i PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SOME GREEK: ETYMOLOGIES BY S. R. THARTON. IKV: This book is DUE on the last date stamped below FA25 C68 Sane Greek . V :* 11?. gtrr PA25 Cfcb V . PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. , BY E. R. HARTON. UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, COUNCIL, 1893-94. President. PEOF. A. S. NAPIER, M.A., PH.D. Vice- Presidents. TVHITLEY STOKES, D.C.L., LL.D. THE REV. RICHARD MORRIS, LL.D., M.A. HEXRY SWEET, M.A., PH.D., LL.D. JAMES A. H. MURRAY, LL.D., M.A. THE REV. PROF. W. W. SKEAT, Lirr.D., M.A., LL.D. THE REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D. HEXRY BRADLEY, M.A. Ordinary Members of Council. J. BEUZEMAKER, M.A. E. L. BRAXDRETH, ESQ. TALFOURD ELY, M.A. C. A. M. FEXXELL, M.A., LiTT.D. H. HUCKS GIBBS, M.A. I. GOLLAXCZ, M.A. PROF. F. HEATH. PH.D. T. HENDERSOX, M.A. PROF. W. P. KER, M.A. PROF. T. DE LACOUPERIE. R. MARTIXEAU, M.A. W. R. MORF1LL, M.A. J. PEILE, M.A., LITT.D. THEO. G. PINCHES, ESQ. PROF. J. P. POSTGATE, M.A. PROF. C. 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Applications for admission should be made to the Honorary Secretary, Dr. F. J. Furnivall, 3, St. George's Square, Primrose Hill, London, X.W. FA25 Cfcb CD CQ CD H SOME GEEEK ETYMOLOGIES. 17-; By E. R. WHARTON. (1) The modern theory that the 'prothetic,' or, as the Greek grammarians called it (Curtius, Grundziige, 5 720), 'prosthetic,' vowel is in most cases really the first vowel of an originally bi-vocalic root can scarcely be rejected (#) where other languages besides Greek have a similar vowel, as in e/>e/3o? epev^oju.ai o'Ao0v? besides Armenian erek orcam o\l (Persson, "Wurzelerweiterung, p. 246, n.), or (5) where two forms can be best explained by starting from a bi-vocalic root, e.g. avgia Sk. vaksh- from aveks- in a(F}e^w, avpa l Sk. vd- from ave- in a( /")//, Lat. unguis Sk. nakhds from onokhv- in owj; : though why one language dropt the second vowel and another the first we do not in the least know. But in some cases such an explanation is impossible, and the word must be regarded as a compound. A. Latin in-cunus in-clutus in-columis and I think in-vltus are but emphatic forms of cunus clutm columis and * vitus ' forced ' : ' in enim saepe augendi causa adicimus,' says Festus. This in- may be identified with the Preposition in meaning ' upon ' (quite a different word from in meaning ' in,' which goes with eV), Greek ava in ava a/oJTnpiv (=in sceptro). The original meaning was ' up ' and so ' upon ' (cf . German auf in both these senses), while in the Latin Adjectives given above and the Greek Adjectives to be given below we have a transition of signification from ' up ' to ' in a high degree, quite.' The form in the TJrsprache would be n, represented in Latin by in-, in Greek by av- before a vowel, 2 a- before a consonant, as in the following words : -/3A)/%/ao'? '.weak, gentle,' beside /3A//X/ 30 ' 5 - The termination, which appears also in f)de\v-xpds /teAt-x/so? irevi-xpds, must go 1 In the only place in which it occurs in Homer, Od. 5. 469, aSpy means the morning breeze, i)ia9i irp6 ; and with it in this sense Buttmann rightly connects aijptov 'in the morning, to-morrow.' So in my 'Etyma Grseca ' I have ex- plained Homer's i]a>s, Lesbian avovs, as from avo-, an Ablaut of ave- in &ijfu : to a people dwelling near the Mediterranean the morning breeze would be the natural herald of dawn. The Attic form etas takes its aspiration and accent from ?i\ios. 2 In some dialects before a consonant also, Horn, av ' up,' Theocr. o/j.-ni/jiva- ffKo/j.evtf (in which the vocalism shows the presence of a sonant). 