GEN OA 
 
 HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL
 
 
 FAJAUE OF THE CATHEDRAL.
 
 GENOA 
 
 J. THEODORE BENT, B.A. OXON. 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 "A FREAK OF FREEDOM; OR, THE REPUBLIC OF S. MARINO " 
 
 " How now, Tubal, what news from Genoa ? " 
 
 SHAKESPEARE, Merchant of Venice 
 
 WITH EIGHTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 LONDON 
 
 C. KEGAN PAUL & CO., i, PATERNOSTER SQUARE 
 
 1881
 
 ( Tlic rfg/t/s of translation and of reproduction are reserved.)
 
 Annex 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE history of a powerful naval and commercial common- 
 wealth, which indeed occupied but a small speck of Europe 
 but which through its colonies and research spread an in- 
 fluence over the then known world, must be regarded by the 
 Anglo-Saxon race with especial interest, as forming one of 
 the steps in that ladder of progress by which we have suc- 
 ceeded in attaining such a pitch of commercial prosperity. 
 
 Beneath us on this ladder are the Dutch, Hanseatic, 
 Portuguese, Venetian, and Genoese steps, each and all 
 assisting us out of that maze of barbarism which was incident 
 on the fall of the Roman Empire. 
 
 The Italian Republics were the first to succeed in sub- 
 stantially gathering together the threads of commerce which 
 had been known to the old world of Phoenician, Greek, and 
 Roman merchants, and when this firm foothold had once 
 been re-established, the upward progress was greatly simplified. 
 
 Pisa and Amalfi were amongst the first to assist in this 
 direction, but Pisa and Amalfi fell powerless before more than 
 mere local prosperity had been attained. 
 
 In these pages we shall see that it was Genoa who was 
 first in the ranks of commerce and discovery in the Black Sea,
 
 vi PREFA CE. 
 
 in the Mediterranean, and outside the pillars of Hercules. 
 She was closely pressed by Venice, indeed, all eager to stand 
 in rivalry with her on the s'ame footing ; but Genoa for well 
 nigh a hundred years was greatly superior in strength and 
 resources to the Queen of the Adriatic, and when Venice did 
 hold the position of leader in the mercantile world her position 
 was distinctly that of Genoa's successor. 
 
 In the counting-houses of Genoa were worked out many 
 of the early problems of finance. Her Bank of St. George 
 ushered in many new monetary systems, essential to the 
 carrying on of an extensive commerce. Her population was a 
 hard-working shrewd race of mariners. In short, Genoa was 
 the Manchester and Liverpool of the Middle Ages combined 
 in one. 
 
 I have endeavoured in the following pages faithfully to 
 work out the career of this Republic from rise to fall, deriving 
 my information from such authors as had taken manuscripts 
 in the various archives as the basis of their works, and, thanks 
 to the kind assistance of friends in Genoa, I was enabled to 
 consult manuscripts myself in archives not generally open to 
 foreigners. 
 
 I am greatly indebted to H.B.M.'s consul in Genoa, 
 M. Yeats Brown, Esq., and to the Contessa C. di Langosco 
 (ncc Greslcy), for their valuable assistance in aiding my re- 
 search. 
 
 J. THEODORE BENT. 
 
 43, Great Cumberland Place, W. 
 May, 1880.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME. 
 
 Petrarch's description of old Genoa Extent of Genoese commerce Glance at 
 the palace of Vialata The old narrow streets and domestic architecture 
 Genoese ladies and their love of processions The " Cassacie," and 
 their procession The " casse," the pilgrims, penitents, and cross-bearers 
 Origin of the Cassacie, and their suppression The Doge : his costume, 
 and ceremonies connected with him His Christmas gift from the Val 
 di Bisagno Genoa's foreign guests Charles V. entertained by Andrea 
 D'Oria Dark side of Genoa : her factions, and her stones of infamy 
 The Jews in Genoa Hebrew refugees from Spain, and their reception 
 How the Jews got immunities Case of child surreptitiously baptized 
 Plague of pigs The Lerinensians and their customs Genoa's lament 
 over her bygone glory ....... 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 
 
 Position held by the Italian Republics at the Crusades Ligurian sharp 
 practice and robbery, instances thereof First Crusade Godfrey de 
 Bouillon leaves Genoa Guglielmo Embriaco Caffaro the annalist 
 Return of the Genoese Their robbery at Myrrha John the Baptist's 
 bones brought home, and duly honoured by succeeding generations 
 Matteo Civitale and Innocent VIII. Second Crusade Embriaco and 
 the Genoese at the siege of Jerusalem Their inventions and prowess 
 Torre degli Embriaci Genoese decide to build their cathedral Siege 
 of Cassarea Riches divided Embriaco gets the "sacra catino." 
 Curious history of this relic, its pretensions, and the deception thereof 
 Siege of Ptolemais Dastardly conduct of Genoese Commercial 
 position established by Genoa Third Crusade Richard of England 
 and Philip II. of France at Genoa, and their treaty with Genoese 
 Richard adopts standard of St. George ; writes for reinforcements to 
 Genoa from Accon Englishmen in Genoa at that time The " Com- 
 menda " of St. John, and its history William Acton Pope Urban VI.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 J-AGH 
 
 Fourth Crusade, and the infantile contingent Siege of Damietta, and 
 the part Genoa took at it Excitement at home End of the Holy 
 Wars, and their effect on Genoa St. Louis' Crusade, and decline of 
 crusading spirit Some Genoese troubadours : Folchetto, Cicala, and 
 others . .....,, 23 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 
 
 Diverse opinions as to origin of the name Genoa Norman and Saracen 
 invaders Hastings, and his capture of Luna Dante on Luna The 
 Saracen scourge, and first attempts to resist it The old castle and cathe- 
 dral The Bishops, sole depositaries of Roman civilization S. Siro, 
 and legends connected with him Wealth of the bishops, and their 
 government, their palace, the Cintraco The companies, the consuls, 
 and the growth of the Commune General assemblies First act ot 
 emancipated commune, building of the Cathedral Description of the 
 same, and of the Church at Porto Venere Second act of the Commune, 
 nobles obliged to swear fealty, and their enrolment as citizens Quarrels 
 of the Castelli and Avvocati Greatness of the Consulate The Podesta : 
 his election, and how restrained The first Podesta Revolts along the 
 Riviera Introduction of Guelph and Ghibelline factions Guglielmo 
 Boccanegra the first Captain His success, and subsequent deposition 
 The four chief families of Genoa Origin of the Spinola, and Grimaldi 
 Lords of Monaco Captains of the Spinola and D'Oria families, and 
 their power The abbot of the people Genoa gives away her liberty 
 to I lenry of Luxemburg The contract His visit to Genoa, and death 
 Popular feeling aroused Election of the first Doge, Simone Bocca- 
 negra His rule and his power His death and his tomb Dante in 
 Liguria, and what he learnt there . . . . -44 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 GENOA AND HER PISAN RIVAL. 
 
 -a in her glory Origin of the rivalry between the Griffin and the Fox 
 Benedict VIII. 's grant Corsica prefers Genoa First Lateran council 
 Calixtus II. decides against Pisa Anger of Pisan Archbishop Roger 
 Discomfiture of Pisa Peace brought about by Innocent II. and St. 
 Ucrnard Second Pisan war Frederic Barbarossa, and his dealings 
 with ( lenoa Building of new city walls Barrisone, a judge of Sardinia, 
 embroils Genoa and Pisa in war Lucca and Florence assist Genoa 
 IV ace for Third Crusade, at which Genoa gains much Frederic II. and 
 l'i-a against Innocent IV. and Genoa Pope visits Genoa: his reception 
 in hi.-, native town ; his victories, and his death Desperate state of Pisa 
 after the Emperor's death Preparations for the last struggle with Genoa 
 Evil omen at the blessing of the fleet Morosini and his silver arrows
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Genoese armament Battle of Meloria ; defeat of Pisans Number of 
 prisoners taken to Genoa Dismay of Pisa Desultory warfare for some 
 years, and final overthrow of the port of Pisa by Conrad D'Oria in 1290, 
 and chains taken to Genoa Final restoration of these Monument to 
 celebrate this capture Dante on this victory Wretched future for Pisa 66 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 
 
 Position of Italian republics in the commercial world Result of the Cru- 
 sades Treaties with Baldwin, Raimond of Toulouse, and Guy de 
 Lusignan form basis of Genoese commerce in Palestine Result of 
 Venetian and Genoese quarrel at Acre The Genoese at Antioch and 
 Laodicosa Their dealings with the Sultan of Egypt Treaties of 1177 
 and 1290 Genoese at Tunis and Tripoli Philip D'Oria's treachery 
 Later dealings with Tripolines Coral fisheries on Island of Tabarca 
 The Lomellini and their wealth Tabarca eagerly sought for as a haven 
 Other ports of Northern Africa Ceuta, and the origin of " Mahones " 
 How early expeditions were organized Genoa and mediaeval Spain 
 Crusades against the Moors Taking of Almeria, and booty therefrom 
 Importance of this Spanish intercourse Tortosa and Lisbon Treaties 
 of commerce with Moorish and Christian kings in Spain Genoese and 
 Catalonians Marauding spirit of the latter Their adventures under 
 Roger de Flor, finally defeated by Genoese near Constantinople in 1302 
 Genoa and Southern France, Marseilles, etc. The fairs of Champagne, 
 and their political significance Genoa in the Northern seas Petrarch's 
 comments on her extended commerce 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. 
 
 Three roads eastwards Importance of Black Sea route Genoese dealings 
 with the Byzantine Empire Emmanuel Comnenus Overthrow of the 
 Latin dynasty by Genoese, and treaty of Ninfeo in 1261 with Michael 
 Paleologus Islands in Greek Archipelago given to Genoese families 
 Pera and Galata, at Constantinople, given to them, and their consequent 
 monopoly of Black Sea trade Colonies in the Crimea Caffa, when 
 founded, its position, power, and government The Tatars Instance 
 of the power of a citizen of Caffa Remains of Genoese Caffa The 
 Gazzaria in the Black Sea Crim Soldaia Balaclava Inkermann 
 War with Tatars Kertch Various commodities of Black Sea com- 
 merce The slave trade Inland towns whereat Genoa traded Onroad 
 of the Turks Genoese lethargy and troubles at home A few ships sent 
 to protect Constantinople Unaccountable conduct of Genoese at 
 Galata Fall of Constantinople Mahomed II. destroys walls of Galata
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Reminiscences of Black Sea commerce in Genoa Crimean colonies 
 handed over to the Bank of St. George Fall of Caffa and all the Black 
 Sea colonies Italian language in Levant Chios under Genoese rule 
 The Zaccharia Simone Vignoso seizes it His probity The Gius- 
 tiniani in Chios Their government and army Their kindness to 
 escaped slaves Jealousy of the Turks Seizure of the island Fate of 
 the Giustiniani The martyr boys ..... 108 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 
 
 Earliest Genoese commercial treaties with Cyprus Genoese galleys convey 
 the Lusignans from Acre to Cyprus Genoese activity in the island 
 Their robberies and disputes Venetians league with Cypriots against 
 Genoa Peter I. of Lusignan Expedition to Setalia Peter II. 's coro- 
 nation, and tragedy thereat Rage at Genoa Armament and final con- 
 quest of the island by Genoese Horrors of the war James de Lusignan 
 succeeds to kingdom of Cyprus in prison at Genoa Birth of his son 
 Janus Both are tools in the hands of Genoa Grasping policy of Genoa 
 and her Bank Fate of King Janus Genoa loses power in the island, 
 which falls into Venetian hands Early dealings with England Corre- 
 spondence with the Plantagenets Curious document relative to the 
 alleged death of Edward II. in Italy: the writer and his family identified 
 Chaucer's visit to Genoa on an embassy from Edward III. Probability 
 that he met Petrarch there, and learnt the tale of the patient Grisaldis 
 Dante, Byron, Shelley, on the Genoese coast Genoese archers: their 
 organization ; their appearance on the field of Crecy ; their slaughter 
 there Intercourse with England extended Genoese consul in London 
 The Pallavicini in England Sir Horatio and his cunning Their 
 marriages with the Cromwells Oliver Cromwell's attachment to Genoa 129 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 
 
 Petrarch's forebodings unattended to The affair of Candia Intensity and 
 continuity of rivalry for three centuries Defeat of the Genoese at Mal- 
 vasia Simone Grillo elected over Genoese fleet His victoryat Durazzo 
 Oberto D'Oria's early renown and influence The Venetians are jealous 
 at Genoese success in Black Sea James of Varagine Oberto D'Oria's 
 challenge unaccepted Venice lays waste the Black Sea colonies 
 Lamlia D'Oria sent to retaliate Genoese victory at Curzola Touching 
 death of Lamba D'Oria's son Old Dandolo's end Lamba D'Oria's 
 honours Peace restored Occupation of Chios causes next dispute 
 Greek emperor and King of Aragon join Venice Terrible battle in the 
 Bosphorus Hollow victory for Genoa Petrarch's account of this 
 battle Venetians' defeat Antonio Grimaldi at Alghero Pagano
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 D'Oria appointed to the command Victory over Venetians at Sapienza 
 Genoa's factions stand in her way Position of the two republics 
 before their final struggle Tenedos forms a point of dispute Miserable 
 dissensions at Constantinople complicate matters Carlo Zeno and his 
 document Pola captured by Luciano D'Oria On his death Pietro 
 D'Oria sent from Genoa Capture of Chioggia by Genoese Dismay in 
 Venice Embassy of Genoese prisoners fails to soften D'Oria's heart 
 Insolent message Preparations for last struggle Vettor Pisani and 
 Carlo Zeno together save Venetians from abandoning their town 
 D'Oria in his turn besieged in Chioggia Venice gets allies Genoese 
 taken prisoners to the Piazza. S. Marco All traces of Genoese driven 
 from the Adriatic Peace restored, and the rivalry virtually at an end . 154 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 GENOA AT HOME TILL THE DAYS OF ANDREA D'ORIA. 
 
 Principal features of this period Dogeship of Antoniotto .Adorno Lord- 
 ship of Charles VI. of France Tyranny of the Marshal Boucicault 
 Lordship of the Marquis of Monferrato The Adorni and Fregosi 
 Terrible civil discord Distress in Genoa Tommaso Campo Fregoso's 
 dogeship His success in ruling Genoa Fate of Luca Pinelli The lord- 
 ship of the Visconti of Milan Genoa fights Milanese battles Victory of 
 Ponza Capture by Genoese of the King of Aragon Milanese diplo- 
 macy Overthrow of Milanese influence Lordship of Charles VII. of 
 France Archbishop Paolo Fregoso The Sforza Lordship Charles 
 VIII. of France affects Genoa but little Pisan supplicants for aid 
 How received Louis XII. of France His lordship in Genoa His 
 visit to Genoa Differences with the French The Bianchi and the 
 Neri Arrogance of nobles The capetti, and reign of terror Paolo, a 
 dyer of Novi, elected doge His salutary measures Louis XII. invades 
 Genoa Rebels abandon their doge Louis' triumphal entry and harsh 
 treatment Paolo da Novi's end Ottaviano Fregoso's temperate rule 
 Charles V. helps Adorni and Fieschi Horrible siege, and wretched 
 state of Genoa under an Adorno dogeship Genoa allotted to Francis I. 
 after treaty of Madrid Andrea D'Oria . . . . .178 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 
 
 Marco Polo as a prisoner in Genoa incites desire for travel Benedetto Zac- 
 charia and his exploits Missionaries and their tales Luca Tarigo at 
 the Caspian Sea Genoese shipbuilding The S. Niccolb and Gran 
 Paradiso described, also smaller trading vessels The Vivaldi expedi- 
 tion along the African coast Supposed discovery of the Canaries 
 Grounds for this claim The Madeira Antonio Uso di Mare's voyage 
 His itinerario, and its value in nautical archaeology The Genoese
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 , .. . PAGE 
 
 family ot \ essagno as admirals in Portugal for a century pave the way 
 for Yasco di Gama's discovery of the Cape of Good Hope Antonio 
 di Noli discovers Cape Verde 'Islands Christopher Columbus con- 
 sidered from a purely Genoese point of view His birth and parentage 
 How his Genoese nationality affected his after career How it was 
 Genoa did not discover America How Columbus assisted to ruin 
 Genoa John Cabot came from Savona and settled in Bristol Travels 
 of Adorno, S. Stefano, Interiano, and Camilli Genoese assist in dis- 
 covering Molucca Islands Paolo Centurione employed as Russian 
 discoverer The Genoese East Indian Company, and their dealings with 
 Cromwell Close of Genoa's maritime career .... 199 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 
 
 Machiavelli's opinion of it Curious phenomenon of a republic within a re- 
 public Its origin in loans for crusading, and other purposes The 
 Mahones First regular debt incurred by the government in 1148 
 System then inaugurated for security to shareholders The loans 
 increase in number Regulations drawn up " The consuls of the debt" 
 Instances of loans The " Compere of St. George" New commission 
 of 1339 Further steps towards consolidation Position of the Bank as 
 an independent republic Difficulties in Genoa Francesco Vivaldi and 
 his donction His speech, and first ideas of accumulating interest 
 Various benefactors Reorganization in 1407, and the Bank now 
 thoroughly consolidated The new constitution given to it A floating 
 debt in 1456 Some debts made irredeemable, and some taxes handed 
 over to the Bank in perpetuity Cession of colonies to the Bank Their 
 mismanagement of them Old system of auctions for raising the loans 
 not abandoned till 1675, an d title of the Bank of St. George then regu- 
 larly adopted The " monti" or public pawn loans Difficulties of the 
 Bank during the last two centuries of its existence The Austrian 
 demands Close of the Bank at the time of the French Revolution 
 Vain attempts to reopen it Origin of the name St. George The 
 palace of the Bank as it now stands The foundation The statues to 
 benefactors therein The large council hall, and reminiscences of the 
 old system to be found The archives The fresco by Tavarone The 
 Porto Franco Its former importance The porters' guild Niccol6 
 I'aranini ......... 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 HOW ANDREA D'ORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 
 
 Sketch of the D'Oria family : Its origin, and its heroes, its palaces, and its 
 church Character of Andrea D'Oria His importance in the politics of 
 the age His birth, and early life and adventures Assumes command in
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Corsica His cruelty Boarding of a French ship His only wound 
 Four galleys given to him His conduct at Monaco His value to the 
 French cause His conduct after the battle of Pavia His dealings with 
 Pope Clement VII. His fickleness Andrea D'Oria marries Battle of 
 Capri He leaves the service of France His conduct in so doing dis- 
 cussed His treaty with the Emperor Charles V. Benefits gained thereby 
 for himself and Genoa His love of art His palace at Fassuolo Division 
 of Andrea's thirty-years' rule in Genoa French nearly capture him, and 
 burn his palace Charles V.'s first visit to Genoa What Andrea D'Oria 
 gains thereout He is made a Prince War against the Turks Barba- 
 rossa conquered at Corone Charles V.'s second visit to Genoa Prince 
 Andrea's interview with the French King The Corsair Dragut, and 
 Prince Andrea's dealings with him Prince Andrea, at the age of eighty, 
 conducts an expedition to Algiers Its failure .... 242 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY. 
 
 Importance of this conspiracy The Fieschi family Their origin The Counts 
 of Lavagna How they came to Genoa Their policy Sinibaldo Fieschi, 
 and his extravagance His widow, and son, Gian Luigi, at Montobbio 
 The lessons young Fieschi there received Gian Luigi Fieschi repairs 
 to Genoa His good looks, and popularity His enmity with Gianettino 
 D'Oria Some of the accomplices in the conspiracy Paul III., and the 
 Duke of Piacenza Verrina Sacco and Calcagno Verrina's plans 
 Failure of the first schemes Final plan decided upon Spanish ambas- 
 sador not believed by Prince Andrea Four galleys with armed men on 
 board arrive for the Fieschi Excuse given to the D'Oria for this arrival 
 Armed men assemble in the palace of Vialata The old tutor Panza and 
 Leonora Fieschi Extent of D'Orian power exemplified Gian Luigi and 
 his rival Nobles invited to Fieschi banquet He harangues them Two 
 only refuse to join Gian Luigi parts with his wife Fate of Leonora 
 Fieschi Evil omens on starting Success of the conspirators at first 
 Gian Luigi on the D'Orian galleys His tragic death Gianettino D'Oria 
 slain Prince Andrea escapes Tumult in the city The senate take 
 heart Girolamo Fieschi assumes the leadership of the conspirators ; but 
 has to come to terms Return of Prince D'Oria His conduct Denies 
 Gian Luigi burial, and wreaks his vengeance on the family Confiscates 
 their property, and blows up their palace Girolamo besieged at Mon- 
 tobbio Garrison gives way Fate of the rebels Result of Prince 
 D'Oria's triumph Sentence passed on the Fieschi Fate of Ottobuono 
 Fieschi Bonfadio, the historian : his annals, and culture How treated 
 by the Genoese His execution .... . 265
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 ANDREA D'ORIA'S LATTER^DAYS, AND THE OUTCOME OF HIS 
 POLICY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Prince Andrea s longevity The difficulties about his path Charles V. anxious 
 to build a fortress in Genoa Jealousy of the other D'Oria Giulio Cybo's 
 conspiracy The Cybo family Giulio's character His part in the Fieschi 
 plot His plans for assassinating Prince D'Oria discovered His execution 
 Adamo Centurione sent to Spain The Centurione family Prince 
 D'Oria's reforms The " Garibetto" The purport of it Prince Philip of 
 Spain visits Genoa Spanish display Story of peasant Philip's presents 
 He wishes to lodge in the Palazzo Pubblico, but not allowed His visit 
 not a success Quarrels between Spaniards and Genoese Philip enters 
 the town but once His letter to his father Prince Andrea pursues the 
 Corsair Dragut, and nearly captures him Prince Andrea's disaster at 
 Naples His last naval exploit At eighty-four he goes to quell the 
 Corsican insurrection His cruelty Giovandrea U'Oria elected to 
 Andrea's honours Prince Andrea beautifies the Church of S. Matteo 
 His heir's defeat Anxiety about him Prince Andrea's death His 
 funeral The D'Orian burial-places The monastery of S. Fruttuoso 
 The weirdness of the place The D'Orian tombs The legend The 
 Benedictine monks, and their power there How it became a D'Orian 
 monopoly Prince Andrea restores it Name of D'Oria no longer cele- 
 brated Prince Giovandrea's feebleness The Portici Three dema- 
 gogues Spanish aid sought to reinstate Prince D'Oria His influence 
 lost Reforms of 1576 Statues to the D'Oria Absence of statues in 
 Genoa Uneventful period Building of palaces The Duke of Savoy 
 has plans on Genoa Quarrel about Zuccarello Prince Giovandrea 
 D'Oria's death -His dog Vacchero's conspiracy His origin and early 
 career His object His accomplices Rodino betrays him His death 
 Carbone's account of Vacchero Stone of infamy put up to him . 289 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 
 
 PART I. Corsican heroes Their vindictive spirit Early Genoese and Pisan 
 disputes there The'della Rocca family II Giudice, the Pisan adherent, a 
 typical Corsican hero His end The Communistic Sect Arrigo della 
 Rocca, and his rebellion The " azionisti," and grasping policy of the 
 Lomellini D'Istria carries on the rebellion French influence first felt 
 Siege of Bonifazio Bravery of Magrone End of D'Istria Numerous 
 claimants for power in the island The Bank of St. George Rinuccio 
 della Rocca's revolt Niccolo and Andrea D'Oria succeed in stamping 
 out rebellion Policy of the Bank Sampiero di Bastelica His early 
 days Why he hated Genoa French assistance Andrea D'Oria again 
 successful Peace of Cateau Cambresis Desperation of Sampiero How 
 he treats his wife Courts of Europe look askance at him His bravery in 
 Corsica Cruelty of the Genoese The first Napoleon Small assistance 
 from France Death of Sampiero Idea of total extirpation of Corsicans
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Greek colonists Rebellious condition of Corsica for the succeeding 
 century and a half Climax of open war in 1729 Harshness of the 
 governor Pinelli Ceccaldi and Giafferi Austrian contingent Constitu- 
 tion of 1735 British assistance Desperate condition of the island Two 
 celebrated men Resume of Genoese career in Corsica. 
 
 PART II. Extraordinary arrival of Baron Theodor von Neuhoff in Corsica 
 His early career and eccentricities His dealings with Alberoni Rip- 
 perda and Law His Irish wife How he formed the idea of making 
 himself King of Corsica His first acts on his election How Genoa 
 treated him His successes His promised succour never comes The 
 " indifferenti" His address to his subjects He repairs to Amsterdam 
 How the Dutch receive him Corsicans still struggle on French now 
 assist Genoese ; but at length withdraw Genoese in difficulties King 
 Theodore reappears on the scenes French again join them, and the king 
 retires to England Put into prison Horace Walpole's account of him 
 His death, his tombstone, and his son Corsicans at their last gasp 
 Pasquale Paoli His education, his character, his legislation Hatred of 
 Genoese Refuses their terms Sale of Corsica to France Paoli holds 
 out Defeated at Porto Nuovo in 1769 What we gather from Genoese 
 archives of his life in England and France Returns to Corsica His 
 cruelty to Genoese* prisoners George III. King of Corsica Corsica 
 finally becomes French Count Guiseppe Gorani's eccentricities . 3'5 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 
 
 Genoa chooses the Madonna for her Queen Ceremony of election The Em- 
 peror's unwillingness to admit of the regal state overcome The doge's 
 coronation Disputes between Church and State The conspiracies of 
 Balbi and Raggio Their fate Great pestilence of 1656-57 The 
 senator Raggio Charles Emmanuel of Savoy and della Torre make 
 an attempt on Genoa Failure of this End of della Torre Louis XIV's 
 schemes on Genoa His insults His ambition aroused His embassy, and 
 terms sent to Genoa The bombardment, terror of the inhabitants, ruin 
 of the palaces, and final submission to Louis' will The terms The 
 doge goes to Versailles His reception there Genoa recoups her for- 
 tunes Instances of wealth in Genoa at this time The Albergo dei 
 Poveri The Carignano church and bridge Manufactures of paper and 
 velvet Austrian invasion in 1746 Misfortune to General Braun's corps 
 in the Polcevera General Botta-Adorno's demands He enters Genoa 
 and becomes more exorbitant Indignation of populace Inertness of 
 senators Payment of two instalments First stone cast by Balila at the 
 Austrians Rush of people to arms Conduct of the senate The Aus- 
 trians driven out with great slaughter Bravery of populace Carlone's 
 speech to the doge and council Senate and people are at variance after 
 expulsion of Austrians Destruction of former averted by Lomellini 
 French General Boufflers protects Genoese from Austrians His death 
 Due de Richelieu Rewards given to Balila Genoa much weakened 
 by the Austrian invasion .......
 
 CONTEXTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Characteristics of Ligurian art Disadvantages which prevented the Ligurian 
 from becoming a leading school The family monopolies The unappre- 
 ciative citizens What is left of early Genoese art Ludovico Brea the 
 founder of the school Specimens of his work Fazolo and his family 
 Ottaviano da Semino and his character Revival of art at the time of 
 Andrea D'Oria Pierino del Vaga and Montorsoli in Genoa Luca Cam- 
 hiaso His youth His style and earlier efforts His mean appearance 
 His unsuccessful suit Paints at Rome and at the Escurial His death 
 His Last Supper Lazaro Tavarone and his prolific brush The Castello 
 family Bernardo Castello a friend of Tasso's Gian Battista Castello, 
 the miniature-painter Ludovico Calvi, the mariner-artist Decay of 
 Raphaelesque school Cappellino'seccentricities Bernardo Strozzi, "the 
 Genoese priest " His productions His adventurous career His death 
 at Venice The Vandyke and Rubens revival in Genoa Vandyke's works 
 in Genoa The Castiglione family II Grechetto,the second Rembrandt 
 The De' Ferrari and Piola families A Genoese artistic coterie Carlone 
 The chef cfa-tivre of Liguria and Pellegro Piola The Piola family- 
 house, and its family relics How Pellegro came to paint the picture in 
 the goldsmiths' street His tragic fate Domenico Piola, and others of 
 this family Sculpture in Genoa Antonio della Porta How foreign 
 sculptors were summoned Parodi The brothers Schiaffino Engineer- 
 ing skill of Genoese The aqueduct, the arcades, the first pier, and 
 building of the Bank of St. George Black and white marble edifices 
 The Renaissance in Genoa The palaces Montorsoli and Alessi Com- 
 bination of styles in Genoa Modern Genoese art . . . 372 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 Rumours of the French Revolution reach Genoa Attempted neutrality 
 1 1. 1>. M's. consul, Mr. Drake, and his demands The affair of the Modesta 
 1 )rake leaves Genoa French army under Bonaparte approaches Fay- 
 poult Nelson at Genoa Terms with the Directoire Revolutionists 
 Morando Vitaliani and Filippo D'Oria Weakness of senate Increase 
 of Revolution Democracy predominant Faypoult assists them Senate 
 in desperation The "Genoese priests," and the counterrevolution 
 Battle rages in Genoa D'Oria's death The poor Turk Napoleon 
 becomes imperious His schemes of reform established The revolu- 
 tionists triumphant Burning of the "Book of Gold" etc. Wild scenes 
 ami speeches of demagogues Religious element The apostles of demo- 
 cracy Opposition to the new order of things The peasants from the 
 neighbouring valleys Bonaparte in Liguria His reception Genoa 
 drawn into the international struggles Siege of Genoa by the allies Inci-
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 dent at Casteluccio Terrible privations of the besieged, and heartrending 
 scenes of famine and pestilence within the walls Massena's determina- 
 tion to hold out, but eventually capitulates on 4th of June, 1800 
 Reception of the English Regency appointed French after Marengo 
 again enter Genoa The Cisalpine Republic New constitution Union 
 with France determined upon The last doge does homage to Napoleon, 
 and is made prefect of the Genoese department Napoleon visits Genoa 
 Stops in Andrea D'Oria's palace Oath of allegiance in Cathedral 
 Temporary prosperity English fleet before Genoa in 1814 No wish 
 for ablockade French driven out Vice- Admiral Pellew, the commissary 
 of marines Admiral Bentinck received with every mark of joy Talk of 
 restoring old regime Discussion about it at the Congress of Vienna 
 Projects for her future Finally added to Savoy as a duchy ; and she 
 enters upon a new existence . . . . . 39 1 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 I. ROMAN LIGURIA . . . . . . .415 
 
 II. ON GENOESE COINS . . . . . .417
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 FACADE OF THE CATHEDRAL ... ... ... Frontispiece. 
 
 GATEWAY IN THK PIAZZA DI S. MATTEO ... ... ... 6 
 
 MONUMENT TO WILLIAM ACTON ON THE WALLS OF THE CHURCH 
 
 OF THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS IN GENOA ... ... 35 
 
 GENOESE CHURCH AND PISAN TOWER, PORTO VENERE ... ... 53 
 
 / 
 
 LERICI ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 80 
 
 SLA!! COMMEMORATING CAPTURE OF PORT OF PlSA , ... ... 86 
 
 S. ClIIARA, NEAR GENOA ... ... ... ... ... 104 
 
 PORTOFINO PROMONTORY, FROM THE PRISON OF FRANCIS I. IN 
 
 CERVARA MONASTERY .. ... ... ... ... 145 
 
 FACADE OF S. MATTEO ... ... .. ... ... ... 162 
 
 ANTONIO GRIMALDI'S TOMB ... ... ... ... .. 166 
 
 CHURCH TOWER OF S. STEFANO ... ... ... ... ... 208 
 
 CHURCH IN PORTOFINO ... ... ... ... ... 235 
 
 HARP.OUR OF PORTOFINO ... ... ... ... ... ... 251 
 
 FROM PONTE CARIGNANO, GENOA ... ... ... ... 267 
 
 ANDREA D'ORIA'S PALACE IN THE PIAZZA DI S. MATTEO ... ... 303 
 
 CHIEF DOOR OF THE CATHEDRAL ... ... ... ... 350 
 
 DETAILS OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE CLOISTER OF S. ANDREA .. 373 
 
 FRESCO I!Y PlERINO DEL VAGA IN THE D'ORIA PALACE REPRESENT- 
 ING THE TRIUMPH OF SCIPIO ... ... ... ... To face 408
 
 LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES MADE USE 
 OF IN THIS WORK. 
 
 Canale, Nuova storia de Geneva, 4 vols. 
 
 La congiura di Gian Luigi Fieschi. 
 
 Vita e viaggi di Christoforo Colombo. 
 
 Storia della Crimea. 
 
 Storia della casa di Savoia. 
 
 Cuneo, Storia del banco di San Giorgio. 
 Casoni, Gli annali di Genova. 
 Varese, Storia di Genova. 
 Belgrano, Vita privata dei Genovesi. 
 Spotorno, Storia Litteraria della Liguria. 
 
 Elogi dei Liguri illustri. 
 
 Celesia, Petrarca in Liguria. 
 
 Dante in Liguria. 
 
 Muratori for Earlier Annalists. 
 
 Accinelli, Compendio delle Storie di Genova. 
 
 Carbone, Compendio. 
 
 Giustiniani, Annali. 
 
 Guerazzi, Vita d' Andrea D'Oria. 
 
 Pasquale Paolo. 
 
 Alizeri, Guida di Genova. 
 
 Martini, La Repubblica di Genova (1814). 
 
 Cassarini, Guida di Genova. 
 
 Sismondi, Italian Republics. 
 
 Bonfadio, Storia di Genova. 
 
 Soprani and Ratti, Vite dei pittori Liguri. 
 
 Desimone, Esempi Storici. 
 
 Ramusio Raccolta dei viaggi.
 
 PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES MADE USE OF. 
 
 Atti dclla Societi. Ligustica per la Storia patria. 
 
 Giornale Ligustico. 
 
 " Caffaro" Newspaper. 
 
 Mas-Litrie, Histoire de Chypre. 
 
 Storia di Geneva negli anni 1745-6-7. 
 
 Vincens, Histoire de Genes. 
 
 Breguigny, Histoire des Revolutions de Genes. 
 
 Revue des deux Mondes. 
 
 Noble's House of Cromwell. 
 
 Seymour's Travels in the Crimea. 
 
 Horace Walpole's works. 
 
 Gregorovius, Wanderings in Corsica. 
 
 Von Altenkirchen, Schiller's Verschworung des Fieskos. 
 
 Ersch und Griiber's Encyclopedia. 
 
 Documents in Genoese Archives. 
 
 Where not obtained from the above sources authorities are placed 
 footnotes.
 
 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC 
 ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME. 
 
 "Gennes 'superbe,' tres fiere et orgueilleuse, 
 Porte ce nom comme presumptueuse, 
 De toutes autres ainsi que le prenom, 
 Se dit estre en biens la plus heureuse, 
 La plus forte et la plus vertueuse, 
 Qu'on trouve point en nulle region." 
 
 Chronique de Genes, sixteenth century. 
 
 EARLY in the fourteenth century a ship sailed past the city 
 of Genoa on her way to France ; on board was an elderly 
 merchant accompanied by two young boys. The elderly 
 merchant was Francesco Petrarca, the father of the gifted poet ; 
 and of the two boys, one was the future disciple of the muses, 
 and the other was his bosom friend and college companion, 
 Guido Scettem, for many years an honoured archbishop of 
 Genoa. 
 
 Full fifty years after this event Petrarch, then old and 
 crowned with laurels, writing to his friends in Genoa, thus 
 describes these boyish memories, reproaches Genoa for her 
 endless wars and factions, and therewith introduces us to a 
 glowing picture of the Ligurian capital in her palmiest days. 
 "Dost thou remember," he wrote, "that time when the
 
 2 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Genoese were the happiest people upon earth, their country 
 appeared a celestial residence even as the Elysian fields are 
 painted ? From the side of the sea, what an aspect it pre- 
 sented ! Towers which seemed to threaten the firmament, 
 hills covered with olives and oranges. Marble palaces perched 
 on the summit of the rocks, with delicious retreats beneath 
 them, where art conquered nature, and at the sight of which 
 the very sailors checked the splashing of their oars, all intent 
 to regard. Whilst the traveller who approached by land with 
 amazement beheld men and women right royally adorned, and 
 luxuries abundant in mountain and in wood unknown else- 
 where in royal courts. As the foot touched the threshold of 
 the city it seemed as if it had reached the temple of happiness, 
 of which it was said, as of Rome of old, ' This is the city of 
 the kings.' " 
 
 Under the banner of the red cross, and the emblem of St. 
 George, countless galleys left this port of Genoa day by day 
 to bring back from far distant lands the wealth of India, China, 
 and the East. No port or harbour of the then known world 
 was unvisited by them ; from Moorish Spain, from England, 
 Flanders, and the far north they brought back cargoes of mer- 
 chandize, which they had got in exchange for the silks and 
 spices' of the East. In a word, these mediaeval Italian re- 
 publics, Genoa, Pisa, and Venice, re-wove the web of inter- 
 national intercourse which barbaric hordes had broken. Again 
 might Italy have ruled the world, had not the constant rivalry 
 between her commercial cities stood in her way. 
 
 Of the towers mentioned by Petrarch but few are seen to- 
 day. Of the marble palaces of the poet's days the squalid 
 remains of many may be visited even now. But if we would 
 contemplate a Genoese palace in all its magnificence we must 
 wander in spirit to far distant days. 
 
 Let us then enter a Genoese palace which once stood on 
 the summit of Carignano, approached through lovely terraces 
 and hanging gardens, rich with oranges and lemons, and
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME. 
 
 playing fountains. Glorious is the view over distant moun- 
 tains and deep blue sea, from the one limit of the republic's 
 territories even to the other, from Nice to the Gulf of Spezia, 
 the whole length of that glorious " Cornice " is here spread out 
 before the view, a rich and gilded " frame," for the blue waters 
 of the Mediterranean, in which Genoa regards her blushing 
 beauty as in a mirror, and is at once its chief corner-stone and 
 its pride. 
 
 The palace of Vialata was its name. Early in the sixteenth 
 century Sinibaldo Fieschi was its lord, a man of untold wealth, 
 a descendant of the noble family of Lavagna, whose ancestors 
 had held high offices in Genoa during her greatest prosperity. 
 Two popes, seventy-two cardinals, and full three hundred 
 mitred heads had gone forth from this family. Kings had 
 been allied to them by marriage, and kings had here been 
 their guests. When staying here, Louis XII. of France had 
 been greatly struck with its magnificence. " More fitted for a 
 monarch," he said it was ; and probably far more luxurious 
 than any palace of his own. 
 
 It was built of marble, in courses of black and white, for 
 the Fieschi family was one of the honoured four l who alone 
 shared with the municipality the right of thus adorning the 
 exterior of their dwellings. Large towers flanked it on either 
 side, battlemented and adorned with statues in niches. A 
 courtyard, covered with bas-reliefs by skilful workmen, led to 
 a vestibule, the ceiling of which was brilliant with a fresco 
 representing Jove hurling down the giants from Olympus. In 
 the centre was a furnace for melting silver and coining money, 
 a privilege which the Fieschi had enjoyed from the year 1249, 
 by imperial grant. 2 Each room was a fresco study in itself, 
 and from here the artists of this glorious age took copies for 
 their work. A halcyon's nest floating on the bosom of a 
 peaceful sea illustrated the tranquillity then enjoyed by this 
 
 1 They were the Fieschi, Doria, Spinola, and Grimaldi. 
 
 2 Canale, " Conjuira dei Fieschi."
 
 4 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 family. Sinibaldo's loves and aspirations were depicted on 
 the walls by the best artists ; in short this palace was the 
 sanctuary of learned men : hither repaired the poet, the artist, 
 and the sculptor, and were always welcomed at the Fieschi's 
 hospitable board. Hard by, a little black and white marble 
 church, of perfect Lombardo-Gothic design, was the temple of 
 the family, built by a cardinal of this house, and named by 
 him S. Maria in Vialata, after his diocese in Rome. 
 
 From Vialata numerous subterranean passages lead down 
 to the sea and without the walls, for the Fieschi's bark did 
 not always float on such peaceful waters, and though this 
 palace had extraordinary immunities from the pursuit of 
 justice, such as only churches elsewhere enjoyed, nevertheless 
 the Fieschi often found it expedient to retire to their moun- 
 tain fastness of Montobbio, where they had a stronghold 
 which combined with defence all the delicacies and luxuries 
 of art. The end of all this grandeur is typical of Genoa 
 herself. Sinibaldo's son conspired against Prince Andrea 
 D'Oria, 1 and his palace on Carignano was levelled with the 
 ground, and a stone inscription was put up to testify to his 
 infamy. What now is Montobbio save a bed of thistles and 
 briars ? Where now is Vialata, of which not one stone is 
 seen, save a desecrated church, shorn of its tower, its objects 
 of art scattered, and handed over to a timber merchant as 
 a warehouse for his stores ? 
 
 In the dusky narrow streets of Genoa lines of marble 
 palaces speak of her bygone glory. Here, amidst dim squalor 
 and decay, where on a starlight night but one or two of the 
 twinkling orbs can be descried between the overhanging eaves, 
 is the cradle of Genoa's greatness. He who would see Genoa 
 aright must dive into these narrow bypaths. There it was 
 that the rich merchants coined and lavished their earlier gains. 
 It was not till Genoa was in her decadence that foreign artists 
 were summoned to beautify and widen some of her streets 
 
 1 Vide ch. xiii.
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME. 
 
 with the hoarded capital for which she had no other outlet ; 
 her colonies had gone from her, her commerce was rapidly 
 going, and in the hands of an aristocratic government at 
 home her end was slowly though steadily approaching. An 
 English traveller in the seventeeth century 1 describes these 
 narrow streets thus, " Genoa looked in my eye like a proud 
 young lady in a straight-bodied, flowered gown, which makes 
 her look tall indeed and fine, but hinders her from being at 
 her ease and taking breath freely ! " 
 
 These old and fast disappearing palaces form a perfect 
 study of Genoese domestic architecture ; there are the gate- 
 ways, befitting entrances to the frescoed halls within, each 
 with its carved lintel in the black slate-marble of Lavagna, 
 perchance representing St. George in his mythical contest 
 with the dragon, or perhaps a triumphal car drawn by festive 
 bacchanals ; others, again, more modest, have only a festoon 
 of grape leaves over their door, whilst others indulge in coats 
 of arms and monograms, and have thin cords of marble as 
 door-posts. The vestibules are generally profusely decorated 
 with rows of pillars and frescoed roofs, whilst elegant marble 
 staircases, perhaps with lions or griffins resting at the base 
 of sculptured bannisters, lead to the upper stories, and in not 
 a few cases are the walls ornamented with a rich " dado " of 
 Savona tiles. 
 
 All these things may be seen in a disjointed fashion to- 
 day. Some bits here and there give us an idea of what the 
 whole once was. But all is bathed in squalor and misery ; 
 and if perchance you detect some exquisite architectural gem, 
 it is because the plaster which hid it has fallen off, and Italian 
 laziness has not found time to replace the curtain of cement. 
 As another distinctive feature of these old buildings, we see 
 the marked division between the- first and second stories by a 
 row of little gothic arches, which when, as formerly, carried 
 out in their entirety, must have given an air of relief to the 
 1 Lassel's Voyage in Italy.
 
 6 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 streets to which the straight stalwart edifices of modern days 
 are strangers. Curious devices of the Agnus Dei, and coats 
 of arms, are thrown at haphazard against the walls, whilst 
 
 <;ATIi\\ AY IN THE 1'IAZZA VI S. MATTED. 
 
 outside each palace of the richer merchants we can still see 
 the " loggi*-'" or raised platforms, where the family used to 
 walk to and fro during stated hours of the day, and transact
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME. 
 
 their business with their clients. From one of these which 
 still remains in the Piazza S. Matteo, Andrea D'Oria harangued 
 his countrymen when he seized the government in I528. 1 
 
 But it was not on their palaces alone that the Genoese 
 lavished their gold; none loved so dearly as they did a gay 
 street life. To garland their houses with flowers and to 
 witness from open windows amidst festoons and streaming 
 banners, the numerous processions, religious or municipal, was 
 the height of a Genoese lady's ambition, in fact, almost her 
 sole dissipation. Those unfortunate Genoese ladies, indeed, 
 have been much maligned by the biting proverb describing 
 Genoa as possessing "a sea without fish, mountains without 
 wood, men without a conscience, and women without honour." 
 But Boccacio has stood up for them bravely in the second 
 day of his Decameron. Boccacio, who was only too thank- 
 ful for a handle wherewith to introduce some scandal, 
 represents some Italian merchants in Paris, who over supper 
 discuss the virtue of their wives. Bernabo Lomellini, from 
 Genoa, alone scorns to believe that his absent consort is any_ 
 thing but faithful, loving and true. Let us hope that Lomellini's 
 confidence was not misplaced, and that all Genoese matrons 
 were like his, so that to their innocent amusement of watch- 
 ing a procession we may accompany them without being 
 compromised. 
 
 We must again waft ourselves back a couple of centuries 
 if we would witness a procession in all its glory, before the 
 companies of the " cassacie" had degenerated into a mere 
 vulgar display of some political feeling, and before the lavish 
 flow of unstinted wealth had ceased to pour into the coffers 
 of the twenty-one confraternities, who vied with one another 
 in displaying a profusion of all that was rich in velvets, 
 brocades and gilded apparel. 
 
 On a bright morning of the 3rd of May let us take up 
 our position in one of those decorated balconies which surround 
 
 1 Vide ch. xii.
 
 8 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 the cathedral's little square. On this day, in anticipation of 
 the " Cassacie " procession, Genoa is stirred to her basis, and 
 the inhabitants are prepared to enjoy a right merry festival 
 with their friends, who have come from far, all eager to behold 
 this annual profusion of wealth displayed in their streets. 
 A hundred thousand spectators formed what was considered 
 an average concourse, and twenty thousand actors figured in 
 the procession, which took ten hours in its tour through the 
 city. 
 
 On a dais erected at the cathedral door sit the chancellor 
 and vice-chancellor of the ceremony, whose duty it is from 
 early dawn to settle all disputes for precedence between the 
 twenty-one brotherhoods, who are to figure in the scene. 
 Here they sit the livelong day, giving orders and directions 
 about the conservance of the peace, and though the least 
 ornamental part of the ceremony, their office is by no means 
 a sinecure. Each confraternity has its patron saint, each 
 confraternity has its oratory, and the programme of their 
 proceedings has been posted about the city walls some days 
 before, and on the morning of this day each brotherhood has 
 assembled at its oratory to adorn itself for the coming panto- 
 mime. Excitement is now at its highest stretch. What 
 novelty will be produced for them this year ? is the eager 
 question from the balconies ; and as the bells begin to ring 
 and a distant hum is heard, fair necks sparkling with diamonds 
 peer forth to catch the first glimpse of the moving show. 
 
 At length, heralds with brazen trumpets and crimson hose 
 announce the advent of the coming host. Each of the twenty- 
 one confraternities is divided into separate bodies, varying in 
 number according to their wealth, and each body has its 
 uniform, and a mighty crucifix (the figure on which is life 
 size), generally made of tortoise-shell, and with silver fittings, 
 and large silver flowers at the ends. After each " Cassacia" is 
 carried their " cassa," which represents some mystery or some 
 miracle of their saintly protector, in which each figure is
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME, 
 
 life-size, and sometimes ten to twelve figures in each. Full 
 forty men in gay liveries labour under the burden of this 
 colossal " machine," as it is called, all surrounded with flaming 
 tapers and flowing banners. These figures are all the work 
 and arrangement of some eminent artist, and are truly 
 grotesque in their results. For here we see St. John the 
 Baptist, the headsman, Herod, and his court, each and all of 
 them dressed in sumptuous golden robes ; whilst the con- 
 fraternity of St. James follows with its patron saint, repre- 
 sented on horseback with his lance directed against a troop 
 of Turks : his aspect is benign, his stirrups are of silver, his 
 accoutrements are of crimson velvet embroidered with gold, 
 and at his side is fastened a richly inlaid pair of pistols. 
 More humble confraternities content themselves with the 
 figures of hermits and anchorites. All these "casse" are carried 
 by the porters of the custom-house, whose monopoly it is, 
 and as they approach the cathedral steps, a sudden mighty 
 rush is made, and pell-mell they enter the sacred edifice, 
 there to take up their appointed stations. 
 
 Thirty children dressed as pilgrims pave the way for each 
 confraternity, chanting hymns in the Genoese dialect. Each 
 child has his pilgrim's staff, and his black dress adorned with 
 gold and silver ; likewise his gourd and hat, and loaves of 
 bread are tied round his girdle. Many other youthful per- 
 formers are got up as Roman soldiers, in armour magnificently 
 resplendent, and with wings of cardboard which sweep the 
 ground. 
 
 Each religious order has likewise its accompanying band 
 of penitents, whose robes are of silver and brocaded gold, their 
 capes are of crimson, blue, or violet velvet with wide em- 
 broidery, and their staves are each surmounted by a figure of 
 their Protector, full fifteen inches high, of massive silver. The 
 penitents of St. Francis, for instance, have a robe of the 
 order's colour, and a thick cord around their waists, with knots 
 as large as ostrich eggs, naked feet, and a crown of thorns upon
 
 io GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 their heads ; whilst in their hands they carry a death's head 
 and cross bones procured for the occasion from a neighbouring 
 cemetery. 
 
 But of all the actors in this scene, the cross-bearers are 
 considered of most account. As much as twenty pounds would 
 sometimes be paid to a confraternity for the honour of carry- 
 ing one of those massive crucifixes ; the skill consisted in 
 turning the cross adroitly from side to side, and by a spring 
 to mount the steps at the cathedral door with one bound 
 the heavier the cross the greater the honour attached to the 
 bearer. In this acrobatic feat the noble young men of 
 Genoa vied with one another ; they wore sandals on their feet, 
 like capuchins, but with gay silver buckles attached to prove 
 that they were the reverse of poor priests. Sometimes in one 
 procession as many as one hundred and fifty crosses would 
 be carried, each with a band of minstrels playing chosen airs 
 in its train. 
 
 But what of these " Cassacie " ? What gave origin to such 
 a pompous display of religious mockery? In 1256, when 
 Italy was devastated by wars, pestilences, and famines, certain 
 companies called the " flagellants " appeared to appease the 
 wrath of Heaven by publicly scourging themselves and 
 parading the streets almost naked, and with blood gushing 
 from self-inflicted wounds. When this revival reached Genoa, 
 it was espoused by the order of S. Lazzaro, a company whose 
 vocation it was to visit the leprous patients, and strange sights 
 indeed did they enact in Genoa. Men and women rushed 
 madly about the streets until the pavement was bespattered 
 with their gore, and many sank down to die under the weak- 
 ness incident on the loss of blood and the consequences of a 
 feverish excitement. And these very men were the origina- 
 tors of this pompous scene we have just witnessed. As time 
 went on the penitential fanatics found it necessary to adopt 
 some garb ; they chose a long, flowing, blue robe, and hid 
 their heads in hoods with holes for their eyes. This is still to
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME. 11 
 
 be seen in the streets of Genoa as the livery of the "Miseri- 
 cordia " brethren, who are at the beck and call of the inhabit- 
 ants to remove them to the hospital and alleviate their 
 sufferings, and whose hooded visage and stealthy step causes 
 the stranger a cold shudder of some unknown dread. But 
 the advocates of penitence did not long continue their scourg- 
 ing, their nakedness, and their works of piety. If a few 
 remained faithful to the origin of their establishment and took 
 diligently to tending the sick and other Samaritan works, by 
 far the greater number preferred to continue the idea of the 
 flagellants under the disguise of a burlesque. Thus were 
 numerous companies, " Cassacie," as they were called in Genoa, 
 founded ; and each company thought fit to build itself an 
 oratory, with which the town is still filled. In 1410, there 
 were no less than thirteen of these. They held their meetings 
 year by year, and soon ended in rivalry and display of wealth 
 such as we have seen. In 1622, from a book in which the 
 rules were laid down for those who went to dine with the 
 confraternity of S. Lazzaro, we learn that there were then 
 no less than twenty-one of these orders, and thus they re- 
 mained till this century, when they made themselves so 
 objectionable as secret societies for political purposes, and 
 their processions gave rise to such disturbances, that they were 
 suppressed by order of the Sardinian Government. 
 
 The poor old biennial Doge, too, from his prison in the 
 Ducal palace, was often the object of much panoply and display. 
 For the prudent lawgivers of Genoa saw fit to act as jailors to 
 their supreme magistrate, and for the privilege of appearing 
 once or twice in his royal robes and ermine mantle the old 
 man had to pay the penalty of two years' imprisonment, with 
 hard labour to boot. But when an occasion required his 
 presence in the outer world, he made the best amends he 
 could for his seclusion ; he robed himself in purple velvet ; he 
 had pages to carry his rounded hat, with a sort of curved 
 proboscis at the top, as may be seen in old pictures ; he had
 
 12 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 another page to carry a parasol if necessary and the sun was 
 hot. All the nobility walked respectfully behind him in file, 
 each with a gay attendant lacquey ; but if it chanced to rain, 
 the old gentleman and his noble friends were carried in sedan- 
 chairs, and their magnificence was greatly curtailed. 
 
 Some of the ceremonies by which the Doge was victimized 
 were highly ridiculous ; how they dressed him on the day of 
 his coronation, like the royal puppet that he was, to receive 
 the homage of Genoa's fair dames ; and at a banquet held on 
 the evening of this day, all the newly-married ladies sat on his 
 right, and thus did he bid a tender farewell to the outer world 
 and the allurements of the fair. Henceforth for his two years 
 of office he was forced to live a life of monastic severity. 
 Twice only in the year was he allowed the pleasure of con- 
 templating himself in his royal crown and ermine mantle; 
 twice only could he feel himself every inch a king once on 
 the anniversary of the foundation of the statutes, 1 by Andrea 
 D'Oria, and once on the day of Genoa's patron saint, the brave 
 St. George. In our poet Gray's time (1739) the Doge was "a 
 very tall, lean, stately old figure, called Constantino Balbi, and 
 the senate seem to have been made upon the same model." 
 The ducal ceremonies struck Mr. Pepys, too, as very quaint, 
 who tells us in his diary, that after two years of great state 
 and panoply, " a messenger is sent to him, who stands at the 
 bottom of the stairs and he at the top, and says, ' Your most 
 illustrious serenity is expired, and you can retire home,' and 
 then claps on his hat ; and the old Doge, having by custom 
 sent his goods home before, walks away, it may be with but 
 one man at his heels, and the new one is brought immediately 
 in his room in the greatest state in the world." 
 
 On the eve of the Nativity the Doge and his attendant 
 nobles went through another curious ceremony. The neigh- 
 bouring peasantry of the Val di Bisagno had from time im- 
 memorial been a right loyal people to their Genoese masters, 
 
 1 Vide ch. xii.
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME. 13 
 
 and on Christmas-eve these country folks elected their new 
 " abbot " or governor for the ensuing year. By the banks of 
 their river the people assembled ; two fine-sized stones were 
 placed close to one another, and the retiring abbot in 
 toga and beretta stood on one, whilst the newly-appointed 
 functionary occupied the other, receiving from his prede- 
 cessor the standard of St. George, and some sage advice 
 which was administered to him. This ceremony concluded, 
 these loyal peasantry proceeded in a body, with their magis- 
 trate, to pay their respects to the Doge in Genoa, and take 
 him their annual present. It was a handsome trunk of a 
 tree, covered with branches, and decked with such flowers as 
 the season afforded, after the fashion of a modern Christmas- 
 tree. This they put in a cart drawn by two or more oxen, 
 and, attended by the magistrate, a notary, a senator, and a 
 large concourse of people, it was conducted in triumph to 
 Genoa. On reaching the ducal palace they deposited their 
 gift in the courtyard. The Abbot of Bisagno went to inform 
 the Doge of it. " Well found, Messer Doge," says he ; and 
 <" Welcome, Messer Abbot," replies the Doge ; and after 
 mutual wishes for a merry Christmas, the abbot exchanges 
 a bouquet of flowers for the more substantial gift of bank- 
 notes worth a hundred francs, and returns with his followers 
 to his home. 
 
 The ceremony of accepting this strange Christmas-box, 
 presented him by his loyal subjects, was enacted by the Doge 
 at the dead of night, as follows. Before retiring to rest the 
 Doge and members of the council stole quietly down the 
 steps of the ducal palace with lighted torches in their hands. 
 His ducal eminence then proceeded to set fire to the tree, 
 which blazed right merrily, and into the flames they cast a 
 vase of good wine, some comfits, and some sugar. Weird 
 must have been the sight of these venerable lawgivers of 
 Genoa standing round the flaming tree with their long flowing 
 robes and lighted torches. None of Macbeth's witches round
 
 14 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 their steaming cauldron could have presented a more awe- 
 inspiring appearance. This, curious ceremony was abolished 
 by the later Doges as entailing too much expense; and the 
 bouquet of flowers, accompanied by protestations of fidelity, 
 was accepted in its stead. 
 
 The very existence of this Doge in Genoa was solely due 
 to the love men by nature have for royal display, and the 
 craving they feel for a head on which they may place a crown. 
 He was entirely without power ; he signed obediently every- 
 thing the council made him, and was brought out on holidays 
 and festivals as the pet plaything of Genoa, which the prudent 
 senators would not allow too often in her hands for fear of 
 her becoming weary of the same. After his two years of 
 office he retired without ceremony into private life, and 
 another puppet was elected in his stead. 
 
 Genoa was not unfrequently the hostess of foreign poten- 
 tates, and this afforded her inhabitants an opportunity for 
 a more extended parade of their wealth. The Emperor 
 Charles V. twice paid a visit to the Ligurian capital, and 
 on the last occasion was sumptuously entertained by his 
 trusted admiral Prince Andrea D'Oria, who, from the fre- 
 quency with which he received crowned heads under his roof, 
 won for himself the sobriquet of the " royal innkeeper." 
 
 Let us glance at the noble palace of Fassuolo, where 
 Prince D'Oria had just perfected his most princely residence ; 
 and the freshness of the first bloom of those wondrous frescoes 
 by Pierino del Vaga, the pupil of Raphael, had not yet worn 
 off, on which he had lavished all the excellence of a talent 
 which rivalled his master's in colouring and boldness of 
 design. Montorsoli, the pupil of Michel Angelo, was its 
 architect ; and so lovely was this palace, with its hanging 
 gardens and terraces down to the water's edge, that the 
 Emperor on landing stood speechless to admire. In accor- 
 dance with the etiquette of the day, Prince D'Oria laid every- 
 thing at the feet of his imperial guest. Contrary to his wont
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME. 
 
 on such occasions, Charles received the proffered gift, instead 
 of graciously refusing. Whether this was to Andrea's liking 
 we are not told, but at length the emperor relieved him from 
 all anxiety by adding that Prince D'Oria should keep all these 
 wonderful things in trust for whomsoever of the emperor's 
 household freak or fortune might lead to visit Genoa. 
 
 As a delicate surprise for the emperor, Andrea D'Oria pre- 
 pared a gorgeous entertainment in an arbour erected at the 
 end of a corridor leading to the sea. Carpets and tapestries 
 from Flanders concealed the walls and floors, and whilst the 
 emperor was held in close conversation, this magnificent 
 bower glided gently into the middle of the harbour, for it was 
 none other than one of D'Oria's galleys which had been 
 anchored so as seemingly to form part of the corridor. The 
 imperial surprise had hardly subsided before heavily laden 
 tables were spread on all sides, groaning under the rarest 
 viands brought by Genoese ships from all quarters of the 
 globe. The attendants were all dressed as sea-gods, and to 
 the strains of soft music the guests quaffed the choicest 
 vintage, and glided slowly across the waves. 
 
 Each course was served on massive silver dishes, and as 
 each was removed, the remnants of the feast, silver dishes and 
 all, were cast into the sea. Such profusion and waste at first 
 sight savours much of prodigality ; but Andrea D'Oria was no 
 such fool. Though lavish in the extreme and dearly loving 
 pomp, he likewise was loath to waste his wealth when by a 
 little ingenuity he could avoid it. So accordingly he had nets 
 spread under the galleys to catch the dishes as they fell ; and 
 when the emperor had departed, they were fished up again for 
 future use. Perhaps he learnt this plan from the rival republic 
 of Venice, where report says that the doge, in his annual visi- 
 tations to wed the Adriatic with a golden ring, was equally 
 careful to recover the property bestowed on his watery bride. 
 
 Thus Genoa and her princes entertained their royal guests, 
 thus did she glory in her name of " the superb," and right well
 
 1 6 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 did she deserve it. For though her population was essentially 
 mercantile, a population on whom the proud courtiers of Ger- 
 many and Spain looked down with supreme contempt, yet 
 they had that amongst them which could make many a 
 monarch tremble ; and their purse-strings weighed far heavier 
 in the scale of European politics than many a royal diadem. 
 
 But it is not all glittering gold and splendour which marks 
 the career of the Ligurian republic ; under the cloak of riches 
 lurked many a festering sore. No city in the course of cen- 
 turies affords us more instances of bloody factions and civil 
 wars. We have but to walk through the city to-day and read 
 on the walls the stories told by those stones of infamy to 
 learn how internal troubles tore out her very life's blood. 
 Thus, posted up to everlasting shame, were all her unsuccess- 
 ful revolutionists ; and if one of them chanced to meet with < 
 punishment at home or die in exile a stone was put up to his 
 memory by his more fortunate rivals, execrating his very 
 name, and imputing to him all the most heinous crimes of 
 which man is capable. Whereas if a man died honoured and 
 respected amongst his fellow citizens, his name was, on the 
 contrary, posted up on the church where he was buried, so that 
 posterity might be mindful of his merits. It is a curious and 
 interesting study in Genoese life that succeeding ages should 
 thus inscribe their history on stone. On the facade of the 
 church of S. Matteo, for example, is written a perfect volume 
 in stone, relating the deeds and glories of the D'Oria family. 
 On the church of S. Stefano we can study the history of the 
 Pcssagni better than in any book, bearing always in mind that 
 the fortunate obtained an inscription erring on the side of the 
 laudatory, whilst those put up to the unsuccessful revolutionists 
 erred extravagantly in the other direction. 
 
 It is an interesting feature in Genoese story to trace the 
 fortunes of the Jews in this haughty republic ; the refinement 
 of cruelty with which these unfortunate wanderers were visited 
 savours more of ultra-barbarism than of the civilization to
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME. 17 
 
 which Genoa had attained. It was indeed a persecution, 
 which they suffered elsewhere as here ; but it strikes us more 
 forcibly when coming from a population essentially commer- 
 cial, and largely indebted to this money-making race, and from 
 a people moreover who scrupled not on the score of religion to 
 enter into advantageous treaties with Pagan or Mahommedan, 
 to the detriment frequently of other Christian people. But 
 the Genoese were great crusaders, and shared, with other 
 nations interested in the Holy Wars, the hatred of the un- 
 fortunate Hebrew. 
 
 In the earlier days of Genoa's prosperity it is true that 
 large immunities could be bought by opulent Jews, and by 
 those whom the Republic found absolutely necessary for her 
 commerce, and beyond paying for a light to be kept burning 
 before the high altar of S. Lorenzo, certain richer Jews had 
 only to complain of periodical drains on their purses ; whilst 
 Jews of the lower class, itinerant hucksters and so forth, were 
 only allowed to remain three days within the precincts of the 
 city unless they were rich enough to purchase an extension of 
 privilege. 
 
 After Ferdinand and Isabella drove the Jews from Spain, 
 with cruelties almost unheard of and a barbarity worse even 
 than death, we have a vivid account handed down to us by a 
 Genoese annalist, 1 of a remnant who found their way by sea 
 to Genoa. Down by the quay a spot was allotted to these 
 miserable wanderers, where, huddled together in the cold and 
 without food or shelter, they perished like flies before the 
 wintry blast. Suckling children and their mothers lay stiff 
 and bleaching on the rocks, whilst husbands and fathers with 
 sunken eyes and emaciated faces, wandered about in their 
 narrow precincts like ghosts. There was something unearthly 
 in the appearance of those miserable beings who haunted this 
 spot during the greater part of an unusually severe winter, 
 whilst ships were being constructed to convey them they 
 1 Bartolomeo Senarega.
 
 iS GEXOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 scarce knew where. The captains of these ships were indeed 
 harsh and heavy task-masters, who for gold had undertaken 
 to remove them from Spain ; and if the supply of gold fell 
 short, they simply threw their cargo of human flesh into the 
 waves, or if they suspected that they were concealing treasures 
 about their persons, they murdered them and cast away their 
 bodies. 
 
 As the winter rolled on most of the Jews fell a sacrifice 
 to their misery, and the shore was strewn with their bodies ; 
 and when the summer heats began to appear a terrible 
 plague broke out which counted its victims in Genoa by 
 thousands, a just retribution indeed for their treatment of the 
 nomad Hebrews. About this time one Fra Bernardino da 
 Feltri in his wanderings paid a visit to Genoa. He was one 
 of the most ardent persecutors of and preachers against the 
 Jews in Italy, and the result was not favourable to the pining 
 wretches on Genoa's quay. He maintained that it was wrong 
 to admit them within the walls, that it was even wrong to 
 give them food ; but when worn out with hunger, men should 
 be sent amongst them with bread in one hand and a cross in 
 the other, and that they should only receive the sustenance 
 they craved for at the price of a recantation of their faith. 
 Thus many of those who had abandoned their homes, and 
 withstood the hardships of the winter, were unable to resist 
 the subtle refinement of torture which the Genoese practised 
 on them. 
 
 About the beginning of the sixteenth century some few 
 Jews of the humbler class became permanently resident in 
 Genoa, but they were subjected to the supervision of a special 
 officer, and were compelled to wear a piece of yellow cloth as 
 a badge on their breasts under pain of a heavy penalty. So 
 much annoyance was experienced by the Jews at thus being 
 held up to public scorn, that those who went about on 
 business appealed to the Government and were allowed to 
 remove it.
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME, 19 
 
 Their cause, however, was a desperate one. They were 
 liable at any moment to be hunted out of house and home, 
 and sent forth into the world as beggars. In 1660, and not 
 till then, was a sort of " ghetto " allotted to them in Genoa, 
 into which they were locked from one at night until daybreak. 
 They were obliged to go and hear mass in Lent in the church 
 of the " Vigne," and so rabid was the populace against them 
 on these occasions that the Government was obliged to keep 
 soldiers on guard to protect them as they came out of church, 
 and lucky was the Jew who escaped to his home in safety 
 without a bruise from brick or tile. 
 
 In 1675, so great was their distress, that every one of 
 them determined to depart from this inhospitable city ; but 
 the Government, recognizing the loss that they would be to 
 the community at large, to prevent their departure allotted 
 them an oratory close to their quarters, to which they could 
 be driven to mass at less risk of persecution, and for which 
 privilege they paid no little sum, and thus they were induced 
 to remain. This harshness of the Genoese to the Jews pre- 
 vented many from settling in their city, and those who did 
 formed a wretched care-worn colony. 
 
 In 1752, a Christian servant-girl in the family of one 
 Moses Foa, a Jew, was under the impression that if she got 
 an infidel baptized, her own soul would undoubtedly be saved. 
 Accordingly she took one of her master's babies to be bap- 
 tized into the bosom of the Roman Church, and when the child 
 was four years of age, she betook herself to the archbishop, 
 and told him what she had done. Forthwith the prelate pro- 
 nounced the child a Christian, and proceeded to take the infant 
 from its parents, and bring it up according to Roman Catholic 
 ritual. A public reception into the church was announced, 
 and everything that was galling to Jewish superstition was to 
 be performed. So enraged was the father, so furious the 
 Jewish colony at this, that the Government had to take up the 
 question ; for the Genoese senators were not always on the
 
 20 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 best of terms with the archbishop, and were perhaps glad of 
 an opportunity for overruling his decision. Certain it is that 
 any benefits the Jews ever obtained in Genoa came from the 
 secular authorities, and were keenly opposed by the clergy. 
 On this occasion the Government ordered the child to be 
 restored to its parents, and considered it necessary to issue a 
 circular declaring it to be an error, and a popular fallacy that 
 those who surreptitiously baptized an infidel would thereby 
 secure themselves a place in Paradise. 
 
 From this time the Jewish cause grew better, but it was 
 not until the more enlightened influence of the Sardinian 
 Government was felt in Genoa that the Jews could live peace- 
 fully, enjoy substantial immunities in the city, and send forth 
 from amongst them a Gambetta to rule in France. 
 
 However terrible the persecutions were against this stricken 
 race, and however severe they found the yoke of their oppres- 
 sors, Genoa at the best of times could not have been a 
 pleasant residence for Hebrews. For the city in the olden 
 time, and even until quite a recent date, was subject to a 
 scourge of pigs. Dating from 1 1 84, the followers of St. An- 
 thony built themselves a house in Genoa, where they offered 
 a home and lodging for itinerant monks and priests. To-day 
 a portion of this ecclesiastical hostelry is still seen, with its 
 portal of black marble, and a carved St. Anthony over the 
 lintel, with the customary beggar on one side, and the pig 
 pulling his garments on the other. Later on this hospice fell 
 into the hands of the Lerinensian monks, a curious body, who 
 warmly espoused the cause of animals out of compliment to 
 St. Anthony, whom they too claimed as their founder. Their 
 first care was to secure for themselves the traditional privilege 
 awarded to the followers of St. Anthony, of keeping far more 
 pigs than they had sties for. So the surplus pigs they sent 
 as scavengers and general nuisances throughout the city. 
 Though numerous, there was at first some limit put by law 
 to these, but as time went on the legitimate number was
 
 GENOA IN THE OLDEN TIME. 21 
 
 transgressed, and Genoa presented the appearance of one 
 vast sty. 
 
 For the sanitary condition of a dirty mediaeval city, this 
 must have been highly beneficial. Natural scavengers for 
 their offal would be an inestimable blessing even at the present 
 day in those narrow alleys where there is still a surfeit of 
 dirt. However, the inhabitants objected to have their streets 
 thus infested, and when in 1751 a terrified pig in its wild 
 career about the town, had the misfortune to upset a senator 
 the fate of its comrades was sealed. An edict was passed 
 against these animals, 1 as obscene and a public nuisance ; he 
 that could catch might slay and eat, and the monks were 
 restricted to the contents of their sties. 
 
 A curious custom, however, was kept up by this porcine 
 confraternity until 1/98, by which they had the privilege of 
 presenting a pig every Christmas, adorned with laurels and 
 other ornaments, to four pious ladies of the D'Oria family, 
 who in return were supposed to present the brotherhood 
 with a handsome sum of money towards their Christmas 
 dinner. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Genoa, the peasantry still hold 
 fast to customs instituted either by these Lerinensian monks 
 or their predecessor St. Anthony. It is usual for the 
 " contadino " to take his donkey, his mule, or his sheep dog 
 once a year to be blessed before the shrine of St. Anthony, 
 perhaps hoping thereby to atone in some measure for the 
 many hard blows these domestic animals are accustomed to 
 receive from their Italian masters. 
 
 Of mediaeval cities Genoa was amongst the grandest, of 
 mediaeval republics she was about the most powerful. In 
 her career she humbled Pisa, in her day she well nigh set 
 foot in St. Mark's at Venice. 2 Kings were her vassals, kings 
 were her prisoners. 3 She was the pioneer in the paths of 
 commerce for the Dutch and for the English. Her internal 
 1 Accinelli. 2 Vide ch. vii. 3 Vide chs. v. and ix.
 
 22 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 and external wars were long before they could eradicate her 
 inherent vitality. After each revolution she awoke again with 
 renewed vigour; and it was not till her own citizen, Christopher 
 Columbus, had discovered for other powers new sources of 
 wealth and commerce, and not until her own discoveries 
 had paved the way to the Cape of Good Hope, 1 that her 
 decadence set in. 
 
 A native poet 2 early in the sixteenth century utters a wild 
 lament for her departed glory. Into the mouth of Genoa he 
 puts a story of her former grandeur. In high flowing tones he 
 describes her victories over Venice, Pisa and the Turks. But 
 unfortunately for the poet's veracity, in one or two cases he 
 draws with too long a bow. He relates a victory over the 
 Emperor Conrad III. which never happened, and on the 
 following stanza we must also cast the shadow of doubt. 
 
 " I once was Genoa, at whose very name 
 Quaked Turkish Sultan in his home ; 
 Chance bore me once to Albion's shores, 
 With five-and-twenty galleys laid I siege 
 To London with such right good cheer 
 That of its walls I soon became possessed ; 
 Then at my will I held the town for six short hours, 
 Till wearied of its worthlessness I cast it from me." 
 
 Yet this poem, written as it was in the bombastic strain 
 of conscious weakness, shows to us clearly that the glory had 
 departed from Genoa. Henceforth she lived on the credit of 
 the past ; her princes had hoarded wealth in the national bank 
 during more prosperous days, and until this was exhausted by 
 the drain of civil wars, and aspirants from across the Alps, 
 Genoa proudly held her own as a free and flourishing republic, 
 though the title of " mistress of the seas " had passed into the 
 hands of others. 
 
 1 Vide ch. x. 2 Gio Paolo Baglione.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 
 
 THE part played by the Italian republics in the Holy Wars is 
 interesting from many points of view. On the crusades they 
 built all that was great in mediaeval commerce, and out of 
 them they were the only Christians who contrived to gain any 
 advantage, and in accepting their humble position of "carriers" 
 one cannot fail to be struck by their astuteness, which not un- 
 frequently might be termed sharp practice, as compared with 
 the bombast and chivalry of the princes who hired them. On 
 the one hand, each potentate and lordly prince who went to 
 Palestine, if he returned home at all did so empty-handed, 
 and with but few of his followers ; on the other hand, the 
 Genoese, Venetians, and Pisans rushed backwards and for- 
 wards to the Holy Land, filling their empty return vessels 
 with Eastern wealth, and making those who sought a passage 
 home pay trebly dear. 
 
 As an instance of Ligurian sharp practice let us quote the 
 following story. A Genoese captain was about to leave some 
 Christian refugees to perish on the burning sands of Africa of 
 exposure and starvation because they had not the wherewithal 
 to pay their passage. The infidel rulers of Alexandria, moved 
 to pity by this barbarous conduct, forthwith offered to pay the 
 passage in full, and only stipulated that this cargo of Christian 
 flesh should not be deposited before reaching Christian soil. 
 In short, this story is typical of the part played by the
 
 24 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Genoese throughout sordid and mercenary in the extreme. 
 The princes treated them with high-handed insolence as in- 
 feriors, but the Genoese retaliated very much in the style of 
 the Venetian Shylock, and drained their employers to the last 
 drop of blood. 
 
 No annalist ever alludes to any Genoese as noble, save and 
 except Guglielmo Embriaco, the only Genoese captain who in 
 any degree caught the fever of chivalry, and about whose 
 deeds and prowess hangs the halo of romance. Moreover, the 
 Genoese but seldom fought in battle ; they took the troops to 
 their destination, filled their galleys with the riches which the 
 others squandered, and hied them to their Ligurian storehouse, 
 and woe to any prey that they might come across on their 
 way home. Christian and infidel booty was to them alike. 
 
 The character of international robbers, which the Genoese 
 earned for themselves in these youthful days of their com- 
 merce and their fame, is amply testified even to this day. Be 
 it said, to their credit, that a handsome share of stolen booty 
 was given to their churches, as a means by which to propitiate 
 Heaven, for lodged in the cathedral are the stolen remains of 
 St. John the Baptist, and countless relics they carried off from 
 Eastern monasteries. Here, too, are Moorish pillars, a Byzan- 
 tine Christ, and numerous images which could never have 
 issued from Genoese workshops. In like manner they stole 
 twelve lovely marble pillars from the temple of Judas Macca- 
 beus, in Caesarea, which unfortunately sank in the waves on 
 their voyage to Italy. Furthermore, the Bank of St. George 
 was built of stones which had been brought from a monastery 
 near Constantinople, 1 and from the ruined Luna they carried 
 off marble pillars which still adorn the naves of S. Maria in 
 Castcllo, and S. Maria della Vigne. 
 
 Let us now proceed to look in detail at the part played by 
 Genoa in these wars. The curtain of the crusades is drawn 
 up upon the quay of Genoa, when Godfrey de Bouillon and 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi.
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 25 
 
 the Count of Flanders embarked, amidst a busy scene in the 
 harbour, on board the ship Pomella^ of Genoese build. 
 Roused by the preaching of a fanatic in their cathedral of 
 S. Siro, the Genoese were induced to man twelve galleys in 
 behalf of Christendom, in 1097, to accompany Godfrey to the 
 Holy Land, by no means a terra incognita to them in those 
 days. Thirty-five years before, Ingulf, the secretary of William 
 . the Conqueror, tells us how he found a Genoese ship at Joppa, 
 which took him home to Europe ; and the fact of their being 
 at once chosen to transport the Christian troops shows that 
 the sailors of Liguria had long ago attained a position of 
 renown. 
 
 Guglielmo Embriaco was the commander of this Genoese 
 force, " the hammer-headed," as he was playfully called, from 
 his habit of butting with headlong fury against his foes. A 
 doughty warrior and skilful engineer was Embriaco, the pride 
 of his country and the terror of the infidel. Tasso sings of 
 him as "the Ligurian leader amongst the most industrious 
 engineers in mechanic lore, a man without his peer. 2 " With 
 him went his two sons, both to attain great renown across the 
 seas. 
 
 Caffaro the annalist went too, and to him we are indebted 
 for a graphic account of the Genoese in their crusade. Caffaro 
 was a good servant of his country, both at home and abroad, 
 with the sword and with the pen. He was present at the 
 taking of Caesarea and of Jerusalem. At home he was six 
 times consul, and was employed in many delicate missions of 
 trust by his country. At seventy-three he led the expeditions 
 against Minorca and Almeria ; 3 but above all his memory is of 
 lasting fame from the observant annals that he wrote, savour- 
 ing at times too much of religious zeal, but on the whole his 
 facts are well substantiated by contemporary writers. 
 
 On arriving in the Holy Land, Embriaco set off with a 
 
 1 Caffaro annalista. 2 " Gerusalemme liberata," cant. 18. 
 
 3 Vide ch. v.
 
 26 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 chosen fe\v to assist at the siege of Antioch, where his crn 
 gineering skill was hailed with thankfulness by the besieging 
 army, and wrought wonders for their cause. His less warlike 
 countrymen, however, were all left in charge of the ships. 
 Whether scared by rumours of a defeat, or imbued with a 
 wish for plunder we cannot say, at all events they soon settled 
 to sail off home, and leave the rest to their fate. Cowardly as 
 this was, perhaps still more so is the story of their theft on 
 their way. 
 
 Afraid to return home empty-handed, they put into the 
 port of Myrrha, where a small handful of monks guarded the 
 remains of what they professed to be St. Nicholas, a saint of 
 special favour to sailors. To those dry bones the Ligurian 
 mariners took a fancy, and accordingly demanded them from 
 the monks, who, terrified and in dire despair, confessed that 
 these bones were no less a prize than those of St. John the 
 Baptist, and for fear of Turkish marauders they had locked 
 the secret in their breasts. Be this as it may, the numerous 
 miracles set down to these ashes have quieted any suspicion 
 that may have lurked in the Genoese minds that their prize 
 was not genuine. 
 
 For fear of losing all their treasure in one disaster they 
 divided amongst the ships the poor Baptist's bones ; but the 
 sea was so furious at the want of confidence reposed in it, that 
 until all the remains had been gathered together on one ship, 
 the angry waves would not be still. 
 
 Great was the joy of the inhabitants at their return ; for 
 they just had heard of the fall of Antioch, and of Embriaco's 
 safety. And the remains of the Baptist were received with 
 befitting respect, and deposited in the church of S. Sepolchro, 
 near the quay ; and succeeding ages have vied with one 
 another in doing honour to his mouldering bones. Often 
 during the fury of a storm has the unfortunate saint been 
 conveyed with all the panoply of a Roman Catholic proces- 
 sion in hopes that he would still the fury of the waves.
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 27 
 
 Once, when civil faction was to be decided by the mortal 
 combat of a dozen Genoese on the piazza. S. Silvestro, before 
 an assembled multitude, the pious Archbishop Ugo had the 
 remains suddenly placed before the rows of combatants, and 
 so great was the religious awe thus infused that the quarrel 
 was adjusted. Numerous potentates have knelt before his 
 shrine Frederic Barbarossa, Charles V. of Spain, and Louis 
 XII. of France ; also popes and cardinals not a few. 
 
 To do justice to so great a possession, the Genoese have 
 lavished all the grandeur of the renaissance art. From 
 Florence was summoned a master of the style, Matteo Civi- 
 tale in 1490, after whose design the chapel in the cathedral 
 of S. Lorenzo, in which the Baptist's bones now repose, was 
 made a perfect labyrinth of art. Statues of biblical worthies 
 adorn the sides, excellent in expression and drapery, and to 
 its inmost recesses every detail is carefully carried out. In a 
 silver shrine are preserved the relics of the saint, and behind 
 the high altar is shown an old Roman sarcophagus in which 
 the crusaders brought them to Genoa. 
 
 The Genoese pontiff, Innocent VIII., of the house of 
 Cybo, took a special interest in these saintly relics. He 
 published a bull, still to be read on the wall close by, which 
 forbids all women to enter this chapel, save only on one day 
 in the year, as a verdict on the sex to which Herodias' daughter 
 belonged. By a gracious concession he afterwards permitted 
 all the daughters of the Sauli family to be married therein, 
 by reason of their excessive piety and handsome donations, 
 He likewise presented to the cathedral reliquary a brass 
 plate on which is embossed a trunkless head of the Baptist, 
 and which superstition tells us is the veritable charger on 
 which Herodias' daughter presented the head to her mother. 
 With the theft of these relics, and with the fall of Antioch, 
 closed the first episode in the crusades. Guglielmo Embriaco 
 returned to Genoa, and there collected together a fleet and 
 men with which to continue his conquests in the Holy Land.
 
 28 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Incited by their success at Antioch, the Christians pushed 
 eagerly on to Jerusalem ; but their progress was slow under 
 the walls of this coveted city. They talked of abandoning 
 the siege, and of retreating towards the coast, when it was 
 rumoured that Guglielmo Embriaco was on his road to join 
 them with reinforcements. And this time, through the force 
 of circumstances, the Genoese were obliged to abandon their 
 ships and march inland, much against their will ; for from the 
 towers of Joppa a mighty squadron was descried bearing 
 down upon their fleet under the banner of the crescent ; hence 
 the Ligurians were compelled to run their ships aground and 
 set fire to them, having first extracted all the iron and useful 
 fittings ; so that when the Infidels arrived they found nothing but 
 burning hulks, and a goodly shower of arrows to greet them. 
 
 Numerous are the romantic tales strung together by Cafifaro 
 and others about the siege of Jerusalem. How Guglielmo 
 Embriaco wrought a wonderful machine or tower made of 
 wood, and covered outside with leather. This was then put 
 on wheels with a battering ram beneath, and the top so con- 
 structed that it could bend down on hinges, to form a bridge 
 by which the invaders could reach the walls. 
 
 In the hazy dawn of the morning of the attack, the 
 Genoese beheld their patron saint, St. George, galloping down 
 the Mount of Olives to their assistance ; with one loud shout 
 they greeted this omen and prepared eagerly for the onset. 
 Over the pontoon passed Godfrey de Bouillon and his brother 
 Eustace, amidst the whistling of arrows and the yells of victory. 
 In vain did the infidel poise bars of iron on the walls to prevent 
 its resting there, in vain did they shower burning tar upon it. 
 The success of the tower was complete, and Guglielmo 
 Embriaco covered his own and his country's name with 
 honour. For Baldwin recognized that without the Genoese 
 assistance the Holy Sepulchre would never have been taken, 
 and to honour his allies he caused to be put up over the 
 entrance to the tomb " By the powerful aid of the Genoese."
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 29 
 
 A favourite subject for the pencil of Genoese artists was 
 this tower made by Guglielmo. On the ceiling of the Palazzo 
 Adorno we still see a richly coloured fresco by Lazzaro 
 Tavarone, 1 depicting the besieging army and the wooden 
 tower rising from their midst. And in Genoa the Embriaco 
 family were exalted above their fellows insomuch as they 
 were allowed to retain their family tower when all others 
 were lowered by order of the commune. Almost solitary 
 amongst the private towers of which Genoa was once full now 
 stands the " Torre degli Embriaci " with its Cyclopean stone- 
 work and overhanging battlements, and beneath it a stone 
 relating the prowess of the family as the reason why they 
 were allowed to retain the same. 
 
 Delighted at the news of this victory the Genoese held 
 great council together, how best they could commemorate 
 the event. They bethought them that their cathedral of S. Siro 
 was outside the walls, that it was subject to piratical raids, 
 and hence was conceived the plan of building the noble 
 edifice which is still Genoa's, cathedral, and has been the 
 recipient of many noble gifts and many a tithe and first- 
 fruits of victory. 2 
 
 In noi another Genoese armament found its way across 
 the seas to Palestine, and according to his wont, Guglielmo 
 Embriaco marched inland with his small band of trusted 
 followers, leaving his more mercenary fellow countrymen to 
 return with their ships and cargo. Caffaro, the annalist, was 
 of the party, and again he treats us to a graphic account of 
 the wonders that they saw, such as the Sacred Light which lit 
 up the Holy Sepulchre on Easter Eve. One is surprised at 
 his credulity, so astute is he in his general remarks about the 
 war, and a politician of no mean calibre. 
 
 They were warmly welcomed by Baldwin the king, and 
 after a tour in the Holy Land, and a satisfactory dip in the 
 waters of the Jordan, the Genoese joined the king's forces in 
 1 Vide ch. xvii. 2 Vide ch. viii.
 
 30 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 the siege of Tyre. After the fall of this city, Guglielmo and 
 his followers, consisting of Pisans, Venetians, and a few Genoese 
 went to the famous siege of Caesarea, eager for fresh honours 
 and for fresh booty in this wealthy city. 
 
 Deeds of valour were again the order of the day; Embriaco 
 was seen locked in deadly embrace with a Saracen on the 
 walls, until the Genoese, like their leader, made their foes 
 give way, and Caesarea fell into their hands Caesarea, rich in 
 all the wealth of those Eastern climes, rich in jewels, rich in 
 gold, and glorious attire ; and this was all to be divided 
 amongst a handful of Italian Republicans. As elsewhere an 
 eye to commerce was uppermost in the Genoese mind ; here 
 they established a central mart for their slave trade, and even 
 managed to secure many of the inhabitants for their nefarious 
 traffic. 
 
 It has been proudly asserted that the Genoese demanded 
 as their sole share of the booty, a wonderful vessel known as the 
 " sacro catino." But CafFaro has freed his countrymen from 
 such imputed folly by stating that this was separately allotted 
 to Guglielmo Embriaco, as his share of the profits, whilst 
 his fellow countrymen carried home an equal share of booty 
 with Venice and with Pisa. 
 
 Embriaco on his return presented this much prized relic 
 to his cathedral. As a relic it is equalled by none in the bold 
 assertions of its value. It was said to be an emerald of the 
 purest water ; it was said to have been the dish on which 
 Christ eat the last supper ; it was said to have been given to 
 Solomon by the Queen of Sheba; whilst others asserted that it 
 was the vial in which Nicodemus preserved some of Christ's 
 blood, no other than the Holy Grail. Is it that the Genoese 
 arc more perfect than that perfect man Sir Galahad, who saw 
 it, but died from the sight ? Well might Tennyson have put 
 into the mouth of Guglielmo Embriaco, when he accepted this 
 talisman of mystic fame as his portion of the booty, " I 
 trust we are green in heaven's eyes."
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 31 
 
 Very cunning were the canons of the cathedral with their 
 gift. Twelve knights, called "Clavigeri," were appointed as 
 its special guard, each being responsible during one month 
 of the year for the safety of the tabernacle in which it was 
 contained. No mortal hand should touch it "with gold, 
 stones, coral, or any other substance," was their wise decision ; 
 and hence for the centuries which elapsed between then and 
 the French revolution, the vulgar belief was maintained that 
 it was a sparkling emerald, and of priceless value. Petrarch 
 saw it and was charmed. " But we did not depart without first 
 having seen the basin of emerald, a priceless and wondrous 
 vase ; they say that it was used by the Saviour in the last 
 supper: be this so or not, it is in itself a right glorious relic." 1 
 
 But alas- for the prying curiosity of Napoleon, and his love 
 for the goods of others, the Sacro Catino was broken on its 
 way to the French capital, and was discovered to be but an 
 ancient piece of Venetian glass. To-day it may be seen in 
 the Cathedral of Genoa, on the payment of five francs, as it 
 Was kindly returned by the French ; it is mended with strips 
 of gold, but its talisman is gone, and it is chiefly remarkable 
 for having wrought such a deception for so many centuries. 
 
 Lord John Russell, writing to Thomas Moore, gives us 
 a neat little parody on this myth of emerald 
 
 " In Genoa 'tis said that a jewel of yore, 
 
 Clear, large, and resplendent, ennobled the shrine 
 Where the faithful in multitudes flock'd to adore, 
 And the emerald was pure, and the saint was divine, 
 
 " But the priest who attended the altar was base, 
 
 And the faithful, who worshipp'd, besotted and blind; 
 He put a green glass in the emerald's place, 
 And the multitude still in mute worship inclin'd." 
 
 After their various successes in Palestine, Genoese avarice 
 was by no means abated, and is again brought prominently 
 before us at the ensuing siege of Ptolemais ; for when Baldwin 
 
 1 Petrarch's " Itinerario."
 
 3 2 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 granted the inhabitants permission to leave the town with 
 their goods and their families, the Genoese were highly dis- 
 pleased at such leniency ; a"nd as the citizens passed by they 
 fell upon them with the sword, robbed them of their chattels, 
 and sent them away empty-handed. This breach of trust on 
 the part of the Ligurians passed unpunished, nay even they 
 were rewarded for their dishonesty. Baldwin was not strong 
 enough to quarrel with his republican allies, so they got 
 quarters allotted to them in the city in addition to the booty 
 they had stolen for themselves. 
 
 The Italian republics were not long in reaping the benefits 
 of their assistance given to the cause by acting as transporters 
 for the Christians. Out of a long list of immunities in every 
 town they moulded for themselves a network of commerce 
 which spread from China to England, the nucleus of which 
 lay in Palestine. When Baldwin, in 1 105, gave the Genoese a 
 street in Jerusalem and in Joppa, a third part of Tyre and 
 Caesarea and of St. Jean d'Acre, and a third part of all the 
 dues in the maritime entrances to his realm, their success was 
 secured ; the development of it was only a matter of time. 
 Henceforth the maritime republics fought for their purses, not 
 for their creed. Baldwin and the princes of Europe fought 
 for their creed, without regard to their purses, and such 
 enthusiasm naturally did not long prevail. 
 
 The disasters which fell thick on the Christian kingdom 
 of Jerusalem, the fall of their capital, and almost all their 
 positions in the Holy Land, aroused at length the ardour of 
 Europe ; and the so-called Third Crusade was preached, in 
 which Genoa's character of "carrier" is brought even still 
 more prominently before our view. Amongst the brave deeds 
 of Richard Cceur de Lion, and Philip II. of France, very 
 little allusion is made to our modest Ligurians. Yet from the 
 treaties made by these monarchs with the republic we really 
 find that their co-operation in the undertaking was as essential 
 to these princes as tools to a carpenter.'
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES, 33 
 
 Not only at this time were they busying themselves in 
 their commercial intercourse with Christian people, not only 
 were they satisfied with turning many an extortionate penny 
 in transporting to Europe the flying Christians from Jerusalem 
 and elsewhere, but also they were carrying on a brisk trade 
 with the infidels themselves in spite of all the remonstrances 
 which fanatical Europe heaped on their heads. And hence, 
 when in 1189 the Crusade was preached for the recovery of 
 St. Jean d'Acre, France and England had to offer enormous 
 concessions to the Genoese to obtain their co-operation in the 
 undertaking. 
 
 Genoese merchants were busily engaged at the courts of 
 France and England in 1190, when Hugh, Duke of Burgundy, 
 granted them liberal mercantile concessions in his towns of 
 Chalons and Dijon. And two days after this treaty the same 
 duke negotiated one on behalf of his royal master, Philip II., 
 by which the king agreed to pay 5850 silver marks for the 
 transport of 650 soldiers, 1300 squires, and 1300 horses, 
 together with their arms and trappings, food for eight months, 
 and wine only for four months from the day of their departure 
 from Genoa ; and as a further inducement to secure Ligurian 
 aid he promised them every concession they demanded for their 
 commerce in every town he might take, and in every country 
 over which the flag of the lilies was seen to float. Thus the 
 French monarch swore, and thus did Philip II. and Richard 
 Cceur de Lion repair to Genoa to embark on the eighty ships 
 which Genoa had prepared for the undertaking, of which 
 Simone Vento and Marinocle Rodano, both of Genoa, were 
 elected admirals. 1 
 
 Over the galleys floated their banner of the red cross 
 and the flag of St. George ; and for his ensign the English 
 king chose the device of St. George, out of compliment to 
 Genoa ; 2 thus did he bring home as an emblem for his 
 
 1 Giustiniani, " Annali di Genova." 
 
 2 Accinelli, " Compendio della Storia di Genova." 
 
 D
 
 34 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 successors the standard of St. George, which has now become 
 inseparably connected with Old England. Nowhere was this 
 mythical saint more honoured than by the Genoese. Their 
 great commercial bank was called after him. 1 They went to 
 victory under the cry of his name ; and it is to Genoa we 
 owe not only the patron of our isle, but also the knowledge of 
 the ocean paths through which we have steered to all quarters 
 of the globe. 
 
