Miss Idie Marshall, a native of Iowa and a representative of a Kentucky family. Their union was blessed with three children, of whom two are living: Eliza Marshall, now the wife of J. R. Hall, of Moscow; and India, wife of James M. Pierce, of Kendrick. Both sons-in- law are associated with Captain Walker in busi- ness. After six years of happy married life Mrs. Walker was called to her final rest, and in 1865 the Captain married Miss Lou Ramsay, a native of Iowa. They have one son, Ramsay M., who is now in charge of the large hardware business in Kendrick. Captain Walker and his wife have also reared two bright girls, the daughters of his half-sister, who died during their infancy. They were reared as members of the Walker household and both are now comfortably settled in homes of their own. They are Louise, wife of R. C. Smclair; and Bessie W., wife of Robert Snyder, both residents of Kendrick. Mrs. W'alker de- parted this life July 4, 1892, and her death was deeply mourned by her many friends. The Captain has since resided with his daughters, in Kendrick and Moscow, and is one of the most highly esteemed residents of this section of the state. He has been true to all the duties of life, meeting fully every obligation resting upon him, and his honorable career has gained him the re- spect, confidence and warm regard of all with whom he has been brought in contact. ED. F. WINN. No work that might attempt to tell the story of the settlement and civilization of Idaho would be complete if it should contain no account of the hard, brave work performed by Deputy Sheriff and Deputy United States Marshal Ed. F. Winn, in ridding the country of the gangs of thieves, cut-throats and outlaws that once infested it. A book devoted to the exploits of Winn and other Federal and civil officers in this part of the country would be of thrilling interest. Ed. F. Winn is a native of Brownsville, Penn- sylvania, and was born October 29, 1857. His parents, Isaac and Mary Jane (Moore) Winn, came to the United States from Lancashire, England, soon after their marriage and settled in Pennsylvania, where they are yet living. Mr. Winn being still in the active practice of his profession, as a civil engineer. They are people of the highest worth, ornaments of the commu- nity in which they live, and have been lifelong members of the Cumberland Presbyterian church. They had three sons and a daughter, and Ed. F. Winn was their second child. He was educated and learned the carpenter's trade in his native state, and in 1875, when he was about eighteen, went to Iowa and thence to Nebraska. At Omaha he found work as a car- penter, in the employ of the Union Pacific Rail- road Company. He was sent out on the line of 512 HISTORY OF IDAHO. construction, while the road was being built, and worked his way to Helena, Montana, where he arrived July 8, 1879. He found employment in Helena until fall and then took up work for the Utah & Northern Railway Company, at Oxford, and was thus employed until the line had been constructed as far as Dillon. From Dillon he returned to Idaho Falls and worked on the rail- road shops, which were then being erected. When that work was finished he engaged in the saloon business, in which he continued successfully until he was appointed deputy sheriff of Oneida county by Sheriff Homer. Oneida county then comprised a large territory, and it was infested by cattle and horse thieves, escaped criminals and other out- laws. Deputy Sheriff Winn's work against this class was so aggressive and effective that it came to the notice of United States Marshal Fred T. Dubois, who appointed him deputy United States marshal. The office which Mr. Winn filled at that time required indomitable will, chilly nerve and the quality known as "clear grit." These he proved that he possessed. He had many gun fights and hand-to-hand "scrimmages" with the desperate men, often against fearful odds, but he invariably came out victorious. He was shot at many times and had to shoot men down in self- defence, but if he went out for a man he got him if he was to be found and brought him in if he once got his hand on him. In time the bad men with whom he 'had to deal found this out, and then his work was not quite so hard. He brought many to trial, many fled the country and in time Oneida county came to be a law-abiding place, and as such was gradually taken possession of by law-abiding people. This welcome change was due in no small measure to the efforts of Mr. Winn. He was kept at this good work under reappointment by Sheriff Wooden, in 1893-4, and during that period shot a burglar whom he had captured and who sought to escape from custody. For some years Mr. Winn had a stock ranch, where he was engaged somewhat extensively in raising and dealing in cattle, buying in the fall, feeding through the winter and selling in the spring, and in this enterprise he met with the same degree of satisfactory success that has at- tended his other business ventures. Not long after he came to Idaho Falls he took up twenty- two acres of land adjoining the town site, which he platted as Winn's Addition to Idaho Falls, and which has been sold off and built upon quite extensively. He has built several good residences and has otherwise done his part fully in the development of the town from the day of small things to the present magnitude and prominence. In this connection reference should be made to the fact that Mr. Winn built the Odd Fellows Orphans' Home, at Idaho Falls, a fine large sandstone structure which is a credit alike to the order and to him. In 1888 Mr. Winn went into the grocery trade, at the corner of Main street and Capital avenue, Idaho Falls, and his business has grown to such proportions that it is not only large locally, but extends throughout all of Idaho Falls' rapidly developing tributary territory. Mr. Winn is a strong Republican and has always attended state and county conventions and otherwise aided actively in the work of his party. His standing as a man may be inferred from the fact that he has been elected to impor- tant offices on a ticket to which he was opposed, having been taken up in that way because he was logically the best man for the place. He has long been an active Odd Fellow, devoted to the order in all principles and in all phases of its work. As a citizen he is public-spirited and up- to-date, ready always to give his time and means for the furtherance of any public measure which commends itself to his judgment as being just and wise. In January, 1885, Mr. Winn married Miss Katie Freeman, who was then living at Golden, Colorado, a native of England and a daughter of Joseph and Martha Freeman, of Cheyenne, Wyoming. Mrs. Winn is a member of the Epis- copal church. STAAS SPEKKER. As his name indicates, Staas Spekker, of Lewis- ton, the well known assessor and tax collector of Nez Perces county, is of German birth. one of the representative citizens that the Fatherland has furnished to the New World. The German element is an important one in our national existence, for its men of sterling worth, of enter- prise and perseverance, have done much to pro- mote the industrial, commercial and professional interests of the land. In his business career Mr. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 513 Spekker has manifested the sterling character of his race, and is regarded to-day as one of the valued citizens of northern Idaho. Hte was born in Hanover, Germany, March 4, 1841, was edu- cated in the schools of that country, and during the period of his scholastic training studied the English language, so that he was familiar with the tongue of the people among whom he cast his lot in 1871. Before coming to this country, however, he had had practical experience in farm- ing. Having attended a school of agriculture, he accepted the position of superintendent of a large estate owned by a German nobleman, and held that position until, tiring of the manners and customs of the nobility, he determined to seek a home in the land of the free. Accordingly he crossed the Atlantic and located first at Ackley, Hardin county, Iowa, where he was employed as a farm hand. Mr. Spekker was married there to Miss Mary Latzsch.and immediately afterward they removed to Oregon, renting a farm in Linn county, of Judge Geary. There he remained for eight years, and by untiring industry and close application he acquired considerable capital. Disaster overtook him, however, for the heavy rains caused the utter failure of his crops. In 1879 he removed to eastern Oregon, erected a country hotel and con- ducted a stage station. Prosperity attended his efforts in that direction, and after carrying on the business for two years he removed to the territory of Washington, in 1881. There he took up a homestead claim from the government, re- siding thereon for six years. He made many excellent improvements on the place and in 1885 sold the property for four thousand dollars. In 1886 he came to Nez Perces county and pur- chased a farm of two hundred and eighty acres, two miles from Leland, where he has since been engaged in raising wheat, barley, oats and stock. This is a valuable farming property, and by lite judicious methods and thrifty management he has gained a well merited prosperity. Unto our subject and his wife have been born seven sons and five daughters, and the family cir- cle yet remains unbroken by the hand of death. In order of birth the children are Edwin, Peter, Clara, Minnie, Clay, Amos, Arthur, Marion, Ida, Opal, Clarence and Emma. The two eldest sons are now deputies in their father's office and also operating the farm, while the younger children of the family, together with their parents, are occupying the pleasant home in Lewiston, which is included among Mr. Spekker's realty posses- sions. The children are now enjoying the excel- lent educational advantages offered by the public schools of Lewiston, and thus are being well prepared for life's practical duties. In religious views the family is somewhat divided. Mr. Spek- ker was reared in the Reformed church of Germany, his wife in the Lutheran church, and some of the children belong to the Methodist church, while others attend the Presbyterian services. In politics our subject has been a stalwart Republican since becoming an American citizen, and in the fall of 1898 he was chosen by popular ballot to fill the offices of assessor and tax collec- tor of Nez Perces county, in which capacity he is now acceptably serving, being well qualified to assess the taxable property of the county, owing to his systematic business methods and his thorough reliability. No trust reposed in him has ever been betrayed, and all know him for a man of sterling worth. His career in America has been crowned with the success that comes through earnest, honest labor, and he has justly won the proud American title, of a "self-made man." HENRY WAX. Henry Wax, president of the board of trustees of Grangeville and one of her most enterprising business men, claims California as the state of his nativity, his birth having occurred in Sail Francisco, on the 4th of August, 1859. His parents were Jacob and Amelia (Elkles) Wax, natives of Germany, who located in California in pioneer days. The year 1852 witnessed their arrival in the Golden state, where the father car- ried on merchandising in several towns up to the time of his death. He passed away in his forty- fourth year, his estimable wife having been called to the home beyond three weeks previously. In their family were seven children, of whom only- three are living. Henry Wax, the third in order of birth, was only a small boy when bereft of his parents. He was educated in the public schools of his native town and began to earn his own living as a clerk in the store of Meier & Frank, remaining with 514 HISTORY OF IDAHO. that firm for seven years, as one of their most trusted employes. There he laid the foundation of his future successful career, by acquiring a systematic and thorough knowledge of business methods and becoming familiar with the qualities of goods handled. In 1880 he became a resident of Mount Idaho, and in partnership with Mr. Weiler began business on his own account. In 1886 he opened his store at Grangeville, and from the beginning success attended the new enterprise. In 1888 he established a branch store at Cottonwood, and for several years the firm conducted the three stores, but found that the one at Grangeville could supply the Mount Idaho customers, and accordingly the one in the latter place was abandoned. Business is carried on at Cottonwood by the firm of Wax & Brown, while Mr. Wax is now sole proprietor of the store in Grangeville. He carries a large and well selected stock of goods and has studied closely the varied .tastes of the public, so that he is able to meet the demand. His honorable business policy, com- bined with his uniform courtesy and his earnest desire to please his patrons, has secured to him a liberal patronage. His efforts have not been confined entirely to mercantile pursuits. He has been the promoter of ether interests which have resulted to the gen- eral good as well as to individual benefit. He wa.j the organizer of the Lewiston & Camas Prairie Telephone Company, one of the most valuable acquisitions to the business interests of the town. He is also one of the stockholders and a director of the Bank of Camas Prairie. He carries for- ward to successful completion whatever he undertakes, and his enterprise and capable man- agement are most marked. Mr. Wax is independent in his political views, casting his vote for the men and measures that he believes will best advance the interests of the county. That he is one of Grangeville's most public-spirited and able citizens is evinced by the fact that he is now serving this third term as president of the board of trustees, and in that capacity is doing all that he can to promote the upbuilding and welfare of the town. The public acknowledges its indebtedness to him, and his fellow townsmen give him their active co-opera- tion as he labors for the improvement of the place. In 1885 Mr. Wax married Miss Hinda Bin- nard, daughter of A. Binnard, one of Lewiston's most prominent merchants, now deceased. Their union has been blessed with a son, Monte, n bright young bov. who takes an active interest in selling goods in his father's store during the months of vacation from school. Mr. Wax is a valued member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, has passed all the chairs in both branches and has represented his lodge in the grand lodge of the state. He is also connected with the Woodmen of the World and has repre- sented that organization in its grand lodge. His wife is a member of the Daughters of Rebekah, and both enjoy the high esteem of their fellow townsmen. His reliability in business, his devo- tion to the public good, and his fidelity to all the duties of life have made Mr. Wax a most popular citizen of Grangeville. W. H. PUCKETT. The junior member of the well known law firm of Hawley & Puckett is the gentleman whose name forms the caption of this sketch. He is still a young man, but has attained a posi- tion of distinction at the bar that many an older practitioner might well envy. He was born at Herndon Place, Ballard county, Kentucky, on the 8th of August, 1869. His father, W. J. Puckett, was a native of Jackson, Mississippi, and became one of the prominent lawyers of Kentucky, where he practiced successfully for a number of years. He is now living retired in Denver, Colorado. In the public schools of his native town W. H. Puckett acquired his preliminary education, which was supplemented by a course in the Baptist College at Blandville, Kentucky. In 1885 he went to Denver, Colorado, and was graduated in the Denver Business College, in 1888. The same year he became a student in the Washing- ton and Lee University, of Lexington, Virginia, where he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Law. The year 1891 witnessed his arrival in Idaho. He secured a position as sten- ographer in the law office of Hawley & Reever, at Blackfoot, and in 1892 came with them to Boise, where he has since made his home. He continued with the firm until its dissolution, when he joined the senior partner in the estab- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 515 lishment of the present firm of Hawley & Puckett. They eccupy a commanding position at the bar and enjoy a very liberal share of the legal business in the courts of this locality. Mr. Puckett is thoroughly devoted to his profession, prepares his cases with great thoroughness, is ready and apt in argument, and quick to note any point of attack in an opponent's position. In his social relations he is a Mason, a valued representative of Boise Lodge, No. 2, A. F. & A. M. He also belongs to Capital City Lodge, No. 310, B. P. O. E., in which he holds the office of esteemed loyal knight, and in politics he is a Democrat. He is regarded as a gentleman of high character and reliability, of laudable ambi- tion and commendable enterprise in business, and a successful future undoubtedlv awaits him. JUDGE FREDERICK S. STEVENS. The distinguished citizen of Bineham county, Idaho, whose name appears above, has lived longer in that county than any other resident now alive. He has at different stages of his life in the county been soldier, pioneer, storekeeper, farmer and jurist, and in each capacity has won the respect of all who have been associated with him, and he is widely known as one of the most prominent citizens of southeastern Idaho. Frederick S. Stevens was born in Lynn, Massa- chusetts, August 7, 1838. Benjamin Stevens, his grandfather, was born in Massachusetts, as was also Benjamin Stevens, Jr., his father. Benjamin Stevens married a native of Lynn, Massachusetts, and a daughter of Smith Downing. He was a tanner, and died in 1856, at the age of forty-four years. His widow lived seventy-five years, her death occurring in 1896. They were devout and helpful members of the Methodist Episcopal church. They had four children, three of whom are living. Judge Frederick S. Stevens, the eldest of the survivors of his father's family, was graduated from the Lynn (Massachusetts) hieh school. He went early in life to California, via the isthmus of Panama, and was there a miner, a bookkeeper and a clerk in turn, until the outbreak of the civil war. In April, 1861, he enlisted in Company H, Third Regiment of California Volunteer Infan- try, with the expectation that the regiment would be sent to participate in the war in the southern states, but it was sent into the interior, instead, to keep the Indians in subjection and to protect emigrants. The regiment was located at Camp Douglas and at Soda Springs, and Judge Stevens saw three years and six months of service in the wilderness, which has now mostly disappeared, the territory it covered being dotted by hundreds of villages and cities and peopled bv thousands of prosperous and contented men, women and chil- dren, surrounded bv all the evidences of an ad- vanced civilization, rvfter he was mustered out of the service, he opened a settler's store at Soda Springs, and, with a company stationed there, carried on a trade which paid to a degree and promised more, but was terminated suddenly at the expiration of a year by the unexpected re- moval of the company. In 1866 Judge Stevens came to the site of Blackfoot, then luxuriant in sage-brush and a frequent resort of Indians. He pre-empted a farm and acquired a timber claim and set himself energetically to the work of improvement and cultivation. The farm has become one of the model farms of Bingham county, and it has a fine brick residence and large modern outbuild- ings. The timber claim has been developed into one of the finest timber-culture quarter-sections in the state, and not far from the handsome brick house stands the little log hut in which Judge Stevens began life in the wilderness. In that rude, scanty structure was dispensed a pioneer hospitality which was often made available by emigrants to or through the place; and some- times it was the scene of festive gatherings of neighbors, who crowded one another within its narrow walls and gave themselves up to the en- joyment of a mutual friendship that was as gen- uine as it was spontaneous and hearty. Indian scares were frequent in those pioneer days. On such occasions the few settlers would seek safety in the house of Mr. Warren, which'was provided with loopholes between the layers of logs and was otherwise adapted to purposes of defense, and men would take turns standing guard out- side, day and night. Inside everything was in readiness for desperate battle, and every man was resolved to sell his life at the greatest possible cost to his assailants. Judge Stevens made many trips to Logan, to Corinne and to other distant points, with an ox team, for necessary 516 HISTORY OF IDAHO. supplies. The perils, deprivations and hardships of the past are now but a memory. Judge and Mrs. Stevens have seen the land of their choice touched by the magical hand of progress, the old order of things has given place to the new, and the pioneer is not without honor in his own country. Stock-raising has received much at- tention from Judge Stevens, and he has become prominent as a breeder of and dealer in Durham cattle. Busy as Judge Stevens has been, his interest in public affairs has always been keen. A Repub- lican in politics, he cast his first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln, and from that day to this he has been a faithful and active adherent to the principles of his party. He was postmaster of Blackfoot under President Harrison, and filled that position to the satisfaction of the whole town for eight years. He was three times elected probate judge of Bingham county, and during his long term of service administered the office admirably. The trial of criminal as well as civil cases then devolved upon this office, and its in- cumbent was ex-officio superintendent of the schools of the county. The various and respon- sible duties of the position were performed by Judge Stevens with rare ability and fidelity, and it is a matter of record that only one of his de- cisions was reversed by a higher court. In 1864 he married Finetta Garrett, a native of England, and they entered upon a married life whose happiness has not been diminished by time. They have brought up a family of five interesting children: Fred, named in his father's honor, died of typhus fever at the age of twenty- six years; James is one of the prominent lawyers of this part of the state and lives at Blackfoot; Emma, Abbie and Rachel are members of their parents' household. TOM K. LITTLE. From his boyhood until the present time the subject of this sketch has been connected with mercantile interests, and is thoroughly acquainted with that line of business in every detail. Almost a decade ago he became a resident of Caldwell, Canyon county, and during the intervening years ne has been one of the enterprising business men of the place, devoting his time and energies to the conduct of a general store. So ably has he managed his interests that he has met with most gratifying success, and at th same time has gained the public confidence and good will by his honorable business methods. Mr. Little was born in the northern part of Ireland, in the town of Mohill, county Leitrim, October 26, 1850, his parents being of Scotch- Irish ancestry. When he had mastered the ele- mentary branches of an education he commenced serving an apprenticeship in a dry-goods house in Longford, Ireland, and by diligence and close application won the esteem and trust of his em- ployers. At length he became possessed of the desire to try his fortune in America, for he was an ambitious lad and had determined to make a success of his life if it lay within his power. Ac- cordingly he sailed for the New World, and after landing on American shores continued his west- ward journey to Chicago, where he pursued a course of practical commercial training in the well known Bryant & Stratton's College of that thriving young metropolis. Having acquitted himself with credit in the college he was offered a good position by the large wholesale dry-goods house of John V. Farwell & Company, of that city, and for twenty-one years was one of the most trusted employes of that firm. Naturally he became thoroughly posted in the various de- partments of the business, as he handled all kinds of goods in the line. For several years he trav- eled almost exclusively in Michigan for the firm and was thus .brought into contact with large and small dealers, becoming conversant with the retail as well as the wholesale trade. After all these years of experience he was eminently well qualified to carry on a business of his own, and since opening his store in Caldwell he has met with the success which he richly deserves. It was in 1891 that a stock company was formed here, with Mr. Little as vice president and Montie B. Gwinn as president, and three years later Ernest Boone and Mr. Little bought out the Montie B. Gwinn interests. But in January, 1898, Mr. Lit- tle purchased his partner's interests and has since been sole proprietor. He carries a large and well selected stock of dry goods, clothing, fur- nishing goods, hats and caps, boots and shoes, carpets and general supplies. Year by year the volume of business transacted by the firm has increased, and the house now ranks with the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 517 leading ones of the state. January 15, 1899, Mr. Little purchased the Lucas block, which he re- modeled and is now occupying the same, it being one of the finest and most modern in the state and in every way suitable to meet the demands of his increasing business. On the 24th of February, 1879, Mr. Little was united in marriage to Miss Minnie Hollecker, of Ottawa, Illinois, where the wedding was cele- brated. They now have one child, a daughter named Anabelle. Theirs is one of the attractive homes of Caldwell, and in this city they enjoy the high regard of many friends. Mr. Little has always taken a deep interest in the development and growth of the town and has been foremost in all local improvements and enterprises calcu- lated to permanently benefit the locality. While he gives his attention strictly to his business affairs, he finds time, nevertheless, to fulfil his duties as a patriotic citizen of this great common- wealth. His ballot supports the nominees and measures of the Republican party. LINDOL SMITH. For seventeen years this gentleman has been a resident of Moscow, and has been one of the most active factors in its upbuilding, progress and advancement.' He was born in New Phila- delphia, Tuscarawas county, Ohio, June 6, 1832. His paternal great-grandfather was a French revolutionist, and was a refugee from his native land. Coming to this country, he joined the colonial army in the struggle for independence, and loyally aided in the war for freedom. His son Jonathan Smith was a soldier in the war of 1812, and in an early day became a pioneer of Ohio, where he reared his family. His son, James M. Smith, father of our subject, was born in Millersburg, Ohio, and married Miss Sarah N. Casebeer, a lady of Pennsylvania-Dutch ancestry. He was a minister of the Evangelical Lutheran church and devoted his life to the work of saving souls. When well advanced in years he retired from the ministry and spent his last days with his son Lindol, in whose home he passed away, at the ripe old age of eighty-four years. During the civil war he manifested the same spirit of loyalty which has ever been a marked character- istic of the familv. and went to the front, caring for the soldiers ill with smallpox in the hospitals in Nashville, Tennessee. He had great love for his fellow men and improved every opportunity for doing good to others. His estimable wife, who proved to him a faithful companion and helpmeet, died at the age of sixty-eight years. They had eleven children, of whom only four survive, the subject of this review being the eldest. The family removed to Indiana when Lindol Smith was only seven years of age, and after acquiring a practical education in the public schools he learned the carpenter's trade, and has made contracting and building his life work. In 1862, however, when the country was engaged in civil war, he could no longer content himself to remain at the bench, and joined the boys in blue of Company G, Seventy-third Indiana Infantry, which was attached to the Army of the Cumber- land. The first battle in which he participated was at Richmond, Kentucky, after which he was engaged in fighting nearly every day until Bragg and his forces were driven from the state. They then went to Tennessee for the purpose of cap- turing John Morgan, and while making a charge Mr. Smith attempted to jump across a ditch, fell, and, striking a root, broke two of his ribs. One of the bones penetrated his lungs, pneumonia followed and he was forced to lie in the hospital for a month. He was then granted a thirty-days furlough. At the expiration of that time he re- joined his regiment at Camp Morton, the com- mand in the meantime having been captured, paroled and then placed on duty to guard prisoners. Mr. Smith was examined by the sur- geon, and being declared unfit for field duty, was placed in charge of the military prison at Indian- apolis, where he remained until the close of the war, when he received an honorable discharge, July 2, 1865. Before the war he had married Miss Rachel Surface, and to them were born four children, but he lost his wife and two of his children, and two of his brothers through the dread disease, scarlet fever. He was again married January 10, 1861, Miss Alwieda Patton, a native of In- diana, becoming his wife. When he was wounded she obtained from Governor Morton a commis- sion as a nurse, went to her husband's bedside and remained as matron of the hospital until the war was over, having one hundred and fifty sick 518 HISTORY OF IDAHO. and wounded soldiers under her supervision. She was untiring in her efforts to relieve their suffer- ings and minister to their wants, and was very much beloved by the gallant boys in blue. In consideration of her services, her country has granted her a pension of twelve dollars per month. After the war Mr. Smith was in poor health for some time and unfit for active carpenter work. He therefore engaged in buying and selling lum- ber until the financial panic of 1873, when he lost heavily. In 1882 he came to Moscow, built a planing mill and in connection with its opera- tion engaged in contracting and building, super- intending the erection of many, of the best buildings in the city. He was employed by the state board of regents of the university to super- vise its construction, to see that proper materials were used and that the work was done according to the most improved methods, and at the present time he is occupied with the superintendency of the completion of the building. The university is a credit to the city and the state and stands as a monument to the business ability and skill of Mr. Smith. He is most reliable in all dealings, faithfully lives up to the terms of a contract and has the confidence and patronage of the public in an unusual degree. Mr. Smith has always taken a deep interest in the welfare and progress of the town, has served for eleven years as a member of the school board and has largely promoted the cause of education. He was also a member of the citv council one term, and for two terms, as mayor, administered the affairs of Moscow, his rule being a beneficent and progressive one. In 1898 he was elected a member of the state legislature, and in all the positions of trust has labored earnestly and effectively for the welfare of his countv and state. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Smith have -been born seven children, four of whom are living. The daughter, Ivanella, is now the wife of J. W. Lewellan, of Moscow. Edward had just gradu- ated from the State University when the war with Spain began, and with forty-five of his fellow students he enlisted and was made captain of Company D, First Idaho Volunteers, in which capacity he is now serving his country at Manila, under General Lawton. He received a slight gun- shot wound in the left leg at San Pedro. Captain Smith is only twenty-three years of age, and is said to be the youngest captain in the service. He was a member of the state militia and a thorough tactician, and his ability in His present office rivals that of many a veteran of twice his years. Leo, the second son, now nineteen years of age, is serving in his brother's company and has written a poem of much merit on the Boys in Blue. The youngest son, Wilbert A., is now attending the summer term of the state univer- sity. The parents certainly have just reason to be proud of their children who in a foreign land are protecting the starry banner of the natiqn. Mr. Smith is a valued member of the Odd Fellows society and has filled all the offices in both branches of the order. His wife belongs to the adjunct order, the Daughters of Rebekah, was the first president of the assembly and was also the first president of the Women's Relief Corps of the state. Mr. Smith is very active in the Grand Army of the Republic, is past com- mander of the local post, and state department commander. He has near his home a flag-pole from which he flies "old glory" on occasions of note, and also has a ten-pound Parrott gun which he received from Bostonforthe benefit of the post. The family is one long celebrated for loyalty to the flag, for since the time the French refugee landed on American shores down to the present when two loyal sons of our subject are serving in Manila, each generation of the family has been represented in the wars which have sustained the honor of the nation and led to its present great- ness and its proud position among the powers of the world. JESSE L. CONANT, M. D. The subject of this sketch is a worthy example of the large class of well read, careful and honor- able physicians who are dear to their fellow townsmen wherever their lot may be cast. They are near to the people in sickness and trouble and grow very near to them in all relations of life, and become, many of them, the most influential men in their communities. Doctor Jesse Lyman Conant, mayor and prominent physician and druggist of Genesee, Idaho, was born in Birming- ham, Essex county, New York, May 31, 1831, and is descended from an old Norman family which went to the mother country with William the Conqueror. George Conant, who came early HISTORY OF IDAHO. 519 to New England and was the friend and rival of Miles Standish, was the progenitor of the family in America. Doctor Conant's grandfather was born in Berkshire, Massachusetts, and his son, Clark Conant, who was Doctor Conant's father, was a native of the same town. Clark Conant married Samantha Grandy, of Vermont, and moved to Jackson county, Michi- gan, at a comparatively early date. Thence they removed, in 1878, when somewhat advanced in life, to Los Angeles, California, where Mr. Conant died at the age of ninety-eight, and Mrs. Conant at the age of ninety-six. They were of the highest character and were almost lifelong members of the Baptist church. They had six children, of whom four are living. George Clark Conant died in defense of his country during the civil war. Doctor Jesse Lyman Conant was educated in a general way in the public schools and profes- sionally in Rush Medical College, where he stood third in a class of eighty. He entered upon the practice of his profession and pursued it success- fully in Jackson county, Michigan, for a number of years. Then for eight years he ministered to the sick at Blair, Nebraska, where he became well known as ail able and successful physician and surgeon. The succeeding eight years were passed, with similar results, at Buffalo Gap, South Dakota. From there he came to Genesee, where he and his son, Dr. J. L. Conant, Jr., erected a two-story and basement store building, twenty- five by eighty feet, which he so planned that he has one of the most attractive as well as one of the most convenient drug stores in northern Idaho. He carries a large stock of drugs, paints, oils, and stationery, and has an extensive and constantly growing trade. He has prospered in a professional way also, and has a large practice among the best citizens of Genesee and its sur- rounding country. Dr. Conant was married, in 1854, to Miss Julia Rock, a native of Clinton county, New York. They have had three children, of whom two are living. Their daughter, Helen Elizabeth, is the wife of Frank Standish. Doctor Jesse L. Conant, Jr., their son, received a thorough medical educa- tion and became his father's partner and gained an enviable professional reputation. At the be- ginning of the Spanish war he tendered his services to his country and was appointed sur- geon of the First Idaho Regiment, and is now serving with it in the Philippine Islands. Doctor Conant's first vote was cast for Win- field Scott, Whig candidate for president, and when the Republican party was formed he attached himself to it and has voted for every one of its nominees for the presidency, from Fremont to McKinley, and has been a warm supporter of its party at all periods of its history. He never was an office-seeker, and has often refused posi- tions of responsibility which might have been his for the taking, but in 1899 he was prevailed upon to become the nominee of his party for the mayoralty of Genesee. His election followed, and the choice was so good a one that it "was satisfactory to the citizens of all classes and parties. He was made Mason many years ago and is a past master of his lodge. CARMEL C. CARPENTER. One whose faith in the magnificent agricultural possibilities of Idaho was such as to lead him to become identified with this great basic industry is Carmel C. Carpenter, who is one of the prom- inent and representative farmers of Latah cotintv. Results have amply justified his confidence, and he to-day maintains his residence on his fine farm, which is located seven and one-half miles south of the thriving town of Moscow. Mr. Carpenter is a native of the state of Iowa, having been born in Dubuque county, on the 271!.! of April, 1845. His lineage traces back to stanch old English stock, the first American representa- tives of the family having been numbered among the early settlers in Vermont, from which state the great-grandfather of our subject went forth to valiant service for the cause of independence in the war of the Revolution. Cephas Carpenter, grandfather of Carme! C., was born in Vermont, and, as a colonel in the militia of that state, saw active service in the war of 1812, participating in the battle of Platts- burg Heights. He attained remarkable longevity, being ninety-six years of age at the time of his death and being active and in full possession of his faculties even to the day of his demise. It is a matter of record that he walked a distance of seven miles the day before he passed away, an honored patriarch, in whom there was no guile. 520 HISTORY OF IDAHO. He was by profession a lawyer, was a man of high intellectual gifts and sterling integrity, and that as a prototype his influence on heredity has been altogether beneficial may be inferred from the fact that one of his grandsons was Matt. H. Carpenter, the celebrated lawyer of Wisconsin and for many years a representative of that state in the United States senate. Alfred Carpenter, the father of the subject of this review, was born in the state of Vermont, his birth having occurred in" Washington county, in the year 1812. He was a farmer by occupation, and his efforts were attended with a due measure of success. He married Miss Mary K. Cheney, a native of Milford, Massachusetts, and they be- came the parents of thirteen children, all of whom reached mature years and of whom only two are deceased at the present time. The father lived to attain the age of seventy years, and his widow has now reached the venerable age of seventy-seven years. In this large family of children, who grew up under the invigorating influences of the old Green Mountain state, Carmel C. Carpenter, of this sketch, was the third in order of birth and is the eldest of the survivors. He was reared on the parental farmstead, early becoming familiar with the duties incidental to its cultivation, while in the winter seasons he was accorded the ad- vantages afforded by the district schools. Mr. Carpenter was a youth of seventeen years when the dark cloud of civil war cast its pall over the national horizon, and his patriotic ardor was quickened to the point of action. In response to President Lincoln's second call for volunteers, he enlisted in Company G, Twenty-third Missouri Volunteer Infantry, with which he served in the Army of the Tennessee and later in the Army of the Cumberland. He participated in many of the important conflicts which marked -the prog- ress of the great war of the Rebellion, among the number being those of Shiloh, Peach Tree Creek, New Hope Church and Jonesboro, Georgia, while he also was an active participant in the almost continuous fighting of the Atlanta campaign, including the taking of the city. His regiment accompanied General Sherman on the ever memorable "march to the sea," and he took part in the battles at Louisville, Georgia, and Waynesboro. Mr. Carpenter was too young to secure promotion, but his military record was one of splendid order and one in which he may justly take pride. It is worthy of note in this connection that the youthful soldier did not re- ceive a wound during the entire course of his service, nor was he ill for even a day, his sturdy vigor and his intrepid bravery making him a valuable addition to the ranks of "boys in blue" who perpetuated the integrity of our nation. Mr. Carpenter received an honorable discharge at Savannah, Georgia, on the 24th of January, 1865, a youthful veteran who had rendered to his coun try the valiant service of a loval son of the republic. His army service thus ended and victory hav- ing crowned the Union arms, Mr. Carpenter returned to his far-distant home, where he forth with resumed the vocation of-farming. In 1869 was consummated his marriage to Miss Amy M. Randall, who was born in Iowa, the daughter of Almeron Randall. In the year 1880 Mr. Carpenter disposed of his farm in Missouri and turned his face toward the "shining mountains" of Idaho, the Gem state of the Union. Upon arriving here he located three hundred and twenty acres of rich farming land in Latah county, where he has since main- tained his home and where success has crowned his indefatigable and well directed efforts. He has given his attention to the improvement and cultivation 'of his property, bringing to bear the most approved methods and carrying on opera- tions according to scientific principles. His suc- cess, as taken in connection witn the natural benefices which soil and climate afford, has been a natural result, and he is to be numbered among those who have done much to advance the agri- cultural interests of a state whose prestige is ever increasing. Wisely interpreting the possibilities for successful production, Mr. Carpenter has de- voted his attention 'principally to the raising of wheat, having secured a yield of as high as forty bushels per acre, as an average for the entire crop. Of barley he has raised seventy-eight bushels per acre, the entire crop being sold at the rate of one cent a pound and returning to him twenty-five dollars per acre. Upon his place Mr. Carpenter has also a fine fruit orchard, the prod- ucts of which are principally retained for home use. HISTORY OF IDAHO.- 521 To our subject and his wife seven children have been born, and of this number five are living. The eldest daughter, Nellie, is the wife of Ralph L. Hall, of Coeur d'Alene; and the younger children are Jessie, Arthur, Jennie and Leona. In his political adherency Mr. Carpenter is stanchly arrayed in support of the Republican party and its principles. For two years he has been chairman of the board of trustees of Latah county, and for the long period of eighteen years he has served as one of the trustees of his school district, while for three years he was a member of the board of trustees of the Soldiers' Home, at Boise, having been appointed to this position by Governor McConnell. He keeps alive the associations and memories of his military life by retaining membership in the Grand Army of the Republic, and in addition to this valued fraternal connection, he is also identified with the Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows. Mr. Carpenter is recognized as one of the rep- resentative citizens of the county, being a man of marked intellectuality and inflexible integrity and holding the respect and confidence of all who come in contact with him. He and his family enjoy a wide acquaintanceship and distinct popu- larity in Latah county, where they have resided for so many years, and they merit consideration in any work which has to do with the history of the fair state of Idaho. SAMUEL O. TANNAHILL. Samuel O. Tannahill, of the law firm of Tanna- hill & Tannahill, of Lewiston, is a native of Iowa, his birth having occurred in Van Btiren county, that state, August 10, 1868. In colonial days the family was founded in New England, and the great-grandfather of our subject, Henry W. Tannahill, was one of the heroes of the Revo- lution, valiantly fighting for the independence of the nation. He afterward became one of the pioneer settlers of Ohio, and there occurred the birth of Henry and John L. Tannahill, the former the grandfather, the latter the father of our sub- ject. When a young man John L. Tannahill emigrated to Iowa, and became an industrious and successful farmer of that state. He married Miss Elmira Jones, a native ot Iowa, and to them were born three sons, all yet living. At the time of the civil war, the father responded to the coun- try's call for aid and served in the Seventh Iowa Cavalry until the cessation of hostilities. Later he removed to Kansas, in 1872, where he died in the thirty-third year of his age. His widow still survives him and is now forty-nine years of age. She belongs to the Presbyterian church, as did her husband. Samuel O. Tannahill, the eldest son, acquired his preliminary education in the public schools of Kansas, and later was a student in the Kansas State Normal School. He was reared on the home farm, and when seventeen years of age began to earn his own living by teaching school. He was employed as a teacher of country schools until 1888, when he came to Idaho and continued his labors along educational lines, in Nez Perces county, until 1892, when, by popular ballot, he was elected to the office of assessor and ex-officio tax collector. He then came to Lewiston to reside, and filled his position in such a satisfactory manner that in 1894 he received the nomination of his party for clerk of the district court and ex-officip auditor and recorder of the county. He was also clerk of the board of commissioners, and his public service was most acceptable and commendable. In the meantime Mr. Tannahill had read law, and having passed the necessary examination was admitted to the bar. He then entered into partnership with his brother, George W. Tannahill, who is a graduate of the law school at Valparaiso, Indiana, and they have rapidly acquired a good practice, now retaining a distinctively representative clientele. They have a nicely appointed office, a good library and also own a set of abstract books. Samuel O. Tannahill has always been an advo- cate and supporter of the Democracy, has attended many of the county and state conven- tions and has a wide acquaintance in the party throughout the state. He had the honor of being appointed by Governor Steunenberg a member of his staff. He keeps well informed on the issues of the day and is therefore able to give an intelligent support to the principles in which he so firmly believes. Mr. Tannahill was married, in 1897, * Miss Alice Cox, a daughter of W. S. Cox, a prominent Lewiston merchant. She is a lady of culture and refinement and is a valued member of the 522 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Presbyterian church. Mr. and Mrs. Tannahill have a nice home in Lewiston, where he has acquired considerable property. He belongs to the Odd Fellows society, has passed all the chairs in all its branches, is a blue-lodge and royal-arch Mason and has taken the Scottish-rite degrees up to and including the eighteenth. He is a young man of worth and ability, and has the happy faculty of making friends and drawing them closer to him as the years pass by. At the bar he has attained an enviable position. Deeply in- terested in his profession he spares no pains in perfecting himself in his chosen calling, and has a wide and accurate knowledge of the prin- ciples of jurisprudence. CARTER W. BURNS. Among the public officials of Elmore county is Carter W. Burns, of Mountain Home, who is now acceptably serving as sheriff. His entire life has been spent west of the Mississippi, his birth having occurred in Jackson county, Iowa, on the 5th of April, 1856. The family is of Scotch descent and was early founded in the state of Missouri, the paternal grandfather of our subject having taken up his residence there when the region was an almost unbroken wilderness Jerome Samuel Burns, the father of our subject, was born in Missouri and wedded Miss Mary Kuntz, a native of Pennsylvania, and of German descent. They are now residents of San Jose, California, the father having attained the age of sixty-seven, the mother fifty-seven years. They are both valued members of the Methodist church, and are people of the highest respectability and worth. In their family were twelve children, ten of whom reached years of maturity, while nine are still living. Carter W. Burns, whose name introduces this review, acquired his education in the public schools near his Iowa home, and spent his boy- hood days upon his father's farm, assisting in the work of plowing, planting and harvesting. His time was thus occupied until he attained his majority, when he left home and went to the Black Hills, where he engaged in prospecting and mining. During the Leadville excitement he went to Colorado, where he again engaged in mining and also followed freighting for some time. He carried supplies for the miners into the state of Durango, Mexico, and while in that land took a contract for building a portion of the Rio Grande Railroad. On the completion of that work he returned to Colorado, and in 1882 came to Idaho, locating on Wood river, where he engaged in prospecting, mining, freighting and in furnishing railroad ties for the railroad between Shoshone and Ketchum. In 1884 Mr. Burns arrived in Mountain Home and opened a meat market, which he conducted with excellent success for ten years. He also had the contract for carrying the mail from Mountain Home to Rocky Bar, and is now quite exten- sively interested in mining claims, having made judicious investments in mining property. In 1896 he was elected on the silver Republican ticket to the office of county sheriff, which posi- tion he has filled with marked capability. He is prompt and reliable, discharging his duties with- out fear or favor, and the high commendation of the public is accorded him. In 1886 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Burns and Miss Emma Jane Bluett, a native of Walla Walla, Washington. Their union has been blessed with two children, Mary L. and Charles J., who are still with their parents. Airs. Burns is an acceptable member of the Protestant Epis- copal church, and both our subject and his wife are held in the high regard of an extensive circle of friends and acquaintances. CHESTER P. COBURN. Among the well known and highly respected citizens of northern Idaho who have borne an important part in the development of the state is Chester P. Coburn, of Lewiston, whose name is enrolled among the pioneers who came to this section of the country in 1862. He aided in the organization not only of the state but of the territory, and has ever been a prominent factor in the progress and advancement which have wrought a marvelous transformation here. It is a well attested maxim that the greatness .of a state lies not in its machinery of government, nor even in its institutions, but in the sterling qualities of its individual citizens, in their capacity for high and unselfish effort and their devotion to the public good. Regarded as a citizen, Mr. Coburn belongs to that public-spirited, useful and helpful type of men whose ambitions and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 523 desires are centered and directed in those chan- nels through which flow the greatest and most permanent good to the greatest number, and it is therefore consistent with the purpose and plan of this work that his record be given among those of the representative men of the state. A native of Vermont, Chester P. Coburn was born in Rochester, that state, May 3, 1832. His ancestors were early settlers of New Hampshire and the Green Mountain state, and his grand- fathers, Abraham Coburn and Benjamin Stone, fought for the freedom and independence of the colonies in the Revolutionary war. His father, Thomas Coburn, was a native of New Hamp- shire, and in early life learned the tanner's trade, but in later years became a farmer. He married Miss Amelia Stone, and they removed from Ver- mont to Potsdam, New York, where the father departed this life at the advanced age of eighty- six years, while the mother was called to her final rest in her eighty-fourth year. They were lifelong members of the Congregational church, and in his political views Mr. Coburn was first a Whig and afterward a Republican. Both he and his wife enjoyed the high regard of many friends and their lives were exemplary in all respects. They had a family of nine children, three sons and six daughters, but four of the daughters are now deceased. Chester P. Coburn, the eighth in order of birth, was reared and educated in Vermont and New York. He left his home in August, 1849, at the age of seventeen years, and went to New York, where he remained until 1852, when he sailed for California, going by way of the Nicaragua route. He was for some years engaged in mining and merchandising in Placer and Yolo counties, where members of his party took out nuggets worth seventy-five and eighty dollars. The larg- est one he ever secured, however, was worth ten dollars. He also engaged in stock-raising in California, and had been in the latter business four years when, attracted by the Florence gold discoveries, he came to Lewiston, Idaho. During the first summer he engaged in mining, and then established a livery business, for there was a large demand for pack and saddle horses. He carried on operations along that line until 1864, when he sold his barn and went to Oregon, where he purchased one hundred and seventy-five head of cattle, which he brought to Lewiston. He then en- gaged in stock-raising and in the dairy business, and subsequently carried on the butchering busi- ness in Lewiston for fourteen years. In 1890 he went to the Salmon river country, took up gov- ernment land and continued in the stock busi- ness, meeting with gratifying success. He is a man of great industry, and his sagacity in business affairs and his untiring energy resulted in securing a handsome competence. In 1898 he sold his ranch and stock, and just as he was concluding the transaction he was robbed of three thousand dollars worth of stock. He never found the thief or cattle, although he traveled in every direction, searching for months, but without avail. He is now retired from active business life and resides in his home in Lewiston, which he has owned for thirty years. In 1866 Mr. Coburn was united in marriage to Miss Martha Chauncy, a native of Illinois, who crossed the plains in an early day. Their union has been blessed with seven children, four sons and three daughters, all yet living, namely: Albert C.; Howard S. and Herbert E., twins; Ransom M.; Alice M.; Flora G., wife of Frank Sears; and Cora E. Mr. Coburn cast his first presidential vote for Winfield Scott, and was one of the organizers of the Republican party in California. He remained as one of its most stalwart supporters for many years, but is not in harmony with it on the financial question, and is therefore independent at the present time, placing the country's good before party advancement. He has attended various conventions of his party in Boise, when the fare by stage was one 'hundred and five dollars each way, and several weeks were re- quired for the transaction of business and the accomplishment of the journey. Few, if any, of the pioneers have manifested greater devotion to the best interests of the state or performed more effective labor in behalf of the general progress and advancement of Idaho. He has left the im- press of his individuality upon the social, moral, business and political life of fhe state, and is regarded as one of Idaho's most valued citizens. He is very prominent in Masonic circles and has attained distinction in connection with the official labors of the organization. He was made a Master Mason in Nez Perces Lodge, No. 10, F. & A. M., was a charter member of Lewiston Chapter, No. 4, R. A. M., and was chosen its first high priest, serving in that capacity for seven years. He is also past master of the lodge and past grand master of the order in the state. His life exemplifies the ennobling principles of the fraternity, which through countless ages has inculcated charity and kindliness among men. CHAPTER XXXV. POLITICAL, RESUMED. IN 1890 there were two important supreme- court decisions rendered which were of popu- lar interest. The legislature remained in session for a time beyond the sixty-day limit pre- scribed by the constitution, and the question was raised as to the validity of the laws passed after that limit was passed. The supreme court of the state decided that they were valid, and this decision was finally affirmed by the supreme court of the United States. The other decision concerned the great Mor- mon question and the test oath so stringently adopted by the early settlers of the territory. The territorial statute provided that no person should be entitled to vote who was a "member of any order, organization or association which teaches, advises, counsels or encourages its members, devotees or any other person to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy, or any other crime defined by law, as a duty arising or resulting from membership in such order, organization or asso- ciation, or which practices bigamy, polygamy or plural or celestial marriages as a doctrinal rite of such organizations." To enforce this provision it was further en- acted that every person applying for registration should take a stringent oath, known as the "test oath," to the effect that he "does not and will not practice bigamy or polygamy, and is not and will not be connected in any way with the Mormon organization or aid it, or teach its doctrines." It was claimed by the Mormons that these statutes violated the first amendment to the constitution of the United States, which forbids the passage of any law "respecting the establishment of re- ligion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." The decision of this court, rendered February 3, 1890, denied this contention and fully established the constitutionality of such legislation. The document contains the following statements of the law: Bigamy and polygamy are crimes by the laws of all civilized and Christian countries. They are crimes by the laws of the United States, and they are crimes by the laws of Idaho. The term "religion" has reference to one's views of his relations to his Creator and to the obligations they impose and reverence for His being and character, and of obedience to His will. It is often confounded with the cultus or form of worship of a particular sect, but is distinguished from the latter. The first amendment to the constitution, in declaring that "congress shall make no law respecting the estab- lishment of religion or prohibit the free exercise thereof," was intended to allow every one under the jurisdiction of the United States to entertain such notions respecting hi* relations to his Maker and the duties they impose as may be approved by his judgment and conscience, and to exhibit his sentiments in such form of worship as he may think proper not injurious to the equal rights of others, and to prohibit legislation for the support of any religious tenets or the modes of worship of any religious sect. The oppressive measures adopted, and the cruelties and punishments inflicted by the governments of Europe for many ages, to com- pel parties to conform in their religious beliefs and modes of worship to the views of the most numerous sect, and the folly of attempting in that way to control the mental operation of persons and enforce an outward conformity to a prescribed standard, led to the adop- tion of the amendment in question. It was never in- tended or supposed that the amendment could be in- voked as a protection against legislation for the pun- ishment of acts inimical to the peace, good order and morals of society. However free the exercise of re- ligion may be, it must be subordinate to the criminal laws of the country passed with reference to actions regarded by general consent as properly the subjects of punitive legislation. Probably never before in the history of this country has it been seriously contended that the whole punitive power of the government, for acts recognized by the general consent of the Christian world in modern times as proper matters for prohib- itory legislation, must be suspended in order that the tenets of a religious sect encouraging crime may be carried out without hindrance. It was further decided that the legislation in question was entirely within the powers granted by congress to the territorial legislature. ADMISSION TO THE UNION. The passage of the Idaho admission bill through congress was virtually assured by the above decision. Until it was made certain that 524 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 525 the new state, if admitted, could lawfully control and exclude from power its polygamous popula- tion, no one cared to hasten its admission ; and the bill slumbered in the house committee at Washington. After this decision the bill was reported to the house, and passed, April 3. It received the approval of the senate July i, and was signed by the president on July 3, and at that moment Idaho became a state. Its constitu- tion had been framed in July, 1889, and adopted by the people in November of that year. The boundaries of the new state were defined as follows: Beginning at the inter- section of the thirty-ninth meridian with the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions, then following said meridian south until it reaches the summit of the Bitter Root mountains, then southeast along the crest of the Bitter Root range and the continental divide until it inter- sects the meridian of thirty-four degrees of longi- tude, thence southward on this meridian to the forty-second parallel of latitude, thence west on this parallel of latitude to its intersection with the meridian drawn through the mouth of the Owyhe'e river, thence north on this merid- ian to the mouth of the Owyhee river, thence down the mid-channel of the Snake river to the mouth of the Clearwater river, and north on the meridian which passes through the mouth of the Clearwater to the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions, and east on said boundary line to the place of beginning. On the admission of Idaho into the Union, it was assigned one representative in congress, be- sides the two senators. It was provided that in the first election held for state officers the terri- torial laws for registration, including the test-oath law, should apply. The sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections of the public lands in each township, or sections in lieu thereof, were granted to the state for the support of common schools, the proceeds from the sale of such lands to be preserved as a permanent school fund. This fund was entitled also to receive five per cent, of the net proceeds accruing to the United States from the sale of public lands in the state. Fifty sections of the public lands were granted in aid of the erection .of public buildings at the capital, and ninety thousand acres were granted for the establish- ment and maintenance of an agricultural college. In lieu of the general grant of lands for internal improvements usually made to new states, the following special grants were made: For the establishment and maintenance of a scientific school, 100,000 acres; for state normal schools, 90,000 acres; for the maintenance of the insane asylum at Blackfoot, 50,000 acres; for the main- tenance of the state university at Moscow, 50,000 acres; for the penitentiary at Boise, 50,000 acres; and for other state charitable, educational, penal and reformatory institutions, 150,000 acres. None of the lands granted was to be sold for less than ten dollars an acre. THE FIRST STATE OFFICERS. Pursuant to the provisions of the admission act and of the new constitution, Territorial Gov- ernor Shoup issued a proclamation, July 18, 1890, directing a special election to be held on October i to choose a full corps of state and county officers and a representative to the fifty-first and fifty-second congresses. Nominating conventions were at once called by the Republican and Demo- cratic state committees. The Republican state convention met at Boise August 20 and nominated the following ticket: For governor, George L. Shoup; for lieutenant governor, Norman B. Willey; secretary of state. A. J. Pinkham; auditor, George Robethan; treas- urer, Frank R. Coffin; attorney general, George H. Roberts; superintendent of public instruction. J. E. Harroun; justices of the supreme court, Joseph W. Huston, John T. Morgan and Isaac N. Sullivan; and member of congress for both terms, Willis Sweet. In their platform, besides the customary declarations, the Republicans de- manded a repeal of the national law which placed the public domain of the state of Idaho within th.e arid region and reserved the same from settle- ment, which law "retarded the growth of the state and worked a great injustice to the people." The Democratic state convention also met at Boise, August 26, and nominated Benjamin Wil- son for governor, Samuel F. Taylor for lieutenant governor, E. A. Sherwin for secretary of state, James H. Wickersham for auditor, T. A. Regan for treasurer, Richard Z. Johnson for attorney general, Milton A. Kelly for superintendent of 526 HISTORY OF IDAHO. public instruction, I. N. Maxwell, F. H. Ensign and Hugh W. Weir for justices of the supreme court, and Alexander E. Mayhew for member of congress. In their platform they declared for the free and unlimited coinage of silver, for an eight- hour system of labor, for laws restricting Chinese immigration and prohibiting their employment, and even favored the deportation of the Chinese that may be found already in the state; and they also favored the principle of electing United States senators by a popular vote. During the ensuing canvass the name of Silas W. Moody was substituted on the Republican ticket for that of George Robethan. The election resulted in a victory for the Republican ticket, as follows: For George L. Shoup, Republican candidate for governor, 10,262; for Benjamin Wilson, the Democratic candidate for that office, 7,948; for Willis Sweet, Republican candidate for member of congress, 10,150; for Alex. E. May- hew, for the same office, 8,026; and the other candidates received majorities varying from 1,500 to 2,200. The state legislature was composed of fourteen Republicans and four Democrats in the senate, and thirty Republicans and six Democrats in the house. On November 3, soon after assuming office, Governor Shoup issued his proclamation convening the new legislature for its first session at Boise on December 8. This body accordingly met on that date, and completed its session on March 14 following. Almost immediately after assembling, the legislature proceeded to the elec- tion of United States senators. On December 18 it chose Governor Shoup for the term ending March 4, 1897, and William J. McConnell for the term ending March 4, 1893. At the same time this legislature elected ex-Delegate Fred- erick T. Dubois to succeed Governor Shoup at the end of his term. The ballot for Dubois was taken in joint session, without having first, on the day previous, taken a ballot separately in each house, according to the statute. His Re- publican opponents took advantage of this, and, combining with the Democrats, protested against the election as illegal. They passed through both houses a resolution under which, on February 10, each house separately voted for a senator in place of Dubois. This resolution declared that great doubt of the validity of the former election ex- isted, because it took place in advance of the time fixed by law, and without a separate ballot in each house. On February 1 1 both houses in joint session, finding that no choice had been made on the preceding day on the separate ballot in each house, proceeded by joint ballot to elect William H. Clagett to the United States senate, by a vote of twenty-eight,, to four for all other candidates. Seventeen Republican members were present and refused to vote, and four were ab- sent; but the Republican minority and the Demo- crats (who voted for Clagett) formed a majority of both houses. Subsequently acting Governor Willey signed the certificate of Clagett's election ; but Secretary of State Pinkham refused to coun- tersign it or affix the state seal. Dubois had previously obtained a certificate of election signed by the governor and the secretary of state and duly sealed. It then became the duty of the United States senate to pass upon the validity of both these certificates. At this session of the legislature the Australian ballot system was adopted, applying to all elections in the state excepting school-district elections. Under its provisions candidates may be nomi- nated by the convention or primary meeting of a political party, or by certificates of nomination signed by electors residing within the political division for which the nomination is made to the number at least of three hundred if for a state office, at least one hundred and fifty if for an office representing two or more counties, and so on down in a corresponding ratio. In connec- tion with elections a registration law was adopted, and the usual restrictions placed upon qualifica- tions of voters. In order to fund the bonded and floating debts of the state, an act was passed authorizing the issue of six-per-cent. state bonds, redeemable on December i, 1911, or at any time after Decem- ber i, 1900, at the option of the state. At the time of the adoption of this law the bonded debt of the state to be refunded amounted to $51,715.06, with accrued interest, while the float- ing debt was about $76,000, with accrued interest. The ad-valorem state tax to be levied annually for general purposes was fixed at eight and a half mills on the dollar, and a further annual tax of three-fourths of a mill was levied in aid of the state university building fund. The HISTORY OF IDAHO. 527 legislature also passed a law changing the school system m conformity with the requirements of the state constitution and provided for an annual tax levy in each county, for the support of schools, of not less than five nor more than ten mills on the dollar. The liquor-license law enacted at this session fixed the annual license fee at five hundred dollars in all places where the total vote for governor at the preceding election exceeded one hundred and fifty; three hundred dollars in other places ; but a tavern where liquor was sold three miles or more from a village should pay only one hundred dollars annually. The sell- ing or giving of liquors to minors was forbidden. The sum of thirty-five thousand dollars was ap- propriated for restoring the buildings of the insane asylum at Blackfoot, which had been burned. For the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago twenty thousand dollars was appro- priated. Aliens were forbidden to acquire or hold any real estate in the state except mining lands, unless such real estate be acquired by inheritance or by the enforcement of a lien or judgment for debt. Resolutions were adopted urging an amendment to the federal constitution permitting the election of United States senators by a direct vote of the people. The county of Canyon was created out of a portion of Ada county. A state penitentiary was established at Boise in the build- ings already in use by the territory, two miles east of the city. The killing of moose was pro- hibited for six entire years. Three-fourths of a jury in civil cases were allowed to render a ver- dict. Eight hours was made a "day's" work. A county horticultural commissioner was provided for in certain cases. A great seal for the state was adopted. Three thousand dollars was appro- priated annually for the education of the deaf, dumb and blind of the state at institutions in adjoining states or territories; and many other important acts were passed. CHAPTER XXXVI. IDAHO IN 1890. THE officers for the territory and state of Idaho for the year 1890 were: Governor. George L. Shoup, Republican; secretary of state, Edward J. Curtis; treasurer, Charles Himrod; comptroller, James H. Wickersham; attorney general, Richard Z. Johnson; superin tendent of public instruction, Charles C. Stever.- son; chief justice of the supreme court, James H. Beatty; associate justices, Willis Sweet and Charles H. Berry. November I, 1890, the following state officers were declared elected by the state board of can- vassers and soon thereafter assumed office: Gov- ernor, George L. Shoup; lieutenant governor, Norman B. Willey; secretary of state, A. J. Pink- ham ; auditor, Silas W. Moody ; treasurer, Frank R. Coffin; attorney general, George H. Roberts; superintendent of public instruction, J. E. Har- roun; justices of the supreme court, Isaac N. Sullivan, Joseph W. Huston and John T. Mor- gan. Justice Sullivan drew by lot the shortest term and thereby became the chief justice. The population of Idaho in 1890 by counties was: Ada 8,368 Alturas 2,629 Bear Lake 6,057 Bingham 13,575 Boise 3,342 Cassia 3,143 Custer 2,176 Elmore 1,870 Idaho 2,955 Kootenai 4.108 Latah 9,173 Lemhi 1,915 Logan 4,169 Nez Perces 2,847 Oneida 6,819 Owyhee 2,021 Shoshone 5.382 Washington 3.836 Total for the state 84,385 Increase since 1880 51-775 528 The total indebtedness of the counties in 1890, when Idaho became a state, was $1,320,795, of which $858,700 was bonded. The state debt October i, 1890, was: Bonds of 1877, due De- cember i, 1891, $46,715.06; capitol-building bonds of 1885, $80,000; insane-asylum bonds of 1885, $20,000; outstanding warrants unpaid, $92,552.89; total debt, $239,267.95. The large amount of outstanding warrants was due to ap- propriations made by the preceding legislature for improvements upon the capitol grounds, the insane asylum and the university lands, and to unusual expenditures caused by the destruction of the insane asylum at Blackfoot by fire on No- vember 24, 1889. Before the end of December the wagon road bonds, amounting to $50,000, authorized by the preceding legislature, were sold at a premium, to be delivered as fast as money for the road should be needed. The balances in the various funds of the state- treasury were: General, $799.39; capitol build- ing, $20,774.95; library, $198.89; university, $78.32; common school, $758.60; insane, $334.57; general school fund, $10,919.40; total, $33,- 864.12. The governor estimated the necessary expenses of the first year of statehood at $177,535, to meet which a tax levy, for 1891, of six and a half mills, would be necessary, exclusive of the half-mill levy for the state university and the one-fifth-mill levy for the wagon roads. The state university was established at Moscow by an act of the fifteenth legislature, and the sum of fifteen thousand dollars appropriated for the purchase of a site and for procuring plans and specifications for a building. The growth of the public schools during the two years ending August 31, 1890, was indicated by the following figures: The number of school districts increased from 337 to 410; school-houses from 269 to 315; schools from 376 to 497; chil- dren of school age (between five and twenty-one) HISTORY OF IDAHO. 529 from 20,433 to 2 SA7 l > the amount received for school purposes from $158,512 to $202,235. The assessed valuation of property for the year 1890 was: Real estate and improvements, $11,173,511; railroad property, $5,358,338; live stock, $4,744,276; goods, wares and merchandise, $1,612,615; money, bank shares and other secur- ities, $763,284; other personal property, $1,929,- 281; total, $25,581,305. The rate of taxation upon this valuation was four mills, three and a half mills being for general purposes, and half a mill for the university. The mineral production for the year 1890 by counties, was: Silver, Lead, at $i at 4 cts. Gold. per ounce. a pound. Ada $ 16,000 $ 500 $ Alturas 140,000 360,000 240,000 Bingham 66,000 Boise 410,000 125,000 Cassia 4S,ooo Custer 260,000 893,000 145,000 Elmore 200,000 18,000 Idaho 485,000 37,000 Kootenai 166,500 325,000 110,000 Lemhi 725,500 150,000 Logan 75,ooo 550,000 125,000 Owyhee 651,000 325,000 Shoshone 340,000 2,750,000 3,890,000 Washington 15,000 60,000 Total $3,595,000 $5,594,000 $4,510,000 Besides, Custer county produced $75,000 worth of copper, and Washington county $50,000 worth, mak- ing the grand total $13,824,500. During the year ending March 31, 1890, crops were raised in the state by irrigation on 217,0x35 acres of land, or 339.07 square miles, about four-tenths of one per cent of the area of the state. The number of farms on May 31, 1890, was 6,654, of which 4,323, or about two-thirds, irrigated areas, the remaining third being farms in the northern counties or stock ranges requir- ing no irrigation. The average first cost of water right was $4.74 an acre, and the average cost of preparing the soil for cultivation, including the purchase price of the land but excluding the cost of water right, was $10.56 an acre. The average annual cost of water is eighty cents an acre. The average value of the irrigated land was $45.50 an acre. On August i, 1890, there were seventy-five prisoners in the state penitentiary, which is lo- cated two miles east of Boise, on a tract of one hundred and sixty acres. Of these six were United States prisoners. There is no employ- ment for the inmates of this institution, but occa- sionally some were employed in a quarry near by. During the year 1889 congress made an appro- priation of twenty-five thousand dollars for the support of this prison, consisting of an addition to the building, on which work was begun in March, 1890, and completed before the close of the year. In 1893 it was reported by the officer in charge that the cost of keeping each prisoner was about seventy-three cents a day, the convicts not being employed at profitable labor. Indeed, nearly all of them had never learned a trade. On December i, this year, there were one hundred and thirty-two prisoners. The cost of their food per diem was fifteen cents per capita. The Idaho national guard, in 1890, consisted of six companies, aggregating about three hun- dred and fifty men, supplied with uniforms by the national government. The legislature of 1889 appropriated fifty thousand dollars for the construction of a wagon road from Mount Idaho to Little Salmon Meadows. This section of the public highway, after it was completed, for a long time was the only means of communication within the state between the northern and southern counties. CHAPTER XXXVII. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. ROBERT NOBLE. THIS well known citizen of Reynolds, Owy- hee county, is one of the largest sheep- raisers in Idaho and has been largely instrumental in improving the grade of stock raised in the state. His efforts have therefore been of public benefit, for the improvement of stock adds to its market value, and the wealth of the agricultural class is thereby augmented. The rich pasture lands of the northwest provide excellent opportunities to the stock-raiser, and this industry has become a most important one in the commercial interests of Idaho. Mr. Noble, one of its leading representatives, is of English birth, a native of Cumberland county, England, born October 19, 1844. His father, John Noble, was born in the same county, and wedded Miss Mary Mossop. In 1854 they came to Canada with their family of eight children, crossing the Atlantic in a sailing vessel which, after a voyage of eight weeks, reached the harbor of Quebec. At Kingston, Canada, the wife and mother died, being then forty-four years of age. In 1857 the family came to the United States and settled in New York state. All of the children are yet living, and three of the number are residents of Idaho. The father died in Owyhee county, in March, 1899, his birth having occurred August 13, 1800. He resided in Tonawanda, New York, for twenty years, and afterward resided successively in Illi- nois, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska, while since May, 1895, he made his home with his son Robert in Reynolds until the time of his death. He was the father of thirteen children, the grandfather of thirty-nine and the great-grandfather of sixteen. Robert Noble attended school for a short time in Canada and continued his education in the state of New York. Upon the breaking out of the great civil war he volunteered in the Union army, and served in the quartermaster's depart- ment in Missouri and Tennessee until honorably discharged at Springfield, Tennessee, in April, 1865. He then engaged in farming in Illinois until 1870, when he came to Idaho, making the journey westward by way of California. He has resided upon his sheep ranch at Reynolds since 1874, and has valuable ranches aggregating in area twenty-two hundred acres. In the year 1898 he had seventy thousand sheep and two seasons' clip of wool on hand, and is regarded as one of the most successful as well as one of the most extensive sheep-raisers of the state. He is also engaged in raising horses, of which he has quite a band, and is also the owner of a valuable Eng- lish shire horse which weighs eighteen hundred pounds, and is one of the finest horses to be found in Idaho. In 1877 Mr. Noble was united in marriage to Miss Anna Peters, a native of Missouri, and of German descent. They have seven children, all born in Reynolds, namely: Nellie, Robert, Frank C., Ernest, May, James Elaine and Rosella. The older children are attending school in San Rafael, California, and Boise. Mr. Noble and his family are Episcopalians, and he is a Knight Templar Mason. He also belongs to the Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows, and in politics is a Republican. In all his business dealings he is straightforward and commands the confidence and good will of those with whom he is brought in contact. His prosperity is therefore well de- served, as it comes in return for effort, both honorable and consecutive. PETER S. BECK, M. D. The physician wields an influence in any com- munity which is peculiarly strong, because it is based on relations with the general public more intimate than those of almost any one else, and any good physician who is at the same time a good man may continue to broaden and deepen this influence to the end of his days. These re- flections have been suggested by the success of 530 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 531 Dr. Peter S. Beck, ex-mayor of Genesee, Idaho. Dr. Beck is a Homeopathic physician, and Home- opathy is gaining in popularity, but that does not fully account for his success, for he has car- ried the banner of his chosen school of medicine to victory against prejudice and opposition, which he could not have done had he not pos- sessed a personality and a character which would have made him popular and successful in about any other field of endeavor. Doctor Beck is a native of Pennsylvania, hav- ing been born in Armstrong county, March 28, 1852, of German ancestors, who were early set- tlers in that commonwealth. Jacob Beck, his father, was born in the same county, in 1820, and his mother, Sophia (Soxman) Beck, was born there one year earlier. She also was de- scended from a German family, representatives of which were early settlers in Pennsylvania. Jacob Beck is a Dunkard, his wife a Methodist. He is seventy-nine years old, and she is eighty years of age. They had six sons and a daughter, five of whom are living. Doctor Beck was reared on his father's farm and attended the public schools as occasion pre- sented, to such good purpose that at the age of nineteen he was sufficiently advanced to begin teaching. It was by such work that he supported himself while he completed his general education and took a course in medicine at the Iowa State University. After he secured his diploma, he entered upon the practice of his profession in Kansas. It was in 1893 that Doctor Beck came to Idaho and, in association with his brother, Dr. John Beck, took up his professional work at Genesee. Their success has been more than satisfactory to them, but it has not been undeserved and has been fairly won in open competition with older physicians. It means that they have proven them- selves able physicians and the practical results of their work have commended them to the good opinion of the general public. Their practice is large, not only in Genesee, but throughout all the country tributary to that thriving town. On the 1 3th of August, 1892, Dr. Beck was happily married to Miss Ida A. Thomas, a native of Michigan, who has borne him two sons, prom- ising boys, named Orrin Roy and Joseph Edward. Mrs. Beck is a member of the Seventh- day Advent church and active in all good works in which the women of Genesee participate. Doctor Beck is a royal-arch Mason, a Knight of Pythias, an Odd Fellow and a Woodman of the World, and is active in promoting the local and general interests of these orders. Politically he is an Independent, and his political influence has made itself felt on more than one occasion. He is a school trustee and councilman of Genesee and was mayor of the city in 1897, and in that capacity administered its municipal affairs admir- ably. He has relations with medical societies and is a member of the Genesee board of phar- macy and in every professional relation and in every relation of citizenship is progressive and helpful to a generous degree. He has built a roomy residence on ten acres of choice land, nicely located in Genesee, and grows fruit and vegetables in great variety and gives much atten- tion to poultry raising, so that his table is always supplied with every reasonable delicacy, for he is a believer in the theory that to a considerable ex- tent good eating makes for good living. He is a successful man, who richly deserves his success, and has, while gaining it, gained the public con- fidence in a remarkable degree. JOHN C. MILLICK. The large steam roller-proces's flouring mill at Blackfoot, Idaho, represents one of the prominent- business interests of that city. It is the property of Mr. John C. Millick, and it is to give some account of Mr. Millick's career that these para- graphs are presented. Mr. Millick is a very modest and unassuming man, but he is very busy and successful. He is of German descent and was born in Dodge coun- ty, Wisconsin, August 4, 1854, a son of Joseph Millick, who had come to that part -of the country from Germany, accompanied by his wife and children. Joseph Millick died in Dodge county, Wisconsin, in 1876, aged seventy-eight years, his wife also having died there, in 1863. They had ten children, all but one of whom are living. Of these John C. was the seventh in order of birth, and he was only nine years old when his mother died. Though he began to earn his own living when he was thirteen, he found some time to attend such schools as existed in that part of Wisconsin at that time. When he was eighteen 532 HISTORY OF IDAHO. years old he went to northern Kansas, where he found employment as a farm hand and later farmed on his own account, on rented land. From Kansas he came, in 1880, to the Salmon river country, Idaho, then new and very sparsely popu- lated. He hired out as a miner, at three dollars a day, and was thus employed most of the time for three years. The succeeding six years he spent as a clerk in a store at Pocatello, and this experience was so comprehensive and he made such good use of his opportunities that he ac- quired an expert knowledge of merchandising. He then, in 1889, bought a post trader's store at Ross Fork and sold goods there four years. He then returned to the Salmon river country and mined and bought and sold mining claims and property. For a part of his interest in one mine, which is a steady producer, he secured ten thousand dollars, and he still retains an interest, which brings him a constant income. Later he did considerable business as a money-loaner, and one important financial transaction terminated in his ownership of the large stone steam roller- process flouring mill at Blackfoot. Mr. Millick is a Republican, but not a practical poli- tician. He was postmaster at Ross Forks during his residence there. In 1897 Mr. Millick built an elegant brown- sandstone residence, which is in every respect one of the best in the city. It stands in the midst of large, well kept grounds and contains every- thing essential to make it comfortable and attrac- tive as a home. In 1896 Mr. Millick married Miss Gertrude Cleeg, a native of England, and they have a little daughter, named Marie. ROBERT H. BARTON. One of the well known citizens of Moscow is Robert H. Barton, who is now capably serving as postmaster. He is true and faithful to this public trust and at all times has discharged his duties of citizenship with the same promptness and fidelity which marked his course when on the battle-fields of the south he followed the starry banner to victory and thus aided in the preserva- tion of the Union. He came to Moscow in 1877. His birth occurred in Perry county, Ohio, Febru- ary i, 1842, and he is of Scotch-Irish lineage. His grandfather, Robert Barton, emigrated from the north of Ireland to the New World and lo- cated in Baltimore, Maryland, where Andrew Barton, father of our subject, was born, in 1811. The latter married Miss Elizabeth Biddison, also a native of Baltimore, and a daughter of William Biddison, a soldier of the war of 1812. They were farming people, and in 1833 removed to Perry county, Ohio, where the father improved a farm and reared his family. He died on the old homestead which he had acquired through his own industry, passing away in 1883, at the age of seventy-two years. His wife died in 1876, at the age of sixty-three years. They were mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal church and were the parents of twelve children, eleven of whom grew to years of maturity, while six are yet living. Robert H. Barton, their fifth child, acquired his education in the public schools and in the Ohio University, at Athens, and in 1861, in answer to President Lincoln's first call for volun- teers to put down the rebellion, he put aside his text-books and college duties to perform his greater duty to his country, enlisting in Com- pany D, Seventeenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He served for four months in the Army of Western Virginia, under General Rosecrans, after which his regiment was disbanded, but the danger was not yet past, and he re-enlisted in Company B, First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, serving with the Army of the Cumberland. His regiment first did escort duty with General O. M. Mitchell and later with the cavalry in General Buell's cam- paign. Subsequently they were with General Rosecrans at Stone river and until after the battle of Chickamauga, and during the Atlanta campaign were at General McPherson's head- quarters. Mr. Barton served as a foraging scout for department headquarters until General Mc- Pherson was killed. He saw the brave comman- der fall, and caught his horse. Later he was at General Howard's headquarters in the same capacity, and after the capture of Atlanta was sent with his regiment on the Wilson raid. They were at Macon, Georgia, when they received the glad news of the surrender of General Lee, and Mr. Barton was honorably discharged at Hilton Head, South Carolina, on the 25th of September, 1865. During the whole of his service during the great struggle he was only off duty one time, this being occasioned by a gun-shot wound which he sustained in the battle of Russellville, Ala- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 533 bama, July 2, 1862. The ball broke his jaw and carried away both the upper and lower teeth on that side. He was in the hospital for six weeks and was then granted a thirty-days fur- lough which he spent at home. He entered the service as a private, was promoted to quarter- master sergeant and was recommended for pro- motion to the captaincy of a colored company, but the war closed and the regiment was not organized. With a most creditable military record Mr. Barton returned to his home and began school- teaching in Ohio, but soon afterward removed to Kansas, where he entered one hundred and sixty acres of land, operating his land through the summer, while in the winter he taught school. During his residence there he also served as a member of the school board, was recorder of deeds and assessor of the county for six years. From Kansas he removed to Utah, where he taught school for two years, and in 1877, he brought a sawmill to Moscow and engaged in the manufacture of lumber. He continued in the sawmill business for three years, and in 1881 built the Barton Hotel, which he conducted until 1890. when it was destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of fifteen thousand dollars. He then erected the Moscow Hotel, valued at thirty-five thousand dollars, not including the price of the land. To do this he had to borrow twenty thousand dollars. He conducted the hotel for a short time, but soon the financial panic came on and he was forced to lose this valuable and beautiful property. The building is a very fine one, being creditable alike to the city and the builder. Mr. Barton was then appointed by President Harrison to the position of postmaster of Mos- cow, and served for two and a half years, when his party went out of power, but in 1899 he was reappointed, by President McKinley, and is the present incumbent of the office. He is very oblig- ing, prompt and courteous, and has won favor with the public through his capable discharge of duties. The Moscow office is of the second class and is well managed by Mr. Barton, his eldest son acting as his deputy, while other members of the family serve in clerical positions. Mr. Barton was also deputy sheriff of Nez Perces county for eight years. In 1869 was celebrated his marriage to Miss Lettie Langdon, a native of Illinois, and to them were born two children, but one is now deceased. The other, Ed. T., is now serving as his father's deputy. The mother died in 1872, and in 1875 Mr. Barton wedded her sister, Louise Langdon, by whom he has had five children, four of whom are living. The eldest, Maude M., is a graduate of the Moscow high school and is now attending the Idaho University; Earl S. is also a student in the university; Louise E. is in the high school; and Faith S. is the youngest. She was named by the Idaho department of the Grand Army of the Republic during its encampment in Moscow, at which time her birth occurred, and by the soldiers was presented with a nice silver set. Mr. and Mrs. Barton have always been very active and valued members respectively of the Grand Army of the Republic and its auxiliary, the Women's Relief Corps, and he is past commander and she past secre- tary of the state departments of their re- spective organizations. In consideration and recognition of the great service he has rendered Anderson Post, No. 5, he was presented by it with a fine sword, which he highly prizes and which now hangs by the faithful blade which he carried in the great struggle to preserve the Union. He has been a stalwart Republican since casting his first presidential vote, for Abraham Lincoln, during the war, and was very highly recommended by the leading statesmen of Ohio and Idaho for the position of United States mar- shal of Idaho, but as the office was promised to another he was given his present position, that of postmaster. In 1889 he purchased a large lot, pleasantly located, and erected thereon a fine modern residence, in which he now resides hap- pily, surrounded by his interesting family. His career has ever been upright and honorable, and his friendship is. prized most by those who know him best. JAMES DEAKIN. Those who have opened the way for civilization in our land, as the star of empire has taken its way toward the sunset gates, have been men of strong character, courageous, hardy, tenacious of purpose and willing to endure hardships and privations for the sake of making homes for themselves and posterity. All honor has been paid the pioneers who blazed their way through 534 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the sylvan wilderness of the middle west in past generations, while not less is the homage due to those whose fortitude led them to traverse the plains, invade the mountain fastnesses and do battle with a dusky and treacherous foe in the great empire of the far west. Among those who are to be considered as genuine pioneers of Latah county is James Deakin, one of the honored citizens of the thriving county-seat, Moscow. Hither he came to make his permanent abode as early as the year 1871, at which time there was no Moscow, no Colfax, no Spokane, this entire region, with its opulent resources, being then i wild and uninhabited district, save as the red men roamed at will among the peaceful valleys and over the mountain crags. At the time our subject located here the settlers were compelled to go to Walla Walla for their supplies, a distance of ninety miles. He passed through many and try- ing vicissitudes and has watched with interest the development and advancement of this section and is now able to enjoy here the privileges which modern civilization supplies. The trans- formation has been wonderful, and one can to-day scarcely realize the changes which a few years have wrought in this favored section of the Union. James Deakin is a native of the Emerald Isle, having been born in county Antrim on the 2Oth of June, 1840, a representative of stanch old Irish stock, his parents having been devout mem- bers of the Roman Catholic church. He received his educational discipline in his native land, but laid aside his text-books at the early age of fifteen years and came to America, and since that time has been a leal and loyal son of the republic. In the year^iSyi he arrived on the spot where the thriving city of Moscow, Idaho, now stands. At that time there were established in the county the homes of a few settlers, the list comprising William Taylor, Ailsbury Llewellyn, William Frazier, the Cameron broth- ers, Thomas Tirney and Thomas Corley. Mr. Deakin says there may have been one or two others located here, but if so he fails to recall them or their names. He took up a tract of one hundred and sixty acres, upon which a portion of the city of Moscow now stands, and including the ground upon which the splendid building of the Idaho State University is located. Mr. Deakin at once set to work to improve his farm, platted a portion of the town and did all in his power to aid in the development of the locality. He may be appropriately termed one of the fathers of Moscow. He has been frugal, industrious, and his personal prosperity has kept pace with the development of this section. He is a man of alert mentality and sterling integrity, and his conduct has been such as to gain and retain to him the confidence and high esteem of all with whom he has come in contact. He is now spending the evening of his life in the quiet enjoyment of the fruits of his many years of toil and endeavor, having a commodious and attractive home residence in the city which he has so greatly aided in developing, and of which he was one of the first settlers. It was his plow which first turned the soil where Moscow now stands, and here he grew his crops of wheat, bar- ley and oats, and reaped rich harvests in due season. Mr. Deakin has several fine farms in the county, and these are being operated on shares, desirable tenants being secured for the same. In the year 1874 was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Deakin and Miss Annie King, of New York, and they are both devoted adherents of the Roman Catholic church. In politics Mr. Deakin is a stalwart Democrat. He and his estimable wife enjoy a marked popularity in the community, and as one of the honored pioneers of the county Mr. Deakin amply deserves recog- nition in this work. WILLIAM W. WATKINS, M. D. A man's reputation is the property of the world. The laws of nature have forbidden isola- tion. Every human being submits to the con- trolling influence of others or, as a master, wields a power for good or evil on the masses of man- kind. There can be no impropriety in justly scanning the acts of any man as they affect his public, social and business relations. If he be honest and successful in his chosen field of en- deavor, investigation will brighten his fame and point the path along which others may follow. One whose record will bear the closest scrutiny and stand the test of public criticism is Dr. Wat- kins, a most able physician, a loyal citizen and true gentleman, whom Moscow numbers among her valued residents. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 535 The Doctor was born in Warner, Merrimac county, New Hampshire, August 3, 1846, that locality having been the birthplace of three gen- erations of the family before him. On the pater- nal side he is of Welsh descent, and on the maternal of English lineage. His father, Jason D. Watkins, was there born and in early life followed farming, but afterward became a mer- chant. He married Miss Phoebe Abbott, a native of Boscawen, New Hampshire, and a representa- tive of the eminent Abbott family of America. Their union was blessed with seven children. In religious faith they were Baptists and were people of the highest respectability and integrity of character. The father reached the psalmist's life span of three score years and ten, but the mother passed away at the age of fifty-four. Dr. William Woodburv Watkins, their young- est child, was educated in the public schools of his native state, and in the medical department of the Washington University, at St. Louis, pre- pared for his professional career. In the latter institution he was graduated in 1872 and imme- diately afterward opened an office in Mine La Motte, Missouri, where he remained until 1880, when he became a member of the medical frater- nity of St. Louis, there continuing until 1887. In 1884 he was appointed professor of theory and practice of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in St. Louis, and ably filled that chair until failing health compelled his resigna- tion and necessitated his removal to Moscow, in the hope that a change of climate would prove beneficial. This hope has been realized, and soon Dr. Watkins acquired a large and remuner- ative practice, which he has since enjoyed. He has been prominently connected with various in- terests of the city, both along professional and other lines. He has for years been surgeon of the Latah County Hospital, and during the greater part of his residence in Moscow has been United States examining surgeon for pensions. In 1890 he became one of the organizers of the Idaho State Medical Society, and was elected its first president, a fact indicative of his high standing among his professional brethren.' He is also a member of the American Medical Association, is examining surgeon for various life-insurance companies and is also vice-president of the Idaho state board of medical examiners. He has always been a close student of his profession, has a most comprehensive and accurate knowledge of the science of medicine, is most careful in the diag- nosing of cases, and his judgment is rarely at fault in the slightest degree in administering the remedies which most quickly produce the best results. His time is largely occupied by the engrossing duties of his large practice, yet he manages to find opportunity to aid in the furthering of those interests which promote the welfare of the com- munity. After the location of the state university at Moscow, he was appointed a member of the board of regents, was its secretary, and in 1894 established in the institution the Watkins gold medal for oratory. He is president of the Cham- ber of Commerce, at Moscow, and had the honor of being chairman of the first Idaho Republican state convention. These varied interests show the versatility of the man and indicate a well rounded character. In 1873 the Doctor wedded Miss Carolina A. Woodhouse, a native of Boston, Massachusetts, and a daughter of John V. Woodhouse, a master mechanic whose varied inventions have gained him a world-wide reputation. He is now living a retired life in western Washington, at the age of seventy-three years. The union of Dr. and Mrs. Watkins has been blessed with three daugh- ters: Henrietta, wife of A. Ryrie, of Moscow; and Elsie and Winnie, at home. The parents and children hold membership in the First Pres- byterian church in Moscow. The Doctor has erected a brick office and also a nice residence in Moscow, and is the owner of a good farm, a mile from the city, where he is raising a high grade of Jersey cattle and thoroughbred poultry, and also has an extensive apple orchard. He is a very active business man, not only taking great interest in his practice, but also in the welfare and progress of Moscow. Socially he is an Odd Fellow in good standing, having been identified with the order for nearly thirty years, and is an exemplary member of the Masonic fraternity. He is now master of Paradise Lodge, No. 17, F. & A. M., of Moscow, received the blue lodge de- grees in Pittsburg, Kansas, the Royal Arch degrees in Oswego, Kansas, and was also created a Knight Templar there. He is a man of strong individuality and indubitable probity, has at- 536 HISTORY OF IDAHO. tained a due measure of success in the affairs of life, and his influence has ever been exerted in the direction of the good and the true. He is a man of genial and social nature and has thereby contributed in no small degree to the sum of human happiness. EDMOND PEARCY. Edmond Pearcy, whose history is one of close connection with the pioneer development of the state as well as its latter-day progress and pros- perity, was born in Bedford county, Virginia, on the 22d of March, 1832, and is of Scotch and Dutch descent. His ancestors were early settlers of Virginia, and for many years the families were represented in Bedford county. His father, Nicholas Pearcy, was born there, and having ar- rived at years of maturity he married Rebecca Hardy, a native of Maryland. They became the parents of twelve children, eleven sons and one daughter, and of the number but three are now living. Edmond Pearcy was the youngest of the fam- ily. He was reared on his father's farm and re- ceived a common-school education in his native state, after which he taught school for one term. In 1852, at the age of twenty years, he started for California, but arrived in Missouri too late to join an emigrant train en route for the Golden state, and consequently spent the winter with a relative in Pike county, Missouri. In the spring of 1853 ne started with a company of sixteen. They drove a band of cattle across the plains and mountains to California, but on reaching the mountains were greatly retarded by the deep snows, and were without food for two days. It was the middle of November when they at last reached the Sonora mines, and from that point they pushed south to the San Joaquin valley, where Mr. Pearcy was for a short time engaged in teaming. He then went to San Francisco, and on the ist of January, 1854, sailed for Portland, Oregon, in search of his brothers, Nathan and James. He found them on the Willamette and remained with them through the winter. He engaged in shipping lumber and hay on a flat- boat, and in the spring of 1855, in company with his brother James, he went to Scott's valley, in northern California, where his brother engaged in mining and he in ranching. They met with only moderate success there, and accordingly de- termined to return to Portland, Oregon. On the way Mr. Pearcy was taken dangerously ill. At this time the Rogue river Indian war broke out, and James left his brother's bedside to participate as a volunteer against the Indians, and was killed in the battle of Grave creek, in which the white troops were defeated and compelled to retreat. When Mr. Pearcy had sufficiently recovered to travel, he left Umpqua and proceeded on his way northward, saddened by the death of his brother, yet fortunate himself in meeting with no Indians, for they were still on the war path. After arriving in Portland Mr. Pearcy engaged in taking contracts for supplying the government with wood and hay. In that enterprise he made money and remained there until 1859, when he was driven out by chills and fever. He then removed to The Dalles, and shortly afterward joined Lieutenant Mullan's party in constructing the Mullan road from Walla Walla to Montana, it being still the main road between those two points. While at Walla Walla, in 1856, he vol- unteered in a company to fight the Indians, but no engagement took place. Later in the season the red men captured a supply train. They were then followed by the volunteers, were defeated in Grande Ronde valley, and the supplies re- covered. Mr. Pearcy did not participate in the battle, but was in charge of the camp at Walla Walla. He also secured a government claim in that locality, but in the spring of 1861 abandoned his ranch and went to the Oro Fino mining re- gion, that being the time of the great excitement there. There were fourteen men in his company and they each took out on an average ten dollars per day, thus meeting with satisfactory success. Later they went to Florence, but found nothing there to repay them for their trouble, and Mr. Pearcy returned to Walla Walla, passing on the way through Lewiston, which then consisted only of a few tents and rude shacks. He spent the winter of 1861-2 at Walla Walla, the hardest win- ter in the history of that country, snow lying two and a half feet deep on a level, and the mercury for thirty days registering twenty-six degrees be- low zero. With a company of nine he occupied a board cabin lined with paper, but, they were strong and vigorous young men and did not mind the cold, enjoying themselves with cards and other amusements. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 53? On the I4th of March, 1862. Mr. Pearcy, with a party of fourteen, set sail in a large bateau for a prospecting tour up Snake river. This was a perilous trip, because of the numerous ice jams, but notwithstanding the fact that the river was so full of ice they reached Lewiston safely. They prospected up Salmon river twelve miles and then, with packs upon their backs, went into the country, but found nothing of value. After this they went to Pittsburg Landing on the Snake river, twenty miles above the mouth of the Sal- mon river, where they hired horses of the Indians and went up Little Salmon to the head of Salmon valley, whence they started for Snake river. They camped at the big canyon and discovered the Peacock country copper and gold mine, which afterward sold for sixty thousand dollars. That was the first discovery of the Seven Devils. The party camped out, killed mountain sheep to sup- ply their table with meat, and enjoyed life there, although they celebrated the Fourth of July with snow, six inches deep, upon the ground. When their provisions gave out they returned to Lewis- ton and then went up the Clearwater river and made a large drive of logs for the agency at Lap- wai. All through the winter Mr. Pearcy made shingles for the government, working in his shirt sleeves, and with his partner, Mr. Allen, manu- factured shingles and cord-wood for the govern- ment. In 1866 Mr. Allen lost his life by drown- ing in the big eddy of the Clearwater, but Mr. Pearcy continued to operate his sawmill, at the Lapwai agency, in the manufacture of lumber for the government until 1871. In the meantime he had purchased a fourth in- terest in the ferries, and in that year began to operate them. He made his headquarters at the ferry six miles below Lewiston, there remaining until the spring of 1872, when he commenced the road north to the Palouse country. About this time an ice jam carried away the ferry boat at Lewiston. It drifted a mile down the river and lodged upon the ice fifteen feet high. Mr. Pearcy undertook the arduous and dangerous task of se- curing the boat, and brought it safely back to Lewiston, after which he managed the ferry across the Snake river at this point. Becoming convinced that Lewiston would one day be an important commercial center, he took up two government claims on the west side of the river about a quarter of a mile above the ferry, made a number of improvements upon the place and sub- sequently sold it to the Vineland Company for nine thousand dollars. It is now subdivided and has become very valuable, bringing high prices. Through all the years Mr. Pearcy continued his connection with the ferry. In the early days that business brought high prices, three dollars being received for taking a team and wagon over and back; a man on horseback paid one dollar for the round trip; on foot fifty cents; and sheep and hogs were transported for twenty-five cents each. Mr. Pearcy also built the road to Asoten, putting in twelve hundred dollars of his own money in the enterprise, which has proven of great practical benefit to the town. He has al- ways taken a deep and active interest in the development and growth of this section of the state, is a public-spirited and progressive citizen, and his labors have been an important factor in the substantial progress and improvement of northern Idaho. In politics he has been a Jeffer- sonian Democrat from the time he reached ma- ture years. Mr. Pearcy was married, in 1881, to Miss Jane Davis, a native of South Carolina, and they have one daughter, Edna G., who is now fourteen years of age, and is attending school in Alameda. Cali- fornia. Mr. Pearcy has erected a good residence on the bank of Snake river, near the ferry land- ing, and there lives in the enjoyment of peace and plenty, held in the highest esteem by all as one of the bravest and best pioneers of Idaho. ROBERT J. ANDERSON. A glance at the history of past centuries will indicate at once what would be the condition of the world if the mining interests no longer had a part in the industrial and commercial life. Only a few centuries ago agriculture was almost the only occupation of man. A landed proprietor surrounded himself with his tenants and his serfs who tilled his broad fields, while he reaped the reward of their labors ; but when the rich mineral resources of the world were placed upon the mar- ket industry found its way into new and broader fields, minerals were used in the production of thousands of new articles of trade and in the production of hundreds of inventions, and the business of nations was revolutionized. When 538 HISTORY OF IDAHO. considering these facts we can in a measure de- termine the value to mankind of the mining inter- ests. One who is now prominently connected with the development of the rich mineral re- sources of the northwest is Mr. Anderson, whose name heads this sketch, the promoter and the organizer of the Twin Springs Placer Mining Company. A native of Minnesota, Mr. Anderson was born in the town of Eden Prairie, February 19, 1856, and in 1894 came to Idaho, since which time he has been engaged in developing the great mining enterprise of which he has since been the man- ager, and which he has brought to successful completion, attracting to it a capital of a half a million dollars, furnished principally by wealthy men of Philadelphia. The plant of the company is located forty miles northeast of Boise, where they have a flume six feet and two inches in the clear, and having a decline of ten and eight-tenths feet to the mile. It carries ten thousand miners' inches of water, which, it is believed, is the larg- est water supply in the world used in connection with placer mining. The siphon, made of steel pipe, is four feet in diameter and seventeen hun- dred and eighty feet in length. It crosses the Boise river on a single-span bridge, ninety feet above the stream, and the depression in the siphon is three hundred and seventy feet in depth, there being thirty-two feet difference in elevation between the intake and its discharge. This is the largest siphon ever constructed, in diameter, in length and in head. The water was turned through it on the isth of August, 1898, and it worked perfectly, fully meeting the highest ex- pectation of the company. The siphon and flume are considered marvels of engineering skill, and were plannedby the celebrated engineer John O. Bouse, of San Francisco. The company owns four thousand acres of very rich placer, ground, has thirty-two miles of the river bars, thirteen hydraulic giants and has constructed twenty- eight miles of good wagon road. The water is supplied in vast quantities and every modern and improved appliance for successfully carrying on the work is found in connection with the plant. This is a vast enterprise, which will undoubt- edly produce ore to the value of many millions of dollars, and will furnish employment to many- men, thus greatly contributing to the wealth and prosperity of Idaho. When the siphon was com- pleted the governor of the state drove the last rivet, which was four inches in length and made of gold. Many prominent citizens were invited to attend the ceremony and the occasion was made a very important one in the history of mining interests in the northwest. The Twin Springs Placer Mining Company has also purchased a large number of placer claims in the Boise Basin and is now engaged in working and developing the vast property. The great works have been completed in less than two years and Mr. Ander- son and the company are to be congratulated on what has been so successfully accomplished. Mr. Anderson has moved his family to Boise, and in social circles they occupy a very prominent position. He was married in 1887 to Miss Mary Douglas, of Chicago, and their children are Edna C. and Ruth E. In politics he is a Republican, and is a member of the Masonic fraternity. He is a gentleman of marked business and executive ability, of keen foresight and discrimination, forms his plans readily, is determined in their execution, and is rarely mistaken in a matter of business policy. He is a valued accession to mining circles in Idaho, and with pleasure we present this brief record of his career to our read- ers. FRANCIS MARION DAVIS. The history of Idaho would be incomplete if the biographies of two of her pioneers, Francis M. and Thomas Davis, brothers, and old resi- dents of Boise City, were omitted. They were always believers in the great future which was in store for the state, and were influential factors in the development of its resources. When death summoned Francis M. Davis to lay aside his many enterprises, to leave to other hands his uncompleted work, the whole community mourned; and, though nine years have rolled away, the memory of his goodness, his many worthy deeds and fine traits of character, is un- dimmed in the minds of his numerous friends. A native of Warren county, Illinois, born July 7, 1838, Francis M. Davis passed his boyhood in the Prairie state, and gained a fair education, as he made the best of his limited advantages. (For his ancestral history the reader is referred to the sketch of his brother, Thomas Davis, printed elsewhere in this work.) Having com- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 539 pleted his education in the schools of Monmouth, Illinois, our subject determined to seek his for- tune in the west, and in 1863, in company with the brother already mentioned, he crossed the plains. They settled at Boise City, and were thus among the first of the permanent citizens of this place. For many years the brother, George D. Ellis and William L. Ritchey (who now re- sides in Polman. Washington) were in partner- ship in the management and ownership of a ranch, and they planted the first apple orchard in this state. Very large returns were had from this venture, and others hastened to follow the good example set, and thus to-day one of Idaho's sources of income lies in the fine fruit raised here. At length F. M. Davis sold out his interest in the ranch and for some time engaged in the hard- ware business in Boise City. In the Centennial year he purchased a quarter section of land near the city limits on the west and embarked in dairy- ing, which business he had formerly followed to some extent. He erected a fine farm-house and substantial barns and dairy buildings, and as long as he lived kept everything about the place in ex- cellent condition. As a just reward for his in- dustry and good management success crowned his efforts, and he was well off at the time of his death. In his political views Mr. Davis was con- servative, and his allegiance was given to the Republican party. An honored member of the Masonic order, he was buried under the auspices of the local lodge. In the Methodist church he was a member and took a leading part in the religious work of the denomination. The date of his demise was March 8, 1891, he then being but little past the prime of life. His influence for good in this community has been far-reaching, and no better example of sincere Christian man- hood can be found. In January, 1865, Mr. Davis married Miss Hester A. Cory, who was born in Ohio, a daugh- ter of John and Susan (Carpenter) Cory, of that state. In 1864 she came to Idaho with her brother, and here made the acquaintance of her future husband. Two children blessed the union of our subject and wife. The son, Charles A., is with his mother at the old home, and the daugh- ter, Laura E., is now the wife of P. W. Porter. Mrs. Davis has ably managed the fine property which was left to her at her husband's death. Her home is a beautiful one, and everything about the place is kept in good order; the grounds surrounding the house are especially lovely, and reflect much credit upon the good taste of the owner. THERON J. SMITH. Theron J. Smith, of Idaho Falls, Idaho, has influenced the settlement of more families in the Snake river valley than any two or three other men. He has been a factor in local real-estate transactions, and without doubt has been, in a general way, one of the most efficient promoters of the growth and prosperity of Idaho Falls and the settlement and development of its tributary territory. As immigrant agent of the Oregon Short Line Railroad, he has brought many ex- cursions to this part of the country from Iowa, Nebraska and Illinois, and these excursions have resulted in a marked increase of population at and near Idaho Falls. He began the work six years ago, and an idea of its value is afforded by the fact that in 1898 fifty-eight persons were set- tled by him in Bingham county. Theron J. Smith was born in Wayne county, New York, July 22, 1844, and was descended from early settlers of Dutchess county, New York, many of whom were prominent in their time. His grandfather, Samuel Smith, together with his brothers, served the cause of the colonies in the American Revolution, and they were paid in colonial scrip, which was never redeemed, but they had the satisfaction of knowing that they had risked their lives in a good and triumphant cause. Late in life Samuel Smith represented his district in the assembly of the state of New York. Lewis H. Smith, son of Samuel Smith and father of Theron J. Smith, was born in Dutchess county, New York, and married one of the daughters of the county, Miss Phoebe Mott. He was a Qua- ker farmer, a good, intelligent, industrious man, and died in 1854, at the age of fifty, in Wayne county, from an attack of cholera, to which one of his sons succumbed at the same time. His wife attained the age of seventy-seven years. They had eight children, of whom five are living. Theron J. Smith was the next to the youngest of this family of eight, and was about ten years old when his father died. He received a com- 540 HISTORY OF IDAHO. mon-school and academic education in his native state, then gave his attention to farming, and lo- cated, when about twenty-five, at Lake City, Iowa, where he followed agricultural pursuits un- successfully until 1885, when he sold his farm and removed to Idaho Falls, where he arrived No- vember 22. It was a little railroad town, in which he found a new home, a town which de- rived its importance from the railroad and the bridge and had no surrounding settlement that could bring much trade or support. Irrigation, real-estate operations, and a determined effort to bring a good class of settlers, changed the town into the commercial, financial and mechanical center of a thrifty and growing agricultural popu- lation. In this work of improvement settlement and development, Mr. Smith has taken a leading part. He induced settlement and fostered ac- tivity in real estate and this, in turn, encouraged investment along all industrial lines. He platted the Broadbeck addition to Idaho Falls and placed it on the market, and has handled real- estate extensively otherwise, on his own account and for others. In the spring of 1864, before Mr. Smith was twenty-one, in personal response to the urgent demand of the United States government for men for military duty, in the suppression of the south- ern rebellion, he enlisted in Company A, One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volunteer Infan- try, and served in Tennessee and Mississippi un- til he was discharged on account of ill health, in the fall of the same year. His regiment was de- tailed to guard railroads, and in connection with that work had many exciting encounters with guerrillas. This warfare was in many ways more harassing and dangerous than fighting in regu- lar order of battle. Mr. Smith is a Grand Army man and a prominent Silver-Republican. He was elected justice of the peace and .served in that office with much credit and greatly to the satisfaction of his fellow townsmen, but he has declined all other offices which have been offered him, in deference to the imperative demands made upon him by his private business. October 13, 1868, he married Miss Sarah E. Bradt, of Mohawk-Dutch ancestry, and a native of Herkimer county, New York, daughter of James Bradt. Her father lived to be eighty-seven years old and her mother also attained a ripe old age. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have had six children, of whom four are living. Their daughter, Mary E., is Mrs. W. S. Jackson, of Idaho Falls, and Lewis M., Elva and Theron J., Jr., are members of their father's household. Mrs. Smith is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. DANIEL H. CLYNE. A captivating- address, a cheerful manner and a friendly interest in those with whom one comes in contact will not alone make success for any man, but all things being about equal, these three things will give their possessor supremacy over any competitors who do not possess them or possess them in a lesser degree. This means that some men are able to make many personal friends, well-wishers and helpers, and any warm personal friend is a material assistance to any man in any business. Sheriff Clyne, of Bing- ham county, Idaho, has this faculty of binding others to him, a faculty which is none the less potent because it is exerted unconsciously, and to the kindly and helpful interest of his friends he attributes much of the success he has achieved. It should be added that a good deal has been expected of him and he has been equal to all demands placed upon him. Daniel Henry Clyne is of German lineage on the paternal side and was born in Indiana, in 1857. Thomas Clyne, his father, married Miss Sarah A. Keeney, a native of Pennsylvania, and the father now lives in Kansas. They had seven children, four of whom are living. Daniel Henry Clyne, fourth in order of birth, was reared in Nebraska and educated himself in the school of experience. He began life as a cow-boy, and later embarked in the stock business on his own account. He came to Idaho Falls in 1890 and for a time was employed in a livery stable. Sub- sequently he was enabled to open a stable of his own, and by close attention to business and hon- orable and courteous treatment of all with whom he came in contact, he gained the favor of the public and in a few years built up a large and profitable trade. Indeed, his success in this and in every other enterprise with which he has had to do since coming to Idaho has been most flat- tering. His home in Idaho Falls is one of the best in that part of the county. In politics Sheriff Clyne has been a Republican HISTORY OF IDAHO. 541 even' from the time when he had not yet attained sufficient age to exercise the right of franchise. He was elected town marshal of Idaho Falls and was re-elected three times, filling the office four successive terms, with ability and discretion. In 1898 he was elected .sheriff of Bingham count}'. He was the only Republican on the ticket, and in his own town received three hundred and eighty votes out of a total of five hundred. After his election his friends in Idaho Falls had made and presented to him a beautiful gold badge, thus decorating him with the insignia of his office. In 1 88 1 Mr. Clyne married Mary Watson, a native of Missouri, and they have had seven children: William H., Nettie E., Bessie A., Wes- ley T., Chase D., Frederick C., and Charles C. WILLIAM N. BUCHANAN. On the roster of county officials of Latah county appears the name of William N. Buchan- an, who is now serving as sheriff, and his fear- less and prompt discharge of his public duties has gained him the commendation of all law-abiding citizens. For twenty-one years he has been a resident of the county, and has therefore wit- nessed the greater part of its growth and develop- ment. Throughout this period he has been con- nected with its agricultural interests, and is accounted one of the leading farmers of this sec- tion of the state. Mr. Buchanan was born in Newton county, Missouri, April 2, 1857, and is descended from Scotch ancestors, who were pioneer settlers of Indiana. His great-grandfather removed to that state at a very early period in its history, and his grandfather and father, each of whom bore the name of Nathan Buchanan, were there born. The latter was a native of Putnam county, and was married there to Miss Diana Sutherland, a native of that locality. They were faithful members of the Christian church, and Nathan Buchanan, Jr., was a man of ability and influence, having served his fellow citizens in the position of county assessor. In the fall of 1878 he came to Idaho with his wife and six children, and he now re- sides in Moscow, at the age of sixty-four years. Three of their sons are still living. The subject of this review is the eldest of the family, and was reared on his father's farm in Missouri, the family having removed to that state in his early childhood. He attended the public schools there, and in 1878 came with his parents to Idaho. Latah county and this section of the state were just opening up to civilization, and he secured from the government a claim seven miles south of the city of Moscow. The following year he was married to Miss Mary McKensie, and then located upon his farm, which he has trans- formed into a richly improved and valuable prop- erty. The home has been blessed with four chil- dren, Etta, Hazel, William and Willard. Mr. Buchanan has been a practical farmer, has fol- lowed advanced methods, and through his indus- try has succeeded in raising large crops of wheat, barley, oats, flax and fruit, whereby he has added largely to his financial resources. In politics he is a zealous Republican, and on that ticket was elected to the office of county sheriff. This public trust was well reposed in him, for he is most true to every duty and obli- gation and is a most capable official. His wife is a v/orthy member of the Christian church, but he has never affiliated with any organization. He is a loyal citizen, a reliable business man and stanch friend, and in the history of his adopted state he well deserves representation. COLLINS FERRYMAN. Among the most prominent and valued resi- dents of his section of the state is Collins Ferry- man, of Juliaetta, a veteran of the civil war, and a citizen whose labors in behalf of the town of his abode have been most effective in advancing its interests. He was the pioneer hotel man, as a real-estate dealer has handled the greater part of its property, has done more than any other man in the locality to improve the roads through the surrounding country, and has always been watch- ful of the welfare and progress, doing all in his power to promote the growth and prosperity of the thriving little place. A native of the Empire state, Collins Ferryman was born in Cattaraugus county, April 28, 1847, and is of English lineage. His grandfather sailed from England for the New World and was wrecked off the coast of Rhode Island, which led to his settlement in that state. His son, James Ferryman, the father of our subject, was born near Providence, Rhode Island, and married Miss Lucinda Kerkendall, who was born near Roches- 542 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ter, New York. In 1866 they removed to Michi- gan, where the father died October 6, 1872, at the age of sixty-five years, his wife surviving him until 1882, when she, too, was called to the home beyond, at the age of seventy-five years. They were farming people and were members of the Baptist church, Mr. Ferryman being a powerful exhorter in the church. Our subject is now the only survivor of their family of six children. He was educated in the public schools of his native state, and after the inauguration of the civil war, he patriotically re- sponded to his country's call, enlisting December 22, 1863, in Company M, Fourth New York Heavy Artillery, when only sixteen years of age. He served with the victorious Army of the Po- tomac under General Hancock, and participated in all the engagements of the command until the surrender of General Lee. This included the hard-fought battle of the Wilderness. Through the exposure sustained in snow, sleet and mud he contracted inflammatory rheumatism to such an extent that he has entirely lost the sight of his right eye. He won for himself an honorable military record and was discharged on the I3th of June, 1865, but for three years thereafter he was in an invalid condition. When he had suf- ficiently regained his health to engage in busi- ness, he became connected with the lumber trade in northern Michigan and later removed thence to Missouri. In the latter state, on the 4th of October, 1871, Mr. Ferryman was united in marriage to Miss Mary Alice Nichols, a native of Kentucky. He resided in Missouri from September, 1870, until April, 1883, when he crossed the plains and se- cured a homestead two and a half miles west of where the pleasant town of Juliaetta now stands. He obtained one hundred and sixty acres of land from the government and erected thereon a good residence, but when Juliaetta was laid out, he removed to the new village and became one of its most energetic -and zealous promoters. He has aided in promoting all the enterprises of the town, and no movement for the public good has solicited his aid in vain. He is a most pro- gressive and public-spirited citizen, and his labors have advanced the welfare of Juliaetta to a great- er degree than those of any other man. Mr. and Mrs. Ferryman have reared but one child, Willis Arthur, who is now engaged in the grocery business in Juliaetta. Mrs. Ferryman is a lady of refinement and ability, and is now serv- ing as past noble grand and district deputy of the Rebekah Lodge. Our subject belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Daughters of Rebekah, also the Knights of Pythias fraternity, the Grand Army of the Re- public and the Star of Bethlehem. By the grand lodge he was appointed to the position of district deputy of the latter. In politics he is inde- pendent, supporting the men whom he regards the best qualified for office, regardless of party- ties. He is a gentleman of much kindness of heart, of generous impulses and sterling worth, and his many admirable qualities have endeared him in strong ties of friendship to many of the best citizens of his section of the state. FRANK M. HUBBARD. Frank M. Hubbard is numbered among the successful farmers of Weiser. He was born in Pike county, Illinois, on the gth of July, 1851, his parents being Joseph and Sarah (Venable) Hubbard. His father was born in Wisconsin, and the mother was a native of Illinois. They crossed the plains with oxen in 1853, being six months in making the long and perilous journey to the northwest. Indians occasioned them con- siderable annoyance, but they accomplished the journey in safety and located in Silverton, Marion county, Oregon, where the father obtained three hundred and twenty acres of land, which he suc- cessfully cultivated for forty years. His life's labors were then ended by death in 1887, when he had attained the age of seventy-five years. He was a very industrious and energetic farmer and his labors brought him good returns. Both he and his estimable wife were members of the Bap- tist church. She survived him two years, and departed this life in 1889, at the age of seventy- four. On their journey across the plains they brought with them their three children, and five others were added to the family after their arrival in Oregon. Seven of the number still survive. Frank Marion Hubbard, the third in order of birth, was only two years old at the time of the emigration of the family westward. He acquired his education in the public schools of the Willa- mette valley, and in 1869 came to Idaho. He en- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 543 gaged in freighting from Kelton, Utah, to the city of Boise and to Boise basin, and later turned his attention to agricultural pursuits, purchasing four hundred and eighty acres of land near Wei- ser, where he erected a residence, devoting his energies to the development and cultivation of the land. There he carried on agricultural pur- suits until 1887, when he sold out. In 1895 he purchased other lands, and is now the owner of a valuable tract of three hundred and forty acres, near the town of Weiser. He has a good resi- dence and fine orchard and carries on general farming. He is a most energetic and progress- ive agriculturist, follows advanced methods, and is very neat and thrifty in the care of his property. He now owns one of the fine farms of the locality and has met with good success in its operation. In 1874 Mr. Hubbard was united in marriage to Miss Ella Lowe, of Silverton, Oregon, and they have had six children, five sons and a daugh- ter, namely: Melvin W., Calvin Rosco, Millard Fillmore, Lelah Winnefred, Frank M. and Orval H. Mrs. Hubbard died October 12, 1889, at the age of thirty-four years. She was a faithful and loving wife and mother, and her death was deeply deplored by her many friends as well as her im- mediate family. In his political views Mr. Hubbard has been a life-long Democrat, and on that ticket was elected county assessor in 1888. The following year he was nominated for county sheriff but was de- feated by nine votes. In 1893, however, he was again elected county assessor, receiving a very large majority, a fact which indicated his faith- fulness and ability while holding the office on a former occasion. He is a valued member of the Masonic fraternity and Odd Fellows' society, and commands the esteem of his fellow men by rea- son of his upright life, his fidelity to every tru:t reposed in him, his genial manner and genuine friendliness. JACOB C. CAREER. The efficient and capable postmaster of Grangeville, Jacob C. Garber, is a native of Rock- ingham county, Virginia, born near Fort Re- public, January 7, 1829. The family is of Swiss origin and the ancestors of our subject crossed the Atlantic to the New World prior to the Revo- lutionary war. They were long residents of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and in religious faith were Dunkards. Martin Garber, the father of our subject, was born in the Old Dominion and married Miss Magdalen Mohler, a lady of Ger- man lineage and a representative of one of the old Virginian families. Fourteen children were born of this union, of whom eight sons and three daughters grew to years of maturity. The father was a farmer by occupation, and died of palsy, in the fifty-fourth year of his age. His wife at- tained a very advanced age and finally met death by accident, in the upsetting of a stage-coach in which she was a passenger. Jacob C. Garber, their fourth child, was edu- cated in Virginia and Ohio, the family having removed to the latter state when he was fourteen years of age. Subsequently he emigrated with an older brother to Iowa, and in 1854 he sailed from New York to California, going by way of the Nicaraugua route to San Francisco, where he arrived on the I3th of August. He then en- gaged in mining in Sierra and Nevada counties, meeting with good success. It was his intention to return home in 1857, but, being taken ill, a year had passed before he had sufficiently recov- ered to travel, and by that time the expenses of his sickness had eaten up all his capital. From Sierra county he went to Nevada county, and with the assistance of a friend procured a claim, on which he again made money rapidly. He re- mained there from 1858 until 1865, and during that time was elected and served as county re- corder of Nevada county, continuing in the office until 1868, when he removed to Humboldt coun- ty, where he established a general merchandise store. The new undertaking proved a profitable one, and he carried on business along that line until 1885, when he sold out and went to the Portuguese Flat, in Shasta county. There he purchased an interest in a mine, but lost his mon- ey in that investment, through the treachery of a partner. Mr. Garber next came to Camas prairie, Idaho, and secured a claim of one hundred and sixty- acres of government land, on which he engaged in raising hay, grain and cattle. He transformed it into a good farm, and it is still in his posses- sion. In 1893, however, he left the farm, having been elected probate judge of Idaho county, and on the expiration of his term of service in that capacity he accepted the position of bookkeeper 5-W HISTORY OF IDAHO. in the large wholesale and retail house of Henry Wax, of Grangeville. He was thus employed in 1897, when President McKinley appointed 'him postmaster. He is now giving his entire time and attention to the duties of his office, which he is discharging in a most capable manner, winning the high commendation of all concerned. He has always been a stanch Republican in politics since casting his* first presidential vote for Abra- ham Lincoln, in 1860. In 1868 Mr. Garber was united in marriage to Miss Julia A. Wheeler, in Nevada county, Cali- fornia. She is a native of Georgia and a daugh- ter of Nathan Wheeler, and to her husband she renders able assistance in the administration of the affairs of the postoffice. Mr. Garber was formerly a very active member of the Odd Fel- lows society and has filled all the chairs in both branches of the order. He is a wide-awake and progressive citizen, giving a loyal support to all measures for the public good, and is a most trust- worthy officer. AARON FREIDENRICH. Aaron Freidenrich, one of the most prominent merchants of Grangeville, and the managing member of the firm of Alexander & Freidenrich, wholesale and retail dealers in general merchan- dise, is in control of the largest establishment of the kind in the town, and perhaps no town of equal proportion in the entire country can boast of a better or more extensive store. The success of this enterprise is due to him whose name be- gins this sketch, a most energetic and progressive man, whose sound judgment is supplemented by industry and honorable methods. These quali- ties have brought to him a most creditable pros- perity and have gained him a place in the fore- most ranks of the commercial interests of north- ern Idaho. Mr. Freidenrich has been a resident of this state for thirty-one years. He was born in Ger- many on the 24th of February, 1851, a son of Isaac and Caroline (Adler) Freidenrich. Many of the representatives of the name were German merchants, and in religious faith the family were Hebrews. In the land of his nativity the subject of this sketch acquired his education, and also be- came familiar with business methods by acting as salesman in a mercantile establishment. He was only seventeen years of age when he emigrated to the United States, hoping to better his financial condition in the land where every opportunity is afforded the man of ability, ambition and deter- mination. He landed in New York, and though he had but little knowledge of the English lan- guage he soon secured a position in a wholesale house in that city, where he remained until 1867, when he sailed for Portland, Oregon. There he remained for twelve months, and in 1868 he took up his abode in Lewiston, Idaho. There he ob- tained a position in the store of Hexter Brothers, with whom he continued until 1871, at which time he went to Florence and began merchan- dising on his own account. In 1874 he removed to Warren, where he conducted a store until 1879, when he sold his business there and took up his abode in Grangeville, becoming the man- aging member of the present firm of Alexander & Freidenrich. During his twenty-years con- nection with the business interests of Grange- ville, he has met with splendid success, which has been well earned by his close attention to his commercial affairs, his excellent ability and his honorable business methods. The store which he occupies is thirty-five by one hundred and seventy-five feet, and in addition the firm has two large warehouses in Grangeville. The bills of sales have amounted to as high as five thousand dollars, and they carry a stock valued at eighty- thousand dollars, to which they are making al- most daily additions. They carry a full line of standard staple and fancy goods, and their finely equipped store would be a credit to a city of much greater size than Grangeville. In addition to this property Mr. Freidenrich has become the possessor of a number of good farms on Camas prairie, which are now rented. They are planted to hay and grain, and fine apples, cherries, plums and prunes are raised upon them. Thus he has judiciously invested his surplus earnings and thereby materially increased his incoma. Mr. Freidenrich was happily married March 4, 1883, to Miss Rosa Stenhauser, a cultured lady, born in San Francisco, California. They have one son, Melton, who is now attending school in Portland, Oregon. Our subject is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and was for some years treasurer of Mount Idaho Lodge, No. 9, F. & A. M., now located at Grangeville. He also be- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 545 longs to the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and is accounted one of Grangeville's best busi- ness men and representative citizens. Although he came to America empty-handed, he is now the possessor of a handsome competence, his hopes having been more than realized. His life demon- strates the truth of the saying that success is nor the result of genius, but the outcome of a clear judgment and experience. JOHN S. KINKAID. John S. Kinkaid, one of the highly respected farmers of Camas prairie, was born in Indiana, September 9, 1833, and is a representative of an old Kentucky family. His grandfather, Joseph Kinkaid, was a soldier of the war of 1812, and was an early settler of Kentucky. His son, An- drew Kinkaid, was born, reared and educated in Kentucky and became a minister of the Christian church. In 1841 he removed to Missouri and was a prominent preacher of the gospel in that state. He married Miss Elizabeth Landis, a native of Tennessee, who is still living and has celebrated her ninetieth birthday, her home being with a daughter in Kansas. The father died in the fifty-fifth year of his age, but his memory re- mains as a blessed benediction to all who knew him. Two of the sons loyally served their coun- try in the Union army during the civil war, and one of them lost his life in the great struggle to maintain the Union. In the family were seven children, five of whom yet survive. Rev. John S. Kinkaid was educated in Cass county, Missouri, in a little log school-house such as was common at that time. In his early youth he had accompanied his parents from Indiana to that state, and in 1861 went with them to Kan- sas, locating in Franklin county. He had been married, however, in Missouri, in 1859, to Miss Caroline Frazier, and they made their home upon a farm in Kansas from 1861 until 1883, when they came to Camas prairie and took up a tract of land, whereon -Mr. Kinkaid has since engaged in stock-raising, making a specialty of graded Durham cattle and graded Percheron horses. He has one hundred and fourteen acres of land and a most hospitable home, the latch-string al- ways being out to those who come this way. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Kinkaid have been born ten children, all of whom reached years of ma- turity, while four sons and four daughters are yet living, namely: Denver, who is engaged in farming near his father; Ulysses S., who is en- gaged in the butchering business at Elk City; Annie, wife of William Perkins;. Alice, wife of Robert Farris; Marion and William, who follow farming; Maude, who is engaged in school- teaching; and Myrtle, wife of Charles S. Jacob- son. The parents are valued members of the Christian church, in which Elder Kinkaid is an ordained minister. He is a man of broad hu- manitarian principles, a faithful follower of the Teacher of Nazareth, and gladly embraces every opportunity of proclaiming the gospel of peace on earth, good will to men. His political support is given the Republican party. His noble life is unclouded by shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil, and all who know him have for him the kindliest regard. JOHN LANE. Colonel John Lane, the senior member of the law firm of Lane & McDonald, has long resided on the Pacific coast, but has made his home in Lewiston for only two years. In that time, how- ever, he has gained prestige as one of the ablest members of the bar of this locality, and is there- fore a valued addition to the professional circles of the city. A native of the state of Indiana, Colonel Lane was born in Evansville, May 17, 1837. His an- cestors were of Irish and French stock and were early settlers of North Carolina, where they founded the city of Raleigh one hundred years before America sought her independence through the power of arms. Several of the family held military commissions under General Washington, in the Revolutionary war, and the family has always been celebrated for bravery and valor in battle. General Joseph Lane, the father of the Colonel, was born in North Carolina, December 14, 1801, and became a brevet major general in the Mexican war. He was appointed by President James K. Polk to go to Oregon and organize the territorial government there before the ex- piration of the president's term. With all expedi- tion he started across the plains, in the fall of 1848, with a small escort of the regiment of mounted rifles. On the approach of the winter, he turned aside and passed through New Mexico and Arizona, finally reaching San Diego, Cali- 516 HISTORY OF IDAHO. fornia, where he took a schooner for Yuba Buena, afterward San Francisco. From that point he proceeded by schooner to the mouth of the Columbia, after which, with Indians and canoes, he proceeded up the Columbia to Will- amette, and up that river to Oregon City, where he arrived March 3, 1849. He immediately issued the proclamation organizing the territory of Ore- gon. This was just the day previous to the close of Mr. Folk's administration, so that he made the long and perilous journey and performed his mission just in time. He then took up his abode in the new territory, and in 1851 was elected its delegate to congress. When Oregon became a state he was its first United States senator, and in 1860 he was a candidate on the Democratic ticket for vice-president, Breckinridge being the nominee for president. Soon afterward he re- turned to Roseburg, Oregon, where he retired from active life. He died there on the igth of April, 1881, at the age of eighty years, and his death was probably hastened by the wounds which he sustained in the Mexican war and in the Indian wars in Oregon. In early life he had married Miss Mary Hart, a native of Kentucky, and to them were born ten children, six of whom are yet living. The mother died in 1870. Colonel Lane, the eighth of the family, ac- quired his education in Indiana, Kentucky and Virginia, and in his twentieth year he was ap- pointed by President Pierce a cadet at large to West Point, where he remained until March, 1861, when he resigned, and at the opening of the civil war entered the Confederate service as a second lieutenant. He was ordnance officer and drill master at Fort Pulaski, and subsequently was ordered to Virginia, where he was attached as drill master to a company of artillery. He was on the staff of General G. W. Smith as aid-de- camp and later was captain of a battery of artil- lery. He participated in twenty-three battles, and at the siege of Petersburg, at the close of the war, he held the rank of lieutenant colonel in com- mand of a battalion of artillery. He was three times slightly wounded. His training at West Point, combined with his devotion to the cause he espoused, made him a most valued and brave representative of the southern cause. After the war Colonel Lane visited his father in Oregon, and was induced by him to engage in the stock business, which he carried on suc- cessfully for a number of years in Douglas county, Oregon. He also engaged in mining at the Black Sand mines on the coast, and took out one hundred thousand dollars, but it was such difficult work that the cost of carrying it on was as great as the returns. In the meantime, while engaged in stock-raising, Colonel Lane had read law under the direction of his brother, L. F. Lane, who afterward became a member of con- gress, but before beginning practice he served in public office, first filling the position of assessor of Coos county. Later he was elected and served for two consecutive terms as sheriff of the county. In 1883, being in Salem, Oregon, with prisoners at the time the supreme court was in session, he was invited by one of the supreme judges to take the examination for admission to the bar. With no idea of engaging in practice, he con- sented, and acquitted himself most creditably, thus becoming a member of the legal profession. He then completed his term as sheriff, after which he took up the practice of law at Roseburg with his brother, L. F. Lane. In 1893 Colonel Lane went to Washington, D. C., where he had the pleasure of seeing Presi- dent Cleveland inaugurated, and was by him appointed Indian agent, in which capacity he served until March, 1896, when he was ordered to report to Washington, and was appointed by Hoke Smith, secretary of the interior, to the position of special Indian agent and afterward appointed Indian inspector. He capably filled that office until June, 1897, when he retired and has since devoted his energies to the private practice of law. In the summer of that year he visited Lewiston, and being greatly pleased with the city and its excellent outlook he determined to locate here. He arrived October 19, 1897, and, on the hill just above the town, the stage on which he was riding was held up and robbed. Opening an office, he has within two years secured a large clientage and has been connected with most of the important litigation heard dur- ing this period. The firm of Lane & McDonald take precedence of many others of longer stand- ing, and their devotion to the clients' interests, combined with their skill in argument, insures them a continuance of the law business of Lewis- ton and the surrounding country. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 547 In 1878 Mr. Lane was united in marriage to Miss Hattie Sherrard, of Coos county, Oregon. Five children have been born to them, of whom four are living: Joseph W., Roy C., Winifred and Lorena. The family reside in one of the nice homes of Lewiston, and the Colonel and his wife are held in high regard. Socially he is a repre- sentative of the Ancient Order of United Work- men. HARLAN P. USTICK, A. M., M. D. The medical profession in Boise is ably rep- resented by Dr. Harlan Page Ustick, a promi- nent homeopathic physician, who was born in Fayette county, Ohio, on the 26th of November, 1848. His paternal grandfather was a Baptist minister, who, leaving his home in France, crossed the Atlantic to New York city, where he passed the residue of his days. His son, William Arnold Ustick, the father of the Doctor, was born in Orange county, New York, in the year 1800, and when seventeen years of age removed to Ohio, where he resided until he laid down the burdens of life, in his ninetieth year. He mar- ried Miss Mary Stewart, a native of Maryland, and a descendant of the royal house of Stuart, of England. Mr. Ustick resided upon a farm and was accounted one of the industrious and prac- tical agriculturists of his community. In later years he also engaged in buying and selling wool on an extensive scale, and won success in his un- dertakings. For many years he was an elder in the Presbyterian church, and his life was actu- ated by noble principles and characterized by- kindly deeds. Uncompromisingly opposed to oppression of every form, his home became a station on the famous underground railroad in ante-bellum days, and he aided many a poor negro on his way to freedom. He died in his ninetieth year, and his wife passed away at the age of seventy-six. They were the parents of thirteen children, of whom only five now sur- vive. Dr. Ustick, the youngest of the family, com- pleted his literary education by his graduation in Miami University, in 1870, after which he began preparation for the medical profession as a stu- dent in Hahnemann College, in Philadelphia, where he was graduated in 1883. At his old Ohio home he practiced medicine for eight years and then removed to Chicago, whence he came to the Pacific coast in 1892, spending a short time in Portland, Oregon. From that city he removed to Boise, where he opened an office and was soon in the enjoyment of a large and lucrative busi- ness. He makes a specialty of chronic diseases and the treatment of the eye and ear, and his efforts have been attended by results which indi- cate his superior ability in the line of his chosen calling. From the faithful performance of each day's duty he gains inspiration and strength for the labors of the next; perusal of the leading medical journals keeps him in touch with the advancement that is continually being made in medical circles; and his capability has gained him distinction in professional circles. He has other business interests in addition to his prac- tice, is the owner of a fine fruit farm of eighty acres, and is very active in promoting the inter- ests of the horticulturists of the state, being, at the present writing, secretary of the Fruit Grow- ers' Association of the state of Idaho. In 1892 was celebrated the marriage of Dr. Ustick and Mrs. Margaret Pittenger, who by her former marriage has a son Fred; the latter graduated at the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College in March, 1899. The Doctor also has two sons and a daughter by a former marriage, viz.: Roy P., Faye S. and Clyde E. The last mentioned is now taking a professional course in electricity. The Doctor and his estimable wife are leading members of the Presbyterian church, in which he is now serving as elder. In politics he is most earnest in his advocacy of the Repub- lican party and its principles, and socially is con- nected with the Knights of Pythias, the Woodmen of the World and the Pioneers of the Pacific. JOHN SCALES. John Scales, a resident of Wagontown, is a native of the Emerald Isle, his birth having occurred in Kilrush, county Clare, on the 6th of May, 1840. At the time of the protectorate in England members of the Scales family, natives of that land, went to Ireland as soldiers of Oliver Cromwell, and for their services were paid in Irish estates, called "sword-lands." The parents of our subject were Samuel and Rachel Scales, who were distant relatives. They came to America in 1855, bringing with them their family of five children, and took up their residence in 548 PIISTORY OF IDAHO. the state of Maine. The father died in 1875, at the age of seventy-two years, and the mother spent her last days in the home of her son John, passing away at the advanced age of ninety-two years. Four of the children yet survive, one being a resident of Maine, one of Oregon, one of Silver City and one of Wagontown, Idaho, and thus they are separated by the width of the continent. John Scales was a youth of fifteen years when he accompanied' his parents on the voyage across the briny deep. He attended school in his native land and pursued a commercial course in Eastman's Business College of Poughkeepsie, New York. His residence in Idaho dates from 1868, when he took up his abode in Silver City and began work in the mines. At that time miners were making from five to twenty dollars per day. He also became part owner of the Casco mines near the De Lamar mines, and while milling for others also took out ore from his own claims, thus gaining a good start in business life. He sold the Casco mine to William F. Som- mercamp, who later sold the property to the De Lamar Company, who now have the largest and best paying mines in Owyhee county. At the present writing Mr. Scales resides at Wagon- town, two miles west of De Lamar, on the famous Jordan creek. In 1891 he conceived the idea of building a dam and inpounding the tailings of the great mill of the De Lamar Mining Com- pany. He also built a flume to convey the tailings to his reservoirs and thus has he in- pounded a large quantity of the tailings, which have been found on second working to produce seven dollars to the ton. Formerly Mr. Scales owned a custom mill at Silver City for several years, had run ore to the value of millions of dol- lars and had become a miner and mill man. He turned his knowledge to practical account in the establishment of his present business, and his new enterprise will doubtless net him a handsome profit, for the tailings yield three ounces of silver and five dollars and a half in gold to the ton, and he now has seventy thousand tons of the tailings, the gross income from which will be about a half million dollars. He has recently equipped his mill to a capacity of one hundred tons per twenty-four hours, and used the pan-amalgama- tion method. His efforts are therefore being crowned with success a prosperity which is justly deserved. In connection with Mr. Wagoner he is also owner of the Trook and Jennings mines, one of the valuable mining prop- erties of Silver City. In 1879 Mr. Scales was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Crowell, of China, Maine, and they now have two sons, Henry C. and Wilbert G., both of whom are attending school in Cali- fornia. Mrs. Scales is a cultured and entertaining lady, presiding with gracious hospitality over the commodious residence which Mr. Scales has erected at Wagontown, and in which they have resided since 1891. She is also a valued member of the Baptist church, while Mr. Scales is a Royal Arch Mason and has served as high priest of Cyrus Chapter, No. 2, R. A. M., of Silver City. His political support is given the Democracy and he keeps well informed on the issues of the day, thus being able to intelligently advocate the principles in which he believes. He has served for several terms as county commissioner and also as county school-superintendent, and has been a most capable and efficient officer. He and his family are very highly esteemed in the county in which they have so long resided, and their history is deserving a prominent place in this volume. A. F. WOHLENBERG, M. D. Dr. Wohlenberg, a practicing physician and surgeon of Kendrick, is a native of Lyons, Iowa, born April 27, 1862. As the name indicates, he is of German descent. His parents, Ludwig A. and Maria (Vollbehr) Wohlenberg, were both natives of the Fatherland and came to America during their childhood. After their marriage they located on the farm where Ludwig Wohlen- berg is now living, retired from active business life, enjoying the handsome competence which came to him as the result of arduous toil in former years. He has held various township offices, discharging his duties in a most accept- able manner, and has been a lifelong member of the Lutheran church. The Doctor's mother died in 1864, when he was but two years old, and the father afterward married again. By the first union there were two children and by the second four, and of the number four are yet living. Dr. Wohlenberg was educated in the public schools, and in his boyhood worked on a farm HISTORY OF IDAHO. 549 and clerked in a store, thus entering upon his business career. Determining to devote his at- tention to the medical profession, he began preparation for his chosen life work in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, of Chicago, from which he graduated in 1894. He began practice in Seattle, Washington, and thence came to Kendrick, where he has since enjoyed a profit- able and constantly increasing business, his skill and ability winning him the public confidence and likewise the public patronage. He has a comprehensive knowledge of the science of medi- cine, keeps thoroughly informed concerning all the new theories and discoveries which are ad- vanced, and shows most discriminating judg- ment in the selection of such of these as he believes will aid him in his practice. He studies closely the leading medical journals and keeps in close touch with his professional brethren through his membership connection with the State Medical Association of Idaho. In 1886 Dr. Wohlenberg was united in mar- riage to Miss Julia Canfield, a native of Marshall- town, Iowa, and a daughter of Dr. Mosley Can- field, of that place. The Doctor and his wife have made many friends in Kendrick, and are in every way worthy the high esteem in which they are held. He belongs to the Woodmen of the World, is a member and trustee of the Knights of Pythias fraternity, but has neither time nor inclination to seek office, preferring to devote his energies to his professional labors, whereby he is gaining a position of distinction. WILLIAM H. SEBASTIAN. Among the pioneers who came to northern Idaho in an early day to secure homes and open up this region to civilization is William H. Sebas- tian, now an enterprising farmer of Camas prairie. He located on the prairie in 1871, fought for the protection of the settlers in the Nez Perces Indian war, and has ever labored for the advancement and upbuilding of the section. He was born in Missouri, December 31, 1851, but has practically spent his entire life in the north- west. His father, Daniel Smith Sebastian, was born in Missouri, November 21, 1819, and was there reared to manhood and married, and in 1852, with his wife and three children, made a safe journey across the plains to Oregon. He located in Clackamas county, where he secured a govern- ment donation-claim of six hundred and forty acres. At the time of the gold excitement, how- ever, he went to Elk City, Idaho, in 1861, and engaged in mining there for some time, after which he returned to his family. In 1871 he took up his abode on Camas prairie, on land on Three Mile creek, and there resided until 1875, when he sold out. He died in March, 1896, at the age of seventy-seven years. When the Nez Perces In- dians went on the war-path he was among the volunteers who aided in defending the settlers and their homes. He was twice married, his first wife dying in 1853. By their union there were four children, and three by the second mar- riage. The second wife died in July, 1896. William H. Sebastian was only four months old when his parents crossed the plains. He at- tended school in Oregon and in" 1871 came with the family to Camas prairie. In 1877, when the Indian war broke out, he also volunteered, con- tinuing on duty until all danger was past. Subse- quently he secured from the government a claim of one hundred and sixty acres, and in 1886 he further completed his preparations for a home of his own by his marriage to Miss Thamer Mc- Kerlee,a native of North Carolina and a daughter of E. B. McKerlee, who was also born in that state and came to Camas prairie in 1883. They now have one daughter, Cloah. The mother is a valued member of the Baptist church and is a most estimable lady. In his political affiliations Mr. Sebastian is a Democrat. In 1896 he built a very comfortable residence, and there makes his home, giving his time and attention to his farm- ing pursuits, in which he is meeting with credit- able success. i CHARLES M. HAYS. A well known lawyer and pioneer of Idaho is Charles Marshall Hays, of Boise. Almost his entire life has been passed on the Pacific coast and he has therefore been a witness of the mar- velous development of this section of the coun- try. He was born in Saline county, Missouri, on the 22d of April, 1845, an d is descended from Irish ancestry. Members of the family were early residents of Virginia and Kentucky and were participants in the struggle that brought to the nation her independence. The grandfather of 550 HISTORY OF IDAHO. our subject removed from the Old Dominion to Kentucky during the pioneer epoch in its his- tory, and there the birth of Gilmore Hays occurred. The latter married Mrs. Xevina Knox Montgomery, and to them were born seven chil- dren, of whom three are living. In 1848 the father crossed the plains to California, in 1852 went to Oregon, and in 1855 came to Idaho, when it was still a part of the territory of Wash- ington. He was the first recorder of Owyhee county and held various offices of trust and honor under the territorial government. He was a man of unwavering integrity and ability, and lived to be seventy-one years of age, while his wife passed away at the age of thirty-five years. Their son, Charles Marshall Hays, was edu- cated in the schools of California and Washing- ton. When a boy he crossed the p'.ains with his father, following the old emigrant road on the south side of the Snake river and passing under the shadow of what is now known as War Eagle mountain, never even dreaming then that thir- teen years later he would return to pass a quarter of a century at its very base. In the fall of that year he reached The Dalles, then a military post, whence he proceeded down the Columbia river and on to Portland, where he spent the winter. In the spring of 1853 ne made his way to Puget sound, and in 1857 removed to California, where he made his home until August, 1865, when he started for Ruby City, then the county-seat of Owyhee county, arriving on the 8th of Septem- ber. He filled the office of deputy county recorder under his father until 1866, when he became deputy district clerk under Solomon Hasbrouck, now the clerk of the supreme court of Idaho. In the fall of 1866 Mr. Hays removed from Ruby City to Silver City, and in 1868 was appointed deputy United States internal-revenue collector, which position he filled until the follow- ing year. In 1868 he was nominated on a Citizens' ticket for the office of recorder, but was defeated at the general election. In 1870 Hill Beachy, the proprietor of the railroad stage line from Boise to Winnemucca, Nevada, a distance of two hundred and sixty-five miles, appointed him agent at Silver City, with full power and authority to conduct all business connected with that office during the absence of the superintend- ent. When Mr. Beachv sold the line to the North- western Stage Company, Mr. Hays was retained as agent and also remained with that company's successor, John Hailey, holding the position until 1880. In 1871-2 he read law in the office of Richard Z. Johnson, afterward attorney-general of Idaho, and in 1873 was admitted to practice as an attor- ney and counsellor at law and solicitor in chancery in all the courts of record in the then territory of Idaho. He has ever acknowledged his indebtedness to his preceptor for the kindness and assistance he received at his hands, and has ever pointed to him as an example that all young lawyers might well emulate. Thus Mr. Hays entered upon his career at the bar, and by his marked ability in the line of his profession has won distinction as a legal practitioner. In 1874 he was nominated by the Republican party for the office of county sheriff. Having so recently begun practice, he was loath to accept the can- didacy, but finally did so. He was nominated on the first ballot, and then followed a hotly con- tested campaign, which resulted in Mr. Hays receiving a majority of two hundred votes, al- though the county was regarded as a strong Democratic stronghold. He carried every pre- cinct but one, a fact which indicates his personal popularity and the confidence reposed in him by his fellow townsmen. He made a most capable officer, was entirely fair and impartial in per- forming his duties, and displayed the utmost courage in their discharge. On one occasion, a man having stabbed an- other at South Mountain, Mr. Hays mounted a fast horse and rode the distance of thirty miles in two and a half hours. He found the members of the Miners' Union wild with excitement, wish- ing to hang the murderer, but the sheriff resolved to make the arrest and save the man's life that he might have a fair trial. He appointed five deputies, armed them with double-barreled shot- guns, arrested the murderer and another man who was implicated in the affair and marched with them through a crowd of a hundred men who had been searching all night for the culprit in order to lynch him. He then put his captives in a wagon and took them to Silver City, where they were granted a trial in accordance with the laws of the land. Mr. Hays discharged his duties with such abil- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 551 ity and fidelity that he was re-elected in 1876, and served for a second term. In 1881 he was appointed deputy district attorney for Owyhee county, which position he filled until elected county attorney in 1882. In 1884, in 1886 and a third time in 1888 he was re-elected, and in the trial of important cases manifested superior legal attainments. In the spring of 1882 he purchased a half interest in the Idaho Avalanche, the year following became sole proprietor and then con- ducted an independent paper, through the col- umns of which he strongly advocated the mining interests of the state. He was thus largely instrumental in sustaining the camps at Silver City and De Lamar, and in bringing capital to aid in the development, so that the mines of southwestern Idaho were soon brought to the attention of the mining world. It was through his influence that Captain De Lamar was induced to come to Silver City, and' Mr. Hays acted as his attorney until he sold his interests to an English syndicate. Further political honors came to him in 1889, when he was elected to the constitutional con- vention from Owyhee county, and in that assem- bly was appointed a member of the committees on election and franchise, on corporation, and on revenue, serving as chairman of the last. He was a very active and useful member of the con- vention, his knowledge of constitutional law en- abling him to aid greatly in framing the organic law of the state. At the first election after the admission of Idaho to the Union he was elected district attorney of the third judicial district, embracing Boise, Ada, Washington and Owyhee counties, and in 1894 was re-elected, to serve until January i, 1899. During this time he prob- ably prosecuted more criminals and convicted more than any other attorney in Idaho. In the past two and a half years he has prosecuted eight murder cases, securing one conviction for murder in the first degree, three for murder in the second degree and four for manslaughter. Perhaps one- third of the convicts in the state prison are from the third district, yet Mr. Hays has never been known to abuse a prisoner, giving him every chance to introduce evidence and prove his innocence. If his guilt is once established, how- ever, he never signs a petition for pardon, believ- ing that the law should then take its course. In 1898 he was elected to the state senate from Ada county, by a majority of six hundred. He was chairman of the judiciary committee and took an active part in the general assembly of 1899. At the close of the session he was appointed by the governor a member of the code commis- sion of Idaho, being the only Republican ap- pointed on the commission. In 1868 Mr. Hays was united in marriage to Miss Rebecca L. Dye, a cultured young lady, who was born in California, and is a daughter of Job F. Dye, a native of Kentucky. He went to the Golden state in 1832 and was also an honored pioneer of Idaho. Eight children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Hays: Helen, wife of J. H. Hutchinson; C. D., who is mining in Silver City; Rebecca; Rowena; Irene; Elma; Mrs. M. M. Getchell, deceased; and one who departed this life in infancy. The family occupy a pleasant home in Boise, and in addition to this property Mr. Hays is the owner of six hundred and forty acres of land, besides stock and other property, all of which has been acquired through his own efforts. He is a past master of the Masonic lodge and a Royal Arch Mason, also belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a lifelong Republican. In all life's relations he has been true to the confidence and trust reposed in him, and so intimately has he been associated with the history of the state in various depart- ments that his life record is deserving of a prom- inent place in this volume. JAMES S. ACKER. James S. Acker, proprietor of the general mer- cantile cash store, at Mountain Home, is one of the successful business men of the town, and his enterprise and energy have given him rank among the leading representatives of commercial interests in Elmore county. A native of Ala- bama, he was born near Birmingham, on the 6th of August, 1865. His ancestors were natives of Holland and at an early day joined a Dutch colony that settled in South Carolina. His father, Dr. J. W. Acker, engaged in the practice of medi- cine throughout his business career and became a very prominent and successful physician, being for many years numbered among the distin- guished representatives of the profession in Shelby county. William Acker had removed 552 HISTORY OF IDAHO. at an early day from South Carolina, in which state the Ackers were well known planters and owned many slaves. Dr. Acker married Miss Sarah Caffee, a native of Alabama, and a de- scendant of one of the old southern families. Her people were connected with the Baptist church, while the Ackers were Methodists" in religious faith. James S. Acker is one of a family of six chil- dren, four of whom are yet living. He spent his boyhood days in the state of his nativity, attended school there and was later graduated in the com- mercial department of the Kentucky State Uni- versity. He entered upon his business career in the capacity of a journalist, writing for the Evening Chronicle and the Birmingham Age- Herald; but circumstances caused him to enter other fields of labor and he began merchandising, for which work he is well adapted. He is a man of keen foresight, of pleasant and agreeable man- ner and unimpeachable integrity, essential qual- ifications in those who would win success in commercial lines. His whole career has been permeated by the idea that debt is one of the curses of the world, and that a nice, clean cash business, such as is conducted by the railroads, is best for the buyer as well as for the seller; it does away with the expense of bookkeeping, of litigation and with the animosities that arise from an attempt to force payment. The goods can be sold cheaper and the honest customer is not an- noyed by the debt or the merchant by the credit. There would be no failures and no suicides as the result of financial embarrassment, and the real result would be a much healthier condition in business life. Such has been the principle upon which Mr. Acker has conducted his busi- ness, and he has found it to be a practical one. In 1888 he went to California for rest and in order to see the country, and after spending some time in the Golden state, made his way to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he engaged in the produce business for a short time. Subsequently he became a traveling salesman, learned much concerning the first cost of the goods and of the conditions of the retail trade. This led him to engage in business on his own account, and in 1895 he opened his cash store on a corner lot in Mountain Home, where his building is not ex- posed to fire, and where he keeps a very carefully selected stock of general merchandise. By his promptness and honorable dealing, combined with his earnest efforts to please his patrons, he has secured a good trade and won the good will and confidence of the better class of customers, both in the town and surrounding country. He is numbered among the leading merchants at Mountain Home and occupies a prominent place in commercial circles. Mr. Acker was married in 1893, the ladv of his choice being Miss Allie S. Smithson, a native of Salt Lake City, Utah. Their marriage has been blessed with a daughter, Nydia Marie. Mr. Acker exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party. His name is on the membership rolls of the Odd Fellows society, the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Woodmen of the World and the Home Forum, and in his religious views he is liberal. He has, however, the strictest regard for the ethics of life, and he and his wife enjoy the high regard of many friends and receive the hospitality of the best homes in this section of Idaho. CHARLES J. SINSEL. Charles J: Sinsel, a wholesale fruit dealer of Boise and ex-county treasurer of Ada county, was born in Grafton, West Virginia, July 13, 1867, and is descended from Holland ancestry. Three brothers of the Sinsel family came from the little Dutch kingdom to America to aid Great Britain in her subjugation of the colonies, but were so well pleased with the land that they resolved to make their home in the new republic and located in Virginia. They and their descend- ants were planters and were Baptists in religious faith. The father of our subject, William F. Sinsel, was born in Grafton, West Virginia, and after arriving at years of maturity married Miss Fannie A. Holden, a daughter of Rev. Charles Holden, a Baptist minister. Through many years of his active business career Mr. Sinsel engaged in railroad contracting, but is now engaged in the stock business in Nebraska, where he is living at the age of sixty years. For a long period he has been a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity. Charles J. Sinsel is the eldest of a family of four sons, all of whom are living. In 1875 he went with his parents to Central City, Nebraska, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 553 where he attended school for a time, and then engaged in teaching in order to gain the means whereby he might secure a more advanced educa- tion. Subsequently he attended the Wesleyan University of Central City. He then spent some years traveling for a wholesale house in Omaha, and in 1891 he came to Boise, where for five years he was connected with the Idaho Saddlery Company. On the expiration of that period he embarked in the wholesale fruit business, and from the beginning his trade has rapidly and constantly increased. In 1897 he shipped two hundred car-loads to various markets. His relia- bility, the excellent line of fruits which he carries, and his enterprising business methods have brought him an excellent trade and made him one of the prosperous merchants of the capital city. Mr. Sinsel early became identified with the Populist party and is one of its most active and enthusiastic supporters. In 1892 he was the nominee of his party for state senator, but was defeated by the Republican candidate, Hon. George Stewart. In 1894 he was nominated for county treasurer, but again met defeat. In 1896, however, he was again awarded the nomination for that office, was elected and served his term most acceptably. On the 4th of August, 1892, Mr. Sinsel was united in marriage to Miss Emma J. Young, a native of Salem, Ohio, and they now have two children, Alma and Frederick. The parents hold a membership in the Baptist church and take an active and laudable interest in its work and upbuilding. Mr. Sinsel also belongs to the Uniformed Rank, Knights of Pythias, and has filled all the offices in that order. He is a young man of marked business and executive ability and Boise numbers him among her leading repre- sentatives. CHAPTER XXXVIII. IDAHO SINCE 1890 POLITICAL. LATE in June, 1891, the state supreme court rendered a decision pronouncing the act of 1891, purporting to create the counties of Alta and Lincoln out of the counties of Alturas and Logan, to be unconstitutional," on the ground that the state constitution forbids the division of a county and the attachment of a part thereof to another county without a vote of the people in the portion to be separated. State Attorney General Roberts returned the following opinion to the state superintendent of public instruction: Women possessing the con- stitutional and statutory qualifications can vote at all school elections; but to vote upon the proposition as to whether a special tax shall be levied women must possess, with male suffragists, the additional qualification of being "an actual resident free-holder or head of a family." On May 5, 1892, the Republicans held a state convention at Pocatello, and a nominating con- vention in August following, at which they advo- cated the free and unlimited coinage of silver, the creation of a federal department of mines and mining at Washington, protection of labor and capital, prompt action in allotting lands in the Nez Perces Indian reservation, certain amendments to the immigration laws, and hold- ing the Democrats responsible for the crippling of western industries. For the state ticket they nominated, in August, W. J. McConnell for gov- ernor, Frank B. Willis for lieutenant governor, James F. Curtis for secretary of state, George M. Parsons for attorney general, Frank Ramsey for auditor, W. C. Hill for treasurer, J. S. Brandon for superintendent of public instruc- tion, and Willis Sweet for congressman. During the same season the Democrats, also holding state conventions in May and August, at Pocatello, declared, like the Republicans, in favor of the free and unlimited coinage of silver, but unlike them declared in favor of several re- forms which have ever since characterized their party. In August they nominated A. J. Crook for governor, J. B. Wright for lieutenant gov- ernor, B. F. Chancy for secretary of state, T. J. Sutton for treasurer, J. H. Anderson for auditor, J. R. Westen for attorney general and L. L. Shearer for superintendent of public instruction. Meanwhile the Prohibitionists, representing three counties, met to the number of twenty-five and nominated a full state ticket. The entire Republican ticket was elected, by a majority of two thousand and more. The state officers for the year 1893 were: Wil- liam J. McConnell, governor; Frank B. Willis, lieutenant governor; James F. Curtis, secretary of state; William C. Hill, treasurer; Frank C. Ramsey, auditor; George M. Parsons, attorney general; B. B. Lower, superintendent of public instruction; Isaac N. Sullivan, chief justice; and Francis E. English and Thomas M. Stewart, associate justices. The second session of the legislature, which meets each alternate year, began January 2, 1893, and continued until the evening of March 6. The delays brought about by the Democrats and Populists in the senate defeated many important measures. By them a rule of obstruction was inaugurated, and bills were held back until the last days of the session, when it became too late to' consider them in the house. Among the bills held back was one reducing the state-tax levy from eighty-five to sixty-five cents on the one hundred dollars. The levy of eighty-five cents had already produced a surplus and there was no law providing for the lending of the funds. An- other bill failing to pass was that which provided for a reapportionment of the representation of the state. Much time was spent' in an effort to pass a general law for the division of counties and the removal of county seats. The governor withheld his signature from a bill that reduced the liquor license from five hun- dred dollars a year in the large towns to three hundred dollars, making the cost of license uni- form in large and small towns. The bill was 554 HISTORY OF IDAHO. passed over the governor's veto in the senate, but the house refused to act with it. The Coeur d'Alene city school of mines bill was not ap- proved, because several of its provisions con- flicted with the state constitution, and several were of doubtful meaning. The act authorizing county commissioners to issue bonds for the pur- pose of refunding the indebtedness of their respec- tive counties was held to give too much latitude to the commissioners, and it was not signed nor was the bill defining the property relations of husband and wife. Just before the close of the session an appropriation bill to cover the state expenses for the years 1893-4 was rushed through the senate, and the house was forced to concur and pass it without amendment. A bill was passed enfranchising the Mormons not guilty of polygamy. Thirty thousand dollars more was appropriated for the Idaho exhibit at the World's Fair at Chicago. Acts were passed organizing the state normal at Lewiston, providing for the establishment of a soldiers' home, for the pro- tection of game and fish, providing for the de- struction of coyotes, wild-cats, foxes, lynxes, bears, squirrels, rabbits, gophers, muskrats, panthers and cougars, defining and prohibiting certain practices of the nature of gambling, pro- viding for the prevention of fruit-tree pests and for their extirpation, and prohibiting employers from discriminating against labor organizations; and congress was memorialized to pass a law for the free and unlimited coinage of silver. In 1893 it was estimated that the Mormon voters in the state reached the number of about three thousand in Bingham county, seven hun- dred in Bear Lake county, three hundred and fifty in Cassia county, and eight hundred and fifty in Oneida county. To most of these the right of franchise was extended during this year (1893), by a modification of the "test-oath" clause in the law. In August, 1894, the platform adopted by the Republican convention at Boise reaffirmed the doctrine of "protection," declared for the free coinage of silver, at the ratio of sixteen to one, and advocated the submission of an equal-suf- frage amendment to the state constitution ; while the Democrats, also at Boise and in the same month, declared for revenue for tariff only, and, like the Republicans, for the free coinage of silver at the ratio of sixteen times as much silver to the dollar as gold. The Populists also held a convention, indorsing the platform of the Demo- cratic party of 1892 at Omaha, Nebraska. The ensuing election gave the Republicans the usual majorities. The Populists polled a vote nearly as large as that of the Democrats for some of the offices and even larger for some. The state officers elected were: William J. McConnell, governor; F. J. Mills, lieutenant governor; I. W. Garrett, secretary of state; C. Bunting, treasurer; Frank C. Ramsey, auditor; C. A. Foresman, superintendent of public instruction; A. Case, adjutant general; George M. Parsons, attorney general; John T. Morgan, chief justice of the supreme court; and J. W. Huston and I. N. Sulli- van, associate justices. The ensuing legislature met Januarv 7, 1895, and continued in session until March 9. Among the measures passed at this session was the repeal of the law passed unanimously at the preceding legislature providing that all obligations should be paid in gold or silver, all contracts to the con- trary notwithstanding, the ground for repeal be- ing that the measure had been detrimental to the business interests of the state. An act making a new legislative apportionment was passed pro- viding for a senator for every county, while repre- sentation in the house was fixed upon the basis of one representative for every five hundred and thirty-six votes or fraction over one-half of that number cast at the preceding election. The new game and fish law abolished the office of county game and fish warden, specified what are the closed seasons and prohibited the transportation of or dealing in hides of wild animals and hunting with dogs. Three irrigation bills were passed. One was the joint irrigation bill, providing means of accepting the gift of one million acres of land under the Carey act from the federal government, and two measures providing for the organization of irrigation districts, a system of water measure- ments and the fixing of water rates in certain emergencies by the district courts. Under the new system it was proposed to purchase existing ditches or construct new ones by issuing bonds based upon the property of the district and taxing all the land in the district for the payment of the bonds. A radical change in the system of locating 556 HISTORY OF IDAHO. mines was made by a new mining law, the most important feature of which was a provision re- quiring a locator to sink a shaft at least ten feet within two months after location, or to make other cuts equivalent. By this legislature the "age of consent" was still further raised, being now made eighteen years. In March the office of state engineer was cre- ated, to which the governor appointed Frank B. Mills, the lieutenant governor, who accordingly resigned his elective office. This legislature abolished the counties of Logan and Alturas and created from that terri- tory the county of Blaine, and also established the county of Lincoln from the southern portion of the new county of Blaine; repealed the test oath, passed a law requiring marriage licenses, and memorialized congress to adopt the free coinage of silver, and recommended state constitutional amendments permitting woman suffrage and the election of a prosecuting attorney in each county, instead of district only, as previously. In March George L. Shoup was elected again to the United States senate, the fifty-second and final ballot being: Shoup, Republican, 27; Willis Sweet, also Republican, 12; and A. J. Crook, Populist, 14. In 1895 the state supreme court decided that women were eligible to practice law, the statutes to the contrarynotwithstanding. This court also affirmed the constitutionality of the law providing that water companies shall furnish water free for fire purposes and other great public emergencies. The state officers for 1896 were: William J. McConnell, governor; Vincent Bierbower, lieu- tenant governor; Isaac W. Garrett, secretary of state; C. Bunting, treasurer; Frank C. Ramsey, auditor; George M. Parsons, attorney general; A. H. Capwell, adjutant general; C. .A. Fores- man, superintendent of public instruction; Fred- erick J. Mills, state engineer; John T. Morgan, chief justice of the supreme court; J. W. Huston and Isaac N. Sullivan, associate justices; and Solomon Hasbrouck, clerk of the court. May 16, 1896, the Republicans held a state convention at Pocatello and selected delegates to the national convention. It declared the rein- statement of silver to be the paramount issue. On August 8 the state central committee convened at Boise and divided into two factions, each claim- ing to be the regular committee and proceeding accordingly to fill the vacancies in their respective bodies by special appointments. The silver Re- publicans met August 17, in the same city, and made a declaration of principles similar to those of the May convention, and in addition congrat- ulated Congressman Wilson "on his able and exceptional work" in congress, and unequivocally approved the "action of Senators Teller, Cannon and Dubois and their associates who left the na- tional convention" at St. Louis, and also approved the nomination of Bryan and Sewall for president and vice president of the United States. At the Republican state convention which met at Boise August 26, the following nominations were made: For representative in congress, John T. Morrison; justice of the supreme court, Drew W. Standrod; governor, David H. Budlong; lieu- tenant governor, Vincent Bierbower; secretary of state, Isaac W. Garrett; attorney general, John A. Bagley; auditor, Elmore A. McKenna; treas- urer, Frank C. Ramsey; superintendent of public instruction, Charles A. Foresman; and inspector of mines, Theodore Brown. Being dissatisfied with the regular nominations of the Republican convention, the silver Repub- licans, September 26, named a ticket headed by W. E. Borah for representative in congress, Edgar Wilson for justice of the supreme court, and Frank Steunenberg for governor. This ticket was filed with the secretary of state as the regular ticket of a Republican state convention, and the same ticket was also filed by petition as the "Electors' Democratic ticket." The Democrats and Populists fused on the principal issues of the day in naming their ticket, under the name of the "People's Democratic party." They agreed that the succeeding legisla- ture should select a man from the "present Pop- ulist party" for United States senator. On August 21 this party nominated R. P. Quarrels for supreme justice; Frank Steunenberg for gov- ernor; R. E. McFarland for attorney general; George H. Storer for treasurer; and B. F. Hast- ings for inspector of mines; while the Populists named James Gunn for representative in con- gress, C. C. Fuller for lieutenant governor, James H. Anderson for auditor, George J. Lewis for HISTORY OF IDAHO. 557 secretary of state, and Lewis Anderson for superintendent of public instruction. On October 5, George F. Moore was selected by the Populist and Democratic state committees as their candi- date for lieutenant governor in place of Mr. Fuller, resigned. In the exciting election of November, 1896, the "People's Democratic" ticket was successful, their presidential electors polling 23,192, against only 6,324 for the McKinley electors. At the same time the proposed constitutional amend- ments providing for county attorneys and county superintendents were carried, while the equal- suffrage amendment received six thousand more votes than were cast against it, though not a majority of the votes cast at the election. The last mentioned issue, however, was taken before the supreme court of the state, December n, which decided that when a proposed amendment to the constitution receives a majority of the votes cast on the proposition whether or not it is a majority of all the votes cast at that election, the amendment is carried. The history of the struggle which thus cul- minated in final victory for the advocates of a female-suffrage amendment to the state constitu- tion is interesting to trace. The movement first took definite shape in the political arena at the Populist state convention of 1894, where, after a hard fight, the passage of a favorable resolution was secured. A similar resolution was then passed by the Republican state convention. Popular indifference to the movement, however, was widespread; and poli- ticians of all parties, while nominally supporting it, seemed to think that when the matter came to a general vote it would be swept into oblivion. The women, however, kept up an active agitation, forming an association for that purpose. The result was that the state legislature passed a bill submitting to the voters of the state the question of a change of the constitution so as to allow woman suffrage. Thereafter the battle was kept up vigorously. A state convention was called in Boise in November, 1895, to which eight counties sent delegates. Another state convention assem- bled in the capital city July i, 1896, at which the plan of campaign was fully outlined. So pronounced was the sentiment thereafter aroused that all the political conventions in the state rec- ommended the woman-suffrage amendment to favorable consideration. The campaign increased in vigor as the polling day approached, the women refraining fr.om taking sides with either Republicans or Democrats. The official count showed 12,126 votes for the amendment and 6,282 against it. Although receiving six thousand more votes than had been cast against it, the amendment did not receive a majority of the votes cast at the election, the total vote being 29,697. Thus some doubt remained as to whether or not it had carried, which doubt was based on certain clauses of the constitution regulating the passage of amendments. This doubt, however, was finally dispelled, December n, 1896, when the supreme court unanimously decided that the amendment had carried, though it had not received a majority of the votes cast at the election. A majority of those cast on the proposition was held to be sufficient. The following legislature (1897) elected Henry Heitfield, Populist, United States senator, over Frederick T. Dubois, silver Republican, by a vote of thirty-nine to thirty. The same body fixed the legal rate of interest at seven per cent., estab- lished a sheep quarantine system, and provided for a state board of arbitration for settling labor troubles. Governors of Idaho. Years. William H. Wallace 1863-4 Caleb Lyon 1864-6 David A. Ballard 1866-7 Samuel Bard 1870 Oilman Marston 1870-1 Alexander Connor 1871 Thomas M. Bowen 1871 Thomas W. Bennett 1871-6 Mason Brayman .1876-80 John B. Neil 1880-3 John N. Irwin 1883 William M. Bun 1884-5 Edward W. Stevenson 1885-9 George L. Shoup 1889-91 William J. McConnell 1891-6 Frank Steunenberg 1896-1901 CHAPTER XXXIX. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. JAMES BAXTER. CAPTAIN JAMES BAXTER, of Boise, is a native of England, his birth having oc- curred in Norwich. His parents were Frank and Mary (Gunn) Baxter, who came with their family to the United States when the Captain was very young. They resided near New York city for some years, and then removed to Paterson, New Jersey. The father was a horti- JAMES BAXTER IN 1865. culturist by occupation and successfully engaged in the cultivation of vegetables and flowers. Soon after his arrival in America he took steps toward becoming naturalized and was recognized as a valued and influential citizen. He served as county commissioner in New Jersey for a number of years, and was also county sheriff, in which positions he discharged his duties with signal ability. After a residence of thirty years in America, he died at the age of seventy-eight. His widow still survives him, and at the age of eighty- seven years is living in Paterson, New Jersey, where she has so long made her home. She was the mother of thirteen children, seven of whom grew to years of maturity and are still living. In the public schools of New York city James Baxter began his education, which he continued in Paterson. Subsequently he attended the school of mines at Columbia College, New York, and was graduated there as a mining engineer and metallurgist. He learned the machinist's trade with the Rogers Locomotive Company, of Paterson, New Jersey. In 1856 he went to Chili and for three years was master mechanic for the Southern Railroad, of that country. In 1859 he returned to the United States and purchased a plantation in Mecklenburg county, North Caro- lina, called the Jugnot, because of its gold indi- cations. After six months spent in developing this and finding no gold in paying quantities, he abandoned it and went to Colorado, locating a mine in Gilpin county, and was engaged in erect- ing mills and other machinery. But now the trouble between the north and the south, occasioned by the slavery agitation, brought on the civil war, and, realizing the need of the Union for all its loyal sons, Mr. Baxter put aside all business interests, disposed of his prop- erty and returned to New York, where in August, 1 86 1, he enlisted in Company K, First New York Regiment of Engineers. During his service he was promoted successively to the ranks of cor- poral, sergeant, second lieutenant, first lieutenant and captain. He also served for some time on the staff of General Gilmore. He was injured several times, the last time at Fort Johnson, South Carolina, by a shell which broke his hip. He was mustered out near the Appomattox river, 558 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 559 in May, 1864, and went home, it was supposed to die, but owing to the aid of a strong constitution he eventually recovered from his injuries, al- though for two years he was obliged to go about on crutches. He suffered much, but finally re- covered and then went to Colorado again, and to the South and Central Americas, where he was engaged in mining. In 1883 Captain Baxter went to Mexico, where he was engaged on the construction of smelters and a railroad. He first visited Idaho in 1874, at which time he operated extensively in the At- lanta and Rocky Bar. In 1892 he came to Boise and established a foundry and machine shop known as the Boise Iron and Reduction Works, in which he manufactures quartz mills and all kinds of mining machinery. He has built as many as twenty mills, each one of which, when erected properly, has been a complete success and given the fullest satisfaction to the owners. Captain Baxter is meeting with a well deserved prosperity in this undertaking, owing to his com- prehensive understanding of the business, his thoroughness, reliability, and upright dealing. In 1854 Captain Baxter was united in marriage to Miss Amanda Langworth, of Paterson. New Jersey, and they have had eight children, of whom four are living, namely: Julia, wife of C. V. Smith; Fannie, wife of James Williams; Charles F. and Carrie, the latter at home. Captain Baxter and his family are members of the Baptist church, and in Boise they live in a pleasant and commo- dious home, whose hospitality is enjoyed by their many friends. The Captain is a Royal Arch Mason. He was made a Master Mason in Nevada Lodge, No. 4, of Colorado, in 1866, and subse- quently took the chapter degrees in Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1868. He was a charter mem- ber of Alturas Lodge, No. 12, of Idaho, was its worshipful master for four years, and is now a valued member of both the blue lodge and chap- ter of Boise. He has been a member of the Knights of Pythias fraternity since 1871 and is post commander of Phil. Sheridan Post, No. 4, G. A. R. He is a progressive and public-spirited citizen who is as true to-day to duty as when he followed the stars and stripes through the great southern rebellion. He ever supports all measures for the educational, social, material and moral advancement of his city and state, and at all times has lived so as to command the esteem of his fellow men, which is accorded him in a large degree. SIMON HARRIS. Simon Harris, of Silver City, is a native of Mineral Point, Wisconsin, born April 18, 1851, and is of English descent, his parents, Elijah and Caroline (Mitchell) Harris, both being natives of England. In 1844 the father crossed the Atlantic to America and took up his residence in Mineral Point, where he was married. In 1852 he crossed the plains to California and was quite successful in his business ventures in the Golden state. Several times he made the trip across the country to California. Colorado and Montana, -and in 1872 came to Silver City. He is now living in Wisconsin, at the age of seventy-seven years. His wife departed this life in 1894, at the age of seventy years. They were the parents of eight children, four of whom are living. In the public schools of his native town Simon Harris was educated, and was reared upon a farm, but during the greater part of his life has engaged in mining. He came to Silver City, October 16, 1872, when a young man of twenty-one years, and engaged in mining on War Eagle mountain. He worked in the Golden Chariot mine in 1873-4, when it was one of the greatest producers in the state, its stock advancing to twenty-two and even twenty-four dollars per share. Miners were paid by the foot for drilling and it was a prosperous era on the old mountain. Mr. Harris was elected president of the Fairview Miners' Union, in March, 1875, and six months later the organiza- tion had fifteen hundred members in good stand- ing. The following year he filled the responsible position of treasurer in that organization. He was married in Silver City, December 5, 1880, to Mrs. Bertha Lewis, of Peru, Illinois, and a few weeks afterward they visited Arizona, Washington, D. C., and the old Harris home in Wisconsin, whence they returned to Silver City. In July, 1881, Mr. Harris took charge of the Black Jack Mine for a short time and was foreman of the Trade Dollar Mine from 1892 un- til August, 1893, at which time he resigned his position, making a trip to the east, visiting the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and many places of interest in the capital city of the nation, returning to Idaho in May, 1894. 560 HISTORY OF IDAHO. At the general election in 1896 Mr. Harris was chosen a justice of the peace of Silver City, which position he has since acceptably filled. At the formation of the Silver City Miners' Union, in August, 1896, he was elected its vice-president, and in 1897 was elected its recording secretary. He has been a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows since 1872, when he took the de- grees of the order in Wisconsin, and soon after his arrival in Idaho he transferred his member- ship to Owyhee Lodge, No. 2, I. O. O. F., which organization he represented in the grand lodge in 1888. In November, 1875, he was a representa- tive to the grand lodge of Good Templars from Fairview, and he is also a member of the Ma- sonic fraternity, having served as master of Sil- ver City Lodge, No. 13, F. & A. M., in 1892, and as high priest of Cyrus Chapter, No. 2, R. A. M., in 1897. He is also a member of Idaho Com- mandery, and his wife is a valued member of the Episcopal church, while both are highly esteemed residents of Silver City and have a large circle of warm friends. FRANK T. MARTIN. When, in 1871, Frank T. Martin first saw the Snake river valley, Idaho, it was a vast, desolate and unexplored wilderness, not so inviting to settlement as it might have been otherwise, be- cause of its arid, unproductive soil. Mr. Martin was then a youth o? seventeen, and he came with thirteen others and drove seven hundred head of cattle across the plains from Saline county, Mis- souri. They were one hundred and eleven days on the way, and after they reached the Snake river valley the company separated, some of its members going to different points round about, and some to Montana. Young Martin passed the winter of 1871-2 at Helena, Montana, and in the spring returned to the valley and located on the island eighteen miles above Idaho Falls. At that time four men were the only persons on the island, which has now a population of fifteen hundred. He remained in the valley two years, herding cattle for Mr. J. M. Taylor, then went to Utah. In 1876 he went back to his old home in Missouri. In 1885 he returned to Idaho Falls. where he has since lived and where he is known as an enterprising business man and a public- spirited citizen. He conducted a meat market and later a livery business, and six years ago be- came a dealer in coal, which he has since handled quite extensively. He is a member also of the firm of Martin & Mills, butchers, and wholesale and retail dealers in meat, and they do a large trade over a wide territory. Mr. Martin is well known in business circles throughout southeast- ern Idaho. He is a Democrat, but not an active politician nor one who has an itching for office, his business interests requiring his entire time and attention. The following biographical items concerning Frank T. Martin will be of interest. He was born in Saline county, Missouri, September 6, 1854. His grandfather Samuel T. Martin, a na- tive of Virginia, was a pioneer in Kentucky and died there at the age of eighty-seven. Frank T. Martin's father, also named Samuel T. Martin, was born in Kentucky and married Miss Annie E. Jones, daughter of Captain Thomas Jones, who. in his young manhood was an officer in the Revolutionary army in the struggle for Ameri- can independence. In 1849 they removed to Missouri, where Mr. Martin became a successful farmer, and where he is yet living, aged eighty years. Mrs. Martin died in 1866. They had twelve children, of whom Frank T. Martin was the eighth born. His boyhood was passed on the farm and in the public schools of Missouri, until, at the age of seventeen, he first came to Idaho, as has been stated. In August, 1880, he married Miss Susie Chowning, a native of Owen county, Kentucky, who bore him four children, Paris, Helen, Eva and Charles, and she died in June, 1890. She was a true and faithful wife and loving and indulgent mother, being a woman or beautiful Christian character, and her loss was keenly felt by the whole community. HENRY D. BLATCHLEY. Henry D. Blatchley came to Caldwell when it contained but one building, and has therefore witnessed its entire growth and development. In the work of progress and advancement he has ever borne his part and to-day is numbered among the pioneers and leading business men to whom the city is indebted for its upbuilding. A spirit of enterprise, so characteristic of the west, is noticeable in all that he does and has been manifest in his connection with Caldwell. He has ever merited the confidence and regard of his HISTORY OF IDAHO. 561 felllow men, which he receives in an unlimited degree, and in this volume well deserves mention among the representative merchants of Idaho. Mr. Blatchley is a native of Idaho, his birth having occurred in Blanchester, March 2, 1854. He is of Welsh lineage and his ancestors were among the early settlers of Pennsylvania and Ohio. One of the number, David Blatchley, was an officer in the Colonial army in the war of the Revolution; and the Comstock family, from which our subject is descended on the maternal side, was also represented in the struggle for American independence. They settled in Ohio, and one of the towns in the Buckeye state now bears the name of Comstock, it having been founded by relatives of our subject. His father, Daniel W. Blatchley, was born i Pennsylvania and was married there to Sylvia Ann Comstock, of Scranton, that state, a daughter of Zebulon Comstock. a prominent land-owner of Scranton, and a representative of an old Virginian family. At a later date Mr. Blatchley removed with his family to Ohio, where for many years he suc- cessfully engaged in school-teaching. He de- parted this life in the sixty-fifth year of his age, and his wife was called to her final rest in her sixty-eighth year. They were the parents of five sons. Henry D. Blatchley, the fourth in order of birth, was a little lad of four summers when he accompanied his parents on their removal to Vandalia, Illinois, where he was reared and edu- cated. On completing his literary course he be- came a student in the Cincinnati Medical Col- lege, and later learned the druggist's trade, thus being well qualified for an independent business career. Coming to Caldwell he engaged in clerk- ing for a year and then began business on his own account, since which time he has success- fully conducted the leading drug store of the town. In 1894 he erected a good brick business block, twenty-five by one hundred feet, in which he now carries a large stock of drugs, paints, oils and notions. His business methods are most commendable, his prices reasonable, and by his courteous treatment of the public and his straightforward dealing he has won a liberal pat- ronage. In Caldwell he has also erected a very pleasant and commodious residence, which is presided over by his estimable wife, who in her maiden- hood was Miss Carrie S. Gwinn. Their mar- riage was celebrated in June, 1887, and the lady is a daughter of Rev. Robert M. Gwinn, the pio- neer Methodist minister of Idaho. Mr. Blatch- ley is prominent in fraternal circles. He was a charter member of the Odd Fellows lodge of Caldwell, its first presiding officer, and has filled all the chairs in both the subordinate lodge and the encampment. For nine years he has been the representative to the grand lodge. He exer- cises his right of franchise in behalf of the men and measures of the Republican party, but has never been an aspirant for public office. He is a valued member of the Presbyterian church, a teacher of ability in the Sunday-school, and a member of the Presbyterian session. He is also trustee and treasurer of the Idaho College, and takes a deep interest in its growth and prosperity. A loyal citizen, public-spirited and progressive, a successful merchant, and not unmindful of the holier duties of life which lead to man's best de- velopment, he commands the respect and confi- dence of all whom he meets. JAMES A. LAUER. One of the popular and enterprising young merchants of Payette is James A. Lauer, who is numbered among Idaho's native sons, his birth having occurred in Idaho City, on the 26th of February, 1872. His father, William Lauer, is numbered among the early settlers of the state, having located here in 1861, and is the pioneer hardware merchant of Payette. The subject of. this review was educated in the public schools of Idaho City, and with his parents came to Pay- ette in 1885. Here he accepted a position as clerk in the general mercantile store of Mar- quardsen & Lamme, acceptably serving in that capacity for seven years, during which time he mastered the business in every detail. Having gained an excellent knowledge of the methods of commercial life, in September, 1895, he began business on his own account, opening a general mercantile store in Payette. He carries a large and carefully selected stock of goods, is a most courteous and obliging salesman, and by means of moderate prices, fair dealing and reliability he has won success, his patronage constantly in- creasing. 562 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Mr. Lauer is an active and valued member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having taken the degrees in Payette Lodge, No. 22. He has passed all the chairs in the lodge, and in 1896 was its representative in the grand lodge of the state. In politics he is a silver-Republican, and is now serving as a member of the city coun- cil, so discharging his duties as to advance the best interests of the city. He is also a member and was one of the organizers of the Payette Band, a very creditable musical organization. He takes a deep interest in all that pertains to the material, political and social welfare of the city, and is a most courteous and popular young man, having the warm regard of a large circle of friends. W. B. KURTZ. It is given to few to attain prominence in poli- tics, honor in military affairs or fame in literary life, but respect and esteem await every man who lives worthily, who performs the duties of public and private life faithfully and promptly, and in business has strict regard for commercial ethics. Such an one is W. B. Kurtz, proprietor of the Weiser flouring mill, which was built in 1890, and represents one of the leading industrial inter- ests of the city in which it is located. Mr. Kurtz is a native of Berks county, Penn- sylvania, born November i, 1846, and is of Ger- man descent. His grandfather, Jacob Kurtz, was born in Germany and in his early boyhood crossed the Atlantic to America, becoming a resi- dent of the Keystone state, where he was reared to manhood and married Miss Mary Shingle, a native of Pennsylvania. He fought in the Revo- lutionary war on the side of the colonies, and lived to be seventy-seven years of age. His son, John Kurtz, was born in Pennsylvania, and hav- ing arrived at years of maturity married Miss Harriet Gabrial, a lady of Scotch-Irish ancestry. They had five sons and five daughters, eight of whom are now living. Through his active busi- ness career the father engaged in the milling business, manufacturing flour. In his religious views he was an Episcopalian, and he was highly esteemed for his sterling worth and devotion to duty. Mr. Kurtz of this review was educated in the public schools of his native state, and in his boy- hood learned the miller's trade, which he has fol- lowed as a, life work. By close application he soon mastered the business, and for four years carried on operations along that line in Rock Falls, Illinois. In 1878 he came to Idaho, locat- ing in Boise, where for fourteen years he had the management of the Ridenbaugh mill. His long connection with that enterprise plainly indicates his reliability and his effective service, qualities which won him the entire respect and confidence of his employer. In 1890 he came to Weiser and in connection with others erected the Weiser flouring mill, of which he has since had charge. It is a full roller-process mill with a capacity of one hundred and twenty barrels of flour per day. The main building is forty by forty feet, and in height three stories, attic and basement. The elevator is fifty by forty feet and forty feet in height, and has a capacity of fifty thousand bush- els of wheat. There is also a brick engine-room, and the entire plant is complete in every appoint- ment and detail. They manufacture the Lily of the Valley brand of flour, for which there is a great home demand, and an excellent market is thus furnished for the wheat raised in this local- ity. Mr. Kurtz, who is one of the owners as well as the manager, is a practical miller of many years' experience, and under his direction the enterprise has become a profitable one and has proven of great importance to the community. On the loth of July, 1887, Mr. Kurtz was united in marriage to Miss Lenora B. Babcock, a native of Galesburg, Illinois, who prior to her marriage was a most capable and successful school-teacher of Boise. They now have a daughter, Hazel. They are valued members of the Congregational church, in which Mr. Kurtz is serving as trustee, while his wife is a teacher in the Sunday-school. He also belongs to the In- dependent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias fraternity, and he and his wife are highly esteemed citizens of Weiser. JAMES FLANAGAN. Success comes not to the man who idly waits, but to the faithful toiler whose work is character- ized by intelligence and force; it comes only to the man who has the foresight and keenness of mental vision to know when and where and how to exert his energies, and thus it happens that but a small proportion of those who enter the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 563 "world's broad field of battle" come off victors in the struggle for wealth and position. James Flanagan, a worthy pioneer and suc- cessful business man of Boise, is one of the many good citizens that Ireland has furnished the United States. He was born near Dublin, in v july, 1837, a son of William and Mary (Burns) Flanagan, also natives of the Emerald Isle. The father died of cholera, in the fifty-fourth year of his age, and his widow lived to the advanced age of seventy-eight years. Both were devout mem- bers of the Catholic church. Of their chil- dren four sons and four daughters five are still living. Their son James, the subject of this review, received his education in his native country, where he remained until he was sixteen years of age. He then sailed for America, to make his own way in the world and to enjoy the civil lib- erty denied to him in his own land. Arriving in New York city, he secured employment and re- mained there for a number of years, part of the time working as a brick-maker. Later he re- moved to Wisconsin, where he engaged in farm- ing. On the 1 8th of July, 1864, he arrived at Boise, Idaho, where at first he worked for wages and did anything that offered whereby he might earn an honest living, and for some time he was employed by a brick-maker, who later failed in business. Mr. Flanagan then embarked in the same line of manufacture and for twenty-two years followed it successfully, his business being so conducted that it brought not only financial prosperity to him but also gave general satisfac- tion to his patrons. Being a man of industry and general reliability, he was liberally patronized by the people of this vicinity, and many of the fine buildings of Boise stand as monuments to his enterprise. During his career here he has ac- quired considerable property, and at one time owned fifteen acres of land in what is now the very best residence portion of the city. Some of this land he platted and sold, and many beautiful homes have been built upon it, but he still re- tains enough to insure him a good income and a competency for the rest of his life. He took great pleasure and pains in building the residence which he and his family now occupy. It is mod- ern and convenient, exemplifying the good taste, not only of the fortunate owners but of the dec- ade, as well. Mr. Flanagan also has valuable mining interests, and for the past five years has given much attention to the same. Several of his excellent quartz claims, in the Hornet and Mclntire districts, are situated but six miles from Boise. Mr. Flanagan was happily married, in 1861, to Miss Catherine Murray, a native of county Meath, Ireland, and they have had two children, a son and daughter. The son is deceased and the lat- ter, Mary Ellen, resides with her parents, and with them holds a membership in the Catholic church. Fraternally, Mr. Flanagan is identified with the Ancient Order of United Workmen, has filled all the offices in his lodge and, besides hav- ing been a representative to the grand lodge of the state, is now acting in the capacity of deputy grand master workman. Politically, he has al- ways been loyal to the Democratic party, and for three years he has represented his ward in the city council of Boise. For thirty-five years he has been sincerely concerned in even-thing affect- ing the growth and advancement of the city, and has performed his full duty as a townsman an,d patriot. JAMES O'NEILL. James O'Neill came to the northwest from the far-off Atlantic coast; nor have his travels been limited by his journey across the continent, for he spent some time among the mountains in the distant south. He was born in Rondout, Xew York, May 6, 1861, his parents being Patrick and Hannah (Mullroy) O'Neill, natives of Ire- land. Both crossed the Atlantic to the United States in childhood, and were reared, educated and married in the Empire state. The father, who was a tanner by trade, died when our subject was only about five years old, leaving the mother to care for her five small children. She lived to be fifty-five years of age, and departed this life in Jarmyn, Pennsylvania. When a mere lad of seven summers James O'Neill began to earn his own living in the coal breakers of Pennsylvania, receiving forty-two cents per day for his services. His youth was one of hard toil and his entire life has been one of diligence. In 1879 ne l er t tne eas t and went to the Black Hills, settling at Lead City, South Dakota, where he engaged in mining for a year. 564 HISTORY OF IDAHO. He then went to Tombstone, Arizona, where he followed mining for a short time, after which he made his way to the Coeur d'Alene country on the discovery of the rich mineral deposits there. Later he was identified with mining interests at Butte, Montana, and thence went to Rocky Bar, Idaho, continuing his mining operations until November 3, 1896, when he was elected assessor of Elmore county and came to Mountain Home. Acceptably discharging the duties of that posi- tion, he won the public confidence, and in 1898 was elected sheriff of Elmore county. While at Ro'cky Bar Mr. O'Neill was united in marriage, by Bishop Glorieux, to Miss Mary T. Donnelly, and to them have been born five chil- dren, namely: Anna Josephine, James Albert, Emmett John, Larkin Lucius and Allen Leo. The parents are both members in good standing of the Catholic church, and Mr. O'Neill also be- longs to the Ancient Order of United Workmen and Modern Woodmen of America. He is a good business man, an efficient and faithful officer and a popular citizen. The difficulties and obsta- cles which beset his path in youth he has over- come by determined purpose, and his life demon- strates what is possible of accomplishment to those who in early life are deprived of favorable privileges and opportunities. JOSEPH C. GROSS. This well and favorably known pioneer of Sil- ver City has been for many years the experienced and obliging clerk of the War Eagle Hotel, at Silver City. He is a native of the city of Neus- tadt, province of Hesse-Nassau, Germany, born February 18, 1835, was educated in his native land, and at the age of fourteen came with an uncle to the United States. For an occupation he worked at the shoemaker's trade for a time. On the 22d of December, 1851, in company with his cousin, Charles A. Gross, he started for the Golden state, on the steamer El Dorado. Landing at the mouth of the Chagres, at the isthmus of Panama, they boated up that river to Gorgona and from there proceeded overland to Panama, which place they found filled with men en route for California, many of whom were at- tacked with the fever peculiar to the isthmus, and many died. Of course one can imagine how anxious the living were to get away from that point. There was but one steamer, The New World, about to sail, and it was far from being adequate for the transportation of all who desired to embark. Mr. Gross sold his ticket, at a great profit, and took a situation in a restaurant there as a waiter until the following spring, when he secured passage -on a French sailing vessel named Les Cinq Freres. Shortly after their departure from the port of Panama the tropical fever broke out on board and out of ninety passengers thirty- three were consigned to the deep. After suffering many hardships the remaining passengers arrived at San Francisco, April 9, 1852. Mr. Gross, who had the advantage of a considerable degree of knowledge obtained from his cousin, who had previously been in Califor- nia, immediately engaged in mining, and fol- lowed it, with varying success, until 1864, when he struck out for Montana; but when he reached Silver City he met an old partner and decided to remain here. He followed mining on Jordan creek, with good results, and in 1867, in company with Christopher Stender, Jacob Dellenbach and Frank Schuster, purchased the Blue Gulch claim, for twelve thousand and five hundred dollars, and also the water rights of John Sullivan, for four thousand dollars. In 1876 he disposed of his interests to Stender and Dellenbach, Schuster having previously sold out; and then he was en- gaged in quartz-mining until 1881, when he ac- cepted a position in the office of the War Eagle Hotel, which he has since so satisfactorily filled. In society relations Mr. Gross is a prominent and enthusiastic Freemason, a charter member of Silver City Lodge, No. 13. He was made a Mason in 1870, in Owyhee Lodge, No. 5. He is a past master of the blue lodge, having served as master for four terms, and he has served as high priest of the chapter three terms, and was grand warden of the grand lodge of Idaho in 1883. In the latter body he has filled the offices of junior and senior deacon. His lodge in Silver City is now in a flourishing condition. SUMNER W. DEE. Mr. Dee is the only clothing merchant who deals exclusively in everything that pertains to men's and boys' wearing apparel in the city of Caldwell. He was born in Holton, Jackson county, Kansas, November 26, 1862, and is a son HISTORY OF IDAHO. 565 of Chester Dee, of Burlington, Vermont, whose ancestors settled in Virginia in 1620. He is a direct descendant of the first colonial governor of Vermont, and members of the family were promi- nent in the early history of the colonies and in the Revolutionary war. His grandfather, when a boy, saw the battle at Ticonderoga. Mr. Dee married Miss Elizabeth Blake, a native of Indi- ana, and of this union two children were born, a son and a daughter, the latter of whom is now Mrs. Charles West, whose husband is a dry-goods merchant. Mr. Dee was with General Fremont during the ascent of the latter to Pike's Peak, and he was a member of the Fifteenth Kansas Volun- teer Infantry at the time of the civil war, at the conclusion of which he settled on a farm in Iowa, where he now resides, with his w.ife, at the age of sixty-five years. Sumner W. Dee received his education in the public schools of Brooklyn, Iowa, and at the Northern Indiana Normal School, at Valparaiso, after which he learned the trade of miller, taught school two years in Iowa and one in Nebraska, and for several years clerked in stores until he obtained a general knowledge of the mercantile business, having been for eight years a clerk in the large wholesale and retail establishment of T. C. Egleston & Company, at Caldwell, before opening his own store. He now has a large, complete stock of men's and boys' clothing and furnishings and is well known throughout the county as an honest, capable and reliable busi- ness man. In 1893 Mr. Dee was united in marriage to Miss Isabella W. Bishop, of Chicago, and they have two children, Nina Wilma and Dorothy Elizabeth. Mrs. Dee is a valued worker in and member of the Presbyterian church. Our sub- ject is a Republican and an active member of the I. O. O. F. and the Knights of Pythias. JESSE K. DUBOIS, M. D. Dr. Dubois is one of the well and favorably known physicians not only of Boise but also of the entire state of Idaho. He is a native of Springfield, Illinois, where he was born Novem- ber 1 6, 1848, and is of French descent. His grandfather, - - Dubois, came to America from France and was chief of the staff of General William Henry Harrison. Jesse Dubois, the father of our subject, was born in Illinois when that state was a territory. He married Miss Adelia Morris, of Kentucky ancestry. He was a prominent lawyer and a stanch Republican, hav- ing been a neighbor, friend and co-laborer of Abraham Lincoln and other well knovyn public men of that time. He served for a number of years as state auditor of Illinois. Mr. Dubois departed this life in 1876, at the age of sixty-six years, his wife surviving him ten years. To them were born three sons and one daughter, one of the former being ex-United States Senator Du- bois. Jesse K. Dubois attended the public schools and later entered Yale College, at which he was graduated in 1872. He then attended the medi- cal college at St. Louis and was graduated with the class of 1875, after which he practiced his pro- fession in Springfield for five years, and then came to Idaho as the physician of the Indian agency at Fort Hall. In 1883 he moved to Boise, where he has since followed his profession most successfully, building up a large and re- munerative practice. In 1884 Dr. Dubois was united in marriage to Miss Anna Curtis, a daughter of Hon. E. J. Cur- tis, one of Idaho's most prominent citizens whose biography appears in another portion of this work. Of this union one daughter, Susie, has been born. In his social relations Dr. Dubois is a member of the Masonic fraternity and was a Master Ma- son in the lodge of which his father was a charter member. He enjoys the high esteem of a wide circle of friends. JOSEPH C. STRAUGHAN. When we think of the wonderful development of our country in the last half century we find that it is largely due to two agencies, railroad construction and civil engineering, and of both of these industries Joseph C. Straughan is a rep- resentative. The era of progress and develop- ment in the various sections of this great republic west of the Atlantic coast has been almost in- variably ushered in by railroad construction, and the vast network of glistening rails that trace their parallel course over mountain and plain and through the fertile valleys, represent more than mere corporate enterprise and accomplishment, 566 HISTORY OF IDAHO. since the railroad has proved the avant courier of civilization and of that substantial and perma- nent improvement which has placed our national commonwealth upon a stable foundation. For many years Mr. Straughan was connected with railroad construction in the Mississippi valley and later became an important factor in opening up the region of the northwest to civilization through his labors as United States surveyor- general for Idaho. A native of Ohio, he was born in Wooster, Wayne county, Ohio, on the I5th of June, 1849, and is of Welsh and Scotch ancestry. The found- ers of the family in America came to this country with William Penn and were members of the Society of Friends. Notwithstanding the fact that 1 this religious organization was opposed to war, the great-grandfather of our subject entered the colonial service and fought for the independ- ence of the nation. His son, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, also fought in the war of 1812. The maternal great-grandfather of Mr. Straughan also entered the army and was the in- ventor of the Chambers swivel gun, one of the first rapid-firing guns ever made. With it he defeated the British at Sackett's Harbor, a few colonial troops, and they in poor health, putting to flight a large number of the English, who supposed, on account of the rapid execution of the swivel gun, that the fort was attacked by large numbers. The inventor of this gun resided in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, which place was founded by mem- bers of his family and named in honor thereof. The paternal great-grandfather of our subject was an industrious and influential farmer of Bucks county, Pennsylvania. The grandfather, John Straughan, was born in that county, and in 1803 removed to Columbiana county, Ohio, becoming one of the pioneer builders of that state. His son, Jesse R. Straughan, was born in the Buckeye state and became one of Ohio's most renowned civil engineers. He built the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, the second road con- structed west of the Alleghany mountains. Both he and Hon. John Sherman, late secretary of state, were employed by the state of Ohio and were associated in the construction of many of the public works. Thus Mr. Straughan took a very active part in improving and developing that great commonwealth, and his labors were a benefit to all. He now resides in Fort Wayne, Indiana, at the age of eighty-one years. He mar- ried Caroline J. Chambers, a native of Ohio, and a niece of David Chambers, at one time a promi- nent member of the United States senate, popu- larly called "Old Eagle Eyes," because of the keenness with which he saw into the topics of the times. Her father, Joseph Chambers, was a prosperous merchant of Morgan county, Ohio. He departed this life in the fifty-sixth year of his age. Joseph C. Straughan, whose name introduces this sketch, was educated in Fort Wayne, Indi- ana, and Delaware, Ohio, and like his father be- came a noted civil engineer, possessing very su- perior ability in the line of his chosen profession. For a number of years he was prominently con- nected with railroad-building, and was engaged on the construction of thirteen railroads in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Mississippi. In 1885, in recognition of his superior ability as a civil en- gineer, and also of his fidelity to the Democratic party, he was appointed by President Cleveland as surveyor-general of Idaho, an office which he filled with great capability and fidelity for nine years. His work here consisted principally in directing the survey of the public lands of the state, both agricultural and mineral; and his re- port on irrigation and arid lands, made to the United States senate committee sent to the west in 1889, was highly spoken of as the best and most valuable report received by that committee. In 1879 Mr. Straughan was united in marriage to Miss Mary V. Shoemaker, of Indianapolis, In- diana, and they had two children, John S. and Virginia C. The mother died in Mississippi, in 1883, and three years later, in 1886, Mr. Straug- han married Miss Alice B. Ramsay, a native of Illinois and a graduate of Jacksonville Seminary, a Presbyterian college of that city. She was one of the two lady managers for Idaho at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and is the founder and has been president of the Women's Columbian Club of Boise. They have a delight- ful home in the capital city and are very highly esteemed by a host of friends both within and without Boise, for their acquaintance extends throughout the state. In his political affiliations Mr. Straughan has always been an ardent Democrat, unfaltering in HISTORY OF IDAHO. 