1 179829 Z SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. with xpotd x/>s ' surface, skin, colour,' so that /3\i/-x/o* means ' weak-looking, weakly ' : the root is mle- (not mla-, since /3X?/- Xpo? occurs in Doric), Sk. mid- 'to wither,' with Ablaut mlo- in Irish Uuith 'smooth, soft,' and mele- in /te'.Xeos 'useless.' Quite a different word is f3\ag ' slack,' in which the a must be due to contraction (Kretschmer K.Z. 31, 295), or we should have */3\j/f : as vea% or veijg comes from i/e'os, so I would explain ft\at~ as for *[3\aFdlj or *j3\af yg, from a simpler form */3\afd<;, mlvos, Lat. mollis for *molvis. The root appears in Gothic ga-mahjan ' to crush,' and Eng. mellow. a-0e'ff0aTos ' marvellous,' beside 0e'o9 ' long, numerous ' with Tvyuv ' ordinary,' as a Litotes for ' considerable.' Thus alone can we fairly explain caavs and Lat. densus (i.e. *dent-tos) beside Albanian dent ' to make thick.' a-*y>os ' at the top ' (it never means ' sharp,' and therefore cannot go with *.-/9, Lat. acud], beside 0oXa-xy>o't ' white-headed' 2 1 As Lat. ferio means both 'strike' and 'cheat.' and icpoCa-iy both 'striking' and 'cheating' (Ar. Xub. 317), so with Beivta I would connect for 8 as in eo's for 0t6s (G. Meyer, Griech. Gramm. 2 211). 2 The first element is bhl-n-, cf. bhl-n- in a\\6s ' white ' (Hesychius) and Lat. fullo ' clothes-cleaner.' c SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. O (Schulze, Quaestiones Epicae 464), from a by-form of icdpa. On these by-forms see Danielsson's Grammatische iind Etymologische Studien pp. 1-56, Johansson K.Z. 30. 347-350, Johannes Schmidt's Pluralbildungen der Indogermanischen Xeutra pp. 363-379. From the same root as icdpd we may deduce () Kaipo? (i.e. */ca'/>/os) 'thrum,' end or top of the thread; (i) *ra/>Tos Kpdros 'headship, power,' quite a different word from Kparai'-\ewv 'rooky,' Gothic hardus 'hard' (with which we may put Kep-rofia 'hard words'); (c) K\?ipo<3 'lot,' a Dissimilation for *Kpapos, cf. Arcadian Kpapiw-rat and Rhodian 'H.\o-Kpdp>jas, while from another form *Kpd-Trd\rj is borrowed Lat. crapula : d-fiei'vwv ' better,' from /mevo-s ' strength : ' d-ffKijO)')? ' safe,' quasi ' supported, cared for ' (cf. with Active meaning, aice6p6? Av*-o? avrlut \vaa>)v. shows that the Greeks themselves connected \vaaa with \vKoos. (2) Homer's Kipvy/Ai rtrvrffu rf\vafuu ( and Elean omw draw from eTna their breathing and labial respectively, efySoos borrows its consonants from eficofios. (e) There is no clear proof of any confusion in the Ionic- Attic dialect between e and i : the Old- Attic forms Aivcu-rai Ahiarai, AvXearai A.v\ia-rai only show different ways of resolving the diphthong ei before a vowel, Delian 0-7X177/9 is an Assimilation (see J. Schmidt K.Z. 32. 321 sq.} for 0-7X677/5, M (Meister 2. 89) : Hesychius has Xe/c/W and \iKpol ' antlers ' without designa- tion of dialect. Before a vowel (Solmsen K.Z. 32. 513 sq.) we find this variation in Cyprian, Lesbian, Boeotian, Thessalian (excluding Larisa), and Doric : Cyprian Oidv and dew, /u.1 and /*e (Meister 2. 211) : Lesbian ^pva-i'ia and ^pvaeia : Boeotian Oids and deois, doiciei but KaXe'oi/Tt : Thessalian Klovta and Laconian aias and Heraclean Ti/uoKpaTio? but /"e'reos : Cretan 6109 and 6>eo's, ajiiwv and afidwv, l&ftev and We must therefore conclude that, however it was written, e was always pronounced ' close ' in Aeolic, Doric, Locrian, and Cyprian ; and, at least when it stood before a consonant, in Arcadian also. B. () The derivation of the following words is unknown, and we cannot say that the v stands for o : irpvXees ' champions ' (Horn.), cf. Cyprian 7rpv\is ' war-dance ' (Hoffmann B.B. 15. 89). TrpvfiVT) ' stern,' 7rpvpvo g" 1111 -) 2 beside gven-, Goth, qino, Old Irish ben, Old Slavonic zena, Sk. Jam's, and Elean fieveoi (jaia^ono -ry ^waiKi, Meister 2. 