 From the French monarch's above-mentioned treaty with 
 Genoa, we may reasonably argue that King Richard made a 
 like one, without which the shrewd republicans would not have 
 transported his host to Palestine ; furthermore, after his quarrel 
 with his French ally, and when he was left alone in the Holy 
 Land to prosecute the war, it was to Genoa the lion-hearted 
 applied for succour. From Accon he wrote to the republic with 
 his own hand, supplicating for further aid, and addressed his 
 epistle to " the archbishop, podesta, consuls, and council, and 
 other good men of Genoa." 2 He laid before them his plans 
 for confounding the infidels in Egypt, Babylon, and Alexan- 
 dria, and asserted that every pact he had made with them had 
 been carried out to the letter. By way of a postscript he 
 added that of all he conquered he would give the Genoese a 
 third, even if he only got half of what he asked. But the 
 Genoese did not respond to Richard's eager request, and of the 
 unfortunate conclusion of this crusade every Englishman is 
 aware. However, of the existence of quite an English colony 
 in Genoa at this time not so much is known ; but, thanks to 
 late discoveries made in the city archives, we are able to trace 
 the residence "of several of our countrymen in the Ligurian 
 capital at the time of this crusade. 
 
 The old church of the Knights Hospitallers at Genoa still 
 exists, with its Gothic windows, Lombard tower, and rounded 
 apse. This was originally the old church of S. Sepolchro, 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi. 
 
 2 Canale, " Storia di Geneva."
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 
 
 35 
 
 close to the water's edge, where the Knights of the Holy 
 Sepulchre founded an hospice, and in the adjoining "commenda" 
 gave any pilgrims bound for the Holy Land a night's lodging 
 and a meal prior to their departure on Genoese ships to fulfil 
 their vows. Still may be seen the dark, dank cells in which 
 they slept, and the whole place, even in this nineteenth century, 
 is teeming with memories of the Holy Wars. 
 
 Receding- into the wall in the old Lombard tower is a 
 
 MONUMENT TO WILLIAM ACTON ON THE WALLS OF THE CHURCH OF THE KNIGHTS 
 HOSPITALLERS, IN GENOA. 
 
 singular old monument, still in excellent preservation, and the 
 inscription round it is to this effect : 
 
 t Of Master William Acton I am here the home, 
 
 For whom let whosoever passes by a pater say. 
 
 t In 1 1 80, in the time of William, it was begun. 1 
 
 Curious it is to find an English name thus figuring in 
 Genoa at this time, and moreover in so honoured a position as 
 to fix the date of the foundation of this old hostelry. Besides 
 this, in an old register of the foundation of this building dated 
 the 30th September, 1 198, we read the following : " I, William, 
 
 1 Vide " Giornale Ligustico," Anno i, Fascicolo xii.
 
 36 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 commendator of the Hospital of St. John, admit to having 
 received from you, Master, John of England, doctor, thirty- 
 seven pounds in deposit, which deposit Master John made, 
 fearing the judgment of God, in the journey of the most 
 blessed St. Thomas of Canterbury, in which he set out, and if 
 he did not return to Genoa, he bequeaths the said thirty-seven 
 pounds to the said hospital." Is this the same William or 
 not, who after the fashion of the times had built himself a 
 tomb with an appropriate inscription before his death ? At 
 all events, from these meagre facts we can glean enough to 
 prove how close was the connection between Genoa and 
 England in those days, and probably this old hostelry was as 
 well stocked with British tourists in the twelfth century, as 
 are the palatial hotels of this the restless nineteenth. 
 
 This old church and annexed hostelry, founded or not by 
 a compatriot of ours, has gone through strange vicissitudes in 
 its long history. Hither came Pope Urban V., in 1367, with 
 eight cardinals, on his way from Avignon to Rome ; and here 
 Pope Urban VI., in 1385, enacted his bloody tragedy as 
 follows : 
 
 When Europe was divided by the schism in the papacy, 
 Genoa espoused the cause of this relentless Pontiff, 1 and sent 
 a fleet to liberate him in Nocera, where he was besieged by 
 Charles of Naples. Out of this Genoa hoped to gain much, 
 but as it turned out, she gained only an unpleasant notoriety for 
 being the scene of one of the most tragic events of that tragic 
 age. The Pope got six unfortunate cardinals into his power, who 
 had espoused the cause of his rival ; so he chose to drag them 
 in chains with him to Genoa. He tortured them on the rack, 
 and he consigned them to a dungeon underneath the rooms 
 where he was sumptuously entertained in this very hostelry. 
 At length, unable to extort by torture any secrets from them, 
 he determined to dispose of them as best he could. Report 
 says he tied them all up in sacks and threw them into the 
 
 1 Vide ch. ix.
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 37 
 
 sea. At all events, he so enraged the worthy Genoese that he 
 was obliged to flee, leaving behind him a name accursed by 
 all. Of the six cardinals, one alone escaped this fate, and he 
 was Adam, Bishop of Hertford, saved, they say, by the inter- 
 vention of the English king. Slabs put up in the oratory of 
 St. Hugh, beneath the church, still attest to the visit of the 
 two Urbans. 
 
 On this spot the companies of the Cassacie were first 
 located. Here the Knights Hospitallers fixed their abode. 
 Here the pious St. Hugh lived and died, and numerous tablets, 
 now nearly all dispersed by the congregating of houses and 
 shops thickly around it, told of noble guests and noble 
 sufferers whose woes had been alleviated by this kindly con- 
 fraternity. 
 
 Still this relic of the Crusades is a highly picturesque 
 object down near the port, with coloured shops and gay 
 merchandize contrasting oddly with the grim old walls, where 
 hundreds of pilgrims and countless devotees slept their last 
 night before embarking on an expedition from which but a 
 small portion of them returned ; and when the age of pil- 
 grimages had passed away, here many a sufferer was relieved 
 by the pious Knights Hospitallers. 
 
 But very little crusading spirit was left in Genoa, when they 
 refused Cceur de Lion's offer. They even looked on with unin- 
 terested silence at the whole of the Fourth Crusade, when the 
 avarice of the Venetians wrecked its whole course by directing 
 it against an old Byzantine emperor who stood in the way of 
 their commerce. In short, in Europe the spirit was dying out, 
 and Genoa had too much to do at home, with her warehouses 
 and her commerce, to care much about knight-errantry, and 
 the quixotic exertions of the later crusaders. 
 
 In August of the year 1212, the inhabitants of Genoa were 
 witnesses of one of the most eccentric episodes in the whole 
 history of the wars between the Crescent and the Cross. One 
 day as they looked from their city walls they beheld clouds of
 
 3 8 GEXOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 dust arising, as if from a mighty host proceeding against their 
 town. The gates were forthwith closed ; all eagerly awaited 
 to learn what brought this unexpected armament to Genoa. 
 Great was their surprise when a band of seven thousand 
 children, headed by a lad of thirteen years of age, arrived 
 beneath their walls, clamouring for transports to convey them 
 to Palestine to redeem the Holy Sepulchre from the hand of 
 the infidel. No more striking episode is there than this of 
 the fanatical enthusiasm which even seized the minds of the 
 young, and incited them to this wild scheme. There were, too, 
 a few old men and women who followed in this curious train. 
 
 When they saw that no transports were forthcoming at 
 their demand, they encamped sullenly under the broiling 
 Italian sun outside the city walls, waiting, they said, like the 
 Israelites of old, until the sea should open a passage for them 
 through its depth ; and thus a week elapsed. The Mediter- 
 ranean refused to obey the rod of a youthful Moses. The 
 tideless ocean refused to follow the example of the Red Sea, 
 and thus the disappointed enthusiasts grew less heated in 
 their desire for glory in the East. They quietly dispersed, 
 greatly to the relief of the Genoese, who cared not for the 
 turbulent, marauding spirits, who took advantage of this occa- 
 sion to hover round their walls. Many of these children died 
 from hunger and exposure. Most of them returned to 
 discipline at home, whilst some of them embarked at Mar- 
 seilles ; and not over well pleased were the Christians in 
 Palestine to receive so juvenile a succour, whose advent was 
 more of an inconvenience than anything else. 
 
 Very little better was the Crusade which, three years later, 
 Pope Honorius III. preached throughout Christendom, when 
 he had successfully put a temporary check to the rivalry of 
 the three republics, Venice, Pisa, and Genoa. Throughout the 
 length and breadth of France the greatest enthusiasm pre- 
 vailed ; whilst the Genoese transported no less than two 
 hundred thousand of them to the siege of Damietta, where
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 39 
 
 the flower of the French nobility fell a sacrifice to the ravages 
 of pestilence and the sword. 
 
 In vain did their generals urge them on to deeds of valour ; 
 in vain were wild acts of heroism performed from day to day, 
 Damietta refused to. succumb, even as the sea had refused to 
 open its paths to the youthful enthusiasts. At length Genoa 
 sent out assistance in the shape of ten galleys manned with 
 the bravest of her sons. On three successive days, three 
 valiant attacks were made on the walls of Damietta, when 
 French and Genoese, like hungry wolves, hurled themselves 
 against their foe, but without avail. It was not till 1220 
 that the town at length gave way ; thanks, they say, to the 
 superior engineering skill of the Genoese, who invented 
 wonderful battering rams and stone-propelling engines, before 
 which the infidels were obliged to yield. 
 
 But by this one solitary victory the armies of the Christians 
 were exhausted, and powerless to go inland in search of fresh 
 conquests ; and a few months later many of the surviving 
 Christians were slaughtered by the Saracens in their ships. 
 
 A wild and touching scene it must have been, and one 
 which echoes the spirit of the times, when before the assembled 
 multitude in the cathedral of San Lorenzo, the Genoese 
 " podesta " broke the seal of the letter announcing the capture 
 of Damietta. 
 
 "Amidst rabid and unearthly yells of joy women fainted 
 and wept aloud, old men tottering with years cast away their 
 crutches, and with outstretched arms thanked the Almighty 
 for the mercies vouchsafed." 1 But this, the Fifth Crusade, 
 was at an end, and all this enthusiasm was but a morbid echo 
 of the past, when under the walls of Damietta was buried the 
 chivalry of Europe ; and a terrible earthquake in Cyprus 
 overthrew into the waves the greater part of Baffo and 
 Limeso, as if nature was herself proclaiming that these things 
 should be no more. 
 
 1 Giustiniani annalista.
 
 40 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 But for the Genoese the Crusades had wrought everything 
 on which they had to build Qenturies of prosperity and wealth. 
 Commerce in Syria and Egypt, commerce in the Black Sea 
 and along the coasts of the Mediterranean, were for them the 
 results. From the Crusades they not only learnt their power, 
 but the way to use it; and both these facts are instanced by 
 the one feeble crusade which followed these events, wherein 
 the saintly Louis of France, more fitted for a convent than 
 a throne, made it the object of his life to arouse this dying 
 flame. 
 
 Again did the Genoese take a prominent part, and again 
 they were the " carriers " only of the armament It is from 
 their contracts for providing the necessary fleet, that we obtain 
 a faithful picture of the advance the Ligurians had made in the 
 art of ship-building, 1 after a long period of successful commerce 
 and voyages of discovery. 
 
 The Gran' Paradise and the 5. Niccolb, the ships which 
 bore St. Louis on his ill-fated expedition to the coast of 
 Africa, as they sailed out of Genoa's harbour all radiant with 
 the flags and banners of this princely host, told of a new 
 era which was dawning on Europe, and of a new spirit of 
 enterprise which was awakened amongst men, which would 
 prove a far more effectual check to Turkish progress, and the 
 inroads of the Crescent, than the countless ill-organized hosts 
 who wasted their blood and the resources of their country in 
 the vain attempt to gain possession of a mystic sepulchre. 
 
 Before leaving this subject of the Genoese and the 
 Crusades, let us glance at another feature of these times, the 
 fever for which originated in Provence, and spread its con- 
 tagion far and wide along the Genoese "Riviere." In the 
 Ligurian capital were born and bred many of those minstrel 
 troubadours, who in their songs of love and burning passions 
 tended to form a basis for the growth of language on which 
 future poets built so noble a fabric. 
 
 1 Vide ch. x.
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 41 
 
 Great was the influence of these troubadours on politics ; 
 they would drive a reluctant noble to arm for the Holy Wars 
 for very shame. Throughout the north of Italy they would 
 excite one town against another in continual strife. Guelphic 
 minstrels visited the towns of Lombardy to excite them against 
 the emperor, whilst a Ghibelline minstrel would not fail to 
 arouse the emperor's adherents against the Lombards. Thus 
 in Genoa we find minstrels lamenting the factions in the city, 
 which prevented a proper utilization of her resources to over- 
 throw the rival Pisa and the rival Venice. 
 
 Itinerant minstrelsy was the outcome of the Crusades ; the 
 troubadours were the politicians and the newsmongers of the 
 day, and their control over men's minds was very strong. 
 In Genoa, Folchetto was one of the earliest who abandoned 
 the barbarous Latin, and sang love songs in the native 
 dialect. He was the son of a wealthy Genoese merchant, 
 who resided at Marseilles, consequently Folchetto found 
 himself in easy circumstances on his father's death, and able 
 to indulge his passion for sweet love songs to its full, and 
 gave way to the infectious fever of minstrelsy which then 
 raged in Provence. 
 
 He accordingly fell in love, as was the duty of every 
 troubadour, in fact his profession ; and the object of his 
 choice was Adelaide da Roccamartina, wife of Barral del Balzo, 
 Viscount of Marseilles. Barral chased him away from the 
 castle where his love resided, but summoned him again 
 later, on the death of his viscountess, as he wished for 
 a poem to commemorate her virtues and her charms ; and 
 no one was better calculated to do so than Folchetto, he 
 thought. The result of his pen, entitled " The Lamentations 
 of Barral," forms one of the principal poems which have been 
 left us by this troubadour. 
 
 In after life Folchetto seems to have deserted the follies 
 of his youth, and repaired with St. Dominic to Rome, where 
 he preached energetically against the Albigenses. Richard
 
 42 GEM A; HOU' THE KEPUBLrC ROSE AXD FELL. 
 
 of England had been one of the most ardent admirers of 
 this crratie poet, also the bard-loving Raimond, Count of 
 Toulouse. Dante places him in paradise amongst those 
 who had repented of the follies of their youth ; for Folchetto 
 ended his days in a convent, whither he was followed by his 
 two sons, whilst his wife took the veil. Petrarch alludes to 
 him in his " Triumph of Love," and thus sums up the life of 
 our versatile Genoese poet : " Folchetto gave to Marseilles 
 the honour of his name, which he took from Genoa ; and 
 in his latter days he changed for a holier state both his 
 country and his garb." 
 
 Lanfranco Cicala was another of Genoa's love-sick poets, 
 who sang dulcet strains before a court of love at San Remo. 
 Nevertheless, he was made of better stuff than Folchetto, and 
 took a part in his country's affairs, warmly espousing the 
 Ghibelline cause, and occupying the position of judge in 
 Genoa for several years. 
 
 Bonifacio Calvi was a good specimen of the wandering 
 troubadour, who, with his friend Bartolomeo Zorsi, left Genoa, 
 and sang sweet music about their country and their loves 
 in foreign courts. Calvi visited Spain ; and at the court 
 of Alphonso of Aragon he chose the king's niece as the 
 object of his affections and of his song. But like his com- 
 patriot. Christopher Columbus, two centuries later, he suffered 
 much from the jealousies of the courtiers, who hated this 
 Genoese minstrel. He avenged himself by vituperating them 
 in his songs, and eventually went over to the court of Castille, 
 where he incited the king to make war against the offending 
 Aragonese with the true mischief-making spirit of a trouba- 
 dour. 
 
 Percival D'Oria, a member of that illustrious Genoese 
 family, distinguished himself in the court of Charles of Anjou, 
 who made him podesta of Avignon and Aries in return for 
 his laudatory ditties. And numerous lesser lights in Genoa, 
 whose works are lost, took up the line of minstrelsy, and are
 
 GENOA AT THE CRUSADES. 43 
 
 only known by name from the mention of them by some poet 
 of greater fame. Thus did these humble troubadours open 
 the gates by which more brilliant poets entered and crowned 
 themselves with laurels, even as the Crusades paved the 
 way for greater Italian glory in the paths of commerce during 
 the centuries to come.
 
 44 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 
 
 ARE we to dive into heathen mythology for the origin of our 
 town of Genoa ? Are we to believe with the credulous 
 inhabitants that Janus, the great-grandson of Noah, of the 
 Christian tradition, the old god of the Romans who presided 
 over peace and war, founded the Ligurian capital ? Are we 
 to put implicit faith in the pompous inscription placed in large 
 gothic letters over the architrave of the cathedral nave, 
 which unblushingly informs the worshippers at S. Lorenzo's 
 shrine, that "Janus, a Trojan prince, skilled in astrology, and 
 seeking on his travels a healthy, strong and secure place to 
 dwell in, reached Janua, already founded by Janus, the great- 
 grandson of Noah, and perceiving that it was well protected 
 from the raging of the sea, increased it in power and renown." 
 Ingenious etymologists go the length of asserting that 
 the hill of Carignano 1 was his vineyard, and that the hill of 
 Sarzano 2 was his stronghold, and a stranger unaware of this 
 tradition is to-day surprised to see a representation of the 
 double-headed one under each of the city's gas lamps. But 
 it is certainly more humble-minded, and more within the 
 bounds of possibility to assume that the Romans called it 
 "Janua" because it was the "gate" of northern Italy, or that 
 from its position in the bend of the coast line they named it 
 
 1 Cherem Jani deriv. of Carignano. 
 
 2 Ars Jani deriv. of Sarzano.
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 45 
 
 from " genu " a knee, after which Geneva, in the bend of Lake 
 Leman, is reported to have been called. 
 
 Like the origin of her name, the early history of this 
 commonwealth is cut off from the days of the old Roman 
 municipal city which flourished here, 1 by a dark period of 
 tradition, a period during which nearly all traces of her 
 former civilization faded away before the blighting scourge of 
 Norman and Saracenic invasions, which obliged her, after 
 these early troubles were past, to begin again an entirely new 
 political career. 
 
 Like a devastating torrent poured forth from the abyss 
 of hell, writes an old chronicler, was the raid of Hastings 
 the Norman, and his followers, when they descended from 
 their victorious galleys upon the towns of Liguria. The object 
 of these northern warriors was to possess themselves of Rome, 
 with all her countless treasures; but in their ignorance of 
 geography, they beheld the towers and churches of Luna, 
 near the Gulf of Spezia, and they thought they were then 
 within sight of their wished-for goal. 
 
 The treacherous Hastings with peaceful words deceived 
 the trembling inhabitants ; he feigned conversion to their 
 creed, he was baptized, he gave the richest of his spoil to the 
 cathedral, begging for a tomb within the cloisters, when his 
 end might come. Thus deceived the inhabitants were entirely 
 off their guard, when a cry of lamentation arose from the 
 Norman camp, proclaiming that the leader was dead, and 
 the archbishop accorded him the burial he had requested 
 before his death. But lo ! in the midst of the funeral cere- 
 mony the corpse of Hastings arose from his coffin sword in 
 hand ; his followers produced weapons from beneath their 
 mourning robes, and Luna was a prey to the Normans the 
 fairest, and the strongest city along this coast, and with it the 
 rest of the Riviera became an easy prey to their devastation. 
 
 But few stones are now left to mark the site of this once 
 
 1 Vide Appendix I.
 
 46 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 flourishing Roman town ; what remained after the departure 
 of the Normans the Genoese, in after days, and the inhabitants 
 of the neighbouring town of Sarzana, took away to adorn 
 their temples ; and in the old churches of St. Mary of the Castle, 
 and St. Mary of the Vineyard, we still see remnants of Luna's 
 glory. Amidst these ruins Dante wandered and meditated 
 when in exile, and of these Dante thus sang 
 
 " I was a dweller on that valley's shore 
 'Twixt Ebro and Magra, that with journey short 
 Doth from the Tuscan part the Genoese." 
 
 Paradiso ix. 
 
 " If Luna thou regard, and Urbisaglia, 
 How they have passed away." 
 
 Paradiso xvi. 
 
 Similar in devastation, and eating up all that the Normans 
 had left, was the Saracenic scourge, perhaps more terrible in 
 its oft-repeated intensity, and more crushing to any outburst 
 of civilization. When the sails of the infidels' galleys appeared 
 on the horizon, the inhabitants at Genoa betook them to their 
 mountain fastnesses, and from them looked down in misery 
 on the smouldering ashes of their homesteads below. 
 
 Far from giving way under these frequent raids, which 
 crippled their energies and checked their enterprise, the 
 Genoese grew bolder after each successive blow. In 936 A.D. 
 we read of galleys being built which enabled them, instead 
 of retreating to the mountains, to hover round their enemies, 
 and inflict some damage in their turn. It was in this year 
 that tradition says a fountain poured forth for a whole day 
 with blood, prior to the descent of the Saracens on the Genoese 
 coast ; and this year is marked by the first trifling victory 
 which the Ligurians gained over their foes. Henceforth this 
 kindly fountain was in the habit of giving this timely warning 
 of an attack, and even to this day the street bears the name 
 of Fontanella in which it flowed. 
 
 But these, the early troubles of the infant commonwealth,
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 47 
 
 worked wonderfully for her good. It was in those days that 
 they first learnt the art of building the ships which eventually 
 earned for Genoa the title of " mistress of the seas," and it 
 was in those days of trial that their first walls were built ; and 
 around the slopes of the hill, where now the thick walls and 
 dense crowd of houses crown the eminence of Sarzano, was 
 the first nucleus of Genoa's strength. Here was the citadel, 
 here was the first bishop's palace, and here St. Mary of the 
 Castle, the earliest cathedral of the town, still bears witness in 
 its name to its ancient importance. 
 
 The history, too, of this church is lost in the legends of 
 these early times how here SS. Nazzaro and Celso baptized 
 the first Genoese Christians, after landing on the rocks of 
 Albaro. Out of compliment to this legend, a canon from 
 the cathedral still holds a baptism once a year in S. Maria 
 di Castello. It is a lovely church even to-day, and a museum 
 of Genoese art, endowed as it was by the w'ealth of the 
 Grimaldi, and adorned by pictures of the best Genoese artists. 
 Here the Republicans of Ragusa built themselves a little 
 chapel, in which to worship when they visited Genoa, though 
 now hidden away behind the high altar ; it is dedicated to 
 S. Blaze, and contains a magnificent inscription, in letters 
 of gold, which tell how the Ragusans claimed to have obtained 
 their liberty from Alexander the Great, and how friendly 
 these Republicans were with Genoa at the time they built this 
 chapel. 
 
 The early centuries of Genoa's new life are inseparably 
 connected with her bishops. They were the only fount of 
 law and civilization. In their hands alone were deposited the 
 traces of the old Roman civilization ; the old municipal rights 
 and liberties granted by ancient Rome to Genoa were locked 
 up in their breasts until the " commune" over which they pre- 
 sided, at length learnt its own inherent power, and the consuls, 
 a form of government which lingered in Genoa through all 
 her darkness and distress, from being entirely subservient to
 
 48 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL, 
 
 the sacerdotal authority, became their coadjutors, and eventually 
 their superiors, in the government. 
 
 The earlier bishops who ruled in Genoa are known only by 
 name. S. Salome, lived three centuries after Christ, and S. 
 Romulo succeeded him, to whom S. Remo is said to owe its 
 name and origin. S. Siro is the first about whom there is any 
 definite account, and he is surrounded by a maze of legendary 
 lore. He gave his name to the second cathedral, which in its 
 turn was supplanted by the one which is in existence now, 
 and numerous legends are still told of his exceeding piety. He 
 had a pet blackbird, when a boy, which one day on his return 
 from school he found dead, and brought to life again by a 
 judicious application of saliva ; hence his pictures generally 
 represent him with a blackbird, and this bird is allowed to 
 build its nest and rear its young unmolested in his church. 
 
 The pious mariner attributes to S. Siro a control over the 
 elements, based on the following claims : once, when walking 
 on the cliffs of Genoa with his father, he beheld a ship making 
 for the port under a steady breeze, he expressed a wish to see 
 it becalmed, when, lo ! it forthwith became as if at anchor. 
 Sirus begged leave to go on board, and by expressing a mere 
 wish the ship went on again, greatly to the relief of the 
 merchant to whom it belonged. 
 
 A curious legend is attached to the Genoese S. Siro, which 
 in France is told of S. Brise, and is illustrated on an old 
 piece of tapestry at Mompezat Thus it runs : when officiating 
 as deacon to the Bishop of Genoa, one day, young Sirus gave 
 vent to an immoderate fit of laughter, and after the service 
 was over received the requisite admonition from his superior. 
 To extenuate himself, Sirus related how he had seen, as in 
 a vision, the devil, busily engaged behind a pillar writing 
 down the names of those who did not attend to the mass, on 
 a piece of parchment ; before long the parchment became 
 full, and to elongate it his satanic majesty made use of his 
 teeth, when suddenly the parchment gave way, and the devil's
 
 49 
 
 head rebounded violently against the pillar, causing him to 
 retire discomfited and badly hurt. 
 
 S. Siro is in short a pattern bishop of those barbarous 
 times, whose rule was equable and just whilst he lived, and 
 as a natural consequence, his memory was surrounded by a 
 halo of superstitious awe. His festival is still celebrated with 
 befitting solemnity in Genoa. 
 
 From the barbarian invasions from the north, the bishops 
 derived the source of their power and their hold over men's 
 minds. These wealthy prelates were enabled to build castles, 
 and protect the State, when aid from other sources was cut 
 off; the people saw that from them alone could they hope 
 for anything like a good and stable government ; and by the 
 exercise of their spiritual authority, in conjunction with a 
 temporal one, their position was unassailable as long as 
 religion meant justice and good government combined. 
 
 The bishop's palace, on the hill of Sarzano, was the centre 
 of this political system. Here resided both the consuls of 
 the government and the consuls of the pleas, and when these 
 functionaries entered into office they always took the oath 
 of allegiance to the bishop, and for centuries the ecclesiastic 
 and secular elements worked hand in hand, and worked 
 peaceably for the welfare of the State. 
 
 Even as late as 1151 we find the first archbishop a second 
 Sirus, in conjunction with the consuls issuing decrees indi- 
 cative of supreme authority ; and all through the earlier 
 treaties in Genoese history is found a special clause entered 
 in favour of the bishop or archbishop, and his cathedral. 
 
 The power of the bishop was externally represented by an 
 officer called the "Cintraco," who collected all dues, and 
 looked after the defences, and represented his master in the 
 general councils. It is to the times of the bishops that we 
 must look for the origin of those " companies " into which the 
 town was divided. They were small societies in which men 
 congregated together, swore to the common defence, and were 
 
 E
 
 50 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 regulated by their particular consul. This formation of bodies 
 politic within the State is a marked feature throughout 
 Genoese history. It is to this fact that the great strength of 
 certain families is due, and the large army of retainers and 
 kinsmen that a D'Oria or a Spinola could produce in case of 
 war. 
 
 These companies in their entirety formed the commune, 
 and, later on, the republic of Genoa, over whom the consuls 
 were the recognized rulers ; at first, merely as executors of the 
 bishop's power, but, as the ecclesiastical influence grew 
 weaker, they gradually got the reins of government entirely 
 into their own hands. Thus was the system of consuls estab- 
 lished in Genoa, the very essence of the old municipal system, 
 which had been kept alive by the episcopal influence, the sole 
 depositories of the old regime ; and nowhere was the consular 
 theory more fully carried out than in Genoa. Any body of 
 men to whom self-management was given had a consul ; the 
 archers had their consuls, the co-lonies had their consuls, and 
 even the body of porters at the Bank of St. George chose a 
 consul from amongst themselves. 1 
 
 At length we find the commune of Genoa, as represented 
 by its consuls chosen at the general assembly of the people, 
 asserting itself after the time of the crusades, and this power 
 growing stronger as that of the bishops grew less. The day of 
 episcopal rule was over ; they had done their work in preserv- 
 ing the rudiments of good government through a period of 
 darkness, and, by a silent revolution spread over a term of 
 years, the government of the State was transferred from their 
 hands into those of the commune ; and on emerging from a 
 state of barbarism, this commune blossomed into the Ligurian 
 Republic. 
 
 One of the first acts of this youthful commune was to do 
 all honour to its cathedral, endow it with gifts and privileges, 
 as if in return for the tender care the bishops had taken of 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi.
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 51 
 
 their slumbering germs of government through a period, when 
 all that had to do with the past was being swept away. 
 Identical with the first sensations of power felt by the people 
 is the origin of the edifice of S. Lorenzo as it stands to-day. 
 Their cathedral served the purpose of council hall for their 
 general assemblies ; here the consuls issued their decrees, 
 here vassalage was sworn by the various lords who entered 
 themselves as citizens of Genoa, here they held their councils 
 of war, and celebrated their victories. 
 
 As seen even now the cathedral of S. Lorenzo is perhaps 
 the most striking building in Genoa ; built in courses of black 
 and white marble, covered with carvings and images, all 
 blended together into one harmonious whole by the mellowing 
 hand of time. In scanning the facade of this cathedral, the 
 traveller's eye rests on a perfect museum of architecture. The 
 portals are built in pure Italian Gothic surrounded by a blaze 
 of figure working, in which are seen Moorish designs and 
 Moorish images, whilst the Byzantine element is present in 
 the figure of Christ over the central portal, and in the genea- 
 logical tree which climbs up towards it. As the eye travels 
 upwards it rests on some of the best work of the fourteenth 
 and fifteenth centuries restorations made after a fire, which 
 nearly deprived Genoa of her sanctuary until at length the 
 Campanile crowns this motley group, finished in 1520, in the 
 stiffest style of the Renaissance. If each of those figures inserted 
 in the walls could give its own history, what a curious network 
 of facts would they produce about Genoa's enterprises, and 
 Genoa's world-wide commerce. Report tells us that those 
 spiral pillars on either side of the central portal, representing 
 palm-trees, came from a Moorish mosque at Almeria, in Spain; 
 the pillars of a loggia, where, according to the original plan, 
 another tower was to have been built, belonged to an ancient 
 church which stood here before the cathedral ; and a grotesque 
 figure of S. Lorenzo on the gridiron, with impish dwarfs blow- 
 ing vigorously with bellows, came from the same old building;
 
 52 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 whilst a legend is attached to a tall thin figure under a canopy 
 on the south corner of the facade, which is commonly sup- 
 posed to represent the blacksmith who did all the iron-work 
 for the cathedral, and refused to be paid on condition that a 
 statue of himself should be inserted on the walls. And here 
 he stands, with his anvil in his hands, puzzling the heads of 
 antiquarians, who declare him to be a saint, and reject the 
 popular story with scorn. 
 
 This church was consecrated in 1118 by Pope Gelasius II., 
 which scene is depicted in a fresco in the archbishop's palace 
 hard by, together with the solemn presentation of it to the 
 saintly hero of the gridiron. Many a strange story could this 
 building tell of bloody deeds enacted before its walls, of oaths 
 taken within to be broken as soon as made ; munificent 
 endowments, and concessions of glebe land throughout the 
 length and breadth of the Mediterranean have enriched its 
 hallowed precincts, and each succeeding age has striven to 
 add some mark of beauty to its walls. 
 
 Consecrated by the same Pope, and built in the same style 
 as the earliest part of S. Lorenzo, the small black and white 
 marble church of Porto Venere affords us another instance of 
 this early architectural development. The ruins still crown a 
 rocky promontory at the northern end of the Gulf of Spezia. 
 Desolate as this spot now is, it is exceeding rich in its desola- 
 tion, where the blue waters break themselves on the bright 
 red rocks beneath the frowning Pisan tower and striped 
 Genoese church. Here, 150 B.C., Lucius Porcius, the Roman 
 consul, erected a temple to Venus, which was remodelled and 
 consecrated as above mentioned in 1 1 18. When Charles VIII. 
 of France invaded Italy, in 1494, Alphonso, king of Naples, 
 came down on Porto Venere with fourteen ships, and left it 
 the ruin that Byron and Shelley loved to visit, and that the 
 tourist of to-day casts a hasty glance at if he chance to stay 
 at Spezia. 
 
 A second step taken by the Genoese commune in its
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 
 
 53 
 
 infancy was to put down with a firm hand the numerous lords 
 and feudatories with which the Riviera was studded always 
 at variance amongst themselves, and always giving opportuni- 
 ties for the lawless bands of robbers who haunted the coast 
 and crippled the republic's commerce. The commune obliged 
 them to live within the city walls for a portion of the year, 
 to assist in war, and at the parliaments, and to write them- 
 selves down as citizens. Thus came to live in Genoa those 
 
 GENOESE CHURCH AND PISAN TOWER, FORTO VENERE. 
 
 troublous, restless spirits, fearing the republic, but not loving 
 it, and bringing with them a new element of feudalism which 
 in its struggles with the democratic element which existed 
 already in the city, laid up a store of evils for ensuing cen- 
 turies. Counts, viscounts, and marquises from Ventimiglia 
 to the Malaspina near Luna, and inland to Gavi, were enrolled 
 on the lists of citizens, and forthwith used all their influence 
 to overthrow the power of the commune. In vain did the 
 consuls attempt to regulate the helm in this tempest, as their
 
 54 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 hold on the course of events became year by year more feeble. 
 The factions, for which Genoa was celebrated even in faction- 
 loving Italy, soon took root, and subverted everything inside 
 the walls, until thus hampered at home the Ligurian Republic 
 was unable to grasp the goal which was within her reach of 
 being the most flourishing State in Christendom. 
 
 It was not long after their settlement in Genoa that the 
 nobles began to make themselves heard, and to arrange their 
 forces on opposite sides as occasion suited them. Thus, in 
 1168, the great families of the Castelli and Avvocati were at 
 variance for power. The Castelli took the part of the com- 
 mune and bishop, hence the Guelphic side, at the time when 
 the cause of Pope and Liberty went hand in hand in Italy. 
 The Avvocati for their assistance went outside the city walls, 
 and became supporters of the imperial cause, and conse- 
 quently Ghibelline; thus were these fatal names introduced 
 into Genoa, and with this the evil grew apace, until in 1 190 
 a change of government was adopted, and the Ghibelline 
 institution of a foreign podesta to superintend the govern- 
 ment became the order of the day. 
 
 During the consulate were the seeds of all her greatness 
 sown her influence in the crusades, 1 her expeditions against 
 the Moors in Minorca, Almeria, 2 and Tortosa, the resistance 
 to Frederic Barbarossa, 3 and her earlier successes against Pisa. 
 And with these came the first-fruits of her commerce, which 
 extended even then throughout the Mediterranean. At home 
 during this period the two riviere were reduced to obedience, 
 her walls were strengthened, and her city beautified. It was, 
 of a truth, a bad day for Genoa when she abandoned her 
 consuls, and plunged herself into the labyrinth of foreign 
 politics. 
 
 The podesta was legally a foreigner ; but on two occasions 
 Genoa set aside this rule, and elected citizens. As a rule they 
 were chosen from Bologna, Florence, Lucca, and the Lombard 
 1 Vide ch. ii. 2 Vide ch. v. 3 Vide ch. iv.
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 55 
 
 towns ; they were elected by the general council, came into 
 office on the first of September, and remained in it a year. 
 Their oath was stringent, their pay was good, and their con- 
 duct was subject to the direction of a council of eight, and the 
 whole parliament of the people. Thus was a podesta, in 1233, 
 pulled up for non-observance of the laws ; and again, in 1237, 
 another of these functionaries, who had in some way mixed 
 himself up in the election of his successor, was exposed to all 
 the fury of an enraged populace. These were the checks on 
 his power ; but he could impose what taxes he pleased. He 
 coined money, he elected the podesta for the colonies and 
 provinces, and also commanded expeditions by sea and by 
 land. It was necessary for him to be a citizen of a free and 
 friendly city, a doctor of law, and of a noble and noted 
 family. 
 
 In the selection of their first podesta the Genoese were 
 singularly unfortunate ; he came from Brescia, and was named 
 Tettoccio, but from his severity was nicknamed " II mani- 
 goldo," or the policeman. No sooner was he elected than he 
 appeared in armour in the parliament, and then rode fiercely 
 through the streets on horseback. He levelled to the ground 
 the houses of refractory nobles, and spread terror and dismay 
 throughout the city. 
 
 Perhaps to this gloomy precedent may be attributed the fact 
 that the government by podesta never got firm hold in Genoa; 
 for they constantly returned to their old consuls. And for 
 the next century and a half the supreme command was 
 divided with fluctuating uncertainty between a " podesta," a 
 consul, or a captain ; and hence arose a continual strife 
 between rival parties, and a continued undercurrent of dis- 
 content. 
 
 Perhaps, too, this system of placing the government in the 
 hands of a foreigner gave rise to another curious feature in 
 Genoa's history, namely, that of from time to time handing 
 over her liberty into the hands of some foreign potentate.
 
 56 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Feeling the want of stability at home, the Genoese were con- 
 strained to seek it from without, and hence we frequently find 
 her rushing blindly from one evil to another, and never con- 
 tented with her lot. 
 
 With such a feeble, fretful state of affairs at home, it is 
 little to be wondered at that the other towns of the Riviera 
 were constantly in open revolt against the capital. Savona 
 was the principal one, and Savona was an object of jealousy 
 to Genoa from the earliest times. The Genoese hated her 
 port, and her pretensions to compete in commerce with her 
 mistress ; and whenever Savona revolted, and the times were 
 not a few, Genoa destroyed her harbour and her forts, and placed 
 some painful and humiliating obligation on the inhabitants. 
 No wonder then that Savona was a favourable starting-point 
 for any foreign lord, were he Milanese or were he French, who 
 wished to strike a blow at Genoese prosperity. 
 
 Crushed and oppressed for many years, at length the voice 
 of the people was once more heard in Genoa. Tired by the 
 constant strife between Guelph and Ghibelline (the "rampini" 
 and " mascherati" as they termed themselves here), goaded 
 into action by the lasciviousness and corruption of their 
 " podesta," Filippo della Torre, the people in 1257 elected one 
 Guglielmo Boccanegra to be their captain and defender. His 
 origin was obscure, but his family was a talented one, his 
 brother, Marino, being a clever architect and engineer ; and 
 Boccanegra proved himself worthy of the trust placed in his 
 hands. For the first time was the voice of the people heard 
 to some purpose ; and for the first time was a check put to 
 the spirit of feudalism which the nobles had brought with 
 them to the city. But, above all, after generations had to 
 thank this captain for the splendid commercial treaty which he 
 negotiated with the Byzantine Emperor, on which the whole 
 structure of Genoese power in the Black Sea was built. 1 But 
 it was by his very success that he wrought his ruin; the people 
 
 1 Vide ch. vi.
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 57 
 
 grew jealous of the idol they had set up. The joint persuasion 
 of Venice and the supplanted Greek emperor led the Pope to 
 excommunicate Genoa, and the pious Ligurians objected to 
 dying unshriven, the blame of which they put down at Bocca- 
 negra's door. They thought he had neglected their interests 
 in Sardinia ; but above all they thought he had too much 
 power, and this notion the nobles carefully fanned. 
 
 However, during his short captaincy, Boccanegra had 
 wrought a brilliant little episode in the midst of tyranny and 
 oppression at a time when three elements were at strife in the 
 State the feudal, the ecclesiastical, and the popular, and he 
 glorified the third by keeping in check the other two. But he 
 was obliged to relinquish the reins of government in 1262 ; 
 and again the- Republic returned to the podesta and their 
 tyranny. 
 
 It is in this transitory outburst of popular feeling that we 
 find the nobility of the country, as they were called the 
 Spinola and the D'Oria associating themselves with the 
 people as against the old nobility, the Grimaldi and the 
 Fieschi. These four families had now grown to an over- 
 whelming pitch of power in Genoa. The Spinola had come 
 into the town from the valley of the Polcevera, where an old 
 viscount, renowned for his hospitality, had tapped (Spillava, 
 Spinolava) his wine casks with such readiness, that he gained 
 for himself this name. The origin of the D'Oria and the Fieschi 
 we will discuss later ; 1 whilst to the Grimaldi, the following 
 origin is attributed : Under Charlemagne lived two brothers, 
 Hugh and Ramire Grimaut, the latter of whom fought in Spain 
 against the infidel, and established the Spanish branch of this 
 family, whilst Hugh became Lord of Antibes, and his grand- 
 son obtained the lordship of Monaco in 920, by reason of his 
 prowess in driving the Saracen therefrom. In process of time, 
 in common with the other princes of the Riviera, the Grimaldi 
 became subject to Genoa ; and during the six centuries that 
 
 1 Ch. xii.
 
 58 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 this family continued to give princes to Monaco and citizens 
 to Genoa, they afforded a safe asylum for those whose views of 
 government exiled them from the Ligurian capital. Then, as 
 now, Monaco existed as a plague spot on the Riviera, whither 
 murderers and conspirators would flee to escape justice. 
 Curious is the fatality which has attended this enchanting gem 
 on which nature has lavished all her charms, whilst mankind 
 has endowed it with an heirloom of vice. The Grimaldi were 
 amongst the first to become enrolled as citizens of Genoa ; 
 and throughout their connection with the Ligurian Republic 
 they were staunch Ghibellinists. 
 
 After the fall of the imperial cause and the death of 
 Frederic II., the Guelphic and popular adherents, as repre- 
 sented by the Spinola and the D'Oria, were all dominant 
 within the city. Captain after captain was elected from 
 amongst these families, and all the great deeds of the Republic 
 are associated inseparably with them ; whilst the Fieschi and 
 Grimaldi exiles plotted against their country under the 
 Emperor's direction ; and at Monaco the Grimaldi established 
 a hotbed of revolutionary spirits, ever ready to pounce upon 
 Liguria when an opportunity occurred. 
 
 The power of this line of captains from abroad was kept 
 in check, firstly, by a podesta, elected as formerly, but now 
 only acting as a supernumerary and head of the judicial de- 
 partment ; secondly, by a functionary termed the abbot of the 
 people, an officer whose duty it was to represent the people's 
 interests, and who was elected by the General Council. Com- 
 pared with the various forms of government which appeared 
 before and after, the Captaincy shines out most brilliantly. 
 The abbot of the people was, indeed, a most salutary institution 
 for supporting the popular rights. We first find him men- 
 tioned in 1270. He was a plebeian, and elected by plebeians. 
 He was held in great honour by his electors; they allotted him 
 a house, and paid him well. He sat between the two captains 
 at the general assemblies ; he was in fact a revival of the
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 59 
 
 old tribunes of ancient Rome ; his very name was a popular 
 one, as the " abbots " of the mediaeval monasteries were the 
 first to offer an asylum and a hope for oppressed citizens, and 
 the first to strike a blow at feudalism. Hence, though entirely 
 unconnected with the ecclesiastical party, the abbot took his 
 name from them as representing the highest conception of 
 freedom in those days. There were likewise three other 
 abbots, who superintended the popular interests in the neigh- 
 bouring valleys of the Bisagno, Polcevera, and Voltri. 
 
 It is with regret we leave this oasis, so to speak, in the 
 government of Liguria, and turn again to pages of tyranny, 
 which her enemies were plotting for her outside the walls. 
 Prosperous and contented as she was at this time, yet there 
 was a conscious dread of mischief from without, when her 
 annalist, Jacopo D'Oria closed his work about this time, and 
 addressed his native city thus " O, my country, may you be 
 always thus free from the yoke of slavery ! " 
 
 A phase in Ligurian history is now brought before us 
 reflecting anything but credit on the Republic. Freer, perhaps, 
 than any other city of Italy from the imperial outbursts which 
 devastated Lombardy and all the east of the Apennines, 
 Genoa was able to hold her own against Frederic . Barbarossa, 
 never having admitted his superiority. In fact, at the time of 
 his greatest power it is that we first hear of Genoa as a recog- 
 nized republic in her transactions with the emperors of the 
 East. On the other hand, it is true that from Conrad II., in 
 1139, she received a diploma for coining her own money, 
 which implies a certain degree of subservience, and certain it 
 is that his initials continued for centuries to adorn the Genoese 
 coins, together with the doge's and griffin's head. 
 
 Be this dependence on Germany what it may, they were 
 certainly entirely free from the empire after the death of 
 Frederic II., and it was entirely a voluntary act of theirs 
 which put the management of their state in the hands of 
 Henry VII. of Luxemburg, driven to it, as they were, by their
 
 60 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 dissensions and the craving for some steady hand to guide 
 them. 
 
 After being crowned with the iron crown at Monza, Henry 
 set'about the task of visiting the towns of Italy to quell their 
 disorders, and on his way he passed through Genoa. His wife 
 accompanied him, and he was received with all the state and 
 ceremony befitting so august a visitor. When the emperor 
 was once within the city walls, the Ghibelline party felt their 
 power, and confidently spoke of the coming surrender. And 
 on the 1st of November, 1311, on the piazza of Sarzano, an 
 immense multitude was assembled together to witness Genoa's 
 mighty disgrace. 
 
 For twenty-one years, or for the term of his natural life, 
 they conceded to Henry the lordship of Genoa ; and, during 
 his absence, were content to receive an imperial vicar as their 
 governor. It was but a small compensation for these conces- 
 sions that the D'Oria, and other noble families, were bribed 
 into acquiescence by permission to emblazon the imperial 
 eagle in their shields. The act was one of humiliation, 
 brought about by extinction of patriotism in seeking to further 
 party spirit and party jealousies. 
 
 The results of this abandonment of liberty might indeed 
 have been disastrous to the future prosperity of the Ligurian 
 Republic had not an invidious enemy in the German camp 
 carried off their imperial master very shortly after the deed of 
 concession was ratified. Within the gates of Genoa Margaret 
 of Brabant, the emperor's wife, had died of the plague ; and to 
 the same malady, according to some, the emperor fell a sacrifice 
 at Pisa a few weeks later, whilst others assert that poison was 
 administered to him in a sacred wafer at the mass. And thus, 
 according to the contract, Genoa's squandered liberty reverted 
 to herself, and most burthensome it was to her, seeing that for 
 the next thirty years the city was one vast sea of Guelphic and 
 Ghibelline rivalry. They sought the protection of Robert, 
 king of Sicily, in conjunction with Pope John XXII., but in
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 61 
 
 vain ; nothing could quell this terrible party spirit, which 
 shook her to her basis. 
 
 The one thing which surprises us, and which proves her 
 inherent vitality, is the fact that Genoa lived through those 
 dark ages, and was shortly after able to proclaim herself the 
 Queen of the Mediterranean, when the first of the doges came 
 forth to rescue her from the toils of faction ; and again did 
 her arms drive dread into the heart of Venice, and again did 
 her commercial name stand forth first in Italy. 
 
 By a small fact the latent spark of popular feeling was 
 ignited one of those small facts in history, the vast results of 
 which turn the channel of events, and give a new tone to a 
 whole country. Philip IV. of France had twenty Genoese 
 galleys to assist him in his wars with Edward III. of Eng- 
 land ; \vhen anchored off the coast of Flanders the Ligurian 
 sailors mutinied against their captain, Antonio D'Oria, and, 
 headed by one Capurro, a sailor of Voltri, they sent a deputa- 
 tion to the French king, laying their case before him and 
 seeking redress. Philip, however, chose to take the side of 
 the captain, and ordered Capurro to be put to death, where- 
 upon the sailors returned to Genoa, furious that a king of 
 France should espouse the cause of the nobles against them. 
 
 Through the Riviera they passed, raising sedition at each 
 step, and crying, " Alas, poor Capurro ! alas, for his children 
 and his widow ! and alas, for Voltri, his country ! alas, for us, 
 too, a people whom magistrates rule, who satisfy their caprice 
 with the gallows ! " At Savona they assembled the people in 
 the church, and stump orators harangued a crowd bent on 
 revolution. When this spirit spread to the capital, it assumed 
 a more systematic tone ; a change there must be, and the 
 assembled multitude determined that the decision, as to what 
 it should be, was to rest with them. 
 
 Perceiving the coming storm, the captains a Spinola and 
 a D'Oria as usual began concessions, but too late. In the 
 midst of an excited multitude, a gold-beater rose up and said,
 
 62 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 " Do ye ivisJi tliat I should tell yon something for your good ? " 
 Laughing at the absurd little man, the people with one accord 
 shouted " No." Nothing daunted, however, the gold-beater 
 exclaimed, "Let it be Simone Boccanegra" The innocent 
 object of this haphazard choice was a quiet, demure merchant, 
 who chanced to be standing by. And, like an Italian crowd 
 that it was, startled, and amused by the novelty, and perhaps 
 liking the recurrence of the name of the captain they had 
 elected a century before, the assembled multitude with one 
 accord cried out " Let Simone Boccanegra be abbot of the 
 people" 
 
 Taking the opportunity of a hush, prudent Boccanegra 
 quietly thanked them, and declined. His refusal made them 
 the more eager, and they cried, "Let him be our lord 1 ' (signore). 
 Again Boccanegra declined an honour, the very name of which 
 smacked of feudalism in liberal nostrils. Then at length a 
 cry arose, and was echoed from mouth to mouth, " We wish 
 him for our Doge." To this Boccanegra quietly assented, and 
 was carried to the palace in triumph by the people, who, wild 
 with excitement, rushed through the streets crying, "Long live 
 the Doge!" " Long live the people f" And the captains pru- 
 dently withdrew from the town. 
 
 Thus did Simone Boccanegra become the first doge of 
 Genoa, by divine inspiration, they said rather flattering indeed 
 to the small gold-beater- and he was to hold the office for life, 
 whilst a council of wise men chosen from all ranks and classes 
 of the citizens was appointed to guide and restrain his actions. 
 
 For the peaceful quiet merchant it was a bad day when 
 fortune pitched upon him to rule Genoa. The post was an un- 
 enviable one, for if at first all went well, with the troublesome 
 nobles expatriated, and the people all adoring him, he was 
 not long in discovering that his enemies were not a few. Of 
 how his armament put down the refractory nobles at Monaco, 
 and then scoured the Mediterranean, and made the Ligurian 
 name dreaded throughout its length and breadth, we shall
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 63 
 
 speak hereafter. 1 From this humble Ligurian merchant the 
 Khan of the Tartars sought peace, and paid to him a tribute. 
 In fact, Simone Boccanegra, for a short period after his elec- 
 tion, was as powerful as any monarch then reigning on an 
 ancestral throne. 
 
 But the nobles from without, and the nobles from within, 
 were constantly fanning a discontented spirit, which culminated 
 in 1345, and Simone Boccanegra descended from his high 
 estate, and the doge's cap was conferred on one Giovanni di 
 Murta, whose views were more consistent with those of the 
 nobles. 
 
 In 1356, however, Boccanegra was re-elected to his post of 
 honour, and ruled this time with redoubled strength. All 
 the Riviera was under his control, he was leagued with most 
 of the leading houses of Italy, he checked the growing power 
 of the Visconti, and thereby established the balance of power 
 in Italy. Thus was his name and fame, and with it the 
 renown of the republic, established far and wide ; he advanced 
 commerce and navigation in all its branches, and was in fact 
 the very man to lead Genoa on to the position of foremost 
 amongst the States of Italy. His government represented all 
 the popular interests of both Guelphic and Ghibelline factions 
 combined, whilst the more powerful and power-loving nobles 
 were either exiled or deprived of their posts of honour. 
 
 His untimely death, in 1363, draws a veil over this incipient 
 prosperity. At a banquet at Sturla, where he was entertaining 
 Peter de Lusignan, king of Cyprus, who had come to Genoa 
 in the vain hopes of arousing the old crusading ardour, Simone 
 Boccanegra was poisoned. The fatal potion was administered 
 by a noble Genoese, one Malocello, a favourite and a councillor 
 of the Cypriot king's ; and after several days of agony the first 
 doge of Genoa died in the ducal palace. Knowing that his 
 end was near, the council thought fit to elect a successor to 
 the ducal chair ; and as Boccanegra lay in his last mortal 
 
 1 Vide ch. v.
 
 64 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 agony, he heard the shouts of joy which announced the election 
 of a new popular idol. 
 
 This plebeian family of Boccanegra became the object of 
 such fierce hatred and persecution from the nobles on their 
 return to power, that at the end of the fifteenth century not 
 a single member was left in Genoa. A brother of the doge's, 
 Egidio Boccanegra, and his line, were more fortunate. Egidio 
 went with twenty galleys to assist Alphonso XI. of Castille 
 against the Moors, and was appointed admiral of the Spanish 
 fleet, and made count of Palma near Seville, where his descen- 
 dants continued to reside in possession of this title until 
 quite a recent date. One member of this family was a painter, 
 whose pictures still adorn the cathedral of Granada. 
 
 The house in which the first doge was born, and lived prior 
 to his honours, is still seen and marked in Genoa, in one 
 of her busy alleys ; also a villa which he possessed at S. 
 Martino d'Albaro ; and his tomb still occupies a prominent 
 position on the steps of the university removed thither from 
 S. Francesco di Castelletto when that church was dismantled. 
 It is in marble, and three lions support his recumbent figure ; 
 and an epitaph relates how he died, a sacrifice to his country, 
 by the hand of Malocello. Here he lies in effigy, the first of 
 Genoa's many doges, and perhaps the last who had the interest 
 of the public thoroughly at heart, with his hands crossed over 
 his long tunic, which was of scarlet, and his triangular biretta 
 on his head. It is a peaceful pleasant tomb to look upon, 
 and one which conjures up some of the balmiest recollections 
 of Ligurian history a sort of oasis in the blank desert of 
 faction. ' 
 
 It was in those days of turbulence which we have thus 
 traversed that the poet Dante was acquainted with Genoa. 
 Early in the fourteenth century he wandered amongst the 
 ruins of Luna, and along the Riviera, and tells us many a 
 little bit which identifies the history of the times. With 
 pious wrath he alludes to the assassination of one Michel
 
 GENOA AT HOME UNTIL HER FIRST DOGE. 65 
 
 Zante, by Branca D'Oria, in a factious brawl, and in his verses 
 we see the intense feeling of disgust which rankled in his 
 mind at the state of Genoa. 
 
 " Ah ! ye men at variance 
 With every virtue, full of every vice, 
 Wherefore are ye not scattered from the world." 
 
 Inferno 33. 
 
 It is curious to find authors and poets at vastly distant 
 epochs abusing our Genoese. Virgil thought Liguria almost a 
 synonym for deceit. Dante expresses himself as above ; 
 whilst Horace Walpole thus enunciates his opinion of Genoa : 
 " I hate the Genoese ; they make a commonwealth the most 
 devilish of all tyrannies." 
 
 Nevertheless, from his intercourse with the Ligurian re- 
 public, Dante learnt much for his pen. 1 He was near Genoa 
 when he wrote about the wanderings of Ulysses. He was ac- 
 quainted with Andalo di Negro, the great Genoese astrologer 
 and cosmographer, who incited Marco Polo to write the history 
 of his travels ; and the words he puts into Ulysses' mouth 
 breathe the spirit of enterprise of the age. In reading his 
 account of the dread pillars of Hercules, and "the deep 
 illimitable main beyond," 2 we are carried back to the days of 
 Genoa's early efforts to tread these unexplored ocean paths, 
 which led to the discovery of America by a Genoese. 
 
 1 The difficulty of reading Dante is enhanced by the frequency with 
 which he introduces Genoese words unknown to the rest of Italy. A 
 shrill hissing dialect is that of Genoa, and in cases well suited for poetic 
 expression. The poet himself thus passes his judgment upon it. " If 
 the Genoese, through forgetfulness, should lose the letter ' z,' it would be 
 necessary for them to remain mute, or else to find another means of 
 elocution." Dante introduced into his vocabulary, amongst other Genoese 
 words, the following : " chiappa," for " ardesia," a slate chi-che is pro- 
 nounced as in Spanish and English in Genoa " Potevam sut montar di 
 chiappa inchiappa " (.Inf. 24) ; " barba," for " zio," an uncle " L'opere 
 sozze del barba e de fratel." (Parad. 19) ; " a randa," for "rasente," close 
 to " Quivi fermammo i piedi a randa a randa" (Inf. 14). 
 
 2 Inf. Cant. 26.
 
 66 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 GENOA AND HER PISAN RIVAL. 
 
 THE old commonwealth of Pisa, rich in historical lore of early 
 maritime development, of ardent crusading enterprise, of firm 
 adherence to the imperial cause, in her day was one of the 
 foremost leaders of Italian spirit. 
 
 " The proud mart of Pisa, 
 Queen of the western waves," 1 
 
 was, for several centuries, the strongest bulwark of Christendom 
 against the infidel. Through her instrumentality was brought 
 about what kings and emperors had failed to achieve the 
 recovery of the island of Sardinia from the Saracen. There 
 she had judges, and there she had bishops under her, and 
 there it was that she first came into contact with Genoa ; this 
 island was at once the scene of her greatest successes and 
 the origin of her doom. 
 
 How Pisa, in 1063, burst the chains of the harbour of 
 Palermo, and from the rich booty gained therefrom built 
 her glorious marble cathedral ; how, a century later, her 
 Saracenic-looking baptistery, and her leaning tower, were 
 placed as its fitting companions ; and again, how yet another 
 century saw the Campo Santo added, as if by magic wand, to 
 the fairy trio, every Italian traveller is well aware. 
 
 1 Macaulay.
 
 GENOA AND HER PISAN RIVAL. 67 
 
 " There is a sacred place within her walls . . . 
 Where yet remain apart from all things else, 
 F"our, such as nowhere on earth are seen 
 Assembled." 1 
 
 Genoa, in her grandest days, could never do for art what 
 Pisa did ; yet Genoa, in her weakest days, held her own against 
 the Queen of the Arno ; and when she gloried in all the pride 
 of her riches and her strength, it was destruction and ruin 
 which Genoa carried into the very heart of her rival ; through 
 Genoa's instrumentality the commerce was driven from the 
 mouth of the Arno, and the diadem of that river was removed 
 from the head of Pisa to that of Florence. 
 
 In this deadly rivalry between Genoa and Pisa we see all 
 the subtle influence at work which made Italy what it was a 
 heterogeneous mass of rival towns. In the first place, there 
 was the natural rivalry of commercial and colonial projects en- 
 gendered by the crusades. This might have been wholesome, 
 and easily kept in check, had it not been for influences which 
 worked upon them from without. It was the policy of the 
 emperors to pit one hated republic against the other ; it was 
 the policy of the popes to keep them separate, for fear of 
 raising up too powerful a body on Italian soil. 
 
 Thus situated, no power existed to part the Griffin and 
 the Fox, the rival emblems of the rival republics, in this 
 deadly war, in which one of them must succumb ; and for two 
 centuries the contest fluctuated with varied success, until the 
 fatal day of Meloria left Genoa in a position to dictate the 
 terms of her rival's downfall. 
 
 During the early depredations of the Saracens, Pisan and 
 Genoese fleets acted in unison, to rid the Mediterranean of the 
 scourge which troubled both ; but when it happened that the 
 Lombard cities preferred the port of Genoa for their disem- 
 barkations, and the German emperors showed a marked pre- 
 ference for that of Pisa, a sort of rivalry sprang up, a rivalry 
 
 1 Rogers.
 
 68 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 which developed itself into a struggle for the mastery of the 
 " western waves." 
 
 But it was Pope Benedict VIII. who threw the real apple 
 of discord between the two republics in 1015, by granting the 
 possession of the islands of Corsica and Sardinia to whichever 
 of them should first drive out the infidel. Then, in the annals 
 of Pisa, side by side with their contests against the Saracen, 
 appear the more fatal ones with their sister republic and 
 Genoa's modest but useful ally, the commonwealth of Lucca. 
 It was this papal grant which wove the first threads of the net 
 in which the Pisan fox was captured and enchained. 
 
 Thus event after event occurred which tended to rouse the 
 jealousy of Genoa. Pisa became all powerful in Sardinia. 
 Pisa strove likewise to become all powerful in Corsica ; and 
 Urban II., in 1091, out of affection for the Pisan bishop Dam- 
 berto, and out of love for that " dearest daughter of the blessed 
 Peter," the Countess Matilda, gave Corsica as a perpetual 
 donation to Pisa, and moreover raised Damberto to the rank 
 of an archbishop, with full power of consecrating all the 
 Corsican bishops. The Corsicans, however, a wild and in- 
 dependent race, spurned this wholesale treatment of their 
 welfare, and stuck faithfully to the Genoese cause, with what 
 results to themselves the course of after events will show. 1 
 
 This was the firebrand which the popes cast between 
 Genoa and Pisa, and a contest, fraught with all the horrors of 
 civil war, between two neighbouring cities was the result. If 
 Genoa was strong, and if she held her own against Pisa, 
 mattered not just then ; neither of the belligerents were in a 
 position to strike a decisive blow. But it was of far more 
 importance to the Genoese cause, when a pope, Calixtus II., 
 took their part. He had passed through Genoa, consecrated 
 their churches, 2 and had been fawned upon to a degree highly 
 pleasing to his dignity. Moreover, it was grievous to him, 
 that, owing to the quarrels between the rival republics, the two 
 1 Vide ch . xv. 2 Vide ch. iii.
 
 GENOA AND HER PIS AN RIVAL. 69 
 
 props of Italian Christendom, the Saracens should be allowed 
 to carry their ravages even to the very gates of Rome. So 
 Calixtus determined to call together a council at the Lateran, 
 the first that bore that name, with the ostensible motive of 
 bringing about a peace, and with the ulterior one of assisting 
 Genoa. 
 
 From Genoa came the annalist Caffaro as her repre- 
 sentative, and Pisa sent her hot-headed Archbishop Roger 
 to plead her cause. An old document still exists in 
 the archives of Genoa, which shows how the Ligurian Re- 
 public was accustomed to gain her ends. Seven thousand 
 marks were given to the Pope, three hundred marks were 
 distributed amongst the cardinals, and smaller sums to various 
 influential bishops ; in fact, it was a delightful network of 
 bribery. No wonder poor Pisa was vanquished in this under- 
 hand fray ; no wonder her enraged Archbishop Roger cast 
 down his mitre and his ring at the papal feet, and with these 
 words of indignation prepared to leave the conclave : " I will 
 no longer be your archbishop or your bishop." The enraged 
 pontiff spurned the mitre and ring from him with his feet, and 
 with undignified rage shouted to the retiring archbishop, 
 " Thou hast done wrong, Roger ; I promise thee thou shalt 
 live to repent it." 
 
 With sorrowful heart and evil forebodings Roger betook 
 himself to the banks of the Arno, and the hearts of the Pisans 
 sank within them at his hasty return, and at the tale he told ; 
 whilst Caffaro brought back gladness and joy to the hearths 
 of Genoa at this hollow victory. Thus ended the Council, and 
 thus again the war broke out with redoubled vigour. 
 
 But Pisa now fought under grave disadvantages. She 
 was under the papal ban, and the more formidable attack of 
 the papal allies hemmed her in on every side. Her ships were 
 wrecked and beaten, her commerce was cut off from her, and 
 her enemies everywhere victorious. Her success was no 
 better when she tried to meet her rivals with the secret
 
 70 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 weapons of bribery, when another Pope, Onorius II., occupied 
 the papal chair. The Genoese were always first in the secret 
 chambers of the Vatican, and always first in every undertaking, 
 from Sicily even to the fair fields of Provence. At length 
 Pisa, overcome by stress of circumstances, and Genoa suffi- 
 ciently exultant with her successes, consented to listen to the 
 more pastor-like advice of Pope Innocent II. 
 
 This Pontiff was ably backed up in his pacific intentions by 
 St. Bernard, the celebrated abbot of Clairvaulx. His Holiness 
 keenly desired to recover his territories, which were in the 
 hands of an antipope ; and St. Bernard, actuated, perhaps, 
 by stronger feelings of humanity, penned a letter to Genoa, 
 which he concluded in the following strain : " If the love of 
 war actuates you, O Genoese, if it is grateful to you to prove 
 your strength, let not the impetus of your generous ire be 
 directed against your neighbours and your friends, but against 
 the enemies of your Church." 
 
 Thus were Genoa and Pisa pacified in 1133. 
 
 Out of this struggle Genoa gained an archbishop's mitre for 
 her metropolitan ; and the two rival republics, thus placed on 
 religious equality, divided the cure of Corsican souls between 
 them, and then joined in fighting the battles of a Pope whose 
 wisdom had pacified them. 
 
 The second contest in which Genoese met Pisan was 
 echoed from across the Alps, when Frederic Barbarossa left 
 his German home and brought destruction and tyranny into 
 the plains of Italy. Portentous of coming woe was that cele- 
 brated Diet of Roncaglia, whither each city sent its representa- 
 tives to do homage to the grasping Teuton. 
 
 On the road to the Lombard plain we see the annalist 
 Caffaro again despatched with presents to appease the impe- 
 rial wrath- silks brought from the fall of Lisbon, 1 parrots, 
 ostriches, and two lions from Africa a goodly proof of the 
 world-wide riches of the Ligurian Republic. CafTaro returned 
 
 1 Vide ch. v.
 
 GENOA AND HER PIS AN RIVAL. 71 
 
 home with soft messages and goodly promises, the hollowness 
 of which Genoa was not long in realizing, when the fiery 
 German scourge was let loose on the rest of Northern Italy. 
 Forthwith her councillors prudently set to work to build walls, 
 to form alliances with Barbarossa's enemies in the shape of 
 William, King of Sicily, and the weak and terrified Emperor 
 of the East. And thus was Genoa busily engaged at home. 
 
 Men, women, and children, halt and lame, all assisted in 
 the arduous task of surrounding Genoa with a strong defence. 
 The archbishop melted down his chalices of gold ; women 
 brought their jewellery to be melted down, and in eight days 
 Genoa was girt with a handsome wall, traces of which are even 
 now to be seen in the very heart of the town. In the densely 
 populated quarter of St. Andrea rises the gateway of that 
 name, with its Gothic arch and bastion towers, and on either 
 side of it extend massive walls, now dimly fading away into 
 the squalid houses built upon, against, and underneath the 
 venerable fortification ; whilst inside the gateway is still read 
 an inscription which tells of its erection. From the arch of 
 this Porta di St. Andrea until quite a recent date, was hung 
 part of the chains brought from the Pisan harbour, both gate 
 and chains existing here in the very centre of Genoa, as a 
 testimony of how the Ligurians fought and conquered in their 
 day the proudest of Germany's emperors, and his republican 
 ally. 
 
 In Genoa thus defended and begirt, Barbarossa found the 
 strongest resistance to his arms in Northern Italy, so that at 
 length he was constrained to temporize with the Ligurians* 
 whose courage on this occasion had warded off the fate which 
 had befallen most Italian towns ; and intent as he was on his 
 conquest of Sicily, it occurred to him that it might be expe- 
 dient to obtain the Genoese galleys for this purpose by peaceful 
 means. Not long was it before they had cause to rue any 
 overtures of peace they might have made with this treacherous 
 emperor ; for no sooner did he perceive that he could get his
 
 72 GENOA- HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 galleys from Pisa with equal ease than he entered into a treaty 
 with that republic, promising her broad acres of Genoese 
 territory if she would declare" war against her rival, and pro- 
 vide him the fleet he required. And by this stroke of policy 
 he again plunged the two Republics in deadly strife. Intent 
 on his conquest of Sicily, he cared little about his republican 
 allies or his republican foes ; it was sufficient for him to have 
 thrown a new apple of discord between them, as the Pope had 
 done in the first war. Probably he looked on with intense 
 satisfaction at the mischief he had made, as thereby two 
 troublesome powers were too much occupied in their own 
 affairs to oppose his schemes. 
 
 It was not only in Italy that Pisan and Genoese carried on 
 their rivalry ; wherever their commercial enterprise took them 
 there was sure to be some dispute in Palestine, in Provence, 
 and, above all, in Constantinople, where, says the annalist 
 Caffaro, ten thousand Pisans attacked three hundred Genoese 
 and burnt their warehouses. In this fray a young Genoese 
 noble was killed with barbarous outrage, and those who 
 escaped home swelled the list of complaints against the hated 
 rival. 
 
 During these years of conflict and scenes of horror the 
 aged Caffaro passed away (1163), and in him we lose a valu- 
 able assistant in threading the maze of crime and bloodshed, 
 which he relates with a simplicity and truthfulness which 
 brings each fact more forcibly to view. It is pleasing to find 
 that he could close his annals with some details of improve- 
 ment and progress in Genoa. He relates how the Borgo di 
 Pro was beautified with a new street, which led down to the 
 busy quays the venerable Borgo di Pre which still exists as 
 a portion of Genoa, and which earned its name in the days 
 when shiploads of booty (prede) returned from the sack of 
 Saracenic towns ; and here, in the open space before the 
 venerable church of S. Giovanni, the treasures were meted 
 out to the deserving.
 
 GENOA AND HER PIS AN RIVAL. 73 
 
 Meanwhile Frederic Barbarossa was busy with his Sicilian 
 wars, and from time to time, by sending peaceful messages to 
 each republic, secretly added fresh fuel to the fire of rivalry ; 
 until at length an enterprising genius in Sardinia managed to 
 gather around him the threads of this contest, and made him- 
 self the object for which the rivals fought. Three rulers, or 
 judges, in those days superintended the welfare of the island, 
 under the eye of Pisa. Of these the judges of Cagliari and 
 Torres thought fit to seize upon the territory of the third, 
 Barrisone, judge of Arborea. Promptly did the exiled judge 
 betake himself to Genoa, where he was sure of obtaining aid. 
 The Republic promised him money, gave him advice, and 
 sent him with a goodly array of followers to Crema, where 
 Barbarossa held his court, and recommended him boldly to 
 demand the throne of Sardinia for himself; and again did 
 Genoa outwit her rival by a prompt outlay of money which 
 induced the emperor to further her schemes. 
 
 With a king of Sardinia in their possession, and at their 
 beck and call, the Genoese were exultant, and the Pisans 
 again trembled for their very existence in the island. In 
 vain did they protest against a vassal of theirs being raised 
 to the regal estate. They could do nothing but join their 
 forces with those of the other Sardinian judges, and prepare 
 for war. 
 
 But poor King Barrisone found his affairs not over flourish- 
 ing when it came to actual war. The Genoese had promised 
 him four thousand marks, with which to buy his crown from 
 the emperor ; but those Ligurian merchants were very cunning, 
 and very slow in parting with their gold. They held back in 
 their payment, and they tried to get Barrisone to pay as much 
 of it as he could himself, until the emperor was furious when 
 he found his marks not forthcoming, and threatened to carry 
 the newly elected king with him as prisoner to Germany. On 
 his knees Barrisone implored the compassion of the Genoese 
 consul, who at length promised that the money should be
 
 74 GENOA; HOU r THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 forthcoming within four months, and after much difficulty the 
 emperor was induced to wait. Hard and stringent were the 
 conditions imposed by the republicans on this wretched king 
 immediate repayment, a war subsidy, and a handsome 
 donation to the cathedral of San Lorenzo, recognition of the 
 archbishop of Genoa as primate of Sardinia, and other con- 
 cessions, which would make Barrisone a mere puppet in the 
 hands of Genoa ; and when he had signed this treaty, he was 
 provided with a few ships and his four thousand marks, the 
 price of his kingdom. 
 
 Many a long day \vere the Genoese creditors before they 
 saw their money. Beyond the empty name of king, Barrisone 
 got but little in Sardinia, whilst the Genoese only established 
 for themselves a hopeless and endless dispute with Pisa ; and 
 for years this suicidal war continued, in w r hich now a Genoese 
 took a Pisan ship, and now a Genoese castle fell into the 
 enemy's hands, to be reconquered in a few months. This war 
 with Pisa was a lengthened scene of rapine and bloodshed ; 
 and if for a moment peace was established, internal faction 
 would spring up ; and then came pestilence and famine in the 
 train of all this misery. Nothing can prove more clearly 
 the intense vitality contained in these mediaeval commercial 
 cities than the fact that they not only continued to exist, but 
 after the fiery trial burst out into greater magnificence than 
 before. 
 
 This is the picture we have before us, and a melancholy, 
 tedious drama it is. Frederic Barbarossa, like Jove, ruling the 
 destinies of men, hovers at one time over Italy, at another 
 time he is across the Alps, when his absence causes men to 
 breathe more freely. On the narrow stage of the Mediterra- 
 nean stand the two combatants, Genoa and Pisa, fighting for 
 the possession of Sardinia, their archbishops and their puppet 
 kings put forward as the casus belli, whilst the wretched in- 
 habitants of these two republics fall stricken and decimated 
 by the continued struggle.
 
 GENOA AND HER PIS AN RIVAL. 75 
 
 Gradually the more youthful republics of Lucca and 
 Florence got dragged into the fray ; the contest was one of 
 diplomacy rather than strength, and the Genoese were always 
 the readiest with their purse-strings. Perhaps they had 
 longer ones, perhaps they did not spend so much on lovely 
 churches as the religious Pisans, who showed their lack of 
 the wisdom of this world in spending their gains thus, 
 instead of filling the coffers of the emperor, and purchasing 
 allies. 
 
 Hemmed in on all sides, yet not giving way, the brave 
 Pisans must have hailed with satisfaction the unanimous 
 outcry of Christendom for peace, in 1175, in order that all 
 might unite in the third Crusade. According to the terms of 
 this peace, Genoa was allowed to keep all her conquests in 
 Sardinia, and full power to maintain her claims on the meagre 
 exchequer of King Barrisone. Thus a thousand Pisans and 
 a thousand Genoese swore to maintain eternal friendship, 
 and to further the interests of Christendom. But in this paci- 
 fication we can but trace the effects of the German emperor's 
 occupation elsewhere ; for in giving Barbarossa enough to do 
 in the north of Italy, the Lombard League removed the exist- 
 ing evil, and enabled the ardour of rivalry between Pisa and 
 Genoa to cool down. In 1183, the peace of Constance broke 
 the power of the emperor, and brought peace and contentment 
 to the hearths of the rival republics, and when at length he 
 of the red beard breathed his last in eastern climes, Italy 
 was again able to attend to her internal discords, perhaps 
 better thus than employed quarrelling with her neighbours at 
 the suggestion of a foreign prince, who hoped thereby to 
 crush them one by one without expending his own men and 
 money in so doing. 
 
 Out of this contest Genoa had gained far more for her 
 commerce and her fame than at the time she realized an 
 undisputed position in Corsica and Sardinia, undoubted 
 superiority along the coasts of the Riviera, whilst her
 
 76 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 cathedral was enriched by rich glebes in Sardinia. There is 
 still to be seen a curious old map done in fresco on the walls 
 of the archbishop's palace in Genoa, which marks in red the 
 castles and territories in Sardinia handed over to the Metro- 
 politan Church, from which tribute was due ; and thus has 
 Genoa, in her own peculiar way, proved to posterity the extent 
 of her power, and corroborated the statements of annalists 
 by indelible statistics posted up on her walls. 
 
 A desultory series of wars and peaces, to be broken al- 
 most as soon as made, ushered in the thirteenth century for 
 Genoa and Pisa, each republic snatching at every straw with 
 which she hoped to strike a blow at her hated rival. It was 
 with this intent that Genoa warmly espoused the cause of the 
 Pope, and Pisa as warmly espoused that of the Emperor 
 Frederic II., in his wars against the pontiff. Hence we find 
 Genoese galleys employed in transporting the prelates who 
 were to figure at the Lateran Council for the deposition of 
 Frederic, and in Genoa was held a congress of these worthies 
 prior to their embarking for Rome. Whilst, on the other 
 hand, at Pisa, in 1241, were assembled the imperial forces, and 
 a fleet to oppose the pontiff's plans. 
 
 From the port of Genoa, the poor prelates started on their 
 luckless errand. Contrary winds drove them into all the ports 
 along the Ligurian coast, and the Genoese squadron at length 
 was confronted by the Pisan and imperial fleet at Meloria, 
 and was hopelessly routed, and the terrified priests found them- 
 selves the prisoners of the German Emperor. The Genoese 
 at home were awestruck at this defeat, more especially as 
 they were expecting daily a large fleet heavily laden with 
 eastern merchandize, and far more anxiety was felt for its safe 
 arrival than for the fate of the unhappy prelates in the con- 
 queror's dungeons. Their forebodings, however, were turned 
 into joy when the sails of the looked-for vessels were seen on 
 the horizon, and they put into the harbour amidst shouts of 
 joy ; for the nonce the well-to-do merchants shook their well-
 
 GENOA AND HER PISAN RIVAL. 77 
 
 lined purses, and for the moment forgot their pontifical ally 
 and his troubles. 
 
 A new outburst of interest in this dreary struggle was 
 awakened in Genoa when a Genoese cardinal, Sinibaldo 
 Fieschi, was raised to the pontifical dignity and assumed the 
 name of Innocent IV. These Fieschi 1 were already great 
 in Genoa. They had vague claims of descent from some 
 Bavarian prince ; but all that is definitely known of them is 
 that they were counts of Lavagna, a family well known to 
 Dante, and who, after fighting well for Genoa against Pisa, 
 were taken into the family circle, so to speak, and took a 
 leading position for weal or woe within the city walls. 
 
 The Cardinal Fieschi had been a firm adherent and a 
 trusted friend of Frederic II.'s, before his elevation to the 
 papacy, and, on hearing of his election, the emperor exclaimed 
 that he had lost a most friendly cardinal and had gained a 
 most hostile Pope. So indeed it proved ; for no pontiff was 
 better calculated to break the power of this powerful Teuton 
 than Innocent, backed up as he was by Genoa, by France, 
 and by all that was free and noble in Italy, which influence 
 no one knew better than he how to use. 
 
 Very hurried was this pontiff's election at Anagni, whither 
 the trembling cardinals had repaired when they heard of the 
 disaster at Meloria, and short was the breathing time 
 allowed him before the German emperor was at the city gates. 
 A hasty messenger was forthwith despatched to Genoa to 
 implore aid, and twenty-two galleys were manned under pre- 
 tence of proceeding against the Saracens, but secretly they 
 turned into Civita Vecchia, and the hunted pontiff breathed 
 again the air of safety on his country's galleys. 
 
 Though Genoese by birth, and the successor of the fisher- 
 man saint, Innocent took by no means kindly to the mighty 
 deep. So ill was he from the effects of a storm, that he had 
 to be landed at Porto Venere, and from thence proceeded to 
 
 1 Vide ch. xiii.
 
 78 GEXOA; HO\V THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Genoa by land. Great were the rejoicings in his native 
 city at the arrival of the Pope. They decked the carriage 
 which brought him with cloth of gold and rich silks ; they 
 strewed rich tapestries and flowers along the path which led 
 to his lodgings in the archbishop's palace, where now, on the 
 dingy mouldering walls, Innocent's cynical countenance looks 
 out from a dingy mouldering fresco, telling how he fought 
 and how he crushed the Teuton emperor. 
 
 Enraged was Frederic when he learnt of the Pope's escape. 
 " I had well-nigh checkmated him," he exclaimed, " and 
 Genoa has removed the chessmen." With this sage remark 
 he hurried to Pisa, there to see to the arming of fresh galleys, 
 whilst Innocent busied himself in calling a council at Lyons. 
 But the Pope's frame was enfeebled by his trials, and at Sestri 
 di Ponente, five miles from Genoa, he had to rest to recoup his 
 strength. Though pressed much by his Genoese advisers to 
 take the sea route to France instead of the land one, poor 
 Innocent determined not again to encounter the horrors of 
 the deep, preferring rather to hazard, with Genoese assistance, 
 the dangers of the land. So he threaded his way through 
 the network of marquises and counts who lived like bull-dogs 
 along the Riviera, in the emperor's pay, until he reached the 
 city of Lyons. 
 
 The Genoese took the opportunity of this visit from their 
 native Pope to adopt for themselves a new and magnificent 
 seal. They placed their griffin the mystic animal under 
 whose protection they fought, and the animal whose name 
 their citadel then bore over a crouching eagle, and a still 
 more crouching fox, with the claws of the triumphant griffin 
 deeply embedded in their flesh, thereby symbolizing their 
 victory over the high-flying Emperor and the crafty Pisa. All 
 memory of this is now lost, save the old seal of the Commune, 
 and the inscription still legible in the Bank of St. George ; l 
 and if rather premature, nevertheless the wish, which had 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi.
 
 GENOA AND HER PISAN RIVAL. 79 
 
 been father to this offspring of their proud brains, was soon to 
 be realized. 
 
 From the Council of Lyons Innocent fulminated his cele- 
 brated anathemas against the emperor ; and these, coupled 
 with the unwearying zeal of the Genoese pontiff in opposing 
 the arms of Frederic at Parma and Piacenza, soon brought 
 about his downfall. It was a rapid one ; and with his death 
 Italy was again relieved from her German tyrants. Thus did 
 the Genoese griffin, in the shape of her native pontiff, check- 
 mate the eagle ; and before the close of this century we shall 
 see the fox of Pisa, bereft of her Ghibelline allies, falling a 
 sacrifice to the same foe. 
 
 " Pisa, renowned for grave citizens," 1 had indeed cause to 
 look doubly grave when she saw, not only Genoa, but 
 Florence and Lucca, arming against her ; and at the compact 
 made between these three republics her doom was sealed. 
 
 The Pope, meanwhile, on hearing of Frederic's death, 
 hastened by way of Genoa towards his capital. No honour 
 that a grateful people could heap on a beloved citizen was 
 spared as Innocent passed through their town. The chief 
 magistrates met him outside the walls, and his entrance recalls 
 the triumphant processions of ancient Rome. For days 
 Genoa was en fete, whilst crowds of Guelphic ambassadors 
 came to congratulate the pontiff on his return to Italian soil. 
 Though worn out by illness the old man was still eager to 
 follow up his advantages. He pursued the luckless house of 
 Swabia out of Naples, and did not relent his bitter enmity 
 against them until death carried him off, anathematizing with 
 his last breath the successor of his foe. He was indeed an 
 intrepid man, and a staunch upholder of what he deemed the 
 rights of the Church. 
 
 Against overpowering odds the commonwealth of Pisa 
 now contended ; but spiritedly she manned her galleys, and 
 courageously she repaired her castles, one of which, at Lerici, 
 1 Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew > act i. sc. i.
 
 8o GEXOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 bears to this day this scornful defiant inscription over its 
 portal in boastful patois . 
 
 " A mouth emptier for the Genoese, 
 A heart breaker for the Porto Venerese, 
 A purse stealer for the Lucchese." l 
 
 To follow the events of this war would be a thankless 
 task, with its details of strife all through the Mediterranean, 
 centred in the sister isles of Corsica 2 and Sardinia ; so 
 
 let us hurry on to the climax of 1284, which Genoese" his- 
 torians write down as the most glorious year in their annals, 
 the Pisans as the most humiliating, and the rest of Italy as 
 the most disastrous, when two of her brightest stars met in 
 deadly conflict In this year the battle of Meloria was fought, 
 and in this year much of the best blood in Italy was shed. 
 By prodigious exertions Pisa got together seventy-two 
 
 1 " Scopa boca al Zenese, 
 
 Crepa cuore al Porto Venerese, 
 Streppa borsello al Lucchese." 
 2 Vide ch. xv.
 
 GENOA AND HER PIS AN RIVAL. 81 
 
 galleys for the combat, which with some smaller vessels 
 were put under the command of Alberto Morosini, a Venetian 
 by birth, and a relation of the reigning Doge in Venice. It is 
 surprising that, even though on intimate terms with Pisa, 
 Venice raised not a helping hand to save her. She paid the 
 penalty of her folly hereafter, by having to fight Genoa single- 
 handed. 
 
 This fleet was manned by the flower of the Pisan nobility, 
 and as it lay in the Porto Pisano looked a goodly and invin- 
 cible armada. On the dawn of the 6th of August, at the 
 rumour of the approach of the Genoese, the Pisans hurried 
 to their ships ; the archbishop came down to bless them 
 before they started, the townsfolk came down to give them a 
 parting cheer and take part in the benediction, when lo ! evil 
 omen that it was, an omen which damped the heart of the 
 bravest, the handle of the archbishop's cross gave way, 
 and the figure thereon was swallowed in the waves. Amidst 
 the awe-struck, speechless Pisans, an impious voice was 
 heard to exclaim, " Take courage, O Pisans ! why fear ye ? 
 Let Christ be in favour of the Genoese, if the wind be in 
 ours." 
 
 A circumstance in this war is curiously illustrative of the 
 Etiquette of mediaeval warfare. Morosini, with his Pisan galleys, 
 entered the gulf of Genoa, and finally cast anchor off Chiavari, 
 into which town he cast silver arrows, which in those days 
 was considered a deadly insult, and calculated to inspire the 
 opponent with a dread of their enemy's opulence and resources. 
 But his taunts were unavailing to bring the Genoese to close 
 quarters. A richly-dressed emissary was sent to him with 
 the following polite message : " The Genoese, my lord, send 
 you greeting, and beg of you to bear in mind that but little 
 honour can accrue to you by bidding them defiance, as long 
 as half their fleet is at a distance, and half not ready for sea. 
 Return to your port, and rest assured that ere long we shall 
 visit you." 
 
 G
 
 82 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 In compliance with this request Morosini returned home, 
 and failed to strike a blow which, though a breach of inter- 
 national honour, would then have been decisive in Pisa's 
 favour. 
 
 Meanwhile the Genoese had strenuously prepared for the 
 coming death-struggle. Thirty galleys under Benedetto 
 Zacharia, and eighty under Oberto D'Oria, met off the pro- 
 montory of Portofino, and hastened in the direction of Pisa 
 together, with Oberto D'Oria as admiral of the whole. He 
 formed his ships into the shape of a triangle, of which he led 
 the van himself, having on his left the galleys of San Matteo 
 as the D'Oria's own special property, and on his right the 
 ships of the Spinola family and their dependents. Thus 
 arranged, the Genoese directed their course towards the rock 
 of Meloria, and D'Oria thus harangued his men : " Here is 
 that rock of Meloria ; a Genoese defeat has rendered it famous, 1 
 a victory would render it immortal. For more than two 
 centuries we have fought against the Pisans, and for the last 
 two years we have received convincing proofs of the justice 
 of our cause. Now is the moment ; in the conflict which 
 impends, country, liberty, and the safety of our families are at 
 stake. Let us conquer, O Genoese ! and we shall have 
 gained all." 
 
 On this address, with one accord the sailors raised the 
 shout of St. George, and fell to their oars to make good the 
 distance between themselves and their foes. 
 
 The port of Pisa was defended on the south by this rock 
 of Meloria, and another rock called Montenero to the west 
 shut in the harbour, across which a mighty chain was stretched 
 to prevent ingress or egress against the will of the defenders. 
 It was about sixteen miles from the city and eight from the 
 mouth of the Arno, and opposite to this spot the heated 
 animosity of the two rivals was let loose in fearful and 
 terrible earnest. 
 
 1 Vide ch. iii.
 
 GENOA AND HER PISAN RIVAL. 83 
 
 Of mediaeval naval warfare the battle of Meloria is a good 
 instance. Every known invention in the art of war was here 
 brought into play. Arrows, lances, spears and battle-axes 
 darkened the air ; burning oil mixed with soap flowed in 
 every direction, and a dense- hissing noise, as if the gates of 
 hell were loosened, maddened the suspense of the trembling 
 Pisans, who watched their fate from the shore. The blue 
 waters of the Mediterranean were tinged with the blood of 
 the slain, and around the contending ships seethed a heaving 
 mass of corpses, and drowning men fighting with their last 
 desperate breath even here, until the sea covered them over, 
 and locked in deadly embrace they sank to rise no more. 
 
 Around the standard-bearing ships the battle raged the 
 fiercest, now one, now the other almost grasped the longed 
 for prize, until at length the Pisan standard fell, stricken by a 
 mighty blow. But the cause of their defeat lay not so much 
 in this loss as in the fact that an ally of theirs, Count Ugolino 
 della Gherardesca, was but lukewarm in his ardour, hoping by 
 a cunning manipulation of affairs to obtain for himself the 
 lordship of Pisa. In the heat of the contest this treacherous 
 count deserted, with his galleys, the Pisan fleet, and hurrying 
 to the city, told the senators that all was lost. 
 
 Disheartened by this defection and the loss of their 
 standard the Pisans' courage gradually gave way. Their 
 admiral, Morosini, fell into Genoese hands, together with the 
 seal of the Commune, an imperial eagle round which was 
 written, " Seal of Alberto Morosini, Podesta and Generalissimo 
 in war by sea and land of the Commune of Pisa." 
 
 In the disorder and confusion which ensued the Genoese 
 took twenty-nine galleys, sank seven others, and the rest 
 retired, crestfallen, within the chains of the harbour. At the 
 fall of night the Ligurian fleet beat a retreat homewards, 
 having suffered so severely themselves that they were pre- 
 vented from following up their victory, and possessing them- 
 selves of the almost unprotected town. The loss had been
 
 84 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 terrible on both sides. " If Pisa mourned," ran the saying, 
 " Genoa did not laugh." And Pisan and Genoese differ hope- 
 lessly about the number of the slain ; but by the lowest 
 computation Genoa is stated to have taken home on her 
 galleys no less than 9272 prisoners, which was a goodly loss 
 on one day for a single city, together with her slain. 
 
 All the Pisan nobility, seventeen judges, and their podesta, 
 swelled the numbers of the captives and the slain, and thus 
 ran the proverb of the day, " He who would see Pisa must go 
 to Genoa." A piteous sight it was to see the nine thousand 
 dejected Pisans disembarked in chains on the quays of Genoa, 
 alive with joyous inhabitants, who forgot their mourning and 
 their grief in this moment of exultant triumph. And thus 
 ended the day of Meloria ; and thus was Pisa crushed never 
 again to hold her own as a leading commercial town in Italy. 
 
 Venice requested the liberation of Alberto Morosini as 
 her own subject, and it was granted him on condition that he 
 never returned to the Government of Pisa ; but the other 
 prisoners were not so fortunate, and languished in their 
 dungeons down by the quay until their friends at home, 
 anxious to release them, offered to concede to the Genoese 
 the castle of Sangro and broad lands in Sardinia ; but the 
 patriotic captives with one accord refused to accept their 
 liberty on such terms, and a secret message was despatched 
 to the senate at home positively declining to be released at so 
 grave a loss to their country. So they continued to endure their 
 misery and privations until peace restored them to their homes. 
 
 On seeing Pisa thus stricken, her enemies all eagerly came 
 to the fore to demand her further humiliation, whilst her 
 friends were slow in offering assistance. Florence and Lucca 
 entered into a further compact with Genoa not to leave a 
 stone unturned until Pisa was thoroughly crushed. These 
 two inland republics were to keep a brisk attack by land, 
 whilst Genoa carried on her operations by sea. And this 
 league was soon swelled by minor satellites Prato, Pistoia,
 
 GENOA AND HER PISAN RIVAL. 85 
 
 Volterra, and others who all swore solemnly not to put down 
 their arms till the glory of Pisa was no more ; and each of 
 them looked forward to some castle or sum of money out of 
 the proposed dismemberment of the pride of the Arno. 
 
 A desultory warfare of four years ensued, in which Pisa's 
 greatest safeguard was the desire each of the allies manifested 
 to throw the onus of the war on each other's shoulders. At 
 last Genoa took an opportunity to pause from hostilities, and 
 made peace with Pisa on the following conditions : That Pisa 
 should desist from assisting the Corsican rebels, that she 
 should hand over the capital of Sardinia to the Ligurian Re- 
 public, and should pay the expenses of the war, and likewise 
 consolatory sums of money to the members of the League. 
 Then were the prisoners restored to their homes, and the cat- 
 like Genoa allowed her mouse-like foe just two years of rest, 
 before she pounced upon her again with redoubled fury, and 
 squeezed the very marrow out of her tortured bones. 
 
 In 1290, without any apparent reason for breaking the 
 peace, without any offence from humbled Pisa, Genoa made a 
 new compact with Lucca for another combined attack by sea 
 and land. Conrad D'Oria, the son of the victor of Meloria, 
 was deputed to ruin the Porto Pisano, whilst Lucca, advancing 
 by land, ruined Leghorn and almost razed it to the ground. 
 
 No difficulty presented itself to Conrad D'Oria in his attack 
 on the harbour ; he pulled down its towers, its bridge, and its 
 forts ; he cut the chain which secured the entrance to the 
 harbour, and carried it back with him in triumph to Genoa ; 
 and, for the assistance rendered by a blacksmith, Carlo Noceto, 
 in this last exploit, the company of ironworkers in Genoa 
 were ordered to celebrate a mass for his soul in the church of 
 S. Sisto, in Genoa, in memory of his prowess, and in honour 
 of the saint on whose day Meloria had been fought. 
 
 The chains thus taken to Genoa were hung about the 
 town. A portion adorned the bank of St. George, another 
 portion hung from the centre of the gateway of St. Andrea.
 
 86 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 In this way did Genoa perpetuate her triumph ; and it was 
 considered, some few years ago, an act of restored friendship 
 and good feeling, when Genoa and Pisa entered the fold of 
 Italian unity, that these mementos of former rivalry were 
 restored to their former owners a hollow mockery indeed, 
 when her port was gone, and when the deserted streets of 
 Pisa attest to the struggle she has had with ruin for centuries. 
 But there they hang, in the Campo Santo, in that glorious 
 sanctuary of mediaeval art, with an appropriate inscription 
 telling how generous Genoa restored these cruel reminders of 
 hateful wars to Pisa, as a token of her everlasting and sisterly 
 affection in this their happy union. 
 
 A singular marble monument is still visible in Genoa, re- 
 
 SLAB COMMEMORATING CAPTURE OF PORT OF PISA. 
 
 presenting the towers and battlements of the once almost 
 impregnable port of Pisa ; it is let into the corner of a house 
 just out of the \voolstaplers' street (Via dei Lanieri), and it 
 relates to unmindful posterity of how the great Conrad D'Oria 
 destroyed this port almost six centuries ago. 
 