567 his support of the principles of that party. As associate editor of the Sentinel, in the campaign of 1884, he rendered his party valuable service, and has ever done all in his power for its advance- ment. His labors for the benefit of Boise have proven an important factor in its progress. In connection with others he has made two addi- tions to the city, and at all times he gives his sup- port to such measures as tend to promote the educational, material, social and moral welfare of the community. GEORGE SCHMADEKA. History was at one time almost entirely a rec- ord of wars, a tale of conquest in which armed hosts went forth to capture, pillage and destroy, but with advancing civilization it has become a very different chronicle, being now more particu- larly the story of the onward march of progress, the upbuilding of towns and the establishment of those enterprises and interests which contribute to man's happiness and welfare. ' In pursuing the study of Idaho's history we find that the nourish- ing town of Grangeville owes its existence in part to the gentleman whose name heads this sketch. He arrived on Camas prairie, July 3, 1876, and celebrated the centennial of our national exist- ence at the place which has since been his home. Here he has kept untarnished his good name, and is accounted one of the loyal citizens of his adopt- ed land. Mr. Schmadeka was born in Hanover, Ger- many, June 25, 1830, and is of stanch German lineage. He acquired his education in the Fath- erland and came to the United States in 1849, then in his nineteenth year. He landed at New Orleans to find himself among a people whose manners and language were utterly unfamiliar to him, but he possessed a resolute spirit and strong determination, and it was not long before he had gained a start in business life here. He finally joined a party emigrating to Missouri, and on the way eleven of the number died of cholera. On arriving in Missouri he secured employment at a dollar per day and board, in Lafayette county, at raising hemp and also breaking it, which is an arduous task. In 1852 he crossed the plains to Oregon and became one of the brave pioneers of that now prosperous state. That was the year of the "great emigration," when many hundreds of the emigrants were stricken with the dread scourge of cholera, and the new-made graves of the victims marked the way across the plains. There were thirty wagons in the party with which Mr. Schmadeka traveled, under com- mand of Rev. Jacob Glasbie, a Presbyterian min- ister, but though the Indians were frequently seen, such a close watch was kept that the party- were not attacked by the savages. They were also fortunate in escaping the cholera, only two of the number dying of the disease. On the journey they passed through what is now the state of Idaho, on their way to the beautiful Willamette valley in Oregon, and Mr. Schmad- eka located near Eugene, where he took up gov- ernment land and improved it. He had brought with him a team of horses and a yoke of oxen, and with these he began farming. There he re- mained for ten years, and his industry and econ- omy brought him success. When the railroad was being built through that section he was en- abled to sell his place for a good price, and in 1862 he came to Idaho, where for a number of years he engaged in stock-raising. In 1876 Mr. Schmadeka came with his stock to pasture them on Camas prairie, and that year he purchased here a ranch of one hundred and sixty acres, for nineteen hundred dollars. On a por- tion of this has since been built the town of Grangeville. He with the neighboring pioneers were "Grangers," and they built a hall, which was the first public building in Grangeville. This formed the nucleus around which the town was built and from which Grangeville took its name. Thus he became one of the founders of the town, and he and his sons have been important factors in its upbuilding. In the early days of its exist- ence the settlers built a stockade, within which they gathered for safety during the Nez Perces war. In the pioneer times Mr. Schmadeka also offered a lot in exchange for a wheelbarrow, but the owner of the barrow would not make the trade. At all times our subject has aided mate- rially in the improvement and advancement of Grangeville, and many of its enterprises owe their existence to his public spirit. He donated a large lot whereon was erected a roller-process flouring mill, and gave the land which forms the sites of the Methodist and Episcopal churches. He has platted a large part of the town; many of the 568 HISTORY OF IDAHO. lots have been sold and improved by substantial residences or other good buildings, and the lots which he still retains are enough to make him a rich man. Some of the land which he purchased for ten dollars per acre is now valued, at a low figure, at three hundred dollars. No movement or measure tending to benefit the moral, intellec- tual, social or material interests of Grangeville solicits his aid in vain, his support being cheer- fully given to all such. When the grain industry of the valley became great enough to require it, he bought two headers and a threshing machine, and his sons and son-in-law did all the heading and threshing in this locality for years. While a young industrious farmer in Oregon, Mr. Schmadeka became acquainted with Miss Sophia Maria Gostmaer. a native of Prussia, Ger- many, and before he had been two years in the Sunset state they were happily married, in 1854. Unto them have been born five sons and three daughters: Christopher Henry, who is now a farm- er near Grangeville ; Caroline.wife of Henry Miller, of Grangeville; William Frederick, a prominent merchant of the same town; George S., a farmer and stock-raiser on Camas prairie; John Wesley, who also follows stock-raising on the same prai- rie; Henry, who died in February, 1898, at the age of twenty-four years; Emma May, at home; and Martha Alice, who died in infancy. In the Nez Perces Indian war Mr. Schmadeka, with his wife and one child, had an almost mirac- ulous escape from death. Just before the out- break of the war he had planned to go with his wife, one of their children and their son-in-law, Mr. Miller, to Walla Walla. The day before starting, a neighbor, John Chamberlain, came to them and asked if he and his wife and child could not go with them. Mr. Schmadeka told them yes, but said to be on hand promptly, as they wished to make a very early start; where- upon the neighbor replied that if he was not there at the hour appointed for Mr. Schmadeka to ride on and he, Chamberlain, would overtake him. The following morning, at the time designated, our subject started. About half an hour later Mr. Chamberlain also started, but met some Indians, who knocked out his brains with the butt of a musket, took the child from its mother's arms, made a gash in its throat and cut off the end of its tongue. The mother and daughter still live in Idaho. Had Mr. Schmadeka's family started only a few minutes later they would have un- doubtedly met the same fate. For many years our subject has been an active member of the South Methodist church and still strongly adheres to that faith. In politics he has been a lifelong Democrat, but has never sought office, serving only as school trustee. For some time he was a prominent member of the Grange, and therein served as trustee and chaplain. Such is the history of one whose connection with Idaho has been long, honorable and beneficial to the state, and although he came to America empty- handed he has by well directed and earnest effort attained a position among the substantial citizens of the community in which he makes his home. GEORGE H. NORTH. Among the worthy citizens that New York has furnished to the state of Idaho is George H. North, the well known clothing merchant of Po- catello, whose enterprising, progressive methods give character to the business life of the city, and whose reputation in commercial circles is unas- sailable. He was born in Springwater, Living- ston county, of the Empire state, July 14, 1858, a son of C. S. and Elvira Thankful (Wetmore) North, who likewise were natives of the same county. The father successfully carried on farm- ing there until his death, which occurred in the fifty-eighth year of his age, while his wife, who still survives, is now sixty-five years of age. They were the parents of five children, but only two are living at this writing, in the summer of 1899. George H. North, having obtained his prelimi- nary education in the common school, supple- mented it by a course in the Geneseo Western Seminary, in Syracuse, New York, where he was graduated with the class of 1876. He then worked on his father's farm for a time, after which he started westward and accepted a clerkship with his uncle, Orland North, in Evanston Spring, Wyoming. He spent two years in that place and then began business on his own ac- count in Shoshone, Idaho. Subsequently he came to Pocatello and, as a member of the firm of North & Church, established his present business in 1890. That partnership was continued until January i, 1895, after which- Mr. North carried on operations alone until October i, 1898, when HISTORY OF IDAHO. 569 he sold a half interest in the store to Richard Douglass and the present firm of North & Doug- lass was formed. They have one of the finest stores in the town, splendidly equipped with everything in their line. They occupy a modern brick building twenty-five by eighty feet, their salesroom being on the first floor, while the basement is used as a storeroom. They carry a large and well selected stock of clothing and men's furnishing goods and shoes, and from the beginning the enterprise has been a successful one, its patronage steadily increasing in volume and importance. On the ist of July, 1886, Mr. North was united in marriage to Miss Peronne Church, a native of Mankato, Minnesota, and they now have one child, Carlie, who was born in Shoshone. Mr. North became a member of Eagle Ledge, No. 619, A. F. & A. M., in New York, in 1879, and has since taken the Royal Arch degrees. In his political views he is a Republican and keeps well informed on the issues of the day, but has never been an aspirant for office, preferring to devote his time and energies to his business interests, in which he is meeting with creditable and gratify- ing success. Indolence and idleness are utterly foreign to his nature, and his diligence, systemat- ic methods and reliability have secured to him prosperity. EDWARD FANNING. The career of this prominent Idaho merchant illustrates the claim, frequently made, that a man of enterprise will inevitably get into and make a success of the business for which he has the most liking and aptitude, regardless of discourage- ments and obstacles which would direct weaker men permanently into other paths of endeavor. Edward Fanning was born in county Carlow, Ireland, February 23, 1844, a son of Patrick and Bridget (Murphy) Fanning. His father was a farmer, and both his parents were born in the Catholic faith and were reared and lived and died in it, Patrick Fanning passing away in his eighty-fourth year, and Bridget Fanning in her eighty-second year. They had eight children, of whom only three survive. Edward was educated in his native country and entered mercantile life at the age of twenty, as a salesman in a store. Three years later he came to the United States and located in Omaha, where he was given a po- sition in the storeroom of the railroad company. In 1869 he removed to Evanston, Wyoming, and was road-master there and at Pocatello and Idaho Falls until 1895. He then gave up the railroad position to become a member of the Clark & Fan- ning Company, merchants, in which Nathan H. Clark was his partner. The concern was burned out after about two years' successful business, but the company had sufficient insurance on its plant and stock and sufficient capital to enable it to continue business without embarrassment. A mercantile enterprise which had been established by Messrs. Johnson & Poulson was purchased by the Clark & Fanning Company. Mr. Clark withdrew from the business and Mr. Johnson and Mr. Poulson bought an interest in it, and it has since been continued under the old corporate name., The store of this concern is centrally located and is attractive and substantial. With a floor space twenty-five by one hundred and thirty feet, ample room is afforded to carry a large stock of all kinds of merchandise required by the people of Idaho Falls and its tributary country. This stock is selected with that care which is assured only by long experience in buy- ing and selling and intimate knowledge of trade and demands. The building is a large brick structure, owned by Mr. Fanning and his asso- ciates, and the store is so popular that its trade reaches out into adjoining counties. Of this im- portant business Mr. Fanning was the organizer and is the directing spirit. He is a man of extra- ordinary public spirit and has done very much toward the advancement of all of Idaho Falls' best interests. As a Democrat, he has been three times elected a member of the board of trustees of that town. Socially he and his family are held in high esteem. In 1879 Mr. Fanning married Miss Catherine Coady, a native of Iowa. They were vouch- safed a happy married life of twelve years, and then Mrs. Fanning died, leaving six children, in- cluding twins who were born just before her death. She was a loving and faithful wife and a kind and indulgent mother, a helpful and hon- ored member of society and a devout communi- cant of the Catholic church, 'and her death was deeply regretted by all who knew her. The six children of Edward and Catherine (Coady) Fan- ning are Margaret, Ann, John T., Helen, Ed- 570 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ward and Mary. John T. is employed by the Fanning & Clark Company. January 5, 1894, Mr. Fanning married Mrs. Agnes Furrey, a na- tive of Ohio, and a lady of many virtues and ac- complishments, who has been a lifelong member of the Catholic church. The home of the family is one of the most attractive in Idaho Falls, and their list of personal friends is large, including the best people in southeastern Idaho. NATHAN H. CLARK. Nathan H. Clark, though yet a young man, has had a busy and useful career at Idaho Falls, where he has served the people as mayor and member of the town council, and he is now serv- ing as prosecuting attorney of Bingham county. In Idaho Falls he was for three years a prominent member of a leading mercantile house, and here he has in many ways shown himself to be a pub- lic-spirited citizen, devoted to worthy local inter- ests. Mr. Clark is a son of Hon. Joseph A. Clark, present mayor of Idaho Falls, and was born at Amo, Hendricks county, Indiana, May n, 1869. Much that is interesting in the history of his family is given in the sketch of the life of Hon. Joseph A. Clark, which has a place in this work. It was in the high school of his native town that Mr. Clark acquired the basis of his very substantial education. He read law, as occasion permitted, for years, even during his three busy years as a member of the Clark & Fanning Com- pany, general merchants, of Idaho Falls, when he was obliged to give his attention to extensive in- terests, which included merchandising on an am- bitious scale and the erection of a large business block. In 1896 he took a special course in the law department of the Michigan State University, and was admitted to practice in the lower courts, and in 1899 he was admitted to practice in the federal courts and the district and supreme courts of Idaho. The law was his chosen profession, and in order to enter actively upon its practice he put aside all other interests requiring his time and devoted attention. He quickly gained a reputation as a successful lawyer and in 1898 was elected prosecuting attorney for Bingham county, in which office he has served with signal ability and credit. His preference is for civil and probate law, but as prosecuting attorney he nat- urally has much to do with criminal cases, and in his handling and presentation of them he has met with a flattering success, which has given him a standing among the prominent criminal lawyers of the state. He is an active worker for the success of the Democratic party, and as may- or and councilman and in other important posi- tions, official and otherwise, he has been a factor in the encouragement of pure politics. He is the owner of valuable town property and has a fine farm of one hundred and sixty acres, just beyond the city limits, where he has applied himself to stock farming with the best results. August 21, 1890, Mr. Clark married Miss Lot- tie Bonney. She bore him a son, whom they named Salon B., and in February, 1893, Mrs. Clark died in childbirth and her new-born infant died at the same time. In April, 1894, Mr. Clark- married Miss ' Evaline Rosenberger, and they have children named Lois, Donald and Dorothy. The last two mentioned are twins. WALTER E. PIERCE. Walter E. Pierce, ex-mayor of Boise, is an energetic, enterprising young business man who for the past nine years has been closely associated with the commercial, political and social activities of the city. He is a notable example of the self- made man who, rising above the difficulties and drawbacks of early environment, makes a place for himself in the world and justly claims the re- spect and esteem of all. A native of Bell county, Texas, born January 9, 1860, Mr. Pierce is a descendant of an old and prominent Rhode Island family, many of whose representatives resided in Providence, where they were wealthy and influential. Lyman Pierce, an uncle of our subject, was a very active and popu- lar Democrat, and, having been nominated on that ticket for the governorship of Rhode Island, made a very strong canvass, but was not elected. The parents of Walter E. were Charles and Eliza- beth (Harding) Pierce, natives of Providence. In 1854 they removed to a sheep ranch in Texas, but in 1860 were obliged to leave that state on account of the Indians, who were very trouble- some. The father did not long survive, his death taking place at Baxter Springs, Kansas, in the fall of 1860. He left a widow and six children, three of whom are deceased. The mother, now HISTORY OF IDAHO. 571 in her seventy-fourth year, is making her home with a son in Hanford, California. For a short time after the demise of Mr. Pierce the family lived in southeastern Kansas, thence going to Vicksburg, Mississippi, where they dwelt seven years, and subsequently returned to Kansas. Owing to the vicissitudes through which his family passed, Walter E. Pierce had but limited chances for obtaining an education when he was a lad, and he is largely self-taught. After taking a course in a business college he embarked in various enterprises. For a period he conducted a hotel at Rich Hill, Missouri; then he engaged in raising sheep; and later he constructed a por- tion of the Kansas City & Southern Railroad in Missouri, under contract. For several years he was very successfully engaged in the real-estate business in Richfield, Morton county, Kansas. His fellow townsmen, in recognition of his valu- able services in the upbuilding and progress of the city, elected him to a position in the council, and later he was honored by being elected to the responsible office of register of deeds of the county. As a rule the county was strongly Re- publican, but his personal popularity was such that he, though a candidate of the Democrats, won the victory. He acquitted himself to the satisfaction of all concerned, but declined re- election, as that part of Kansas was suffering from a series of reverses, and he believed that he could do better elsewhere, from a financial point of view. Accordingly, in 1890, Mr. Pierce came to Boise, and since that time has been accounted one of the leading business men of the city. That few have done more for the advancement of the city of Boise and Ada county is a fact generally acknowledged. He is actively engaged in the real-estate business, and it is estimated that fully five hundred persons have settled within the lim- its of this county annually as the result of the efforts of the firm of W. E. Pierce & Company, consisting of W. E. Pierce, J. M. Haines and L. H. Cox, is the best known and most reliable real- estate firm in "The Gem of the Mountains," and has done more than all others combined for the advancement and best interests of the city and state. They have induced eastern people and others to become permanent citizens here. Large sums of eastern capital also have been in- vested in local enterprises, owing to the zeal and executive ability of the firm and the personal in- fluence of Mr. Pierce and his partners. They constantly handle property, both in large and small tracts, and are agents for outside parties, at home and abroad. An example of the enterprise of the firm is shown in the very handsome sou- venir pamphlets which they publish annually, illustrating the attractions of the city and setting forth its numerous advantages as a place of resi- dence and business investment. In 1896 W. E. Pierce was honored by election to the mayoralty of Boise, and the same progres- sive spirit and executive force manifested in his business career marked the discharge of his of- ficial duties. Under his administration many substantial improvements, accruing greatly to the benefit and beauty of the city, were instituted; sidewalks were built, shade-trees planted and numerous other necessary and valuable public works were inaugurated. Mr. Pierce inaugurated the first street-paving, at the time he was mayor, even though at that time it was accomplished un- der great difficulties and met with great opposi- tion, while now everybody concedes that it was the right thing to do. He was the most progressive mayor that Boise ever had, and under his man- agement an immense stride was taken toward a more brilliant future than was ever before thought possible for her. The marriage of W. E. Pierce and Miss Georgie Mundy, of Keokuk, Iowa, was cele- brated in 1882. She presides with grace and dignity over their beautiful home on Franklin, near Eleventh, street. ALBERT G. CORDELLE. Among the wide-awake and enterprising mer- chants of Weiser is Albert G. Cordelle, proprietor of the leading furniture store of the town. His entire life has been passed in the northwest, and he possesses that spirit of progress and energy which has resulted in the rapid development and upbuilding of this section of the country. He was born in Canyon City, Oregon, on the 3Oth of January, 1866, and is a son of W. J. and Jane Cordelle, of the same state. He acquired his education in the public schools of Idaho, and was then fitted for the practical and responsible duties of life. In 1886 he entered upon his busi- 572 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ness career as a clerk in a store in Silver City, where he was employed for some time by W. F. Sommercamp, with whom he came to Weiser in 1890. Forming a partnership with his former employer, they carried on business together for seven years, at the expiration of which period Mr. Cordelle sold his interest to Mr. Sommer- camp and opened the furniture store which he has since conducted. He carries a full and complete line of furniture, carpets, crockery and house- furnishing goods and enjoys a large trade, which has come to him by reason of his straightforward business methods, his careful management, his moderate prices, and his earnest efforts to please his patrons. Mr. Cordelle was married in 1890 to Miss Mary Sommercamp, a sister of his former partner, and they now have two children, Howard and Grace. In his political views Mr. Cordelle is a Democrat, but has never sought nor desired the honors or emoluments of public office. He belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias fraternity and occupies a lead- ing position in business and social circles. He is still a young man, but has attained most credit- able and gratifying success, and the future holds out bright prospects for him. JAMES F. KANE. James F. Kane, the leading grocer of Poca- tello, Idaho, was born at Joliet, Illinois, April 3, 1858, to Michael and Anna (Smith) Kane, natives of Ireland, who emigrated to Boston,. Massa- chusetts, early in life and there met and married. At Joliet, Illinois, Michael Kane became a pros- perous farmer, and for years he was foreman of the Illinois prison quarries. He is now, at the age of sixty-nine, a prominent farmer and stock- raiser of Nuckolls county, Nebraska. His wife died in her fiftieth year, in 1882. As is her hus- band, she was a devout member of the Catholic church. They had eight children, of whom seven are living. James F. Kane was the fifth in order of birth. He was reared at Joliet and attended the public school and a private school of his church. He farmed three years in Nebraska and then lived for a time in Iowa, until he was offered a position as traveling salesman for a cigar factory, in New York city, of which one of his uncles was pro- prietor. He was successful in this work, and was called into the office and made assistant book- keeper, a position which he retained until the death of his uncle necessitated the termination of the business. He was then chosen to settle up his uncle's estate, which he did to the satisfaction of everyone concerned. In 1890 he came to Pocatello and for about nine months was in the employ of the Oregon Short Line Railroad Company. For a time he was a clerk in the mercantile house of Harkness & Company, then in a small way he began busi- ness for himself on the east side of the town, handling fruits, vegetables, fish and oysters. He was successful in this venture, and in about two years removed to the west side and embarked in a general grocery business on Cleveland avenue. In 1895 he purchased his present store, in which he materially enlarged his business, which is now the most important of its kind in the town. His stock of merchandise is most complete, and his honorable methods commend his establishment to the favor of all classes of customers. Heeding the instructive maxim of Ben Franklin that "he who by the plow would thrive, himself must either hold or drive," he has from the outset giv- en the closest personal attention to his growing interests, and to this fact much of his success is to be attributed. He was married in 1881 to Miss Myra L. Hol- lingsworth, a native of Boston, Massachusetts. They have three children, named Kathleen, Myra and John. Their home is a very cosy and en- joyable one. They are hospitable in the extreme, and are highly esteemed by a wide circle of ac- quaintances. Mr. Kane is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and of the Woodmen of the World. WILLIAM H. STUFFLEBEAM. There is not a more popular man in Idaho either as Elk or "landlord" than William Herman Stufflebeam, proprietor of the Blackfoot Hotel, at Blackfoot; there is not a man better liked on purely personal grounds : and there is not a man to whom the citizens of Idaho would more con- fidently entrust the unraveling of a difficult prob- lem or the settlement of important monetary in- terests than to Mr. Stufflebeam, who is a business man of careful and comprehensive training. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 573 William Herman Stufflebeam was born .at Whitehall, Washington county, New York. His paternal great-grandfather and his grandfather fought together in the patriot cause during the Revolutionary struggle, the former as captain and the latter as private in his father's company. After peace and American independence were established, these two patriot soldiers became prosperous farmers in Hudson county. New York, and upon the death of the father the old homestead descended to the son. William G. Stufflebeam, father of the subject of this review, was born in 1834 and married Miss Olive Mosher, a native of Washington county. He .was long superintendent of the New York & Lake Cham- plain Transportation Company. In 1883, in com- pany with his son, William Herman Stufflebeam, he came west on a prospecting tour, and bought a stock ranch twenty-five miles south of Black- foot. In 1884 his wife and their other children came out from New York state and the family was reunited on this place, which comprises twelve hundred acres and is regarded as one of the fine stock ranches of Idaho. Mr. and Mrs. Stufflebeam had four children, all of whom are living: William Herman, John H., who assisted his father in his stock-raising enterprise; Benja- min E., who is in the service of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad Company, at Vicksburg, Mississip- pi; and Mary E., who married J. E. Holbrook. and lives at Greenwood, British Columbia. William Herman Stufflebeam was educated at Whitehall, New York, at Greenville Military Academy, New York, and at Eastman's Business College, Poughkeepsie, New York. During the early part of his business career he was in charge of the office and business of the New York & Lake Champlain Transportation Company, at Troy, New York. In 1883 he built the Black- foot Hotel, which he has managed since, except during an interval of five years. During four years of the five referred to, Mr. Stufflebeam was chief of the division of suspended banks at Wash- ington, D. C., and during the remaining year of the five was receiver of the National Bank of Moscow, Idaho. At present he is state land se- lector for Idaho. He is an active Democrat, in- fluential in the conventions and campaign work of his party. He is an Elk and enjoys a wide acquaintance with the members of that order throughout the country. In 1892 he married Miss Carrie M. Keith, daughter of William Keith, of Whitehall, New York. Mrs. Stuffle- beam is a member of the Baptist church. Mr. Stufflebeam was reared in the Presbyterian faith. PETER J. PEFLEY. An Idaho pioneer of 1864, Peter J. Pefley, is now engaged in the harness and saddlery busi- ness in Lewiston, and has long been accounted one of the representative men of the state, for the active interest he has taken in promoting her welfare renders him one of her valued citizens. His childhood days were spent on the Atlantic coast. He was born in Roanoke county, Vir- ginia, June 6, 1830, and traces his ancestry back to the Fatherland, whence John Pefley, his great- grandfather, came to America, sailing from Bad- en-Baden in 1730. He took up his residence in Virginia, and there occurred the birth of John Pefley, the grandfather, who served as a lieuten- ant with the Virginia volunteers during the war of the Revolution. He was a lover of liberty and an opponent of oppression in every form, and on account of this liberated his slaves. With the Dunkard church he held membership, and he was a man of most generous impulses. He mar- ried Susanah Bond, a native of his own county, and they became the parents of seven children, all of whom were given scriptural names, including such as Solomon, Jonathan, Jacob and Daniel. The grandfather lived an upright, honorable life and died in the sixty-second year of his age, his wife being called to her final rest in her fifty- fifth year. Their son Jacob Pefley, the father of our subject, was born in Virginia and married Miss Mary Myers, also a native of the Old Do- minion. They were industrious and respected farming people, their well spent lives winning them high regard. The father died at the age of sixty-three, while the mother departed this life in her thirtieth year, leaving a family of five children. Peter J. Pefley, the second in order of birth, is now the only survivor. He was educated in the Delawaretown Academy, learned the harness- maker's trade in early life, and in 1851 crossed the plains to California, driving an ox team in a train consisting of twenty-seven wagons. On the journey some of the stock was stolen by the 574 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Indians, but the savages did not attack the peo- ple, who were armed and well prepared to receive them. They were six months upon the journey, but ultimately reached their destination in safety, without having any great misfortune. Mr. Pefley engaged in farming on French prairie, near Salem. He was married there, in 1855, to Miss Sarah A. Smith, a daughter of Daniel Smith, who with his family crossed the plains in the same company with which Mr. Pefley traveled. In 1864 Mr. Pefley brought his family to Idaho, locating on the Idaho City road, about five miles from Boise. He brought with him from Oregon about ninety-five head of cattle, and en- gaged in the stock business and in dairy farming. Four years later he removed to Boise, where he opened a harness and saddlery store, which he successfully conducted until 1896. While in southern Idaho he also became the owner of a placer-mining claim, operated it to a considerable extent and still has mining interests in that part of the state. In 1898 he removed to Lewiston, where he opened his present store, and has now built up a good trade. In the manufacture of harness and saddlery he displays excellent work- manship, and his reliable business methods, rea- sonable prices and courteous treatment of his patrons have secured to him a large and con- stantly increasing business. While in Oregon six children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Pefley, Pierce J., Elbridge, Serena, Edith. Harlan and Wayne; but Pierce J., Wayne and Edith all died in that state. Since coming to Idaho the family circle has been in- creased by the addition of five other children, Anna Inez, Maude, Claudia, Ray and Wynn, but Anna Inez and Ray are now deceased. Maude and Claudia are at home, and Wynn entered his country's service and is now on active duty in Manila. Throughout his entire life Mr. Pefley has given an earnest support to the principles of Democracy, and has been a recognized leader in the ranks of his party in Idaho. In 1887 he was elected mayor of Boise, and in 1880 was elected to the territorial legislature, and was a member of the convention which framed the present state constitution of Idaho. Every public trust re- posed in him has been faithfully guarded, and his service has been valuable and progressive. He has witnessed almost the entire growth of Idaho, and at all times has given his influence and co-operation to such measures as tend to- ward the material, social, moral and intellectual progress of the state. EDWIN R. SHERWIN. This well and favorably known resident of Grangeville came to the territory of Idaho when the flourishing city of Lewiston was but a col- lection of tents, and through the thirty-seven years that have since come and gone he has been an important element in the business life of this section of the commonwealth. He was born in Onondaga county, New York, January 26, 1821, and is of English and German descent. His ancestors were early settlers of New Eng- land, and the grandfather. Captain Joshua Sher- win, .was a resident of Hartford, Connecticut. He was one of a family of seven sons, whose parents were old-school Presbyterians and gave to all of their children scriptural names. Joshua Sherwin, Jr., the father of our subject, was born in the Nutmeg state, and in New York wedded Miss Mary Perry. He was an indus- trious and respected farmer, whose life was well spent. Both he and his wife were consistent members of the Presbyterian church, and while attending a convention of the church in Buffalo, New York, he was taken ill with cholera. For a time he appeared to improve, and made his way to his home, but soon after had a relapse and died of the disease. In the family were four chil- dren, but a daughter and our subject are the only ones now living. The mother died when Edwin R. Sherwin was about six years of age, and he was reared by his paternal grandparents. He was educated in the public schools, and learned the blacksmith's trade, which he later followed in Rochester, New York, and in Hamilton, Canada West. He was married on the 2d of June, 1847, to Miss Susan Benson, a daughter of Loyal Benson, a New York farmer. They resided in Hamilton for four years and then returned to the United States. After traveling for some time in Illinois, he pur- chased a farm fifteen miles east of Belvidere, that state, and in connection with blacksmith work carried on agricultural pursuits until 1861. He then entered into an agreement with a party to cross the plains to California, as their black- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 575 smith and farrier, as they were taking a largt number of horses with them and would need the services of some one familiar with his trade. They made a successful journey, arriving at Sac- ramento in September, 1861. Although he had no intention of remaining in the Golden state, Mr. Sherwin began working at his trade there the day following his arrival, and thus spent the winter, being in Sacramento at the time of the great flood. The same fall gold was dis- covered at Florence, Oro Fino and Elk City, and in April, 1862, he left Sacramento for the gold diggings of Idaho, going by steamer to Portland, thence to The Dalles, where he ob- tained pack horses to convey his goods, while he walked from there to Lewiston. He was accom- panied by a Mr. Anderson, of California, and after spending a week at Lewiston, they started for Florence, crossing the Craig mountain and for the first time viewing the beautiful Camas prairie, which, covered with grass, lay spread out before them. There was, however, not a house ' to be seen on the prairie. They continued on their way to the Salmon river, deciding to go up that stream to Florence, thereby escaping travel in the deep snows. At length they reached their destination in safety, and soon afterward pur- chased a placer claim and engaged in mining with a rocker, but this was Mr. Sherwin's first experience in that kind of business and the work went slowly and did not prove as profitable as he anticipated. That winter he and his partner' built a little cabin and continued to mine until spring, when Mr. Sherwin went to Warrens to take possession of a half interest in a blacksmith shop he had purchased. After working for some time with his partner he purchased the latter's interest, and for some time made money rapidly, doing all the business in his line for the entire camp of fifteen hundred people, taking in as high as eighty dollars per day. But money made easily is easily spent, and people at that time did not as carefully save their earnings as at the present time. About this time quartz-mining was instituted in the locality, and many brought their quartz to Mr. Sherwin to melt in his shop. He was the first to do that kind of work in this section of the state, and was quite extensively engaged in that labor for some time. He also engaged in quartz- mining on his own account. One day, while sitting on a ridge to rest, in company with Jo. Griffith, they kicked off a piece of rock and found gold in it. The next day they returned to the place and began a search for float, which they found two hundred yards below and which had considerable gold in it. They trenched, found the ledge, named it the Rescue and located it, and it proved a valuable property, the ore assay- ing fifty dollars to the ton. They took fifty tons to the mill, and after working the ore the mill made a return of ten dollars to the ton. This they knew was an insufficient amount, so they took twenty-one tons more to the mill and Mr. Sherwin remained there while it was worked, the result being just fifty dollars per ton. The mill-owners were nonplussed, but claimed that the rock was picked and they supervised the bringing of twenty tons more. On that lot the man who had operated the mill all the time ran it very hard, but the rock produced forty-eight dollars per ton, and there was in consequence every reason to suspect the mill operator. Mr. Sherwin and Mr. Leland then declined to pay a store bill which they owed the parties, until the loss on the ore was made good, whereupon thev were sued and put to much trouble, the parties getting judgment against them, and taking the mine for the debt and costs. They operated it for a time and took out eighty thousand dollars. Mr. Leland then took the matter on appeal to the supreme court and recovered judgment for the mine and property. A corporation was then formed, but under its management the mine was not successfully worked. Mr. Sherwin sunk ten thousand dollars in the operation and found him- self again without money. He then accepted a position from the government at Camas and Lapwai, having charge of the government black- smith shops. He served in that capacity for sev- eral years, or until the government lowered the price of labor. In the meantime Mr. Sherwin had saved his money and sent for his \yife and children, who joined him in 1873. He went to the Salmon river, and purchased a ranch and a placer mine. He improved the former property, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, still owns it, and has recently planted a portion of it to a variety of fruits, including prunes, peaches and apples. 576 HISTORY OF IDAHO. During the Nez Perces war, all of his property was destroyed by the Indians, but he has since largely repaired the ravages and has an excellent ranch. He has developed his mining claim but little as yet, but the whole flat is underlaid by a river channel, and there is an area one hundred by seventeen hundred feet of virgin soil, in addi- tion to which he has a vast body of ground, twelve feet deep, and gold in all of it, so that it is a very valuable unworked property. At the time of the Indian war, Mr. Sherwin, with other set- tlers, built a fort for the protection of their fam- ilies, and they were thus unmolested, but the Indian depredations began near them, several white men in the vicinity were killed, and it be- came a time of great danger to the few white settlers then in the county. It was the plan of the savages to kill every white man, but the young warriors were so eager to begin their work of butchery, that they did not fully mature their plans and thus frustrated their own ends. Those were days of great hardship and dangers, and the pioneers who were the advance guard of civilization in this once wild region certainly are deserving of great praise and gratitude. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Sherwin have been born four children: Perry E.; Elbert C.; Frances E., who became the wife of Francis James, and died in 1891, leaving three children; and Carrie E., who resides with her parents and relieves them of many cares in their declining years. Mrs. Sherwin is now an invalid, and the daughter has the management of the household affairs. One of the sons resides upon and operates the ranch, and Mr. Sherwin is therefore living a retired life in his pleasant home in Grangeville. He is a gentleman of much intelligence and has restored his eyesight so that he can now read the news- papers without glasses. In politics he was first a Whig, but on the organization of the Republican party joined its ranks, and has since been one of its stalwart supporters, yet has never been an aspirant for office. He enjoys the high esteem of his fellow men and is numbered among the hon- ored pioneers of Idaho, and having passed the seventy-eighth milestone on life's journey, he is crowned with the veneration and respect which should always accompany old age. te a K I 4-* I bo I 3 I CHAPTER XL. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. IN 1892 twenty thousand dollars was voted by congress for the improvement of Snake river, and one hundred thousand dollars for the Boise public building. The river and harbor appropriation bill, passed by congress in April, 1896, carried twenty-five thousand dollars for the improvement of the Clearwater river, and five thousand dollars for the Kootenai between Bonner's ferry and the British boundary. The appropriation for the Boise public building was increased from one hundred and fifty thousand dollars to two hun- dred thousand dollars and a building site was selected which cost seventeen thousand and five hundred dollars. Of the special land grants to the state by the national government, aggregating over six hun- dred thousand acres, only one-sixth remained to be settled in 1897. ASSESSED VALUATION OF PROPERTY. The total assessed valuation of the state in 1894, exclusive of railroad property, was $22,- 942,910, which was about fifteen per cent, less than that of the preceding year. The railroad assessment was about eight million dollars. The assessment of the main lines of all railroads for this year was fixed at six thousand and five hun- dred dollars a mile, including rolling stock; branch lines at five thousand dollars a mile, and narrow-gauges at four thousand dollars a mile. The assessment on telegraph lines was at the rajte of fifty dollars a mile for poles and the first wire, and twelve dollars and fifty cents a mile for each additional wire; and telephone lines at forty - two dollars a mile. The assessment of the various counties for 1896, as reported in August, amounted to $22,- 608,069.25, while the preceding year it was $22,878.500.50. For several years it had been urged upon the counties to increase the valuation of property and decrease the tax levy ; but Cassia county was the only county that had done this. The railroad assessment was continued this year the same as the preceding year. In his message to the legislature of 1897, the governor called at- tention to the fact that the bonded interest-bear- ing debt of Idaho had almost doubled since 1890, while the assessed valuation of property was decreasing. Deficiency warrants had been issued to the extent of $44,298.50. The area of Indian reservation in the state is 1,364,500 acres, or 2,132 square miles. Indian population, 3,640, and decreasing, there being 132 deaths in 1897 and only 88 births. BANKS. Idaho has no state banking law. Incorporated banking associations are governed by genera! incorporation laws. There is no restriction as to classes or kinds of banking, except that a special partnership cannot be formed for the purpose of banking. Banking business is done by private parties without incorporation and without capital. There is no law regarding the organization of savings banks, and there are no such financial institutions in the state. On July 14, 1896, Idaho had eleven national banks, whose combined capital was $725,000. and combined resources amounting to $3,187,307, the loans and discounts aggregating $1,265,434. The total liabilities were $2,925,382, while the average reserve held was 27.16 per cent. During the year 1897 the banks practically held their status. The banking house of C. Bunt- ing & Company, in business at Blackfoot and Dubois, was closed February 15, under an attach- ment of the First National Bank at Pocatello, of which Mr. Bunting was president. The liabilities were placed at about two hundred thousand dol- lars. In the attached bank there were fifty-three thousand dollars of the county funds and nine thousand dollars of state money. The withdrawal of twenty-two thousand dollars of state funds was 577 578 HISTORY OF IDAHO. the immediate cause of the collapse. The assets, however, were said to be large. This year (1897) a resumption of general pros- perity was conspicuous. MINERAL PRODUCTION. The Boise assay office reported that during the year 1893 the production of gold was 81,930 fine ounces, valued at $1,693,641; of silver, 3,455,662 fine ounces, valued at $4,457,823; and lead, 72,- 135,781 pounds, of the value of $2,524,753; total, $8,686,217, as against $7,814,015 the preceding year. During the year 1894 the secretary of the in- terior rendered a decision, in an appeal from the ruling of the commissioner of the general land office, that "there must be a discovery upon each twenty-acre tract included in a placer location of one hundred and sixty acres; and a location made of that amount of land upon a single dis- covery is made void except as to the twenty acres immediately surrounding it." The secretary indirectly laid clown another rule, namely, that while a discovery must be made on each twenty acres, the work can all be done at one place. During the year 1894 the metal output was: Gold, 111,687 fine ounces, valued at $2,308,775; silver, 3,774,349 fine ounces, valued at $7,188,- 630; lead, $2,605,450; total, $9,793,080, an in- crease of $1,108,222 over the preceding year. Flour gold, found in great quantities along Snake river, began to attract unusual attention. In 1895 the production of gold was 125,517 fine ounces, valued at $2,594,666; silver, 4,033,180 fine ounces, of the value of $5,214,498; lead, 65,- 752,037 pounds, valued at $2,301,321. Some of the largest mines were shut down for some time, on account of labor troubles. The mineral production of the state for the year 1896 was $11,751,845, of which the gold production was $2,323,700; silver, $6,474,765; lead, $2,953,380. By counties the gold produc- tion was: Owyhee, $681,095; Shoshone, $359,- 049; Boise, $325,995; Custer, $106,791; Idaho, $155,349; Elaine, $66,894; Elmore, $63,731; Cas- sia, $18,522; Ada, $27,349; Bingham, $15,528; Canyon, $10,791; Lincoln, $17,426; Lemhi, $451,411; Oneida, $13,844; Nez Perces, $3,824; and Washington, $6,801. In 1897 the gold production was $2,500,000; silver, $7,100,000; lead, $3,500,000, an increase of over $1,358,000 over the preceding year. Re- ceipts of bullion at the United States assay office at Boise, $1,497,146, an increase of $128,146 over the preceding year. AGRICULTURAL, ETC. The appropriation for agricultural education in 1891 made by the general government for Idaho amounted to $33,000, of which sum $15,000 was devoted to the use of the state uni- versity at Moscow and $18,000 to experiment stations in other parts of the state. In the autumn both the out-going and in-com- ing governors called attention to the importance of having a system of laws for the control of irrigation-canal property which was declared sub- ject to taxation according to the state consti- tution. For the purpose of facilitating the estab- lishment of systems of irrigation, the topograph- ical division of the geological surveying corps was employed in 1893 in gauging the streams and in other necessary work for said purpose. Of the sixteen millions of acres of agricultural lands in Idaho, three-fifths is arid. In March, 1894, the first session of the Idaho commission of the National Irrigation Congress was held at Boise and organized for work. In September the work of blasting out the rock in Whisky and Bay Horse rapids in Snake river channel was resumed, for which the government had made an appropriation of $25,000. In April, 1896, the state horticultural inspector reported that about twenty thousand acres in Idaho are devoted to fruit culture, 6,695 acres producing apples, 5,632 prunes, 1,838 pears, 1,030 berries, 972 peaches, and 526 cherries. The rest of the acreage was devoted to other fruits. The next year he reported that the common pests in the state are the San Jose scale, codlin moth, woolly aphis, green aphis, pear-leaf blister mite, oyster-shell bark louse, apple scab, peach blight and "dieback." The first biennial report of the state engineer, to January I, 1897, estimated the acreage of the state cultivated by irrigation at 315,000 acres, and the total area under ditch, or that can be covered by laterals and distributing channels from exis-canals, at 1,250,000 acres. The first HISTORY OF IDAHO. 579 withdrawal of land under the Carey act was made in January, 1897. It consisted of 66,430 acres, on Snake river, which are to be reclaimed by means of a canal leading out of it, water rates to be furnished for ten dollars an acre and the payments to extend over a period of nine years. In 1897 a large irrigation scheme was inaugu- rated, with a capital of one million dollars, and an immense dam was commenced on Bear river, to run a ditch a hundred miles long and irrigate half a million acres, upon 300,000 acres of which there are settlers, and 200,000 acres of it is gov- ernment land. In 1895 the state land estimator made an esti- mate of the timber on 39,480 acres in Latah and Shoshone counties, calculating it to be 410,297,- ooo feet, divided as follows: White pine, 144,- 219,000 feet; yellow pine, 25,791,000 feet; white fir, 49,671,000 feet; tamarack, 96,601,000 feet; and cedar, 47,129,000 feet. WILD GAME. The game law enacted in the year 1893 pro- vided that no moose, caribou or elk should be killed prior to September i, 1897, and after that only between September i and December 31. The season for deer, mountain sheep, antelope and goats was fixed from September i to January i. None of these animals were allowed to be killed for their hides or hunted with dogs. The Mongolian pheasant was not allowed to be killed until August i, 1897. The season for killing pheasants, grouse, sage hens and "fool" hens was made to be from August i to January i; for quail and prairie chickens from October 15 to December 15; and for ducks, geese and swans from August 15 to April 15. No fish except salmon, salmon trout and sturgeon were allowed to be taken excepting by hook and line, and none of any kind should be taken in any way except for home consumption or breeding purposes be- tween November I and October I of the suc- ceeding year. It was ascertained in 1895 that Ada county alone had paid out since 1878 $31,093.44 for rab- bit scalps, at the legal rate of three cents a scalp, over a million rabbits! This was said to be a larger amount than the aggregate bounties paid by all the states in the west that had offered bounties on jack rabbits. This amount in Ada county was so large that the commissioners felt obliged to discontinue the bounty. EDUCATIONAL. According to the school census of 1892 there were 27,740 school children in the state, while the per capita of the current appropriation for school purposes was fifty cents. In June the school funds apportioned had increased to $13,674.67, a large advance over the preceding year. In 1893 the amount of the school fund subject to distribution for the following year was $40,000. The school population was 31,219, an increase of 5,478 during the preceding two years. Mormon children began to attend the public schools this year, as the old prejudice against the "gentiles" began to die out. The state university at Moscow- was opened in October, 1892, and by January following there were one hundred and seventeen students enrolled, but only the west wing of the university building was erected, at a cost f $34.749- This year there were three agricultural experiment stations in opera- tion, namely, at Nampa, Grangeville and Idaho Falls, which were under the direc- tion of the board of regents of the university, where also agriculture is taught. In December, 1893, the enrollment at this university was one hundred and ninety-four. The chair of military instruction was instituted this year, and the ex- terior, basement and first story of the main build- ing were completed, at a cost of seventy-seven thousand dollars. In September, 1895, the uni- versity began its school year with an enrollment of one hundred and eight, an increase for that month, over the preceding year. The next year, 1897, university tuition was made free to resident pupils. Under the law providing for normal schools, the state in 1895 made no appropriation; but at Albion the citizens, not waiting for the slow methods of the government, erected a building and opened a flourishing school. The legislature of 1896, however, provided for the building of state normal schools, the outlay for building and maintenance being $81,521. The appropriation of 1897 for the schools was only $28,000, a difference of $53,521. The enrollment here for the half year ending July i, 1895, was eighty-three, and the expenses 580 HISTORY OF IDAHO. $5,278.22. In anticipation of a normal school at Lewiston, the people there laid the foundation for a building. The agricultural college for the state was fixed this year, 1895, at Idaho Falls. In June, the next year, the normal schools at Lewiston and Albion were dedicated. In 1896 the number of school children in the state was 39,288, and of the semi-annual appor- tionment of the public money for school pur- poses the distribution amounted to eighteen and a half cents per capita of the children. In 1897 the superintendent of public instruction an- nounced, in reference to the growth of the schools, that while in 1869 there were but twenty- four school districts in the state, and fifteen school houses, in 1897 there were six hundred and seventy-one districts and six hundred and fifty-eight school-houses. In 1896 the number of children between the ages of five and twenty- one was 43,745. During the years 1895-6 the school census showed a growth in population of nearly twenty-five per cent. Four hundred and forty young Indians were attending government schools in the state, besides fifty-five in a contract school in the Coeur d'Alene reservation, for whom tuition was paid at the rate of one hundred and eight dollars a year. OTHER STATE INSTITUTIONS. The control of the soldiers' home was vested by the legislature of 1893 in a board of five trustees, to consist of the secretary of state, com- mander of the department of Idaho of the Grand Army of the Republic, and three others, two of whom were to ,be members of the Grand Army of the Republic, and all to be appointed by the governor. An appropriation of twenty-five thou- sand dollars was made, to be secured from the sale of public lands given to the state by the general government for charitable purposes in- stead of being taken directly out of the general revenue fund, the amount appropriated to be loaned to the institution, which takes a lien on the land to secure the amount advanced. The soldiers' home, two miles from Boise, was completed in November, 1894, the corner-stone having been laid May 23 previously. It is built of brick and cut stone, has a frontage of one hundred feet, with a central tower and a tower at each end, and the capacity of the institution is sufficient for the accommodation of sixty beds, single and double. The structure cost $13,499. In 1895 the number of inmates was twenty-seven. Idaho deserves much credit for the provisions made for her unfortunate wards in various lines. The building of the asylum for the insane was instituted in 1885, on ground donated by L. Shilling, about a half mile from the town of Blackfoot, and the new institution was opened for the admission of patients on July 2d of the following year. Prior to this time this class of patients were cared for by the Salem in- sane hospital, in the state of Oregon, under contract, and they were immediately transferred to their new home, under charge of Dr. Cabaniss, the first medical superintendent of the institution. Of the number so transferred there were twenty- six male and ten female patients. The affairs of the institution are administered by a board of trustees. A fire occurred on the morning of November 24, 1889, and the main or administration building was totally destroyed, together with the greater portion of the records. At that time there were forty-seven male and twenty female inmates, and after the fire five men and two women were missing among the patients. Of these the charred remains of one man and one woman were found in the ruins, and it is probable that others of the missing number met the same fate. In the summer of 1890 the building of the asylum was commenced in a new location, north of the old site, where a better means of drainage was afforded. The present building is equipped with modern accessories and conveniences, and the state has reason to be proud of the asylum and its management. The original grant of land has been added to from time to time by pur- chase, and it now comprises 2,150 acres, of which about four hundred are under cultivation. In 1893 the insane asylum had ninety-eight inmates at the beginning of the year. During the summer seasons many of these were employed at brick-making, and during the winter at cutting cord-wood. The medical superintendent called attention to the fact that the rate of insanity in this state was less than half the rate in other states; but this observation was made before the usual proportion of patients had been examined. In 1895 the asylum for the insane had one HISTORY OF IDAHO. 581 hundred and fifty-two patients, of whom fifty-six were women. In May, the next year, the gov- ernor reported that the increase in the number of inmates was so rapid that the extra accommoda- tions provided for by the preceding legislature would be crowded before the next session. The number, however, grew only to one hundred and fifty-eight in 1896. The next year there were one hundred and eighty-seven. The per capita cost of keeping these patients was reported this year as having diminished from eighty-five and three- fourths cents a day in 1891 to fifty-four and a half cents in 1896. CHAPTER XL1. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. JAY A. CZIZEK. THIS is the day of the specialist. The men who are prominent in connection with the administration of difficult and peculiar affairs are men who have given their lives to their study and have an experimental knowledge of them in all their ramifications. The demand for the very best technical knowledge in the office led to the selection of Jay A. Czizek for inspector of mines for the state of Idaho, and his manage- ment of the affairs of the office every day demon- strates the wisdom of his having been chosen. Jay A. Czizek was born at Mount Clemens, Michigan, October 8, 1864. August Czizek, his father, a German and a native of Berlin, came to the United States in his boyhood and located in Michigan, where he informed himself con- cerning American institutions and became an ardent supporter of the Union cause when war between the north and the south became inevit- able. He served as lieutenant in the Twenty- second Regiment of Michigan Volunteer Infantry from his enlistment, early in 1861, nearly to the close of the war, and died in Michigan soon after his return home. His widow, Mrs. Gertrude Czizek, has since lived at Mount Clemens. Jay A. Czizek received a common-school edu- cation, and when about eighteen years of age sought his fortune in Colorado, and for about two years before he attained his majority was employed by the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad Company, a portion of the time in charge of the commissary and material departments. In association with Thomas H. Wigglesworth, one of the prominent railroad locating engineers of the west, he prospected for and settled the route in which the Colorado Midland Railway was constructed. Since the completion of that work for the development of the new west, he has been engaged in mining in Colorado, Montana and Oregon, and during the last thirteen years in Idaho. He developed a mastery over all the details of mining and came to be known as one of the most scientific miners in the country. For some years he was manager in Idaho county for two prominent mining companies. This respon- sible position he gave up to accept the office of inspector of mines for the state of Idaho, to which he was elected in 1898. Politically Mr. Czizek has always been a Dem- ocrat, and he has taken an active and influential interest in the practical work of his party. He was a delegate to the state Democratic conven- tion which nominated him by acclamation for the office which he fills with so much ability and honor and in which he was placed by a majority large enough to amply attest his personal popu- larity. Personally Mr. Czizek is warmly regarded wherever he is known, and he is one of the leaders in public affairs in Idaho. He is a prom- inent Elk and is in everything a thorough west- ern man, alive to the interests of the western country and with very clear-cut views as to how they may be best promoted. ROBERT V. COZIER. On the roll of Idaho's statesmen and eminent representatives of the bar is found the name of Hon. Robert V. Cozier, who has left the impress of his individuality upon the legislation and pub- lic progress. He is a man of strong mentality, of marked patriotism and broad humanitarian principles, and is therefore well fitted for leader- ship in the public movements which affect the welfare of the commonwealth. He is now accept- ably filling the position of United States attorney for Idaho, and his comprehensive knowledge of the principles of jurisprudence and his ability in handling intricate legal problems make him a most competent official. Robert V. Cozier is a native of Ohio, his birth having occurred in the town of Wapakoneta, October 20, 1867. He is of German and Irish 582 . Lswre. F'_4. '_a r f T.v..;jh ,'tt r.iazM"' HISTORY OF IDAHO. 583 lineage, but for several generations the family has been represented in America. His father, Rev. B. F. W. Cozier, was born in Pennsylvania in 1836, on what is now the battlefield of Gettys- burg, and is a prominent minister in the Method- ist Episcopal church, having devoted his entire life to preaching the gospel of peace and righteousness among men. In 1870 he removed to Iowa, where the greater part of his ministerial labor has been performed. For years he was a presiding elder, connected with different con- ferences in that state. During the entire civil war he served his country as chaplain of the Third Ohio Cavalry, and his voice and talent were used on the side of the Union and for "liberty throughout the land and to all the inhab- itants thereof." He carried comfort to many a soldier upon the tented field, and won the love of many of his comrades of the blue. He is now residing in Iowa and has partially retired from active connection with the ministry, although his interest in the cause of Christianity grows greater with the passing years. He married Zelora A. Carter, a native of Ohio, and to them have been born five children, all of whom are occupying honorable and useful positions in life. Hon. Robert V. Cozier acquired his early edu- cation in the public schools of Iowa, and is a graduate of Simpson College, of Indianola, that state, completing the course with the class of 1889. Determining to make the practice of law his life work, he began study under private instruction in Des Moines, Iowa, and later at- tended the Washington Law School, in St. Louis, and was admitted to practice in the supreme court of Iowa in 1891. Immediately afterward he came to Idaho, locating in Blackfoot, where he engaged in the prosecution of his chosen profes- sion until 1895, when he came to Moscow. He soon took rank among the ablest members of the bar in this section of the state. The judgment which the public passed upon him in the first years of his practice has never been set aside or in any degree modified. It has, on the contrary, been emphasized by his careful conduct of im- portant litigation, his candor and fairness in the presentation of cases, his zeal and earnestness as an advocate, and the generous commendation which he has received from his contemporaries, who unite in bearing testimony as to his high character and superior mind. In 1897 he was admitted to practice before the United States supreme court, at Washington. In politics he has always been an ardent advo- cate of Republican principles, and is a recognized leader of his party in Idaho. He was elected to the third general assembly of the state and had the honor of being chosen speaker of the house, being an excellent parliamentarian, and one whose genuine interest and zeal for the welfare of the state made him absolutely just in all his rulings. While presiding officer, he was entirely free from partisan bias, although he is a stalwart Republican, and on all proper occasions labors earnestly to promote the growth and insure the success of his party. He attends all the Repub- lican conventions, and in that of 1898 had the honor of nominating W. B. Heyburn, as candi- date for congress. In December, 1897, in recog- nition of his effective service in behalf of the party, President McKinley appointed him United States attorney for the state of Idaho, and to those who are familiar with his legal ability and unflagging patriotism it is unnecessary to state that his service has been most able and com- mendable. In 1893 Mr. Cozier led to the marriage altar Miss Lena M. Fife, a native of Michigan, and they now have three children: Mary Helen, Zelora Edna and Robert James. The parents are valued and consistent members of the Meth- odist church of Moscow and they have a nice residence in the city where they make their home and where their circle of friends is almost coextensive with the circle of their acquaintances. CHARLES L. HEITMAN. The influence of culture and broad profes- sional and worldly experience upon a new com- munity is visible in Idaho as the result of the work and the example of high-minded men like Charles L. Heitman of Rathdrum, Kootenai county, a lawyer who does honor to the law, to the courts, to himself and to the people among whom he lives and whose interests it devolves upon him to serve from day to day. Charles L. Heitman comes of an old North Carolina family, and is a son of Henry N. and Eve (McCrary) Heitman. His father was for sixty years a local preacher of the Methodist Episcopal church, 584 HISTORY OF IDAHO. south, and for twenty years was clerk of the superior court of Davidson county. He died at the age of eighty-three years, his wife at sixty- five, and they are buried in the land of their birth and life. Charles L. Heitman was educated at Trinity College, in Randolph county, North Carolina, and was graduated at the head of his class, in 1876. During the succeeding two years he read law under the preceptorship of Chief Justice Pearson, at Richmond Hill, North Caro- lina. He was admitted to the bar of his native state in 1878 and practiced his profession at Lex- ington nine years. In 1890 he went to Idaho and located at Rathdrum, which then had a his- tory covering nine years more or less, and he has attained a standing at the bar of Idaho second to that of no lawyer in the state. He is an un- swerving Republican and takes an active part in the affairs of his party in his county and state. but he does not seek nor want office for himself. When, in 1894, he was given the honor of a nomination by his party for district judge, he de- clined, preferring to devote himself entirely to the practice of his profession. He is a good public speaker, apt in illustration and skillful in argument, and is in demand during political campaigns. His oratorical triumphs before judges and juries are among the most important successes of their kind in the legal annals of the state. His law library is one of the largest and best selected west of Chicago. Mr. Heitman married Miss Stella Smith, of Rathdrum, Idaho, in January, 1894, and has three children. He is a Free Mason and a Knight of Pythias. JOHN U. STUCKI. A leading representative of the business, the political and the church interests of Paris, John Ulrich Stucki is accounted one of the most val- ued citizens of Bear Lake county. He has re- sided in the town since 1870, has been identified with all its interests through the passing years, and was honored with the office of mayor, being the first incumbent in that position. A native of Switzerland, he was born in Oberneunforn, June 8, 1837, and is of Swiss descent. His parents were John and Elizabeth (Sauter) Stucki, also natives of that land, where the father was a thrifty farmer and an influential citizen. Both he and his wife were Protestants in their religious faith. Mrs. Stucki was called to the home be- yond at the age of forty-five years, and Mr. Stucki, who was born July 15, 1806, died De- cember 5, 1886, in the eighty-first year of his age. In their family were thirteen children, nine of whom grew to years of maturity, while six are still living. The family were one highly respected in the community where they made their home. In the schools of his native town and in Andel- fingen, John Ulrich Stucki acquired his educa- tion, and, his father desiring to have him edu- cated as a merchant tailor, he apprenticed in and followed that business for about four years, when, in the fall of 1856, in the city of Zurich, the capital of his native canton, intending to go to Paris, the capital of France, to perfect himself in his occupation and business, he heard the gospel of Jesus Christ as revealed through the Prophet Joseph Smith and taught by the elders of Latter Day Saints, or Mormon church, which changed his course in life. On the ist day of November, 1856, he was received as a member into said church. On the iQth day of July, 1857, he was ordained an elder in said church and soon after- ward began to preach its doctrines, devoting all his time to the interests of the church. In the spring of 1858 he introduced the doctrines of his church, commonly called Mormonism, in the city and canton of Schaffhausen, and organized a branch of the church in the city of Schaffhausen. During the same year he also labored several weeks in canton Graubuendten, but not with so much immediate success. On the 8th of August, 1859, he left his native country for the United States and Salt Lake, the headquarters of the Mormon church, with barely enough means to take him to his destination. While on the journey he was married, on the i gth of August, 1859, to Miss Margaret Huber, a native of Weinfelclen, Switzerland, who has since been to him a faithful and helpful wife on life's journey. After a voyage of six weeks, in which they encountered some very severe weather, they reached New York, but the vessel, the Emerald Isle, had not only been tossed about in severe gales, but on one occasion had caught fire, and it was supposed that all on board would be lost, but eventually the flames were extin- guished. Mr. Stucki spent several months in New York HISTORY OF IDAHO. 585 city, and then by steamer and by rail proceeded to Florence, Nebraska, whence he crossed the plains to Salt Lake City, driving a team, con- sisting- of two yoke . of oxen and two yoke of cows. They were ten weeks and three days in making the journey, but it was free from acci- dent, their loss being only one of their cows. Mr. Stucki took with him a little corn-plow, a shovel and a pitchfork, intending to engage in farming, and with that limited outfit began the tilling of the soil. They also had a tent and bedding. After a few days spent in Salt Lake City, he removed to the Cache valley, where he secured ten acres of land. He had no experience in farming, but his practical common sense stood him in stead of training, and the first year he raised a good crop of wheat and stacked it so well that while much of the wheat grew in the stack that year, his withstood the wet weather excellently. While residing in the valley Mr. Stucki served as president of the German branch of the church. In July, 1870, at a call from his church, he came to Paris, selling some of his property, but still retaining the ownership of some of it in the Cache valley. He removed to this place in order to assume the duties of tithing clerk of the stake, his labor being to take care and keep account of the tithes, the care of the poor and other needful church work. This important office Mr. Stucki has, with the exception of five years, ever since faithfully filled, and he is recognized as a very efficient church officer. He has also spent five years in the mission field, having charge of the Swiss and German mission. Thus he labored in Belgium, Switzerland, and Germany, and sent out many converts to Utah. He has held the office of high priest for many years and is presi- dent of the high priests of the stake. During the whole of this time Mr. Stucki has also suc- cessfully managed his business interests, carrying on general farming and stock-raising. In his efforts he has prospered, and is now the owner of about three hundred acres of land, together with two good residences, in Paris, which he erected and one which he purchased. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Stucki have been born the following children: Charles Thomas, who assists his father in the work of the home farm; Caro- line Elizabeth, who died in her sixth year; Maria Jane; William B.; Hiram D., who died in in- fancy; Joseph S.; Ann; Margaret; Elfrieda; F. S.; Erastus; and Ezra S. They also had a little adopted son, John Henry, who lived to be eight years of age. He was an attractive and obedient child, and they loved him dearly. Mr. Stucki is also rearing Fritz, the son of his niece. In his political views Mr. Stucki is a Republi- can, has labored earnestly for the success of his party, and has filled a number of offices, being called to public service by his fellow townsmen, who thus gave evidence of their appreciation of his worth and ability. He served for a number of years as justice of the peace, has been county treasurer, county auditor, recorder, was notary public for eight years, with his commission re- newed for four more years, and was the first mayor of the city of Paris. In all these positions he has discharged his duties in a most prompt and creditable manner, and is accounted one of the most reliable and valued citizens of his county. JOSEPH B. SCARBOROUGH. One of the capable county commissioners of Oneida county is Joseph Brook Scarborough, of Franklin. He was born in England, September ii, 1851, and is a son of John and Elizabeth (Brook) Scarborough. When ten years of age he came with his mother to the United States, crossing the Atlantic in 1861, in a sailing vessel which, after a voyage of six weeks, reached the American port. They then crossed the plains and located at Lehi, Utah, thirty miles south of Salt Lake City, and there the mother remained while the son went to Dixie, where he worked for a year on a farm for his board and clothes. In 1863 he came with the family to Franklin. The settlers were then living in little log houses, built in the form of a hollow square, the backs of the houses forming a part of the wall of the fort. Mr. Scarborough remained with his family until nineteen years of age, at which time he was happily married to Miss Mary A. Foster. He then located land for himself, built a house and began his domestic life in Franklin. Later he became the owner of one hundred and twenty- five acres of land a half-mile north of the town, and also has fifteen acres adjoining the corpora- tion limits, while in the town of Franklin, on the principal street, he has two corner lots, on which 586 HISTORY OF IDAHO. he has built a very nice brick cottage. He has been an industrious and successful farmer and his labors have been crowned with success. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Scarborough have been born ten children, eight of whom are living, namely: Annie, wife of Soren Peterson, of Logan; Rhoda, who was a most lovable and beautiful woman, became the wife of Samuel Wright, but died soon after the birth of their child, her death proving a great loss to her hus- band, family and friends; Charles; Letta, an accomplished school-teacher; Joseph; Teressa; Effa Roy, who died in infancy; Esrom; Leland and Relta. They are all members of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints. Mr. Scarborough is very active in the church work, has been assistant Sunday-school superintendent of the Oneida stake, and has served his church on a mission to Illinois and to Indiana in 1887-8. In politics he has been a life-long Democrat, and was postmaster for four years under the ad- ministration of President Cleveland. He has been a school trustee for six years, has taken a very deep and commendable interest in educational matters and was largely instrumental in securing the fine new brick school-house that now adorns the town of Franklin and is a credit to the enter- prise of its citizens. In 1896 his fellow townsmen, recognizing his worth and ability, elected him to the important position of county commissioner, and so well did he discharge his duties that he was re-elected in 1898 and is therefore the present incumbent. He is also chairman of the village board of trustees. Mr. Scarborough is a loyal and enterprising citizen and a gentleman of the highest integrity and worth. JOHN F. MCLEAN. John F. McLean, sheriff of Idaho county, is a native of Indiana, born in Lebanon, June 22, 1843. The family is of Scotch lineage and was founded in America by Samuel McLean, the grandfather of our subject, who crossed the At- lantic with his family and took up his residence in Pennsylvania. He was a miller and mill- wright by trade, and after spending some time in the Keystone state, he went to Indiana, be- coming one of the pioneer settlers there. He lived to be eighty-four years of age, and his wife, who was four years his junior, passed away at the same age. Their son, John McLean, the father of our subject, was born in Pennsylvania, September 21, 1809, and during his childhood accompanied his parents to Indiana, where he was reared to manhood and married Miss Mary Miller, a native of the latter state. They had a family of seven children. The mother died some years ago, but the father is still living, at the age of eighty-nine years, and resides on the rancli belonging to his son John F., at Mount Idaho. He has always been a man of the highest integ- rity of character and good influence, and his fellow townsmen, recognizing his sterling worth, have frequently called him to positions of public honor and trust. For a number of years he served as justice of the peace. By trade he was a miller, following that occupation throughout his active business career. He has been a life- long and consistent member of the Christian church, to which his wife also belonged from early girlhood. Of their family of seven children, three sons and two daughters are yet living. John F. McLean, who is the youngest, was educated in the public schools of Indiana, pursu- ing his studies in one of the primitive log school- houses of the time. He then learned the miller's trade under the direction of his father, and in 1867 went to Oregon, where he remained for four years. He then returned to Indiana, and in 1880 came to Idaho, locating at Grangeville, where for sixteen years he operated a flouring mill, doing a large and profitable business. His honorable methods and courteous treatment of his patrons secured him a good trade, and he continued in charge of the mill until his public duties demanded his entire attention. He was first called to the office of assessor and collector of taxes in Idaho county and in 1898 was chosen by popular ballot to the position of county sheriff. in which capacity he is now serving, discharging his duties in a most prompt and able manner. In politics he is a Democrat, and at the election he ran far ahead of his ticket, a fact which indicates his personal popularity and the confidence re- posed in him. He owns a splendid farm of one hundred and sixty acres, and on it stands one of the most attractive country residences in this part of the state. It commands a splendid view of the surrounding country, the beautiful Camas prairie, the town of Grangeville and the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 587 distant mountains in the background, all form- ing a picture of surpassing loveliness. In November, 1874, was celebrated the mar- riage of Mr. McLean and Miss Sarah T. Kibby, a native of Kentucky. Their union has been blessed with five sons, as follows: E K., who is now serving as his father's deputy; C. M., who is married and follows farming; F. J., deputy tax collector; F. H. and A. E., at home. The mother, who was a valued member of the Chris- tian church, departed this life in August, 1889. She was a loving and faithful wife and mother, a most amiable woman and a devoted Christian, and her loss has been deeply felt in church anil social circles as well as in her home. Mr. McLean also belongs to the same church, and socially he is connected with the Knights of Pythias frater- nity and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having filled all the offices in both societies. He is widely known as a progressive and valued citizen, a trustworthy official and reliable busi- ness man, and therefore deserves mention among Idaho's representative residents. JAMES MADDEN. The broad acres of Idaho have made stock- raising one of the principal industries of the state, by reason of the excellent pasturage afforded, and among those who are successfully and exten- sively engaged in this business is James Madden, of Lewiston. A native of Ireland, he was born in county Galloway, December 18, 1855, his parents being Patrick and Mary (Kane) Madden, both of whom were natives of the Emerald Isle, where the father filled the responsible position of super- intendent of a large estate. He lived to the venerable age of ninety-five years, and the mother passed away at the age of seventy-five. They were devout members of the Catholic church and were people of the highest respectability. In their family were seven children, five sons and two daughters, and with one exception all are yet living. James Madden, the fourth in order of birth, was reared and educated in the land of his nativ- ity, and in 1865 crossed the Atlantic to America. He was then a poor young man without capital, but he possessed energy, and resolute purpose, and these stood him in stead of fortune. He spent eighteen months in Massachusetts, working for twenty-nine dollars per month. He saved his money and when he went to San Francisco, California, he had three hundred and twenty dol- lars. He was forced to expend this for board, however, after which he went to Sutler county, where he entered the employ of John G. Briggs. Subsequently he rented a farm and planted one hundred and sixty acres to wheat, gathering there- from a large crop, which he sold for a dollar and ninety-five cents per bushel. He then paid twelve hundred dollars for three hundred and twenty acres of summer fallow, and gave two dollars and thirty-seven and one-half cents per hundred for seed wheat. That winter the high water destroyed the entire crop and thus he lost a!l that he had made. Through the succeeding four years he worked for wages, and then purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land for five thousand dollars, making a payment of one-half down. About this time Mr. Madden was united in marriage to Miss Mary Riggs, a native of Ken- tucky and a daughter of Sylvester A. Riggs, also of that state. They began their domestic life upon the California farm, and by their careful management, economy and industry were soon enabled to clear it of all indebtedness. Prosperity- attended their efforts for a time, but later high water again destroyed their crops and washed off nearly all of the top soil. He then summer- fallowed it and raised forty-five bushels of wheat to the acre. After this he sold the property for twenty-five hundred dollars, just half of what it cost him, and then came to Idaho, in 1884, bring- ing with him five thousand dollars. Here he took up one hundred and sixty acres of govern- ment land, also a timber claim of one hundred and sixty acres, and a homestead of like amount. He purchased sixty head of cattle, but at the end of the year they were so scattered over the plains by the large cattle men that he was never able to recover half of them. He then sold out what he had left and purchased six hundred breeding ewes, at two dollars and seventy-five cents each. They were grade merinos, and thus Mr. Madden began the business in which he has since been eminently successful. His flocks in- creased rapidly, but at first he and his sons, with the assistance of one hired man, took care of them. Now, however, they employ nine men and 588 HISTORY OF IDAHO. have had as high as six thousand sheep at one time. He also has two thousand five hundred acres of land, which he is fencing for his own stock. He has erected a good residence in Lewis- ton, has two others on his farm, and now has about eighty thousand pounds of wool on hand. He also has two thousand young lambs, and is one of the heaviest tax-payers in Nez Perces county. Mr. and Mrs. Madden have reared an indus- trious and intelligent family of seven sons and one daughter, Patrick, who is associated with his father in business; James, who is foreman of the ranch; Michael, who is working with their men; George, who is herding one of the bands of sheep; John, who is herding the cattle; and Joseph, Dan and Mary Jane, who are in school. The family are all valued members of the Cath- olic church. Mr. Madden always gave his political support to the Democracy until President Cleveland's second administration, when he voted the Repub- lican ticket and has since been allied with that party. He has, however, never sought nor de- sired office, preferring to devote his energies to his business, in which he is meeting with gratify- ing success. He has met many difficulties and hardships in life, but has wrested fortune from the hands of a seemingly adverse fate, and is now one of the wealthiest residents of Nez Perces county. This is due entirely to his own well directed efforts, his business ability, sound judg- ment and untiring labor, and certainly his pros- perity is well merited. GEORGE E. GRAY. The profession of the law, when clothed with its true dignity and purity, and strength, must rank first among the callings of men, for law rules the universe. The work of the legal pro- fession is to formulate, to harmonize, to regulate, to adjust, to administer those rules and principles that underlie and permeate all government and society and control the varied relations of man. As thus viewed, there attaches to the legal pro- fession a nobleness that cannot but be reflected in the life of the true lawyer, who, conscious of the greatness of his profession, and honest in the pursuit of his purpose, embraces the richness of learning, the profoundness of wisdom, the firmness of integrity and the purity of morals, together with the graces of modesty, courtesy and the general amenities of life. The leading attorney of Malad, and a worthy representative of his calling is George E. Gray. Born in Sparta, Wisconsin, July 26, 1867, he is of Scotch, Irish and German descent. His father, P. D. Gray, was born in New York and when a young man removed to Wisconsin, where he married Miss Harriet L. Nash, a native of Vermont. Both parents are still living in Wis- consin and are well-to-do and respected citizens of that state. They had three children, George E. being the eldest. Having acquired a good preliminary education, he entered the University of Wisconsin, wherein he pursued both a literary and law course, graduating in the law department with the class of 1891. He was then admitted to the bar of his native state, and coming to Idaho soon afterward, at Boise, he was admitted to practice in the supreme court of this state and in the United States courts. For two years he was a member of the bar of the capital city, and in 1893 he came to Malad, where he entered almost immediately upon a large and constantly growing practice. Demonstrating his ability in the careful manner in which he handled the liti- gated interests entrusted to him, he naturally won an increased clientage, and is now regarded as the leading practitioner at the bar of southern Idaho. He engages in general practice, but pre- fers corporation and irrigation law, and has at- tained a high degree of proficiency in those branches of jurisprudence. He is now serving as city attorney of Malad, to which position he was elected on the Republican ticket, being one of the stanch supporters of the Republican party. In 1891 Mr. Gray was united in marriage to Miss Meda Whalen, a native of Wisconsin, and they now have a very bright little son, Warren P., who is the light of the household. Their home is one of the pleasant residences of Malad, and they hold an enviable position in the social circles of the city-. WILLIAM WOODWARD. One of the pioneer settlers of Franklin, Oneida county, Idaho, and a farmer of the above state, William Woodward, was born on the 4th of Jan- uary, 1833, in Bushey. Hertfordshire, England. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 589 He received a common-school education in his native village. In 1845 ne removed to Watford, and there he heard Mormpnism by a blacksmith, Richard B. Margetts, and he was baptized June 21, 1848. He soon became anxious to join his co-religionists in Salt Lake valley, then in upper California. In January, 1850, Mr. Woodward sailed from Liverpool, England, on the ship Argo, Captain Mills, with four hundred Latter Day Saints, ar- riving at New Orleans, March 8, after an ocean passage of eight weeks. With other emigrants Mr. Woodward wended his way to St. Louis, on the steamboat Glencoe; from there proceeded to Council Bluffs, where he arrived on April 9, and on the I3th of April he went to work for Orson Hyde, at six dollars per month. He lived with Mr. Hyde for over a year and then drove team to Salt Lake City, in Captain Homer's company. They were some three months on the way. On the plains in that early day, 1851, thousands of buffalo were encountered on the way, and sometimes in the distance they appeared like a forest of timber; twenty thousand were passed in one day. The Platte valley and the hills on both sides of the river were covered with them. When Fort Laramie was passed, the scenery changed. Mountains appeared, and beautiful streams of pure water were wending their way to larger streams, the Sweetwater river, Green river, Harris Fork, Smith's Fork, Black's Fork, Bear and Weber rivers and other streams. Buffalo robes at that early day could be bought for three dollars and fifty cents, dressed, ready for use, and they were an excellent piece of bedding. He arrived in Salt Lake City the latter part of September of that year, and a few days later he was working for R. T. Burton. In January, 1852, he attended the University of Deseret, then in a primitive state. Orson Spencer was princi- pal, and chancellor, also a teacher, and W. W. Phelps was his assistant. In attending this school books were scarce, and Mr. Woodward stood guard over Mexicans and Indians for the money to buy him a McGuffy's Fifth Reader. He had a grammar, and an arithmetic; he bor- rowed a slate, and a friend made him a tin slate- pencil holder. Thus equipped, he plodded on in his studies. During winter he read the book of Mormon through for the first time. In April he went to work for Heber C. Kimball. After his arrival in Salt Lake City, Mr. Wood- ward was anxious to see Brigham Young and other prominent Mormon leaders; to say that he was delighted with them, and their preaching, is hardly expressing the feelings he entertained to- ward these men. He availed himself of every opportunity to hear them preach, and was al- ways pleased to be in their company. For no- bility of character, for great motives to benefit mankind, for kindness to the Mormon people, these leaders were, in Mr. Woodward's eyes, par excellence. The leading men, besides Brigham Young, were Heber C. Kimball, Willard Rich- ards, Orson Pratt, Wilford Woodruff, George A. Smith, and in the summer of 1852 Charles C. Rich, John Taylor, Erastus Snow, Franklin D. Richards, and Lorenzo Snow arrived in Salt Lake City. At a conference held August 28 and 29, missionaries were called to different parts of the world, and Mr. Woodward was called to go to England, where he arrived January 4, 1853. He arrived in London a short time after this, and labored as a missionary for more than a year in that metropolis. He spent the rest of his time in England in Kent and Dorsetshire conferences, and in April, 1856, he again crossed the sea, with seven hundred Latter Day Saints, who were pre- sided over by Dan Jones. He arrived in Boston, left the good ship "S. Curling," and started for Iowa City, where he arrived on June 2. The year 1856 was memorable in Mormon emi- gration. Five hand-cart companies crossed the plains Mr. Woodward was attached to the fourth company, and was captain of the third hundred. In the Sweetwater valley snow fell, and hardships were endured by the people till they arrived in Salt Lake valley. Relief trains with supplies of food and clothing were sent to the rescue of the emigrants, and Brigham Young was foremost in starting these expeditions. After Mr. Woodward's arrival in Salt Lake City after an absence of four years and nearly two months he went to work at anything he could find to do, finally - teaching school and "boarding around." He was first married in 1857, and is the father of twenty-two children, eight boys and fourteen girls, and thirteen children are still living. 590 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Mr. Woodward came to Franklin April 14, 1860, with a few others, and they were the first real settlers of Idaho. They built the first school house in the state, and labored diligently to make homes, building their houses in a square fort, for protection against Indians, who were numer- ous at that time. Mr. Woodward has been a lifelong Democrat in politics; has been postmaster, justice of the peace, city councilor, and once was elected to the legislature, but was not seated through two of his party selling out to the opposition. Mr. Wood- ward is a farmer, raises some one hundred tons of hay yearly, and in 1898 raised over three thou- sand bushels of grain. He lives on his farm of ninety acres, has other lands in this state and in Utah, keeps cows and other domestic animals, and might be said to be fairly prosperous. He is a devoted Mormon and a lover of the Declara- tion of Independence and the constitution of the United States; is strictly a temperance man, does not use strong drinks, or tobacco, nor use tea or coffee. He believes in honest government for the people, and is a full believer that all men should worship God as they please, without mo- lestation. He is a president of the eighteenth quorum of Seventies in the church, and a full be- liever in the divine mission of Joseph Smith as a prophet. On his farm he has been greatly assisted by his family, who are models of industry and thrift. JOB FRANCIS DYE. Among the figures who stand prominently forth on the pages of western history is the gen- tleman whose name introduces this review. His was a marvelous record of long connection with the events which go to make up the annals of the Pacific coast. He was one of those honored pioneers who blazed a path for future cavalcades to follow; who bravely turned their faces from the cities of the east, with all the advantages of wealth and civilization, and cast their fortunes with the western frontier, in all its wildness and primitive modes of life; who, rather than enjoy the comforts of their former homes, chose to en- dure the hardships of a wider and freer country ; and who made out of those very obstacles, which, to a weaker class of men would have been stum- bling blocks, the stepping stones to wealth and renown, none of these great men are more noted for untiring perseverance and steady prog- ress which have resulted in the acquirement of wealth and the well merited esteem of their fel- low men than the gentleman whose name heads this memoir. He realized with great prophetic foresight the magnitude of the prospects of the west, and that at a time when this section of the country gave but slight signs of her future great- ness. If, as is maintained, the history of a coun- try is best told in the lives of her prominent men, then certainly any history of Idaho or the Pacific coast would be incomplete without recognition of the salient points of the life record of this man, who was for many years a most influential and respected citizen of this part of the Union. Mr. Dye was born in Hardin county, Ken- tucky, January 17, 1807, and, spending his boy- hood days in that state, started westward on at- taining his majority, going to Arkansas in 1828. That state was then an almost unbroken wilder- ness, inhabited only by Indians. Buffalo, deer and other wild game roamed through the forest, and the lodges of the hunter and trapper were almost the only places of human abode, except the wigwams of the Indians. For two years he remained in that territory, for Arkansas had not then been admitted to the Union, and in 1830 went to New Orleans, where he joined a party of trappers who were going to the Rocky moun- tains to collect furs. Mr. Dye remained with them for two years, during which time he expe- rienced many of the hardships and trials of such a life. Traveling where white men had never before been, spending many a night by the camp- fire in the forest, there was nevertheless an ex- citement and interest about such a life that lent it great zest. He became an expert trapper and hunter and also an expert mountain-climber. In 1831 he started for California with a party of thirty-five, who traveled from Taos, New Mexico, across the mountains to the Golden state, reach- ing their destination in January, 1832. There were immense herds of cattle and horses all through the country at that time, and it was cus- tomary for the traveler to take all the cattle that was needed for food. Mr. Dye traveled northward from the pueblo of Los Angeles to Santa Barbara, where he thought to engage in otter hunting, and formed HISTORY OF IDAHO. 591 a partnership with Don Roberto, who, together with the Mexican authorities, robbed him of all his money. At this time all California belonged to Mexico, and was largely settled by a wealthy class of Spaniards, who owned immense ranches, containing thousands of acres, each household, with their many slaves and servants, constituting quite a little settlement. After losing his money Mr. Dye continued on his northward way to San Louis Obispo, where he continued in the fur business, meeting with splendid success. Later he went to Monterey, where he married and es- tablished his home. He' engaged in the distill- ing business near Santa Cruz, conducting a suc- cessful business until 1840, when the Mexicans, believing that a revolution was about to break out among the people, confiscated his property. Not daunted by this adversity, he removed to Monterey and engaged in merchandising, again accumulating quite a fortune. He received a land grant from the Mexican government of twenty-six thousand, seven hundred acres, lo- cated on the Sacramento river in what is now Tehama county, and including the site of the city of Red Bluff and several other now flourishing towns. He called his place the Antelope Valley Ranch, and on it had two hundred head of horses and one thousand head of cattle. This property became quite valuable in 1848, when gold was discovered in California. In 1849 he was still engaged in merchandising in Monterey, but af- terward removed to his ranch, where he carried on stock-raising and mining. In 1850 he con- ducted a mercantile business in Sacramento. In 1863 Mr. Dye sold his ranch and removed to Silver City, Idaho, engaging in business in Idaho City and afterward at Silver City, where he resided until 1869. He then went to Mountain City, Nevada, where he was engaged in merchan- dising for about two years, when he went to Cor- ralitos, California, where he departed this life on the 4th of March, 1883. He had been one of the first Americans to locate in that state, and was well known to the pioneers of the Pacific coast from Mexico to British Columbia. He soon learned the Spanish language and became ac- quainted with all the prominent Spanish and Mexican families on the coast. His first wife was a Spanish lady of great culture and refine- ment, a relative of Governor Peco. He was ac- tive in the war which secured California to the United States, was present at the raising of the Bear flag and also took an active part in raising the stars and stripes in California. He was inti- mately acquainted with General Sutler, General Bidwell, Major Reading and General Fremont, and during his early life was one of the best known and most active citizens, being promi- nently connected with the mining interests and having gold in such abundance that it was al- most a waste of time to count the cost of little things. He gave as high as fifty head of cattle at one time to feed the Indians, and no stranger who knocked at his door to seek food or shelter was ever turned away. Hospitality there reigned su- preme, and was accompanied by the sister virtue of generosity. He was a man of kindly impulses, of sterling worth, honest in all his dealings, and devoted to his family. He not only watched the wonderful development that transformed the west from the wilderness to one of the richest sections of the country, and brought it from un- der the sway of Mexican rule to the liberty of the American republic, but aided in many movements for the public good and thus enduringly in- scribed his name on the pages of its history. Four of his children survive him: Mrs. John S. Butler, of Oakland, California; Rebecca L., who was married in 1868 to Charles M. Hays, their home being in Boise; and James and Newton, now of Santa Cruz county, California. HON. JOHN S. BARRETT. The pluckiest men, those who may go down temporarily in the world's great battle, but who will never give up the fight and are certain to overcome all obstacles and win the victory soon- er or later, are those who have gone into the battle while yet in their childhood, and as boys have done the work of men, and have been men before their time. An illustration of this fact is afforded by the career of Hon. John S. Barrett, of Montpelier, Idaho. John S. Barrett was born in London, England, February 8, 1854. In 1860, when he was eight years old, he and an older sister were sent to the United States with' a company bound for Salt Lake City, Utah. In 1864 his father, Henry Barrett, came over and made a home at Salt Lake City. He was a carpenter by trade, an indus- 592 HISTORY OF IDAHO. trious and reputable citizen and a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. He died at Salt Lake City in 1897, aged eighty-four years. John S. Barrett had little opportunity for schooling, but he has gained much knowledge by the way he has gone through life and is a well informed man, with special ability for important business affairs. He attended district school a little and was sent to a night school a while. He began his active life as a farmer's boy-of-all-work, drove team and labored in the harvest field, and at length got a chance to clerk in a store, where he soon developed ability to sell goods. This was the beginning of his real career. He perse- vered in it and prospered in it, and in 1889 opened a somewhat pretentious store at Mont- pelier. He was successful until the panic of 1893 caught him unprepared and compelled him to dis- continue the enterprise. He was offered and ac- cepted a position as bookkeeper in the store of the Co-operative Wagon & Machine Company, and held it until 1899, when he relinquished it to become manager of the Sidney Stevens Imple- ment Company, dealers in all kinds of farm im- plements, wagons and carriages. The home plant of this company is at Ogden, Utah, and it has branches at Logan. Utah, and Preston and Montpelier, Idaho, and many agencies in differ- ent states. It is one of the oldest and largest concerns of its kind in Utah, has an extensive capital and is operating successfully on a mam- moth scale. At Ogden it has large shops, where it manufactures some of the products it handles. Under Mr. Barrett's management the business of the Montpelier branch is prosperous and steadily increasing, and his success is gratifying alike to his employers and to himself. In politics, from the Democratic point of view, Mr. Barrett has taken an active interest, and he has several times been elected to the office of school trustee, has been a member of the city council of Montpelier, has been mayor of the city and in 1894 was elected to the state legislature, where he was influential in securing the passage of the law under which the state supplies text- books to pupils in the public schools, a very ex- cellent plan, and one which puts Idaho far in advance of many older states in the matter of placing education in the reach of even the poor- est children. He was also active in securing the passage in the lower house of a bill providing for the removal of the county-seat of Bear Lake county from Paris to Montpelier. Though this bill failed in the senate, it was favored by a large portion of the population, as the location of Montpelier, in the geographical center of the county and on the railroad, was a strong argu- ment for the proposed removal. Mr. Barrett is the owner of a sawmill at Liberty and has an established insurance business, with as good a line of companies as are represented at Montpel- ier. He is a Woodman of the World and is a zealous member of the 'Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, holding the office of elder and working forcefully in the mutual-improvement society of the church which has been made a power for good. In 1876 Mr. Barrett married Miss Eliza Ann Stewart, a native of San Bernardino, California, and they have five children: Alfred, Minnie, Cyn- thia, Edward and Hannah. The people of Mont- pelier have come to regard Mr. Barrett as one of the most public-spirited men in the city. He is progressive and generously helpful to every measure which in his judgment tends to the gen- eral good. HON. JAMES E. HART. Faithfulness is the surest stepping-stone to suc- cess. Faithfulness in small things begets confi- dence in one's ability to undertake more consid- erable tasks; and in business life, in professional life, in the church and in public affairs, faithful- ness and thoroughness have carried thousands and are carrying thousands up from the day and place of small things to places of higher and still higher responsibility and honor. These thoughts have been suggested by a consideration of the successful career of the man whose name appears above. James E. Hart, clerk of the district court and ex-officio auditor and recorder of Bear Lake county, Idaho, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, January 17, 1857, descending in both lines from old English families. His parents, James H. and Emily (Ellingham) Hart, were born in England and married there, and came to America and took up their residence in St. Louis, in 1854. They had embraced the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and Mr. Hart had done missionary work in England and France HISTORY OF IDAHO. 