22). 7ri-aKvviov ' skin over the eyes,' skim-, beside skven-to-, Old ]S"orse skinn. 7. 61 ; G. Meyer Gr. Gr. 2 77 and Albanesische Studien 3. 69 ; Brngmann Grr. 1. 219 fin. and 2. 340 ; Schulze 201 sq. ; Persson 227. The forms in Celtic (Irish ainmm or oiiim, Welsh tine) and Old Slavonic (imf) have not yet heen satisfactorily explained. The root may appear in 6vo/j.at ' blame, disparage,' i.e. 'name,' in our parliamentary sense, stigmatize. Arcadian K\f(ov6/j.ca, Laconian Trarpoy6/j.ov, seem to owe their third vowel o (for u) to a false connexion with v6/jios. 1 i.e. (Andrew Lang, Custom and Myth, p. 39), a fish-shaped piece of wood making a hideous noise when whirled 'round by means of a piece of string. The Greeks themselves seem to have compared the shape of the bullroarer to that of the wryneck, 5firy|, with its long snake-like neck : ' the mad bird, the variegated wryneck of the four spokes, bound to an endless wheel,' which Aphrodite in Pindar (Pyth. 4. 381) brings to Jason to help him in gaining the love of Medea, can hardly have been a real wryneck, but a bullroarer spun round by means of a wheel. From the noise which this would make, not from the bird itself, which has not a loud cry, came the Homeric ivfa ' roar ' ; and, from the use of the bull- roarer in magical ceremonies, the meaning of lvy as 'charm, spell' (Pind. Xem. 4. 56) or 'yearning produced by a spell ' (Aesch. Pers. 989). 2 A Velar after or before v becomes Palatal, not Labial (De Saussure, Mem. Soc. Ling. 6. 161 .5/7. ). 12 SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. Ovpa, dhur-, Lit. d&rys, Arm. durn, Sk. dur-, beside dhvor-, Zend dvara. KVK\Ov\\ov, bhul-jom, beside bhvcd-jom Lat. folium. I.e., though no extant language has initial mv, nv, or bhv, the Greek forms here show that such combinations existed in the TJrsprache. So (Brugmann Grr. 166. 170. 184) v is lost after initial bh in vTrep-fa'aXos, Lat fis, Old Slavonic be ' he was ' ; and after medial n in Att. ^ova-ra fei/o? (frdavw, and Old Slavonic tlnlka ' thin.' In five of these words we have a further Ablaut, the final liquid of the root becomes sonant : ffwrj : gvn.-, Dor. a* Qvpd: dhvr-, Lat. foris, Old Slavonic dcW. 3 1 So, I think, irerXos ' robe ' as being circular when spread out flat on the ground ; whence in Latin it was called cyclas. 3 Also, I think, Ionic (not ' borrowed into Attic from Boeotian ' as J. Adam says of /Savoucros, Classical Review 7. 102) : fidvava-os 'mechanical' Herodotus 2. 165 opposes &ava,vto9 opoftfta opo, Archil. Att. aTr-w/u-OTOS Att. eV- trvv- f Hom. Att. vTTwpdcfiio? : with the exception of Trevrwpv/a in an Attic inscription of 330 B.C. (Boeckh, Staatshaushaltung 3. 412), Stwpv^a etc. in Xenophon, Cynegeticus 2. 5, which owe their v to the analogy of eVuW/too0a (Kretschmer K.Z. 378). (") Even apart from Dissimilation, in the non-Ionic dialects every un-stressed o seems to have been pronounced ' close ' and written indifferently o or v. Thus 1 Find. Pyth.4. 228 6p6yviav, and Sappho 98 firropoyvwi, are mere conjectures. 14 SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. (a) in the article, which like our ' the ' was doubtless un- stressed, Pamphylian v but Arcadian o : (b) at the end of a word, Lesbian CLTTV and a/ro (the Grammarians give Zevpv as the Aeolic form, Sappho has ceupo). Arcadian inrv tea. 1 aXXi/ 2 but e\vfftrro, Cyprian Inrv ryevoiTu wplaeTu (never -TO), Pamphylian ef3ia\doTv eVnJXocu Ka-epepgoSv. So before a final consonant, Cyprian Kepdfiiv? Nom. Sing, (in other words -o?), Pamphylian (3iv\i)[iei>v9 and in the same inscription KCKpa^evos, 'EtrrJ-ecitvs Nom. and Kovpaffi'wws Gen. : (c) in the first element of a compound, whether