 Not satisfied with the destruction of her port, Genoa 
 determined on cutting off all communication with the sea 
 from her fallen rival. Huge blocks of stone were taken from 
 the island of Capraia to block up the mouth of the Arno, so
 
 GENOA AND HER PISAN RIVAL. 87 
 
 as effectually to stop the entrance of any large craft. As 
 Dante expresses it : 
 
 " Let the Capraia and Gorgona move, 
 And make a hedge across the mouth of Arno, 
 That every person in thee it may drown." 
 
 Inf. 33- 
 
 It was thus that the Italian republics fought. Pisa had 
 sacked and ruined her sister republic of Amalfi ; she tore 
 from her the precious Pandects of Justinian in 1135, and two 
 years later returned to complete the work of devastation from 
 which Amalfi never recovered. In the following century 
 Genoa ruined Pisa at Meloria, and a hundred years later 
 Venice fought a duel to the death with Genoa ; and what 
 Venice left undone the Visconti of Milan accomplished for the 
 ruin of Ligurian liberty. 
 
 For the future Pisa was condemned to drag on her weary 
 existence as an inland town. Even yet she might have suc- 
 ceeded in somewhat recouping her fortunes, judging by the 
 vitality of other mediaeval cities, and the grand superstructure 
 which Florence built on her ruins. But by her disasters Pisa 
 was thoroughly demoralized ; her government became factious 
 and tyrannical, her commerce was neglected, and never again 
 could she raise her head against her Ligurian rival, until at 
 last she became engulfed in Medicean tyranny ; and to- 
 day one sees nothing of the once proud queen of the Arno 
 
 save 
 
 " The towers 
 Of Pisa, pining o'er her desert stream." 
 
 ROGERS,
 
 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 
 
 TRADE and commerce are by no means indigenous ; they 
 are the outcome of national intercourse, and a proof of 
 civilization. Who, then, taught England how to trade, and 
 how to traverse the ocean paths in search of the products of 
 other climes ? We answer unhesitatingly, the Flemish wool- 
 staplers and the Portuguese navigators were our forerunners in 
 those commercial fields. This to a certain extent is true ; yet 
 the commercial development of our isles was rather contem- 
 porary with that of those countries. We were, so to speak, 
 the younger sister of those maritime nations from a com- 
 mercial point of view, claiming as our common sire the 
 republics of Italy Genoa and Venice and with the former 
 of these our intercourse in those mediaeval days was the 
 greatest, as we shall hereafter see. 
 
 In the pedigree of commerce Italy's republics played the 
 part of Noah in preserving through the deluge of barbarism 
 a knowledge of the paths of civilization and national inter- . 
 course in which the Romans, Carthaginians, Greeks, and 
 Phoenicians had in their generation respectively trodden. 
 The bishops and ecclesiastics of Italy formed the depository, 
 the ark of safety, so to speak, amongst whom alone reposed 
 a knowledge of all that had gone before ; and the Crusades 
 played the part of Mount Ararat, from which all the contents 
 of this ark poured forth its treasures to resuscitate the crushed
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 89 
 
 but purified minds of men ; and from this date we fix the 
 birth of modern development. 
 
 The sequel to those Holy Wars is best read in Italy, and 
 in her republics. Whereas elsewhere the absence of mon- 
 archs, the drain on their exchequers, and the loss of the 
 bravest and best blood wrought misery and discontent, in 
 Venice and Genoa the Crusades formed the very fount of 
 their political existence, and the commerce which flowed 
 into them through Asiatic channels quite changed their 
 character from marauding and freebooting communities to 
 substantial bodies of respectable tradesmen ; and the study 
 of Genoa's history for the three centuries after the Crusades 
 is the study of one of those steps in the ladder of modern 
 progress, on the present summit of which we ourselves now 
 stand. 
 
 It was from the first Crusade to the fall of Acre, in 1291, 
 that the Italians had it all their own way in Syria, and 
 reaped the advantages of their assistance in raising up the 
 crazy fabric of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. From this period 
 to the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, they shared 
 the produce of the Indies with other Mediterranean towns ; 
 and after this event commerce passed outside the pillars of 
 Hercules, and was for ever lost to its originators. 
 
 During the first of these periods Italians strove keenly 
 amongst themselves for streets, warehouses, and banks in all the 
 ports of Syria, by means of which they were enabled to carry 
 off and disperse through Europe the rich produce of the 
 caravans, which, starting from the centre of Asia, gathered 
 like snowballs on their way all the wealth of those Eastern 
 countries. 
 
 Two treaties with two Christian princes, form the basis on 
 which Genoa laid her commercial superstructure. One of 
 them we have seen, when in 1 105 Baldwin granted them 
 streets in the principal towns of his kingdom, 1 and further 
 
 1 Vide ch. ii.
 
 GEXOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 promised to respect the property of Genoese in every part of 
 his kingdom, and likewise that of the towns on the Riviera, 
 Noli, Albenga, and Savona ; and four years later Genoa did 
 a good stroke of business for herself in Tripoli, in Syria, which 
 Raimond, Count of Toulouse, had won with their aid. His 
 son Beltrame met with some difficulty in getting possession of 
 this from a relative, who had seized his patrimony during his 
 absence in Toulouse. With the assistance, however, of the 
 brothers Embriaci, Ugo and Niccolo, the sons of Guglielmo, 
 he recovered the town, and showered down his blessings on 
 Genoa. Ugo Embriaco was presented with the feud of Biblos, 
 Genoa was presented with a third part of the maritime dues 
 both in Toulouse and Tripoli ; and to the cathedral of San 
 Lorenzo he gave all Gibelletto and immunities for traders 
 throughout all his provinces. On the walls of the arch- 
 bishop's palace in Genoa we still see the fresco which repre- 
 sents the. monks on their way to Gibelletto to take possession 
 of this gift in the name of their cathedral ; and eventually it 
 was conceded to the veteran Guglielmo Embriaco, who 
 farmed it, and paid the metropolitan a large annual rent. 
 Thus was the road towards Egypt opened to them, and great 
 were the profits that ensued therefrom. 
 
 When Guy de Lusignan was, in 1 190, raised to the throne 
 of Jerusalem, from the assizes of Jerusalem we gather that 
 the following extensive privileges were enjoyed by the 
 Genoese in the three great maritime ports of the kingdom, 
 Sidon, Tyre, and Acre 
 
 1. Absolute liberty of merchandize, and warehouses neces- 
 sary for carrying it on. 
 
 2. The privilege of their own laws, tribunals, and consuls, 
 in all except criminal cases. 
 
 3. Faculty of regulating weights and measures. 
 
 4. Exemption from all taxes. 
 
 5. A third share in the maritime dues. 
 
 As time went on, and the power of the Christians grew
 
 .GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 91 
 
 less, Acre became the very stronghold of the kingdom, and 
 the centre of commerce ; thither flocked men of every nation- 
 ality, and each mercantile nation had there its street, its ware- 
 houses, and its government building. In such a motley col- 
 lection as this but little was required to foment disputes 
 amongst the rival merchants. Genoese and Pisans we find 
 early at work, but the King of Jerusalem favoured Pisa, and 
 the Genoese cause in Acre was rather injured thereby. But 
 their days of prosperity in Acre were numbered by a contest 
 with the Venetians, who having kept out of the fray for some 
 time, at length joined in. 
 
 Each republic had its separate storehouses and palaces ; 
 yet they had but one church in common, namely, that of 
 S. Sabbas, and struggles for precedence in officiating in this 
 formed a constant and fertile source of dispute. 
 
 One day, in the sacred edifice, Genoese and Venetians had 
 a regular hand-to-hand fight. The Genoese were worsted, 
 fled in confusion, had their warehouses burnt, and finally were 
 compelled to sign a treaty which excluded them from trading 
 here for three years ; and hence the centre of Genoese com- 
 merce was removed to Tyre. Here their consul resided, and 
 here they awaited until their three years of banishment from 
 Acre had expired. Marble pillars from S. Sabbas were sent 
 in triumph to Venice, which are still to be seen, with their 
 quaint devices, at the door of St. Mark's towards the ducal 
 palace, and still tell their tale about the bitter rivalry between 
 the two Italian republics. But the Genoese never properly 
 regained their footing in this last stronghold of Christendom 
 on the shores of Palestine ; and when through the internal 
 squabbles of the Christians, in which the Knights Templars 
 and Hospitallers joined, instead of combining together against 
 the infidel Acre fell into the hands of the Sultan of Egypt, 
 in 1291, the Genoese were not so much affected thereat as 
 their rivals. Tripoli had fallen some years before. Tyre and 
 Sidon fell also about the same time, and on a Genoese ship
 
 92 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 the wretched remains of the Lusignan dynasty were carried 
 to the island of Cyprus. 1 
 
 In Antioch, too, and Laodicea, the Genoese did a hand- 
 some traffic under the protection of the six princes of the 
 house of Bohemond. As early as 1098 they got large con- 
 cessions for defending them in their wars, and the treaty 
 which ensued therefrom is perhaps the first of the numerous 
 list of commercial immunities which the Italians won for 
 themselves in Asia. The brothers Embriaci fought also, and 
 obtained large concessions. In Antioch, and after the siege 
 of Antioch, they paid their men partly in peppercorns instead 
 of gold, knowing of no commodity more prized than this, 
 amongst the many spices and drugs which now began to 
 travel westwards. 
 
 But this extended commerce in Syria and Asia Minor was 
 destined to an early destruction from the hands of the infidel. 
 And with this doom hanging over them we see both Genoese 
 and Venetian traders making comfortable treaties for them- 
 selves with the Sultan of Egypt, in spite of Christian remon- 
 strance. Cairo was the emporium of the road to India by the 
 Red Sea and Arabia, and when the merchants recognized that 
 there was no hope of getting possession of Egypt through 
 Christian instrumentality, they set to work to gain for them- 
 selves a sure footing in this realm. 
 
 A treaty was made with Egypt, in 1177 ; but before this 
 there are proofs enough of an extended commerce there, so 
 that when Benedetto Zaccharia, that lawless Genoese rover of 
 the seas, seized an Egyptian ship laden with merchandize and 
 conveyed it home, the merchants of Genoa were exceeding 
 wrath with him, and obliged him to take it back to the infuri- 
 ated sultan. For a century after this the Genoese were not 
 received well by the Mussulmans; and it was not till 1290 
 that a satisfactory treaty was concluded, just one year before 
 the fall of Acre into the sultan's hands. 
 
 1 Vide ch. vii.
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 93 
 
 This document is still preserved in the university library 
 at Genoa, and is a curious testimony to the spirit of the times, 
 proving how little the Genoese cared to whom Palestine 
 belonged, so long as their commerce, was secure, and likewise 
 giving us an insight into the commodities with which they 
 traded and the value in which each was held. 
 
 Along the coast of Northern Africa many were the points 
 where Genoese merchants drove a lucrative trade. The 
 centre of this department was Tunis, which was conveniently 
 situated for rapid visits from Genoa, and the consul at Tunis 
 had jurisdiction over all the coast of Barbary. But Tripoli on 
 this coast was also a great mart, whither the Genoese repaired, 
 and is often alluded to in their annals. On its voyage from 
 Tripoli Shakespeare's merchant of Genoa, the unfortunate 
 Antonio, lost his ship, the Argosy ; and amongst the later 
 annals of their dealings with Tripoli occurs a story which 
 aptly illustrates the marauding spirit which infused itself into 
 the republican admirals, when out of work. 
 
 No sooner did a Genoese admiral find himself in possession 
 of a fine set of galleys, with no particular object in his view, 
 than he set to work to disturb and rob his more peaceful 
 neighbours. Thus it was with the Embriaci after their 
 crusades ; thus it was with Andrea D'Oria four centuries later, 
 and thus it was with Philip D'Oria in 1347. Having suffered 
 a repulse off the coast of Sardinia, and not quite liking to 
 return home in disgrace, D'Oria set sail for Tripoli, where a 
 blacksmith had managed to usurp the sovereign power. Since 
 Genoa was on good terms with Tripoli at this time, D'Oria 
 was well received. A banquet was given him, and the town 
 did all honour to the Genoese admiral, as their guest. 
 Towards evening the Genoese returned to their ships under 
 plea of an immediate start. However, in the dead of night 
 when the Moors were asleep, they fell ruthlessly upon the 
 town, massacred many, and carried off a large cargo of booty, 
 jewels, etc., to Genoa, and demanded further aid to establish 
 the banner of St. George on the walls of Tripoli.
 
 94 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 With unusual probity the governors of the day chose to 
 disapprove of this proceeding, and ordered D'Oria to take 
 back his illgotten gains and make amends. This, however, 
 was not pleasing to the admiral : he preferred to retain his 
 spoil, and to sell the city and its contents to the Saracens, for 
 which piece of treachery he was compelled to wander about 
 as an exile for the remainder of his life. 
 
 A later episode in the connections between Genoa and 
 Tripoli, told us by Leo Africanus, satisfies us that the Tripo- 
 lines hereafter were a match for the grasping Ligurians. The 
 town on one occasion was surprised and sacked by a Genoese 
 fleet of twenty sails ; when the king of Fez, then ruler of 
 Tripoli, heard of this, he gave the Genoese fifty thousand 
 ducats upon the consideration that he might enjoy the town 
 in peace. But when the Genoese had surrendered the town, 
 they discovered on their journey home that most of their 
 ducats were counterfeit. 
 
 There lies a small island not far from the coast of Africa, 
 the name of which is Tabarca, which, in the palmy days of 
 Mediterranean commerce, was a great rendezvous for ships on 
 their passage to and from the East. Here the Pisans had a 
 strong fort, and large coral fisheries along the coast. In both 
 of these they were succeeded by the Genoese, who made 
 great use of coral in their commerce. In common with the 
 rest of those parts, it was early swept over and devastated by 
 the Turkish scourge, and it is not till the sixteenth century 
 that Tabarca again appears in Genoese annals, when Andrea 
 D'Oria got it as the ransom of a captured pasha. 
 
 Tabarca was then sold to the Lomellini family, who re- 
 tained the lordship of it for two centuries, and made much 
 money out of the coral fisheries, of which wealth a substantial 
 memorial stands to-day in Genoa in the shape of the church 
 of the Annunziata, on which the Lomellini lavished all that is 
 glorious in marbles, in gold, and in frescoes, making it a per- 
 fect paradise of florid art, which is aptly summed up in the
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 95 
 
 simile of Sismondi, who likens it to an illuminated snuff 
 box. 
 
 From time immemorial the Genoese had been celebrated 
 for their coral, which Dante describes as " of pallid hue, 'tvvixt 
 white and yellow." It is surmised that from these coral 
 fisheries of Tabarca the fishermen of a place called Cervo, on 
 the Ligurian coast, amassed amongst themselves great wealth, 
 a melancholy testimony to which is seen still in an unfinished 
 church ; for these pious sailors vowed to the Madonna a por- 
 tion of their gains from these fisheries with which to build it. 
 One day, however, before its completion, the men of Cervo 
 started in quest of further gains, leaving only their wives and 
 children behind them, never, alas ! to return ; and at one fell 
 swoop the whole male population of this village was swept 
 away. The secret of their discoveries was buried with them 
 in the waves, and the church they had vowed to their all- 
 powerful Madonna remains unfinished to this day, as if to 
 rebuke her for her neglect in their hour of need. 
 
 The island of Tabarca was a perfect Naboth's vineyard to 
 the neighbouring states. In 1632 the French governor of a 
 fort on the coast of Barbary, M. Sanson, tried to seize it by 
 treachery ; he bribed the three bakers of the island to poison 
 the bread, so that he might the more easily possess himself of 
 it, when its defenders were dead or dying. Luckily, however, 
 the Genoese governor discovered the plot, and when the 
 French arrived they were easily driven off, and the baker trio 
 were publicly impaled as a warning to all such traitors. 
 
 A century later, under pretence of a friendly visit to the 
 Lomellini, the Bey of Tunis managed to seize it, made the 
 inhabitants slaves, and annexed it to his dominions ; and thus 
 did Genoa lose this important port for her ships. 
 
 Passing along the coast of Northern Africa numerous 
 names appear on the lists of Genoa's trading ports : Bugia, 
 Garbo, Morocco, and Ceuta; but of these the last named 
 was by far the most important, situated as it was at the
 
 96 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 threshold of the gates of Hercules, and from the fact that in 
 her contests here for possession Genoa first set on foot the 
 celebrated system of " Mahones," which culminated in the 
 establishment of the Bank of St. George, and the very essence 
 of her financial system. 1 
 
 That Genoa traded here as early as 1203 is proved by an 
 annalist, who states that a ship was sunk in the harbour 
 during a great storm "with a cargo of money for the Saracens 
 of Ceuta." At this time the town was governed by a khedive, 
 under the Emperor of Morocco. Another Moorish sovereign in 
 Seville was anxious to possess himself of it in 1231 ; and had 
 it not been for timely aid from Genoa he would have annexed 
 it to his dominions. From this expedition the Genoese gained 
 a handsome treaty, and ships full of booty to gladden the 
 hearts of their friends at home. 
 
 Only three years after this the " men of Navarre," jealous 
 of the footing Genoa "had gained in Ceuta, preached a crusade 
 against it, and started thither with an armament, under pre- 
 text of planting the Christian flag upon its towers, but, as said 
 the Genoese, with the real intent of seizing their warehouses, 
 and their quays. 
 
 Thus it behoved the Genoese to arm them a fleet ; and to 
 do so they adopted the plan of selling a portion of the public 
 revenues, be it the tax on salt or on some other commodity, 
 to capitalists who would advance money for the expedition. 
 These capitalists were called " monisti," and in the Genoese 
 dialect their loan was called a " maone " or "mahone." Con- 
 cerning the origin of this word, mahon, I think it is no stretch 
 of imagination to consider it of Carthaginian origin. Mago, 
 brother of Hannibal, took the Balearic Isles, and after him 
 the chief town was called Portus Mago, now Port Mahon. 
 From thence Mago went to Genoa and besieged it and estab- 
 lished himself there. Genoa was in constant communication 
 with the Balearic Isles and the old points of Carthaginian 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi.
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 97 
 
 resort. What more possible that the Genoese monetary 
 system and our English title of Lord Mahon both owe their 
 origin to Hannibal's brother ? 
 
 In this manner were these early expeditions of Genoa 
 brought about by the simultaneous concourse of two different 
 forces, namely, persons acting, and persons contributing. 
 On an appointed day all those who were to serve as 
 soldiers arrived at Genoa, each receiving one " soldo " per 
 diem, and a right to share in the booty, on which a tax 
 was laid for the benefit of the first galley which boarded the 
 enemy's fleet. At the same time societies were formed to 
 advance money for victuals and galleys in the public service. 
 Probably this system was adopted prior to this expedition to 
 Ceuta ; but it is here that we find it first in proper working 
 order. 
 
 To one Mahone there might be any number of subscribers, 
 large or small capitalists, merchants, workmen, religious cor- 
 porations, and so forth ; in fact any one who felt inclined to 
 speculate on the success of the expedition, and, if successful, 
 they got their share of the booty, tribute, etc., or, as not un- 
 frequently happened, grants of land. As an example of this 
 the Giustiniani became lords of Chios, which they held for 
 several centuries. 
 
 This system of Mahones may be said to be the key of 
 Genoa's success and prosperity. In speaking of the Bank of 
 St. George, 1 we shall have occasion to trace the development 
 and progress of the system until it became the pattern from 
 which the European schemes of banking took their origin. 
 
 Of this expedition to Ceuta it is sufficient to say that it 
 was successful ; but it had more importance to after genera- 
 tions from the system on which it was carried on, and the 
 system which it inaugurated. 
 
 Genoese commerce with mediaeval Spain is full of incident 
 and life. It gives us an insight into the gradual development 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi. 
 
 H
 
 98 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 of that great nation from the chrysalis state of barbarism. 
 It gives us an insight into their long contests with the Moors ; 
 and moreover shows us how the crusading spirit which was 
 dying out in Palestine, burnt here with a healthier vigour, 
 inasmuch as it was for their hearths and their homes that the 
 Spaniards fought. 
 
 Not only in the Eastern Crusades was it that the Genoese 
 lent a helping hand. Many an Alphonso and many a 
 Sancho of Spain was thankful to hire galleys from the Ligu- 
 rian republic at the sole expense of handsome commercial 
 grants and large shares of booty. Perhaps the best known of 
 the Genoese expeditions to Spain, and probably the first, was 
 that against Almeria, in 1 146. They had some years before 
 driven the Saracen marauders from their strongholds in the 
 Balearic islands ; and, at the solicitation of Spain, they were 
 induced to follow up their victories on the mainland. 
 
 Caffaro, the annalist, went with the twenty-two galleys 
 despatched by Genoa ; and with these the Ligurians laid waste 
 this famous centre of Moorish commerce, and came home well 
 stocked with booty and honours. But the Moorish power 
 was not thus easily crushed ; and three years later we find 
 Alphonso VII. of Aragon, the kings of Castille and Navarre, 
 applying for aid against the Saracens. The Pope, to whom 
 their first application was made, referred them to the Genoese, 
 and the Genoese responded right willingly to the call, since 
 the odour of sweet booty was still strong in their nostrils ; 
 and in the cathedral, where a general concourse was held, the 
 consuls could scarce repress the enthusiasm of the populace 
 who wished forthwith to proceed to victory. Nowhere could 
 the eagerness for revenge on the infidel be found keener than 
 in Liguria. From San Remo to the Gulf of Spezia, each 
 village has still its watch-tower, and each village had then its 
 tale to tell of ruined homesteads, of wives and children, house- 
 hold goods, and everything carried off on Saracenic galleys. 
 Before the altar of their patron saint, all quarrels were
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 99 
 
 rapidly adjusted, the factious rivals embraced one another, 
 and a regular crusade was at once voted. Ladies gave their 
 trinkets and priests their plate, and cowardly was he who 
 refused to join the fifteen galleys prepared by the Genoese 
 as quickly as time would permit to join her allies in Spain. 
 
 On reaching Almeria, the Genoese found none of their 
 allies there to meet them. Single-handed they had to con- 
 tend with the Infidel ; but nothing daunted, their captain, 
 Ansaldo D'Oria, urged them on to the attack, and so expert, 
 says the patriotic annalist, 1 were the Ligurian sailors, that 
 the havoc amongst the Moors was complete, and the Genoese 
 were " like a lion amongst a flock of sheep." However ex- 
 aggerated this victory may be by their ardent historians, 
 certain it is that it was sufficient to raise the drooping spirits 
 of their Spanish allies. Alphonso soon came and assisted 
 them in laying siege to the walls of Almeria. Here again, as 
 at Jerusalem, the prowess of the Genoese in constructing 
 towers and battering rams rendered the greatest assistance, 
 and on the 26th of October, 1 149, a valiant attack was made 
 on the city ; and Almeria fell, with all its countless stores 
 of Moorish wealth and its thousands of prisoners, into the 
 hands of the allies. 
 
 Of the ship-loads of booty taken home by the Genoese 
 glorious accounts are given by contemporary writers. Still 
 we see those twisted pillars on the cathedral fagade, the 
 bronze gates of the baptistery, and all those Moorish images 
 and carvings which adorn Genoese churches, of which no 
 records are left ; but we can only surmise that from the ruins 
 of Almeria they were taken. Likewise also they brought 
 home with them a taste for Moorish architecture and Moorish 
 buildings which blends so curious with the Lombardo-Gothic, 
 and Byzantine. Impossible is it at this date to estimate the 
 influence of this contact with the south of Spain. There 
 exists to this day much that is Arabic in the Genoese dialect, 
 1 Guglielmo Pelli.
 
 ioo GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 and their intercourse with a hated race may be said to have 
 been inaugurated by this expedition to Almeria. 
 
 The chain of events which led up to and developed this 
 intercourse is curious. Saracenic marauders devastated 
 Genoa when it was little more than a fishing village. This 
 caused them to build their watch-towers, their walls, and 
 their ships, until Genoa gradually developed herself into a 
 strong maritime city. Then in their turn the Genoese assisted 
 in driving their enemy out of Corsica and Sardinia. Single- 
 handed they drove them from the Balearic Islands, until at 
 length the time for revenge came, when they could attack 
 them in their homes. They besieged them, they conquered 
 them, and they made treaties of commerce with them. They 
 admired, learnt, and adopted the high refinement of Moorish 
 civilization. For a time they were content with their virtues 
 and avoided their vices ; and, as if led on by the spell of 
 destiny, the Genoese boldly passed through the Straits of 
 Gibraltar. They coasted West Africa and discovered the 
 Madeiras, 1 until at length a Genoese put the crowning point 
 to all this by setting foot on American soil. 
 
 But to return to Almeria ; for Genoa, out of this victory 
 excellent commercial treaties were forthcoming, being as she 
 was the chief instrument in the Moorish defeat, amongst which 
 figure prominently an exemption from all taxes and dues 
 for her ships and resident merchants in Almeria, and the 
 customary concession of an annual tribute to the Cathedral of 
 S. Lorenzo. Of more import, however, than these was the 
 reputation her arms acquired thereby. To the standard of 
 the allies now flocked numerous crusaders, English Knight 
 Templars and others, all eager for fresh victories over the 
 infidel. Forthwith they marched on Tortosa, which fell, after 
 fluctuating success, in 1 150. And thus was an enormous field 
 opened to the Genoese after a. few years of honest war. 
 Freedom of toll in all cities which Alphonso recovered from 
 
 1 P/Vfcch. x.
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 101 
 
 the Moors, and in those at the capture of which Genoa 
 assisted in person she was handed over a third part of the 
 maritime dues by way of payment. 
 
 It was in this year that Lisbon fell into the hands of the 
 Spanish crusaders, and with it was introduced a new field for 
 exploit and discovery, the importance of which will appear 
 when we discuss Genoa's voyages and dealings with the Por- 
 tuguese. 1 
 
 If prudence is a virtue essential to all who would thrive, it 
 was one with which the Genoese were richly endowed ; for 
 not only did she covenant with the Christian kings of Spain 
 for immunities for her commerce, but she likewise took the 
 prudent course of seeking to maintain them, even should 
 these cities fall back into the hands of Moorish masters. 
 With the Moorish kings of Murcia and Valencia treaties were 
 formed, in 1149, for commerce, and for the safety of their 
 countrymen in Almeria in case this town fell again into the 
 old hands. In the dominions of these kings they had their 
 allotted warehouses, and as early as 1160 we find the Genoese 
 introducing the wool trade into Europe by way of Murcia 
 a vast field for future, development and riches for coming 
 generations. 
 
 It mattered but little to the Genoese whether Moors or 
 Christians were lords of Seville and Cordova. In each place 
 they had large immunities from taxation under both dynas- 
 ties, and their ships were ever ready to carry the silks of 
 Spain to exchange for the skins of Russia and the produce 
 of India. Whether these goods were made by Spaniards or 
 by their Arab instructors, it concerned them little. 
 
 In many instances the Ligurians preferred dealing with 
 the peaceful and civilized Moors of the south, to transacting 
 business with the more energetic and warlike inhabitants of 
 Northern Spain. The Catalonians, for example, were at 
 daggers drawn with the Genoese throughout the greater part 
 
 1 Vide ch. x.
 
 102 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 of the Middle Ages. This hardy, lawless race scoured the 
 Mediterranean with just a little more disregard for the laws of 
 nations, and with just a little more piratical disposition than 
 the Genoese themselves. Hence constant rivalry was the 
 result between the two. The first open warfare between 
 them occurred in Pisan waters in 1291, and after this many 
 were the struggles in different parts of the inland sea. 
 
 A band of these Catalonians was in the pay of the 
 Sicilians against the Angevins at the time of the Sicilian 
 vespers ; and it was a curiously savage band, too each man 
 with his rough, short tunic, girdle, and leathern cap, a pouch 
 on the shoulders for food, at his side a short sword, and in his 
 hand a spear. They knew no discipline, no fatigue, and had 
 no pay, but wandered about like hungry wolves in search of 
 booty, of which a fifth part was religiously set aside for their 
 king. They were almost more skilled for action by night 
 than by day ; more at home amidst forests and rocks than on 
 the plain. They scoured the country without baggage, and 
 if their supply of food fell short they could subsist well on 
 herbs. Theirs was the strength of a horse, and their nature 
 was but little removed from that of brute beasts. 
 
 Under a certain Roger de Flor these Catalonians wandered 
 over sea and land in search of booty ; they enriched them- 
 selves in Palestine, they remorselessly laid waste towns in 
 Asia Minor, until the odour of an easy victory attracted their 
 greyhound noses to the neighbourhood of Constantinople. 
 With the Genoese colony at Galata l they soon came to high 
 words. Suspicious that Roger de Flor was aiming at the 
 imperial crown, the weak Emperor Andronicus invited him 
 to a banquet, and there had him massacred, and many of 
 his followers with him. A cry of revenge arose amongst the 
 survivors, which was echoed by way of Sicily to their com- 
 rades at home ; and in Northern Spain was prepared an 
 armament which should crush the emperors of the East, and 
 
 1 Vide ch. vi.
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 103 
 
 place their newly-elected leader, Berengarius D'Entenza, on 
 the throne. 
 
 On the news of this impending -storm, Andronicus, in his 
 dire distress, sent hastily to Genoa for assistance ; and Genoa, 
 true to her interests, which could ill brook the establishment 
 of this lawless race at the very threshold of her Black Sea 
 colonies, despatched Edoardo D'Oria with sixteen galleys to 
 oppose them. 
 
 With blandishments and fair promises the Catalonians 
 tried to dissuade the Genoese from taking a part in the 
 quarrel, which they affirmed was none of theirs. But D'Oria 
 prudently sent to inquire of his countrymen at Galata what 
 their wishes might be, and learning that the Catalonians had 
 misrepresented many of the facts of the case to him, he 
 determined at once to have no more dealings with this per- 
 fidious race, and threw in his lot with the Greeks. And the 
 Catalonians were vanquished in 1302. All their ships were 
 taken, and the leader, who had hidden himself in the hold of 
 one of the ships, was dragged out by his conquerors, and sent 
 to end his days in Genoa. 
 
 Thirty years later, when Boniface VIII. gave Sardinia and 
 Corsica to James II., King of Aragon, on condition that he 
 would abandon his claims on Sicily, a band of Catalonians 
 was sent to substantiate the Aragonese pretensions to the 
 latter island. Pursuing their usual predatory tactics, they 
 straightway descended on all the towns along the coast of 
 Liguria. Chiavari was laid waste, and a raid on the promon- 
 tory of S. Chiara carried devastation up to the very walls of 
 Genoa. Mentone was burnt, and at Monaco all the vines and 
 trees were cut down in short, the days of the Saracens were 
 renewed in the depredations of these barbarians of Northern 
 Spain. They had no honour in warfare ; they impaled their 
 prisoners ; and for three days the Genoese coasts were 
 subject to continual alarms. 
 
 At length Salagro di Negro was armed with a force suffi-
 
 104 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 cient to carry the war into the enemy's country, the result of 
 which was a speedy peace. These treacherous Catalonians 
 were cruelty itself when victorious, but barbarous in the ex- 
 treme when driven home. In 1336 peace was again restored, 
 and her Corsican possessions and her Spanish commerce were 
 no longer molested by Catalonians. 
 
 Of Genoese commercial dealings with France there are 
 endless reminiscences. From her close proximity to the 
 
 S. CHIAKA, NEAR GENOA. 
 
 Gulf of Lyons, Genoa was constantly brought into communi- 
 cation with all the commercial activity of the towns of 
 Provence, which marked the Middle Ages. Marseilles at 
 this time was more of a rival than a friend a rival carrier of 
 pilgrims and crusaders to the East, a rival also in commerce in 
 those Eastern fields ; and in each treaty made with Marseilles, 
 clauses were inserted, referring to rights of meum and tuum, 
 which were not always scrupulously observed. For example, 
 in 1245 these rival trading towns busied themselves in burning
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 105 
 
 all the ships belonging to each other to be found in their re- 
 spective ports, not to mention frequent instances of disputes 
 and insults offered to one another on the high seas and in 
 foreign harbours. " Never did the men of Marseilles right 
 loyally love the men of Genoa," says a Genoese historian, and 
 never could they be brought to understand how enormous 
 were the mutual advantages of good terms. 
 
 We are amply provided in the commercial archives of 
 Genoa with volumes of treaties, lists of consuls, exchanged 
 commodities between the Ligurian and Provengal merchants 
 of Narbonne, Montpellier, Aiguemorte, etc., each similar to 
 the other, and the whole breathing the intense spirit of 
 activity, which in those mediaeval days resounded throughout 
 the length and breadth of this lovely coast. 
 
 By far the most interesting episode in mediaeval com- 
 mercial life is afforded us by watching the Genoese at the 
 celebrated fairs of Champagne. There the merchants of Italy, 
 Spain, and France congregated. From far distant climes the 
 Genoese transported thither bales of goods ; and busy traders 
 came to meet in open market the infant efforts of Belgian 
 manufacturers from Ypres, Douai, and Bruges. Burgundy 
 sent cloth, Catalonia leather, and the Genoese and Florentines 
 brought silks ; and at all the seaports along their coast vast 
 cargoes were unshipped and placed on the backs of mules to 
 wend their way to the place appointed for the fair. 
 
 These fairs would begin with the sale of cloth, perhaps for 
 seventeen days ; then the cloth merchants would settle their 
 accounts prior to the silk merchants entering- on their bar- 
 gains. In the middle of it all the great cry "Ara" was raised, 
 as a signal for the money-changers to take their seats, and for 
 four weeks they sat for the benefit of the various nationalities 
 who wished to realize their gains in their native coin. 
 
 After the conclusion of the fair, a busy time of fifteen 
 days was set apart for those who had not yet settled their 
 accounts, and to rectify disputes, which was extended in
 
 io6 GENOA ; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 favour of the representatives of more distant people who 
 wished to go home and return before finally completing their 
 books. Thus we find the Genoese bursar at these fairs had 
 always a month allowed him before settling his account 
 
 But these fairs in Southern France were not without their 
 political significance. Besides bringing hither their merchan- 
 dize, the Italian traders imported into these towns their spirit 
 of independence and their love of republicanism. It was from 
 the South of France that the seeds of liberty, equality, and 
 fraternity spread northwards. No greater stronghold of the 
 rights of the third estate existed than at Marseilles. To this 
 day the influence of this fact is strong on the politics of 
 France. And the principles inculcated by the independent 
 traders of Italy took deep root here under the eyes of 
 despotism, and found a truly favourable soil in which to 
 develop. The French revolution, and the state of France as 
 it is to-day, may owe their first source to these very times, 
 when a Genoese merchant would repair to these fairs, proud 
 and boastful of his own freedom, of his vote in. the general 
 council, and of a government which owned no royal master, 
 and all this could be said with a sneer at the people over 
 whom the banner of the lilies held despotic sway. 
 
 Along the coast of Western France, past Bordeaux, La 
 Rochclle, and the Isle of Oleron, the Genoese found their way 
 to the Low Countries. Here they exchanged the goods of 
 the south for the carpets, tapestries, and woollen goods of 
 Flanders, and at the Dutch fairs they shook hands with their 
 successors in the commercial world, the men of Holland and 
 the men of England. 
 
 Bruges was the grand emporium of all this wealth, owing 
 about as much allegiance to their Brabant liege lord as the 
 Genoese did to the distant Emperor of Germany. Here 
 Genoa had warehouses and foundries ; also at Antwerp, where, 
 in 1468, on the event of the marriage of Margaret of England 
 to Charles the Bold, we read of the emulation of the foreign
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 107 
 
 merchants in doing honour to the occasion. In the procession 
 which went forth to meet the bride, appeared Genoese and 
 Venetian banners side by side with the Hanseatic and German 
 companies. The Genoese company was called " La Spinola," 
 from the name of that noble Genoese family, who figured 
 largely in those northern countries as extensive merchants 
 and money-lenders, holding much the same position as here- 
 after the Fuggers of Augsburg and the Rothschilds held. 
 
 Larger ships were built purposely in Genoa for meeting 
 the terrors of the Bay of Biscay and the German ocean, which 
 carried their intrepid mariners to all the Hanseatic towns of 
 the far north, to Wisby in the island of Goltand, and to the 
 coasts of Russia, to participate in the fair of Novgorod. 
 
 "You whose ships have free course in the ocean, and in 
 the Euxine, and before whom peoples and monarchs tremble. 
 From Tapobrana to the Fortunate Isles, to the unknown Thule, 
 to the extreme, confines of the northern and western world your 
 pilots safely guide their crafts." Thus wrote Petrarch of them 
 in 1351, when he sought to heal the hostilities and factions in 
 the rival republics of Genoa and Venice. With impassioned 
 vehemence he reminds them that " no sea exists in which the 
 echoes of your triumphs do not resound. The ocean itself 
 dreads you. The Indian sea is rejoiced for once to be released 
 from your triremes." But the laureate's enthusiasm was of 
 small avail. The evil which he strove to check was the one 
 bane of their prosperity and success. In vain was it that 
 they filled their coffers with gold if it was to be squandered 
 on internal quarrels and contests with a rival.
 
 io8 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. 
 
 / 
 
 THE products of India, China, and the East, poured into 
 Europe by three channels throughout the Middle Ages. There 
 was the Egyptian channel, highly convenient, but highly 
 precarious as long as Christian and infidel continued to break 
 lances over their creeds. There was the Syrian channel, 
 which for the same reasons offered but an uncertain field for 
 enterprise after the fall of the Christian kingdom of Jeru- 
 salem. And, lastly, there was the Black Sea Channel, perhaps 
 the most secure of all, and offering the further advantage of 
 being the mart for the skins and animal productions of Russia, 
 and of this channel Genoa had almost an undisputed mono- 
 poly for two centuries. She ruled in the Black Sea, in Con- 
 stantinople, and in the Greek Archipelago, with almost as firm 
 a hand as we to-day rule in India ; and if, as we have seen, 
 her commercial schemes elsewhere were vast and lucrative, yet 
 it is along this high road to the East we must look to grasp 
 the nucleus of it all. 
 
 As the foundation on which Genoa's supremacy in the Black 
 Sea was built consisted in their dealings with the decayed 
 Byzantine empire, we must for a moment trace her inter- 
 course with it before entering the Black Sea, and visiting the 
 numberless Genoese colonies which were dotted along its 
 coasts. 
 
 From a treaty with Emmanuel Comnenus, in 1178, we
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. 109 
 
 gather that even at this early period Genoa trafficked through- 
 out the empire, with Constantinople as the emporium of her 
 commerce ; but Venice at this time was the ruling spirit in 
 the Eastern capital, and not until Venetian traders by their 
 high-handed insolence had made themselves hated and feared 
 in Constantinople were the Genoese able to step in and usurp 
 their power, their warehouses, and their quays. 
 
 Great intimacy existed between Emmanuel Comnenus and 
 the Ligurian Republic on the subject of Frederic Barbarossa, 
 both hating this German barbarian, and both fearing to be 
 swamped in his schemes. The emperor sent a certain Deme- 
 trius to Genoa with a large sum of money to help them in 
 building their walls, but when he saw the Ligurian Republic 
 somewhat wavering in its allegiance, and almost on the point 
 of transporting Frederic and his troops to Sicily, 1 he was ex- 
 ceeding wrath, and wreaked his' vengeance on the luckless 
 Ligurian merchants in Constantinople, and repented him in 
 his weakness of the concessions he had given them. All were 
 plundered, some were murdered, and the rest banished ; but it 
 was only in his weakness that he repented, for when the 
 Genoese were gone, a large portion of the precious tribute 
 which vessels paid was gone too, and realizing that as crusade 
 after crusade failed, nothing could save his empire but these 
 maritime republics, and that the road of commerce through 
 the Caspian, Erzeroum, and Persia was his only mainstay, he 
 was not slow to re-establish the Genoese in his favour again. 
 
 During the Latin dynasty in Constantinople the Genoese 
 never gained the first place in the commerce of the Black Sea. 
 Treaties indeed were ratified not only with the Latin emperor, 
 but also with the Flemish lords, who after the fourth Crusade 
 were dotted about in small principalities over Roumania and 
 Greece. But it was Venice who held the key of all this com- 
 merce, at Constantinople ; when, after diverting the whole 
 course of the fourth Crusade, she induced Christendom to 
 
 1 Vide ch. iv.
 
 no GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 waste its energies on subduing the Greek empire for her 
 benefit. 
 
 With the exiled Greek dynasty, however, the Genoese were 
 always on the best of terms, at Trebizond, Nicea, and in 
 Roumania; and recognizing that as long as the Latins were all- 
 powerful in Constantinople she would have to relinquish the 
 cream of the Black Sea commerce to the Queen of the 
 Adriatic, she at length determined to strike a bold stroke and 
 replace a Greek again on the throne. 
 
 The weakness of the Latin line favoured her plans. The 
 Emperor Baldwin the Second was so reduced in circumstances 
 as to be compelled to pull up the floor of his palace to make 
 himself a fire, and furthermore had been forced to sell " the 
 crown of thorns " to France to raise money. And Genoa 
 burned to revenge the insult received at Acre l from Venice, 
 and she burned to some purpose, as events will show. 
 
 Michael Paleologus, the tutor of the young John Vatace, 
 Emperor of Nicea, was a spirited, enterprising young man ; 
 to him the Genoese unfolded their plans, and at length, with 
 Genoese aid, he made boldly for the diadem of Constantinople, 
 and won it without a blow. Baldwin II. ignominiously fled 
 on some Venetian galleys, and spent the remaining thirteen 
 years of his life in vainly trying to urge the Venetians and 
 other powers to regain him his country, and in vituperating 
 the Ligurian Republic ; but all aid sent by Venice was effect- 
 ually combated by Genoa, for at this time the Queen of the 
 Adriatic was not at the pride of her strength and power, and 
 moreover her interests were more directed towards the com- 
 mercial channel of Syria and Cyprus. 
 
 On the strength of their assistance given to Michael 
 Paleologus, the Genoese obtained the treaty of Ninfeo, in 
 1261, which firmly established their influence in the Black 
 Sea, v.hich only the Turkish wave two centuries later could 
 swallow up and annihilate. 
 
 1 PiVfrch. v.
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. in 
 
 Many of the expatriated Greeks, who at this time were in 
 Genoa, got them joyfully to their galleys at this good news, 
 and returned home, except one, the Duke Isaac, who remained 
 behind, and whose tomb is still seen in the cathedral. Thus 
 did the brave mariner-town of Genoa turn the scale of the 
 vast, but rotten, Eastern Empire ; and her reward was mani- 
 fold. The grateful emperor gave her streets and quays in 
 Constantinople, immunity from tribute, and a free passage 
 for her commerce ; and he gave her a Venetian monastery 
 called Pantocratore, which intensely gratified her jealous 
 hatred of her rival, for she removed it stone for stone to 
 Genoa, and eventually used these to build the national bank 
 of St. George, which, as it now stands, is a living memorial of 
 the uncompromising hatred which existed between the two 
 republics. 1 
 
 In addition to these excellent terms in the treaty of 
 Ninfeo, the emperor conceded to various Genoese private 
 families numerous islands in the Archipelago. Thus the 
 Embriaci were established in Lemnos, the Centurioni in 
 Metilene, the Gatilusii in Enos. The Zaccharia first got 
 Negropont, which was afterwards exchanged for Chios, with 
 the title of admiral and grand constable of the Eastern 
 Empire. The Catanei got Phocea, and the rich mines of 
 alum. These little island lordships changed hands from time 
 to time. We will presently glance at the fortunes of Chios 
 under her Genoese lords as a fair specimen of the rest. 
 
 But the great nucleus of this power was the streets, 
 churches, and quays in Constantinople which were allotted to 
 the Genoese, and formed a vast emporium of strength and 
 commerce, which must have eventually led to entire posses- 
 sion of Constantinople, had not the "podesta," or ruler of the 
 Genoese colony there, thought fit, from personal motives, or 
 from large offers made to him by the Venetians, to attempt a 
 restoration of the Latin line. His name was Guglielmo 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi.
 
 H2 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Guercio, and his influence about the emperor was great. His 
 conspiracy was discovered, and the Genoese were sent away 
 in a body to Eraclea. However, on representation from 
 home that it was none of their doing, and that Guercio had 
 been acting entirely on his own account, the emperor yielded 
 in perpetuity to the Genoese the town of Pera, on the sole 
 condition that the governors should do him homage, that they 
 should bend their knees twice in his presence, once on enter- 
 ing, and once halfway up the hall, and that they should kiss 
 his feet. 
 
 Thus were the Genoese established in this commanding 
 position ; here they had a separate government of their own, 
 from here they ruled the road of commerce from China to 
 Europe ; and, taking advantage of the weakness of the em- 
 perors, they were able to do much as they wished about 
 building fortresses and palaces, with gardens to the water's 
 edge ; and thus from Pera, with its citadel of Galata behind 
 it, they were enabled to dictate what terms they pleased to 
 ships passing to and from the Bosphorus, and, by a secret 
 treaty with the Emperor Cantacuzene, a little later they were 
 allowed to build a second castle on the opposite coast of Asia, 
 which, with its European vis-a-vis, were known as " the keys 
 of the Black Sea." 
 
 Having thus firmly established our Genoese in Pera, let 
 us, with their permission, enter the Black Sea, and glance at 
 their numerous possessions therein. 
 
 From time immemorial the small tongue of land now 
 known as the Crimea, then as the Tauric Chersonese, was the 
 mart towards which all the caravan trade of Asia was directed 
 by this northern road, and upon this tongue of land sprang 
 up a group of noble cities which, until finally seized by the 
 Turks, were without exception Genoese property. Of these, 
 Caffa was the chief. When this city was built on the ruins of 
 Thcodosia, and by whom, is somewhat shrouded in mystery. 
 Certain it is that Genoa had a colony here soon after the first
 
 Crusade, as their treaty with Emmanuel Comnenus proves; and 
 certain it is that the well known Genoese name of Caffaro 
 was largely mixed up in the early Black Sea commerce, and 
 that this family had seignorial rights in Caffa, which eventually 
 passed into the family of Dell'Orta. It is therefore no great 
 stretch of imagination to surmise that a band of crusaders, 
 under one Caffaro, on their return from the Holy Land passed 
 by here, saw the advantages of the position, and founded a 
 colony. Caffaro, as we have seen, was the historian of the 
 crusade ; and Caffaro is to-day the name of the leading 
 Genoese newspaper, whilst the once noble city of Caffa is a 
 mere fishing village, with naught save ruins of stately towers 
 to testify to its quondam glory. 
 
 With its excellent harbour and its fertile surroundings it 
 soon assumed the position of first importance in Genoa's 
 commerce in these parts, and but little disturbed the even 
 tenor of its ways, until the arrival of the Mogul Tatars, 
 who obliged the rich merchants to open their purse-strings in 
 1240, and to pay a tribute as the price of possession. But 
 far from injuring Caffa's trade, the influx of the Tatars added 
 doubly to her importance, for the Tatars had influence far 
 into the centre of Asia, and they at once realized how con- 
 venient it was to have a destination for their caravans and an 
 active people "like the Genoese to transport their goods to 
 distant countries. 
 
 Then it was that thousands of houses grew up around the 
 port. Feeling a security before unknown, the merchants built 
 themselves palaces, towers, and forts ; and when, in 1261, the 
 treaty of Ninfeo further secured their commercial position, 
 numerous families flocked from Genoa, and this colony of 
 Caffa poured endless wealth into the purses of her merchants. 
 
 In 1288 the government, which had hitherto entirely rested 
 in the hands of the Dell'Orta family, was entrusted to a consul 
 and a parliament, and a long list of minor officials ; one of 
 the D'Oria family was the first consul, and when at home the 
 
 I
 
 ii4 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL, 
 
 government was torn by factions, that of Cafifa went on in a 
 most peaceful groove. Not only did the Caffese hold their 
 own against all intruders, but they were enabled, in 1289, to 
 send a subsidy to assist Tripoli in Syria against the sultan. 
 In 1268, Caffa had been made an episcopal see, and in 1316 
 John XXII. raised it to the rank of a city. 
 
 So important did Caffa become that the Genoese found it 
 necessary in 1398 to grant its inhabitants more share in the 
 government. Prior to this, the Caffese had only sent four 
 representatives to the council of twenty-four, whom the 
 Genoese sent out to govern the affairs of this colony. In this 
 year they were allowed to fill half of the twenty-four places 
 themselves, and their consul was to rank above and to have 
 control over the other Genoese consuls in the Black Sea. 
 
 The following is a remarkable instance of the power and 
 resources possessed by a wealthy merchant in Caffa. A 
 Genoese, Megello Lercari by name, resided at Caffa, and 
 traded constantly with the imperial city of Trebizond. One 
 clay Lercari was grievously insulted by a page of the Greek 
 Emperor, Alexius III., who struck him in the presence of the 
 court. He appealed to the emperor for redress, but Alexius 
 refused to punish his page, so Lercari withdrew, vowing 
 vengeance on the imperial court. With the sole assistance of 
 his personal friends and kinsmen at Caffa and Genoa, Lercari 
 succeeded in fitting out a fleet far superior to the emperor's ; 
 he ravaged the coasts of Trebizond, he destroyed the Greek 
 commerce and captured the imperial galleys. By way of 
 revenge he cut off the ears and noses of all the prisoners he 
 took, and sent a barrel full of them to the emperor, with the 
 threat that he should continue to exact similar tribute until he 
 obtained full satisfaction for his insult. 
 
 Alexius was hence obliged to deliver up his page, whom 
 Lercari magnanimously scorned to punish, but at the same 
 time secured for his country ampler commercial treaties than 
 they had previously enjoyed. Such were the Genoese of
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. 115 
 
 Caffa, and such was the power possessed by a single citizen of 
 this wealthy town. 
 
 There are but few reminiscences to be seen now of the 
 wealth and prosperity of this town. The Turks on their occu- 
 pation did but little to destroy them. They turned their 
 churches into mosques, and utilized their fortifications ; but 
 the Russians, when they became masters of the Crimea, re- 
 morselessly pulled them all down ; they built barracks out of 
 the cathedral, and pulled down the palaces to make forts, so 
 that to-day the visitor sees but two of the old churches, one 
 of which was given up to the Roman Catholics, and the other 
 to the Armenians ; and of the forts and ramparts but one 
 tower remains, in which is an inscription to the memory of 
 Pope Clement VI., to whom the tower was consecrated when 
 he preached a crusade against the Tartars, who at that time 
 threatened the colony. 
 
 All these Genoese colonies were kept in check and in 
 allegiance to the home government by a body of men appointed 
 to superintend all their commerce. This body was called the 
 "Gazzeria," and it had full jurisdiction and a final appeal 
 from all these ports. The members were appointed at home 
 by lot ; and it is from the documents of their sessions, which 
 are still preserved in the archives of St. George, that we learn 
 all particulars about these flourishing colonies and their 
 government. So beneficial was this system found, that as 
 time went on, the jurisdiction of the Gazzeria was extended 
 outside the Black Sea ; and the laws which they passed, and 
 their judicial sentences furnish us with a complete museum of 
 Genoese maritime law. They superintended also the armies 
 and navigation of galleys in those parts with sound rules 
 and regulations. 
 
 Second only to Cafia in importance, and better known 
 to us by name, was the town of Crim, which gave its name 
 eventually to the whole peninsula, which originally it had got 
 from the Crim Tatars. Crim, in the days of Genoese glory,
 
 u6 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 was indeed a goodly city to look upon well stocked with 
 palaces and towers, and, from its proximity to the isthmus, 
 was the recognized destination of the caravans, shoals of 
 which daily arrived from the East. Prior to its cession 
 to the Genoese, it had been the residence of a Tatar em- 
 peror, and when the Genoese obtained it they enlarged and 
 beautified it to such an extent, that report extravagantly says 
 that a good rider could not go all round it in a day. Crim, 
 like Caffa, was under a Genoese consul ; there were two 
 colleges there, and it was the centre of Crimean learning in 
 the Middle Ages. 
 
 Soudak, or Soldaia, was another opulent city on the Cher- 
 sonese which owed its origin to the Genoese, or rather its 
 revival under a Genoese form, for near here once stood the 
 ancient town of Cherson. But Genoa, " that proud mistress 
 of the seas," imposed a tax on all vessels going to Cherson, 
 which wrought its ruin ; and, invaded by barbarians and 
 crushed by Genoa, the inhabitants left it to the mercy of 
 the oppressors, and the once flourishing depdt of commerce 
 under the emperors ceased to exist except in its Genoese 
 offspring, Soldaia ; and to future generations the ruined walls 
 and towers of Cherson were known as Sebastopol. There, 
 too, the Genoese had a consul ; and Soldaia and Sebastopol, 
 with their magnificent port, until Turkish occupation, con- 
 tinued to bring in much wealth for the merchants of Genoa 
 and Caffa. Soldaia still has left a monument which attests to 
 the Genoese rule. It is a fountain, over which a bas-relief 
 represents St. George and the dragon, and a scutcheon of 
 Doge Adorno over the gateway hard by, with the date of 
 1385, and the consul's name ; whilst, as at Caffa, the churches 
 and houses, with few exceptions, have been pulled down to 
 build barracks for the Russian soldiers. 
 
 We must mention two or three more towns in connection 
 with the Genoese in the Crimea which were governed by their 
 respective consuls in those days, and the names of which send
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. 117 
 
 a thrill into every English heart : Cembalo, the Balaclava of 
 the Turks, and Inkermann. The former had an excellent fort, 
 which overlooked the harbour, and so important did it grow 
 under Genoese influence, that Eugenius IV., in 1432, saw fit to 
 make it the see of a bishop. 
 
 Great as was Genoa's prosperity in the Black Sea, she had 
 occasional disputes with her Tatar neighbours, which in- 
 creased in intensity as time went on, and decay set in in all 
 her colonies. A short war occurred in 1374 with the Tatars, 
 arising from a petty quarrel between a Genoese and a Tatar. 
 In this the Genoese were successful ; but they were not so 
 fortunate in 1432 ; and though an armament was sent out 
 from home under Carlo Lomellini, Caffa was sacked, and for 
 the rest of its existence had to pay a heavy tribute to the 
 Khan of the Crimea. 
 
 Of Genoese colonies on the Chersonese, Kertch was about 
 as flourishing as any now a mere fishing village, with nothing 
 to attest its grandeur save a few marble fountains and a 
 fortress, a goodly array of bas-reliefs and a Venetian stone 
 lion of St. Mark, taken from the rival republic, and here set up 
 over the entrance to the fort as a proof of triumphant 
 jealousy. Numerous other colonies are dotted all along these 
 coasts, each with a history and name to be read in Genoa's 
 archives. 
 
 * 
 
 Though the commodities in which Genoa traded in these 
 parts represented all variations of the animal, mineral, and 
 vegetable world, the skins of Angola, Russia, and the far 
 East, drugs and spices in countless numbers, salt and precious 
 stones, yet of these none was so lucrative to them as their 
 traffic in that branch of the animal world represented by their 
 own fellow creatures. Dark-eyed, lovely girls were torn from 
 their homes in the Caucasus, and borne off to stock the 
 harems of the Turks, or for purposes equally nefarious in 
 Liguria. From Cilicia they drove down hordes of able-bodied 
 men, who were taken to Egypt to serve as mamelukes, and in
 
 ii8 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 exchange for these cargoes of human flesh they received 
 sugar, spices, and precious goods from Arabia and Upper 
 Egypt. But from the books of the Gazzeria we are glad to 
 learn that this horrible traffic was strenuously put down 
 towards the end of the Genoese reign in those parts, as incon- 
 sistent with humanity and the laws of civilization, and in 1449 
 it was no more carried on, as far as the Genoese were con- 
 cerned. 
 
 Here then, in this narrow tongue of land which we now 
 call the Crimea, was the kernel of Genoese prosperity. As 
 long as she flourished here she flourished at home. And 
 when at length the Turkish scourge swept over this peninsula 
 and swallowed up her colonies, the Ligurian Republic, by a 
 process of slow decay, withered like a sapless tree. 
 
 To enumerate the towns where Genoese consuls ruled over 
 small merchant-colonies in Asia would be an endless task. At 
 Trebizond she had a large emporium. At Toris in Persia, 
 whither roads led to Muscovy and Turkey, Genoa's consul 
 governed the commerce of Southern Asia, whilst in Armenia 
 their centre was Kars. As early as 1257 the traveller, Marco 
 Polo, was struck with the number of Italian merchants who 
 frequented each of these towns ; and as years rolled on the 
 intercourse increased. It would be hard to realize the terrible 
 change it must have been for Genoa when all this was cut off. 
 Perhaps it was for them as it would be for England now, were 
 she to lose her India, her Australia, and her Canada. Though 
 Genoa's territory was small, it was thickly populated, and the 
 want of a field for her surplus population must have been 
 severely felt. No wonder she exhausted herself in civil com- 
 motions ; and it was only the wealth accumulated through so 
 main- centuries which kept her from succumbing before she 
 did. 
 
 \Yc have seen how the islands of the Greek Archipelago 
 were dealt out to Genoese families like a pack of cards : of 
 these Mctilcnc, with its marbles, wines, and flocks, became the
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. 119 
 
 property of the Gatilusii in this wise. Young Francesco 
 Gatilusio was a bold and enterprising Genoese. He possessed 
 a couple of galleys, with which he roved the seas in search of 
 adventure. One day he found himself at the island of Tenedos, 
 whither had fled John Paleologus, the emperor, from Cantacu- 
 zene, the usurper. Gatilusio met the expatriated monarch, 
 talked with him, encouraged him, and finally they settled to 
 make an attack together on Constantinople by night ; and as 
 a reward for his services the Genoese was to receive the island 
 of Metilene and the emperor's daughter in marriage. 
 
 Accordingly they repaired to Constantinople one evening, 
 and when the inhabitants were in bed seized the imperial 
 palace, and then overcame Cantacuzene's guard, whilst his 
 subjects were utterly callous about the whole affair, and arose 
 next morning quite content to find a Paleologus again at their 
 head. This circumstance proves at the same time the utter 
 rottenness of the Byzantine empire, and the influence Genoa 
 exercised over it. 
 
 Towards the middle of the fifteenth century the curtain of 
 Turkish slavery falls over this fair picture of Genoese pros- 
 perity ; all this splendid network of commerce was thereby 
 broken, and all which remains to verify it to-day are the 
 mouldering annals piled in confusion in the archives of St. 
 George, volume after volume labelled Caffa, Pera, or Crim, 
 containing the minutest details of their government and the 
 trade. 
 
 Though Timour the Tatar had infused dread into the hearts 
 of Greek and Genoese alike, his was not the arm destined to 
 destroy them ; it was reserved for another and more fearful 
 scourge, namely, the Turks, to effect the overthrow of both, with 
 their commerce and their household gods. Vile as the Greeks 
 had become, there still remained a few sparks of patriotism in 
 their breasts as this cloud appeared. But though the Genoese 
 seem to have been the strength and mainstay of the empire, 
 it is hard to understand their total inactivity as this crisis pre-
 
 120 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL, 
 
 sentcd itself. Perhaps they thought the Turks would be as 
 beneficial to their commerce as the Tatars had been ; per- 
 haps they had grown so accustomed to treating with Turkish 
 and Moorish princes that they hoped to enjoy their immunities 
 undisturbed even should a Mussulman rule in Constantinople ; 
 and engaged as they were at home with their internal troubles 
 and Corsican war, they hoped that their flourishing Black Sea 
 colonies would be able to take care of themselves. 
 
 Caffa and Pera, the centres of Genoese power in those 
 parts, both entered into amicable negotiations with the Sultans 
 Amurath and Mahomed prior to the fall of Constantinople ; 
 and we shall see that if the Genoese in the fort of Galata had 
 chosen to raise a ringer in the defence of Constantinople, its 
 fall, for a time at least, might have been averted. 
 
 The affairs of Europe, too, prevented any co-operation to 
 avert the fall of the Eastern Empire. Venice had her own 
 possessions securely outside the Bosphorus, and trusted to the 
 power of Scanderbeg in Albania to check the Turkish onroads. 
 The Pope did not love the Greeks, and cared not to use his 
 influence to arouse Christendom in their defence, and con- 
 tented himself with sending a cardinal and a handful of priests 
 to their aid. 
 
 Genoa too, busy as she was at home, only despatched three 
 hundred archers, and a few boat-loads of men to the assist- 
 ance of a city eighteen miles in circumference ; and it was not 
 until Mahomed stood before the very walls of Constantinople 
 that the Doge, Pietro Fregoso, at length becoming alive to the 
 necessity of action, so far managed to heal the internal quarrels 
 in Genoa that a little fleet of five galleys was got ready and 
 despatched eastwards ; but, owing to contrary winds, did not 
 arrive at the mouth of the Bosphorus until it was completely 
 blockaded by the Turks. 
 
 The story of the bravery of these five ships is, if true, 
 worthy of being placed side by side with the defence of Ther- 
 mopyhe. How they reached the Bosphorus only to discover
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. 121 
 
 that two hundred Turkish galleys were therein assembled, and 
 the banks lined with Mahomed's mighty army ; how they 
 held a hurried council of war, and determined not to retreat ; 
 how they advanced boldly, overcame the Turkish galleys 
 which opposed them, even though Mahomed, with rabid fury, 
 spurred his charger into the very waves, until at length they 
 reached the city ; all savours strongly of romance. Yet at 
 the same time the existence of this story proves how the 
 Genoese reproached themselves for not taking measures which 
 could have effectually preserved for them their colonies, and 
 for the emperor his crown. 
 
 In his last hour of distress the bravery of the Emperor 
 John Paleologus was most praiseworthy. Around him he 
 gathered all that was still left of courage in the enervated 
 Greeks. But not so was his Genoese admiral Giustiniani, who, 
 taking advantage of a wound, left the fray before the last 
 desperate moment, and retired within the walls of Galata ; 
 and not so were the Genoese in Galata, who are under the 
 everlasting blame of having suggested to Mahomed the very 
 plan by which he took the city, namely, by carrying his ships 
 across under the walls of Galata into the inner harbour. Cer- 
 tain it is that if they did not suggest it they could easily have 
 prevented its execution ; but instead, they remained in sullen 
 silence, spectators of the scene, and rumour adds, that when a 
 brave Italian proposed a plan for burning the sultan's ships, 
 the men of Galata revealed it to the Turks, and thereby 
 rendered the scheme abortive. 
 
 Mahomed II. did not, however, reward the men of Galata 
 according to their expectations, for a few days after his occu- 
 pation of Constantinople, he levelled to the ground their walls, 
 and though many continued to linger in the haunts of their ' 
 former greatness, this nest of commerce was lost to Genoa for 
 ever. Most of the inhabitants took flight to Caffa, or their 
 mother city, and almost the only relics now left to Genoa of 
 the once lordly Pera are a small Byzantine picture of the Ma-
 
 122 GENOA; HO\V THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 donna, presented to the church of St. Mary of the Castle by 
 a merchant as a thank-offering for his escape, and which hangs 
 there still, and a quaint old " pallio " or flag of silk, one of 
 which was sent by the Greek emperor annually, as a token of 
 his respect to the Genoese archbishop. One is still preserved 
 in the " palazzo civico," representing S. Lorenzo in the act of 
 introducing Michel Paleologus into the Genoese Church. 
 
 Great was the consternation at home when the news spread 
 of the fate of Galata. Unable to cope with the general dis- 
 may, the rulers of Genoa determined on the plan of conceding 
 their Black Sea colonies to the management of their celebrated 
 Bank of St. George, 1 which then in Genoa represented the 
 only lasting and stable form of government. The protectors 
 of this rich firm entered into the final contract with the Gov- 
 ernment on the 1 5th of November, 1453, and with praiseworthy 
 efforts came to the rescue of the checkmated signory. All 
 and singular the corporeal and incorporeal rights, and full 
 jurisdiction over the Black Sea colonies, were thereby handed 
 over to the protectors. This important document is still kept, 
 amongst others of this eventful period, in the bank's archives, 
 all of them breathing a spirit of fear and trepidation at the 
 doom which was hanging over them. 
 
 Galleys were armed in due time, and the doge was deputed 
 to write for assistance to all the potentates of Europe. To 
 the king of England he wrote on the /th of April, 1456, to 
 the king of Portugal on the 3rd of September. But Pope 
 Pius II. and the Genoese seemed alone to realize the dangers 
 of the situation ; the rest of Europe turned a deaf ear to their 
 entreaties, and finally, finding resistance utterly impossible, 
 the Genoese relapsed again into inactivity, and quietly awaited 
 the turn events might take. 
 
 But it was the degeneracy of the very men of Caffa which 
 conduced to the final overthrow of those flourishing colonies ; 
 for under the protection of the Khan of Tartary the Crimean 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi.
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. 123 
 
 Chersonese at least was comparatively safe. The Genoese 
 governor, Uberto Squarciafico, at Caffa, not content with 
 superintending the affairs of Caffa, chose to mix himself up 
 in the contested appointment to a neighbouring satrapy, 
 wherein the ambitious widow of the late satrap wished to gain 
 the nomination of her son to the exclusion of the newly- 
 appointed one, Emineces by name. 
 
 Hoping thereby to gain for himself some advantage, the 
 governor of Caffa took the widow's gold, and sent her some 
 assistance. Whereupon Emineces repaired to the Sultan, 
 who was on the point of starting with a fleet that he had got 
 together for the siege of Crete. Mahomed at once gave 
 orders that the armament of four hundred and eighty-two sail 
 should be sent against Caffa, which, after a gallant defence, 
 was taken by the Turks in 1475. Most of the Genoese sena- 
 tors were slain, including the governor, and fifteen hundred 
 Genoese boys were sent to serve amongst the janizaries, and 
 the rest were taken to repeople a street in Pera. Thus fell the 
 rich city of Caffa, and in her train all the rest of Genoa's 
 colonies became Turkish property, whilst the mother country 
 was groaning under the tyranny of Galeazzo Sforza, who 
 threw every obstacle in the way of an armament being sent to 
 their relief. All these colonies, indeed, fell without a struggle 
 worthy of note, except the one rock fortress of Mangoup, 
 which offered a brave resistance and which is further remark- 
 able from the fact that here fought some Goths, almost the 
 last mentioned of these warlike northmen in history. A tribe 
 of Gothic-speaking people had lived in the Crimean moun- 
 tains, unmixed with the other inhabitants, for centuries, subject 
 to Genoa since 1380, when, by a treaty with the Khan of 
 Kaptchak, " La Gotia con i svoi Casai " was annexed to the 
 Genoese possessions, and here, at the siege of Mangoup, fell 
 two Gothic brothers, the last of the hero warriors from the 
 North. 
 
 When Mahomed II. threatened Otranto, a feeble league
 
 124 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 was got up in Christendom to resist him, in which the Genoese 
 played a conspicuous part, and voted four hundred and fifty 
 ducats and twenty-one galleys for the expedition ; and the 
 death of Mahomed kindled hopes in their breasts of regaining 
 a portion at least of what they had lost. The protectors of 
 the Bank, and the governors of the Republic held grand coun- 
 cils, and moreover a monk, Domenico di Ponza, preached a 
 crusade in Genoa, but all of no avail ; for when Otranto was 
 relieved and Mahomed was dead the ardour of her allies 
 quickly faded away, and thus were the riches of the Black 
 Sea, with Pera and Caffa to boot, for ever lost to Genoa and 
 to Christendom. 
 
 Some lingering traces of the extent of Italian influence 
 on the coasts of the Levant are still left in the frequent occur- 
 rence of the Italian language. Last century all the treaties 
 between Russia and Turkey were written in Italian. At 
 Pruth, for instance, in 1711 ; at Belgrade, in 1739; and for a 
 traveller along this coast a knowledge of the Italian tongue is 
 still an inestimable blessing. 
 
 Before leaving this corner of Genoese commerce, let us 
 pay a visit to the island of Chios, and look at some of the 
 vicissitudes it underwent under its Genoese masters. Chios 
 was the most important of these island dependencies ; and 
 occupied a position of great consideration for the well-being of 
 the Genoese Black Sea colonies ; and with Chios in friendly 
 hands, the inhabitants of Pera and Caffa had no cause to 
 dread competition from the side of Venice. 
 
 \Ye have seen how the Zaccharia became lords of Chios, in 
 1261, for their assistance given to Michael Paleologus in 
 establishing himself in Constantinople. Some say Benedetto 
 Zaccharia won it by his own prowess, others that he got it by 
 way of dower with one of the emperor's daughters whom he 
 married. Be this as it may, the Zaccharia rule in Chios was 
 hard, and it was short ; and the Emperor Andronicus, backed 
 up by the solicitations of the Genoese in Galata, who grew
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. 125 
 
 jealous of their compatriot's successes, deprived them of it, and 
 for some time the island fell under Venetian rule. 
 
 At length, however, when the early days of incipient 
 liberty under their first doge l urged the Genoese to deeds of 
 valour, in 1349, a fleet was sent into the Greek Archipelago, 
 under the command of Simone Vignoso, and provided for by 
 another of those popular loans, entitled the " Mahone of 
 Chios," and the recovery of this island was the result. No 
 more honourable man appears on the pages of Genoese history 
 than this admiral Simone Vignoso ; he refused Greek gold, 
 and positively forbad any of his soldiers to touch so much as a 
 bunch of grapes on the island under pain of a public flagellation. 
 
 His son scoffed at such stringent orders, and to prove his 
 nonchalance, advanced amongst his comrades eating some 
 grapes that he had plucked. His enraged father forthwith 
 commanded that he should receive the penalty he had ordered, 
 and, in spite of the entreaties of the Greeks and Genoese, 
 young Vignoso was soundly whipped, as a warning to all who 
 should dare to break the admiral's commands. 
 
 Before leaving the island Simone Vignoso left five hundred 
 ducats, to be distributed amongst the young ladies of Chios on 
 their marriage, by way of compensation for any real or ima- 
 ginary damage that his troops might have inflicted. 
 
 When the Ligurian republicans possessed themselves of 
 Chios, they forthwith gave it to those who had advanced the 
 money for the expedition by way of repayment, and amongst 
 these were some of the ancient family of the Giustiniani, who 
 claimed in some way to be descendants of the Emperor Jus- 
 tinian. Recognizing the advantages of such a name in a 
 Greek country, the shareholders in the Chian loan with one 
 accord took the name of Giustiniani, a custom by no means 
 uncommon in Genoa, where families often clubbed together in 
 companies or " alberghi," sinking their own name for the advan- 
 tages accruing to them from belonging to a sort of guild. 
 
 1 Vide ch. iii.
 
 126 GEXOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Once established in Chios, the family or guild of the Gius- 
 tiniani continued to hold the island for two hundred years. 
 In 1409 they became tributaries of Mahomed I., paying four 
 thousand scudi per annum as the price of their peaceful pos- 
 session of Chios. This sum Mahomed II. raised to ten thou- 
 sand scudi after the fall of Constantinople, for he did not see 
 fit to turn out these Genoese from their island dependencies ; 
 and on payment of the above sum the Giustiniani were allowed 
 to retain their own laws, and their own religion, provided no 
 ringing of church bells or sound of chants were raised to dis- 
 turb the followers of Mahomed. 
 
 The island of Chios was very rich and very loyal in its 
 devotion to its mother country. The Giustiniani, from all 
 accounts, well merited their name. From the numerous fami- 
 lies of this name in Chios a council of a hundred was chosen, 
 which council from amongst themselves elected a body of 
 officials who had the charge of the government. After paying 
 their tribute to the Sultan, the residue of their gains was 
 divided amongst the Giustiniani according to their respective 
 rights. Their army consisted of three hundred youths of the 
 Giustiniani guild, with other resident Greeks-and Genoese, and 
 formed a tidy little force, which was often swelled from the 
 mother country by men who found it convenient, for political 
 reasons, to absent themselves from home for a while. 
 
 The island was well stocked with churches, convents, and 
 schools, from whence missionaries were sent into the Turkish 
 dominions ; and furthermore, Chios was a harbour of refuge for 
 Christian slaves who had escaped from their Turkish task- 
 masters, and a special magistrate was elected to watch over 
 them. Food and lodging were given to the fugitives in a 
 retired spot in the island, until an opportunity occurred to 
 send them to their homes, and the ships which brought them 
 were burnt, so as more effectually to conceal their presence in 
 the island. Sometimes in one year more than a thousand 
 would thus be liberated, and it was a frequent cause of com-
 
 GENOESE COMMERCE IN THE BLACK SEA. 
 
 127 
 
 plaint for the Turks ; but the Giustiniani knew how to give 
 hush-money judiciously, and not till the days of Solyman the 
 Magnificent were steps taken to put a stop to this. 
 
 This sultan was greatly annoyed when the Giustiniani, 
 from their constant intercourse with Constantinople, were able 
 to give the knights of Malta timely warning of his impending 
 attack ; and his rage against the lords of Chios was further 
 aggravated by their instrumentality in the escape of certain 
 Spanish slaves. Upon these double grounds of complaint 
 Solyman determined to remove these obnoxious Genoese from 
 so close a proximity to his capital. 
 
 Orders were given to his admiral, Piali Pasha, to surprise 
 the island one day in Holy Week, when the inhabitants were 
 busily engaged with their devotions. Accordingly, under the 
 appearance of a friendly visit, the Pasha arrived at Chios, dis- 
 embarked his janizaries, and when he saw a favourable 
 opportunity, he seized the town in the name of the sultan. 
 The Giustiniani were shipped off in large bodies to Constanti- 
 nople, together with the treasures of their temples. The ships 
 which bore the latter, however, says the chronicle, sank un- 
 accountably in a calm sea, as a judgment on the infidel. 
 
 Some of the Giustiniani remained on the island, and 
 became merged in the Turkish and Greek element, others 
 returned to Genoa, where a piazza, a street, and a palace, 
 named after them, attest their residence to this day ; and 
 others again spread over Europe, where an opening occurred 
 for further commercial enterprise. The unfortunate prisoners 
 who were taken to Constantinople were shortly removed to 
 Caffa, where they languished three years in bondage, but were 
 released eventually at the intervention of Charles IX. of 
 France and Pope Pius V. 
 
 There is a horrible story current in Roman Catholic circles, 
 but not much accredited thereout, of the martyrdom of some 
 young Giustiniani boys. It runs as follows : eighteen boys, 
 the eldest of whom was sixteen, sons of the captives taken to
 
 128 GENOA; HO W THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Constantinople, were seized and conducted to the Seraglio, 
 where, after being duly circumcised, they were ordered to be 
 brought up in the Mahomedan faith. But neither threats 
 nor flattery could induce them to abandon their religion. 
 At length they were threatened with death. One of them 
 was killed, by way of example, before the eyes of the others ; 
 but still they continued firm, and their mothers, in disguise of 
 washerwomen, entered the Seraglio, and exhorted them to 
 maintain their constancy through all their tortures. Whilst 
 the most excruciating agonies were being inflicted on them, 
 whilst their skin was being torn from their hands and limbs, 
 riches and honours were offered to them as an incentive to 
 apostacy, but without avail ; all remained firm, and died 
 under the torturer's irons, except the three youngest, who 
 recanted. But this apostate trio, when grown up, managed to 
 effect their escape, and lived honoured lives in Christendom, 
 one of them entering a convent. Genoa honoured these 
 young martyrs with a picture, which once adorned the chapel 
 of the " Palazzo pubblico," but was burnt with the rest of the 
 building. 
 
 Thus, with the fall of Chios, Genoa lost every vestige of her 
 footing within the Eastern Empire. In the whole of her 
 annals her Black Sea commerce forms one of the most illus- 
 trious pages, in perusing which one is led to wonder how 
 that narrow strip of Ligurian coast, and the narrow limits of 
 one single city, could attain so great an influence an influence 
 indeed which could turn the scales in the destinies of an 
 empire, and could unite the extreme corners of the then 
 known universe with the gilded threads of commerce.
 
 ( I2 9 ) 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 IN proportion to the disasters which attended the Christian 
 arms in Palestine so did Cyprus grow in importance as a com- 
 mercial centre, and thither must we follow our Italian traders, 
 who carried along with them their jealousies and their con- 
 tentions, with which to increase the difficulties which hung 
 around the uneasy crown that the Lusignans wore. 
 
 As a first record of a Ligurian footing on this island we note 
 that, in 1208, Pietro Gontardo, the Genoese envoy, was sent to 
 negotiate terms for his country with Elizabeth, the Cypriot 
 queen, the fruits of which embassy were various immunities 
 from taxation for Genoa's merchants, and a plot of ground in 
 Nicosia on which to build them warehouses. With the pro- 
 gress of time and the progress of the Genoese in commerce, 
 these terms were periodically enlarged, until, in 1232, Henry I. 
 of Lusignan gave the Ligurian traders most excellent terms 
 ingress and egress free of toll for their ships in all the ports of 
 his kingdom, streets and warehouses in various towns, and 
 thereby formed the pattern for all the transactions hereafter 
 held between Genoa and Cyprus, and thereby was laid the 
 foundation stone of that ambition which prompted Genoa in 
 after years to aim at entire control over this island kingdom. 
 
 So long as the ports of Syria remained in Christian hands 
 Cyprus was merely a convenient trading centre at which the 
 galleys eastwards and homewards bound would halt to ware- 
 
 K
 
 i3o GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 house or disperse through Europe the rich produce of the 
 caravans ; and though valuable enough as a receptacle, or 
 mart, it was not till the close of the thirteenth century that 
 the real importance of Cyprus asserted itself. When, however, 
 in 1288, Benedetto Zaccharia, the Genoese " rover of the seas," 
 brought the remnants of the conquered garrison of Tripoli 
 in his galleys to Cyprus ; and when, three years later, other 
 Genoese galleys conveyed thither the titular king of Jerusalem 
 from Acre, his last stronghold on the coast of Palestine, 
 then was the whole of the Eastern commerce centred there. 
 
 Various and fluctuating as were the fortunes of Cyprus for 
 the next hundred years, the Genoese and Venetians always 
 remained firm to their object of commerce. It mattered little 
 to them whether the lawful heir or a usurping uncle sat on 
 the throne, so long as they secured for themselves streets, 
 warehouses, and extensive immunities from taxation. Inas- 
 much as the island was the stronghold of Christendom against 
 the Turks, fleets without end from Genoa were constantly 
 entering her harbours. The energetic Pontiff Nicholas V. 
 sent one to act against the infidel, under the command of 
 Emmanuel Zaccharia, with Tedisio D'Oria as vice-admiral, 
 both from Genoa. This enabled the merchants to put in 
 their claims for further advantages under Henry II. of 
 Lusignan, for this prince had been driven away from his 
 kingdom by Prince Amaury, of Tyre, and it was to Genoese 
 aid that he owed his restoration ; and at the festivities 
 incident on his return to Cyprus, no " loggia " was grander 
 than Genoa's ; and throughout his reign no warehouses were 
 better stocked with merchandize than theirs. 
 
 But throughout this prosperous period, prosperous alike 
 for Genoa and her Cypriot allies, a secret undercurrent of 
 jealous}- was striking at the very root of their good-will. The 
 Ligurian sailors when from home were by no means renowned 
 for their good feelings. They quarrelled with the Venetians, 
 they quarrelled with the Pisans, and, moreover, not a few times
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 131 
 
 were they engaged in brawls with their Cypriot hosts. Added 
 to this they acquired for themselves a reputation for robbery 
 probably well founded, as the complaint seems to have been 
 universal and for some cause they chose to countenance 
 robbery in others, for one of the most formidable complaints 
 against them was that they favoured rather than otherwise 
 the frequent descents of the corsairs on the Cypriot coasts. 
 
 Thus were the Venetians and the natives drawn into a 
 closer bond of union, and out of this sprang a long disastrous 
 war, which ruined Cyprus, which exalted Genoa above all due 
 limits therein, and which paved the way for the final subjec- 
 tion of the island by the Turks. 
 
 During the reign of Peter I. of Lusignan this animosity 
 against Genoa grew more open. Men hated the insolence of 
 our Ligurians ; street brawls, destruction of property, and 
 constant uneasiness were the result ; and when the king saw 
 fit to perpetrate an outrage on some sailors then in port, all 
 pretensions at friendship were at an end. It was in this wise 
 King Peter planned an expedition against Setalia. To swell 
 his troops he ordered a small handful of Genoese to join him. 
 They flatly refused to do so, whereupon the king had them 
 publicly whipped, their ears cut off, and thus maimed and 
 battered they went home to tell their tale to the enraged 
 citizens at Genoa. 
 
 After much difficulty and loss of life a peace was again 
 established, which outwardly continued to exist till 1369, 
 when King Peter was murdered through Genoese influence 
 men said and his infant son Peter II. reigned in his stead, 
 under the control of his uncles, who used all their power to 
 fan the anti-Genoese feeling amongst the inhabitants. Vene- 
 tians and Cypriots were in closer league than ever. Not 
 unfrequently would the darkness of the night be illuminated 
 by the burning of Genoese warehouses ; not unfrequently 
 would a wealthy merchant be knocked down in the streets, 
 his house ransacked, and his stores carried off. No insult was
 
 1 3 2 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 left untried upon them, and it wanted but a flagrant outrage 
 to excite an open war, and this was forthcoming at the 
 youthful monarch's public coronation in 13/3. A grand 
 banquet was given to celebrate the event in the town hall of 
 Famagosta. Thither were bidden Venetians and Genoese, 
 and over the festive board Venetian and Genoese came to 
 open blows, and the Cypriots having thrown in their lot with 
 the former, the unfortunate representatives of the Ligurian 
 Republic got grievously worsted. They were hurled out of 
 the windows into the square beneath, and those of them who 
 escaped with life from this by no means insignificant fall, 
 were set upon by the rabid populace below, so that not one 
 of them escaped alive. It was in vain that the Genoese 
 " podesta " at Famagosta remonstrated at this breach of 
 treaty. All the Ligurian goods to be found in the city were 
 seized ; every merchant there resident was killed, and from 
 this terrible massacre escaped only one, so says the historian, 1 
 to relate his tale of woe at home. 
 
 All was rage and consternation in the Ligurian capital. A 
 council was hastily called ; an armament was at once voted 
 to chastise this youthful scion of the Lusignan house ; and 
 before many days had expired, Pietro Campofregoso sailed 
 forth from the harbour of Genoa with a goodly fleet of over 
 forty galleys, and the bravest of Genoa's sons were thereon, 
 " embarked with such loud reason for the Cyprus wars." 2 
 
 At this period of her history Genoa was at her best and 
 proudest ; her standard was all dominant throughout the 
 Mediterranean. Pisa was crushed, Venice was weakened by 
 her frequent losses, and hence was unable to assist her Cypriot 
 ally very substantially. Not a power existed in those days 
 to keep her in check, and therefore we are not surprised to 
 sec that disasters fell fast and thick upon the Cypriots. And 
 out of this war Genoa added fresh laurels to her crown, and 
 founded, as her historians are pleased to call it, "her royal 
 1 Accinclli. * Shakespeare, Othello, act i. sc. i.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND, 133 
 
 greatness," inasmuch as kings were conquered by her, and 
 kings became her vassals. 
 
 By way of further assistance to their cause, the Genoese 
 obtained an award from the Pope entitling them to recover 
 all their lands and goods from the young king of Cyprus ; 
 and, moreover, the king's own mother, Queen Eleanora, 
 favoured the cause of the Genoese, disliking the avuncular 
 influence which excluded her from any hand in the govern- 
 ment or in the management of her young son. The grand- 
 master of Rhodes tried in vain to arrange a peace ; Genoa 
 was too intent on revenge to listen to his mediation. And 
 well she might be. 
 
 The forty-three galleys at length reached the island of 
 Cyprus. They brought with them wondrous instruments, 
 the product of skilful Ligurian brains, called Troja, calculated 
 to throw large stones a hitherto unprecedented distance 
 another instance of this peculiar skill evinced by the Genoese 
 in developing the then but youthful talent for producing 
 instruments of death. 
 
 Damiano Cattaneo landed with the vanguard, whilst a 
 priest was entrusted with a letter to the king, stating how the 
 Genoese had come to carry out the Pope's award, solely from 
 a sense of duty, which would not allow them to neglect the 
 pontifical injunctions. At Famagosta the king heard of the 
 advance of his enemy ; he heard of the fall of Limesso and of 
 Paphos, and in his weakness he could do nothing. Genoese 
 annals state how just and honourable Damiano Cattaneo was 
 towards the conquered inhabitants ; how he told his soldiers 
 to respect the honour of women, as it was not against them 
 they were sent to fight. But Cypriot annals tell a different 
 tale ; and a pilgrim of strong Venetian proclivities relates 
 thus, in the allegory of a dream, the distress of the Cypriots : 
 "But alas now for the kingdom of Cyprus! Through the 
 tyranny and oppression of those who bear the red cross on the 
 white ground the Genoese I mean all the merchandize has
 
 134 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 disappeared, all the inhabitants are become savage, and appear 
 more dead than alive." l 
 
 Towards the close of the year 1373 the Genoese army 
 appeared before the walls of Famagosta, the king's strong- 
 hold. Again the grand-master of Rhodes took upon himself 
 the ofiice of mediator, and through his instrumentality a peace 
 was brought about, for the king was without the sinews of 
 war. And, according to the terms of this peace, he con- 
 sented to hold his crown as a tributary of Genoa's, to dis- 
 burse within twelve years over two millions of golden florins, 
 and to grant the Genoese free egress and ingress into his 
 kingdom, whenever and wheresoever they desired ; and the 
 town of Famagosta was to be handed over to them in full 
 sovereignty ; and as a pledge of good faith, he gave them his 
 uncle, James de Lusignan, the heir presumptive to the crown, 
 who, together with his wife, was sent as a hostage to Genoa. 
 
 Thus was the Genoese war in Cyprus drawn to a close, 
 and thus was the curtain drawn over the prosperity of the 
 once flourishing house of Lusignan ; and over the towers of 
 Famagosta the most prosperous city in the island, floated for 
 a century the banner of St. George. 
 
 On the return of her victorious troops and her triumphant 
 admiral, great rejoicings took place in Genoa. Campofregoso, 
 the republican conqueror of a king, was honoured as befitted 
 his deserts. For his lifetime he was freed from the payment 
 of every tax, and a handsome palace was presented to him by 
 a grateful senate just outside the city walls a palace which 
 in after years was Prince Andrea D'Oria's Naboth's vineyard, 
 and the home of his latter days ; and on this spot did 
 Andrea, after the old Cypriot hero's fabric had been de- 
 stroyed by the French, erect the palace which is now visited 
 as one of the sanctuaries of Genoese art. Thus did Genoa 
 requite her deserving citizen; whilst every nth of October 
 it was ordained that a golden offering should be made to the 
 
 1 Philip de Maizi&res.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 135 
 
 church of St. Francis with a fitting number of waxen tapers 
 as a pious acknowledgment of mercies received. 
 
 Meanwhile, in Cyprus the state of affairs was by no means 
 so cheery, though a brother of the doge's was sent to re- 
 organize the defences and legislate for Famagosta ; yet the 
 Genoese, here as elsewhere, were hard taskmasters, and had 
 but little mercy on a fallen foe. Again our old pilgrim takes 
 up his allegorical dream, and puts into the mouth of an old 
 beldame, who was sent as a messenger from the island of 
 Aceldama (as he is pleased to term Cyprus) to the Queen, this 
 dirge : " What more," says the hag, " can I say, O Queen, in 
 thus renewing my weary tale ? Those mortal enemies of ours, 
 the Genoese, came to Nicosia, and without regard for the 
 divine majesty, they publicly robbed the Cathedral of St. 
 Sophia and all the other churches, Catholic, Greek, and schis- 
 matic alike ; and from the holy Mother Church they stole 
 away her vessels, her relics, her jewels, and her holy chalices ; 
 and, what is worse, the pavements of the churches themselves 
 are red with the blood of priests vilely slain, to the confusion 
 of the Catholic faith and their own damnation." In this 
 allegory the pilgrim continues to pour down accusations of 
 every baseness on Genoese heads. Though, as we have seen, 
 his proclivities were Venetian, nevertheless it is more than 
 probable that he had good grounds to go upon in his asser- 
 tions, for certain it is that ever afterwards the commerce and 
 prosperity of Cyprus gradually disappeared. The Genoese, by 
 their exorbitance, destroyed the goose which had laid so many 
 golden eggs for Christendom ; and then, when Venice had got 
 all the gleanings left by Genoa, after the weak reigns of 
 James the bastard of Lusignan and Catharine Cornaro, the 
 island of Cyprus became an easy prey to the Sultan of Egypt. 
 "Venetian fishermen, indeed," sneered two English lords in 
 the reign of Henry VIII., when talking of Cyprus; "expert 
 enough in filching what belongs to others." 
 
 With so large a sum of money to advance, and with so
 
 136 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 little to advance it from, King Peter was obliged to come 
 to Genoese and other traders for assistance. To them he 
 sold a large portion of the revenues of his kingdom, as security 
 for the sum advanced, and thus was established one of Genoa's 
 best known " mahones," or public loans, got up on the 
 principle of numerous others in which mediaeval Genoese 
 capitalists so largely embarked. This debt was placed under 
 the immediate protection of Genoa, and when, in 1408, all the 
 several loans were united into the one Bank of St. George, the 
 Cypriot company had consigned to them, as security for their 
 advances, all the revenues and credit of Famagosta ; and 
 though virtually merged in the great bank, this loan main- 
 tained its identity and its several privileges, and was separately 
 mentioned in various treaties, as may be gleaned from the 
 archives of St. George. 
 
 Genoa had now a sort of monopoly over the Cypriot 
 trade, and nothing was more ruinous to the island than this. 
 Every branch of industry, every branch of commerce, was 
 heavily taxed by the Genoese governors, in accordance with 
 the extortionate system on which the Ligurians treated their 
 various dependencies. The natural result of this was intense 
 dissatisfaction throughout the island, constant insurrections, 
 and constant endeavours to throw of the yoke ; and when 
 Genoa was weak at home, troubles in their island dependency 
 was the natural result. Unable any longer to control these 
 affairs, the government of Genoa, in 1447, handed over their 
 interest in the island to the protectors of the Bank of St. 
 George, 1 and here, as elsewhere, the mercenary rulers of this 
 great bank tried to squeeze thereout everything they could, 
 and introduced a system far harder than before, which ground 
 down the wretched inhabitants to the lowest depths. 
 
 But to return to the fortunes of the royal house of Lusig- 
 nan. The king's uncle James and his wife were meanwhile 
 languishing in their Genoese prison. They had tried to effect 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 137 
 
 their escape, but only succeeded in making their jailors more 
 strict than before, so that they were removed to the castle 
 behind the lighthouse ; and here Caroline de Lusignan pre- 
 sented her husband with his firstborn son, and out of compli- 
 ment to the traditional origin of their Genoese jailors, they 
 christened the infant captive "Janus," trusting perhaps that 
 this complimentary name, coupled with the mythological 
 notion of peace therein contained, might soften the hearts of 
 the persecutors of their land. 
 
 Almost identical with the birth of the infant Janus came 
 the news that the youth King Peter of Cyprus was no more ; 
 and thus, as he left no issue, the titular kingdom of Jerusalem, 
 and the almost titular one of Cyprus, devolved on the head of 
 James de Lusignan, who was so closely guarded between the 
 four walls of a Genoese prison. The doge, Niccolo Guarcio, 
 at once repaired in great state to the prison with this joyful 
 intelligence, and proposed that James should at once assume 
 his inherited honours, previously having signed a document 
 by which Genoa was to reap numerous additional advantages. 
 To ensure the protection of Famagosta, and her absolute 
 sovereignty therein, two leagues of land all round the town 
 were to be conceded to Genoa, numerous forts in the neigh- 
 bourhood also were to be handed over to the Ligurians, which 
 secured for Genoa entire command of the port ; and after 
 agreeing to these and many other favourable commercial 
 pacts, the doge conducted his prisoner in state to the ducal 
 palace, and there, amidst great display and before the as- 
 sembled multitude, the doge placed the crown of Cyprus on 
 James's head. Curious indeed must have been the scene, and 
 humiliating in the extreme for the descendant of the haughty 
 crusader, Guy de Lusignan, to receive his crown from the hands 
 of the simple burghers of Genoa. 
 
 A banquet was given to the new king and queen of Cyprus 
 by the doge of Genoa, prior to their departure for their island 
 realm. Much was said thereat about mutual affection and
 
 138 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 icgard, but little of which can have existed, inasmuch as, on 
 pretext of the dangerous state of the island, the doge insisted 
 on retaining the youthful heir in Genoa, as a pledge of good 
 faith ; and when king James and his wife set off on ten of the 
 republican galleys, they only exchanged their prison for the 
 leading-strings of the Genoese captain of Famagosta. 
 Throughout the remainder of his reign James was but a tool 
 in the hands of Genoa. The doges treated him with the 
 utmost contempt, when he wrote to complain of the insults 
 offered to him by the captain of Famagosta, and by all the 
 Genoese throughout the island. History affords us examples 
 of but few crowns which were more uneasy to wear than his. 
 
 When young Janus went to Cyprus to inherit his father's 
 crown, he too went under Genoese auspices ; but Genoa, during 
 his reign, was not so strong, and not so able to control his 
 footsteps, and the king bore but little regard for his native 
 and namesake Genoa. He did all he could to take Fama- 
 gosta, but without success. Throughout his island kingdom 
 there was no organization, no sinews of war, and Janus in 
 himself was one of the weakest of his weak line. He hesi- 
 tated to throw himself into the protection of Venice ; he 
 groaned under the yoke of Genoa ; and whilst he hesitated and 
 groaned, the Sultan of Egypt came one day and actually carried 
 him away captive, in 1424. Poor young monarch the off- 
 spring of a Genoese prison, the football which Genoa, Venice, 
 and Egypt kicked mercilessly about he did again recover his 
 freedom, but only on the payment of a large ransom ; and on 
 his return to Cyprus he could do little but live as a sort of 
 wandering bandit amongst his mountain domains ; and shortly 
 afterwards this troubled namesake of the god of peace 
 breathed his last in poverty and distress. 
 