593 for seven years, under President John Taylor. He had learned the use of the French language and had been sent to St. Louis on account of the goodly percentage of French residents there, and from 1854 to 1857 had charge of a local branch of the church, as its president. He organized a colony for Utah in the year last mentioned, and was naturally chosen its captain. It was joined by others until it became a large party, which re- quired about forty wagons to cross the plains to Utah. Oxen were their draft animals. Besides their provisions and outfit, they had a number of sick, old and weak people, and women and chil- dren. For a considerable time after his arrival in Utah Mr. Hart was in charge of a nail factory. Later other interests claimed his attention until his final retirement from active life. He lives near Paris, aged seventy-four years, highly re- spected by a wide circle of acquaintances. His wife died in 1892, aged seventy-one years. They had six children, of whom James E. Hart was the youngest, and is the only survivor. Mr. Hart was in the first year of his life when his parents took him to Salt Lake City, and had attained only to the age of six years when the family came to what is now Bear Lake county, Idaho. He was educated in the public schools of Bloomington, Idaho, and at the University of Utah, and was graduated, in 1890, in the law de- partment of the University of Michigan. He practiced his profession three years at Paris and at Logan, with increasing success, and was then called by his church to a mission in the southern states, where he labored successfully for twenty- seven months in Tennessee and for two years of that time was president of the East Tennessee Conference, which embraced forty counties in eastern Tennessee and about the same number in western North Carolina. He directed a very ex- tensive work there, which was signally productive of results, and at its termination returned to Ida- ho, where he was called to take charge of the Bear Lake stake as the president of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association, an office which he still holds. For about one year he was in the implement trade at Montpelier, but gave most of his time to farming and stock-rais- ing. He was elected to the thirteenth session of the territorial legislature of Idaho and repre- sented the interests of his district ably and most conscientiously. A lawyer of praiseworthy at- tainments, an able man of affairs, a churchman devoted to all the interests of his church, he is peculiarly fitted to fill the ecclesiastical and secu- lar offices of high responsibility of which he is the incumbent, and he is discharging his duties with success. July 28, 1881, President Hart was united in marriage with Miss Elmira Beirdneau, of Ken- tucky ancestry, and a native of Logan, Utah. They have three daughters and two sons: El- mira E., Ermie B., Alta A., James B. and Clifford E. The family home of the Harts is one of the cosiest and most hospitable in the county. HENRY H. HOFF. The German character has impressed itself upon our American progress by the inculcation of lessons of thrift, industry and respect for the law. It has made itself felt in the development of our public educational system. In the pos- session of a goodly number of citizens of German parentage Idaho is fortunate. One of its lead- ing representative German-American citizens is Henry Herman Hoff, of Montpelier. Henry Herman Hoff was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 16, 1849, a son of John G. and Catharine (Pfitzenmaier) Hoff, who were born in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1814, were married in the Fatherland, and came to the United States in 1835. Mr. Hoff became a wholesale boot and shoe merchant at Philadelphia, where he died in 1891, aged seventy-seven. Mrs. Hoff died in 1861, aged forty-seven. They had seven sons and two daughters, of whom only four are living. Henry Herman Hoff, the sixth son in order of nativity, attended the public schools of Philadelphia until he was twelve years old, and then took up the battle for bread on his own ac- count. He spent six years in acquiring a knowl- edge of the butcher's trade and business, in which he has been employed almost continuously since, latterly as the proprietor of extensive interests in that line. He was at Chicago four years, until after the great fire of 1871, of which he has a vivid recollection; at San Francisco, California, four months and then went to Salt Lake City, where he met two of his brothers, whom he had not seen for thirteen years. After an interval in which he hauled ore for smelters and was em- 594 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ployed by a railroad company, he filled out the balance of a year at Salt Lake City as manager of the wholesale slaughter-house of B. A. Stevens. He spent the ensuing fifteen months at Evans- ton, Wyoming, then went to Pleasant Grove, Utah, where, on March 8, 1875, he married Miss Harriet Bacon, a native of that place, born De- cember 22, 1856, a daughter of Chauncey Bacon. During the first year of his married life he lived at Salt Lake City. He then went back to Evans- ton, Wyoming, and for four years was employed by Crawford, Thompson & Company, the firm with which he had been at the time of his previous residence there, and for another year by Jay McDonald. He then removed to Georgetown, Idaho, where he took up one hundred and sixty acres of land. He has since added to his landed possessions until he has at this time four hundred acres, on which he pastures his stock and raises hay and grain. He is a breeder, on an extensive scale, of Cotswold sheep, Clydesdale horses, Dur- ham cattle and Berkshire hogs, and has a large, well equipped meat market at Montpelier. He is entitled to the credit of having been the pio- neer meat-market proprietor of Bear Lake county. His lifelong experience renders him an expert in every detail of this business, and he is known as a bright, active and capable business man. A Democrat who has always voted his party ticket and worked for the triumph of the Demo- cratic principles, Mr. Hoff has attained much in- fluence in political circles and has been entrusted with work of great public importance. In Feb- rUary, 1893, he was appointed by Governor Mc- Connell a member of the second board of regents of the University of the State of Idaho. He en- tered upon the work of the position with char- acteristic promptness and thoroughness and brought to bear upon it all his trained business ability. When he became a member of the board of regents, only the west wing of the university building had been erected, and during his term of service the main building and east wing have been built. The structure is a credit to the state and to those who had the supervision of its erec- tion. He has since been appointed by Governor Steunenberg a member of the board of the State Normal School at Albion. An Odd Fellow of many years' membership, Mr. Hoff has passed the chairs of both the subordinate lodge and the en- campment, has represented his lodge in the grand lodge and has the honor of having been grand patriarch of the order in the state. For nine years he was secretary of his lodge. He is a Woodman of the World, and for three years has been secretary of his lodge of that order. Mr. Hoff and his family are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, in which he holds the office of elder. Public-spirited to a marked degree, he has done very much toward the propagation of religion and education throughout the county and state, and has assisted by every means at his command every movement having for its object the enhancement of the hap- piness and prosperity of any considerable num- ber of his fellow citizens. There have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Hoff six children, named as fol- lows: Beatrice H., H. Herman, Edward C., Ern- est P., Myrtle Desant and Frank Emanuel. MOSES ALEXANDER. The sturdy German element in our national commonwealth has been one of the most impor- tant in furthering the substantial and normal ad- vancement of the country, for this is an element signally appreciative of practical values and also of the higher intellectuality which transcends all provincial confines. Well may any person take pride in tracing his lineage to such a source. Moses Alexander is one of the worthy sons that the Fatherland has furnished to America, and Boise now numbers him among her leading mer- chants, while in the office of mayor he is capably handling the reins of city government. He was born in Obrigheim, Germany, on the I3th of November, 1853, an( l acquired his educa- tion in his native country. He came to the United States in 1867, and after spending one year in New York city, went to Chillicothe, Mis- souri, where he was employed as a clerk in the store of Jacob Berg & Company until 1873, when he became a partner in the enterprise, the firm name, however, being changed at that time to Wallbrunn, Alexander & Company. He was thus engaged in business until February, 1891, and on the I4th of July, of the same year, he opened a store in Boise, where he has since car- ried on operations as a dealer in men's clothing and furnishing goods. His establishment is lo- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 595 cated at the corner of Seventh and Main streets, and he has a large and well selected stock, which enables him to retain an extensive patronage. His business methods are commendable, and suc- cess has crowned his enterprising efforts. For many years Mr. Alexander has taken quite an active interest in political affairs, giving his support to the Democratic party on questions of national importance. In 1886 he was elected to represent the second ward of Chillicothe, Mis- souri, in the city council, and the following year was elected mayor of that city on the non-par- tisan citizens' ticket. In 1897 he was elected mayor of Boise on the Citizens' Silver-Improve- ment ticket, by a plurality of more than three hundred. He has been a progressive mayor, and during his administration many important im- provements have been inaugurated and carried forward to successful completion. He ever places principle before party, and the general good be- fore self-aggrandizement, and his public service has been that of a trustworthy and practical busi- ness man. On the 5th of November, 1876, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Alexander and Miss Helen Keastner, the wedding taking place in St. Joseph, Missouri. The lady is a native of Crimmitzschau, Saxony, and crossed the Atlantic to Ameri- ca in 1868. To Mr. and Mrs. Alexander have been born three daughters and a son. Mr. Alex- ander is a member of Chillicothe Lodge, No. 333, F. & A. M., and is a man of social qualities. His genuine worth and freedom from all ostentation have won recognition in the friendly regard which is so uniformly extended him. HON. TANNES E. MILLER. Many interesting stories might be told by the early pioneers of Idaho, but it is not likely there are many men living in the state who could tell more stories, or stories of greater interest, than Senator Tannes E. Miller, and Senator Miller can go back of the pioneer days in Idaho and tell tales of the building and sailing of ships in Wis- consin and of pioneer life among the Indians. Senator Miller is one of Idaho's most useful citizens and one .of Latah county's most promi- nent pioneers and most successful farmers. He has a model farm, which is located two miles east of Genesee. It is not only a very productive farm, but a very beautiful homestead, for Senator Miller is a man of refined taste, who be- lieves there is nothing too good for his family. Tannes E. Miller was born in Norway, August 6, 1840, eldest child of Tabias and Christine (Elle) Miller, and came to America with his parents and brothers and sisters in 1849, and located in Wisconsin. His father had been a sea captain, but took up the life of a farmer and made a suc- cess of it. Mr. and Mrs. Miller were of the Luth- eran faith. Mr. Miller died at the age of seventy- two, his wife at the age of sixty-three. Mrs. Miller died only a year later than her husband. They had eight sons and a daughter, five of whom are living. When the Millers arrived in Wisconsin the fu- ture senator was nine years old. For a boy of his age he was quite well educated, for his father had taken him to sea with him and had taught him with much system and thoroughness. Those were pioneer days in that part of Wisconsin in which the Millers had found a home, and the boy was busy, and educational facilities were meager, and he attended school but twenty-one days in Wisconsin. But he studied at home, read when he had time, kept his eyes open wherever he went, and grew to manhood intelligent, alert and well informed. He lived the life of a farmer boy and youth, attaining his majority in 1861, a few months after the outbreak of the war of the states. He early formed a determination to enlist for soldier's duty in the Union cause, and September 6, 1862, he joined Company D, Sixty-seventh Illinois Volun- teer Infantry, with which he served three months. In 1863 he enlisted in the First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery. He was in the memorable battle of Missionary Ridge, in which the federal troops covered themselves with so much glory, and later was on several detached services as bugler and clerk, etc. He was on General Stoneman's staff and later was chief bugler to General Steadman. He was once appointed by his lieutenant colonel for drum major of the regiment, but his captain refused to transfer him because he was the only company bugler, so he could not accept the pro- motion. He was honorably discharged from the service at Nashville, Tennessee, September 6. 1865, just three years to the day after his first en- listment. 596 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Returning to Wisconsin, he gave himself up to the acquisition of the trade of ship-builder. He began at rough work and finished in the draught- ing department. But by the marriage of the son, his father gave him a small farm and it was so located and situated that it demanded his time and attention, and this event changed his plans. After a few years he sold that property and bought another farm, in Waupaca county, on which he lived four years, then took charge of his father's farm until, April 9, 1878, he started for Idaho. He made this journey via San Francisco and by ship to Portland, Oregon. Thence he made his way to Lewiston, and May 6 following his departure from Wisconsin located on the farm which has since been his home. He pre- empted a claim of one hundred and sixty acres and an eighty-acre timber-culture claim. He came to the place with a wife and eight children and a cash capital of twenty-five dollars, all the money he had left after paying the ordinary ex- penses of the journey for ten persons. But he faced the future bravely, and his ability was rec- ognized by his pioneer neighbors. On the day of his arrival he was chosen superintendent of the construction of a fort for the protection of the settlers from the Indians, who were quite numer- ous and whose friendship was not to be relied on implicitly. Less than two months after he came to Idaho he was the prime mover in the organiza- tion of as good a Fourth of July celebration as the few settlers could put up. It was not numer- ously attended, but the entire population was present and it was very patriotic. Senator Miller was formerly, for years, a Re- publican, but is now a Populist of very inde- pendent thought, studying all economic problems for himself and favoring that only which he deems best for the country. His interest in public education has been deep and abiding, and he has served his school district for twenty years as a trustee. He was elected to the state senate in 1894, and served on several important com- mittees and was prominent in championing the location that was adopted for the Idaho State University. When his fellow senators found that he could not be led and was fearless and aggres- sive, he exerted a strong and valuable influence. Senator Miller raises a variety of crops on his farm. The principal one is wheat. He has planted many kinds of fruit trees, shade trees and flowers, which combine to render the place one of the most beautiful in this part of the state. The home life of the family has always been happy in the extreme. Mr. Miller was married April 7, 1866, to Miss Anna Halverson. Several of their children are now settled in life. The eldest daughter married in 1885 and died in 1889, leaving a son and a daughter, and the former is now a member of the household of his grandfather Miller and the latter has a home with her paternal grandfather. Roderick C, Alfred and Leo Miller, three of Senator Miller's sons, are farmers on the Nez Perces reservation. Rachel Christine, Frederick and Charlotte are members of their parents' household. The Millers are talented as musicians and artists, the Senator himself being a proficient player on eight instru- ments, and a painter of no mean ability. His children have inherited his genius, and the walls of the Miller home are hung with paintings made by different members of the family, many of these productions being artistic and elegant. Mr. and Mrs. Miller were formerly Lutherans, but the family are communicants of the Methodist Epis- copal church, in which Senator Miller is record- ing steward and of which he a generous sup- porter. CHRISTIAN WALLANTINE. Christian Wallantine, one of the prominent farmers and old residents of Paris, Idaho, is a native of Denmark, having been born on the little island of Barnholm, in the Baltic sea, off the Danish coast, October 21, 1841. He is a descendant of German ancestry on his father's side, representing in this line very old Teutonic stock. His parents were Wallantine and Augel Margaret (Kofoot) Wallentinesen, who, having become converts to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints, decided to cross the ocean and live out the remainder of their days in Utah, where it was promised the temple of this church should be erected. They came in 1853-4, and were quite a year in making the voyage across the sea arid the long and tedious journey across the plains. They were able to employ only the most primitive means, and they had no team swifter or better than oxen, which the men and big boys took turns at driving, and which, with the plodding patience HISTORY OF IDAHO. 597 of their kind, came with them at last to their jour- ney's end. The parents brought with them their three sons; and Christian, the second born, was then thirteen years old; and he has a vivid recol- lection of their hardships, their hopes and fears, their mishaps, their perils, seen and unseen, and their long, tense struggle against wind and weather, miasma and ever increasing weariness, and of the great thankfulness that filled their hearts when at last the family stood unbroken in the paved streets of Salt Lake City. He could never forget that day, though he should live to die with the world. His father took up government land at Brig- ham City, Utah, and became a successful farmer, a prominent citizen and one of the lights of his church, of which when he died, aged sixty-five, he had been for many years a priest and high priest. His wife died a year or so later, at about the same age. Their eldest son, August, is the bishop of the fourth ward of Brigham City. Their youngest son, Charles, is a farmer and lives near Rexburg, Fremont county, Idaho. Facilities for public education near the early home of the Wallentinsens, on the little Danish island, were very poor; and though Christian at- tended such schools as there were until he was nearly ten years old he is almost entirely self- educated. From childhood he helped his parents until he attained the age of eighteen. Then he set up in the world for himself, working on a farm for wages, and a year later married Miss Elizabeth Caldwell, a native of Scotland. They came to Paris, now in Bear Lake county, in 1864, among the very first settlers at the place. He was then twenty-three years old. He located on property which he still occupies, and has the his- torical distinction of having erected upon it the first frame house in Bear Lake valley. His little claim has grown, however, until it is a farm of four hundred acres, and Mr. Wallantine raises some grain, a great deal of timothy hay and many fine Durham cattle and Clydesdale horses, as well as cattle and horses of crossed breeds. When, in common with other thinking men of his faith, Mr. Wallantine began to see that politics would inevitably have an irresistible influence on Mormon affairs, he began to cast about for a political anchorage, and rested at last within the haven of Democracy. A man of good ability and of undoubted integrity, he came in time to find various public offices seeking him, and as his party was strong enough to elect him to them he served successively in the offices of constable, school trustee, under-sheriff, sheriff, county commissioner and representative in the Idaho legislature, to which he was elected in 1896; and in 1898 he was re-elected for a second term, and was the only member succeeding him- self in that year. He has taken part in the most important work of the sessions to which he was sent, always intelligently, influentially and with a keen appreciation of his responsibilities. It was he who formulated the bill equalizing property valuation in the several counties of the state so that the burden of taxation might rest upon all the citizens of the state in equal measure accord- ing to their financial ability. In the discharge of duty, public or private, he is prompt, thor- ough and utterly fearless, and his interest in everything that affects the welfare of the people is so great and his impulses are so generous that he is a leader among the public-spirited citizens of Bear Lake county. Mr. and Mrs. Wallantine have had eleven chil- dren, of whom nine are living, as follows: Chris- tian William is married and lives near his father ; Charles A. assists his father in carrying on his farm and is the owner of a ranch near by; Thomas Caldwell is married and lives at Dingle, where he owns a farm; Annie is married to Robert Kelsey; Robert W. is also married and lives on his own farm, not far from his father's; Clara, Elizabeth, Mabel and Ray are members of their father's household. JOHN W. BRIGHAM. A large and well improved ranch eight and a half miles southeast of the city of Moscow, in Latah county, is owned by John Warren Brig- ham, who is regarded as one of the most enter- prising and progressive agriculturists of this part of the state. His business ability, untiring indus- try and capable management have been the chief elements in his success and have gained him a position among the substantial residents of the county. Mr. Brigham is a native of California, his birth having occurred in Placer county, on the 22d of March, 1857. On the paternal side he is of Eng- 598 HISTORY OF IDAHO. lish and Welsh lineage, and on the maternal side of English and Dutch descent. The original American ancestors of the Brigham family left the "merrie isle" to become residents of New England, and his great-grandfather fought in the Revolutionary war, participating in the battle of Bunker Hill. He was a resident of Massachusetts, and was a shoemaker by occupation. The grand- father, Curtis Brigham, was born in Massachu- setts and became a Baptist minister. With his family he removed to Michigan in an early day, locating in Plainwell, Allegan county, where he entered the government land that now lies within the corporation limits of that city. He improved his property and there made his home until his death, which occurred when he was eighty years of age, his wife surviving until she had passed the eighty-fourth milestone on life's journey. They were members of the Baptist church, and were people of sterling worth. Curtis Brigham, the father of our subject, was ten years of age when the family settled in Michi- gan, and was therefore reared amid the wild scenes of the frontier. He was educated in the public schools and in the academy of the town and was a man of much intelligence and broad general information. In his religious views he might have been termed a liberal Baptist. He married Miss Esther Metcalf, a native of Ohio, and in 1854 went to California by way of the isthmus of Panama. Two years later his wife and two young sons joined him in the Golden state, and in order to support his family he devoted his energies to farming in the San Joaquin valley, where he owned a large ranch and was also ex- tensively engaged as an apiarist. In 1875 he came to Latah county, Idaho, where he died in the sixty-sixth year of his age, his wife passing away in her fifty-fourth year. Their Christian piety was manifest in their upright .lives, and they were faithful laborers in the Master's vine- yard. The father was the founder of the first Baptist church in Plainwell, Michigan, and it grew to be a very large and influential organiza- tion. Mr. and Mrs. Brigham had a family of six children, five of whom are living. John Warren Brigham, the third in order of birth, was educated in the public schools of Cali- fornia and came to his present home in Latah county in 1878. This was then a new and unde- veloped district, and he secured both a pre-emp- tion and homestead claim from the government. With characteristic energy and determination he began transforming the raw land into rich and fertile fields, and now has one of the fine farming properties in this section of the state. The im- provements include a good residence and barn, an excellent fish pond, and orchards covering sixty-five acres. He raises nearly all kinds of fruit, grain, vegetables and stock, uses improved machinery in the cultivation of the fields, and follows the most advanced and progressive meth- ods in all departments of his farm work. Through his well directed labors he has attained a position among the substantial farmers of Idaho, and his success is the just reward of his efforts. For a number of years Mr. Brigham lived alone upon his ranch, but in 1893 he was united in marriage to Miss Nellie Wilson, a native of Nebraska and a daughter of William Wilson, now of Latah county, Idaho. They now have two interesting little children: John Wilson and Verna Esther. The parents are valued members of the United Brethren church, and in political faith Mr. Brigham is a Republican. He was a member of the fifteenth territorial council, the state convention which framed the present con- stitution of Idaho, was a member of the first state senate, and at the present writing, 1899, also occupies a seat in the upper house of the general assembly. He is a man of ideas, viewing broadly and in an unprejudiced manner the ques- tions that come up for consideration, and having at heart the best interest of his fellow men and the state of his adoption. He considers carefully- all issues, and his mature judgment has had a marked and beneficial influence upon the legisla- tion of the commonwealth. During campaigns he has labored earnestly for the success of his party, delivering many addresses in support of its principles and is a recognized leader in its ranks. His career, both public and private, is irreproachable, and such men are an honor to Idaho. WILLIAM F. HERRINGTON. The medical profession would seem to afford a better business training than any other of the learned professions. At least, of the lawyers and clergymen who turn their attention to the busi- ness very many of them fail. Very few physicians HISTORY OF IDAHO. 599 do, and in almost any community the successful physician develops, without apparent effort, into the successful man of affairs. One of the many medical men who are making noteworthy careers as business men is the gentleman whose name is the title of this article. Dr. William F. Herrington was born in Jeffer- son county, Missouri, September 12, 1861, a son of S. G. and Jane (Beeler) Herrington. His father was born in Missouri also, in 1841, and is now a well-to-do farmer in the southern part of that state. His mother, a native of Tennessee, died in Missouri, when only twenty-four years of age. After gaining a practical education in the pub- lic schools of Salem, Missouri, and spending sev- eral years in business pursuits, young Herrington began the study of medicine, at the age of twenty-four, under the preceptorship of Dr. L. B. Laws, of Houston, Missouri. Later he took a course of professional lectures at Cincinnati, Ohio, and was graduated in 1889 from the American Medical College, of St. Louis, Mis- souri, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He practiced his profession one year in Missouri and one year in the state of Washington, and in 1891 took up his residence at Wallace, Idaho, where he was in successful practice until 1895 and was attending physician at Providence Hos- pital from July, 1891, to October, 1894. Since 1895 he has been engaged in the real-estate and insurance business, and he is now a member of the firm of Herrington & Rossi (William F. Herrington and Herman J. Rossi), which does the leading real-estate business of Shoshone county and represents forty-three strong insur- ance companies. In 1885 Dr. Herrington married Miss Mary Coats, of Missouri, and they have four children, named Grover, Bessie, Maude and Edna. Dr. Herrington is an influential Democrat, active and popular in political circles throughout the state. He is a Mason, an Elk and an Odd Fellow. As a citizen he is always reliably public-spirited and helpful. JOHN J. BINGMAN. For twenty-two years this gentleman has car- ried on agricultural pursuits on Camas prairie and is now the owner of one of the finest farms that adorn this section of the state. He was born in Pennsylvania, in 1853, a son of Jacob and Mary Louisa (Swarts) Bingman, also natives of the Keystone state. The father was a farmer and a charcoal burner, and at the time of the civil war he enlisted in his country's service as a de- fender of the Union. He was a drum major and belonged to Company E, Fifty-third Pennsylva- nia Volunteer Infantry, with which he served un- til injured, when he was honorably discharged. He lived to be seventy-five years of age, and died in 1882, his wife passing away when seventy-four years of age. They were the parents of fourteen children, and their three eldest sons, James, George and Charles, entered the Union army. .James laid down his life on the altar of his country. He was taken prisoner, and after suffering all the hardships and privations of life in Andersonville, he passed away. Ten of the family still survive. Mr. Bingman of this review was educated .in the public schools of his native state, and since ten years of age has not only earned his own living but gave his wages to his father until he had attained his majority. Leaving the Keystone state, he then went to Michigan, where he was employed as a farm hand until 1877, when, hop- ing to take advantage of the government's offer of land, he came to Idaho and entered one hun- dred and sixty acres on Camas prairie, one of the richest agricultural districts in the entire northwest. The farm is conveniently and pleas- antly located four miles north of Grangeville and thereon he has built a good house and barn and made other substantial improvements. Some of the land has been transformed into rich fields, giving evidence of abundant harvests, and the other is used as pasture lands for his cattle, horses and hogs. Both as a general grain farmer and stock-raiser he has met with good success, being a very industrious, energetic man, which qualities are the elements of prosperity. In 1883 Mr. Bingman returned east, and on the I4th of February, 1888, married Miss Rose G. White, by whom he has one child, May Alice. They have since resided on the farm and are widely and favorably known in the community. Mr. Bingman exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Democ- racy. He was a participant in the Nez Perces war, and did duty at Mount Idaho and the coo HISTORY OF IDAHO. Grangeville stockade, and was also at the battle of Clearwater. The days of Indian hostilities being past, he has since zealously labored to pro- mote all interests calculated to benefit the com- munity, and his public spirit would make him a valued citizen in any community. L. C. EASTMAN. The quality of a man's manhood has every- thing, to do with not only the degree but with the quality of his success. In point of magni- tude a man's success may be great, but it may be of a character pitifully weak, if not dangerous to the public weal. The solid, substantial, honest and admirable success which brings a man not only money but the respect of his fellow men is the kind of success that has crowned the endeav- ors of the man whose name appears as the title of this article. L. C. Eastman, postmaster at Soda Springs, Idaho, and pioneer and leading druggist of that city, was born at Oskaloosa, Iowa, August 22, 1855, a son of Hon. Enoch and Caroline (Green- ough) Eastman. The founder of this family of Eastman in America was Jeremiah Eastman, an English gentleman who had a fine place near some of the landed property of the king of Eng- land. Frequently, it is related, he was annoyed by the sheep belonging to His Majesty breaking into his grounds and injuring them. Remon- strance was vain. One day the animals invaded Mr. Eastman's garden and destroyed it, and in driving them out, not any too gently perhaps, the wronged subject shot one of them, greatly to the displeasure of those who were presumed to have them in charge and to His Majesty's personal displeasure also, it appears likely, for he was menaced with such serious trouble and personal danger because of this trivial occurrence, that he was obliged to seek safety beyond the borders of his native land. With his two sons he escaped to New England, embarking from Liverpool, and settled in Haverhill, Massachusetts, where his wife joined him not long afterward. He and his descendants were active in making our early his- tory. Some of them did patriotic service for the cause of the colonies in the seven-years fight for American independence, and John Eastman, L. C. Eastman's paternal grandfather, served his country in the war of 1812-14, and Mr. Eastman has this ancestor's honorable discharge from the United States army. He lived to a good old age and died respected and regretted. Hon. Enoch Eastman, L. C. Eastman's father, was born in Epsom, New Hampshire, and mar- ried Miss Caroline Greenough in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He became a lawyer and removed to Iowa, where he practiced his profession and became a prominent citizen and leading Republi- can. He long represented his county in the Iowa legislature and was lieutenant governor of that state. He died in Iowa, in 1885. His wife died in 1861, aged forty-four years. They had eight children, of whom four are living and of whom four died in infancy or early childhood. L. C. Eastman was educated in the public schools of Iowa, and at sixteen years of age faced the world with a demand for a living, which he was quite willing to earn. He found employment as an assistant on the survey of the Iowa Central Railroad, and in 1882 went west as far as Colo- rado, where he engaged in quartz-mining with little success and in the drug trade at the same time with more satisfactory results. His partner in the drug business was N. J. Brown, M. D., and their store was at Kiowa, Colorado. In 1884 he came to Soda Springs and opened the pioneer pharmacy in the town. He has been quite suc- cessful in this enterprise and has a large estab- lishment, in which he carries a full line of drugs and medicines, paints, oils and stationery. His trade is large and constantly growing and ex- tending over a wider area, and he is so popular personally that, notwithstanding he is a Repub- lican, he was appointed postmaster at Soda Springs under President Cleveland's first admin- istration. In 1897 he was again appointed to the same office, under President McKinley's admin- istration. The people of Soda Springs have implicit confidence in him as a business man and know him as a thoroughly public-spirited citizen, who has the important interests of the town close to his heart and is always ready to promote them, financially or otherwise, to the extent of his ability. He has erected and fitted up one of the pleasantest and most comfortable homes in the city. He was married, in October, 1885, to Miss Caroline Dorrien, a native of Salt Lake City, Utah. Their union has been blessed by four children: Elbert W., Loretta, Marguerite and HISTORY OF IDAHO. 601 Richard Gorton, the latter having been named in honor of Mr. Eastman's neighbor and personal friend, the late Hon. George W. Gorton, one of whose sons bears the name of Eastman. PETER J. HOLOHAN. The gentleman whose name appears above claims distinction as having been one of the first settlers at Wallace, Idaho, and as a member of the firm of Holohan & McKinlay, dealers in tobacco and cigars, he is recognized as one of the prominent business men of that city. He is a native of Hardin county, Kentucky, and is a son of Michael and Ann (Welsh) Holohan, natives of Ireland, who came early in life to the United States and met and married here, settling in Ken- tucky about 1850. Michael Holohan died in Idaho, in 1880, aged about fifty years, and his widow, now about sixty-two years old, is living at Wallace. They had eight children, of whom six are now living, and of whom Peter J. Holohan was the second in order of nativity. At nine years of age Peter J. Holohan accom- panied his parents and brothers and sisters from Kentucky to Iowa, where the family lived until 1878. He then went to Oregon, but remained only a short time before settling with his father's family on Camas prairie, in Idaho (now in Idaho county), where he lived until 1885, five years after his father's death, and then came to Wal- lace, where he was one of the first settlers. Mr. Holohan's first enterprise after taking up his residence at Wallace was in packing mer- chandise to the various mining camps round about, where it met with ready sale. Later he engaged in real-estate operations and thus ac- quired considerable property, notably an interest in the Holohan & McKinlay block at Wallace, occupied partially by the tobacco and cigar estab- lishment of Holohan & McKinlay. He has mined with some success, too, and has conducted all of the enterprises with which he has had to do with so much energy and good judgment that he ranks as one of the leading business men of the city. Personally Mr. Holohan is very popular, and he has a large acquaintance, which is constantly augmented by his membership of the Benevolem and Protective Order of Elks and by his activity as a Democrat, for he is a Democrat of the kind that is bred in "Old Kentucky" and has been chairman of the Democratic county central com- mittee of Shoshone county, and is influential in all important and local councils of his party. He was married in 1881 to Miss Mildred Sebastian, a native of Oregon, and they have two children named Denis and Guy. ALBERT SMALL. Albert Small, the senior member of the firm of Small & Emery, prominent wholesale dealers in and manufacturers of lumber, and proprietors of the Lewiston Lumber Mills, is a native of the province of New Brunswick, born September 30, 1841, and is of English and Scotch ancestry. His great-grandfather Small was a sea captain who emigrated to the state of Maine, where for mam years he made his home and headquarters. He attained the advanced age of eighty-seven years, while his wife, who bore the maiden name of Mitchell, reached the remarkable age of ninety- seven. They were the parents of six sons and seven daughters, and the first member of the family to pass away was fifty-two years of age at the time of his death. One of the number, Daniel Small, the father of our subject, was born in New Brunswick, and having arrived at years of matur- ity married Lavina Monroe, by whom he had nine children, Albert being the third in order of birth. The father passed away at the age of sixty- two years, and the mother died about the same time, at the age of sixty years. They were indus- trious farming people, and were members of the Baptist church. During his early boyhood Albert Small accom- panied his parents on their removal to the Pine Tree state, and he is indebted to the public-school system of Maine for the educational privileges he received. He had just reached his twentieth year, when the great civil war was at its height, and in response to the president's call for volunteers he enlisted in the First Maine Cavalry and served with the glorious Army of the Potomac until the close of hostilities. He witnessed one hundred and three engagements, great and small, and never was injured in the slightest way, nor was he off duty for a single day on account of illness. He was seventeen months at General J. Irvin Craig's headquarters, in the provost marshal's office, and the remainder of the time at the head- quarters of General C. H. Smith, who was com- 602 HISTORY OF IDAHO. mander of the Third Brigade in their division. In 1862 he was sent to General Meade's headquar- ters and was with him up to and through the battle of Gettysburg, and also saw the great de- feat and slaughter of the Union forces at Fred- ericksburg. On the 27th of May, 1865, he received an honorable discharge, at Petersburg, Virginia. In August of the same year Mr. Small went to Montana, where he remained for nine years. He was engaged in mining and in various other pursuits, spending a considerable portion of that time in Helena, in charge of a freighting busi- ness. On leaving that city he went to Walla Walla, where for twelve years he was actively en- gaged in business pursuits, and then went to the Coeur d'Alene district, where he built a sawmill and furnished the mines in that country with much of the lumber they used. For twelve years he was successfully conducting that enterprise and then came to Lewiston, in 1897. Here he formed the firm of Small & Emery, which is now doing a very extensive and profitable wholesale business. They are proprietors of the Lewiston Lumber Mills, and are doing a large business in the manufacture and sale of lumber, posts, shin- gles, lath, sash, doors, moldings and casings. They also put up wood and pack ice, and their annual sales have reached a large amount. The firm enjoy a most enviable reputation in com- mercial circles, for the partners are men of recog- nized business ability and unquestioned integrity. They manufacture their lumber from logs which come from the Palouse country and also from the large white-pine forests on the Clearwater river, and these are brought down the stream in rafts. The mill has a capacity of twenty-five thousand feet of lumber in ten hours. In addi- tion to the work of the sawmill and factory, they deal in all kinds of building materials., and Mr. Small also has a number of valuable mining inter- ests in Idaho and British Columbia. In 1880 Mr. Small married Miss Annie Welsh, a native of Canada, and to them have been born four children : Albert, who is associated with his father in business;- Melville; and Rodney and Nora, who are in school. In politics Mr. Small is a stalwart Republican, but has never sought nor desired political office for himself. His name is on the membership roll of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and he has filled all the chairs in the local lodge, while in his life he exemplifies the noble and beneficent principles of the fraternity. He is widely known in northern Idaho and has a host of warm friends, who esteem him for the posses- sion of those sterling traits of character which in every land and every clime command respect. WILLIAM BUDGE. Bishop Budge, of Paris, state senator repre- senting Bear Lake county, Idaho, one of the most widely known and influential men in the state as a citizen and as a Republican, and a power for good through his administration of the affairs of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in his stake and throughout Idaho, is a native of Lanark, Lanarkshire, Scotland, and a son of William and Mary (Scott) Budge, born May i, 1828. His father was of Highland Scotch ancestry and was born in Edinburg. His mother came of the Scotts of Douglas Castle, Scotland. They were of the highest respectability, of good social status and members of the Presbyterian church. Bishop Budge's father died in the sixty- third year of his life, and his mother at the age of forty-seven. They had eight children, of whom Senator Budge was the second born. He at- tended school in Scotland, but the education he gained in that way was so meager that he may truly be said to be a man self-educated, as he is undoubtedly self-made in the best and most cred- itable sense of the term. At twenty he was con- verted to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and, almost immediately be- came one of its missionaries and labored in its behalf, in England, Scotland, Switzerland and Germany, with such great success that he sent many hundreds of converts to the headquarters of the church in America, and he was for some years second counselor of the president of the church in Europe. Much of this work he accom- plished before he was thirty. In 1860, when he was thirty-two, he brought about six hundred men, women and children to America on the sailing vessel William Tapscott. Their destination was Salt Lake City. They arrived at New York in July and were there joined by other converts, making a devoted band which, as its captain. Bishop Budge led in a long journey across the / HISTORY OF IDAHO. 603 plains. Seventy-two ox wagons were required. A few of the company died en route, and Bishop Budge lost his own little child by death on the plains. Once when they were encamped they were visited by a large party of Indians, whom they fed and who departed without molesting them in any way. The overland journey con- sumed three months, and the party reached Salt Lake City on October 5, 1860. Upon their arrival the church made provisions for those who were needy, and the others soon secured work here and there, or engaged in business if they had the means, and became permanent settlers. As for William Budge, he located at Farmington, Idaho, and while he did not abate his work for the church, labored for his material support at whatever his hands found to do. After a time he was ordained a bishop of the church, and removed to Cache valley, where he engaged in farming and was for six years county assessor and collector of taxes. Later he was sent abroad as president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Europe and fulfilled the responsibilities of that high office with signal ability for some years. In 1870 he came to Paris, Idaho, as bishop of the church in Bear Lake county and became prominent in the affairs of the church in Idaho. This office also he has filled with marked ability, and under his management the church has had a steady and substantial growth. A splendid tabernacle has been built at Paris by the Bear Lake Stake, at a cost of forty- seven thousand dollars, which is much the finest house of worship in the state of Idaho. A large building is being erected for a pretentious educa- tional institution under the church auspices, at which it is intended to fit students for college. These extensive building operations have been carried on under the Bishop's general super- vision, which has provided for the payment of all expenses as they have become due and has not created any debt, direct or indirect. For many years the Latter Day Saints took little interest in politics, but about the time of the admission of Utah to statehood they began to side with different parties in different localities as they believed their church and personal inter- ests dictated. Bishop Budge inclined to the Re- publican view of public questions and affiliated with that party. He was twice sent to the na- tional capital to exert his influence with congress- men in the interests of his people, and was twice elected to the Idaho territorial legislature from Bear Lake county and made a favorable reputa- tion for himself with the public men with whom he came in contact. In 1898 he was elected a member of the Idaho state senate, in which body he has served with ability, dignity and true de- votion to the best interests of his constituency. When Bishop Budge came to the territory now known as Bear Lake county, it was a poor coun- try, sparsely settled and offering little encourage- ment to investment or enterprise. His life and that of his associates was in a sense the life of the pioneer. In all the trials through which the people have passed, Bishop Budge has stood by them manfully and has used his great ability and personal influence to silence opposition and re- move obstacles. He has devoted so much of his time and labor to the church that he has been debarred from prospering financially as he might have done otherwise, and he has not acquired a large amount of property, but he has a pleasant home at Paris and a good ranch upon which he farms and raises stock successfully, and he is slowly but surely laying the foundation for a comfortable competence. He was married in 1856 to Miss Julia Stratford, a native of England. Five of their children have grown to maturity: Julia, who married Charles W. Nibley; Annie, who is postmistress at Paris; Mary, who married H. Smith Wooley; Jesse, now a student in the law department of the University of the State of Michigan; and Rose, who married Joseph R Shepherd. HENRY DUNN. There was a romantic side to early western history, romantic in the reading, and romantic and perilous in the living, which will always have a place in American literature. The men who participated in it were of the quality of manhood of which good soldiers are made, with a dash of the explorer, the adventurer and the pioneer. They were the avant heralds of advancing civil- ization, and when civilization came they were quick to avail themselves of the advantages it offered, and were more far-seeing than some other men when it came to penetrating the future and sizing up its possibilities and probabilities. Such a pioneer was Henry Dunn, of Blackfoot, G04 HISTORY OF IDAHO. who came to the west at the very dawn of its civilization and has made a place for himself and for his posterity in a country which has a glorious future and a destiny ever onward. Henry Dunn, one of the pioneer stock men of Bingliam county, came to Idaho in 1864. He was born in Liverpool, England, December 9, 1840, a son of James and Mary (Spinsby) Dunn, and is descended from a long line of English ancestors. When he was seven years old his parents emigrated to Canada. There his mother died at the age of seventy-four, in 1893, and his father, in the eighty-sixth year of his age, in 1894. They were educated and of more than ordinary ability and were lifelong members of the Epis- copal church. Mr. Dunn was a successful farm- er, and his sons were brought up with a thor- ough knowledge of the ancient and honorable pursuit to which he devoted his life. Of the four sons and five daughters of James and Mary (Spinsby) Dunn, all but one are living. Henry, the eldest child, was educated in Canada so far as facilities permitted, and by reading and ob- serving has come to be thoroughly informed on all subjects of interest to intelligent American citizens. He came to the United States in 1857 and located at St. Louis, Missouri, where he obtained employment as an omnibus driver. After a year he was employed on the old North Mis- souri Railroad. In the spring of 1861 he helped to stock the stage road from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Salt Lake City, Utah, and after that he drove stage for the noted Ben Halliday until the spring of 1864. He then came to Snake river, Idaho, and operated the Conner, Richards & Massey ferry, eight miles above Idaho Falls. The Mon- tana gold excitement was then at its height, and Mr. Dunn ferried many of the miners and pros- pectors who flocked to Alder Gulch. Later he ran a trading post, thirty miles north of Soda Springs, where he built a bridge of logs, which did much to facilitate travel past that point. In 1866 he came to what is now known as Lincoln valley and engaged in stock-raising. Thence he removed to Snake river, and in 1875 he came to Blackfoot, where he has one thousand acres of land and keeps five hundred fine Durham cattle. He has imported many fine animals, and in so doing has benefited not himself alone but this part of the state. He raises large quantities of the best alfalfa hay, which he -uses for winter feeding. Mr. Dunn has been a Democrat since before he was old enough to vote, but has never sought nor accepted office, preferring to give all his time and energy to his private affairs. He has always been a willing and effective worker and has richly earned the success that has crowned his efforts. He stands high as a citizen and as a business man whose word is always good, and to him is ac- corded the honor that belongs to the pioneer. His early life in the west was an adventurous one and such as is sought only by men of daring arid of enterprise, and the stories he could tell of the days of stages, log bridges and ferries would make a book of unusual interest. Mr. Dunn was married, in 1870, to Mary Jane Higham, a native of New Orleans, Louisiana, and their union has been blessed by the advent of five children,- Ettie (Mrs. David A. Johnson); Elizabeth (Mrs. R. M. Shannon); George, who assists his father in the management of his affairs; Margaret May, a member of her father's house- hold; and another not named here. CHARLES HOFF. The sturdy German element in our national commonwealth has been one of the most import- ant in furthering the substantial and normal ad- vancement of the country, for it is an element which takes practical values into account, and one of higher intellectuality which appreciates educational advantages and applies classical and special knowledge to the common affairs of life. Idaho has no citizens more patriotic than those of German-American birth, nor has it a citizen whose influence is better directed than that of one of the leading citizens of Montpelier whose useful career is here outlined. Charles Hoff was born in Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania, October 19, 1851, a son of John G. and Catharine (Pfitzenmaier) Hoff and a brother of Henry Herman Hoff, to a sketch of whose life, which appears in this volume, the reader is re- ferred for much of interest concerning the Hoff family history. Charles was the seventh son in order of birth in a family of nine. By circum- stances affecting the fortunes of his family he was prevented from attending school after he was ten years old. Previous to that time, however, he HISTORY OF IDAHO. 605 was a student in the public schools of Philadel- phia, and, possessing an active, receptive and retentive mind, he there laid the foundation of his present wide range of useful information, most of which he obtained in the hard but thorough school of experience. When he was eleven years old he drove an ox team across the plains from Omaha, Nebraska, to Salt Lake City, Utah. In the spring of 1862, accompanying an elder brother, he left Philadelphia and went by rail to St. Joseph, Missouri, and thence up the Mis- souri river to Omaha, where he found fifty-two wagons in a train, carrying freight and a con- siderable number of emigrants. Soon after his arrival in Salt Lake City he secured employment in a bakery. Later he worked on a farm at Pleasant Grove, Utah, was clerk in a store and was employed in railway con- struction. After he had seen the golden spike driven which celebrated the connection of the Union Pacific and Southern Pacific lines, he worked at mining, for wages, in American Fork canyon, until 1874, when he came to a favorable location within the present limits of Bear Lake county, Idaho, and took up two hundred and eighty acres of government land. He improved, cultivated and built upon this property, followed agriculture, with success, and in 1897 sold it, for three thousand and one hundred dollars cash in hand, and removed to Montpelier. Upon his arrival here Mr. Hoff purchased town property and engaged in the hotel and livery business. He disposed of his hotel interest at the end of a year, and has since carried on a good livery business, in connection with dray- ing, general teaming and a trade in coal. He is an alert, energetic, honorable and magnetic man, who draws custom by his methods and personal influence, and retains it by the fidelity with which he makes the interests of each individual patron his own. A Democrat in politics, he is active and influ- ential. He was county commissioner of Bear Lake county, has been a school trustee for seven years, and was prominent in connection with the erection of the school buildings at Georgetown, and otherwise helpful in educational matters, and at this time is a member of the town council of the city of Montpelier. He is an elder in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, of which his family also are all members. He was happily married, in 1873, to Miss Celestia A. Bacon, sister of Mrs. Henry Herman Hoff, and they have had two sons, who are dead, and eight daughters, named Catharine Celestia, Harriet Edith, Grace Elizabeth, Nina, Mary, Ruby. Shir- ley and Genevieve. Harriet E. became the wife of Riley Barkdull. LORENZO L. HATCH. A prominent representative of the Church of Latter Day Saints is Lorenzo Lafayette Hatch, who is now bishop of the Franklin ward in the Oneida stake of Zion of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and who makes his home in the pretty little town of Franklin. He was born in Lehi, Utah, December 25, 1851, and is of English lineage, his ancestors having been among the early settlers of Vermont. They were participants in the events which form the early history of this country, and representatives of the name loyally served in the Revolutionary war. The grandfather, Hezekiah Hatch, was born in Vermont, and was among the first to become a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints when that organization was first es- tablished. From his native state of Vermont he removed to Nauvoo, Illinois, where he died at a ripe old age. Lorenzo Hill Hatch, father of our subject, was born in the Green Mountain state, and with his father went to Nauvoo when fourteen years of age. There he became an active member of the church and was sent on a mission to the eastern states, the object of his journey being to work for the nomination of the prophet, Joseph Smith, as a candidate for the presidency of the United States. In 1850 he crossed the plains with oxen to Utah. He had been married when twenty years of age, and his wife died at Council Bluffs while on the way to the west. At Salt Lake Mr. Hatch became a farmer and carpenter and built a gristmill at Lehi, one of the first mills in that section of the country. Soon after its com- pletion it was burned down, probably by the In- dians, but he rebuilt it and carried on business there for some time. He was married in Salt Lake City, in 1850, to Sylvia Eastman, a native of Vermont, and in 1864 he came to Franklin, sent by the church as presiding bishop of the ward, in which honorable office he capably served 606 HISTORY OF IDAHO. until 1877, when he removed to St. George, Utah. Subsequently he went to Woodruff, Arizona, where he formed a settlement of the church and was counselor to the president of the stake. He has been a patriarch for twenty years and is very prominent in the society. There were in all twenty-two children born to him, and he has one hundred grandchildren and two great-grandchil- dren. He is now seventy-four years of age, and is still hale and hearty. Bishop Hatch of this review is the eldest of the family. He acquired the greater part of his education in Franklin, one of his teachers being the pioneer educator, William Woodward. He attended school for about three months each year, and the remainder of the time worked hard on the farm, since which time he has carried on agri- cultural pursuits as a life work. He has a valu- able tract of land, comprising one hundred acres, which he has acquired through his own well directed and energetic efforts, and is now en- gaged in raising grain, hay and stock, making a specialty of the sheep and wool-growing indus- try. He arid his company have six thousand head of sheep, and the gross income from the flock in 1898 was over eleven thousand dollars. Mr. Hatch has a large and commodious resi- dence, surrounded by a beautiful grove of large trees of his own planting, and the neat and thrifty appearance of his place indicates the care- ful supervision of the owner. In his political affiliations Mr. Hatch is a Re- publican. He embraced the religious belief of his fathers, and is a highly valued member of the church. Upon the departure of his father from Franklin, in 1877, he was ordained bishop, and has since creditably and satisfactorily served in that capacity. From 1884 until 1886 he was on a mission in Great Britain, where he did all in his power to promote the interests of the church of whose principles he is a worthy exponent. Bishop Hatch was happily married, in 1873, to Miss Annie Scarborough, a native of Eng- land, and their union has been blessed with ten children, of whom nine are living, the entire num- ber oeing as follows : Lorenzo Fayette ; Delia Sa- vonia ; Ina Elizabeth ; Ruth Blanche ; Artie Brooks, who died in infancy; Hezekiah James; Unita, Leah, Aura and Catherine. The eldest son is a graduate of the Brigham Young College, at Logan, and in 1896, when twenty-one years of age, went on a mission to the Samoa islands, but after six months spent in the work he lost his voice, and is now aiding his father in the care of the sheep, hoping to regain his health through outdoor life and exercise. In addition to the children mentioned, there is also another child who is a member of the Hatch household, an infant boy having been left on the door-step at one time, and this child they are now rearing as their own. The Bishop's family is one of prom- inence in the community and their friends are many. In his political views Mr. Hatch is a Republican, and he is now serving as postmaster of Franklin. His daughter Delia is acting as his deputy, and she is also the telegraph operator at this point, the Deseret telegraph line having been built by the church to Franklin. GEORGE D. CAMPBELL. Much might be written of the substantial qual- ity of the Canadian character and the progressive spirit which has been manifested by Canadians who have located in the United States, but ex- amples which prove all that might be advanced in this direction are so numerous and conspicu- ous everywhere that comment along this line would appear to be almost superfluous. George D. Campbell, one of the most prom- inent citizens, land-owners and capitalists of Spaulding, Idaho, is a native of Grandville, Can- ada, and was born November 12, 1867. He is descended from Scotch ancestry of great his- torical note. His father, James Campbell, mar- ried Mary Bevin, a native of his own county. They had six children, all of whom are living in the United States. They were persons of high character and intelligence and were lifelong mem- bers of the Episcopal church. James Campbell died February 21, 1899, aged eighty-five years, and his wife is living, in her seventy-sixth year. George D. Campbell was the fifth child of this worthy couple. He was educated in Canada and in Wisconsin and early turned his attention to hotel-keeping. He was married January 3, 1894, at Missoula, Montana, to Miss Mary Christine Williams, a native of British Columbia, daughter of Edward Williams and granddaughter of Angus McDonald, post trader and shareholder of the Hudson's Bay Company and one of the earliest HISTORY OF IDAHO. 607 settlers in Montana. Mr. and Mrs. Campb'ell came to Idaho soon after their marriage, and in 1895 became possessed of twenty-seven acres of land in the center of Spaulding, including the entire business portion of the town. On this property they have erected seven store and business build- ings and the Spaulding hotel, a three-story frame structure containing forty rooms, which is the only hotel in the town and is in every way ade- quate to demands upon it. The hotel and the seven other buildings are all leased to desirable tenants, and Mr. and Mrs. Campbell have rooms at the hotel. Besides this property, they own fifty-five acres of choice land outside the town. Mr. Campbell is a Republican and a Woodman of the World. He is an honorable man of much public spirit and is highly esteemed by all who know him. ISAAC C. HATTABAUGH. Prominent in the field of politics and in busi- ness circles, Isaac C. Hattabaugh has left the impress of his individuality upon the public life of Latah county, and is to-day numbered among the leading and influential citizens of Moscow. A native of Indiana, he was born in Salem, that state, December 24, 1851. His grandfather, Jacob Hattabaugh, was born in Germany, and crossing the Atlantic to America settled in Vir- ginia, whence he afterward removed to Pennsyl- vania and from there to Indiana. He was a man of ability and an influential pioneer settler of southern Indiana. His son, George W. Hatta- baugh, the father of our subject, was a native of the Hoosier state, and there married Sarah Boling, who was born in North Carolina and was a daughter of Randolph and Jane (Graves) Boling. By occupation Mr. Hattabaugh was a farmer, following that pursuit throughout his active business life. His wife was a member of the Christian church. He was never identified with any church. He was born in 1822 and died in 1898, at the age of seventy-six years, and his wife passed away in 1892, at the age of sixty- eight. They were the parents of seven children, four of whom are still living in Indiana and Illinois. The subject of this sketch was reared on his father's farm, where he early became familiar with all the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist. He acquired his education in the public schools of Kossuth and Plattsburg, and when nineteen years of age left home, going to Indianapolis, where he taught school and later engaged in bridge-building and contracting. He was also for some years engaged in the manu- facture of drain tile near Jamestown, Indiana, and in 1878 he resolved to try his fortune in the far west. Accordingly he took up his residence in Lewiston, Idaho, pre-empted one hundred and sixty acres of land, and then engaged in con- tracting and building. He also was interested in a sash and door manufactory for a number of years, and was thus very active in promoting the industrial interests of the community in which he resided. He is a man of excellent business and executive ability, and his capable manage- ment and industry brought to him a deserved success. Mr. Hattabaugh also early became recognized as a leading factor in Democratic circles, giving an active support to the men and measures of the party. He received the appointment of deputy auditor of his county and afterward was elected auditor of Nez Perces county, which then in- cluded all of Latah county. In 1889 he came to Moscow to reside and here served as deputy court clerk. He also established an ab- stract office and in that year the Commercial Bank was organized, with a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars, and he was elected president of the new institution, over which he presided until 1895. Under his capable management the bank prospered and became very popular, doing a large business, but in 1895, when the great financial panic came, they had one hundred and twenty thousand dollars loaned out and were un- able to get the money. Therefore, like many other banks and business enterprises, they were forced into bankruptcy. Mr. Hattabaugh was appointed trustee to close up the business of the bank, but the entire wheat crop of the country was destroyed by heavy rains that year and fifteen thousand dollars was all that could be collected, so that the loss sustained by the bank was one hundred and five thousand dollars. Since that time Mr. Hattabaugh has been with the Elder Brothers, dealers in farm machinery, this being the largest house of the kind south of Spokane. In 1892 Mr. Hattabaugh was chosen by his party as the candidate for county treasurer. The 608 HISTORY OF IDAHO. campaign was a very spirited one and he made a splendid canvass, receiving a majority of one hundred and fifty-two votes, when the usual Republican majority was from five to seven hundred. He has also held the office of regent of the State University, to which he was appointed by Governor McConnell, and had the honor of being president of the board for two years. He took a deep interest in the affairs of the university and labored most effectively and earnestly for its welfare. He is at all times a progressive and loyal citizen and withholds his support from no measure which he believes will advance the general good. He was six years a member of the Moscow school board of trustees, during which time he was treasurer of the board, and when the bank failed, wherein the funds were deposited, he made it good by deeding the school board one brick building in Moscow and his for- mer residence in Lewiston. This sacrifice was in the interest of education. Before leaving Indiana Mr. Hattabaugh was married, December 16, 1875, to Miss Allie Miller, daughter of Eli Miller, of Indiana, and now the only survivor of her father's family. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Hattabaugh have been born two chil- dren, a son and daughter, M. Reese and Nona, both now students in the State University. The family have a pleasant home in Moscow and the members of the household hold high rank in social circles. Our subject is a very zealous and enthusiastic member of the Masonic fraternity, and his wife is an active member of the Order of the Eastern Star, while she and her daughter both belong to the Order of Rebekah, Miss Nona being secretary of the latter lodge in Moscow. Mr. Hattabaugh was made a Master Mason in Middlefork Lodge, No. 304, F. & A. M., of Mid- dlefork, Indiana, March 6, 1875, and dimitted therefrom in 1879 to become a member of Nez Perces Lodge, No. 10, of Lewiston. He took a very active part in its work, filled all of the offices and served as master for two years. On remov- ing to Moscow, he dimitted from the lodge in Lewiston, in 1890, and is now affiliated with Paradise Lodge, No. 17, of which he had the honor of being chosen master in 1891. He was made a Royal Arch Mason in Lewiston Chapter, No. 4, R. A. M., October 24, 1885, and in 1889 he dimitted to Moscow Chapter No. 7. He was created a Knight Templar in Moscow Commandery in 1892, is now its emi- nent commander, and has attained the fourteenth degree of the Scottish rite. He is well versed in the ritual and the work of the order, and by rea- son of his proficiency was appointed deputy grand master in 1887, and in 1892 was honored by elec- tion to the office of most worshipful grand master of the grand lodge of Idaho. He is a worthy ex- emplar of the beneficent and ennobling teachings of the fraternity and as a man and Mason stands very high in the public regard. MARCUS A. MEANS. The successful career of Marcus Asbury Means, of Genesee, is an illustration of the trite saying that brains and perseverance will make their way against all obstacles. Yet it is the multiplication of this illustration in all parts of our country that makes America one of the great powers of the earth. Mr. Means may be said to have been a child of war. He was born at Sea- brook, Illinois, October 16, 1862, while his father was fighting for the preservation of the Union on southern battlefields, a service in which he yielded up his life in defense of his country. Mr. Means is of Scotch-English ancestry. His grandfather, Collin Means, from England, set- tled in Virginia and was the progenitor of the family in the United States. He removed to Mc- Lean county, Illinois, in 1829, and his son, Jo- seph Kefer Means, was born in Virginia and reared in Illinois, a good combination for the promotion of patriotism. Joseph K. Means married Matilda Rankin, also of Scotch-English descent. When the civil war came he was well established in life and had an interesting family. He enlisted in Company F, One Hundred and Sixteenth Illinois Volunteers, September 6, 1862, and he died, of a disease contracted in the service, at Walnut Hill, Mississippi, January 15, 1863. It is indeed glorious for a man to die for the land he loves, but the mourning of those he leaves be- hind is long, and often without much comfort. Alta, one of Mr. Means' sisters, is the wife of W. L. Brown, a talented lawyer of Salt Lake City, Utah. Marcus Asbury Means is the only survivor of his immediate family. Mr. Means was educated at Normal, Illinois, and in 1878 went to San Jose, California. He HISTORY OF IDAHO. 609 was employed there about two years and then went to Portland, Oregon. During the succeed- ing two years he was a member of a surveying party operating on the line of the Northern Pa- cific Railroad. Coming to Idaho in 1895, he entered upon his successful mercantile career in a little store eighteen by thirty feet in size. It was a small beginning, but it foreshadowed im- portant things. Since that time this store has been twice enlarged and Mr. Means occupies ex- tensive warehouses and a branch store, the latter located at Oro Fino, Idaho. He handles all kinds of merchandise demanded in a first-class farming and mining community, and has a large and increasing trade. He has acquired con- siderable real-estate. Mr. Means was married September i, 1889, to Catherine Hayes, daughter of James Hayes, of Lewiston, and a native of that city, and she has borne him a daughter, named Marguerite. Mrs. Means is prominent in all good work in her com- munity. Mr. Means is a successful and public- spirited man and is in every way deserving of the high esteem in which he is held by his fellow citizens. LEON MISSLIN. The career of any pioneer is interesting. An account of that of Leon Misslin will be found especially so to the many who know and respect him for his many good qualities of head and heart. He came into the "wilds of Idaho" eight years before the government surveyed the land, and as a pioneer had many thrilling experiences and encountered numerous hardships and over- came many obstacles. The story of his struggles and triumphs, could it be given in full, would be of the greatest interest. Leon Misslin was born at Xantes, Loire, France, a son of J. A. and Mary (Ortteschurd) Misslin, and came with his parents and his seven brothers and sisters to the United States in 1855. The family lived at Racine, Wisconsin, until 1861, when they went\o Minnesota, where Mr. Misslin achieved success as a farmer and there died, aged seventy, in 1869. His wife survives him and has attained the advanced age of ninety- two years. Of their eight children, seven are living. Leon Misslin, who, in the sequence of birth, was the fourth child of J. A. and Mary Misslin, received a common-school education in Wiscon- sin, and took up the battle of life for himself at the age of fifteen. He devoted three years to hard work in a blacksmith shop, becoming a thorough master of the blacksmith's trade, and in 1863 he entered the United States service as a blacksmith in connection with military opera- tions, and was with the army in Arkansas. After the war was ended he went to Salt Lake City, Utah, and thence to Idaho. About this time he was employed by Ben Halliday to keep some of his stages in repair and to do other blacksmithing necessary to his extensive business. Soon after his arrival in Idaho Mr. Misslin bought a bunch of cattle and brought them to his present loca- tion, where, after the land was surveyed, in 1873, he acquired a half-section, well suited to stock- raising. He has since added to his landed pos- sessions until he is the owner of four hundred and eighty acres. He was very successful as a stockman and for a considerable period, down to 1897, when they sold out, he and his brother con- trolled the cattle business in this locality, some- times having on their ranges at one time as many as six hundred head. After they retired from cattle-raising they invested in Cotswold sheep, and for some time past they have owned an aver- age of two thousand head. Politically Mr. Misslin is a Republican. He was reared in the Catholic faith. As a business man he is progressive and enterprising, shrewd and scrupulously honest. His standing in the business community is deservedly high, and he is uniformly regarded as a useful and influential citizen. Mr. Misslin was married, in 1888, to Miss Jen- nie L. Heaton, a native of St. Louis, Missouri, who is descended from English ancestry. They have two daughters, named Isabel and Anna. GEORGE DABNEY ELLIS. One of the founders of Boise City and one of the most active spirits in the upbuilding and progress of this thriving place during the past quarter of a century has been George D. Ellis, a pioneer of Idaho, whither he came in 1863. He is and has been the president of the Capital State Bank of Boise City for several years ; is a stock- holder and general manager and treasurer of the electric street-car line of this place and is a stock- 610 HISTORY OF IDAHO. holder and a director of the Artesian Hot & Cold Water Company, besides having materially aided and fostered many other local enterprises calcu- lated to benefit the city. He is a man of great public spirit, ever ready to do all in his power to promote the well-being of his brother men; and herein lies one of the secrets of his popularity. By birth George D. Ellis is a Virginian, and comes from one of the honored old families of that state. His father, Thomas Ellis, married a lady of the same state, Miss Polly Ballard, and ten children were born to them, five of the num- ber still living. Thomas Ellis, who was a soldier of the war of 1812, lived to be seventy-seven years of age, and his wife departed this life when in her seventieth year. George D. Ellis was born in Albemarle county, Virginia, April 10, 1837, and received a common- school education. At nineteen he left home to make his own way in the world, and in 1856 he went to Kansas. Until 1860 he lived in Paola, and consequently was a witness of some of the thrilling events of that troublous period in the annals of "bleeding" Kansas. The "border ruf- fianism" of that region and the unscrupulous methods of local pro-slavery politicians made a good Republican of him, and from that time to the present he has never wavered in his allegiance to the party. From Kansas he went to Col- orado, where he engaged in mining in the vicinity of Gregory and met with a fair measure of suc- cess. At the end of three years he came with a mule team to Idaho City, and having obtained a claim he and his companions engaged in min- ing and took out about ten dollars a day apiece. For several years thereafter he was connected with agricultural enterprises and also engaged in contracting and building, for he had learned the carpenter's trade years before. For ten years, also, he freighted from Kelton to Boise City and other points. At Boise City he took up one hundred and forty acres of land, and in partner- ship with T. Davis planted the first apple orchard in the territory. Later, he sold the farm to Mr. Davis, and purchased three hundred acres north- west and outside the boundary of Boise City. On this property he erected a comfortable house and made other improvements, and as he went there to dwell in 1876 the place has been called the Centennial Ranch. The farm is a valuable one, producing grain, timothy, etc., and is one of the best managed homesteads in this section of the state. In the Methodist denomination Mr. Ellis has been a power in Idaho, using his means and in- fluence liberally toward the upbuilding and spreading of Christianity. He was given the contract for the building of the large, substantial brick church at Boise City, and for twenty years he was superintendent of the Sunday-school. He is a man of undoubted integrity and uprightness, and no citizen here is held in higher esteem. In 1873 Mr - Elhs married Miss Telitha Staf- ford, a native of Illinois. This worthy couple, having no children of their own, took into their hearts and home two boys and two girls, and reared them to manhood and womanhood. They are all respected and useful citizens, and look upon their devoted foster parents with the love and veneration which is their just due. Olive Ellis West is the wife of C. H. Packingham, and the other daughter is now Mrs. E. W. Brown. William Stafford is a well-to-do and successful farmer, and Robert Jago, the youngest of . the children of Mr. Ellis, is still attending school. GEORGE W. MILLS. A self-made man who has not despised the day of small things, and who has used obstacles as stepping-stones to higher successes, has a right to regard his advancement with pride. It is comparatively easy for a man of reasonably good ability to achieve a business success on capital borrowed or inherited, but it requires real force of character to earn the capital by hard, persistent work, and save it and invest it successfully. George W. Mills, who enjoys the distinction of being one of the leading butchers of southeastern Idaho, was born in Franklin county, Pennsyl- vania, September 13, 1854, a son of John and Amy (Clymens) Mills, and is descended from Scotch ancestry, inheriting many of the sterling qualities of that sturdy people. His father, John Mills, was born in Pennsylvania, and died there in his fifty-fourth year. His widow lived to be seventy-seven years old. They were lifelong members of the Presbyterian church, and were of the most admirable character, industrious, eco- nomical, philanthropic and helpful to every worthy movement having the public good for its HISTORY OF IDAHO. 611 object. They had five sons and three daughters, and five of the eight are living at this time. After gaining a primary education in the public schools near his Pennsylvania home, George W. Mills began in 1867, when he was thirteen, to earn his own living. For twenty-seven years he worked for others, without getting on financially to any satisfactory extent. He came to Idaho Falls in 1885 and was first employed at carpenter's trade. Later he did about any honest work his hands found to do and that any one would pay him for doing, until 1894, when he opened a meat- market at Idaho Falls. Since then there has been developed from this central plant a large and growing trade in meats and allied products, which trade extends in every direction through- out a large territory. Some time since Frank T. Martin acquired an interest in the business, and it has since been conducted under the style of Martin & Mills. Mr. Mills has a farm of eighty acres and several pieces of valuable town prop- erty, including a pleasant and convenient home. In 1894 Mr. Mills married Miss Emma Yoe, a native of Pennsylvania, and they have two children, named John and Myrtle. Mrs. Mills is a devout and helpful member of the Baptist church. Mr. Mills is a Republican, but is too busy to take an active part in politics. He is an Odd Fellow and has from time to time been identified with other organizations. His stand- ing in business circles is deservedly high. SAMUEL J. LANGDON. Samuel J. Langdon, one of the highly esteemed pioneer farmers of Latah county, is a native of Ohio, having been born at Granville, Licking county, May 4, 1829. He is of Scotch-Irish line- age, and his ancestors were early settlers of Con- necticut and participants in the Revolutionary war and in the events which go to form the colo- nial history of the country. The family is noted for a patriotic spirit, and one of the Langdons served as commander of the colonial forces at the battle of Ticonderoga. Jesse Langdon, the grandfather of our subject, was born and reared in Connecticut and there married Miss Jewett, with whom he later removed to Berkshire, Mas- sachusetts, where he followed the occupation of farming. They were members of the Congrega- tional church, and both attained to a ripe old age. In their family were seven children: Hiram, An- son, Richardson, James J., Albert, Betsy and Eunice H. James J. Langdon, the father of our subject, was born on the .old family homestead in Massa- chusetts, in 1795, and when a young man re- moved to Licking county, Ohio, where he was married to Miss Mary White, a daughter of Cap- tain Samuel White, who was a prominent citizen of Licking county, and who won his title by com- manding a company of the state militia. The maternal great-grandfather of our subject, Thomas Philipps, was a native of Wales, and leaving that little rock-ribbed country, in 1787, he crossed the water to Philadelphia. His son, John H. Philipps, was a member of the staff of General Anthony Wayne during the Indian wars, and after the establishment of the republic he removed to Licking county, Ohio, where he owned a large tract of land at Granville. Samuel White married Martha Philipps, the daughter of Thomas Philipps, and in 1810 went from Penn- sylvania to Granville, Ohio, casting in his lot with the pioneers of that section of the state. Their daughter Mary became the wife of James J. Langdon, and the mother of him whose name heads this sketch. After their marriage Mr. Langdon carried on a coopering establishment in Ohio until 1840, when he removed with his fam- ily to southeastern Missouri. Five years later he returned to Newark, Ohio, and from there emigrated to McLean county, Illinois, where his death occurred in the sixty-fifth year of his age. His wife survived him ten years and died in her seventieth year. They had a family of six chil- dren: Martha, Mary, Samuel J., Albert E., Eliza- beth D., and Ellen E. Martha, Mary and Eliza- beth have passed away. Albert E. is now a resi- dent of Illinois, and Ellen is now Mrs. Calkins, a widow, residing with her brother, the subject of this review. Samuel J. Langdon was educated in Newark, Ohio, and began life on his own account as a farmer. He was married on the 26th of July, 1853, to Miss Martha Virginia Willson, a daugh- ter of Ison Willson, a pioneer of the Buckeye state. In August, 1862, in answer to President Lincoln's call for volunteers, Mr. Langdon offered his services to the government and was assigned to duty with Company G, Ninety-fourth 612 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Illinois Infantry. He served in southwestern Missouri, Arkansas and at Vicksburg, and par- ticipated in nine battles and sieges, together with many skirmishes, the principal engagements in which he participated being at Prairie Grove, Vicksburg, Fort Morgan and Spanish Fort. He was very fortunate in that he was never wounded by an enemy's ball, and after loyally and faith- fully serving the Union until the cessation of hos- tilities he returned home with a most creditable military record. He entered the service as a pri- vate, but after six months was made corporal and when a year had passed was promoted to the rank of sergeant. Returning to his home in Illinois, Mr. Lang- don there carried on agricultural pursuits until 1866, when he removed to Crawford county, Kansas. In 1874 he crossed the plains with a team of horses and a team of cows. Mrs. Lang- don and one of their daughters had died in Kan- sas, in 1872, which was a most severe blow to the husband and father. On starting westward he left his other children in Kansas and came to the Pacific slope in search of a better location. It was his first intention to go to New Mexico, but the Indians were so hostile that he stopped at Salt Lake and spent the winter in Grass valley, there remaining for a year and a half, engaged in stock-raising. From that point he wrote to his children to join him, and when they were re- united they continued their travels to the north- west. They spent a winter in the Walla Walla country, and in 1877 came to their present loca- tion, Mr. Langdon taking up a claim of one hun- dred and sixty acres. Here he with partners en- gaged in the sawmill business and manufactured most of the lumber used in the early building of Moscow. He continued milling and lumbering until 1888, and during a part of that time resided in Moscow, where he served as deputy assessor of the county and later was elected assessor. He also filled the office of deputy sheriff for two terms, and that of sheriff for one term, and was a member of the territorial legislature in 1880, having also served four terms in the legislature of Kansas. In the meantime he gave the land on which he 'first settled to his daughter, while his present home place, comprising three hun- dred and twenty acrs, is pleasantly located eight miles south of Moscow on the Potlatch creek. There he is passing the evening of a well spent life, superintending his farm and raising large quantities of- wheat and other cereals, also fine fruits, unsurpassed for excellence in any fruit district of the Union. His business affairs have been capably managed, and his diligence and en- terprise have brought to him a handsome compe- tence. When the Republican party was formed Mr. Langdon became one of its stanch supporters and continued to affiliate therewith until Presi- dent Grant's second administration, when, be- coming dissatisfied with the policy of the party, he joined the Democracy. He followed its ban- ner until President Cleveland's second adminis- tration, and then became a Populist, but is now independent, supporting the men and measures that he believes best fitted to promote the general good. Socially he is a representative of the An- cient Order of Pyramids, the Knights of Pythias and the Grand Army of the Republic, and has served on the staff of two of the national com- manders of the last named organization. He has ever been as loyal and true to his country as when he followed the starry banner in the south. WILLIAM E. HEARD. William E. Heard, clerk of the district court of the fourth judicial district of Idaho, and ex- officio auditor and recorder in and for Elaine county, Idaho, is a native of Missouri. He was born May 21, 1865, in a part of Benton county which has since been set off to form Hickory county, where John Heard, his grandfather, set- tled in 1832 and died in 1864. John Heard was a typical southern gentleman, born in the south in 1796. He lived in the south until about 1830, when he moved to Benton county, Missouri, be- coming one of its first settlers. Earl Heard, son of John Heard and father of William E. Heard, was born in Hickory county, Missouri, May 8, 1837. He has been a successful farmer and is a decided Democrat and a member of the Mission- ary Baptist church. He married Mary Miller, also a native of Hickory county, Missouri, and a member of the same church, and they are both living, contented and respected, in their native county. Reared on his father's farm, William E. Heard attended the public schools near his birthplace HISTORY OF IDAHO. 613 in Missouri and later was a student at the Mis- sionary Baptist Institute at Macedonia, Missouri. For five years after his graduation he divided his time between working on the farm and teaching school. He came to Hailey, Idaho, in 1890, and for four years afterward taught near that place. In 1894 he was elected probate judge of Logan county, Idaho, but not long afterward Logan county was legislated out of existence as a civil division of the state, and Mr. Heard found him- self in the anomalous position of an officer with- out an office and again gave his attention to "teaching the young idea how to shoot." In 1896 he was nominated on the Populist ticket for the office of assessor and ex-officio tax collector of Elaine county, and was elected by a majority of three hundred and seventy-six, and in 1898. again on the Populist ticket, he was elected clerk of the district court of the fourth judicial district of Idaho and ex-officio auditor and recorder of Elaine county, by a majority of one hundred and forty-three. His election to the last mentioned office was regarded as a pleasing demonstration of his personal popularity and the fealty of his friends. August i, 1886, Mr. Heard married Miss Ad- die M. Bartsche, and they have two sons, Har- mon C., born July 2, 1889, and Herman C., born August 15, 1892. Mrs. Heard is the only child of George and Clarrissa. Bartsche, and was born in Hickory county, Missouri, where her parents settled in 1841, though they now live at Hailey, members of their daughter's household. Mr. Heard is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and of the Modern Wood- men of America, and he and Mrs. Heard are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, to all the interests of which they give most generous support. Mr. Heard is a public-spirited citizen who has at heart the progress and prosperity of the town of his adoption and who gives his help- ful encouragement to every movement having for its object the enhancement of the welfare of its people or any considerable class of them. GEORGE F. MOORE. The professional politician, clamorous, aggres- sive and spectacular, may appear more often in public and in the public print that the quiet, un- assuming, judicious business man who takes a patriotic interest in politics because of the effect of politics on the prosperity of the people, but he is usually not so potent a factor in political move- ment and his influence is not so lasting, because it is likely to be exerted spasmodically, when the politician has in view some alluring official re- ward for political service, and it loses part of its effect upon the public because the public is al- ways a little in doubt as to its disinterestedness. Yet the able man of affairs who does not seek office is often taken from his desk and given im- portant public responsibilities because the people know that he will discharge them with an eye single to the public'good. One of the most con- spicuous examples of this kind in Idaho was in the election of Hon. George F. Moore to the office of lieutenant governor in 1896. George F. Moore was born in Lewisburg, Preble county Ohio, March 9, 1861, a son of Newton and Belle L. (Fall) Moore, natives of Ohio. The family removed to Kansas in 1868 and thence to Colorado in 1877. Newton G. Moore died ten years after that, aged about fifty- two. His widow lives at Wallace, Idaho. Hon. George F. Moore gained a common-school edu- cation in Kansas, and after the family went to Colorado helped his father in a freighting enter- prise in which he was engaged there for a time. Later he mined and devoted himself to different enterprises with good success until 1891, when he came to Wallace and established a business in the furniture line, which he has built up to such a notable success that he now has the larg- est store and the largest stock of household gbods in the city. For the last twelve years Mr. Moore has been an earnest supporter of the principles of the Peo- ple's party and his intelligent efforts for its suc- cess have not been without recognized results. In 1896 he was elected lieutenant governor of Idaho on the People's-Democratic ticket, by a plurality of five thousand five hundred votes, and filled that important office in 1897-8. Through his political prominence and through his mem- bership in the orders of the Free Masons, Knights of Pythias and Modern Woodmen of the World and of the Knights of Labor he has gained a wide acquaintance with the leaders of thought and action throughout Idaho and adjoining states, and his heartv interest in the welfare of 614 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Idaho and her people has made him very popu- lar wherever he is known. JUDGE EDGAR C. STEELE. Edgar Clarence Steele occupies as enviable a position in the public esteem as the most ambi- tious could desire or as any of our prominent men have achieved. To the citizens of Moscow and the second judicial district he can only be known as being a reputable, prominent man and an honest, able and efficient officer. At the bar he manifests all the qualities of the successful lawyer, and on the bench he displays a rare com- bination of talent, learning, -tact, patience and industry. The successful lawyer and the com- petent judge must be a man of well balanced intellect, thoroughly familiar with the law and practice, of comprehensive general information, possessed of an analytical mind and a self-control that will enable him to lose his individuality, his personal feelings, his prejudices and the peculiari- ties of disposition, in the dignity, impartiality and equity of the office to which life, property, right and liberty must look for protection. All these qualities Judge Steele displays. A native of Indiana, he was born November 15, 1857, his- parents being Samuel A. and Mary Amnie (Beem) Steele. The father was born in Indiana about 1830, has followed farming and stock-raising throughout his entire business career, and is now living in Romona, Indiana. His wife also is a native of the Hoosier state, and is still living. The paternal grandfather of our subject was Samuel Steele, a native of Ireland, who on coming to the United States located in Maryland. Subsequently he removed to the blue-grass region of Kentucky, and thence to In- diana, where he died at the age of seventy-two years. Judge Steele is a graduate of the high school of Spencer, Indiana, and also pursued his studies in the State University, at Bloomington, Indiana. Determining to engage in the practice of law as a life work, he spent two years in the Indiana Law School, at Indianapolis, where he was grad- uated with the class of 1879. He practiced law in that state until the fall of 1889, and for four years was in partnership with James H. Jordan, who is now a member of the supreme bench of that state. In 1889 Judge Steele was appointed law examiner of the general land-office at Wash- ington, and served until January, 1893, when he resigned and came to Idaho, having in the mean- time formed a partnership with Hon. Willis Sweet, of Moscow. That relationship was main- tained until 1898, when Judge Steele was elevated to the bench. The Judge is a stalwart Republican in his po- litical views, and in August, 1898, he was nomi- nated for judicial honors in the second district, being elected by a plurality of eight hundred. He has proved a most competent officer, strictly fair and impartial, weighing the evidence care- fully and framing his decisions with due regard to the law and to precedent. He is proving him- self to be one of the best district judges of the state, and his judicial actions are in entire har- mony with the opinions of the leading members of the bar. In November, 1889, in Logan, Ohio, Judge Steele was united in marriage to Miss Jessie L. White, a native of Ohio, and their pleasant home is a popular resort with Moscow's best citizens. In his social relations the Judge is a Mason, and in professional and political circles he is regarded as one of the leading men of his adopted state. ALEXANDER STALKER. In the days of the early development of south- eastern Idaho Alexander Stalker came to the state, and is therefore numbered among its pio- neer settlers, but he has not only witnessed the changes that have since occurred, for in all that has tended to the development, progress and ad- vancement of the section he has ever borne his part, and may therefore well be called one of the founders of his county and town. In later years he has been somewhat prominent in political af- fairs, and at all times he has been a loyal citizen, deeply interested in everything pertaining to the welfare of the community. A native of bonnie Scotland, Mr. Stalker was born November 21, 1829, and is of Scotch lin- eage, his parents, Robert and Janet (Tansh) Stalker, having also been natives of that land. They were married in Scotland and six children were born to them there. Their son Alexander preceded them to America, in 1848, and three years later the father, mother and three children, also crossed the Atlantic, taking up their abode HISTORY OF IDAHO. 615 on the boundary line between Monroe and Or- leans counties, New York, about twenty miles from Rochester. There the father engaged in farming, but in Scotland he had been a mer- chant. After a time he returned to Scotland, disposed of his houses and other property there, and again became a resident of New York, whence he subsequently removed to Kansas. His wife and sons took passage on the Northern Indiana, and when crossing the lake the ship took fire and was burned to the water's edge, but the passengers were saved. Mr. Stalker and his family located near Fort Scott, Kansas, where he died at the age of sixty-five years, the mother surviving twenty years and passing away in 1895, at the age of eighty-six. Alexander Stalker acquired a good English education, attending the public schools of Scot- land until fourteen years of age. He afterward learned the cabinet-maker's and ship-builder's trades, and after coming to America located in St. Louis, Missouri, where he engaged in boat- building. He also followed the same business in Kentucky. In Scotland, when but eighteen years of age, he was converted to the faith of the Latter Day Saints, and in 1850 he crossed the plains to Utah, driving a team for a Mr. Johnson, who died at Fort Kearney, while en route to the west. Mr. Stalker continued on to Salt Lake City, and there worked in a sawmill for Dr. Rich- ards, who was one of President Brigham Young's first counselors. Subsequently he engaged in erecting houses and was also employed on the construction of the state house at Fillmore. Later he worked in a cabinet shop, until the spring of 1853, and in the meantime, in 1851, he was married to Miss Ortencia H. Smith, a daugh- ter of Warren Smith, who was killed in Missouri by a mob. Having promised his father and the family that he would visit them when they came to America, Mr. Stalker returned to the east in 1853 and remained with his relatives until March 4, 1854, when he started with a two-horse team from New York. He had a light wagon, con- taining a few dishes and needful articles, and alone he made the perilous journey across the country. When he reached Shell creek he camped near a company of California emigrants, who invited him to join their party and to turn his horses out with theirs, but he declined the in- vitation and tied his horses to either end of a long rope, which he then fastened, near the mid- dle, to a stake. He then lay down to rest at the stake for the night, and in the darkness, several times hearing noises, he pulled his horses up to him by means of the rope and so kept them in safety. In the morning it was found that the Indians had stolen all the horses belonging to the California emigrants. When he arrived at Coup Fork many teams were there to be ferried across and the ferryman was charging five dollars a team. Mr. Stalker did not have the money, but he learned that if he went farther up the stream he could ford, and consequently drove about twenty miles to a place where a few. tracks turned into the water. He unhooked one of his horses and rode in to look for a crossing, but had only proceeded a short distance when his horse sank and with difficulty was extricated. He then decided that if he drove up the stream in a diagonal way he could reach the opposite bank, and so hitching his horses he made the trial and was nearly across when one of the horses fell struggling in the quicksand. Mr. Stalker then jumped in, unhitched the horses and got them out to the bank, but looking up the river he saw a large company of Indians in war paint. Know- ing something of their habits he decided instant- ly that his best course was to put on a bold front, so he motioned to the Indians to come and help him get the wagon out. They had a long rope, and with their aid the wagon was secured, after which he gave them each a cracker from his scanty store and proceeded on his way unmo- lested by the Indians, who were in search of an- other party of red men. Mr. Stalker's method was to travel most of the day, but before dark he would stop, build a fire and prepare his supper, after which he would move on a mile or two and spend the night in as sheltered a place as he could find. At length he completed the journey in safety, and in the fall he located at American Forks, about thirty miles from Salt Lake, where he followed farming and also worked at his trade. In 1852 he was in the Indian fight in Skull valley, where twelve Indians were killed, and partici- pated in other engagements with the red men in the early history of the country. In the spring of 1860 Mr. Stalker left American C16 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Forks, and on the I4th of April arrived in the Cache valley, being one of the first settlers of Idaho. That district, however, was then thought to be a part of Utah. About fifty families came first and built their log houses in the form of a hollow square, the rear of the houses forming a part of the fort. Openings were made at each corner of the square and for three years a guard was maintained at each place both night and day. The settlers also made a ditch to convey water to their land, and in this way they made the desert a favored garden spot in ^he midst of which a beautiful town, with numerous pleasant homes, has been built. By his thrift and industry Mr. Stalker has prospered. He became the pioneer small-fruit grower of the valley, first cultivating blackberries, raspberries, gooseberries and cur- rants, and successfully demonstrating the adapt- ability of the soil for horticultural purposes. He has since planted a fine orchard of apple, pear and plum trees. He became the owner of two hun- dred acres of land, but has since sold a portion of it, retaining possession of a valuable tract of eighty acres. He also has a good residence in Franklin. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Stalker was blessed with fourteen children, eleven of whom are liv- ing, namely, Alexander; Amanda; Janet, wife of Louis Hook; Warren; Wallace; Ortencia Anna; James; Alvira, wife of John D. Ellis; Sardinus S.; Willard; Theresa D., a teacher; Alma S ; Elizabeth, wife of Ambrose Shorten, and Joseph, who is still with his parents. The family is one highly respected in the community. Mr. Stalker is a stalwart Republican, and on that ticket was elected to the eighth session of the territorial legislature. He was also journal clerk for the session of forty days, and was a member of the Idaho territorial council. When elected to the latter office his connection with the Latter Day Saints was terminated. Since then he has not been a church member, but retains his faith in Christ, and adheres in a degree to the belief of the Presbyterian church, in which he was reared. CLINTON T. STRANAHAN. Important official work has been done in Nez Perces county by Clinton T. Stranahan, now fill- ing the office of United States Indian agent at Spaulding, and it was because of his faithfulness in smaller things that he was entrusted with these broader responsibilities, which he is discharging in a truly patriotic spirit. Clinton T. Stranahan was born in Clayton, Contra Costa county, California, in March, 1859, and is descended from Irish ancestry. His fore- fathers settled early in the state of New York, and there his father, Ebenezer Stranahan, was born. In 1852 Ebenezer Stranahan went to California. He engaged in mining in Tuolumne county and met with much success. In 1858 he went back to New York and married Miss Ellen Terry. He returned to California with his wife and settled in Contra Costa county, where he died as the result of an accident, in the forty- fourth year of his age. His wife survives him, aged sixty. She is a devout member of the Presbyterian church, with which her husband was connected during his life. Ebenezer and Ellen (Terry) Stranahan had six children, of whom Clinton T. was the first born, and four of whom are living. Clinton T. Strana- han was educated in the public schools of Oak- land, California, and came to Moscow, Idaho, in the spring of 1878. He took up and improved one hundred and sixty acres of government land near where the city of Juliaetta has since grown up. Later he acquired a forty-acre fruit farm just at the border of the city of Lewiston, which he has planted and cultivated with such care and skill that it is universally conceded to be one of the best fruit farms in the state. On this prop- erty Mr. Stranahan has built and furnished a de- lightful home, which is admired by all who see it and in which a hearty hospitality abounds. Mrs. Stranahan was Miss May Bostwick, and is a native of Gallatin valley, Montana. They were married December 23, 1884, and have a son named Clyde and a daughter named Thora. Mrs. Stranahan is a communicant of the Episcopal church. Politically Mr. Stranahan has always been an active and influential Republican. He has worked ardently for the success of the principles that party advocates. He has looked after the local advancement of Republican interests and has attended the state and county conventions of his party. He has done this from principle and with a desire to do his full duty as a citizen. He has not been an office-seeker, and if he has held HISTORY OF IDAHO. 617 official positions it has been because he was the man for them, logically and by reason of his manifest fitness for them, and because he was urged to accept them by others, who desired to see them administered honestly and economi- cally. He was deputy assessor of Nez Perces county four years, was under sheriff two years, was United States deputy marshal, under United States Marshal Joseph Pinkham, four years, has served as chairman of the Republican central committee of Nez Perces county, and was ap- pointed United States Indian agent by President McKinley, in June, 1899, and given charge of the Nez Perces agency at Spaulding, Idaho. To the duties of this office and to his personal affairs, he gives his whole attention; and whatever gratifi- cation other successes may have brought him, his chief pride is in the knowledge that he has brought a valuable and beautiful agricultural property out of a wilderness of sage-brush, and has been potent in demonstrating the capabilities of this part of the state for profitable cultivation and its advantages for labor and investment. WILLIAM SEVERN. An interesting book might be written about the early settlement of Montpelier, Idaho, to which no one could contribute a more edifying chapter of personal experiences than the man whose name appears above, 4 and some account of his venturesome, busy, useful and successful career is necessary to the completeness of this work. William Severn was born in Hucknell, in Not- tinghamshire, England, October 4, 1836, of an ancestry English in all known lines of descent. His parents were Enoch and Ann (Allen) Severn. They were married in England and were there converted to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Somewhat more than ten years ago they came to Montpelier, where their son William had come as a pioneer and had become a prominent citizen, and there Mr. Severn died in 1890, his wife having passed away a few years earlier. They had five children, of whom three are living. William the eldest was educated in England and learned and worked at the trade of weaving ladies' hose. In 1856 he sailed for America, on board the ship Orrison. and was married on the voyage to Miss Mary Astel. They were both between nineteen and twenty years old at the time. From New York they made their way to Iowa City, Iowa, en route for Utah. At Iowa City they joined a party, numbering six hundred, which on the 1st of August, 1856, set out over the old trail, moving their property by means of hand-carts. It was a long, tedious journey, and there were some who never reached the end of it. The snow fell long before they reached Salt Lake City, and they were short of provisions and found it almost im- possible At times to make any headway. But two hundred teams were sent to their relief from Salt Lake City, and met them still four hundred miles away from their journey's end. Without assistance the suffering of the emigrants would very likely have been something awful. They did not arrive in Salt Lake City until December i, four months after they had left Iowa City. Mr. Severn secured employment at sawing wood for the territorial legislature. In the spring of 1857 a farmer outside of the city employed him and paid him from one-half to two dollars a day. Under other circumstances he and his wife might have lived comfortably on what he was able to earn, but the isolation of the Mormon capital from eastern and western markets, and the almost total lack of transportation facilities in either di- rection, tended to raise prices on about every necessity to a point that made some of them unattainable to many persons. Sugar and butter readily brought fifty cents a pound, and flour was six dollars a hundred pounds, and hard to get at that price. Mr. Severn relates that he went sev- eral miles to buy five to six pounds of flour at a time. The young couple saw hard times, with little prospect of relief, but they were no worse off than thousands of others, and made the best they could of all the disadvantages at which they were placed. They returned to Salt Lake City, and went thence to Cache valley, where they arrived in the spring of 1861. From there they came to the site of Montpelier in the spring of 1864 and joined the band of emigrants sent to settle Bear Lake valley, under authority of Brig- ham Young, president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The colonists called the place Clover Creek, but the name of Montpelier was given it by President Young, in honor of Montpelier, Vermont, which was the 618 HISTORY OF IDAHO. place of his birth. Each of the pioneers of Mont- pelier had allotted to him one acre and a quarter in the town and twenty acres of hay land and twenty acres of grain land. This allotment, where land was so plentiful and cheap, was thought to be wise, as it kept the pioneers closer together, for mutual protection, than they proba- bly would have remained had they been left to their more ambitious choice. Later Mr. Severn took up a hundred and sixty acres and still later a hundred and twenty acres of government land, and he is now the owner of three hundred acres, raises cattle, hay and grain extensively and is one of the most successful farmers in the vicinity of Montpelier. Air. Severn tells many interesting details of the pioneer days at Montpelier. For a time after their arrival he and his wife slept in their wagon. In the absence of anything better to do service as a stove, Mrs. Severn did their baking in a kettle. Before the snow came Mr. Severn had provided a little log house, with a piece of cloth for a door and a smaller one for a window. Hay was spread .on the floor as a carpet to protect their feet from the bare ground, which, as may be supposed, was not at all times agreeable to the touch. Later the settlers joined hands and whip- sawed lumber out of which floors were laid in the cabins. Early frosts cut off young crops, and those about ready to garner were destroyed year after year, for half a dozen years, by crickets and grasshoppers, which were so voracious that they actually ate window curtains and any other arti- cle of cloth or paper they could get at. Less resolute people, less faithful and devoted people, might have faltered in the face of all these calami- ties, but not the colonists at Montpelier. They worked and prayed and fought and waited for success, and it came in plentiful measure. The wilderness was made to "blossom as the rose," a. thrifty town sprang up about them, and they were its most honored and most prosperous citizens. For ten years of his later life, until after Mrs. Severn's death, which occurred August 6, 1898, Mr. Severn kept hotel. Mrs. Severn was one of the "mothers" of the town, a woman loved by all who knew her, and her removal was deeply regretted. Following are the names of her chil- dren, all living at or near Montpelier, some of them yet members of their father's household: Mary (Mrs. Joseph Robertson), William, Thom- as, Elizabeth, Harry H., and Daniel E. July n, 1899, Mr. Severn married Miss Mary Cornwallis, an active member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Mr. Severn is a stanch Democrat, but is not an office-seeker nor a prac- tical politician; but he is a helpful citizen of lib- eral views, and has a reputation for sterling man- hood that makes him popular with all who know him. CALEB S. STONE, M. D. Dr. Stone has left the ranks of the many to stand among the more successful few in a profes- sion where advancement depends solely upon in- dividual merit. In other walks of life, especially in commercial circles, one may enter upon a business already established and carry it on from the point where others laid it down, but the phy- sician must rely solely upon his knowledge and ability, and these must be acquired through close and earnest application. That Dr. Stone, of Wallace, is numbered among the leading physi- cians and surgeons of his section of the state, is therefore evidence of his power in his chosen call- ing. A native of Missouri, he was born May 10, 1859, his parents being Robert Harris and Eliza (Rodes) Stone, both of whom were natives of Kentucky, and are now deceased. The father died in Missouri, in -1881, at the age of sixty-five years, and the mother in Texas, when about thirty-five years of age. Mr. Stone engaged in merchandising throughout his business career. The Doctor obtained his preliminary education in the common schools of his native state, and supplemented it by study in an academy for boys at Little Rock, Arkansas, and in Woodlawn Seminary, at St. Charles, Missouri. He began the study of medicine in Louisville, Kentucky, at the age of seventeen years, and in 1879 he went to Leadville, Colorado, where he remained until 1 88 1 acting as bookkeeper for the Chrysolite Mining Company. In 1882 he returned to Louisville, Kentucky, where he resumed the study of medicine, and in' 1883 was graduated in the Louisville Medical College. Immediately afterward Dr. Stone began the practice of his chosen profession in Colorado, where he continued for five years, meeting with excellent success in his undertakings. Having HISTORY OF IDAHO. 619 in that time accumulated considerable capital, he was enabled to spend the two succeeding years in travel, and in 1889 he came to Idaho, locating in Burke, Shoshone county, where he acted as surgeon for the Tiger, Poorman and other min- ing companies. In 1891 he took up his abode in Wallace and was at once appointed surgeon for the Northern Pacific and Union Pacific Rail- ways. In 1891 he was appointed attending sur- geon for the Providence Hospital, at Wallace, and is now county health officer also. He has a broad and accurate knowledge of medical princi- ples, is very skillful in diagnosing a case and in applying his knowledge in the manner best cal- culated to relieve suffering. His ability has won him rank among the leading physicians of Idaho, and he is a valued member of the Idaho State Medical Society, the American Medical Associa- tion and the American Association of Railway Surgeons. On Christmas day of 1896 Dr. Stone was united in marriage to Miss Mary Ervin, of Fay- ette, Missouri, and they have one of the finest homes in Wallace. It is not only beautiful in appearance, but is celebrated for its hospitality, which is generously extended to their many friends. They are the parents of a little son, whose birth occurred July 14, 1899. In politics the Doctor is a Democrat of the old school. A gentleman of courteous address and general man- ner, he is a favorite with all classes and is ac- counted one of the leading citizens of Wallace. JACOB JONES. Jacob Jones, a pioneer property-owner, mer- chant, farmer, blacksmith and hotel-keeper at Montpelier, Idaho, and one of the most promi- nent citizens of the town, was born in Brecon- shire, South Wales, May 14, 1825. His parents were descended from old Welsh families and his father was a Methodist, and his mother was a Presbyterian. Of their ten children he was the youngest. He was educated and entered upon the active struggle of life in his native land and there married Miss Anne Collier on the Saturday before Christmas, 1852. As early as 1846 he had been converted to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and he had done much missionary work in its behalf, as a result of which manv hundreds have embraced the faith. His wife had also been for some years a convert. In the spring of 1853 only a few months after their marriage, they set out for the United States, on board the sailing ship Interna- tional, from Liverpool. There were six hundred passengers, and the voyage consumed eight weeks, at the end of which time they very gladly disembarked at New Orleans, Louisiana. Mr. Jones and his brother, Henry, went to Fill- more, Missouri, where the brothers engaged for a time in contracting and building. From there Mr. Jones went with his family to Nebraska City, Nebraska, where they lived eight years. In the spring of 1863 they removed to Salt Lake City, Utah, where Mr. Jones opened a blacksmith shop, having mastered the trade in Wales and being thoroughly familiar with the work in all its details. At that time the war had brought iron up to a high price, and Salt Lake City was isolated from the older civilization of the coun- try to a greater extent than it is now, and black- smith's iron cost Mr. Jones twenty-five cents a pound. To pay these prices he was obliged to charge good prices for his work, and he made money. In 1864 President Brigham Young, of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, called for volunteers to go to live in Bear Lake vallev, now in Bear Lake county, Idaho, with a view of settling the country and spreading the gospel. As a volunteer, Mr. Jones came to the valley thirty-five years ago, in 1864, when there was not a house in the valley, from river head to river mouth. The next year (1865) he brought out his family. During the first summer they lived in the willows and slept in their wagon, and in the fall, in preparation for the rigors of winter, they erected a small log cabin. Every season for six years all that they attempted to raise was destroyed by crickets, grasshoppers or early frosts. These troubles and the unfriendly attitude of the Indians rendered the prospect for the devoted settlers very dark indeed. They were ordered away by the Sho- shone Indians, and when they did not go Chief Washakee went to Salt Lake City and conferred with President Young about the matter. Brig- ham Young believed it was cheaper to feed In- dians than to fight them, and had confidence in their friendship if it could be gained. He feasted Washakee and impressed him so favorably in 620 HISTORY OF IDAHO. every way that the settlers were permitted to re- main without molestation. The pioneers adopted a friendly and conciliatory policy in dealing with the Indians, and rarely had serious trouble with them. Once Pocatello, the Bannack chief, came to the settlement with his braves and treated the whites with much insolence. Some of the In- dians demanded beef and flour, which were scarce articles there at the time, and some of them amused themselves and their companions by standing on the settlers' beds and otherwise ren- dering themselves offensive and ridiculous. Two men were dispatched secretly to Cache valley for help, and the next day there were fifty minute- men in hand, and Pocatello and his followers withdrew with as good grace as possible and never troubled the settlers afterward. There was no mill anywhere near, and grain was ground in coffee-mills, and the pioneers had no base of sup- plies nearer than Cache valley. But, strange as it may appear at first thought, Mr. Jones was actually prospering in a financial way. He had established a blacksmith shop and was getting as much as six dollars for shoeing a span of horses and was being paid for other work at propor- tionate prices. There was much emigration through the valley and much packing of mer- chandise. The objective points were Boise City and the mining camps and settlements in Mon- tana. There were many horses to be shod and many wagons to be repaired, and this steady stream of overland travel made much other profitable work for Mr. Jones. He saw a train of eighty wagons, loaded with whisky and each drawn by six yokes of cattle, pass his shop en route for Montana mining camps, and at other times evidences of enterprises in the pursuit of the "almighty dollar" which were scarcely less remarkable and suggestive. When he had saved up some capital he built a big frame .house and occupied it as a residence and hotel. He planted trees about it and made it as comfortable and inviting as possible, and here he set a good table and gave every one a hearty welcome and a cheery good-bye, as a result of which he pros- pered beyond his most sanguine calculations. The house was kept open as a hotel until 1897, and since then Mr. Jones has entertained only favored old customers and personal friends. As Mr. Jones made money, he sought good investment for some of it in the immediate vicin- ity. He and Edward Burgoyne acquired the land on which the new town of Montpelier has grown up. They have built many houses and sold many lots and are still the largest owners of property there. From time to time Mr. Jones has bought other property, when he has been able to do so on advantageous terms. In this way and by other purchases he became the owner of much valuable farm land, and upon the marriage of one of his sons it is his rule to give him a good farm. He abandoned blacksmithing after having carried on the business with success about fifteen years, and in 1897, when he ceased keeping hotel, he retired from active life, well off in this world's goods, rich in the good will of his fellow citizens and with abundant self- approval of all methods by which he has pros- pered. With a partner, he built the roller-process flouring mill which became so great a factor in the prosperity of the town and its tributary terri- tory, but later disposed of his interest in it. Mr. and Mrs. Jones have had twelve children, of whom nine are living: Nessi A., who is Mrs. C. Webster; Lilian E., who married John Stevens; Thomas W., who is a merchant at Montpelier; Franklin, who is a dealer in meat in Montpelier ; Jacob, who is a successful rancher near Montpelier; Nellie S., who is the wife of Thomas Glen, a lawyer of Montpelier; May, who is Mrs. Clem Oakley, of Montpelier; John H., who is now married; and Daisy, who is a member of her father's household. ALFRED BUDGE. Alfred Budge, prosecuting attorney of Bear Lake county, was born in Providence, Utah, on the 24th of February, 1868, of Scotch-English and Welsh ancestry. For full details in regard to his lineage and the immediate family history, we refer the reader to the sketch of the life of his father, Hon. William Budge, appearing else- where in this volume. Alfred Budge received his preliminary education in the academy at Provo, Utah, and later matriculated in the law depart- ment of the famous University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, where he was duly graduated as a member of the law class of 1891. He was at once admitted to practice, and he began the work of his profession in July, 1892, at his home in Mr. and Mrs. Samuel W. Bigham. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 621 Paris, Idaho, where he has since continued in the active practice of law. In his political adherency Mr. Budge is a stanch advocate of the Republican party, and, as such, was elected district attorney of the fifth ju- dicial district of the state, in which office he served, with great acceptability, for a period of four years, his term expiring January 15, 1899. In the meanwhile, in November, 1898, he had been elected prosecuting attorney of Bear Lake county, of which important office he is the pres- ent incumbent, discharging its duties with marked ability and resourcefulness. It is worthy of note that while the political complexion of the county is Democratic by a majority of about two-thirds of its voters, both Mr. Budge and his father were candidates on the Republican ticket, the one for prosecuting at- torney and the other for state senator,- and both were elected. They were the only Republicans elected, and had made no personal efforts in the way of electioneering. Such facts are significant, standing in evidence of the popular recognition of their fitness for official position, and also indi- cating the great personal popularity in which they are held in the county in which they have both so long resided. Mr. Budge is now also a member of the Paris city council. He was born a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and has rendered his church eminent service as a traveling elder. He acquired the German lan- guage and for two and one-half years traveled and preached in Switzerland and in Germany. His labors abroad were well received, and he ef- fected several organizations of his church. He also visited and spent some time in England and France and has visited nearly all sections of his native land. On the 5th of July, 1894, Mr. Budge was hap- pily married to Miss Ella Hoge, the daughter of Walter Hoge, a respected pioneer citizen of Paris. Their union has been blessed with two sons, Alfred Hoge and Drew William Stanrod. They have a delightful home on a hillside over- looking the valley. Mr. Budge has also a ranch and is a stockholder in a large roller-process flouring mill, recently built in the city. There is a large local demand for the flour, and the prod- uct of the mill is also shipped to other towns. Mr. Budge is polished in manner, a gentleman of much natural and acquired ability, and he and his family are very highly esteemed, having a wide circle of friends. SAMUEL W. BIGHAM. Samuel W. Bigham, one of the most successful and best known farmers of the Potlatch country, living on American Ridge, four miles southwest of the picturesque and prosperous town of Ken- clrick, came to this locality in 1881 and took up government land, which he has transformed into one of the most desirable farms in this section of Idaho. He was born in Canada, July 24, 1842, and is of Irish descent, his grandfather, Andrew Bigham, having emigrated from the Emerald Isle to Canada at an early day. His son Thomas Bigham, the father of our subject, was born in what was then the town of York, but is now the city of Toronto, and having arrived at years of maturity married Miss Jane Davidson, a native of Ireland. In 1855 ne removed with his family to Illinois, became a naturalized citizen of the United States, and when the great civil war was inaugurated he espoused the cause of the Union, enlisting in Company G, Fifty-eighth Illinois In- fantry. When hostilities had ceased he returned to his Illinois home, where he remained until the fall of 1866, when he moved to MarySville, Mar- shall county, Kansas, where he remained until the fall of 1888, when he came to Idaho, locating in Moscow. There he passed the remainder of a well spent life, and he was called to his final rest September 15, 1897, at the age of eighty- three years. He' was a man of much energy and industry, of sterling worth of character, a valued member of the Baptist church and a good and worthy citizen, enjoying the esteem of all who knew him. His good wife is still living, at the age of eighty-six years. Through the long period of their married life she was to him a faithful wife and helpmeet, and to her nine children she proved a devoted mother. " Five sons and one daughter are still living. Samuel W. Bigham, the sixth of the family, was educated in Ogle county, Illinois, and reared at his father's home there. On the 3Oth of Oc- tober, 1861, stirred with the spirit of patriotism, he offered his services to the government, join- ing the same company of which his father was a 622 HISTORY OF IDAHO. member. One of his brothers, Jonathan Big- ham, belonged to the Ninety-second Illinois In- fantry, so that the family was well represented in the struggle to preserve the Union. He was only nineteen years of age when he volunteered, but the veterans many years his senior displayed no greater loyalty or bravery than he. He served in the western army under Generals Grant and Sherman and participated in nine hard-fought battles, from Pittsburg Landing to Nashville, Tennessee. At the battle of Pleasant Hill, Lou- isiana, he was wounded in the face, the ball enter- ing his mouth and breaking his jaw. As soon as he recovered he rejoined his regiment and continued with that command until February 7, 1865, when he received an honorable discharge. He then laid down his gun to again take his place behind the plow. He had rendered his country valuable service, and every loyal soldier of the Union certainly deserves the heartfelt praise of the nation. In 1881 Mr. Bigham came to Idaho, locating a claim of one hundred and sixty acres under the soldier's homestead act. By his industry and earnest effort he has made this one of the most desirable farms in the county and he is accounted one of the leading and progressive agriculturists. By additional purchase he has added to his prop- erty until his landed possession now aggregates three hundred and twenty acres, much of which is under a high state of cultivation. He has a fine orchard of fifteen acres, planted to apples, pears, peaches, plums and small fruits. He has also put out a fine grove of walnut trees, and this is used as picnic grounds by his family, friends and neighbors. He has piped water from a spring in his outdoor cellar to a forty-acre pas- ture, that his horses, cattle and hogs may have plenty of pure water. He raises grain, hay and fine stock, and feeds most of his farm products to the stock. His pleasant, and substantial resi- dence is supplemented by a large barn of recent construction and all other necessary outbuild- ings, and no accessory of the model farm is lack- ing. There is also a blacksmith and repair shop, and his mechanical ingenuity enables him to keep in repair all of his own farm implements. He is most industrious and energetic, and his labors are certainly deserving of the success with which they have been crowned. Another and most attractive element of the Bigham home is the generous hospitality which there reigns supreme. Our subject and his wife are most generous, kind-hearted people, and have the warm regard of a very extensive circle of friends. This worthy couple were married in 1889, the lady having been in her maidenhood Miss Christine Anna Ktioni. She was born in Switzerland, and came to America when two years old. Their union has been blessed with a son and daughter, Zella and Walter S. Mr. Bigham is a valued member of the Ma- sonic fraternity and of the Grand Army of the Republic. In politics he is a stalwart Repub- lican, and is a public-spirited, progressive citizen, giving his loyal support to all measures for the general good, and manifesting the same fidelity to his duties of citizenship as when he followed the nation's starry banner upon southern battle- fields. V. W. SANDER. Success is not always the result of fortunate circumstances, but is the outcome of labor and business ability, and the one who achieves suc- cess along industrial or commercial lines must be possessed of energy, strong determination and executive force. Such are the qualities which have won for Mr. Sander a leading position among the merchants of Idaho and gained for him the presidency of the Idaho Mercantile Com- pany, Limited, of Coeur d'Alene. A native of Germany, he was born February 4, 1857, and is a son of Henry and Henrietta (Othmer) Sander, also natives of the same coun- try. In 1860 they came with their family to the New World, taking up their residence in Musca- tine, Iowa, where the parents died. The subject of this review was only three years of age at the time of the emigration to America. He was reared in Muscatine and acquired his education in the common and high schools of that city, after which he entered upon his business career as a clerk, spending three years as a salesman in the dry-goods store of General Gordon, of that city. In 1877 he made his way westward to Cali- fornia, where he was employed as a clerk in a general store for two years, and in 1879 he re- moved to the territory of Washington, where he secured a ranch, upon which he made his home until the following year. In 1880 he came to HISTORY OF IDAHO. 623 what is now the city of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, and for several years was associated in business with George B. Wonnacott. In 1883 he began busi- ness on his own account, opening a general merchandising establishment, and on the 1st of March, 1895, was instrumental in organizing the Idaho Mercantile Company, Limited, of which he was elected president. It was capitalized for thirty thousand dollars, and from the beginning the new enterprise has been attended with a marked degree of success. They carry the largest stock in this section of the state and their goods are of the best possible selection to meet the varied demands of the trade of this region. In 1891 the large brick block in which the business is conducted was completed. It is fifty by one one hundred feet, and is two stories in height with basement. In 1886 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Sander and Miss Lulu Lohmann, of Burlington, Iowa, and they now have an interesting family of four children: William E., Henrietta C, Dor- othy L. and Carolton A. In his social relations Mr. Sander is a Knight of Pythias, and in politics is a Republican. He keeps well informed on the issues of the day, yet is not an office-seeker, pre- ferring to devote his time and energies to his business interests. His keen discrimination in commercial matters, his courteous treatment and honorable dealing have secured to him a liberal patronage, and his straightforward business methods have gained him the commendation and confidence of the general public. JOHN C. BRADY. The profession of teaching is one which de- velops a man symmetrically, affords him oppor- tunity for study and thought and fits him for the higher duties of citizenship in a manner thoroughly logical and rational. The successful teacher is a lover of popular enlightenment, and to be that he must be himself enlightened and patriotic. When teachers come to public office they bring to the service of the public a broad- minded grasp of affairs and a capacity for work which make them useful, influential and re- spected. John C. Brady was born in Cedar county, Iowa, May 19, 1863, a son of Hugh and Mary (McClintock) Brady, who are living in Keokuk county, Iowa, respected by all who know them, and prosperous in temporal affairs. Mr. Brady attended the public schools near his home and was graduated from the Northern In- diana Normal School, at Valparaiso, in 1884. From that time until in 1898 he was teaching school almost continuously, in Iowa, Montana and Idaho. He came to Rathdrum, Kootenai county, Idaho, in 1894, was for four years princi- pal of the schools of that town and came to be known as one of the most devoted and successful educators in the state. In November, 1898, he was, as a Democrat, elected to the office of judge of probate of Kootenai county, an office which he is adminis- tering with much ability and good judgment and with the approbation of the general public, with- out regard to political alliances. He was called to the position by a majority large enough to attest great personal popularity, for he is excep- tionally progressive and public-spirited and has a wide personal acquaintance. He has fraternal relations with the orders of Red Men, Knights of Pythias and Knights of the Maccabees. In Janu- ary, 1899, he purchased, and has since been the editor and publisher of, the Silver Blade, a six- column folio newspaper, which was established at Rathdrum in 1895 and is the only Democratic paper in Kootenai county. This journal under Mr. Brady's management has been greatly im- proved; it has a circulation of one thousand and a recognized influence throughout the prosperous and rapidly developing field it occupies. In 1893 Mr. Brady married Miss Nettie Pine, a native of Illinois, who died April 15, 1899, leaving two children, Arva and Elmer. CHAPTER XLII. THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER DAY SAINTS IN IDAHO. THE following record is contributed by one who stands high in the councils of the church and in the civic affairs of the state, and the article merits a place in this history, as representing an element which has a distinct place in the annals of Idaho and which is con- tributing to her welfare and stable prosperity : The remarkable journey of the Mormon people from the borders of civilization to the wilds of the western wilderness, in 1847, is now a matter of history. The pioneer camp of that exodus comprised one hundred and forty-three souls, and was led by Brigham Young, the president of the church, and afterward governor of Utah. This advance colony reached Salt Lake City on the 24th day of July, 1847. Almost immediately after planting crops sufficient for bread-stuff for these col- onizers, Brigham Young fitted out several companies, under the supervision of men of indomitable courage, to explore the contiguous territory, in order to provide for the establishment of the immense immigration of the main body of the church, which, in the few years following, found its way to Utah. One of these com- panies went south to Provo valley, and another went to Davis county, on the north, settling what are now known as Kaysville and Centerville. Soon after this another colony settled in Ogden valley, and this was followed by the settlement of Brigham City, in 1850. The inviting and fertile valleys of the north soon led to the establishment of thrifty settlements in Cache valley now known as "the granary of Utah." Logan, the county-seat of Cache, was located by Peter Man- ghan in the spring of 1859. Reaching out on the north, Franklin-was located. This was the first town in Idaho to be settled by the Mormon people, although then supposed to be a part of Utah. Malad was settled by Henry Peck, Benjamin Thomas and others, in 1863, and in 1866 an addition was made to ttoe population by an influx of Josephites. Bear Lake valley, then called Richland county, and subsequently part of Onei- da county, was settled in 1863 by Apostle Charles C. Rich. Cassia county at the time of its settlement being part of Oneida and Owyhee counties was set- tled in 1875, Albion now the county-seat being the first town settled, followed soon after by Oakley. Tre- mont county was settled in 1883, Rexburg being the first town located, although there were seven families at what is now known as Parker, and a few at Menan and Idaho Falls. The pioneers of Fremont county were Thomas E. Ricks, Francis Gunnell, James M. 624 Cook, T. E. Ricks, Jr., Joseph Ricks, Brigham Ricks, Heber Ricks, Fred Smith, Leonard Jones, Dan Wal- ters, Edmund Paul, and a number of others, all from Cache county. It should be here remarked that the Mormons were the very first bona-fide settlers of Idaho. In 1855 a colony was called by Brigham Young to settle what is now known as Lemhi county Lemhi being the name of one of the prophets in the Book of Mormon. They cultivated a rich body of land there, but the Indians were very hostile, and massacred some of the colony, besides destroying much of their property and stealing their cattle. Finally, Brigham Young called them in, and no further settlement of that part of Idaho took place till mining discoveries opened up the country, in 1866. After the establishment of Franklin by the Mormon people, settlements sprang up all around, until now the Mormon population of Idaho numbers in the neighborhood of thirty-three thousand, distributed in what are generally known as the six Mormon counties, as follows: Bear Lake, Bingham, Bannock. Cassia, Fremont and Oneida. The condition of the Mormon people is prosperous, and is characterized by industry, frugality and thrift. We have thus shown the first settlement of the Mormon people in Idaho. The genius of the Mormon religion appeals to all who investigate it, as being not only adapted to the spiritual advancement of mankind, but as especially looking to his temporal welfare. In the establishment of these colonies, the betterment of the condition of the Mormon people and their inde- pendence have been the important objects to accom- plish, as well as the keeping of the people together in one body for the attainment of their spiritual desires; so that the salvation embodied in the Mormon religion not only pertains to the life beyond, but also has a most important bearing on the improvement of their temporal condition. It is a practical religion in every sense of the word. The Mormon people have been and are, in very deed, the pioneers and colonizers of this western coun- try, but the hardships, the sufferings and the vicissi- tudes they have undergone have, in many respects, been almost beyond human endurance. Only through the aid and the protection of the Divine Power have they been enabled to endure the sufferings attendant upon the early settlement of what are now the prettiest, the richest and the most promising valleys of Idaho. Bear Lake county can very truly be cited as an instance of the hardships and sufferings undergone. Thirty- HISTORY OF IDAHO. G25 three years ago, when Charles C. Rich and his band of pioneers entered this valley, it was most forbidding and uninviting. The valley has an altitude of five thou- sand seven hundred feet, and the early and late frosts, and the long winters, with their heavy snowfalls, made it seem impossible to bring the valley to a condition where farming would be profitable and the locality a desirable place to live in. The change which has come over this valley seems more like a transformation than a reality. The finest and choicest of cereals are now raised here, as also apples, pears, plums, cherries, strawberries, and all the smaller fruits, while thrifty settlements have sprung up as if by magic. There was no railroad in the early days of its settlement, and when the inclemency of the weather and the grasshop- pers destroyed the crops, bread-stuffs and the other necessaries of life had to be freighted from Cache val- ley through the mountains, over roads which were rough and almost impassable. Charles C. Rich, through all these discomfitures and hardships, together with his band of pioneers, labored for the development of the country. He died at his home in Paris, in 1882. The evidences of the primitive condition of affairs are giving way to modern improvements. The old log school-house and place of worship have given way to the brick school-house and the stone church. Paris, the county-seat of Bear Lake, as is the case with all the other Mormon settlements, has been almost entirely rebuilt during the last fifteen years, and boasts, among its many modern buildings, the largest and most costly place of worship in the state of Idaho, known to the Mormon people as their Stake Tabernacle being con- structed entirely of fine building rock. It also pos- sesses a Mormon church academy of cut rock and brick, three stories high, with a large tower, valued at forty-five thousand dollars. When the Mormon colonists stretched out on the north, miles and miles from Salt Lake City, they had no other thought but that they were in the then terri- tory of Utah. Their interests were in common, and they paid tribute to that territory and assisted in the choosing of her officials. When a government survey of the west was made in 1872, a line was run by the surveyors between Utah and Idaho, and the Mormon people in the extreme northern settlements found themselves in Idaho, in what was then known as Oneida county, which at that time embraced the pres- ent counties of Bear Lake, Oneida, Bannock, Bing- ham, Fremont and part of Cassia. The Mormon set- tlers, being chiefly from Utah, and understanding they were part and portion of that territory, had never taken much part in national politics in fact, but very little. This is easily explained by the fact that when they reached Utah in 1847 they were over one thousand miles from civilization, and being so isolated for years, during the settlement of Utah, they had no occasion to bother much with politics. They were ever loyal, however, to the flag, and maintained, even from the first, a devotion to the institutions of our country. When the fact was determined that the Mormon set- tlers in the southeastern part of our state were in Idaho, and not in Utah as they supposed, they began to interest themselves in the politics of the territory, realizing that their taxes would be paid into its treas- ury and disbursed by its officials, and not in Utah any more; and that from henceforth their interests would be allied with Idaho. Just prior to this time the Republican party, in national convention assembled, in 1876, displayed a hostile feeling against the Mormon church, by making the following declaration in its platform: "The constitution confers upon congress sovereign power over the territories of the United States for their government; and in the exercise of this power it is the right and duty of congress to prohibit and extir- pate, in the territories, that relic of barbarism polig- amy; and we demand such legislation as shall secure this end and the supremacy of American institutions in all the territories." (Adopted at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 14, 1876.) This declaration affected the Mormon people so intensely that, as a matter of self-protection, they affiliated with the Democratic party, realizing that this party had not, in any of its platforms or at any of its conventions, displayed such unfriendliness; for it should be remembered that the Mormon people, who had taught the rightfulness of polygamy and practiced it always, however, to a limited extent without any legal objection, considered that they were acting under the provisions of 'the constitution relating to religious liberty. Consequently, when the Mormon settlers found themselves in Idaho they were almost as a body with the Democrats, and as such affiliated with that party in territorial and congressional matters. The Mormon vote being quite heavy, it was natural to suppose that it would be felt in the elections that occurred from the time of their joining hands with the Democratic party. This was in very deed the case. Their vote insured Democratic success in every polit- ical battle fought. With such unanimity did the Mor- mon people support their party ticket, that in some counties, where hundreds of votes were rolled up, but two or three Republican ballots were found. This solid voting naturally brought forth a vigorous outcry from the Republican party, and so profitably did they wage their fight that it became of national notoriety. Fred T. Dubois, who was then United States marshal, was the acknowledged leader of the Republican party in Idaho, and he used this anti-Mormon cry to good advantage; although we are pleased to state that he was one of the first public men who afterward openly professed his belief in the sincere acceptance of the manifesto by the Mormon people. The Democrats were everywhere twitted for securing an election with the suffrages of the Mormon people, and to such an extent was this campaign of abuse and hatred carried on, that the leaders of the Democratic party became ashamed of themselves, and at a Democratic conven- tion held, at which a candidate for delegate to con- gress was to be nominated, they displayed their ingrati- G2G HISTORY OF IDAHO. tude and cowardice by denying seats to the Mormon representatives. This was the signal for what proved to be a dividing line between them and the Mormon people, so far as party politics in Idaho were concerned. The Democrats threw down the gauntlet; the Mor- mons took it up and at once prepared to defend them- selves. Their first move was to band themselves into an independent party, under obligations to no man or clique. In this capacity they went to the polls, throwing their strength in a direction which seemed to them the best. Fred T. Dubois was elected to con- gress on an out-and-out anti-Mormon issue, as a result of the feeling which had grown up so suddenly against our people. This condition, however, soon terminated. As neither of the political parties was the gainer by the independent action of the Mormon people, at least to any profitable and permanent degree, they united against them, and at the thirteenth territorial session the legislature disfranchised the Mormon people by enacting an infamous test-oath, directed especially against the Mormons because of their religious belief, and known everywhere as the "Mormon iron-clad oath." This oath read as follows: I do swear (or affirm) that I am a male citizen of the United States of the age of twenty-one (21) years, (or will be) the day 18 (naming date of next succeeding election) ; that I have (or will have) actually resided in this territory for four (4) months, and in this county for thirty (30) days next preceding the day of the next ensuing election; (in case of any election requiring a different time of resi- dence, so make it) that I have never been convicted of treason, felony or bribery; that I am not now regis- tered, or entitled to vote, at any oilier place in this territory; and I do further swear that I am not a bigamist or polygamist; that I am not a member of any order, organization, or association which teaches, advises, counsels or encourages its members, devotees, or any other person to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy, or any other crime defined by law, as a duty arising or resulting from membership in such order, organization or association, or which practices bigamy or polygamy, or plural or celestial marriage, as a doctrinal rite of such organization; that I do not, and will not. publicly or privately, or in any manner whatever, teach, advise, counsel, or encourage, any person to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy, or any other crime defined by law, either as a religious duty or otherwise; that I do regard the constitution of the United States, and the laws thereof, and of this territory, as interpreted by the courts, as the supreme law of the land, the teachings of any order, organiza- tion or association to the contrary notwithstanding; (when made before a judge of election, add' "and I have not previously voted at this election,") so help me God. of- Subscribed and sworn to before me this- -Register of- -Precinct, -day -County, Idaho Territory. Under the provisions of the foregoing inimical and unjust legislation, a member of the. Mormon church, whether he believed in polygamy or not, could not only not hold office in the territory, but he could not even vote. Even members of the Mormon church were denied the right to act as school trustees. When the time came for statehood, to further the interests of which the Mormon people worked and labored hard, their political enemies desired to perpetuate the political bondage they were in by incorporating in the enabling act a test-oath similar to the one heretofore incorpor- ated in this article. It was left for the legislators of the first state session to out-Herod Herod by going further than the constitution dared do, by punishing the Mormon people for what they had done during the terms of their lives before, as fully shown in the pro- visions of the following test-oath: I do swear, or affirm, that I am a male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, (or will be) the day of , A. D. 18 , (naming date of next succeeding election) ; that I have (or will have) actually resided in this state for six months and in the county for thirty days next preceding the next ensuing election. (In case of any election requiring a different time of residence, so make it.) That I have never been convicted of treason, felony, embezzlement of public funds, bartering or selling or offering to barter or sell my vote, or purchasing or offering to purchase the vote of another, or other infamous crime, without there- after being restored to the right of citizenship; that since the first day of January, A. D. 1888, and since I have been eighteen years of age, I have not been a bigamist or polygamist, or have lived in what is known as patriarchal, plural or celestial marriage, or in violation of any law of this state, or of the United States, forbidding any such crime; and I have not during said time, taught, advised, counseled, aided or encouraged any person to enter into bigamy, polygamy, or such patriarchal, plural or celestial marriage, or to live in violation of any such law, or to commit any such crime. Nor have I been a member of. or contributed to the support, aid or encouragement of any order, organization, association, corporation or society which, through its recognized teachers, printed or published creed, or other doctrinal works, or in any other man- ner, teaches or has taught, advises or has advised, counsels, encourages or aids, or has counseled, encour- aged or aided, any person to enter into bigamy, polyg- amy, or such patriarchal or plural marriage, or which teaches or has taught, advises or has advised, that the laws of this state or of the territory of Idaho, or of the United States, applicable to said territory prescrib- ing rules of civil conduct, are not the supreme law. That I will not commit any act in violation of the provisions in this oath contained; that I am not now registered or entitled to vote at any other place in this state; that I do regard the constitution of the United States, and the laws thereof, and the constitution of this state, and the laws thereof, as interpreted by the courts, as the supreme law of the land, the teachings of any order, organization or association to the con- trary notwithstanding. When made before a judge of election, add: "And I have not previously voted at this election." So help me God. The next session of the legislature, irrespective of political party, acting on instructions embodied in Governor McConnell's message to them, passed a bill eliminating from the elector's oath all its unjust and retroactive provisions, which bill was promptly signed by Governor McConnell February 23, 1893. During all the time of their disfranchisement, the Mormon people, as a church, had been contending in the courts for their religious freedom and what they considered to be their political rights and privileges HISTORY OF IDAHO. 627 under the constitution of the land. Eventually the supreme court of the United States decided against the church, so far as its practice of polygamy was concerned, and the Mormon people submitted to its rulings. The manifesto by President Woodruff fol- lowed, and was accepted by the people in one of the largest conferences ever held, and plural marriages from that time ceased. A feeling of confidence and good will among the political parties to the Mormon people followed, and they divided up on national party lines, taking such an interest in election matter as to leave no room for doubt of their sincerity in abiding the changed condition. When the third session of the Idaho state legislature sat, this feeling of friendship was manifested in the passing of a bill entirely remov- ing all strictures and reference to the Mormon church and its religion, as is seen by the amended oath itself as follows: I do swear (or affirm) that I am a male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, or will be the day of . A. D. 189 , (naming date of next succeeding election) that I have (or will have) actually resided in this state for six months and in the county for thirty days next pre- ceding the next ensuing election, (in case of any elec- tion requiring a different time of residence so make it) ; that I have never been convicted of treason, felony, embezzlement of public funds, bartering or selling or offering to barter or sell my vote, or purchasing or offering to purchase the vote of another, or other infamous crime, without thereafter being restored to the rights of citizenship; that I will not commit any act in violation of the provisions in this oath con- tained; that I am not now registered, or entitled to vote, at any other place in this state; that I do regard the constitution of the United States and the laws thereof, and the constitution of this state and the laws thereof, as interpreted by the courts, as the supreme law of the land; (when made before a judge of elec- tion add: "And I have not previously voted at this election:") so help me God. This is the only elector's oath now on the statute book, and as a result the Mormon people not only vote at all elections, but hold federal, legislative, state, county, and other offices generally. Notwithstanding the antagonism manifested by a certain local paper in Utah, which has recommended extreme and cruel measures for the breaking up of polygamous families established long before there was any law against its practice, the object sought by the law is being accomplished in a more humane manner, for there being no further plural marriages, polygamy is naturally dying out. In Bear Lake county, for instance, the strongest Mormon county in the state. the number of polygamists at the time the manifesto was formulated was seventy-four, whereas now there are only forty-eight, and undoubtedly a much smaller percentage remains in the other counties. CHAPTER XLIII. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. FRANK SIGEL DIETRICH. THE day of the lawyer who depended upon inspiration, and whose chief preparation for forensic victory was the acquisition of alcoholic stimulants, is past. The lawyer of to-day depends not alone upon inspiration, but also upon hard work in preparing his cases for trial, and upon their careful presentation and handling in the courts. Usually he has to con- vince hard-headed business men of the merits of his case, which involves nothing of sentiment or of sensationalism and much of pecuniary interest and of commercial right and wrong, pure and simple. He goes before a judge and jury cool, collected, alert, bristling with business, equipped with a thorough knowledge of principles and decisions applicable to his case, ready for emer- gencies, and with the persuasive oratory of reason and precedent clearly expressed and logically arrayed, but having little need for mere theatrical display. Thus equipped, thus discharging his duty to his client, to the court, and to himself, he wins upon the law and the evidence, ably interpreting the one and bringing out the full force of the other. Such a modern, successful lawyer is the subject of this sketch, concerning whose life we have gathered the following facts. Frank Sigel Dietrich was born near Ottawa, Kansas, January 23, 1863, and came of German ancestry. Both his father and his mother were born near Frankfort, in Germany, .where they spent the early portion of their lives, but, imbued with that strong desire for personal liberty and personal rights characterizing so many Germans, they emigrated to America in 1855. For two years they lived in the city of Chicago, but still desiring greater freedom, and being touched by the stirring drama then being enacted upon the border territory, they moved further west, set- tling at Ohio City, Kansas, where, as a pioneer, Jacob Dietrich, the father, began to till the soil, an occupation for which he was little fitted either by training or experience, but of which he made a success. Kansas was then passing through a critical period in her history. As an abolitionist and as a Union man, after the question of disrupting or supporting the Union of the states became an issue, Mr. Dietrich passed through the vicissi- tudes of those years in "bleeding Kansas," living as he did on the very scene of the careers of Quantrell and John Brown, not without great personal danger, until his death in September, 1863, when his son, Frank Sigel Dietrich, who had been named in honor of the German patriot Franz Sigel, prominent as a general in the civil war, was only eight months old. He left a widow and, besides the subject of this sketch, two chil- dren, John Dietrich, now superintendent of the public schools of Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Charles F. Dietrich, still residing near the old homestead and employed as a traveling sales- man. Mrs. Dietrich remarried, becoming the wife of Jacob Puderbaugh, and by that marriage had one child, a daughter, Addie, who, as the wife of George M. Hill, resides at Arkansas City, Kansas. Such education as was obtainable in the com- mon schools during the winter months, the boy Frank acquired, working upon the farm during the summer, and then, through the sacrifices of his devoted mother, the second time a widow, and through his own industry, he was fitted for college in the academic department of Ottawa University, and took the classical course at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, graduating with honors in the class of 1887. Two years thereafter he passed at the Ottawa Uni- versity, as instructor of history and political economy. In July, 1891, he came to Idaho to practice his chosen profession, and in January, 1892, was admitted to the bar of the courts of that state and of the United States. He has since carried on his work with such success as has 688 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 629 brought to him what is doubtless one of the best practices in the state, the law firm of Dietrich, Chalmers & Stevens, of which he is the head, maintaining offices both at Blackfoot, where Mr. Dietrich formerly resided, and at Pocatello, his present residence. In January, 1899, he was ap- pointed attorney for the Oregon Short Line Rail- road Company, with jurisdiction over Idaho and Wyoming, which position he now holds. Mr. Dietrich has always been a Republican, participating actively as a citizen in politics, never, however, being a candidate for office until the fall of 1898, when he was put forward by the "silver" wing of the Republican party as a candi- date for the office of district judge, and, though running ahead of his ticket, yet, because of the almost equal division of the Republican strength on the "silver"' issue, he failed of election, the vote he received giving ample evidence of the public confidence reposed in him. September 2j, 1893, he was united in marriage to Miss Martha Behle, a daughter of Dr. William H. Behle, now of Salt Lake City, and to them has been born one child, a daughter, named Margaret Kathryn, now aged two years. Mr. and Mrs. Dietrich are both members of the Bap- tist church, taking an active part in the social and religious life of the community in which they live. While in college Mr. Dietrich was a mem- ber of both the Delta Upsilon and Phi Beta Kappa societies and he has since become also an Oddfellow and a Mason. WILLIAM W. WOODS. Idaho is fortunate in having an able bar. The importance of the legal business growing out of mining enterprises early drew to the state lawyers of ability and experience in large affairs and liti- gation involving big sums and values. As a result, there is at every important business center of the state legal talent which would do credit to Chicago or New York. Major William W. Woods, one of the leading lawyers of Idaho, was born in Burlington, Iowa, January 24, 1841, a son of James W. and Catharine (Wells) Woods. His father was a successful lawyer, and was born in New Hampshire in 1810, settled in Iowa in 1836 and died at Waverly, Iowa, in 1880. His mother was born in New York in 1825 and died at Burlington, Iowa, in 1864. Major Woods received an academical educa- tion at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, and at nineteen began the study of law in the office and under the preceptorship of J. C. & B. J. Hall, of Bur- lington, Iowa. He was called from his legal studies by the demand for soldiers to protect our national interests in the civil war, and in August, 1861, enlisted as a private in Company L, Fourth Iowa Volunteer Cavalry, with which he served until September, 1865, when he was mustered out, with the rank of major, after having made an admirable record as a soldier. He resumed the study of law, and in June, 1866, was admitted to the bar, at Burlington, Iowa. He began the practice of his profession immediately thereafter at Sidney, Fremont county, Iowa, and remained there four years. He then took up his residence and practice at Council Bluffs, Iowa, where for two years he had Robert Percival as a law part- ner. In February, 1872, he went to Salt Lake City, Utah, and there gained a high standing at the bar, and remained there until 1887. He first came to Coeur d'Alene region in 1884, but not to remain, and it was not until 1888 that he lo- cated with his family at Murray, then the seat of justice of Shoshone county. Since 1890 he has lived at Wallace. Major Woods has given attention to general practice, but has devoted himself especially, and with much success, to litigation growing out of mining business. He has taken a high place at the bar wherever he has practiced, by reason of the fidelity with which he serves his clients and the honorable and straightforward methods of his practice. Politically Major Wood is a Democrat, but he has never cared for office for himself, preferring to devote himself entirely to his profession. He was a member of the constitutional convention in 1890, and a presidential elector in 1896. He is a Mason, an Elk and an active member of Tecum- seh Post, No. 22, of the Grand Army of the Republic, at Wallace. He was married in 1874, in Salt Lake City, to Mrs. M. C. Dunford, a native of Utah. GEORGE GUMBERT. . The proprietor of the city meat market and the pioneer butcher of Boise, where he has been in business since 1864, is George Gumbert, who is a native of Pennsylvania, his birth having 630 HISTORY OF IDAHO. taken place in Pittsburg on June n, 1835. Of German extraction, his ancestors were early set- tlers of Pennsylvania and his great-grandfather, Gumbert, fought in the colonial army during the Revolutionary war. His paternal grandfather was a farmer in Westmoreland county. His father, George Gumbert, was born in Pittsburg, where he followed the meat business nearly all his life, having attained the advanced age of ninety years. He was in politics first a Whig, later joining the Republican party upon its or- ganization. He married Miss Amelia Turner, who was born in Pennsylvania, and both of them were members of the Baptist church. They be- came the parents of nine children, of whom three, sons and a daughter are now living. George Gumbert, the immediate subject of this sketch, was educated in the public schools of Pittsburg and in 1850, when but fifteen years old, he crossed the plains to California, later removing to Nevada and engaging in the butcher business at Virginia City. He volunteered in the war against the Piutes, furnishing his own horse and complete outfit, and assisted in driving the Indians back to the reservation. In 1863 he came to Boise, which at that time consisted of a few canvas tents, and opened a meat market in a shanty, where he continued until 1876, and then returned to Virginia City, remaining there two years. Once more coming to Boise, he again started a meat market, which he has con- ducted ever since, and by his thoroughly reliable and honorable business methods has secured the good will and patronage of a large number of his fellow citizens. His market is located on Main street, in the business part of' the city, which is now handsomely built up and in a flourishing condition. In his political affiliations Mr. Gumbert is a stanch Democrat, and, without any solicitation on his part, he was nominated by his party for one of the county commissioners. Such was his popularity that he ran far ahead of his ticket, and he is now serving his county in a business-like and efficient manner. Mr. Gumbert was united in marriage in 1865 to Miss Mary C. Turner, a native of Kentucky, and one daughter was born to them. She is now Mrs. L. Peflev. Socially Mr. Gumbert is an active member of the uniformed rank of the Knights of Pythias, and holds the office of treas- urer of his lodge. JOSEPH BUCKLE. Joseph Buckle represents all that is best in German-American blood, which in war and peace, in all stages of the history of the United States, has fought for and encouraged the causes of liberty, public education and good govern- ment. He was a pioneer in Kootenai county, Idaho, and has become a popular and influential citizen because he possesses those qualities of head and heart which make men useful and patriotic. Joseph Buckle, assessor and tax collector of Kootenai county, Idaho, was born in Stark county, Ohio, April 3, 1857, a son of Anthony and Mary (Datyler) Buckle, natives of Germany, who were brought to the United States in child- hood and married and lived out their days and died in their son's native county. The future Kootenai county official gained a primary education in the district schools near his home and, in 1877, when he was about twenty years old, he went to California and farmed suc- cessfully in that state until 1882. He came to Kootenai county in the year last mentioned and was engaged in farming until 1897, when he was appointed deputy sheriff, which position he held until January, 1899, when he resigned it to as- sume the duties of assessor and tax collector of Kootenai county, an office to which he was elected November, 1898, upon a fusion ticket of Populists, silver Republicans and Democrats, by a majority of four hundred and eighty-two. This important office, in which all the taxable property of the county is involved, and which comes nearer to the private interests of the whole people of the county than any other, is administered by Mr. Buckle in a thoroughly business-like manner, and with that conscientious regard for the rights of the property owners which has made him very popular with his fellow citizens of all classes. He has an able deputy in the person of H. J. Bosth- wick. Mr. Buckle is a member of Panhandle Lodge of the Knights of Pythias of Rathdrum. He married Miss Mary Casey, a native of Wisconsin, in 1892, and they have three daughters, named Agnes, Lilian and Florence. He has demon- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 631 strated his public spirit in many ways and is re- garded as one of Rathdrum's most useful and progressive citizens. CHARLES D. ARMSTRONG. In a record of those who have been promi- nently identified with the development and progress of Latah county it is imperative that definite consideration be granted to the subject of this review, for not only is he a prominent representative of the agricultural interests of. this favored section, but has the distinction of being one of the pioneers of the golden west, with whose fortunes he has been identified for fully forty years, concerned with varied industrial pur- suits and so ordering his life as to gain and retain the confidence and esteem of his fellow men. Charles Dexter Armstrong is a native of the old Buckeye state, having been born in Knox county, Ohio, on the 22d of January, 1834, and being a representative of sterling old southern families. His father, John Armstrong, was born in Owen county, Kentucky, and did valiant service as a soldier in the war of 1812, being a member of an Ohio regiment. As a young man he married Miss Melinda Hinton, a native of the state of Maryland, and soon after their marriage they removed to Ohio, where they established their home and reared a family of eleven chil- dren. They were members of the Methodist church and were conscientious and upright in all the relations of life. The mother departed this life in the fifty-fourth year of her age, and the father lived to attain the venerable age of ninety years. Of the immediate family only four are living at the present time, so far as known to the subject of this sketch. Charles D. was the youngest of the children, and his educational training was secured in the primitive log school- house in the vicinity of his home, in Knox county, and this rudimentary institution he was enabled to attend only during the winter months, as the boys in the pioneer settlements had to assist in the development and cultivation of the farms, in which line our subject recalls the fact that he contributed his due quota of hard work. He assumed the individual responsibilities of life at the age of eighteen years, and in 1859, when he had attained the age of twenty-five years, he determined to try his fortunes in the far west. He accordingly made the long, weary and dangerous journey across the plains and over the mountains to the golden state of California. The party of which he was a member comprised eleven families, and the little band of emigrants plodded its way across the continent with ox teams. After reaching his destination Mr. Arm- strong was for some time engaged in mining in Eldorado and Nevada counties, California, in which operations he met with only modest suc- cess. In the year 1882 Mr. Armstrong started for the Camas prairie of Idaho, but became im- pressed with the attractions and prospects of the northern section of the state and determined to locate in what is now Latah county. Accord- ingly, in 1883, he established himself upon his present fine farm, a hundred and sixty acres, which he secured from the government, and here, by industry and discriminating effort, he has de- veloped one of the most valuable farming prop- erties in this section of the Gem state. At Virginia City, Nevada, in the year 1867, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Armstrong and Miss Mary E. Johnson, who was born in Polk county, Oregon, the daughter of Nelson Johnson, an Oregon pioneer of 1847. Mr. and Mrs. Arm- strong had nine children at the time of their removal to Idaho, and since that time seven more have been added to the family circle. It is a fact worthy of note that of this large family all are living with the exception of one, the youngest child being four years of age and the oldest thirty-one. Of the children we offer the following brief record: John Nelson; Melinda, who died in her seventeenth year; Maud Alice, now Mrs. Chas. A. Edwards ; Ida May, the wife of Newton Lile; Charles Hinton, who was a bright student in the University of Idaho, enlisted in the ranks at the time of the inauguration of the Spanish- American war and is now serving his country as first sergeant of his company, in the Philippine islands ; Walter Benton ; Rosalind ; Joshua Will- iam ; Edwin Forrest ; Elmer James ; Mabel Flor- ence ; George Wallace ; Albert Dexter ; Percy Newton; Clyde D.; and Sallie Hazel. The parents have every reason to be proud of their children, all of whom are bright, intelligent and good-looking, representing the best type of 632 HISTORY OF IDAHO. American youth. Mr. and Mrs. Armstrong are both in excellent health, are of genial nature, and, blessed with the goodly gifts of temporal fortune and with the filial devotion of their children, they may well feel that their lines have fallen in pleas- ant places. Mr. Armstrong is a man of strong mentality and has taken a very lively interest in the cause of education and in all other objects which tend to further the advancement and well-being of his county and state. He has served as a school trustee for many years, and has been indefati- gable in his efforts to afford the best possible educational advantages to his own and his neigh- bors' children. In his political adherency he has been a lifelong Democrat, and he is known as a man of unbending integrity and sterling worth. The family enjoy a marked popularity in the community where they have lived since coming to Idaho, and this tribute is well merited. EDWIN F. GUYON, M. D. Edwin F. Guyon, M. D., who has become known as county physician of Bear Lake county, Idaho, assistant surgeon for the Oregon Short Line, member of Idaho and Oregon State Med- ical Associations and of the American National Medical Association, and as author of the law to prohibit illegal medical practice in Idaho and co- author with Dr. C. J. Smith of the law to prevent illegal medical practice in Oregon, is one of the leading physicians in Idaho and is doing much to elevate his profession and augment its useful- ness throughout the northwest. Dr. Guyon be- gan the practice of medicine in Pendleton City, Oregon, in 1891, and continued it there success- fully for five years, when his health began to fail and he sought a higher altitude and a dryer at- mosphere at Montpelier. The colder climate agreed with him, and he regained his -health, and by the time he had done so he had built up a large and rapidly growing practice, in which he has been successful professionally as well as financially. Dr. Guyon was born at New Orleans, Lou- isiana, November 7, 1853, of Huguenot ancestors, on his father's side, who came early in our history from France and settled in New York and New Jersey. John Guyon, his father, was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, and married Miss Emily Shattuck, a native of St. Louis, but a descendant of an old Virginia family, her mother having been prominent at Richmond, socially and otherwise. John Guyon, who was a con- tractor, built many wharves in the south and died there, of yellow fever, when Dr. Guyon was a child. His widow, who married again, died in California, in the forty-ninth year of her age. Mrs. Guyon went to California in 1856, with her second husband, and Edwin F. was a mem- ber -of the moving household. The journey was made by the way of the isthmus of Panama. Dr. Guyon was educated in the public schools of California and Oregon and at Whitman College, Washington, 'and was graduated from the med- ical department of the University of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1891. Politically Dr. Guyon is a Democrat, and- he wields no uncertain influence in party affairs in the county and state. He is a prominent Odd Fellow, having passed all the chairs in the subor- dinate lodge and in the encampment, and he is a member of the Woodmen of the World. As a citizen he is public-spirited and progressive and takes an active and helpful interest in all meas- ures for the public good. He was married, in 1879, to Miss Maggie Jones, a native of Missouri, and they have a son named La Fayette and a daughter named Maud. Mrs. Guyon is a Baptist. The Doctor was brought up in the Methodistic faith. LORENZO R. THOMAS. There are some men in every community who appear to have been born to succeed, but their success is not by any means a matter of chance. They are born with those qualities of mind and heart which, if cultivated and applied to the affairs of life, will produce success as surely as wheat well sowed and fertilized will produce its kind. Men who make vigorous and judicious use of these talents are the successful ones. Lorenzo R. Thomas, one of the enterprising men of Idaho who has continually advanced in the affairs of life, was born in Hanley, Stafford- shire, England, May 31, 1870, and is of Welsh ancestry. His father, James Thomas, was mar- ried in Wales to Elizabeth Richardson, and after- ward removed to England, whence they came to the United States in 1873, bringing with them their daughter and son. The family located in HISTORY OF IDAHO. 633 Salt Lake City, Utah, and there Mr. Thomas engaged in the same business that he had fol- lowed in England, that of merchant tailoring. In 1877 they removed to Logan, Utah, and in 1882 took up their abode at Idaho Falls, where Mr. Thomas is now carrying on an extensive business as a dealer in clothing and men's fur- nishing goods. He is now in his fifty-second year and is a respected bishop of the Church of Latter Day Saints. In Idaho Falls Lorenzo R. Thomas early learned the basic principles of successful mer- chandising. He acquired also a good practical education in the public schools of Logan, Utah. His abilities were early recognized and he was given the management of the mercantile business of the Zion Co-operative Mercantile Institution, at Rexburg, Idaho, and controlled that important interest two years and a half. While a resident of Rexburg he was elected a member of the third Idaho state legislature and served in that body with great ability and credit. Upon the expira- tion of his term in the general assembly he re- signed his position with the mercantile company to accept the appointment as deputy state treas- urer of Idaho, in which capacity he had charge of the state treasurer's office under Hon. Charles Bunting, and during a portion of the term of Hon. George H. Storer. These officials had such faith and confidence in the honesty and integrity of Mr. Thomas that he handled the state funds without bonds. Mr. Thomas resigned his posi- tion and returned to his home at Rexburg, but was soon afterward appointed United States com- missioner, which position he held from April, 1897, unt il October of the same year, when he was appointed by President McKinley register of the United States land office, at Blackfoot. The success which has attended Mr. Thomas' efforts from boyhood has been somewhat remarkable, and the more so because it has been won entirely through honest effort the result of his diligence, capable management and straightforward deal- ing. On the 6th of January, 1892, Mr. Thomas was united in marriage to Miss Lillian Elliott, a native of England. Her father died in that coun- try, and in 1887 her mother, Mrs. Elizabeth Elliott, with her family of four sons and four daughters, came to the United States, and settled in Rexburg, Fremont county, Idaho, where Mrs. Elliott now resides. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas have three children: Grace Lavinie, Willis Shoup and Lawrence Myrddin. The elder son was named in honor of Congressman Willis Sweet and United States Senator Shoup, who are among Mr. Thomas' warmest friends. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas are zealous members of the Churqh of Latter Day Saints, in the interest of which he has long been an active worker. He traveled for three years in England and Wales as one of its missionaries and his labors were crowned with abundant success. In politics he has long been an active Republican, and was treasurer of the Republican state central committee in the cam- paign of 1896. By his honorable methods and courteous manners he has made many personal friends throughout the state, and he is universally regarded as a model official. ALEXANDER I. WATSON. A third of a century has passed since Alex- ander Irwin Watson, of Grangeville, took up his abode in this section of Idaho, and for thirty- seven years he has been a resident of the state. He was born in Darke county, Ohio, June 2, 1830, a representative of one of the pioneer fam- ilies there. His paternal grandfather was a native of Ireland, and on leavi'ng that country crossed the ocean to America. He became an industrious farmer of Darke county, and served his adopted country as a soldier in the war of 1812. He was almost one hundred years of age at the time of his death. His son, Robert Watson, the father of our subject, was born in Pennsylvania, and married Miss Nancy Stanford, a native of Vir- ginia, by whom he had six sons and two daugh- ters, our subject being now the only survivor of the family. Late in life the parents removed to Indiana, where the father died at the age of sixty-five years, and the mother at the age of fifty-five. Mr. Watson of this review was reared on his father's farm and was educated in the little log school-house in that then new country. He began life on his own account as a school-teacher and farmer, and in 1858, hoping to better his financial condition on the Pacific coast, he crossed the plains with oxen to California and engaged in placer mining on the American river, 63-4 HISTORY OF IDAHO. in Placer county. After remaining there for about eighteen months and not meeting with the success that he had anticipated, he removed to San Joaquin county, where he purchased a band of sheep and engaged in sheep-raising. He pros- pered in that industry, but at the time of the gold excitement in Idaho he sold out and made his way to the Salmon river country, where he secured a good claim and met with gratifying success in his mining ventures. Later he came to Camas prairie and obtained a farm, which was located eight miles west of Grangeville, operating that land until 1885, when he sold out and took up his abode on his present farm, two miles south of Grangeville. He owns one hundred and sixty acres of rich land, lying at the base of the foot- hills and overlooking the town of Grangeville and the entire Camas prairie. There he and his wife have a pleasant home of their own and are spending the evening of their life in peace and contentment. In 1849 Mr. Watson was united in marriage to Miss Maria E. Shaul, a native of Indiana, and to them were born two daughters, but one was taken from them by death. The other, Mallinda Alice, became the wife of Cyrus Overman and resides on Camas prairie. Mrs. Watson is a valued member of the Methodist church and is a most estimable lady. Mr. Watson has always given his political sup- port to the Democracy and keeps well informed on the issues of the day, but has never sought office, holding no public positions save that of school trustee. The cause of education has ever found in him a warm friend, and he does all in his power to promote its interests. His life has been one of industry and integrity and he justly merits the esteem and confidence accorded him by the residents of Idaho county. STEPHEN KELSEY. Few men are more familiar with the pioneer history of this section of the great republic than Stephen Kelsey, who before the days when the emigrants flocked to the gold-fields of California crossed the plains to Utah in company with the colony which went with President Brigham Young to Utah. They made their way over the hot and arid plains and through the mountain passes until they reached the Salt Lake country on the 22d of July, 1847, and on the 24th of the same month they arrived on the present site of Salt Lake City, so that that date has since been celebrated as pioneer day. Mr. Kelsey was then but seventeen years of age. He was born in north- eastern Ohio, December 23, 1830, his parents being Stephen and Rachel (Allen) Kelsey, rep- resentatives of industrious and well-to-do Ohio families. The father was twice married, and by his first union had five children. By the second marriage there were six children, five daughters and our subject. Stephen Kelsey attended school in Ohio and when seventeen years of age volunteered to go with Brigham Young to the far west, his duty being to drive a team of horses belonging to the train. There were one hundred and forty men and three women in that resolute company of pioneers who first braved the dangers of the long journey across the plains. They were in constant danger of Indian attack, and had some thrilling adventures with the red men, who fre- quently stole their horses. There were great herds of buffalo upon the plains, so numerous that some of the party would have to ride ahead and open a track among the animals in order that the train could pass through. When they first arrived at the place designated for their set- tlement the ground was very hard to a depth of two feet or more, and their first work was to build a dam across City creek in order to turn the water over the land and soak it until it could be plowed. This work was accomplished and potatoes were planted, but it was then so late in the season that the tubers only grew to the size of marbles. The pioneers made adobe brick and built a fort to protect themselves from the In- dians; other companies followed later in that year, about two thousand people arriving in the Salt Lake district. The first three pioneer women were Brigham Young's wife, Clara Decker, Heber C. Kimball's wife, and the wife of Lorenzo Young, a brother of Brigham Young. After Mr. Kelsey arrived in Salt Lake City he was converted to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and the same season he volunteered to return to the states with Brig- ham Young to assist other emigrants across the plains the following spring. After his return to Utah he engaged in farming, and in 1850 made HISTORY OF IDAHO. 635 a trip to the gold-mining- districts of California, where he washed out in two months, with a little rocker, about five hundred dollars worth of gold- dust. This was at Weavertown. On his way back to Salt Lake City, however, the party with which he traveled was attacked by Indians, and for four hours they fought desperately for their lives. They barely escaped, and in the encounter lost many of their horses. In the fall of 1850 Mr. Kelsey settled with his uncle, Daniel Allen, twelve miles south of 'Salt Lake City and there he married Lydia Snyder, who has since been to him a faithful companion and helpmeet, sharing with him in all the joys and sorrows, the adver- sity and prosperity of life. She has been one of the brave pioneer women of Utah and Idaho and has greatly aided her husband in making a home. In 1864 a company was formed to come to what is now Bear Lake county, Idaho, then sup- posed to be a part of Utah. General Charles Coulsen Rich was the president of the company, his sterling character making him a brave and trusted leader. Mr. Kelsey and his wife volun- teered to go, and others of the company were Hezekiah Duffie, Joel Ricks, Thomas Sleight and Joseph Rich, the last named now the judge of the district court. They settled at Paris, but most of the first company of emigrants are now deceased. They were allotted land and began farming, but it was a very hard country to settle and they endured many hardships and met many difficulties during the first few years. Grass- hoppers and frosts injured their crops, but through all President Rich's faith never faltered, and he encouraged his people to persevere in their labors until ultimately their labors were bountifully rewarded and the country was made to blossom as the rose. When the land was sur- veyed, the settlers entered their farms from the government, and to-day Mr. Kelsey is the owner of a valuable property of one hundred acres, on which he raises hay, grain and stock, and also has a pleasant residence in Paris. Unto our subject and his wife have been born twelve children, eleven of whom are living, name- ly : Electa Abigal, now the wife of Frederick Slight; Lydia, wife of Samuel Payne; Sylvia, wife of John Skinner; Alice, wife of Samuel Nate; Mary, wife of Edward Johnson; Bess, wife of C. Chapman; Yiena; Minerva; Zina; Robert; and Easton. The family are all well-to-do and com- fortably situated in life. Mr. and Mrs. Kelsey are respected members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and he has been an active worker in the church, serving as elder, while at the present time he is acting high priest. He well deserves mention among the honored pioneers, and deserves great credit for what he has done in the way of opening up the great northwest to the influences of civilization and advancement. Gladly do we inscribe his name on the pages of Idaho's history, for he is ac- counted one of her leading citizens. HON. JOHN L. UNDERWOOD. Hon. John L. Underwood, postmaster at Montpelier, Idaho, successful business man, prominent citizen, veteran of the civil war and influential Republican, is widely and favorably known throughout the state. He was born in Broome county, New York, January 15, 1832, of parents who traced their ancestry to good Eng- lish families. Jonas Underwood, his grandfather, was a native of Fishkill, New York, and held a commission in the Revolutionary army. He died at Deposit, New York, in his eightieth year. Hi* wife, who was of the New York family of Pine, survived him only a few days. Philip Under- wood, son of Jonas and father of John L. Under- wood, was born in Deposit, New York, in 1803, and married Angeline Peters. In 1855 he located, with his wife and family, near Polo, in Ogle county, Illinois, where he bought a farm and lived to attain the ripe old age of seventy-seven years. His wife died, at about the same age, a few years later. They were members of the Methodist Episcopal church, in which he v 'as a local preacher and evangelist. They had eight children, of whom seven are living. John L. Un- derwood, the second of the eight in order of birth, was educated in the public schools of the state of New York. In July, 1861, he enlisted in Company H., Fourteenth Regiment Iowa Vol- unteer Infantry, to do his part in putting down the slave-holders' rebellion, and was mustered into service November 6, following. He served in the command of General U. S. Grant and par- ticipated in the fighting at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Pittsburg Landing and intermediate points and in the Red river campaign. At Shiloh C36 HISTORY OF IDAHO. he was wounded by the bursting of a shell, and was made a prisoner of war by the Confederates, being held at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, six months, when he was paroled. At the expiration of his term of enlistment, late in 1864, he was honorably discharged from service. In 1865 Mr. Underwood went to Montana, and engaged in freighting between Helena and Salt Lake City, Utah. In 1866 he settled down in Montana as a stockman. In 1875 he disposed of his local interests and began driving and ship- ping cattle east from Montana and Idaho. Con- tinuing this enterprise, he located at Paris, Bear Lake county, Idaho, in 1879. He operated there and at Soda Springs until 1885, when he came to Montpelier and, still pushing his business of sending cattle east, he opened a meat market. Almost from the day of his advent in Idaho, he has been known as an active Republican who knew how to deal telling blows in behalf of his party. He became popular personally, as the people came to know him, and it was inevitable that he should be singled out for public service. He was a member of the constitutional conven- tion that framed the constitution of the state, and was elected to the first Idaho state senate, and re-elected. to succeed himself. As a senator he endeared himself to the people by his cham- pionship of the bill to organize the State National Guard and the bill providing for the establish- ment of the Soldiers' Home at Boise. Later he served two terms as United States commissioner. At Montpelier he has been justice of the peace, and has ably filled the office of postmaster, al- most continuously since his first appointment, during President Cleveland's first administra- tion, under the administrations of Cleveland, Harrison and McKinley. He was reappointed early in President Cleveland's second term of office, but declined the position, though he se- cured it for his brother-in-law, Marcus Whitman, and he has the distinction of having been the second postmaster appointed under President McKinley. Mrs. Underwood is his deputy, and the consensus of opinion among Montpelier folk is that they have a post-office which is in every way a model. Mr. Underwood is prominent among Idaho Odd Fellows and Mrs. Underwood is a member of the Women's auxiliary order of the Daughters of Rebekah, of which she is past presiding officer. He was a charter member and first commander of W. H. L. Wallace Post of the Grand Army of the Republic, and is widely known and influential in Grand Army circles throughout the state. Mr. and Mrs. Underwood are very active and useful members of the Presbyterian church of Mont- pelier, and he has served the organization in the capacity of trustee, an office which Mrs. Under- wood holds at this time. Mrs. Underwood was Miss Lizzie M. WhitmaVi, daughter of E. C. Whitman, of Como, Whiteside county, Illinois, and a distant relative of Rev. Marcus Whitman, the lamented missionary, who was killed by the Indians, in Oregon, in 1847. They have had four children, of whom two daughters, Florence and Esther, are living. HON. FREDRICK H. TURNER. Hon. Fredrick Hugh Turner, merchant, Idaho Falls, and grand master of the grand lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of Idaho, has represented his district ably in the state senate, and is in all respects one of the leading business men and most distinguished citizens of southeastern Idaho. Mr. Turner was born at Jonesville, Wisconsin, October 31, 1858, a son of John and Margaret (Jehn) Turner. His father was an English bar- rister, born in London, who came to the United States in 1838, and located as a pioneer in Rock county, Wisconsin, where he became a prominent farmer and land-owner and there died in 1885, aged eighty-four years. He was an influential Republican and was one of the county commis- sioners of Rock county, Wisconsin, and held other important local offices. Fredrick Hugh Turner's mother, Margaret Jehn, was a native of Wales. She died in Rock county, Wisconsin, in 1891, at the age of sixty-three years. Mr. and Mrs. Turner were members of the Episcopal church and were of the most exalted personal character. They had eight children, of whom Fredrick Hugh Turner was the fifth in the order of birth. He was educated at Milton Academy, Wisconsin, and at the Wisconsin State Normal School, at Whitewater, and for ten years devoted himself to the work of a teacher. He taught two years in Wisconsin and eight years afterward in Idaho, where he was for some years principal of HISTORY OF IDAHO. 637 the schools at Soda Springs. In 1890 he opened a large general store at Idaho Falls and has had great success as a merchant, drawing the trade from all the country round about and from many distant points. He is widely known as a stanch and active Republican and on the ticket of his party was elected a member of the Idaho state senate in 1896. He gained much influence on the floor of the senate and did effective work on a number of important senatorial committees, in all ways acquitting himself so admirably as a representa- tive of the people that his service was highly appreciated by the best citizens, without regard to party affiliations. The high honor to which Mr. Turner has risen in Odd Fellowship he has attained because of his complete knowledge of the work of the order and his great proficiency in it and because of his ardent devotion to the order in all interests. He has filled all the chairs in both branches of the order, is past deputy grand master of the grand lodge of the state, and in 1899 was chosen grand master of the grand lodge. He was in- fluential in holding the location of the Indepen- dent Order of Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home at Idaho Falls, and he was active in the super- vision of its construction from the moving of the first shovel of earth until the building stood complete, a fine three-story and basement brown sandstone structure, forty by fifty feet, and he is one of the board of trustees which has its interests in charge. The object which Mr. Turner and his associates had in view in erecting the Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home was to provide a com- fortable home for orphan children of worthy Odd Fellows who might leave them unprovided for financially, and this object is being carried out in a way that reflects credit on all connected. October 31, 1881, Mr. Turner married Miss Harriet Elizabeth Sanderson, daughter of John Sanderson, a native of New York, she herself being a native of Kansas. They have four chil- dren, named Dotta, Fredrick G., Walter H. and Adelbert C. EDWARD BURGOYNE. Edward Burgoyne is one of the leading busi- ness men and the leading merchant of Mont- pelier, Idaho, and was one 'of the fifteen heads of families who came to the spot in the spring of 1864, volunteers in response to the call of the authorities of their church, to settle Bear Lake valley and spread the peculiar doctrines of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. He was born in South Wales, February 22, 1835, a son of Thomas and Sarah (Strong) Burgoyne, who were natives of Wales and lifelong Episco- palians. Thomas Burgoyne was a prosperous blacksmith. He died in 1845, his wife two years earlier, and Edward Burgoyne was doubly or- phaned at the tender age of ten years. He was educated in Wales and there learned and worked at the trade of a weaver of cloth until 1861, when with his wife, who was Miss Mary Eeynon, he came to the United States. The young couple were converts of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and their destination was Utah. They landed at New York, after a rough voyage of twenty-seven days on board a sailing vessel, and came west to Omaha, Nebraska, and thence to Cache valley, where Mr. Burgoyne began weaving cloth. He set up and operated the first carding machine and lo'om in that part of the country, and devoted himself to wool- carding in the summer and to the manufacture of cloth in the winter, making kersey for men's wear and linsey for women's wear. He was thus employed until he came with the colony of fifteen and their families to Bear Lake valley. They arrived in 1864, and Mr. Burgoyne built a willow shanty, and with his family occupied it until fall, when he erected as good a log house as he could. This he improved from time to time and lived in it until 1881. He suffered the privations and dangers which made the early life of that little colony in that new, cold, pest-infested and Indian- menaced land almost tragic, endured everything resignedly, and worked untiringly, and at length reaped the reward of well doing. He acquired much real property, including farm lands and an interest in the town site of Montpelier, where he has been concerned in the erection of many houses and the sale of many lots, and is one of the most extensive owners of town property. He began merchandising in 1880, and in 1881 built his present residence, which is one of the largest and most comfortable in Montpelier. His first store was a little room, sixteen by sixteen feet, and he bought his first stock of goods in Salt Lake City. By close attention to business, and 638 HISTORY OF IDAHO. by honesty and liberality toward all, he has built up an extensive trade, which is now both whole- sale and retail, his rapidly growing business re- quiring a large two-story building which he has erected expressly for its accommodation. Mr. Burgoyne is a useful and influential citizen whose public spirit has never been found wanting. There has been no worthy public interest to which he has not lent his aid, both moral and financial. He has been especially efficient in building up the interests at Montpelier of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. In Wales, before he came to America, he did much effective missionary work, in season and out of season, for the extension of the Mormon faith. Mr. and Mrs. Burgoyne have had six children. Of these three are living and are all residents of Montpelier, Edward Lorenzo, Sarah Jane (Mrs. Milford Williams), and Martha Ellen (Mrs. Fred. Cruickshank). JOHN C. CALLAHAN. In any community, east or west, the man who is for any considerable time kept in public office is one who has proven himself zealous and effi- cient in the discharge of duties devolving upon him in official position. It is the old story, many times repeated, of "faithfulness in small things." These reflections have been encouraged by con- templation of the successful career of one of the prominent officials of Kootenai county and the first judicial district of Idaho. John C. Callahan was born in Massachusetts, January 28, 1859, a son of John and Hannah (Tuohey) Callahan, natives of Ireland, who came to the United States, he at twenty-one, she at seven, and were married in Massachusetts and lived there until 1861, when they removed to Iowa. There they remained for thirty years. Mr. Callahan received a common-sehool edu- cation in Iowa, and in 1881 engaged in the hotel business in that state. He continued it in Minne- sota and in Montana, where he lived for seven years. In 1891 he came to Bonner's Ferry, Idaho, bringing with him his wife and son. He was employed in different ways until 1896, by which time he had become so well known and popular as a citizen that he was elected assessor and collector of taxes of Kootenai county, on the silver Republican ticket, by a majority of eighty-two, and in 1898, upon a Democratic, silver Republican, Populist fusion ticket, he was elected clerk of the district court of the first judicial district of Idaho, by a majority of four hundred and eighty. Until 1896 he was a Re- publican "of the straight sect," but at that time he became a silver Republican, in deference to what he believed to be the best interests of the state. A man of liberal information and of broad and generous views, he is regarded as a citizen of great public spirit and usefulness. He was made a Knight of Pythias in Acme Lodge, No. 10, of Miles City, Montana. In 1881 he married Miss Carrie Soules, a native of Elgin, Illinois, and they have a son named Fred L. SAMUEL J. RICH. A representative of the legal fraternity and a well-known business man of Idaho Falls, Samuel J. Rich has spent his entire life in the west and is thoroughly identified with its interests and progress. He was born in Centerville, Davis county, Utah, May i, 1860, his parents being Charles C. and Emeline (Grover) Rich, natives of Kentucky and New York, respectively, and pioneers of Utah of the year 1847. In 1864 they removed from Utah to Bear Lake county, Idaho, Mr. Rich being the pioneer and first white set- tler in Bear Lake valley. In the common schools of Bear Lake county, Idaho, Samuel J. Rich acquired his preliminary education, which was supplemented by a two- years college course in Psovo City, Utah. On completing his literary education he took up the study of law, in 1886, and after familiarizing him- self with many of the principles of jurisprudence was admitted to the bar in 1889. The following year he was appointed county attorney of Bear Lake county, serving until 1893, and at the same time was identified with the industrial interests of that locality. In connection with others of the family he built the first roller mill in Bear Lake county, and was the general manager of the en- terprise until his removal from the county, in 1893. In the fall of that year he took up his residence in Cache county, Utah, and was elected county attorney in 1894, serving two years. In January, 1899, Mr. Rich came to Idaho, lo- cating at Blackfoot, where he engaged in the practice of law until March, when he was ap- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 639 pointed receiver for the Idaho Canal Company, with headquarters at Idaho Falls. He is also the owner of a large ranch on Snake river in Bing- ham county, and is engaged in the cattle business and is also engaged in mining, having mining interests in both Utah and Idaho. He is a man of marked executive force, of sound judgment and indefatigable energy, and carries forward to successful completion whatever he undertakes. In this connection it should be mentioned that the canal system of the Idaho Canal Company is the most extensive in the state, and probably in the entire west, there being more than one hundred miles of canal, constructed at a cost of three hundred thousand dollars. In April, 1884, Mr. Rich was united in mar- riage to Miss Anna Page, of Payson, Utah, the wedding being celebrated in Salt Lake City. They now have an interesting family of six chil- dren, namely: S. Grover, Page, Wanita, H.Walker Smith, Roscoe Clarence and Irene. In his po- litical views Mr. Rich has always been an ardent Democrat and has figured conspicuously in Idaho and Utah politics, exerting a wide influ- ence in state politics. He is a successful lawyer of pronounced ability, and the important nature of the legal business entrusted to his care indi- cates his talent and his success. CALVIN R. WHITE. Calvin R. White, one of the best known pio- neers of Idaho, now residing in Boise, was born near Boston, Massachusetts, July 27, 1836, his parents being Samuel B. and Sarah (Richardson) White, natives of the Bay state. The father was for many years connected with the Boston & Lowell Railway, and died in the city of Boston when about seventy-six years of age. He was a son of Samuel White, also a native of Massa- chusetts, in which state his death occurred when he had passed the psalmist's span of life of three- score years and ten. The mother of our subject died in Winchester, Massachusetts, in 1880, when about seventy-four years of age. In the public schools of South Woburn, Winchester and Boston Calvin R. White ac- quired his early education, which was supple- mented by a course in the Warren Academy, at Woburn, Massachusetts. At the age of thirteen he went to sea, and spent fourteen years before the mast, being in command of a vessel during one-half of that period. He made seven trips to Calcutta and visited many other foreign ports, thus gaining a broad knowledge of the various countries and their peoples. On quitting the sea he located at San Francisco, where he spent the winter of 1862-3. an( l tnen came across the coun- try to the territory of Idaho. For four years he resided in Centerville and in Placerville, and then removed to Garden Valley, where he remained . about seven years. At the first two places he was engaged in placer mining and at the last named place carried on agricultural pursuits. Subsequently he removed to Jerusalem, four miles above Horseshoe Bend, and while living there he was elected to the territorial legislature, becoming a member of the sixth session, as a representative of Boise county, when that county- sent eight members to the assembly. In 1875 he removed to Indian valley, in what was then Ada county, but is now a part of Washington county. There he carried on farming and stock-raising, making his home at that place for two years, when he removed to what was then known as Little Salmon valley, in Idaho county, now Washington county. Since 1879 the place has been known as Meadows and a postoffice was located there. For nearly twenty years Mr. White efficiently served as postmaster, and in addition to his duties he carried on farming and stock-raising and engaged in the hotel business. He conducted his hostelry until December, 1898, and his hotel was one of the best known in that section of Idaho, for hospitality there reigned supreme, and the genial landlord was very popu- lar with his guests. At the close of the year 1898, however, he severed all business connections with Meadows and removed to Boise, where he has since made his home. In 1864 Mr. White was united in marriage, at La Grande, Oregon, to Miss Lydia Hopper, a native of Illinois. She died in 1889, leaving eight children, and at Weiser, in 1893, Mr. White was again married, his second union being with Miss Lucy Hall, a native of Belfast, Maine. In politics he is a Democrat and cast his presi- dential vote for William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Socially he is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having become a member of the order in Centerville thirty-one years ago. 640 HISTORY OF IDAHO. He is now past grand and is one of the exemplary representatives of the fraternity. His sterling worth, his upright life and his fidelity to principle commend him to the confidence and respect of all, and as a worthy pioneer of Idaho he well deserves mention in this volume. JOHN M. CROOKS. John M. Crooks, now deceased, was numbered among the Idaho pioneers of 1862 and was at one time the owner of the land upon which the town of Grangeville is now located. He was born in Indiana, June 28, 1820, and was of Irish and German lineage. He married Martha Pea, a native of Virginia, and in 1852 they crossed the plains to Oregon, accompanied by their five chil- dren. One child was added to the number dur- ing the journey. For many long weeks they were upon the way, traveling across the arid sands or through the mountain passes, but at length they safely reached their destination and settled in the Willamette valley, near Corvallis, where Mr. Crooks secured a donation claim of six hundred and forty acres. In 1856 he removed to The Dalles, where he engaged in farming un- til 1862. He then drove his stock to the Camas prairie, Idaho, and conducted meat-markets at Florence and Warren. In 1865 he removed his family to the prairie, obtaining five hundred and eighty acres of land, which included the present site of Grangeville. There was a small log house upon the place, and there he took up his abode. He continued his stock-raising and was very successful in his business undertak- ings. He was also prominently identified with the progress and development of the locality. He was one of the organizers of the Grange, and in 1876 aided in building the Grange Hall, from which the town took its name. He was very generous in his efforts to promote the growth of the village and gave lots to all who would build thereon. In 1868 he erected a good residence for his family, and there spent his remaining days. He was always friendly with the Indians and they with him, and when the Nez Perces In- dian war broke out they made a compact that they would not molest one the other, and to its terms they adhered. Mr. Crooks died in 1884, at the age of sixty- four years. He was a noted frontiersman of Ore- gon and Idaho and an honored pioneer who ma- terially aided in the general progress and growth. He left a widow and eight children to mourn his loss, and six of the children are now living, name- ly, J. W., who is engaged in farming at White Bird ; Isabelle, wife of C. W. Pierson, resides at White Bird; J. B., a mine owner residing in Grangeville; Charles V., a physician, who is en- gaged in the practice of medicine in Waterloo, Nebraska; Alice, wife of P. C. Sherwin, who re- sides on Salmon river; and Emma, wife of Charles Bentz, a resident of White Bird. Mr. Crooks, the father of this family, platted the town of Grangeville and for some time con- ducted the stage line between Grangeville and Lewiston. He also embarked in various busi- ness enterprises, which proved of public as well as individual benefit. At the time of his death when his estate was settled up, blocks of sixteen lots were sold for one hundred and thirty-nine dollars, and these have since sold for four thou- sand dollars, and thus the estate was found to be bankrupt. His wife died in 1897, at the age of seventy-five years. Their son, J. B. Crooks, who has kindly fur- nished us with the history of his honored father, was born near Corvallis, Oregon, November n, 1854, and with the family came to Camas prairie in 1865. He has been engaged in the stock busi- ness and is now operating quartz mines at War- ren. He has made quartz locations south of the great descent on Buffalo Hump and is the owner of a ten-acre block of land in Grangeville. In business circles he occupies a leading position, and he possesses the essential qualifications of a successful career, enterprise, perseverance and diligence. He is well known throughout Idaho county and is a worthy representative of one of the pioneer families. HON. GEORGE W. GORTON. The late Hon. George W. Gorton filled a place in the business and social circles of Soda Springs, and in fact of the entire state of Idaho, which will be vacant as long as his friends and admirers sur- vive, for he was a man of mocked individuality, a magnetic man who drew men to him and bound them with bonds of strongest friendship, and a helpful man who was always assisting others over rough places, and those who knew him believed HISTORY OF IDAHO. 6-41 that there was no man like him. Mr. Gorton was born at Scranton, Pennsylvania, March 3, 1846, a son of Job P. and Deborah (Sweet) Gor- ton. His ancestors were English, and the pro- genitors of his families of Gorton and Sweet lo- cated early in Rhode Island, and some of their de- scendants participated in the Revolutionary strug- gle of the American colonies. His father and mother were born in Rhode Island and found a new home in Pennsylvania soon after their mar- riage. They had four children, and Mrs. Gorton died in giving birth to the subject of this sketch. George W. Gorton was educated in the public schools of Scranton, Pennsylvania. He was only seventeen years old in 1863, when the fortunes of the Union cause, in the- great strug- gle for northern and southern supremacy, were darker than at any other time during the war, but realizing how sorely our nation needed men who were willing to risk their lives in defense, and inspired somewhat, perhaps, by the memory of his Revolutionary forefathers, he enlisted in Com- pany K. Eleventh Regiment of Pennsylvania Cavalry. His term of service was from June 17, 1863, to August 17, 1865, when he was honor- ably discharged and made the recipient of a rec- ommendation by superior officers, in testimony to his gallant conduct on more than one occa- sion. Not long after the close of the war, fresh from his service at the front, Mr. Gorton came west, and for a time was associated, as superintendent of salt works and in other confidential relations, with Governor White, of Montana, who had no thought at that time of the high position to which he was destined to be called. This connection continued for five years, and for two years after its termination Mr. Gorton lived at Malad City, Idaho. After busying himself in various ways in the interval, he came to Soda Springs in Janu- ary, 1878. Not long afterward he was appointed receiver of the firm of H. Moore & Company, a mercantile concern then in liquidation, and bought its stock of goods and entered upon a prosperous career as a merchant, which was ter- minated only by his death, January 6, 1899. His widow and son continue the business, which is one of the most extensive of its kind in the town. During his more than twenty years' residence in southeastern Idaho, he took a deep interest in its development and prosperity, which he encour- aged generously in all ways at his command. He was an influential Republican and served his fellow citizens as county commissioner, county treasurer and county assessor of Bannock coun- ty, and as representative of the county m the ter- ritorial legislature. He was. a prominent Odd Fellow and comrade of the Grand Army of the Republic and had a wide acquaintance with rep- resentative men throughout the state, being most highly esteemed by those who knew him. When his party took a position on the financial ques- tion which he could not indorse, he embraced what he thought was the best side of the question for the people of his county and state, and as an avowed bimetallist was a leader among leaders as a silver-Republican. To this position he ad- hered as long as he lived. When he died the- people of the entire state felt that they had lost one of their ablest and noblest citizens. He was buried by the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows, and his brethren in the order deplored his death and were proud to show every respect to his memory. Mr. Gorton left a fine home and a comfortable competence to his family. He was married, No- vember 3, 1877, to Miss Leah Waylett, daughter of William Waylett, of Salt Lake City, Utah, and a native of that city. They had eleven children, five daughters and six sons. The daughters all died of diphtheria. The sons survive. Henry C., the eldest, is associated with his mother in the management of their store. The others are named George W., Jr.; Shoup: Dubois; Jay P., and Eastman K. Shoup and Dubois are twins, and were named in honor of Senators George L. Shoup and F. T. Dubois, who were Mr. Gorton's strong personal friends. Eastman was named in honor of L. C. Eastman, Mr. Gorton's neighbor, who returned the compliment Mr. Gorton paid him by naming one of his sons Gorton. WILLIAM CHESTER. The substantial rewards that come to the able and upright man as the result of well-doing, small as they may be in comparison with the for- tunes and apparent honors won by questionable methods, bring with them a sense of satisfaction to which the sharp financier and the corrupt poli- tician live and die as strangers. A man who 642 HISTORY OF IDAHO. wisely and honestly adjudicated the small misun- derstandings of his fellow citizens for sixteen years, and who has the respect of all those for or against whom he has decided, as has Justice Chester, of Soda Springs, Idaho, has a greater reward than the perjured judge who ends his days in a bitter struggle to enjoy thousands ob- tained by oppression, injustice and a systematic affront to the law he has falsely sworn to uphold. William Chester, who is a member of the board of county commissioners, has been for six- teen years justice of the peace at Soda Springs, and is well and favorably known throughout east- ern Idaho. He is a native of Lincolnshire. Eng- land, and was born May 3, 1843. His father, Thomas Chester, died when William was only a year old, and the baby was taken into the home of his grandfather, John Chester. He was edu- cated in a plain, practical way, worked on the farm and learned the machinist's trade. He came to America in 1873, with the expectation of hav- ing employment in machine shops at Lockport. New York, but the panic of that year prevented the realization of this hope, and Mr. Chester came west as far as Council Bluffs, Iowa, and from there, in the winter of 1873-4, he came to Utah. He did not find employment at his trade, but found other work at which he busied himself until, in the spring of 1874, he located at Soda Springs and took up a farm of two hundred acres, which, when the town had been surveyed, ad- joined the town site. This property he improved and put under cultivation, and it is now one of the good farms of this part of the country. In political affiliations Mr. Chester is a Demo- crat. He was postmaster at Soda Springs eight years, in the administrations of Presidents Cleve- land and Harrison, has been elected eight times to the office of justice of the peace, and was in 1898 elected a member of the board of county commissioners of Bannock county, which impor- tant office he is now filling with great fidelity and ability, and to the entire satisfaction of his fellow citizens, without regard to politics. He has in all relations of life made an excellent reputation as a reliable and worthy citizen, and he is a prominent member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He is patriotically and helpfully public-spirited and has the weal of his town and county close to his heart. Mr. Chester was married, in 1866, to Miss Su- sannah Popple, a native of Gainsborough, Eng- land, and she and their three sons born in Eng- land came with him. These sons were named Joseph Thomas, William H. and Charles Ed- ward. Five more children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Chester in the United States: Lucy, who married Lorenzo Marriott; Fred; Hattie; Colin and James. Mrs. Chester died in 1892, and her loss was deeply regretted by all who knew her. HENRY G. WESTON. The number of veterans of the Mexican war is fast diminishing, as one by one they respond to the roll-call above, but some are still left to tell the tale of how the gallant sons of the nation marched into the land of Montezuma and won victory after victory over the opposing forces. Among this number is Henry G. Weston, who with an Iowa regiment marched to the front. Since that time he has seen the nation engaged in two other conflicts in which liberty, freedom and the right have again triumphed and through which the powers of the world have been forced to accord America a leading place among the governments of civilization. Mr. Weston has watched with deep interest the progress of events which form our national history, and at all times has been imbued with a spirit of patriotism and loyalty. Mr. Weston, who is now engaged in farming in the Salubria valley of Idaho, was born in Skaneateles, New York, on the 2ist of July, 1827, and is of English, Scotch and Irish lineage, his ancestors having been early settlers of New Hampshire. His paternal grandfather was a sol- dier in the war of 1812. Josiah Weston, father of our subject, was born in New Hampshire, mar- ried Miss Harriet P. Webster, and in 1830 re- moved with his family to Lorain county, Ohio, where he followed the trade of a stone mason and also engaged in farming. He died in the fifty- second year of his age, and his wife died at the age of eighty-two, at which time she was an in- mate of the home of her son in the Salubria val- ley. In religious faith they were Universalists. They had a family of ten children, but only three are now living, one being a resident of California, while another resides at Willow Creek, Idaho. Henry G. Weston was only three years old HISTORY OF IDAHO. 643 when the family went to Ohio, and eight years afterward he accompanied his parents on their re- moval to Illinois. In the public schools of those states he acquired his education, remaining under the parental roof and assisting in the work of the home farm until eighteen years of age, when he began to learn the trade of wagon and carriage making. He was thus engaged when, on the 27th of July, 1847, at the age of nineteen years, he enlisted for service in a volunteer company commanded by Captain Wyat B. Stapp. He went to the front and was on duty until the close of hostilities, being stationed at Vera Cruz at the time the city of Mexico was captured and the war was ended. Returning then to his home, Mr. Weston con- tinued his residence in Illinois until 1863, when he crossed the plains to Nevada, accompanied by his wife and four children. On the 3Oth of September, 1850, he had married Mrs. Annis S. Adams, who by her former marriage had one child, and by Mr. Weston had six children. One daughter, Catherine, died in the eighth year of her age, and the others are Harriet, who became the wife of Frank Janes, now the postmaster of Salubria ; Charles, who is assisting his father in the operation of the home farm; Julia, wife of Joseph Hutchins ; Douglass, who is married and has a good farm near his father; and James, who is engaged in mining. Mr. Weston engaged in farming in Nevada until 1879, when he sold his property there and removed to the Salubria valley, where he secured one hundred and sixty acres of land. He has since been numbered among the successful farm- ers of the valley, has placed his land under a high state of cultivation, and well tilled fields now yield to him a golden tribute in return for the care and labor he bestows upon them. Although he has passed the psalmist's span of three-score years and ten, he is still active and vigorous, and does no little part of the farm work. His wife also is living, and for almost a half century they have traveled life's journey together, sharing with each other the joys and sorrows, and adversity and prosperity which checker the careers of all. They have many warm friends in this community, who wish for them many years of happiness yet to come. In his political views Mr. Weston has always been a stanch Democrat, and socially he is con- nected with the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows. Since the days when he followed the starry banner through the valleys and over the moun- tains of Mexico he has been a loyal and progres- sive citizen, and gives an earnest support to all measures which he believes are for the public good. CLAYTON A. HOOVER. M. D. It is a noteworthy fact that, wherever his lot may be cast, the up-to-date physician is a suc- cessful man also outside of his profession, and becomes a leader in the affairs of his town. This has been proven true many times, and the career of Dr. Clayton A. Hoover, of Montpelier, Idaho, is another conspicuous testimony to the same ef- fect. Dr. Hoover located at Montpelier in 1882 and is the pioneer regular practicing physician of southeast Idaho. He is a native of Washington, D. C., and was born February 25, 1853, a son of William and Elizabeth (Hough) Hoover. In the paternal line he is descended from a German an- cestor, three of whose sons came to America in 1784 and located one in Virginia, one in Mary- land and one in Pennsylvania. Peter Hoover, grandfather of the Doctor, early in life settled in the District of Columbia, and his son, William Hoover, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1800. Dr. Hoover's mother, Elizabeth, nee Hough, also of German ancestry, was born in Waterford, Vir- ginia. William and Elizabeth (Hough) Hoover lo- cated in Washington, D. C., after their marriage. The mother was a Quaker and they ranked with the prominent people of the city. Mr. Hoover died in 1882, and Mrs. Hoover in 1880. They had seven sons and four daughters, of whom only five are living at this time. Of their eleven chil- dren, Clayton A. was the ninth in sequence of nativity. He was educated at the Columbian University and was graduated in its medical department in 1875. Since then he has taken several post-graduate courses, in New York city, and by study, reading and conference with prom- inent brother physicians has kept abreast of the times in a profession which during the years of his practice has perhaps advanced more rapidly and more radically than any other. He is a 644 HISTORY OF IDAHO. member of the American Medical Association and was one of the founders and is an ex-presi- dent of the Idaho State Medical Association. From 1883 to 1897 he was the local surgeon for the Union Pacific Railway Company. He is widely and favorably known personally, and his large and constantly growing practice extends seventy-five to one hundred miles into Montpel- ier's tributary territory. He established the pio- neer drug store at Montpelier, ran it successfully for a time, then sold it, and it was finally closed. He began his present drug business in 1892, and has managed it in such a manner as to render it increasingly important and profitable. He has contributed to the visible wealth of his town by erecting a sightly stone store building and a fine residence near by. Eight miles from Montpelier he has a large ranch, on which he carries on farming operations, successfully rais- ing hay principally, but giving some attention also to other crops. He is public-spirited as a citizen and takes a helpful interest in all impor- tant affairs of the town. He is a past master of King Solomon Lodge, No. 27, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons; was a charter member of Idanha, Montpelier, Lodge, Knights of Pythias, and is still an active worker for the order; and he is also a member of the Woodmen of the World. Politically he is a Republican and a bi- metallist. In 1875 Dr. Hoover married Miss Johanna E. Claxton, of Washington, D. C, who died in 1886, after having borne two sons, Edward C. and Alfred M. The elder son is making a reputation for himself as an accountant in the state of Wash- ington ; and the younger is now at school. July 1 7> '895, Dr. Hoover married his present wife, who was Miss Bessie R. Brown, a native of Bear Lake county, Idaho, and educated in the normal department of the State University of Utah, where she was graduated, and they have two children, named Stewart Whiting and Phvllis. BISHOP WILFORD W. CLARK. Wilford Woodruff Clark, bishop of the Mont- pelier ward in the Church of Jesus Christ of Lat- ter Day Saints, has risen by successive steps from deacon to elder, from elder to one of the seventy, thence to the office of high priest and finally to that of bishop. As a member of the seventy he performed a mission in the south, principally in North Carolina, where he met with great success in establishing churches. In civil life he is known as Hon. Wilford Woodruff Clark. He was elected, as a Republican, to the third Idaho state legislature, of which he was an active and useful member. He introduced the bill giving the state legislature its present membership: one senator from each county and representatives ac- cording to population, and was influential in se- curing the passage of the bill which gave the franchise to women. Bishop Clark was born at Farmingtgn, Davis county, Utah, February 2, 1863. His forefathers were among the first settlers of our American colonies and were prominent in fighting the fight of liberty and in making our primitive national history. Ezra T. Clark, his father, was born No- vember 25, 1823, in Illinois, where Bishop Clark's grandfather was a pioneer, and married Mary Stevenson, who had the unique distinction of hav- ing been born on the rock of Gibraltar, in 1825. They were converted to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints early in the history of the church in Iowa, and in 1848 crossed the plains to Salt Lake City, and were among the earliest emigrants who braved the dangers of that long and perilous journey. In 1849 they located at Farmington, Davis county, Utah, on a farm which Mr. Clark made one of the best in the vicinity and on which he yet lives. He has been an active and efficient member of his church, and has faithfully and successfully performed several important missions in its behalf, in the United States and in Europe, and now has the great honor of being one of its patriarchs. The wife of his youth has been spared to him and they are living out their days calmly, peacefully, without regrets and with the hope that is given to those who labor for their fellows and trust to God for their ultimate reward. Bishop Clark was educated at Salt Lake City Deseret University, now the Utah University, and at Brigham Young Academy, at Provo, Utah, and engaged in farming and stock-raising, which he has continued to the present time, with increasing success. 