a monosyllabic Preposition, Cyprian vv-edrjKe and ov-eOrjice, both from n-, Att. av- ; or at the end of a disyllabic Preposition, Lesbian airv- and OTTO-, Larisaean OTTV-, Arcadian am- KUTV- ; or at the end of a stem, Rhodian 'A^aOu-fifipd-rov and Tifio-ppdcov, Pamphylian FOIKV- TroXts and Ne'yo-TToXets. Pitch-accent seems to have had nothing to do with this pro- nunciation of o, we have v in the oxytone syllable in FoiKviro\ii/ts ; so that we cannot be sure that 1 For *Karb, which is to K]\i'j} as Paphian, and his flop/Hat; tTnoKuaev iVK0/?o<7oVi/ 20^00/w, Attic "O\o/u.7ro9. Laconian Kovoovpeu.'v, may be due to Assimilation (Kretschmer K.Z. 29. 412), while Strabo's 'Opfii'va for 'Yp^rj (in Elis, II. 2. 616, see Meister 2. 31) seems to show the influence of 0/3/105 ' roadstead.' (3) Leskien's principle of ' Ausnahmslosigkeit,' that a phonetic law has no exceptions, is doubtless true within each dialect ; but in Greek there were as many dialects as there are in English, and every poet and each of his hearers or readers must have been familiar with several. So ovis and Ids, words common enough, were loanwords in Latin (Havet, Mem. Soc. Ling. 6. 17 sq.\ the proper Roman forms would be *avis and *vos : the Romans said ' sedeo in solio,' though the I in the last word was Oscan. In ' the skipper met the shipper in a well- equipt skifE ' we have four different dialects : in the Windhill dialect of Yorkshire the forms misen, misel, miseln (myself) are used without distinction, and ' probably due to importation from neighbouring dialects' (Prof. Joseph Wright, Dialect of Wind- hill, p. 122). 16 SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. A. Whether an initial vowel should preserve its aspiration or not must have depended on dialect in Greek, just as it did in Latin and does in English: the lower orders at Rome, the linguistic progenitors of the Romance languages, must have dropt all their h's, and in England it is only the educated classes that keep theirs. ijcvs and ijco in Homer's ucyaeie a^/coVev, both also written aBS-, as for *a-aFacew, ' am dissatisfied, displeased ' : 0/>o//oi> ' prelude,' beside Trpo-otpuov, must come from *oi'utov, as (frpovpos comes from 7rpd-\-*6pd? ' watcher ' (o/aaw), and cos from *<>pov&ou, i.e. -rrpo oSov, ' ahead on the way,' II. 4. 382. Homer's otfiij ' song ' will then be dialectic for *oi'/j.rj, perhaps meaning 'connection,' arrangement of words, from a root soi-, Sk. setus 'binding,' si-, 'to bind,' /-/tas 'band.' (Lat. saeculum then must be from some other root.) B. In Lesbian we have tW/> t'x^os for virep v^-os (G. Meyer 91), in Larisaean 'nrep (Aleister 1. 224), in Megarian ataipi>7tTa<; for alffvfii'ijTr'l'i (Kretschmer K.Z. 29. 412 sq.}, in Hippocrates both i;0i/o9 ' hard.' So I would explain c/rcu&ot ' wanton ' as for *Kvvai8o e^wv, ' with as much modesty as a dog,' the dialectic form being employed to disguise the meaning. C. The Lesbian representative of r was po (G. Meyer 27), e.g. ppo^ew^ 0poffeu>9 ffTpd-ra'/os, Homer's rjufiporov beside Att. ifl/jiap7ov : so /3/joT09 (cf. Sk. mrtds 'dead') must have been Aeolic, the true Ionic word being dvr)-r66Tos for icpdro^ (G. Meyer 6), Hesych. ^6/t0oe for /ja/0o9 ' beak,' Boeotian -rpe-irecda? beside (in another inscription) T/JOTre'dca? (B.B. 17. 336, n.). D. Homer's oZjiif = Att. ooyuy, as v A5/t^T09 = Att. v Ar/tj/T09 (Kretschmer K.Z. 29. 420) ; so Pindar's Keica/uei>o<} ( furnished with' =Att. KeKdfffievo?, perhaps meaning 'bound with,' and going with the post-Homeric *rjyco9 ' connexion by marriage ' quite a different word from the Homeric AT/^O? ' care, mourn- ing.' Homer's Kaiw^ai ' surpass,' Perf. KeKaa/aai, cannot be for *KaSi^vfiai or go with /ce/ca^/te'j'09, for Dental -\-v would remain unchanged, as in d\orrvci>r) TT^VW edvos (G. Meyer 280) : I would explain it as for ^Kaawfim (cf. eivvfii for *eavvfii}, from a root kns-, Sk. gans- ' to praise,' so that Kaiw^ai will mean ' am praised ' for something, Od. 4. 