 It was Genoa's internal decay which eventually brought 
 about the downfall of her prosperity in Cyprus. Their French 
 despot, Boucicault, ruined her with fortifications and arma- 
 ments both at home and in the island, and with the increase
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 139 
 
 of their difficulties the Genoese squeezed harder than ever 
 to get what they could out of Cyprus ; so that when, in 1447, 
 Famagosta was ceded in full sovereignty to the Bank of St. 
 George, their exorbitance was so great that this once flourish- 
 ing mart of commerce was completely ruined, and after twenty- 
 nine years of this oppression became an easy prey to James, 
 the bastard king of the house of Lusignan, and his Venetian 
 allies. Thus it was that Genoese influence in Cyprus passed into 
 the hands of the Queen of the Adriatic. It was a thoroughly 
 disgraceful influence indeed which she had exercised therein ; 
 and Venice, following in her footsteps, left naught but the 
 rotten carcass of this once great stronghold of Christendom to 
 fall into Turkish hands. 
 
 Let us now follow Genoa into other climes, and to another 
 page of her history which unites her more closely with our- 
 selves, and with the infant efforts of England to become a 
 mercantile nation. In their commercial intercourse, mediaeval 
 Genoa and mediaeval England offer much of interest. In 
 England it was that leather and steel were produced cheaper 
 than elsewhere ; her woollen goods rivalled those of Flanders, 
 and thither did Genoa bring the silks and velvets of the south, 
 the drugs and aromatics of the Indies to exchange for these 
 commodities ; and, as incipient ideas of luxury began to 
 develop, this intercourse became more marked, and Genoese 
 families found it by no means unprofitable to establish com- 
 mercial houses in London, and to have warehouses along the 
 Thames, as they did in Constantinople, Cyprus, and other 
 centres of commerce. 
 
 We have seen how close the intercourse was between 
 Genoa and England during the Crusades, 1 how Richard 
 Cceur de Lion carried home the banner of St. George, and 
 how his followers tarried in the Ligurian capital on their way 
 eastwards. These perhaps were the seeds which did not 
 grow up and become mature until the commercial-loving 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi.
 
 140 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Edward III. aimed at establishing on our isle a commerce 
 which should rival and eventually surpass that of Flanders. 
 Thus, during the most flourishing period of Genoese story, 
 and during the period of youthful development in England, 
 we find many points of interest which bound together these 
 commercial powers, of which the small Italian republic was to 
 pave the way for much of the greatness of the other. 
 
 A slight difference which occurred between the Genoese 
 
 o 
 
 and the English in the reign of Edward II. goes far to prove 
 how much intercourse there had been between the two 
 countries for some period before. Two Ligurian merchants, 
 Simone Dentone and Emmanuele Mangiavacca by name, had, 
 on their own account, assisted Robert Bruce in Scotland by 
 selling to him galleys and materials for war. Edward II. 
 wrote a remonstrance to the Republic about this, dated 
 July 1 8th, 1316, from Westminster, and begged Genoa to 
 punish the delinquents. Not only did the rulers of the 
 Republic see fit to do this, but also, six months later, we find 
 Leonardo Pessagno sent with five galleys, armed at the expense 
 of the Republic, to assist Edward in prosecuting his Scotch 
 wars ; and in the following year Edward wrote a letter of 
 thanks to the podesta of Genoa, couched in the most cordial 
 terms. 
 
 This Pessagno family is curiously mixed up in Genoa's 
 mediaeval annals of commerce. Again and again they appear 
 in her books as carrying on a brisk traffic with England in 
 woollen goods ; and from this noble house came forth 
 numerous brave sailors, who acted for a century as admirals 
 under the crown of Portugal, 1 superintended her maritime 
 adventures, and undoubtedly by their prowess paved the way 
 for the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 On the accession of the third Edward, the demonstrations 
 of friendship between Genoa and England were still more 
 marked. \Yhcn, on one occasion, some Genoese merchant ships 
 
 1 Vide ch. x.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 141 
 
 were seized on the coast of Essex by one of the Despencers, 
 Niccolo Fieschi was sent by the Republic to demand repara- 
 tion from the king. This was readily granted, Edward writing 
 himself to the Republic, expressing his regret for the misfor- 
 tune, " in consideration of the friendship and goodwill with 
 which our ancestors and your commune reciprocally did 
 honour to one another, and which we desire in our time to 
 increase." This same Niccolo Fieschi was appointed special 
 ambassador for the Republic in London, and was held in great 
 friendship by the English king. 
 
 Amongst curious documents lately brought to light, none 
 is more overwhelming to our preconceived notions of English 
 history, and to the story of Edward II. 's sad death in 
 Berkley Castle, than a letter from one, Manuele Fieschi, 
 notary to the Pope at Avignon, addressed to Edward III. of 
 England, and lately discovered in the archives of Herault. 1 It 
 lacks in itself much to substantiate it and make it accepted as 
 an historical truth ; yet, in comparing English and Genoese 
 history at this time, and in identifying the writer of it, it is 
 placed conveniently within the bounds of probability if not of 
 certainty. It runs as follows : 
 
 " Let it be in the name of the Lord, what I have here 
 written with my own hand, I have gathered from the con- 
 fession of your father, and so I took heed that it should be 
 notified to your lordship. In the first place, your father said 
 that, seeing England raised against him at the instigation of 
 your mother, he fled from his family, seeking refuge at the 
 castle of Chepstow, which belonged to the grand marshal, 
 Earl of Norfolk ; and at length, becoming alarmed, he em- 
 barked with Hugh Despencer, with the Earl of Arundel, and 
 with some other lords, and landed at Glamorgan, where he 
 was made prisoner by Henry of Lancaster, together with the 
 said Despencer, and Master Robert of Baldok. Your father 
 
 1 By M. Le St. Germain ; the document is now in Paris.
 
 1 42 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 was then conducted to Kenil worth, and his followers were 
 sent to different places ; and thus he lost his crown at the 
 petition of many. 
 
 " Subsequently, at the coming feast of Candlemas, you 
 were crowned, and the prisoner was finally removed to 
 Berkley. But the servant who held him in custody, after the 
 lapse of a little time, thus addressed him : ' My lord, Sir 
 Thomas Gournay and Sir Simon Ebersfeld, are come here to 
 slay you. If it is pleasing to you, I will give you my clothes 
 that you may escape.' In short, at nightfall, your father, in 
 this disguise, got out of his prison and arrived at the last gate 
 without meeting any resistance, and without being discovered. 
 Finding there the porter asleep he forthwith killed him, and, 
 having possessed himself of the keys, got out into the open 
 country, at liberty to go where he wished. Then the knights 
 who had come to kill him, learning too late of his flight, and 
 fearing the wrath of the queen, and for their own lives, took 
 council, and determined to put the corpse of the above- 
 mentioned porter into a coffin, and buiy it at Gloucester as if 
 it had been the body of the king. First of all they cut out 
 the heart, and cunningly presented it to Queen Isabella, and 
 made her believe it was her husband's. 
 
 " Your father, however, when he got out of Berkley Castle, 
 fled forthwith with a companion to the castle of Corfe, where 
 the keeper, Thomas, received him without the knowledge of 
 his lord, who was John Maltravers, and there he remained 
 concealed for the space of a year and a half. At length, 
 hearing how the Earl of Kent had been beheaded for asserting 
 that he was not dead, your father and his companion, by the 
 wish and advice of Thomas, embarked on a ship and sailed 
 for Ireland, where they lived nine months. Fearing, however, 
 to be recognized, your father at last determined to dress him- 
 self in a hermit's dress, and thus passed through England ; 
 and having reached the port of Sandwich, crossed from thence 
 over to Sluys. From thence he travelled through Normandy,
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 143 
 
 and from thence he crossed through Languedoc, until he 
 reached Avignon, where, slipping a florin into the hands of 
 a pontifical servant, he got a letter consigned to the Pope, 
 John XXII. His Holiness having summoned your father into 
 his presence, secretly, but honourably, lodged him for fifteen 
 days ; at the expiration of this time, after various projects 
 and considerations, he went to Paris, and from Paris to 
 Brabant, and from Brabant to Cologne, on a pilgrimage to 
 the tomb of the three kings. On his return from Cologne he 
 crossed through Germany, and thence into Lombardy. From 
 Milan he went to a certain hermitage in that diocese, where 
 he remained two years and a half, until a war broke out, and 
 then he removed into another hermitage in the castle of 
 Cecima, belonging to the diocese of Pavia, 1 and there he 
 remained in strict seclusion for about two years, living a life 
 of penitence, and praying God for us, and other sinners. 
 
 " In testimony of the truth of all I have narrated to your 
 lordship, these presents are stamped with my seal. 
 " Your devoted servant, 
 
 "MANUELE FlESCHl, Papal Notary." 
 
 By referring to the Genoese story at this time, the writer 
 of this letter can be well identified ; for in the annals of the 
 Fieschi family this Manuele is entered as having been nomi- 
 nated papal notary in 1337 ; and before this we gather that 
 he had enjoyed a benefice, which belonged to the diocese of 
 York. Hence his intimacy with England, and with her deposed 
 king can in a measure be accounted for. And, moreover, from 
 the will of his brother Gabriele Fieschi, signed 2Qth January, 
 1326, we gather that this "canon of the Church of York" 
 was furthermore presented with a rich canonry in the diocese 
 of Arras. Thus have we Manuele Fieschi clearly identified, 
 
 1 Cecima was originally dependent on the Bishop of Pavia, and was 
 renowned for its strong position. To-day it is a commune in the Godiasco 
 division.
 
 144 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 not only as closely connected with England, but also as a 
 man of some note in the Church ; and, at the very time of 
 writing this letter, his kinsman, Niccolo, was in London, in 
 high favour with Edward III. 
 
 The decapitation of Edward II.'s brother, the Earl of Kent, 
 on the i Qth of March, 1330, comes in as a sort of supplemen- 
 tary proof to this assertion of the escape of the king from 
 Berkley Castle. In a letter to the Pope, written by Edward 
 III., and to be found in Thomas Rymer, the king accuses his 
 uncle of " wishing to disturb the peace of the kingdom by pro- 
 claiming that my father, who had been dead three years, at 
 whose obsequies he himself had been present, was still alive." 
 Who more likely than his own brother to know of the escape 
 of the exiled monarch ? If this letter from the Genoese be 
 correct, what a revolution it makes in our preconceived belief 
 in English history ; and it is somewhat pleasant to have an 
 excuse for disbelieving the awful story of the red-hot iron, 
 which every one believes to have pierced the second Edward's 
 vitals, and thus to have one more stain wiped off the pages 
 of our annals. 
 
 It is, however, unsatisfactory to have to believe that his 
 tomb at Gloucester is apocryphal, and that the bones of our 
 unfortunate monarch lie mouldering amongst those of some 
 old Italian monks cast together in some long-forgotten 
 charnel-house. 
 
 Let us now pass on to facts better ascertained than this, 
 which are of greater interest to the English student of his 
 native poet, Chaucer, and which lead us to believe that in 
 addition to our lessons in commercial enterprise, it was in 
 Liguria that our earliest poet, the morning star of our litera- 
 ture, learnt one of his sublimest stories under the tutelage of 
 Petrarch, and in the land where Dante loved to roam. 
 
 In 1347, Edward III. hired Genoese galleys for his wars, 
 and in 1372 the king appointed Pietro di Campofregoso, 
 brother of the doge, as commander of the Genoese vessels in
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 145 
 
 his service, with Sir James Pronan, an Englishman, as his 
 lieutenant. A mission was sent three years later to settle, 
 as some say, about a port for their factory in England, or as 
 others say, to negotiate for a further supply of galleys. Be 
 this as it may, Sir James Pronan, accompanied by Giovanni 
 De'Mari, a Genoese, and Godfrey Chaucer, were despatched 
 to Genoa in 1375. Thus far we can satisfactorily trace our 
 poet to Liguria ; whether Petrarch was there at the time or 
 
 PORTOFINO PROMONTORY, FROM THE PRISON OF FRANCIS I. IN CERVARA MONASTERY: 
 
 not we cannot say. Certain it is that he stayed more at 
 Genoa in his later years than anywhere else in Italy, and 
 certain it is that his old friend Guido Scettem, his college 
 friend, his friend in France, and the friend to whom he ad- 
 dressed many of his letters, was at this time reposing in the 
 monastery of Cervara, which he had built as a resting-place 
 after years of toil in his diocese of Genoa. 
 
 Exceeding fair even now in its ruin is that monastery of 
 Cervara, amidst the olive-clad hills of the promontory of 
 Portofino, with the tomb of its founder still resting in its 
 
 L
 
 146 GENOA; HOW THE 'REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 graveyard, and with its reminiscences of the fallen French 
 king Francis I., who, after the battle of Pavia, passed two nights 
 here, in a little room which is still shown, overshadowed by a 
 palm-tree and commanding heavenly views over rock and 
 cliff, pine-trees and olives, washed by the blue waters of the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 This was the spot where Petrarch passed his days when on 
 a visit to Genoa ; here it was that he would discuss with the 
 old archbishop the troubles of Genoa and of Italy, how to heal 
 them, and how to bring about that peace in men's minds 
 which reigned in theirs ; and what more likely than that here 
 Chaucer, on his mission to Genoa, learnt from Petrarch's lips 
 the story of the patient Grisaldis. 
 
 For it is scarcely probable, judging from the politics of the 
 day, that a friendly embassy from England to Genoa would 
 proceed to Padua, then in close union with Venice and at war 
 with Genoa. And since we have proof of his being at Genoa, 
 and proof that during these years Petrarch was often at 
 Genoa on visits to his friend, and there is none that either of 
 them were at Padua, in fact presumptive evidence to the con- 
 trary, one can only suppose that he spoke figuratively of his 
 clerk of Oxenford, who 
 
 " Lerned at Padowe of a worthy clerk, 
 Francis Petrarch," 
 
 Cant. T. v. 79. 
 
 the story of Grisaldis, mentioning Padua as a place where 
 learned Italians were likely to be met, whereas busy com- 
 mercial Genoa would hardly be the place for his learned clerk, 
 
 who would 
 
 " Lever have at his beddes head 
 A twenty bokes, clothed with black or red, 
 Of Aristotle, and his philosophic, 
 Than robes riche, or fidel, or sautrie." 
 
 Cant. T. v. 296. 
 
 whilst Padua, the leading Italian university of the day, would
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 147 
 
 offer every attraction to the representative of the English 
 Oxford. 
 
 This indeed was a wonderful storehouse for Chaucer to 
 have opened for him, and over the future of the English 
 language this journey to Genoa had an unlimited influence. 
 Petrarch and Boccacio much esteemed this story of the 
 patient Grisaldis. They considered it as one of their gems in 
 literature ; and the fact of Petrarch's having imparted it to 
 Chaucer when on this visit, shows how friendly must have 
 been the reception given by him to the English poet. In 
 fact, Petrarch seems to have had a special like for Englishmen, 
 and to have met many of them at the papal court of Avignon. 
 Amongst others, he twice met there the peace-loving Richard 
 de Burgh, once in 1331, when he came to treat about the 
 question of Queen Isabella, and in 1333, when he was sent to 
 settle some disturbances between England and France, 1 and 
 with him as with Guido Scettem, Petrarch discussed his topic 
 of peace in an age when they knew no peace. 
 
 On returning to his native land, Chaucer delayed not to put 
 pen to paper, and gave to the world perhaps the most pathetic 
 and the best known of his Canterbury tales. 
 
 Around the rocky promontories of the Ligurian coast 
 numerous are the spots where poets of various ages have 
 found a suitable haven for their vivid thoughts, and one con- 
 genial for the flight of their imaginations. About seventy 
 years before Chaucer visited Genoa, Dante likewise came 
 on an embassy to the Republic from his native Florence, and 
 during the long period of his exile he passed much time near 
 the ruins of Luna, at Sarzana, with his friends the Malaspina. 
 His acquaintance with this rocky coast is aptly thus ex- 
 emplified 
 
 'Twixt Lerici and Turbia, the most desert, 
 
 The most secluded pathway, is a stair 
 
 Easy and open, if compared with that. 
 
 DANTE, Purg. Cant. iii. 
 
 1 " Libraria Visconti " at Pavia.
 
 148 GENOA; HOW THE 'REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Whilst amidst the same scenes, centuries later, Byron penned 
 his " Corsair " upon the blood-red rocks of Porto Venere, and 
 Shelley wrote near Lerici, inspired by the gentle rippling of 
 the Mediterranean waves, in whose subtle embrace he breathed 
 his last. 
 
 Before referring to the part played by the Genoese at the 
 battle of Crecy, we must take a glance at those well-trained 
 troops of archers for which mediaeval Genoa was so justly 
 celebrated. No greater protection had Genoa, both at home 
 and abroad, than these regiments of archers. They were cele- 
 brated in the Crusades, they were celebrated in the Black 
 Sea, in France, and in Spain, in short, in every spot where the 
 large Ligurian merchant ships traded each with its attendant 
 troop of bowmen, sometimes fifty strong, to defend them 
 against marauders. 
 
 Every year, in January, the doge and council would 
 appoint two trusty men well skilled in archery to search 
 throughout the dominions for youths who would swell the 
 number. Four times a year in some of the principal towns 
 in Liguria, prizes of silver cups were awarded to success- 
 ful amateurs, and from amongst the competitors at these 
 meetings, the best shots were chosen ; and it was a much 
 envied post to occupy, for the pay the archers received was 
 exceedingly high, not only at home, but also in the service 
 of foreign monarchs, who hired them to fight their battles. 
 Fifty of these archers, kept at the Republic's cost, formed a 
 body-guard for the doge, and each castle and fort throughout 
 the long coast line of Liguria had a regiment of archers 
 quartered therein, varying in numbers as circumstances 
 required. 
 
 \Vhcn the Milanese laid siege to Como, in 1116, they set 
 the example of hiring these archers ; and this fact gave a great 
 impetus to the pursuit of archery in Genoa, for, in 1118, after 
 the Pisan war, they were thoroughly organized into a regular 
 body, under their own especial consul, and the archer con-
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 149 
 
 tingent became at once Genoa's stronghold, and the dread of 
 her enemies. 
 
 When, in 1346, the Grimaldi and their comrades were driven 
 from Genoa, 1 and were hard pressed by their fellow country- 
 men in Monaco, they passed, as a matter of course, into the 
 service of Philip of Valois in his wars. Antonio D'Oria and 
 Carlo Grimaldi had the title of admirals, and did great service 
 in the wars between the houses of Blois and Montfort, in Brit- 
 tany, and to their expertness was due the capture of Nantes 
 and Hennebon ; hence when Edward III. of England invaded 
 France, Philip eagerly sought the assistance of these able 
 exiles of Genoa to aid him in his struggle, and glad enough 
 were the nobles of Monaco to enlist in the service of a 
 monarch who fought against the ally of their mercantile 
 fellow-countrymen. 
 
 On the eventful day of Crecy no less than fifteen thousand 
 Genoese archers are said to have fought under the banner of 
 the lilies. They came up, so runs the story, wet and tired 
 after a heavy march through rain and mud, yet Philip, yield- 
 ing to the jealousy of the French and his own impetuosity, 
 ordered them at once to proceed to action ; in vain did they 
 represent that they were worn out by a six-league march, and 
 that their bows were spoilt by exposure to the rain ; in vain 
 did they ask to be allowed to postpone their attack until the 
 morrow. The Due d'Alengon reviled them as mercenaries, 
 who fought only for pay ; and thus, stung by reproach, they 
 hesitated no longer to make a gallant attack ; but their efforts 
 were in vain, their war-cry availed them little against the 
 English archers, who were fresh and met them with well strung 
 bows ; at last, pushed on by advancing French, and confronted 
 by advancing English, the unfortunate Genoese were cut to 
 pieces and beaten back. But it was in vain to retreat ; Philip, 
 with unnatural cruelty, ordered his own troops to fall upon 
 the "canaille Genoise" as he termed them, and in the very 
 
 1 Vide ch. ix.
 
 150 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 face of their advancing foes, the French set to work with right 
 good will to execute their inhuman orders. 
 
 Thus came about the rout of Crecy, and thus the almost 
 entire annihilation of this troop of archers. Those who 
 escaped were few, but sufficient to excite indignation in the 
 breasts of all Genoese, whether nobles or of the popular 
 faction, and no more Ligurians were found to support Philip in 
 his wars; on the contrary, the bond of union between England 
 and Genoa was thereby more firmly cemented. Large com- 
 mercial immunities were given to the D'Oria, Spinola, and 
 Fieschi in England, and a sort of perpetual alliance was 
 brought about through their instrumentality between the 
 Republic and the English king. 
 
 During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries large loans 
 were from time to time negotiated by the kings of England 
 from Genoese capitalists, and in return Ligurian merchants 
 obtained the right of importing wool free of charge, and not 
 unfrcquently the Genoese were employed to furnish letters of 
 change payable in Rome to acquit the annates of the English 
 bishops with greater ease ; and in London a Genoese consul 
 was in perpetual residence to superintend the interests of their 
 British society of merchants, and in those days most of the 
 English export was done on Genoese bottoms. 
 
 A curious tale is told by the Genoese annalist Giustiniani, 
 which, if true, does not reflect much credit on our maritime 
 skill in 1416. In those days some Genoese ships were fight- 
 ing in the Channel in behalf of France against Henry V. 
 One of these, under command of Lorenzo Foglietta, got 
 detached from the rest, when it was suddenly fallen upon by 
 seven heavy English ships, commanded by the Duke of War- 
 wick and manned by fifteen hundred men. In the ensuing 
 encounter the Genoese, according to their annalist, behaved 
 most bravely ; and when, by means of a pontoon, some Eng- 
 lish with their standard managed to board the Genoese galley, 
 a sailor cut the bridge with a knife, so that many English
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 151 
 
 with their standard, were captured and many others drowned. 
 Staggered by such valour, the other ships kept aloof, and 
 the Genoese galley effected its escape, with the prisoners and 
 standard to boot. 
 
 However this may be, certain it is that in 142 1 Henry V. 
 formed a peace and league with Genoa, and the commercial 
 intercourse between the two countries continued with un- 
 diminished vigour throughout the succeeding reigns, and little 
 is said of Ligurian fleets in northern waters fighting against 
 the British flag. 
 
 A branch of the family of the " rob neighbours," as some 
 assert is the derivation of Pallavicini, had been settled in 
 Genoa since 1353, when John Visconti sent Guglielmo, the 
 marquis, from his home on the banks of the Po, to act as his 
 vice-regent in Genoa. To this family of Pallavicini many 
 noble sons were born, who distinguished themselves in war 
 and in council, but above all in the mercantile line ; conse- 
 quently their riches increased and multiplied, and even to this 
 day the Marquis Pallavicini is one of Genoa's richest and best 
 known nobles, with his palace and pleasure-grounds at Pegli, 
 where every branch of fantastic landscape gardening has been 
 brought to assist the natural beauties of the spot, from surprise 
 shower-baths to mock cemeteries, amidst lakes, grottoes, and 
 Grecian temples. 
 
 Horatio Pallavicini was born in Genoa to this rich branch 
 of the Lombard family; his uncle was Cardinal Pallavicini, 
 famed as the historian of the Council of Trent. Young 
 Horatio, however, developed a taste for travel, and lived in 
 the Low Countries for some time, but eventually crossed over 
 to England with letters of recommendation to Queen Mary, 
 who forthwith made him the collector of the papal taxes in 
 England. On the accession of Elizabeth, Pallavicini found 
 himself with a large sum of money in his hands, and every 
 opportunity afforded him for pocketing the same ; being a 
 thrifty Genoese, he lost no time in doing so, and made himself
 
 152 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 so agreeable to our maiden queen that she quite overlooked 
 his theft, naturalized him in 1586, knighted him the following 
 year, and borrowed large sums of this stolen money at different 
 intervals and at a high rate of interest. 
 
 Thus flourished Horatio Pallavicini when transplanted into 
 English soil ; he built himself a fine Italian mansion, with its 
 <( lggi a " an d courtyard, and he owned Baberham, near Cam- 
 bridge, where he generally lived. An epitaph written in dog- 
 gerel verse, presumably for his grave, and found in an old 
 manuscript by Sir John Crew, sums up his life thus crudely 
 
 <l Here lies Horatio Palavazene, 
 Who robb'd the pope to lend the queene. 
 He was a thief : a thief ! thou lyest, 
 For whie ? he robb'd but Antichrist. 
 
 Him Death wyth besome swept from Babram (Baberham) 
 Into the bosome of oulde Abraham ; 
 But then came Hercules with his club, 
 And struck him down to Beelzebub." 
 
 However, Sir Horatio acquired a reputation in other 
 matters than in pilfering a pope, for he commanded an English 
 ship against the Spanish armada, and gained for himself great 
 renown thereby, and a portrait, amongst the other heroes of 
 that occasion, in the borders of the tapestry of the House of 
 Lords. Twice did Sir Horatio marry, and the second time 
 to the daughter of a Dutch merchant, who presented him with 
 three children. 
 
 This lady, on the demise of her husband in 1600, waited but 
 a year and a day before she consoled herself by marrying Sir 
 Oliver Cromwell, grandfather of the " Protector." So pleasing 
 \vas this union to the three young Pallavicini, that they forth- 
 with fell in love with and married three young Cromwells, 
 children of their stepfather, 1 and hence the great Oliver had 
 no less than two Genoese uncles and one Genoese aunt. Per- 
 haps this may in a measure account for the protector's love 
 for the Ligurian Republic. The result of this kindred spirit 
 
 1 Noble's " House of Cromwell."
 
 THE GENOESE IN CYPRUS AND IN ENGLAND. 153 
 
 was that he saw fit to do so much honour to the Genoese am- 
 bassador, that a remonstrance from the representative of Spain 
 was drawn forth. " Do you not perceive," replied Cromwell, 
 " that England and Genoa are both republics ? hence they 
 wish to do themselves mutual honour, being as they both are 
 under the protection of St. George." 
 
 With the decline of Genoa's commerce her intercourse 
 with England becomes less marked, and but little of moment 
 occurred between the two countries until Napoleon's days, 
 when Genoa was at her last gasp. 1 
 
 1 Vide ch. xviii.
 
 154 GENOA; HOW THE 'REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 
 
 IN order better to realize the importance of the long struggle 
 between Venice and Genoa, let us for a moment place our- 
 selves under the guidance of Francis Petrarch, who lived 
 during the very heat of the contest, and in his peacemaking 
 capacity wrote long letters to the doges of both Republics, 
 showing the lively interest that he, from his retreat at Avig- 
 non, felt in the welfare of each. But alas ! whilst he occupied 
 the position of unbiassed and respected arbitrator, his sage 
 prophecies about the ill effects of civil war fell, like the 
 warnings of Cassandra, on unheeding ears. In vain he shook 
 his laurelled head, and echoed presages of woes to come on 
 Italy ; yet these gloomy forebodings provide posterity with 
 the keynote of Italian politics of the day. 
 
 " Do ye wish," he wrote to the doge of Venice, " that this 
 most flourishing Republic which is entrusted to your charge, 
 and all the fair fields of Italy between the Alps and the 
 Apennines, should become the prey of foreign wolves, whom 
 nature has beneficently separated from you by the Alpine 
 ridges and the sea ? Do ye wish that the shepherds of the 
 Italian fold should turn upon each other ? The foreign wolves 
 arc rabid with hunger. Do not persuade yourselves that if 
 Italy be lost Venice will be safe, for she is but a part of it, 
 and it is the nature of the part to follow the whole." 
 
 To Genoa he writes even in fuller terms ; he chides her
 
 GENOA 'AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 155 
 
 for her internal quarrels, he chides her for her hostility to 
 Venice instead of directing her strength against the common 
 enemy, the Turk, reminding her of her former and present 
 greatness, and threateningly adds, " Rome could not be con- 
 quered except by Rome herself. The fate which befell that 
 mighty republic of antiquity will be yours also if you do not 
 apply yourselves to uniting the minds of your citizens, espe- 
 cially now whilst the breath of fortune smiles upon you." 
 
 Thus were the "two great lights of Italy," as Petrarch 
 terms them, rushing eagerly to war, regardless of Turk or 
 Saracen who approached their colonies, regardless of the 
 foreign monarchs who smiled to behold their discord. At 
 the outset of the struggle Genoa, perhaps, was the strongest ; 
 she had the largest internal resources, and the greatest ability 
 for action. But Genoa was rotten at the core ; her nobles 
 and her people were the most factious in Italy, and hence, 
 when at peace she had no respite from war. Venice, on the 
 contrary, was constitutional stability itself, and in this lay the 
 secret of her success, and this finally gave her the upper hand 
 over turbulent Genoa. 
 
 But, as Petrarch foresaw, this was all gained at the risk of 
 Italian freedom. Italy, and then Venice, fell a prey to the 
 hungry ultramontane wolves, and, as centuries went on, all the 
 poet's worst forebodings were realized to the letter. This 
 struggle between the sister republics tended perhaps more 
 than any other circumstance in mediaeval history to alter the 
 aspect of European affairs. It made Italy the battle-field of 
 nations. It was a long weary struggle which lasted over 
 three centuries ; in modern times it might have lasted only as 
 many months. But the results were the same, only the thread 
 of events was thus rendered more complex and difficult to 
 follow. 
 
 The first actual encounter between Venice and Genoa 
 which we can honour with the name of war took place in 
 1206. Their sailors had had frequent collisions before this, in
 
 156 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Palestine, in the Black Sea, and elsewhere, and the seeds of 
 rivalry, as between Genoa and Pisa, took their origin in the 
 very outset of their commercial career. 
 
 This " affair of Candia," as it is termed, arose out of the 
 complications incident on the fourth Crusade, in which 
 Venice, to suit her own ends, directed the forces of Christen- 
 dom against Constantinople, instead of the Turk. Out of 
 this Venice gained for herself a fourth part of the Eastern 
 Empire, and old Dandolo, her doge, has received much praise 
 for not placing on his own head the imperial diadem, for 
 recognizing that his republic had not inherent strength enough 
 to maintain him there, and for accepting, in lieu of an empire, 
 large maritime possessions better suited to promote the com- 
 mercial interests of his people. Amongst these was the island 
 of Crete, over which at this time a certain Arrigo Pescatore, 
 Count of Malta, held a sort of doubtful lordship. 
 
 The Count of Malta was of Genoese origin, and lost no 
 time in repairing to the Ligurian Republic to demand assist- 
 ance, which was readily granted him ; and then for the first 
 time Genoa and Venice found themselves at open war. 
 
 Affairs went badly for Venice at the outset. Her general, 
 Rainieri Dandolo, fell into Genoese hands and was hanged. 
 Crete was conquered ; and had it not been for the contest with 
 Pisa, at that time raging, Genoa might easily have established 
 herself in this advantageous station for eastern commerce. 
 But as it was, affairs occupied her attention nearer home, and 
 in 1 2 12 Crete fell again into Venetian possession without a 
 blow. 
 
 The hollowness of the peace patched up in 1218 beween 
 the rivals is attested by the frequency with which it had to be 
 renewed during the next forty years; small acts of depredation, 
 such as seizing each other's merchant ships on their way from 
 the East, kept the flame alive. It is curious to see such 
 intense jealousy existing between two such small republics. 
 No question of confines could arise, for they were both hedged
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 157 
 
 in by nature within the smallest limits, the one by precipitous 
 mountains which left them but a meagre unfertile coast-line, 
 the other was but a mass of houses rising out of the waves. 
 They solely fought through envy, they fought for the empire 
 of the seas and exclusive privileges of commerce ; they 
 rivalled each other in the advance of industry, development 
 of manufacture, and ship-building ; they rivalled each other in 
 the field of travels and discovery, and were then ready to fight 
 to the death, regardless of everything save satisfying their 
 respective jealousies. 
 
 When Genoa was driven from Acre, and by her coup de 
 main got the upper hand in Constantinople, and, by the treaty 
 of Ninfeo in I26I, 1 found herself installed in much that Venice 
 had previously enjoyed, the occasions were provided for a 
 second war. And this contest illustrates admirably the 
 inherent defect in the Ligurian Republic, namely, her want of 
 unity within herself which stood in the way of her establishing 
 an indisputable superiority over her rival. And this contest 
 likewise prominently displays the weakness of Venice, which 
 prevented her from taking proper advantage of the factions in 
 which her rival was plunged. 
 
 To maintain her newly acquired influence in the East, 
 Genoa sent forth a fleet under the joint command of Pierino 
 Grimaldi, a noble, and Perchelto Mallone, the people's repre- 
 sentative. They encountered the Venetian squadron at 
 Malvasia which was greatly inferior to their own. But as 
 the combatants were just warming to their work, Mallone, 
 actuated by party spirit, withdrew his ships and sailed away. 
 
 The Venetians could scarcely believe what they saw ; they 
 anticipated some deep laid stratagem, and withdrew for a 
 while from the contest. When however they beheld Mallone's 
 galleys fairly under sail, they wonderingly attacked Grimaldi 
 and his thirteen ships and obtained an easy victory. Grimaldi 
 fell at his post. " He died," says an annalist, 2 in a few ex- 
 1 Vide ch. vi. 2 Scriba.
 
 158 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 pressive words, " but he will live for ever, as far as the glory of 
 the Republic is concerned." 
 
 This fatal day of Malvasia might easily have secured 
 Venice her lost place in the Black Sea had she been able to 
 follow up her victory, but with inexplicable want of vigour 
 she remained inactive. She had not helped Pisa three years 
 before, 1 and now she let slip the opportunity of checking 
 Genoa's power in the East. 
 
 Meanwhile in Genoa all was blank dismay and confusion. 
 It was in vain that they passed sentence of death on the 
 delinquent when the deed was done. The only course by 
 which the nobles saw they could get unanimity of action was 
 by condescending to elect a popular admiral over the fleet. 
 Accordingly, from amongst the people they chose one 
 Simone Grille, and his election was heralded with delight by 
 the populace ; he was carried in triumph through the streets, 
 and the trembling nobles feared a general tmeute was at 
 hand. Grille, however, relieved their minds by appearing 
 unarmed in the Council Hall and protesting his loyalty. On 
 this he was permitted to join the fleet, and sailed out of the 
 harbour amidst the hearty cheers of all parties. 
 
 With unanimity to secure his success, Grillo hastened at 
 once into the Adriatic and waylaid a rich squadron of 
 merchant ships, on its way to Venice from Egypt, off Durazzo, 
 in Albania. After a short but severe conflict the whole of 
 this immense wealth fell into his hands, and thereby the loss 
 of Malvasia was more than repaired, and Genoa's interests in 
 the East were again firmly secured. Simone Grillo returned 
 home with his booty, and modestly resigned the command 
 of the armament which had been entrusted to him. 
 
 It surprises us immensely to find how for the next thirty 
 years Genoa was able to keep up a desultory warfare with 
 Venice, when she was at the height of her struggle with Pisa ; 
 and it surprises us still more that Venice raised not a hand to 
 
 1 Vide ch. iii.
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 159 
 
 assist Pisa, though she was on most friendly terms with her, 
 and when by so doing she could have ruined Genoa. But 
 so it was ; this opportunity was allowed to escape, and the 
 penalty for such short-sighted policy was a single-handed 
 contest with Genoa for many a good year. 
 
 It was in this same desultory warfare with Venice that 
 Oberto D'Oria, the victor of Meloria, 1 earned for himself a 
 reputation as a rising admiral, and added another to the 
 list of D'Orian heroes, almost invariably invincible by sea. 
 We see him throughout his active career scouring the 
 Mediterranean from East to West ; from Canea in Crete he 
 brought the bells which he hung in his family church of S. 
 Matteo ; at another time he pounced upon a merchant fleet 
 bound for Venice, and retired quietly to Messina to divide the 
 spoil. 
 
 Under the very eyes of Venice, Genoa at this time carried 
 on a brisk traffic in the Adriatic. Three times a year Bari, in 
 Apulia, was the busy scene of one of these great international 
 fairs, and numerous accounts are extant of Ligurian merchants 
 and their transactions at this mart Going northward from 
 Bari, the Genoese were on most intimate terms with the Re- 
 public of Ancona, and several treaties between Genoa and 
 Ancona point to a sort of mutual protection and defence 
 against Venice. 
 
 After the fall of Pisa at Meloria, in 1296, Genoa could 
 transfer her attention with all the greater vigour to her contest 
 against Venice. Four years after this victory men's minds 
 were again bent on war. Venice cared not to pay a tax to 
 her rival on all ships which went to Caffa, Genoa resented the 
 treatment she had received in Cyprus, and thus the rivals pre- 
 pared for another and more determined contest for supremacy. 
 
 As usual, during a cessation of foreign wars, Genoa busied 
 herself with her internal factions ; but it was fortunate for her 
 that she had at this time two influential men within her walls, 
 
 1 Vide ch. iii.
 
 160 GENOA; 110 IV THE -REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 who used their power to quell the disorders. Oberto D'Oria, 
 the victor of Meloria was one, and a monk. James of Vara- 
 gine, who was afterwards beatified for his virtues, was the 
 other ; the latter preached peace and good-will amongst men, 
 whilst the former used the forcible argument of expediency, 
 and together they contrived to pacify the city. 
 
 An armament was voted by the council, and Oberto D'Oria 
 was elected admiral. In his official capacity he took up his 
 pen and addressed to the Venetians a singular epistle, which 
 gives us an insight into the convenient arrangements they had 
 for carrying on mediaeval warfare. He therein chided them 
 for their continuous assaults on Genoese property; he repre- 
 sented to them that the Genoese would stand it no longer, 
 and stated that on this account they had prepared an arma- 
 ment. He then proceeded to propose that for the convenience 
 of both parties their respective squadrons should proceed to 
 the coast of Sicily, and there decide the dispute by force of 
 arms. 
 
 Having despatched this challenge, D'Oria proceeded with 
 his ships to Sicily, but waited in vain for the arrival of an 
 enemy. Venice was unprepared for war, and wisely deferred 
 a contest until a more favourable opportunity presented itself. 
 Oberto D'Oria was thus forced to return home, and soon after- 
 wards died ; and on the loss of his influence, Genoa again 
 returned to her factions with redoubled energy. 
 
 At length Venice saw her opportunity for striking a blow 
 at her adversary. A fleet was sent to operate in the Black 
 Sea, fire was set to the houses of Galata, irreparable damage 
 was done to Caffa, and in the Archipelago everything Genoese 
 was burnt, and then off they sailed for Cyprus, whilst the 
 Genoese were squabbling amongst themselves. With much 
 trouble the many rulers of Genoa succeeded at length in 
 adjusting their difference, and a goodly array of seventy-six 
 galleys was entrusted to the care of Lamba D'Oria to punish 
 the Venetians for their depredations. " Go," said the captain
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 161 
 
 of the people, " go, brave man ; thy country entrusts you 
 with her forces, hasten to curb the pride of our enemies, and 
 show yourself a worthy successor of the D'Oria." 
 
 Much larger was the force Venice produced for the contest, 
 and when the combatants met off Curzola, amongst the Dal- 
 matian islands, the Genoese were anxious to come to terms, 
 and sought them, but the Venetians haughtily refused. In 
 the arrangement of his forces amongst the islands, Lamba 
 D'Oria showed much tact, and on the eve of the contest, Sep- 
 tember 8th, 1 298, addressed his men in 'thrilling terms, remind- 
 ing them of the burning hearths in Galata and Caff a, and of 
 their recent victory at Meloria. 
 
 At the outset of the battle ten of the Genoese vanguard 
 were cut off by the enemy in breaking their way through to 
 join the rest of their forces, and they sustained a heavy loss. 
 Amongst others fell a fine young man, the son of Lamba 
 D'Oria. Petrarch tells us of the touching scene when the 
 admiral stooped down to see whether life was extinct ; he 
 uttered not a word of lament, but, taking up his dead son in 
 his arms and folding him to his breast, he exclaimed, " If thou 
 hadst died in the bosom of thy country thou couldst not have 
 had a more splendid burial than this ! " and clad in armour as 
 he was and still warm, Lamba D'Oria cast his son from the 
 ship's turrets into the waves. 
 
 This battle of Curzola was a sharp and vehement struggle, 
 and resulted in terrible loss to the Venetians, four of whose 
 galleys alone escaped to tell the tale to their terrified country- 
 men, who beheld from afar how events had gone. Had 
 Lamba D'Oria but driven the contest home, Venice was ill- 
 prepared to meet him ; as it was, he determined to sail off to 
 Genoa, taking with him the Venetian admiral, blind old 
 Andrea Dandolo. Chained to the mast of his own vessel, 
 and unable to sustain the effects of his humiliation, there, as 
 he stood, Dandolo dashed his head against the mast and died. 
 
 Great were the rejoicings of Genoa on their admiral's 
 
 M
 
 1 62 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 return, and Lamba D'Oria's praises were widely sung. A 
 grateful senate gave him a house in the Piazza S. Matteo, and 
 he died in 1323, a much honoured citizen. On the church of 
 S. Matteo a long Latin inscription is still to be read, on the 
 
 FAADE OF S. MATTEO. 
 
 black and white marble facade, testifying to the service he 
 had rendered his country ; and his remains were placed in an 
 old Roman sarcophagus, likewise still to be seen fixed upon 
 
 the same facade.
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 163 
 
 The natural result of such a victory was a most favourable 
 peace for Genoa, signed under the direction of Matteo Vis- 
 conti, lord of Milan, in 1299; and thus the century closed on 
 Genoa as without doubt the most powerful state in Italy, 
 and unquestionably the mistress of the. Mediterranean ; Pisa 
 was no longer a maritime power, and Venice was for the 
 moment at her feet. What a glorious future might have been 
 in store for the Ligurian Republic ; but again, to quote the 
 words of Petrarch, " Civil conflagrations are the death of 
 nations, and you Genoese are an example of it." The truth 
 of this assertion required but two more centuries to verify. 
 
 The next outbreak of war between the two Republics had 
 its origin in the occupation of the island of Chios, in I349, 1 
 which both parties considered essential to the development of 
 commerce in the Black Sea. Angry messages and useless 
 demands, which neither felt it consistent with their dignity to 
 accept, passed between them. Venice could not forget that she 
 had once held Chios, Genoa could not help taking every oppor- 
 tunity to use her position for molesting her rival. Thus con- 
 stant acts of hostility were the upshot. For instance, in 1350, 
 Philip D'Oria, in command of a few galleys, left the port of 
 Chios and proceeded to the Venetian stronghold of Negropont, 
 which he put to the sword, and carrying back with him the 
 keys of the town hung them on the walls of Chios by way of 
 trophy. 
 
 Venice could ill brook such insults as these, and set to 
 work to get up an alliance against Genoa, which for a moment 
 appeared overwhelming. Cantacuzene, the Greek emperor, 
 did not love the Genoese in Pera ; he felt probably like France 
 did when England held Calais, and eagerly accepted the 
 opportunity afforded him for picking a quarrel with Genoa. 
 
 But Cantacuzene had a wife Anne, a daughter of the house 
 of Savoy, a house at that time on terms of close intimacy 
 with Genoa, and she hoped by Genoese assistance to place 
 
 1 Vide ch. vi.
 
 1 64 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 her son on the imperial throne in his father's stead ; hence the 
 want of union in the Greek court made them but poor allies 
 for Venice. 
 
 But not so was their other ally, Peter, king of Aragon, 
 who agreed to keep a fleet of at least eighteen galleys winter 
 and summer to assist Venice ; and eager as he was to establish 
 his rule in Corsica and Sardinia, he did not break his promise, 
 and came bravely forwards. 
 
 Niccolo Pisano was the Venetian admiral entrusted with 
 carrying on the war, and Pagano D'Oria was the admiral of 
 the Genoese fleet. In spite of D'Oria's endeavours to prevent 
 the allies from joining, he was unsuccessful, and found himself 
 confronted by thirty Venetian and thirty Aragonese galleys 
 on his arrival at the mouth of the Bosphorus. 
 
 Without delay, however, he determined to fight, knowing 
 well the dangers of the spot, and feeling convinced that the 
 Spaniards at least were ignorant of the sunken rocks and 
 pitfalls which surrounded them. Of all mediaeval sea-fights, 
 none equalled in intensity of horror this engagement, which 
 was named after the Bosphorus. Shortly after the com- 
 mencement a fearful storm arose, and the sea dashed the 
 conflicting vessels against one another, and against the hidden 
 rocks in frightful confusion. Neither party could retreat, and 
 through the livelong night they fought with the nearest 
 enemy they could find, by the next wave to be dashed with 
 destructive violence against a friendly galley, then both would 
 sink in the waves. In such dire confusion as this the Spaniards, 
 through entire ignorance of the place, and perhaps less skilful 
 sailors than the maritime republicans, were nearly all lost, 
 and dawn broke on a scene of the wildest possible horror. 
 The sea, now a little calmer, was one seething mass of corpses 
 and wreckage, whilst cries of despair from drowning and 
 wounded rent the clear morning air. 
 
 Taking the opportunity of the return of day, the Venetians 
 extricated themselves from this scene of confusion, and sailed
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 165 
 
 away to the neighbouring port of Terapia, leaving the Genoese 
 on the field to count the number of their slain. To Genoa 
 has been attributed the victory by all contemporary writers, 
 but it was a sorry one. Most of the flower of her nobility was 
 left in the Bosphorus, and the return home of her battered 
 squadron was attended with far more mourning than joy. 
 
 For the time, however, the results were satisfactory for 
 the Ligurian interests in the East. Cantacuzene, making a 
 virtue of necessity, wrote on his submission, " It is necessary 
 to humble myself before the lords of the sea." And again 
 the Black Sea commerce was secure. 
 
 From Petrarch's letter to Genoa after this contest, we can 
 realize how deeply he was moved by the disastrous effects of 
 this battle on both his beloved Republics. He spoke as 
 follows : " The Mediterranean worships your standard, the 
 ocean fears it, and the Bosphorus is still tinged with your 
 blood. Who can without shuddering read and listen to the 
 details of your success in this last battle, in which three power- 
 ful nations fought ? Who can describe all the horrors of that 
 fearful day, the whistling of the winds, the clash of ropes and 
 iron, the shock of vessel meeting vessel, the blasting of 
 trumpets, and the hissing of flying arrows, the groans and 
 yells of the dying ? Who can paint in words that night which 
 followed the day, a night like that which Virgil described in 
 the burning streets of Troy ? No centuries gone by furnish us 
 examples of so obstinate and bloody a conflict." 
 
 Through the force of party spirit, Pagano D'Oria was 
 removed from command on his return home. Men said, and 
 perhaps with reason, that he had been ruthlessly wasteful of 
 life in hazarding an engagement with a storm impending in 
 so dangerous a locality. But the appointment of Antonio 
 Grimaldi in his stead only brought disasters on the Genoese 
 arms. 
 
 Alghero, in Sardinia, was besieged by the Aragonese, and 
 Venetians ; Grimaldi was despatched to relieve it, but he was
 
 1 66 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 piteously and hopelessly repulsed. He fled to Genoa with 
 nineteen galleys, but through the influence of his party he 
 escaped the punishment he so justly merited ; and to the 
 same influence he owes a handsome Gothic tomb erected 
 to his memory, which still adorns the cathedral walls. 
 
 ANTONIO GRIMALDI S TOMB. 
 
 After this repulse a hopeless state of confusion reigned in 
 Genoa. Unable herself to curb the factious spirit within 
 her walls, she cast away her fair liberty, and entrusted her 
 government to the hands of the lord of Milan, a folly for
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 167 
 
 which she had cause to repent too late, when a peace was 
 brought about by Milanese intervention, and she had breathing 
 time given her to realize the ill effects of the steps she had 
 taken. 
 
 Venice meanwhile, elated by the victory of Alghero, 
 heeded not the cooling words of peace breathed into her 
 assemblies by Petrarch. He was civilly answered by the 
 doge, and addressed as " Man of high virtue and constancy, 
 to whom God has given the faculty of wisdom, and of speak- 
 ing choice words." But this was the only heed they paid to 
 them, and they quickly manned a fresh fleet under Niccol6 
 Pisano to carry on their victory. 
 
 Genoa had the wisdom on this contingency to heal her 
 quarrels once more, and re-elect Pagano D'Oria to the com- 
 mand. And these heroes of the Bosphorus once more met 
 for a trial of strength off the island of Sapienza, near the 
 Morea, and a signal victory was gained by the Genoese, which 
 wiped off all former stains, and made the name of Pagano 
 D'Oria honoured amongst men. This worthy admiral was 
 presented with a house, still standing amongst the other 
 mansions of this family in the Piazza S. Matteo, and his name 
 and honours are still written up on that stone volume, the 
 fagade of the D'Oria's church. 
 
 On the 29th of September, 1355, a peace was ratified with 
 Venice, by which the Queen of the Adriatic agreed to pay 
 down a handsome sum of money, promised to abandon her 
 Black Sea commerce, and a mutual exchange of prisoners took 
 place. Thus again was Genoa undisputed mistress of the 
 seas, and a few years later we shall see her within an ace of 
 grasping the very lagunes on which her rival was built. Such 
 was the greatness won for her by brave men and true. 
 Such was the greatness won for her by her inexhaustible 
 wealth. She won Cyprus, 1 and thereby kings were her 
 prisoners. Yet with the same hand she presented her own 
 
 1 Vide ch. vii.
 
 1 68 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL, 
 
 freedom to Germany, to Milan, to Monferrato, and to France ; 
 and each time, when she had cast off her self-imposed yoke, 
 she returned to her petty jealousies and quarrels, only to fall 
 into another yoke even harder than the first. 
 
 Let us glance for a moment at the respective positions of 
 the two rival Republics before we see them once more, and for 
 the last time, openly and independently contesting for the 
 mastery of the Mediterranean. Both, after a ^long course of 
 commercial success, had reached an enormous pitch of 
 wealth and prosperity. In addition to her hundred miles 
 of lagunes, and coast line along the Adriatic, well studded 
 with islands and cities, Venice was mistress of many other 
 provinces on the coast of Dalmatia, Friuli, and Istria. She 
 ruled in Crete and Negropont, she had extensive concessions 
 in Constantinople and Cyprus. In Egypt she held a position 
 of the greatest importance to her commerce with the Indies. 
 The Black Sea was her one Naboth's vineyard, and the tribute 
 she had to pay to the Genoese for the use of the harbour of 
 Caffa went sorely against her grain ; for Venice had a colony 
 on the Don, to reach which she had to pass by Caffa, and this 
 was a constant source of annoyance to the proud merchants 
 of Venice. In the Adriatic and ^gean seas Venice held 
 numerous islands, and here Chios was her eyesore, all chance 
 for the recovery of which was lost on the day of Sapienza. 
 
 Genoa, on the other hand, besides her narrow coast line of 
 a hundred and sixty miles, held Corsica and many important 
 posts in Sardinia. There were her Black Sea colonies, her 
 town of Famagosta in Cyprus, and numerous settlements 
 along the northern coast of Africa. Thus, externally, Venice 
 and Genoa were fairly matched ; internally the difference of 
 power lay in their constitutions a difference which in the 
 long run told in favour of Venice, and left her rival struggling 
 on in inglorious confusion. 
 
 Thus matters stood in 1370, and but a small spark was 
 wanted to ignite the trains of discord which lay across their
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 169 
 
 paths at every turn ; and of these the first which was destined 
 to explode and light the whole was ignited by the wretched 
 emperor of Constantinople, with whom the two Republics 
 played many a ruthless game and then squabbled over the 
 results. 
 
 Tenedos was in those days an object of cupidity to both the 
 Republics. Except for the sacrifice of Iphigenia, Tenedos was a 
 place of small importance ; yet though sterile, and harbourless, 
 it was an island much sought after as commanding an en- 
 trance to the Hellespont, and hence each Republic tried to 
 manoeuvre for its possession either by fair means or foul. The 
 following are their respective claims to it, over which they 
 fought their last fierce battles, and shed the blood of Italy's 
 bravest sons. 
 
 The emperor, John Paleologus, had two sons, of whom he 
 preferred the youngest, and destined that he should succeed 
 him in the empire. Andronicus, the elder brother, considered 
 this sufficient grounds for a revolt, which however proved un- 
 successful, and the enraged father ordered his son's eyes to be 
 put out. This, however, was done so clumsily that a Genoese 
 physician succeeded in healing him as he lay in prison, and at 
 the same time infused into his mind pleasant dreams of 
 revenge, to be gained with the aid of the Ligurian Republic, 
 who for their reward asked no more than the possession of 
 the island of Tenedos. 
 
 Thus it happened ere long that Andronicus, with aid from 
 Genoa, succeeded in supplanting his father, and consigned 
 him to the same prison where he himself had been languishing. 
 John Paleologus, however, in his youth had made love to, and 
 won the affections of a certain woman called Petronilla, who 
 tenderly watched over him in his dungeon, and sought for 
 a means for his escape. There chanced to be a young Vene- 
 tian adventurer in Constantinople at that time, Carlo Zeno by 
 name, and to him Petronilla went and begged him to invent 
 a plan for the emperor's release. Zeno repaired to the prison
 
 170 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 with all sorts of appliances for escape, but at the last moment 
 the emperor's heart failed him : he cried like a child, and 
 Zeno left him in disgust. Repenting, however, of his folly, the 
 old emperor again, through the medium of Petronilla, im- 
 plored Zeno's aid ; and to excite the Venetian's interest in 
 his own behalf, he drew up a document, by which he bound 
 himself to deliver up Tenedos to Venice. 
 
 This correspondence, however, was discovered, the em- 
 peror's guard was increased, and Zeno with difficulty escaped 
 to Venice with his valuable document, which, when placed 
 before the senate for discussion, was decided sufficient grounds 
 to go upon, if ever the Genoese were to be kept in check, if 
 ever Venice was to humble her rival. 
 
 Thus out of the weakness and petty quarrels in the East 
 sprang this relentless war. The Genoese felt they could 
 never sleep safely in their houses at Pera and Caffa with the 
 Venetians at Tenedos, and the Venetians felt that they might 
 never again get so favourable an opportunity for striking a 
 blow at their rival. 
 
 The opening scenes of this war were unfavourable for 
 Genoa. Vettor Pisano, the Venetian admiral, attacked the 
 Ligurians in their own waters, taking captive to Venice a 
 merchant squadron, under command of one Luigi Fieschi, by 
 which he got a good haul of booty. Moreover, the Visconti of 
 Milan joined Venice against Genoa, and caused many of the 
 towns along the Riviera to revolt, including Albenga and Noli. 
 And the free company, known as the " Company of the Star," 
 under Bernabo Visconti, made a raid up to the very walls of 
 Genoa, sacking Sampierd'arena, and would not retire until 
 he had had a large sum of money laid down. 
 
 At length the Ligurian fleet, as usual under the command 
 of a D'Oria, put in an appearance in the Adriatic. Luciano 
 D'Oria took up his position at the port of Pola, and by a 
 stratagem concealed the number of his fleet, and by this 
 means surprised and captured a Venetian squadron on its
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 171 
 
 way from Sicily, laden with grain, and accompanied by a 
 strong escort. This was a most signal victory, and opened a 
 direct way to Venice. But in the heat of the contest D'Oria 
 was struck down. In order not to dishearten the troops, his 
 death was concealed by dressing up another man in his 
 armour ; but on the discovery great was the general lamenta- 
 tion, for Luciano D'Oria was indeed a worthy scion of his 
 house a worthy successor of Oberto, Lamba, and Pagano. 
 His qualities as a commander were equalled by his generosity. 
 On one occasion, when money fell short for payment of his 
 troops, Luciano distributed every coin he possessed in his 
 private purse amongst his men. And when a poor oarsman 
 complained that he had received nothing, D'Oria took off the 
 golden buckle from his coat and presented it to him. Amidst 
 the general rejoicings," the Genoese felt deeply the loss of 
 this worthy man ; his heirs were provided with handsome 
 allowances out of the public treasury, and all honour was 
 done to his name. 
 
 Fresh galleys were forthwith placed under the command 
 of Pietro, another of the noble D'Oria family ; and before 
 the eyes of all Genoa, and after the benediction of the arch- 
 bishop, the fleet sailed from the harbour, and a great cry was 
 raised from roof to roof, and from window to window, and 
 each alley and each street re-echoed it with enthusiasm, " to 
 Venice ! to Venice ! " 
 
 On arriving in the Adriatic, Pietro D'Oria joined the fleet 
 already there, and prepared for his attack on Venice. These 
 were pitiful days for the Queen of the Adriatic, the days of 
 her greatest peril and humiliation. The Lord of Padua 
 joined the Genoese ; the King of Hungary sent troops, as did 
 also the Marquis of Friuli, and all seemed lost to her both by 
 sea and land. Everywhere within the city was misery and 
 dismay. Through the narrow streets processions of all the 
 Venetian priesthood wended their weird way by night and day, 
 who undertook, as their part of the defence, the prayers of the
 
 172 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 faithful, for which the faithful had now but little spare time, 
 as they worked night and day with their fortifications and 
 their chains across the harbour. 
 
 To possess himself of Chioggia, which was twenty-five 
 miles distant from Venice, was D'Oria's first plan. It was the 
 key of the capital, commanded the entrance to the harbour, 
 and cut off any assistance which might come from Lombardy. 
 Chioggia was very strong in itself, defended by bastions on all 
 sides; its weak point lay in being built on two sides of a river, 
 which was spanned by a large wooden bridge. It was the 
 first care of the defenders to block up the mouth of this river. 
 
 After a few days of gallant defence, and a few days of 
 gallant attack by sea and land, the defenders of Chioggia 
 were reduced to the last extremity. The entrance to the 
 river was broken open, and the bridge, which for some time 
 was a stumbling-block to the besiegers, was destroyed with all 
 the soldiers upon it by the bravery of a Genoese sailor, who 
 took a boat laden with tar and wool and other combustible 
 materials, and set fire to it, escaping by means of swimming. 
 The defenders having thus perished in the flames, and 
 Chioggia being taken, the triumph of the Genoese was at 
 its height. 
 
 It now seemed as if Pietro D'Oria had but the word of 
 command to give, and Venice would have met with the same 
 fate as Pisa had but a century before. But with this the fortune 
 of the Ligurians began to wane. One small cannon of leather, 
 with a wooden car, brought from Chioggia as a trophy to 
 Genoa, is all that exists to-day to testify to their victory ; and 
 but few travellers of the nineteenth century to these rival 
 towns would ever dream that Venice, with all her inex- 
 haustible proofs of wealth and power, had, in the year 1379, 
 been almost at the mercy of that town on the opposite coast, 
 whose treasures in the way of mediaeval art and greatness, 
 only call for a side glance as the traveller hurries on his road 
 to Venice.
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 173 
 
 Let us picture to ourselves the horror in Venice at the 
 news of the fall of Chioggia. The great bell of St. Mark 
 rang out a dull funereal peal both night and day. Scared 
 faces, and trembling senators in eager converse, filled the 
 Piazza of St. Mark, then glowing in all the magnificence and 
 brilliancy of its first brightness. They decided upon taking 
 Luigi Fieschi out of prison, and five other influential Genoese, 
 and sending them as a deputation to the victorious D'Oria 
 at Chioggia. 
 
 It was a mournful message, and it was worded with 
 all the humiliation of fallen fortune. It appealed to the 
 generosity of Genoa and concluded thus : " We Venetians, 
 constrained by your prosperity and our adversity, demand 
 peace from you on whatever conditions you may deem just ; 
 we will unhesitatingly restore all Genoese prisoners ; and 
 here is a blank sheet of paper We implore you to write 
 thereon our fate as mercifully as your heart and your 
 humanity can dictate." With these words Piero Giustiniani, 
 the spokesman of the embassy, stood silently, but firmly, 
 awaiting his country's doom. 
 
 In haughty, insolent words Pietro D'Oria trampled thus on 
 his fallen foe : " We do not wish to deny you the peace you 
 crave, but we cannot entertain thoughts of it until those 
 horses of yours are bridled which stand on your Piazza, of 
 St. Mark. Take back to their prisons my fellow citizens, 
 whom you have brought with you to release, and before long 
 I shall come in person to deliver them." 
 
 Thus did Pietro D'Oria, with this reply, dash away for ever 
 the chance of even a favourable peace. He roused to the 
 utmost the indignation and the courage of Venice. Every 
 effort at defence was put forward ; every sinew, every nerve 
 was strained. New nobles were elected from amongst the 
 rich tradesmen. A patent of nobility could be bought by an 
 aspiring baker or a fishmonger, provided his purse was long 
 enough to contribute to the public defence.
 
 1/4 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Vettor Pisani, who since the defeat at Pola had languished 
 in prison, was brought out by unanimous consent, and before 
 an assembled multitude he quietly and modestly accepted the 
 position of saviour of his country. A great shout went up of 
 " Viva Vettor Pisani." He quietly rebuked them and said, " Cry 
 rather, Viva la Republica, Viva San Marco ! May God make 
 the Venetian Republic everlasting." And all that could be 
 was effected to make secure the harbour and the canals. 
 
 The one saving point for Venice lay in the arrival of a few 
 ships from Constantinople, which our old friend Carlo Zeno 
 had under his command, endeavouring to make a diversion in 
 the favour of the Venetians at the Eastern capital. Pending 
 the return of this fleet, the Venetians made an attack on 
 Chioggia. And an additional gleam of hope raised the spirits 
 of Pisani's men in the disaffection of the King of Hungary 
 from the Genoese cause ; and gradually, as if by the magic 
 hand of a fickle fortune, Pietro D'Oria found himself and 
 his troops besieged in Chioggia, instead of going on his way 
 to Venice as he had himself prophesied. 
 
 But the Genoese position was still too strong, and Pisani 
 found it hopeless to attempt to dislodge them ; his troops 
 became restless : they wished to return to Venice, though they 
 had sworn never to go back thither except as conquerors. 
 
 It was in this moment of dire distress that the ultimate 
 resort was vaguely whispered from the Venetian Council Hall 
 to the Piazza. A solemn decree was passed, " that if within four 
 days the succour from Carlo Zeno did not arrive, the fleet 
 should be recalled from Chioggia, and then a general council 
 should be held as to whether their country could be saved, or if 
 another more secure might not be found elsewhere," 
 
 Then did the law-givers of Venice determine that on 
 the fifth clay the lagunes should be abandoned, and that they 
 should proceed en masse to Crete or Negropont to form for 
 themselves a fresh nucleus of power on a foreign soil. It is 
 indeed hard to realize that the fate of Venice, associated with
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 175 
 
 all that is Italian, the offspring of the hardy few who raised the 
 city from the very waves, once hung in such a balance. But so 
 it was, when towards the evening of the fourth day sails were 
 descried on the horizon, and Carlo Zeno arrived to save his 
 country from so great a sacrifice. 
 
 Meanwhile, at Chioggia the Genoese were day by day 
 becoming more careless ; they felt their position so strong, they 
 talked merrily of fixing the day when they should bivouac on 
 the Piazza, of St. Mark. Little did they dream of the net of 
 misfortune into which they were being drawn so fast 
 
 Besides reinforcements by sea, assistance by land flocked in 
 towards Venice. Barnabo Visconti, and his company of the Star, 
 a roving company of Germans, and the celebrated Breton 
 band under Sir John Hawkwood, the Englishman, all hurried 
 to assist the fallen banner of St. Mark. 
 
 Pietro D'Oria did all he could to maintain discipline amongst 
 his troops ; but when he fell one day in an engagement, 
 through being struck by a Venetian arrow, a general de- 
 moralization set in, and their only thought was how to save 
 themselves and abandon Chioggia. On the death of Pietro 
 D'Oria, Napoleone Grimaldi assumed command of the panic- 
 stricken Genoese at Chioggia. He endeavoured to keep up 
 their drooping spirits, and sent a message to sue for peace at 
 Venice, which was repudiated as Pietro D'Oria had rejected 
 theirs but a few weeks before ; and as a few weeks before 
 the Venetians had looked for succour to Carlo Zeno, so 
 now did the Genoese look for the arrival of assistance from 
 home, which at length came under Matteo Maruffo, but the 
 Venetians were too strong to allow of his forming a coalition 
 with Grimaldi. On the i8th of Febuary, 1380, the Venetians 
 made another gallant attack. Both sides fought with des- 
 peration, the Genoese for life, their rivals for their country 
 and their country's fame. Fearful slaughter occurred amongst 
 the Genoese, and they were obliged to retire within the walls ; 
 and thus were they cut off from all communications with
 
 i ;6 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 home, from all hope of safety, surrounded as they were, by 
 sea and land, by hostile troops. And here, in this isolated town 
 on the Adriatic, were the soldiers from whom the haughty 
 Venice but a few months before craved for peace, now in 
 their turn obliged to humble themselves before their rivals. 
 
 A deputation under Tazio Cibo was sent to Venice to seek 
 for a safe passage home; but the Venetians replied that it was 
 an immutable decree of the senate that they should all be im- 
 prisoned ; and so, driven to extremities, on the 22nd of June in 
 that year, four thousand Genoese were taken to the public 
 prisons in Venice to swell the number of those whose liberty 
 they had refused so short a time before. Then again did the 
 Piazza S. Marco behold another striking scene, this time one 
 of exulting triumph, for amidst a wild display of flags, feux-de 
 joie, and rejoicing, stood the four thousand Genoese, stripped 
 naked to the very skin, and heavily laden with chains, to be 
 exposed to the taunts of their victors before being cast into 
 prison. Thus all was lost for Genoa. Her resources were 
 exhausted by the effort she had made, and the flower of her 
 army was now languishing in Venetian dungeons. 
 
 Carlo Zeno and Vettor Pisani drove every trace of the 
 Ligurians from the Adriatic, and before the year was out all 
 that was left to testify to Genoa's successes and Venice's dis- 
 grace was what can be seen by the curious of to-day in Genoa, 
 namely, two stone lions of St. Mark, which came from Pola, and 
 arc still stuck up on their walls, one of them down near the 
 harbour on the sailors' church of S. Marco, and the other in 
 the heart of the city, let into the walls of the Giustiniani 
 palace. These two stone lions, with their wings and their 
 open Bibles, are now but a satire on all around them ; it was 
 once considered right to restore them to the city of the La- 
 guncs ; but they still remain to testify to the bitter jealousies 
 of mediaeval Italy. 
 
 Since both parties were tired of war, and weakened with 
 these extreme efforts, it was no difficult matter to establish a
 
 GENOA AND HER VENETIAN RIVAL. 177 
 
 peace. Amadeo VI. of Savoy, ancestor of the present master 
 of both, superintended this peace. Tenedos was to be dis- 
 mantled, and allowed to return to its desolation and its remin- 
 iscences of the unfortunate Iphigenia ; and here all open war 
 was at an end. The veil is drawn over this rivalry, and here 
 the prophecy of Petrarch was soon verified. The hungry 
 wolves from across the Alps were soon heard to howl around 
 Italian homesteads. 
 
 Genoa fell a prey to French intrigues, and Venice found 
 enough to do to contend with the house of Hapsburg. But more 
 especially, the fall of their joint power in the East tended to 
 extinguish this rivalry, when the Turks deprived them both of 
 the objects for which they had fought. 
 
 A curious proof of the lurking spirit of distrust which existed 
 between Venice and Genoa as late as 1623 is thus brought out ; 
 when it was agreed that a Ligurian force should be sent to 
 assist the Venetians in war. However, when it was rumoured 
 that Venice still held to her pretensions of pre-eminence at sea 
 the Genoese annulled their decree, and the promised succour 
 was never sent. 
 
 In 1866, however, when Venice was united to Italy, Genoa, 
 as a token of her welcome to the Queen of the Adriatic, 
 and as a pledge of affection, sent busts of the two admirals, 
 Vettor Pisani and Pietro D'Oria ; and, in return, Venice sent 
 back portraits of Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus, done 
 in Salviati's mosaic glass, and which now adorn the hall where 
 the Genoese town council meets.
 
 1 78 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 GENOA AT HOME TILL THE DAYS OF ANDREA D'pRIA. 
 
 THE century and a half of Genoese story which we are about 
 rapidly to traverse, is one long and melancholy tissue of in- 
 ternal and external troubles, coming faster and faster upon 
 one another as the inherent vitality of the Republic grew 
 weaker. Prominently before our notice stands out the mono- 
 poly of the dogeship during this period by four families, the 
 Adorni, Fregosi, Guarci, and Montaldi, who thence acquired 
 the name of the "Cappellazzi" families. Of these, the first two 
 gradually became all dominant, and though they produced 
 many high-spirited and beneficent rulers, the general tendency, 
 nevertheless, was one of oppression. 
 
 In the second place, during this period we have a con- 
 stant and unhealthy craving for foreign masters, be they 
 Marquises of Monferrato, Dukes of Milan, or the more 
 formidable subverters of freedom, the kings of France. And 
 thirdly, we are brought face to face with some brilliant spirits 
 who sprang up from the lower ranks of life, and who made 
 brave struggles to free their country from the yoke of slavery, 
 and whose end was generally the scaffold. 
 
 The old nobility, the Fieschi, D'Oria, and Grimaldi, had 
 likewise their own line of policy during this period. Finding 
 themselves unable to rule at home, and jealous of men they 
 considered their inferiors, they gradually learnt that their 
 policy was to further the claims of foreign taskmasters ; and
 
 GENOA AT HOME. 179 
 
 the court of France was always well supplied with these noble 
 malcontents ; and this unpatriotic game played by them 
 eventually blossomed forth in the hands of Andrea D'Oria, and 
 ushered in a new era for the Republic. These are the chief 
 characteristics of this period, and the whole may be summed 
 up as a path of decadence, which conducts us through scenes 
 of poverty, pestilence, and war : from the brilliant fields of 
 Genoa's mediseval career, from the days of Meloria, Chioggia, 
 and the Black Sea supremacy, to the time when the so-called 
 freedom established by Andrea and his successors was another 
 word for Austro-Spanish despotism, to the time when France 
 and Germany fought hard for the dry bones of Genoa ; and 
 Andrea D'Oria, by throwing in his lot with the latter, sealed 
 the fate of his country and drove her commerce from her shores. 
 The dogeships of Antoniotto Adorno, for he occupied the 
 ducal chair no less than four times, give us a good idea 
 of what occurred in Genoa during the earlier part of this 
 period. Though elected as a popular representative, he acted 
 throughout unscrupulously for his own ends. He tried to 
 make himself arbitrator in the papal schism ; he tried to 
 induce Urban VI. to take up his residence in Genoa ; and 
 through his dealings with this demon-like successor of St. 
 Peter, he made his country the scene of the massacre of the 
 six cardinals. 1 So great was the disgust against Adorno for 
 this act, that he found it necessary to use excess of cruelty to 
 maintain his position, and, as a diversion, to arrange an expe- 
 dition against Tunis. But all this was of no avail : hated and 
 threatened on all sides, in 1390 Adorno secretly left Genoa, 
 but only to return again and to be re-elected doge when an 
 opportunity offered itself. 
 
 In 1396, however, Adorno, finding himself unable to 
 tyrannize as he wished, decided on handing over the govern- 
 ment to Charles VI. of France. In this he was ably backed 
 up by many members of the old nobility, as the signatures to 
 
 1 Vide ch. ii.
 
 i8o GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 the treaty testify. The king was to be entitled " Defender of 
 the Commune and People," and was to respect in every way 
 the existing order of things. So on the 2/th of November in 
 that year the great bell in the tower of the ducal palace was 
 rung, the French standard was raised by the side of the 
 red cross of Genoa, and in the great council hall, where her 
 rulers had sat for centuries, now sat enthroned the French 
 ambassadors, whilst Antoniotto Adorno handed over to them 
 the sceptre and keys of the city. These symbols of govern- 
 ment were graciously restored to him, with the admonition 
 that he should no longer be styled "doge," but "governor" 
 in the name of France. Thus did Adorno sell his country for 
 the love of power, preferring to be the head of many slaves, 
 rather than to live as a subordinate in a free community. 
 
 The first two governors sent by France after Adorno's 
 death, were unable to cope with the seething mass of cor- 
 ruption they found within the city walls, until the Marshal 
 Boucicault was sent, whose name was far famed for cruelty 
 in Spain against the Moors, in Bulgaria against the Turks, 
 and in France against the rebels. The Genoese had once 
 done him a good turn when a prisoner in Turkey : they had 
 effected his release ; and in return he had helped them 
 against the Turks ; so there was a sort of bond of union 
 established between them, which Boucicault turned to his own 
 advantage for establishing a system of tyranny to which his 
 predecessors had not aspired. 
 
 lie ordered at once two popular leaders to the scaffold, 
 one of whom, Dei Franchi, managed to escape by rushing into 
 the crowd, almost as his neck was on the block; the other, a 
 member of the popular Boccanegra family, was not so fortunate ; 
 he had a violent struggle with the headsman, but was put to 
 death and under these auspices did Boucicault inaugurate his 
 government. To keep the people quiet he drafted off crowds 
 of them to foreign wars in the East. Cyprus was conquered 
 by him, and at home he built extensive fortifications, which
 
 GENOA AT HOME. 181 
 
 drained the Genoese resources and wellnigh ruined the credit 
 of the Bank of St. George. Furthermore, he attempted to make 
 the Genoese follow the fortunes of the French candidate in 
 the papal schism, a policy which the Republic highly resented. 
 Benedict XIII. was invited by him to Genoa, grand fetes were 
 ordained, and the city was compelled to do honour to the 
 French favourite. In short, everything that was galling to a 
 naturally free people was imposed upon them. 
 
 An undercurrent of discontent was not long in manifest- 
 ing itself, and the Marquis of Monferrato was invited to 
 supersede the hated Marshal. Dei Franchi, the man who had 
 so lately escaped from the jaws of death, was the chief mover 
 in this arrangement, and the Marquis entered Genoa in 1409, 
 whilst Boucicault was at Milan exacting homage in his 
 master's name from the lords of that city. Great was his 
 wrath when he heard how affairs were in Genoa ; but it was 
 futile : he was obliged to return to France, where the war 
 with England was then raging. He fought at Agincourt, and 
 was there taken prisoner, and ended his days in captivity in 
 London. His name is handed down by the Genoese as the 
 most hateful of her many tyrants. 
 
 It was but for a brief period that the Genoese submitted 
 to the Marquis of Monferrato; they preferred to return to their 
 doges and internal quarrels. The old nobles on the one side 
 were opposed to the Adorni and Fregosi, backed up by those 
 who wished for a thoroughly popular government on the 
 other. Thus did a severe contest rage within the city walls, 
 and the battle-field was in the narrow streets and piazzas, 
 and in the very houses themselves, which were joined together 
 across the streets by wooden bridges, and throughout the city 
 nothing was heard but the din of arms. Brother fought 
 against brother, father against son, and for the whole of an 
 unusually chill December, in 1414, there was not a bypath 
 in Genoa which was not paved with lances, battle-axes, and 
 dead bodies.
 
 i82 GENOA ; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 In vain did men implore for a truce, in vain did the 
 artizans assemble and elect eight from amongst themselves to 
 attempt to pacify men's minds. The mad fury of faction 
 raged above all restraint. The priesthood attempted by pro- 
 cessions and carrying relics between the combatants to still 
 their wrath ; they \vould wait reverentially, with hats off, whilst 
 the Host passed by, and then set to work to fight again with 
 redoubled fury. Matrons and young children crowded the 
 churches, and cried for peace and pity. A three days' fast 
 was ordained, and prayer, but alas ! this brought no peace. 
 The fires of burning houses, and the gleam of swords lit 
 up the cold night air. And not till men were worn out 
 and prostrate by contest could anything be done towards 
 peace through the whole of that gloomy December. 
 
 Out of this fiery trial Genoa at length emerged with 
 Tommaso Campofregoso as her doge, one of the few bright 
 lights which illumined Liguria during the early part of this 
 century. This new doge was received with unmitigated 
 delight by all parties ; he was feted, he was caressed, and he 
 showed himself right worthy of the confidence placed in him. 
 Out of his own private means he gave sixty thousand golden 
 ducats towards ameliorating the condition of affairs ; and he 
 extended the city walls so that a circuit of six miles was now 
 enclosed. One of the most important public works he 
 executed was the increasing and clearing out of the dockyard 
 (d'arsena), which had been originally constructed out of the 
 proceeds of the booty taken from the Pisans in 1283 ; the 
 entrance of which had become blocked up, and the depth was 
 not sufficient for the larger vessels. Eight hundred men were 
 employed in this every day until completed. A quaint old 
 picture, to be seen still in the "Palazzo del municipio" illustrates 
 this work one which was of lasting good for Genoa and 
 now the old red battlements and turrets of her d'arsena form 
 a conspicuous object along the coast-line of the harbour. 
 
 To raise money for all these w r orks, the doge was con-
 
 GENOA AT HOME. 
 
 strained to sell Leghorn to the Florentines. It was unques- 
 tionably a great loss to Genoa and her commercial interests, 
 and it was vehemently opposed in the senate by one Luca 
 Pinelli, but the doge thought it was necessary, and the people 
 agreed with him. To remove the dissentient voice from 
 amongst them, masked men were sent in the dead of night 
 to Pinelli's palace ; he was dragged from his bed, and crucified 
 in the Piazza dei Banchi. When men rose next morning they 
 found his dead body hanging to the cross, with these words 
 written beneath " Because he has uttered words which men 
 may not utter." In this way did the rulers of Genoa remove 
 from their path all opposition. 
 
 The Genoese arms during this time of quiescence again 
 shone forth with something of their ancient brilliancy. Corsica 
 was subdued, and a substantial league was formed with Henry 
 V. of England, which was signed at Westminster on October 
 2Oth, 1421, by which perpetual friendship and peace by land 
 and sea was sworn. Short, however, was the period during 
 which Genoa could rest contented at home. Campofregoso 
 was driven from the dogeship, and Filippo Maria, Visconti of 
 Milan, was appointed protector of the Republic, and through 
 this allegiance the Genoese were drawn into an unprofitable 
 war for the succession in Naples, in which the Duke of Milan 
 and the Pope supported the claims of Queen Joanna and her 
 adopted son, Louis of Anjou, against Alphonso of Aragon. 
 
 A goodly fleet left the harbour of Genoa under the banner 
 of St. George ; but it was no longer a D'Oria who was admiral, 
 it was no longer to Venice, Pisa, and the East, that her course 
 was directed ; and the minds of the men were uneasy and dis- 
 satisfied at the change. Perceiving this, the Milanese admiral, 
 Torello, lowered the standard of St. George and sent it to 
 Milan. Great was the disgust of the Ligurians at this, and 
 numerous were the attempts to free themselves from their 
 self-imposed yoke ; but without avail, for in 1435 we find the 
 Genoese again arming a strong fleet in the service of the
 
 1 84 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Duke of Milan, and again busying themselves in opposing the 
 advances of Alphonso of Aragon. 
 
 Gaeta was undergoing a vigorous siege at the hands of the 
 Spanish claimant, and the Angcvins therein were reduced to 
 the last extremities, when the Genoese fleet appeared in the 
 horizon, under the command of Biagio Assereto, a lawyer by 
 profession, but, like all his fellow-countrymen, well versed in 
 the affairs of the sea. Alphonso in person commanded the 
 hostile fleet, accompanied by his three brothers, and numerous 
 Spanish grandees ; moreover, he had on board a large quantity 
 of gold, silver, and valuables, coming, as he thought, to certain 
 victory, and to establish himself in possession of the crown of 
 Naples. Remonstrances against Genoese interference were of 
 no avail. Alphonso was obliged to fight ; and with a long 
 harangue Assereto addressed his men, as a D'Oria would 
 have clone, infusing valour into their hearts, and reminding 
 them that this was not the first time they had fought against 
 kings, and been victorious. 
 
 On the 4th of August, 1455, the two fleets came into action 
 near the island of Ponza. Alphonso himself was in the heart 
 of the contest, and much bravery was displayed on either side ; 
 but eventually Ligurian skill proved more than a match for the 
 Spaniards, and the proud king of Aragon was constrained to 
 deliver himself as a prisoner to the Republic. He begged to 
 be allowed to deliver up his sword to one of the Giustiniani, 
 a noble from Chios, who chanced to be in the contest, as the 
 most fitting and least humiliating process, and the request 
 was granted. 
 
 Thus clicl the Ligurian Republicans, whilst in the service of 
 the Duke of Milan, get into their hands two kings namely, 
 Alphonso, and his brother the king of Navarre, the heir-ap- 
 parent to the throne of Aragon and many nobles and hoards of 
 wealth. It was indeed a proud day for Genoa; slightly, however, 
 tempered with mortification at having to consult their ducal 
 master as to what should be done with the august prisoners.
 
 GENOA AT HOME. 
 
 185 
 
 And this mortification the Duke of Milan, unwisely for his 
 cause, fostered ; for he was somewhat jealous of the signal suc- 
 cess gained by his subjects ; and with the Machiavellian policy 
 then so much in vogue in Italy, he chose, with all the trump- 
 cards in his hand, to try and dictate what terms he pleased to 
 the other players in the political game. He ordered Alphonso 
 to be conducted to Milan by way of Savona, and treated the 
 captive monarch as a guest. The Genoese, with indignation 
 and chagrin, found the fruits of so much valour and so much 
 blood cast away and unrequited by their lord. 
 
 The city boiled with indignation when the duke ordered 
 them to man galleys at their own expense, and conduct 
 Alphonso home as if he had been on friendly terms with them. 
 Their anger was now thoroughly aroused, and the Milanese 
 governor, Opizzino d'Alzate, fanned it by the grossest cruelty. 
 The duke recallecThim and promised reform. But before the 
 hated Milanese governor could leave the city gates, he was 
 seized by the populace and torn to pieces, his mangled remains 
 being left on the threshold of the church to which he had 
 fled for safety, as a warning to the new governor Trivulzio, 
 who prudently withdrew to the castle, and only saved his life 
 by a timely capitulation. 
 
 So ended the Milanese rule ; for an army sent under the 
 command of Niccol6 Riccinino, the leader of a celebrated free 
 company, could not succeed in reducing Genoa ; and Genoa 
 forthwith returned to her doges, and a rapid succession of 
 Adorni and Fregosi, who kept alive the internal animosity, 
 relieved only by a desultory war with king Alphonso, who 
 now was in possession of Naples ; and during the period of 
 weakness which ensued from these internal and external 
 struggles, she saw the Turk advancing on her colonies in the 
 East without raising a blow in their defence. 
 
 More and more closely was this net of foreign despotism 
 being wound around Liguria, when the attack came from the 
 side of France. As soon as the king of Naples thought that
 
 1 86 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 the hour was come for avenging the defeat of Ponza, he mixed 
 himself in Genoese politics and espoused the cause of the 
 Adorni against theFregosi; and the latter, to prevent exile 
 and loss of their property, saw fit to put the Republic under 
 the protection of Charles VII. of France, on the same stipu- 
 lations and conditions that his father had held the lordship 
 of the city before him. 
 
 At this time there lived in Genoa a wonderfully warlike 
 prelate, the archbishop Paolo Fregoso, who was afterwards 
 raised to the cardinalate. He was, moreover, a pattern bishop 
 of his times far more skilled in handling the sword than 
 the prayer-book, and better versed in martial law than in 
 theology. To serve his own ends he carefully manipulated 
 party feeling, and by joining his family partizans together by 
 aid of his influence in the confessional, he succeeded in driving 
 out the French and in dressing himself in the ducal toga, 
 more suited to his tastes than the cassock. But he possessed 
 the dogeship for a brief time only, and again we have another 
 Milanese Protectorate in the person of Francesco Sforza, the 
 condottiere duke, who ruled the Genoese with more moderation 
 and tact than her other foreign rulers. 
 
 Not so did his son Galeazzo, of whom the Genoese soon 
 acquired a wholesome dread, for a man who in his own country 
 had once cut off a man's hand for jealousy, had starved a 
 priest to death who had prophesied him ill-luck, and at 
 another time had obliged a peasant, who had been convicted 
 of poaching, to eat raw, skin and all, the hare which he had 
 stolen, could hardly be expected to be a lenient ruler of the 
 ever fretful Genoese ; and it does not surprise us that insur- 
 rections against his rule were frequent, and that when Galeazzo 
 S for/a fell by the assassin's hand, the Milanese were soon 
 driven from the walls of Genoa, and again the Adorni and the 
 Fregosi squabbled for the dogeship. 
 
 The cardinal archbishop, Paolo Fregoso, was elected now 
 for a second time to the dogeship. He was indeed a wonderful
 
 GENOA AT HOME. 187 
 
 man, whom one day we find fighting against a fleet of French 
 who threatened the city, killing fifteen of them with his own 
 hand, and another day leading the attack against the Turks at 
 Otranto. He was well versed in all the wiles of a subtle age 
 a restless, unquiet spirit and it was for the peace of the 
 world when he died at Rome, in 1498. 
 
 The dawn of evil days was now fast approaching for 
 restless Italy and factious Genoa. The hungry wolves from 
 across the Alps were now to be let loose in all their wildness 
 on her troubled soil. No hope of unity, no hope of peace was 
 there for centuries to come. Genoa was humbled to the lowest 
 degree. Her colonies had gone, her bank was almost ruined by 
 its attempt to maintain them, and it was without a blow that 
 she succumbed to the successive lordships of two French 
 monarchs, Charles VIII. and Louis XII. 
 
 There is no more melancholy picture than that represented 
 by the Ligurian Republic for the next thirty years. It is the 
 last step in our path of decadence, on which Andrea D'Oria, 
 backed up by his wealth and his ability, erected the fortunes 
 of his family, than which Genoa had never produced a more 
 powerful or a more proud. The Medici had done the same 
 in Florence, and other princely houses had done the same 
 elsewhere, but they maintained their power differently, and 
 under a different name it assumed a different form. Virtually 
 speaking, Andrea D'Oria was as much lord of Genoa, as 
 Cosmo de' Medici was lord of Florence, and so were his suc- 
 cessors ; but they never assumed the name, but chose rather 
 to govern by their influence and their wealth, backed up by 
 foreign assistance, than which there was no more insidious foe 
 to the well-being of the State. 
 
 The meteor-like descent of Charles VIII. into Italy, in 
 1495, had but little effect on Genoa. She was constrained for 
 the time to do his bidding, and never raised a hand to check 
 his rapid advance. She lay there stranded on her own 
 Ligurian shore, the wreck of her former self, so weary of war
 
 1 88 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 that she scarce cared who tyrannized over her. Of the bitter 
 fruits of the French invasion of Italy, Genoa felt but little : the 
 whole seemed to pass over her like a dream ; and perhaps 
 better for her that it did so, for by mingling herself up so little 
 in the contest, she escaped the fate of others who took a more 
 active part. 
 
 One feeble attempt at war was roused in her breast by the 
 piteous appeal of Pisa, whom Charles VIII. had freed from 
 Florence without giving her the means of support. It must 
 have been a melancholy sight to see the embassy of the once 
 proud rival of Genoa seeking aid in their dire extremity from 
 the victors of Meloria. Thus this deputation spoke : " The 
 long tyranny of Florence has deprived us of the words to 
 express our wants ; we are become plebeians whose only 
 object is to cultivate our fields, and to pay our tribute. King 
 Charles has given us our liberty, and told us to find means to 
 preserve it ; but without you we cannot ; it rests with you 
 whether we live or die." 
 
 The hearts of the senators were melted by this appeal. 
 They were strongly moved to witness the depths to which 
 their rival had fallen, and a small armament was sent to her 
 assistance ; but it lacked the vigour of ancient days, and Pisa 
 soon fell back into Florentine hands. 
 
 The clays of Louis XII., and his ambitious claims on Italy, 
 brought further foreign complications for Genoa ; for Louis 
 was not so foolhardy as young Charles VIII. had been : he 
 preferred making a firm basis for his operations in Northern 
 Italy. So Genoa came more under his especial notice, and of 
 his campaigns and visits to Italy, Genoese history affords us 
 much information. On succeeding to the French crown, and 
 on his successful occupation of the duchy of Milan, Genoa 
 found herself compelled to submit herself gracefully to Louis 
 XII. ; she had not the wherewithal to resist him, more 
 especially as the old nobility were all in favour of a French 
 occupation.
 
 GENOA AT HOME. 189 
 
 Thus was it the concluding act of this century, when, on 
 the 26th of October, 1499, Philip von Ravenstein, in the name 
 of Louis XI L, received the oaths of fidelity, and swore to 
 govern Genoa to the honour of his king and in accordance 
 with the statutes of the Republic, even as the former kings of 
 France had done. Gian Luigi Fieschi, for his interest in the 
 cause of France, was invested with the government of the two 
 Riviere, and others of the old nobility received favours 
 according to their deserts. It was indeed a gloomy close of 
 the century for Genoa, and with but little glory to look back 
 upon as compared with the last, and with but little brightness 
 to look forward to for the future. 
 
 In 1502 Louis XII. came down into Italy, and paid a visit 
 to Genoa, where he was received with fitting honours. Every- 
 thing that could contribute to attest to their loyalty was 
 attended to in the streets ; festoons of flowers and tapestries 
 adorned the thoroughfares through which the king should 
 pass. 
 
 A characteristic dispute arose for precedence at the 
 ceremony of reception between the nobles and the people. 
 The former maintained that every noble, as being of more 
 honoured blood, should take precedence of the people ; to 
 which the people responded tKat they had held the state the 
 longest, that the nobles had only been admitted within the 
 walls at a later date, and added, with a spice of sarcasm 
 worthy of a better cause, that if the question were of blood, 
 pigs ought to take precedence of all other animals, as theirs 
 was the most savoury. The French governor, on being 
 referred to, wisely decided on giving the preference to the 
 people, as most averse to the French cause, and hoping to 
 gain their favour thereby. 
 
 During this visit the French monarch was sumptuously 
 entertained at the Fieschi's mansion on Carignano, 1 and tarried 
 eight days in the city, amidst a succession of banquets and 
 
 1 Vide ch. i.
 
 1 9 o GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 festivities. Here he met many of the exiled princes whom 
 Cesare Borgia and his father had driven from their homes. 
 They talked with Louis a good deal about restoration and 
 revenge ; but Alexander VI. was too good a friend to be 
 interfered with, and pleasing conversation around the Fieschi's 
 hospitable board was all the good they gained from 'Louis' 
 visit to Italy. 
 
 Some external influences were brought to bear on the 
 natural dissatisfaction the Genoese were sure to feel after a few 
 years' experience of a foreign government. Julius II., the new 
 pontiff, had his plans for driving the wolves out of Italy ; and 
 though he did not ostensibly promote sedition in Genoa, he 
 lent it many a secret help. The Delia Rovere family, more- 
 over, had great influence on the Riviera, as they hailed from 
 the village of Celle, near Savona, where the father of Sixtus 
 IV. lived, and from whence the future pontiff used to carry 
 into Savona the products of his father's garden, and sell them 
 in the market there. Julius II. was the nephew of this mush- 
 room pontiff, and hence his influence in Genoa and along the 
 Riviera was not a little. 
 
 Added to this anti-Gallic influence, came up the inevi- 
 table question of Savona, which was always a bone of con- 
 tention between French and Genoese. Under the favouring 
 wing of France, Savona grew insolent, and sought to break 
 through the shackles of dependency to Genoa ; and France 
 hoped to humble and impoverish Genoa by setting up Savona 
 as a rival port. 
 
 Again the Pisan question was one on which Genoa and 
 her lord disagreed. It is certainly curious to see the anxiety 
 which Genoa felt to assist her old foe against Florence. 
 But two centuries had elapsed, and Florence was now a more 
 formidable commercial rival. And it is still more curious to 
 see how readily Pisa came and laid herself at Genoa's feet. 
 But so it was. Rather than submit to Florence, Pisa offered 
 to put herself unconditionally under Genoese protection ;
 
 GENOA AT HOME. I9I 
 
 there was even much talk of removing Genoese families to 
 Pisa, and Pisan to Genoa, so as more thoroughly to amalga- 
 mate the two. This was pleasing to the people and senate, 
 but not pleasing to Louis XII., and consequently vehemently 
 opposed by his faithful slave, Gian Luigi Fieschi, and the old 
 nobility. 
 
 Hence, with so many rocks of which to fall foul, the 
 French government could hardly hope long to steer a clear 
 course in restless Genoa. Discontent grew apace. In private 
 and in public angry meetings were held ; the name of noble 
 was again unsavoury to plebeian nostrils ; and the French 
 government daily grew more detested and insupportable. 
 Calamitous indeed was the vial of wrath poured forth on the 
 head of Genoa after the insurrection which ensued and one 
 which for ever broke the last remnants of freedom which 
 lingered in the breasts of the Ligurians. 
 
 For generations the citizens had divided themselves into 
 nobles, merchants, and artizans the two latter always form- 
 ing the popular side and thus did the factions of the 
 " bianchi " and the " neri " form themselves. For long we find 
 in state appointments, such as governors of provinces, etc, an 
 equal distribution of "whites" and "blacks," but after the 
 French occupation the former had gained such a prepon- 
 derance that but few of the latter were honoured with 
 appointments. 
 
 This growing discontent was fostered by the arrogance of 
 the nobles. In their breasts they carried poniards with the 
 motto, "It chastises the people " engraved thereon, and at 
 every available moment they used them with right good 
 earnest. For example, a poor peasant of the Polcevera 
 valley was one day selling mushrooms to a Fieschi ; unable 
 to get them for the price he wished, the noble struck the 
 peasant a blow with his fist, and made his nose bleed. At 
 this the mushroom vendor was naturally not a little enraged, 
 and used stronger language than was befitting. A butcher,
 
 192 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 who chanced to be passing by, took up the cause of the 
 injured man, whereupon the Ficschi and their retainers 
 became mingled in a desperate brawl with all the butchers 
 and bakers who came to hand. 
 