1 At Montpelier he has a farm of one hundred and twenty-four acres, and with his father and brother, he owns a ranch of twelve hundred acres at Georgetown, Bear Lake county, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 645 Idaho, where they have a herd of cattle and also a herd of horses. They began to import Short- horn cattle about thirty years ago, as a means to the improvement of their own stock, and as a re- sult they have been instrumental in improving to a degree the stock of the whole county. They are breeding a fine grade of horses, and are among the most successful farmers in their part of the state. July 22, 1885, Bishop Clark married Miss Pa- melia Dunn, a native of Plain City, Utah, and a daughter of John Dunn, a prominent citizen of that town. They have had eight children: Wil- ford Woodruff, Jr.; William O.; Vera Pamelia; Royal D.; Ernest, deceased; Elmer R.; Homer, and Howard, twins, born on their mother's thir- ty-fifth birthday. JAMES WITT. Since 1861 Mr. Witt has been a resident of Idaho, and is now a representative of the agricul- tural and stock-raising interests of the state. He was born in Tennessee, July 7, 1837. His great- grandfather, Caleb Witt, was a native of Eng- land, and became the founder of the family in America. He located in the south and after a time removed to Tennessee, where he reared his family and made his home until his death. His son, James Witt, the grandfather of our subject, was born in Tennessee and loyally served his country in the war of 1812. He married a Miss Hann, a lady of German extraction, and their son, Caleb Witt, was a native of Jefferson county, Tennessee, where four generations of the family were born. He married Miss Margaret K. O'Marcus, a native of Anderson county, Tennes- see, and two children were born to them, a son and daughter. The father died in 1882, at the age of sixty-seven years, and the mother passed away in 1856, at the age of forty-six. They were Baptists in religious faith, and were people of the highest worth and integrity. . James Witt, whose name introduces this re- view, is now the only surviving member of the family. He obtained his education in the com- mon schools, and by reading while in the moun- tains. In 1859 he started with his father to cross the plains to Pike's Peak, but on the Platte river they met a pleasant party en route for Oregon and joined them on their trip. At length they reached Portland, spent the winter there, and in the spring of 1860 our subject went up the Co- lumbia river, a distance of one hundred and ten miles above the mouth of Snake river. He then returned to Wallula, and engaged in freighting, with bull teams, to Walla Walla. In the late fall he made his way to the Cascades, where he spent the winter- months with his father, and in the spring of 1861 they went to Greer's ferry, on the Oro Fino road, on the Clearwater river, there remaining until the spring of 1862, when they went to Elk City. They purchased three claims on Buffalo Hill, one mile west of Elk City, and then joined with others in digging a ditch which supplied water to six or eight companies. As they went forward into the hill they required more water, and in 1872 Mr. Witt and his father purchased the whole claim. Half a million dol- lars were taken out of that hill, which is now owned by a company in Butte, Montana, of which Mr. Leggat is a prominent member. This was what was called a "wages camp," that is to say the miners made fair wages, some taking away with them from two to ten thousand dollars. In 1876 Mr. Witt's father took up lands on Camas prairie, and in 1880, wishing to be near his father in his declining years, our subject also went there, acquiring lands and engaging in stock-raising. He and his nephew, J. B. Sloan, have nine hundred and sixty acres of land and are raising hogs on a very extensive scale, ship- ping large numbers each year. His life has been one of activity, in which he has met many diffi- culties, but these he has overcome by determined purpose, and has risen to a position among the substantial citizens of his adopted county. In 1874 Mr. Witt became a member of the Ma- sonic fraternity, taking the degrees of the blue lodge in Mount Idaho Lodge, No. 9, F. & A. M. He traveled from Elk City to Mount Idaho for that purpose, and though the trip cost him sev- enty-five dollars he has always considered it a good investment. He at once became a student of the tenets of the order, and has ever endeav- ored to conform his life to the ennobling princi- ples, so that, being a good Mason, he is a good citizen. He is a most active worker in the order, has filled nearly all the offices of the lodge, and has been past master for a number of terms. The Mount Idaho Lodge was removed to Grange- ville, where it is now located, numbering among 646 HISTORY OF IDAHO. its members many of the best citizens of the town. In politics Mr. Witt has always been a Democrat, and while not a politician in the sense of an office- seeker, he has served for several terms as county commissioner, in a most capable and commend- able manner. He is quite widely known through- out the state, and well deserves mention among the honored pioneers. JOHN B. THATCHER. John B. Thatcher, assessor and tax collector of Bannock county, and the owner of a valuable ranch on Bear river, where he carries on general farming and stock-raising, was born in Clark county, Ohio, October 22, 1834, being of English and German descent. At an early epoch in the history of Virginia, his ancestors, having braved the perils incident to ocean voyages at that day, took up their residence in the Old Dominion, and representatives of the family fought for the inde- pendence of the nation in the Revolutionary war. The parents of our subject, Hezekiah and Alley (Kitchen) Thatcher, were both natives of Vir- ginia, and the father was an industrious and sub- stantial farmer. He lived to be sixty-nine years of age, and his wife passed away at the age of eighty-two years. They were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and were people of the highest integrity of character. In their family were thirteen children, eight of whom reached years of maturity, while five are still living. John B. Thatcher was the fourth child and is now the eldest surviving member of the family. He was reared and educated in Illinois and in Salt Lake City, Utah, and afterward engaged in mining in El Dorado county, California. On the 1st of January, 1858, he returned to Salt Lake City. In 1860 he went to Logan, Utah, where he engaged in clerking in the Mercantile House, being there employed for fifteen years. In the fall of 1881 he came to Idaho and purchased three hundred and sixty acres of land, upon which he has since made his home. He has devoted his energies to general farming and stock-raising, and his diligence, practical methods and energy have brought to him success. As his financial resources have increased he has extended the boundaries of his ranch until it now comprises six hundred acres, a valuable property, on which he raises hay, grain and stock. Upon his place are found all the modern improvements and acces- sories of the model farm, and the neat and thrifty appearance of the place well indicates the care- ful supervision of the owner. In addition to his business cares Mr. Thatcher is ably discharging his public duties and is a most trustworthy official. In politics he has been a lifelong Democrat, and on that ticket was elected a member of the territorial legislature in 1882. On the 8th of November, 1896, he was elected assessor and tax collector, and in November, 1898, was elected to the lower house of the Idaho general assembly, where he has ably represented his district and labored earnestly for the best in- terests of his constituents. He has long been a close student of political questions, of the needs and demands of the public, and has taken his place among the foremost legislators of Idaho. On the gth of March, 1858, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Thatcher and Miss Rachel H. Davis, a native of Ohio. Their union has been blessed with six sons and two daughters, namely : John B., a farmer of Wyoming; Milton H.; Na- than D.; Lulu, now the wife of Frank Thirkill; Lettie, at home; Howard E.; Gilbert, who is his father's deputy; and Henry K., who com- pletes the family. The mother was killed in an accident, in January, 1882. She was a most es- timable lady, held in high regard by all who knew her, and her death occasioned great sadness in the community as well as in her own home. Like her husband, she belonged to the Church of Lat- ter Day Saints. Mr. Thatcher has the esteem and unlimited confidence of the citizens of his county, and is well known as a man of sound judgment and sterling rectitude of character. JOHN B. GOODE. The readjustment of the national affairs after the civil war led to conditions under which the people of the north and the people of the south began to mingle, and became acquainted and ratified the feeling of mutual admiration which their prowess during the four years' struggle had compelled for foemen who wore the gray and foe- men who wore the blue. Men of the north took part in the southern business and politics; men of the south began to have a hand in the national and local affairs at the north. A paternal senti- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 647 ment has resulted which has buried old animosi- ties and raised numerous mutual interests, and to-day east, west, south, southwest and north- west, southern men and northern men are work- ing hand in hand for the greater prosperity and the gradual but certain attainment of the splendid destiny of the American people. Idaho is not without its prominent men of southern birth and education, and one of the most highly regarded of these is John B. Goode, of Coeur d'Alene. John B. Goode was born in Bedford county, Virginia, August 18, 1864, a son of John Goode, long one of the most prominent men in the Old Dominion, and conspicuous in national politics since the days before the war. This distinguished son of Virginia was born in May, 1829, and be- came an able and successful lawyer and a factor in the state affairs. A Democrat of Democrats and a patriotic lover of the south and all its insti- tutions, he early identified himself with the public questions which were engaging the best talent of the country previous to the war of 1861-5, and as a member of the Virginia legislature and as an advocate of the southern cause, he became prominent and influential among his fellow citi- zens. He was a member of the secession con- vention at Richmond, and later a member of the Confederate congress. During the war he served with the rank of colonel, on the staff of General Early and that of General Breckenridge. After the war, with influence unabated, he was sent to the national congress four times as the represen- tative of the second congressional district of Vir- ginia. President Cleveland, in his first term, ap- pointed him solicitor general for the United States and later a member of the Chilian claims commission. He now lives in Bedford county, Virginia, and enjoys the distinction, besides his political honors, of being one of the ablest and most successful lawyers in the state. His wife was Miss Sallie Urquhart, a native of Southamp- ton county, Virginia, who died in Norfolk, Vir- ginia, in 1890. John B. Goode received his education in the schools of Norfolk, Virginia, and by private tu- tors until the fall of 1880, when, at the age of six- teen years, he entered Washington and Lee Uni- versity at Lexington, Virginia, where he re- mained as a student for two vears. After leaving college he was engaged for a time in business in Norfolk, Virginia, and upon work connected with the United States coast and geodetic survey. In 1885 he entered the law de- partment of the Columbian University, from which he was graduated in 1887. During the en- suing two years he was an assistant in the depart- ment of justice of the United States and was en- gaged in the defense of the United States in the settlement of the French spoliation claims. In the fall of 1890 he was admitted to practice in the supreme court of the United States. Having some time before resigned his connection with the department of justice, in the fall of 1890 he re- turned to Virginia and entered actively into the practice of his profession. During Mr. Goode's residence in Virginia he became a member of the Virginia State Bar Association and served upon several of the important committees of the asso- ciation. In May, 1895, he was appointed by President Cleveland chairman of the United States Mineral Land Commission for the Coeur d'Alene land district, Idaho, and took up his residence at Coeur d'Alene City. After retiring from the Mineral Land Commission he began the practice of his profession in Idaho, and has also become largely interested in developing the min- ing resources of the state, and has become widely known in connection with the mining interests of the northwest. His opinion of mining investments is regarded as valuable and is received with entire confidence, and he has been instrumental in bringing much eastern capital to Idaho for the development of local mining enterprises. He has evinced a help- ful interest in educational matters in Idaho, and is known as an influential advocate of popular education. In June, 1897, he delivered the uni- versity oration at the Idaho State University, at Moscow, speaking on the subject: "Citizenship, Its Privileges and Responsibilities in the Re- public." In February, 1899, he was appointed by the governor a member of the board of re- gents of the University of the State of Idaho. In 1898 he was, as a Democrat, elected county attor- ney for Kootenai county, an office which he is filling with an ability and success that have won him the admiration of his fellow citizens of all shades of political belief. In October, 1888, Mr. Goode married Leila S. 648 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Symington, of Baltimore, Maryland. They have four children: Leila S.; John, Jr.; Clare Ran- dolph and Stuart Symington. JOEL B. HARPER. History has long since placed on its pages the names of those who, coming to the Atlantic coast, planted colonies in the New World and opened up that section of the country to civiliza- tion. As the years passed, and the population of that region rapidly increased, brave pioneers made their way into the wild districts farther west. The names of Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton were enduringly inscribed upon the rec- ords of Kentucky, that of John Jacob Astor upon the history of Michigan and other states of the upper Mississippi valley. Later Kit Carson and John C. Fremont made their way into the mountainous districts west of the "father of wat- ers," and subsequently the explorers penetrated into the vast wildnesses of the Pacific slope. The development of the northwest, however, is comparatively "recent, but when time shall have made the era of progress here a part of the his- tory of the past, the names of men no less brave and resolute than those who came to the shores of New England or made their way into the Mis- sissippi valley will be found illuminating the an- nals of this section of the Union, and on the list will be found that of Joel Beauford Harper, who is numbered among the early settlers of both California and Idaho. Mr. Harper was born in Georgetown, Scott county, Kentucky, October 15, 1837. His lath- er, Benjamin Harper, was a native of Delaware, and was of English descent. In 1821 he removed to Kentucky and was married there to Miss Han- nah Moore. They were people of the highest respectability, were representatives of the indus- trious farming class, and continued their resi- dence in that state until called to the home be- yond. The father lived to be eighty-five years of age, and the mother passed away at the age of eighty-four. In his native state Joel B. Harper acquired his education, and at the age of four- teen crossed the plains to the Pacific coast with five young men. They traveled with various companies and had much trouble with the In- dians. They were first attacked in Thousand Springs valley, on the sublet cut-off. They fought all -day and succeeded in driving the In- dians off, but were attacked the next day at the head of the Humboldt river, killing several of the Indians, while two of their own number were wounded. Such was the daring of the Indians that they had five fights in a distance of three hundred miles. All the time the red men were on the war-path, but the emigrants were well armed and defeated the Indians in every skir- mish, else they would have been completely mas- sacred by the wily foe. The party with which Mr. Harper traveled ar- rived in California July i, 1853, and he began work in the American valley. He engaged in mining, in operating a sawmill and in carrying on the butchering business. He followed mining there for five years, and ran the first tunnel in the rock to turn the river in an old channel. In the operation of his claim he was very successful, he and his partner, Tim Shannon, taking out. from three to four hundred dollars per day. In 1858 he sold his interest in order to go to the Eraser river, where gold had recently been discovered. He fitted out a boat with supplies and started it up the river, but it was capsized, and three men and three hundred dollars' worth of supplies were lost. Mr. Harper then returned to Puget sound and crossed to Pendleton, Oregon, where he en- gaged in carpenter work for ten months, receiv- ing excellent wages for his services. He next went to Dayton, Oregon, and established a sash and door factory, but it did not prove a paying investment, and he afterward clerked in stores in Dayton and in Baker City. In May, 1863, Mr. Harper arrived in Idaho City, Idaho, then known as Bannock, where he engaged in mining. He paid three thousand dol- lars for two claims and took out on an average of two hundred and fifty dollars per day to each rocker, getting out ten thousand dollars in all, but seven thousand dollars was stolen from him. In 1865 he removed to Silver City, where he re- mained fifteen years. He operated a sawmill, built the Owyhee county court-house and jail, together with many other buildings, and was prominently connected with the development and improvement of that section of the state. In 1882 he came to the Wood river valley and. set- tled at Ketchum, on a government claim of eighty-seven and one-half acres, upon which he HISTORY OF IDAHO. 649 erected a commodious and pleasant home, which stands as a monument of his own handi- work. He improved the farm by piping water from a spring on the hillside, and the house is thus continually supplied with cool and pure water. On the place he has both a blacksmith and carpenter shop, his superior mechanical skill enabling him to make anything in wood, iron or steel. He can make a good edged tool, and has upon his place everything in that line necessary in his work, taking a commendable pride in keep- ing everything about his place in first-class order. In 1883 he erected a saw-mill and built a chute, at a cost of fifteen hundred dollars, in which to bring logs from the mountain to the mill. He is accounted one of the most enterprising and pro- gressive business men of this section of Elaine county, and is meeting with well deserved suc- cess in his undertakings. On the i/th of November, 1867, Mr. Harper was united in marriage, in Nevada, near the Cali- fornia line, to Miss Edna E. Lanbeth, a daughter of Aaron Lanbeth, of Davis county, North Caro- lina. She crossed the plains to California in 1859, across the southern Butterfield route, and was the second woman to traverse that route to San Francisco. She accompanied Mr. Harper in all his pioneer travels on the Pacific coast and indeed was to him a faithful companion and help- meet. They were comfortably situated in the pleasant home in Ketchum, in the enjoyment of the high esteem of many friends in that com- munity, but within the present year, 1899, the devoted and cherished wife has been called into eternal rest, leaving to her sorrowing husband the benediction of a faithful and beautiful life. Mr. Harper has been a member of the Masonic fraternity since 1857, when he joined Plumas Lodge, No. 60, F. & A. M.. of Plumas, Califor- nia. He has taken a very active interest in the work of the fraternity, has filled all the offices of the lodge, and is now past master. In politics he has been a Democrat since casting his first vote, and is a reliable citizen who supports all measures which he believes will prove of public benefit. He has a wide acquaintance, and by all who know him is held in high regard, for his life has been well spent. He has never indulged in drinking or gambling, as have many of the pio- neers in the new mining regions, but has lived an honorable and upright life, and his example is in many respects well worthy of emulation. NICHOLAS BROCKE. Nicholas Brocke, one of the prominent farm- ers and fruit-growers of the Potlatch country, is pleasantly located three and a half miles west of Kendrick. He was born in Michigan, July 24, 1855, a son of John and Christine (Webber) Brocke, both of whom were natives of Germany, whence they crossed the Atlantic to the United States in 1849. They were then single, their marriage being celebrated in Baltimore, Mary- land. Mr. Brocke spent three years in the em- ploy of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company and three years in the Lake Superior copper mines, and then emigrated to Iowa. In 1858 he went to northwestern Nebraska, and in 1877 be- came a resident of South Dakota, where he indus- triously and energetically carried on farming until his death, which occurred when he was in his sixty-fifth year. His wife still survives him, and is now in her sixty-eighth year. They had five children, four of whom are living. The second child, Nicholas Brocke, was reared in his parents' home, obtained his education in the public schools and accompanied his parents on their various removals until after their arrival in Nebraska. In that state he was married, in 1877, to Miss Annie Geiser, a native of St. Louis, Missouri. They came to Idaho and located on a farm nine miles south of Moscow, Mr. Brocke improving his property and making his home thereon until 1888, when he sold his farm and came to his present location. In June of that year he entered a claim of one hundred and sixty acres, which he has transformed into a very de- sirable and valuable farm. The buildings upon the place stand as monuments to his enterprise, and the neat appearance of everything indicates the careful supervision of a practical and progres- sive owner. He has a good residence, large barns and all the appliances for successful farm- ing. He has secured a pumping outfit which conveys water to his residence and all over the farm wherever wanted, and thus the fields are well irrigated. He raises both grain and fruit, and his harvest and fruit crops well attest the business ability of Mr. Brocke, who is most ener- getic and resolute in carrying on his work. 650 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Unto our subject and his wife have been born eight children, namely: John, Frank, Ettie, Carrie, Amelia, Joseph, Charles and Nicholas. The parents and children are valued members of the Catholic church, and Mr. Brocke belongs to the Knights of Pythias fraternity and to the Woodmen of the World. In his political connec- tions he is a stalwart Democrat, and has been school trustee and highway commissioner, filling both offices with ability and fidelity. To all the duties of citizenship he is true, and is ever reliable in all life's relations. The success he has achieved is the result of his own well directed efforts, and he may justly be called a self-made man. HENRY K. HARTLEY. The middle portion of the nineteenth century might properly be termed the age of utility, especially in the northwest. This vast region was then being opened up to civilization, and the honored pioneers who found homes in this rich but undeveloped region were men who had to contend with the trials and difficulties of frontier life. Theirs were lives of toil. They were en- deavoring to make homes to cultivate farms, establish stock ranches, develop mineral re- sources, found business enterprises, and from early manhood to old age. their lot was generally one of labor; but their importance to the com- munity cannot be overestimated, and the com- forts and luxuries to-day enjoyed by the younger generation are largely due to the brave band of pioneer men and women who came to the north- west during its primitive condition. It is also encouraging and interesting to note that many who came here empty-handed have worked their way upward to positions of affluence; that as the years have passed and the country improved prosperity has attended their efforts and wealth rewarded their earnest endeavors. To this class of honored men belongs Henry K. Hartley, who has been a resident of Idaho since 1864, his home being in Caldwell, Canyon county. He was born in Grearville, Illinois, March 15, 1833, and is of English lineage, the original American ancestors having settled in the south, prior to the Revolutionary war, in which they participated, thus aiding in the estab- lishment of the republic. James Hartley, father of our subject, was born in Augusta, Georgia, and married a Miss Walker, also a native of that state. They became the parents of thirteen chil- dren, and eleven of the number grew to mature years, were married and had homes of their own. Only four, however, still survive. Mr. Hartley of this review is the youngest. When four years of age he accompanied his parents on their removal to Missouri and was reared to manhood in that state on his father's farm. It was then a frontier region, and his educational privileges were accordingly limited, the time of his attendance at school probably not exceeding sixty days in the aggregate. In the school of experience, through observation and with the aid of a retentive memory, however, he has gained a broad and practical general knowl- edge. He is eminently self-educated and self- made financially and deserves great credit for what he has accomplished in life. In 1848 he crossed the plains to Albuquerque, New Mexico, but in the autumn of the same year returned to his home in Missouri. In 1850, when but seven- teen years of age, he crossed the plains with his brother to California, and during the long and tedious journey the party with which they trav- eled was frequently attacked by Indians, but never lost a man. They found and buried on the way three white men, who had been killed and scalped by the same band whom they were pur- suing until they escaped among the mountains near the Humboldt river. Mr. Hartley and his brother started with five yoke of oxen, but all save two died on the way. Ultimately they ex- changed their oxen and wagon for two horses, and on them started across the mountains by way of the Georgetown cut-off, which was then a new trail. They had scarcely any provisions, only a little flour and coffee, and they suffered many hardships and trials, but eventually arrived at Georgetown, September 7, 1850, having left home on the loth of April previously. Mr. Hartley and his brother followed placer- mining on the tributaries of the American river and met with fair success. The brother then returned but he remained two years longer, prospecting in different camps on the North Yuba river, near Downieville. At one of these he took out six thousand dollars in a day! He both made and lost money in his different mining ventures, and when he returned to Missouri he HISTORY OF IDAHO. 651 had but little. He made the trip home in order to see his aged father, who died soon after his arrival, on the loth of October, 1855, when eighty years of age. In the spring of 1856 Mr. Hartley went to Kansas City and became a wagon master, taking charge of wagon trains going west. He received at first seventy-five dol- lars per month, which sum was afterward in- creased to two hundred and twenty-five dollars per month. Each year he made two trips from Westport to Fort Laramie, Salt Lake and other western points in the mountains. In the spring of 1857 the expedition was sent out by the government under command of Gen- eral Albert Sidney Johnston. The Mormons had committed serious depredations on emigrant trains, and it was felt to be necessary to send this expedition against them. There were about twenty-two hundred soldiers, rank and file, and four hundred teamsters, of whom Mr. Hartley was one. The last ten days before going into camp their progress was greatly impeded by deep snows and their supplies ran short. The Mor- mons harassed them and destroyed the supply train, provisions, wagon and ox yokes, so that they were compelled to subsist until spring on one-third rations. It was expected that they would have to fight the Mormons, and while in camp General Johnston enlisted and drilled the teamsters, forming them into four companies of one hundred each. One of these companies elected Mr. Hartley as their captain. The higher offices in the battalion were filled by members of the regular army, Bernard E. Bee receiving the appointment to the command of the new bat- talion. He was a captain in the regular army and was afterward killed at the battle of Bull Run, while serving in the Confederate army in the civil war. The troops under command of General Johnston marched into Salt Lake City, Mr. Hartley's and another company being in the advance. It was fully expected that a warm reception would be given them, but the Mor- mons had nearly all fled the town, and they met no opposition. They went into camp on the Jordan river and a week later marched thirty miles south and built Fort Douglas. Subsequent- ly the new battalion was ordered back to Leaven- worth, Kansas, where the men were discharged and paid off. Captain Hartley then began buying and selling cattle and mules to emigrants and to the govern- ment, and later purchased land in Jackson county, Missouri, where he engaged in farming until the outbreak of the civil war. He was then in southwestern Missouri. Four of his brothers joined the Union army and he and three other brothers joined the Confederate army, believing that the south was in the right. The Captain was appointed to a position on the staff of Colonel Cofferin, who was killed in their first engagement, and then our subject was promoted to the rank of colonel, serving under General Price. His regiment belonged to the Eighth Division, commanded by General Rains. From Springfield they marched to Lexington, had a skirmish with the troops of General Lane on Drywood river, and afterward engaged Gen- eral Mulligan's forces at Lexington. They drove the federal forces into their fortifications, the fight lasting from ten o'clock in the morning until dark. For eight days the fight continued, and then in the early morning they attacked the enemy in their works, entering upon a hard- fought siege, which continued for three days and two nights, during which they were con- stantly in line of battle, fighting all the time. General Mulligan then surrendered twenty-four hundred men, with all their guns and ammuni- tion. Colonel Hartley then went with his command on a forced march to Ocola, where they were in quarters for ten days, and thence retreated before the Union forces to Pea Ridge, Arkansas, where a hard-fought battle occurred. Soon after this, in April, 1862, he was permitted to make a trip after recruits and used the opportunity to take his wife from that country to a place of safety. He was accompanied by his adjutant and jour- neyed in safety to Sarcoxie, Missouri, but was captured there and sent as a prisoner of war to Springfield, Missouri, where he was held for four- teen months. He, however, received very courte- ous and lenient treatment, and, giving his word of honor, he was allowed to go all over the town at his own pleasure. At length he was paroled and some time later was permitted to cross the plains to Oregon with the understanding that he would in no way take part in the struggle again or seek to. advance the cause of the Confederacy. 652 HISTORY OF IDAHO. On the 1 7th of December, 1861, Colonel Hart- ley had married Miss Sarah J. Painter, and with his young wife and little son, Charles Price, then two years old, made his way to Idaho. For a time he followed teaming and freighting in the Boise basin and then spent three years in Cali- fornia, after which he returned to the Boise basin and near Caldwell engaged in farming and stock- raising. He possesses great energy and executive ability and as the result of his untiring effort and good management prospered from year to year. In 1891 he sold his stock -and ranch and came to Caldwell, purchasing a residence in which he has since made his home. In this city he has carried on the livery business as a member of the firm of Campbell & Hartley. They have large barns, a number of fine carriages and buggies and always keep on hand good horses. They are the leading livery men of the town and enjoy a large patronage, which they well deserve. In 1888 Colonel Hartley was called upon to mourn the loss of his estimable wife, who died on the I2th of March. She was a member of the Christian church, a loyal friend, a faithful and loving wife and mother, and her death occasioned deep regret throughout the entire community. The eldest son of Colonel and Mrs. Hartley is now engaged in farming and in the nursery busi- ness eight miles from Caldwell. The other chil- dren are all natives of Idaho, namely: Florence L., who is now in the post-office of Caldwell; Cory, who died in her sixth year; one who died in infancy; Alice, a most cultured and amiable young lady who died in her twenty-second year; Annabelle and Henry, at home. The Colonel has been a member of the Masonic fraternity since the winter of 1848, hav- ing been made a Mason in Jackson county, Mis- souri, in Shawnee Lodge, No. 10, A. F. & A. M., of New Santa Fe. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, and was elected to represent his dis- trict in the ninth and eleventh sessions of the general assembly of Idaho, where he served with marked ability and fidelity. He was also one of the commissioners of Ada county, when Canyon county was embraced within its borders. In 1895 he was appointed by President Cleveland postmaster of Caldwell, entering upon the duties of the office on the 6th of February of that year. He removed the office to a good brick building, fitted it up with the most modern equipments and made it one of the most creditable institu- tions in the town. In the administration of his duties he was most prompt, courteous and effi- cient and was widely acknowledged to be a most worthy representative of the government. Indo- lence and idleness have ever been utterly foreign to his nature, and whether in public office or in private business life he manifests great activity and energy, qualities which have made him one of the prosperous residents of Canyon county. LEE R. CARLTON. Lee R. Carlton, the proprietor of the Maple Crest fruit farm, one of the finest fruit farms in the rich Potlatch country of Idaho, is a native of Richland county, Ohio, his birth having there oc- curred on the 1 8th of October, 1848. The family is of English origin and the first American ances- tors were early settlers of New York and Penn- sylvania. Representatives of the name also became pioneer settlers of Richland county, Ohio. James Carlton, the grandfather, was born in that county and was a farmer and stock-raiser. He was a Presbyterian in religious faith and lived to be eighty years of age. His son, James Carlton, father of our subject, was also born in Richland county, and was a prominent railroad contractor for twenty-five or thirty years. At the time of his death, which occurred in 1867, when he had reached the age of sixty-five years, he was master of transportation on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Cornelia Lowdon, was a native of Ohio and was descended from an old American family. She died two years previously to the death of her husband. Of their four chil- dren two are yet living. Mr. Carlton acquired his education in Mans- field, Ohio, and early in life became familiar with the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist, assisting his father in the work of field and meadow on the home farm. When only fifteen years of age he began railroading, and was thus employed for a number of years, after which he went to Colorado, where he en- gaged in taking contracts for supplying logs to sawmills. Seventeen years ago he came to his present home, four and a half miles southeast of Kendrick, and took up a quarter-section of gov- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 653 ernment land. There were then but two resi- dences between his home and the city of Moscow, and no one dreamed there was to be a future Kendrick. On American ridge there were but six settlers, and the work of improvement and progress in this locality was still to come. Here by his industry and energy Mr. Carlton has made a valuable fruit farm, having one of the best properties of any horticulturist in this section of the state. He has sixty acres planted to the best varieties of winter apples, and raises very choice fruit, which brings one dollar per box on the market, his ten-year-old trees averaging about eight boxes each. He also has six acres planted to Italian prunes, six acres in Bartlett pears, three acres in cherries and two acres planted to a variety of fruits. He has shipped the products of his orchard to Boston, New York, Chicago and St. Paul, but much of it goes to Montana and British Columbia. He ships nothing but the best, and his fruit has become justly celebrated, so that there is now a large demand for it, and his business has accordingly been in a prosperous condition. He has made a close study of horti- culture, and he was formerly vice-president of the Horticultural Society, which no longer main- tains its organization, and he was also inspector of fruit for this association, his opinion on the subject of fruits being widely received as authority. Mr. Carlton was married in 1878, Miss Olie J. Pumphrey becoming his wife. She is a native of Platte county, Missouri, and a daughter of James and Sarah A. Pumphrey. They have three children, Norma, Fern and Allen. Mr. Carlton is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Woodmen of the World, and gives his political support to the men and measures of the Democracy. In his chosen field of endeavor he is meeting with excellent success, and has done much to demonstrate the practica- bility of fine fruit-raising possibilities in this part of Idaho. HON. FRANK R. GOODING. A gentleman to whom public attention has been directed by reason of his prominence in connection with the sheep-raising industry of the state and his leadership in political affairs, is Frank R. Gooding, now an influential member of the state senate of Idaho. His service is char- acterized by a deep patriotism and fidelity to the general good and his devotion is all the more to be commended from the fact that he is of foreign birth, though of that nativity which ever begets the stanchest patriotism and the utmost integrity of character. He has passed the greater portion of his life in the United States and is as thor- oughly American in spirit and devotion as any child ever born beneath the protecting flag of the stars and stripes. He has ever been an active and zealous worker in the cause of the Republican party and has taken a prominent place in the deliberations and councils of the Idaho contingent of the great political organiza- tion, which has ever stood for liberty, protection to American industries, reform and progress, and is now endeavoring to extend the spirit of righteous freedom to the lands hitherto in the darkness of monarchial bondage. Frank R. Gooding is a native of England, born October 16, 1859, and is a son of John and Elizabeth (Galbraith) Gooding. In 1868, when eight years of age, he accompanied his parents .to America, a location being made in Van Btiren county, Michigan, where he attended the public schools, gaining a good practical knowledge of the English branches of learning, whereby he was fitted for life's practical duties. In 1877 he left the Mississippi valley for the far west and for four years was engaged in farming in Cali- fornia. On the expiration of that period he came to Idaho, in 1881, and located at Ketchum, then one of the thriving mining towns of the com- monwealth. There for seven years he was con- nected with the Philadelphia Mining & Smelting Company, furnishing, under contract, to that cor- poration much of the wood and charcoal con- sumed in the operations of the smelting works, also had charge of much of the outside work of the company for four years. In 1888 he began devoting his attention to sheep-raising one of the leading and important industries of Idaho and has since carried on business in that line on an extensive scale. He has given careful study and consideration to the subject of caring for sheep in the best manner, and is now regarded as the most successful sheep-raiser in the state. In 1893 the Idaho Wool Growers' Association was organized, and since that time Mr. Gooding has been three times elected its president. His opin- 654 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ions on anything connected with the subject are received as authority, and he has undoubtedly done much to advance the interests of those engaged in the industry in Idaho. As before stated, Mr. Gooding is a stanch Republican, having supported the men and meas- ures of the party since casting his first presiden- tial vote for General James A. Garfield in 1880, while residing in California. He has since labored to secure the adoption of Republican principles and to promote the interests of the party. He has been chairman of the Lincoln County Repub- lican central committee and is one of the well known Republican leaders in the state. In 1898 he was elected to represent Lincoln county in the fifth session of the state senate and took an important part in the legislative work. He was elected president pro tern, of the senate, and later was paid a high compliment by Lieutenant Gov- ernor Hutchinson, president of the senate, who expressed himself as particularly pleased with the kindness that had been shown him by Mr. Good- ing- In 1880 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Gooding and Miss Amanda J. Thomas, of Cali- fornia. Prominent in social circles, they enjoy the hospitality of many of the best homes of the state, and their many admirable qualities have gained them a large number of warm friends. Mr. Gooding is enrolled among the members of the Independent Order of Odd .Fellows, the Knights of Pythias fraternity and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. He maintains his home at Gooding Station near his extensive sheep ranch, but, occasioned by his official duties, now spends much of his time in the capital. As a business man and citizen he ranks deservedly high. Such men are the glory and the strength of the nation. OSSIAN J. WEST, M. D. It is noteworthy that but few of the more in- fluential men of Idaho were born in the new west and fewer still within the limits of the state. There are some, however, who are identified with this part of our country by birth, by education and by lifelong residence. Dr. Ossian J. West, government physician and surgeon at the Nez Perces Indian Agency at Spaulding, is a son of the Rev. W. F. and Jane (Whipple) West, and was born in Oregon, August 24, 1866. His father, born in England, received a theological educa- tion in his native country and was ordained a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church. He became a preacher of persuasive eloquence and a writer of forceful ability, devoting his whole life to the work of the church and to work for his fellow men. He lived to be seventy-eight years old and died at Santa Barbara, California, in 1898, having preached and written and labored without ceasing almost to the day of his death. He was married, in Pennsylvania, to Miss Jane Whipple, a native of that state. They crossed the plains to Oregon in 1851, and while they were making this arduous and dangerous journey their first child was born, at Fort Boise, then a trading point near the mouth of the Boise river. They located a little above Salem, Oregon, on a donation claim of six hundred and forty acres. There they lived through the pioneer period of that part of the country and improved their land and added to it until it included a thousand acres, the tract being yet owned in their family. Mr. and Mrs. West were widely noted for their hos- pitality, and it would appear that this family of Wests is well grounded in the opinion that it is "more blessed to give than to receive." Their generosity is one of their most conspicuous traits. Mr. and Mrs. West entertained all who came, strangers and friends alike, and sent all away satisfied and, if need be, helped. Mrs. West died in 1878. Of their six children all but Dr. West are well-to-do Oregon farmers. Dr. Ossian J. West was educated at the Willam- ette University and was graduated from the med- ical department of that institution in 1889, with honors. For a year thereafter he practiced his profession in the Portland Hospital. Then he passed two years more in private practice at St. Helens, and was appointed government physician and surgeon at the Fort Lapwai Industrial School by President Harrison. By President Cleveland he was reappointed, to succeed him- self, and again by President McKinley His service at the agency extended through eight years. During the greater part of this time he was associated with General McConville, and a warm friendship grew up between the two men. When General McConville was called away to participate in the Spanish war, Dr. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 655 West had charge of the school until June, 1899. Dr. West has a wide reputation for professional ability and integrity. He is a member of the Idaho State Medical Association and has pre- pared papers of value on subjects of interest to the medical fraternity, some of which have been read before this and other associations of physi- cians and surgeons. He is a Republican who sticks to his political principles and a public- spirited man who is ever ready to assist the ad- vancement of the interests of any community with which his lot may be cast. HENRY F. SAMUELS. There is coming to the front of Idaho a class of lawyers of the younger generation who are making their mark in no uncertain way and will be worthy successors to some of the older mem- bers of the bar when their time for retirement shall come. One of the best and most prominent of these is Prosecuting Attorney Samuels, of Shoshone county, some account of whose busy and successful career to the present time it is purposed to introduce here. Henry F. Samuels was born in Mississippi, April 4, 1869, a son of Captain Floyd and Isabella (Jenkins) Samuels. His father was captain, 1861-5, of Company E, Twelfth Kentucky Cav- alry, United States Army, and had a brother in another Kentucky regiment in the Confederate service. He now lives in Indiana, and his wife died there in 1873. Mr. Samuels spent the days of his childhood and youth in Indiana. He acquired his primary edtication in the public schools, and after leaving the public schools, he boarded at home and walked five miles every morning and night to attend the high school at Leavenworth, being unable financially to pay his board. At the age of seventeen he went to Ulysses, Nebraska, where he completed his high-school course in 1889. In the summer of that year he began the study of law in the office of Waldo Brothers, at Ulysses, Nebraska, and was under the preceptor- ship of these able lawyers for nearly a year. After having studied in the law department of the Uni- versity of Michigan for some time, he returned to Leavenworth, Indiana, where he was admitted to the bar. In 1892 Mr. Samuels came to Idaho, and prac- ticed his profession at Grangeville until 1895, when he removed to Wallace, where he has met with much success and won a high position among the younger members of the bar. He was elected, in 1898, prosecuting attorney of Sho- shone county, by a majority of eighty-four, and is filling that office with much zeal and abil- ity. He is a member of the sons of Veterans and of the Woodmen of the World, and is chan- cellor commander of Wallace Lodge, No. 9, Knights of Pythias. In 1892 Mr. Samuels married Miss Ionia Snyder, a native of Indiana, and they have a child, Amzel, which makes a happy little family. Mr. Samuels has overcome the poverty of his youth, which is a certificate of labor well per- formed, and it is the same firmness and persever- ance of character which he exhibited while get- ting his education, allowing no obstacle to turn him from his true course, that is now pushing him to the front and making him a leader in his profession. WILLIAM E. WILSON. Not many of the successful men of the west are "to the manner born," fewer still were born in the state in which their successes have been achieved. William E. Wilson is a conspicuous member of this class, the product of one western state, the progressive citizen of another, and some account of his career forms a necessary part of the work of the plan and scope of this. William E. Wilson was born in the state of Oregon, December 29, 1862, a son of James and Nancy Wilson, who were among the pioneers of Idaho and who are referred to more at length elsewhere in this volume. It was in 1863 that Mr. Wilson first saw Idaho. He was brought, a child of less than twelve months, to the state that year. When he was old enough he attended the public schools in Boise valley and thus gained a foundation for a very substantial business educa- tion which he has since acquired, largely by ob- servation and by reading and study in odd moments. Until 1894 he lived at Mountain Home and since then he has lived on his ranch on Bennett's creek, fifteen miles from that place. For twelve years he was manager of the stock business of James Wilson & Sons, in Elmore 656 HISTORY OF IDAHO. county. His ranch, which embraces four hun- dred acres of fine grazing land, affords unsur- passed facilities for successful stock-raising, in which Mr. Wilson is engaged quite extensively. Mr. Wilson married Miss Anna Daniels, De- cember 22, 1886. Mrs. Wilson was born in Jack- son county, Iowa, August 31, 1867, and was educated in the public schools of her native state and at the state normal school at Kirksville, Mis- souri. She taught school in Missouri for one year after her graduation. Her parents died in 1879, and in 1884 she came to Idaho, bringing with her Thomas Daniels, her brother, then only seven years of age. In 1884-5 sne taught suc- cessfully in Elmore county. Mr. and Mrs. Wil- son have had four children : James, Ida, Maggie (who died March 17, 1899, just past her fifth birthday), and Lloyd. Everything that conduces to the welfare of his town, county and state receives Mr. Wilson's unqualified support. He is an influential Demo- crat and is widely popular as a Mason and a Knight of Pythias. JESSE W. RANDALL. A leading representative of the agricultural in- terests of Latah county is Jesse W. Randall, who owns and operates a fine farm pleasantly situated nine miles southeast of Moscow. He is most practical and yet progressive, and his untiring industry and capable management have brought him a handsome competence. He was born in Wisconsin, October 3, 1855, and is of Scotch descent, his paternal great-grandfather having emigrated from Scotland when this country was still a British possession. He settled in New York colony, and when the attempt was made to throw off the yoke of British tyranny he joined the American army and valiantly aided in the struggle for independence. The grandfather, John Randall, was born in the Empire state and married Emily Wasson, also a native of New York. By trade he was a blacksmith. With his wife and six children he removed to Illinois in 1847, locating in Boone county, where he died at the age of sixty years, his wife surviving him until she had passed the eightieth milestone on the journey of life. They were earnest Christian people, and their rectitude of character won them high regard. Almeron Randall, the father of our subject, was born in New York, in 1827, and married Miss Mary Ann Wright, a native of Maine, by whom he had a family of eleven children, eight of whom are yet living. The father was a farmer and also a contractor and builder. He served his fellow townsmen in the office of county com- missioner and was a reliable and trustworthy citi- zen. He and his wife were members of the Bap- tist church, and he died at the age of sixty-eight years, while her death occurred in her sixty-sixth year. Jesse W. Randall, the fifth in order of birth in their family, was a youth of fourteen when the parents removed from Illinois to Missouri. There he remained three years, and in the spring of 1872 made the overland trip to Oregon, locat- ing in Douglas county, where he worked as a farm hand for six years. He was married in the Sunset state, in 1877, to Miss Frances Suther- land, a native of Douglas county, and a daughter of Fendel Sutherland, an Oregon pioneer of 1848. Soon after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Randall came to their present home in Latah county, whither his brother, John E. Randall, had preceded them. He told them of the rich and fertile land to be procured from the govern- ment in what was then Nez Perces county, and making his way to this section of the state our subject obtained both a pre-emption and a home- stead claim, which he has transformed into a fine farm. As time has passed he has also pur- chased other property until his landed posses- sions now aggregate seven hundred acres, all in one body. He has upon the place a com- modious frame residence, large barn and all the accessories and conveniences of the model farm of the latter part of the nineteenth century. He has three hundred acres planted to wheat, and the alluvial soil has yielded as high as fifty-five bushels to the acre. He also raises other grain, vegetables and fruit and has a good orchard, in which he is cultivating man}' varieties of fruit, principally for the consumption of his family. He also raises some high-grade sheep, cattle and Percheron horses, and introduced into the county some Norman-Percheron horses, thereby improv- ing his own and his neighbors' horses. He is a very industrious man, and though he employs others to aid in the operation of his farm, he also HISTORY OF IDAHO. 657 works with them, and the present fine condition of the place is largely due to his personal labors. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Randall have been born seven children, five of whom are living: Ernest, John, Rena, Edith Pearl and - . The two eldest sons assist their father in the operation of the farm. Ernest is a graduate of the high school of Moscow and carried off the honors of the class of 1898. The mother of this family holds membership in the Christian church. In his political affiliations Mr. Randall is a Republican and keeps well informed on the issues of the day, but has no time or inclination for public office, preferring to devote his attention to his business interests, in which he is meeting with gratifying success. He and his family are very highly spoken of by all who know them, and their record is deserving of a prominent place in the annals of Latah county. CHARLES BOMBERG. Idaho owes much to her sturdy German and German-American population, whose thrift and industry have made success in every field of en- deavor. Prominent among the business men of Genesee is Charles Bomberg, raiser and buyer of cattle and a butcher and dealer in meat. Mr. Bomberg is of German parentage. He was born in Huron county, Michigan, May 25, 1862. His father, also named Charles, was born in Germany and came to America with his parents in his childhood. He grew to manhood and established himself in Michigan, and there married Miss Kate Weaver, a native of Huron county, and also of German ancestry. They reared to useful- ness and honor a family of nine children, and are living out their declining years at their old home in Michigan, happy and respected. They are members of the Lutheran church. Mr. Bomberg was reared on his father's farm and did his part of the work after he was old enough and as long as he remained at home. He gained a practical education in the public schools and had some business experience before he left Michigan. In 1884 he went to Dakota, and from Dakota he went to Washington, from Washing- ton he came to Idaho, in 1888, accompanied by his present partner, and the two opened a modest meat market to cater the trade of the then infant town of Genesee. The growth of the town was no more rapid than the growth of their enterprise, which has always kept pace with every new de- mand upon it. As at first Mr. Bomberg's con- cern has the entire trade of the city. Mr. Bom- berg and his partner own five hundred and fifty- two acres of land adjacent to Genesee, on which they raise as much of the stock they kill as is possible. But the supply thus obtained is small in proportion to their needs, and they have estab- lished a market for cattle which brings to Gene- see a large part of the stock raised in the city's tributary territory. They have erected fine resi- dences and other necessary buildings on the land mentioned, and have put up a large market build- ing, which is as well adapted to the purposes for which it was planned as any similar establishment in the state. Mr. Bomberg is a Knight of Pythias and was made a Master Mason in Unity Lodge, No. 32, of Genesee, and of this he is treasurer. In politics he is a Republican, but he is too busy and too little inclined to public affairs to give much more time to political matters than is necessary to meet the responsibilities of citizenship. He is popular in business circles, a successful man who counts his friends by the hundred, and is generously helpful to all public interests. He is, as yet, a sin- gle man, and it is not impossible that there is a very interesting phase of his life yet to be en- tered upon and yet to be written of. JOHN KRALL. Few lives have been more active or more thor- oughly filled with incidents of interest and of unusual nature than has that of John Krall, one of the pioneers of Idaho, and for about thirty-five years a resident in the vicinity of Boise City. Now a wealthy man, he is indebted to himself alone for his fortune, for he started out in youth to fight the battle of life, a poor boy, and by the exercise of industry and perseverance, in the face of great difficulties, he came off victor over all. Mr. Krall is a native of Germany, born Decem- ber 10, 1835, his parents and ancestors likewise being of German birth. His father owned a flour- ing mill and the lad early learned the business. When he had mastered the branches of learning taught in the government schools he went to England, and there, at sixteen, took up the study of the English language and customs, while he 658 HISTORY OF IDAHO. worked as a baker and confectioner. Desiring to see something of the world, and well equipped to earn a living, as he was familiar with two languages and had mastered two trades, he shipped aboard a vessel and in the next few years sailed to various parts of the world. Once, when sailing around Cape Horn, he was shipwrecked, and the disabled vessel was towed to Valparaiso by an English man-of-war. From that city Mr. Krall went to Honolulu, and thence to San Fran- cisco, where he remained until 1856. He then went to Oregon and Washington, and rented a mill at Dallas, Oregon, arid also carried on busi- ness near Salem until 1859. The following two years he passed at Vancouver, in Washington. In 1861 Mr. Krall came to Idaho, and for some time he was more or less interested in mining at various places. He took out seven thousand dol- lars' worth of precious minerals in six weeks at Florence, and supposing that he had nearly exhausted the resources of the claim he sold it for a thousand dollars, but subsequently seventy- five thousand dollars or more were made from this property. During the winter of 1861-2 Mr. Krall lived in Lewiston, and in the spring opened a bakery. He sold bread at fifty cents a loaf, as flour and other materials were extremely high- priced. In the autumn of 1862 he located in Placerville, Idaho. In 1864 he sold out and opened a bakery in Boise City, continuing in this enterprise until his store was destroyed by fire, in 1870, his loss at that time amounting to about twenty thousand dollars. The year after that unfortunate occurrence Mr. Krall bought four hundred acres of land from the United States government and planted eighty acres with different kinds of fruit trees. He has made a specialty of raising fruit and has been exception- ally successful. His farm extended to the original limits of Boise City, and when the town devel- oped Mr. Krall platted a portion of his orchard and sold the lots to citizens. As he made a point that no buildings should be erected save good and substantial ones, the result is that this sec- tion of the city is one of the most beautiful and desirable as a place of residence in Boise. Still actively concerned in fruit-growing and other business enterprises, Mr. Krall is as industrious and busy now as he has been in the past. Until of late he has been connected with the Demo- cratic party, but is now independent. Socially he is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. In 1865 Mr. Krall married Miss Barbara Queen, who died in 1883, and left two children. The daughter is the wife of W. Scott Neal, a well known business man of this city, and the son, John, Jr., is also a citizen of this place. In 1885 Mr. Krall, Sr., married Miss Eva Ayers, daughter of Peter and Mary (Dausch) Ayers. The former was born in Wisconsin and the latter in New York state, and both are now deceased. Mrs. Krall was born in Denver, Colorado, June 20, 1859. She is a member of the Methodist church. The three sons born of this union are named respectively Frank E., Albert R. and Louis V. The family is one of prominence in the community, the members of the household occupying a high position in social circles. In business and social life Mr. Krall commands the respect of all, for his reputation is above ques- tion, his word being as good as any bond that was ever solemnized by signature or seal. His labors in the development of the natural re- sources of the state have been of great benefit to the city, and his public-spirited interest in all measures pertaining to the general good has been a potent factor in promoting educational, moral and material welfare. WILLIAM J. McCLURE. To the pioneer rightfully belong the honors of the land which he finds out and enriches and beautifies. The sturdy manhood which animates the pioneer is the kind that is required in the administration of the laws which have been made operative over his territory chiefly by his enter- prise and devotion to the course of civilization. The makers of the new country should be, and if they want to be usually are, the governors. William J. McClure was born in Canada, in 1843, a son of Theophilus and Maria (McCrack- en) McClure. His parents, of Scotch-Irish de- scent, were natives of Ireland. They came to Canada about sixty years ago and lived out their lives there. Mr. McClure gained a scanty educa- tion in the public schools in the vicinity of his boyhood home. As he grew up he began a career as sailor on the great lakes, which occupation he followed for some years. It was an adventurous HISTORY OF IDAHO. 659 life, quite to his liking in many ways, and afforded him an experience which has availed him well in more recent years. In 1871 he went to Texas and from there came to Idaho, in 1879, locating within the present limits of Kootenai county, where he has since lived. He helped to organize the county and has been prominent in its affairs from that time down to the present, as a leading citizen and influential Democrat. In 1884 he was elected assessor and tax collector for Kootenai county, and in 1886 was appointed re- ceiver of the United States land office at Coeur d'Alene, serving in that capacity for four years, under the administration of President Cleveland. In 1890 he was elected sheriff of Kootenai coun- ty. In 1893 he was appointed deputy collector of customs at Bonner's Ferry, Idaho, which office he resigned, December I, 1898, to enter upon that of treasurer of Kootenai county, of which position he is the present incumbent and the duties of which he performs in a manner that has won the approbation of observant citizens of all shades of political belief. For twenty-three years Mr. McClure has been a Freemason, and he is widely known in the fraternity throughout the west. His position upon all questions of public moment has been such as to give him an enviable reputation for public spirit, and his citizenship is of the highest order. He married Mrs. Mamie Kercheval, of Coeur d'Alene, in 1895. 'Mr. McClure was a pioneer in Kootenai coun- ty, and in his earlier life in Idaho experienced all the trials and hardships incident to life in a re- mote and undeveloped country. He had known before that time how to "rough it," however, first on the great lakes separating his native Canada from "the states," next in Texas among the cowboys, "greasers" and Indians of a period that has closed, and still later in a long, weary journey by wagon from Texas to Idaho, a de- tailed account of which would make a book voluminous, interesting and edifying. JOSEPH H. HUTCHINSON. Joseph H. Hutchinson, lieutenant governor of Idaho, is one of the distinguished young men of the west who by reason of his marked individu- ality, strong mentality, honorable purpose and laudable ambition has risen to a po- sition of eminence. A native of this sec- tion of the country, his interests are close- ly allied with those of the northwest, and he is deeply interested in all that pertains to the ad- vancement, growth and prosperity of the "Gem of the Mountains." He was elected to his present office in 1898, an honor well merited and worthily worn. Mr. Hutchinson, who for some years has been a resident of Silver City, was born in Central City, Colorado, on the 2ist of May, 1864. He is a son of James Hutchinson, superintendent of the Trade Dollar Mining & Milling Company, and one of the prominent men of the state. When sixteen years of age Joseph H. Hutchinson re- moved to Denver, Colorado, and attended the high school of that city, during which time he was twice honored by election to the presidency of the Lyceum, and in 1883 he won the Wood- burn medal for oratory. The elemental strength of his character was also shown forth by his actions during this period, for desiring to acquire a good education and at the same time finding it necessary to provide in a measure for his own livelihood, he acted as janitor of the Twenty- second avenue primary school and as route car- rier on the Rocky Mountain News and Denver Times, while pursuing his high-school course. His enterprise and energy found recognition in business circles, and in 1890 he was elected chair- man of the board of the Colorado Mining Stock Exchange and later was made its secretary and treasurer, but left that position to become his father's assistant in business in Idaho. The Colo- rado Springs Mining Stock Association making him a handsome offer to preside over the board in 1896, he returned and handled their stock through the Cripple Creek stock boom, but again came to Idaho January i, 1897, and accepted the position of foreman of the Trade Dollar Consoli- dated Mining Company. In that capacity he has rendered his father very efficient aid, and is an able representative of the mining interests of the state. His diligence, resolution and executive power would make him successful in almost any line of business, and prosperity will undoubtedly mark his future career. Mr. Hutchinson was united in marriage to Miss Helen Hays, a native of Silver City, and a daughter of Hon. Charles M. Hays, district attor- ney and a prominent pioneer of Idaho, now re- 660 HISTORY OF IDAHO. siding in Boise. Mr. and Mrs. Hutchinson have many warm friends in the community in which they reside. In his political affiliations Mr. Hutchinson has been a lifelong Republican, but differs with his party on the great financial ques- tion, to which he has given close, earnest and systematic study. He has the honor of being secretary of the first silver club formed in the United States; was also secretary of the first national bimetallic convention, held in Chicago in 1893, an< l secretary of the Bimetallist Union, formed at Salt Lake City, in 1895. All unsolic- ited by him came the nomination for lieutenant governor in 1898, he being chosen as the candi- date of the silver Republican and Democratic parties. His patriotic devotion to the best in- terests of the state, his business ability, calm judgment and thorough trustworthiness all ren- der him well qualified for the office, and his course has awakened commendation throughout the state. WALTER HOGE. Walter Hoge is one of the most prominent representatives of the industrial interests of southeastern Idaho. He makes his home in Paris, where he is connected with the lumber business, both manufacturing and selling lumber. The volume of his trade enables him to furnish employment to a large force of workmen and thus he adds to the general prosperity of the community and to the welfare of the town. Mr. Hoge was born on the i8th of November, 1844, an d is of English lineage. His parents, Walter and Elizabeth Hoge, were also natives of the same land, and the father supported his fam- ily by working at the blacksmith's trade. In his religious belief he was a Presbyterian, and died in that faith in 1866, when sixty-six years of age. His wife long survived him and departed this life in 1882, when eighty-three years of -age. They were the parents of eleven children, but only four are yet living. Mr. Hoge, of this review, the youngest of the family, accompanied his parents on their removal to Scotland in his early boyhood and was there educated. He served for four years as an appren- tice to the butcher's trade and followed that busi- ness until his emigration to America in 1862. Having come to the New World he took up his abode on Vancouver's Island and began work in the mines of British Columbia, but at the time of the Cariboo excitement he went to that dis- trict, where he was paid ten dollars per day for his labors. In 1864 he went to Portland, Oregon, and from there to Walla Walla, where he worked at his trade for sixty dollars per month until the spring of 1864, when he removed to the Kootenai country, carrying on the butchering business there on his own account and meeting with fair success. Subsequently he engaged in mining at Alder Gulch, now Silver City, Montana, and at Helena, and on returning to Idaho settled at Salmon City. His partner, Godfrey Knight, was one of the discoverers of Leesburg, and Mr. Hoge lost considerable money in his mining ven- tures there. Leaving that place he came to the Cache valley to spend the winter and during that season embraced the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, to which he has since faithfully adhered. For two years Mr. Hoge engaged in teaching school in Utah, and in 1870 came to Bear Lake county, locating in Paris, where for some time he had the contract for carrying the mail and also ran a stage route between Evanston and Cariboo, a distance of one hundred and forty-five miles. Success attended his efforts in that direction and his capital was thereby materially increased. When called to public office he abandoned the stage route and for some time devoted his ener- gies to public service. He is a stanch supporter of the Republican party, well versed on the issues of the day. Many years ago he was appointed deputy district clerk of the third judicial district and later he was elected sheriff of the county, in which office he was continued, by re-election, from 1882 until 1888, discharging his duties with marked promptness, fearlessness and fidelity. In 1884, seing the need of a sawmill in this locality, he erected a steam mill with a capacity of ten thousand feet of lumber per day, and also built a sawmill, operated by water power, the latter having a capacity of eight thousand feet of lum- ber per day. In addition he also owns and ope- rates a planing-mill and a shingle mill. He saws yellow and white pine, getting his timber from the mountain side, and employs from twenty to thirty men. He has a good local demand for the products of his mills, and also ships to differ- ent towns in Idaho. In addition he owns a fine HISTORY OF IDAHO. 661 ranch and raises excellent Durham cattle, and has greatly improved the grade of cattle raised in this locality. In 1876 Mr. Hoge erected a one-story cottage, but afterward remodeled it, making it a two- story residence with a mansard roof, an attract- ive home, pleasantly furnished, and surrounded by beautiful shade-trees. He was happily married, in 1869, to Miss Amelia Smith, a native of England, and to them have been born five children, three daughters and two sons, namely: Rhoda, at home; Ella, wife of Alfred Budge ; Lizzie ; Walter Smith and William Smith. Mr. Hoge and his family are valued members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and he served on a mission to England, where for a year he was in the emi- gration office in Liverpool, during which time he sent fifteen hundred people to Utah. That year he was ordained high priest, and for twenty-five years has been the first counselor to the bishop of the second ward of Paris. He is a citizen of the highest probity of character, is a reliable and suc- cessful business man, and is greatly esteemed throughout the community. JAMES HUTCHINSON. Many theories h^ve been advanced as to the best method of winning success, but the only safe, sure way to gain it is by close application, perseverance and careful consideration of the business problems that are continually arising. Investigation will show that the majority of men who have started out in life with_ little or no capital and have won a competency if not wealth, have to attribute their prosperity to just such causes, and it is those elements which have made Mr. Hutchinson one of the leading business men of his state. He is now superintendent of the Trade Dollar Consolidated Mining Company, at Silver City, and is numbered among the repre- sentative residents of that place. A native of Yorkshire, England, he was born November 17, 1837, his parents being Joseph and Eleanor (Spencley) Hutchinson, both of whom were natives of the same county, where their ancestors had lived for many generations. The father was a miner and shepherd, and with his wife and eight children he crossed the Atlantic and took up his residence in Iowa. The voyage was made in 1848, on a sailing vessel, which dropped anchor in the harbor of New York nine weeks after leaving the European port. Locating in Dubuque, Iowa, the mother there died in 1851, at the age of forty-one years, being stricken with cholera. The father began working in a smelter and eventually became possessed of a large farm in Iowa. Later he removed to Wisconsin, where his death occurred in his eighty-second year. Seven of his children are yet living, four of the number being residents of Wisconsin, while one is in Klondyke, another in California, and James in Silver City, Idaho. The last named was reared on his father's farm and assisted in the labors of the fields. He also worked in the mines and in his father's smelter, and was thus in a measure prepared for his present important position. He was married January 25, 1863, to Miss Susan O'Neil, of Wis- consin, and the following day started with his bride for Colorado. The Indians were on the war-path, but Mr. and Mrs. Hutchinson crossed the plains in safety, traveling by stage most of the way. They arrived at Central City, on the 1 2th of June, 1863, and Mr. .Hutchinson took charge of the celebrated Gregory lode, the first mine discovered west of the Missouri river and east of the Rocky mountains. He was its,super- intendent for twenty years, throughout which time it proved a paying investment. He was also superintendent of the famous Robinson and Aspen mines, and was appointed state inspector of mines for Colorado, by Governor Cooper, in 1889. Later Mr. Hutchinson accepted the superinten- clency of the mines of the Manhattan Company, in Montana, and sold the property for them. He arrived at Silver City on the 6th of December, 1893, and took charge of the works of the Trade Dollar Mining & Milling Company on the i7th of January, 1894, since which time the business has paid regular dividends and the mines have become one of the most valuable properties of the kind in the northwest. In 1897, with a ten- stamp mill, the net profits were four hundred thousand dollars. In 1889 Mr. Hutchinson was called upon to mourn the death of his wife, who had been most faithful and devoted to him and her family and who was a member of the Catholic church. Thev G62 HISTORY OF IDAHO. had a family of six children : Joseph H., Mary E., Margaret A., Nellie A., Charles J. and Eleanor A. The older daughters are keeping house in Denver, where they occupy a nice residence, and the younger children are attending school there. Socially Mr. Hutchinson is a Knight Templar Mason. He was raised to the degree of Master Mason in St. Louis City Lodge, No. 6, A. F. & A. M., in 1865, and is also a member of the tem- ple of the Mystic Shrine in Boise. He is a gentle- man of lifelong mining experience, of the highest probity of character and has always enjoyed the esteem of those who have known him, wherever he has resided. CHARLES W. BERRYMAN. Charles W. Berryman, a prominent citizen of Blackfoot, Idaho, a member of the well known firm of Berryman & Rogers, stock-raisers and dealers and loaners of money and dealers in county and city bonds, is a native of Wisconsin, having been born at Hazel Green, October 10, 1843, of English ancestry. His parents, Richard and Martha (Williams) Berryman, were born in Cromwell, England. They came to the United States and in 1840 located in Grant county, Wis- consin. There Mr. Berryman became a farmer and lead-miner. He died at the age of seventy- three, in 1877, his wife having passed away many years earlier, in her forty-seventh year. They were devout and active members of the Metho- dist Episcopal church, in whose interests Mrs. Berryman was a tireless worker, while Mr. Ber- ryman performed the varied functions of trustee, class-leader and Sunday-school superintendent. They had eight children, of whom six are living. Until he was nineteen years old, Charles W. Berryman remained at home, attending school and devoting himself to the work of the farm. In 1862 he joined a large band of western-bound emigrants and went overland to Oregon. In- dians were numerous and aggressive in those days, and the emigrants, a large party, consoli- dated their one hundred and sixty wagons and many horses in one big caravan and banded to- gether for mutual protection. There were so many of them and they were so well armed and so determined and presented such a warlike ap- pearance that they had little difficulty with the "Bedouins of the Plains." But the Indians were watchful for opportunities, ready to attack any straggling member of the party who was delayed or went too far ahead. At Green river, on Land- er's cut-off, two of the wagons which had fallen behind were surrounded and attacked by the red- skins. There were only two men with them. One of these, one Campbell, was killed. The other man escaped. The wagons were plun- dered and burned before Mr. Berryman's party could get back to the place, and the. Indians es- caped unpunished. The "train" left Wisconsin May 4, 1862, and arrived at Powder river Sep- tember 7, this journey having consumed four months and three days. Mr. Berryman engaged in mining but was not successful, and he went with the Jesse Stanford outfit to Boise basin, Idaho, and was among the first to arrive there. Here, too, fortune turned her back on him, and he engaged in packing supplies for miners from Umatilla, Oregon, to Boise basin. He was suc- cessful in this enterprise, and in 1864 was the owner of a pack train of thirty-seven mules and such accessories to the business as were necessary for use in connection with them. During that year that whole train was stolen by Indians at a point on the Snake river, and Mr. Berryman never afterward saw hoof or tail of one of the animals. He was ruined, J>ut went, bravely, hopefully and full of days' work, back to Boise basin, and in the placer mines made another stake. In 1865 he went to Virginia City, Mon- tana, where he bought two mining claims, a "number one" and a "number two," of Fair- weather, for, two thousand dollars. There he made more money, and in 1869 he returned, comfortably fixed, to his old home and friends in Wisconsin. In the spring of 1870 he went back to Montana, and, with a view to again en- gaging in packing, formed a partnership with George B. Rogers, which association, in various enterprises, has existed continuously since. They began operations between Corinne, Utah, and different mining camps in Montana, and prose- cuted this business successfully and with profit for about ten years. They ceased giving it their personal attention in the spring of 1880 and took the "Custer contract" to build a large quartz mill and smelter, for the performance of which they were paid five thousand dollars. In 1883 they sold their teams to the Idaho Forwarding Com- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 663 pany, and turned their attention to ranching, purchasing property on the north side of Snake river, where they have since been extensive horse and cattle breeders and dealers. They now own more than three thousand acres of land, on which they raise hay and grain on which to feed their stock. They import horses from England, and an important result of their enterprise in this way has been the improvement not only of their own stock but that throughout eastern Idaho. As cattle-breeders they have introduced enough Durham and Hereford blood to produce a grade of beef cattle that is unsurpassed anywhere. They are the richest stock breeders and dealers in Bingham county, and their operations are more extensive than those of any other firm, and no one has done more than Messrs. Berryman and Rogers to give Idaho supremacy in this profita- ble industry. They have a mercantile business at Park City and have built several of the best blocks in Blackfoot. Mr. Berryman has also built and fitted up a delightful home in Blackfoot. He was married in June, 1875, to Miss Mary N. Toombs, a native of London, England, and a daughter of James Toombs, now of Ogden, Utah. Their children are Elva, Harry, Frank, Flora and Edith. A lifelong Republican, Mr. Berryman takes an ac- tive interest in public affairs. He has twice been elected chairman of the board of county commis- sioners of Bingham county, and has served his fellow citizens in other responsible positions. WILLIAM KILDE. No element in the complex personnel of our national commonwealth has had a more vitalizing and permeating influence than that contributed by the hardy sons of the Norseland. From the fair shores of Norway and Sweden, with their beautiful fjords and quaint cities, have come to the United States men and women of sturdy integrity, alert mentality and unflagging indus- try, and these have furnished to our country a most valuable order of citizenship. In the early settlement of Latah county, Idaho, there came to this part of the territory a number of the am- bitious and industrious sons of Norway, who sought to here "establish homes for themselves and their families and to attain a due measure of success by honest toil and endeavor. They se- cured tracts of government land, and set vigor- ously at work to develop and improve the same. The results have been alike creditable to them and of distinct value to this section of the Gem state, which they have honored by their presence and labors. Of this number is William Kilde, who is known as a man of unimpeachable integ- rity and as one of the prosperous and representa- tive farmers of the county. William Kilde comes from a long line of sturdy- Norwegian ancestors, his birth having occurred in the far distant land of the north on the 23d of November, 1848. His family were Lutherans in their religious faith, and his father was an officer in the army of Norway, being a farmer by occupation and standing as a representative of one of the worthy families of that country. He attained the venerable age of ninety-five years, and his estimable and devoted wife passed away at the age of sixty-five years. They became the parents of ten children, of which number eight are still living, the subject of this review having been the youngest in the family. William Kilde received his educational dis- cipline in his native land, and at the age of seven- teen years severed the tender ties which bound him to the home and friends of his childhood and came to the United States, for the purpose of making a home for himself in the "land of the free." That the young emigrant was animated by a courageous spirit may readily be understood when we revert to the fact that when he arrived in this distant land he was ignorant of the lan- guage of the country and was without financial reinforcement. He was, however, amply fortified by marked intelligence, a large, strong and healthy body, and by habits of industry, these have been the forces by which he has wrought out for himself a gratifying and worthy success in temporal affairs, and his life has been so ordered that in his adopted country he has won and retained the respect and esteem of all with whom he has come in contact. No one can look without admiration upon a success and prestige thus won by the emigrant lad who faced the problem of life and its duties without flinching. Mr. Kilde located at first in Wisconsin, where he found employment at farm work. He was economical in his habits, saved his wages and ever had in mind his cherished ambition of own- 664 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ing a home of his own. He was eventually able to realize his aim, for he became the owner of a farm of one hundred and twenty acres, in La- Crosse county, Wisconsin. In 1869 occurred an important event in the life of Mr. Kilde, for he was then united in marriage to Miss Carrie Paulson, who like himself was born in Norway, the daughter of Gilbert and Ann Paulson, whom, as a child, she accompanied on their emigration to the United States. Our sub- ject and his wife continued to reside in Wiscon- sin for several years after their marriage, and there two children were born to them, Annie M. and Lena A. After their removal to Idaho other children came to brighten the family circle, namely: Henry, Mary, John, Gilbert, Paul, (who died in infancy), Matilda, and Paul, (2d). Mrs. Kilde's mother is still living, having attained the venerable age of eighty-six years. In the year 1878 Mr. Kilde removed with his family to Idaho, and they took up their abode on their present farm, in what is now Latah county, the original tract comprising one hundred and sixty acres of government land. Here our sub- ject built a little log house, having completed this work while his wife, with her two little daughters, was coming to him from Portland, Oregon. While Mrs. Kilde was in the city men- tioned, however, she was called upon to bear a burden of great grief and care, for the little daughter Annie there died, from an attack of diphtheria. She continued her saddened journey and in due time reached the little home prepared by her husband. v As prosperity attended the efforts of Mr. Kilde he added to his landed possessions, until he now has a valuable and highly productive farm of two hundred and forty acres, well improved. For a number of years the family continued to reside in the primitive house of logs, but they have now a commodious and attractive farm residence, sup- plied with all necessary conveniences, while a large barn has also been erected. The stock on the place, as well as the fertile fields, shows the care and attention of the discriminating pro- prietor. Mr. Kilde raises all kinds of crops, in- cluding vegetables and fruits, but makes the cul- tivation of wheat his principal line, having se- cured as high a yield of this cereal as forty-five bushels to the acre. In politics Mr. Kilde is a Republican, and he has served as a trustee of his school district for a number of years, doing all in his power to pro- mote the legitimate interests of this section of the state. He is a man of strong physique and the fine climate of Idaho promotes continued good health to him and his family. Living goodly lives, industrious in habits, kindly in all their relations with their fellow men, they enjoy the cordial esteem and good will of a large circle of friends and acquaintances, and the success which has been achieved has been won by none but worthy means. GILBERT G. WRIGHT. One of the most prominent business men of Idaho Falls is Gilbert G. Wright, manager of the Co-operative Wagon & Machine Company and of the Idaho Falls Milling Company. Mr. Wright is a native of Ogden, Utah, and was born September 28, 1867. His father, Gilbert J. Wright, was born in England and came to New York, whence he removed to Ogden, Utah, where he married Miss Annie Odell, also of Eng- lish birth. He became a successful hardware merchant, and late in life he retired to Idaho Falls, where he and his wife are now living. The family are devoted members of the Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints. Gilbert G. Wright, the eldest of their seven children, attended the public schools of Ogden until he was sixteen years old, and then entered the employ of the Co-operative Wagon & Ma- chine Company, with the important interests of which he has since become prominently identi- fied. After five years' experience in the estab- lishment of the corporation at Ogden, he was, in 1889, sent to Idaho Falls to open a branch estab- lishment at this place. The company has its headquarters at Salt Lake City, Utah, and there, and through its several branch stores, it does a wholesale business in vehicles, agricultural imple- ments and stoves. Some idea of the magnitude of its transactions may be gained from the fact that it is capitalized at three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Mr. Wright started in business at Idaho Falls somewhat modestly. His sales for the first year aggregated thirty-six thousand dollars, which was certainly a good beginning. Notwithstand- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 665 ing the country has since passed through a long period of severe financial depression, Mr. Wright has pushed this enterprise to the front with great certainty and great rapidity. In 1898 the busi- ness of the Idaho Falls branch of the Co-opera- tive Wagon & Machine Company amounted to four hundred and sixty thousand dollars. Some of this great success is due to the rapid settlement and development of the country; but it is all due in a large measure to the wise and energetic pol- icy of Mr. Wright, who has been indefatigable in pushing the enterprise in all departments and ex- tending its operations in all lines and in every di- rection, and who is regarded as a man of remark- able foresight and talent for handling extensive interests. The concern at Idaho Falls occupies a stone building with an area ninety by two hundred and twenty-five feet, besides four hundred square feet of yard room, employs twenty-seven men, and ships goods to points within an average limit of one hundred and fifty miles in all directions from its center of operations. Mr. Wright was also the builder of, and owns a controlling interest in, the large roller-process steam and water power flouring mill at Idaho Falls, which has a capacity of two hundred bar- rel? a day. He is also the owner of considerable farm land and of a great deal of town property, including a large and well appointed residence, one of the finest and most attractive in the city. His character as a business man is one of which many men of more pretensions might be proud, for it comprehends every good quality which makes for the best and highest reputation, and is illumined by successes which are important among the conspicuous successes which have marked the development of Idaho. In April, 1890, Mr. Wright was happily mar- ried to Miss Tillie Bailey, a native of Ogden, Utah, and a daughter of Joseph Bailey, a highly respected citizen of that city. They have a son and a daughter, named Gilbert O. and Florence A. Wright. Closely as is Mr. Wright bound down by the imperative demands of the great and growing in- terests which by tireless energy he has built up and which with consummate sagacity he is direct- ing to the certain achievement of still greater success, he finds time to discharge the political duties of the patriotic citizen, for he holds that every man should be a practical politician to the extent of doing his part toward securing good laws and their honest administration; and as a Republican he interests himself actively in all af- fairs of public moment. He was elected county- treasurer of Bingham county and served his fel- low citizens faithfully in that capacity. He was also for four years a member of the common council of Idaho Falls, and in office and out of office he has, by every means at his command, done all that was possible for him to do to foster and advance the best interests of Idaho Falls, Bingham county, and the state of Idaho. THOMAS CRANE. The manifestation of superior business talent at an early age is always a good sign. It usually marks a young man who will care less for pleas- ure than work, who will keep trying and will try intelligently, and who is pretty apt to come out strong financially sooner or later. The career of the late Thomas Crane, of Soda Springs, Idaho, was an illustration of these claims. He began early and endeavored always; he despised not the day of small things, and he died successful and honored. Thomas Crane was born in Canada, July 4, 1843, an d died at Soda Springs, Idaho, May 15, 1896. His parents, who were natives of New Jersey, had taken up farming in Canada. His father, Isaac Crane, died in the prime of life, and the widowed mother removed with her children to Michigan, where she died in 1899, aged eighty- six. Of their family of nine children Thomas was the sixth in order of birth. He attended the public schools near his home in Canada and made good progress with his books. When but a boy of seventeen, he demonstrated his possession of extraordinary business talent by establishing a match factory, in which he employed several men. Information is wanting as to how this enterprise terminated, but it is safe to state that it was not a failure. After some years of business expe- rience as traveler for a wholesale drug house, in Canada, he went to Oregon in 1863, being then only twenty years old. For some years he mined in that state and in British Columbia, with the fluctuating fortune peculiar to mining, making money and sinking it and making more and sink- 666 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ing that. Then he made some money in the Carriboo mines, and not taking another chance of sinking it, bought, with part of it, a stock of gen- eral merchandise at Soda Springs. When he opened his store he had no idea of remaining at Soda Springs longer than might be necessary to sell his stock, but he made money and his honor- able methods pleased his patrons and laid a safe foundation for greater operations, and he staid and became the largest merchant and wealthiest man in the place, with money invested in bank stock, and other money which he profitably loaned. In 1885 he built a good store building, in which his mercantile business is continued successfully by his widow, and later he bought a fine residence, which has since been the family home. Mr. Crane was early married, and his wife died, leaving him one son, Eugene Crane, now a resident of Detroit, Michigan. In August, 1871, he married Miss Flora Goodwin. They had eight children, five of whom are living: Bert, Elliott, Albert J., Robert Roy and Elva Teck. The youngest of the family, Flora Cuba, who was but three months old when Mr. Crane died, died in 1898, only about two years later, and the family feel a sense of double bereavement. Mr. Crane gave close attention to his business and took little active interest in politics, but at all times did everything in his power to promote the welfare of his adopted town and its people. His loss to the community is one not easily repaired. Mr. Crane was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in Canada. In the man- agement of his estate and mercantile business, Mrs. Crane has developed unusual business abil- ity. She is bending all her energies to the suc- cessful realization of her late husband's plans and to the education and establishment of her chil- dren in life. ALEXANDER D. McKINLAY. The west is peopled with brave men, as men's bravery is measured, but it has some notable citi- zens whose experiences extend back into the days of constant adventure and ever present peril. Could the exploits and dangers of such men of the west be written down and put into book form, they would form a series of narratives of more absorbing interest than the most exciting ro- mances of western life and adventure that have ever been penned. A fair representation of this class is Alexander D. McKinlay. He is a son of Henry and Barbara Clarke McKinlay, natives of Scotland, and was born in Clayton county, Iowa, February 20, 1853. His father was born in Edin- burg in 1823, and died in Clayton county, Iowa, in 1872. His mother, who was born in Sollen, in 1815, lives on the old family homestead in Iowa. They came to America and to Iowa in 1847 an( ^ became successful farmers, highly respected by reason of their high character and upright lives. Of their nine children, Alexander D. McKinlay was the fifth child in order of birth. He was reared to help at the work of the farm, and for a time attended school in a primitive log school house, and remained in Iowa until 1877, when, at the age of twenty-four, he emigrated to Idaho and located in Idaho county, where he lived until 1885. He farmed until 1882 with sufficient suc- cess to acquire some capital and commercial standing, and then bought thirteen hundred head of cattle and drove them over the old Mullan road to Montana, where he turned them over to Jack DeMar. In 1884 he bought a drove of cattle and took them some two hundred and sixty miles, to Eagle City, Shoshone county, and sold them to Moffit and Bender. He removed to Wallace in 1885 and with the profits of these and other en- terprises engaged in business in that city, where he is a member of the firm of Holohan & Mc- Kinlay, dealers in tobacco and cigars and the owner of considerable real estate, including an interest in the Holohan & McKinlay block. Politically Mr. McKinlay was an ardent Re- publican until 1892. He then saw reason to es- pouse the Populistic cause and did so. In 1880-81 he was a justice of the peace of Idaho county; in 1894 and 1896 was elected justice of the peace at Wallace, and, in 1898, judge of the probate court of Shoshone county. In the spring of 1896 he was elected a member of the city council of Wallace, and in 1898 he was re-elected to the same office. He has al- ways been a public-spirited citizen of much in- fluence. As an instance of his work for the pub- lic good it may be stated that he went, in 1885, to Murray, then the county-seat of Shoshone county, and prevailed upon the county commis- sioners to create a road district of the part of the HISTORY OF IDAHO. 667 old Mullan road and along the side of the South Fork river in Shoshone county. Upon the estab- lishment of the district he was, in recognition of his efforts in its behalf, appointed supervisor over it. Mr. McKinlay is an Elk, a Knight of Labor and a member of the order of Maccabees. There is one chapter of Mr. McKinlay's life which is of especial interest and which deserves to have more space than can be allotted to it. That is the narrative of his experiences as a sol- dier in the Nez Perces Indian war of 1877 and in the Bannack Indian war of 1878. He is a fear- less man who has demonstrated that he will most cheerfully risk his life in any cause to which he may devote himself, however hazardous it may be. During the Bannack war a wagon was loaded at Lewiston, Idaho, under the direction of the late lamented Major McConville, with guns and ammunition, which it was desired to convey to Grangeville, a somewhat distant point of strategic importance. There was much proba- bility that the Indians would attempt to capture this valuable freight, and the driving of the teams attached to the wagons was not a job to be sought by a man who valued his life above his duty. Mr. McKinlay volunteered for this service and was gladly entrusted with it by Major Mc- Conville, who knew very well the character of the man he was dealing with. Four large cans of coal oil were placed in the wagon where they could all be set on fire immediately if the wagon should be surrounded by Indians and its capture should appear inevitable. Their ignition would ex- plode the ammunition and destroy the wagon and every living thing in it or near it, including Mr. McKinlay, of course, and the teams. With a full understanding of the perilous duty he assumed, Mr. McKinlay set out at ten o'clock at night with his dangerous cargo and was probably saved from terminating the adventure with a fatal ex- plosion by the timely appearance of a guard of eight men at Spring Ranch, twenty miles out of Lewiston, who protected him during the re- mainder of the journey to Grangeville. Such a service is sufficient to stamp Mr. McKinlay as a man of the most desperate courage and of the highest order of patriotism. The exploit of Hob- son and his comrades in peril during the recent Spanish war did not call for more moral and physical courage. Mr. McKinlay was married in Iowa, in 1876, to Miss Ellen Holohan, who bore him six chil- dren, and died April 6, 1887, at Cotton wood, Idaho. Their children were named Glenn P., Mary and John (twins), Harry, Maud and Katie. John and Katie are dead. Harry is a member of Company A, Idaho Volunteers, and is now serving his country at the peril of his life in the Philippine war. Glenn P., after a three-years course at the Idaho State University, at Moscow, is laying plans for future successes. Maud is a member of the father's household. In 1894 Mr. McKinlay took for his second wife Mary Bohn, who has borne him two children, Hazel, who is dead, and Vivian Edward. WILLIAM KIRKPATRICK. Wherever his lot may be cast in the north, the intelligent, progressive southerner finds a wel- come and makes many friends. If he fought on "the other side" in our great civil war, he is everywhere regarded more highly than the southern union man or the southern non- combatant. He is made to feel at home by Grand Army men and is quickly on fraternal terms with those whom once he faced on the field of battle. William Kirkpatrick is one of the prominent pioneer farmers of Blackfoot, Idaho, where he located in 1873, on one hundred and sixty acres, west of the town site, which property he still owns. The county was then unsurveyed and had few inhabitants except Indians, with whom the whites at times had misunderstandings but managed to evade actual warfare. Mr. Kirkpat- rick improved his property, cultivated it profita- bly and gave much attention to stock-raising. He has a fine water-right and is enabled to raise large quantities of alfalfa hay, upon which he feeds his stock in winter. He has become an influential citizen and is a Democrat of the deep- est dye, declaring his intention to vote the Demo- cratic ticket as long as he lives. His ideals of military genius and statesmanship are Robert E. Lee and Grover Cleveland. He is active in par- tisan work and in the conventions of his party. In 1878 he did faithful and efficient service to his fellow citizens as deputy sheriff, and in that ca- pacity won an enviable reputation as a reliable and fearless public officer. 668 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Mr. Kirkpatrick is a southerner, having been born in Greenbrier county, Virginia (now West Virginia), December 3, 1842, and was descended from English ancestors who settled early in the Old Dominion, where several generations of his family were born. His father, George Kirkpat- rick, a native of Virginia, married Miss Malinda Dean. They were religious from childhood and active and useful members of the Presbyterian church, of which Mr. Kirkpatrick was an elder. Mrs. Kirkpatrick died in the forty-third year of her life and her husband survives her, aged eighty-three. They had ten children, eight of whom are living. William Kirkpatrick, third child of George and Malinda (Dean) Kirkpatrick, was educated in Virginia, and when the anti-slavery agitation culminated in the war between the states, he es- poused the cause of the south, enlisting in Com- pany E, twenty-sixth Virginia Battalion, which for a time was attached to the Western Army and did scout and guard duty in West Virginia. Later Mr. Kirkpatrick took part in some of the hard-fought battles of the great struggle. He was in the fighting at Winchester, Cedar Creek, Cold Harbor, Culpeper Court House, White Sul- phur Springs, Charleston, Hawk's Nest and at various other points. In one of these engage- ments he was shot in the right shoulder, but though his wound was painful, he bore up bravely and never left his company. At Cold Harbor, one of the most terrific engagements of the war, his hearing was impaired by the incessant con- cussions of heavy cannonading. At the time of the surrender of General Lee, the Twenty-sixth Battalion was in its home state, and it disbanded and its members went to their homes without either discharge or parole. For a time after the war Mr. Kirkpatrick was overseer of a large stock farm in West Virginia, owned by a prominent citizen of that state. From there he came to Idaho, in 1873, as has been stated, to engage in stock-raising on his own ac- count. After spending two years here as a single man, he married Miss Ann Geret, a native of England. They have six children: John, Ed- ward, William, George Cleveland, James and Millie. Mr. Kirkpatrick is a genial, whole-souled man who makes friends wherever he goes, and his home is one of the most hospitable at Black- foot. THOMAS G. LOWE. Thomas Galloway Lowe, who follows farming near the town of Franklin, is a son of Thomas and Eliza (Galloway) Lowe, who were natives of Scotland. Reared and married in that country, three children were there born to them, after which they sailed with their family for America, in 1853. They landed in New York and made a location in the east, but by various removals gradually made their way westward, and in the interim six more children were added to the fam- ily. In 1 86 1 they started to cross the plains with an old yoke of oxen, bringing with them their nine children. They traveled from spring until fall, but eventually reached their destination in safety, and Mr. Lowe, who was a carpenter by trade, at once secured work on a grist mill. He remained at East Weaver, Utah, until the spring of 1863, when with his wife and children, now ten in number, he came to Oneida county, Idaho, and settled upon unsurveyed lands. There he made his home until 1886, when he was called to his final rest, at the age of sixty-five years. His wife survives him and now resides on the old homestead, in the seventy-third year of her age, a much respected old lady, numbered among the brave pioneer women of the state. She was the faithful and loving mother of sixteen children, fourteen of whom are living. Thomas G. Lowe, the eldest child, was born in Scotland, April n, 1851, and was only two years old at the time of the emigration of the family to America. He obtained the greater part of his education in a private school in Franklin, Idaho, under the instruction of President Woodward. He learned the carpenter's trade with his father, and worked on the building of the Logan Temple for three and a half years. In 1875 he was sent by his church on a mission to Europe, where he labored very successfully in Scotland and Eng- land for two years, bringing with him on his re- turn trip one hundred and thirty-six converts to the Mormon faith, the voyage being made on the ship Wyoming. After his return Mr. Lowe was called by Presi- dent Taylor to superintend the building of the Paris stake tabernacle, and carried it forward to successful completion, it being by far the best HISTORY OF IDAHO. 669 house of worship in the state. After spending two years in that work he returned to Franklin and engaged in merchandising, securing a very liberal patronage and prospering in his under- takings. However, he sold out to engage in the sheep industry, in which he has also met with ex- cellent success. He has on hand most of the time as high as forty-three hundred head of sheep, and his lambs in the season of 1898-9 brought him four thousand dollars. He has sheds in which he protects his sheep in the winter and thus has fine lambs for the early market, at which time they bring the highest price. In 1872 Mr. Lowe was happily married to Miss Elizabeth A. M. Pernell, a native of St. Louis, and their children are as follows: Louisa, Thomas M., James S., Euphana, Nora, Refuge, Marvelous, Era and Silver. The eldest daughter is now the wife of Thomas J. Poulter. In politics Mr. Lowe is a Democrat. He takes a deep interest in educational matters and has ef- ficiently served as school trustee of his district. In the church he is an active worker, has been president of the elders' quorum and president of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Associa- tion. He is also president of the teachers' quo- rum, and in all such positions has shown himself to be the right man in the right place. In busi- ness affairs he is industrious, diligent and capable, has met with success in every undertaking, and is a credit to the town in which he was reared and educated, fully deserving the prosperity that has come to him and the high esteem in which he is held. CHAPTER XLIV. BEAR LAKE COUNTY. BEAR LAKE county is the smallest in Ida- ho, yet one of the richest, and one of the very few counties comparatively free from public indebtedness. The natural wealth of the little domain is about as happily diversified as its residents could wish. It has mountains on either side rich in minerals, timber and building stone, which have recently been developed to a greater extent than during all the years of its settlement. The county was settled by Mormons in the year 1863, and for a number of years afterward their residence continued under circumstances of the most forbidding and discouraging nature. The county is perhaps the highest altitude that is cultivated successfully in the world, the altitude being about six thousand feet, and the early set- tlers, being unaccustomed to the frosts and the storms of these high altitudes and the different methods of raising crops by irrigation, were for several years compelled to haul their flour and other necessaries over the rugged mountains from Cache valley, Utah, a distance of seventy- five miles, the roads being mere trails, rocky, sidling, and without bridges over the wild, swift mountain streams. To settle such a county, none but the strongest and most determined could ac- complish; so bleak and sterile was the country that the shade and fruit trees first planted re- fused to grow. All this is changed by the labor and perseverance of this people, and their learn- ing how to cultivate by irrigation, and to secure those seeds, trees and shrubs which are accli- mated to these high altitudes. By this means the county is now abundantly fruitful in grain, hay and vegetables of almost every kind. It appears to be the home of all kinds of small fruit, and apples, pears, plums, cherries, prunes, etc., are becoming plentiful, while watermelons, squash, corn, tomatoes and other of the tender fruits are raised by many. Along the mountainous surface of the county is a heavy growth of pine timber, into which numerous sawmills annually make inroads with- out seriously diminishing the supply. The stock business is one of the principal in- dustries, and one of the main resources of the county. The grazing facilities are excellent, and the hay-producing area is very large ; much of it is overflowed by the waters of Bear river each spring, and this not only serves the purpose of irrigation, but also very materially increases the productiveness of the soil. Without this heavy hay crop, stock-raising could not be very well carried on, as the winters are very severe from early in January to the middle of March. Cheese-making has come to be quite an in- dustry in Bear Lake, and during the summer sea- son of 1897 it was estimated that the cheese fac- tories of Bear Lake county of which there are seventeen turned out ten tons of cheese each week, almost every pound of which found its way into Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Montana and Colorado markets. A short distance from Montpelier, near what is known as the old Lander emigrant road, are lo- cated the Oneida salt works. There are several springs, and no pumping is required, the water being run through wooden pipes into large gal- vanized-iron pans, in which the salt is made by boiling the water. The water is as cold as ordi- nary spring water, and is perfectly clear, showing how completely the saline matter is held in solu- tion. The salt is shoveled out once in thirty minutes, and after draining twenty-five hours, is thence thrown into the drying-house, there to remain until sacked and ready for shipment. The supply of water gives four thousand five hundred pounds of salt per day, and the owners market it at five cents per pound. An analysis made by Dr. Piggott, of Baltimore, shows a higher per- centage of pure salt than the celebrated Ononda- ga brand of Syracuse, while neither Liverpool, Turk's Island nor Saginaw salt approaches it in purity, or is as white, clear or soluble in liquids. 670 HISTORY OF IDAHO. G71 The product for 1897 was about seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds. It has only been but recently that the fame of the hot springs has been published abroad. All through the beautiful Bear Lake valley mineral springs are plentiful. The most important, how- ever, are the Bear Lake Hot Springs, situated on the shores of Bear Lake. Here a stream of min- eral water comes pouring from the side of the mountain, nearly boiling hot, furnishing water sufficient for two splendid plunge baths. The curative qualities of the waters of these springs are marvelous. For rheumatic complaints, skin diseases, catarrh and kindred ailments, they are unexcelled. The waters have never been fully analyzed, but sulphur, mercury and niter exist in quantities sufficient to make the waters the best natural medical bath known. Montpelier, on the Oregon Short Line, is the most convenient rail- road point. Hunting, fishing and bathing are all combined with this resort, and there is a good family hotel. Within a radius of two or three miles there are a group of mineral springs, near Soda Springs, which are considered most remarkable, because of their waters ranging from almost ice-cold to warm, containing magnesia, soda, iron, sulphur and various other constituents in such propor- tions as to have a great power on disease, and some of them being so highly charged with car- bonic acid and other gases as to prove a most pleasing beverage. Over one million bottles of the famous "Idanha" mineral water are put up every year. This water is bottled out of the spring called Idanha (the Indian name for Ida- ho). The water from this spring is most palat- able and has a delightfully refreshing and invig- orating effect. During one single month the Oregon Short Line shipped over one hundred tons of this bottled elixir from Soda Springs station. In the neighborhood of these springs there are extinct volcanoes, geyser cones, sulphur moun- tains, a boiling lake of the same material, some wonderful caves, superb fishing and hunting, the Blackfoot and Portneuf furnishing the trout and the mountains bear and elk. Four miles south- west is Swan Lake, one of the loveliest natural gems set in the Wasatch range. It reclines in an oval basin, whose rim is ten feet above the surrounding country. The shores are densely covered with trees, shrubs and luxuriant under- growth. The outlet is a series of small, moss- covered basins, symmetrically arranged, the clear water overflowing the bank, trickling into the nearest emerald tub, then successively into others, until it forms a sparkling stream, emptying into the Bear river in the valley below. The lake is said to be bottomless, no sounding having as yet determined its depth. Near this lake of beautiful fresh water is the singular sulphur lake, out of whose center liquid sulphur incessantly boils and coats the shores with thick deposits. But the most famous of all the lakes is the Bear Lake, from which the county is named. This body of fresh water is twenty miles long by eight miles wide, reaching from St. Charles (a prosperous, cleanly city eight miles south of Paris, to Lake Town, in Rich county, Utah) its elevation is five thousand nine hundred feet, and it abounds in fish of various kinds, such as sev- eral kinds of trout (salmon, silver and speckled), and mullet, white fish and chub. Utah's state game and fish warden has deposited a large amount of black bass in this lake, and Idaho's executive has arranged for their protection and care. The lake is fed by several mountain streams, and these also abound in fish, mostly mountain brook trout. It has an outlet, emptying into Bear river, in the north. The shores of the lake are sandy and gravelly, affording a clean and easy approach. The water is shallow for a distance of about one hundred yards, when it gradually deep- ens to an extent not as yet determined. A little north of Garden City, Utah, a sounding line ran out nine hundred feet, but no bottom was touched. The water is very clear, affording a view of the bottom at a depth of ten to fifteen feet. It is a splendid bathing resort, and the inhabitants, living on its shores, delight in its exercise, as well as the many hundreds who visit the lake in the summer from Idaho, Wyoming, Utah and other distant localities. The Oregon Short Line skirts the northern shore. Movements made in mining circles in Bear Lake county during the last two years compel one to believe that this county will yet rank as one of the foremost mineral producers of the state. This is made especially the more forcible (572 HISTORY OF IDAHO. on account of the wonderful developments made in the Humming Bird property, recently bonded by Colonel Shaughnessey of Salt Lake City and others. The mine is located about five miles from Paris, up Paris canyon. The Blackstone mine, near St. Charles, eight miles south of Paris, is another excellent piece of mining property, well supplied with a quartz- crushing mill and all other necessary machinery. This property, with fourteen others, is owned by the Dodge Company, of Salt Lake. It produces a low-grade galena ore, running about seventy- five per cent lead and a few dollars in silver and gold. The Norman copper mines are being worked, and are showing up brighter all the time. The public schools of Bear Lake county take high rank. New school furniture and apparatus is to be found in every school district, and over half of the school districts have now new and commodious school-houses. "Examinations have been frequent, so as to prevent any individual teaching school who could not come up to the required standard. PARIS. Paris, the county-seat of Bear Lake county, is situated ten miles southwest of Montpelier, which is its nearest railroad station. The altitude is about six thousand feet above the sea, and the climate and natural advantages are all that could be desired. Paris is an incorporated city, con- taining about fifteen hundred inhabitants, and was founded in the fall of 1863 by Apostle C. C. Rich, who brought with him a company of Latter Day Saints to possess the land and make a set- tlement. Among the first residents were Robert H. Williams, Hezekiah Duffie, John Mann, Thomas Sleght, John and George Humphreys and Joseph Rich, the last named now judge of the district court. They were a brave- and faith- ful band of pioneers, who endured many hard- ships and privations in order to make homes in this new district, and Paris now stands as a mon- ument to their fortitude and enterprise. It con- tains many nice homes, beautiful shade trees, fine gardens, and is surrounded by richly cultivated farms and well-kept stock ranches. Farming and stock-raising constitute the chief occupations of the settlers of this locality, and many of the agriculturists reside in Paris, and own and culti- vate lands near by. In 1897 the place was incor- porated as a village, with a board of trustees, and in April, 1898, the first city board was elected, consisting of John U. Stucki, mayor; J. R. Shep- herd, Arthur Budge, Walter Hoge, Thomas Menson, Wilfred Rich, A. F. Seegmiller, Chris- tian Fuller and Charles Inness, all representative men. The city is out of debt. It has a large brick district school building, and the stake academy, which is a large brick structure, is now being completed and occupies a splendid site, which was donated for the purpose by Mayor Stucki. The grounds include four acres, and the building overlooks Paris and the entire valley. The Latter Day Saints have also erected a large stake tabernacle, of red and white stone, with a seating capacity of twenty-five hundred. It was built at a cost of fifty thousand dollars and is by far the finest church edifice in the state. There are also two ward frame meet- ing-houses, owned by the same church, for use on more common occasions. The Presbyterian people also have a nice little church edifice and a resident minister. The business of the town is done in two large general mercantile stores, a drug store, two meat markets, two blacksmith shops, a harness shop and a creamery. The last is a new industry, owned by a stock company of the citizens, and the factory has a capacity for utilizing six hundred cans of milk per day. In the county there are also a number of cheese factories. The residents of Paris are nearly all Latter Day Saints, and are an honest, temperate, thrifty people, who have founded and maintain an attractive little city. MONTPELIER. Montpelier is a city of sixteen hundred inhabi- tants, situated in Bear Lake valley, Bear Lake county, Idaho, on the Oregon Short Line Rail- road, ninety-nine miles east of Pocatello, and it is nearly six thousand feet above sea level. It was first settled in April, 1864, by fifteen men and their families, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, who in answer to the call of the church volunteered to go out and settle the valley. Of those first fifteen brave and faithful pioneers the following are still living in the town, honored for what they have done : John Bunney, Christian Hoganson, William Severns, HISTORY OF IDAHO. 