725 TravToi'y? aperrjat, *:6:ffyiiJ'O9 eV Aavaoiffi. E. Herodotus (Ehys, P and Q, Groups, p. 16), uses *> for TT- in words derived from the Relative stem, e.g. tcote KOU KW? : thus his irpoKci 'forthwith' may stand for *-p6 ira, i.e. irpd-\-the Instrumental (Brugmann Grr. 2. 274) of kvo-. Thus 7r/>oV will be identical with Lat. prope ' near,' an Oscan form (see p. 12 init. on poples) for *proque from *proqua (Brugmann Grr. 1. 973). The -Ka in av~iKa must be differently explained, apparently as kn, Ablaut of Kev ' then ' (see Persson Idg. Fors- 1 Havet's (and Benfey's) connexion of &ypvirvos with eyelpw, Mem. Soc. Lin 6. Ill, is rightly controverted by Breal, do. 17.!. 18 M)ME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. chungen 2. 228): the first element is *avrt, Location of avs ' ipse ' (Hesychius), while avro's is from the stem of avs-j-a 'determinative' o (see on 0e'ca (as that of a0n// is a0eWa, G. Meyer 559), whence was formed a Present BIWKW ' set in motion ' (G. Meyer 45). The form *c/a I detect in (a) Sia-Kovos ' servant,' quasi /3/a KOVWV, ' compelled to work ' : the second element, as in Hesychius' Kovelv' lirel^eaOai, Homer's e^Koveta ' hasten,' Att. O.KOVI-II ' without trouble ' (Schulze 353, n.), is from ken-, a parallel form of kven- in Trove?*, as kel- in /ce'XXw, Kefy?, Lat. celer, is a parallel form of kvel- in Tre'Xw ' move,' Lat. cold : (b) cia-veicr)* 'continuous,' quasi /3m evexOct?, 'brought on by force, not to be stopt ' : the second element being an unnasalised form (as in Lat. nactus] of the root of tVe7Ke2V and Lat. nanciscor. (4) It is often difficult to decide whether a word is a compound or a derivative, or of what elements an admittedly compound word is made up. afi/x'/ 9 "* Homer always connotes sound : it is used of the cries of pain, of a tumult, of the bleating of sheep, and of noisy eating and drinking. I would therefore explain it as ' dry-sounding,' from *o"o's, Adj. of u^tj ' dryness,' + iyx 9 'noise,' comparing II. 12. 160, KopvOei 'a/i0' avov atnew, of a ' harsh, grating sound ' (Monro), and Verg. Georg. 1. 357 aridus . . fragor 'a jarring noise.' Hesychius' aax[e'a] then will be the Doric form ; his afex/}s is a different word, cnro TOU u^tjv e-^eiv, as the Scholiast on II. 15. 25 gives the derivation of a^xy? (which Apollonius Rhodius uses as = afaXe'o9 'dry,' Wackernagel K.Z. 33. 51). a?ffx 9 ' disgrace '= * To- 9 ' shame, respect ' (Bezzenberger B.B. 4. 313), ! and a7a-(F}a ' apportioning,' giving 1 The 8 is probably terminational, not from 5i'5o>/ii. SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. 19 each his due share of honour. The second element of oTo-^o? is the ' reduced ' root of e^w, so that the whole word means 'having observation,' getting oneself observed. So 7ra}/s 'brave,' with metrical lengthening (Schulze 33 sq.} rjv? ; (2) 8U-, the reduced form, Sk. su- ' well,' Greek v- in vfipi? beside ftpiapds, vyiTj? beside 1 The only non-compound word in Greek with v in both syllables is y\vici>s, apparently a by form of the *y\vic6s which appears in Hesychius' y\vKij- &o-rdrt) SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. 21 Lith. gyjti ' I get well (De Saussure Mem Soc. Ling. 7. 89, Zubaty K.Z. 31. 52 ?.); (3) su-, Sk. su- 'well,' and I think Greek *v- in *v0v(ffffi \oVo9 Kare^evei' 6fii'x\i]i' . . . ws upa rwv VTTO Troffffi Kovt'ffa\ov tL-pw-i aeXX?}? means ' well does the south wind bring fog: so rose the dust,' i.e. 