 The French governor took up the question, and did his 
 best to pacify the discontent ; but the root of the evil was 
 there, and it wanted but a few more of such encounters to 
 make it blossom forth into open rebellion. 
 
 As the populace paraded through the streets with shouts 
 of " Liberty ! " and " Long live the people ! " the nobtes would 
 look down from their palace windows, and jeeringly inquire, 
 " Are ye bands of flagellants ? Are ye a pack of religious 
 fanatics ? " But they paid dearly for their jokes, and had 
 soon to flee the city, and in doing so lost not a few of their 
 number. The French governor hastily gave the insurgents 
 all they demanded. But it was too late for concessions ; he 
 likewise had to abandon Genoa to the unbridled will of the 
 populace. 
 
 In accordance with the natural order of things on such 
 occasions, the lowest of the people, the riff-raff of Genoa, 
 \vlio had nothing to lose and everything to gain, now came 
 forward, whilst the respectable merchants held aloof, and 
 repented them of the turn they had given to affairs. The 
 " capetti" as the rebels called themselves, an exact parallel to 
 the " ciompi" of Florence, and the more modern communists, 
 repaired to S. Maria di Castello, and there elected themselves 
 tribunes, and a perfect reign of terror set in. Many of the 
 ships in the harbour belonging to the nobles, and full of rich 
 merchandize, were sunk ; and any wayfarer who chanced to be 
 in Genoa at the time was treated as a French spy, or an agent 
 for the exiled nobles. 
 
 Thus, like a troubled ship in a mighty tempest, without a 
 helm to guide her, the Republic of Genoa was dashed to and 
 fro by the conflicting waves, until finally it was decided to 
 renew the dogeship in the person of Paolo, a dyer, of Novi, a
 
 GENOA AT HOME. 193 
 
 man who throughout these disturbances had given proofs of 
 judgment and ability. 
 
 On the loth of April, 1507, a council was called, and Paolo 
 da Novi swore to govern Genoa according to her constitution, 
 and then ascended the ducal throne, whilst all the people 
 present bowed in homage to him as at once their saviour and 
 their lord. 
 
 Paolo at once set to work to drive the French out of the 
 castle, and to reduce the Riviere to order. His rule was most 
 salutary, for he appeased the disturbances within, whilst at the 
 same time he prepared for active measures without ; namely, 
 to assist Pisa, and to re-establish the fallen name of Genoa 
 along the coasts of the Mediterranean. A right noble man was 
 Paolo da Novi, worthy to be classed amongst Genoa's bravest 
 sons, and in his adversity, as in his prosperity, he showed 
 himself worthy of the confidence reposed in him for adversity 
 was not long in following this transient gleam of prosperity. 
 
 Louis XII., with a mighty army, crossed the Alps ; Gian 
 Luigi Fieschi and the exiled nobility flocked to his standard, 
 and marched on Genoa. The " capetti" craven-hearted sen- 
 sationalists that they were, were filled with terror ; they left 
 Genoa and fled to the mountains. The doge alone, with the 
 tribunes and a few brave spirits, remained to meet the coming 
 storm. Paolo da Novi took every means within his power for 
 the defence of the city : he distributed arms to all : he occupied 
 and defended the deserted palaces of the nobles ; but all in 
 vain. The French carried all before them, and were already 
 in possession of the forts overhanging the city. Men's hearts 
 gave way for very fear, and to prevent the sacking of the 
 town, an embassy was sent to crave for pardon in the most 
 humble words. 
 
 Stefano Giustiniani and Battista di Rapallo were chosen 
 as its mouthpieces, and these men gave up everything that 
 the victorious monarch chose to demand, and on the 28th of 
 April Louis reached the city gates. Unsheathing his sword 
 
 O
 
 194 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 with an ominous frown, he said, " Proud Genoa ! with this I 
 have subdued thee," and with a look that presaged no good 
 for the conquered, he entered the city. Stefano Giustiniani, 
 with a band of followers dressed in mourning, went forth to 
 meet him. They prostrated themselves on the ground and 
 implored the royal clemency for their unfortunate city. With- 
 out deigning to reply to this obsequious embassy, Louis, 
 accompanied by the Fieschi and the nobility in gay attire, 
 went straight to the cathedral to offer up a thanksgiving for 
 the victory; to meet him came a band of six thousand virgins, 
 dressed in white and carrying branches of olive in their hands, - 
 and with their lamentations and moans made the temple re- 
 echo with an agonizing prayer for mercy. 
 
 They say that Louis was much moved by this appeal, but 
 his after conduct shows but little signs of its having made a 
 deep impression upon him. Scaffolds were erected right and 
 left throughout the city, and at every corner was crucified 
 some unfortunate malefactor who was marked as a seditious 
 character. A relative of the obsequious Giustiniani was raised 
 aloft upon a scaffold, in spite of his kinsman's entreaties, and 
 with the agonies of death thus staring him in the face, he 
 denounced many of his accomplices, and received pardon, 
 whilst at the same time he provided materials to satisfy the 
 French monarch's thirst for blood. 
 
 On the i ith of May, in the public piazza, a great dais was 
 raised, in the centre of which was a throne ; there sat Louis 
 XII., surrounded by five cardinals, numerous princes and am- 
 bassadors from Italy and elsewhere ; and there before the 
 assembled multitude the rulers of the people did him homage 
 and craved pardon for their sins. This was graciously ac- 
 corded them, on condition that the rebellious commune paid 
 the expenses of the war ; that on their coins, where the 
 emperor Conrad's head had appeared for centuries, that of the 
 French monarch should be substituted ; that a large force of 
 Swiss and other mercenaries should be received within the
 
 GENOA AT HOME. I 95 
 
 walls as a permanent garrison ; and, as a climax to their 
 humiliation, that a fort should be erected, where now the 
 lighthouse stands, to receive a strong French garrison, and 
 this Louis playfully termed "the Bridle" (la Briglia) with 
 which to keep the Genoese in check. 
 
 This was the pardon Louis granted to Genoa ; for this had 
 Stefano Giustiniani grovelled in the dust, and for this had the 
 comely band of virgins implored his august pity. 
 
 But what of Paolo da Novi during this time, the doge who 
 had fought so well and planned so bravely for his country ? 
 When all hope was lost, he fled from Genoa ; his house was 
 levelled to the ground, and a large sum of money found 
 therein appropriated by the French. He fled to Pisa, on his 
 way to Rome, where Pope Julius II. would doubtless have 
 cordially given him an asylum, but the Corsican captain of 
 the ship which bore him, induced by a bribe, sold him to the 
 French for eight hundred ducats, and he was conducted back 
 to Genoa to await his trial. And a mock trial it was, with every 
 hand against him ; he was sentenced to be beheaded, and his 
 body cut into four quarters, to be posted about the town as a 
 warning to all others who might wish to murmur the word of 
 " liberty." Nobles and people all assisted at the execution in 
 the public piazza. ; not a murmur was heard when he mounted 
 the scaffold with a firm step and addressed a few terse words 
 of vindication before he died ; after which the sentence was 
 carried out on his mutilated remains. 
 
 But the French affairs in Italy did not always proceed 
 thus prosperously, and from the Vatican came echoes of relief 
 from 'this foreign yoke, which encouraged the Fregosi and 
 the popular leaders in Genoa once more to drive out the 
 French. Then followed the brave attack on " the Bridle," in 
 which Andrea D'Oria distinguished himself; 1 and, after the 
 final overthrow of Louis XII.'s cause at the battle of Novara, 
 Ottaviano Fregoso was elected doge of Genoa. 
 
 1 Vide ch. xii.
 
 196 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 This new appointment was a good one, for Ottaviano was 
 a generous, high-spirited man, who inaugurated his dogeship 
 by a course of good legislation for the people. He took the 
 hated fortress of " the Bridle " from the French garrison, and 
 razed it to the ground. His rule was essentially popular, and 
 had he been able to maintain it longer, much of the old spirit 
 might have been revived in Genoa ; but as it was, the Ligurian 
 Republic, crippled in resources, and with an empty exchequer, 
 could not, without foolishly losing all, resist the claims of 
 Francis I. of France, who, on his accession, assumed the name 
 of " Lord of Genoa " amongst his other titles, and his vic- 
 torious troops in Italy soon obliged Genoa to recognize a 
 French master. 
 
 But experience had taught prudence to the French, the 
 result of which was the continuation of Ottaviano Fregoso as 
 governor under the king ; and under Fregoso's temperate rule 
 Genoa spent three peaceful, happy years. The means he 
 employed were popular ; he was no grasping Boucicault, nor 
 tyrannizing Ravenstein, and the French king was rewarded 
 for his choice by an unusual quiescence in his Genoese 
 dependency. 
 
 But a storm was brewing for her in the east of Italy a 
 storm which devastated the city, than which none more 
 terrible had ever burst over Genoa ; and the perpetrators of it 
 were her own citizens. The Adorni and the Fieschi com- 
 bined in hating the supremacy of Fregoso and the French, 
 inasmuch as they were deprived of all share in the govern- 
 ment, and they repaired to the court of Charles V., the 
 emperor, intent on revenge, be the price of it the ruin of their 
 country. 
 
 Charles, ever ready to strike a blow at his rival, lent a 
 willing car to their advice. "If Genoa will not take Genoa 
 no one else can," he exclaimed, and forthwith he put his 
 saying into practice. Pescara, with a large force of Spaniards 
 and Austrians, under the guidance of the unpatriotic lords,
 
 GENOA AT HOME. 197 
 
 was sent to lay siege to Genoa. The governor, Fregoso, in 
 his weakness and alarm, called in vain to France for aid. 
 The enemy was at their gate before any help could arrive ; 
 the enemy was within their walls almost before they had had 
 time to prepare proper defences, and all the horrors of a con- 
 quest were wreaked on the unfortunate inhabitants palaces, 
 churches, men, women, and children, were plundered, robbed, 
 and ravished, a mode of warfare which had hitherto been 
 unknown to Italians. 
 
 Not even the aged archbishop, or noble matrons of spot- 
 less ancestry were secure from their brutal violence ; and 
 foremost among the list of persecutors was Gerolamo Adorno, 
 himself a Genoese. * He headed an onset against the canons 
 of the cathedral as they stood prepared to defend their 
 treasures to the last drop of blood. Ottaviano Fregoso was 
 seized, and, mounted on a mule, was carried through the 
 town, and subjected to all the taunts and opprobrium of 
 the foreign soldiery ; he was conducted as a prisoner outside 
 the walls, then put on board a vessel and taken to Naples, 
 where he died shortly afterwards of poison, and thus perished 
 the last distinguished member of this noble house. His 
 brother Federigo, and a few nobles, sick at heart, and mourn- 
 ing for their country, took sail together with Andrea D'Oria, 
 and entered the service of the French king. 
 
 Other and more important affairs led Charles's army 
 away from Genoa, for at the time the contest with the French 
 king was at its height, and under the dogeship of an Adorno, 
 Genoa dragged on a weary existence for the next few years, 
 crippled, dismantled, and pest-stricken. 
 
 At Madrid, when Francis I. was granted his liberty, after 
 his capture at Pavia, all that was allotted to him in Italy was 
 the county of Asti and the commune of Genoa, over which 
 he might exercise his seignioral rights. So low were the 
 fortunes of Genoa fallen, that her consent to this arrangement 
 was barely asked. With meekness she received a French
 
 198 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 garrison, and thus did the curtain fall over her prosperity. 
 She slept, as it were the sleep of death, to awake again under 
 a new form, and to commence a new era as different as may 
 be from her glorious days of old and the hero of the future 
 was Andrea D'Oria.
 
 ( 199 ) 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 
 
 CORRESPONDING to the advance of the Crescent, and the 
 disasters which fell on the cause of the Cross, was the impetus 
 given to the minds of Venetian and Genoese merchants in 
 discovering fresh commercial paths, and new fields for their 
 enterprise. 
 
 When the Genoese and Venetian met and quarrelled in 
 Cyprus, and when, at Curzola, Genoa conquered her rival in 
 I298, 1 one of the captive Venetians, who lay in a Ligurian 
 dungeon, was destined to arouse within the breasts of his 
 jailors that yearning for discovery and adventure which was 
 consummated by Christopher Columbus when he discovered 
 America. 
 
 This prisoner was Marco Polo, the patriarch of mediaeval 
 travellers, who, whilst in prison in Genoa, compiled his volume 
 of travels, 2 which throws so much light on early voyages in 
 the East. Marco Polo seems to have enjoyed great literary 
 advantages in his prison, for there he met the astrologer 
 Andalo di Negro, the friend of Dante, and one Rasticiano, 
 a Pisan compiler of romances, who had been captured at 
 Meloria. And when to-day we look upon those mosaic 
 glass portraits of Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus in 
 the Council Hall of Genoa, we behold at once the Alpha 
 and Omega of Italian enterprise. 
 
 1 Vide ch. viii. 2 Chronicles of Giacomo D'Acqui.
 
 200 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 When they heard and read how Marco Polo had penetrated 
 into the inmost recesses of China, with the double object of 
 seeking treasures and converting the grand Khan of Tartary, 
 the Genoese merchants were moved to their very souls with 
 dreams of precious stones, shining silks, and aromatic spices. 
 Yet these worthies were wise and prudent in their generation ; 
 they rushed not headlong into danger, but rather preferred 
 that missionaries should go before and pave the way for them. 
 So when Fra Giovanni da Monte Corvino brought back word 
 of the amicable tendency of the Tartars, and when he himself 
 received the archbishopric of Cembalu, or Pekin, from the 
 hands of the Pope, those anxious to amass the goods of this 
 world quickly followed in his train. 
 
 Apart from the stimulus given to Genoese enterprise by 
 Marco Polo, we find a spirit of restless excitement pervading 
 their commercial world in those days ; and Benedetto Zaccharia, 
 of a noble Ligurian family, is an apt example of the same. He 
 was the dread of the Pisans, inasmuch as he had helped to 
 conquer them at Meloria ; x he was in the pay of the king of 
 Castille for his services against the king of Morocco ; and he 
 was bosom friend of Aitone II., king of Armenia, with whom 
 he negotiated a most favourable treaty for Genoa. From his 
 dealings with the Eastern emperor, he gained for himself the 
 lordship of the Island of Chios, and he ruthlessly plundered 
 Egyptian ships when he met them on the high seas. In fact, 
 the Mediterranean was becoming too narrow for Genoese 
 enterprise, and cautious ambition pointed beyond. But before 
 following these intrepid mariners outside the Pillars of 
 Hercules, let us gather together what traces we can of their 
 adventures in the East. 
 
 As above mentioned, it was from the missionaries that we 
 have the first notice of travel in the further East; and these 
 missionaries were in the habit of relating their travels with an 
 exceedingly long bow when they returned home. 
 
 1 Vide ch. iv.
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 201 
 
 A certain Fra Tommaso di Tolentino, 1 says the chronicle, 
 suffered martyrdom in some remote part of China. In quest 
 of his bones, Pope Clement, in 1321, sent Fra Giordano and a 
 young nameless Genoese. Having, secured the body of the 
 now sanctified martyr, the travellers returned in haste to 
 the coast of Coromandel. On their way the Genoese fell ill of 
 dysentery, and was cured, so says his companion, by drinking 
 a glass of water in which one of S. Tommaso's teeth had been 
 well steeped. 
 
 Another Genoese missionary, Oderico da Pordenone, tells 
 us how in 1317 he went to Java, "where the king had a palace 
 of massive gold and silver." However extravagant these 
 missionaries may be in their details of what they saw, they all 
 agree in one point, that the centre of their exploits was Cem- 
 balu, the modern Pekin ; and this fact alone proves the wide 
 extent of their enterprise. 
 
 As an instance of a secular adventurer in these unknown 
 regions, let us take one, Luca Tarigo, a Genoese, who in 1374 
 started from Caffa with a small craft and a -few men, and 
 entered the Don. Having gone up this river a good way, 
 they disembarked, dragged their boat over to the Volga, 
 and from thence to the Caspian Sea, where they made 
 numerous raids on the neighbouring towns; and having 
 carried off as much as they could, they set off homewards, 
 but were waylaid by a nomad tribe, and robbed of their ill- 
 gotten gain, so that they reached Caffa with only a few jewels 
 which they had secreted amongst their clothes. 
 
 In accounts of early Scandinavian adventure, this plan of 
 drawing ships over from the Don to the Volga is often 
 referred to. Thus did the Varangians reach Constantinople, 
 and Genoese adventurers followed their example. 2 
 
 The spirit of enterprise was, however, taking a much more 
 extended turn westwards, and by far a more important one 
 for the destinies of the world at large. The year before the 
 
 1 Waddingo. 2 Rambaud's " Histoire de Russia."
 
 202 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 fall of Acre, we have seen the Genoese entering into a treaty 
 with the sultan of Egypt, 1 probably with a view to reaching 
 the desired haven of India by way of Arabia, when the Syrian 
 channel should be closed to them. Moreover, in the town of 
 Genoa itself, Arabic was largely studied, for as early as 1274 
 we read of Asmet Beraderamen, of Tunis, who acted as 
 tutor and interpreter for those who had dealings with the 
 African coast. 
 
 By reason of the part they had taken in the Crusades, and 
 by reason of the extended commerce incident on them, the 
 Genoese had made vast progress in the art of ship-building. 
 Numerous dockyards lined the Riviere on either side of Genoa, 
 and numerous contracts are still extant in which the Genoese 
 engaged to supply foreign sovereigns and merchants with the 
 transports they required. 
 
 Of these, perhaps the most conspicuous about this time 
 were two made with Louis IX. of France for the ships to carry 
 his troops to the ill-fated Crusade in 1251. Particulars about 
 the construction of the Gran Paradiso, which was built in 
 this year for the saintly monarch, are still preserved ; but 
 more minute and clear are those which relate to the building 
 contract for a vessel called the 5. Niccolb, in 1268, for the same 
 monarch and for the same purpose. And from comparing 
 these two contracts, we can fairly well picture to ourselves a 
 thirteenth-century Genoese ship of the highest class, as it 
 would sail out of the harbour in quest of adventure or com- 
 merce. 
 
 Seven sails in all was the Gran Paradiso to have, one 
 of canvas, six of cotton, with nine yardarms, seven anchors, 
 twenty cables, and one hundred sailors, including twenty 
 archers, and two expert helmsmen. Not more than one hun- 
 dred pilgrims were allowed on board, and none of them 
 were permitted on the deck between the mainmast and the 
 poop ; whilst the twelve merchants who had contracted for 
 
 1 Vide ch. v.
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 203 
 
 the ship had sufficient room allotted them to carry their 
 merchandise. 
 
 The vS. Niccolb was to have one mast, forty-seven cubits in 
 height, and from ten to eleven hands in circumference, six sails 
 of Marseilles cotton, and two other smaller masts ; two rudders 
 of oak, eight hands in width, twenty-four iron anchors, each 
 weighing seven hundredweight, and twenty-eight cables for 
 each, together with the necessary cordage. There was also to 
 be an attendant craft with three sails, and two small rowing- 
 boats. 
 
 Probably the greatest ornaments to these old ships were 
 their castles, all turreted and battlemented, of which the 
 6". Niccolb had two, and their bridges, from which they fought ; 
 whilst the whole, as it issued from the harbour, was one blaze 
 of streaming banners and festoons, producing an effect indi- 
 cative of wealth and power, with which even our old black 
 and white ships of war, picturesque according to modern 
 notions, will ill compare. The 6". Niccolb, moreover, was to 
 carry stabling for as many horses as might be required, and 
 barrels of water for the whole campaign. The whole cost 
 a trifle over one thousand pounds sterling. 
 
 The Genoese plan for building ships was to divide the 
 responsibility into several shares, and hence the interest in an 
 expedition was divided amongst a large number of citizens. 
 
 Besides these contracts we find elsewhere various descrip- 
 tions of other ships enumerated, many of which can now be 
 only known by name, but proving how advanced were the 
 Genoese in all branches of ship-building. There was the 
 Taride, with two masts, six anchors, two rudders, and a boat ; 
 there was also the Bucio, for carrying merchandise ; the 
 Sagitta, or arrow-boat, so named from its speed ; the Panfilo, 
 a simple sailing boat ; and others, the names of which are 
 points of discussion amongst nautical archaeologists. 
 
 It was towards the close of the thirteenth century, when 
 affairs looked threatening in the East, that the Genoese first
 
 204 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 conceived the plan of coasting along the west of Africa, 
 perhaps in vague hopes of reaching their commercial paradise 
 of India by this route, whilst Marco Polo and the Venetians 
 were busily engaged in the East. Be this as it may, two 
 brothers, Vadini, manned two galleys in 1291, and shortly 
 afterwards, Tedisio D'Oria and Ugolino Vivaldi joined them, 
 and together they' set sail, passed the dreaded Pillars of 
 Hercules; and plunged into that unknown and fearful ex- 
 panse of sea whose paths hitherto were utterly untraversed. 
 
 This brave little fleet, however, was destined never to 
 return. Yet it is to this the Genoese attribute the discovery 
 of the Canaries, and there are very valid grounds on which to 
 substantiate these claims. 
 
 Though French, Portuguese, and Catalonians all lay claim 
 to this honour, they all deny that they were discovered before 
 the fifteenth century; whereas Pope Clement V., in 1344, 
 awarded them to Louis of Spain and the Portuguese. Barros 
 tells us that in 1400 they were well known to Europeans. 
 
 The most substantial argument in favour of the Ligurian 
 claims is, that on their registers are ascribed two ships to 
 the above-mentioned Tedisio D'Oria, the 5". Antonio and 
 the Allegrancia, in the year 1291. So there can be but little 
 doubt that these were the ships on which he started on his 
 voyage ; the name of one of the Canaries is also Allegrancia. 
 
 Furthermore, another of the Canaries is called " Lancel- 
 lotto," which, the French say, was discovered by one of 
 their countrymen, Lanzelode Maloysel ; whereas a Genoese 
 cosmographer drew a map in 1455, and put a Genoese flag at 
 the spot intended to denote the Canaries, and under it wrote 
 " Maroxello Lanzerotto." This family of Marocello was 
 a well-known one in Genoa, and there is evidence of a 
 member of it, Lanzerotto, living at the time when Tedisio 
 D'Oria and his friends left for their voyage. Genoese writers 
 unhesitatingly claim this honour; but it is probably one of 
 those points which never will get satisfactorily proved.
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 205 
 
 Speaking of Vivaldi's voyage, Humboldt says, " It is of the 
 more interest as preceding by nearly sixty-five years the 
 voyage of the Catalan, Don Jayme Forrer." 
 
 Of this ill-fated expedition little is known. Probably they 
 were wrecked on the coast of Africa, as we shall presently see 
 one of their descendants turning up unexpectedly one hundred 
 and sixty years later in the very heart of the " Dark Con- 
 tinent." There are those who affirm that the Genoese likewise 
 discovered the Madeira island, and called it " Legname," 
 from its wooded appearance, which was translated into 
 Madeira by the Portuguese. Probably they did discover 
 St. Helena, for it was originally known as " Braxe," a genuine 
 word of Genoese origin, likewise meaning wood. 
 
 Let us now pass over one hundred and sixty years, and 
 hear the fate of the Vivaldi expedition from the pen of their 
 fellow countryman, Antonio Uso di Mare, whose itinerario 
 has thrown so much light on these early expeditions, and 
 which document, having travelled almost as much as the 
 author of it, now reposes in the Genoese university library. 
 
 Antonio Uso di Mare was of a noble consular family in 
 Genoa, which had attained great renown, as its name implies, 
 for maritime and commercial enterprise. Luckily for pos- 
 terity, Antonio was a great spendthrift, and was obliged to 
 travel to avoid his creditors ; moreover, the letters that he 
 wrote to them throw additional light on his wanderings. 
 
 In the year 1454 Antonio Uso di Mare met a Venetian, 
 Cadamosta by name, at the Cape Verde Islands, and together, 
 they agreed to go in search of a new road to India ; for the 
 year before, Constantinople had fallen into the hands of the 
 Turks, and the Genoese were trembling for their Black Sea 
 provinces, and enterprise of some kind was felt necessary to 
 obtain some other outlet for their commerce. 
 
 Accordingly, these representatives of the rival republics 
 undertook to push their way together as far as they could 
 along the broiling shores of Africa. They first essayed to
 
 206 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 land at a river called Gambia, but the natives shot at them 
 with poisoned arrows, and they were obliged to proceed to 
 the states of a certain " nobile Signer Negro," who presented 
 Uso di Mare with thirty-one head of slaves, elephant teeth, 
 parrots, and a few civets, and moreover, sent a secretary 
 with him to appease the wrath of the men of Gambia. 
 
 At this point Antonio states that he was but three 
 hundred leagues from the home of Prester John, 1 and that he 
 there met five men from " Prete Janni," one of whom was of 
 Genoese origin, the descendant of one of the Vivaldi who 
 had been wrecked on the coast of Guinea one hundred and 
 sixty years before; the last, affirmed the man, of this strangely 
 transplanted race. Marvellous indeed is this fact, if true, and 
 showing how near the Genoese were to grasping geographical 
 secrets which even in these days of exploration and adven- 
 ture are only beginning to unravel themselves. 
 
 The journal that Antonio Uso di Mare wrote is a most 
 curious document, of about thirty pages in length, and divided 
 into three parts. The first treats of legends which the author 
 had found inserted on an old map of that period. In the 
 second, he gives us a compendium of geography describing 
 Tartary, India, Ethiopia, and the territories of Prester John, 
 supplying what he had not seen himself out of Marco Polo 
 and others. And, in the third, he describes the "principal 
 islands of the world," in which are related wonderful things 
 about Ireland, Scotland, and Norway, much after the style 
 of Herodotus, though on a more ambitious scale. 
 
 Many points in this itinerario are well and faithfully told, 
 and, as far as his own expedition went, are confirmed by 
 the writings of his fellow traveller, Cadamosta. At Java, for 
 instance, he relates how they had ships called "gionchi," 
 junks, with sails of hemp and palm-leaves. 
 
 1 Prester John was an imaginary Christian priest and king, a Will-of- 
 thc-wisp, or wandering Jew, everywhere and nowhere in India, Abys- 
 sinia, and China. No traveller thought fit to return home without having 
 
 in some wav heard of him.
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 207 
 
 One of the most interesting points in it is that in which he 
 identifies the mythical islands of St. Brandan, which were 
 supposed to play bo-peep with mariners. He describes them 
 as "of exceeding pleasantness." St. Brandan, according to 
 the legend, was a pious abbot of Ailech, who lived in the 
 sixth century, and had three thousand monks under him. He 
 and St. Maclou, or St. Malo, together set off in quest of some 
 island in mid-ocean, where they could exercise their religion 
 undisturbed. The legend says they reached the Madeira 
 islands, and this Uso di Mare states as the current belief in 
 Genoa and amongst the inhabitants in his day. An old map 
 of this period, by Cardinal Zurla, also shows this island, with 
 a picture of the saint in the act of stepping towards it. 
 
 Perhaps the most important feature in Antonio's voyage is 
 the fact that it paved the way for Vasco di Gama's discovery 
 of the Cape of Good Hope half a century later. In fact, 
 though the Portuguese have all the credit of this discovery, it 
 was from the Genoese that they learnt the art of navigation. 
 
 From 1317 to 1448, a Genoese family, the Pessagni, held 
 the post of admirals in Portugal, with their own Genoese 
 officials under them. From a certain Emanuele Pessagno, 
 whom king Diogenes the Liberal elected as his admiral in 
 1317, to Lanzerotto Pessagno, who died in 1448, this family 
 superintended the navigation of Portuguese ships, and it is 
 more than probable that, on the death of the last capable 
 member of that family, Antonio Uso di Mare occupied the 
 same post on his return from his voyages, for he remained until 
 his death in the pay of Prince Henry the Navigator. Of the 
 Pessagno family, descendants are still living in Portugal, under 
 the name of Pessanha ; and of the deeds and honours of this 
 family the time-mellowed church of S. Stefano, in Genoa, is 
 a lasting memorial ; for there, on the white marble streaks, 
 now grown yellow by years, we read the names of these 
 admirals, who had brought honour on their country in distant 
 lands.
 
 2 o8 GENOA; HOW THE 'REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 What Antonio Uso di Mare had done, and the wonders 
 that he related, greatly stimulated the Portuguese ; more espe- 
 cially when a Camaldolese monk, Fra Mauro by name, made 
 a map, marking all the discoveries Antonio had made, and 
 expressing an opinion that there was a passage to India round 
 the Cape of Good Hope. This map the wise Prince of 
 Portugal, in his palace on the barren promontory of Sagro, 
 
 CHURCH TOWER OF S. STEFANO. 
 
 had copied and widely circulated throughout his brother's 
 dominions, and the stimulus thus given to adventure was 
 crowned by the ultimate discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 We are told by Cardinal Zurla, in his map, that 
 Antonio di Noli, a Genoese, discovered the Cape Verde 
 Islands, but this man is terribly mixed up with the more 
 illustrious Antonio Uso di Mare, and nothing but uncertainty 
 can result from the accounts of him. The probability is that
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 209 
 
 the Genoese, during this period, flocked in crowds to the 
 Portuguese court, and that under the direction of the worthy 
 Pessagno family most of the discoveries in that direction were 
 made by Ligurian merchants and adventurers. 
 
 Almost coincident with the rounding of the Cape of Good 
 Hope, Christopher Columbus, the greatest of Genoa's sons, 
 set foot on American soil the great Christopher whose name 
 fills every Ligurian with the profoundest respect ; and though 
 his actual birthplace is unknown, and a mystery hangs over 
 his sepulchre, yet the Genoese are no sceptics, and refute with 
 scorn any attempt to deprive them of their creed with regard 
 to their distinguished fellow-citizen. 
 
 But in studying Genoese history there is much to be 
 gathered, which will elucidate facts in the discoverer's career 
 a few crumbs, so to speak, which have fallen from the well- 
 stocked tables of Washington Irving and succeeding bio- 
 graphers, in taking his life from a purely Genoese point of 
 view. 
 
 In the first place, we are accustomed to be surprised that 
 the son of a poor woolstapler in Genoa could have encom- 
 passed so great an end ; but his father, Domenico, was far 
 from being a poor man, woolstapler though he were. He had 
 a comfortable house outside the Porta S. Andrea, which he 
 got as the dower of his wife ; and, moreover, he was eligible 
 to all the honours of the Republic. As in Florence the 
 guild of the woolstaplers produced many of the leading 
 men of the day, for from the so-called low origin of trade 
 sprang the Medici, the Strozzi, and others, so it was in 
 Genoa, when in 1339 a doge was elected from amongst 
 the butchers ; and the haughty families of Adorno and 
 Fregoso were respectively descended from a butcher and a 
 woolstapler. 
 
 Domenico Colombo had a widely extended trade along 
 the Riviera; he was constantly on the road from Genoa 
 to Savona, on the registers of which latter city his name is
 
 210 GENOA HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 seen, as attesting a will, some years after his son discovered 
 America. 
 
 As many towns in Liguria fight for the honour of being 
 his birthplace as in ancient Greece claimed to be the birth- 
 place of Homer. However, since Domenico lived in his house 
 close to the Porta S. Andrea from the time of his marriage 
 until 1477, years after the birth of Christopher, as documents 
 belonging to the monastery of S. Stefano testify, there is more 
 reason to give Genoa the proud title than her neighbours ; for 
 wherever a family of Colombo lived, and there were not a few 
 dispersed about Liguria at this time, there they assert to be 
 the birthplace. Cogoletto, Rapallo, Quinto, and Savona have 
 each their arguments to produce, and believe in them, however 
 vague. 
 
 " How young Columbus seem'd to rove ; 
 Yet present in his natal grove ; 
 
 Now watching high on mountain cornice, 
 And steering now from a purple cove. 
 
 " Now pacing mute by ocean's rim ; 
 Till, in a narrow street and dim, 
 I stay'd the wheels at Cogoletto, 
 And drank, and loyally drank to him." 
 
 TENNYSON, The Daisy. 
 
 This is the vision our laureate saw when at Cogoletto, and if 
 this village's claims to notoriety on Christopher's account 
 wrought nothing else, they gave our poet an excuse for re- 
 freshing himself with a glass of wine, and afforded him food 
 for two pretty stanzas in his poem. 
 
 Thus we see the young Columbus introduced into the 
 world in a position highly favourable for his advancement in 
 life. His father, a shrewd man of business, doubtless as a 
 man of business would do now, gave his son a good education, 
 which fell not on stony ground. We can easily imagine a 
 spirit like that which Columbus afterwards displayed, eagerly 
 drinking in all that fell from the lips of the Genoese mariners, 
 with whom, in the pursuit of his trade, his father must have
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 211 
 
 had close intercourse. And at this time nautical enterprise 
 was at its height in the Ligurian capital ; thither flocked the 
 cosmographer and the astrologer, to assist the mariners in 
 deciphering the ocean paths. For in those days Genoa was 
 in great trepidation ; she felt that the influence which she 
 had held in the East was fast passing from her, and to hold 
 her own in commerce and in arms new lands and new fields 
 must be discovered. 
 
 Young Columbus thus could hear all their speculations 
 and their theories. He heard how mahogany and sponges 
 were washed up on the shores of the Madeira ; his natural 
 inference was that there were other lands beyond that vast 
 expanse of sea, and his dauntless spirit determined him to 
 start on a voyage of discovery. 
 
 In following up his history we find that the fact of his 
 being a Genoese, which in the first instance was of so much 
 advantage to him, as placing him in the centre of nautical 
 experience, told seriously against him in his after career ; and 
 to the nationality of the great discoverer may be traced the 
 jealousy and hatred of the Aragonese against him, and the 
 almost martyrdom he passed through in his efforts to organize 
 his colonies in the New World. Were not the Aragonese 
 always at daggers drawn with the Genoese in Mediterranean 
 commerce ? Had not they fought over Corsica and Sardinia 
 for generations ? And we have seen how, in 1435, at the 
 battle of Ponza, 1 Alphonso of Aragon, grandfather of Ferdi- 
 nand the Catholic, to whom Columbus owed allegiance in 
 virtue of his employment, was taken prisoner by the Genoese. 
 
 Furthermore, if the researches of Cav. Bossi in the archives 
 of Milan are reliable, Columbus himself, in 1475, was captain 
 of a galley in the service of Rene II. of Anjou, and shortly 
 before had commanded a small Genoese galley for the purpose 
 of driving out the Aragonese from Naples. 
 
 Hence it was to Isabella of Castile that he owed every- 
 1 Vide ch. ix.
 
 212 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 thing, even the very ships in which to start ; whilst from first 
 to last he was trampled upon by the Aragonese, who were 
 jealous of his strength of mind, jealous of a hated Genoese 
 obtaining such distinction, and it is for his bravery in with- 
 standing such opposition that he deserves praises equal to 
 those bestowed upon him for his discoveries. 
 
 Instances of this interline every page of his biography, 
 and would be here superfluous ; but we may add that not only 
 was his nationality a misfortune for himself in this case, but 
 it was even a greater one for the Spaniards, who, instead of 
 setting foot on American soil under a captain who had full 
 authority over his men, were in mutiny before they got 
 there, and Columbus had no influence to prevent them from 
 pursuing their greedy researches after gold. Thus at the 
 very outset they sowed the seeds of that policy which 
 enraged the natives, and brought forth a plentiful harvest of 
 misfortune for the Spaniards, unable as they were to staunch 
 either the love of the glittering ingots engendered in them- 
 selves, or the constant hostility of the aborigines. 
 
 That the Ligurian Republic was not the discoverer of 
 America was not the fault of Columbus, for when he had 
 matured his plans, in 1477, he laid them before the Genoese 
 government before going elsewhere ; but so great were their 
 difficulties at home at this time, and so empty was their 
 treasury, that they were obliged to forego grasping the golden 
 prize. At the time when Columbus visited his native town 
 she was gnawed to the heart's core by the Adorni and Fregosi 
 factions, the former supported by Milan, and the latter urging 
 on the Corsicans to revolt. The people of the Riviere, too, 
 were excited to complaints by the excess of the taxes 
 and the insinuations of the Fieschi. Thus it is hardly 
 requisite to add that they were unable to accept his proposals, 
 and had to forego the glorious career which was open to 
 them. 
 
 After his many wanderings, and shorn of even the honour
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 213 
 
 of giving his name to the continent he had discovered by a 
 sort of evil genius which seemed to follow his footsteps, 
 Columbus breathed his last at Valladolid in 1506; whilst 
 Amerigo Vespucci, the Florentine adventurer, handed down 
 his name to posterity thanks to the instrumentality of a small 
 printer in the town of St. Die, in Lorraine, who compiled a 
 short account of Vespucci's travels, and not knowing what 
 other name to give the land to which he had wandered, called 
 it " terra Americi," and thus perpetuated the name. 
 
 The history of the ashes of the Genoese hero are almost 
 as mysterious as the facts attending his birth ; and only by 
 the light of a recent discovery has his last resting-place been 
 definitely determined. 
 
 From a protocol of the monastery of Las Cuevas we 
 gather that his remains were removed from Valladolid to 
 repose in greater splendour in the Certosa of St. Anna, 
 near Seville, where a tomb was put up attesting to the fact 
 that for Castille and Leon " Colon " had discovered a new 
 world. 
 
 But, in accordance with the defunct admiral's wishes, in 
 1537, the widow of his son Diego got leave to transfer them 
 to the cathedral of San Domingo in the West Indies. The 
 superintendence of this removal was given to Luigi Colombo, 
 the admiral's grandson ; but this youth was a mauvais sujet, 
 and shortly after he had taken his grandfather's bones to San 
 Domingo, a sentence of banishment was passed upon him for 
 having three living wives, and lie was obliged to flee his 
 country before he had erected a fitting monument to his 
 grandsire's memory, and from this fact poor Christopher's 
 remains were well-nigh lost to the world. 
 
 When, in 1795, the Spaniards ceded San Domingo to 
 France, and thought fit to remove the ashes of their great 
 discoverer to the cathedral of Havanna, a magnificent tomb 
 was prepared to receive them, with this inscription : " O 
 remains, and image of the great Colon, for a thousand cen-
 
 214 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 turies may you be guarded in this urn, and in the remem- 
 brance of our nation." 
 
 But when they had recourse to San Domingo, nowhere 
 could the desired remains be found. High and low they 
 sought without success, until at length they broke open the 
 tomb of his grandson Bartolomeo, which is now empty, and 
 removed his bones to Havanna. Nothing more occurred to 
 make the deception known until the year 1877, when some 
 priests were busy digging in the choir of the cathedral of San 
 Domingo, and came across a curious lead coffin, on the lid of 
 which was written, " D. dela A. P ero A te ," which would read, 
 " Descubridor dela America Primero Almirante." * On the 
 left of this coffin was a C, on the front a C, and on the right 
 side an A. On lifting the lid they discovered the following 
 inscription: " Ill tre y Es do Varon D n Ghristobal Colon," 2 
 besides twenty-eight fragments of bones. 
 
 Thus, in birth, in life, and in death, the great discoverer 
 of America has been a problem not easily solved. Sufficient, 
 however, it is to know that Christopher Columbus, a Genoese, 
 did discover America, and by this wrought the final death- 
 blow to his country's prosperity, and by drawing off the com- 
 merce from the Mediterranean he inaugurated that history of 
 decay the results of which we see to-day. 
 
 This very year, curiously enough, another relic has come 
 to light in the shape of an anchor discovered off Point Arenas, 
 Trinidad, bearing the date 1497, the place at which and the 
 date when Columbus on his third voyage is known to have 
 lost his. Will America give it to Genoa? For Genoa has 
 not been unmindful in these later years to claim the shreds 
 of honour accruing to her from the fact of being the dis- 
 coverer's birthplace. A handsome statue in white marble 
 has been erected to overlook the busy haunts of men near 
 
 1 Discoverer of America, first admiral. 
 3 " Illustrious and esteemed man, 
 Don Christobal Colon."
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 215 
 
 the Genoese railway station ; it is interesting as a study of 
 incidents in his life, represented in bas-reliefs around the 
 pedestal, yet melancholy to look around and behold the 
 signs of departed grandeur, and to feel that so great a man 
 unconsciously wrought so great a ruin. 
 
 Side by side, on a house along the quay, stand statues of 
 Christopher Columbus and Andrea D'Oria, with bas-reliefs 
 above and below to illustrate their great deeds. Certainly of 
 Genoa's sons they were the greatest, and certainly to Genoa's 
 prosperity no two men ever brought greater harm ; the former 
 by discovering other channels by which Genoa's commerce 
 was not destined to pass, and the latter by stagnating in- 
 ternally every drop of free blood which flowed in Genoa's 
 veins. 
 
 It has been recently made known to the world at large, 
 chiefly through the instrumentality of M. d'Avezac, 1 that 
 John Cabot, the father of Sebastian, who brought such honour 
 on the English flag under Henry VIL, was a Genoese by 
 birth, a Venetian by adoption, and an immigrant to Bristol. 
 
 John Cabot was in the habit of leaving Bristol with two or 
 three ships in the hopes of discovering the " island of Brasil," 
 which was probably St. Helena or Braxe, the name Brasil 
 being but a Portuguese translation of the Genoese, Braxe or 
 " wood." But he never succeeded in reaching his destination. 2 
 The ambassador of Ludovico Sforza in London, the Abbot 
 Raimondo, in writing to his master, speaks of him as a 
 Genoese. 3 
 
 In identifying him as such there is some little difficulty; 
 but in Savona the name Cabutto, coupled with the Christian 
 name Sebastiano, was common in those days, so the pro- 
 babilities are that this Genoese explorer came from the 
 Republic's troublesome dependency. 
 
 Though John Cabot himself never reached the longed-for 
 
 1 " Les navigations Terre-Neuviennes de Jean et Sabastien Cabot." 
 8 Archives of Simancas. 3 Archives of Milan.
 
 216 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 transatlantic haven, he evidently shared Columbus' belief that 
 it did exist. And, besides, in the account of Columbus' voyage 
 to England, as related by his son Ferdinand, it is mentioned 
 that he had frequent intercourse with the English, more 
 especially those of Bristol. And it is not improbable that in 
 this town the two great Genoese explorers met and talked 
 over their respective plans, and perhaps then made much 
 improvement in the use of the magnetic needle, the discovery 
 of which kindly biographers have attributed to each. 
 
 Before leaving the subject of Ligurian discoveries, we 
 must glance at some of her explorers whilst Genoa was in her 
 decline. 
 
 Worthy contemporaries of Columbus were Gerolamo 
 Adorno, and Gerolamo di S. Stefano. In 1495 they together 
 made an exciting travel through Egypt and the Red Sea, 
 round the coast of India to Ceylon and Coromandel, where 
 Adorno died. S. Stefano proceeded further to Sumatra, where 
 the king deprived him of most of his goods. However, he 
 managed to escape with his ships, and reached the Maldave 
 Islands, where he waited six months for fine weather, appa- 
 rently without success, for he was shipwrecked immediately 
 afterwards, and after floating about for twenty-four hours on 
 some wreckage, was saved from a watery grave by another of 
 his ships. Columbus alludes to him as a brave mariner, in 
 one of his letters, and in 1499 S. Stefano wrote an account of 
 his travels to the king of Portugal, showing the intimacy 
 which still existed between Genoa and this seafaring country. 
 More learned are the works of Giorgio Interiano, who 
 visited many parts of the interior of Asia, and wrote about 
 them. Angelo Poliziano mentions this Genoese as a " learned 
 seeker into recondite matter ; " and his account of Circassia, 
 where he lived for many years, is amusing. In 1501 he pre- 
 sented Aklo Manuzio, the celebrated Venetian printer, with 
 the products of his pen, apologizing for their imperfections, 
 and begging the printer to correct mistakes in orthography.
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 217 
 
 Of the Circassians he thus writes: that they professed Chris- 
 tianity, and had a Greek ritual ; but their nobles never entered 
 a church until they were sixty years of age, because, as they 
 lived by rapine, they were deemed to desecrate the sacred 
 edifices. 
 
 After they had attained this respectable age they gave up 
 brigandage and attended church, having previously only been 
 allowed to listen to the distant hum of sanctity on horseback 
 outside the porch. 
 
 Their priests appear to have been ignorant, illiterate men, 
 performing the Greek ritual without any knowledge of the 
 language. When a child was born to a Circassian family, it 
 was straightway carried to the nearest river, in spite of ice or 
 cold, to receive its first ablutions and its baptism at one and 
 the same time ; and to the shivering infant was always given 
 the name of the first person who chanced to enter its mother's 
 tent after it had seen the light of day. 
 
 Even more celebrated were the exploits of Cassiano Camilli, 
 who died of the plague in 1528. He reached a high pitch of 
 renown as a cosmographer ; and his eulogistic biographer 
 tells us, 1 " not only did he know the ports, promontories, 
 gulfs, islands, rivers, mountains, and the most celebrated 
 cities, but every little castle he had at his fingers' ends ; " and 
 then proceeds to say that he had travelled through all the 
 countries of Asia, Egypt, and Africa, not to mention Spain, 
 Germany, France, and England. Indeed, if his knowledge 
 of the countries he had visited were as extensive as his 
 biographer would have us believe, before him a Livingstone or 
 a Stanley must sink into insignificance. 
 
 When, in 1519, the Portuguese discoverer, Ferdinando 
 Magagliano, set foot on the Molucca Islands, he had on 
 board his little fleet of five ships no less than twenty-one 
 Genoese mariners, and five other Italians, one of whom, 
 Leon Pancaldo, of Savona, on his return home, did not wish 
 
 1 Cardinal Gregorio Cortesi.
 
 2i8 GEXOA ; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 to hide his candle under a bushel, so affixed up over his house 
 a lengthy inscription 1 as a pompous testimony to posterity of 
 the travels he had made and the wealth he had acquired 
 thereby. 
 
 Almost last, but not least, in the long programme of 
 Genoese heroes of discovery comes one, Paolo Centurione, 
 who was employed by the Grand-Duke Basilius of Russia to 
 discover a better means of bringing goods from India, for the 
 Portuguese, owing to the long sea voyage, often turned out 
 their wares much the worse for an admixture of salt water. 
 
 Centurione went through Astrakan and the Oxus valley, 
 and on his return home represented to the Grand-Duke that 
 a passage could easily be effected, but at a great outlay of 
 capital. At this time the Muscovites were not over ready 
 with their purse-strings, and this fact, combined with the 
 inherent jealousy of the Russians at employing a foreigner to 
 treat with the various tribes, prevented them from opening 
 out a road to India, and thereby they lost an opportunity 
 which the Russians of to-day must bitterly regret. And 
 thus early in the seventeenth century was India saved from 
 Muscovite rule. 
 
 Amongst the dying embers of Genoese enterprise we find 
 an East Indian Company formed towards the middle of the 
 seventeenth century ; and England sought the greater ex- 
 perience of her forerunner in commerce to aid her in estab- 
 lishing her incipient colonies in India. In the state archives 
 of Genoa are numerous letters written in 1655 from one 
 Thomas Skinner, who was deputed by Cromwell's govern- 
 ment to form a contract with Genoa to colonize a vast island 
 
 1 Io son Leon Pancaldo Savonese 
 Che il mondo tutto rivoltai a tondo 
 Le grand' isole incognite, e il paese 
 D'Antipodi gia vidi e amor giocondo 
 Pensava rivederlo ; ma comprese 
 L' invitto Re di Portugal che al mondo 
 Di cio lunie daria : pero con patti 
 Ch' io non torni mi die due mil ducati.
 
 GENOESE VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 219 
 
 in the East to the intent to secure the British traffic in those 
 parts, which was so much interfered with by the Dutch. 
 
 But these negotiations, as far as Genoa was concerned, 
 came to but little, and this, her last flickering breath in the 
 commercial world, soon expired with the events which rose 
 out of her contest with Louis XIV. of France. 1 No more 
 could she think of travels or commerce in distant lands ; it 
 was now for bare existence on her restricted Ligurian terri- 
 tory that she fought. But she had done her work nobly in 
 her day, and from none is more tribute due to her bravery and 
 her enterprise than from the British nation, which has followed 
 in her steps, and has been one of the principal gainers by her 
 discoveries. It is but a faint, but remarkable echo of ages 
 long gone by, that the Italian Antarctic Expedition, which 
 has just started on voyages of vague discovery in the Southern 
 hemisphere, sailed from Genoa. 
 
 1 Vide ch. xvi.
 
 220 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 
 
 THE Bank of St. George, its constitution, its building, and its 
 history, forms one of the most interesting relics of mediaeval 
 commercial activity. Those old grey walls, as seen still in 
 Genoa, begrimed with dirt and fast falling into decay, are 
 the cradle of modern commerce, modern banking schemes, 
 and modern wealth. In those old halls were first mooted the 
 development of capital, the funding of money and interest, 
 which the advance of mercantile ingenuity has so perfected and 
 unravelled. 
 
 Thus Machiavelli, in his history of Florence, alludes to 
 this bank "An example indeed most rare, by philosophers in 
 all their imaginations and conceptions never found, is that 
 system of administration adopted in Genoa in the ' compere ' 
 of St. George. ... So that if it could happen that this city 
 (Genoa), full as it is of ancient and venerable customs, might 
 fall entirely into the possession of the Bank of St. George 
 (which doubtless with the process of time will happen), it will 
 then be a republic of greater importance than even that of 
 Venice." 
 
 This Bank of St. George is indeed a most singular political 
 phenomenon. Elsewhere than in Genoa we search in vain for a 
 parallel for the existence of a body of citizens distinct from the 
 government with their own laws, magistrates, and independent 
 authority a state within a state, a republic within a republic. 
 All dealings with the government were voluntary on the part
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 221 
 
 of the bank. Over their deliberations the Genoese government 
 and senators could exercise no influence, nor could they interfere 
 with their general assemblies without violating the most 
 stringent oaths, and without destroying the very basis of the 
 constitution. 
 
 But, far from working without harmony, we always find the 
 greatest unanimity of feeling between these two forms of re- 
 publics within the same city walls. The government of Genoa 
 always respected the liberties of the bank, and the bank 
 always did its best to assist the government when in pecuniary 
 distress. And whilst the state was convulsed by continued 
 revolutions from within and tyrannies from without, the Bank 
 of St. George, or the institution of the " compere," always kept 
 an equal course, never deviated from its paths of justice, grew 
 in riches and credit in short, was the heart of the Ligurian 
 Republic. 
 
 To define an exact origin for the bank is difficult ; it owed 
 its existence to the natural development of commercial enter- 
 prise rather than to the genius of any one man, or the shrewd- 
 ness of any particular period in Genoese history. 
 
 The Crusades, and the necessary preparation of galleys, 
 brought into Genoa the idea of advancing capital for a term 
 of years as a loan to the government on the security of the 
 taxes and public revenues ; but in those cases the profits were 
 quickly realized, and the debts soon cancelled by the monarchs 
 who incurred them. 
 
 However, the expeditions against the Saracens and the 
 Moors were otherwise, and were undertaken at some risk to 
 Genoa herself. We have seen the system inaugurated by the 
 expedition to Ceuta. 1 Now large sums of money were advanced 
 the profits on which were not spontaneous ; it was more an 
 investment of capital for a longer term of years, which was 
 secured by the public revenues, but the profits of which de- 
 pended on the success of the expedition. 
 
 1 Vide ch. v.
 
 222 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 In 1148 was the first formal debt incurred by the 
 government, and to meet the occasion the same system was 
 adopted which continued in vogue, subject only to regulations 
 and improvements which were found necessary as time went on, 
 until the days of the French Revolution. 
 
 The creditors nominated from amongst themselves a council 
 of administration to watch over the common interests, and 
 to them the government conceded a certain number of the 
 custom duties for a term of years until the debt should be 
 extinguished. This council of administration elected their 
 own consuls, after the fashion of the Republic governors. 
 Every hundred francs was termed a share (luogo) and every 
 creditor a shareholder (luogatorio) . 
 
 Each shareholder's separate amount of shares was summed 
 up as " a column " (colonna), and entered in a book called 
 " cartulario." Each separate loan was termed a " compera," 
 and these loans were collectively known as the " compere of 
 St. George," which in later years became the celebrated bank. 
 
 Each loan generally took the name of the object for which 
 it was raised, or the name of the saint on whose day the con- 
 tract was signed ; and when an advance of money was required, 
 it was done by public auction in the streets, when the auctioneer 
 sold the investment to the ever ready merchants, who collected 
 outside the " loggia," or other prominent position chosen for the 
 sale. In a loud voice was proclaimed the name and object of 
 the loan, and the tax which was to be handed over to the pur- 
 chasers to secure its repayment. 
 
 So numerous did these loans become by 1252, that it was 
 found necessary to unite them under one head, with a chancellor 
 and other minor officials to watch over them. And as time 
 went on, so great was the credit of Genoa, and so easy was this 
 system found for raising money, that the people began to grow 
 alarmed at the extent of the liabilities. So, in 1302, commis- 
 sioners \\ere appointed at a great assembly, two hundred and 
 seventy-one articles and regulations were drawn up to give
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 223 
 
 additional security to investors, and henceforth no future loan 
 could be effected without the sanction of the consuls and the 
 confirmation of the greater council of the shareholders. 
 
 These consuls of the debt were always interested therein, 
 and bore the name of " Sapienti," or assignees of the shares. 
 Numerous were the minor officials under them, such as key- 
 bearers, visitors, etc., who superintended the various branches of 
 the scheme. And owing to the frequent changes in the national 
 government it was necessary to adhere most stringently to all 
 their regulations about the payment of interest and capital at 
 the appointed times, so that the credit of Genoa might be un- 
 flinchingly maintained. 
 
 In 1336 a singular instance of the means employed to raise 
 money occurred. Cardinal Fieschi assigned to his creditors 
 for the advancement of a considerable sum, the times and 
 seasons for repayment of which were carefully specified, no less 
 a treasure than the " sacred basin," the Holy Grail, or whatever 
 they chose to call it ; l and this contract bore the title of the 
 " Cardinal's loan on security of the sacred Parossidis." 
 
 During the days of the first doge, Simone Boccanegra, great 
 changes were to be effected in the working system of the 
 " compere of St. George." To this date many have assigned the 
 origin of the Bank of St. George, but it will be seen only to be 
 a further consolidation of the same system, which had already 
 been at work two centuries. 
 
 In 1337, accordingly, a large loan was raised for the purpose 
 of crushing the refractory nobles in their lair at Monaco and 
 for regaining the Island of Chios (Scio) from the Venetians, 
 and it was called the " Mahone of Scio," by that curious 
 Genoese name which served to denote a large advance of 
 money by " maonisti," or men ready to advance money, the 
 derivation of which term is obscure. In like manner, some 
 years later, we have the " compera " for the reconquering of 
 Corsica, and a goodly list of loans bearing the titles of Finale, 
 
 1 Vide ch. ii.
 
 224 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 SS. Peter and Paul, Monaco, Cyprus, and "the great peace 
 with Venice." 
 
 In 1 339, however, at the popular revolution, all the old books 
 were burnt, and a new commission appointed to regulate the 
 "compere ; " for the government expenses had been so great, and 
 the treasury so exhausted by the twenty-six galleys they had 
 sent out, that the doge and council had been obliged to concede 
 a very large portion of the public revenues to meet the demands 
 of their creditors ; and the results of the conquest were all ceded 
 for three years to the shareholders, and the loans all consoli- 
 dated into one whole under the newly appointed commission. 
 
 Instead, therefore, of being the origin of the bank, it was 
 only another step in the growing wish for consolidation, which 
 the expanding tendency of the " compere " rendered necessary ; 
 which consolidation took final effect in 1407, when the Bank 
 was thoroughly organized on the same footing which lasted till 
 the end. 
 
 Every year and every event tended towards this system 
 of blending the loans together, to which fact is due the exten- 
 sive power which the directors of the bank eventually wielded, 
 when all interests and all petty disputes were merged together 
 in one. It was naturally exceedingly beneficial for the share- 
 holders in weak transactions. It was beneficial also to the 
 shareholders in safer ones, that no failures should take place 
 in connection with the system, and that the credit of the 
 Ligurian Republic should be universal. 
 
 And here we have the development of this financial 
 republic inside a democratic one. Development, I say ; for 
 it was not yet mature, and the system had to steer the course 
 of Genoa through many troubled waters before its power 
 became entire, and before the sovereignty which appertained 
 to the universality of the shareholders was clearly established. 
 And then we have the marvellous picture presented to our 
 view of two republics, one within another one poor, turbu- 
 lent, racked by sedition, and torn by discord ; the other, rich,
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 225 
 
 peaceable, well regulated, and maintaining its ancient probity 
 a unique example both within and without of public good 
 faith. 
 
 During the political disturbances which troubled Genoa 
 towards the close of the fourteenth century, a wonderful 
 scheme was conceived by a shareholder in the bank, of the 
 multiplication of interest, which was to have great influence 
 over the commercial world for future ages. 
 
 At this time, so great was the distress, that the government 
 was reduced to placing taxes on some of the most outrageous 
 things, such as dead bodies, etc. No possession, no industry or 
 traffic, was untaxed ; cart-loads of sand and rubbish could not 
 be carted away without a tax ; a man could not even sweep 
 snow from his doorstep without paying for it. And thus did 
 the government and the people struggle hard, the one to 
 sustain their country, and the wretched inhabitants to sustain 
 bare existence. 
 
 At this critical moment a worthy man stepped forward to 
 save his country ; a name almost lost to history, but who 
 deserves a renown far wider than that of Andrea D'Oria, and 
 claiming far higher merit as a statesman-patriot than many of 
 those whose lives have called for volumes. 
 
 Francesco Vivaldi was a man of exceeding modest habit. 
 His apartments were neither sordid nor gaudy ; he ate to live, 
 and only wore such garments as decency required. No one 
 knew him as a charitable man, only as a keen man of business, 
 always at his desk, and counting his gains, with a tendency to 
 hoard rather than to distribute his earnings. In short, he 
 was without ambition, and had entirely escaped the praise or 
 obloquy which falls to the lot of greater men. 
 
 In the year 1371, at the time when the Genoese sufferings 
 were at their height, and the loans of the " compere " in the 
 greatest request, and commerce and industry were felt to be 
 fast disappearing from hitherto prosperous Genoa at this 
 time, Francesco Vivaldi came forward and saved his country. 
 
 Q
 
 226 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 On the twelfth of April in this year, the generous old patrician 
 came down to the council hall in his usual mean attire, his 
 threadbare coat, and with his thoughtful, searching eye. All 
 men held their peace as he entered, for he had previously 
 given out that he had some weighty points to communicate, 
 touching the welfare of the State ; and amongst hushed voices 
 he thus spoke, as we gather from an old document in the 
 archives of St. George : 
 
 " Sirs, I recognize the wants of my country, and I feel the 
 burden of our debt, as it is befitting a good citizen should. I 
 have carefully kept for you the value of my shares in the Bank 
 of St. George, since they belong to you, being the governors 
 and administrators of the people ; use them in accordance 
 with the design I have now in mind as I offer them to you. 
 These shares are inscribed in my name inviolate and sacred, 
 and so they shall remain as I despoil myself of them. Those 
 of you who have the charge of the " compere," seek to draw 
 the interest from this sum never later than the fall of each 
 year. With this interest I purpose that other shares be 
 bought, to bear fruit also in their season ; and thus fresh fruits 
 and fresh gains may multiply with the course of years, until 
 a sufficient sum is accumulated to pay off the shareholders 
 in the loan you call 'of the great peace.' This accomplished, 
 the capital must be employed in laying by interest to pay off 
 all the other loans, be they heavy or be they light. Nor must 
 you ever stop as long as a single debt remains in the Republic, 
 and whilst you read in the books a single subsidy which 
 weighs on you and on my fellow- citizens. This is my will, 
 and if it is transgressed, or in part neglected, I will cancel the 
 gift, cither myself if alive, or by the hands of my successors if 
 I am no more." 
 
 Thus was the contract executed between this noble citizen 
 and the directors of the "compere." Thus was a noble course 
 of heroism initiated, in the steps of which many followed 
 hereafter, for the benefit of their country. It is to be regretted
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 227 
 
 that Francesco Vivaldi, the inaugurator of this system of 
 public relief, should have been honoured with nothing but a 
 statue of an inferior kind which now stands, scarce dis- 
 cernible for dirt, in an isolated corner of the building. Fran- 
 cesco Vivaldi is eclipsed by larger donors, and larger liberality 
 in more prosperous days caused the sacrifice he made to grow 
 dim ; and thus the man who stemmed the current of decay by 
 one single act of generosity became forgotten. 
 
 Meanwhile the credit and interest of the bank grew apace. 
 Hospitals, churches, and confraternities, all placed their capital 
 in it. All corporations and civil establishments here deposited 
 their possessions with the administrators, who employed these 
 funds to the best advantage. If a family chose to build a 
 church, or a bridge, or some other public work, they assigned 
 so many shares in the bank as an endowment in perpetuity. 
 
 After the example of Francesco Vivaldi, founders of 
 benefices not un frequently took care to order that the shares 
 they contributed should not be applied to their destination until 
 a certain epoch or concurrence, in order that the accumulated 
 produce in reserve might serve' for the purchase of fresh shares 
 to increase the inalienable capital. But though it worked well 
 in Vivaldi's case, and saved the credit of the Republic, and 
 gave men an insight into the manipulation of interest, yet these 
 frequent " multiplications " often impoverished the State when 
 carried to excess, by keeping money out of profitable and 
 useful channels. 
 
 As time went on, and the French governor, Boucicault, 
 weighed on the treasury the burden of fresh fortifications, 1 
 and an expensive war ; when Corsican troubles, and the Turks 
 in the East, caused the advance of money to be frequent, an 
 assembly of all the shareholders in all the loans decided that 
 an entire reorganization of the public debts should take 
 place. 
 
 Nine men were elected to draw up a new scheme, in 1407, 
 
 1 Vide ch. ix.
 
 228 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 and by their instrumentality all the shares were united ; the 
 interest for all was to be seven per cent, and fresh officials 
 were appointed to superintend the now thoroughly constituted 
 and re-named " Bank of St. George." And at length we 
 behold this celebrated bank. Its credit never failed, and no 
 anxiety was ever felt by any shareholder about his annual 
 income, until the days of the French Revolution. 
 
 An agreement between the shareholders and the govern- 
 ment was drawn up, by which ample authority was given to 
 the newly appointed " protectors." Every right of passing 
 judicial sentences without appeal, all prerogatives of self- 
 government, were conceded to them, and the government of 
 the State vowed never to interfere with the government of the 
 bank. 
 
 This Bank of St. George was essentially one of the times, 
 and not one which could have existed on modern ideas of 
 credit ; for it was a bank which would only issue paper for 
 the coin in its actual possession, and would hardly suit the 
 dictates of modern commerce. It was not a bank for borrowers 
 but for capitalists, who required enormous security for immense 
 sums until they could employ them themselves. A sign, 
 indeed, of great opulence at the time ; but also a sign of an 
 industry which was approaching stagnation. 
 
 In this year of 1407 a new constitution was given to it. 
 Out of thirty-two notable citizens, chosen by lot from amongst 
 those most interested in the "compere," the ballot was to 
 extract eight, whose interest in the bank should never be less 
 than one thousand Genoese florins ; and these were the pro- 
 tectors. They must not have any special interest in any 
 special tax, and into their hands was consigned the chief 
 executive power. 
 
 These eight protectors were given different offices to 
 superintend in the working system of the bank. There was 
 the president, treasurer-general, superintender of the sale of 
 shares, and the three judges, who saw to frauds and the
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 229 
 
 general management of the building, and two secretaries, who 
 all remained in office for a year. 
 
 But though re-organized, all the old rules and customs 
 were maintained, as far as was compatible with the new order 
 of things. The general council of four hundred and eighty 
 controlled the protectors, and to this everybody over eighteen, 
 and whose interest was over ten shares, be he Genoese or 
 foreigner, was eligible. The election took place by ballot, 
 and to this council was referred the question of every new 
 loan, or any new regulation which was deemed advisable. 
 
 As a matter of course, in so large a concern there were 
 numerous minor officials : the syndics, who acted under the 
 judges, with whom all complaints were lodged ; the consuls, 
 who sold the shares at public auctions ; and a large staff of 
 advocates and lawyers, one of whom always sat at public 
 meetings to see that the protectors were not at fault in their 
 law. Then there were the chancellors, who acted under the 
 secretaries in writing out the deliberations of the council, and 
 in keeping the books with all the lists of the proprietors of 
 shares. All these were indexed, and open to public inspection ; 
 so that it was easy for an inquisitive Genoese to form a pretty 
 good estimate of how much his neighbours possessed, as 
 deposits for money outside the precincts of St. George were 
 almost unknown. 
 
 With the advance of time the growth of the absolute 
 power possessed by this bank became still more marked. For 
 example, in 1425, safe conducts granted by the government 
 of Genoa did not hold good for debtors to the government of 
 the bank; and in 1528 it was decided that no person who 
 held an appointment under the Genoese government could 
 hold an appointment in the government of the bank. 
 
 A curious instance of a floating debt occurred soon after 
 the establishment of the bank in its new form, perhaps the 
 first on record in modern annals. When in 1456, owing to 
 the defence of Caffa against the Turks, the directors were
 
 230 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 obliged to reduce their rate of interest on certain shares they 
 then sold, and to retard the repayment of the same for three 
 years, so as not to alter the annual system of the " columns," 
 they were written apart, and called " entered debts." In the 
 fourth year they paid the account due the first year, and in 
 the fifth year that of the second, and so on in perpetuity. 
 
 To quiet the consciences of various ecclesiastics, who were 
 participators therein, and consequently thought themselves in 
 a measure responsible for the honesty of the bank, these loans 
 had to be authorized by bulls of Calixtus III. and Sixtus IV., 
 since it was looked upon as little short of usury that hated 
 usury, the fear of which haunted mediaeval enterprise, and any 
 approach to which, except by Jews, was thought totally in- 
 consistent with humanity. 
 
 A hundred years later than this, during the dogeship of 
 Andrea Giustiniani, when corn had all to be brought from 
 Sicily, and there was the greatest distress in Genoa, a large 
 portion of the debt was made irredeemable. The government 
 of Genoa, for a large loan negotiated for them by the bank, 
 agreed to hand over to their creditors the taxes on certain 
 commodities in perpetuity ; and no further tax was to be 
 placed on them without the consent of the shareholders. 
 Prior to this the tax had only been conceded for a term of 
 years, until the portion of money advanced, and the interest 
 thereon, had been paid off; now, shareholders were secure 
 of a substantial rate of interest extending over an unlimited 
 amount of years. 
 
 One of the most interesting features in connection with 
 the dealings of the bank with the Genoese government, and a 
 conclusive proof of the perfect accord which existed between 
 them, was the cession from time to time of various colonies 
 and provinces to the directors of the bank when the 
 government felt itself too weak and too poor to maintain 
 them. 
 
 In this manner were the colonies in the Black Sea made
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 231 
 
 over to the bank l when the Turkish difficulties arose. Cor- 
 sica and Cyprus, also towns on the Riviera, such as Sarzana, 
 Ventimiglia, Levanto, found themselves at various times 
 under the direct sovereignty of the bank, and the banner of 
 St. George was seen to float over their towers in lieu of the 
 republican red cross. For a parallel to this in later history 
 we have not to search far afield, for our own cession of our 
 East Indian colonies to the East India Company was almost 
 exactly executed on the same principle. In fact, the powers 
 and independence enjoyed by the Bank of St. George through- 
 out remind us forcibly of our East India Company in its 
 dealings with our government, only the jurisdiction of the 
 latter was at the other end of the world and not situated in 
 our very midst. 
 
 However well regulated the home concerns of the bank 
 may have been, they were singularly unsuccessful in their 
 dealings with these colonies allotted to them. Young, inex- 
 perienced, and grasping men were sent out to govern them ; 
 to ensure some profits thereout the deputies of the bank 
 ground down the unfortunate Corsicans and Cypriots to the 
 last penny ; and when at length they found that no more was 
 to be got out of them, and that to hold them longer would 
 rather entail a loss, the directors of the bank modestly 
 returned them to the Genoese government in a far more 
 hopeless state of confusion than they were before. 
 
 The old system of the " compere," of stated times for pay- 
 ments, of publicly negotiating loans at the street corners by 
 means of their auctioneer, continued so long in vogue that, 
 though essentially acting as a bank, it was not till 1675 that 
 the directors recognized the necessity of adopting a more 
 convenient mode of transacting business by means of separate 
 branches about the city, where loans could be negotiated, and 
 money drawn after the fashion of a modern bank. Then, 
 and not till then, did the old name of the " compere " disappear 
 
 1 Vide ch. vi.
 
 232 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 and give place entirely to the title of " bank." In this year 
 the directors received from the government an allotment of 
 four different places in the city for transacting business, which 
 were found highly convenient for the merchants whose busi- 
 ness lay in different parts of the town. And thus did the old 
 word " compera," which had existed since Genoa's merchants 
 supplied the first sinews of war to fight the Saracens and the 
 Moors, disappear, and survives now only in a street in Genoa, 
 which smacks strongly of Genoa's ancient mercantile power 
 both in its buildings and in its name, the " Strada delle 
 Compere." 
 
 During the last two centuries of its existence the Bank of 
 St. George had frequently great trouble to provide for all the 
 exigencies of the times. After the French and Savoy inva- 
 sions the government was compelled to raise forced loans, 
 independent of the bank, with which to build up fortresses, 
 which still surround the city in a semicircle from the Bisagno 
 to the Polcevera valleys ; and hence were established public 
 pawn loans, called " monte," each bearing the name of some 
 saintly protector for example, the " monte of the Madonna," 
 the " monte of St. Bernardo," etc. Each of these loans had 
 its separate government, on the system of St. George, but 
 were kept apart from the bank, and when the emergency 
 was over were speedily paid off by the instrumentality of the 
 bank. 
 
 It is a curious relic of ancient days, when a high rate of 
 interest was reckoned a most heinous sin, altogether usurious, 
 that all the pawnshops in Italy should rejoice still in the 
 euphonious title of "mounts of piety." For in those days, 
 when the leading commercial nations of the world lent money 
 at a higher rate of interest than was deemed compatible with 
 honesty, they did so under the kindly veil of religion, as if to 
 disarm all who assailed them with religious weapons by their 
 very name. 
 
 The Bank of St. George, after the terrors of the Austrian
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 233 
 
 invasion, when most of its gold was carried off to the tents of 
 the invader/ established a " monte of preservation," in which 
 they wrote down all the interest and sums of money they 
 found it inconvenient to pay at the time by way of a further 
 loan at a higher rate of interest. When the Austrians had 
 gone and things righted themselves again, all this was paid 
 off; and thus did the bank manage to get over its difficulties, 
 but not without imposing new taxes on commodities, which 
 must have fallen somewhat hard on the Genoese, who were 
 thus forcibly obliged to lend their income for the public weal. 
 
 It is melancholy to have to draw a veil over the career of 
 this illustrious bank with the Revolution of 1798. The new 
 order of things which Genoa had learnt from France deemed 
 it inconsistent with liberty that the taxes, the property of the 
 Republic, should remain in the hands of the directors of St. 
 George ; it was voted a tyranny on a small scale, and the 
 directors were compelled to surrender them ; and inasmuch as 
 the taxes represented the sole source from which their income 
 was derived, they soon discovered that their bank notes were 
 useless, and the building was closed shortly afterwards. 
 
 In 1804 and 1814 attempts were made to resuscitate the 
 fallen fortunes of St. George, but without avail ; and so 
 this bank, the origin of which was shrouded in the mysteries 
 of bygone centuries, fell under the sweeping scythe of the 
 French Revolution. 
 
 The history of this bank is the preface to all the leading 
 commercial undertakings of Europe ; it is the sanctuary of the 
 merchant, and the shrine of the banker, and compared to the 
 consuls the protectors and directors of this bank the mana- 
 gers of our own Bank of England and the Rothschilds are 
 but parvenus. 
 
 St. George, the mystic knight-priest of Cappadocia, has 
 indeed been a name under which commercial enterprise has 
 flourished. It is singular to find his name associated with, 
 
 1 Vide ch..xvii.
 
 234 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 and his protection claimed by, one of the most flourishing 
 systems of mediaeval Europe ; and again to find St. George 
 for merry England, the patron of Anglo-Saxon colonists in 
 all parts of the globe. 
 
 The reported deeds of chivalry and piety attributed to 
 this saint were dear to the crusaders of old. His spirit was 
 supposed to fight for the Genoese before the walls of Jerusa- 
 lem, and Richard of the Lion's Heart carried his banner 
 home, out of compliment to his Genoese allies. And in the 
 same manner we find most of the maritime people of the 
 Mediterranean adopting him as their patron saint. At 
 Venice, indeed, he was eclipsed by the superior merits of 
 St. Mark and his lion ; but in Genoa, St. George, with his 
 white banner and blood-red cross, and his legendary victory 
 over the dragon, held his own nobly against St. John the 
 Baptist. In the dark slate-marble of Lavagna his knightly 
 form was depicted over hundreds of Genoese lintels, in his 
 contest with the dragon, whilst the king's daughter and the 
 flocks, with their attendant shepherds, are placed near in 
 many of them, looking on in grateful recognition of their 
 release from the monster's jaws. In maritime Portugal also 
 St. George was the cry raised in battle, for it was at the 
 decisive battle of Aljuberrota, in 1385, that the Portuguese, 
 under John II., effectually threw off the Castilian yoke to the 
 cry of St. George for Portugal. 
 
 It strikes one as curious that a soldier saint should have 
 found so much favour with maritime people. For Venice and 
 Genoa he was the miraculous stiller of the storm and tempest, 
 no less than their stalwart ally in battle and in siege. Some 
 twenty miles from Genoa the lovely little fishing village of 
 Portofino lays claim to the possession of the largest portion of 
 St. George's scattered body. They got it, they say, direct 
 from Palestine, and hence chose St. George as their patron 
 saint. Every 24th of April they do him homage, whilst he 
 in return, say the pious mariners, wards off their pestilences
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 
 
 235 
 
 and stills their storms. Thus do the Portofinese fishermen 
 sleep peacefully beneath their olive-clad hills, which scarcely 
 leave room for the narrow line of houses surrounding their 
 tiny land-locked harbour, under the protection of the same 
 
 CHURCH IN PORTOFINO. 
 
 saint whom every Englishman invokes by way of a gentle 
 oath. 
 
 The palace of St. George, as it still stands in Genoa, amply 
 repays a visit and careful attention. Though the mere shadow 
 of the once noble building which in its day has contained the
 
 236 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 fortunes of millions, still much is left to testify to its bygone 
 glory, and to rake up reminiscences of the past. 
 
 Venerable indeed is the old Gothic building, down near 
 the port, handed over as it is to all the filth and squalor 
 of an Italian custom-house ; and though it has been a 
 much mooted question by the present government whether 
 it should not be pulled down to make room for a handsome 
 modern street, the Genoese have nobly stuck to this relic of 
 their former wealth. 
 
 The very stones of which it is built, tradition says, were 
 brought by the Genoese from Constantinople, in 1260, when 
 Michael Paleologus gave them the Venetian fortress of Pan- 
 cratore in recognition of favours and assistance received. 
 Three lions' heads, which adorn the Gothic portal, indicate 
 very ancient and rude Eastern art, and go far to prove the 
 truth of this piece of spiteful folly from which one would gladly 
 free the Genoese ; but here, too, were hung part of the chains 
 of the Pisan harbour, and it looks much as if the faade of 
 this building had been intended as a museum of triumphant 
 jealousy. 
 
 This palace was erected much in its present exterior form 
 in the days of the first captain of the people, Guglielmo 
 Boccanegra, in 1260, as is attested by a tablet in the interior, 
 which reads as follows : 
 
 " Guglielmo Boccanegra, whilst he was captain of this 
 city, ordered, in the year 1 260, that I should be built. After 
 this was decreed, Iva Oliviero, a man divine for the acuteness 
 of his mind, adapted me with great care to whatever use 
 should then or ever after be applied to me by the captain." 
 
 Boccanegra recognized the necessity of erecting a suitable 
 building for the transaction of the ever-increasing monetary 
 affairs of the Republic, and this was the result. 
 
 It requires much courage and determination to ascend 
 those dirty marble stairs, to withstand the jostling of garlic- 
 eating Italian porters, but on reaching the summit of the
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 237 
 
 staircase the reward is complete. On every side the visitor 
 is greeted by statues of worthy men, some well executed in 
 white marble by eminent Genoese artists. They line the 
 walls of the entrance hall, they line the walls of the council 
 hall, each one a testimony to some magnanimous citizen, who 
 gave a portion of his patrimony towards relieving some press- 
 ing distress. 
 
 " We loved that haU, tho' white and" cold, 
 
 Those niched shapes of noble mould ; 
 
 A princely people's awful princes, 
 
 The grave, severe Genoese of old." 
 
 TENNYSON, The Daisy. 
 
 One of these worthies had founded a hospital, another had 
 bought off a tax on provisions which pressed heavily on the 
 poor, another had left shares in the bank to provide a dower 
 for poor maidens, another had left his whole fortune to 
 improve the port or strengthen the fortifications. There 
 they stand in this noble hall, thirty-five benefactors of their 
 country, all robed in the loose flowing dress of mediaeval 
 Italy, each with his quaint " beretta " on his head, a stone 
 slab underneath each, relating to their many virtues and their 
 liberality. In fact, this old building contains a perfect museum 
 of Genoa's worthies, scarcely to be distinguished from the dirt 
 which covers them, a perpetual shame to their descendants 
 who allow such oblivion to cover the deeds of their ancestors, 
 far nobler than themselves. 
 
 These statues are all arranged in an order peculiar to 
 themselves, suited to their various grades of liberality. For 
 those who only bequeathed twenty-five thousand francs to the 
 state, a simple commemorative stone was thought sufficient, 
 whilst their more liberal brethren, whose donation amounted 
 to fifty thousand francs, were honoured with a half figure 
 bust. All those who gave up to one hundred thousand 
 francs, were represented standing in a row over the heads of 
 the most generous of all who exceeded this sum, and who 
 were placed in a sitting posture close to public gaze and
 
 238 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 admiration. It was this fact which caused Francesco Vivaldi's 
 great liberality during a time of distress only to receive a 
 memorial of the second order, and to remain neglected in an 
 upper corner. 
 
 Before leaving this hall, let us turn our eyes to an old 
 inscription, which is still legible over one of the doorways, 
 though the image, which once stood above it, is gone. 
 Triumphant in her victory over the combined forces of Pisa 
 and Frederic II., Genoa wrought a new seal, and a marble 
 image representing the griffin of Genoa trampling beneath 
 her feet the eagle of Germany and the fox of Pisa. As seen 
 to-day, the inscription runs thus 
 
 " As thus the griffin doth its prey devour, 
 So Genoa doth her foes o'erpower." 
 
 Of the small marble image, all that is left is the pedestal and 
 the inscription, and the old seal of the commune, which was a 
 copy of it. 
 
 In this grand council hall, with its surrounding statues, 
 was the tribune in which sat the old president of the bank, 
 with a picture over his head, which still hangs there, repre- 
 senting the Madonna supported by SS. John the Baptist and 
 George, by Domenico Piola. Here the full council of four hun- 
 dred and eighty was held. Around the room were placed the 
 desks of the clerks, with their books, and indexes of the share- 
 holders in alphabetical order. And in this hall were initiated 
 some of the most important steps in commercial enterprise. 
 
 A visit to the archives of this old bank will well repay the 
 curious. Here lie piled together the many volumes of the 
 proceedings of the bank, now principally used as a place of 
 research by those interested in making out their pedigrees ; 
 but what are, perhaps, of more interest to the world at large, 
 arc here deposited the records of Genoa's dealings with her 
 colonies. Here is a copy of the old colonial codes, the 
 Gazzaria, 1 by which she governed her Black Sea possessions. 
 
 1 Vide ch. vi.
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 239 
 
 Here are books without end, labelled Caffa, Scio, Famagosta, 
 etc., all full of lore about her colonies in her palmiest days. 
 
 In wandering through these deserted halls deserted in 
 fact they are not, for they are redolent with everything that 
 can offend the senses, but bereft of their former splendour 
 one is confronted at every turn with some interesting inscrip- 
 tion, some lovely black marble carving, or some fast fading 
 fresco. In one corner we see holes in the wall where the 
 letters for the various magistrates were put over four hundred 
 years ago ; in another we see a long list of important duties 
 on various commodities throughout the Riviera. In a room 
 downstairs all criminal cases were tried, as an inscription 
 attests, while above, in an upper room, is the ballot-box 
 with which elections were decided centuries ago. 
 
 It is a melancholy sight to see and realize how great 
 Genoa once was here in the very centre of her greatness 
 faded, indeed, like that gigantic fresco which faces the sea, 
 in which Lazzaro Tavarone represented St. George on the 
 facade of this his own palace. An apt simile of the fortunes 
 of Genoa is this fresco, scarce now discernible from its con- 
 tinued exposure to the very element which won for Genoa 
 her fame ; whilst the bell in the old clock tower is now 
 for ever silent, and no longer reminds the busy Ligurian 
 mariner of the motto inscribed within it, " Divide thy time, 
 like the measured striking of this bell." 
 
 Of the many benefits conferred by the Bank of St. George 
 on mercantile Genoa, none perhaps was more substantial than 
 the erection and establishment of the. buildings of the Porto 
 Franco. In olden days every ship which entered the 
 harbour paid " a tenth of the sea," as it was called, to the 
 archbishop, and hence many vessels used to anchor in 
 neighbouring ports, and unship their cargoes elsewhere. 
 
 To obviate this difficulty, in 1 595, a Porto Franco, or free 
 entrance, was proclaimed for three years by way of experi- 
 ment, which proved so beneficial that it was extended in
 
 240 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 perpetuity by the government, and the management of it 
 handed over to the Bank of St. George, as most interested in 
 the affairs of export and import. 
 
 Forthwith the directors built large warehouses for the 
 goods which now flocked into Genoa on a spot granted them 
 by government. And now we see the three hundred and 
 fifty-five bonded warehouses, as they were originally erected, 
 surrounded by lofty walls, and with gates towards the sea 
 and the city. Without special permission the military, priest- 
 hood, and women were not admitted within its precincts. 
 Nevertheless, the Jesuits contrived to possess themselves 
 of one of the richest of these warehouses for the aromatic 
 drugs, and other precious products, which arrived for them 
 from Spain, Portugal, the Indies, and China. 
 
 Materially the Porto Franco was a circle of shops in the 
 public keeping, and under the keys of the custom house. 
 Thither all merchandise from abroad was gratuitously ad- 
 mitted, and thence it could be sent by sea or land without 
 tax or duty of any kind. It was the secret of Genoa's later 
 prosperity, and kept for her the nucleus of trade when her 
 colonies and possessions had passed from her. 
 
 In connection with the Porto Franco a curious regiment of 
 porters was maintained by the legacy of a wealthy citizen. 
 They were called the " Company of the Caravans," originally 
 only twelve in number, but afterwards they were raised to 
 three hundred. Two out of this body were annually elected 
 as consuls, who punished delinquents and thefts, and had a 
 sort of little jurisdiction of their own. They wore their own 
 distinctive dress, and were exclusively connected with the 
 custom-house. As Genoese were alone admitted, it was an 
 exceedingly comfortable berth for many a hard-working 
 Ligurian. It was a sort of almshouse, conducted on active 
 principles, to enter which interest was required. It is only a 
 few years since this body of porters was abolished. 
 
 To one of these porters of the Porto Franco, towards the
 
 THE BANK OF ST. GEORGE. 241 
 
 close of the last century, was born a child of surpassing 
 musical genius. He astonished his rough parents by playing 
 the violin from ten to twelve hours daily. And when at 
 seventeen he was taken from his amusement for a more active 
 occupation, as befitted a labourer's son, it was only to lay 
 aside the violin for a more convenient season. This youth 
 was Niccolo Paganini, whose fame went throughout Europe, 
 and whose violin is still treasured in the Genoese council 
 
 hall. 
 
 " The pale musician of the bow 
 Who brought from Italy the tales, made true, 
 Of Grecian lyres, and on his sphery hand, 
 Loading the air with dumb expectancy, 
 Suspended, ere it fell, a nation's breath." 
 
 LEIGH HUNT. 
 
 We have now sketched the history of this bank and its 
 principal bearings on the history of the Republic ; in fact, 
 without this, the history of Genoa would be an entire 
 problem. Her resuscitations after overpowering disasters ; 
 her extraordinary vitality, which led the Emperor Charles V. 
 to say that " No one could crush Genoa, if Genoa did not 
 crush herself;" all these had their centre in the Bank of St. 
 George, its wonderful constitution, and its world-wide fame. 
 
 R
 
 242 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 HOW ANDREA D'ORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 
 
 FEW families have served their country better than the D'Oria 
 of Genoa. In few countries do we find a family for centuries 
 producing members victorious in war, pre-eminent in council, 
 so that scarcely a name can be read on their long pedigree 
 which does not recall some point of interest in Ligurian 
 history. Hardly is there a boast in Genoese annals which 
 was not effectuated by one of them. 
 
 Every visitor to Genoa pays a hurried visit to their sanc- 
 tuary, the small church of San Matteo, and here on the black 
 and white marble facade he may pause and learn the glorious 
 deeds of each from this, the perpetual testimony to their 
 valour : how Oberto D'Oria, in 1284, defeated the Pisans at 
 Meloria ; how Lamba, in 1298, routed the Venetians at Ctir- 
 zola, whilst that curious old Roman sarcophagus under the 
 window on the right is a relic of his victory in which his son 
 Lambino buried his honoured father's remains ; how Filippo 
 D'Oria fought bravely for the French banner in the Gulf of 
 Salerno ; how, in 1352, Pagano routed Venetians, Greeks, and 
 Catalans in the Bosphorus ; how Luciano died conquering 
 the Venetians at Pola, in 1379. 
 
 All this and much more is learnt from this marble volume. 
 But perhaps it is in Andrea D'Oria, the greatest of this great 
 house, that modern interest in this little church chiefly centres. 
 U'ider his direction it was beautified by Montorsoli ; here his
 
 HOW ANDREA D'ORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 243 
 
 venerable bones were laid, and here, over the high altar, stands 
 the sword given him as a token of respect by Pope Paul III. ; 
 whilst in the adjacent cloister, with its hundred light double 
 pillars, stand the remnants of two colossal statues erected by 
 an obedient people to the memory of their masters, the great 
 prince Andrea and the son of his adoption, Giovanandrea 
 D'Oria, but decapitated and cast down during the French 
 Revolution and carried hither, like the mortal remains of the 
 men they represent, to receive honoured sepulture amongst 
 the graves of the ancestors of the D'Oria. 
 
 Every house in the little square which surrounds this 
 church speaks of the D'Oria. Here is the palace which a 
 grateful commonwealth allotted to Lamba, and another to 
 Pagano ; whilst in a retired corner is the one which was pre- 
 sented to Andrea by his country in 1528. In the " loggia," or 
 raised platform, which occupies the centre of this square, the 
 busy D'Oria merchants were wont tp meet their clients, 
 and from here Andrea addressed the assembled populace, in 
 1528, when he came to give them that much-talked-of but 
 doubtful gift of liberty, the nature of which we will presently 
 discuss. 
 
 No less romantic than its after acquired fame is the story 
 of the origin of this family. One Arduin, Viscount of Nar- 
 bonne, came to Genoa prior to embarking for a Crusade, and 
 was lodged in the house of a widow della Volta, of a noble 
 Genoese family ; here he fell ill, and was tenderly nursed by 
 the widow and her fair daughter Oria. On recovery, he found 
 himself deeply enamoured with the girl, and after fulfilling 
 his vows in Palestine, he returned to Genoa to demand her 
 hand. Soon after they were married, and Arduin took up his 
 residence in Genoa, and merged his nationality in that of his 
 wife. In Andrea D'Oria's palace at Fassuolo there still fongs 
 a picture illustrating the betrothal of the fair Oria della Volta 
 to the knight of Narbonne ; and from this marriage sprang 
 all this illustrious line. Their children were called D'Oria,
 
 244 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 and the property which Arduin bought was called Port'Oria, 
 to-day a substantial portion of the Ligurian capital. 
 
 Of the numerous heroes of this family we have had many 
 details in these pages, but now we have to treat of the greatest 
 of them all, the warrior-statesman Andrea, whose life of 
 ninety-three years is about as eventful as any in history, and 
 whose character is one of the most striking the world has 
 produced. On the firm basis of an iron will and an iron con- 
 stitution were grafted the cunning of a Borgia, talents of the 
 highest order for both naval and military affairs, and that entire 
 disregard of principle, so essential for the statesman of those 
 days. Before him emperors and kings trembled, for they 
 recognized in him their superior. Italian politics of the day 
 consisted in the maintenance of a balance of power between 
 France and Germany, and of this Andrea D'Oria was the key- 
 stone. 
 
 Undoubtedly he did much for his own special country, 
 but though he gave Genoa an unhealthy brilliancy during his 
 lifetime, it was but the hectic flush of the doomed, it was 
 the signal for her downfall and her ruin. During the two 
 centuries and a half that the aristocratic government instituted 
 by Andrea continued in Genoa, a slow decay set in in her 
 commerce ; her haughty, purse-proud nobility ground down all 
 within her that was generous and free, until her liberty 
 mouldered away and became extinct ; and though Andrea 
 D'Oria bore the proud title of " liberator of his country," and 
 the constitution he established was looked upon as the very 
 essence of liberty, yet, as read by the light of after events, it 
 appears more to resemble an iron fetter which Spaniard and 
 Frenchman drew tighter and tighter round the Ligurian 
 Republic until Napoleon squeezed thereout the last remaining 
 spark of vitality. 
 
 In himself Andrea was undoubtedly a glorious man ; the 
 emperor Charles V., on whose dominions the sun never set, 
 was controlled by him, fawned upon him, and implicitly
 
 HOW ANDREA UORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 245 
 
 trusted him. Francis I. of France, " the most Christian king," 
 recognized Andrea's power, but by a mistaken policy sought 
 to keep it in check, and thereby lost him to his cause. 
 
 One of the most curious features in Andrea's career is 
 that he was a comparatively insignificant personage until his 
 sixty-third year. He had, it is true, lived the life of a suc- 
 cessful condottiere, but by no means more successful than 
 numerous other members of his family had been before him ; 
 until at length, when he had attained an age at which most 
 men seek for rest from their labours, by a coup d'etat he became 
 master of Genoa, left the service of King Francis I., and for 
 the remaining thirty years of his life held the casting vote in 
 most of the affairs of Europe. 
 
 Another feature in Andrea D'Oria's character, absent in 
 most of Genoa's heroes, was the love he displayed for art, 
 which hitherto had been greatly neglected in Liguria ; and in 
 his palace at Fassuolo, which we will visit presently, he 
 gathered together some of Raphael's and Michael Angelo's 
 most accomplished pupils to adorn his dwelling with some of 
 the most vivid conceptions of their school. 
 
 Andrea's person and frugal habits are thus portrayed by 
 Richer : l " He was tall, well built, and of an agreeable 
 countenance ; his eyes were searching, and his memory so 
 excellent that he never forgot what he read. He was most 
 religious, and daily said his litany to the Virgin. He had 
 only two meals a day, and always diluted his wine with water. 
 He was fond of the fair sex, but never allowed them to inter- 
 fere with his duties." This was the man under whose sway 
 Genoa now fell. 
 
 It would certainly be interesting if more of the facts of his 
 early life, during which such grand abilities were nurtured 
 and matured, could be brought to light. Unfortunately his 
 earlier career is as devoid of narrative as his later days are 
 abounding in it. 
 
 1 Andrde Richer, " Vie des plus celebres marins."
 
 246 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 We are told how he was born on the night of S. Andrea, 
 in 1466, to one Ceva D'Oria, a younger branch of this noble 
 family, who lived on his property at Oneglia, on the Riviera, 
 whither he was obliged to repair for political reasons, and 
 from the emptiness of his pockets. Andrea was his second 
 son a daring, wild youth, full of spirit, and addicted to the 
 habit of running away from home, and being brought back 
 in disgrace ; and so much did the spirit of enterprise evince 
 itself, that a maiden aunt left him some money only on con- 
 dition that he should abandon his vagabond tastes, and settle 
 down to a steady life. 
 
 Andrea was early left to his mother's charge, his father 
 dying when he was still a boy, and infinite was the trouble he 
 gave her. On one occasion, when an uncle took away his 
 elder brother for a more active life, poor Andrea was so 
 disgusted at his uneventful lot that he took to his bed and 
 wept, requiring all the blandishments of his mother to rouse 
 him from his state cf despondency. 
 
 At length, at the age of twenty-six, he was able to leave 
 home with empty pockets but eager heart, and rushed head- 
 long into that life of activity and danger for which his soul 
 craved. By the influence of his kinsman Niccolo, he became 
 man-of-arms in the service of the Genoese Pope, Innocent VIII., 
 of the house of Cybo ; and in this pontiff's behalf, he fought 
 many a battle against the infidel, for Innocent was especially 
 strong in this line. In the archbishop's palace at Genoa is a 
 fresco illustrative of Saracenic subjection and papal aggran- 
 dizement, illustrating the Genoese Pope with his foot on a 
 Saracen's head. Innocent was the jailor of that unfortunate 
 Prince Djem and master of Andrea D'Oria at one and the 
 same time. Hence Andrea was well trained in hatred of the 
 Saracen. 
 