673 John Cozzens and William Ervin. Jacob Jones and Edward Burgoyne are credited with having arrived about the same time. Charles H. Bridges is also one of the very early settlers of the town. Most of these gentlemen have raised large and respected families, most of whom have settled in the town and surrounding country. The wives of most of these pioneers who braved with them all the early trials and dangers are still spared to them. The first settlers called the place Clover Creek and Belmont, but later President Brigham Young visited them and gave the town its pres- ent name, Montpelier, that being the name of the town in Vermont in which he was born. The first settlers lived in dug-outs covered with brush, some by day in the willows, sleeping in their wagons. As soon as they could, they built log houses, and, not having lumber, spread hay on the earth floor and hung up a cloth for a door and covered the window in the same way. Later they whip-sawed lumber for floors, etc., and made themselves more comfortable. Part of the time a large coffee-mill was used to grind the grain, and they had to go with oxen seventy-five miles for their supplies, and the mail during the long months of winter was brought in by men on snow-shoes. Each settler was allotted an acre and a quarter in the town, and out of the town twenty acres of grain land and twenty acres for hay. These small allotments were made so that they could live close together for mutual protec- tion. During several of the first years of the settle- ment there were destructive early frosts, and the crickets and grasshoppers came down on the pio- neers in great numbers and completely destroyed all that they tried to raise, and at times it looked very dark for the brave little colony. Not a few of the men had pulled hand-carts across the plains and suffered many hardships for their church, but they had courage and a great faith that never faltered, and they endured and perse- vered, and one outcome of their stability is the growing business town of Montpelier. The lit- tle huts and log houses have been replaced by fine commodious houses, and the founders of the town are now living in peace, comfort and con- tentment, still true to the faith that inspired them in those days of peril and privation. The railroad was completed in 1884. Repair shops were established at Montpelier and the town was made a division terminus and grew to- ward the depot and naturally became a distribut- ing point for all the country north within a dis- tance of one hundred miles and south for sixty miles or more. At this time its post-office dis- tributes mail for twenty-seven post-offices, sev- enty million pounds of freight are annually re- ceived at the station, and large numbers of sheep and cattle and a considerable quantity of wool are shipped from it, and it is believed that fully twelve thousand people procure their supplies at this point. The town has six general merchan- dise stores. It has three large hardware and im- plement houses and the only banking house in the county. This bank, known as the Bank of Montpelier, under the able and courteous man- agement of Mr. G. C. Gray, its cashier, is doing a large general banking business. On the I3th of August, 1893, i ts officers were "held up" and the bank was robbed of more than seven thousand dollars, by cow-boys. None of the money was ever recovered, but one of the robbers is now serving a thirty-five-year sentence in the state penitentiary. The plate-glass surrounding the counting-room of the bank is now fortified with plates of steel. Montpelier is the only telegraph town in the county with the exception of Paris. It has two large school houses and four church edifices, those of the Latter Day Saints, the Presbyterians, the Catholics and the Episcopal- ians. It has one live newspaper, the Examiner. The town is located in a rich farming valley forty miles long and eight miles wide, occupying more than one-fourth of the territory of Bear Lake county, which contains one thousand one hun- dred and fifty square miles. The town was in- corporated a village in 1801, and as a city in 1894. A very large proportion of the inhabitants of the town and county are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. They and the "Gentile" portion of the inhabitants live on the best of terms, and the great majority of both classes are industrious, trustworthy and pro- gressive citizens. CHAPTER XLV. PRESBYTERIANISM IN IDAHO THE FORT HALL CANAL-PERTINENT INFORMATION ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS. *PRESBYTERIANISM IN IDAHO. THE history of Presbyterianism in Idaho em- braces three separate histories : that of the work among the Nez Perces, that of the work among the whites in the Panhandle, and that of the work in the southern section of the state. The work among the Nez Perces had its begin- ning in 1836, when Rev. Henry H. Spalding, the friend and companion of Marcus Whitman, es- tablished a mission station at Lapwai on the Clearwater, twelve miles above the present city of Lewiston. When the Whitmans were massa- cred in 1847 Mr. Spalding and his wife were also marked as victims, and though they escaped with their lives they were shut out from work in that field until 1871. In that year Mr. Spalding was allowed to return and spent three busy years among the people from whom he had been sep- arated for almost a quarter of a century. The seed sown with weeping so long before had not perished, and he was permitted to gather in his sheaves with rejoicing. During the last three years of his life he was permitted to baptize six hundred and ninety-four Indian converts. One year before he died two women of heroic spirit, educated, consecrated, and in every way fitted, came to his help. They were the Misses Susan and Kate McBeth, whose names are now household words in Presbyterian homes. Miss Susan had worked among the Choctaws until the civil war compelled her withdrawal, and then she served as a nurse in the army hospitals in St. Louis until the close of the war. Shattered in health though she was, when she heard of the need of the Nez Perces she offered her services to the Presbyterian board and went out, accompa- nied by her/'sister-todie," her friends said, to give twenty years of splendid service as her Master ordered it. She had said, "I will go to the Nez * This sketch was prepared by Rev. Elmer E. Fife, the pastor of the First Presbyterian church of Boise. Perces: with such work to do for Christ I can rise to life again." She continued an invalid, but who in health could have accomplished more than she? Both sisters went to work with a will, Miss Kate to teach the women and the children, and Miss Susan to teach the men and train up an in- telligent and consecrated native ministry. So great was her success that she has been called "a living theological seminary." Her scholar- ship attracted the attention of Professor Joseph Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution, while her personal character, and the efficiency of her la- bors secured for her the warm friendship of such men as Dr. Dorchester and General O. O. How- ard. She died in 1893 and her work has since been carried on by her sister and others. The extent of the success of this work is indicated by the fact that at the meeting of the Presbytery of Walla Walla at Moscow, April 6, of this present year, there were in attendance eighteen Indian delegates. The Presbytery of Idaho was organized in 1880. It embraced the entire territory of Idaho, together with the eastern portions of Washing- ton and Oregon. It was divided in 1883, and the region lying "east and south of the eastern and southern boundary of Idaho county, Idaho terri- tory," was organized under the name of the ''Wood River Presbytery." The remaining por- tion continued to be Idaho Presbytery until 1891, when a second division was made and it was suc- ceeded by the present presbyteries of Walla Walla and Spokane. (I regret that I do not have the data for a detailed sketch of the organi- zation and later history of the Idaho congrega- tions of these presbyteries.) The first Presbyterian sermon within the limits of the Wood River Presbytery was preached at Boise City by Rev. H. W. Stratton, the synodical missionary of the Synod of the Columbia. He 674 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 675 organized the first Presbyterian church at that place, with sixteen members, February 4, 1878. It was organized in the Methodist church, held its services for a time in the Baptist church, and built its own place of worship in 1879. Rev. E. Pratt began work in Ketchum, Hailey and Bellevue in 1882. A little later, churches were organized at Hailey and Bellevue. The church of Caldwell is the monument to the ener- gy of a few Presbyterian ladies who wished to have a church and a pastor. As there were no men there at that time who wished to unite with them in organizing a church they formed a "Presbyterian Church Society." They made some money, secured the promise of more, and then wrote to the board of home missions telling what they had done, and stating what help they needed. The help was heartily given, and, some men having been found in the meantime who were ready to go into a Presbyterian church, it was organized by Rev. J. H. Barton, in 1888, with Rev. W. J. Boone as the first pastor. From Boise City and Caldwell as centers the work has extended until there are now a number of other very promising congregations. Wood River Presbytery was divided in 1893, and the churches above mentioned were grouped together in "Boise Presbytery." The eastern section of the state was organized as "Kendall Presbytery," taking the name in honor of that fine old hero of Presbyterian missions, Rev. Henry Kendall, D. D. Montpelier was the first station occupied, ground for a chapel having been purchased there in 1883 by Rev. D. J. Mc- Millan, who became later one of the correspond- ing secretaries of the home mission board. Miss Florence E. Baker opened a mission school at that place in the spring of 1884, teaching in a little log cabin until the chapel was completed. Rev. R. P. Boyd began work at Paris, the county- seat of Bear Lake county, in March, 1885, being the first minister of any evangelical denomination to make that county his place of residence. He is still faithfully at work. Since then many other points have been occupied, and chapels and mis- sion schools have been built. As that part of the state is largely Mormon, the character of the work undertaken has been determined by that fact. The College of Idaho, a school under Presby- terian auspices, that at present has the grade of an academy, was opened at Caldwell in October, 1891. It has made a steady, healthy growth un- der the management of its president, Rev. W. J. Boone, and is attended by a fine body of students who are old enough to know why they are going to school and eager to make the most of their opportunities. Eastern friends are manifesting increased interest in it, and generous donations have recently been made that will greatly in- crease its efficiency. The work of our synodical Sunday-school missionaries is of prime importance. They or- ganize schools where there are none, and en- deavor to keep them alive and at work. In some places these schools have been of direct benefit to Presbyterianism, but its fundamental purpose is to better the religious condition of the state without regard to denomination. In addition to this they give such assistance as lies in their power to the smaller congregations, and also to evangelistic work in unoccupied fields. Rev. J. H. Barton is the missionary for Boise and Ken- dall Presbyteries, and Rev. Matthew G. Mann in the Panhandle. The general oversight of mission congrega- tions is intrusted to the synodical missionary, while they are under the immediate care of a Presbyterial Home Mission Committee. Rev. S. E. Wishard, D. D., is the synodical missionary for the southern part of the state, and Rev. T. M. Gunn, D. D., for the northern part. The outlook for Presbyterianism in this state was never brighter. THE FORT HALL CANAL. During the year 1896 the federal government let a contract for the construction of an immense irrigation canal in the Fort Hall reservation, pre- paratory to the allotment of land in severally to the Indians. This reservation extends for twen- ty-five miles in every direction from Poqatello, and contains over a million and a half acres in Bannock, Bingham and Oneida counties, the greater part being in Bannock county. Of this land about four hundred thousand acres are as fine agricultural lands as can be found in any region, and of this amount fully three hundred thousand acres are in Bannock county and adja- cent to the city of Pocatello. It is magnificent sage-brush land and easily watered. 676 HISTORY OF IDAHO. The section of the canal first to be completed ends at Ross fork, twelve miles above Pocatello, thus arranging that the Indians should take their allotments above that point and leaving the thousands of acres near Pocatello for white set- tlers, as soon as a treaty for their purchase can be made by the government. The canal heads in Snake river above Basalt and runs south to the Blackfoot river, crossing it by a flume. Thence it continues in a southeasterly direction along the foot-hills to Ross Fork creek, which will be the terminus for the present; but as soon as there is a demand for the water along the foot- hills to Port Neuf, about five miles above Poca- tello, the canal will be extended to that point, thus watering the great plains east of the city. When completed the canal will have a total length of fifty-five miles. The reservation is now occupied by about fourteen hundred Shoshone and Bannack In- dians, and besides the agricultural lands men- tioned it also contains a number of ranges of mountains rich in valuable minerals, as noted elsewhere. The establishment of this great water-way will render inhabitable land enough for thousands of homes, which will contribute to the prosperity of Pocatello and Bannock county. PERTINENT INFORMATION ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS. It will probably be a surprise, to persons who have not had an opportunity for personal investi- gation, to learn that within the boundaries of the state of Idaho may be found the largest body of white and yellow pine, fir, tamarack and cedar timber now left standing in the United States. About six million acres of this timber is grow- ing on the head-waters of the Payette, Weiser and Boise rivers and their tributaries in southern Idaho, the largest body being on the Payette river and amounting to about one million acres. This estimate is made from actual surveys by the United States government, which may be verified by reference to the report of ex-Governor Shoup, now United States senator from Idaho, who, in his report to the secretary of the interior, places the timber acreage of the state at ten million acres. The United States still owns within the bor- ders of Idaho eight million acres of land, which is open to settlement under the homestead, tim- ber-culture and the desert-land acts. These lands in many cases are as good as can be found in the state, only awaiting facilities for irriga- tion, when they will be rapidly taken up. New systems of irrigation are being constantly opened. By the Carey law, enacted by congress in 1894, the state of Idaho gets one million acres of this land upon very easy terms, and it is ex- pected that aggressive work will soon be done toward taking advantage of the munificent gift of congress, and the lands will be sold to actual settlers at a nominal price, to encourage immi- gration. The population of Idaho in 1870 was 14,999. In 1880, 32,610, of whom 29,013 were white and 3,507 were colored; 22,636 American-born and 9,974 foreign born; 21,818 males and 10,792 fe- males. In 1890 the population was 84,385, being four-tenths of one to the square mile. That year the vote for governor was 10,262 Republican and 7,948 Democrat. The net territorial debt was $200,855; taxable property, $56,000,000. There were eighteen counties and two hundred and sixty-one post-offices, eight hundred and forty- four miles of railroad; annual product of manu- factories, $1,200,000; number of public schools, three hundred and sixty-five; number of school children, ten thousand four hundred and thirty- three; number of newspapers, thirty-eight. The population of Boise was about four thousand; Pocatello, two thousand and five hundred; Hailey, two thousand; Lewiston, one thousand and six hundred; Bellevue, fifteen hundred; Ketchum, fifteen hundred; Moscow, fifteen hun- dred; Wardner, fifteen hundred; Shoshone, twelve hundred; and Wallace, twelve hundred. The most remarkable group of mineral springs in America are the Soda Springs, of Bingham county, in eastern Idaho. They are situated in a romantic valley, 5,779 feet above the level of the sea, surrounded by lofty snow-clad mountains, and easily reached from the east or west by the Oregon Short Line. Within a radius of two or three miles are scores of large springs, the waters ranging from almost ice-cold to warm, contain- ing magnesia, soda, iron, sulphur and various other constituents, in such proportions as to have a great power on disease, and some of them .a H HISTORY OF IDAHO. 677 being so highly charged with carbonic acid and other gases as to prove a most pleasing beverage. The waters are a superb tonic, and are effecting remarkable cures of skin and blood diseases, dyspepsia, rheumatism, and many other ills our flesh is heir to. Westward from Soda Springs, the Oregon Short Line route lies for forty miles amid some of the most interesting, pleasing and picturesque scenery in all nature. In winding its way down out of the confines of the rugged Wahsatch mountains to the great Snake river valley, it fol- lows Port Neuf river. Giant cones and craters of extinct volcanoes, yawning chasms, extending into the earth's depths, dark caves and caverns, lofty palisades, all relics of the volcanic age, vie with the gentler phases of an exquisitely beauti- ful valley panorama to fill the tourist's eye. The river, sinuous as a serpent's trail, is often broken by the loveliest cataracts. The valley is alter- nately a solid bed of highly colored wild flowers, a luxuriantly grassed meadow and well tilled fields. Midway between Soda Springs and Poca- tello, a fine group of hot sulphur springs burst from the rocks at the water's edge. Here, almost anywhere, the angler can land a basket of trout in a few hours, within a few feet of the railway track, or the sportsman can bag his dozen ducks or geese in an equally short period. At Pocatello, a junction pojnt of the Oregon Short Line, are fine hotel accommodations, and this is an excel- lent rendezvous for the tourist. North of Shoshone about fifty miles, the Wood river branch of the Oregon Short Line fairly en- ters the great Wood river region. Hailey and Ketchum, located in the heart of this region, probably arrive as near to all the requirements of the tourist and health-seeker as any of the resorts located on the banks of the Wood river; Hailey at an altitude of five thousand two hun- dred feet, and Ketchum about five hundred feet higher. Hailey Hot Springs, located in full view of the town, are only a mile and a half distant. The ride or walk thither is very pleasant, leading through a picturesque little valley, and the loca- tion, in a lovely glen in sight of several rich mines, is very pleasing. Large volumes of water, of a temperature of one hundred and forty-four degrees and containing sulphate of soda, iron, magnesia, sulphur and other desirable ingredi- ents, are emitted from scores of springs. Four commodious rock-walled and cemented swim- ming baths and many solid porcelain tub baths are provided. These are all supplied with ele- gantly appointed dressing rooms, lighted by electricity, and under the same roof as the luxuriously furnished chambers. Many patients have gone to these with chronic cases, believed to be hopeless, of neuralgia, paralysis, dyspepsia, inflammatory or mercurial rheumatism, and other complaints for which the Arkansas springs are considered a specific, and after a few months of bathing and drinking have left completely re- stored. The famous springs at Boise, and the magnifi- cent natatorium, are known all over the United States. Beautiful for situation, located only one mile up Warm Springs avenue, connected with all parts of the city by elegant electric car lines, architecturally a perfect gem, designed after some Turkish building of ancient fame, with its diving plunge for bathers one hundred and twenty-two feet long and sixty feet wide, cement bottom, and ranging in depth on a gradual slope from three to fourteen feet; with its sixty retiring rooms for bathers; its spacious drawing rooms for ladies and gentlemen ; its balcony overlooking the bath- ing plunge, where the visitor can see the sportive bathers darting merrily through the life-saving and healing waters, under the glare of the electric lights; its elegant parlors for private parties; its pleasant smoking and reading rooms; its large billiard room and music hall; a splendidly equipped dining hall on the third floor, where the visitor can be regaled with all the delicacies of the season; with grounds handsomely laid out, where the visitor can wander at will through sylvan retreats; and, added to all this, the medicinal and healing virtues of the waters, being a specific for digestive and liver troubles of every kind, rheumatism, dyspepsia, gout, ulcers of. the stomach, and all skin diseases, the natatorium may be called a realization of Ponce de Leon's fountain of life and pleasure. The United States Geological Survey in 1871 gave the temperature of the various thermal springs as follows: 678 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Temperature. Snake river, three miles below Salt river 144 Snake river, below the lower canyon Lincoln valley, near Fort Hall 87 Steamboat Spring, Bear river bend 88 Near Fishing Flats, north of Snake river 164 Commencing in 1866 annual geological reports were made under the auspices of the general government. F. V. Hayden was the chief of the survey for the first years. Of marble there is a good quality in Cassia county, quarried for the market. The value of all marketed in the state in 1891 had the value of $3,000; in 1892, $2,250; and in 1893, $5,500. The newly discovered deposit near Paris is of large extent, varying in quality in different local- ities and also in color. The colors are jet black, black with streaks of white, black and red, black and gold, and dark blue with gold markings. In one place a vein of onyx twenty feet wide runs through the mass. Blocks of a desirable size may be obtained apparently without flaw. Abundant water power is at hand, and efforts are in progress to develop the property. Of sand- stone there were $16,060 worth marketed near Boise in 1896, which was an increase over that of the preceding year. Most of the limestone marketed in 1896 was quarried in Kootenai county, the total amount for the state being re- ported at $5,610 in value. Practically all the limestone quarried was burnt into lime. The relative areas of Idaho mining lands, agri- cultural lands, grazing land, etc., cannot be ex- actly given. Various estimates have been made by public officials; but the following is as nearly correct as we can ascertain at present: Acres. Total area of the state 55,000,000 Mountainous 17,400,000 Agricultural '. 15,000,000 Grazing 15,000,000 Forest (accessible) 7,000,000 Lakes 600,000 In describing Idaho as she appeared at the World's Fair, an enthusiastic writer declared as follows: "The hearts of Idaho's mountains, trembling at the miner's stroke, yield up the precious metals; her valleys quiver with the lisp- ing grasses, and her gardens glow with flowers and fruit. Steadily she strides on, and if there is a floral heaven on earth, it is Boise City, her beautiful capital. No state has made a more decided impression on the public than Idaho. To a vast majority of Americans it is an undis- covered country. Little wonder, then, that they are amazed, when confronted with such a display of wonderful resources ; such a demonstration of crude strength and noble possibilities, as they see illustrated in the Idaho building, and in its various exhibits in all parts of the fair." The great seal of the state of Idaho, depicted in vignette at the opening of this volume, was adopted March 14, 1891. In 1883-4 occurred the Coeur d'Alene stam- pede, when five thousand gold-hunters crossed the terrible snows of the mountains. The Idaho wool clip in 1895 amounted to nearly eight million pounds, an increase of a million pounds over the preceding year. In 1894 there were in the state 575,178 sheep, valued at a dollar each; in 1895, 717,339, of about the same value. Professor L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, the most eminent pomologist of this country, says of Idaho fruits in his Annals of Horticulture: "The region of large fruits seems to begin with Idaho and to include Oregon, Washington and California. The displays of apples shown from the northwestern states Idaho, Oregon and Washington were characterized by fruit of enor- mous size, high color and remarkable freedom from scab. To the eastern man the most inter- esting variety from these states was the yellow Newtown pippin, which is the leading apple over a great territory there, and which is twice as large as the same apple grown in the Hudson river valley. There is a conspicuous difference in specimens of the same variety when grown with or without irrigation. The irrigated apples are said to be larger than the others, higher col- ored, better keepers, and to have superior flavor." From the market report of the Chicago Tribune of October 8, 1897, is quoted the fol- lowing: "A consignment of seven or eight cars of fruit from Idaho attracted considerable attention on South Water street yesterday, being the largest lot to arrive from that section recently. Apples and plums constituted the bulk of the shipment. Varieties of the former were pippins, Jonathans and bellflowers. These came in fifty-pound HISTORY OF IDAHO. 679 boxes, and are by far the finest-looking fruit on the street. A peculiarity of the Idaho apples is that they are absolutely without blemish, such as gnarls or worms. In form and color the fruit is perfect. "The eyes of the receiving interest are being opened to the fact that if Idaho continues to do as well as it is now doing the state will be a formidable rival to California as a raiser and shipper of high-grade fruits. While the Idaho season is a little later than California, being further north, anything that will grow in Cali- fornia may be raised in Idaho. Freight to the Chicago market is less than from California, and time en route nearly two days quicker." CHAPTER XLVI. INDIVIDUAL RECORDS. CHARLES C. RICH. A PIONEER of Utah, California and Idaho, Charles C. Rich figured prominently in the early development of these states, and took an active part in furthering the welfare and promoting the progress of the commonwealths. He was also a most able exponent of the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and with a colony of believers he founded the beautiful and thriving little city of Paris, the county of Bear Lake, Idaho, and the Mormon colonies of southeastern Idaho. A native of Kentucky, Mr. Rich was born in Campbell county, in 1809, and was of English and Irish ancestry. His parents removed to In- diana during his youth and there he was edu- cated. In 1829 they went to Illinois, becoming pioneer settlers of that state, and in April, 1832, Charles C. Rich embraced the faith and was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Lat- ter Day Saints, becoming one of its most faithful and prominent adherents. In 1839 he went to Nauvoo, Illinois, where he remained until 1846, and while there he was elected an adjutant gen- eral in the Mormon forces, a part of the Illinois militia. A little later, however, the regiment was disbanded by the governor of the state. At that time Mr. Rich had been ordained a high priest of the church. In the fall of 1846, in the general Mormon exodus, he removed to Pisgah, Iowa, and was first counselor to President Huntingdon, and on the death of the president he succeeded to the office thus left vacant. In March, 1847, he with a party went to what is now Council Bluffs, Iowa, where they made prepara- tion for a journey to the Rocky mountains. Mr. Rich was selected captain of a wagon train of one hundred wagons and was also president of the emigrants. They started on their long and perilous journey on the I4th of June, 1847, ar >d after proceeding some distance experienced con- siderable trouble with the Indians. All of the women aided in the way of driving teams and otherwise, and rendered such assistance as they could in other directions. They traveled five, ten and sometimes fifteen miles a day. Thou- sands of Indians were around them and fre- quently stole from them, but on the 2d of Octo- ber, 1847, they reached their destination, having spent three months and eighteen days upon the way. When they arrived a settlement had started; an adobe fort was built shortly after their arrival at what is now the beautiful and populous city of Salt Lake. Great credit is due to these brave and faithful pioneers who thus led the way and laid the foundation of a fine city and great state. Soon after his arrival Mr. Rich was elected first counselor to the first president of the Salt Lake stake, and in 1848 he was honored with the presidency, as his predecessor had become too feeble to longer fill the office. On the I2th of March following, he was ordained one of the twelve apostles, and in the fall of 1849 was sent on a mission to California to establish a settle- ment of members of the church at San Bernar- dino. He purchased the Lugo ranch, a large Mexican grant of land, and became the founder of the town and county of San Bernardino. In 1850 he returned to Salt Lake and took five hundred families to that delightful district of the Golden state. He had the management of the colony for six years and spent most of the time there, although he traveled back and forth be- tween San Bernardino and Salt Lake frequently. He made his home in the former place, however, and three of his wives were there living. In 1857 they returned to Salt Lake City, and Mr. Rich secured a farm of two hundred acres of choice land twelve miles to the north. When General Johnston, with the United States troops, came to attack them, they expected that the town would be destroyed and organized an army to protect themselves, Mr. Rich being elected a colonel in 680 HISTORY OF IDAHO. 681 the Utah forces. They fixed their homes to fire them if it became necessary, and a guard was left for that purpose, but the women and children were all removed to Provo. The government forces, however, did not disturb the homes and the owners returned in July, 1858. In 1860 Mr. Rich was sent on a mission to Europe and was president of the organization of the church in that country for about two and a half years, having his headquarters at Liver- pool. He also visited Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Norway, Germany and France, and came back to this country in 1862, bringing with him n large company of emigrant converts to the faith. He remained in Salt Lake until September, 1863, and was then called to look up a location for a new settlement of his people and came to what is now Bear Lake county, Idaho. That fall thirty families from the Cache valley established a settlement at what is now the thriving city of Paris, and Mr. Rich became the leading spirit in the enterprise. They built log cabins and spent a long and hard winter. Brigham Young visited the country the following June and trav- eled through the valley, giving names to the towns. Many indeed were the discouraging feat- ures which met the pioneers in their attempt to form a settlement. Frosts and grasshoppers de- stroyed what they planted, and times looked dark indeed, but President Rich imbued them with cour- age, saying that he had come to settle and was going to stay, and that brighter days would yet dawn upon them. This prediction proved true, and to his courage and faith is largely due the fact that the region has been transformed into thrifty farms, pleasant homes and enterprising villages. When the settlement was made it was supposed to be in Utah, and Mr. Rich frequently represented the district in the Utah legislature. He took an active part in framing the laws of the state, and no one could exhibit more devo- tion to the well-being of the pioneer settlers of the county than he. He proved himself to be one of the bravest and grandest of men, respected the rights of all, was the friend of the poor and was beloved by all. When the land came into market Mr. Rich secured a half-section of it, and his numerous sons also secured government claims, making for themselves good homes. For many years it was the belief and practice of his church to marry a plurality of wives and raise large families for the kingdom of the saints in heaven. Acting upon that faith Mr. Rich was six times married. On the nth of February, 1837, Sarah D. Pea became his wife; January 3, 1845, Eliza Ann Graves; January 6, 1845, Mary Ann Phelps; January 15, 1845, Sarah Peck; February 2, 1846, Emeline Grover; and in March, 1847, Harriet Sargent. With him these wives and his father and mother, Joseph Rich and Nancy (O'Neal) Rich, crossed the plains. These women were all faithful help- meets to him and conscientious adherents of the church, and five of them bore him six sons each, and twenty-two daughters were born to him, making fifty-two children in all. The family have all adhered to the church. Three of his widows still survive and are comfortably provided for. One of them, Mary Ann Rich, possesses a most remarkable memory for events and dates and has furnished most of the material for this sketch of her honored husband. Twenty-two of the sons and ten of the daughters still survive, namely: Mrs. Sarah Jane Miller, now a widow; Joseph C., now judge of the fifth judicial district of Idaho; Hiram S., of St. Charles, Idaho; Mary, wife of Joseph Linford; Franklin D., of Paris: Elizabeth, wife of Milando Pratt; Mary Ann, wife of Dr. Francis Pomeroy; Frances, wife of James Collins, of Paris; Adelbert, of Canada; Caroline, wife of Bishop Humphreys, of Paris; William L., also of Paris; David P., of Rexburg, Idaho; Nancy, widow of Vincent Pugmire and a resident of St. Charles; Minerva, wife of H. S. Wooley; Benjamin E., of Rexburg; Amasa M., a farmer and stock-raiser of Paris; George Abel, of Paris; Landon J., who resides in Rich, on Snake river; Martha Caroline, wife of Samuel Parish, of Centerville; Fred C., of Salt Lake City; Samuel J., an attorney at Idaho Falls; Heber C., a resident of Rich; Harley T.; Ezra C., a physician at Ogden, Utah; Joel, of Paris; Wil- ford, a ranchman at Paris; Morgan J.; Edward I., a physician; Walter P., a resident of Paris; George Q., an attorney of Logan, Utah; Alvin, of Paris; Drusilla, wife of Attorney William Streeper, of Centerville. President Rich died No- vember 17, 1883, at the age of over seventy-four years. He was a man of marked ability, well fitted for leadership, and largely promoted the 682 HISTORY OF IDAHO. interests of this section of the state. At Paris he built the first sawmill and first gristmill and in otner ways promoted the enterprises and aided in the development of the locality. His name is inseparably connected with its history and well deserves a place in this volume. He was always regarded as a wise counselor by his people and neither Mormon, Jew nor Gentile questioned his honesty or the right and justice of his decisions. His name is held in honor and esteem by every one who knew him. ALICE A. THEWS. The lady whose name introduces this sketch needs no introduction to the residents of south- eastern Idaho, for she is well known in this sec- tion of the state, and also in the capital city of Boise, where she has many friends. Her superior culture and ability have won public recognition through the honors that have been bestowed upon her by means of the public franchise, and she is now capably filling the office of county treasurer of Oneida county, making her home in Malad. Miss Thews is a native of Rock Island county, Illinois, and is a daughter of William and Char- lotte (Innes) Thews, both of whom were born in England, the former of Irish parents. They were married in that county, and in 1850 emi- grated to America, locating in Illinois, whence they removed to Boise, Idaho, in 1869, at which time the now beautiful capital was a small vil- lage giving little promise of the changes which the future was to bring to it. The father was a stone mason by trade, and had a small quarry in Boise. In 1891 his life labors were ended, and he passed away at the age of seventy-one years. His good wife still survives him, and is now in the eightieth year of her age. They were the parents of seven children, but the eldest son, Thomas L, volunteered in the service of his coun- try during the civil war, and was killed in the bat- tle of Trevilian's Station. Only three of the children are now living: Mrs. H. C. Branstetter, of Boise; William B., formerly auditor of Oneida county and now a resident of Pocatello; and Alice A. The family are Episcopalians in religious faith and Miss Thews was educated in an Episcopalian school, in Boise. After completing her course she engaged in teaching school for six years. in Boise and in Silver City, and fourteen years ago she came to Malad, where she has since made her home. For eight years she served as post- mistress, under the administrations of Presidents Cleveland and Harrison, and discharged her du- ties in a most creditable and satisfactory manner. In 1898 she was elected treasurer of the county, receiving a very large majority, which indicated her high standing in the community and the con- fidence reposed in her. She is a lady of superior intelligence and ability, of marked executive force and keen business judgment, and her ad- ministration of the affairs of the office has won her high praise. She is now not only performing the services in connection with the county ex- chequer, but is also the owner of a hotel in Malad, which receives a liberal patronage on ac- count of the excellent manner in which it is conducted. Miss Thews deserves great credit for what she has accomplished. Her ability is of a high order and her true womanliness and worth have gained her the respect of all with whom public life has brought her in contact aivd the friendship of those whom she has met in social circles. HON. PHILETUS AVERITT. In the Weekly Capital, published in Boise, June 17, 1899, appeared the following sketch of him whose name introduces this article. "Hon. Philetus Averitt was born in Mayfield, Kentucky, thirty-one years ago. He was educated at Bethel College and Cumberland University, and practiced law in his native town for one year. Six years ago he came to St. Anthony, Idaho, and commenced the practice of his pro- fession. In a few years he has built up a first- class practice, and is recognized as an able and painstaking member of the legal profession. In 1896 Mr. Averitt gave his splendid abilities to the organization of the Democratic party of Fre- mont county, and was made chairman of the county committee. By his careful and able man- agement of the county campaign every man on the Democratic ticket was elected. "In 1898 Mr. Averitt was elected a member of the house of representatives from Fremont coun- ty, and early in the session was made the leader of the Democratic and silver-Republican majority in that body. This leadership was maintained by HISTORY OF IDAHO. 683 Mr. Averitt throughout the session, in face of strong opposition from brilliant and aspiring young men. He managed the campaign of L. C. Rice for state treasurer, nominating him in the state convention in a remarkably able speech. The magnificent results for Democracy in Fre- mont county at the last election are largely due to the untiring energy and wise counsel of Mr. Averitt. He organized victory in every precinct, and made a vigorous and successful campaign. When it is known that the silver Republican and Populist forces fused in the county matters there, the victory organized by Mr. Averitt will be more fully appreciated. When the state code- commission was organized Governor Steunen- berg appointed Mr. Averitt a member of the commission. This was a just recognition of the legal abilities of one of Idaho's best lawyers, and time will record the verdict that the appointment was in every respect one most worthy. "Mr. Averitt has a fine legal mind well stored with legal foundation principles, and his work on the commission will prove very satisfactory. To a well stored mind he adds indefatigable industry and an indomitable will. Mr. Averitt is a shrewd politician, is a good judge of men, has organizing qualities of a high order, and in the field of politics has few equals in the west. His star is rising in the western sky and is destined to grow brighter with the years." MATTHEW H. WILLIAMS. Matthew H. Williams is an Idaho pioneer whose residence dates back to 1863, and he is a prominent citizen of Bellevue, Elaine county. He was born in Vermont, September 20, 1840. His father, John Williams, a native of New Jer- sey, did soldier's duty in the war of 1812-14. He married Magdalene Shuffelt, a native of New York and a descendant of an old Dutch family of that state. They had twelve children, eight of whom grew to maturity, and five of whom are living. John Williams and his wife were Episco- palians and were people of social prominence. He died at the age of eighty-two, she at fifty- three. Matthew H. Williams, their youngest child, passed his childhood on his father's farm and attended the public schools. In 1857 tne subject of this review went to Minnesota, where he was occupied for a time at such employment as was open to him, and, having acquired a limited cap- ital, he engaged in fur trading with the Indians and others, in which he continued until 1863, when his business was interrupted by the Indian outbreak. In company with four others he started across the country for Idaho. Their party was gradually enlarged by the accession of other parties at different points on the plains, and they had several exciting experiences with Indians. When they reached the Platte, Mr. Haskins, one of their number, was shot, and Dan Noble, an- other, was killed while doing guard duty in the Sweetwater country. At Spring Butte several spirited skirmishes occurred and the party was beleaguered by savages for two days. Mr. Williams located at Boise, at the begin- ning of that town, and there purchased lots and erected several log cabins on them. He did placer-mining to some extent and took out sev- eral thousand dollars in Boise basin. He pros- pected from Atlanta to the gold belt, and located the Big Camas mine No. i, and he and Ross Smith and Tom Ford wintered there and ran a tunnel and took out ore and had it on the dump in the spring. In 1882 they sold it, and as his share Mr. Williams realized thirty thousand dol- lars. In 1884 he sold Camas No. 2 for eleven thousand dollars. It has been worked extensive- ly and has proven a rich producer. In 1889 Mr. Williams sold the Golden Star mine, in the same vicinity, for fifteen thousand dollars. He makes mining his whole business and has several valu- able claims adjoining the Tip Top mine, on the same belt, and has become known as one of the lucky prospectors and miners of his state. Mr. Williams was married in 1882 to Miss Luella Reed, a native of Kentucky and a daugh- ter of Thomas B. Reed, who came to the territory in 1877 and died at Ballantine in 1895. Mr. and Mrs. Williams have had five children: Edith, Elmer, Edwin, Edna and Ramond H. Mr. Williams is a large owner of Bellevue prop- erty. He drove the first stake in the town, and built his house in 1882. He was made a Master Mason, at Rocky Bar, in 1872, and is past master of his lodge. He is an attendant and liberal supporter of the Presbyterian church of Belle- vue, of which Mrs. Williams is a member. Polit- ically he is a Republican. He is a man of influ- 684 HISTORY OF IDAHO. ence in town and county affairs, and was county commissioner of Elaine county and did excellent service as a school trustee of Bellevue, his interest in education being steadfast and helpful. The life of Mr. Williams has been one of hard- ship and, until within a comparatively recent time, one of danger. There was always danger from Indians; much of the time there was danger from white men, who did not value human life very highly if money could be gained by sacrific- ing life. Many interesting stories of his adven- tures on the plains and in camp might be told. One will perhaps suffice to indicate his quality as a man and the perils by which he was beset. Once he and William H. Spencer were sleeping on the divide between South Boise and Salmon rivers. In the early morning Mr. Williams felt an arrow strike his blanket and knew they were attacked by Indians. He told his partner to roll to a safe place down the bank. Half dazed from having been suddenly aroused, Spencer sprang to a sitting posture and instantly received an arrow in his breast, right under the collar bone. The two men rolled over the bank and Mr. Williams pulled the arrow out of his companion. It was so firmly imbedded in his flesh and mus- cles that it was necessary for Mr. Williams to put his foot on Spencer's shoulder and pull hard to get it out. It was a painful operation, but heroic measures were necessary, for the arrow point was of hoop iron secured to the shaft with the sinews of a deer and had it remained until Mr. Spencer's blood softened the sinews blood- poisoning would have ensued. They secured their horses, which were picketed near by, and, without waiting for saddles or outfit, made off rapidly. At Boise river, which they reached about ten o'clock that morning, they halted. While Mr. Williams sought to alleviate his com- panion's suffering by pouring cold water on his wound, two Indians who had followed them, rode up an attacked them. They fought with despera- tion and shot both Indians and then both of their horses as a precaution against their returning to their other pursuers and thus apprising them of the fate of their riders. Then they made their way to a ranch sixteen miles above Rocky Bar, where a doctor's services were secured and Mr. Spencer was put in a way to recovery. Mr. Williams is accorded the honor of a pio- neer and by all citizens of Bellevue is given due consideration as one of those who risked their lives to make the way easy for those who might come after them. He is widely and popularly acquainted, and there are thousands who would read a detailed account of his adventuresome career with great interest. EDMUND BUCKLEY. The pioneer in the woolen industry in Idaho is Edmund Buckley, an enterprising and progres- sive business man who is now carrying on operations in the line of woolen man- ufactures near the town of Franklin. A native of Yorkshire, England, he was born April 25, 1839, of English parentage, and was educated in the land of his birth, where he remained until 1863, when he sailed for America, Utah being his destination. In 1856 he had been converted to the faith of the Latter Day Saints, and taking passage on the Atlantic, a sailing vessel, he arrived at New York after a voyage of seven weeks. In England he had mar- ried Miss Alice Green, and he brought with him his wife and their first child. They crossed the plains with ox teams to Utah, and while en route a young lady in their party was killed by light- ning, near Fort Laramie. After reaching the end of their journey Mr. Buckley conducted a carding mill, making rolls in the old way. The following season he came to the Cache valley, settling at High creek, where he made rolls for W. D. Hendricks. Subse- quently he went to Brigham City, where he operated the woolen factory for a few years and then went to Logan to establish a factory there, but the new enterprise fell through and he came to Franklin, where with six others he formed a company and obtained a roll mill. Business was begun on the site of his present factory in 1878, and was conducted by Mr. Buckley for three years, when the plant was sold to the Franklin Co-operative Company. At that time our sub- ject went to the east with S. R. Parkinson and purchased the machinery for the present woolen mill, and in 1897 he bought out the other part- ners and has since successfully conducted the enterprise alone. He manufactures blankets, yarns, linseys, flannels and hosiery and also makes wool batting, scours blankets and cleans HISTORY OF IDAHO. 685 cloth, carrying on a general woolen business with the farmers and turning out an excellent quality of goods made of pure wool. The mill has a capacity of thirty thousand pounds of wool per annum, and is a valuable accession to the indus- trial interests of this section of the state. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Buckley have been born five children, as follows: Edmund; John; Joseph; Mary Ann, now the wife of George Housley; and Eliza Ann, wife of Joseph Hulse. The fol- lowing children have also been born to Mr. Buckley: Hugh Gould, James Waterhouse, Hiram Smith, George Albert, Laura Jane, Zina and James. Mr. Buckley, his wife and children are all members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. He is a member of the high council of the stake, is a high priest, and has held various positions of trust in the church, both in England and in this country. In politics he is an independent Democrat, but has never been an office seeker, preferring to devote his time and energies to his business interests, in which he is meeting with creditable success. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF CALDWELL. This reliable banking institution was organized in 1887 by Howard Sebree, of Caldwell, and B. F. White, of Dillon, Montana. These two gentle- men are also the organizers and owners of the First National Bank at Dillon, Mr. White being president of the latter institution, while Howard Sebree is at the head of the Caldwell bank. The partnership of these gentlemen has continued through many years and the banks with which they are connected are among the strongest in the west. The First National Bank of Caldwell, on its organization, was capitalized for fifty thou- sand dollars. In 1892 it was made a national bank and in 1898 it had a surplus of thirty-five thousand dollars. From the beginning the enter- prise has proved a profitable one, paying good dividends. The deposits on September 7, 1899, amounted to $726,576.49, and the volume of the business daily transacted over its counters amounts to twenty thousand dollars. Its patrons reside throughout eastern Oregon and as far east as Shoshone, and include many extensive cattle dealers and mine-owners, as well as the merchants and other business men of Caldwell. The bank, under the presidency of Mr. Sebree, has followed a safe, conservative and honorable policy that has commended it to the confidence and support of the public, and its success is well merited. The president is an excellent financier, a man of sound judgment and excellent ability, and is widely honored for his sterling worth and fidelity to duty. HENRY C. DIPPEL. Our German citizens of American birth are among our best citizens. Most of them are in- dustrious, frugal, enterprising, progressive and strictly up to date. There is a strain of blood, perhaps something in the atmosphere in which they were born, which makes them good pio- neers. They have an unerring scent for localities for profitable investments and improvements. Following is one of the many life stories which go to prove all this: Henry Clarence Dippel, a prominent pioneer farmer and fruit-grower of Blackfoot, Idaho, is a native son of California, having been born at Lincoln, Placer county, October 26, 1859. His father and mother, Philip and Elizabeth (Smith) Dippel, were both born in Germany and, when children, came with their parents to Philadelphia, where they grew to maturity and were married. In 1848 they went to Mexico and thence came by the coast route to California. Mr. Dippel was employed at his trade as carpenter, and later, during the pioneer days in the Golden state, in running a pack train, an enterprise which was not without excitement and profit. He lived out the balance of his life-time in Placer county, California, and died there in 1898, aged seventy- three. His wife survives him, aged seventy-four. After his early experiences he settled down to farm life and was so successful that he left a considerable estate, which is now owned by his heirs. He was long a member of the German Lutheran church, with which his wife is still identified. Henry Clarence Dippel was the fourth in order of birth of the children of Philip and Elizabeth Dippel. He was brought up on a farm and was educated in the public schools of California and at Atkinson Business College, from which insti- tution he was graduated in 1878. After that he came almost immediately to Blackfoot, Idaho. The railroad was then under construction 686 HISTORY OF IDAHO. through this part of the state, and its terminus had moved on to Idaho Falls. He sought out a favorable point, located on three hundred and twenty acres of land, improved it, and sold it well in 1887. He then bought his present fifty- acre farm adjoining the town of Blackfoot, where he has a fine home. His buildings are all large and convenient, he has the best water privileges, and, all in all, he is as comfortably situated as any one need care to be. To Mr. Dippel belongs the distinction of having been the first in this part of the state to grow small fruits for market, and he is among Idaho's foremost successful horti- cultural farmers. His principal products in this line are strawberries, which he ships to Montana, where they find a ready and profitable sale. Mr. Dippel is a Democrat, but not a practical politician. His farm interests are so extensive that he has no time to seek offices and very little in which to assist others into them. He was married in 1880 to Miss Luella May Parsons, a native of Illinois, and they have five children, named as follows: Harold, Daisy, Guy, Luella and Ralph. HON. GEORGE W. DAGGETT. In the following paragraphs will be given the history of the busy and useful career of a dis- tinguished resident of Genesee, Idaho, who as pioneer, as citizen, as legislator and as a soldier, has done his duty without fear and without re- proach, with an eye single to the greatest good to the greatest number. His life is one which has in it many lessons for those who would do well and persevere in well doing. George W. Daggett, one of the most prom- inent citizens of Genesee, Idaho, was born in Illinois, August 19, 1840, and is descended from an old Vermont family. His grandfather, Asel Daggett, was a soldier in the war of 1812-14 and fought under Commander Perry and participated in his historic victory. After the war he re- turned to Vermont, where he lived until his death, in 1862, at the age of eighty-nine years. His son, Asel A. Daggett, father of George W. Daggett, was born in Vermont and married Miss Eliza White, at Woonsocket Falls, Rhode Island, in 1838, and was one of the pioneers of the state of Illinois. For some years he was warden of the Illinois state penitentiary, at Joliet. In 1847 he moved to Wisconsin and located in Grant county, where his wife died in 1852 and where he lived to the venerable age of eighty-two years. Mr. and Mrs. Daggett were devout and active members of the Methodist Episcopal church and were held in the highest esteem by all who knew them. They had ten children, five of whom are living. George W. Daggett was their fifth child in order of birth. He grew up on the farm, working hard in spring, summer and fall and attending school three months during the winter, in a little log school-house, until he was fourteen. He was a robust boy and willing worker, and after that time was in such demand for the farm work and as an aid in the support of the family that he was entirely debarred from attending school. But he liked books and had a way of learning some- thing from about everything he saw, and he be- came a well informed man notwithstanding his limited educational advantages. The civil war had begun when, in August, 1861, he attained his majority. August 27, eight days after his birthday, he enlisted in Company I, Tenth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer In- fantry. His first service was in the west, under General Mitchell. Later he was in the command of General W. T. Sherman. He participated in twenty-seven battles and skirmishes. The first engagement in which he took part was at Perryville, Kentucky. Then followed the en- gagements at Stone River, Chickamauga, Look- out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. He went with Sherman to the relief of Knoxville, and was in all the battles from Chattanooga to the capture of Atlanta, then participated in Sher- man's memorable march to the sea and was in the fighting at Savannah and at Goldsborough and was one of the veterans who participated in the grand review at Washington, after the war was over. In the engagement at Chickamauga he was shot through the arm and in the side, but though his wounds were very painful they were not danger- ous, and he did not leave the field, and though he was many times after that in the thickest of the fight, with men falling all around him, he never afterward suffered so much as an abrasion of the skin. He was promoted to be orderly sergeant of his company. He re-enlisted as a private in HISTORY OF IDAHO. 687 Company K, Fourty-fourth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and was promoted to be or- derly sergeant of that company also. He had served to the very end of the struggle. His service had been arduous and exacting and he had been every inch a soldier. He was honor- ably discharged and returned to Wisconsin and settled down to the peaceful life of a farmer. Mr. Daggett remained in Wisconsin for three years after his return from the army and then moved to Nebraska and took up a homestead, improved it until 1876, when he went to Cali- fornia and thence to Oregon. He passed the winter of 1876-7 at Lake View, Oregon, and in the following spring came to Idaho and pre- empted a claim on Little Potlatch, five miles north of the site of Genesee, in Nez Perces coun- ty. This he improved into a fine stock and dairy farm and he has added to it from time to time until he now has four hundred acres, constituting one of the finest farms in this splendid farming district. He has a town home in Genesee, where he is spending the evening of a busy and success- ful life. Mr. Daggett was married, in 1865, to Mrs. Mary E. Clowse, a native of Wisconsin, who has divided with him the honors of their useful life as pioneers and in the period of Idaho's won- derful development. Mr. and Mrs. Daggett have had two children, both of whom died young. By her first marriage Mrs. Daggett (then Mrs. Clowse) had two daughters, Edith E., who mar- ried Alexander Matthews, and Ella E., who mar- ried John Matthews, brother of Alexander. A lifelong Republican, devoted to the princi- ples of his party, Mr. Daggett has always sup- ported its measures, national and local, energet- ically and unselfishly, with no hope of personal reward and with no wish for political preferment. However, his fellow citizens of Latah county elected him to represent them in the Idaho state legislature, an office which he has filled to the satisfaction of his constituents, regardless of party affiliation. He was one of the committee of five appointed by the speaker of the house to investigate the revisions of the state laws, and determine their constitutionality. He also formu- lated and introduced a bill looking to the more perfect regulation of the liquor traffic, which provided that a license must in any case be taken out for a full year and if a liquor dealer should violate its provisions the license should be re- voked and, upon conviction, he should forfeit the fee for its unexpired term. The bill was widely conceded to be one of the best bills intro- duced during that session. Mr. Daggett is a zealous and active member of the Grand Army of the Republic and is the present commander of his post and chaplain of the state organization of the Grand Army of the Republic. He is public- spirited to a degree that makes him a very help- ful citizen and he is held in the highest esteem by his fellow citizens of all classes and of all shades of political and religious belief. ISAAC W. PFOST. The Virginians have given to nearly every state in the union much of the good blood and good citizenship, for, wherever his lot is cast, the Virginian is patriotic and does honor to his environments. Idaho has many well known citi- zens of Virginian birth, but not one who is more highly regarded for inteerity and perseverance and all the other qualities which make for real success than Isaac W. Pfost, of Boise, who, hav- ing been born in Virginia prior to its division, is literally a native of the Old Dominion. Isaac W. Pfost, proprietor of the Bancroft Hotel, Boise, Idaho, was born in Jackson county, Vir- ginia, January 21, 1846, a son of Abraham and Elizabeth (Rader) Pfost. His father and mother were likewise natives of Virginia. Abraham Pfost died at the age of sixty-two. Their son, Isaac W. Pfost, was reared and educated in the county of his nativity. In the fall of 1865, when he was nineteen years old, he went to Cooper county, Missouri. A year later he went to Bates county, in the same state, where for two years he was engaged in farming. He then removed to Henry county, Missouri, where he became the owner of a farm, which he operated successfully until 1876, when he sold it and engaged in the grocery business at Montrose, Missouri, in which enterprise he prospered until, out of the kindness of his heart and with the motive of helping others, he became security on financial paper which he was forced to redeem and which caused him to lose nearly everything he had accumu- lated. He managed to pay all his obligations, however, and then, declining proffered assistance 688 HISTORY OF IDAHO. to engage in business again at Montrose, he thanked his well-meaning friends and announced that he had taken the advice of Horace Greeley as his guide, and was determined to "go west and grow up with the country." Accordingly, in the spring of 1878, he crossed the plains with a team and arrived at Boise July 16. Until 1883 he was engaged in freighting between Kelton, Utah, and Boise. He drove a twelve-horse, four- wagon team and often transferred more than twelve tons of freight at a time. In 1883 he located on a farm ten miles from Boise, and lived in that vicinity until the fall of 1898. As a farmer he ranked with the most progressive and successful in Ada county, improving his place constantly and adopting the most advanced methods in every department of his work. In 1898 he sold his farm for a good price, and, mov- ing to Boise, he purchased the Bancroft Hotel with its fixtures, furniture and stock. This hotel has a history which dates back to 1893. It is a history of success, to which Mr. Pfost is adding with every passing month. The Bancroft Hotel is a three-story brick structure, containing forty rooms, and its conveniences are modern and complete. Mr. Pfost, who is a Mason, an Odd Fellow, a Pioneer of the West, a Good Templar and an influential Democrat, is keeping an up-to- date hotel, and through his numerous fraternal connections and wide acquaintance is drawing to it an extensive patronage, and it is deservedly popular with the traveling public. December 13, 1866, Mr. Pfost married M,iss Margaret Koontz, who died in Ada county, Idaho, December 27, 1885, leaving seven chil- dren: Mary (now Mrs. S. M. Burns), John A., James E., Effie (now Mrs. Boyd Burns), Otis, Charles L., and Daisy. Mr. Pfost's second mar- riage was with Mrs. Rebecca (Curl) Brown and was celebrated December 4, 1890. Mrs. Pfost died May 30, 1891, and February 7, 1892, Mr. Pfost married Mrs. Mary Pullman, a native of Iowa and a daughter of Hugh and Amanda Baker, prominent among the wealthy citizens of Appanoose county. By her former marriage Mrs. Pfost has one son, Carl D. Pullman, whose father, Edward Pullman, a druggist at Center- ville, died January 16, 1890, when Carl was only six days old. By his present marriage Mr. Pfost has three children: Merle, Robert and Montie D. Mrs. Pfost first came to Idaho in 1885. Here she taught school three terms and then returned to Iowa, where she lived until she came back to Idaho in 1891. She is a member of the Odd Fellows auxiliary order, the Daugh- ters of Rebekah, and is interested in all the good work carried on under its auspices and in all of the local work of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which she and her husband are members. ASBURY B. CROCHERON. Asbury B. Crocheron has spent almost his entire life in Owyhee county and is now a lead- ing resident of Silver City. His prominence in this locality is indicated by his long retention in public office, and at the present writing, 1899, he is filling the office of county sheriff. A native of Oregon, he was born in Eugene, that state, on the 25th of October, 1860. The family is of French origin and was founded in America at a very early period in the colonial history of the country. A settlement was made in New York, and when British oppression forced the colonies into insurrection, the great-grandfather of our subject entered the service and, with the rank of captain, participated in the struggle for freedom. J. H. Crocheron, the father of the sheriff, was born in New York city, and when gold was discovered in California made his way to the Pacific slope. Subsequently he removed to Ore- gon, where he was united in marriage to Miss Mary J. Crow, and in 1864 he brought his family to Idaho, locating in Idaho City, where he en- gaged in mining for about three years. In 1867 he came to Silver City, and in 1872 turned his attention to farming, his home being on Sinker creek. There he has since carried on agricul- tural pursuits, and, although now seventy-two years of age, still superintends the operation of his land. His wife also is living, and they have three sons and two daughters, the family circle yet unbroken by the hand of death. Asbury B. Crocheron, the eldest child, was educated in the public schools of Silver City, and for many years has been engaged in the stock business with his father, acquiring a wide reputa- tion as one of the best riders and "ropers" in the county. He is an excellent judge of stock and his efforts in the line of this industry have been crowned with a high degree of success. His HISTORY OF IDAHO. 689 time of late years, however, has been divided be- tween his private interests and his public service. He allied himself with the Republican party on attaining his majority and supported its men and measures until 1896, when, differing radically in regard to the money plank of the national plat- form, he has since been a silver Republican. His fitness for public office has several times led to his selection for important service in the inter- ests of his fellow citizens, his duties being in connection with the offices of county assessor and tax-collector, to which he was elected in 1890. So capably and acceptably did he serve during that term that he was re-elected without opposition in 1894, and filled the position until 1896, when he was elected county sheriff. Over his public record there falls no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil, and men of all parties speak of him in the most commendatory terms. On the i4th of October, 1897, Mr. Crocheron was united in marriage to Mrs. Millie Walston, nee Stanford, a niece of Senator Stanford, of California, now deceased. They now have one son, and their hospitable home in Silver City is a favorite resort with their many friends. Mr. Crocheron is past noble grand of Silver City Lodge, No. 2, I. O. O. F., and is prominent in the fraternity, having the warm regard of the brethren. Such in brief is the life history of one whose career has been one of close connection with the interests of Owyhee county, and as a representative citizen of Idaho he well deserves mention in this volume. DAN FEOUR. Among the sons of the Pine Tree state who have found homes in the northwest and whose history forms an integral part of the record of the development of the rich mining interests of southern Idaho is Dan Feour. He was born in Aroostook county, Maine, June 9, 1850, a son of William and Catherine Feour. His father was born in Ireland, and when a young man came to the United States. He died in the fifty-fourth year of his age, and his wife departed this life at the age of forty-four years. They were the parents of five children, four of whom are yet living. Dan Feour was reared to manhood in Boston, Massachusetts, and acquired a good practical education in the public schools of that city. He then learned the machinist's trade, and for some time worked in the Grover & Baker sewing ma- chine factory. In 1865 he cast in his lot with the settlers on the Pacific coast, and has borne no unimportant part in the development of this section of the country. By way of the isthmus of Panama he made his way to California and there engaged in mining until 1869, when he went to White Pine, Nevada, and thence to the Squaw creek, Washington, and Victoria, British Columbia, attracted by the discovery of gold at those places. In 1875 Mr. Feour arrived in Owyhee county, where he has since engaged in mining, meeting with excellent success in his undertakings. He has also prospected in other parts of the state, and prosperity has attended his labors. In 1879 he sold the St. John mine to the Henrietta Com- pany; in 1894 the Colorado group of three claims to the Trade Dollar Mining & Milling Company; and in 1895 the Comstock to the Florida Moun- tain Company. The following year he negotia- ted the deal whereby the Humboldt group, owned by John Feour and Taylor Gearhart, was sold to the Florida Mountain Company. On all these transactions our subject has realized a good profit and has thus won a handsome competency. He still has other valuable mining interests, and has a firm belief and faith in the richness of min- eral deposits to be found in the mountains of Owyhee county. Many of the mines in which he has prospected have already yielded good re- turns, and there is no doubt that others are rich in ore. In 1895 Mr. Feour married Miss Sallie Cat- low, of Silver City, daughter of John Catlow, who came to this country from England, being one of the California pioneers of 1852, and of Silver City in 1864. In partnership with Colonel Dewey he opened the celebrated Black Jack mine, and was a member of the firm of Smith, Mann & Catlow, of San Francisco, where they conducted a large butchering business. They were also owners of large cattle ranches in the Stein mountain country, where Mr. Catlow still resides. He was also at one time a partner of James G. Fair, of California fame. Mr. and Mrs. Feour have one daughter, Marion. In his social relations the subject of this review (590 HISTORY OF IDAHO. is an Odd Fellow, and in political faith is a Re- publican, but has no time for political work, his energies being demanded in his mining interests. By his activity along this line he has largely aided in the development of the state and has advanced its welfare, for its prosperity and growth have, in a great measure, come as the result of the dis- covery and utilization of the rich mineral de- posits that nature has so bountifully bestowed upon the "Gem of the Mountains." ISAAC R. SMITH. Isaac Roston Smith, the managing partner of the firm of Smith Brothers, prominent merchants and millers of Salubria, and president of the Washington County Fair Association, was born in Morrow county, Ohio, March n, 1859, h' 3 ancestors, who were English, having been early settlers in Berks county, Pennsylvania. His grandfather, William Smith, was born in Berks county and married Miss Elizabeth Speck. They settled in Guernsey county and in 1842 removed to Morrow county, Ohio, where he remained un- til his death, in 1883, at the age of seventy-four years. His wife passed away in 1898, aged eighty-five years. Twelve children were born to this worthy couple, one of whom was the father of our subject, Finley McGrew Smith, whose birth took place in Guernsey county, Ohio, on February II, 1836. He served in the Union army during the civil war as a member of the Third Ohio Cavalry. His wife was Miss Pamelia Sutton, a native of Washington county, Pennsyl- vania, and of the six children born to them five are now living. Isaac R. Smith is the second son in the order of birth, and accompanied his parents to Kansas in 1866, where he received his education in the public schools and began life as a farmer, but when seventeen years old he embarked in the mercantile business, in which he has since con- tinued. In 1891 he came with his brother to Salubria and they founded the business in which they have continued so successfully. In 1898 they built their flouring mill, which is equipped with the plane-sifter system and full roller process, which is the latest improvement, and the mill has a capacity of sixty barrels of flour a day. The firm also have the leading general store of the town, a branch store at Warren, where they supply a large mining trade, and they also have a sawmill and manufacture lumber quite extensively. They are popular, energetic and liberal men, taking an active part in any enter- prise that will advance the welfare of the town, and they enjoy the good will and high esteem of all with whom they come in contact, either in a business or social way. In politics Mr. Smith is a stanch Republican and a strong supporter of the principles of that party. HENRY PECK. The first settler of the city of Malad was Henry Peck, who, in the year 1864, came to Oneida county and established his home upon the pres- ent site of the county-seat. For many years he was prominently identified with the development and progress of the county, and his name is in- separably associated with the advancement which has wrought a great transformation here, making the once wild region a fertile section of fine farms and pleasant homes. Mr. Peck was born in Greene county, New- York, February 26, 1823, and was a representa- tive of one of the old families of the Empire state, his parents being Charles and Sarah (Gosley) Peck. He was reared to manhood in New York, and having arrived at years of maturity was there married, in October, 1845, to Miss Julia E. North, a native of Connecticut and a daughter of Jonathan and Rachel (Bissell) North. Seven children were born to them ere they removed from New York to Nebraska, in the year 1857. For six years Henry Peck engaged in farming in that state and then went with his family to Farm- ington, Utah, whence he came to Malad the fol- lowing year. This country had not then been surveyed, and he secured a squatter's claim of one hundred and sixty acres, upon which he built a little log cabin, becoming the pioneer settler of the town. From that time until his death, he was an active factor in the movements which have led to the upbuilding and improvement of this section of the state. When Mr. and Mrs. Peck came to Idaho they brought with them their family of ten children, the record of whom is as follows: Dwight, a resident of Lost River; Frederick, who is living at Ross Fork; Leonard, of Challis; Sarah, now the wife of Stanton G. Fisher, who for several HISTORY OF IDAHO. 691 years was Indian agent at Spaulding, but is now a resident of Mount Idaho; Howard, of Malad; Julia E., now Mrs. Wisley; Amelia E., twin sis- ter of Julia and the wife of William B. Thews; Mrs. Mary Scott, now a widow; Emily, wife of William E. Wass, of Butte, Montana: and Charles, who is engaged in farming and stock- raising, his home being in Malad. A large part of the county-seat of Oneida county has been built upon the land which Henry Peck claimed upon coming to this state, and he was one of the builders of Malad and one of its most industrious and enterprising citizens. The family still own the old log house in which they first lived, but in 1875 the father erected a large frame residence, in which they conducted a hotel for a number of years. Malad was the county- seat of Oneida county when it embraced all of southeastern Idaho, and the sessions of the courts brought many people to the town, including prominent early settlers, who were entertained at the Peck Hotel. Thus the family gained a wide acquaintance throughout this section of the state, and their sterling worth won for them high regard. As time passed, the farm was enlarged and it now comprises two hundred acres of valu- able land adjoining Malad on the west. It is operated by Howard and Charles Peck, who are very successful agriculturists. Mr. Peck, the father, was a prominent and in- fluential citizen, frequently honored by public office. He served in the territorial legislature and was probate judge, both in Nebraska and in Oneida county. In politics he was a lifelong Democrat, and in the discharge of his official duties he manifested a marked loyalty to the public trust. He was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and was twice on a mission to the eastern section of this country, and also went to Canada in the service of the church. He died July 22, 1889, at the age of sixty-six years, respected by all who knew him. His property was left to his widow during her lifetime and is then to go to the children. It is now being managed by Howard and Charles, two of her sons. The former is the eldest of the sons now in Malad. He was married December 7, 1880, to Miss Jane Woozley, and they have five sons. On the 3d of January, 1889, Charles Peck married Miss Ann Bywater, and they, too, have five children. The family is one of promi- nence in the community and Mrs. Julia Peck is one of the brave pioneer women who took a no less important, though more quiet, part in the development and advancement of the state through the pioneer epoch in its history. LYTTLETON PRICE. Michigan has contributed its full share toward the intellectual progress -of the new west. As many Michigan men are to be found in places of trust and responsibility, in the learned profes- sions and in the higher circles of business, in the Rockies and beyond them, as men from any state in the Union. Lyttleton Price, who is part owner and manager of the Red Cloud and Solace groups of mines, is a prominent Idaho lawyer and poli- tician, a resident of Hailey and a native of Ma- comb county, Michigan. He was born twenty miles northeast of Detroit, May 4, 1848, a son of David and Elvira (Momford) Price. In both lines of descent he is of English blood. Both families turned out heroes in the Revolutionary war. One of these was Captain Peter Price. Another was Captain Simons, the maternal grandfather of Mr. Price's mother. Both were from Maryland, and the records of their valor are to be found among the archives of that state. Mr. Price's grandfathers both lived in Rush, New York, twenty miles from the city of Rochester, and there his parents were born and were mar- ried. His father was a merchant, farmer and miller, a man of extensive enterprises for his time and generation. In religion he was a Universal- ist; his wife was a Methodist. They removed to Michigan in 1835 and were among the pioneers in their part of the state. Mrs. Price died in 1881, aged seventy-one years. Mr. Price is still liv- ing at the old family home in Michigan, now eighty-nine years old. They had two daughters, and a son whose successful career will now be considered somewhat at length. Lyttleton Price was educated in the public schools near his boyhood home and at Ypsilanti Seminary. While still quite young he went to San Francisco, California, this being in the year 1869. He entered upon the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1872. He practiced in California four years, with growing success, and then went to Arizona, where he was United 692 HISTORY OF IDAHO. States attorney under General John C. Fremont, who was governor of that territory, 1880-83. When he gave up that responsible office, which had been by no means insignificant in its de- mands upon his resources, and the duties and re- quirements of which he had met with the great- est satisfaction to the judiciary of the territory, he came to Hailey, where he has since practiced his profession and given attention to his mining in- terests. As a lawyer he has taken high rank in Idaho and has built up a practice which extends into nearby states. He is influential in the councils of the Repub- lican party and for the past three years has been one of the most prominent silver Republicans in Idaho. He was a delegate to the St. Louis con- vention of 1896 and was one of the delegates who walked out because of the attitude assumed by the controllers of the convention toward the sil- ver question. Since then he has never retreated from the stand then taken, and he has frequently been chosen chairman of the state conventions of politicians of his way of thinking. Mr. Price was first married in 1875. By that marriage he has a son, Lyttleton Price, Jr.. twenty-one years of age, and now attending the Golden School of Mines in Colorado. In 1891 he married Miss Florence Hunt, a lady of refine- ment, culture and religious conviction, who is. an active and influential member of the Methodist Episcopal church. They have an interesting lit- tle daughter named Catharine. Mr. and Mrs. Price have a beautiful home in Hailey, which is in every' respect all that the term can imply under the most favorable circumstances. They have a wide and constantly enlarging circle of acquaint- ance and are universally admired for their many good qualities of mind and heart. They are in- fluential members of the community and their influence is a good and helpful one. R. F. BULLER, In modern ages^and to a large extent in the past, banks have constituted a vital part of or- ganized society, and governments, both mon- archical and popular, have depended upon them for material aid in times of depression and trouble. Their influence has extended over the entire world and their prosperity has been the barometer which has unfalteringly indicated the financial status of all nations. Of this important branch of business R. F. Buller is a worthy rep- resentative. In April, 1892, he came to Hailey, and is now president of the First National Bank, which has become one of the leading and reliable financial concerns in southern Idaho. Mr. Buller is a native of Coburg, Canada, his birth having there occurred March 10, 1840. He is of English descent, and his father, Charles G. Buller, a native of England, emigrated to Can- ada in 1830. He was married in Coburg to Miss Frances Boucher. He had been educated, in Oxford College, for the Episcopal ministry, but preferred agricultural pursuits to the calling for which his parents intended him, and throughout his business career carried on farming. His was an honorable and successful life, and his death occurred in "1897, when he had attained the ripe old age of ninety-six years. His wife passed away in 1898, at the age of eighty-six years. They had nine children, five of whom are living. R. F. Buller, the eldest son, having acquired a good preliminary education, pursued a commer- cial course in Oberlin, Ohio, where he was gradu- ated in 1864, after which he took up the study of law in the law department of the Michigan State University, at Ann Arbor. He was there gradu- ated in 1866, and for twenty-four years thereafter successfully engaged in the practice of his pro- fession in Missouri. He spent sixteen years in Carthage, that state, and became one of the most distinguished and able members of the bar, hav- ing a large clientage, whereby he was connected with most of the important litigation tried in the courts of his district. He was also a member of the Missouri state legislature in 1870 and was a man of prominence in public life. As his finan- cial resources increased, as the result of his large law practice, he made judicious and extensive in- vestments in real estate, and also became a stock- holder in various banks in Missouri, acquiring a wide and profitable banking experience. In April, 1892, he came to Hailey and has since been connected with the financial interests of this city. He erected one of the good residences of the town and the company of which he is presi- dent also built the commodious bank building which they occupy. As the head of the First National Bank Mr. Buller has become widely known in Hailey and throughout the surround- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 693 ing country. His business methods are conserv- ative, sound and trustworthy, and his capable management has made the First National Bank one of the most reliable financial establishments in this part of the state. He also has a large and valuable ranch, of two thousand acres, fourteen miles below Hailey. There is an abundance of good water on the place, and he is extensively engaged in raising grain and Hereford and short-horn cattle and also sheep. The income from the ranch is not inconsiderable, and in ad- dition to that property Mr. Buller has extensive realty holdings in California, South Dakota, Mis- souri and Iowa. In 1880 Mr. Buller was united in marriage to Miss Rosa Osburn, a native of Indiana, and they have a son, Charles, who is now attending school in Minnesota. The parents are members of the Episcopal church, in which our subject is now serving as vestryman. In politics he has been a lifelong Republican, and, keeping well informed on the issues of the day, gives a loyal support to the party, but has never been an aspirant for of- fice, preferring to devote his time and energies to his business interests, in which he has met with excellent success. He has by ceaseless toil and endeavor attained marked prosperity in business affairs, has gained the respect and con- fidence of men, and is recognized as one of the distinctively representative citizens of Hailey. JOSEPH C. RICH. Judge Joseph C. Rich, eldest son of Hon. Charles C. Rich, a sketch of whom appears else- where in this history, was born in Nauvoo, Han- cock county, Illinois, January 16, 1841. His mother's maiden name was Sarah D. Pea, good stock all around, his ancestors being of that hardy pioneer school who have subdued the wilds of the middle and western states and made pos- sible the grandeur of those noble common- wealths. When but a boy of five years he, in connection with his parents and several thousand others, was driven from the city of his birth by mobocratic persecution, and commenced that historic jour- ney, the Mormon exodus toward the setting sun, which has since resulted in the settlement and the development of our great "Inter-Mountain Empire." He wintered in 1846-7 at Mount Pisgah, then a portion of the wilderness of Iowa. At this place nearly one-third of that camp died during the winter, through sickness brought on by exposure and want. The well peopled grave- yard found there by the permanent settlers who subsequently settled that region, attests suf- ficiently that fact. As soon as grass could grow in the spring of 1847 the journey westward was resumed and con- tinued throughout the summer until one thou- sand four hundred miles long, lonesome and weary ones brought them, on the 2d day of October, 1847, to the then parched and desolate valley of the Salt Lake. This journey was made by ox and cow teams, manipulated by men, boys and women, through a country thickly peopled by hostile Indians, through countless multitudes of buffalo, which frequently stampeded the teams and were so numerous that at times the train was compelled to camp, corral the cattle within the enclosures of their wagons and wait for hour? and sometimes days for the immense buffalo herds to pass. On one of these occasions the subject of this sketch came nearly losing his life by a frightened ox jumping over a wagon, alighting on top of him. Mr. Rich says now, contemplating the number of those noble animals he remembers seeing in the Platte valley alone, he cannot realize the fact that they are now al- most an extinct race. He says this wanton, use- less and cruel extermination of these noble ani- mals is a disgrace to the Anglo-Saxon sport, so- called, and to the government which permitted it. His arrival in the Salt Lake valley had been preceded by the original pioneer band of one hundred and forty men and three women and some companies, and all went to work and built a fort, consisting of log and adobe houses, en- closing a square of ten acres. Four gates, one on each side, were so constructed that all the stock of the colony could be driven in at night, the gates securely fastened, and by regular details of guards night and day, as security against In- dian attacks, the first home and settlements of the Rocky mountain region began. The spot, geographically, at that time, was Mexican soil, notwithstanding which the stars and stripes wen- floated to the breeze, a provincial government under the constitution of the L T nited States was organized. The ending of the war with Mexico 694 HISTORY OF IDAHO. and the treaty of Guadaloupe-Hidalgo culmin- ated in the creation by congress of the territory of Utah, which supplanted the provincial govern- ment previously formed. Mr. Rich attended such primitive schools as then existed, learned to read and write, and graduated in all the lore of Webster's Elementary Spelling Book, the only school library then deemed necessary, and the only one to be had. While his opportunities to obtain even the rudi- ments of an education were of the rudest and most meager kind, he prides himself on the fact that none of the schools of his day produced a single "dude." In 1855 he accompanied his father to San Ber- nardino, California, then a Mexican grant which his father and Amasa M. Lyman had purchased under the direction of the Mormon authorities. While -here he studied surveying and was em- ployed a considerable part of his time in assisting in the survey of that ranch into lots and tracts for farming purposes. The grant was twenty miles square and embraced nearly the whole of San Bernardino county, California; and is now probably one of the richest and most productive parts of the whole state. He returned to Salt Lake City in 1857 and worked on his father's farm. In 1860, with his father, he performed a mis- sion as a Mormon elder to Great Britain, visiting England and Wales and remained abroad until the fall of 1863, when he returned to his home in Salt Lake. He was one of the youngest elders ever sent abroad. During the fall of this year his father was directed by Brigham Young to summon volunteers and effect at that time set- tlements in Bear Lake valley, now the southeast- ern county of the state of Idaho, and in Septem- ber of that year, with a company of fifty horse- men and teams the valley was visited, -the town of Paris, now the county-seat of Bear Lake coun- ty, was founded and from this beginning com- menced the settlement of southeastern Idaho. Mr. Rich accompanied the settlers in 1863 and for the next few years put in his time surveying the towns and villages and farming lands, from Evanston, Wyoming, to Soda Springs, the United States surveys not having then been made. The early settlers of this section had much to contend with. Hostile Indians had to be watched continually, the horses and cattle were herded by armed men, the frosts of the high elevation six thousand feet killed the crops, and it was only by great suffering, deprivation and the sternest persistence of the settlers in remaining, that the region was peopled and the difficulties overcome. Now the valleys teem with happy homes, grist and sawmills, trades and business of all kinds, public schools second to none, colleges, railroads, telegraphs and telephones, canals, and steamers on our lakes, and a population of tens of thou- sands. Such have been the results of the pluck, energy, sufferings and successful efforts of the early settlers of southeastern Idaho. Of this kind of material nations are made possible and none are entitled to more credit than the forerun- ners of American civilization in the Rocky mountain states and territories. Hang a garland on the grave Of every pioneer; We owe to them our happy homes, Our comfort and our cheer. In 1886 Mr. Rich married Ann Eliza Hunter, a daughter of Bishop Edward Hunter, of Salt Lake City, a name almost as widely known in Utah as that of Brigham Young. They have living three girls and three boys, Edward C., Susaan J., Sarah L., Libbey, Joseph C. and Stand- ley H. They live on the shore of Bear lake and have natural white-sulphur hot springs at their home, which are frequented for bathing purposes by hundreds, on account of the health-giving, medicinal qualities of the waters. Mr. Rich has since manhood been actively en- gaged in politics, is a stanch, unflinching Demo- crat, and his abilities as a leader have been rec- ognized by his party in the state. He has been elected to almost every office in his county and district. Twice he represented Bear Lake county as a representative to the territorial legislature; presided over the Democratic state convention in 1894; was elected to. and attended as delegate the Chicago convention in 1896, casting his vote and that of the state for William Jennings Bryan for president; was elected state senator in 1896, on an anti-Dubois platform, was the chairman of the Democratic legislative caucus, and did more, perhaps, than any other man in the state to carry HISTORY OF IDAHO. 695 out the fusion contract between the Democrats and the Populists. In this contest the honor of the Democratic party of the state was involved, and to the efforts and successful generalship of Judge Rich and his associates may be attributed the success of that campaign. Mr. Rich believed that the Democratic party had entered into and made an honest compact with the Populist party, and that for his party to retain its honor and re- main a worthy power in the state the terms of that compact must be faithfully maintained, and they were. As a forcible, fluent and impressive speaker and debater he stands with the first of his party; fearless, keen-witted, quick and able in debate and repartee, well informed on all public ques- tions, sarcastic when necessary, unusually fair to an opponent, these qualities have made him one of the ablest men in the state in his championship of the cause of Democracy. In the struggle of the women for female suffrage, he championed their cause and did all he could to give them the standing they have in the statutes of the state to- day. He fought bitterly the disfranchisement of the Mormon people in the territory of Idaho, claim- ing the constitutional right of every religious class to participate in the affairs of state, denied the right of government to interfere or punish conscionable affairs, and even went so far as to resign his membership in the Mormon church rather than subject himself to disfranchisement. He continued his fight against creed discrimina- tion until the repeal of the obnoxious and un- constitutional statute and the rehabilitation of the franchise of the people. In this matter he fought both Democrats and Republicans alike, both parties having participated in the crime. In 1898 a fusion on the state and congressional ticket for the state of Idaho was effected between the Democrats and silver-Republicans as against the Populists on one side and the straight Re- publicans on the other, a three-cornered politi- cal fight. The fusion as between the first parties did not extend to the county and district offices. A judge was to be elected for the fifth judicial district, comprising nearly one-third of the coun- ties of the state, Oneida, Bannock, Bingham, Fremont, Lemhi and Bear Lake counties. The silver-Republicans issued an invitation for the Democrats to go into joint convention, to nomi- nate a judge, which invitation was accepted by the Democrats. When it was subsequently pri- vately ascertained that Mr. Rich would have an undoubted majority on joint ballot for the nomi- nation, the silver-Republicans refused to honor their own call, and the result was separate con- ventions of the two parties on the judgeship nomination. The Democrats nominated Judge Rich; the silver-Republicans, F. S. Dietrich; the straight Republicans, John A. Bagley; and the Populists, Sample H. Orr, Judge Rich was elected by a clear plurality over all of one thou- sand eight hundred and twenty-four votes. His term of office expires in January, 1904. That he makes a fair, able, earnest and just judge is con- ceded by all, and the people feel that in confiding to him the interest of their lives and property they have made no mistake. HON. JAMES j. MCDONALD. The subject of this sketch, one of the leading general contractors of Idaho and a man of public spirit, is a native of Ireland, his birth having oc- curred in the city of Dublin, July 12, 1862. In his native city he acquired a liberal education, and in 1880 emigrated to the United States, lo- cating in Denver, Colorado, where he remained for two years. From 1882 to 1890 he was en- gaged in railway construction, in several states, and during the last named year came to Idaho, settling at Nampa, where he has since resided. During his residence in this state Mr. McDon- ald has been engaged in mining, irrigation and railway construction, under contract, the latest contract for the latter species of work being made for the grading of the Boise, Nampa & Owyhee Railroad. But his value to the community is not confined to the directing of manual labor, for his intellec- tual heritage and attainments have led him to take an efficient part in the public welfare. Po- litically he is a Republican, and he is always active in supporting the principles and interests of that party. In the autumn of 1898 he was elected to represent Canyon county in the state senate of the fifth session of the Idaho legisla- ture. While a member of that body he was chair- man of the railroad and transportation commit- tee and a member of the committee on engrossed 696 HISTORY OF IDAHO. bills and corporations. He was one of the lead- ing members of the senate, taking an active and influential part. Fraternally Mr. McDonald is a member of the I. O. O. F. and of the B. P. O. E., and he is also a member of the Commercial Club of Nampa. In all his business and social relations he is an influential leader. In 1890, in Boise, Mr. McDonald was united in marriage with Miss Florence DeMeyer, a native of Fulton, Kentucky. JAMES H. HARTE. A well known real-estate and insurance agent of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, is James H. Harte, who was born in Connecticut, near the city of Hart- ford, July 25, 1854, his parents being Walter and Elizabeth (Gibson) Harte, both of whom were natives of Connecticut, in which state the father died when about fifty-five years of age, while the mother still makes her home there. Mr. Harte of this review pursued his education in the public schools of Plainville, and Hartford, Connecticut. He then entered upon his business career as a clerk in a dry-goods store in Hart- ford, where he remained for four years, after which he conducted operations along the same line until 1878. He then enlisted in the regular army as a member of Company C, Second United States Infantry, and after serving for five years was honorably discharged, November 8, 1883, at Fort Spokane, having in the meantime attained the rank of first sergeant. After leaving the army Mr. Harte served for three years as bookkeeper for the post trader at Fort Spokane and then came to Coeur d'Alene, in the winter of 1886. For one year he was en- gaged in general merchandising in this town, and since the spring of 1888 has been engaged in the real-estate and insurance business. In 1885 was celebrated his marriage to Miss Amelia R. Brooks, a native of Boston, Massa- chusetts, and they have one child, Margaret. In his political affiliations Mr. Harte is a Republican and keeps well informed on the issues of the day, thus being qualified to give an intelligent support to the party of his choice. He was made a Knight of Pythias in May, 1890, at the institu- tion of the lodge at Coeur d'Alene, and was its first chancellor commander. In June, 1892, at the institution of the grand lodge of Idaho, at Moscow, he was elected grand keeper of the rec- ords and seals, which position he has since ac- ceptably filled. He takes an active part in all the work and interests of the order and is a gentle- man of pleasing address and manner who wins friends wherever he goes and always commands the respect of those with whom he is brought in contact. JOSEPH A. CLARK. The Idaho canal is fed by Snake river, ten miles above Idaho Falls. It has three headgates, is fort} 7 feet wide and thirty-five miles long and irrigates one hundred thousand acres of land, the country which it waters being largely settled by prosperous farmers who raise hay and grain in large quantities. The productiveness of this stretch of country and the prosperity which flows from it are made possible by this great inland im- provement, and the canal was made possible largely through the personal efforts of Joseph A. Clark, who advocated it, promoted it and was chiefly instrumental in raising the two hundred and fifty thousand dollars required for its con- struction. Joseph A. Clark, mayor of Idaho Falls, Idaho, was born in North Carolina, December 26, 1837, and is descended from Irish ancestors who set- tled early in the south. His great-grandfather, William Clark, fought under General Nathaniel Greene in the Revolutionary war, and died in North Carolina at the age of eighty. His son, Dugan Clark, grandfather of Joseph A. Clark, was born in North Carolina and became a Qua- ker minister. His son William Clark, second, father of Joseph A. Clark, was born in Greens- borough, North Carolina, and there married a North Carolina girl, named Lois Worth, a daughter of David Worth. William Clark, sec- ond, was a merchant, and spent most of his days in the south, but late in life he came north to In- diana, where he died at the age of sixty-five. He inherited slaves, but was so thoroughly opposed to slavery that he freed them. When the ques- tion of slavery threatened to disrupt the nation he was a Union man. His wife died in 1895, aged eighty. They had twelve children, of whom eleven are living. The one who is deceased died as the result of an injury. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 697 Joseph A. Clark, third child of William and Lois (Worth) Clark, was graduated from Earl- ham College, Indiana, in 1862, and has passed the busy years of his life as a civil engineer. He came to Idaho Falls in 1885, accompanied by his wife and six children. The town was then in- significant, and its tributary territory was scarce- ly susceptible to profitable cultivation. He saw the need of irrigation and, as has been stated, was prominent in projecting and pushing the Idaho canal to completion. His trained skill and long experience as an engineer were brought to bear on the problem which confronted the settlers and retarded the development of the country, and his enthusiasm and business ability were potent fac- tors in the success of the enterprise. In 1866 Mr. Clark married Miss Eunice Had- ley, a native of Hadlev, Indiana, a town named in honor of her father, Nathan Hadley, who was a pioneer on its site. Their children are Nathan H. (see biographical sketch); William, a farmer; Worth, a lawyer, of the firm of Holden & Clark ; Mary, wife of W. H. Holden ; and Barzillai and Chase, who are being educated. Mr. Clark is an influential Democrat. SAMUEL R. PARKINSON. The name of this gentleman is so inseparably connected with the history of Franklin, its up- building and its progress along commercial, edu- cational and church lines, that no history of the southeastern section of the state would be com- plete without the record of his useful career. He was one of the first to locate in Franklin and is numbered among its honored pioneers. A native of England, he was born in Barrowford, Lan- castershire, April 12, 1831, a son of William and Charlotte (Rose) Parkinson, who were likewise natives of that country. He was only six months old when his father died, and two years later his mother married Edward Berry, a gentleman who was very fond of travel and who took his wife and stepson to many foreign ports, including the Cape of Good Hope, Africa, thence to Sydney, Australia, to New Zealand, to Valparaiso, in South America, and then back to England in the fall of 1846. They were shipwrecked in the Irish channel, were rescued in life-boats, and were landed in Ireland at the time of the severe famine in that country. Mr. Parkinson's stepfather expended nearly all his means in relieving the distress of his relatives in that country, and in the spring of 1848 he sailed with his family for New Orleans and thence to St. Louis, where our subject first heard the teachings of the Latter Day Saints and embraced that faith. The cholera was raging in the year 1849, and by that dread scourge of the race he lost his mother. The people died in great numbers, and burials occurred not only in the day time but at night, as well. Three years later, in 1852, Mr. Parkinson was happily married, in St. Louis, to Miss Arabella Ann Chandler, and in the spring of 1854 they crossed the plains to Utah, bringing with them their first-born son, Samuel C. Par- kinson. Our subject had a team of mules, but the train was principally composed of ox teams. They left St. Louis, June I, 1854, and reached Salt Lake, September 25, after a dangerous and difficult trip, in which they were in constant fear of Indian attack. They drove their wagons two abreast and were frequently surrounded by In- dians. At night they chained their wagons to- gether in a circle and every man slept under his wagon with his rifle ready to be used in the de- fense of his life, family and property, and a guard was maintained all night long. About the time they reached Fort Laramie the terrible Indian massacre occurred there. The Indians flocked to the fort in large numbers to receive the pres- ents which were annually given them, and some of their number killed a white man's cow. Com- plaint was made to the soldiers and an officer was sent to the chief to demand the delivery of the culprits. The officer, however, was intoxicated, and told the Indian that he would blow his head off if the guilty parties were not instantly de- livered. The chief stood there, and with a wave of his hand called attention to the large number of his followers, saying, "If you shoot me you will be instantly killed." The officer repeated his threat and killed the chief, and at this the Indians killed the officer. Then the Indians charged the fort, killed every soldier, helped themselves to the presents, and destroyed everything they did not want. Mr. Parkinson was then ten miles west of the fort, and when his party heard of the massacre they expected to all be killed. However, they divided the company into two sections, and Mr. 698 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Parkinson, having a mule team, was sent in the lead of the first section. They drove all night and made the best possible time to get out of the reach of the excited savages. After a hard jour- ney across the plains they at length arrived safely in Salt Lake City, where stood the little houses which had been built by the first emigrants. Mr. Parkinson aided in building the Temple. A canal was constructed on which to float the rock from the quarry toward the building. After his work there was completed our subject located at Keysville, twenty-five miles north of Salt Lake City, where for the first time he engaged in farm- ing. It was very hard to obtain water there, however, and in 1859, with two or three others, he started to seek a better location. Crossing the mountains to Hunsaker valley, they arrived at the present site of Wellsville, and found that the land there had been mostly claimed, so Mr. Parkinson continued on to Logan, then a town of four or five houses, while two or three more were being builded at Providence and at Smithfield. In the spring of 1860 an attempt was made to start a town at Richmond, but the company came to the present site of Franklin and being so well pleased with the country they sent for their families, and soon about fifty families were here gathered, and the work of building houses in the form of a hol- low square was begun. Mr. Parkinson, Thomas Smart and Mr. Sanderson were appointed to sur- vey the land. They had no compass, and the lines were run by means of the north star. The land was surveyed in five and ten acre lots, the latter to be used for farming purposes, the former for meadow land, and who should occupy these was decided by casting lots, the most perfect har- mony prevailing through it all. After this the town property was surveyed in one and a quarter acre lots and the substantial residences that now compose the town were erected on these. In the fall President Young visited Franklin, named the place and appointed Preston Thomas as bishop. A log school-house was erected and was also used for a meeting-house. Mr. Parkinson and Mr. Smart built the first sawmill and then furnished the lumber for the town. The former also started a little store and brought his goods from Salt Lake, a distance of one hundred and ten miles, carrying produce to that place and returning with merchandise. He also procured the first thresh- ing machine seen in the locality. It was a chaff- piler and another machine followed to clean up the grain. In 1869 or 1870 a co-operative store was established, a branch of the great co-opera- tive store at Salt Lake City, from which place they obtained their goods. The citizens took stock and divided the profits, which made the goods very cheap. Shares were sold at ten dol- lars each, everyone got the goods at the same price, and each family was expected to own at least one share. The store was controlled by a board of directors, and Mr. Parkinson was elected its manager, carrying on the business for fifteen years, after which his sons William and Franklin, in turn, acted as superintendent for a number of years. In the meantime other stores were established and a proposition was made to unite them all, which resulted in the formation of The Oneida Mercantile Union, which has con- tinued to carry on business to the present time, Mr. Parkinson serving as one of its directors from the beginning. In 1879 he went to the east to procure machin- ery for the first woolen mill built in the state, making his purchases mostly in Buffalo, New York, and the mill was started in the spring of 1880. In 1893 he engaged in the sheep-raising business, but the price of wool steadily declined for some time, and it was difficult to realize any- thing from his business. He persevered, how- ever, and since the advance in wool has been meeting with good success, recently selling out at a good profit. Mr. Parkinson has been a Republican since the organization of the party, but has never sought nor desired office. In his church he has been a useful and valued' member, and has served as teacher, elder, a seventy, and as bishop's coun- selor at Franklin. In 1873 he went as a mission- ary to Arizona, for the purpose of colonizing that territory, and was there five months, but it be- came so dry that the settlement had to be aban- doned, although the original plan has since been accomplished. He is still bishop's counselor and has been an honored patriarch in the church for years. By his first wife Mr. Parkinson had the follow- ing named children: Samuel C., now a promi- nent citizen of Franklin; William C., president of the Pocatello stake; Charlotte C., the twin sis- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 699 ter of William C., and now the wife of William Pratt ; George C., president of the Oneida stake ; Franklin C., who is engaged in the sheep busi- ness; Esther C., wife of Henry T. Rogers; Clara C., who became the wife of Charles Goaslind, and died January 20, 1897; Caroline C., present wife of Charles Goaslind. In 1867 Mr. Parkinson was married to Miss Charlotte Smart, daughter of Thomas Smart, a highly respected pioneer of Franklin, and their children are as follows: An- nie S., wife of Ossian L. Packer; Lucy S., wife of Charles Lloyd; Joseph S.; Frederick S., who is now on a mission in the northeastern states; Leona S., wife of Walter Monson; Bertha S., wife of Nephi Larson; Eva S., Hazel S., Nettie S. and Vivian S., all at home. In 1869 he mar- ried Miss Maria Smart, a sister of his second wife, and they have been blessed with the follow- ing children: Thomas; Samuel S.; Luella S., wife of Matthias F. Cowley, an apostle in the Church of the Latter Day Saints; Arabella S., wife of Robert Daines; Sarah Ann S., wife of George T. Marshall, Jr.; Olive S., wife of Ezra Monson; Edmund S., who is now on a mission in the southern states; Clarence S.; Susan S.; Hazen S. ; Henry S., who died at the age of thir- teen years; Cloe S., who died in infancy; Lenora S., who also died at infancy; and Glenn S., who completes the family. In all there were thirty- three children, of whom twenty-seven are living. There are sixty-nine grandchildren and six great- grandchildren. All of the members of this num- erous family are highly respected citizens of Ida- ho, and Mr. Parkinson is entitled to great credit for the manner in which he has reared and edu- cated his children. Mr. Parkinson is a polygamist in his religious faith and has followed the dictates of his own conscience. In 1879 he was arrested, tried and acquitted. In 1886 he was again arrested for the same alleged offense, taken to Blackfoot, exam- ined by the grand jury and held for trial. He acknowledged in a most manly way that he had three wives and thirty children, and that he had been married to the last wife over twenty years. His lawyer defended him in a speech in which he stated that Mr. Parkinson was a pioneer citizen of the state, of the very highest respectability, and had been a potent factor in the development and improvement of the county. Mr. Parkinson then asked the judge if he might speak. He said he loved his family all of them as much as any man could; that he had entered into a solemn covenant with them to take care of them; that they were his for time and for eternity, and he would suffer himself to be hung between the heavens and the earth before he would either deny or forsake them. Judge Hayes then said: "You have left me no alternative but to convict you," and sentenced him to six months in the state penitentiary and imposed a three hundred dollar fine, but told the warden to treat Mr. Par- kinson well and not to shave him, and remarked that when he visited Boise he would go and see him. Mr. Parkinson thanked the judge and went to the penitentiary, where he served out his time, but was allowed a month off for good be- havior, after which he returned to his family and friends. In 1884 he built a large and commo- dious residence in Franklin, and there the good pioneer and patriarch, surrounded by his numer- ous family, is spending the evening of a faithful and exceedingly useful life, enjoying the high es- teem of a host of warm friends. PETER DONNELLY. Among the prominent pioneer miners of Silver City we should mention this highly esteemed citizen of Dewey, Owyhee county. He is a na- tive of Ireland, born in county Longford, Octo- ber 31, 1833. In 1840 his parents emigrated to the New World, settling in Rhode Island, and young Peter was brought up in the city of Provi- dence. He arrived in California in the spring of 1853 ar >d for several years followed placer-min- ing, in all the prominent diggings of that state. Upon the discovery of gold at Oro Fino he was among the first to arrive there, in April, 1862, and engaged in furnishing the miners with meat. He arrived in Idaho basin in March, 1863, and in June following came to the vicinity of Silver City, as a member of the company headed by Captain Michael Jordan. The packers then at the gulch were Cyrus Iby, Dr. Rood (one of the original discoverers), Jack Reynolds and a Mr. Boon. A man named Thompson whipsawed the lumber and made and set the first flumes. Mr. Donnelly and his partner, Michael Jordan, set an Indian- head on the top of a pole at the camp, which be- came the occasion of the place being called 700 HISTORY OF IDAHO. "Skull Camp." Another partner was a man named Charles Skinner. They together opened the wagon road to Snake river, having first ob- tained from the territorial legislature a charter, which had a life of fifteen years. The toll on this road was three dollars for a pair of horses and wagon, one dollar for a horse and carriage, and twenty-five cents for a saddle-horse. At the same time the company were engaged in running the mines and made a great amount of money. Swalley Nelson was the first discoverer of the quartz mines here, in October, 1863; next was the discovery of the Oro Fino and the Morning Star, on the War Eagle mountain. Mr. Fogus, who also was a partner in these discoveries, sold two-thirds of his interest to Marion More. Mr. Donnelly has been connected with Colonel Dew- ey in many business enterprises, and he is an en- thusiastic friend of the Colonel ; they are indeed fast friends. Mr. Donnelly is uniformly repre- sented to be a whole-souled, generous and liberal man and a good representative of the early set- tlers of Idaho. WALTER CLARK. Walter Clark, now the leading merchant of Ketchum, is numbered among the honored pio- neers of Idaho of 1863, and for more than forty- five years has been closely identified with the de- velopment of the northwest, having taken up his residence in Oregon in 1853. I 11 * a w ''d re- gion infested by Indians and by ruffianly white men, the forests standing in their primeval grand- eur, the mountains still holding their rich treas- ures, he came and established his home. He was one of the vanguard of civilization, and has borne an important part in opening up this region to industry and commerce. Few men of the north- west are more widely known in this section of the Union than Walter Clark, and to--day, in his pleasant home in Ketchum, he is enjoying the comfortable competence that has come to him as the result of years of honest toil. Mr. Clark was born in Iowa, October 10, 1840, and is of English and German ancestry. He lost his parents when only five years of age, and knows little of them save that his father was Jacob Clark, and that they resided in Danville, Lee county, Iowa. He lived with J. S. Reland until he was thirteen years of age, when, in 1853, he crossed the plains to Oregon, with W. C. Myer. They crossed the Missouri river May 10, 1853, and arrived at Rogue river on the 3d of September following. He had but little oppor- tunity to attend school and may be called a self- educated as well as self-made man. In the school of experience, however, he has learned many valuable lessons, and is now a man of broad, practical knowledge, thoroughly in touch with the interests of his town, state and nation. In his youth he eagerly accepted any employment that offered, working for some time on a ranch and at herding cattle. In 1863 he came to Idaho basin, driving a pack train, and in 1864 went to Montana. For twenty-five years he engaged in the packing business, owning from fifty to seven- ty-five mules, utilized in hauling the goods to the different destinations. Two of those mules, which he obtained when he began packing in 1864, he turned loose at Ketchum in 1887, they having rendered him faithful service twenty- three years. He sent his pack trains into British Columbia, Montana and Idaho, and did an ex- cellent business. He never had an animal stolen by the Indians and they never attacked him, not- withstanding they committed many murders and depredations all around him. On the I2th of May, 1881, Mr. Clark came to Ketchum, bringing with him his pack train. He became connected with the very rich mining interests of the Wood river valley, and although he continued packing for some time he also be- came a part owner of -the Carrie mine, on Smoky mountain. From this he and his partners took out over one hundred thousand dollars in silver and lead, and on December 25, 1886, they sold the mine for one hundred and five thousand dol- lars. Mr. Clark is now the owner of a gold mine in Joseph county, Oregon, and in 1887 he began merchandising at Ketchum, in partnership with Mr. Comstock. They soon secured an extensive patronage, and erected a large two-story brick store, twenty-eight by one hundred feet. In 1889 Mr. Tague bought out Mr. Comstock's interest, and the firm of Clark & Tague carried on opera- tions until 1892, when Mr. Clark purchased his partner's interest, since which time he has been sole proprietor of the leading store in Ketchum. He enjoys a large trade from the surrounding country and derives therefrom a good income. HISTORY OF IDAHO. 