'as the south wind brings fog, so rose the dust ' ; and II. 4. 277 j.ie\dv7epov, ijvre Triaaa, (fiai'veTai ' it looks blacker, quite pitchy ' : ( b} evxopai ' boast, vow, pray,' literally ' use only lona verba ' about myself or the gods, the same termination appearing in vyx ff ^ 7 )X w o'^vu-^ta rpvx^ ty>'ix w > a-ov axi), cicax'i (this from the same root as ci'jta ' I will find,' Zend da- ' to know '). tX0oo7reu> 'quarrel,' II. 1. 518, means 'organise hostilities,' from the root of e*x0o9 e'xfyo's + dekv- Old High German gi-zeltm 'to arrange,' with which Brugmann Grr. 1. p. 332 puts Sei-irvov 'dinner,' quasi *cc-n-v-jov. Eng. hatred, literally 'arrangement (Ags. raed) of hate,' is a somewhat similar compound. Kl>oicdcei\o9 ' lizard,' an Ionic word (Hdt. 2. 69), = ' yellow coward,' AT/JO /cos ' saffron ' + cetXoV, from the colour and shyness of the animal. The application of the word to the crocodile must have been a Litotes, or joke. Xa^ti/09, properly used of an ox (Ar. Pax. 925), = ' with a fine hide,' p~ii>dJ > representing *Xe- i.e. *Xocre-, 22 SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. as the similar prefix \at- in Xa/wa/j'yo? Aar7ro/a9 represents *Xao-Fotviiw (for the shortening of a compound see p. 20 on eiyxeXv?) 'am drunk -with desire,' [iei>ei otvwfiai : cf . the Attic use of peOveiv ' to be drunk with passion.' In II. 12. 59 fievoiveov is wrong both in form (for fievoivaov] and meaning ('were anxious'): Goebel, Homerische Blatter, p. 15 sq. proposes to read fievoiev av. vrjfycneos, the Homeric epithet of ^nwv and Kpi'fiefivov, may mean ' such as never was,' ofo? OUTTW e^/evero (as I think the post-Homeric aTrXero? 'immense' meant ofo? OUTTW eVXeTo), vrj- negative + a Participial form from ^i~(i>ouat. So Lat. ing ens ' huge ' means ' quod nondum genitum est.' Trai^viij 'sport' (Hdt.) and Tral^viov 'toy' (Att.) are from an Adj. *7ra<-, as against nineteen of -guy from -ju>. TTwfiaXa 'not at all' (Att.) is a negative which was originally an interrogative : TTU> /j.a\a ' how, very much how ' ? The two words were pronounced and accented as one, to show that the fia\a qualified the preceding word and not anything that might follow. So TTW in Aesch. Again. 1507 is a negation under the guise of a question : Sidgwick rightly translates it ' nay.' In meaning it differs from z-w? ' how ? ' no more than ovrw differs from ovrws : in each case euphony alone determined which form should be employed. So OUTTW and ovwios, fiijTrw and //jyTrojy, are used interchangeably : in II. 2. 419 ovS" upa TTUJ ol eTretcpataive Kpovc'ivv (see Fasi), II. 3. 306 OV7TW T\r/ffO/J,', II. 14. 143 ffoi &' ovTTta fia\a fd*fj(V 0eol fj.u.Knp uKovofiev ovce 7ra\.atu>v, 1 For the difference in the final vowel cf. dpx '-' 7roA -' 5 apxi-TtKrtav (G. Meyer 81.). * AfXiTjjUfVor ' eager ' is not from AiXdbpoi but from *\id.o/.iat ' I am much set on a thins:,' cognate with \iS.v \iijv ' very much ' ; which itself seems to stand for *\iF-av, t ' smoothly, easily,' beside \e?f)os 'smooth,' with the same termina- tion as irA-oV n-A.-^f 'except,' literally 'turning from' (e.g. ir\^t> auToD='away from him '), from the root of WAo> ' move.' SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. 23 Soph. Oed. Rex 105 ov jTat, Eur. Hec. 1278 fiyjTrut fiavelij TvvSapis -roffdvSe Trats, we might just as well have had ovtrw-} (fiijirta^}. In many passages OVTTW (fiTjiria) may conveniently be translated ' not yet ' : but in each it is the Verb that gives the connotation of time, the particle denotes only manner (' not at all '). d-, eTi-tjeravd'i, is a by-form of -rvd- in vTrddpa, in the Homeric phrase vTrdSpa Ictav ' looking fiercely at him,' can have nothing to do with depKo/u,ai, which would be giving the same idea twice over, and in which case the word ought to be vTroBpd^, as the Alexandrians rightly had it. I therefore (Etyma Latina s.v. odium] take v-dcpa as Instrumental (for the accent cf. o-0o'<5/>o from <70ofy>o's) of an Adj. *vir-o8-pds ' with covert hatred,' from the root of ocvofiai (Schulze 341) 'am angry," Lat. odium, Arm. ateam ' I hate,' Old Norse otul ' fierce ' (e.g. 6'tul augu 'fierce eyes'). With odium goes atrox 'fierce' (Lat. Consonant Laws 22, see Thurneysen K.Z. 32. 