 On the accession of Alexander VI., the licentious Borgian 
 pope, Andrea quitted the Vatican, and retired to Urbino, 
 where the duke received him into his service, and where
 
 HOW ANDREA &ORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 247 
 
 Andrea fell violently in love with the duchess. Some 
 years later, he was enabled to save this lady from the clutches 
 of Caesar Borgia, with a cunning that matched his own. At 
 the siege of Sinigaglia, Andrea sent off the duchess in disguise, 
 and placed an image of her in her bed. This, Andrea care- 
 fully showed to Borgia to disarm all suspicions ; but when the 
 escape of his prey at length dawned upon him, Csesar Borgia, 
 they say, was more hurt than at the loss of a battle. 
 
 At the court of Naples, Andrea D'Oria was introduced to 
 all the horrors of despotism, cruelty, and bloodshed, which 
 may have greatly influenced the formation of his character ; 
 for whether in Genoa, Corsica, or against the corsairs, Andrea 
 D'Oria was proverbial for his cruelty, and his hot-headed 
 persecution of a rival or a foe. 
 
 A pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and the tutorship of the young 
 duke of Urbino, Francesco Maria II., occupied some of 
 Andrea's subsequent years, until he reached the age of thirty- 
 six,' and found his interests in the world no further advanced, 
 and his pockets, if possible, emptier than they were when he 
 left his mother's roof. 
 
 Again did his kinsman, Niccolo D'Oria, lend him a helping 
 hand, and got him an appointment in the Corsican army, of 
 which he was at that time in command, fighting on behalf of 
 the Bank of St. George, against the rebels j 1 and when Niccolo 
 was summoned elsewhere, Andrea obtained sole command of 
 the army. This is the first time we find him in anything like 
 a responsible position ; and here his character came out. With 
 uncompromising cruelty, he put every person that came into 
 his possession in the island to the sword, sparing neither age 
 nor sex in his sweeping commands. He burnt their houses ; 
 and at length, with dogged determination, he succeeded in 
 starving out the Corsican leader, Ranuccio, in his fastnesses, 
 and finally reduced the island to order. 
 
 During all the earlier years of his military career, Andrea 
 1 Vide ch. xv.
 
 248 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 seems to have had but little to do with the politics of his 
 native country. The Fregosi and the Adorni might dispute 
 to their hearts' con-tent, nobles might quarrel with the people, 
 but Andrea's time was not yet come. At the age of forty-six, 
 we find him in Genoa, and ready to accept an active post 
 under Gian Luigi Fregoso, who had possessed himself of the 
 city by means of a handful of Swiss. To Andrea he gave the 
 captaincy of a few galleys, and thus, from being a soldier and 
 a condottiere, he turned into a naval officer; and though some- 
 what advanced in life for so important a change, he neverthe- 
 less soon proved himself equal to gaining laurels for himself 
 by sea. 
 
 Soon after he had adopted this new mode of life, Andrea 
 took part in an escapade of which Genoese annals are justly 
 proud. In 1513, the French, and their Adorni allies, held the 
 lighthouse, or " Briglia," with its command of the entrance to 
 the harbour. After a long siege the garrison was on the point 
 of surrender, when, to the dismay of the senate and the 
 Genoese besiegers, a ship was seen making for the lighthouse, 
 from the side of France, with provisions and ammunition' for 
 the beleaguered garrison. Thereupon one Emanuele Cavallo 
 presented himself to the senate, and promised that if he 
 might choose thirty comrades, and have a galley given him, he 
 could prevent the vessel from having communication with the 
 garrison. 
 
 To this request the senate cordially acquiesced, and 
 amongst the chosen number was Captain Andrea D'Oria. 
 This brave band at once set out to attack the French ship. 
 Kmunucle Cavallo was the first to board her ; many of his 
 comrades were slain, and others wounded, but eventually they 
 succeeded in capturing the ship, and in taking thirty-two 
 Frenchmen back with them in triumph to Genoa as prisoners. 
 For this deed Cavallo received great renown, and immu- 
 nities such as were but seldom granted to a citizen, and 
 Andrea D'Oria then received the only wound he ever had
 
 HOW ANDREA D'ORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 249 
 
 in his long life of war, and his first experience in nautical 
 warfare. 
 
 Recognizing the talents of their kinsman, some two or 
 three years later, some of Andrea's relations set him up with 
 four galleys with which to start his roving, seafaring life ; and 
 for the next few years we see him wandering through the 
 Mediterranean, the terror of the Saracen, the ally of the 
 French, and the bugbear of the Imperial cause. At Tunis, 
 in 1517, he dislodged the infidel, at a great loss to the 
 Christians, but with great honour to himself, and then set sail 
 for Monaco, where he was implicated in a dark affair which, 
 if report be correct, reflects but little credit on his name. It 
 runs as follows : 
 
 A Grimaldi in Monaco murdered his brother about this 
 time, and in his turn was disposed of by one Bartolomeo 
 D'Oria, who seized the principality. Just at this concurrence 
 Andrea D'Oria turned up, avowed his dislike to the step his 
 kinsman had taken, and privately arranged with Archbishop 
 Grimaldi, brother of the two murdered princes, that Bartolomeo 
 should be also put out of the way. This thread of murders, 
 report says, was all instigated by the cunning of Andrea. That 
 the last was, there is sufficient proof ; and the sequel to the 
 tragedy, namely, that Andrea possessed himself of Monaco 
 without a blow, and then handed it over to his royal master, 
 Francis I., looks much as if he had laid the train of these 
 events to accomplish his ends. 
 
 During these days Andrea managed to make himself in- 
 valuable to the French monarch in his war with the emperor 
 Charles. He did good service for him at Marseilles ; he killed 
 the Prince of Orange, the -imperial admiral, for him, and 
 before the battle of Pavia, through Andrea's instrumentality, 
 France was predominant in the Mediterranean, more especially 
 as the Barbary corsairs were kept in check by Andrea and his 
 nephew Philippine. 
 
 But Andrea was not content to remain a mere instrument
 
 250 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 for the aggrandizement of France. Out of the rivalry between 
 the heads of Europe he planned to reap for himself no small 
 advantage. After the fatal battle of Pavia the prisoner-king, 
 Francis I., was conducted by way of Genoa to the monastery 
 of Cervara, a lovely spot near Portofino, which had been built 
 two centuries before by Guido Scettem, an archbishop of 
 Genoa, Petrarch's friend. To-day there stands a fine palm 
 tree overshadowing the room where the French king was im- 
 prisoned ; and this monastery of Cervara is a charming rest 
 for the eye as it wanders along the steep olive-clad hills and 
 bold rocks and fortresses which line the coast. 
 
 Here slept king Francis, whilst Andrea D'Oria and his 
 galleys were reposing in the little land-locked harbour of 
 Portofino, scarce two miles distant. At one blow he could 
 have released his royal master from his prison, if such had 
 been his wish; but his plans were otherwise laid, probably 
 far too deep to be fathomed after this lapse of time. But 
 certain it is that after this arose a marked coolness between 
 Andrea and the French king, and for the next few months 
 Andrea fought under the papal banner, and not under that of 
 the lilies. 
 
 It was during his dealings with Pope Clement VII. that 
 this great admiral, of whom the Genoese are so proud, and 
 who gave them their liberty, they say, actually found himself 
 laying siege to his native town and the Spanish garrison 
 therein. Scarcely three years afterwards did he treat the 
 French, whom he now introduced as lords of Genoa, in the 
 same way. What versatility for a liberator of his country, and 
 what curious means to obtain that liberty ! 
 
 After the sack of Rome, and Clement's disgrace, Andrea 
 again found himself in the immediate service of France. He 
 seems, in fact, to have had great dislike to sticking by a friend 
 in distress ; and his friends were always those from whom he 
 could reap the greatest benefit. Thus, with French aid, did he 
 manage to drive the Spaniards out of Genoa, and impose that
 
 HO IV ANDREA UORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 251 
 
 very yoke upon his native city for removing which, in 1528, 
 he was crowned with everlasting laurels, and hailed as the 
 saviour of his country. It is a striking instance of the system 
 of politics carried on in Genoa that the future host of the 
 
 HARBOUR OF PORTOFINO. 
 
 emperor Charles should be the person to introduce into her 
 assembly the French governor Teodoro Trivulzio. 
 
 During all these busy scenes of politics and war, Andrea 
 D'Oria found time enough to pay attention to his domestic 
 affairs. In the year 1526, when sixty years of age, he took 
 to himself a wife, one Peretta by name, an elderly, highly
 
 252 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 respectable woman, whose chief recommendations were of a 
 domestic nature, for which alone did Andrea marry her, being 
 actuated neither by beauty, riches, nor the hope of offspring in 
 making this choice of a companion for his declining years. 
 Throughout his long career the character of Andrea D'Oria 
 escaped the slur of scandal, in an age when vice itself was 
 almost looked upon as a virtue ; and beyond an attachment 
 to the Duchess of Urbino in his younger days, Andrea's name 
 is never coupled with that of any of the fair sex, until he 
 took Peretta to his home, and together they began life as it 
 were at the wrong end. 
 
 Daily the coldness between Andrea and his master, 
 Francis, was increasing. Diligently enough D'Oria collected 
 troops to assist the French king in Naples, but Francis was 
 dilatory in coming forward, and Andrea's impetuosity could 
 not stand it ; so off he set on an expedition of his own to 
 Sardinia ; but not with his usual success did he attack the 
 Spaniards in this island. However, all failure was more than 
 compensated for by a signal victory the two D'Oria, Andrea 
 and his nephew, gained over the imperialists at Capri. 
 
 A great and terrible battle of a truth was that of Capri, 
 and mainly to a device of his own did Andrea owe the suc- 
 cessful issue thereof. To his slaves he promised liberty, and 
 a galley all for themselves, with the D'Orian flag, if they 
 should win the day. Under this incentive, they rushed with 
 one accord into the water, with knives in their mouths, and 
 caused such havoc and confusion amongst the imperial galleys 
 that when Andrea came upon the scene he was enabled to 
 strike a decisive blow. 
 
 Be it said to his credit that he gave his slaves their liberty 
 and their galley, on condition that they should burn it on 
 reaching Africa. We know not if their part of the contract 
 was fulfilled. 
 
 This victory at Capri was for Andrea D'Oria the great 
 turning point in his life. It alarmed Francis I. to find himself
 
 HOW 'ANDREA UORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 253 
 
 under the control of his powerful admiral ; it made the 
 emperor obsequious and ready to come to terms with Andrea 
 at any cost. And thus, after Capri, judicious Andrea paved the 
 way for changing his allegiance from France to Austria, and 
 with it the allegiance of his country. 
 
 It is a curious historical drama, this freak of Andrea 
 D'Oria's, but when read with a view to the politics of the day, 
 it was clearly the wisest course he could have pursued. He 
 recognized that Francis was jealous of his transcendent 
 power, and would crush him if he could. He recognized not 
 only that his own downfall was being aimed at by the French 
 monarch, but also that of his native Genoa. For, by setting 
 up Savona as a port with franchises greater than those of 
 Genoa, Francis hoped to overthrow Genoese commerce. 
 
 Moreover, Francis hit Andrea hard on a sore point ; for the 
 admiral was exceedingly fond of money, and the king gave 
 him nothing for his capture of the Prince of Orange, instead 
 of two hundred thousand ducats, as he had originally pro- 
 mised. And although Francis sent him the much-coveted 
 order of St. Michael, he never gave him a property he had 
 promised him in Provence ; and such want of faith as this, 
 more especially when his own pockets were concerned, Andrea 
 was not the person to leave unrequited. 
 
 By way of a further indignity to his victorious admiral, 
 Francis was induced by jealousy to supersede him by appoint- 
 ing a man called Barbesieux to command the Mediterranean 
 fleet, a man whom Brantome tells us " scarce knew what a 
 sea, a port, or a galley were." And this appointment was 
 coupled with instructions, if possible, to get Andrea into his 
 power and bring him to France. 
 
 But Andrea was not to be so easily caught. He was aware 
 of the machinations of the French king, retired to the castle 
 of Lerici, and refused all Barbesieux's solicitations for an 
 audience on the French galleys. He was too ill, replied the 
 cunning Andrea ; Barbesieux might come and speak with
 
 254 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 him at his bedside. But Barbesieux's guilty conscience would 
 not allow him to trust himself within Andrea's four walls, so 
 the audience never took place. 
 
 The French monarch, however, when he had gone too far, 
 began to repent him of thus alienating the allegiance of his 
 admiral. In vain did he make specious offers and promises 
 of amendment ; Andrea wisely recognized that an injured 
 monarch would not be so easily appeased, and that a perjured 
 monarch would take the first opportunity of again breaking 
 his word. 
 
 Who then can blame Andrea D'Oria for deserting a cause 
 which not only struck at his own downfall, but at the down- 
 fall of his country ? more especially when we take into account 
 the politics of the age, and consider that he was but 
 
 " Like a true Ligurian born to cheat, 
 At least when fortune favoured his deceit.'* 
 
 VIRGIL, ^En. xi. 
 
 How valued Andrea was by the French, and how keenly 
 the loss of his aid must have been felt by them, is shown by 
 Brantome, who says, " that amongst the good admirals of the 
 emperor Charles V., Andrea D'Oria was the best, who formerly 
 had served the king (Francis) faithfully . . . and if Andrea 
 D'Oria had not departed from us, no one would have prevented 
 us from taking Naples ; but the king alienated him from us." 
 
 On the iQth of June, 1527, Andrea sent his cousin, Erasmo 
 D'Oria, to Madrid, and there an open treaty, which had pre- 
 viously been drawn up, was ratified ; and on the 2nd of 
 August, Andrea raised aloft the emperor's banner over his 
 galley, which but a short time before he had captured at 
 Capri. 
 
 The following were the advantages gained by Andrea 
 from this treaty : Genoa was to be freed from the French 
 yoke, and to govern herself in the form of a republic ; all her 
 dominions, including Savona, were to be restored to her, and 
 she was to enjoy large commercial advantages throughout the
 
 HOW ANDREA UORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 255 
 
 empire. Andrea himself was to be made captain and lieu- 
 tenant-general of the imperial navy for life ; he was to have a 
 slave and a condemned criminal in return for each prisoner 
 he gave up, and a pension of ninety thousand golden scudi 
 per annum, besides a handsome list of smaller privileges. 
 
 Here we in a measure conclude the brilliant side of 
 Andrea's career. In his transactions with crowned heads, we 
 can but admire his astuteness and independence, how he 
 roved the seas in the service of king, pope, or emperor, care- 
 less of the smiles or frowns of each. But when we turn to 
 his dealings with his native country the case is far otherwise. 
 Whether we praise or blame him for his versatile conduct with 
 regard to rival potentates, we cannot help recognizing that 
 his dealings with Genoa were entirely mercenary. He wished 
 for a pied-a-Urre where to deposit his galleys, his slaves, and 
 his wealth ; he was glad of the opportunity afforded him by 
 Genoa's fine harbour and still finer bank ; he could have been 
 doge for life or king of Genoa if he had wished ; but he who 
 could control kings was satisfied with a place in the council, 
 and the entire submission of the Ligurian Republic to his 
 plans. 
 
 Let us now look closely into his dealings with Genoa 
 seriatim. No sooner had he entered into the emperor's service 
 than he found it necessary to dislodge Trivulzio and the 
 French garrison in Genoa, which three years before he had 
 placed there. At the time the city was stricken by a plague, 
 the streets were empty, the French garrison decimated ; what 
 more fitting opportunity for a coup de main ? At the Porta 
 dell 'Arco no resistance was offered to him, and he proceeded 
 staight to the D'Oria quarters around S. Matteo without a 
 single impediment, and there from the "loggia" he addressed 
 a small handful of men, for the public buildings were all con- 
 verted into pest-houses, and men feared to meet each other 
 save in the open air. To his harangue the people feebly 
 responded an assent. What cared they for his elaborate
 
 256 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 reasonings about deserting the French cause ? All life was 
 
 o o 
 
 gone from the city which once had been the mistress of the 
 Mediterranean, and whose sons had discovered new worlds 
 for others. 
 
 In Genoa hitherto the nobles could shake the constitution 
 without being able to control it. The people often ruled, but 
 never really governed, and were every moment ready to 
 entrust their lacerated liberty into the hands of strangers, with 
 a view r to regulating it, and then they would take back again 
 their gift, like a capricious child with its worthless toy. From 
 her miserable delirium Genoa never could recover, and now ~ 
 she had found a master who knew how to enslave her. 
 
 The much-vaunted liberty of 1528 was as iron a chain of 
 aristocratic tyranny as could well be wrought. Henceforth 
 the very revolutions change their character, and instead of 
 being the result of rivalries between free citizens, they are the 
 upshot of some foul plot. Of these the Fieschi revolt was 
 the most respectable ; but those of Vacchero, Delia* Torre, 
 and others, all emanated from debased natures and sordid 
 plans. 
 
 With the cry of " Liberty and St. George," Andrea D'Oria 
 soon succeeded in arousing the people to assist him in driving 
 out the French governor who was established in the castle. 
 The infected council hall was hastily cleaned out, and 
 thither Andrea proceeded with what senators he could gather 
 together, hurriedly to dictate the reforms which, under his 
 substantial patronage, took such deep root in Genoa that it 
 required the force of a Napoleon to break them. 
 
 But what of these reforms and their liberal principles ? 
 They were based on the system of the exaltation of the 
 family. For centuries this system had been in vogue in 
 Genoa, as a means whereby the nobles, by uniting together 
 with their retainers and their kinsmen, were enabled to keep 
 the populace in check. At first they had been termed "com- 
 panies," now they were known as "alberghi." Andrea D'Oria
 
 HOW ANDREA D'ORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 257 
 
 limited the number of these to twenty-eight, obliged every 
 one to enroll himself in one, and made it necessary for the 
 family who gave its name to an " albergo " to be descended 
 from the old consular families, and to have six open houses in 
 Genoa ; and all those who became merged in these com- 
 panies were to take the name and arms of the one in which 
 they were enrolled. 
 
 From the order of the nobility the members of the great 
 council of four hundred were to be chosen by an elaborate 
 system of balloting ; and thus, whilst all the turbulent spirits 
 were divided judiciously, and made to live under the eye of an 
 " albergo," both greater and lesser nobles were pleased at the 
 amount of power they found in their hands. The people, in 
 their turn were satisfied, because much was said about liberty 
 after a bad time. Spaniards and French were driven from 
 their castles, Savona fell before D'Oria's arms, whilst the most 
 factious of the nobility were driven to take refuge in France. 
 And, moreover, they looked upon Andrea D'Oria, the chief 
 mover in this new order of things, as a sort of demi-god. 
 What magnanimity it was to refuse the dogeship for life, 
 which a grateful council offered him, and to be content with 
 remaining a simple syndic! This had great effect on the 
 popular minds, and the day on which the new statutes were 
 promulgated, the I2th of September, was kept as an annual 
 festival until 1798. 
 
 The senators, in the plenitude of their gratitude, presented 
 the hero of the day with a handsome black and white marble 
 palace, close to his family shrine, which still satisfies the 
 curious, with its large Latin inscription, that it was presented 
 to Andrea D'Oria, the liberator of his country, as a public 
 offering. 
 
 What Andrea D'Oria did for his country, he did for Italy 
 at large, for by destroying the balance of power between 
 France and Austria, which Lorenzo de Medici had worked 
 for, and which had been the aim of all Italian politicians of 
 
 s
 
 258 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 the day, Andrea gave undue preponderance to the Austro- 
 Spanish cause. During his own lifetime he was able, with 
 his wealth and with his galleys, to keep the Spaniards out of 
 Genoa ; but they got Naples, whilst the Austrians advanced 
 in the north, and thus was wound round Italy a coil of foreign 
 despotism from which she has never recovered ; and Andrea 
 D'Oria, the liberator of Genoa, the patriot, the magnanimous, 
 was the chief instrument in bringing it about. 
 
 Poor Genoa ! within her walls he introduced a system of 
 aristocratic tyranny which by a process of slow decay under- 
 mined her prosperity. 
 
 Andrea was indeed a great captain and a great statesman, 
 inasmuch as he understood the intricate politics of that most 
 designing age ; but he was a bad citizen, and looked upon his 
 country more as a savings bank for the deposit of his 
 enormous wealth, and as an excellent starting point for his 
 various schemes. As far as he himself was concerned, Andrea 
 was almost invariably successful ; as far as his country was 
 concerned, he brought about a temporary blaze of prosperity, 
 and introduced a new era, a brilliant dazzling era for the 
 thirty years that he survived the new order of things, but it 
 was the brilliancy as of an angry setting sun, with dark tem- 
 pests lowering in the distance, and abject rottenness at heart. 
 
 During Andrea D'Oria's rule in Genoa, no town in Italy 
 was gayer, nowhere were the people entertained so lavishly 
 with festivities and processions. Into his palace at Fassuolo, 
 Andrea introduced some of the best artists from all parts of 
 Italy to adorn its walls. Montorsoli and Pierino del Vaga 
 had fled from Rome after the sack of the eternal city by the 
 Cardinal Bourbon. Shortly after this Andrea was anxious to 
 build himself a palace outside the walls of Genoa, where one 
 of the Frcgosi had lived; and whilst the former of these artists 
 designed the building and erected statues in the vigorous- 
 style of his master, Michael Angelo, the latter covered the 
 walls of this palace with frescoes worthy of comparison with
 
 HOW ANDREA D'ORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 259 
 
 Raphael's stanze in the Vatican. In an upper hall we see all 
 the heroes of the D'Oria family depicted on the walls in the 
 dress of ancient warriors ; the ceilings recall the triumphs of 
 Scipio side by side with the triumphs of Andrea D'Oria over 
 the Saracens. 1 
 
 In a hanging garden behind, now severed by the railway 
 from the palace, Montorsoli erected a colossal statue of 
 Andrea as Jupiter, which still looks down in naked silence on 
 the busy station of Genoa and the haunts of men. Towards 
 the sea, terraces and fountains adorned the grounds, where the 
 emperor Charles V. wandered, 2 and where Philip II., when a 
 gay young prince, was entertained with all the lavishness of 
 old Andrea's wealth, and all the magnificence of the artist's 
 skill. Subterranean passages led down to the water's edge, 
 and here Andrea had his galleys anchored, twenty in all, 
 whilst from the terrace above his keen old eye would watch 
 them going to and fro laden with precious goods from all 
 parts of the world. It is said he had twenty thousand men 
 at his disposal soldiers, sailors, and slaves, all counted ; and 
 beneath the vaulted halls of his princely palace may still be 
 seen the dungeons which were always well stocked with slaves 
 for his galleys. 
 
 Barely a century after the completion of this palace, 
 Evelyn visited it, and thus described it in his diary : " One of 
 the greatest palaces here for circuit is that of the Prince 
 D'Oria, which reaches from the sea to the summit of the 
 mountains. The house is most magnificently built without, 
 nor less gloriously furnished within, having whole tables and 
 bedsteads of massy silver, many of them set with agates, 
 onyxes, cornelians, lazulis, pearls, turquoises, and other pre- 
 cious stones. The pictures and statues are innumerable. To 
 this palace belong three gardens, the first whereof is beautified 
 with a terrace supported by pillars of marble. There is a 
 fountain of eagles, and one of Neptune, with other sea-gods, 
 1 Vide, illustration in last chapter. * Vide ch. i.
 
 260 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 all of the purest white marble. They stand in a most ample 
 
 basin of the same stone One of the statues is a colossal 
 
 Jupiter, under which is the sepulchre of a beloved dog, for the 
 care of which one of this family received of the king of Spain 
 five hundred crowns a year, during the life of that faithful 
 animal." 
 
 The history of Andrea's thirty years' supremacy in Genoa 
 naturally divides itself into two periods before the great 
 Fieschi revolt, and from that to his death. During the first 
 of these periods Andrea was still, though old, in possession of 
 all the vigour of youth ; and under his banner, and for the 
 imperial cause, Genoa fought bravely against the Turk, and 
 the elements of discontent incident on Andrea's reforms had 
 not yet had time to develop. 
 
 The French were naturally much disconcerted at the loss 
 of their hold on so advantageous a spot as Genoa, and sent St. 
 Pol, with a considerable force, to try and restore their power, but 
 without avail. They nearly, however, succeeded in catching 
 Andrea, who had just removed to his new palace outside the 
 walls ; but his soldiers were on the alert, and gave the admiral 
 warning just in time to escape, but not in time to don a be- 
 fitting garment, and the Genoese received him within their 
 walls draped only in the scanty folds of his night-dress. The 
 old palace of the Fregosi was razed to the ground, and 
 Andrea had therefore to begin it again on the new designs 
 made for him by Montorsoli. 
 
 Shortly after the repulse of the French, -the emperor 
 Charles V. paid his first visit to Genoa, and was lodged by the 
 municipality for forty-four days at the cost of seventy-five 
 thousand ducats. Most magnificent were the festivities, and 
 for Andrea this was the proudest moment of his life. He 
 had brought the emperor from Spain in his galleys, which 
 proves the confidence placed in his versatile admiral by 
 Charles, who refused to listen to the admonitions of his friends, 
 who thought the step a rash one of entirely entrusting himself
 
 HOW ANDREA D'ORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA, 261 
 
 to the tender mercies of a man like Andrea who had only 
 lately left the service of his arch enemy, King Francis. 
 
 However much the Republic spent on this imperial visit, 
 all the benefits thereof were showered on the head of Andrea, 
 and a goodly catalogue they were. A purse of twenty-five 
 thousand scudi, the order of the Golden Fleece, together with 
 the more substantial possession of the broad lands of the princi- 
 pality of Melfi, with its attendant title of prince ; also various 
 confiscated goods were heaped upon him, and when Charles 
 left Genoa, the name of D'Oria was still more powerful, and 
 the liberty of the Republic still more circumscribed. 
 
 In the war against the Turks, which followed soon after 
 Charles' passage through Genoa, Prince Andrea D'Oria was 
 again to achieve a great success, not only for his imperial 
 master, but for Christendom at large. 
 
 Whilst Solyman the Magnificent was threatening Vienna, 
 Barbarossa, his able admiral, was laying waste all the coasts of 
 the Mediterranean. The very centre of Spanish commerce, 
 Cadiz, trembled at the boldness of this infidel marauder, and 
 Liguria too had great cause for alarm at the frequent Saracenic 
 raids on her long coast line. 
 
 Prince Andrea at once threw all his energies into this 
 campaign ; he conquered Barbarossa, who had gathered around 
 him all the strength of Islamism, and thus relieved Cadiz from 
 the hands of this cruel red-bearded admiral, the son of a 
 Lesbian potter. Eight hundred prisoners and much booty 
 was the result of this victory. But Andrea tarried not ; he 
 hastened to follow it up by attacking the Turks in their home. 
 He sailed for Greece and, by a second sea-victory at Corone, 
 entirely changed the tide of affairs. Solyman was obliged to 
 relinquish his attempt on Vienna, and to the success of his 
 admiral in the waters of the Mediterranean, rather than to the 
 emperor's prowess in his campaign in Hungary, is due the 
 fact that the Austrian capital and the whole of Christendom 
 were saved from the impending destruction.
 
 262 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 From his victory in the Gulf of Lepanto, Prince Andrea 
 took home a large cannon, and piously had wrought thereout 
 a statue of the Madonna for his chapel down by the quay. 
 
 Shortly after this triumph over the infidel, Charles paid a 
 second visit to Genoa, and was this time lodged with all that 
 was luxurious at the palace of Fassuolo, then blooming in all 
 its fresh magnificence. 1 But it was not long that the emperor 
 had to tarry with his old admiral ; the French troubled him on 
 one side, and the Turks on the other, and with disgust Europe 
 beheld the most Christian monarch of France and the most 
 infidel sultan of Constantinople working hand in hand in 
 attacking the mighty fabric of Austro-Spanish grandeur. 
 
 In the history of Genoa these wars into which she was 
 dragged by the vast connexions and ambition of her mam- 
 moth citizen were uninteresting and of little importance, 
 except that thereby her treasury was drained, and all the 
 glory was heaped on Prince Andrea's head. 
 
 When Charles and Francis came to terms at Aiguesmortes, 
 an interesting interview occurred between Prince Andrea D'Oria 
 and his former master. The French king in lofty language 
 addressed D'Oria thus: "We are content, at the intercession of 
 the Emperor, to restore you to your ancient place in our grace 
 and friendship." " It will be well," replied Andrea with 
 emphasis ; " for whilst I served your Majesty I never was 
 wanting in respect or in fidelity." 
 
 Fearful of higher words, the emperor judiciously led the 
 French monarch and his touchy admiral away to view the 
 beauties of his galley. And troubles with the corsairs soon 
 called for Andrea's attention elsewhere. 
 
 A celebrated corsair was Dragut, his fame went through 
 the length and breadth of the Mediterranean ; mothers terrified 
 their children to obedience with the mention of his name. His 
 origin was obscure, but his talents for naval warfare were 
 transcendent. His fine figure and manly bearing soon gained 
 
 1 Vide ch. i.
 
 HOW ANDREA UORIA CAME TO RULE IN GENOA. 263 
 
 for him a reputation amongst the Turks, and under Bar- 
 barossa he commanded nine galleys, and therewith swept the 
 seas. 
 
 Andrea D'Oria sent his adopted son Gianettino, the son of 
 his cousin Tommaso D'Oria, to secure this fire-brand ; and after 
 a long and weary search amongst the bays of the Mediterranean, 
 the corsair was taken by a stratagem, put in irons, and 
 conducted to Andrea's palace at Genoa. Here the Princess 
 Peretta, Andrea's wife, took a great fancy to him, and wished 
 him to be released. However, she thought it advisable not to 
 take the responsibility on herself, but despatched him to her 
 husband, who was then at Messina. Prince Andrea was greatly 
 embarrassed at the presence of so great a prisoner, surrounded 
 as he was on all sides by the corsair's friends eager for an 
 opportunity to release him ; so he offered him forthwith to the 
 emperor, who refused, for where Dragut was there were the 
 Turkish troops gathered together. At length, in a weak 
 moment, Andrea liberated him at the ransom of thirty 
 thousand ducats, which Barbarossa willingly paid, and Dragut 
 went forth from his prison to become a worse scourge than 
 ever to the Christian coasts, and bitter were the reproaches 
 heaped on old Andrea's head in after years for having let go 
 such great quarry. 
 
 Prince Andrea was now approaching an age which few 
 succeed in reaching, and if they do so, cease to mix in worldly 
 affairs. 
 
 In the year 1545, when the patriarchal D'Oria was in his 
 eightieth year, he conducted an expedition to Algiers for his 
 imperial master. It was perhaps one of the last lingering signs 
 of Andrea's ancient shrewdness, which led him to attempt to 
 dissuade the emperor from this ill-starred expedition. Certain 
 it is that ever after this the aged admiral lost his prestige, and 
 spent the remaining years of his life in constant trouble at 
 home, and in seeing his expeditions ill-managed by less com- 
 petent successors.
 
 264 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 But it is in these last years of his life that his dealings with 
 the JLigurian Republic arc more marked and better exemplified. 
 Insurrection after insurrection proves their dissatisfaction with 
 the reforms Andrea had instituted. And we have but to scan 
 the closing scenes of his long life to realize the hollowness of 
 that liberty about which poets have sung, and eulogies have 
 been written to extol the great name of D'Oria.
 
 ( 26 5 ) 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY. 
 
 PERHAPS in itself, the conspiracy of Gian Luigi Fieschi 
 against the power of the D'Oria would have passed away and 
 sunk into oblivion had not the importance of it been world- 
 wide, and had not Andrea D'Oria held, as he did, the keys of 
 European politics in his hands. Moreover, the facts them- 
 selves have much of the sweet savour of romance about them, 
 which poets, from Schiller downwards, have loved to hover 
 over and exaggerate. 
 
 There was the patriarchal D'Oria reposing, like an aged 
 war-horse, under the laurels of countless campaigns ; and there 
 was the young and handsome Gian Luigi, the Alcibiades of 
 Genoa, as he was termed, courting the favours of fortune, with 
 everything to make him attractive to the fickle goddess. But 
 for once she was true to her old love ; for once she was 
 content to smile on a life which covered all but a century 
 with scarce the shadow of a frown. These were the leading 
 actors in our drama ; and when we have as accessories the 
 mighty emperor Charles V. attracted from his persecutions 
 of the Protestants in Saxony by this sudden outbreak in 
 Liguria against his aged admiral, and when we have the 
 French monarch eagerly looking on for an opportunity to 
 recoup his fallen fortunes in Italy, and the old Farnese, Pope 
 Paul III., one of the greatest plotters for temporal power and 
 nepotism, we cannot wonder that this conspiracy has been a
 
 266 GENOAj HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 favourite theme, with Europe for the stage and her greatest 
 potentates for the chief actors. 
 
 By way of preface, let us glance at the Fieschi, and the 
 position they held in Genoa. We have had much to do with 
 them in the course of these pages. We have seen the power 
 they had, and how they used it ; we have seen how they 
 originally became merged in the commune of Genoa with 
 Ghibelline interests. The founder of the family, it is said, 
 collected an emperor's fiscal revenues, and hence called himself 
 Fisco. We have seen, too, how it had been the policy of 
 this house to fight against popular interests, to prefer being 
 the most powerful vassal of a French king to being sub- 
 ordinate in a republic ; and how Gian Luigi Fieschi, the 
 grandfather of the hero of this conspiracy, had ruled both 
 Riviere, and had amassed enormous wealth under the 
 favouring wing of Louis XII. of France. 
 
 Sinibaldo, his son, had so far deviated from the policy of 
 his ancestors as to espouse the cause of Andrea D'Oria in 
 throwing off the French allegiance. He was on terms of the 
 greatest intimacy with the old admiral, and on his death left 
 him guardian of his sons. Sinibaldo had the character of a 
 spendthrift ; he loved gorgeous displays, and lived in his 
 palace on Carignano with little short of regal magnificence ; 
 but he died in 1532, whilst his eldest son, Gian Luigi, was still 
 a boy, leaving an impoverished estate and a widow of un- 
 bounded ambition. She was born a della Rovere, a niece of 
 the proud pontiff Julius II., and inherited all the love of 
 power so characteristic of her race. 
 
 Forthwith the widow retired with her numerous family to 
 the castle of Montobbio to bring them up in seclusion ; and in 
 this castle, and from his mother's lips, Gian Luigi was first 
 imbued with a thirst for power and a hatred of the D'Oria. 
 She gently infused into his mind the bygone glories of his 
 house how two popes, Innocent IV. and Adrian V., had 
 gone forth from it, seventy-three cardinals, and full three
 
 THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY. 
 
 267 
 
 hundred mitred bishops. It was not only spiritual but tem- 
 poral grandeur which illumined their ancestry. Even though 
 it was but for a short time, nevertheless, Giacomo Fiesco 
 had been invested by his uncle, the Pope, with the kingdom 
 of Naples, and had worn a crown. At various times and 
 seasons the Fieschi had been lords of independent cities along 
 the Riviera, and to their family belonged the saintly Caterina 
 of Genoa, who had died in 1510, after a life of piety. In her 
 youth she had been married to an Adorno to please her 
 
 FROM I-ONTE CARIGNANO, GENOA. 
 
 parents ; but the joys of piety had more charms for her than 
 those of married life. Many are the stories attached to her 
 memory of the days she spent in hospitals, and of the trea- 
 tise on purgatory that she wrote, and even still her name is 
 dear to the pious of Genoa. 
 
 Such had been the Fieschi ; but now, impoverished and 
 shorn of honours, they were treated almost as the D'Oria's 
 subjects. And such were the seeds which the widowed 
 Fieschi poured into the mind of her son, and they fell not on
 
 268 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 sterile ground ; for Gian Luigi hated the D'Oria, especially 
 Prince Andrea's haughty, overbearing, adopted son, Gianet- 
 tino, whom report said was only awaiting his kinsman's death 
 to assume the lordship of Genoa. 
 
 " Moreover, who were these D'Oria ? " asked his mother. 
 " Was not Andrea himself the offspring of a younger and 
 impoverished line, with none of the blood of the heroes of 
 Meloria and Curzola flowing in his veins ? And as for 
 Gianettino, his father had had to earn his livelihood by silk- 
 weaving, and his conduct was nothing but that of an insolent 
 upstart." 
 
 After a wholesome course of training such as this, Gian 
 Luigi repaired to Genoa in his eighteenth year, to take up 
 the honours of his family, now greatly refreshed by a long 
 minority. No stimulus of poverty, therefore, had he to incite 
 him to rebellion ; for he had thirty-three castles of his own 
 outside Genoa, and revenues sufficient for a prince accumu- 
 lated for him in the Bank of St. George. But the seeds of 
 his policy had been sown in his youth, and carefully pruned 
 and perfected by subtle advisers and the run of circumstances. 
 
 Report tells us that the enmity between the young D'Oria 
 and the young Fieschi was heightened by a love affair ; 
 that Gian Luigi was about to wed the daughter of Adamo 
 Centurione, a wealthy noble ; but deeming the heir of Prince 
 D'Oria a more suitable match for his daughter, Centurione 
 handed her over with her rich dower to Gianettino. And 
 evil report goes further, for it says that, not contented 
 with this prize, Gianettino was too fond of the wife Gian 
 Luigi eventually took to himself, the lovely Leonora Cybo, 
 daughter of the lord of Massa. But report says much about 
 this lady, and its testimony is conflicting. 
 
 Suffice it for our purpose that Gian Luigi bitterly hated 
 the D'Oria, that Gianettino was haughty and unpopular, 
 and that Gian Luigi was possessed of every quality that could 
 charm the world and gain for him popular applause. He
 
 THE F I ESC HI CONSPIRACY. 269 
 
 would with his well-filled purse smooth over the difficulties of 
 any one in distress ; he had a kind word for every one who 
 came to his house, and he won the hearts of all the mothers 
 in Genoa, not only by his handsome face and winning 
 manner, but also by dandling their babes on his knee. In 
 short, if female suffrage had been in vogue in Genoa, Gian 
 Luigi's majority would have been overwhelming. 
 
 No less successful was he in winning the hearts of his 
 enemies. On the very day of the conspiracy Gian Luigi, 
 by his tender kindness to old Prince Andrea, won from the 
 admiral a triumphant smile as he turned to the Spanish 
 ambassador, Figuerroa, and said, " Could so open-hearted- a 
 man be guilty of any treachery ? " for the astute Spaniard 
 had scented the subtle air of treason, and tried in vain to 
 arouse the suspicions of the old prince. 
 
 Also with Gianettino D'Oria, Gian Luigi kept outwardly on 
 the best of terms. ' On this very day of the conspiracy, too, at 
 the D'Oria's palace, he would have Gianettino believe that all 
 former disagreements were hushed, and that nothing but love 
 reigned in their breasts ; and on this last day of both their 
 lives the two greatest enemies in Genoa walked and talked 
 together as the dearest friends. 
 
 So much for Gian Luigi Fieschi, his character and his 
 plans. Let us glance at some of his aiders and abettors in the 
 scheme of rebellion against Andrea's power. There is sub-' 
 stantial proof that he had an understanding with Barnabo 
 Adorno, son of the last doge Antoniotto, but it all came to 
 nothing, and Prince Andrea himself professed not to believe 
 a word of the accusation against his ward, the son of his old 
 friend Sinibaldo. 
 
 To win over his young mind by means of gentle measures, 
 the emperor appointed Gian Luigi to a post from which he 
 should receive a pension of two thousand scudi ; but through 
 some oversight, none of this was ever paid him, and thereby 
 contributed towards further fanning the discontented flame
 
 270 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 which burnt in his breast. But whatever his earlier plots may 
 have been, it is certain that in 1 544 he occupied a position free 
 of suspicion, and that it was from outside Genoa that the first 
 tempting whisper came, which hurried him on to his fatal end. 
 
 Paul III. it was who, from the Vatican, set afloat the first 
 seeds of this conspiracy. He hated Andrea D'Oria and the 
 emperor both with a bitter hatred : the former, because he 
 was a serious obstacle to his temporal aggrandizement, and the 
 latter, because he had got all out of him he could. With 
 Prince D'Oria the Pope quarrelled over an inheritance in 
 Naples, which had been left to Andrea by an old bishop 
 Imperiale, but which Paul saw fit to appropriate for himself. 
 The pontiff drove all Genoese merchants out of his states, 
 and made overtures to the king of France, who readily 
 assented, and together they proposed to make Gian Luigi 
 Fieschi their tool. 
 
 Unfortunately for the veracity of the contracts between 
 these conspirators, there are no documentary proofs ; none, in 
 fact, but the confession of one of Gian Luigi's men when 
 put to the torture, which was written down by a bystander. 
 Gian Luigi, said this man, went to Piacenza, where he had 
 dealings with the Farnese duke, nephew of Paul III., and 
 thence to Rome, where the pontiff received him with great 
 state, spoke of the pleasant days he had spent in his father's 
 palace at Carignano, whilst still a cardinal, and finally pro- 
 posed to make him admiral of his galleys. Some say he sold 
 them to him, but the probability, however, is that the galleys 
 were to be employed against the D'Oria with the aid of French 
 gold : and from the archives of Simancas we gather that the 
 duke Farnese agreed to provide Fieschi with fourteen thousand 
 infantry, and that the sale of the galleys was a mere feint to 
 blind the suspicions of Andrea. When handing over these 
 galleys to Gian Luigi, the Pope warned him with a sinister 
 smile to take heed lest they should fall into the hands of the 
 Gianettino D'Oria.
 
 THE F I ESC HI CONSPIRACY. 271 
 
 On his return to Genoa, Gian Luigi communicated his plan 
 to his most intimate associates, one of whom, Giovanni Bat- 
 tista Verrina, lived close by his palace of Vialata on Carignano. 
 He was a fierce, uncompromising man ; a hater of the old 
 nobility, himself a member of the new. He is the man who 
 comes forward throughout the whole conspiracy as the chief 
 mover and designer. He could wind himself into the confi- 
 dence of the people, and could well pave the way, and act as 
 an avant courier, for the affable Gian Luigi. For instance, on 
 one occasion, he became aware that the silk weavers were in 
 low circumstances, that their trade was impoverished by the 
 D'Oria's importations from Spain. He forthwith took the 
 consul of the silk weavers to the palace on Carignano, where 
 Gian Luigi readily alleviated their woes, distributed corn 
 amongst them, adding that it was the custom of his house to 
 assuage the sorrows of others. 
 
 But to Verrina, the plan of carrying out the conspiracy 
 with French aid was highly displeasing. Gian Luigi was 
 strong enough, he said, to strike the blow, and make himself 
 master of Genoa without foreign aid. Such was Verrina, a 
 wild, daring, subtle man, whose influence on the volatile Gian 
 Luigi was unbounded. Second in command was Rafaelle 
 Sacco, from Savona, who had held the position of judge in 
 some of the Fieschi's territories. He was a weak, vacillating 
 man, a man drawn into a vortex against his will, probably 
 through the traditional hatred of his native town for Genoa, 
 and the vague hope of a change. 
 
 Vincenzo Calcagno was another accomplice. He had been 
 a page in the household of Sinibaldo Fieschi ; but few 
 memorials of him are left, and what there are point to his 
 having been a faithful servant of the Fieschi's, ready to live or 
 die in their service. These were the principal actors. Giro- 
 lamp Fieschi, a brother of Gian Luigi, likewise took an 
 active part, but he was young, and inexperienced, and conse- 
 quently entirely subordinate.
 
 272 GENOA- HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Whilst urging a single-handed insurrection, Verrina 
 likewise urged a sudden and treacherous one. Nevertheless, 
 through his fiendish plots there shines forth something noble ; 
 a vague something one cannot help admiring. " The doge, 
 or lord of Genoa," he said, "shall be without any higher 
 domination over him, and without the protection of any 
 foreign government. If we make ourselves the vile instrument 
 of France, we shall act like the D'Oria are doing now with 
 Spain, and instead of the favour and esteem of our fellow- 
 citizens, we shall incur their hatred and malediction." Judging 
 him by the age in which he lived, which looked on nothing 
 but failure as a disgrace, were the means used sacrilegious, 
 were they the height of cunning, falsehood, and deception, we 
 cannot but say that he acted as any other politician of his 
 day would have acted ; and he had the plea of patriotism, 
 which was absent in most cases. 
 
 For the success of the scheme, Verrina asserted that 
 Andrea D'Oria, his adopted son, Adamo Centurione, and most 
 of the old nobility must be assassinated ; and at the same 
 time, he admitted the difficulty of so doing at one swoop. At 
 the church of S. Andrea, a young noble priest was to officiate 
 for the first time at a mass, and there all the nobility were to 
 be assembled ; what easier than to massacre the requisite 
 victims before the altar. What was there so terrible, asked 
 Verrina, in this ? Had not Lorenzo de Medici's brother fallen 
 before the horns of the altar ? Had not the Duke Giovanni 
 Maria Sforza but two years before been stabbed in the church 
 of S. Stefano at Milan ? But Gian Luigi drew back from so 
 sacrilegious a plan, though there are those who affirm that 
 Prince Andrea's infirmities rendered this hazardous, and hence 
 it was abandoned ; yet Gian Luigi is entitled to the benefit 
 of the doubt. 
 
 It was then thought expedient to invite all the intended 
 victims to a grand banquet at Carignano, to celebrate 
 the marriage of Gian Luigi's brother-in-law, and then to
 
 THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY. 273 
 
 massacre them around the festal board ; but on the day fixed 
 for the festival, Gianettino D'Oria, for some cause or other, 
 had settled to leave Genoa, and thus this plan had likewise to 
 be abandoned. 
 
 At length, after much deliberation, a general rising was 
 determined upon on the night of the 2nd of January, 1547. 
 The town was to be carried by force of arms ; and accordingly 
 were their plans concerted. Beyond the facts as they themselves 
 happened but little can now be verified, with such secrecy did 
 they conceal their schemes ; and it is only from such writers 
 as Bonfadio, Casoni, etc., who wrote when the D'Oria were 
 omnipotent, and wrote from hearsay, that the preparatory 
 movements of this conspiracy can be culled. 
 
 Delay at all events was now impossible for them, since the 
 Spanish ambassador began to scent something in the wind, 
 and warned Andrea that a young brother of Gian Luigi's was 
 suspiciously popular at the court of France, 1 that the Duke of 
 Piacenza was evidently preparing for war, but so silent had 
 been his operations that he was unable to discover the object 
 of it. 
 
 At length arrived from Civita Vecchia the four galleys 
 which Gian Luigi professed to have bought from, or to have 
 been given by, the Pope, under pretence of an armed expedi- 
 tion against the Turks in the Archipelago. Such was the 
 pretext he gave to lull the suspicions of the D'Oria when they 
 saw these galleys full of armed men enter the harbour. 
 
 Under one excuse or another the palace of Vialata was 
 filled with soldiers ; they came in from the country dressed 
 as peasants or workmen, and thus entered the palace unsus- 
 pected ; they were brought in as galley slaves in chains ; they 
 came in secretly by the underground passages, until in one 
 way or another a perfect garrison was lodged under the 
 Fieschi's roof, awaiting the bidding of their host. 
 
 Poor old Paolo Panza was there too, Gian Luigi's old 
 
 1 "Archives of Simancas."
 
 274 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 tutor, a man of deep study, who had passed his days in 
 literary pursuits. He was alarmed at the constant din of 
 arms : a suspicion of awful dread haunted him ; but with 
 bland words and caresses Gian Luigi lulled his anxiety, and 
 with Leonora Fieschi, Gian Luigi's ill-fated wife, Panza passed 
 those awful days of bustle and preparation in the realms of 
 poetry and study, whilst all around reigned the restless, 
 troubled air of a coming tempest 
 
 The state of oblivion in which Prince Andrea allowed 
 himself to remain during this time is most remarkable ; he 
 turned a deaf ear to the admonitions of the Spanish ambas- 
 sador, and when Gian Luigi appeared at his palace on the 
 day of the conspiracy, he received him well. Gianettino, too, 
 seemed equally influenced by the soothing words of his enemy ; 
 and when Gian Luigi gaily told him that his meditated ex- 
 pedition against the Turks was to start that evening, and 
 asked him to be so good as to leave the port open for their 
 exit, and not to be alarmed if he heard stray shots in the 
 night, as it would only betoken the departure of his ships, 
 Gianettino assented with the greatest good grace. But this 
 fact in itself is sufficient to prove the extent of the D'Orian 
 power in Genoa, when a ship had to obtain their consent 
 before issuing out of the harbour ; and the fact that thus they 
 had full control over the going to and fro of men of such rank 
 and influence as the Fieschi must have been especially galling 
 to the mind of a man who at least was an equal if not a 
 superior to the young D'Oria. No further proof than this is 
 required of the chains with which Prince Andrea had enslaved 
 Genoa, and no further extenuation is wanted for a conspiracy 
 against him. 
 
 After leaving the D'Orian palace with every mark of friend- 
 ship, Gian Luigi dashed through the city on horseback, paid 
 friendly visits to his accomplices and foes alike, and towards 
 evening repaired to his palace, there to await the time ap- 
 pointed for his plans.
 
 THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY. 275 
 
 Verrina, meanwhile, had laid the train of sedition well 
 through the city, and appointed to each man his task, with 
 such admirable tact and precision that not a word reached the 
 ears of the D'Oria, who retired peacefully to their beds, little 
 dreaming of the storm which was gathering round them. 
 
 That evening there arrived at Gian Luigi's palace numer- 
 ous nobles, who had been bidden to a banquet, hoping that 
 they would be induced to join in the conspiracy in this the 
 eleventh hour, when confronted with the perpetrators of it ; at 
 all events Verrina thought that if they refused to join they 
 could at least be kept conveniently out of the way, as appeared 
 best. Orders were given to the porter to admit any one who 
 came, but to allow none to go out. And thus at length all 
 the invited guests were assembled, and, to their surprise, were 
 ushered into a large room with two candles burning on a bare 
 table, whilst all around they heard the din of arms, which 
 increased their alarm. 
 
 At length Gian Luigi entered the room with pallid face 
 and resolute step, dressed in armour from head to foot, and 
 taking up his position by the fitful, flickering light, he thus 
 addressed his awe-stricken guests : " Young men and brave, 
 to a novel, but priceless supper I have now invited you, to 
 the liberation of your country, oppressed as it is by a few, 
 threatened with imminent tyranny by one ; this is the supper, 
 and these are the viands, which I have prepared for you." 
 He then proceeded to speak of the chains woven for them by 
 the D'Oria and by Charles V., and explained the plans he had 
 prepared for breaking the same, and implored their assistance 
 in his enterprise. 
 
 At first they hesitated ; Gian Luigi, thereupon, with thea- 
 trical address affirmed that unless they consented he would 
 plunge his dagger into his own breast ; and with this, all swore 
 the oath on bended knee, in that solemn half-lighted room, to 
 compass the D'Oria's death, or to meet their own in the 
 attempt. Two only resolutely refused, and two noble spirits
 
 276 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL, 
 
 must have been Giovanni Battista Cattaneo Bava and Gio- 
 vanni Battista Giustiniani, who could thus hold out in the 
 very jaws of death ; but they were mercifully treated, and 
 only locked up in the palace to await the result of the con- 
 spiracy before their fate was decided upon. 
 
 But what of Leonora Fieschi and Panza during this time ? 
 Throughout the whole of that day they had heard the clash 
 of arms without knowing the reason why. Full of vague 
 dread, they awaited the arrival of Gian Luigi, who towards 
 evening entered the room, clad in full armour, and ready for 
 action. In vain did they implore him to desist whilst there- 
 was yet time ; in vain did the heart-broken wife clutch his 
 knees, and entreat him not to leave her. " To-morrow," said 
 he, " thou shalt be either the most miserable or the proudest 
 woman in Genoa." 
 
 About the after fortunes of this noble lady hangs much 
 romance. Schiller would have us believe that she wandered 
 throughout the city during this dreadful night, and finding 
 the red mantle which the murdered Gianettino had worn, 
 clothed herself therein by way of disguise, and that Gian 
 Luigi meeting her, and ignorant who she was, plunged his 
 dagger into her breast ; but Schiller, who moulded the doings 
 of Genoa principally to suit his plot, who could make Andrea 
 D'Oria a doge, and otherwise maltreat the story, cannot be 
 much relied on for the authenticity of this story. 
 
 Another writer, Tebaldi Fores, paints her as sitting pallid, 
 and maddened by grief on the shore of the Mediterranean, when 
 the first grey of the dawn shone forth on her widowhood. It 
 is somc\vhat painful, however, to have excellent proof against 
 these touching stories, 1 for Leonora soon consoled herself after 
 Gian Luigi's death by marrying the Marquis of Cetona, a 
 soldier in Duke Cosmo De' Medici's service, a man celebrated 
 for his exceeding corpulence, and whose thigh, they say, was 
 broader than his wife's waist. This tremendous obesity pre- 
 
 1 '-Albcri Genealojrici of Genoese families."
 
 THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY. 277 
 
 vented him latterly from walking, and hence he was always 
 carried into battle on a litter. In 1575, at the siege of a 
 fortress in Flanders, some Spaniards, enraged at having to 
 carry so much Italian flesh, let him drop, and he was killed. 
 
 Thus was Leonora again a widow. She spent her latter 
 days chiefly in Florence, and passed much time in the realms 
 of poetry, with which to solace her woes. Two years after 
 Gian Luigi's death we find her name entered in the books of 
 the Bank of St. George for a goodly sum of money, worthy of 
 a princess's dower. 
 
 To return to the conspirators. Many stories are told of 
 the evil omens which forewarned Gian Luigi of the doom 
 which was awaiting him. How crows careered round his 
 head as he rode through the town ; how his favourite dog 
 broke from its chains as he passed to go forth, and held him 
 with a grip so firm that it could only be loosened by a fatal 
 blow from his master's dagger. But lo ! as he left his house, 
 Gian Luigi slipped worse portent of all which many before 
 him and after him have done on those steep, slippery streets 
 leading down from Carignano, the statistics of whose fate we 
 have not. 
 
 After leaving his wife, Gian Luigi returned to his guests, 
 who were partaking of a meagre, hasty repast, far otherwise 
 than that they came prepared for. Verrina was sent out to 
 see if the town was still, and on his bringing back a reply in 
 the affirmative and that every train was well laid for the 
 success of the attempt, the huge portal of Vialata opened its 
 doors, and out into the dim night poured the conspirators, 
 their soldiery, and their guests, whilst the strictest orders 
 were given that whoever left this phalanx should forthwith 
 be shot dead. 
 
 Whoever knows the labyrinth of Genoa as it now exists, 
 its tortuous by-paths, and its narrow alleys, will recognize the 
 ease with which an armed force, with a well-organized plan, 
 could glide hither and thither about the town, causing nothing
 
 278 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 but wonder and dismay to those ignorant of their movements. 
 As it was, they found every street defenceless and deserted ; 
 men were too accustomed to revolutions in Genoa to think of 
 disturbing themselves in their beds at the sound of the passing 
 of a few soldiers. Thus a perfect stillness as of death per- 
 vaded everything, broken by the clattering of the little bands 
 of conspirators as they hurried hither and thither to secure 
 some point of vantage which was allotted to their care. 
 
 Thus one band under Cornelio Fieschi easily occupied 
 the Porta dell' Arco ; Gian Luigi and his men scoured the 
 centre of the town ; whilst Verrina mounted the four galleys 
 to take the d'arsena. Girolamo and Ottobuono Fieschi pos- 
 sessed themselves of the Porta S. Tommaso nearest to the 
 D'Oria's palace, and thus nearly the whole city fell into the 
 conspirators' hands. 
 
 The evil portents, however, which had haunted Gian Luigi 
 throughout the day, were soon to be fulfilled. Having exe- 
 cuted his appointed task, he proceeded to join Verrina with 
 the galleys ; but Verrina's galleys had struck on a sandbank, 
 and only after superhuman efforts could they be removed. 
 So Gian Luigi proceeded with his followers to attack the 
 D'Orian galleys, all ready as they were for sailing on the 
 break of day. Then burst forth wild noises and confusion 
 throughout the harbour. The galley-slaves, Turkish and 
 Christian, burst their bonds, and rushed to liberty and to 
 plunder. All the precious goods on board Prince Andrea's 
 ships fell into their hands ; they sacked the houses of the 
 wealthy merchants down by the quay ; and some Turkish 
 prisoners, taking this opportunity to make good their liberty 
 and their plunder, hied them in hot haste to the coast of 
 Africa with Prince Andrea's best galley, and reached their 
 destination before pursuers could overtake them. 
 
 In this wild confusion and dismay on all sides, Gian Luigi 
 hunied from ship to ship until he had left none of the D'Oria's 
 galleys unoccupied. The crowning point of his success was
 
 THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY. 279 
 
 almost within his grasp, and at all points was his attack 
 successful. And the Fieschi " cat " purred pleasantly through 
 the city, as their family cry and family badge were fast 
 gathering round them the forces which ever congregate to 
 success, and the life blood of the D'Orian eagle was fast being 
 sapped away, when one false step dashed away for ever the 
 hopes of the conspirators, and hurried their leader to an 
 untimely grave. 
 
 Whilst passing from one galley to another, Gian Luigi 
 lost his footing, and, heavily armed as he was, fell into the sea. 
 Although the water was not deep, he was unable to arise ; and 
 thus sank the hope of the conspirators the hope of any 
 resistance to the power of Prince Andrea. Verrina came up 
 shortly afterwards, and sought high and low for him. He 
 went from galley to galley, and along the quay, but sought in 
 vain, for in his watery grave lay his leader and the hope of 
 his party. It was in vain, too, that Verrina strove to conceal 
 this untoward death. It was in vain that Girolamo, the 
 younger brother, tried to assume the leadership of the insur- 
 gents ; fortune had declared herself on the side of the 
 D'Oria, and with their usual fickleness men followed in her 
 
 train. 
 
 But what of the D'Oria during this eventful night ? The 
 Princess Peretta, the aged admiral's aged wife, was disturbed 
 in her slumbers. She heard an unusual noise from the har- 
 bour. She arose, looked forth from her balcony, and beheld 
 the port alive with some unknown disturbance. Hastily she 
 awoke Gianettino, who likewise scented something unusual in 
 the wind. He sent a servant to the town to make inquiries, 
 and bade him return with all dispatch. At length, however, 
 when the messenger did not return, Gianettino determined 
 to go in person. Never suspecting more than a mutiny 
 amongst the sailors, he donned a rough sea suit, and with one 
 attendant proceeded to the Porto S. Tommaso, and demanded 
 admittance, which was readily accorded him by the enemy,
 
 2 So GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 now in possession of the gate. No sooner did young D'Oria 
 step inside than he was fallen upon and massacred by a host 
 of men. And thus fell the two rivals the young D'Oria and 
 the young Fieschi about whose supremacy in Genoa the 
 chill night air was rent with cries of sedition, and the streets 
 made to run with blood. 
 
 Old Prince Andrea, meanwhile, suffering acutely from 
 gout, weighed down as he was by the weight of years, and 
 his eye, which had never flinched before a foe, now grown 
 dim, was seized with a vague terror of coming woe. Unable 
 to learn how things were going in the city, and intent on pre- 
 serving in himself at least the hope of his party, determined 
 on a hasty flight. He placed his wife, his daughter-in-law, 
 and her children in neighbouring convents, and rode off 
 hurriedly to Voltri, where he first learnt of the death of his 
 adopted son, for whom he had toiled so hard, and whom he 
 had looked to as the one to carry on all the princely honours 
 he had gained. 
 
 From Voltri Andrea fled along a rugged mountain path 
 to the castle of Masone, which belonged to Adamo Cen- 
 turione, and there awaited the issue of events, himself unable 
 to raise a finger in his own defence. Many have blamed the 
 octogenarian for thus hurriedly abandoning his cause, and 
 abandoning the children of Gianettino, whom now he had to 
 look to as his successors. But the plea of years alone is 
 sufficient to give as his excuse; and from the turn events 
 took, the policy he pursued proved that he was wise ; for if 
 Gian Luigi had been successful his presence in the city could 
 have in no way checked the course of events ; and if Gian 
 Luigi fell, he felt sure of his influence with the senate to 
 secure his rapid return. 
 
 Meanwhile in the city the wildest confusion raged ; the 
 din of voices, the rushing to and fro of the conspirators, now 
 without a head to guide them, was all enhanced by the dim- 
 ness of the night. A dull, dark night it was, with angry
 
 THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY. 2 8i 
 
 rolling clouds, scarce allowing the feeble rays of a pale moon 
 to look down and behold the scenes of horror below, and 
 fitfully to increase men's terror by faintly and weirdly ex- 
 posing the blood-stained streets to view. 
 
 But not all Genoa's patricians were cowardly at this 
 moment, when courage was required. A large portion of them 
 betook themselves to the council hall. One Paolo Lavagna, 
 a friend of the Fieschi, repaired there too, hoping by his 
 presence to influence the senate in favour of his party, and to 
 make them pass a decree which would free Genoa from the 
 D'Oria-Spanish yoke. None of the senators knew yet of Gian 
 Luigi's death, and, torn as they were by conflicting emotions, 
 they received a deputation from Girolamo Fieschi, who had 
 now assumed the command of the party, whilst Verrina held 
 the galleys in the port, ready to open a way of escape on the 
 side of France for his fellow conspirators in case of failure with 
 the senate. 
 
 At length, when they learnt about Gian Luigi's death, the 
 senate took up a more decided course. Hitherto rather inclined 
 to waver towards the side of the Fieschi, they now took courage 
 and determined to oppose to the best of their ability the force 
 with which Girolamo hoped to gain for himself the ends his 
 brother had so nearly achieved. But his soldiers had lost both 
 heart and will and were driven backwards towards the Porta 
 dell' Arco, and finding his influence insufficient to keep in check 
 his already vacillating followers Girolamo finally determined to 
 abandon all. 
 
 Paolo Panza, the old tutor of his family, now came for- 
 wards as a peacemaker. He was sent as a deputy to the senate 
 to demand terms for the insurgents, and the senate generously 
 granted Girolamo a free and unconditional pardon if he would 
 lay down his arms. These terms he readily' accepted, and 
 retired to his inland fortress of Montobbio, whilst the other 
 conspirators forthwith set sail for Marseilles. 
 
 Thus did this mighty storm sweep over Genoa. The dawn
 
 282 GENOA; HOIV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 of day brought with it the still calm, as after a fierce hurricane, 
 which had left behind it but the traces of its fury. The 
 senators could return to their houses in perfect peace and 
 tranquillity to eat their well-earned midday meal on the third 
 day of January, having previously despatched a messenger to 
 fetch old Prince Andrea from his mountain retreat. 
 
 Not a murmur passed the lips of the old warrior as he set 
 foot in his palace, not twenty-four hours after he had left it in 
 such hot haste ; he professed himself content that he had been 
 able to serve his country with the loss of a few galleys and 
 with an irrevocable wound in his heart ; in fact, the very excite- 
 ment of this conspiracy seemed as if it had infused new life- 
 blood into his aged veins, it verily seemed as if he refused to 
 succumb to the hand of death before he had lived to see ven- 
 geance wreaked on his enemies, and before young Giovandrea, 
 the son of the murdered Gianettino, was old enough to take 
 from him the reins of government, and keep the name of 
 D'Oria all-powerful and supreme in Genoa. 
 
 The conduct of the old prince after the conspiracy has met 
 with universal blame. To revoke the pardon granted by the 
 senate, to raze the palace of the Fieschi to the ground, to 
 deny the body of Gian Luigi Christian burial, all prove the 
 rancour of hatred which burnt in his aged brain under the 
 cloak of humility and contentment. This, indeed, is a fitting 
 sequel to his policy of cruelty, which in his younger days made 
 Corsica a desert. Men extenuate him by saying that he did all 
 this at the bidding of his imperial master; but surely a man 
 who could resist the importunities of Charles V. to build a 
 fortress in Genoa, 1 a man whom Charles valued as the very 
 mainstay of his power in Italy, could have acted leniently 
 towards his foes if leniency had been his wish. 
 
 No sooner did Prince Andrea, accompanied by the Spanish 
 ambassador, Figuerroa, set foot in the senate house than he at 
 once urged the revocation of the pardon granted to the con- 
 
 1 Vide ch. xiv.
 
 THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY. 283 
 
 spirators ; he maintained that a pardon extorted by the force 
 of circumstances was not binding ; until at length, under this 
 double D'Oria-Spanish pressure, the senate gave way, and Giro- 
 lamo Fieschi, all his family, and all his accomplices, were 
 declared traitors, their property was confiscated, and their 
 houses razed to the ground. 
 
 Thus fell the glorious Fieschi palace on Carignano. Its 
 countless treasures of art were sold by public auction, its walls 
 and lovely frescoes were blown up with gunpowder; all to 
 gratify the hatred of old Prince Andrea. Only one stone was 
 left to mark its site, and that was a stone of infamy, which 
 handed down to posterity the name of Gian Luigi as a traitor, 
 and was not removed until the days of Louis XIV. of France, 
 when the Fieschi honours were restored to them. 
 
 The mortal remains of the unfortunate hero of this drama 
 were found the day after the conspiracy by a fisherman in the 
 dockyard. Andrea D'Oria wished to have them hung up aloft 
 in the city as a warning to all traitors ; but prudent advisers, 
 who feared a rising owing to the popularity that Gian Luigi 
 had enjoyed, counselled otherwise ; so Andrea, in a fit of rage, 
 ordered the body to be taken and sunk in deep water, saying 
 that " since he had chosen such a tomb it was only right that 
 he should have it." 
 
 Of the old prince's resentful passion a quaint story is told, 
 probably not true, but proving by its existence the spirit which 
 men attributed to him. It is affirmed that for the remainder 
 of his days the prince always kept a cat near him, to remind 
 him of the fallen Fieschi's badge, and that when a fit of rage 
 came on him he would mercilessly beat this cat with his stick, 
 by way of symbolizing the punishment he would visit on his 
 foes. There is an old picture in his palace of Fazzuolo, still 
 hanging in his own private room, representing old Andrea in 
 his ninety-third year. A meagre, worn-out old man he is, 
 with scarce a gleam of fire in his sunken eye; by his side 
 sits a well-favoured cat. Whether this was the unfortunate
 
 284 GENOA; HO W THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 animal or not which acted the part of scape-goat report 
 says not. 
 
 Numerous letters of congratulation poured in from all sides 
 to felicitate Prince Andrea on his escape, and to condole with 
 him for the loss of his adopted son ; amongst them came one 
 from Pope Paul III., the principal instigator in the conspiracy, 
 couched in the most fulsome strains of pity, and of apostolic 
 benediction. Andrea consigned it to his desk, saying that he 
 would answer it when occasion required ; and he had not long 
 to wait, for on the assassination of the Duke of Piacenza, the 
 old Pope's nephew, for whom he had exercised all the force of 
 his pontifical arm to acquire a firm temporal kingdom, Andrea 
 went to his desk, and drew forth Paul's unanswered letter of 
 condolence, altered the names and what was necessary therein, 
 and addressed it to his Holiness at the Vatican. 
 
 Meanwhile, in Genoa the spirit of insurrection arose at the 
 news that the pardon which the senate had granted the insur- 
 gents had been cancelled, and Girolamo Fieschi, in his moun- 
 tain fastness of Montobbio, was the centre of it. 
 
 There was a public bill of confiscation published, sentence 
 of death was passed on the members of the Fieschi family, and 
 an unseemly scramble took place amongst the neighbouring 
 potentates for all their many castles and dependencies scattered 
 along the confines of Liguria. 
 
 J5ut Girolamo Fieschi, meanwhile, gathered around himself 
 all the leaders of the conspiracy, Verrina, Calcagno, Cangia- 
 lancia, and others, whose sole hope now lay in maintaining their 
 position in the fortress of Montobbio, until chance, or French 
 aid, might restore them to their native town. 
 
 In vain did the senate again employ Paolo Panza as a 
 mediator, fixing the price of a fresh pardon at confiscation of 
 Montobbio, and a compensation of fifty thousand scudi. 
 Girolamo Fieschi was not again going to trust himself to the 
 tender mercies of his country's rulers. He gave out that he 
 held the castle for the king of France ; he sent his brothers
 
 THE FIESCHI CONSPIRACY. 285 
 
 to Paris for help ; but France was then but a broken reed on 
 which to trust, and the help never came. The Duke of Pia- 
 cenza helped him with money, but not with men, as an open 
 outbreak with the emperor and the D'Oria would hardly suit 
 his plans just then. 
 
 The siege of Montobbio began in May, and a difficult 
 undertaking it was. From its position it was almost impreg- 
 nable, perched on the summit of a lofty eminence ; and the 
 Republic had been sorely crippled of late years, whilst Prince 
 Andrea D'Oria's strength lay on the sea, and his galleys, his 
 treasures, and his slaves had been destroyed on the night of 
 the conspiracy ; so that had it not been for seasonable aid sent 
 by the Duke of Tuscany the siege would have had to have 
 been altogether abandoned. 
 
 Pressed now on all sides, the garrison of Montobbio began 
 to waver, more especially when a free pardon was granted to 
 all the soldiers therein who would retire to their homes, 
 except Girolamo and his most determined colleagues. And 
 thus, deserted by his friends, the young Fieschi was captured, 
 and with him Verrina ; these two arch-conspirators, together 
 with Calcagno and Cangialancia, were reserved for trial ; but 
 one of the more insignificant of the ringleaders, whose rank 
 demanded not a more protracted trial, was hung and 
 quartered by Andrea's orders on the spot. 
 
 Great was the sympathy felt in Genoa for this unfortunate 
 member of one of her most popular families. Petitions for 
 mercy poured in from all sides, amongst them one from a 
 pious nun, Caterina, the sister of Gian Luigi and Girolamo, 
 begging the senate to remember their father, Sinibaldo, and 
 how he had worked with Andrea D'Oria for the constitution 
 of 1528. But this was all to no purpose ; the inexorable will 
 of Prince Andrea, backed up by the emperor's authority, 
 demanded Girolamo's death, and there was no power in 
 Genoa strong enough to oppose this combined determination. 
 
 Nevertheless, Girolamo was saved from some of the
 
 286 GENOA; HO W THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 horrors of death with which Verrina and the others were 
 visited, for he was beheaded in private, to obviate a rising in 
 his favour, whilst the others were subjected to excruciating 
 torture to extort from them all the facts of the conspiracy; 
 and to their confession, carefully narrated by the Spanish 
 ambassador, Figuerroa, to his imperial master, and deposited 
 by him in the archives of Simancas, we are chiefly indebted 
 for the points of minor detail connected with the conspiracy. 
 
 After the torture Verrina was beheaded, a privilege to 
 which his rank, as one of the lesser nobles, entitled him ; 
 whilst Calcagno and Cangialancia were hung, and some 
 others of smaller moment had their throats cut. 
 
 Thus did the curtain fall on the Fieschi drama, a drama 
 which, though enacted on the .quiet stage of Liguria, sent a 
 thrill throughout Europe, and had an import on the future of 
 Italy which coming ages realized. Prince Andrea D'Oria's 
 influence was now unchallenged, and through his instrumen- 
 tality the nature of Italy was changed from being the battle- 
 field between French and Austro-Spanish rivals, to being 
 entirely the slave of the latter. As a sequel to the failure of 
 Fieschi's attempt to establish again the balance of power in 
 the peninsula, Florence and Siena lost their liberty, and Naples 
 groaned under a foreign yoke drawn now even tighter around 
 her ; whilst beyond the Alps the emperor was enabled now 
 with a free mind to pursue his wars in Saxony and crush the 
 Protestant elector with redoubled vigour, instead of being 
 called off to superintend his affairs in Italy. 
 
 A sentence of death was passed against Ottobuono, Cor- 
 nelio, and Scipione Fieschi, the brothers of the conspirators, 
 and banishment against their descendants to the fifth gene- 
 ration. Montobbio was pulled down, and the rock blasted on 
 which it was built ; and it was made a capital offence for any 
 to build thereon. 
 
 A perpetual thorn in the side of Genoa were the exiled 
 Fieschi at the court of France, ever urging the French
 
 THE F I ESC HI CONSPIRACY. 287 
 
 monarchs to recover for them their lost inheritance in Liguria. 
 At the peace of Cateau Cambresis Scipione did recover some 
 small amount ; but not until the days of Louis XIV. were they 
 successful in obtaining a substantial restoration of their own, 
 so great was the D'Orian influence in the town. Many of the 
 Fieschi became able generals in the service of France. Otto- 
 buono fought on the side of France at the siege of Siena, and 
 was taken prisoner by the imperialists, and, with other prisoners, 
 was put on board Prince Andrea D'Oria's galleys to be con- 
 signed to a Ligurian prison. 
 
 Great was the delight of the old admiral to have another 
 of this hated family in his power. On the voyage from Leg- 
 horn to Genoa Andrea had this unfortunate man sewn up in 
 a sack, and plunged into the water from time to time, so that 
 he might feel all the sensations of death before his hour had 
 fully arrived. At length, after the prince had sufficiently 
 gloated in the sufferings of his fallen foe, the poor Fieschi 
 was relieved from his persecutions and put to death ; and thus 
 perished the third of the sons of his old friend and ally 
 Sinibaldo, whose death might be laid to the charge of the 
 D'Oria. 
 
 Before bidding adieu to the subject of the Fieschi, a short 
 tribute of thanks must be paid to the Genoese historian, 
 Jacopo Bonfadio, for one of the most trustworthy and elegant 
 prose works of the sixteenth century. After perusing gene- 
 rations of annalists, who have preserved for us naught save 
 the dry bones of history, it is refreshing to come across one 
 who presents us with some vivid pictures of real life, all the 
 more valuable from their scrupulous authenticity. 
 
 Bonfadio was of humble origin, his home was on the 
 Ligurian Riviere. By what means we know not, he obtained 
 an excellent education ; he graduated at Padua, and shone in 
 the salons of Rome as a wit, a poet, and a literary genius of 
 no mean standard. His eulogists praise his letters and com- 
 pare them with those of Cicero and Tasso; they praise his
 
 288 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 poems as life-stirring, but it is for his annals of Genoa from 
 1528 to 1550 that we feel ourselves more deeply beholden to 
 him. And he came to write them in this wise. 
 
 In 1545 he was offered and accepted the chair of philo- 
 sophy in Genoa He did his best to drum Aristotle and Plato 
 into the heads of the Ligurian money-makers, and many are 
 the complaints which pervade his letters of the want of 
 literary tastes in the purse-proud city. Regretful of days of 
 bliss in scholastic Rome, he writes to a friend there in mourn- 
 ful strain, stating that during the winter he had read an essay 
 on Aristotle to an audience " more mercantile than scholastic." 
 And again he says, " How much happier would my life 
 here if a taste for letters was as much appreciated as a taste 
 for traffic on the sea." Here is the character of the mediaeval 
 Cottonopolis plainly set before us, a characteristic which will 
 be further exemplified in our chapter on Ligurian art. 1 
 
 In 1549, Bonfadio was deputed by Andrea D'Oria to con- 
 tinue the annals of Foglietta, and to write with his vivid pen 
 of the D'Orian supremacy and the fall of the Fieschi. All 
 libraries and archives were thrown open to him, wherein Bon- 
 fadio found himself confronted with all the secret truths of 
 his country's history ; and, unmindful of the risk he ran, he 
 transcribed them faithfully to paper. He did not extol with 
 sufficient zeal the triumphant D'Oria, he did not anathematize 
 with sufficient ardour the fallen Fieschi, and for this crime, if 
 so it can be called, Bonfadio found himself arrested, tried on 
 some fictitious charge of immorality, and sentenced to be 
 burnt alive. Eventually this sentence was changed for the 
 miklcr one of decapitation, and in the cold grim courtyard of 
 the Palazzo del Podesta, Jacopo Bonfadio suffered the extreme 
 penalty of the law, a sacrifice to the despotic power of a 
 D'Oria. And thus did Genoa and her ruler treat perhaps the 
 greatest literary genius whose name has honoured Ligurian 
 
 Vide ch. xvii.
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 ANDREA D'ORIA'S LATTER DAYS, AND THE OUTCOME OF HIS 
 
 POLICY. 
 
 BUT Prince Andrea D'Oria would not die as his friends and 
 enemies fondly hoped. He lived on to thwart his imperial 
 master in obtaining the coveted lordship of Genoa ; he lived 
 on to thwart the revolutionists, who anxiously watched for his 
 death as a signal for throwing off the existing state of affairs. 
 He lived on thirteen long years after Gianettino's death, until 
 he saw the young heir to the D'Orian honours able to maintain 
 them for himself. Even to his last breath the veteran 
 prince kept the clearest head for politics in Europe, though 
 his bodily strength was gone, though his galleys were not 
 the dread of the Mediterranean as of yore. Yet he had 
 that still within him which was more than a match for the 
 cunning of Philip II. of Spain, and equal to all emergencies 
 at home ; for when Andrea sank Gian Luigi in the waves, 
 and beheaded Girolamo, he had by no means done with his 
 difficulties. 
 
 Under pretext of securing Genoa from further con- 
 spiracies, the emperor Charles V. immediately expressed a 
 wish to build a fortress in the city, and to place a permanent 
 Spanish garrison therein, thinking that thereby his influence 
 in the Ligurian capital would be indisputable. And even 
 amongst the Genoese themselves there was not wanting a 
 party who favoured this scheme. 
 
 Secondly, there was a strong party who wished for a 
 
 U
 
 290 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 French occupation, and a restoration of the Fieschi. This was 
 a thoroughly popular party, and one amongst whom any 
 revolutionist found a hearty welcome. Again, Andrea's 
 mainstay and support, Adamo Centurione, the father of 
 Gianettino's widow, was ever hoping by a dexterous manipu- 
 lation of affairs that his own son might succeed to all the posts 
 of honour in the Republic which Gianettino had held, to the 
 exclusion of Gianettino's son. 
 
 These were amongst the obstacles which surrounded 
 Prince Andrea's path a goodly array indeed for an octoge- 
 narian to contend with ; but he was equal to them all. The 
 more the emperor suggested the building of a fortress in 
 Genoa, and the more Ferrante Gonzaga, the imperial 
 governor in Milan, pressed him in the interests of his master, 
 the more did Andrea refuse to recognize such an act of 
 oppression, and argued that if the government of Genoa was 
 placed in the hands of a few, of whom he could insure alle- 
 giance to the imperial cause, all things would go well. 
 Stubborn old man that he was, his immutable will was that 
 the country he had liberated from French yoke should be held 
 in bondage by no one but himself; and no power was strong 
 enough to alter it. 
 
 Even within his own family Prince Andrea had numerous 
 enemies. The descendaats of the victors of Meloria and Cur- 
 zola looked with jealousy on the elevation of a junior branch. 
 The Cardinal Girolamo D'Oria was one of them. In his 
 younger days he had been married, and had a son, Niccolo, 
 who was married to a sister of Gian Luigi Fieschi's, hence 
 they resented bitterly the treatment, little short of persecu- 
 tion, with which the luckless family of the conspirators was 
 treated. Whilst the father conspired with Gonzaga to gain 
 the point of the fortress, the son openly espoused the Fieschi 
 cause, and was in correspondence with France, and was backed 
 up by members of the Spinola family and others of the old. 
 nobility.
 
 ANDREA HORIA'S LATTER DAYS, ETC. 291 
 
 This conspiracy was discovered in its infancy, and Niccolo 
 D'Oria went to swell the army of discontented Genoese at the 
 court of France. Nevertheless, Prince Andrea would not hear 
 a word about the emperor's fortress ; and the Spanish ambas- 
 sador wrote to his master that it would be better for the 
 present to accept Andrea's scheme of reform, and await his 
 death for taking more decided measures. 
 
 Meanwhile another curious conspiracy broke out a sort 
 of faint re-echo of the Fieschi and further complicated the 
 web of Genoese politics. The Marquisate of Massa had 
 passed into the family of Cybo by marriage, thus : Lorenzo 
 Cybo, grandson of Pope Innocent VIII., had married Riccarda, 
 the heiress of the old marquises, who had previously been the 
 wife of Scipione Fieschi, uncle of the unfortunate Gian Luigi. 
 But Lorenzo and Riccarda were by no means of one mind 
 each anxious for the honour of governing the little marqui- 
 sate in their own right ; and their two sons, Giulio and 
 Alberico, carried on the paternal feud, the elder being his 
 father's favourite, and the younger his mother's darling. 
 
 On the death of his father, Giulio Cybo seized the mar- 
 quisate, to the discomfort of his mother and his younger 
 brother, who retired to Rome to await a more prosperous 
 turn of events ; for as Andrea D'Oria and the Duke of Tus- 
 cany both favoured Giulio's claims, she recognized that for 
 the present at least she had better remain quiet. 
 
 But Giulio Cybo was of a restless, dissatisfied spirit ; he 
 had the handsome bearing and winning ways which made 
 Gian Luigi Fieschi so great a favourite, and he had moreover 
 the same insatiable ambition, which liked not to rest contented 
 in the battle of life. Thus it was when the first rumour of the 
 Fieschi conspiracy reached him at Massa ; and forthwith he 
 set off with five hundred men to assist whichever party might 
 be victorious, not without, so said report, and so thought 
 Prince Andrea, a secret understanding with Gian Luigi. 
 However, as it was, Giulio Cybo only reached Genoa in
 
 292 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 time to congratulate Prince Andrea on the turn events had 
 taken. 
 
 With a bland smile the prince received him. He gave 
 him, as he had promised some time previously, Gianettino's 
 daughter in marriage, with a promise of a handsome dower ; 
 but in his own subtle mind destined him for vengeance at a 
 more fitting time. 
 
 At last, however, the exiled Marchioness of Massa had 
 recourse to the emperor Charles V. to plead her cause ; and 
 Charles graciously vouchsafed to seize the marquisate as an 
 imperial fief, until such time as the quarrel could be adjusted. 
 Thus was Giulio Cybo adrift on the world. He first repaired 
 to the court of Florence for advice and assistance, but got 
 neither. He next addressed himself to Andrea D'Oria, de- 
 manding his wife's promised dower, which the old prince 
 had wisely been dilatory in paying ; and now he flatly 
 refused to advance anything, and going to his account-book 
 he showed Giulio Cybo that it had cost him far more than 
 the promised dower to establish him in Massa against his 
 mother's claims, and that instead of owing him anything 
 Giulio Cybo was in truth his debtor. 
 
 Thus was the young marquis ruined in his hopes, and 
 enraged at the abject position in which Andrea D'Oria had 
 left him. It wanted but little to persuade him to listen to 
 the tempting allurements of the French ambassador in Rome, 
 the Cardinal de Bellay ; it wanted but little to make him at 
 home in the salons of the exiled Fieschi. And thus was he 
 drawn into the vortex of a fatal conspiracy fatal always 
 when aimed at the aged D'Oria. 
 
 They planned that Giulio Cybo, with two or three galleys, 
 should proceed to Genoa on pretext of visiting his wife. He 
 was there to arrange a plan of action with all the discontented, 
 and owing to his relationship with the D'Oria he could easily 
 seek a private interview with the old admiral, and assassinate 
 him amongst his household gods.
 
 ANDREA UORIAS LATTER DAYS, ETC. 293 
 
 Giulio arrived safely in Genoa. He talked with the discon- 
 tented, but he talked a trifle too freely, and the imperial par- 
 tisans were too wide awake after the Fieschi conspiracy to 
 allow of its repetition. They discovered the plot, and seized 
 Giulio Cybo at Pontremolt as he was returning to Genoa from 
 an interview with his allies. In vain did he seek to arouse 
 the former Fieschi vassals around him with the well-known 
 cry of the " cat," in vain did he strive to rally his own fol- 
 lowers around him, he was captured on the i8th of May, 1548, 
 and sent to Genoa. There he was tortured, confessed, and 
 finally sentenced to death ; but before the execution of the 
 sentence he wrote a penitent letter to his mother and a sonnet 
 of decided merit, proving his literary attainments to have 
 been of no low order. 
 
 Thus did this faint echo of discontent murmur through 
 the streets of Genoa. For the rest of his days Prince Andrea 
 had no more attempts from within to overthrow his power ; 
 but this second conspiracy made the emperor still more 
 strenuous in urging the necessity of a fortress, and Prince 
 D'Oria still more determined to carry out his projects of 
 reform. To gain time, Andrea in a measure agreed to enter- 
 tain the idea of small Spanish forts placed here and there 
 about the city, but never for a moment gave way about the 
 castle. 
 
 However, the emperor and Gonzaga were not satisfied 
 with this. So Adamo Centurione was sent to Spain to talk 
 the matter over with the emperor, to concede, if necessary, 
 about the smaller forts, and to insist on the government being 
 placed in the hands of a few. Adamo Centurione was a man 
 of great weight with the emperor, celebrated not only for his 
 wealth and position, but also for his naval acquirements ; he 
 came of an old family well known on the seas, the Uso-di- 
 mare. The De' Mari and the De' Marini had done for Genoa in 
 the Middle Ages in commerce and discovery what the D'Oria 
 had done in maintaining her supremacy by force of arms.
 
 294 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 At the reform of 1528 they lost their honoured names, which 
 in themselves spoke of their renown, and were merged in one 
 " albergo " under the name of Centurione. 
 
 Paolo Centurione was celebrated a little later for dis- 
 coveries eastwards, 1 and Adamo had gained himself a name 
 at the siege of Goletta, and Tunis, and in the German wars. 
 His wealth was enormous, and in Genoa he acted the part of 
 Pompey to the D'Orian Caesar. 
 
 But Centurione could get no concessions out of the em- 
 peror, who at this time was flushed with his victories in Ger- 
 many, and looked to making his son Philip king of Italy by 
 the stepping-stone of Genoa. The Duke of Alva, Gonzaga, 
 and the Duke of Florence, all favoured the emperor's am- 
 bitious scheme, and all the answer Centurione brought back 
 to Prince Andrea was that the question should be deferred 
 until Philip should visit Genoa. 
 
 Before receiving his august visitor, Prince Andrea deter- 
 mined to accomplish his reforms, and they were as follows. 
 The old nobles, the nobles of S. Luca as they were called, 
 from their place of rendezvous in the neighbourhood of the 
 church of that name, were greatly in the minority in those 
 days as compared with the new nobles, or the nobles of the 
 Portico of S. Pietro, as they were called from meeting in the 
 arcades in the Piazza dei Banchi ; and these two classes of 
 nobility formed the inherent cause of all the dissensions in 
 the State. 
 
 In this year of 1547, Andrea D'Oria determined to check 
 the overpowering influence of the new nobility, and by thus 
 changing the government from an aristocratic to an oligarchic 
 form he laid up a fertile source of discontent for the ensuing 
 century. He called these reforms the "garibetto," because he 
 said that thereby he gave the finishing touch (garbo) to his 
 reforms of 1528, and the substance of them was as follows : 
 T!i at the councillors of the greater and lesser council should 
 
 1 Vide ch. x.
 
 ANDREA EPORIAS LATTER DAYS, ETC. 295 
 
 be elected by the agency of voting, and not by lot as hereto- 
 fore, hence at once throwing the scale of power into the 
 hands of the old nobility, with their immense wealth and un- 
 limited influence ; and thus were the nobles of the Portico of 
 S. Pietro almost entirely excluded from a hand in the govern- 
 ment, and the liberator of his country, the celebrated defender 
 of the people's rights, quietly monopolized the entire manage- 
 ment of affairs. " Before whom," says Ariosto, 
 
 " All others, who their country would enslave must blush, 
 Nor dare to raise their eyes, 
 Where'er be heard the whisper of the name of D'Oria." 
 
 Orlando Furioso, Cant. xv. 
 
 We are not surprised, as a sequel to this policy, to find 
 Prince Andrea's galleys, under command of the youthful 
 Giovandrea, assisting the emperor Charles V. in the establish- 
 ment of the dreaded Inquisition in Naples, where popular 
 feeling resented such tyranny ; and thus did Andrea, not con- 
 tent with enslaving men's bodies, drive one of the first and 
 most substantial nails into the cross on which the freedom of 
 Italian thought was to be crucified. 
 
 Meanwhile Prince Philip was preparing for his voyage to 
 Italy, and Prince Andrea, as was his wont on such occasions, 
 repaired to Spain to convey the young prince on his galleys 
 to Genoa. Ninety-eight galleys in all formed this escort, 
 forty of which were Andrea's exclusive property. As they left 
 the harbour of Las Rosas, as they coasted along the Riviera, 
 everything was done with a pomp and magnificence new to 
 Italian eyes. 
 
 The emperor wished his son to enter Italy surrounded by 
 oriental magnificence, and no panoply and display of an 
 eastern monarch could surpass that escort which conveyed 
 the heir of such vast wealth past the shores of Provence. In 
 a large volume written by one Estrella, a Spaniard, we have 
 a list of the flags, the damask, and luxurious trappings which 
 adorned these galleys, and which turned them into gigantic
 
 296 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 sailing birds of paradise. On Philip's own ship was carried 
 all the plate of the Spanish court, worth, they say, a million 
 golden ducats, to assist at the regal banquets, and to prove 
 beyond dispute the wealth of the lords of the Indies. 
 
 The astonishment with which the Italians beheld such dis- 
 play is illustrated by a quaint little story of a peasant, who 
 seeing a man pass one day with a profusion of lace and crim- 
 son silk, and accompanied by four men-servants, bearing each 
 a lighted torch of white wax, and thinking that it could be 
 nothing less than the holy sacrament which was passing by, 
 knelt him down and devoutly said his prayers. But lo ! it was 
 no priestly procession to which his orisons were addressed, it 
 was a goodly dish of stew being conveyed in full state to the 
 Duke of Alva's table by his grace's head cook. 
 
 The lavish presents which Philip distributed amongst his 
 intended subjects were on a scale befitting the display of his 
 procession. To the wife of the governor of Milan, he gave a 
 diamond ring valuing five thousand ducats; to her daughter, a 
 ruby necklace worth three thousand. But under this gorgeous 
 apparel lurked great discontent ; and Philip's visit to Genoa 
 was anything but a satisfaction to 'himself or to his hosts. As 
 the squadron coasted along the Riviera, Philip casually asked 
 Andrea D'Oria where he was to be lodged in Genoa. The 
 admiral replied, " In my house, your highness, where your 
 august father always lodged." 
 
 To this Philip somewhat curtly replied that he should 
 prefer being housed in the public palace, from which Andrea, 
 with feigned sorrow, tried to dissuade him ; but seeing the 
 prince determined to carry his point, D'Oria, with the dignity 
 and patronizing air of a father, added, " I cannot allow you 
 this favour, since it is not in my power. When we reach 
 Genoa you can yourself ask it of those who have the power 
 to grant it, and if it be accorded to you, by all means avail 
 yourself of it ; yet I fear me greatly that those gentlemen who 
 arc now therein will not feel inclined to turn out of it."
 
 ANDREA jyORIA'S LATTER DAYS, ETC. 297 
 
 Enraged at this haughty speech Philip spoke no more 
 with Andrea, and would have proceeded on his way to Milan 
 by the Savona route, instead of halting at Genoa, had not the 
 Duke of Alva dissuaded him, representing how much it was 
 for his future interests not to arouse the anger of the Ligurian 
 Republic. 
 
 It was equally galling to Ferrante Gonzaga, the imperial 
 governor of Milan, who had come to Genoa to meet prince 
 Philip, when the senate refused him lodging and stabling 
 within the city walls. He amused himself by letting off all 
 the reservoirs of water on the hills around, and rather dis- 
 concerting the inhabitants, who at length allotted him a 
 lodging at Sestri befitting his requirements. But all this 
 shows how indignant were the Genoese at the near approach 
 of their Spanish taskmasters, and that some sparks of liberty 
 still smouldered in their breasts. 
 
 On entering the harbour of Genoa, one of the galleys 
 struck on a rock and sank, to the dismay of the bystanders. 
 Not a few objects of value went to the bottom, including all 
 the vestments and ornaments for Philip's private chapel ; the 
 fact of this disaster as he stepped on Italian soil not a 
 little added to the Prince's already embittered spirit. 
 
 It was but small solace to him to tread the carpeted floors 
 and gilded halls of Andrea's mansion ; to be surfeited with 
 banners and statues, to see a gilded globe surmounted by an 
 imperial crown, symbolical of his father's power, on which the 
 sun never set, when the very ground on which he trod, he 
 coveted, but could not possess. 
 
 The fifteen days of Philip's stay in Genoa must have been 
 a period of mortification to his youthful pride. Instead of the 
 regal diadem of Italy he here hoped to gain, he found obsti- 
 nate and determined opposition to his plans of a fortress. 
 His sailors had continued brawls with the Genoese, which 
 nearly led to open warfare. It was in vain that the Duke of 
 Alva held private audiences with Adamo Centurione. Prince
 
 298 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Andrea was obdurate ; he would hear of nothing but reforms 
 which would place his own authority out of all dispute within 
 his native walls. 
 
 On pretext of consigning to safe custody a Spanish delin- 
 quent, one Don Antonio D'Arze, who, to rid himself of his 
 offspring, had drowned them in the fountain of his garden, 
 Philip ordered his men to conduct the prisoner to the tower of 
 the public palace, where he had himself wished to lodge. But 
 at this apparent infringement of their exclusive right the 
 Genoese were up in arms at once ; not a few of the Spaniards 
 were killed, and the tumult was not hushed until Andrea 
 D'Oria, carried in a chair through the city, managed to calm 
 men's minds with his venerable presence. Andrea then 
 hurried to the senate and lamented the accident with flowing 
 words, and was eventually chosen as deputy to make peace 
 with the royal guest. 
 