701 In the winter of 1887-8 Mr. Clark was united in marriage to Miss C. Dallarhide, a native of Austin, Nevada, and they now have one daugh- ter, Ollie. Mrs. Clark is a valued member of the Episcopal church. They have a pleasant and commodious home in Ketchum and are highly esteemed throughout the community. Mr. Clark is independent in both politics and religion, and is a thoroughly honorable and reliable business man. He certainly deserves great credit for his success in life, for since a very early age he has been dependent entirely upon his own resources and has won his fortune through earnest, diligent effort. JAMES H. BEAN, M. D. James H. Bean, M. D., has attained a distinc- tive position in connection with the medical fra- ternity of southern Idaho, and is now successfully engaged in practicing in Pocatello, where he also conducts a drug store. Realizing the importance of the profession, he has carefully prepared him- self for his chosen life-work, and spares no effort that will further perfect him along that line. By the faithful performance of each day's duty he finds inspiration and added strength for the la- bors of the next, and his marked skill has secured him prestige as the representative of one of the most important professions to which man may direct his energies. Dr. Bean is a native of Boston, Massachusetts, born October 23, 1856, of Scotch-Irish ancestry. His father, James Bean, was born in London, England, and there married Miss Harriet Har- vey. In 1856 they came to the United States, locating in Boston, where the father engaged in business as a florist for a time. Later he was connected with the coal trade for twenty-five years, and is now living retired, at the advanced age of eighty years. In 1876 he was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died in her fifty-seventh year. They were consistent mem- bers of the Episcopal church, and people of genu- ine worth, who won the warm regard of all with whom they came in contact. In their family were nine children, eight of whom are living. The Doctor was educated in the schools of Medford, Massachusetts, and began the study of medicine with an army physician, after which he entered the medical department of Dartmouth College, in New Hampshire, and was graduated in the class of 1873. Desiring to still further per- fect himself for his chosen calling, he then ma- triculated in the Jefferson Medical College, in Philadelphia, where he was graduated in 1877. For a year thereafter he practiced in a hospital in that city and then removed to Denver, Colorado, where he remained until 1882. In that year he came to Idaho as assistant surgeon of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, in which capacity he served for fifteen years, and in addition carried on a large general practice, being located first at Eagle Rock, whence he came to Pocatello in 1888. He is well versed in the science of medi- cine and is very capable in every department of the practice, ranking second to none in this part of the state. His special interest, however, is in surgery, and he is very expert in that line. He has now a large and lucrative practice, and in ad- dition conducts a well appointed drug store, which adds not a little to his income. The Doctor also has a pleasant home in Poca- tello, which is presided over by the lady who be- came his wife in 1884, and who bore the maiden name of Delia Priestley. At that time she was a resident of Lawrence, Kansas. The Doctor and his wife attend the Episcopal church and are members of the Pocatello Society. The Doctor was made a Master Mason in Eagle Rock Lodge, No. 19, A. F. & A. M., at Eagle Rock, in 1885, is a charter member of the Idaho State Medical Association, and was one of the organizers of the Rocky Mountain Inter-state Medical Associa- tion. Among his professional brethren he occu- pies an enviable position, and both he and his estimable wife are highly regarded in social cir- cles. JOSEPH F. GRIFFIN. For more than a half century Joseph F. Grif- fin, of Ketchum, has resided in the northwest. A native of Kentucky, he was born in Cumberland county, December 10, 1831. The family is of Scotch origin, and the first American progenitors were early settlers of South Carolina and partici- pants in many of the events which form the colon- ial history of the south. Jesse Griffin, the grand- father of our subject, was one of the pioneers of Kentucky, where occurred the birth of Burrell Bell Griffin, the father of Joseph. Having ar- rived at years of maturity he married Miss Sally Thogmorton, a native of Tennessee, and a rep- 702 HISTORY OF IDAHO. resentative of an old family of North Carolina. They became the parents of twelve children, eleven of whom reached years of maturity, while nine are still living. In 1852 the family crossed the plains to Oregon, and settled on the Rogue river, where they took up a government donation claim, upon which the parents spent their re- maining days. The father attained the age of seventy-three years, and the mother, surviving him two years, passed away at about the same age. They were members of the Christian church, and were held in the highest regard by their many friends. Mr. Griffin was educated in Missouri and Ore- gon. He was in his fifteenth year when he ar- rived in the latter state, and during his boyhood he alternated his lessons with farming and placer mining, early forming the habits of industry and diligence which have characterized his entire life and which have led to his success. From the government he secured a donation claim of three hundred and twenty acres of good land, and as a companion and helpmeet on life's journey he chose Miss Elizabeth Howard, their marriage be- ing celebrated in 1865. The lady is a daughter of James W. Howard. From that time on Mr. Griffin assiduously devoted himself to the task of acquiring a competence, in order to provide for the wants of his family, and his efforts have been crowned with a fair measure of success. Previously, however, he had rendered valuable service to the northwest in contests with the In- dians. He volunteered and fought in the Rogue river war, as a member of Captain Rice's com- pany, and later under command of Captain John S. Mills, a brother-in-law of our subject. They had an engagement with the Indians at Little Meadows, where one of the white men was- killed and three wounded. The fiercest Indian fight in which Mr. Griffin participated was at Thomp- son's Ferry, on Rogue river, where they attacked the red men, killing many of them, the loss to the volunteers being one killed and four wounded. Mr. Griffin was with his company when they at- tacked twenty-four Indians, killing twenty-one of them, while later two others were found dead. John Hailey located the party, and thirty-six white men surrounded their camp in such a way as to exterminate the whole band. This occurred in December, and several of the white men froze their feet while waiting for daylight, in order to make the attack. On another occasion it was found that old John's band, eighty strong, were in three cabins. The volunteers sent to Fort Lane for a howitzer, but when it was being hauled to the place of action the mules rolled off the trail into Applegate river, and the shells were lost. They were then obliged to send back to the fort for more shells, and it was evening before they were brought to the volunteers. Loading, they fired at the cabins and two Indians were killed, but the darkness prevented further action that night, and in the morning it was found that the Indians had escaped. In the war Mr. Griffin furnished his own horse and equipment, for which, in 1863, the government paid him forty- four dollars and forty-four cents in greenbacks. In 1866 he went to Payette, Idaho, and ac- cepted a position as division agent of the stage line owned by John Hailey. Late'r he engaged in farming at Payette, raising hay and grain. In 1882 he came to what was then Alturas county, now Elaine county, and took up one hundred and sixty acres of government land, three miles up the river from Ketchum. He built a residence there, and has since engaged in dairy farming, but in the meantime has also erected a home in Ketchum, where he and his estimable wife spend the winter, while in the summer months they re- side on the farm. They formerly sold butter at fifty cents a pound and milk at seventy-five cents a gallon, and secured from their business a good income, having as high as twenty-five cows at one time. Mr. and Mrs. Griffin have reared an interesting family of children. The eldest daughter, Mary L., is now the wife of Fred Gooding, a prominent citizen of Shoshone; Sally W. married F. J. Stone, a druggist residing in Colfax, Washing- ton; Leona B. is a successful school-teacher, mak- ing her home with her parents; and Leonora, the youngest, is also teaching school. The fam- ily attend the Methodist church and are people of the highest respectability, enjoying the warm re- gard of many friends throughout the community. In his political associations Mr. Griffin is a Dem- ocrat, and has taken an active part in the work of the party, doing all in his power to promote its growth and insure its success. While in Ada county he was elected and served as a member of HISTORY OF IDAHO. 703 the territorial legislature. Through his business interests and his experiences in Indian warfare, he has largely promoted the development of his region, and as one of its valued citizens well de- serves representation in this volume. ABNER E. CALLAWAY. The old adage that "truth is stranger than fiction" finds exemplification in the annals of the northwest. The most marvelous characters of the novelist cannot exceed in courage and daring the hardy pioneers who have opened up this vast region to the advance of civilization. Traveling across the hot, arid, sandy plains, climbing the steep mountains, threading their way through dense forests of towering trees, they came to this land of the "silent, sullen people," whose hostility made existence most uncertain, and here they have established homes, churches and schools, developed the rich agricultural and min- eral resources of the country and thus carried the sunlight of civilization into the dark places of the land. The tales of their hardships and trials, however, can never be adequately told. They left comfort and luxury behind them to face difficulties, dangers and perhaps death ; they labored on, day after day, uncomplainingly, and the present generation is enjoying the prosperity made possible through their 'efforts. To them is due a debt of gratitude that can never be re- paid, but their names will be enduringly inscribed on the pages of history and their memories will be revered long after they have passed from earthly scenes. Among the honored pioneers of Idaho is Abner Early Callaway, who has borne his full share in the work of development and progress, who has experienced the trials and braved the dangers of frontier life, and who is now living retired at his pleasant home in Caldwell. He came to Idaho in 1861 and has since been inti- mately connected with its growth and upbuilding. He was born in Boone county, Missouri, March 5, 1823, and is descended from some of Virginia's oldest and best families, including the Lees and the Earlys. His grandfather on the paternal side was a captain in the Revolutionary war and loyal- ly aided in the struggle for independence. His maternal grandfather, John Markham, was a colonel in the colonial army and married an aunt of Jubal Early. The father of our subject was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, and married Miss Catharine Markham, removing with his family to Missouri in 1820. They were the parents of nine children, only three of whom are yet living: William T., a resident of Ventura county, Cali- fornia; Thomas Henry, of Boise, Idaho; and Abner Early, the immediate subject of this re- view. The last named was reared in Missouri, at a time when it was largely a wilderness, and as the public-school system had not been estab- lished he was obliged to acquire an education as best he might. In the school of experience he has learned many valuable lessons, and has gained a broad practical knowledge as the lessons of life have been unfolded before him. The labors of his father's farm largely occupied his time and attention in youth, and in 1846 he drove a team for Sterling Price, in the Mexican war, and served as hospital steward in Mexico for six months. In 1847 ne returned to his home, and on the 6th of May, 1849, started for California with a company, among the number being G. W. Grierson, who became one of the most celebrated miners of the Golden state. They reached San Diego in November, thence went to San Fran- cisco and on to the mines at Placerville. There Mr. Callaway engaged in mining at the old camp at Hangtown, making money very rapidly, but he afterward sunk it in other mining ventures. None, however, was squandered in gambling and other forms of dissipation often so common among the miners, for his record is one which contains no blotted pages. In 1861 he came to Idaho, attracted by the gold discoveries at Flor- ence, later made his way to the southern part of the territory, and in September, 1862, arrived in the Boise basin. That winter all the supplies had to be transported from the Columbia river on pack animals. Many people suffered for want of provisions, as it was difficult to get them, owing to the depredation of Indians. The red men at length grew so troublesome that a company of one hundred men was formed to fight and subdue them. Mr. Callaway was among the number, and for three or four months they were actively engaged in keeping the Indians in check. Many a "red devil," as he called them, fell before his trusty rifle, and he also served in the war with the 704 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Modocs and in the Rogue river war. He saw the remains of so many white men who had been scalped and mutilated by the relentless savages that he came to the conclusion that they could best be subdued by turning their own methods of warfare against them. Therefore he took many a scalp, and has probably killed more Indians than any other pioneer now living. The greatest hardships were endured by this little band of volunteer soldiers, who banded to protect their interests and their homes. For several weeks they were obliged to live on Cayuse horse-flesh only, and to fight every day. To our subject is due the credit of killing the notorious savage, Blackfoot. With his companions he drew near the Indian camp in the night, and while waiting for daybreak, Mat Bledsoe, one of his com- panions, said, "We don't know what will happen, but I will bet you the whisky on which of us will draw the first blood." At the dawn Mr. Calla- way crept up near Blackfoot's tent, and when the first gun was fired the Indian jumped out, Mr. Callaway knocked him down, scalped him and then shot him. Then he threw the scalp in the air and claimed the bet. As years passed the Indians were subdued and left for other districts. The white man advanced, bringing all the comforts and accessories of civil- ization ; mines were developed, ranches stocked with cattle, farms and orchards cultivated, towns and villages sprung up, and the wonderful work of transformation was carried forward until the Idaho of to-day bears little resemblance to the wild region of thirty-five years ago, owing to the efforts of the honored pioneers and enterprising business men. Mr. Callaway took up one hundred and sixty acres of land, in what was then Ada county, but is now Canyon county, entering the tract from the government, and for some years he was engaged in its cultivation. It now lies within the corporation limits of Caldwell and has become very valuable. There our subject resides in a home of his own building, enjoying the rest which he has so truly earned and richly deserves. He has been prominently identified with the public affairs of Idaho through its terri- torial days and the period of its statehood and has always given his political support to the Democratic party. In 1865 he was chosen a member of the territorial legislature. He served for two terms in the senate and since that time has been six or seven times elected to the lower house. Nature endowed him with a strong mind and excellent abilities, and he is an effective speaker. His mental and physical powers are remarkably well preserved, notwithstanding he has passed the seventy-sixth milestone on life's journey. He had the honor of making the speech which resulted in the organization of the Pioneer Society of Idaho, and he has a very warm place in his heart for all the worthy pioneers who shared with him in the dangers and privations attendant upon the settlement of Idaho, the Gem of the Mountains. In the spring of 1870 Mr. Callaway was mar- ried to Miss Mary Jane -Fulton, of Ohio, who in an early day came with her people to this state. Five children have been born of this union: Abner Kenton, a mine owner and operator; Ellen, at home; Kittie Lee, wife of Ewin Hed- den; Frances Early and Mariamne. Mr. Calla- way and his family are members of the Christian church. He was made a Mason in Eureka Lodge, .No. 16, of Auburn, California, in 1851, and is held in the highest esteem by his brethren of the fraternity, as well as by all with whom he has been brought in contact in other walks of life. His career has been an honorable and upright one, and now, in the evening of life, he can look back over the past without regret. He has per- formed a noble work for himself and his fellow men by taking part in the development of the northwest, has left the impress of his individuality upon the legislation of the state, and has inscribed his name high on the roll of Idaho's eminent and honored citizens. ERVIN W. JOHNSON. For many years actively connected with the development and progress of different sections of this state, Mr. Johnson is now the proprietor oi the Overland Hotel, in Boise, and is regarded as one of the most popular and best known citizens of Idaho. A native of Ottumwa, Iowa, he was born March 17, 1857, a son of William W. and Eliza A. (Myers) Johnson. His father, a native of Indiana, born in 1829, died in Ottumwa, Iowa, in 1867, and his wife, who was born in Botetourt county, Virginia, also departed this life in Iowa. By profession Mr. Johnson was a portrait-painter HISTORY OF IDAHO. 705 and sketch artist. In 1852 he went to California, but after two years returned to Iowa and was for some time engaged in the hotel and mercan- tile business in Salem, that state. In 1858 he joined a company bound for Pike's Peak, but later again returned to Iowa, and at the outbreak of the civil war he enlisted in the Seventh Iowa Infantry, as a private. In the first engagement in which he took part, the battle of Belmont, he was seriously wounded, the injury resulting in his death a few years afterward. Having been wounded, he was taken to Camp Butler, Illinois, and it was there, after his partial recovery, that he painted the first panorama of the war. He thus delineated many of the noted engagements of the Rebellion, including the naval battle be- tween the Monitor and the Merrimac. These pictures were done in oil and were eight by twelve feet in dimensions. He also painted the portrait of Richard Yates, the war governor of Illinois, and portraits of other notable person- ages. Ervin W. Johnson began his education in the public schools and later entered Whittier Col- lege, at Salem, Iowa, where he pursued his studies for two years. He entered upon his busi- ness career as an apprentice, serving a five-years term at the jeweler's trade, after which, in 1877, he went to East Bend, Kansas, where he em- barked in the jewelry business on his own ac- count. He successfully conducted his store at that point until 1880, when he removed to Chi- cago, and later went to St. Louis, Missouri, where he remained until 1882, when, having learned of the mining excitement in the Wood river country in Idaho, he came to this state and for some time engaged in prospecting and ranching. In 1883 Mr. Johnson was appointed by Presi- dent Arthur to the position of postmaster of Bellevue, Idaho, acceptably serving until 1885, when he engaged in mining in what is now known as the Hailey gold belt. About this time, however, a lucrative position was offered him at Leadville, Colorado, which he accepted and filled until the autumn of 1886, when he returned to Idaho. The same fall he was nominated for the office of assessor of Alturas county. He was a very prominent factor in political interests there, exerting a marked influence in public af- fairs. While chairman of the Alturas county Republican central committee he was instru- mental in forming a fusion between the Demo- crats and Republicans, and thereby caused the defeat of the Populist ticket, which two years before had gained an overwhelming majority. Having been unanimously chosen as the nominee of the fusion forces for a position in the state legislature, he was elected, and in the session of 1894-5 represented Alturas county in the law- making assembly of Idaho. As a member of that body he introduced a bill for the creation of Blaine county, which is now one of the legal sub- divisions of the state. He was one of the earnest supporters of George L. Shoup in his candidacy for the United States senate: When Mr. Johnson failed of election to the office of assessor, he turned his attention to the hotel business, becoming proprietor of the Al- turas Hotel at Hailey, which he successfully conducted until 1889, when he became the man- ager of the Hailey electric-light works. He was also made the manager of the Rocky Mountain Bell Telephone Company, and with those enter- prises he was associated until 1894. In 1895 he was appointed chief state land-inspector and se- lector of state lands, in which capacity he con- tinued until the change in the state administra- tion, in 1897, when he returned to the hotel bus- iness, as proprietor of the famous Overland Hotel, in Boise. He is conducting one of the best hostelries in the northwest, and his earnest desire to please his patrons, and the excellent entertainment furnished, have made him very popular with the traveling public. Mr. Johnson was one of the originators of the Idaho Inter-mountain Fair, of which he was the director-general for the year 1897-8. Through the instrumentality of that organization the in- terests of the state have been largely promoted and her resources advertised. Mr. Johnson has also done much to secure and advance the devel- opment of the mineral resources of the common- wealth, and, in fact, at all times gives a hearty support to every measure intended for the public good. In politics he continued an uncompro- mising Republican until 1896, since which time he has been a firm believer in and supporter of the silver theory as advocated by William Jen- nings Bryan. 706 HISTORY OF IDAHO. In 1888, in Hailey, Idaho, Mr. Johnson was united in marriage to Miss Louise Crane, and they have three daughters: Laura, Helen and Miriam. Socially Mr. Johnson is connected with the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, the Knights of Pythias and the Modern Wood- men of the World. He is a gentleman of distinct personality, of genial manner and courteous de- portment and has made rnany friends throughout the state. WILLIAM T. REEVES. William T. Reeves, a prominent lawyer of Idaho, residing at Pocatello, was born at Kinkle- ville, Kentucky, January 21, 1855, and is of Scotch-Irish ancestry, a combination which everywhere and always produces good citizens and has given to America many of her best and greatest men. George Reeves, Mr. Reeves' pa- ternal grandfather, emigrated from Ireland and brought his wife with him. They had four sons and three daughters. William Harrison Reeves, Mr. Reeves' father, was born in Richmond, Vir- ginia, and married Miss Penelope B. White, a native of Tennessee. While he was a mere boj his father removed with his family to Kentucky, and there he was reared and educated and wooed and won his wife. He died at the age of seventy- eight, she at sixty-one, and their neighbors in Kentucky, among whom they passed their busy and useful lives, bore testimony to their high character and the beneficent quality of the influ- ence they exerted upon the community. William T. Reeves was educated in the com- mon schools and in the college at Blandville, Kentucky. He read law at Blandville, under the direction of an older brother, then established in professional work, and was duly admitted to the bar in 1875. After ten years' successful practice of his profession in his native state, he took up his residence at Eagle Rock, now Idaho Falls, Idaho, in 1885. Eagle Rock was then a leading railway town, and his success there was encour- aging, but inducements were made to him to re- move to Blackfoot. After ten years at Blackfoot he was for two years at Boise City. In 1894 he located at Pocatello, where he has built up a very satisfactory practice. He has become known throughout the state as a lawyer of effective abil- ity and unswerving integrity. He has some con- siderable real-estate investments at Pocatello and at Boise City. Mr. Reeves has been a lifelong Democrat, and since coming to Idaho has taken an active and influential interest in state politics. He has been the nominee of his party for the office of district judge, and has twice been nom- inated for attorney general of the state. In suc- cessive campaigns he has done much efficient work for his party and he enjoys a wide reputa- tion as a forceful and convincing speaker on political questions. Mr. Reeves was married to Miss Jennie T. Thomas, a native of Kentucky, daughter of Quincy Thomas. They have six children: George W., Charles R., Ellen G., Mae, Simrell and William F., Jr. Mrs. Reeves is a member of the Christian church. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and is past grand of his lodge. He takes a deep interest in every movement at Pocatello tending to the pub- lic good and is a liberal supporter of every public project which has the endorsement of his judg- ment. ROBERT McCLOUD GWINN. In the early development of Idaho this honored citizen of Caldwell came to, the territory to preach the gospel among those who were isolated from the interests and advantages of the east. He was the first representative of the Methodist ministry in the territory and continued his labors for many years, but is now living retired. A man of ripe scholarship and marked executive ability, one whose life has been consecrated to the cause of the Master and to the uplifting of men, there is particular propriety in directing at- tention to his life history, as it has left so great an impress upon the development of the state. A native of Westmoreland county, Pennsyl- vania, he was born on the 5th of June, 1833, an d is of Scotch descent. His grandfather, John Gwinn, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, and after residing for a time in county Tyrone, Ireland, crossed the Atlantic to America, when this coun- try was a part of the British colonial possessions. He brought with him from the Emerald Isle letters from the pastor of his church, certifying to his high Christian character : also a letter from the member of the house of burgesses of his town in county Tyrone. Here he placed his mem- bership in the Covenanters' church, and by his upright life sustained the reputation which he had HISTORY OF IDAHO. 707 borne in the old church in Ireland. At the time when British oppression became intolerable he joined the colonists in their struggle for inde- pendence, and gallantly fought for liberty, under command of General Washington, until the close of hostilities. After receiving an honorable dis- charge he located on the present site of the city of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, owning there a valu- able farm of four hundred and ninety acres of land. The old bombazine pocket-book which he carried throughout the Revolution, and which now contains his war record, was found in a secret drawer of an old bureau that had long been in the family, and is now in possession of our subject a rare and valuable relic, highly prized by Rev. Gwinn. Although the paper is much faded and worn, the ink with which the record is written still remains undimmed. This honored Revolutionary hero lived to the ad- vanced age of eighty-eight years, and therefore witnessed a large share of the development of the republic which he had aided to establish. He married Miss Mary McCloud, a lady of Scotch birth, of fine education and amiable character, who died in her seventy-sixth year. They had a family of three sons and three daughters. Their son, John Gwinn, Jr., father of our sub- ject, was born in Maryland, in 1781. He was very industrious, and followed farming in West- moreland county, Pennsylvania, for many years. He served as a magistrate and was a member of the Seceder church. His wife departed this life in her forty-second year, but he reached the ad- vanced age of ninety-four years. Of their family of four sons and two daughters only two are now living. Robert McCloud Gwinn spent his boyhood days in his parents' home, acquired his literary education in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, afterward read law and was admitted to the bar. He and his wife were found among the loyal adherents of the Union cause. in the war of the Rebellion. Mr. Gwinn enlisted in his country's service as a member of Company I, Thirty-second Iowa Sharpshooters, and continued to defend the stars and stripes and the cause they represented until the flag was planted in the capital of the Con- federacy. His wife, too, labored for the nation, spending two and a half years in the south as a member of the United States sanitary commis- sion, and devoting her life to the care of the sick and wounded. Many a soldier has reason to bless her memory for her tender ministrations, and many a life was undoubtedly saved through her careful nursing. After the war Rev. Robert M. Gwinn, returned to the north, and in 1866 was converted, while attending a great camp-meeting held at Cherry Run, in Clarion county, Pennsylvania. In 1870 he was ordained to the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church and joined the Southern Illi- nois conference. In 1872 he went to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he jnet Bishop Foster and seventeen ministers of his denomination, whom he assisted in forming the Rocky Mountain con- ference of the Methodist Episcopal church. Rev. Gwinn was assigned the territory of Idaho as his mission field, and made his way to Boise, where the same year he organized the first Methodist church in the state. For some time he acted as its pastor and also traveled over the state, preach- ing, and organizing the representatives of Meth- odism into congregations. His labors were a source of great good, holding in check much of the lawlessness that often exists in newly devel- oped regions, and strengthening the faith and works of the earnest Christian people who upheld law, order and righteousness. There were many hardships and trials to be borne by Rev. and Mrs. Gwinn in their work, and their journey from Salt Lake City to Idaho had been one of peculiar difficulty, after which Mrs. Gwinn was seriously ill for some time. They labored on, however, and the cause of morality and Christianity was greatly advanced through their zeal and consecrated effort. During the winter after his arrival Rev. Gwinn served as chaplain of the territorial legis- lature. He was the founder of the Methodist church in Caldwell, and through his instrumen- tality their tasteful house of worship was erected. He has now retired from the active work of the ministry and lives in a pleasant home in Caldwell, where he has won many warm friends. Unto Rev. and Mrs. Gwinn were born four children, three of whom are living: Montie B., general manager of the New York Life Insurance Company, with headquarters at Caldwell; Carrie, wife of H. D. Blatchley, the leading druggist of Caldwell; and James H., a merchant of La Grande, Oregon. Gertrude died in the twenty- 708 HISTORY OF IDAHO. third year of her age. For twenty-nine years Mr. Gwinn has been a faithful member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He was one of the organizers of the Republican party, has since been a stanch advocate of its prin- ciples, and is now serving, by appointment, as state fruit inspector of district No. 4, but has never been an aspirant for political honors or emoluments. He is a man of deep human sym- pathy and generous spirit, and he has devoted himself without ceasing to the interests of human- ity and to the furtherance of all good works. NELSON BUHL. For thirty years Nelson Buhl has engaged in farming and stock-raising in Idaho, and has met with a creditable and satisfactory success in his well directed efforts. His home farm, comprising four hundred acres of rich land, is pleasantly sit- uated northwest of Salubria, but in the valley he owns many other valuable tracts of land, and is thus prominently connected with the agricultural interests of this section of the state. Mr. Buhl is a native of Denmark, born Decem- ber 8, 1858, and when a child of only five years was brought to the United States by his parents, Bartlet and Anna Buhl, who located in Salt Lake City, Utah. There the father engaged in farming and also conducted a meat market until 1869, when he removed to the territory of Idaho. He was hardly established in his new home when,, on the 7th of August of that year, he was killed in a runaway. His widow and children, three in number, survive him, and j^rs. Buhl has now- reached the ripe old age of seventy-two years. To the public schools Mr. Buhl is indebted for the educational advantages which fitted him for the duties of a practical business life. When old enough he entered a claim of one hundred and sixty acres in Salubria valley, northwest of the present town of Salubria, and at once began to develop a farm. He erected some substantial buildings, and soon transformed the wild land into rich and fertile fields, to which he has added from time to time until now four hundred acres are included within the boundaries of his farm. He has also made judicious investments in land elsewhere, and is the owner of some very valuable property in the valley. He raises short-horn and Hereford cattle on an extensive scale, is a successful breeder of horses and hogs, and also raises large quantities of grain and hay. He has gained the reputation of being an experienced and successful stockraiser, and by his individual efforts has acquired a good property. Mr. Buhl was married to Miss Carrie B. Tay- lor, on the I2th of May, 1887. She was a native of Kansas and a daughter of S. H. Taylor, of Salubria. Four children were born of this union: Dollie, Use, Lester H. and Mabel. The mother departed this life August 19, 1897. She was spared to her family only a little more than ten years, and her loss was keenly felt, for she was an excellent wife and an indulgent, loving mother. In politics Mr. Buhl is a silver-Republican, but he gives his attention almost exclusively to his business interests, and by his diligence, care- ful management and straightforward business methods has won prosperity. He started out for himself with no capital save strong determination to succeed, and has steadily overcome all obsta- cles in his path and gained a place among the prosperous agriculturists and stock-raisers of the Salubria valley. HENRY H. ABERNATHY. There are few of the representative and re- spected men of Idaho whose residence in the state antedates that of Mr. Abernathy, who came to the territory thirty-seven years ago and has been identified with the development of the Salubria valley since 1868. The old Indian trails, the uncultivated lands, the unopened mines and the uncut forests then to be seen, all told that the work of civilization lay in the future, and the subject of this review has been one of the advance guard that has carried forward the work of progress and improvement until Idaho is, in- deed, the veritable "Gem of the Mountains." A native of Indiana, he was born September 10, 1834, and is of English and Scotch lineage, his ancestors having left the land of hills and heather and taken up their residence in Ken- tucky. John Abernathy, father of our subject, was born in Virginia, but when a young man removed to Ohio, where he married Sarah Mun- kester, a native of Pennsylvania. They removed to Indiana, where the father engaged in farming for a number of years, and then took his family HISTORY OF IDAHO. 709 to Wapello county, Iowa, where he carried on agricultural pursuits until his life's labors were ended in death, at the age of seventy years. He was an honest and industrious man who lived peaceably with his neighbors and never sued or was sued by any one in his life. He was seventy years of age at the time of his death, and his wife passed away in 1849, in her fifty-fifth year. They were consistent members of the Methodist church, and reared a family of ten children, seven of whom are living, the eldest being ninety years of age. After the death of his first wife the father was again married and by that union had four children. Henry Harrison Abernathy was the ninth in order of birth of the children of the first marriage He acquired the greater part of his education in the schools of Iowa, and in 1862 started across the plains, driving an ox team and traveling with a train composed of three hundred wagons. They were five months upon the road, but met with no misfortunes and experienced no hardships save those common to travel across the long stretches of hot sand. Arriving in Idaho, Mr. Abernathy and his brother Andrew engaged in mining on Pine creek, at a place which became known as the Abernathy mines, and each took out gold to the value of one thousand dollars. In 1864 they removed to the lower Weiser, where they entered land from the government. They built upon it and otherwise improved the property, and there made their home for some time. For a number of years while residing there our subject en- gaged in freighting from Idaho City to Umatilla, and also engaged in conducting a hotel at Far- well Bend, on Snake river. In .1868 he came to the Salubria valley and located one hundred and sixty acres of the rich and productive land, since which time he has devoted his energies to farming and stock-raising. His home is pleas- antly located three miles northeast of the town of Salubria, and he has one of the valuable farm- ing properties in this section of the state, the well tilled fields surrounding substantial buildings, while all the latest improvements and accessories of the model farm are there found. On the 1 4th of February, 1877, Mr. Abernathy was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth South, a native of California and a daughter of Samuel South, of Oregon. They have a son and two daughters: Martha Ellen, wife of Alex Allison, of Salubria; Harry, who is his father's assistant on the farm ; and Rhoda Jane, who acts as their housekeeper. Mr. Abernathy exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Re- publican party, with which he has affiliated since attaining his majority. His life has been well spent. He has met every obligation devolv- ing upon him, has faithfully performed every trust and by his fidelity to principle has com- manded the respect of all with whom he has come in contact. He has been prominently identified with the history of southern Idaho from its earliest development, when wild animals were far more numerous than the domestic stock of the farm-yard, when the Indians outnumbered the white settlers, and when pack horses provided the only means of transportation used. He takes just pride in the wonderful transformation which has since been wrought, placing the new state of Idaho on a par with many of much older growth. TEXAS ANGEL. Since the town of Hailey was hardly more than a collection of tents Texas Angel has been numbered among its citizens and has successfully engaged in the practice of law, winning many notable lawsuits wherein he has demonstrated the possession of legal powers of high order. A native of the Empire state, he was born in An- gelica, New York, October 19, 1839, and is a representative of one of the oldest families of New England. Hardly had the Mayflower de- posited its precious cargo upon the shores of America, at Plymouth Rock, when the ancestors of our subject, people of Welsh birth, also came to the New World, and Nathan Angel, from whom he traces descent, removed to Providence, Rhode Island, with Roger Williams, the apostle of religious liberty. William Angel, the grand- father of our subject, settled on Block Island, and there William Gardner Angel, the father, was born in 1790. In 1792 the family removed to Otsego, New York, where William G. Angel was educated, studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was twice elected to congress dur- ing the administration of President Jackson, and was a prominent figure in the public life of that locality. He also served as county judge and was 710 HISTORY OF IDAHO. surrogate of Albany county in 1852. In politics he was a stanch Democrat in early life, but was a lover of liberty, and when the question of slavery began to figure extensively in politics he joined the new Republican party, formed to pre- vent its further extension, and voted for Fre- mont in 1856. The family were Quakers and did not believe in war, but were strongly opposed to the oppression of human beings. Judge Angel was a man of the highest probity of character, honored and respected by all who knew him, and his death occurred in 1858, at the age of sixty- nine years. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Clarissa English, was a native of New Eng- land. Her people were pioneers of New York and located near Buffalo. Her death occurred when she had attained the ripe old age of seven- ty-three years. By her marriage she became the mother of twelve children, all but two of whom reached years of maturity, while five sons and a daughter are still living. All are highly respected and occupy prominent positions in the commu- nities in which they reside. Texas Angel was the youngest of the family. His father was a warm friend and admirer of General Sam Houston, president of the republic of Texas, and when that gentleman was at the height of his fame our subject was named in honor of the republic which he governed. In the Angelica Academy, in his native town, Texas Angel acquired his education, and in 1861, when the war cloud burst over the country and President Lincoln issued his call for volunteers, he offered his services, on the 22d of April, and was enrolled among the boys in blue of Com- pany I, Twenty-seventh New York Infantry, under command of Henry W. Slocum. They were at once ordered to the front, and partici- pated in the first battle of Bull Run, in which the regiment lost one hundred and five men in killed, wounded and missing. This was followed by the battle of West Point, where two of their number were killed, and then came the seven- days engagement at Gainesville, on the penin- sula, where they lost one hundred and seventy in killed, wounded and missing. The Twenty- seventh was also at White Oak Swamp and guarded the right flank at the battle of Malvern Hill, after which they returned to Harrison's Landing, where Mr. Angel was taken ill. There he was placed on a transport and sent to the West Philadelphia hospital. During his con- valescence he was granted a twenty-days fur- lough, but half of that time was consumed in making the journey to and from the south. He met his regiment between Fairfax and Alexan- dria, on the return from the second battle of Bull Run. They were then sent to Maryland and were on the left wing at the battle of South Mountain. After the battle of Antietam, they marched to Falmouth, opposite Fredericksburg, and there Mr. Angel was appointed commissary sergeant and promoted to the rank of second lieutenant of Company I, and later to first lieu- tenant, while during the march from Antietam to Fredericksburg he was appointed by the colonel as quartermaster of the regiment, contin- uing in that capacity until the close of his two- years term of service, which expired May 21, 1863. From that time until May, 1864, he was on recruiting service. In May of the latter year Mr. Angel went to California by way of the isthmus route, and on his arrival in San Francisco read law with the Hon. Samuel M. Wilson, being admitted to the bar, in Sacramento, April 3, 1866. In the fall of the same year he returned to Angelica, New York, and after visiting his old home and the scenes of his boyhood, established a law office in Jamestown, New York, where he remained for a year. On the expiration of that period he took up his residence in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, where he practiced his profession for ten and a half years, being for five years a partner of Levi M. Villars, brother of Senator Villars. He also served as district attorney and enjoyed an im- portant business, connecting him with the lead- ing litigation of the district. Mr. Angel was married while in Eau Claire, February 25, 1877, to Miss Mary E. Goodrich, and because of her health was obliged to seek a milder climate. Accordingly he returned to San Francisco, California, where he arrived in Sep- tember, 1877, there practicing law for five years. He then came to the booming new town of Hailey, which had been started only sixty days before. Most of the people were living in tents, but the place gave promise of becoming an im- portant center, owing to the recent gold discov- eries on Wood river. The town site was a beau- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 711 tiful and picturesque one, and Mr. Angel decided to remain and practice his profession in Elaine county. He has since materially assisted in the upbuilding of Hailey and is regarded as one oi its most valued and progressive citizens. He has lived to see many of his hopes concerning the new town realized, and has here a delightful home, celebrated for its hospitality, while the members of the household occupy an enviable position in social circles. In the family are three children, Richard M., the present county attor- ney of Elaine county; Mary Goodrich, at home; and Floyd D., who is attending school. On attaining his majority, Mr. Angel joined the ranks of the Republican party, and was one of its stanch advocates until 1892, when he sev- ered his allegiance thereto, on account of his op- posing views on the money question. He has since allied himself with the. Populist party and has been an active and efficient worker in its interests. He belongs to the Ancient Order of United Workmen and was made a Master Mason in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, in 1869. The greater part of his time and attention, however, are given to his professional duties. His devotion to his clients' interests is proverbial. His industry and Jionesty, coupled with his talents and ability, enable him to command a large clientage, and he has acquired a very extensive practice. He is well versed in all branches of the law, and his essentially clear mentality enables him to grasp at once the salient points in a case and to present them with unusual conciseness and directness. FRANCIS L. WILCOX. Francis Lazell Wilcox, a veteran of the civil war, is now engaged in agricultural pursuits in Oneida county, and is numbered among the pioneer settlers of Preston. A native of Pennsyl- vania, he was born in the town of Jackson, Sus- quehanna county, April i, 1840, his parents being Elan and Elvira (Bryant) Wilcox. The father was born in Brattleboro, 'Vermont, March 16. 1815, and in Jackson, Pennsylvania, married Miss Eryant, whose birth occurred April 13, 1821. He was an industrious, honest man, of good judg- ment and sterling worth, and for a number of years held the office of justice of the peace. He died March 9, 1889, at the age of seventy-four years, and his wife, who was a member of the Presbyterian church, died February 9, 1889, in the sixty-eighth year of her age. They were the parents of eleven children. Francis L. Wilcox, their eldest child, was edu- cated in the public schools of Pennsylvania and remained at home with his father, working on the farm, until twenty-three years of age, when, in answer to President Lincoln's call for volun- teers to put down the rebellion and hold aloft the flag which the Confederates would fain have trailed in the dust, he enlisted in Company K, Fifty-eighth Pennsylvania Infantry, January i, 1862. He served until June 25th of the same year, when, on account of illness, he was honor- ably discharged. Still the need for volunteers continued, and on the 6th of September, 1864, he re-enlisted, becoming a member of Company G, One Hundred and Eighty-fifth New York Infantry. During both terms he was with the Army of the Potomac, and shortly before the surrender of General Lee he was in a hotly con- tested engagement in which his clothes were pierced by eleven bullets, and a minie ball en- tered his leg. At the same time he was taken prisoner, and seven days had passed before his wound was dressed. The ball was then removed by a Confederate lieutenant, who cut it out with an old razor, causing the greatest pain. At length the Union men were recaptured by General Sheridan's cavalry and Mr. Wilcox was sent to the hospital in Washington, where he arrived on the day President Lincoln was buried. He was honorably discharged August 24, 1865, and with an honorable military record returned to his home. For two years thereafter he was forced to use a cane in walking, but he had the satis- faction of knowing that he had aided in the preservation of the Union and the perpetuation of the grandest republic the sun shines upon. As soon as he had sufficiently recovered his health Mr. Wilcox resumed the peaceful pursuits of the farm, carrying on agricultural pursuits in his native state until 1877, at which time he sold his property there and came to the west. He assisted in building the railroad to Preston and located one hundred and sixty acres of choice land in the beautiful valley, three-fourths of a mile west of the now prosperous town. Nathan Porter was then the only settler in this part of the county, and from that time to the present 712 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Mr. Wilcox has been an important factor in the substantial development and progress of this sec- tion of the state. On the 4th of April, 1866, Mr. Wilcox married Miss Secor, a native of Pennsylvania, who came with him to the west and has been to him a faithful companion and helpmeet on life's jour- ney. Together they have improved a splendid farm and have planted a fine grove of trees about their home, affording a delightful shade in sum- mer and protecting them from the chilling blasts of winter. A large barn and other excellent farm buildings stand as monuments to the thrift and enterprise of the owner, and his industry is attested by the well cultivated fields of wheat and other grains and alfalfa hay. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Wilcox have been born the following named chil- dren : Bryan D., a farmer ; Cora L., who became the wife of James Maughan and died in 1897 ; Francis Elon, who died in Salt Lake City, Febru- ary 7, 1879, in his sixth year; Herman Lazell, who died February 21, 1879, at the age of four years; Katie; Maggie Melvina; George; William Harvey and Carl. Mr. and Mrs. Wilcox were years ago converted to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and they and their family are now faithful members of the same. In politics Mr. Wilcox has been a lifelong Republican. He is a man of the highest re- spectability, and as a citizen is as loyal and true to the old flag to-day as when he followed the starry banner upon the battle-fields of the south. . JOHN B. WEST. John B. West, the register of the land office, at Lewiston, was born in Leicester, North Caro- lina, July 31, 1861. The family to which he be- longs is of English origin and its founders in America became residents of the south in colonial days and participated in the development of that part of the country, taking part in many of the events which go to form its history. Erwin West, the father of our subject, was a native of North Carolina and married Miss Caroline Dover, who was likewise born in that state. They had a family of fifteen children, eleven of whom are now living. The mother departed this life in 1898, at the age of sixty-seven years, but the father still resides on the old homestead, highly respected throughout the entire countryside where he has so long continued his residence. He owned an extensive plantation, and while not a slave-owner or a believer in slavery neither was he an abolitionist. His neighbors were slave- holders and he was willing that they should keep them, as he could see no feasible plan for doing away with the system. When the country became engaged in civil war, he was opposed to the severance of the Union, but such was the excite- ment and such was the pressure brought to bear on him that he was forced to join the Confederate forces. A number of his neighbors, however, who held views similar to his own, escaped to the north and joined the Union army to fight under the old flag. This so enraged the secessionists that they secured thirteen young boys, the sons of the Union men, stood them up in a row and shot them down. One of the boys begged not to be shot in the head, but 'his request was disre- garded, and the bullets pierced him in the same manner as they had the others. This so horrified and exasperated Mr. West that he resolved to fight on the side which had his sympathies and which he believed to be right. Accordingly at the first opportunity he escaped, and joined the Union forces, remaining as a follower of the stars and stripes until the close of the war. When peace was restored and his country saved, he returned to his southern home, where he is now passing the closing years of an upright and hon- orable life, a worthy and law-abiding patriot. John B. West, whose name introduces this record, having acquired his preliminary educa- tion in the public schools of North Carolina, sup- plemented it by study in the Weaverville Col- lege, and in the Wesleyan University. He studied law with Mayor W. H. Malone and J. S. Adams, of Asheville, North Carolina, and was admitted to the bar, having carefully prepared himself for the labors of his chosen profession. He received an appointment as internal revenue collector, and held that position until August 8, 1891, at which time he started for Moscow, Idaho, arriving at his destination on the i6th of the month. There he engaged in the practice of law with good suc- cess until April, 1898, when, through the instru- mentality of Senator Shoup, his warm personal friend, he was appointed by President McKinley to the position of register of the land office. He has always been a stalwart Republican, unwaver- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 713 ing in his allegiance to the party, and unfaltering in his support of its men and measures. He en- tered upon the duties of his office May 16, 1898, and is now filling the position in a most capable and acceptable manner. He served as chairman of the Latah county Republican central commit- tee for eight years, devoting much of this time and energy to the advancement of his party's interests, and his labors were most effective. In the discharge of his official duties he has ever been prompt and faithful, and no trust reposed in him has ever been betrayed. Socially Mr. West is connected with the Ma- sonic fraternity, the Modern Woodmen of the World and the Ancient Order of United Work- men, and he and his wife are members of the United Artisans. Mrs. West formerly bore the maiden name of Susan M. Henderson, and their marriage was celebrated May 17, 1889, at Car- lock, Tennessee. Their marriage has been blessed with a son and daughter, Bonnie Lee and James Everett. They have a nice home of their own in Moscow, and enjoy the confidence and esteem of a wide circle of friends. KEITH W. WHITE. Keith Wood White, a retired farmer now re- siding in Grangeville, is a natiye of the far-off state of Connecticut, his birth having occurred in the town of Ashford, Windham county, on the 1 5th of May, 1838. His ancestors came from old England and settled in New England at an early epoch in the history of this country, and there the family remained for several generations. Keith W. White, the father of our subject, was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, and married Catharine Farnum, a native of Connecticut. They became the parents of two children, and the father provided for their support by working as foreman in a cotton mill. He died in the thirty- eighth year of his age, and his wife passed away in her forty-eighth year. She was a member of the Congregational church. The subject of this review is now the only sur- vivor of the family. When six years of age he accompanied his parents on their removal to Ohio and was reared upon the home farm near Cleveland. He obtained his education in the public schools, and at the age of fourteen years began to earn his own livelihood, since which time he has been dependent upon his own re- sources. He removed to Ottawa, Illinois, and thence, in 1856, went to Nebraska, and in 1859 was among the first to cross the plains to Pike's Peak at the time of the gold discoveries there. His party arrived at their destination on the 28th of November, and Mr. White engaged in mining there, meeting with fair success. He afterward went to Montana, thence to British Columbia, then returned to Walla Walla, and in 1862 arrived in Elk City, Idaho, sothatheisnow numbered among the pioneer settlers of the state. He engaged in placer-mining there until 1873, in connection with five others, all of whom have now passed away. He dug the ditch in the Moose creek diggings, and his efforts at mining were crowned with gratifying success. In 1873 he came to Camas prairie, took up a government claim and engaged in stock-raising. He has four hundred acres of rich land on this beautiful prairie, and has transformed it into a fine farm, planting large orchards and making many other excellent improvements on the place. For a number of years he personally superintended the operation of his farm, but is now living a retired life in Grangeville, enjoying a rest which he has truly earned and richly deserves. In 1886 Mr. White was elected sheriff of Idaho county, and during his incumbency made his home in Mount Idaho, the county seat. He was also county assessor and also served for one term as deputy sheriff, during which time it was his unpleasant duty to aid in the execution of Walleck, who had been sentenced to death for the murder of a man at Warrens. He has always taken a deep and active interest in the upbuilding and improvement of his county and state, has given his support to all measures for the public good, and was especially zealous in maintaining order at a time when a lawless element infested this then new region. He is one of the valued representatives of the Masonic fraternity in his county, having been raised to 4he sublime degree of a Master Mason in Mount Idaho Lodge, No. 9, in 1873. He at once became an earnest and intelligent worker in the order, has filled nearly all the offices in the lodge, for two terms served as its master and for a quarter of a century has exemplified in his life the beneficial and uplifting principles of the 714 HISTORY OF IDAHO. craft. Masonry upholds all that is honorable, pure and good in life, and thus a good Mason is a good citizen. CHARLES G. MARTIN. Charles G. Martin is one of the pioneers of what is now Bingham county, Idaho, and has seen this entire section of the state develop from a wild region, whereon civilization had not set its stamp, into one of the finest and richest farm- ing and stock-raising districts of tlie state. In the work of development and progress he has ever borne his part, and he takes a just pride in the county's improvement, and deserves great credit for what he has done in its behalf. Mr. Martin was born in Clark county, Ken- tucky, November 16, 1847, an< l is a son f Samuel P. and Eliza (Jones) Martin. His father was born in and is now a resident of Missouri, and has reached the ripe old age of eighty years. His wife was a native of Virginia, and died in Mis- souri, in 1864. The Martin family removed from Kentucky to Missouri about the year 1850, and the father carried on farming, which has been his life work. Charles G. Martin spent the greater part of his childhood and youth in Missouri and is indebted to its public-school system for the educational privileges afforded him. He was early trained to habits of industry and enterprise on the home farm and assisted in the duties and labors of the fields upon the old homestead throughout his minority. Until 1870 he was identified with the agricultural interests of that state, and then came to Idaho, settling on the bank of the Snake river. For some time he was employed by Matt. Taylor and then began stock-raising on his own account. He resides three and one-half miles east of Idaho Falls, where he owns three hundred and twenty acres of good land. He is extensively. engaged in raising horses and cattle and in his bitsiness pursuits is meeting with very desirable success. He makes a specialty of beef cattle, for which he finds a ready sale on the market. Mr. Martin was united in marriage to Mrs. Johanna Wright, a native of West Virginia, who came to Idaho in 1872. They now have two children, Jo and Mary. In politics Mr. Martin is a strong Democrat, believing most firmly in the principles of the party, but his attention is not given to office-seeking, his energies being de- voted to his business interests, in which he is meeting with deserved success. Throughout this section of the state he is well known, and he de- serves mention among Idaho's pioneers. ALEXANDER E. MAYHEW. The rewards of purity in public life are many, but one of the most important and apparent is continuance in public life. This is true every- where, and of course it is true in Idaho, where the fact is emphasized and illustrated by the career of Judge Mayhew of Wallace, Shoshone county, Idaho. At least he lives at Wallace, but he is a man of the west and for the west, and his influence is active and far-reaching. Alexander E. Mayhew, son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Conklin) Mayhew, was born in Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania, March 31, 1830. His father, a native of Philadelphia, was for many years a merchant of that city, but died in New Jersey in 1871, and his mother, born in Phila- delphia, died in New Jersey, in 1887. The boyhood days of Judge Mayhew were passed in Philadelphia, where he attended the public schools and was graduated from the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, with the class of 1852 He read law under the preceptorship of William D. Baker, one of the leading Philadelphia' law- yers of his time and one of the most successful in the country, and in i8;s he located at Atchi- son, Kansas, where he continued his legal studies in the office of Abel & Stringfellow, being ad- mitted to the bar in 1856. He entered upon the practice of his profession in Atchison and served one year as city attorney. In 1859 he went to Pike's Peak, Colorado, where he practiced law and was connected with mining interests, and there he remained until 1864, when he re- moved to Helena, Montana, whence he went later to Deer Lodge, that state. Here he was successful professionally. For twelve years ha was prosecuting attorney for his county, with office at Deer Lodge, and he was a member ot the Montana legislature in nine successive ses- sions, in eight of which he was speaker of the house. Judge Mayhew came to the Coeur d'Alene country in 1884, and has lived at Wallace since 1890. He was a member of the Idaho legisla- HISTORY OF IDAHO. 715 ture of 1887-9 an d a member of the state consti- tutional convention in 1890. In 1891 he was the Democratic candidate for congress in his dis- trict, but was defeated at the polls by Willis Sweet. In 1894 he was elected to the Idaho state senate and was president of the senate in the session which followed. In 1895 he was elected judge of the first judicial district of Idaho, and in 1898 was re-elected to succeed himself. The professional success of Judge Mayhew is a part of the recorded legal and judicial history of the west. A lawyer of fine attainments, with an intimate knowledge of law and its application to the affairs of life, with magnetic qualities as a forensic speaker, with industry, carefulness, and great zeal in caring for the interests of clients, actuated always by a high sense of honor, which long since won him the complimentary sobriquet of "Honest Alex," and with a genuine love for the law and the highest respect for its established tribunals, he has achieved a reputation of which any lawyer in the country might be proud. Long years of political service have not corrupted him, and upon every legislative body of which he has been a member, upon every court in which he has appeared, he has left the influence of pure motives, fair fighting, honest methods and un- swerving devotion to the right as it has been re- vealed to him. As a judge he considers the poor and the rich alike and renders decisions which stand and win for him the praise of good and honest citizens. Of a genial, whole-souled disposition, Judge Mayhew has made many friends wherever he has lived, and has come to be one of the best known men in the west. He is an Elk and an Odd Fel- low, and is connected with the various profes- sional organizations. Among those men of Idaho who have at heart everything affecting her prog- ress and development he is a leader, and so act- ive has he been in good works for the public benefit that his public spirit has come to be pro- verbial. LOUIS E. EILERT. The new west is eminently the home of the self-made man. Indeed, it may be said that in making himself the self-made man of the new west has built the new west up about him. Of course this means the self-made man in a col- lective sense. Individually self-made men like Louis E. Eilert, of Rathdrum, Kootenai county, Idaho, are units in the scheme of moral and ma- terial development and progress. Louis E. Eil- ert is a native of Hanover, Germany, and was born April 5, 1851, a son of Ernest and Mary Eilert, descendants from a long line of German ancestors. In 1852 Ernest Eilert started for America with his wife and his son (then about a year old), with such plans in his mind as a man will make for those whose lives he wants to make better, without regard to the sacrifices he may be called upon to make in his efforts to the end. But he was doomed to bitter disappointment at the very outset. His wife died on the voyage and was buried in the Atlantic ocean. But still duty lay plainly enough before him. Emigrants and pioneers may not have time for mourning their dead, for they have a fight to wage for the living. One may scarcely imagine how lonely the journey was of Mr. Eilert to the new land, after that dark day in his history, and across a land to him unknown to Wisconsin, where he settled on Wood river, in Waukesha county. There the boy Louis was reared and taught a good deal about work and not much about books. The schools there were crude and inadequate, but they were schools of a kind, and the boy learned enough to serve as seed in the field of knowledge, seed which he has cultivated since as well as he might, until he is regarded as a well informed man, alive to every important public question and zealous for education and all mate- rial progress. He came to the site of Rathdrum, Idaho, in 1880, and was one of the men who erected the first building where the town has since grown up. He is to some extent interested in mining, and is the operator of the Rathdrum brewery and carries on a retail trade in wines and liquors. He has been successful as a business man and owes his success entirely to his own ex- ertions, for he is in every sense of the word a self-made man. A steadfast Democrat, he has always taken an active interest in the work of his party, but he has no desire for official position and has discour- aged the use of his name whenever his candidacy for office has been suggested. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, and has made an en- viable reputation as a public-spirited citizen. Mr. Eilert married Mrs. Abbie (Bradbury) 716 HISTORY OF IDAHO. Tucker, in 1883, and her one son by her former marriage has been given the name of his step- father, Louis Eilert. JOHN A. O'FARRELL. John Andrew O'Farrell was born in the county of Tyrone, province of Ulster, Ireland, on the 1 3th day of February, 1823. He pursued his education in the common schools until his thir- teenth year, and was then placed in a naval school where he remained for two years. He went to sea in the Oriental Steamship line when fifteen years of age, sailing from the East India dock on the Thames, London, England, to the city of Cal- cutta, Hindustan, East Indies. The return trip occupied seven months' time and the vessel deliv- ered and received mails and passengers at the isle of St. Helena, off the west coast of Africa, and at all the ports of entry on the African coast and the isles of Madagascar and Ceylon in the Indian ocean, thence to Madras and Calcutta. At the age of sixteen, on his return from India to Lon- don, Mr. O'Farrell was transferred to the Aus- tralian liner, Nebob, of the East India Company, sailing from Birkenhead, opposite Liverpool, England, to Sydney, New South Wales, Austra- lia. On the return trip they stopped at Chinese and Japanese ports for mails and passengers, and sailed the Pacific route through the straits of Magellan, crossing the southern Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope and taking on mail and pas- sengers at St. Helena and other stations on the way to England. This trip occupied thirteen months' time. The father of our subject was Andrew O'Far- rell, a military engineer, who served in that ca- pacity on the battlefield of Waterloo under the Duke of Wellington. He was for thirty-one years an engineer in the British service. His eldest son, Patrick Gregory O'Farrell, entered the British navy as a cadet and served continu- ously in the navy for twenty-eight years, being on the Arctic expedition with Captain McClure in the early '405, on a three-years trip in the froz- en polar region. After his return from Australia in the ship Ne- bob, John A. O'Farrell remained at home for eighteen months, working at the trade of ship- smith in Captain Coppin's ship-building works on the river Foyle, at Londonderry, in the north of Ireland. He was then between nineteen and twenty years of age. The White Star liner, City of New York, was undergoing repairs, and he worked on her and shipped as one of her crew, as an able seaman, bound for New York. He landed in New York city on the 5th of January, 1843, being nineteen years and eleven months of age. The following day he left for Philadelphia, and through his uncle secured a position in the Philadelphia navy yards as shipsmith. He was employed in that capacity until the Mexican war broke out, when he sailed on the United States store-ship, the Lexington, which was ordered to the Mexican frontier on the Pacific waters, bound for Monterey, the Mexican capital of Alta, or Northern, California. There was no such place as San Francisco then on the Pacific coast, and on the site of the present city was an old Spanish settlement of two hundred people, the place be- ing known as Yerba Buena. The ship was loaded with arms and ammunition and a force of marines under command of Captain C. Q. Tomp- kins, of Company F, Third Artillery, and Lieu- tenant W. T. Sherman. The Lexington sailed around Cape Horn, making the trip from the Delaware to the bay of Monterey in one hundred and ninety-eight days. They arrived at their des- tination January 29, 1847, and found the United States frigate, Independence, commanded by Commodore William Branford Shubrick, lying at anchor in the bay. When the Lexington ar- rived Commodore Shubrick boarded her and finding Captain C. Q. Tompkins with Company F, of the Third Artillery, placed him in command of the land forces, while Lieutenant Sherman, afterward the celebrated general of the civil war, was made quartermaster and adjutant. Two cfays later the sloop of war Cyane, under command of Captain Dupont, entered the harbor, having on board General S. W. Kearny with his staff and troops. He established headquarters at Mon- terey and Commodore Shubrick took command of the sea on the frigate Independence. General Kearny 's staff was composed of the following: Colonel R. B. Mason, of the First Dragoons; Captain Folsom and Lieutenant Ord, afterward General Ord, with Lewis Dent as private secre- tary. Dent was the brother of Mrs. General Grant. He was appointed probate judge and magistrate, before whom all difficulties were HISTORY OF IDAHO. 717 tried. In May, 1847, General Kearny returned to the United States in the sloop of war Cyane, to report to the government his opinion and to give an account of the new territory of Alta Cali- fornia. Colonel R. B. Mason was left in com- mand of the land forces, with Lieutenant Sher- man as adjutant and Captain Folsom quarter- master. There were no mail routes then on the Pacific coast in California, not even a wagon road. All travel was over the trails or by canoes on the rivers. A tri-monthly mail was estab- lished by Colonel Mason and Commodore Shu- brick, being carried three times a month from Monterey to Point Danas, thence to Los Angeles and on to San Diego, and returning by the same ports to Monterey, thence north to Yerba Buena, Captain Folsom's station. The store-ship Lex- ington was detailed for the mail service from De- cember, 1847, until the ist of May, 1848. Mr. O'Farrell was a seaman on the mail ship and on the first Sunday in May, 1848, at the trading post in Yerba Buena, he met Captain John Sutler, Jim Marshall and others who had arrived from Sutler's sawmill at Coloma, forty miles from San Francisco. They had the first gold-dust Mr. O'Farrell had ever seen. It was as coarse as grains of wheal and corn. Marshall gave him ihree grains of gold, worth aboul two -dollars, and he engaged with Sutler lo work in ihe gold mines. He was to receive a per cent of whal he washed oul of Ihe ground at Ihe mill, and his daily wages averaged from ihirly lo fifty dollars. Being fond of excitement he visited all the newly discovered gold-producing localities in the territory of California. On the pth of Sep- tember, 1850, California was admitted into the Union with Ihe provision lhal all men over twen- ty-one years of age in the state on thai dale were made by acl of congress lawful cilizens of ihe Uniled Slales. Mr. O'Farrell had been seven years in America, eilher on land or in American walers, and was twenty-seven years of age, so he cast his first vote in California, in Ihe fall of 1850. Thai winler Ihe snow was very deep in the mining districls of California, and the bay of San Francisco was crowded with ships from all quarters of Ihe globe. Seamen's services com- manded high wages and Mr. O'Farrell engaged on Ihe Red Jackel, a Ballimore clipper, for Ihe round Irip from San Francisco lo Auckland, New Zealand, Ihence lo Melbourne and Sydney, Aus- Iralia, slopping al Honolulu bolh going and on Ihe return Irip. The vessel at length arrived again in San Francisco, laden with coal, which was then a valuable cargo in San Francisco. Nine months had been consumed in making the voyage. In 1851 William H. Aspinwall & Company, of New York, secured the United Stales mail contract, to carry Ihe mail by Ihe isthmus route, and placed three large steamships on the Pacific side to run belween San Francisco and Panama. These ves- sels were called Ihe California, Ihe Oregon and Ihe Panama. Commodore Vanderbilt was an unsuccessful candidate for the mail contract, which paid several millions of dollars during the four years of its term. Vanderbilt, however, re- solved not lo be defealed in his plans. He went to Liverpool, England, and connected himself wilh all ihe Allanlic ocean lines of every nalion of Europe, and Ihey placed four large sleamers on Ihe Pacific belween San Francisco and Ihe Cenlral American port of San Juan del Sur. From lhat port passengers were taken across Ihe islhmus lo Graytown, whence the English lines of steamers carried the mail and passengers lo Kingslown, Jamaica, where Ihey could be trans- ferred to American and English vessels. In the winter of 1852, when ihe snow in the mountains was too deep lo admil of profitable gold-washing, Mr. O'Farrell worked on Ihe Vanderbill line be- lween San Francisco and San Juan del Sur, and in 1853 he was engaged on Ihe ships of Ihe same company on Ihe Caribbean sea, on ihe Atlantic side, sailing between Graylown and Southamp- lon, England. In ihe fall of 1853 England and France de- clared war againsl Russia and Palrick Gregory O'Farrell, the eldest brother of our subject, was one of the naval officers under Admiral Dundas, being slalioned on the Black sea and the sea of Azov. As seamen were in great demand for lhat naval service, John A. O'Farrell shipped at Spil- hea'd, Porlsmculh, England, on ihe Agamemnon, ihe flagship of Admiral Lyons, for service on the Black sea and along the Crimean coasl. Thai vessel reached Ihe bay of Odessa about the isth of February, 1854. The British fleet, under the command of Admirals Dundas and Lyons, num- bered twenty-one ships, including war ships, fri- gates and curvets or sloops of war, while the 718 HISTORY OF IDAHO. French fleet, under command of Admirals Ham- lin and Brunnette, numbered twenty-three ships. The orders to demand the surrender of Odessa arrived on the night of the 2 1st of April, 1854, by the naval mail packet Credock from Constan- tinople to the fleet. Of course the order was not complied with, and the first guns of the Crimean war were turned upon Odessa about five o'clock on the morning of Saturday, April 22, 1854, the cannonading continuing thirteen hours. The city was on fire, but Prince Mencicoff, the Rus- sian general, did not surrender. The British war ship Terrible was destroyed by the Russian fire from the guns of the forts of Odessa, and several ships of the French and British fleets were crippled, and the fleets were unable to effect a landing. The British army of over thirty thou- sand men under Lord Raglan, and the French army of forty thousand men under Marechal St. Arnod, with ten thousand Turks under Omar Pasha, were ordered to the front under the pro- tection of the combined fleets of France and Eng- land. On the I4th of September, 1854, at Kil- matta bay, where the river Alma connects with the Black sea, the French, British and Turkish troops were landed. The Heights of Alma, a rocky cliff, are situated from one to three miles from the shores of the Black sea, and along the apex of the cliff was the Warnsoff stage road from Sebastopol to Odessa. A telegraph station and mercantile houses were located there, and Gen- eral Mencicoff, commander-in-chief of the Rus- sian army, concentrated seventy thousand men there on the night of September 19, 1854. On the following morning the French, British and Turks, under the command of Field-Marshal Arnod, of France, formed a battle line three miles in length at right angles on the north bank of the Alma and the shore of the sea. The Rus- sian army of seventy thousand opened fire on the French army, who had their position along the sea shore, hoping to drive the French into the sea, but the heavy guns of the fleet kept the Rus- sians at bay until Lord Raglan with his command arrived, bringing the cannon up the Alma river and onto the heights in the third hour of the bat- tle, and attacked the Russians on the level plain of the heights. This move drew the strong force of the Russians from the French, who almost as if by magic scaled the heights. The roar of ar- tillery and the thunderous sounds of the battle lasted for three hours, at the end of which time the Russians retreated toward the valley of Bal- aklava. So intense had been the battle that it required six days to bury the dead and get the wounded on board the hospital ships. On the seventh day after the battle of Alma the com- bined force of French, English, the Piedmontese, under General Forey, and the Turks, under Gen- eral Omar Pasha, marched toward the Balaklava valley, a thriving agricultural district farmed principally by Scotch farmers who immigrated there to raise wheat on a large scale. At the head of this valley the Warnsoff stage road from Odessa to Simferopol and Sebastopol crosses the Takernea river on a long stone bridge of many arches. A Russian fort stood in this locality. The two famous brothers, the Generals Luder, held this position, fifteen miles from Sebastopol, with a strong army, and General and Prince Mancicoff with his men who fought in the Alma, were fortified on the heights on the south side of the valley, whilst the sons of Emperor Nicholas, Michael and Nicholas, held their artillery and cavalry forces for any emergency on a com- manding position. The Russians held position where the guns of the fleet could not reach them, and where they could deliver a deadly fire on the French, British and Turks. The French and British marines and the marine artillery were ordered ashore together with the artillery of the navy, and the troops forced a position on the nearest heights, known then as the marine heights. While getting their guns in place under cover of darkness, on the morning of October 17, 1854, the Russian pickets opened fire, and the battle of Balaklava commenced. Captain Nolan, of the Seventeenth Irish Hussars, was field dis- patcher for Lord Reglan, who gave him a written dispatch to the Earl of Cardigan, who com- manded the cavalry, to charge up the valley in order to know better the Russian position. Cardigan ordered Captain Nolan to lead the charge. He and his six hundred men then dis- mounted, tightened their saddles and then re- mounted for the fatal charge. They rode over a rolling ridge about one thousand yards only to find themselves within the range of sixty field- pieces, planted on each side of the valley. To re- treat was certain death. Captain Nolan charged HISTORY OF IDAHO. 719 for the battery, he and his men cutting the Russian gunners from their guns, and then turning at the command to right about face, cut through a second time and charged down the valley to their own line, where Captain Nolan, who had lead in what was one of the most daring and brilliant military movements in history, was killed by a cannon shot. On the 5th of November, 1854, the allied ar- mies of France and England, in connection with the fleets, had arranged for the final assault on Sebastopol. Marechal McMahon, of France, with his men, stormed the Malakof, capturing the principal defense of Sebastopol, Forts Nicholas and Alexander, with several hundred guns, which commanded the naval entrance to Sebastopol. Here the Agamemnon, the flagship of Admiral Lyons, was crippled. Many of the men were killed, and Mr. O'Farrell was among the wounded. For his meritorious services in that engagement, however, he received a Crimean prize medal, which he still has in his possession. In 1856 the Crimean war was ended, and he re- turned to California, where he resumed mining in the gold districts. In the fall of 1857 Mr. O'Farrell was one of a party who organized a company at Downie- ville, California, to prospect for gold on the Pike's Peak mountain range, at the head waters of the Platte river, then in western Kansas, but now in the state of Colorado. He was one of the first to find gold, making his discovery April 6, 1860, in what is known as California Gulch, where the Leadville Mining Camp is now lo- cated. Attracted by the gold discoveries throughout the northwest he has visited and worked in the mining regions of Oregon, Wash- ington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Ne- vada and the territories of New Mexico and Ari- zona, but has made his home in Boise, Idaho, since June, 1863. WILLIAM C. DUNBAR, JR. A popular citizen of Caldwell, the county-seat of Canyon county, is the gentleman whose name appears above. In 1895 he was elected to the position which he now holds, that of county clerk of the district court, and has made a thorough, capable and reliable official. In his political views he is a Populist. Formerly he served as auditor and recorder of Canyon county, and gave entire satisfaction to all concerned in the proper administration of local affairs, and prior to his arrival in this section he acceptably filled the re- quirements of the office of clerk of the probate court in Salt Lake City, Utah. Mr. Dunbar is a native of the city just men- tioned, his birth having taken place on the 23d of August, 1854. He is of Scotch-English ex- traction, and inherited strong, upright, just traits of character from his ancestors. His father, William C. Dunbar, Sr., is one of the oldest resi- dents of Salt Lake City, Utah, as he has dwelt there for almost half a century, going there scarcely two years after it was founded by the Mormons. He was born in Inverness, a city in the far northern highlands of Scotland, but he was reared and educated in Edinburg. Starting out when a young man to make his own way in the world, he came to the United States, and in 1850 crossed the plains and settled in Salt Lake City. He has witnessed the entire development of that wonderful city and the amazing growth and yearly increasing wealth of that once barren wilderness, which has literally been made to blos- som as the rose, by the thrifty, beauty-loving in- habitants. Mr. Dunbar was one of the founders of the Salt Lake Herald, and was its business manager for several years. He is now in his seventy-sixth year, and his good wife, also well along in years, is still his helpmate and friend, the sharer of his joys and sorrows. Her maiden name was Hannah Hales, and Yarmouth, Eng- land, is her native place. Of the twelve children born to this worthy couple eight are still living. W. C. Dunbar, Jr., the eldest of his parents' children, was educated in the public schools and in the University of Utah, and later pursued a commercial course in a business college, in order to thoroughly equip himself for the duties of his future life. In this laudable undertaking he was obliged to rely chiefly upon his own efforts, and the expenses of his higher mental training were sustained by himself. Upon leaving the school- room, the young man accepted a position as in- voice clerk in a large mercantile establishment, with which house he remained for two years. His next position was as a bookkeeper for the firm of F. Auerbach & Brothers, of Salt Lake City. In 1890 Mr. Dunbar came to Caldwell, 720 HISTORY OF IDAHO. and for three years conducted a mercantile busi- ness upon his own responsibility. Then, selling out, he engaged in the abstract business, and was thus employed until 1895, when he assumed the duties of his present office. Fraternally, he is identified with the Masonic order and with the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. THOMAS SMITH. Thomas Smith, county assessor of Oneicla county, and a leading merchant and farmer of Preston, was born in Brigham City, Utah, Octo- ber 22, 1862, his parents being Samuel and Maria Smith, who were natives of England. In that land they embraced the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and wishing to ally their interests with the colony of that be- lief resident in Utah, they crossed the Atlantic to America and settled in the Salt Lake region at an early period in its development. They lo- cated first at Cottonwood, and a little later at Brigham City, where the father was known as one of the prominent pioneers. He served as probate judge and mayor of the city for a num- ber of years, and took an active part in public affairs. He was the father of about fifty chil- dren, was counselor to the president of Box Elder, and a man of much influence and ability. He departed this life in the seventieth year of his age, but the wife of his youth is still living, one of the honored pioneer women of Utah. Their son, Thomas Smith, was educated in Brigham City and at twelve years of age began to earn his own living by working in the pioneer woolen factory of that part of the country. In 1882 he came to Cache valley, locating at what was then known as the Falls, but is now River- dale, where for five years he engaged in ranching. In 1887 he came to Preston and accepted a clerk- ship in the large general mercantile store of Will- iam C. Parkinson & Company, continuing in that position until 1899. He acquired a complete knowledge of the business in all its departments, and for a number of years held the responsible position of chief clerk and acted as superintendent during the absence of the manager, who was often away on other business. In the fall of 1898 Mr. Smith was chosen by the Democratic party as their candidate for county assessor and was elected to the office, which he is now capably fill- ing, discharging his duties in a prompt and able manner. The assessed property of the county now amounts to two and a quarter million dol- lars. James Smith, the brother of our subject, es- tablished a general mercantile store in Preston in 1894, and in 1899 he was sent on a mission to England, at which time the firm of Smith Broth- ers was formed, Thomas Smith becoming a part- ner and stockholder in the enterprise. He now has the management of the business, for which his long experience as a salesman well fitted him. He has a wide acquaintance with the people in the county, is very popular, and as the result of his honorable dealing, his moderate prices and his uniform courtesy he is now receiving a lib- eral patronage from the public. In addition to his mercantile interests he owns a farm of one hundred acres near the city and a number of town lots, besides his residence property. In 1882 was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Smith and Miss Frances Van Noy, a native of Richmond, Utah. Their union has been blessed with six children, namely : Thomas W., Clement, Nettie, Lorane, Francis and Leora. They are all members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, of which Mr. Smith is an elder. He is very popular as a citizen and busi- ness man, and sustains a very enviable reputa- tion for his unassailable integrity. ISAAC B. NASH. Isaac Bartlett Nash is one of the early settlers and highly respected citizens of Franklin, where he has made his home since 1864. He became a resident of Salt Lake City in 1849, and is a native of Wales, his birth having occurred in Kedwelly,- Carmarthenshire, on the I4th of June, 1824. He was educated in his native country and spent seven years as an apprentice to the blacksmith's trade, after which he worked at the business there until 1849. In the year 1847 he was converted to the faith of the Latter Day Saints, and it was this which determined him to go to Salt Lake. He joined a company that started from Wales under the leadership of Captain Dan Jones and sailed in the ship Buena Vista, which was a new vessel, just starting on her first voyage. At length the com- pany arrived at New Orleans, where they took HISTORY OF IDAHO. 721 passage on the old steamboat Constitution for St. Louis. The cholera was then raging in the latter place and twenty-one of the emigrants died during the first night and were buried in the morning. On the way to St. Joseph they buried sixty-four of their number. The burials occurred in the morning at eight o'clock and in the after- noon at four, and it was not infrequent that some of those who assisted at the sad rites of the morn- ing were themselves cold in death at the time of the afternoon burial. Mr. Nash buried his grand- mother in the same grave with eight others. Mrs. Nash and another lady were all who were able to assist in caring for the sick, and Mrs. Nash suffered an attack of the disease but recov- ered. Whole families were swept away by the dread plague, and the first experience of the emi- grants in America was attended with great sor- row. From Council Bluffs they crossed the plains with ox teams. Mr. Nash came to this country in company with a Mrs. Lewis, who paid the expenses of twenty-four families from Wales to Salt Lake. He worked there for a time, and in 1852 went to the mines in Sonora county, Cali- fornia, where he met with moderate success, but when the floods came the work was all swept away and much suffering followed on account of the scarcity of provisions and the high prices de- manded for all such commodities. Flour sold for a dollar and a half per pound, potatoes one dollar per pound, and everything else was equally high. The brother-in-law of Mr. Nash had a child sick with smallpox and offered a handful of gold-dust for six crackers for the little one, but could not get them. Flour became so scarce that it could not be had at any price. A Mr. Ford, the owner of a store there, had a large amount of flour which he was holding for higher prices. Another dealer offered him one hundred and fifty dollars per hundred, so that he could sell it and supply the people, but Ford refused the offer and de- manded two hundred dollars a hundred. Failing to sell at the latter figure, the heavy rains leaked in upon his flour, and about the same" time the Mexicans came with large amounts of flour, packing it with mules, so that Ford was finally forced to sell the flour which had not been ruined by the rain at five cents per pound, which seemed like a just retribution upon the man for his greed and inhumanity. Later Mr. Nash returned to San Francisco and crossed the bay to Union City, where he pur- chased land, built a house and shop and carried on the blacksmith business there until 1856, get- ting six dollars for shoeing a span of horses. He made and saved money, purchased a span of mules and in 1856 sold his property there and returned to Salt Lake City. He had been mar- ried in Wales to Miss Eliza Morris, a native of that country, and she accompanied him in all his journeyings until they arrived in Salt Lake City, but finally she left him and went with another man, and in 1852 Mr. Nash married Hester E. Pool, from Prince Edwards Island, who has since been to him a faithful companion and helpmeet on life's journey. Mr. Nash continued to work at his trade in his own shop until 1859, at which time he returned to the states with the children that were saved from the Mountain Meadow massacre. In com- pany with Dr. Forney he took them back, having been commissioned by President Young to ac- complish that task, and acted as commissary on the journey to St. Louis. He remained in the latter city until 1864, working at his trade, and during the civil war was thrice arrested on ac- count of things which he said in favor of the south. In each case the British consul secured his release, and he finally took the oath of neu- trality, after which he had no more trouble. Later he took the oath of allegiance to the gov- ernment at Washington and became a naturalized citizen and a Republican. He returned to Salt Lake City and from there came to Franklin in 1864, since which date he has been the indus- trious village blacksmith at this place and an ac- tive and useful member of his church. In it he has served as elder, as one of the seventy, as high priest, and is now a patriarch. He has also been a very active Sunday-school worker and, possess- ing an excellent voice, has contributed much to the musical service of the meetings. When he first came to Franklin he purchased property and became the owner of a house and shop. He has made an honorable living through his efforts at the forge, and in addition to the income derived from that line of business he has that which comes from his forty-acre farm, which is planted to hay and grain. While in St. Louis, as he and his wife had no 722 HISTORY OF IDAHO. children, they took three orphan children into their home. Two of them died, but the other, Ellen, was reared by them as their own, and they loved her dearly and she them. She is now the wife of William Parkinson, president of the stake at Pocatello. Twelve children were born to Mr. Nash by his present wife, of whom eight are yet living. The three sons are all blacksmiths and are partners of their father. They are Andrew B., Isaac H. and David, and the daughters are Estella, Emenetta, Rhodessa, Nellie and Laura. Mr. Nash and his family have a good home and enjoy the respect of all who know them. THOMAS J. HUFF. One of the pioneers of the northwest and one of the old residents of Caldwell is Thomas Jeffer- son Huff, the present assessor of Canyon county. He is a man of the highest integrity and ability, and stands well in the estimation of all who know him. A lifelong Democrat, and devoted to his party, he has never occupied a public office be- fore, and has not been an aspirant for political honors and emoluments. In his business career he has met with success, and by well directed energy and good judgment he has amassed a comfortable fortune. Philip Huff, the paternal grandfather of our subject, was born in Germany, and coming to America in early manhood, settled in Tennessee. In that state his son Jefferson, father of Thomas J. Huff, was born, and for some years he made his home in Indiana. He married Lutilda White, and twelve children were born to them. In 1852 the family set out on a long and dangerous jour- ney across the almost interminable plains, seek- ing for a new home and better prospects. The year was an especially trying one, as the cholera was raging in this country, and the emigrants along the way appeared to be favorite subjects of attack by the dread enemy to life. Four of the children of Mr. and Mrs. Huff succumbed and were buried on the dreary plains. Newly made graves along the trail indicated the havoc which death was making in the ranks of the toiling pil- grims, but at last some of them reached the land of promise, and developed the wonderful Pacific slope. The following winter Mr. Huff, who was a practicing physician, stayed with his family in Portland, and then they went to the Lewis river district of Washington, and dwelt there until the Indian troubles of 1855, when they settled on the Willamette, just below Portland. Mrs. Huff died in 1857, aged forty years. Dr. Huff after- ward removed to Linn county, re-married, and lived to attain the age of seventy-one years, his death occurring in 1881. Thomas J. Huff was born near Hartford, Boone county, Indiana, December 31, 1844, and he and one sister are the only survivors of the family of eleven who bravely set out for the west to meet the untold hardships of pioneer exist- ence. He was about eight years old at the time of the eventful journey, and can never forget some of his experiences. Much of his education was gathered in the public schools of Linn county. In 1865 he embarked in the stock busi- ness in Oregon and at Walla Walla, Washing- ton, and for almost a quarter of a century gave his whole attention to this line of enterprise, hav- ing at times six hundred head of cattle. In 1886 he came to Caldwell, Idaho, and purchased a home, and he still owns a stock ranch of five hun- dred acres on Cow creek, Malheur county, Ore- gon. He is also the owner of a ferry across Snake river, between Idaho and Oregon, and the Riverside ferry belongs to him. Fraternally he is associated with the Odd Fellows, and has passed all the chairs in the subordinate lodge. On the 27th of February, 1895, Mr. Huff mar- ried Mrs. A. J. Strickland, who has a son and a daughter by her previous marriage. The family have a pleasant home and their friends are legion. SAMUEL C. PARKINSON. The name of Parkinson is so inseparably inter- woven with the history of southeastern Idaho and its development that those who bear it need no special introduction to the readers of this volume. He of whom we write has long been accorded a place among the leading business men and pro- gressive citizens of Franklin and Oneida county, where he has made his home since his boyhood days. His father is the honored Samuel Rose Parkinson, one of the founders of the town and a leader in the Church of the Latter Day Saints. A history of his life is given elsewhere in this work. Samuel Chandler Parkinson, his eldest child, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, February 23, 1853, and was less than two years of age when HISTORY OF IDAHO. 723 the father, with a mule team, crossed the plains to Utah. A youth of seven, he came to Franklin and was educated in district schools, conducted by various teachers. During the early days of the settlement of the town the families were in imminent danger of Indian attack and suffered many hardships and privations. When sixteen years of age Samuel C. Parkinson was sent by his father to Salt Lake City to learn the carpen- ter's trade, remaining there for two years. After his return he followed the occupation for a time, but not finding it congenial he returned to the farm and assisted his father for a time. Later he engaged in freighting between Utah and Mon- tana, carrying goods to the different mining camps in the latter state, and was engaged in that business when General Custer and his entire command were killed by the Nez Perces Indians. Mr. Parkinson continued to engage in freight- ing for some time and met with very excellent suc- cess, but later began raising high grades of horses and cattle, thus doing much to improve the stock in this section of Idaho. He made a specialty of Norman and English Shire horses, and was the owner of one fine horse which weighed two thou- sand pounds and was valued at two thousand dol- lars. He also introduced Holstein and. later, Durham cattle into the county, and thus greatly improved the stock in southeastern Idaho. For some years past he has been extensively engaged in the sheep industry, and has from ten to twelve thousand head of sheep, employing ten men in their care. They are fed upon a farm of six hun- dred acres, where he has excellent pasture land and meadows devoted to the raising of hay. Mr. Parkinson also owns one hundred and sixty acres of land adjoining the town of Franklin, on which lie has a large and commodious frame residence, surrounded by a fine grove of trees of his own planting. His business interests are well managed, and his industry and sound judg- ment have been the important elements in his very enviable success. On the Qth of December, 1873, Mr. Parkinson wedded Miss Mary Ann Hobbs, daughter of Charles Hobbs, an esteemed pioneer of Franklin. She was born in England, and when a little girl was brought by her parents to America. Their union has been blessed with eleven children : Nessy Estella, wife of George Hobbs; Edith Arabella, who died in her second year; Samuel William, a very intelligent young man now on a mission in England ; Mary, Albert H. and Leon- ard H., at home. The younger children are Theresa, Raymond H., Anetta, Bernice H. and Rowland H. Mr. Parkinson is giving all of his children good educational privileges, some at- tending the college at Logan, and others the Oneida Stake Academy. They are all members of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints, in which Mr. Parkinson has served as elder, a seventy, and is now high priest. He went on a mission for his church to the state of Alabama and met with excellent success, leaving a very prosperous organization there. He also served in a mission in Oregon, spending three months in Portland and traveling all over the state. He likewise visited San Francisco, and in his work was associated with his brother Will- iam, their object being to open new fields. At present he is a high counselor in the Oneida stake. In his political views Mr. Parkinson is a Re- publican and keeps well informed on the issues of the day. He attends various conventions of his party, and has frequently acted as chairman, but has never been an office-seeker, preferring to devote his time and attention to the interests of the church and of his business. In all his busi- ness relations he has met with excellent results, and his success is indeed creditable because it has come as the reward of his own efforts, hon- esty and enterprise. As a citizen he is highly esteemed and well deserves representation in this volume. JOHN LARSON. Not a few are the worthy citizens that the peninsular country of Denmark has furnished to the United States, and among those who have sought homes in the far northwest is John Lar- son, bishop of the Preston ward and one of the leading and influential citizens of Preston. A native of Denmark, he was born on the ist of May, 1845, his parents, Andrew and Mary (Nes- sen) Larson, being also natives of the same land. They were converted to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and in 1 86 1, with their family of three sons and two daughters, they sailed for the New World, Salt Lake City being their destination. They were 724 HISTORY OF IDAHO. poor but honest and worthy people, and the church furnished them with an ox team with which to cross the plains from Council Bluffs to Utah. John Larson was then in his sixteenth year, and notwithstanding he had never driven oxen he soon learned how to manage them, and drove four pair across the plains, walking all the way. At length the journey was safely terminated; the family arriving at Salt Lake in September. They settled in Logan soon after their arrival, the par- ents there residing until 1868, when the father died, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. He was an esteemed citizen, faithful to every duty. His good wife still survives him, at the age of eighty- six years, and is a worthy representative of the brave type of pioneer women who aided in the settlement of Utah. Four of the children are also living and are greatly respected by all who know them. Bishop Larson acquired his education in his native country, and at Logan began life as a farmer. His first landed possession was a tract of twenty-five acres, to which he added when his earnest toil had brought him increased capital. In this way he became the owner of fifty-five acres and a good house in the city of Logan, and a part of his farm now lies within the corporation limits and has become very valuable property. In 1885 he came to Preston, being one of the early settlers of the town. He took up two quar- ter-sections of land under the desert act, eighty acres under the timber act and eighty acres under the homestead act, and as prosperity has further attended his efforts he has added to his posses- sions by additional purchase until he now owns eight hundred and eighty acres, of which five hundred acres are under a high state of cultiva- tion, yielding to the owner a golden tribute in return for the care and labor he bestows. He has raised forty-five bushels of wheat to the acre on land that is irrigated, and twenty-five bushels on land not irrigated. He also raises cattle and horses, and buys and deals in stock. He has a fine Norman-Percheron horse for which he paid fourteen hundred dollars, and has introduced thorough-bred Durham cattle, in which way he has not only advanced his own interests, but has improved the grade of stock in the county and thus added to the general prosperity of the stock- raisers. He is also one of the leading stock- holders in the extensive general mercantile es- tablishment conducted under the name of W. C. Parkinson & Company, a well managed institu- tion doing a large business in all kinds oi mer- chandise and also handling produce. In 1866 Bishop Larson was united in marriage to Miss Annie Jenson, a native of Sweden, and their children are as follows : John A., who is operating the home farm ; Nephi, who is on a mission to England ; Willard, who is on a mis- sion to Oregon ; Alma, Marinda and Blanche, at home. Such in brief is the history of one who has made his own way in the world, and whose life has been crowned with success and with the high regard of his fellow men. GEORGE C. PARKINSON. George C. Parkinson, president of the Oneida stake of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints, with residence at Preston, Idaho, is a native son of Utah, his birth having occurred in Keysville, Davis county, July 18, 1857. His father is Samuel Rose Parkinson, one of the most prominent pioneer citizens of Oneida county, Idaho. President Parkinson is the fourth child and third son of the family. He was educated at Brigham Young College, in Logan, Utah, and was graduated with honor in the class of 1880. He entered upon his business career as a teacher in Logan, his first term of school being in 1877-8. He continued teaching until 1881, at which time he was sent on a mission to the southern states, where he remained for a year, doing a very suc- cessful work. He then went to England, where he remained for a year and three months, and the work he accomplished for the church there was also very satisfactory. Upon his return, in the spring of 1883, he again resumed teaching and was appointed one of the presiding officers of the stake, making his home and headquarters at Franklin. Subse- quently he removed to Oxford, where he re- sumed teaching and was elected county superin- tendent of schools on the Republican ticket. While at that place he was also superintendent of a co-operative store, and during that time a very unpleasant and unjust occurrence came into his life. An alleged polygamist hid in the cellar of his store without his knowledge, but the officers HISTORY OF IDAHO. 725 arrested President Parkinson for concealing a criminal. He was tried, James H. Hawley de- fending him, but the jury disagreed on the ver- dict. His trial was then set for six months later and Mr. Hawley then became the prosecuting attorney, and he was convicted and sentenced to one year in the state's prison and fined three hundred dollars. He paid his fine and served eleven months in the penitentiary, being given one month of his time on account of his good behavior. He had no knowledge of the man who had concealed himself in the cellar, but the jury were all anti-Mormons, and the officer who subpoenaed the jury was heard to remark : "I have now a jury that would convict Jesus Christ." Such was the justice that he received in the name of the law ! Returning to Franklin Mr. Parkinson engaged in the produce business, handling all kinds of produce and also dealing in cattle and sheep. On the 28th of August, 1887, he received the great honor of being appointed president of the Oneida stake, his counselors being Solomon H. Hale and Matthias F. Cowley. President Parkinson has since served with great credit to the church and has largely advanced its interests. He is also successfully conducting several business enter- prises and is a progressive and diligent man. While at Franklin, in connection with Franklin and Logan parties, they purchased all the stores in the former place and consolidated the business under the name of The Oneida Mercantile Union, with a capital stock of fifty thousand dollars. He became one of the stockholders and directors, and an excellent business was carried on. Some of these stockholders established a full roller- process flouring-mill at Franklin, with a capacity of one hundred and twenty-five barrels. Busi- ness is carried on under the name of the Idaho Milling, Grain & Power Company, and as a stockholder and director Mr. Parkinson was ac- tively connected with its management. He is also a stockholder in and the manager of the W. C. Parkinson Mercantile Company, at Preston, where he carries a large line of goods, handling all merchandise used by the citizens of this sec- tion of the state. In addition he buys and handles all kinds of produce, and is conducting an extensive and profitable business. He is man- ager of the Studenberg Brothers Manufacturing Company, at Preston, which also handles a very large stock and is doing a successful business. Aside from mercantile interests he is connected with the sheep and wool industry and thereby adds materially to his income. He is a man of excellent executive force, of sound judgment, capable management and indefatigable energy, and carries forward to successful completion whatever he undertakes. Mr. Parkinson takes quite an active interest in politics, as a supporter of the Republican party, and for a number of years has attended all of the state conventions. In 1894 he was elected to the state senate, representing the district of five counties, which includes one-fourth of the popu- lation of the entire state. In 1895 he had the honor of being appointed by Governor McCon- nell a member of the board of regents of the State University, and in 1896 he was one of the presidential electors on the Republican ticket. He is now president of the board of education of the Oneida stake, and acted as superintendent of the building of the splendid academy erected by the stake at Preston, at a cost of fifty thousand dollars. President Parkinson was happily married in 1881 to Miss Lucy M. Doney, a native of Frank- lin, Idaho, and their union has been blessed with seven children, three sons and four daughters, namely : George D., Lucy Ann, John Leo, Vera, Samuel Parley, Elna and Aleida. Mr. Parkinson and his family have one of the most beautiful and attractive residences in this part of the state, and he is richly deserving of the excellent success which has attended his intelligent and honorable efforts. PETER FREDRICKSON. The hope of reward is the spur of ambition, and honorable ambition is the keynote to success. Without it business would flag, enterprise and energy would stagnate and advancement would be little, if any ; but permeated by this element the world moves on to better things, to greater achievements and more enduring successes. It is this same ambition which has made Mr. Fred- rickson one of the leading business men of Malad. His career is one into which has entered many picturesque elements. He went forth in his early youth to win a place for himself in the world, has been identified with the pioneer interests and de- 726 HISTORY OF IDAHO. velopment of the northwest, and has attained suc- cess and honor through well directed and consci- entious effort. He is now the mayor of the city and well deserves the prominent place which is accorded him by his fellow townsmen. Mr. Fredrickson was born jn Denmark, Octo- ber 26, 1849, and is of Danish and Swiss descent. His father, Christian U. Fredrickson, was also'a native of Denmark, and his mother was a native of Sweden. They were married in the former country and there two children, a son and daugh- ter, were T)orn to them. In 1862 they came to America, bringing with them their two children. They had been converted to the faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, in Denmark, and left that land in order to join the colony of their people in Utah. They settled in Grantsville, Utah, and from that place removed to Lake Point, where for some years the father engaged in farming. Subsequently they came to Malad, where the father died in 1897, at the age of eighty-seven years. His wife passed away at the age of seventy-four. Their daughter, Mary, is now the wife of Thomas Jenkins. Mr. Fredrickson of this review attended school in Denmark until his twelfth year, and was a student in the schools of this country for six months, but is largely self-educated, having ac- quired his knowledge through reading, observa- tion and in the school of experience. He is now a well informed man, having wide general in- formation. He began to earn his own living when only thirteen years of age, and since 1870 has been a resident of Malad. For some time he engaged in freighting, hauling supplies from Corinne, Utah, to the mining camps of Montana, and later turned his attention to agricultural pur- suits. He secured seventy acres of land; a part of which is now within the corporation limits of Malad, and began breeding draft and driving horses. To him is largely due the introduction of fine horses into this county and the improve- ment of the grade of stock here raised. He has prospered in his undertakings, and is the owner of a valuable ranch of eighty acres three miles west of the city, together with much desirable city property, including one of the best homes in Malad, which was erected in 1885. Mr. Fredrickson was married in 1870 to Miss Annie Johnson, a native of Sweden, and they have had twelve children, eight of whom are liv- ing, namely: Charles, John, Grace, Maude, El- sie, Ida, Gladys and Jonas. In his political affiliations Mr. Fredrickson is a Republican, and on that ticket he has been twice elected to the very important office of county commissioner, discharging his duties in a most creditable manner. He was also elected a mem- ber of the first state legislature of Idaho, and in 1897 was appointed mayor of Malad. Soon af- terward he was elected to the office, and is now serving his third year as chief executive of the city, his administration being practical, progres- sive and commendable. He takes a deep interest in the welfare of the place, and uses official pre- rogatives tqadvance those measures calculated to prove of public benefit. In business he has given close attention to his interests, and by his indus- try and integrity has achieved a well earned suc- cess. ICJ