562) ; so that, if I may coin the Latin word, w7ro'8/3a = *subatrociter. wxpo? (apparently Neuter) ' paleness ' is in Homer the colour of fear, II. 3. 35 w^po? re fiiv et\e Trapeid's, Od. 11. 529 wxpyvavra XP a > ^ a coward : it may mean ' egg-colour,' as yellow as the yolk of an egg, TO w^pov TOV wou (Aristotle). The first element is the root of w(f}dv (a post-Homeric word), Lat. ovum, Old Slavonic aje (which last proves the root to be 6-, not 6v-) ; the second is a by-form of xpw? ' colour.' From oi^/jos was later (first in Hippocrates) formed an Adj. ' pale, yellow.' 21 SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. (5) Some other words may best be given in alphabetical order, 'eagle' (=*alf : eT-o9, as Pergaean a/'/^erds shows), Aratus' ds, 1 may mean ' mighty one,' going with afyros, epithet of Hephaistos in II. 18. 410, aia 'land' (the 'mighty' earth), and aiavJ/9 'everlasting.' The two last words Johansson, B.B. 18. 4, puts with ate/, altav, and Sk. uyus 'living': the common idea then will be ' full of life, strong.' atVds ' terrible ' may originally have meant ' bitter, cruel,' *ufi-jd^ (cf. fiaivw from *fidfi-ju>, Goth, giman], m- Ablaut to om-, Lat. amarus 'bitter' (on the first vowel see Latin Vocalism 5), uyids ' raw, cruel.' U.KWV 'javelin' may go with UKV\OoTJyTa ' manhood,' occurring three times in the Iliad, is of course unmetrical: it may be corrected in several ways. (1) The most impossible of all is Clemm's, who reads *c/>oT/yTa from *vfpo- T>/Ta (a-vfipd-i) i this in two places gives an un-Homeric caesura Kara T6T/>Toj/ ipoyjaiov (Monro, Homeric Grammar, 2 367. 2), \nrovaa *fy>OT?yra icat T)ft>]i' ) and in the third, II. 24. 6 TroOetav ijru 7 Kai yttej/09, will not even scan. (2) The idea that jra could be a ' reduction ' of *avf>o-rij?a lacks support : is epithet of vv% in II. 14. 78, and ap/Spo-os in Od. 11. 330, but the sense is different, d^pdrrj (like ufu^iftpu-rj, G. Meyer, 179) is ' neu componiert ' from /S/JOTOS, to mean ' void of men, unpeopled,' (*ra#* r)v ftporol firf (j)on)aiv Schol., eV ?J fiporo's ov Trpoeiaiv Eustathius), and so in Aesch. Prom. 2 ufipo^v eh eprjpiav (as Dindorf rightly reads for uftarov : Hesychius has dfiporov' cnrdvOpu}- Troi/). 2 (3) I would therefore read *apor>/Ta, as a parallel form to cipeTt)i>, the up- in each case representing nr- (beside a-vyp). In II. 2. 651 'EwaXiia av&pei(j>ovTr) we may read *upee'0o9 must be mreghv-, as that of fipax.v (Alcman 130), must mean 'dropt' into the water, from /3XXw (not, as Meister 2. 204 says, from a root gvel- meaning 'to split, tear'). In Od. 12. 252 the gram- marian Callistratus read l^Ovai TO?S oX/yoto-t oXoi> KOTO, SeiXcna (' bait') ySaXXwi/, for efcara (Schulze 102). ^e<77roT^9 and Sk.jaspatis ' master of the house ' owe their t to a popular connexion with the words for ' lord,' iroai^ (' husband ') and pat is : the proper form, as Old Slavonic gospodl 'lord' shows, was gvgspod-, the -- perhaps appearing in eo-7roi>. The further derivation is obscure : the word indeed may be un-Aryan. ce-^ofjLiu in Homer and Att., beside Seicofiai in Sappho Pindar Hdt. and -COK- in compounds in all dialects, owes its % to e^w, a word of cognate meaning : i.e., to use Tick's convenient expression, ce^o^ai ' rhymes ' with e-^ofiai (iliddle). With fuK- may go Co^^o? (i.e., *^o/c--ff- / 09, as TrXo^/io? is for *TT\OK-(T- /to'?, De Saussure, Mem. Soc. Ling. 7. 