 It was not, however, at all displeasing to Andrea, that his 
 fellow-countrymen should show such feelings of liberty at this 
 juncture. It enabled him to tell his guest, with cunning 
 obsequiousness, that if it were possible to place the keys of 
 paradise in Philip's hands, he, Andrea D'Oria, would be the 
 first to do so. But he much feared that the question of the 
 fortress would prove an equal impossibility unless it could be 
 built by magic in one single night, and garrisoned whilst the 
 good citizens of Genoa were sleeping in their beds. 
 
 The morning after the disturbance, the senate sent a 
 deputation to crave his forgiveness for the past, and to beg 
 for the pleasure of a personal visit from his royal highness 
 within the walls ; for as yet prince Philip had not entered the 
 town gates. And thus the result of all his schemes and 
 projects of self-aggrandizement faded away in further dis- 
 plays of oriental magnificence through the streets of Genoa, 
 a grand mass in the cathedral of S. Lorenzo, and hollow 
 words of friendship. So, after caressing his host with 
 affected good-will, and after showering a goodly amount of
 
 ANDREA D'ORIA'S LATTER DAYS, ETC. 299 
 
 jewelry amongst the ladies of the D'Oria family, prince 
 Philip continued his journey towards Milan, writing bitterly 
 to his father about his fruitless visit to Genoa, and adding 
 that no fortress would ever be erected in Genoa unless by 
 force of arms. 
 
 It is surprising yet again to see the old worn-out bones of 
 Prince Andrea clad in armour. When all his compeers were 
 sleeping their eternal sleep, he mounted once more his galleys 
 to check the depredations of his old foe, the corsair Dragut. 
 This scourge of the Mediterranean in these years descended 
 on the coasts of Liguria, and carried his ravages almost to 
 the very gates of Genoa. Rapallo was laid waste by him, and 
 night after night the beacon towers which lined the coast, 
 and which still exist as a quaint ornament to each town along 
 the Riviere, shone forth with their lurid lights to tell the 
 trembling inhabitants that the infidel was at hand, hovering 
 like a wolf around the fold. 
 
 The emperor Charles, unable any longer to tolerate this 
 marauder along the coasts of his vast dominions, employed 
 Giovanni della Vega and Andrea D'Oria to hunt him out of 
 his fastnesses. The wary pirate was driven from point to point 
 by the allied galleys of Spain and Genoa, until at length he 
 was shut in by Andrea into the harbour of the island of Gerbe. 
 The admiral applied in vain for the aid of the infidel lord of 
 this island, arguing that Dragut was a pirate, an enemy to 
 Saracen and Christian alike. He replied that Andrea must 
 await his enemy in the open sea, and deal with him as he best 
 could there. 
 
 Dragut's cunning, however, was more than a match for the 
 old admiral, for by the aid of engineers and workmen, he cut 
 a road through the island, placed k his ships on wheels, and 
 one morning, Prince Andrea awoke to find his enemy and all 
 the hostile fleet escaped from his clutches. But Dragut's 
 power was broken by this hot pursuit. He ceased to trouble 
 the Ligurian coasts from this date forwards, and ten years
 
 300 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 later, at the siege of Malta, Christendom was relieved to hear 
 of the death of Dragut. 
 
 Not so successful were Andrea's arms against his Christian 
 foes in these his latter days, when he fought to relieve Naples 
 from a combination of French and Turks, which threatened 
 destruction to the imperial power in Italy. At Ponza, cele- 
 brated for a Genoese victory over Alphonso of Aragon, 1 
 Prince Andrea met with a signal defeat. Report says that he 
 was surprised by the allied fleet, and when asked what course 
 he would wish pursued, he exclaimed that the galleys should 
 rush to the attack, and use their oars and their sails, but that 
 his feeble voice of command was only half heard, and a cry 
 went forth that the ships were to use their oars and their sails 
 in self preservation. When too late, Andrea found that his 
 orders had been misunderstood, and that his fleet was making 
 the best of its way home. Thus ended Prince Andrea's last 
 naval exploit, but a sorry closing scene in the career of him 
 who had once been the dread of the Mediterranean. 
 
 At the age of eighty-four he once more, and for the last 
 time, put on his armour, and undertook to superintend the 
 war in Corsica, where Genoa's interests were at a very 
 low ebb. Here the cruelty of his youth was re-enacted ; age 
 and the prospect of the grave did but little to mitigate his 
 blood-thirstiness against his foes. Before Andrea's victorious 
 arms fled the rebel Sampiero, and the cry of the stricken 
 Corsicans ascended with the smoke of their burning home- 
 steads to call for a release from their tormentor. At length 
 old Andrea felt his vigour was gone from him, and with un- 
 willing heart he relinquished the command of his troops and 
 his galleys to his heir, Giovandrea, now of an age to take his 
 place ; and it must have been the bitterest pang to his de- 
 clining years to see how little of the inheritance of naval fame 
 had fallen to the lot of Gianettino's son. 
 
 It was reserved for Andrea to outlive his imperial master 
 1 Vide ch. ix.
 
 ANDREA D'ORIA'S LATTER DAYS, ETC. 301 
 
 in whose service he had fought so long. Though but an infant 
 compared to his patriarchal admiral, Charles was far more 
 enfeebled both in mind and body at the age of fifty-six, when 
 he gave up the reins of government to his son. The emperor 
 wrote a letter to Andrea to inform him of his resignation, and 
 expressing a wish once more to see him, if Andrea's age and 
 infirmities would permit of his making a pilgrimage to Spain. 
 But Andrea's age and infirmities were an insurmountable 
 obstacle to their meeting again. From his seclusion at 
 St. Juste, Charles kept up a lively correspondence with his 
 old admiral,- who sent a large sea-chart by way of a gift to 
 the monarch recluse, which is said to have been one of his 
 greatest diversions in his hermitage. 
 
 At the peace of Cateau Cambresis, Andrea D'Oria urged 
 the Genoese interests in Corsica, and urged them with success ; 
 and as a further mark of respect to this aged D'Oria, Philip II. 
 was pleased to elect Giovandrea as Andrea's lieutenant in 
 command of the Mediterranean fleet; and in this the dream of 
 Prince D'Oria's latter days was realized he beheld his adopted 
 son occupying the position he had won, even if the young 
 man occupied it with but a faint reflection of the glory and 
 talent of the veteran. 
 
 For his last remaining years Prince Andrea D'Oria lived 
 at home in peace, beautifying the last resting place of the 
 D'Orian heroes, the little church of S. Matteo, which was soon 
 to hold his own time-honoured bones, whilst Giovandrea led 
 the D'Orian galleys to battle against the infidel. Of this 
 expedition there is little to be told, except disaster upon 
 disaster. The galleys proved unseaworthy, men were wanting 
 to man them ; at length Giovandrea D'Oria and his Spanish 
 ally, the Duke of Medina Caeli, were pursued almost to the 
 death by the Turks. The former managed to save himself 
 with the loss of all his galleys on the island of Gerbe. 
 Nevertheless, the evil news soon spread that Giovandrea was 
 himself no more ; and to old Andrea it was reported that the
 
 302 GENOA; HOW THE -REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 pride and hope of his life, a life now fast verging towards the 
 grave, had been defeated and perhaps slain. There was none 
 to tell him that he was saved. 
 
 For three long weary days the old veteran D'Oria sat 
 huddled in his arm-chair, with his withered face sunk on his 
 breast, his eyes closed, and men scarce knew that life was 
 still in him, save by a faint heaving of the chest, which told 
 that the last spark had not quite fled. At length there 
 arrived a messenger with the glad tidings of Giovandrea's 
 escape, but none durst venture to arouse the dying admiral 
 until his trusted admiral, Antonio Piscina, whispered in his 
 ear, "A messenger." Prince Andrea then -raised his hollow 
 eyes and murmured, " What news ? " " By the grace of God, 
 good," was the reply, and therewith he placed the letter in 
 the old man's hands ; but his eyes could not now decipher 
 the writing, so Piscina ventured to take it from him, break 
 open the seal, and read aloud of Giovandrea's safety. 
 
 With a bound the old prince raised his tottering frame 
 from his chair to the amazement of those who stood around, 
 and shouted, " Thanks be to God ! " and with this final effort 
 of exhausted nature he sank back fainting into his chair. For 
 three days he lingered on, unable to rise, unable to eat, and 
 unable to say aught but an incoherent wish that he might be 
 spared to embrace his beloved adopted son once more. 
 
 But feeling his strength fast ebbing away, Prince Andrea 
 summoned his household around him to take farewell, and 
 begged them to give his last message of exhortation to the 
 young heir to all his honours, namely, to remain firm in his 
 allegiance to his Catholic Majesty and Spain, and to serve his 
 country in the best way he could. 
 
 These were his last words, and thus passed away the great 
 Andrea D'Oria, like the last flickering light of a candle burnt 
 down to the very socket, on the 25th of November, 1560, a few 
 days before reaching his ninety -fourth year. 
 
 lie had asked for a quiet, peaceful burial, but this his
 
 ANDREA D'ORIA'S LATTER DAYS, ETC. 
 
 303 
 
 country would not permit ; and on the return of Giovandrea a 
 magnificent funeral was decreed by order of the senate, and 
 the mortal remains of this great Genoese admiral were taken 
 to repose amongst the heroes of his family. 
 
 
 
 ANDREA D'ORIA'S PALACE IN THE PIAZZA DI S. MATTED. 
 
 There is a sort of romance attached to the D'Oria even in 
 their graves. Whilst Andrea and his hero kinsmen repose in 
 the time-hallowed vaults of S. Matteo, buried and lost in the 
 midst of the busy life which surrounds them, so that he who 
 who would visit it must thread a labyrinth of narrow by-
 
 30 ; GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 paths, other members of this family rest in the ancient 
 monastery of S. Fruttuoso, buried and lost in their solitude 
 under the beetling cliffs of the promontory of Portofino. He 
 who would approach it must do so by water, or by a steep 
 mountain path impracticable in winter ; and here, in Gothic 
 marble tombs, in a decaying Gothic cloister, he will see the 
 resting place of generations of D'Oria mouldering and dank 
 through the effect of the sea waves, which lap the little bay 
 some few feet beneath. 
 
 Everything around this little sanctuary is in keeping with 
 these reminiscences of the past. Here a few hardy fishermen 
 inhabit a handful of cottages, which scramble amongst the 
 rocks, and here the watch-tower of the D'Oria, with the well- 
 known eagle emblazoned on its walls, serves as a school- 
 house for the children born in this secluded hamlet. An old 
 Roman sarcophagus serves as a drinking-trough for the few 
 stray mules which find their way thither. All around lurks 
 the atmosphere of the past, and imagination pictures the 
 floating hearse all glittering with the gold and silver which 
 bore the mediaeval D'Oria to his last resting-place along the 
 watery paths of the element on which his life was spent, and 
 on which his laurels were gained. But a few years ago a 
 photographer who went to photograph this weird spot was 
 stoned by the superstitious inhabitants, who took him for 
 some uncanny magician bent on poisoning their wells. His 
 camera was spoilt, and his life endangered. So benighted 
 are these fishermen who watch over the spot where repose the 
 remains of Ansaldo D'Oria the hero of the Pisan wars, who 
 died in 1290 and numbers of his successors, each with an 
 epitaph attached speaking of their prowess and their skill in 
 council chamber. 
 
 Ik-fore leaving this weird, sea-beaten monastery, sacred to 
 the name of D'Oria, it may be interesting to learn its legend. 
 It is dedicated to a Spanish martyr from Saragossa, showing 
 tlie early connection between Genoa and Spain, a connection
 
 ANDREA D'ORIAS LATTER DAYS, ETC. 305 
 
 which pervades her language and her customs. As if it were 
 a chapter from heathen mythology we read the early legend of 
 its foundation how an angel told some monks, as they bore 
 on their ship the treasured body of their martyr, to cast 
 anchor near the first mountain they came to beyond Genoa ; 
 that there dwelt a savage dragon in a cave, the dread of 
 sailors ; but amid the roaring of the tempest the guardian 
 angel promised to protect them, and hurl the monster into 
 the abyss below. So the monks did the bidding of the angel, 
 and beheld with Christian eyes the fable of Hercules and 
 Lichas re-enacted literally word for word according to the old 
 legend. 
 
 " Corripit Alcides, et terque quaterque rotatum 
 Mittit in Euboicas, tormento fortius, undas." 
 
 OVID. 
 
 In more authentic days rich Benedictine monks held sway 
 along this rugged promontory, obtaining largesses from the 
 German emperors, and other donations, until the whole coast 
 line was theirs from Camogli to Sestri di Levante, for the 
 almost isolated castle of which latter place they paid an annual 
 tribute of a pound of incense. So strong were they in their 
 mountain and seagirt fastness, that even a Genoese consul, 
 in 1161, as a penalty for hunting on their promontory 
 without permission, was compelled to pay the angry monks 
 four times the value of the animals he had slaughtered. 
 
 Around their lovely Gothic church, with the sea rippling 
 even into its very crypt, grew up a perfect paradise of ease 
 and luxury, whither noble Genoese retired with their piety 
 and their gold to lead a life of dreamy delight. A few palm- 
 trees are still .left to mark where their gardens ran up the 
 mountain slopes. In the course of years many of the D'Oria 
 family here entered their vows, and when at length with 
 D'Orian gold S. Matteo was built, as a town branch of the 
 S. Fruttuoso monastery, this luxurious retreat became more 
 and more a D'Orian monopoly. 
 
 X
 
 306 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Andrea D'Oria it was who thought fit in after years to 
 restore this family vault of theirs by the sea, which had suf- 
 fered grievously from the raids of corsairs. He obtained from 
 Pope Paul II. a bull permitting him to erect the tower which 
 to-day watches over the little hamlet like the guardian angel 
 of old, for ever warning the dragon, whether it appears in the 
 shape of a sea monster or modern Vandal, from desecrating 
 these sacred precincts. 
 
 Buried, too, in the sepulchre of bygone glory is the very 
 name of D'Oria. No more do we read of this family as ruling 
 supreme in the Mediterranean. With Prince Andrea was 
 buried the talisman with which he had kept kings and em- 
 perors in check. Naught now remains of the might and the 
 deeds that they wrought save the fast decaying inscriptions on 
 the walls of S. Matteo, and on the tombs of S. Fruttuoso, 
 
 whilst 
 
 "widowed Genoa wan, 
 By moonlight spells ancestral epitaphs, 
 Murmuring where is D'Oria ? " l 
 
 For ten years after Andrea D'Oria's death peace reigned 
 within the walls of Genoa ; not, indeed, from any contentment 
 in the existing order of affairs, but from the necessity of 
 keeping up an active war in Corsica, which was an qutlet for 
 discontent. No sooner, however, was peace restored in her 
 island possession than at home the Genoese amused them- 
 selves with a furious outburst of hostilities between the two 
 Portici the two orders of nobility showing how hated was 
 the reform instituted by Andrea D'Oria, and how unequal was 
 his successor, Giovandrea, to cope with the difficulties. 
 
 Hating the supremacy of the old nobility, the members of 
 the Portico di S. Pietro allied themselves with the people, and 
 demanded reform. As was usual on such occasions, men 
 were not wanting to arouse the popular discontent, and a base 
 triumvirate of the lowest type sprang up to plunge the city 
 once more into scenes of confusion, ruin, and death. Tom- 
 
 1 Shelley.
 
 ANDREA &ORIAS LATTER DAYS, ETC. 307 
 
 maso Carbone, an eloquent stump-orator, first fanned this 
 flame of discord in many a turbulent meeting ; but he was 
 surpassed by one Bartolomeo Coronato, an unscrupulous 
 demagogue, who struck at the very root of order and good 
 government ; whilst Stefano Invrea wormed himself into 
 the people's confidence, and ruled them with a species of 
 terrorism, more dangerous even than the influence of the 
 other two. 
 
 All the old nobility found it necessary to flee from the 
 city, and took refuge under the sheltering wing of Philip II. 
 of Spain ; and amongst them was Prince Giovandrea D'Oria, 
 who, by a sort of tacit consent, was chosen as the leader of 
 the nobles of S. Luca. He did not for a moment hesitate to 
 accept from the Spanish monarch the assistance of a fleet 
 under the command of Don John of Austria, and forthwith to 
 lay siege to his native town. It was with difficulty he ob- 
 tained from the ambitious Spaniards that the war should be 
 carried on under the Genoese flag ; since even he felt some 
 qualms of conscience at subduing his country under a foreign 
 banner. 
 
 At length, in 1576, order was again restored. The laws of 
 1528 were to be remodelled ; family names, which had become 
 merged in the " alberghi," were in a measure to be restored ; 
 the members of the guilds of silk, wool, and cloth-weaving 
 were to be made eligible to nobility ; and the old system of 
 electing the lesser and greater council by lot was to be 
 restored. 
 
 By this compromise Giovandrea D'Oria obtained the 
 position he had lost in Genoa, but not the overweening in- 
 fluence he had hitherto enjoyed, and the mere shadow of the 
 power his predecessor had had. In fact, it was but the 
 force of Spanish influence in the background which enabled 
 him to hold his own. It was in vain that the French urged 
 on the people to make further claims, to demand that a 
 " Portico " of the people should be made, with the rights and
 
 3o3 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 privileges that the other two possessed. In vain did Coronato 
 continue to harangue them ; the rule of the demagogue was 
 at an end, and, like many of his precursors in sedition, he 
 paid the penalty of his crimes on the scaffold, whilst Gio- 
 vandrea had a fine colossal marble statue put up to his own 
 memory, side by side with Andrea's ; and whereas the latter 
 was termed the " liberator of his country," Giovandrea was 
 honoured with the title of " maintainer " of this liberty. The 
 shattered remains of these two statues are still to be seen in 
 the cloisters of S. Matteo. It is a curious fact in Genoese 
 history that so few statues adorn her city ; these to the two 
 D'Oria are the first, and this fact evinces the jealous feeling 
 which pervaded the Ligurian capital, and which forbade that 
 one man should be so exalted above his fellows. Of the 
 countless heroes of victories not one can boast more than a 
 modest inscription ; whilst in the peaceful republic of the 
 Bank of St. George, where nothing occurred to disturb the 
 even tenor of affairs, the whole building is overflowing with 
 statues to worthy men. 1 
 
 No period of Genoese history is so thoroughly uneventful 
 as the close of this century and the beginning of the next. 
 Tyranny and foreign influence kept the people in check, and 
 no period is so marked as this for the growth of magnificent 
 palaces and works of art. Feeling secure of their position, 
 and having no outlet for their hoarded gains, the wealthy 
 Genoese nobility lavished their money on the erection of 
 stately houses. Old streets were levelled to the ground, and 
 in their place grew up the two glorious streets of palaces, the 
 Stracla Nuova and the Strada Balbi, with their frescoed halls 
 and galleries of art, which are the admiration of every visitor 
 to modern Genoa. 
 
 Whilst thus reposing in lazy magnificence, Genoa scarce 
 noticed the growth of a new foe amongst the Alps, the warrior 
 dukes of Savoy, under whose sway the ancient Ligurian 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi.
 
 ANDREA D'ORIA'S LATTER DAYS, ETC. 309 
 
 Republic was destined to enter upon a new existence two 
 centuries later. Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy, the con- 
 queror of St. Quentin, in 1557 had a Genoese councillor and 
 intimate friend, one Negrone Di Negro, who superintended his 
 financial affairs, so did Emmanuel I., after Napoleon's days, 
 entrust his financial affairs into the hands of the Genoese, 
 Gian Carlo Brignole. A position on the Mediterranean so 
 advantageous as Genoa was much coveted by the dukes of 
 Savoy in their advance towards arousing a new life in decrepit 
 Italy, and scarce a revolution or a conspiracy in Genoa 
 occurred for the remainder of her independent existence 
 without some suspicion of complicity from the side of 
 Savoy. 
 
 Charles Emmanuel I. of Savoy was in those days the 
 sole upholder of Italian freedom against the despotism of 
 Spain. As he had seized Geneva, so did he wish to possess 
 himself of Genoa, the stronghold of Spanish interests on 
 Italian soil. He managed to pick a quarrel with Genoa about 
 the possession of the marquisate of Zuccarello, near Albenga, 
 which territory the republicans claimed as theirs by right of 
 purchase in 1588; but the duke wished for a seaport, and 
 hence put in his claims. In fact, he was ever on the alert to 
 pick a quarrel with the Ligurians, as a story illustrates about 
 a mock fight between some children, half of whom chose the 
 name of the Duke of Savoy as their watchword, whilst the 
 other half cried for St. George and Genoa. The ducal party 
 were defeated, and carried through the town of Genoa by their 
 victorious playfellows, and the government saw fit to punish 
 them all, as some little disturbance was the result of their 
 game. It certainly seems hardly credible, but the fact is 
 well substantiated, that the Duke of Savoy sent an am- 
 bassador to Genoa to remonstrate about the punishment of 
 his youthful partisans. 
 
 With French aid the duke nearly made good his claims 
 on Zuccarello. He took Gavi, Voltaggio, and the outlying
 
 3io GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 forts of Genoa ; but dissension between the allies allowed 
 succour to come from the Spanish governor of Milan, and in 
 1626 a peace was signed between the belligerents by which 
 Genoa retained possession of the disputed seaport. 
 
 By this time Prince Giovandrea D'Oria was no more. But 
 little of the renown members of his family acquired as if by 
 inheritance fell to his lot. We hear of him as an obsequious 
 ally of Spain ; we hear of him too as a pious upholder of the 
 Church. He and his wife proposed to add the old ruined 
 church of S. Benedetto to the D'Orian estate; but on her death, 
 before the completion of the project, Giovandrea bought it 
 and adorned it with works of art in memory of his departed 
 consort. Giovandrea's dog, the faithful Roldano, for its many 
 virtues received befitting burial, and a laudatory epitaph 
 underneath the great Jove by Montorsoli, representing 
 Andrea D'Oria in colossal form. A right royal guardian was 
 Roldano of the Olympian threshold, and still he watches the 
 silent watch of death amidst the brambles and thickets of 
 this now almost disused garden, where once the D'Oria 
 wandered amidst hanging gardens and fountains, where now 
 a few peasants till a few straggling vines, and where now the 
 visitor is surprised to read that Roldano was not Andrea 
 D'Oria's dog, as his guide-book tells him, and was not given 
 him by the Emperor Charles V., as the story runs, but died 
 at the ag of nine, in 1605, when Andrea had been in his grave 
 nearly half a century. 
 
 In the year 1628 a conspiracy took place in Genoa, illus- 
 trating in two ways the spirit of the times : firstly, how com- 
 pletely the old class of revolution had been stamped out in 
 Liguria it was no longer the outcome of rivalry between 
 leading noble families, but emanated from the dregs of the 
 populace so to speak. And secondly, that the ever-watchful 
 eye of the Duke of Savoy was ready to grasp any op- 
 portunity afforded him for extending his power over the 
 Republic.
 
 ANDREA &ORIAS LATTER DAYS, ETC. 311 
 
 Giulio Cesare Vacchero was the originator of it. His 
 father was a man of low extraction, who had put some money 
 together by gambling and other underhand means, and was 
 able to give his son an education, which resulted rather in a 
 proficiency in vice than in any other accomplishment. 
 Vacchero was handsome, even as a tempting demon ; dark 
 long curls hung around a subtle vicious face, with keen dark 
 eyes, compressed lips, and a winning smile. Such was 
 Vacchero, the very impersonation of vengeful ambition and 
 inhuman cruelty. He scorned the nobles, and fawned on the 
 lowest of the populace, and urged them in every way to insult 
 their superiors. 
 
 Mainly that he might become doge did Vacchero get up 
 this conspiracy ; no motives of liberating his country, or dislike 
 of the existing order of things, actuated him. His principal 
 agents in Genoa were Giugliano Fornari, a wealthy silk 
 merchant, Clemente Corti, and Francesco Bertora, all men of 
 violent passion and low origin, ready with hand or word for 
 any deed of audacity. Others too were in the secret, espe- 
 cially one, Giovanni Francesco Rodino, who had formerly been 
 banished from the Republic for homicide, and had now 
 returned, and was captain of a band of three hundred 
 men. 
 
 During his exile Rodino had spent much time in the 
 service of the Duke of Savoy, but on his return to Genoa 
 appeared to have entirely espoused the cause of the Republic. 
 Bertora had married his daughter, and by this means con- 
 trived to win over his father-in-law to join the conspiracy, and 
 hence the conspirators obtained an easy means of communica- 
 tion with the Duke of Savoy. Nothing loath, the Duke de- 
 spatched a messenger to Genoa secretly to ascertain the state 
 of affairs, and to offer assistance to any scheme which might 
 further his interests in the Ligurian capital. 
 
 With these encouragements Vacchero set off for Turin, 
 had an audience with the duke, and returned to Genoa to
 
 312 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 make his arrangements for a general massacre of the doge 
 and council on Good Friday, in the council hall, and then, 
 having thrown them out of the window, he proposed to 
 reorganize the State anew, with himself as doge, and the Duke 
 of Savoy as his firm ally and coadjutor. 
 
 However, on the day before the conspiracy Rodino was 
 struck with misgivings, went direct to the senate and- re- 
 vealed the plot, demanding only a free pardon for himself, his 
 son-in-law, and his three hundred soldiers. Thus Vacchero 
 and all his fellow-conspirators were easily taken, and forth- 
 with subjected to the most excruciating tortures. In his con- 
 demned cell Vacchero behaved like a caged lion ; he refused 
 food, he had to be guarded by day and by night for fear of 
 his committing suicide, and when he was informed of his 
 condemnation to be hanged like a common felon his exas- 
 peration knew no bounds. So ambitious a spirit could not 
 brook such an indignity, and he clamoured for the honour 
 of being beheaded, rushing all the time to and fro in 
 his cell, and dashing himself against its walls as if bereft 
 of reason. 
 
 At length the privilege of dying by the axe was granted 
 him, and when once he heard it he became calm. He related 
 without hesitation the objects and ends of his conspiracy, 
 he told of his intercourse with the Duke of Savoy, and 
 for his few remaining hours he sat tranquilly, more like a 
 triumphant monarch than a condemned criminal. So great 
 was the dread he had of an ignominious death, that death 
 itself, when indicative of rank, was nothing, as compared to 
 ignominy. 
 
 In Vacchero's own family the greatest fortitude was shown 
 under the torturer's irons ; his wife bore in silence the wrenching 
 of her limbs, her mouth was sealed both on the rack and 
 before the judge's promises and blandishments. So also was 
 it with a young Greek slave and confidante of Vacchero's, who, 
 when exposed to the severest tortures, uttered not a word, and
 
 ANDREA UORIA'S LATTER DAYS, ETC. 313 
 
 died three days afterwards carrying his secrets with him to his 
 grave. 
 
 Thus ended Vacchero's conspiracy. His house was razed to 
 the ground, and a stone of infamy was put up in its stead, 
 where now we can read that it was erected " to the infamous 
 memory of the most lost man, Giulio Cesare Vacchero, who, for 
 conspiring against the Republic, had his head cut off for the 
 public weal, his house pulled down, his goods confiscated, and 
 his sons banished." 
 
 The following account given of Vacchero's early life by the 
 annalist Carbone, though perhaps tinged with horrors to suit 
 the feelings of his countrymen, at all events must give some 
 true glimpses at his earlier career. " When quite young 
 Vacchero was exiled from Genoa for homicide. No sooner did 
 he reach Nice than he treacherously slew a knight of Malta, 
 and fled thence to Florence. Whilst there he killed a Bentivoglio, 
 and was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment ; but owing to 
 the patronage of Antonio del Nero, and to his own wealth, he 
 succeeded in obtaining his freedom, which he used to terrify 
 the Florentines with unheard-of crimes and immorality. The 
 inhabitants at length succeeded in having him removed to 
 Genoa, from whence he was exiled again and went to Corsica. 
 On his arrival at Bastia he took the earliest opportunity of 
 seducing the wife of his landlord, who was a Genoese, Salata 
 by name, and then got her assistance to help him to seduce 
 her two unmarried sisters. Desirous of adding cruelty to his 
 crime of immorality he slew one Giambattista Falconetti, upon 
 which he returned to Genoa with Salata and his family, and 
 celebrated his arrival in his native town by putting Salata out 
 of the way and then poisoning the three sisters." Such was 
 the man to whom the Genoese most justly erected one of their 
 severest stones of infamy. 
 
 Rodino, the divulger of the conspiracy, was amply rewarded 
 by his fellow countrymen. But men said that Carlo Emmanuele, 
 Duke of Savoy, was not believed when he asserted his innocence
 
 3U GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 in the whole affair ; that the rest of Europe reviled him for his low 
 associates, and that the Vacchero conspiracy was a blot on the 
 otherwise brilliant career of this soldier prince, who did much 
 for the advancement of his ancestral domains, thereby enabling 
 his son, Vittorio Amadeo, to add Nice to the Savoyard dynasty, 
 which acquisition was the first step towards the aggrandize- 
 ment of his house.
 
 ( 315 ) 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 
 PART I. 
 
 FROM their possession of the island of Corsica the Genoese laid 
 claim to the right of a royal diadem, which same diadem, in 
 1636, they placed with superstitious respect on the head of 
 their Madonna. A veritable and substantial crown of thorns 
 was this of Corsica, both for the rulers and the ruled, as a 
 sketch of the Genoese affairs in this island will exemplify. 
 
 From the earliest date down to the close of the last century 
 Corsica was never wanting in heroes of curious spontaneous 
 growth to deck her annals and cover her history with the 
 halo of romance. Her inhabitants were by nature vindictive, 
 rebellious, and passionately attached to the idea of liberty, and 
 to any one they thought could lead them towards that goal. 
 But, unfortunately for themselves, this vindictive spirit was not 
 only directed against their foes, but found ample scope for 
 development in Corsican homesteads, and became a sort of 
 inalienable property in the family into which it once crept, of 
 which the entail never could be cut off. 
 
 For the origin of oppression and violence in this island we 
 must travel back to the earliest days, when Genoa and Pisa 
 broke lances for its possession, and popes loved to arouse dis- 
 cord between the two Republics by cunningly granting benefices 
 therein to each ; for on the grounds of the Pepinian donation, 
 which presented the pontiffs with all the islands of the world,
 
 316 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Corsica was problematically included in their temporal 
 dominion. 
 
 Pope Innocent II., in 1133, invested Genoa with several of 
 the richest Corsican benefices, whilst Pisa looked on with 
 jealous eyes for an opportunity for bettering herself. The 
 Genoese, however, were not satisfied with their acquirements ; 
 they seized the town of Bonifazio, whilst the inhabitants were 
 making merry at a wedding, and, in 1217, Onorius III. confirmed 
 it to them. And thus were the Ligurians firmly established 
 in the island. 
 
 The Pisans at length saw fit to entrust the care of their 
 interests in the island to one Sinucello della Rocca, or " II 
 Giudice," as he was most commonly called, the first in the long 
 procession of heroes who will pass before our view in the course 
 of this chapter. Though the recognized friend of Pisa for 
 some time, II Giudice was content to live on terms of inti- 
 macy with Genoa, and for many years he and his brother 
 Latro held feuds under the Ligurian Republic. But Giudice 
 was a restless, ambitious man, who could not be content with 
 peace ; he quarrelled with his fellow nobles, he tyrannized over 
 his dependents, he haunted the coast like a pirate, and at length, 
 unfortunately for themselves, the Genoese took the initiative in 
 suppressing him. 
 
 II Giudice forthwith fled into the ever open arms of Pisa, 
 and thereby lit the train of events which ended.in her war with 
 Genoa, and her final overthrow at Meloria. 1 But it was after 
 the defeat of the Pisans, and when he was left to his own 
 resources entirely, that the real character of II Giudice came 
 out as a national hero a^id intrepid warrior. For several 
 years, in his mountain fastnesses, and with his brave followers, 
 he managed to keep the Genoese at bay against fearful odds, 
 and upon his deeds of valour Corsican legends love to dwell, 
 for he was a perfectly typical Corsican hero. He had his 
 inveterate foe, one Giovanninello, who conspired against him, 
 
 1 Vide ch. iv.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 317 
 
 was driven into exile in Genoa, and eventually returned, under 
 the Genoese banner, and founded Genoa's second colony of 
 Calvi. II Giudice had his six daughters all married to his 
 adherents, and six sons ready to carry on his "vendetta." 
 Moreover, tradition says he was deservedly called " the judge," 
 and was renowned far and wide for his equity. 
 
 On one occasion when some Genoese fell into his hands, 
 he promised liberty to the married ones if their wives would 
 come and fetch them. In due time these ladies appeared, 
 trusting in his word ; a kinsman of II Giudice, however, insulted 
 one of them, whereupon the general ordered his head to be 
 cut off, and sent back the prisoners and their wives true to his 
 word. 
 
 The end of this hero was a sad one. Amongst his six sons 
 there was a Judas, Salnese by name, who betrayed his aged 
 blind father into the hands of the Genoese. They took him 
 to end his days in a Genoese prison, cursing his offspring 
 with his last breath, and lamenting the woes of his country. 
 
 In her transactions with Corsica from first to last the 
 Genoese Republic has met with unlimited blame; but the diffi- 
 culties she encountered at the very outset of her career were 
 almost enough to daunt the courage of a more powerful state. 
 There were the Pisan adherents, to begin with, always ready 
 to foment revolt, and the clergy who adhered to Rome ; the 
 Aragonese had their claims, which they were ready at any 
 moment to proffer ; whilst the Corsicans themselves were a wild 
 relentless race, who resented any appearance of tyranny, and 
 were always ably provided with leaders to promote this spirit. 
 The utter deprivation to which the Corsicans during this 
 early period of their struggle were reduced, is illustrated by the 
 appearance of a curious communistic sect among them, started 
 by two brothers, Polo and Arrigo. Under their guidance men 
 and women professed to believe that the golden age had 
 come ; everything was proclaimed to be common property, wives 
 and children included. The converts to this creed repaired
 
 3iS GENOA; HOW THE. REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 in a body to the churches, where, after celebrating all sorts of 
 heathen rites, they extinguished the lights and proceeded with 
 their orgies in the dark. After much trouble the papal legate 
 and the Genoese combined and succeeded in putting down this 
 insurrection, and a period of tranquillity ensued during which 
 the Genoese granted fair laws and liberal charters to the 
 towns of Bonifazio and Calvi, and various seignioral fiefs, 
 and, in 1347, delegates were sent over by the doge to regulate 
 affairs in the island ; but as the Republic was essentially weak 
 at home, and unable to keep her own internal affairs in any- 
 thing like order, but little could be expected for her de- 
 pendencies. 
 
 Almost identical with the promulgation of these more liberal 
 arrangements and equitable government was the outbreak of 
 another rebellion, and this time the leader was Arrigo della 
 Rocca, son of II Giudice, who took up the line of policy 
 eventually so fatal to the cause of Corsican independence, 
 namely, that of proclaiming a foreign protector. And the 
 Aragonese, whom he chose to summon to his assistance, were 
 ready enough to embrace the opportunity, for they had ob- 
 tained concessions from the Vatican for extending their 
 dominion in the island, and della Rocca's invitation formed an 
 excellent pretext. 
 
 To meet this contingency the Genoese adopted a policy 
 which served to aggravate the discontent, and to lay up for 
 themselves a store of evil for the centuries to come. Societies 
 were formed, called " azionisti," by which money was advanced 
 on the principle of the Mahone loans j 1 and in return for this 
 large portions of the island were allotted to the capitalists by 
 way of security or repayment, and these portions they ground 
 down to the utmost to recover, and make a profit on the 
 money they had advanced. 
 
 Arrigo della Rocca, after a long weary struggle with the 
 new proprietors of the island, was secretly poisoned, and the 
 
 1 Vide ch. v.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 319 
 
 greater part of Corsica became a feudatory of a Genoese 
 family, the Lomellini, who bought up the " azionisti" and 
 exercised intolerable despotism over their possessions, until 
 the whole island, with the exception of the faithful towns 
 of Bonifazio and Calvi, were in open revolt under Vincentello 
 d'Istria, another wild scion of the house of II Giudice, a son 
 of one of the six daughters, 
 
 It was at this time that French influence was first felt on 
 Corsican soil ; the marshal Boucicault, 1 who ruled in Genoa 
 with unparalleled tyranny, backed up the Lomellini in all their 
 acts of oppression. In the war which ensued, the siege of 
 Bonifazio by the joint fleet of Alphonso of Aragon and the 
 Corsican rebels is the theme of Genoese triumph how priests, 
 women, and children held out with one accord against fire, 
 pestilence, and famine until succour from home arrived ; and 
 how, when it did, arrive, all communication with the beleaguered 
 city was cut off by the Aragonese fleet in the harbour, until 
 a brave coral diver, Andrea Magrone by name, precipitated 
 himself into the waves with a hatchet jn his mouth, and by 
 swimming under water contrived to reach the king's ship, 
 cut the cable of this a n d several others, and, owing to the 
 roughness of the sea, such confusion was wrought by this that 
 the Genoese obtained an easy victory and the city was relieved. 
 
 Amongst the Corsicans, d'Istria was unable to get together 
 anything like unity in his rebellion. Numerous barons remained 
 faithful to Genoa, and after the destruction of his Aragonese 
 contingent, he was unable to withstand the moneyed resources 
 of the Genoese ; and after the failure under the walls of 
 Bonifazio his cause gradually grew weaker, until his own folly 
 brought about his ultimate ruin, for by insulting a noble lady 
 of Biguglia, the " vendetta " of her family pursued him, and he 
 was surrendered to the Genoese, and paid the penalty of his 
 rebellion, in 1434, by losing his head on a scaffold erected 
 before the gates of the cathedral in Genoa. 
 
 1 Vide ch. ix.
 
 320 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Affairs, however, in Corsica were by no means ameliorated 
 by the quelling of this revolt. There were papal claims under 
 Eugenius IV. and Nicolas V. ; there were Aragonese claims, 
 Milanese claims, and the national party who elected their 
 Conte and Vicario to rule over them ; and then there were the 
 Genoese, more powerful than them all, yet still not powerful 
 enough to overcome the other obstacles. 
 
 Hence, in 1453, they took the desperate step of making 
 over the island to the directors of the Bank of St. George, 1 
 and, saving supreme senatorial rights, the protectors of this 
 wonderful bank ruled in Corsica. Terrible were their exactions 
 and unscrupulous was their policy. Murders, exorbitant taxes 
 without end, exasperated the already much oppressed popu- 
 lation ; and, as a natural result of this policy, another hero of 
 the della Rocca family appeared on the scene, Rinuccio by 
 name, who scoured Europe with a view to collecting a force 
 sufficient to resist the army of the bank. 
 
 Niccolo D'Oria, however, offered effectual resistance to all 
 his attempts, and, together with his wife and children, Rinuccio 
 was carried prisoner to Genoa. In 1 504, however, he managed 
 to effect his escape, and got a small army together. _ As a 
 counter irritant to Rinuccio's disturbances in Corsica, the 
 Genoese proceeded to wreak their vengeance on his unfor- 
 tunate family. They killed his eldest son, and threatened the 
 same by his other children if he still continued in his rebellion. 
 But Rinuccio had the stern blood of II Giudice flowing in 
 his veins, and proclaimed that as long as he had twenty 
 followers behind him, he would never give in to the hated 
 Republic. He was again taken prisoner, and again effected 
 his escape, and lived like a wild beast in his mountain fast- 
 nesses, the terror of every Genoese adherent. 
 
 Andrea D'Oria it was who put the final stroke to the 
 suppression of Rinuccio. In 1511, Andrea was in command 
 in Corsica, and by craftily reducing the limit of Rinuccio's 
 
 1 Vide ch. xi.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 321 
 
 circle without hazarding an engagement, he eventually starved 
 him out ; and one day, the last of this brave house, della Rocca, 
 who carried on the war of vengeance against Genoa, was found 
 dead in a rocky cavern. Andrea D'Oria's eulogists are silent 
 about this part of his life, for in subduing the rebellious 
 Corsicans there was not an inhumanity of which he was not 
 guilty. He burnt every house that came within his reach, he 
 put every one remorselessly to the sword, and ruled with a 
 species of terrorism, the details of which for ever shake the 
 opinions of those who -are inclined to admire the so-called 
 liberator of his country, the so-called greatest of the D'Oria. 
 
 After the death of Rinuccio the period of ill-organized 
 revolts in the island was, for a short time, at an end ; and for 
 a while the Bank of St. George ruled with a certain degree of 
 prudence. If Rinuccio had effectuated nothing else, he had 
 taught the Genoese a lesson which they continued to act upon 
 for a time, and the islanders were saved from bloodshed and 
 misery during a period which appears like a little oasis in 
 their wilderness of centuries. 
 
 An annual governor was sent out by the bank, who resided 
 at Bastia. He had a " vicario" under him, who superintended 
 judicial and military affairs. There were lieutenants appointed 
 to govern all the important posts, from whose courts there was 
 an appeal to the governor ; and moreover, there were native 
 syndics appointed, to whom any complaints against the acting 
 magistrates might be brought, and conveyed thence to the 
 supreme tribunal. Many of the old institutions were left in 
 statu quo, and the Corsicans were admitted to a share in their 
 own government. 
 
 But the Bank of St. George was an essentially mercenary 
 foundation, and when the expensive luxury of an Andrea 
 D'Oria, and continual internal troubles, brought Genoa to the 
 brink of ruin, the protectors of the bank thought fit again to 
 grind down the Corsicans, to whom cessation from warfare 
 had now brought a measure of prosperity. Commissioners 
 
 Y
 
 322 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 were sent to intimate to the inhabitants, that the bank wished 
 for statistics of all their property and goods, and the simple- 
 minded Corsicans, wishing to make a good appearance, entered 
 all their useless land in the same category with the arable, and 
 hence a heavy tax was imposed, not only on their cultivated 
 fields, but on the mountains, with which Corsica was well 
 stocked. 
 
 In addition to other acts of oppression, the governor for 
 the bank in Corsica caused commissions to be given in the 
 Genoese army to some of the most obnoxious leaders of revolt. 
 They were invited to taste the clemency of the Republic, and 
 to embark for Genoa. Those of them who were foolish 
 enough to trust to the promises of their oppressors, found, on 
 their arrival in Genoa, that the Ligurian clemency extended 
 no further than the four walls of a prison. 
 
 These oppressions on the part of the bank gave rise to the 
 genius of one of the most remarkable characters of the age, 
 who, with Pasquale Paolo, is an object of Corsican veneration. 
 Sampiero di Bastelica was a man of humble origin ; in his 
 youthful days he had been occupied in serving in the armed 
 bands of which Italy was then full. He had served in the 
 " Bande Nere," he had assisted the Medici against the Pazzi, 
 and eventually became the leader of Francis L's Corsican 
 band. Whilst fighting against Spain, Sampiero appears to 
 have forgotten his country, until 1547, when he repaired to 
 Corsica with the object of marrying, and obtained the hand of 
 Vannina d'Ornano, the only daughter of one of the first 
 Corsican nobles. 
 
 For some trifling offence, Sampiero was put in prison by 
 the Genoese governor, who liked not his anti-Spanish politics, 
 and he was only liberated by the combined exertions of his 
 father-in-law and the French king. This was enough to make 
 the enraged Corsican thirst .for vengeance, and henceforth 
 all other objects were forgotten, and he lived only to free his 
 country from the hated Genoese.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 323 
 
 After obtaining aid from Henry II. of France, who sent 
 the Marechal des Thermes with a considerable force to 
 Corsica, Sampiero wandered through the island fanning a 
 revolt. By this time the French had learnt the advantage of 
 securing a footing in Corsica, and from henceforth, in every 
 rebellion against Genoa may be traced the subtle hand of 
 French diplomacy. Dragut, too, the Saracenic scourge of the 
 Mediterranean, was not slow with his assistance, glad enough 
 of an opportunity of striking a blow at Genoa. And soon the 
 Genoese were deprived of all their possessions in the island, 
 save the faithful towns of Calvi, Bonifazio, and Ajaccio. 
 
 At this, the second siege of Bonifazio, the Genoese had 
 another opportunity of showing off their heroism. Priests, 
 women, and children, again came forward. But this time 
 they were not so successful ; an envoy was cut off on his road 
 to Genoa, craving assistance for the besieged inhabitants ; 
 false letters were sent back to the governor of Bonifazio, 
 saying that all hope from Genoa must be abandoned, and the 
 garrison surrendered unconditionally, but were immediately 
 fallen on by the treacherous Turks, who would have butchered 
 them had it not been for Sampiero's timely intervention. 
 
 Finally the Genoese discovered that nothing but a des- 
 perate effort would resuscitate their fallen fortunes in Corsica, 
 and their effort was entrusted to the care of the patriarch, 
 Andrea D'Oria, now in his eighty-fourth year. Through his 
 instrumentality assistance was obtained from the emperor 
 and Cosmo de' Medici ; and to the aged warrior, the Ligurian 
 Republic gave her standard amidst a profusion of pomp and 
 display before the altar of her cathedral. 
 
 With Andrea's arrival in Corsica the tide of events was 
 changed. The Genoese arms were universally successful, 
 and, as he had done in his youth, the aged warrior visited 
 every prisoner who fell into his hands with remorseless 
 cruelty. But it was not till the peace of Cateau Cambresis, in 
 1559, that Corsica was finally reduced and handed over to
 
 324 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 absolute Genoese rule. A wild cry of desperation went up 
 throughout the island at this the wholesale desertion of her 
 allies. Sampiero, the hero of their liberty, now came forth 
 more prominently than ever with his indomitable spirit. He 
 wandered from court to court in Europe seeking aid for his 
 stricken country. He was well received by Barbarossa in 
 Algiers, by the Sultan in Turkey, and by Catherine de' Medici 
 in France, but beyond empty promises was not successful in 
 obtaining aid. 
 
 During Sampiero's absence the Genoese tried the power of 
 blandishments on his unfortunate wife Vannina, who with her 
 children was residing at Marseilles. They promised her a 
 restoration of her property of Ornano, and excellent terms for 
 her husband, if she would but come to Genoa and place 
 herself and family under the Republic's care. So accord- 
 ingly the poor woman was induced to set sail ; but a friend of 
 Sampiero's kept her husband well informed of her movements, 
 as he was at the court of Algiers ; and thus no sooner had 
 she left the port of Marseilles than a galley followed her in 
 hot pursuit under the command of her husband's friend, who 
 captured her and conducted her to Aix. 
 
 When Sampiero had concluded the business he was 
 transacting, he hurried thither and conveyed his trembling wife 
 back to Marseilles. Unconscious of her husband's intentions, 
 but well aware of his revengeful, uncompromising spirit, she 
 begged hard for mercy, for life to make amends, for another 
 opportunity to prove her fidelity, but with the dogged deter- 
 mination so characteristic of the Corsican he would hear of 
 none. He gave her three days to make her preparations, and 
 then plunged his dagger into her breast, or as more unromantic 
 authorities will have it, he strangled her with her garter. Such 
 was the horror of anything like dishonour and disgrace in the 
 mind of this wild, untutored man, whose hard creed permitted 
 not a thought beyond the one narrow groove of emancipation 
 from tyranny. He loved his wife tenderly, they say, but he
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 325 
 
 loved his day dreams of Corsican liberty better, and to these 
 the luckless Vannina fell a sacrifice. 
 
 After perpetrating this bloody deed Sampiero hied him on 
 his way to Paris, in 1562, there to solicit the aid of Catherine 
 de' Medici ; but the queen-mother and her court looked 
 askance at the murderer and offered him no assistance. So 
 Sampiero was constrained to return to Corsica with but forty- 
 five men, determined to strike one more blow for his country's 
 liberty ; for after the peace of Cateau Cambresis, the Genoese 
 yoke was harder to bear than ever ; and matters were in no 
 way ameliorated, when the Bank of St. George relinquished 
 the well-squeezed sop of Corsica to the management of the 
 Republic, when all that was profitable to them had been 
 drained thereout. 
 
 After taking the castle of Istria, Sampiero, with a band of 
 one hundred men, made rapid advances against the Genoese, 
 until at length the town of Vescovato fell into his hands, and 
 with this the cause of liberty grew apace, in spite of an army 
 of four thousand strong, sent from Liguria under Stefano 
 D'Oria, which, with the customary cruelty, burnt all that came 
 into their hands, including Bastelica and Sampiero's own house 
 and home. But for this the reckless general cared but little, 
 and hurried to his mountain fastnesses, from whence he could 
 defy the enemy and be free. 
 
 One of his followers, however, Campolasso by name, was 
 more tender-hearted than his commander ; for when the 
 Genoese threatened to put his aged mother to excruciating 
 tortures if he did not surrender himself, Campolasso forthwith 
 presented himself at the Genoese camp. But this goes far to 
 prove the unscrupulous cruelty with which the Ligurians 
 treated their rebellious subjects ; indeed Stefano D'Oria him- 
 self avowed it as his wish that every Corsican over fourteen 
 should be put to death, and the island repeopled and re- 
 organized with a more peaceful subordinate race. In this 
 campaign one Napoleone di Santa Lucia gave celebrity for
 
 326 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 the first time to this glorious Corsican name, fighting under 
 the standard of Sampiero, whose descendant in after years 
 proudly dictated terms to Genoa and Italy. 
 
 In their assistance during this campaign the French were 
 exceeding lukewarm. A small sum of money and thirteen 
 flags with " pugna pro patriA" emblazoned thereon, were all their 
 contributions, and thus the war dragged out a weary existence, 
 with varied fluctuations on either side, until, in 1 567, Sampiero 
 was decoyed by a monk with a false message into an ambush, 
 and fell fighting desperately to the last. Though sixty-nine 
 years of age, Sampiero was hale and strong, and knew not 
 what fatigue was. He was certainly one of Corsica's most 
 remarkable heroes ; his grateful countrymen would have made 
 him a king, but he spurned a diadem. He always wore the 
 loose cloak of his country, always slept on the ground. In 
 another country, and with a life directed in another groove, he 
 w r ould have been a remarkable man, very much after the 
 fashion of the first Napoleon, and with many points in 
 common with him which form an interesting comparison 
 between the two sons of this unfortunate island. 
 
 At Sampiero's funeral his son Alfonso, a youth of seven- 
 teen, took up the gauntlet against the Genoese ; but he 
 displayed none of his father's vigour, and his youth was 
 against his success as a general. Worn out by continual 
 warfare the Corsicans at length accepted a peace in 1569, and 
 Giorgio D'Oria was sent out as governor, a man of much 
 moderation, who during his life kept the Corsicans contented ; 
 but after his death, and for the century which followed, 
 Corsica was the most wretched country in Europe famines, 
 plagues, feuds, and corsairs, all devastating it in turn. 
 
 Alfonso d'Ornano, as the representative of Sampiero and 
 the unfortunate Vannina d'Ornano, was allowed by Giorgio 
 D'Oria to repair to France, where in another and more 
 fertile soil he planted the fortunes of his family. 
 
 Charles IX. received Sampierols son with great honours at
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 327 
 
 Paris, and with the permission of Genoa he made him colonel 
 of a regiment of Corsicans, who did great service against the 
 Swiss in 1587, and on the expiration of the Valois dynasty, 
 Alphonso wisely espoused the cause of Henry of Navarre. 
 In this reign Ornano was made a marshal, decorated with 
 the order of the Holy Ghost, and held the office of Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Guyenne. At Bordeaux his name is still honoured 
 for his works, and a street is still called after him. 
 
 Thus did the descendants of the Corsican hero continue to 
 reap laurels for themselves in the country of their adoption. 
 Under both empires the Counts d'Ornano distinguished them- 
 selves in every campaign, and the present head of the family 
 is to-day an esteemed citizen of the new Republic. 
 
 After Giorgio D'Oria's death an idea of entire extermina- 
 tion of their rebellious subjects was often mooted amongst 
 the Genoese, so when a Greek colony, the Mainoti, from the 
 Gulf of Kolokytia, tired of Turkish rule, threw themselves 
 into the arms of Genoa, a portion of Corsica was allotted to 
 them containing a few villages. Seven hundred and thirty 
 Greeks in all landed on the island in 1676, but as Genoese 
 proteges the inhabitants naturally hated them, and no amal- 
 gamation or understanding ever took place, till, after a cen- 
 tury of discontent and misery, the Greeks with one accord 
 took sail for Sardinia, hoping under another government to 
 find a more hospitable resting-place. 
 
 Suppressed groans and dogged determination kept the 
 Corsicans from entirely giving way to their oppressors, whose 
 finances now were not so flourishing as to like the idea of a 
 standing army always at work in their island dependency. 
 In fact, it is difficult to give a period for the cessation of secret 
 rebellion and the outbreak of open war. Certainly towards 
 1729 events culminated in undisguised hostilities, which con- 
 tinued for the remaining forty years that the Genoese flag had 
 any pretensions to float over Corsican towers. 
 
 No abatement of taxes would be admitted. Pinelli, the
 
 328 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Genoese governor at this time, was severity itself. He hanged 
 fifteen Corsican soldiers one day who had strayed almost 
 unconsciously outside the precincts of the camp. The city of 
 Valeria, which offered a slight remonstrance to his scheme of 
 taxation, was seized, and every male within its walls put to 
 the sword. Thus did the Genoese treat their refractory sub- 
 jects ; whilst the Corsicans, in their turn, would occasionally 
 strip their tax-collectors naked, and whip them home with 
 broom twigs. The Genoese garrison at Finale, on the Western 
 Riviera, contained a few Corsican soldiers, one of whom for 
 some slight misdemeanour was condemned to a delightfully 
 refined instrument of torture, entitled the wooden horse, 
 on the knife-like back of which he was made to ride 
 with heavy weights attached to his feet. Such treatment 
 as this could not be brooked by his comrades, who fired on 
 the Genoese, and a regular rising occurred in Finale ; how- 
 ever, the Corsicans were easily subdued, and their ringleaders 
 shot. 
 
 In the island itself affairs were rapidly drawing towards 
 open hostility ; and under the joint generalship of two native 
 heroes, Ceccaldi and Giafferi, and their successors, the Cor- 
 sicans kept up the flag of revolt until their annexation with 
 France. At the outbreak of this war the Austrians assisted 
 the Genoese with troops, for which the Ligurian government 
 paid the large sum of thirty thousand florins a month, and a 
 compensation of one hundred florins for each man killed ; 
 hence, when a German fell, with a shout of delight the 
 Corsicans would exclaim, "Another hundred florins for 
 Genoa ! " 
 
 A temporary cessation of hostilities occurred in 1732, 
 which continued for three years; and in 1735 the Corsicans, in 
 their national assembly, gave themselves a constitution which 
 at that time could make the rest of Europe blush. Separation 
 from Genoa was the basis of it, and government by a parlia- 
 ment of its own. A "giunta" of six was to be formed every
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 
 
 329 
 
 three months out of this parliament as a supreme governing 
 body, and a civil magistracy of four over finance, commerce, 
 and justice, whilst the people in their own hands retained the 
 right of electing members for this parliament. 
 
 But the lack of provisions and ammunition prevented the 
 Corsicans from establishing this free constitution, and they 
 were on the point of surrendering to their oppressors when 
 two ships were seen on the horizon. These presently put 
 into a Corsican harbour and disgorged themselves of a hand- 
 some supply of provisions and ammunition and boots. The 
 captain refused all payment, and only asked for a glass of 
 wine to drink to the success of the brave Corsicans. 
 
 The inhabitants looked upon this good piece of luck as 
 something supernatural, and attributed it to the interposition 
 of the Madonna. However, they eventually learnt that the 
 gift was due to solid flesh and blood, and English to boot. 
 Some British admirers of Corsican liberty had taken this 
 means of testifying their regard for bravery. 
 
 But this assistance was only transitory, and so was their 
 success. Again were the brave rebels reduced to the greatest 
 distress. However, before sinking for ever out of the pale of 
 history, Corsica was to be the theatre for the exploits of two 
 remarkable men, the Baron Theodor von Neuhoff and Pasquale 
 de Paoli, whose careers deserve separate notice as a sort of 
 sequel to the Ligurian affairs in this island. 
 
 In this rapid sketch of Corsica's troubles, we are, perhaps, 
 apt to visit Genoa with too much blame. Certain it is that 
 her position was one of the greatest difficulty ; her hold was 
 too uncertain to enable her to carry out the good laws, which 
 in the inception she attempted, and which she continued to 
 promulgate until the complications which arose after 1347. 
 Then the island became the property of grasping individuals 
 without any settled government. Nevertheless the cities of 
 Bonifazio, Calvi, Bastia, and Ajaccio, where the Genoese system 
 of government was carried out to a certain extent, always
 
 330 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL, 
 
 remained faithful to the Republic. But Genoa was too weak 
 a power to keep all the island in obedience ; outside the 
 walls of these towns all was a mass of robbery, feuds, and 
 confusion, resulting not so much from the inherent defects 
 of the government, as from the want of force to exercise it 
 properly.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 331 
 
 PART IF. 
 
 Early in March, in the year 1/36, the almost despairing 
 inhabitants of Corsica beheld a ship with the British flag 
 approaching the harbour of Aleria. Many were their specula- 
 tions as to its contents, and great was their surprise when 
 there disembarked from the strange craft a still stranger 
 apparition, dressed as a person of royal state, with a cockade 
 and sceptre, and all the accoutrements of theatrical royalty.- 
 Moreover, his attendants, a motley crew indeed, consisting of 
 eleven Italians, two Corsicans, two French, and three Moors, 
 all treated him with the respect due to a crowned head. He 
 paced about the shore with a majestic air ; he superintended 
 the disembarkation of twelve cannon, four thousand arque- 
 buses, three thousand pairs of shoes, seven hundred sacks of 
 grain, and a fair amount of ammunition. 
 
 This extraordinary apparition was the Baron Theodor 
 von Neuhoff, in whose adventurous career this expedition to 
 Corsica forms about the most eccentric episode. 
 
 To the exhausted Corsicans the sight of all this ammuni- 
 tion and panoply of war came as a straw before the vision of 
 a drowning man ; a mysterious glamour seemed to hang over 
 this personage, a glamour they could not resist ; and as if 
 fascinated by some spell which spread its infection from the 
 would-be courtiers, the oldest and youngest, the wisest and 
 the most infatuated amongst the bystanders were soon bowing 
 to the stranger as to a king. 
 
 But who this strange person was, and what his former 
 career had been, must needs be explained before we describe 
 his dealings with Corsica, and how he set up his claim to the 
 diadem of the island as against the rulers of Genoa.
 
 332 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 His father was a Baron von Neuhoff, of Westphalia, who> 
 whilst at Liege, contracted a mesalliance with a tradesman's 
 daughter. His family cut him, and he lived in great penury 
 for some time in Lorraine, and died early, leaving his wife 
 with a son, Theodor, and a daughter. 
 
 Owing to influence at court the baroness was enabled to 
 get both her children into the service of the Duchess of 
 Orleans, the German Princess Palatine. Theodor early 
 developed extraordinary precocity, grew tired of being page 
 to the duchess, grew tired of an appointment he got in the 
 French army, and determined to carve out a career for him- 
 self amongst the pitfalls of European politics. 
 
 Neuhoff first directed his steps to Sweden, and served 
 under Charles XII. Eventually Baron Gortz recognized his 
 talent for diplomacy, and dispatched him on a secret mission 
 to England, there to foster one of the Swedish minister's wild 
 plans for the restoration of the Stuarts. It was in this plot 
 that he became known to Cardinal Alberoni, the Spanish 
 revivalist ; and after the fall of Gortz, Theodor betook him- 
 self to the Spanish capital to be the tool of Alberoni, 
 Theodor had talents above those of an ordinary adventurer ; 
 he had a persuasive, winning manner, and a character far 
 from ungenerous. Though a plotter of the darkest nature, 
 and though he made money in many ways from his intimacy 
 with Law and the South Sea speculators, yet he always spent 
 it on some foolish freak of the moment. 
 
 When Alberoni fell, Theodor managed to worm himself 
 into the good graces of Ripperda, and lived a life of splendour 
 and plotting at Madrid. It was at this time he married a 
 lady of the name of Sarsfield, a lady-in-waiting to the Queen 
 of Spain, the daughter of that old Irish house which had been 
 influential since the days of Henry II., one of which, Sir 
 Dominick Sarsfield, was made premier Baronet of Ireland 
 and Viscount Kilmallock, and whose successor was deprived 
 of his lands for his catholic tendencies by Cromwell, after
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 333 
 
 which event this branch of the family retired abroad, lived at 
 continental courts, and favoured the Jacobites. 
 
 Theodor did not live long with his wife. Ripperda was 
 displeased with him for marrying ; so one morning he dis- 
 appeared from his palace, carrying off with him all that was 
 valuable, including his wife's jewels. 
 
 In course of time Theodor found himself one day in Genoa. 
 He was employed as usual on a secret commission, namely, 
 that of discovering for the Austrian emperor the rights of the 
 Corsican rebellion, and how far Austria was authorized in 
 assisting Genoa to put it down. Here he met numerous 
 Corsican exiles, and in the pursuit of his business he made 
 himself thoroughly master of Corsican affairs. At length, 
 thinking that nothing could be lost by a brilliant coup de 
 main, and that much might be gained, he hatched the wild 
 scheme of making himself king of Corsica. 
 
 At Leghorn he interviewed many Corsican discontents. He 
 hurried from place to place to collect resources, and at length 
 at Tunis he met with an English ship whose captain agreed to 
 carry him and his goods to the island. Poor Captain Dicks 
 for this escapade got into hot water at home ; a manifesto was 
 issued by the British government, at the instigation of the 
 Genoese minister, forbidding any British subject to assist the 
 Corsicans, reprimanding severely the consul at Tunis, and 
 ordering Captain Dicks and his ship to be seized and brought 
 home. The unfortunate captain learnt this news one day on 
 his arrival at Smyrna, and forthwith shot himself. 
 
 Wherever he went, Theodor had made friends in Paris, 
 Holland and the East, especially amongst the Jews, from 
 whom he frequently contracted large loans to aid him in his 
 various schemes. 
 
 Such was the apparition that now arrived in Corsica. The 
 islanders, as they were situated, had nothing much to lose, 
 pressed on every side as they were by the Genoese, and 
 without any hope from without ; so the adventurer was
 
 334 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 received with open arms, more especially as his promises were 
 specious, and he represented his resources as numerous, and 
 that money would soon arrive from Holland and troops from 
 the East, for Theodor had had his own private negotiations 
 with Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. One of his plans even had 
 been to hold Corsica as a fief of the Sultan of Turkey. 
 
 The Corsicans now promised Theodor a crown for him- 
 self and his heirs on the sole conditions that he would convene 
 a council of twenty-four, and would take no steps without 
 consulting it ; that all magistrates should be Corsicans and that 
 legislation should be carried on by the nation and the parlia- 
 ment. At a general council of about two thousand Corsicans, 
 held at the convent of Alesani, Theodor was publicly crowned 
 with a diadem of brass (gold being out of the question) and 
 with a wreath of laurel and oak. 
 
 He began his reign as-Teodoro I., and took up his regal 
 residence in the palace of the archbishop of Cervione. Pleased 
 with this his incipient success, king Teodoro spent much 
 valuable money on royal show. He appointed as his prime 
 ministers Giaffori and Giacinto de' Paoli, and spontaneously 
 created a goodly array of marquises, counts, and court officials. 
 He coined money with T.R. under a crown on one side, and 
 11 pro bono et libertate " on the reverse ; he got a flag of green 
 and yellow, with "in te, Doming, speravi" emblazoned thereon, 
 and founded an order of chivalry, styled " of the Redemption," 
 of which there were four hundred members, and out of which 
 he raised a little money. 
 
 Meanwhile the Genoese looked on and laughed at this 
 phantom monarch ; the game, they thought, lay entirely in 
 their own hands, and for some time they did not deem it 
 necessary to increase their forces in the island. They con- 
 tented themselves with issuing a proclamation for his appre- 
 hension, with a large reward fixed on his head, and representing 
 him as " a cheat, a vagabond, and a quack doctor." When 
 the Corsicans read it they shouted all the more lustily,
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 
 
 335 
 
 "Long live King Teodoro," and when the monarch had a 
 copy shown him, he jocosely remarked, " Since the Genoese 
 have endeavoured to make me pass for a mountebank, I hope 
 soon to demonstrate what conjurers we are, and to set up my 
 stage in the middle of the city of Bastia." 
 
 At length the Republic realized to their cost that the 
 novelty was working wonders in Corsica. By peremptory 
 justice King Teodoro put down all private feuds and 
 litigations, and for a while the august presence of a monarch 
 kept in check the conflicting elements which had all along 
 prevented success attending the Corsican revolts. 
 
 So the Genoese were constrained to send reinforcements 
 to their army there, and by way of doing a dastardly act of 
 injustice they let loose on the island fifteen hundred criminals 
 and galley slaves, thereby increasing the confusion and misery 
 in a wholesale fashion ; for these lawless bandits, whose freedom 
 depended on the amount of damage they could do, haunted 
 the mountains, and swooped down on any luckless Corsican 
 who came within their reach. 
 
 After the lapse of some months the Corsicans themselves 
 began to look askance at their new king. His promised fleet 
 and reinforcements never arrived, and a revolutionary party 
 arose, who styled themselves the "indiffermti" and King 
 Teodoro perceived his influence to be rapidly on the wane. 
 However, if depart he must, he determined to do so with good 
 grace. He summoned the people in council and thus addressed 
 them : 
 
 " My children, when you raised me to this envied greatness 
 you gave me a power over yourselves, but invested me with 
 no authority over the winds or those accidents which lie out 
 of the reach of human forethought. 
 
 "Your safety depends upon yourselves. Be but unanimous, 
 and you may be safe, free and happy ; but if you fall again 
 into your old dissertations, the quickest supplies w T ill come too 
 late, and the greatest succour do you no good.
 
 336 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 " As to the promises I have made, I engage they shall be 
 fulfilled by the end of next month, or I will renounce that 
 dignity which, though burdensome to me, has been beneficial 
 to you ; and for this I pledge you the faith of a gentleman 
 and the word of a prince." 
 
 Teodoro sent messengers to Holland, France, England, 
 and the East, but all was in vain ; so he announced to the 
 Corsican assembly that he must go himself to fetch help. He 
 assured his subjects of his devotion to their cause, and left 
 Giaffori and two brothers Ornano as his deputies during his 
 absence. On his voyage to France he narrowly escaped 
 falling in with a Genoese ship, but eventually contrived to 
 reach Amsterdam in safety, disguised as a priest. 
 
 Many were the doubts and fears experienced by the 
 Corsicans. Their faith in their absent monarch *vas indeed 
 small, but in whom else could they trust ? And Teodoro 
 managed to keep awake their lukewarm allegiance by from 
 time to time sending them what money he could scrape 
 together. Well for them was it that they knew not that 
 their absent monarch was passing his time at the expense 
 of the Dutch Republic, for on his arrival at Amsterdam, 
 some Jewish creditors put him in prison for debt. Nevertheless 
 his powers of intrigue were such that during his incarceration 
 he continued to send his subjects small sums of money by 
 secret channels. 
 
 Meanwhile the Corsicans fought on against overwhelming 
 odds in their mountain fastnesses. Even when the French sent 
 a detachment under General Boissieux, in 1737, to assist the 
 Genoese, they did not give in. Each village had its squadron, 
 and each man was armed, and thus they carried on their 
 rebellion until the Austrian war drew off the French, in 
 1742, and the Genoese were in their turn reduced to the 
 greatest straits, as we gather from the fact that a company 
 was especially formed this year in the Ligurian capital for 
 furthering the Corsican war, and whoever contributed thereto,
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 337 
 
 or served therein, received a dispensation to eat meat in 
 Lent. 
 
 At this juncture King Teodoro reappeared on the scene in 
 Corsica, having by his persuasive eloquence induced the rich 
 houses of Boom and Neuville in Amsterdam to advance him 
 money and help him out of prison. But the joy of the Corsicans 
 in again seeing their long lost monarch was of short duration, 
 for a fresh influx of the French obliged the king again to re- 
 embark. All further efforts to reinstate himself in his kingdom 
 were futile. In vain did he send to England " a proposal of his 
 person and his crown to Lady Lucy Stanhope," 1 hoping thereby 
 to gain some monetary assistance, and, an exile once more, 
 Teodoro repaired to London, where some of his creditors, 
 instigated by the Genoese, put him into the King's Bench 
 prison, and here he would have ended his days had not 
 Horace Walpole chosen to interest himself in his behalf, and 
 had not Garrick recited for him. 
 
 " I wrote to promote a subscription for King Theodore, who 
 is in prison for debt. His majesty's character is so bad that 
 it only raised fifty pounds, and though that was so much above 
 his deserts, it was so much below his expectation, that he sent 
 a solicitor to threaten the printer with a prosecution for having 
 taken so much liberty with his name. Take notice, too, that 
 he accepted the money." ' 
 
 In short, enough was raised to release him from his prison, 
 but not enough to keep him in comfort. " As soon as Theodore 
 was at liberty, he took a chair and went to the Portuguese 
 minister, but did not find him at home. Not having six- 
 pence to pay, he prevailed on the chairman to carry him to a 
 tailor he knew in Soho, whom he prevailed upon to harbour 
 him ; but he fell sick the next day, and died in three days 
 
 more." 3 
 
 He was buried in St. Anne's, Westminster, Soho, where his 
 
 1 H. Walpole's letter to Sir H. Mann. 
 
 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid.
 
 338 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 patron, Horace Walpole, put up the following epitaph, which 
 the curious may read to this day : 
 
 " Near this place is interred Theodore, king of Corsica, who died in 
 this parish December nth, 1756, immediately after leaving the King's 
 Bench prison by the benefit of the act of insolvency, in consequence of 
 which he registered his kingdom of Corsica for the use of his creditors. 
 The grave, great teacher, to a level brings 
 Heroes and beggars, galley slaves and kings ; 
 But Theodore the moral learnt ere dead. 
 Fate poured its lesson on his living head 
 Bestow'd a kingdom, and denied him bread." 
 
 His son, Frederic von Neuhoff, followed his father to England 
 in 1754. He wrote a useful book of statistics on Corsican 
 resources, and a panegyric on his luckless father. But fate 
 never smiled for long on the Neuhoff family ; he fell into abject 
 penury and distress, and put an end to his own existence in 
 1797. 
 
 Corsica soon fell a prey to the combined forces of France 
 and Genoa after the departure of their king. General Boissieux 
 imposed a peace upon them, which was, however, but of short 
 duration, for in 1745 a fresh insurrection broke out, aided and 
 abetted by Carlo Emmanuele, king of Sardinia. The office of 
 general was on this occasion filled by Giampietro Giaffore, 
 another of Corsica's brave sons, who, at the siege of Corti, 
 when he beheld the Genoese holding out his own son as a 
 target for the besiegers, ordered unhesitatingly the siege to be 
 continued ; and with that extraordinary patriotism which 
 seemed to outweigh in the Corsican breast every other senti- 
 ment, he gave orders for an increased vigour in the assault. 
 He was rewarded by the capture of the city, and by finding 
 that his son had escaped unhurt. 
 
 The Genoese had again recourse to French aid, being 
 utterly powerless of themselves to hold their own. And thus we 
 sec the gradual development of French interests in the island, 
 superseding step by step the Ligurian element, and a much 
 more serious obstacle to Corsican liberty and independence.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 339 
 
 About this time the celebrated Corsican hero, Pasquale 
 Paoli, came forward, the youngest of the five sons of Giacinto, 
 King Teodoro's ci-devant prime minister. He had been 
 educated at Naples in a good school of political economy, and 
 early developed a remarkable aptitude for affairs of state. In 
 1755 his elder brother, Clemente, summoned him to assume the 
 command of the Corsican insurgents. He landed at Aleria on 
 the spot where Teodoro had first set foot on his ephemeral 
 kingdom. He was a fine manly youth of twenty-nine, and as 
 a native Corsican, was able to command far more respect than 
 the German adventurer. 
 
 No life perhaps has been the subject of more romance than 
 that of this Corsican. He has been extolled to the skies by 
 Guerazzi and others as the hero without fault, the patriot and 
 the unselfish ; and perhaps as a natural consequence of so 
 much eulogy, no life has been more grossly misunderstood. 
 
 Bitter uncompromising hatred of Genoa on the one hand, 
 and great personal ambition on the other, are the two leading 
 qualities to which he owed his reputation. From letters and 
 papers which have recently come to light in the Genoese 
 archives, these points are brought more particularly into notice, 
 and the glory usually awarded to the Corsican hero has been 
 much impaired thereby. 
 
 For some years after his arrival in Corsica, Paoli legislated 
 well and commanded the inhabitants with great skill and pre- 
 cision ; everywhere his arms were victorious over Genoa, and 
 the laws he promulgated struck at the very root of the evils of 
 his country. The " vendetta " was made punishable by law, a 
 complete representative system was organized, and a wide 
 scope was given to local government. 
 
 Paoli then set on foot a complete system of militia, every man 
 from fifteen to sixty was made to serve in the army, education 
 was promoted ; and, in short, many of the reforms not introduced 
 into England, America, and France, until some decades later, 
 were introduced by him into the wild island of Corsica. In
 
 340 GENOA; HOW THE' REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 1765 a university was opened at Corte, at which an eloquent 
 rhetorical address was given out of compliment to the occasion. 
 And Paoli's general organization was of so high a nature that 
 the Genoese were not only driven out of Corsica, but several 
 raids were made on the coast of Liguria, and the island of 
 Capraia was even taken from the Republic. 
 
 Then it was that Pasquale took his first false step, a step 
 which for ever dashed to the ground a hope of establishing 
 Corsica as an independent country. A Genoese embassy was 
 sent to negotiate with the rebels, and to offer terms of com- 
 plete independence for the island, retaining possession only of 
 the faithful towns of Bonifazio and Calvi, which still held out 
 for Genoa, and which the Genoese could not hand over to 
 the rebels after adhering so long and so faithfully to their cause. 
 
 But Pasquale Paoli harangued the Corsican assembly 
 in bitter terms. They must not accept these concessions ; 
 nothing but entire abandonment of the whole island by the 
 Genoese would satisfy him. His motives in refusing these 
 terms cannot have been truly patriotic, for a man so well 
 versed in politics, as he was, could not have been ignorant that 
 the French were hovering around like birds of prey eager to 
 seize the island, and Paoli was himself on most intimate terms 
 at that time with the Due de Choiseul, whose pet scheme 
 was this occupation of Corsica. 
 
 The fact was, Paoli was determined to drive the Genoese 
 entirely out of the island, and his country's well-being was 
 sacrificed to this point. 
 
 This determination of the Corsicans to hear no terms, 
 finally drove the Genoese to play their last card in their 
 dealings with the island, and to sell it to France; more 
 especially as the French king had withdrawn his auxiliary 
 troops from Corsica, fearing the contaminating influence the 
 Jesuits might have on his soldiers ; for when the disciples of 
 Ignatius Loyola were driven from Portugal, Spain, and 
 France, and when even the Pope refused to receive them
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 34I 
 
 within his states, the unfortunate priests, in 1768, had recourse 
 to the Genoese, who assigned them posts in their two garrison 
 towns in Corsica. It is a curious feature in Genoa's dealings 
 with her island dependency, that whenever an opportunity 
 occurred she presented it, from spiteful motives, with any 
 surplus population of a disagreeable nature which came to 
 her hands, whether errant Greeks, condemned bandits, or 
 outcast Jesuits. As it was, this action only precipitated 
 events. Without French aid, and pressed by Pasquale, Genoa 
 could not long have held her two faithful towns, and so she 
 wisely decided to sell her claims to the French, the articles 
 for which sale were drawn up at Versailles, in 1768, between 
 the Due de Choiseul, and the Genoese Domenico Sorba. 
 
 This wholesale traffic in nations has been severely blamed, 
 and the Genoese have come under especial obloquy for the 
 same. Motives most sordid were attributed to them. Report 
 says that to gain his country so lucrative a bargain Sorba did 
 not shrink from the most underhand means ; that he changed 
 bank notes on the French Canadian bank, which were then 
 entirely valueless, for those of the Genoese Bank of St. George, 
 in favour of a maid-servant who had the ear of the Duchesse 
 de Gramont, whose influence was great over the Due de 
 Choiseul, who in his turn governed the king. 
 
 But in reality Genoa did not part with Corsica until all hope 
 was gone, until Pasquale Paoli had refused the best of terms, 
 until she was almost bankrupt, with Austria hovering over her 
 for possession, and even almost dependent on French aid to 
 maintain the only two strongholds in Corsica which remained 
 firm to their allegiance. England was averse to her, and 
 would not assist her, as being too French, and at home she 
 had no force, no commerce, and nothing left save the shell of 
 her former greatness, which could be temporarily adjusted by 
 the small sum of money resulting from her proposed sale of 
 Corsica ; and thus was it that this island passed into the hands 
 of France. For some little time Paoli held out against the
 
 342 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL, 
 
 new owners, but his troops were thoroughly routed in 1769, at 
 the battle of Porto Nuovo, and the Corsican general fled to 
 England. 
 
 From the Genoese archives we obtain much information 
 of Paoli's life in England. 1 Ageno, the Genoese ambassador at 
 the court of London, kept his country carefully informed of 
 the doings of the Corsican general. 
 
 Writing on the 2Qth of September, 1769, he speaks of the 
 extraordinary delight with which the English received him, 
 how the " milords "feted a person who had resisted the arms 
 of France, how the journals extolled him, and likened him to/- 
 Fabius Maximus. " Pasquale Paoli," he says, " dined with 
 the Duke of Grafton, head of the ministry ; was presented to 
 George III. as General Paoli, and his Majesty kept him in 
 conversation for some time. Next day Pasquale was pre- 
 sented to the queen, accompanied by his aide-de-camp, 
 Antonio Gentile. Paoli," adds Ageno, "goes about with an air 
 of great reserve, as if plotting great things." 
 
 On the 6th of October, 1769, Ageno writes that Pasquale 
 Paoli had had further conferences with the king, and stated 
 that it was beyond doubt that Pasquale would be granted a 
 pension, and sent to make a diversion in Corsica in case of 
 war with France. 
 
 On the 3rd of December, 1769, in another letter to Genoa, 
 he related that Pasquale's popularity continued, that he visited 
 the universities and arsenals, that he had a pension of one 
 hundred and fifty guineas a month, and that it was soon to be 
 awarded to him for life ; that he frequented the court with 
 liveried servants, and was always accompanied by Gentile and 
 the priest Barnaby. Paoli was ready, he continued, to receive 
 everybody who would go to his apartment, nor was he in the 
 least annoyed when a Quaker spoke to him with his hat on, 
 having previously heard that Boswell, a firm friend of the 
 Corsican hero's, had been the introducer. 
 
 ' Archivio di Stato," mazzi 19-21.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 343 
 
 At these receptions, added Ageno, a curious ceremony 
 was gone through, A servant, before introducing the visitors 
 into Paoli's study, was accustomed to open a cupboard, to 
 show a loose coat pierced with bullets, which he would tell 
 the admiring guests was the one the general had worn in his 
 last battle against the French, and for this sight a gratuity 
 was expected to go towards a vague " Corsican fund." 
 
 On the 3rd of July in the following year, another letter 
 from Ageno informs us that Pasquale Paoli's pension was 
 increased, and that he now got at least two thousand pounds 
 a year ; that he had exchanged visits with the ambassadors of 
 Moscow, Denmark, and Prussia, and that a few days before 
 he had had a conversation with a man of the highest sphere, 
 and said that he had not come to Great Britain as a " Pre- 
 tender " to the crown of Corsica, and much less to solicit aid 
 for carrying on war in that island. But still "if England 
 wanted him he was always ready." 
 
 On the 4th of October, 1771, Ageno writes that "Paoli is 
 busy exciting the English against the French by saying that 
 with the possession of Corsica all the best ports and all the 
 commerce of the Mediterranean will pass into the hands of 
 France." 
 
 At length the desire of Paoli's heart was brought about in 
 1778, and England was at war with France ; but far from 
 regarding Corsican interests, the objects of England lay else- 
 where, and, terribly chagrined, Pasquale Paoli was constrained 
 to relinquish all hopes from the side of England. 
 
 Contrary to the treaty he had signed, Pasquale repaired to 
 Corsica, and put himself under the French flag, on the 3rd of 
 April, 1790. From here he shortly afterwards proceeded to 
 Paris, and there was received, as he had been in England 
 twenty years before. From the Genoese ambassador to the 
 court of France, 1 we learn that the Corsican general courted 
 the French king much as he had done George III., and was 
 1 " Archivio di Stato," mazzo 86.
 
 344 GENOA; HOW THE' REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 received with open arms by both the sovereign and his 
 consort, being anxious to make use of him in quelling the 
 disturbances in Corsica. 
 
 On the 1 2th of April, 1790, the king wrote to Pasquale 
 expressing his wish to see him restored to his country, and 
 asserting how great his confidence in him was. But Paoli got 
 no pension in France, and at length, disgusted with empty 
 promises, and seeing the clouds which were gathering round, 
 he again crossed the channel, and repaired to London, where 
 an opening at length occurred for action in his native 
 country. 
 
 In 1793-4, Pasquale was again head of affairs in Corsica, 
 for England had despatched Admiral Hood into the Mediter- 
 ranean, to operate, in conjunction with the king of Sardinia, 
 against the French. In Genoa, the English consul, Drake, 
 backed up by the presence of the English fleet, tried to induce 
 the Ligurians to join the allegiance. 1 Meanwhile, Corsica was 
 occupied, and a constitutional monarchy arranged therein 
 between Paoli and the English, by which the island recognized 
 George III. as sovereign, Hood as admiral, Elliot as minister, 
 and Pasquale Paoli as generalissimo, and, by these, war was 
 declared against Genoa. 
 
 Then it was that Paoli's vindictive nature more than ever 
 demonstrated itself. All Genoese prisoners were to be treated 
 as slaves, and put to work in the fields ; all booty, and every- 
 thing Genoese, was to be divided amongst the Corsicans. A 
 reward of one hundred scudi was to be paid for each Genoese 
 slave that was taken, and a zecchino for each Genoese head. 
 And when the Corsicans did get a Genoese prisoner into 
 their hands, they treated him even worse than a slave. 
 
 The remonstrances, however, of the Ligurian Republic were 
 at length heard in London ; the siege of Genoa was raised, 
 and the independence of Corsica was recognized under Eng- 
 lish protection, whilst the inhuman cruelty of Paoli against the 
 
 1 Vide ch. xviii.
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 345 
 
 Genoese, in contravention of all laws of nations, was to be put 
 a stop to, and the prisoners were restored to their liberty and 
 their homes. 
 
 No eulogist of the Corsican hero can attempt to palliate 
 this life-long grudge against Genoa, and his cruelty towards 
 everything Ligurian, at a time when the Republic was in no 
 way harming the Corsicans, and a quarter of a century after 
 she had ceased to have any hand in Corsican affairs. It was 
 well for the Corsicans that William Pitt kept this wild son 
 of theirs quiet in England for so long a time by holding out 
 hopes which he never intended to fulfil ; far better were these 
 islanders under the control of France than in the power of a 
 man who scrupled not at any means by which he could 
 arrive at the ends he desired. Well it was for romance that 
 the glamour which hung over his name was not dispelled, 
 that at home and abroad he was considered the Corsican 
 Washington, and that his real colours did not show them- 
 selves until they were in a measure shrouded by the British 
 flag, on which they brought but little honour. 
 
 It was to a Corsican general, the offspring of a brave 
 old Corsican family, who had fought for their country's liberty 
 for centuries, that Corsica owed her final annexation to 
 France. Napoleon's name and fame in 1796 gathered all 
 Corsican exiles around his standard, and, on the departure of 
 the English from the island, Corsica was finally written on 
 the map of France. 
 
 Before leaving the subject of Corsica, allusion must be 
 made to the extraordinary history of one, Count Guiseppe 
 Gorani, a Milanese by birth. A most eccentric character was 
 this count ; by turns a soldier, a politician, a sectarian, and an 
 advocate of Roman Catholicism ; he was an ardent freemason, 
 and a member of most of the secret societies of which Europe 
 was full. 
 
 But his one ruling passion, a passion which made him the 
 laughing stock of Europe, was his wish to wear a crown. He
 
 346 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 came of a good Piedmontese family, and his mother, in his 
 boyhood, told him stories of how an ancestor, in fabulous 
 days, had once been king of Scotland, the consequence of 
 which was that young Gorani sighed bitterly for a diadem. 
 Amongst his friends he was regarded as almost a maniac, and 
 was called the second Cagliostro ; but maniac or not, Gorani 
 had read and heard of the ease with which Theodor von Neu- 
 hoff had placed the brazen crown of Corsica on his head, and 
 he determined to follow in his steps. 
 
 Perhaps Gorani's plans and schemes would have sunk into 
 oblivion had he not carefully written his autobiography, and 
 thereby made known his ambitious projects to the world. 
 Gorani served in the Seven Years' War, and was offered the 
 command of a regiment by Frederic of Prussia. He served 
 under the Emperor of Russia, and was offered a brevet rank 
 by him ; but he sighed for greater things, and on the 6th of 
 March, 1764, he found himself at Genoa, ready to sail for 
 Corsica and reconnoitre his future field of action. 
 
 Pasquale Paoli was then in command of the centre of the 
 island, and to his good government and excellent legisla- 
 tion Gorani gives ample testimony in his autobiography ; but 
 notwithstanding this, he wished to supplant him, and establish 
 on the wretched island the Utopia of a- maniac. By way of 
 example we may state that he proposed to dress up twenty 
 thousand women as Amazons, who should brandish torches, 
 and give to a small handful of men the semblance of a vast 
 host. 
 
 Having conquered and established himself in Corsica, he 
 next proposed to conquer Genoa, and to remove the nobles 
 and rich citizens to his island monarchy, after which Sardinia 
 and Elba, together with other islands in the Mediterranean, 
 were to be added to his insular dominions. 
 
 For such schemes, however, he wanted plenty of money 
 and an army, so he betook himself to Constantinople, and laid 
 his projects before the sultan, who was, however, too busy with
 
 THE GENOESE IN CORSICA. 347 
 
 his own affairs to think of establishing a dependency in Corsica 
 and Genoa. He then planned a visit to Tunis, Angiers, and 
 Morocco, but a Ligurian merchant offered him a gratuitous 
 passage to Genoa, which he was constrained to accept, re- 
 duced as he was to great penury. 
 
 Bent still on ambitious fantasies, he visited Marseilles and 
 Madrid, where he was detained for a while by love affairs, 
 but eventually he buried himself in the wilds of Africa, 
 vainly seeking to arouse a kindred ardour in the hearts of the 
 Bey of Algiers and the Emperor of Morocco. 
 
 After fruitless wanderings and fruitless solicitations at bar- 
 barian courts, Gorani at length returned to Europe, and left 
 the field of politics for that of literature luckily for the 
 Corsicans, for the first of a numerous list of works he pub- 
 lished was entitled "The True Despotism," 1 in which he 
 propounded a plan for monarchical government, stating that 
 the real object of a sovereign was to render himself a despot, 
 and that reigning by will was infinitely superior to reigning 
 in accordance with written laws. 
 
 1 " II vero despotismo," by Conte G. Gorani, Geneve, 1770.
 
 348 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 
 
 IT was a day of great rejoicing in Genoa a day of flags, pro- 
 cessions, and brilliant costumes when the senate, in accor- 
 dance with a solemn decree enacted a short time previously, 
 handed over the Republic to the Madonna, and accepted her 
 as the legitimate sovereign queen of Liguria. Finding the 
 uselessness of appeal to all earthly monarchs, dukes of Milan 
 and kings of France to boot, for warding off conspiracies, 
 plagues, and famines, the somewhat superstitious lawgivers of 
 Genoa hoped that by making of themselves a free gift to the 
 Queen of Heaven, they would in return obtain immunity from 
 the ills to which men, and Genoese in particular, were heirs. 
 
 On the 25th of March, 1636, over the tower of the public 
 palace, and from the mainmast of the' captain's galley, floated 
 the flag of the Republic, and on it was depicted the Madonna/ 
 wearing a regal crown. Moreover, in the cathedral, which was 
 hung with flowing tapestries, to the sound of lovely music, the 
 Cardinal Giovanni Domenico Spinola celebrated a high mass 
 before the assembled multitude. Then stepped forth the 
 doge, Francesco Brignole, and in a golden basin presented the 
 golden sceptre, the regal crown, the keys, and every symbol 
 of full dominion, to his eminence, who placed them upon the 
 altar, above which was suspended in mid-air a statue of the 
 nc\vly-elected queen, amidst a crown of angels. And thus 
 was the gift solemnized, and the public chancellor proclaimed 
 the fact aloud to the populace.
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 349 
 
 As the queen's vicegerent on earth the doge was to have 
 a mantle of royal purple, and on state occasions was to wear 
 a royal diadem. The Republic was to be termed henceforth 
 "the most serene," and the public council hall was to be 
 re-christened " the royal palace." 
 
 So much for the Genoese and their new regime. They 
 enjoyed themselves immensely for a few days with feux-de- 
 joie, illuminations and processions ; workmen were busily em- 
 ployed in casting iron crowns for the Madonnas, which were 
 placed at every available point about the town; women 
 adopted a new form of dress which befitted the subjects of so 
 saintly a queen long thin veils of muslin, which floated behind 
 them like cherubs' wings, a style of dress which even now is 
 greatly in vogue amongst the Genoese, and is called the 
 "pezzotto," and which the present Queen of Italy adopts 
 when on a visit to Genoa, out of compliment to the national 
 tastes. 
 
 But this self-assumption of royal state by a decrepit 
 republic fast approaching its fall, was not pleasing to the 
 German emperor and his vague seignioral rights. In vain 
 the government sent Geronimo Rodino to represent that the 
 change was only consistent with the dignity of those who 
 ruled over Corsica, and had claims, though now long for- 
 gotten, over Cyprus, arid numerous Eastern towns now in 
 Turkish hands. The emperor was inexorable, and refused 
 to recognize the royal state, he refused to speak of the Re- 
 public as most serene, and positively denied the doge's right 
 to a royal mantle and a crown. 
 
 But the emperor Ferdinand III. was in difficulties ; the 
 electors of the empire were troublesome ; and by a judicious 
 advance of three hundred thousand florins, Rodino obtained 
 leave for his country to play with their royal baubles ; and 
 on the 2nd of September, 1641, at the Diet of Ratisbon, 
 Ferdinand III. publicly declared the Republic to be most 
 serene, and the doge was publicly crowned in the church of
 
 350 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 S. Catcrina ; and on the Genoese coins was placed a figure 
 of their queen surrounded by a starry halo. 
 
 The fact that the doge was crowned in S. Caterina instead 
 of the cathedral is but a fitting sequel to this royal farce ; for 
 
 i.; 
 
 CHIEF DOOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 the archbishop had grown jealous of the doge and the 
 authority he had assumed as the queen's representative. So 
 he shut the cathedral doors against him ; the statue of the 
 Madonna was removed elsewhere, and for several years, 
 whenever a public procession was held, the doge and arch-
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 351 
 
 bishop respectively took different rounds, each deeming that 
 his was the most acceptable and most orthodox homage to 
 the phantom queen. It was not till 1652 that the difference 
 was adjusted, when a new bronze statue was put up in the 
 cathedral, at which ceremony the quarrel between Church 
 and State was healed by the presence of both. 
 
 In warding off conspiracies the newly-elected queen was 
 of little avail. Scarcely had the doge grown accustomed to 
 his royal crown and mantle, than an outburst of a dangerous 
 nature nearly placed the Republic in the hands of a more 
 tangible monarch, in the shape of the king of France. Gian 
 Paolo Balbi and Stefano Raggio hated the old nobility, and 
 took advantage of the general dislike to the appointment of 
 six state inquisitors, whom the senate had thought fit to elect 
 to look into peoples' private affairs too closely after the 
 Vacchero's conspiracy. 1 
 
 These two conspirators had secret intercourse with 
 Mazarin in France, and got together plenty of discontent at 
 home. But, thanks to their vigilance, the senate discovered the 
 plot. .Raggio was captured and condemned to death, and his 
 family was banished. By concealing a penknife in a favourite 
 crucifix, Raggio's wife managed to convey to him the means 
 of destroying himself, and hence of avoiding public ignominy. 
 Balbi, on the other hand, managed to escape. But Balbi's re- 
 lations had no idea of being punished for his delinquencies ; so 
 they offered twenty-four thousand francs for his head, and ten 
 thousand to any one who would produce him alive. Thus the 
 stone of infamy erected to the conspirator's memory was re- 
 moved by order of the senate out of consideration for the feel- 
 ings of his rich kinsmen. Raggio, however, still figures in 
 Genoa on the base of the people's tower. Further, to evince 
 their disgust at their relative's conspiracy, the family of Balbi 
 contrived to execute a problem with which to puzzle the heads 
 of future generations. There was, and is still, a fine picture of 
 
 1 Vide ch. xiv.
 
 352 GENOA; HOW THE' REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 the conspirator on horseback in the Palazzo Balbi, by Van- 
 dyke. His relatives forthwith cut from out of it the head of 
 the delinquent, and asked Velasquez, who then chanced to be 
 in Genoa, to paint another in its place ; so that the picture- 
 lover of to-day marvels to see the head of Philip IV. of Spain 
 gracefully reposing on the shoulders of a Vandyke figure. 
 
 The newly elected queen of Genoa was about as successful 
 in warding off plagues and pestilences as she was in checking 
 conspiracies, for in 1656-57, a terrible pestilence counted ""its 
 victims by tens of thousands. Of ninety thousand souls in 
 Genoa before the outbreak, but ten thousand remained when it 
 ceased ; and of those who had fled, but thirty thousand 
 were found to return to their homes at the close of the year 
 1657.! 
 