91 2 ) 'aslant,' a metaphor from a beast turning to 'receive' the hunter, II. 12. 147 (of 1 These must be quite different -words from Sk. vanl ' music, tone ' and vands ' music, hundred- stringed harp,' with which Johansson, Idg. Forsch. 2. 55 n., puts av\6$ 2 Cf. pa>xM/K?, e///j<9, though by ordinary Greek laws it should have become *epFi/> was earlier in operation than the law that erv- became cpF, as the law that ns became w was earlier in operation (Brugmann GIT. 1. 611) than the law that ens became ei/y. eiKrj ' at random ' seems a Litotes for eiKo-rivs ' as we should have expected, simply, naturally,' Soph. Oed. Rex 979 eiKtj Kpariffrov %i}v, oTTWi Zvvano -its. It is then Instrumental of an Adj. *t:o, seen in eiKo-fto\eif ' to aim at random,' cognate with eoiice ' it seems.' eiireiv ' to say ' may mean ' to clear up,' veikv-, cf. Sk. vic- ' to sift, separate, examine.' 7ri-ffrafiai 'know' seems formed from the Adj. lirnnijfiuiv (Od. 16. 374) 'knowing,' literally 'setting oneself to a thing.' The Subst. eTrnntjfii} ' knowledge ' appears first in Hippocrates. ep[LT)vev (as KWKVW ' howl ' for *KVKUW, Lith. kukiu) : with a short vowel the root appears in Kv\\6u) ' cripple,' and Sk. kit n is ' crippled in the arm ' (Fortunatov B.B. 6. 216). Xao? ought in Ionic to be X?/o's, as it is in Hipponax, and perhaps SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. 27 once was in Homer (Monro, Horn. Gramm. 2 p. 390). From X^o? I would deduce (a) \ijtov ' crop,' the produce of ' common ' land, and (i) AY/S \tjir) Xeia ' booty,' public property before it was divided among the combatants, cf. Aei'a? aa\d%ei.v (Brug- 28 SOME GREEK ETYMOLOGIES. mann Grr. 2. p. 1084) : Tranfailvw ' shine ' must be formed on an Adj. *7Tfl/t-0a///9 ' all shining,' whence also Trapfavowv, while Tra.Tna.ivu> ' look round ' must be from a root kvnkvth- (or whatever the last letter may be), kvenkvth-, whence, without the nasal, Sk. caksh- 'to see ' (Fick B.B. 18. 134). So rerpe^acvw must be from au Adj. *Te-T-pe[iavd?, not straight from Tpeftw, or we should have *-n-rpe[iaivw, like -n-raivw ; and -re-rpalvw 'pierce' from an Adj. *Te-T/)ai/o9, or we should have mpaivw (the form used by Theo- phrastus). TT.TTvvfjievoos (cf. Zend raokhshna 'shining') became Xw^os. pi)*lo? ' rug ' (Horn.), ^'709 (Anacreon), pegto ' dye' (Epicharmus), and a\o-vp~i //9 ' dyed with sea purple ' (Att., see Schulze 498, w.), must go with pi/ffffw 'beat the ground' (II. 18. 571), cloth being stamped on to make the dye penetrate : so German walken ' to clean cloth ' is the same word as Eng. walk. The root must be vreg-, Ablaut vrg- in pdaaw ' push ' : Sk. raj- ' to be red ' cannot be connected, if only because the meaning would be too narrow. fftiTivt) ' chariot ' may be a Persian word, standing for *g(nivr) (as acnpcnriiCV% is for *KVKKV!;, Lat. cuculm; (2) tvor- in Old Norse thvara ' stirring-stick ' ; (3) tver- in Ags. thviril ' churn- handle,' Eng. twirl, Old High German dweran 'to mix up,' Sk. tvar- ' to hasten.' From a by-form stver-, stur- (see Schrijnen, Phenomene de 1' S Mobile) comes (nvpag, p. 12. o-aym, which in Homer always means ' dead body, carcase,' may go with auis ' safe,' and mean ' remnant, what has escaped being eaten by dogs or birds ' : II. 3. 23 iaa-re. \eiav e^opy /u.^a\w eVJ ' being,' eV must go with \eip an( l niean ' belonging to a handicraftsman,' xW'fa as opposed to a warrior. Thus it is used contemptuously, II. 1. 80 /3a<7tAet>? ore yjuas-rai avSpi X 6 V 7 / f (' a ^ ow fellow'), Od. 15. 324 old re TCUS a