 This terrible scourge, however, brought forth much that 
 was brave in the Ligurian nature. Bands of men lived, as it 
 were, buried amongst the putrid bodies of the dead and dying, 
 healing and relieving the distressed. Amongst these heroes, 
 stands forth conspicuously the senator, Raggio, who, firm to 
 his post, underwent incredible fatigues. He took his food 
 whilst walking, and hardly allowed himself any rest. He 
 superintended the removal of corpses, he purified the infected 
 air with perfumes, and checked as far as within him lay the 
 grossness and ribaldry which follows in the train of pestilence. 
 Through his influence the government made wise regulations, 
 and on the whole a more healthy state of discipline reigned 
 in Genoa than in other plague-stricken cities of this period, 
 mainly through his instrumentality. 
 
 \Yorn out by fatigues and anxiety, he fell a sacrifice to 
 the pestilence just as the worst was over and men were 
 beginning to look towards a reprieve from their miseries. 
 The name of Raggio, by the deeds of this brave citizen, 
 deserved to be freed from the stone of infamy, by which 
 Stefuno Raggio, the conspirator, was known to posterity. 
 1 ' Accinelli compendio della storia di Geneva."
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 353 
 
 But of these two Genoese cousins who appeared so near to 
 one another on the pages of history, the patriot was forgotten 
 and the villain's memory alone perpetuated. 
 
 Again does the history of Genoa prove the growing 
 development and the growing ambition of the house of Savoy, 
 each succeeding prince of which seemed to look upon it as a 
 matter of duty that he should add fresh territory to his 
 ancestral domain. Charles Emmanuel II. was for some years 
 under the guidance of his mother, a French princess, and was 
 ever ready to lend an ear to disaffected Genoese. 
 
 His reign was signalized by his cruel, relentless war 
 against the Waldenses, and by an attack on Genoa, in 1673, 
 which nearly made him master of the Ligurian capital. How 
 far he was interested in the conspiracy of Balbi does not 
 appear, but doubtless he had something to say to it. The 
 acquisition of Nice, instead of satisfying, rather added to the 
 cupidity of the dukes, and the fact of getting their objects of 
 commerce straight from the Mediterranean, even though by 
 difficult mountain roads, taught them how advantageous it 
 would be if they could establish a more direct communication 
 by some of the valleys which lead down from the plain of 
 Lombardy to the Ligurian sea. 
 
 In those days, one Raffaelle della Torre, a Genoese 
 of old and illustrious family, was the duke's counsellor and 
 adviser. He was of an unquiet and restless disposition, he had 
 committed a murder, he had lived an almost piratical life at sea, 
 and was hence exiled from his country, which fact found him 
 a ready asylum with the Duke of Savoy. Della Torre repre- 
 sented to the duke that his adherents within the city were not 
 a few, that if an attack was made simultaneously from 
 the side of Savona and the Bisagno valley, he could ensure a 
 goodly array of followers, who would gladly open the gates to 
 the Savoyards. 
 
 But Raffaelle della Torre counted without his host ; none 
 but a band of ruffians could he get together outside the walls, 
 
 2 A
 
 354 GENOA; HOW THE' REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 and those to whom he communicated his designs within the 
 city went straight to the senate, and told how the attack was 
 to be made during the festival of St. John the Baptist, how 
 the prisons were to be opened and the malefactors released, 
 how the Bank of St. George was to be sacked, and how the 
 city was to be turned upside down. 
 
 The senate were aghast, the people terrified, but all came 
 bravely forward with plate and jewels ; monasteries and con- 
 vents disgorged their wealth, and when Raffaelle della Torre 
 arrived in the Val di Bisagno, he found no news of his 
 supposed adherents, but instead an energetic and effective 
 defence to oppose him. He forthwith took flight for Turin,' 
 and the duke, with ignominious haste, withdrew his forces 
 from the Republic's territories. 
 
 Thus ended this attempt. Side by side with Stefano 
 Raggio's stone of infamy on the people's tower, we can now 
 read how Raffaelle della Torre was voted a most abandoned 
 reprobate, and here posted up for everlasting shame. How- 
 ever, in his exile he managed notwithstanding to enjoy life. 
 Though banished from the state of Savoy, he found an asylum 
 in Paris, where he spent his days trying to encompass Louis 
 XIV., and urge him on to attack Genoa. From thence he 
 went to Holland, where he amused the Dutch with a magni- 
 ficence and display unknown to those phlegmatic merchants. 
 He even had a hand in their government for a while, and all 
 went well for him as long as his lavishness and his money 
 lasted; but when this was over he was driven to lead a dissolute 
 and wandering life, until, in 1681, he was killed at Venice by 
 a priest in a masquerade. In Genoa, his immediate family 
 were excluded from holding any public office, and his brother, 
 Pasquale della Torre, died under the torturer's lash without 
 revealing a word. 
 
 Very piteous are the ensuing pages of Genoa's history ; 
 the story of the heartless attack made upon the weak Republic 
 by the " grand monarque," Louis XIV. of France, is painfully
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 355 
 
 illustrative of Genoa's weakness, of her departed glory, and of 
 the unscrupulous conduct of the French king towards a 
 weaker vessel. The seeds of this policy, sown for a long term 
 of years, at length bore fruit in 1684. Years before this, King 
 Louis had exclaimed that Genoa ought to be considered as 
 the port of Italy, and that if he could possess himself of her, 
 he would then have the keys and be the depository of peace 
 and war in this fair country, and that it was the axiom which 
 Philip II. of Spain had adhered to, who never ceased to blame 
 his imperial father for not subjugating her when he could. 
 
 With views such as these revolving in the mind of a 
 monarch, whose will was immutable, and whose ambition 
 knew no bounds, it is hardly to be wondered that Genoa 
 suffered, and well nigh lost her liberty. Along the Riviera 
 and in the east Louis managed to pick various little quarrels 
 with the Ligurians, his " dearest and good friends," as he 
 would term them. If the Genoese sent an embassy to ask 
 for some of the old commercial liberties they had enjoyed in 
 the Turkish empire, the French ambassador was always ready 
 to oppose them. If a Genoese ship neglected some salute to 
 a French ship, which Louis was determined to exact, an em- 
 bassy of remonstrance would be sent with insulting messages 
 to Genoa. In 1679, the French monarch went so far as to 
 order some bombs to be thrown into Sampierd'arena, close to 
 Genoa, seized some Genoese ships at San Remo, and would 
 hear of no reprisals. 
 
 At the same time the French minister in Liguria, M. de 
 St. Olon, was busy totting up statistics in Genoa about 
 defences, and occasionally whetting his master's appetite 
 for conquest by trumped up stories of bad government and 
 internal discord ; moreover, at the court of France were the 
 ever insinuating Fieschi exiles, clamouring for a restoration 
 of property and power, which Gian Luigi's conspiracy had 
 forfeited. 
 
 Thus in the first place was Louis' ambition aroused, and
 
 356 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 secondly, his amour propre was hurt by Genoa's firm ad- 
 herence to the cause of Charles II. of Spain. At length, in 
 1683, an opportunity, if so it can be called, presented itself 
 for an open rupture. Genoa had manned a fleet of four ships to 
 go against the Algerine pirates. St. Olon wrote word to Louis 
 that they were destined to assist the Spanish against the 
 French, and accompanied the statement with a tempting 
 programme for ruining the Republic's commerce, and for 
 making objectionable demands, namely for a salt dep6t at 
 Savona, for disarming the aforesaid ships, and for restitution 
 of the Fieschi property, and adding par parenth^se that 
 " Genoa and Marseilles under the sole standard of the lilies 
 would give laws to Cadiz and the Dardanelles, would reduce 
 Barbary to a compulsory respect, and would make even the 
 Sultan tremble in his seraglio at Constantinople." 
 
 This was just one of the savoury morsels the grand 
 monarch could not resist, so he forthwith sent an ambassador 
 to Genoa with the following demands : (i) Genoa must 
 abandon her Spanish allies, and join the side of France. (2) 
 Genoese ships must salute the French standard according as 
 Louis himself wished. (3) Magazines of salt must be estab- 
 lished at Savona. (4) Entire restoration of the Fieschi 
 property. 
 
 Such concessions as these Genoa felt would be tantamount 
 to entire loss of liberty ; and so the senate thought, and thus 
 they bravely prepared themselves for a defence. But it was 
 with woeful misgivings at their own impotence that they 
 beheld the French fleet of one hundred and sixty sail, with 
 8000 soldiers on board, approaching their city to carry out the 
 dictates of the French potentate. 
 
 After four days of heavy bombardment, during which the 
 stately palaces of Genoa crumbled like sand hills before a 
 winter's torrent, and during which the government was re- 
 moved to the Albergo dei Poveri to be out of reach of 
 the terrible scourge, the Marquis Seignelais, the French
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 357 
 
 admiral, sent a herald to the stricken town, demanding in 
 addition to the above claim, sixty thousand francs as a war 
 indemnity, and four senators to be sent to Versailles to crave 
 for pardon. But the senators bravely responded to this 
 overpowering demand that they had done nothing to merit 
 so terrible a treatment, and death amongst the ruins of their 
 city would be sweeter to them than to submit. 
 
 The result of this refusal of the proffered terms was a 
 perfect deluge of fire on the heads of the devoted Genoese ; 
 the scared inhabitants fled in all directions from the falling 
 houses. On the i/th and i8th of May, 1684, Seignelais ceased 
 not to pour his rain of fire upon them until every bomb was 
 expended, and little else but ruin left in Genoa. Thirteen 
 thousand three hundred bombs, they say, fell in those few days 
 with their message of death into the city. Some of them, 
 preserved as mementos of that awful time, are still kept in the 
 church of S. Maria di Castello, and outside S. Silvestro, whilst 
 a fresco representing the trembling monks imploring the 
 Virgin's aid adorn the walls of the former temple. 
 
 It is not to be wondered at that the inhabitants thus be- 
 laboured from without fell into an excess of dread. It was 
 rumoured amongst them that a huge infernal machine was 
 in course of construction, which would destroy the town and 
 its inhabitants at one blow ; great chains and huge blocks of 
 wood were thrown across the harbour to prevent its entry, 
 and when the French fleet, having exhausted their ammunition, 
 set sail, their fears were in no way allayed. They thought 
 they had departed, merely to reach a place of safety 
 before the awful explosion. And terrible was the scene 
 which ensued in the streets and piazze. Hither and thither 
 rushed wildly about men, women, and children in an agony 
 of dread ; they wrung their hands as if their last hour had 
 come ; they implored heaven to save their city from becoming 
 a second Sodom. 
 
 But the outpourings of brimstone and fire, or whatever
 
 S58 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 their vivid imaginations conjured up, came not. Hour after 
 hour passed away and fear gave place to fury, so that scarcely 
 could the populace be restrained from massacring the French 
 prisoners within their walls. For two raids made by the 
 French on the coast had not been so effectual as the bom- 
 bardment, and had been repulsed with loss, and many 
 prisoners found their way into Genoese jails. At length, how- 
 ever, quiet was restored, and in the more sober atmosphere 
 of the council hall the senators looked at their position with 
 anything but an easy mind. 
 
 The French had gone ; only, however, to return with more- 
 exorbitant demands, and a large supply of bombs ; and in 
 addition to this, it was rumoured that Louis was preparing an 
 army to send by way of Turin ; so the senate wisely determined 
 that surrender to the French demands would be preferable 
 to entire annihilation, since in every direction the arms of the 
 grand monarch were successful. Germany was busy fighting 
 with the Turks in Hungary, no assistance could be hoped 
 from England under the Sunderland and Arlington adminis- 
 tration, and Spain was reduced to about the same pitch of 
 helplessness as Genoa. 
 
 In this strait the senate determined to have recourse to 
 Pope Innocent XL, by whose instrumentality a wretched 
 pretence at a peace was patched up on the 2nd of February, 
 1685, by which the four ships were to be dismantled, the 
 Spanish cause was to be abandoned, and one hundred thou- 
 sand scudi were to be paid to Count Fieschi, besides a large 
 war indemnity, and the doge was to proceed to Versailles to 
 make his humble apology to the victorious monarch. 
 
 Thus was the Ligurian Republic humbled to the lowest 
 depths ; yet if she were humbled, let her be proud that she 
 checked the grand monarch in at least one of his ambitious 
 schemes. By exhausting on Genoa the French bombs, Louis 
 \\ as prevented from carrying out his plan of seizing Milan, by 
 which his projects of aggrandizement in Italy would have been
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 359 
 
 complete. The League of Augsburg could not have taken 
 place ; and thus did Genoa earn for herself the credit of 
 putting one spoke in the wheel of decadence which rolled 
 the proud monarch from the summit of his overweening 
 ambition. 
 
 The visit of the doge, Francesco Maria Lecaro, his at- 
 tendant nobles, and his suite of one hundred persons to 
 Versailles, is one of the most humiliating episodes in Genoese 
 history, at the same time partaking strongly of the ludicrous 
 and bringing out in a high degree Louis XIV.'s great delight 
 in publicly trampling upon a fallen foe. No Roman emperor 
 in his triumphal entry with fallen monarchs in his train, ever 
 gloated more in ignominious exactions than Louis XIV.; and 
 the poor doge, who thus uneasily wore his country's newly 
 acquired crown, felt the full bitterness of the stinging, biting 
 irony with which Louis received him and feted him, whilst the 
 courtiers looked on at the deputation of Genoese much as 
 we now should contemplate the fallen hero of the Zulu war 
 and his scantily clad followers. 
 
 To meet his guests Louis despatched his own carriages, 
 whilst three of the doge's followed, richly adorned with the 
 republican arms, and surmounted by that royal crown, the 
 Madonna's own, thus brought captive to the feet of the French 
 monarch. Eight grey horses conveyed the doge in his royal 
 mantle to Versailles, followed by eighteen other carriages for 
 his attendants, and thus did this cortege reach the entrance to 
 the royal palace on the I5th of May, 1685, on the day 
 appointed for the audience. 
 
 The marshal, Due de Duras, dressed in black out of com- 
 pliment to the Italian nobles and their customary garb, 
 greeted the doge and led him into the reception-hall, where 
 sat Louis on a silver throne, with all the princes of the 
 kingdom around him. On seeing the doge approach, Louis 
 left his throne hat in hand, and hurried forward to give him a 
 royal embrace. They met and saluted, and then each re-
 
 360 GENOA; HOW THE' REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 covered his head, and both stood together on the first step of 
 the throne, whilst the doge poured forth his story in fulsome 
 words of abject humility. 
 
 Louis then regretted that such a misfortune should have 
 befallen Genoa, begged the doge to reassure himself, and after 
 a little commonplace conversation whilst both remained stand- 
 ing, Louis ordered his master of the ceremonies to conduct the 
 doge to a splendid banquet, to drown his woes in the best 
 that the royal chef could offer him. The doge and senators 
 all sat at one table, the former dressed in a violet-coloured 
 robe, whilst many ladies of the court came in to look at the 
 Genoese as they ate, bestowing all their wiles on the poor" 
 old man, heaping up his plate with the most rechercht 
 viands, until at length he had fain give way to these female 
 attacks on his internal economy, as his country had cowered 
 before the monarch's bombs. 
 
 During dinner Louis talked much to the doge, and was 
 pleased to express an opinion that the Genoese had the air 
 of being well conducted, and of great spirit ; moreover, that 
 he had the air and bearing of a prince, and was worthy of the 
 Republic which he represented. After dinner the king took 
 him for a walk in the grounds, and had some wonderful 
 waterwork displays for his benefit in the royal gardens ; he 
 showed him his stables, his menagerie, and his park, and then 
 asked his guest what surprised him most of all he saw. " To 
 see myself here," sighed the doge. And on the following 
 da}-, laden with presents, he set off for his humbled bleeding 
 country, where his return was heralded with no display. The 
 returned wanderers entered the city by night, and no man 
 spoke of the bitter humiliation which had befallen one of 
 Italy's proudest and richest towns. In silence they mourned 
 the wreck of their temples and their palaces, and in silence 
 amidst the din of European wars did Genoa quietly recoup 
 her fallen fortunes. 
 
 Though her commercial enterprise was stagnant, though
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 361 
 
 she had been humbled at the feet of France, great wealth was 
 still to be found in the coffers of the nobles and in the Bank 
 of St. George. Colossal proofs of riches and private generosity 
 about this period are still left in the city. The Albergo dei 
 Poveri, a vast workhouse built on the slopes of Carbonara, was 
 the offspring of this century, and is adorned with frescoes 
 without and statues of the beneficent within, who founded 
 and endowed it. 
 
 The gigantic edifice of the Carignano church was com- 
 pleted about this time by members of the Sauli family. The 
 story runs that Bendinelli Sauli years before had a bitter 
 quarrel with one of the Fieschi on this wise. Sauli had no 
 church of his own, and was in the habit of attending mass at 
 the Fieschi's church of Vialata. One day mass was held half 
 an hour earlier than usual, and Sauli to his disgust arrived too 
 late. To his remonstrances Fieschi replied that every gentle- 
 man should have a church of his own. So Bendinelli Sauli 
 determined there and then to build himself the most magnifi- 
 cent basilica that the debased Renaissance art could invent, 
 and future generations saw the completion of that colossal, 
 lobster- like edifice, which to-day forms the most conspicuous 
 object in Genoa. 
 
 To another member of this family, a descendant of Ben- 
 dinelli's, the Genoese are indebted for the magnificent bridge 
 which spans the valley between the hills of Sarzano and 
 Carignano. Seeing the peasants with their heavy burdens 
 toiling down the slopes of one hill and up the other towards 
 his palace, Stefano Sauli, in a generous moment, determined 
 to build them this bridge, which was concluded with immense 
 expense and labour in 1724. Of all the many striking views 
 in Genoa, perhaps none equals the one from this bridge. 
 One looks down into the dim dark streets, all alive with the 
 bustling to and fro of Genoa's busiest inhabitants, whilst the 
 clear waters of the Mediterranean lead the glittering vision on 
 to the distant snowy peaks of the Nice mountains, whilst all
 
 362 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 around nestle churches and towers beneath the slopes of 
 Genoa's own especial fort-capped Apennines. Such a pano- 
 rama as this few cities of the world can disgorge as it were 
 from her very centre. So great has been the awe-inspiring 
 qualities of this view, with its yawning abyss beneath, that 
 it has been chosen by many Ligurian citizens weary of this 
 life as a fitting place for suicide, and so numerous did these 
 self-sought deaths become, that the Sauli family were con- 
 strained to add to their generosity by placing lofty railings 
 all along, to check the avidity of those who would thus encom- 
 pass their own end. 
 
 Manufacture in Genoa seems still to have been active, even 
 though her colonies and her merchandize had in a great 
 measure departed from her. Paper and velvet were the chief 
 commodities in which she excelled, so much so that, in 1712, 
 men were sent from Paris to gain information on the manu- 
 facture of the former, the French minister writing to know " if, 
 in case of need, they could persuade some skilful workmen to 
 come and work in France." And in 1742, a Frenchman, M. 
 Vaucauson, was in Genoa, " to see the manufacture of damask 
 and velvet, and above all, the irons for cutting velvet, of which 
 we have not the secret in France." 
 
 Meanwhile, the course of events passed sluggishly on, and 
 but little arose to disturb the Ligurian equanimity for some 
 decades. Corsican troubles grew worse and worse, as the life 
 blood of her mistress was fast ebbing away. But prior to the 
 final overthrow of Genoa's independence, another sharp fierce 
 struggle was to arouse the exhausted spirit of the Republic. 
 As in the seventeenth century the outcome of all her intercourse 
 with the outer world centres in the invasion of Louis XIV., so 
 in the eighteenth century does the interest of her intercourse 
 with European politics centre in the Austrian invasion of 
 1746. 
 
 It is one of those curious outbursts of stagnant liberty 
 which we now have before us, which, by its fierce and sue-
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 363 
 
 cessful resistance to apparently overwhelming odds, turned 
 the channel of events in Europe, which were fast threatening 
 to overthrow the balance of power established by the Peace 
 of Utrecht ; and this time it was from Austria that the danger 
 came, and not from the side of France. The victorious arms 
 of Maria Theresa had reduced Italy, and were, together with 
 their Sardinian ally, threatening France from the side of 
 Provence. Humbled, crushed Genoa, by a monstrous effort, 
 suddenly checked this tide of victory and saved France, 
 threatened as she was by the Huguenots from within, and by 
 the Austrians from without. 
 
 At the battle of Piacenza, fought on the l6th of June, 1746,. 
 the French were defeated, and obliged to abandon the ap- 
 proaches to Genoa by Serravalle and Novi. It was in vain 
 the Genoese implored not to be abandoned in this extremity- 
 The French sailed away from the Ligurian coast, and no 
 sooner were they gone than the Austrians occupied all the 
 posts of strength around Genoa, and were in a position to 
 dictate what terms they pleased to the Ligurian capital. 
 
 The vanguard of the Austrians, under General Braun, 
 reached Sampierd'arena on the 1/j.th of September, and es- 
 tablished their quarters in the empty bed of the Polcevera 
 river. Messages of anything but a peaceful nature passed 
 between him and the senate. However, at night a fearful 
 storm came on in the mountains, and the bed of the river 
 from being but a trickling rivulet became a roaring torrent. 
 Advised of their danger by an old woman, the Austrians 
 hurried to the bank, but with the loss of one thousand men, 
 who were carried out to sea and drowned, and with the loss 
 of nearly all their tents, horses, and provisions. Thus did 
 fortune smile on the Genoese from the very outset. 
 
 Next day the main body of the besieging army arrived in 
 the neighbourhood of Genoa, under General Botta-Adorno. 
 To him, as to a fellow-citizen, for his father had been Genoese, 
 the senate sent a supplicating appeal, but he was inexorable ;
 
 364 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 he replied, that "he looked upon Genoa as an enemy, and 
 intended to treat her as such ; that the gates must be put into 
 his hands, that the doge and six senators must go to Vienna 
 to crave pardon for their sins," and that the Republic must 
 disburse a sum of money, amounting to fifteen thousand 
 pounds, besides contributing to the war and twenty-four 
 hours were given them for their answer. 
 
 Terrified and dismayed, the senate called a council of war; 
 they deliberated that the city was unequal to the defence, that 
 resistance would be a folly, and thus the fatal despatch was 
 sent, accepting most humbly Botta's demands. 
 
 No sooner had he entered the gates than he announced 
 that his imperial mistress, in her benign clemency, would be 
 content with the moderate sum of eight hundred thousand 
 pounds of our money, to be paid by three instalments, one in 
 forty-eight hours, another in eight days, and the third in 
 fifteen, intimating gently that in default of payment fire and 
 sword would be the penalty. Indescribable was the terror 
 and astonishment which this exorbitant demand created in 
 Genoa ; in vain did they protest that to disgorge so large a 
 sum would ruin their bank, their town, and their credit. 
 " You will have your eyes left to weep with," the Austrian 
 general savagely replied ; but, as the result will show, they had 
 still hearts and arms left to them with which to burst asunder 
 the iron chain in which the Republic was entangled. 
 
 Thus driven by necessity, the senate determined to attack 
 the resources of the Bank of St. George, and towards the 
 disbursement of the first instalment the bank came bravely to 
 the fore, and with heavy hearts the Genoese beheld their 
 golden florins borne away to the Austrian head-quarters, 
 exasperated, moreover, to a pitch of frenzy by the heartless 
 outrages of the soldiery, billeted amongst the houses, on all 
 that was clear to them at home. 
 
 Meanwhile, the Duke of Savoy was pursuing his attack on 
 Provence, but owing to the badness of the roads he was
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 365 
 
 unable to convey his artillery as fast as he could wish, so he 
 wrote to his German allies in Genoa, to send by sea all the 
 Genoese artillery they could lay hands on. And forthwith the 
 Austrians gave orders that the cannons and artillery from the 
 arsenal should be removed to the lighthouse, to be thence 
 embarked for Provence. At the same time the second in- 
 stalment was demanded, amidst threats of fire and sword, and 
 amidst groans and lamentations as before. 
 
 In all these outbursts of exasperation it was from the 
 people and artizan class that the greatest indignation arose, as 
 they stood sullenly by, whilst their wealth and their artillery 
 were being removed under their very eyes, to do service 
 in a hated cause ; and it wanted but a small spark to kindle 
 this flame of indignation into an open opposition, and this 
 was not long in being afforded them through the brutal 
 violence of the Austrian soldiery. 
 
 On the 5th of December, a large piece of ammunition 
 which was being dragged towards the lighthouse, stuck fast 
 by the way, and the Austrians, unable to move it by them- 
 selves, compelled some of the passers-by, with blows and hard 
 words, to assist them. This was the spark required, and soon 
 a wild shout of rage and revenge went up from amongst the 
 people. A youth, Gian Battista Berasco by name, who bore 
 the sobriquet of Balila, seventeen years of age, picked up a 
 huge stone, hurled it with fatal effect at a soldier who was 
 striking him, and turning to his comrades, exclaimed, " O che 
 rinse f " which in the powerful Genoese dialect meant, " Why 
 don't we begin?" At this exhortation a terrible scene took 
 place ; men, women, and children rushed with stones on the 
 Austrians, who, terrified at the unexpected onset, fled pre- 
 cipitately. 
 
 Thus did the stream of vengeance soon swell into a mighty 
 torrent. Thousands of brave citizens rushed wildly about the 
 town crying, " Viva Maria, our Queen ! to arms ! to arms ! " 
 It was midnight when they reached the royal palace, where
 
 366 GENOA; HOW THE 'REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 the senators sat in great alarm ; they clamoured for arms to 
 be distributed amongst them ; but this spirit of resistance did 
 not infuse itself into the more coolly-judging rulers of Genoa. 
 They trembled for the results of an attack on the Austrians ; 
 they shut the doors of the palace, they redoubled the guards, 
 and bid the people return peacefully to their homes. 
 
 On the morrow, at the break of day, a hundred Austrian 
 grenadiers entered the gate of S. Tommaso with fixed 
 bayonets, but they had not proceeded far when from the roofs 
 and windows were showered down upon them such a volley 
 of stones that they were obliged to retreat. With courage 
 renewed by their success, the people again flocked to the 
 palace to demand arms, again to be refused ; they then rushed 
 wildly through the streets, broke open any shops or houses 
 where they thought arms and ammunition could be obtained, 
 and thus equipped, they determined to resist the Austrian 
 attack to the death. 
 
 Up one of the steepest of Genoa's steep alleys, un- 
 assisted by anything but their own strength, men, women, 
 and children, dragged enormous pieces of artillery to a spot 
 commanding the gate of S. Tommaso, which was held by the 
 Austrians, and from this vantage ground, from whence the 
 most timid could never have anticipated an attack from 
 heavy artillery, considering the approach to it was as sloping 
 as the roof of a house, the Genoese showered down in right 
 good earnest on their foes messages of hatred and of revenge. 
 
 Curious it must have been to see the people thus leading 
 an attack on their own account, whilst the senators were on 
 their side doing all they could to restrain their ardour, by 
 opposing the robbery of arms, and by setting up gallows in 
 the squares on which to suspend those who might disobey 
 their orders. 
 
 It was in vain that Pope Benedict XIII., tried to pour oil 
 on the troubled waters, that Prince D'Oria, trembling for his 
 city, and perhaps more so for his own property around which
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 367 
 
 the war was raging, tried to induce Botta to come to more 
 reasonable terms ; but to the entreaties even of his own brother 
 for their paternal country the Austrian general turned a deaf 
 ear, and thus for the insurgents the only hope of life was to 
 proceed as they had begun. 
 
 On the eighth day after the rising, Botta at length had 
 collected all his forces together for a general assault on the 
 city on all sides. The inhabitants of the Bisagno, in this 
 emergency came to the assistance of their fellow countrymen, 
 and from the height above the valley, a fire was poured down 
 on the approaching Austrians. A band of fifty of the enemy 
 were assembled in an inn, which the Genoese determined to 
 attack ; during the deliberation, a boy of eleven, Pittamuli 
 by name, came forward, seized a pistol and a lighted torch, 
 shouting " Leave it to me." He advanced boldly, shot dead the 
 first Austrian who opposed him, and set fire to the building. 
 In this manner did the Genoese on the Bisagno side receive 
 their foes, and in this manner did they conquer, and return 
 home with prisoners, amidst great applause and rejoicing in 
 the city. 
 
 Meanwhile, on the S. Tommaso side the attack was 
 resisted with equal vigour, and when the regular Genoese 
 soldiers were forced or persuaded to join .the side of their 
 fellow citizens, the resistance to Austria was effectually carried 
 on. On the old church of the Hospitallers of St. John, where 
 the Austrian stronghold was, the Genoese artillery showered 
 down volley after volley, until within an hour they were forced 
 to leave the building, which was falling around them on all sides. 
 Then arose a cry, " To the gate of S. Tommaso," and with a 
 fierce rush, heated by their success, the Genoese populace, 
 .soldiers and all, rushed pell-mell upon the Austrians and drove 
 them inch by inch outside the city walls, until thoroughly 
 disorganized and terrified the Austrians cried, " For the love 
 of heaven no more fire, we are all Christians," and hurried 
 in headlong flight to their fortress behind the lighthouse.
 
 368 GENOA j HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 The fall of this place soon followed ; Botta was forced 
 to remove his quarters to Sampierd'arena, and the townsfolk 
 were relieved from any immediate anxiety. 
 
 The "White Cross " was in those days a well-known inn in 
 Genoa, and Giovanni Carlone was a well-known waiter therein, 
 a leading spirit among the dregs of the population. He had 
 taken an active part in the repulse of the Austrians, so he 
 considered himself fully authorized to seize the keys of the 
 gate of S. Tommaso, and with gory face and bare arms he 
 hastened to the doge and council, and addressed the august 
 rulers of Genoa in the following words : " My lords, these 
 are the keys that your serene lordships gave to our enemies ; 
 take better care of them for the future, since we with our life- 
 blood have won them back for you." 
 
 To add to the universal rejoicing, it was discovered that 
 only twelve Genoese were missing, whilst the Austrians had 
 left behind them one thousand dead, and four thousand 
 prisoners ; and Botta, fearing a rising amongst the villages of 
 the Polcevera valley, withdrew from the neighbourhood of 
 Genoa into Lombard y. 
 
 But after this glorious and unexpected success, affairs 
 within the city walls did not run so easily as could be wished, 
 since there were two conflicting parties the senate, abashed 
 and ashamed of their pusillanimity, and the populace, who 
 spared no pains to cast the same in their teeth. And now that 
 all clanger from without was removed, these two conflicting 
 elements did not find it easy to amalgamate. The more 
 affairs looked like a reconciliation, the more did the scum of 
 the populace, urged on by their demagogues, become up- 
 roarious. A policeman, a fishmonger, and a butcher formed 
 the aristocratic triumvirate, whose sole aim was to subvert 
 the existing order of things for their own ends. Possessed of 
 ammunition, and followers who had just tasted blood, and 
 who thirsted for more, they gave out that the time had come 
 for chastising the nobles, to whose door must be laid the folly
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 369 
 
 of ever admitting the Austrians, and giving them two of the 
 demanded instalments of money. 
 
 Carrying with them artillery, they raised the cry, " To the 
 palace ! to the palace," where the senators sat in timid con- 
 clave as to what should be done. When all seemed lost to 
 them, when it wanted but the word of command amongst the 
 rebels to destroy the building and the assembled council, a 
 noble Genoese patrician, Giacomo Lomellini by name, stepped 
 forth before the people. He had been one of the few nobles 
 who had assisted them against 'the Austrians, consequently 
 his influence with them was great. Many were moved to pity 
 at the sight of him, others said that it was but a ruse on the 
 part of the nobles to gain time, and their leader gave orders 
 that at once the cannon should be discharged at him, and thus 
 clear from his path so dangerous an opponent. 
 
 With consummate courage and presence of mind, Lomel- 
 lini stepped forward and stood before the cannon's mouth, 
 exclaiming, " Be it far from you to damage this august 
 building ; less heinous a crime would it be to lacerate these 
 poor limbs of mine than to destroy the very bulwark of your 
 country, and gladly shall I die that I may not witness so foul 
 a crime." Hushed and awestruck by such noble presence 
 the people gave way ; their leaders cowered before this bravery ; 
 and by Lomellini's prompt and able conduct, the senators 
 were saved, order was again restored, and the old regime 
 continued. 
 
 In the following spring the Austriana advanced up the 
 Polcevera valley almost to the gates of Genoa to try and 
 avenge their disgrace ; but by this time the French had been 
 able to take sufficient precautions that Genoa should not again 
 fall into Austrian hands. On the ist of May the Due de 
 Boufflers reached Genoa, and the succour that he brought was 
 dispersed through the city ; but the Austrians advanced and 
 nearly made good their position, as- in the previous year ; and 
 had not the Duke of Savoy seen fit to quarrel with his 
 
 2 B
 
 370 GENOA ; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 German allies, Genoa would again have fallen under the 
 Austrian yoke. 
 
 When the Austrians had taken their departure, the Due 
 de Boufflers was all powerful in Liguria, and as a saviour 
 and deliverer, was idolized by the Genoese. Great was their 
 grief when he shortly afterwards died of the small-pox. His 
 funeral was a scene of national mourning, and so despondent 
 were the people at his loss that the government saw fit to 
 appoint certain persons to go round and harangue the people, 
 and publicly console them by giving them hopes, that there 
 were other equally great and good men in the world, who 
 would help them in their emergencies. A fine tomb was 
 erected to his memory in the French chapel of St. Louis in 
 the Church of the Annunziata, and as a mark of special honour 
 his descendants were allowed to quarter the Republic's arms. 
 
 The Due de Richelieu succeeded him in command, who 
 by frequent sallies at the head of his troops finally dislodged 
 the Austrians from every post they had held in the confines 
 of the Republic, and at the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle every- 
 thing was restored to Genoa which she had possessed before 
 the war. Festivals were ordained, and processions of thanks- 
 giving to the Queen of Heaven, who had vouchsafed thus 
 bravely to assist her terrestrial subjects in Genoa. 
 
 To the young man Balila who had cast the first stone 
 against the Austrians, some small remuneration was made. 
 He was by trade a painter, and to compensate him for his 
 bravery he was set up in a shop at the public expense, and 
 died, in 1781, if not an opulent, at least a highly honoured 
 citizen. To his memory was erected a statue in front of the 
 Pamatone hospital, and a commemorative tablet inserted near 
 the spot where he had cast his historical stone, and thereby 
 encouraged his countrymen to free themselves from their 
 oppressors. 
 
 Thus ended the terrible days of the Austrian invasion. It 
 was indeed the beginning of the end for Genoa. During
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 371 
 
 another half century the old constitution dragged on a weary 
 shattered existence, like some tottering old man waiting but 
 one more stroke entirely to paralyze his feeble frame. Her 
 bank, the mainstay of the Republic, was fast losing its credit ; 
 the fearful drain of the two instalments paid to Austria, the 
 enormous effort required to shake off the foreign yoke, all 
 tended to impoverish her strength, which entirely succumbed 
 to the devastating torrent of the French Revolution.
 
 372 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 
 
 OF the Ligurian school of art but little notice has been taken 
 by the moths who for ever flutter around the brilliancy of 
 Raphael and the more finished Italian schools. Perhaps it is 
 because little originality blossomed forth in Genoa, and most 
 of her artistic productions are but reflections of the greater 
 artists ; yet it is from studying these bypaths of art that we 
 arrive at a better knowledge of the unlimited benefit and of 
 the wide extended influence which the gfeat masters of the 
 higher schools exercised over the tastes of the world at large. 
 
 As Raphael, through the person of his pupil Pierino del 
 Vaga, worked a revolution in the almost extinct artistic 
 feeling of Liguria, so did Rubens and Vandyke work the same 
 revival in later years amongst a chaos of degenerate followers 
 of the Roman school. 
 
 Moreover in studying the works of her native painters we 
 get an insight into the character of this mercantile Republic, 
 and on the countless canvases of Ligurian artists, which still 
 adorn her churches and her palaces, we see faithfully 
 delineated characteristics for which Genoa is singled out and 
 set apart from the rest of Italy. 
 
 It is characteristic of the Republic, who got her architectural 
 designs from all quarters of the globe, who brought home 
 from every seaport where her ships traded some relic of 
 foreign art, that she should have a school of painters who
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 
 
 373 
 
 preferred following in the steps of others to originating any- 
 thing for themselves. 
 
 It is characteristic of Genoa, that her rich mercantile 
 nobility, when they turned their attention to art, and to the 
 beautifying of their palaces and their monuments, should 
 
 DETAILS OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE CLOISTER OF S. ANDREA, 
 
 offer the contents of their long purses to artists of the first 
 order from Rome and Florence, since at home the profession 
 of art in all its branches was neglected and set aside for the 
 more profitable pursuits of commerce. In fact, Genoa was the 
 Manchester and Liverpool of Italy, and the taste for art in 
 this mediaeval Cottonopolis was correspondingly grand and
 
 374 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 pompous ; their fresco painters were paid by the yard rather 
 than by merit. For example, Luca Cambiaso, the Genoese 
 Raphael as he has been termed, gained for himself the credit 
 of being one of the fastest painters then in existence ; he 
 wielded a brush in each hand at the same time with equal 
 ease, and could execute in one hour what took others twelve. 
 
 This love of huge frescoes and great canvases displayed 
 by the unappreciative parvenus of Genoa was the ruin of their 
 school. Brilliant genius for talent was not wanting was 
 spoilt by this rapidity of execution and consequent deficiency 
 in colouring and want of careful arrangement of the subject. 
 
 Again, in Genoa painting was looked upon too much as a/ 
 business. A father artist would bring up all his sons as 
 artists, whether the talent existed or not ; hence painting 
 became a sort of monopoly in certain families, outside the 
 precincts of which any lurking genius was sure to be wasted. 
 A parent would vehemently oppose any taste for painting 
 developed by a son as a waste of time, and thus many an 
 incipient artist was checked in his career, and sent to earn a 
 more substantial livelihood in his father's office. 
 
 Thus we have the Pjola, De'Ferrari, and Castiglione 
 families in Genoa, whose business was to execute frescoes 
 and paintings to order ; and to their studios a wealthy 
 merchant sent as the recognized decorators of his palace. 
 Hence the two great evils with which Genoese artists had to 
 contend were, firstly, the temptation to execute an order too 
 rapidly for an unappreciative employer, and secondly, the 
 exclusive nature of the craft, which strove to confine a talent 
 within the narrow limits of a guild. 
 
 It is to the earliest days of Genoese history that we have 
 to look for the origin of this disastrous system of making 
 painting more of a trade than of an accomplishment. For her 
 earlier crusading wars, shields were painted, standards and 
 ships were decorated ; and thus, hand in hand with the ship- 
 wrights, and with the makers of shields and bucklers, did the
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 375 
 
 art of painting progress, and we find the art or guild of the 
 painters early constituted into a body, with their own statutes 
 and their own internal organization. 
 
 There is a rude specimen of early Genoese productions 
 left to us on the title page of the manuscript of Caffaro, the old 
 crusading annalist, dating from 1164. It is still to be seen in 
 the library of the Paris university, and, as an example of any 
 early Ligurian art, is almost unique ; for their civil wars, which 
 raged throughout their mediaeval history, destroyed their 
 palaces and their churches, and destroyed, too, the precious 
 contents of incipient art. 
 
 Perhaps the first tangible artist who can be fixed upon as 
 having originated in some degree a Ligurian school, is 
 Ludovico Brea, of Nice, who painted along the Riviera about 
 1480. A good specimen of his work still adorns the church of 
 S. Maria di Castello in Genoa. It is a picture representing the 
 Calling of the Just, and is one vast conglomeration of well 
 studied heads and neatly pencilled robes, rich both in colour 
 and in design. Brea, and a certain Fazolo of Pavia, another 
 wandering artist who found a home in Genoa about this 
 period, fix the date of the first development of anything like 
 native genius. Before this, many foreign artists had worked 
 in the Ligurian capital from Siena, Pisa, and Germany ; but 
 Brea and Fazolo appear to have been the first to have led the 
 Genoese to understand that they were capable of competing 
 with their neighbours in works of art. 
 
 Fazolo, moreover, is a good instance of the parental 
 artist who wished his cloak to descend on his offspring. He 
 had a son, Bernardino, and two daughters, each married 
 to young men whom Fazolo introduced into his studio. Thus 
 did the father, his son, and two sons-in-law, work hard to- 
 gether in the same cause. Antonio da Semino, one of the 
 sons-in-law, was, perhaps, the most brilliant executor of the 
 quartette, and the one destined to hand down to posterity old 
 Fazolo's heritage of art. He had two sons, Ottaviano and
 
 376 GENOA; HOW THE' REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Andrea, who were trained to handle the brush from infancy, 
 and both, when old enough, were sent to Rome to profit by 
 the divine works of Raphael ; and Ottaviano da Semino proved 
 himself no mean disciple of this great master. For on his 
 return to Genoa he painted a frieze in one of the D'Orian 
 palaces, representing the Rape of the Sabines, with such success, 
 that a great art critic on seeing it expressed his surprise that 
 so wonderful a work of Raphael's existed in Genoa without 
 his knowledge. Great was his amazement when his mistake 
 was explained to him. 
 
 Ottaviano da Semino, though exceeding cunning with his 
 brush, has left a name for untidiness and dirt scarce equalled 
 in the annals of the beaux arts. Never was he known to wear 
 anything save the most ragged and tattered garments. In 
 fact, the possession of a good suit of clothes was a pain and 
 grief to him. If he saw a hole in his stocking, he sought to 
 mend the same by applying a dab of the necessary coloured 
 paint to his leg, in preference to undergoing the agony of 
 putting on a clean pair. This painter was the last scion of 
 the house of Fazolo, and died in 1604. 
 
 This, however, has anticipated the great revival in art 
 which was wrought in Genoa when Andrea D'Oria summoned 
 Pierino del Vaga, the pupil of Raphael, and Montorsoli, the 
 pupil of Michael Angelo, to beautify his palaces, and arrange 
 his festive receptions on the most extravagant and artistic scale. 
 This, in fact, is one of the great landmarks in the history of 
 Ligurian art which raised the school from the depths of igno- 
 rance to being one of the best representative schools in Italy. 
 
 The calamities which threatened Rome after the sack of 
 the eternal city by Cardinal de Bourbon, and the' wealth 
 which filled the pockets of the Genoese merchants, attracted 
 many of the minor lights to the Ligurian capital ; and the 
 impetus thus given to painting and the adornment of palaces, 
 gave birth to all that Genoa could herself produce of native 
 talent.
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 377 
 
 Of these Ligurian artists, Luca Cambiaso shone forth with 
 the greatest brilliance ; indeed, Cambiaso was a great artist, 
 and endowed with great power of design. His faults were 
 weakness and want of grace in colouring, engendered, per- 
 haps, by the rapidity with which he executed. He was the 
 son of a peasant, Giovanni Cambiaso, of the Polcevera valley, 
 who was of an ingenious turn of mind, and is said to have 
 invented the method of drawing the human figure by means 
 of cubes. 1 He kept young Luca hard at work studying 
 models in his workshop ; and so ardent was he in furthering 
 his son's education, that he hid his clothes to prevent him 
 escaping from his work, and obliged him to pursue his studies 
 in a state of nature, 
 
 Great was the enthusiasm and admiration inspired in the 
 mind of this peasant by the works of Beccafumi, Pierino del 
 Vaga, and others, which he saw in Prince D'Oria's palace, and 
 the result of all this was the lesson of art he instilled into 
 the mind of his son. The better to train the youth in the 
 ways of art, he took him to a retired spot on the Riviera, and 
 set before him the models and designs of great masters. 
 Some of Luca Cambiaso's earlier efforts were exceeding strong 
 in design, emulating Michael Angelo in boldness of limb and 
 fierceness of expression. But of these but few are left to us ; 
 an altar-piece in the church of S. Giorgio in Genoa, and the 
 Adoration of the Magi in the Lercari chapel in the cathedral, 
 being perhaps the only extant representations of this his most 
 successful period. 
 
 Cooped up in his father's workshop from morning till 
 night, Luca grew up a sorry specimen of humanity, puny 
 and dwarfed. At seventeen he looked more like a boy of 
 twelve, but with an ardent fire burning in his eye which told 
 of glowing passion and a determined will ; and this proved to 
 be the bane of his life. After the loss of his wife, Luca fell 
 violently in love with his sister-in-law, who lived with him, and 
 
 1 Soprani, " Vita dei pittori Ligustici."
 
 378 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 looked after his children. This hopeless attachment preyed 
 upon his mind and ruined the vigour of his style, except when 
 by some mighty effort of artistic skill he hoped to gain his end. 
 With this object in view he went to Rome, and painted some of 
 his best pictures for the Pope ; but his Holiness was inexorable, 
 and sternly forbade the banns. 
 
 For long after this his pencil lost its vivacity. His tints 
 were pale, and the arrangement of his figures careless, testify- 
 ing to the mental grief under which he laboured. At length, 
 however, as age grew on, and his love passion remained 
 unabated, Cambiaso determined to make one final effort by 
 an appeal to Philip II. of Spain. So accordingly he repaired 
 to Madrid, where the monarch employed him in decorating 
 the ceiling of the Escurial chapel with a fresco, representing 
 the Coronation of the Virgin. 
 
 At this mighty work Luca laboured assiduously, and 
 employed in the execution of it all the vigour of his youth, 
 buoyed up with hopes that if successful the monarch would 
 favour his suit at the Vatican ; but alas ! he was again doomed 
 to disappointment. When, after fifteen months, the work was 
 finished, and Philip was contemplating it with one of those 
 few smiles which ever illumined the face of the stern and 
 melancholy monarch, Cambiaso thought the opportunity a 
 fitting one for proffering his suit. But the religious Philip 
 soon turned his smile into his accustomed frown, and withered 
 the little painter with a scornful, contemptuous refusal. 
 
 Poor Luca was carried fainting from the scene of his 
 labours to a bed of sickness, from which he never arose. It 
 was in vain that Philip, wishful to save the life of so valuable 
 an artist, sent him four thousand ducats more than the 
 stipulated sum ; it was in vain that the best physicians of the 
 Spanish court used all their nostrums and all the resources 
 of their art to aid his recovery. Luca Cambiaso passed away 
 some fc\v days after this last blow to his hopes of happiness. 
 
 In Spain Luca was held in high esteem. Ximenes alludes
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 379 
 
 to his painting in the Escurial with great praise, but also 
 blames his colouring as too faint. Perhaps one of his best 
 productions is in the refectory of S. Bartolomeo degl' Armeni, 
 in Genoa, representing a last supper. It came into the hands 
 of the brotherhood in this wise. Luca was one day playing 
 some game of chance with some of the monks, a supper was 
 decreed to be the stake for which they played. Luca Cam- 
 biaso chanced to lose, and as his fulfilment of the debt of 
 honour, he handed them over this picture, one of the figures 
 therein being a portrait of himself. 
 
 Lazaro Tavarone was Cambiaso's pupil, and a faithful 
 attendant of his in his Spanish tour. He it was who carried 
 him to his bed, and closed his eyes after his failure with 
 Philip of Spain ; and after his master's death he remained 
 nine years in Madrid, where he put together much money and 
 returned to Genoa in 1594. Tavarone, like his master, was of 
 obscure origin. He was put into Cambiaso's workshop when 
 quite a boy, and together, master and pupil studied and 
 worked in a small studio, now long neglected and forgotten, 
 in the Piazza dei Tessitori in Genoa. After his return from 
 Madrid, Tavarone worked with a vigour and rapidity worthy 
 of his master ; and one is surprised to learn that he suffered 
 throughout his life from a grievous malady, which confined 
 him much to his bed and sorely trespassed on his working 
 hours, for Genoa is full of his frescoes and his canvases. He 
 adorned the Bank of St. George with a gigantic fresco of their 
 patron saint. Scarcely a palace exists which has not some 
 ceiling or wall adorned by his brush. He died at a ripe old 
 age, in 1641, and but few Ligurian artists left more behind 
 them to testify to an active well-spent life. 
 
 Around Luca Cambiaso scintillates a numerous following 
 of lesser stars, all of whom were the outcome of the 
 Raphaelesque revival in Genoa. Prominent amongst them 
 were the Castello family, of whom Bernardo was a hot-headed, 
 pedantic man. He married when eighteen, and travelled
 
 38o GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 through Italy for a great part of his life, partly from a love of 
 art, and partly from a desire to get rid of his wife. He took 
 up the study of art in all its branches. He was an intimate 
 friend of Tasso's, and when the poet was about to publish his 
 " Jerusalem Liberated," Bernardo gave him a present of the 
 illustrations of the principal scenes, and from subjects in 
 " Jerusalem Reconquered," he adorned the ceiling of one of 
 the Spinola palaces in Genoa. Tasso had the illustrations 
 engraved on copper for an edition which came out in 1590, 
 and addressed to Bernardo Castello a letter of thanks, and 
 wrote a sonnet in his honour. 
 
 His brother, Gian Battista Castello, was a celebrated minia- 
 ture painter, much honoured and esteemed in his native 
 Republic, so much so that the doge appointed him artist- 
 laureate in Genoa, and gave him large immunities as a 
 citizen. His eldest son acquired a fief in Sicily, whither he 
 invited his father to pay him a visit ; but Gian Battista preferred 
 to remain in his humble house in Genoa, with his objects of 
 art around him, and died at the green old age of one hundred 
 and five, leaving his second son to carry on, though after a 
 feeble fashion, the name and occupation of artist. 
 
 Ludovico Calvi is another curious specimen of the Ligu- 
 rian artist, who combined the qualities of art with those of 
 the intrepid mariner and zealous captain against the Turks, 
 Extremely jealous that Andrea D'Oria should pass over his 
 merits, and choose Luca Cambiaso to execute some designs 
 in S. Mattco, Calvi forthwith left his workshop in disgust, and 
 took to the seas, where his prowess was rewarded by per- 
 mission from the Republic to quarter the head of a Moor in 
 his arms. He always went about clad in armour under his 
 coat, and was ofttimes engaged in the brawls for which Genoa 
 in those days was famous. 
 
 For twenty years he continued this wandering warlike life, 
 and then came back to his paint-brush and his easel, with 
 a hand which, had not lost its cunning by disuse, and con-
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 381 
 
 tinued to paint vigorously and fiercely till his death, which 
 did not occur for many a good year after ; for at the age of 
 eighty-five he would climb about his scaffolding and execute 
 his frescoes with the agility of youth. 
 
 Giovanni Domenico Cappellino marks the decay of this 
 revival ; he was but a feeble successor of these greater mas- 
 ters. He was an exceedingly handsome man, but excessively 
 eccentric. Dirt and dust were his pet aversions, and to so 
 great an extent did he carry this antipathy, that he forbade 
 any one in his room to take off his cloak or move a chair for 
 fear of disturbing his enemy. His mother once had the mis- 
 fortune to fall in the mud ; he refused to go to her assistance, 
 and would not go near her for some time afterwards, affirming 
 that she smelt of it. His over-cleanliness often betrayed him 
 into the greatest filth, for he would refuse admittance to any 
 one who offered to sweep out his bedroom, or to change his 
 sheets, which office he would perform himself when the direst 
 necessity obliged him and it was but seldom in his lifetime 
 said his gossiping neighbours. 
 
 His pictures are principally sacred subjects, insipid, and 
 the conception of a diseased mind, and pointing to the decline 
 of all feeling for real art in Liguria. But, before degenerating 
 below the state which Pierino del Vaga found, the Ligurian 
 school was to produce another bright follower in the steps of 
 Cambiaso, who adorned her palaces and churches with some 
 excellent workmanship. 
 
 Bernardo Strozzi, in his youthful aspirations to become an 
 artist, met with vehement opposition from his father ; but on 
 the death of this parent he obtained leave from his mother to 
 take a few lessons. Strozzi, however, developed a taste for 
 piety which overcame his love of art ; and at the age of 
 eighteen he assumed the garb of a Capuchin, and entered a 
 convent. He busied himself while there in the production of 
 saints on canvas without end. And in this obscurity his 
 talents would have been squandered on sajntly lore had they
 
 382 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 not been recognized by a certain Rivera, who managed to get 
 leave for him to leave his cell during the lifetime of his 
 mother and his sister's maidenhood. His mother lived, and 
 his sister remained unmarried, long enough to allow Bernardo 
 time to drink sufficiently of the sweets of the outer world and 
 the delights of success to make him loath to return to his 
 seclusion when the time of his liberty had expired. So en- 
 raged were the Capuchins at his tardy return to his cell, that 
 they prevented him getting more than a six months' extension 
 of the period from the Pope ; and true to the day appointed 
 for his return, he was summoned by the archbishop, and 
 handed over to his angry brethren, who forthwith put him in 
 prison, where he languished for three years. 
 
 Weary at length of this constraint, he assumed a feigned 
 zeal for religion. He renewed his vows, he confessed, he 
 fasted, and finally obtained pardon for his sins, and the 
 Capuchins restored him once more to the comforts of a cell, 
 though always under the strictest supervision. One day, how- 
 ever, he obtained leave to -go and visit his sister, at whose 
 house he changed his cowl for the garb of a priest, and thus 
 disguised, hurried to the harbour and embarked for Venice, 
 where, in the rival Republic, he received a welcome and a 
 home. 
 
 At Venice we have the products of Strozzi's later works, 
 and there we see his tomb in the church of S. Forca with the 
 following epitaph " Bernardo Strozzi, the glory of painters, 
 and the honour of Liguria, lies here," which was no small 
 praise for a man and a foreigner in the home of Titian and 
 Tintoretto, and proves that his talents were highly esteemed 
 out of his own country. 
 
 Throughout Italy he was known, and nicknamed "the 
 Genoese priest ;" and though his later productions are more 
 valuable as works of art, nevertheless, in the days of his early 
 liberty he did much work for the churches and palaces of 
 Genoa. In the church of S. Domenico he painted a much
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 
 
 383 
 
 esteemed "Paradise" by the light of a solitary lamp; and in 
 the Brignole-Sale palace is a picture of St. Thomas, which 
 ranks with a Guido Reni or a Guercino ; and in the en- 
 trance hall of the Balbi palace we see a boldly designed, 
 richly coloured picture, representing Joseph in prison holding 
 converse with the chief butler. Strozzi far excelled all the 
 Genoese artists of his day in boldness of design ; there is the 
 character in all his works which speaks of the man who would 
 ill brook monkish tyranny, and that the history of his life was 
 a remarkable one could be easily surmised simply from a 
 study of his pictures. 
 
 Of the disciples of the Raphaelesque school, numbers 
 bloomed and faded in Genoa, and continued to languish, 
 prolific indeed in their works, but degenerate possessors of the 
 Ligurian brush, until a new impetus was given to painting in 
 Genoa by the residence of three distinguished Flemish artists 
 amongst them. They were Vandyke, Rubens, and Vincent 
 Malo, and the seventeenth century witnessed a corresponding 
 revival to that ushered in by the followers of Raphael ; and, 
 with their aptitude for following in the train of others, 
 Ligurian artists adopted the style of one or other of these 
 foreign masters. And with this revival is ushered in. the 
 second great landmark in the history of Ligurian art. 
 
 Next, perhaps, to Antwerp and the galleries of the north, 
 Genoa affords the lover of Vandyke the best opportunity of 
 studying this Flemish master. In wandering through her 
 famous streets of palaces, and their treasures of art, the 
 traveller's attention is at once riveted by the numerous por- 
 traits by Vandyke with which their walls are alive. His guide- 
 book points them all out to him one by one, and thus a whole 
 army of Genoa's worthies passes before his gaze. But should 
 he wander down a bypath leading into a maze of the vilest 
 squalor, he may chance to visit an old palace of the Cataneo 
 family, where no less than nine portraits attributed to Van- 
 dyke, two of which at least are beyond all doubt, stare down
 
 384 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 in lonely grandeur upon a busy world of dirt, and adorn the 
 panels of a dimly lighted room, which is approached through 
 merchants' offices, and scenes of poverty worthy of the pur- 
 lieus of St. Giles. 
 
 Of Rubens' most ardent followers, the Castiglione family 
 perhaps occupies the highest place. This family presented 
 Genoa with no less than three painters of a high order, of 
 whom Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione was the chief. He had 
 studied under Paggi, a master of the decayed school, but 
 soon shook off the trammels of his youth, and blossomed forth 
 as a new being under the tuition of Rubens. He travelled 
 much, and added to his store of knowledge in Florence and 
 in Rome ; but in Mantua he spent some of the best years of 
 his life, where the marquis pressed him to stay and assist at 
 the beautifying of his palaces. 
 
 Castiglione was the great portrait painter of his day in 
 Genoa, and he was nicknamed " II Grechetto " by his fellow- 
 townsmen, or the second Rembrandt by his most ardent 
 admirers. His success, however, lay principally in his land- 
 scapes and animals. In a bull-fight or the chase his touch was 
 good, and much spirit and life was thrown into his subject ; 
 nevertheless, a Holy Family, in the church of S. Luca, in Genoa, 
 proves that he could likewise turn his attention to the sacred 
 with success. In the French occupation, after the Revolution, 
 Napoleon talked much about sending this picture to Paris, but 
 the people rose up in arms to protect it, and it was saved its 
 journey. 
 
 The two other brothers were but indifferently successful in 
 establishing for themselves a name. 
 
 On the other hand, the De' Ferrari, another artistic family, 
 were scrupulous disciples of Vandyke in portrait painting, and 
 together with their kinsmen, the Piola, afford us an interest- 
 ing picture of a Genoese artistic cdterie. Some of them re- 
 turned rather to the Italian school, under the guidance of the 
 Carloni, another family whose frescoes adorn the church of
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 
 
 385 
 
 S. Ambrogio ; and in this clique of artists we walk as in a 
 confusing labyrinth in Genoa, and scarce a church or a palace 
 we visit is without its score of productions from the De' Ferrari, 
 the Carloni, and the Piola studios. 
 
 But of these three families the Piola merits our greatest 
 attention, both from the " chef doeuvre of Liguria," as it is 
 termed, which the young and unfortunate Pellegro Piola 
 executed for his country, and from the fact that we can to- 
 day visit their house on the steep slopes of Carignano, the 
 walls of which are still covered with paintings by the six 
 members of this family, who distinguished themselves in 
 the art. 
 
 In this little house we seem as if wafted two centuries 
 back, as we examine each panel adorned by one of the family 
 with some design, while their descendants, still living under the 
 same roof, pride themselves in keeping everything as their 
 distinguished ancestors left it. Here, too, we see all the 
 presents they received from their brothers in art. A stone 
 Madonna, for instance, over the lintel, was given to them by 
 the sculptor Schiaffino, an intimate friend of one of the Piola. 
 The ladies of this family were no less distinguished than their 
 brothers, two of whom excelled in painting ; and by the 
 marriage of one of Pellegro Piola's sisters to Gregorio de' 
 Ferrari, the union of these artistic families was firmly 
 cemented. 
 
 The tragic death of young Pellegro Piola, who executed 
 that shrine in the goldsmith's street, has added a further in- 
 terest to the picture, which in itself no way lacks the aid 
 of tragedy to establish its claim to notoriety. It is a beautiful 
 soft representation of the Virgin and Child, rivalling in the 
 delicacy of its shading an Andrea del Sarto. S. Eloy, the 
 patron saint of smiths, supports her, and from its position in 
 the open street the quaint, narrow, glittering street of the 
 Genoese goldsmiths with glass in front of it, it at once 
 attracts the eye of the passer by. 
 
 2C
 
 386 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 This picture was executed on this wise : In 1641, the gold- 
 smiths of Genoa wished to put up a picture to the honour of 
 the Madonna, and their patron saint, which should superin- 
 tend their daily work. Pellegro Piola, a youth of two and 
 twenty, and of great promise, was entrusted with the task ; and 
 on the 25th of November, in that year, it was put up in the 
 place which it still occupies. 
 
 Great was the praise heaped upon Pellegro as he stood 
 and contemplated his work. A friend passed by and con- 
 gratulated him on the vigour of his style, " a credit," he said, 
 "to the Ligurian school, that must silence the jealous dogs 
 who bark around." Piola modestly replied, that he hoped 
 heaven would grant him life to continue his work ; but that 
 very evening was to be his last. 
 
 Everything was joy and gladness that day in the house on 
 the slopes of Carignano. The De' Ferrari were invited to join 
 at a festive family gathering, and to drink to the success of 
 the young artist. Pellegro spent the afternoon with his 
 relatives and his wife, whom he had married some few months 
 before ; and towards evening, some friends called for him to 
 go out with them for a stroll. They got no further than the 
 Piazza Sarzano before they came to angry words, and from 
 words to blows, and a fatal dagger entered Piola's breast. The 
 dead body of their hope and pride was carried back to the 
 mourning family, and the shouts of revelry and joy, which had 
 that day gladdened their homestead, were turned into deep 
 lamentation and woe. 
 
 A mysterious story long hung over this assassination. 
 Men said that his master, Carlone, jealous of his pupil's success, 
 had been the murderer, and then to avoid justice had fled to 
 the church of S. Ambrogio, during which time he executed 
 the frescoes there. But the legal process lately come to light 
 clears up this mystery, and tells us that the assassin was one 
 Bianco, a pupil of no account in Carlone's studio ; that he did 
 it in a sudden fit of rage, and from no motives of jealousy ; that
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 387 
 
 he sought and obtained the forgiveness of the bereaved rela- 
 tives, and that by way of punishment he got five years at the 
 galleys and two of banishment. 
 
 Thus died young Pellegro, the brightest star of the 
 Ligurian school. His younger brother, Domenico, was twelve 
 years old at the time of the murder, and in him boiled the 
 blood of an artist, anxious to achieve the success from which 
 his brother had been thus mercilessly torn. And Domenico 
 Piola's name in Genoa is a well known one ; his pictures adorn 
 many of the churches, his frescoes have a grace and elegance 
 which recall Correggio, in the style which he learnt from his 
 master, Carlone ; but his gracefully entwined cherubs usher 
 in the ornate and fantastic era of Italian art, an era in which 
 all the beauty of nature and firmness of touch is sacrificed to 
 an attempt at labyrinthine wonders and ethereal grandeur. 
 
 Paolo Gerolamo Piola, Domenico's son, trespassed more on 
 this dangerous ground, and with less brilliancy of design, than 
 his father. Thus did the decay of art set in in Genoa. Her 
 school never had been of such transcendent merit as those in 
 the neighbouring Italian cities ; yet, placed anywhere else 
 than on Italian soil, it would have shone forth nobly and well. 
 But as it was, Ligurian painters, with but few exceptions, were 
 eclipsed by their more accomplished neighbours. 
 
 In the sister art of sculpture, the entire absence of 
 originality in Genoa is perhaps even more striking than in 
 that of painting. When Niccolo da Pisa came to Genoa, in 
 1313, to raise a monument therein to the defunct empress, 
 wife of Henry VII. of Luxembourg, in the convent of St. 
 Francis, he may be said to have inaugurated the art in Genoa, 
 which in Pisa, and in other mediaeval Italian towns, had by 
 this time reached a high pitch of excellence. As in painting 
 so in sculpture, the Genoese were servile imitators of the men 
 their wealthy merchants paid to adorn their palaces, and to 
 the designs of foreign artists we owe most that is beautiful in 
 this city.
 
 388 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Thus Antonio della Porta fashioned most of the statues in 
 the Bank of St. George ; and to his taste is due the many 
 carved portals of Genoa, which in the dark slate-marble of 
 Lavagna form such conspicuous objects even now in the 
 town. And thus if a Genoese wished to accomplish anything 
 really grand he invariably summoned an artist of high repute 
 from abroad. As an instance of their distrust in home pro- 
 ductions, let us quote the case of the chapel built to con- 
 tain the ashes of St. John the Baptist. To erect a fitting 
 superstructure, Matteo Civitali was summoned from Florence, 
 and on his death before accomplishing the task, so diffident 
 were they about native talent that Andrea Sansovino wa:s 
 entrusted with the completion of the task. 
 
 Again, Andrea D'Oria's magnificence summoned to Genoa 
 a goodly array of sculptors, and amongst them Andrea da 
 Fiesole and Montorsoli, to adorn his palace and his church. 
 Montorsoli gave a tone to the Ligurian school, which hence- 
 forth followed studiously in Michael Angelo's style. A native 
 artist, Filippo Parodi by name, gave a considerable impetus 
 to the love of sculpture in his native city. He was a cabinet- 
 maker, whose talents the painter Domenico Piola recognized, 
 and advised his going to study in Rome, which he accordingly 
 did. His statue of St. John the Baptist, outside the Carignano 
 church, is a nobly conceived figure, and some of his groups 
 arc graceful. 
 
 At Venice he distinguished himself not a little, and at 
 Padua, where in the church of S. Guistina a deposition by 
 him is perhaps his chef-d'oeuvre. 
 
 The brothers Schiaffino followed in his footsteps, and 
 adorned Genoa with many marble cherubs over the numerous 
 fountains in the town, and many circular "pieta" over their 
 doorways ; but theirs was a debased style, and saints lost in 
 long flowing robes testify that they recognized their own weak- 
 ness in reproducing the human form, when they were con- 
 strained to disguise their figures in folds of unmeaning drapery.
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN LIGURIA. 389 
 
 In the most ancient days, the Genoese were most skil- 
 ful engineers. However incredulous we may be about their 
 earlier achievements in the taking of cities, and the production 
 of wonderful stone-propelling instruments, nevertheless the 
 frequent repetition of the same story proves that there must 
 have been much truth in their claim to engineering skill. 
 Jerusalem, Aleria in Spain, and Damietta in Egypt, were all 
 captured, they say, by the ingenuity of the Ligurian contingent 
 under their walls. And at home there are ample proofs of 
 their mediaeval skill as engineers and in building. 
 
 Marino Boccanegra, brother of the first captain of the 
 Republic, was a clever architect. To him is due the mighty 
 aqueduct which supplied Genoa with water from the side of 
 Staglieno, and is still a conspicuous object along the Bisagno 
 valley, as the traveller is driven to visit the modern cemetery 
 reckoned amongst the chief " lions " of Genoa. Marino, too, 
 is said to have constructed that long line of arcades down 
 near the port, with its aqueduct and walk above, and redolent 
 with all the odours of commerce, and resounding with the din 
 of vivacious Italians. He also constructed the first pier for 
 the protection of the harbour from sudden storms ; and under 
 his supervision the building of the Bank of St. George, as it 
 stands to-day, was raised in accordance with the plans of one 
 Oliviero, in 1260. 
 
 As long as they adhered to the Lombardo-Gothic style, 
 the Genoese erected stately and glorious buildings. Their 
 cathedral, 1 the small black and white marble church of Porto 
 Venere, built in 1118, the gates of S. Andrea and dei 
 Vacca, are noble specimens we can contemplate to-day, and 
 learn that in architecture at least Genoa could compete with, 
 and perhaps excel, most towns in Italy. 
 
 But with the deluge of the Renaissance revival, all this 
 was swept away, and in Genoa the Renaissance had its fullest 
 scope for development. It occurred at a time when her nobles 
 
 1 Vide ch. iii.
 
 390 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 were at their richest, and seeking for some outlet for their 
 hoarded wealth they lavished it on their palaces. Galeazzo 
 Alessi, a disciple of Michael Angelo's, came from Perugia, at 
 the invitation of the patricians, and this visit changed the 
 whole aspect of the city. Palaces, churches, and public build- 
 ings arose ; all that was squalid, old, or deemed unsightly, 
 was swept away to give place for regiments of palaces ; and as 
 Pierino del Vaga and Montorsoli had inaugurated a new life 
 in their departments of art, so did Alessi commence a new 
 age of architecture on the ruin and decay of the old. 
 
 The combination of every age of art in Genoa, and of 
 every species existing in every age, makes the city a perfect 
 museum for the study of architecture. Upon pillars with 
 Byzantine capitals, with intricate designs of animals and 
 flowers, stand exquisite Gothic arches in the cloisters of the 
 old church of S. Andrea, now used as a prison. Moorish and 
 Arab tracery puzzle the eye on the walls of her cathedral, 
 whilst nowhere was the Renaissance more lavish in her eccen- 
 tricities ; and then from these relics of the past the visitor is 
 hurried into one of the most realistic specimens of nineteenth 
 century art in the monuments to the dead at Staglieno. 
 
 A Genoese sculptor of to-day is valued according to his 
 lifelike representations in marble of human distress and agony, 
 to be placed over the tomb of some departed relative. There 
 stands a marble widow, mourning over her husband's marble 
 deathbed ; a marble tear trickles down her marble cheek, and 
 a marble pocket-handkerchief is outheld in constant readiness 
 to receive the petrified token of grief. Thus does Genoa, 
 bereft of life and vigour, now expend all that is left to her of 
 genius and art in lavishly adorning the resting-place of her 
 dead.
 
 ( 39i ) 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 OF the death-bed scenes of nations, but few offer incidents 
 of a more thrilling nature than that of the Ligurian Republic. 
 The tottering fabric, which had survived ages of revolutions 
 and ages of constitutional peril, fell a sacrifice at length to the 
 fever and delirium of the French Revolution. Here all the 
 scenes of horror which shook Paris to her basis were re-enacted 
 with equal fury, until Napoleon, with the scythe of death in 
 his hand, swept Genoa from the list of nations, and the 
 Congress of Vienna consigned the mortal remains of the once 
 "proud mistress of the seas" to the mausoleum in which the 
 Sardinian dynasty gathered together one by one the dry 
 bones of all Italy's many states, to mould thereout as best 
 they could a new being entitled " United Italy." 
 
 At the murmur of the revolution across the Alps, an 
 under current of agitation grew apace in Genoa, fostered as it 
 was by men sent for the purposes of promoting it from the 
 French national assembly, Simonville and Naillac. Whilst 
 the king of Sardinia, the Pope, and the king of Naples 
 united to check the torrent which threatened to overwhelm 
 them, Genoa and Venice remained prudently neutral ; but this 
 neutrality, their only safeguard against annihilation, was not to 
 be tolerated by the enemies of France, and England, above 
 all, refused to recognize it. 
 
 Mr. Drake, the English consul in Genoa, insisted that the
 
 392 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Republic should dismiss the French minister, Tilly, as a 
 promoter of discord and anarchy ; that she should ally herself 
 to England, and should admit into her harbour George III.'s 
 ships ; and that if she refused she should be treated as 
 England's enemy. To back up Drake's demands, Admiral 
 Hood was in the Mediterranean with a dozen vessels, and 
 Admiral Hood was not always strictly orthodox in his 
 observance of the laws of nations. In the Genoese neutral 
 waters two English ships attacked and seized a French ship, 
 the Modesta, some high words between the respective sailors 
 being the origin of the quarrel. 
 
 Poor Genoese ! the gathering storm around them had well 
 nigh burst. If the English clamoured for their alliance and 
 threatened a blockade, the French were no less imperative 
 in demanding an indemnity for their loss ; and the Ligurian 
 rulers, in this their dire extremity, determined to pay the 
 demands of the French out of their own pockets, as the last 
 hope of maintaining their neutrality. 
 
 In the ensuing spring Drake was more vehement than 
 ever in his demands of a declaration of allegiance from Genoa ; 
 and with the Spanish fleet in the port to back up his cause, 
 he proceeded to the council hall and imperatively demanded 
 the dismissal of all French agents from Genoa ; and on receiving 
 a quiet but firm refusal from the doge, Maria D'Oria, he forth- 
 with declared Genoa to be at war with England, and set off 
 with his credentials for Leghorn. 
 
 The French were now beginning to recover from their 
 anarchy, and under the "Directoire" French armies were now* 
 marching south, and equally regardless of Genoa's neutrality, 
 seized San Remo, Ventimiglia, and other towns in Liguria. 
 The young general, Bonaparte, in 1796, at the head of these 
 troops, was prepared to seize upon the faintest excuse for 
 marching upon Genoa, and an opportunity was soon given him 
 by the massacre of some Frenchmen within the Republic's 
 territory ; for the superstitious peasantry looked upon the
 
 THE END. 393 
 
 name of France as impersonating every horror, subversion of 
 religion, and subversion of all that they held sacred. Thus in 
 the valley of the Polcevera, towards Novi, every Frenchman 
 was massacred ; and Bonaparte, pretending to believe that 
 it was by orders of the senate that this had been done, wrote 
 demanding for himself the cession of the fortress of Gavi, 
 and a further sum of money based on the Modesta claims. 
 Thus with the victorious enemy at their very door, with 
 the new French minister, Faypoult, using all his efforts to 
 arouse the French interests amongst the inhabitants, the 
 government could do nothing but despatch an envoy to make 
 the best terms he could with the French. 
 
 So exorbitant, however, were Bonaparte's demands that 
 the Republic were constrained to send to Paris for a mitiga- 
 tion of them, and with fair success. But it was another 
 English outrage which put the finishing stroke to the union 
 with France. For if Bonaparte was exorbitant by land, 
 Nelson was no less unscrupulous by sea. On the nth of 
 September, 1796, the French were unlading a ship close to 
 Genoa full of arms and implements of war ; Nelson, happen- 
 ing to be in the harbour of Genoa at the time, under the 
 neutral flag, hearing how busy the French were close by, 
 forthwith sailed from the harbour as if to put out to sea ; but 
 no sooner had he proceeded on his course a mile or so than he 
 turned sharply round, seized the French ship, and made off 
 with it. 
 
 Faypoult, in Genoa, made the worst of this, and at length 
 the Ligurian rulers, seeing no further chance of maintaining 
 their neutrality, sent their agent, Vincenzo Spinola, to Paris, 
 with instructions to make the best terms he could with the 
 Directoire, and they were as follows : The ports to be closed 
 to the English, no succour to be given to any enemies of 
 France, and if Great Britain should attack Genoa, France 
 engaged to protect her ; and France, moreover, would respect 
 the Ligurian territories ; and, as a proof of friendship, and as
 
 394 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND* FELL. 
 
 a further bond of union, Genoa should go to the coffers of her 
 bank and hand over two millions of francs by way of 
 indemnity for real or supposed misdemeanours, and a further 
 sum of two millions was to be advanced by way of loan by 
 her wealthy citizens. Thus was Genoa dragged against her 
 will into a French alliance, and thus was she exposed to all 
 the pernicious influences of French revolutionists, who, when 
 the way was opened to them, hied them right gladly to the 
 Ligurian capital, there to disseminate profusely seeds of 
 discord and anarchy. 
 
 One of the first of these to arrive in Genoa was Morando, 
 a druggist, whose education in all branches of villainy in Paris 
 had produced in his Italian born mind a perfect storehouse of 
 corrupt morality. Second to him alone was one Vitaliani, a 
 Neapolitan, a man of the same stamp ; and together, these two 
 found favour and support from the French minister, Faypoult, 
 who employed them officially ; so it was in vain that the 
 senate put Vitaliani in prison as a seditious spirit. Faypoult 
 demanded his release as an official employ^ of France, and the 
 senate reluctantly granted it. 
 
 Emboldened by this, Morando and Vitaliani worked 
 harder, and with redoubled energy, in their plots for subvert- 
 ing in Genoa every form of government, and a young D'Oria, 
 Filippo by name, joined them. Outside the city, the press 
 and public opinion, under Napoleon's influence, wrote and 
 spoke vehemently against the Genoese aristocracy, and within 
 the city, the people lent a willing ear to this attack. The 
 senate, in their weakness, appointed state inquisitors to look 
 into men's private affairs ; but the imprisonment of any sedi- 
 tious ring-leader only added fresh contingents to the already 
 overwhelming numbers of the discontents. And thus were the 
 senate powerless and almost prostrate, and thus were the 
 Jacobine principles of the French revolution firmly established 
 in the kindly atmosphere of Italian soil. 
 
 Headed by the above-named triumvirate, a crowd singing
 
 THE END. 
 
 395 
 
 the Marseillaise gathered in the streets, and in its onward 
 progress towards the royal palace grew into a mighty, seething, 
 and excited mob, demanding the immediate delivery of the 
 prisoners the senate had made. Shops were shut ; the quietly- 
 disposed fled ; the senate, with a strong guard, tried to appease 
 their wrath by saying that they would shortly explain their 
 purpose, and the crowd, unable to force an entry into the 
 council hall, betook themselves for comfort and exhortation to 
 Faypoult, who promised to use his influence with the senate 
 to obtain their demands. 
 
 Elated with these promises, the crowd dispersed through- 
 out the city, got them to the wine-shops and the taverns, and 
 gave themselves up to scenes of drunkenness and debauchery. 
 Most in Genoa passed this night awake. In every square, in 
 every alley, arose the excited yells of the stump orators and 
 their drunken audience, which, with the wine fumes and the 
 glare of torches, gave Genoa the appearance of a city of demons. 
 
 The dawn of the 22nd of May, 1796, burst forth most 
 mournfully over the excited city. Out from their lairs streamed 
 forth the insurgents, with reddened eyes and maddening yells ; 
 to their standard flocked countless adherents ; from the side 
 of Lombardy poured in colleagues on the watch for such a 
 disturbance, and of these many were French. As a standard 
 of rebellion they placed in their caps the tricoloured tassel, 
 and went forth to the shouts of " Viva la liberta ! Viva il 
 popolo ! " They visited Faypoult, who gave them a welcome 
 and a cheer. They visited the prisons, and dragged from 
 thence all the malefactors, and adorned them with their 
 tricoloured badge. They did the same by the galley slaves 
 in the dockyard, and having these armed robbers and mur- 
 derers as their fitting allies, they proceeded to overthrow one 
 of the most venerable governments of Europe. 
 
 The senate remained petrified, as it were, by this sudden 
 calamity in the council hall. They stirred not a finger in 
 their own defence, when it was still in their power to crush
 
 396 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE A-ND FELL. 
 
 the rising, as events afterwards proved ; unaccountably stolid 
 they awaited their fate. 
 
 Morando and his motley crew meanwhile paraded the city 
 crying that Genoa was free, that the aristocracy was abolished, 
 that tribute and taxes were to be heard of no more. Gate 
 after gate, fort after fort, fell into their hands. They talked 
 of appointing new magistrates from amongst themselves, 
 whilst the senators in their abject distress sent in vain to 
 Faypoult to use his influence to check the evil he had helped 
 to arouse. In vain did they promise reforms. Faypoult went 
 to them in person, exhorted them to give way to the times, 
 and let the democracy have its own way ; and so, as a last 
 resort, they settled to send a deputation of four to make terms 
 with the populace, but the rabble would hear of none. 
 " Liberty," and "Death to the Aristocracy," were the cries which 
 rent the air ; and had not the palace been well guarded, not a 
 senator would have escaped a terrible death at the hands of 
 the triumphant adherents of Morando. 
 
 But if the senators were demoralized and panic-stricken, 
 not so were some of the steady-going Genoese citizens, who 
 looked with horror on the subversion of everything that 
 was dear to them, government and religion alike. A large 
 number of them assembled these likewise were of the 
 lowest of the people, artizans, porters, and coal-heavers 
 they shouted in their turn for arms, and rendered the victory 
 of the Morandists, before almost a matter of certainty, now 
 doubtful. " Viva Maria! Viva religione" "Death to the 
 Jacobines," were amongst the cries of those upholders of the 
 old regime, and for their badge they tied to their caps a small 
 image of the Madonna ; and for this they incurred Napoleon's 
 sneer, who called them "Genoese priests;" but be they 
 priests or porters, they stood the senators in good stead, and 
 by seizing the arsenal, they came forth to meet their antago- 
 nists better armed, better equipped, and with the support of 
 most of the regular soldiery.
 
 THE END. 397 
 
 Unhappy Genoa ! Again was she torn in twain by con- 
 flicting factions, again father fought against son, brother 
 against brother. Throughout the whole of this day the battle 
 raged ; every corner of Genoa flowed with the blood of her 
 own citizens. As the tide fluctuated from side to side in the 
 intensity of animosity, the death struggle became more acute ; 
 but at length the upholders of the old regime gained the upper 
 hand. Filippo D'Oria was slain fighting bravely at his post. 
 Morando and his men, seeing the day was lost, abandoned the 
 city, and their adherents fled hither and thither, and tried to 
 conceal their complicity in the events in the inmost recesses 
 of their houses, whilst D'Oria's corpse was kicked about the 
 town, and held up to public scorn by his insatiate conquerors. 
 A poor Turkish slave, who had been liberated from the galleys 
 on condition that he would cry " Viva il popolo" wandered 
 through the city proclaiming this parrot-learnt phrase, the 
 price of his liberty, when suddenly he fell in with a band of 
 the opposite faction, who beat him, and only allowed him to 
 escape with life on condition that for the future he would cry 
 " Viva Maria'' This he willingly did until he fell across 
 another band of revolutionists, who silenced his lusty lungs 
 with many a hard blow, until the poor man lay stricken and 
 almost lifeless on the pavement. Unable to account for such 
 rough treatment, he groaned aloud " The Christians must be 
 
 mad." 
 
 Be this story true or not, the conclusion arrived at by the 
 poor Turk was a fact indisputable. 
 
 Imperious before in his tone of addressing Genoa, 
 Napoleon was doubly imperious now. He complained of the 
 loss of life which French subjects had sustained during the 
 late rebellion, slurring over the fact that it was in sedition 
 that they had died ; he complained that the porter-priests, with 
 their Madonna badge, had been employed by the government 
 to assassinate the French. Of a truth the victors after the 
 insurrection were slightly indiscriminate on whom they
 
 398 GENOA; HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 wreaked their vengeance ; not only was Morando's house 
 spoiled and plundered, but also those of innocent citizens. 
 Bonaparte demanded, through his mouthpiece Faypoult, the 
 surrender of all prisoners, French, Lombards, Genoese alike ; 
 and hence the senators were obliged to let loose on the 
 world again all those who had subverted Genoa, and were 
 compelled to persuade their adherents to disarm ; and then, 
 and not till then, would Faypoult grant a pardon to the 
 senators, leaving the same element of disturbance and dis- 
 order still abroad in Genoa. 
 
 Intent on establishing his influence above all dispute in 
 Liguria, Napoleon advanced towards the Polcevera valley; ami 
 thus, constrained by turmoils from within, and dangers from 
 without, the senate determined at length to admit without 
 further trouble whatever scheme of reform Napoleon might 
 dictate. To his head-quarters at Montebello a deputation 
 was sent, and the result was anxiously awaited at home. It 
 was as follows : That the French Government should return 
 the sovereignty conceded to them by the Genoese, but that 
 this sovereignty should be placed in the hands of a doge 
 and council representing the whole class of citizens ; that all 
 the privileges of the nobles should be abolished, and that in 
 consideration of another large indemnity, the French would 
 pardon the Genoese Republic and recognize its independence. 
 
 On the 1 4th of June, 1796, the new reforms dictated by 
 Napoleon were proclaimed throughout Genoa ; shouts of joy 
 echoed throughout the town of "Long live Napoleon," "France, 
 and Liberty" and " Death to the Aristocrats" was the burden of 
 their song. Not a piazza, not an alley was there without its flag 
 of liberty, whilst women distributed to eager recipients tricolour 
 caps of liberty, which had been secretly woven the day before. 
 Alorando was in ecstasies. Vitaliani preached sermons of 
 democratic zeal, the nobles hid themselves, whilst Napoleon 
 smiled grimly at Montebello, and called the Genoese "foolish 
 idiots."
 
 THE END. 
 
 399 
 
 A servile imitation of the French revolution was the result. 
 The mob rushed to the royal palace, brought forth " the book 
 of gold," in which all the names of the nobility were entered, 
 and carried it to the Piazza. d'Aquaverde, where a fire was 
 lighted ; and around the burning embers of the letters patent 
 of Genoa's noble sons danced a maddened, joyous crowd of 
 demagogues, stirring with their bayonets the leaves of the 
 hated volume, and fondly dreaming that with this they were 
 destroying for ever the hated name of rank. Ballot boxes, 
 ducal chairs, coats of arms, and other symbols of a patrician 
 order were cast into this bonfire, and deafening sounds of 
 music, stump oratory, and applause chimed in with a would-be 
 paean to the burning effigies of rank. The statues of Prince 
 Andrea D'Oria and his successors were dashed to the ground, 
 and their trunkless heads kicked opprobriously through the 
 town. 
 
 " O sublime and majestic spectacle of an entire people, 
 which has traversed centuries of slavery and humiliation 
 under a yoke of iron, rising to its feet and casting off the 
 heavy weight of its rusty chains, and throwing them in the 
 face of its dethroned tyrants." Thus they spoke, and thus 
 they cheered their orators. Could the bones of old Andrea 
 slumbering in the vaults of S. Matteo rest in their coffin ? 
 Could the hero of ninety years brook such indignities even 
 in death ? 
 
 As before, the criminals and the malefactors were released 
 to swell the discordant scenes of the hour, and a message of 
 thanks and adoration was despatched to Napoleon, praising 
 his benevolence and the privileges he had vouchsafed to them. 
 On the day of the declaration of this new regime a priest, 
 Cuneo by name, thus addressed an excited audience " O 
 Brutus ! O my beloved Brutus ! lend me for a moment thy 
 dagger, dripping still with the blood of the tyrant, with which 
 to write on the walls of this hall, under the eyes of the pro- 
 visionary government, the sacred name of liberty and equality."
 
 400 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 Following in the footsteps of the French, the newly appointed 
 government, of which Gian Carlo Serra was appointed 
 generalissimo, proceeded to attack religious institutions, and 
 this element, hitherto absent, entered the ranks of the 
 revolutionists. 
 
 The archbishop was commanded to act in no way without 
 authority from the government, religious orders were to be. 
 abolished, and men declared themselves weary of priestcraft 
 and their mockeries. Every one unwilling to drop the cowl 
 and the cassock was ordered to leave the republican terri- 
 tories ; and to take their plare, the president, Serra, appointed 
 men who should celebrate services in the churches, and 
 afterwards preach to the people democracy and independence. 
 These apostles wore around their necks a white and red 
 ribbon with a small crucifix attached thereto, but men did 
 not care much about them. The Genoese, as Napoleon had 
 affirmed, had too much of priestcraft about them, and in in- 
 culcating equality they did not see fit to oblige their Madonna- 
 Queen to leave her throne. And this spirit of religious 
 discontent the nobles carefully fanned, as a stepping-stone 
 by which they hoped soon to return to power. 
 
 It was a secret dislike of the movers in these innovations 
 which at length began to work a counter revolution in Genoa. 
 They disliked to see their golden florins being transferred to 
 French coffers; they were jealous of two French generals, who 
 were sent to reorganize the Ligurian troops thinking that this 
 showed a want of trust in the native capabilities; and at length 
 the echo of the discontented voices was heard from the neigh- 
 bouring valleys, where the inhabitants, suspicious of anything 
 that struck at their religion, began to complain. In the Bisagno 
 valley they rang their bells, they recalled their priests, and in 
 the country villas of the nobles secret conclaves were held. 
 Those who were willing to act were armed with whatever- 
 came to hand, and, after celebrating a high mass, the crowd 
 of peasants marched towards the capital. But these zealous
 
 THE END. 
 
 401 
 
 upholders of their faith found that it required more than 
 prayer-books, and priestcraft, to carry their point against the 
 well-trained and well-armed French soldiery under General 
 Duphot, and were beaten back with great loss near Albaro. ' 
 
 No sooner was this insurrection quelled than another 
 outburst arose in the Polcevera valley. Many of the van- 
 quished inhabitants of the Bisagno crossed over the mountain 
 ridges to assist their friends. Fierce was- the struggle around 
 the heights of S. Benigno, but again Duphot was victorious, 
 and, after a few hours' fight, old soldiers and good discipline 
 again prevailed, and peace was restored by terror, but not by 
 love ; for throughout the length and breadth of the Riviera 
 burnt a fierce hatred against the French, and' against those 
 Genoese who had subverted everything, and had accepted 
 a foreign yoke without a blow. The appointment of a 
 military council to judge, hang, or condemn to the galleys 
 the ringleaders of these risings served to keep alive this 
 hatred and thirst for vengeance. 
 
 At this moment Bonaparte arrived in Liguria, and again 
 took the ordering of Genoa's government into his own hands, 
 and with the characteristic levity of the Genoese disposition, 
 their tyrant's arrival was heralded by ringing of bells, and 
 sounds of joy throughout the town. Though full three thousand 
 French soldiers occupied the gates and strongholds of the 
 city, still they ceased not to cry " Liberty ; " and every fresh 
 step which Napoleon took towards absolute government in 
 their city was ushered in by fresh outbursts of joy and 
 delight. 
 
 During Bonaparte's absence in Egypt, however, affairs did 
 not go on so smoothly for him in Italy. The emperors of 
 Russia and Austria, acting in conjunction with their English 
 ally, brought disasters on the French arms in Lombardy and 
 Piedmont. Napoleon hurried back to Paris ; he chased away 
 the directorate at the point of the bayonet, and established 
 two consuls, of whom he was the first ; and having thus settled 
 
 2 D
 
 402 GENOA j HO IV THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 affairs in France he offered peace to his enemies, which was 
 accepted by Russia and Prussia, but steadfastly refused by 
 England and Austria ; and against these powers war was 
 forthwith declared, and into this the Genoese were drawn, 
 and therewith entered upon one of the most disastrous 
 episodes of her history. 
 
 In the spring of 1800, Massena, Soult, and Suchet were 
 Napoleon's generals in Liguria ; and the Austrian army, under 
 Melas, and an English fleet acting in unison contested every 
 point along the coast and inland with the French, until the 
 superior force of the allies obliged the French to shut them- 
 selves up within the walls of Genoa ; hence the Ligurian 
 capital experienced all the horrors of a protracted siege, and 
 once more famine, pestilence, and the sword were let loose 
 upon the wretched Genoese, whose yearning had been for 
 neutrality, but whose fate was to be driven by the force of 
 circumstances into the vortex of foreign quarrels. 
 
 Each castle along the coast was the object of a fierce 
 struggle between the belligerents. Of the taking of one of 
 them by the allied forces an amusing story is told. It was 
 Casteluccio, which now stands boldly into the waves between 
 Pegli and Voltri, and was once a fortress of the Lomellini 
 family, around which their galleys were collected, and to 
 which they brought the products of their rich coral fisheries 
 from their island dependency of Tabarca. 1 
 
 In this castle, a small garrison of French soldiers were 
 besieged by land 'and sea, and when driven to the last ex- 
 tremity, and at the point of surrender, they made use of the 
 following stratagem to effect their escape. At nightfall they 
 tied a lighted lantern round the neck of a donkey, so that the 
 enemy might not suspect their departure, and stealing away 
 quietly they left the donkey in sole charge of the fortress, 
 free to meander about where he wished, and by the continued 
 motion of the light the besiegers never for a moment dreamt 
 
 1 Vide ch. v.
 
 THE END. 403 
 
 of the deception that was being practised upon them. Next 
 morning the artifice was discovered, and the donkey found 
 alone in its glory. This victory, says the facetious Genoese 
 annalist, was the cause of great rejoicing in London and 
 Vienna. 
 
 Horrible were the privations the Genoese experienced 
 during this siege. Provisions soon fell short, and then they 
 began to adulterate them. Happy was he who could get the 
 flesh of horse, cat, mouse, bat, or worms for his supper. All the 
 windmills around the town were in the possession of the 
 Austrians, and curious was the effect produced in the streets 
 by each house setting up some novelty in the shape of wind- 
 mill. But soon all grain was exhausted, and seeds of flax and 
 millet took their place ; but up to this period of the siege a 
 genius in the way of a cook could manage to make out a 
 very decent bill of fare. 
 
 But at length there came a time when the flax, and the 
 bats, and horses began to grow scarce, and only luxuries for 
 the tables of the rich, whilst bran and beans formed the 
 meagre diet of the poor, and happy he who died before the 
 final death struggle set in. Solid fears by day and vague 
 phantasies by night, constant weary fatigue in search of food, 
 all contributed to convert the well-to-do Genoese into haggard 
 careworn ghosts wandering about the streets. Over the hills 
 within the walls they would wander too, wherever grew a 
 green blade or a sorrel leaf to be gathered with a view to 
 sustaining yet a little longer the tender thread of life. Noble 
 matrons and noble maids were seen wandering side by side 
 with the withered hags, wrinkled by half a century of toil, over 
 the green slopes behind the town, with baskets in their hands, 
 eagerly digging up some few roots and herbs. 
 
 In elegant baskets, adorned by lovely flowers, some 
 hideous stew of corrupt and abominable food would be sold 
 for a fabulous sum to a hungry Croesus, perhaps a dish of 
 rats in the morning, and a few lumps of sugar in the evening,
 
 404 GENOA; HO W THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 but all adorned with a lavishness of beauty contrasting 
 piteously with the worn, eager faces of the buyer and seller, 
 and perchance mixed with plaster instead of meal, so base 
 and sordid did men become, with death staring them in the 
 face, that they cared not if they sold messages of death, 
 provided they could secure money enough to purchase them- 
 selves one more meal. 
 
 Amidst groans of the dead and dying might be seen 
 men and women tearing out their hunger-gnawed vitals, thus 
 preferring to add to the number of the corpses, which lay 
 piled in the streets around them, to continuing their agonized 
 existence. None heeded their cry for pity each man was for 
 himself, and continued scenes of horror made even the most 
 merciful callous to the sufferings of their fellow-creatures. 
 Children abandoned by their parents, and aged parents by 
 their children, might cry for help to their last breath, and none 
 came to help them ; and whilst groping in the gutters and 
 drains of the city to seek for some vestige of food, many a 
 child, and many a grey-haired old man, would lay them down 
 and die. 
 
 Thus it was with the citizens, and thus it was with the 
 French garrison, of whom many, unable any longer to carry 
 their arms, threw them away and stole off to the English 
 and Austrian camps, where food, even though in prison, was 
 preferable to dying of hunger in the beleaguered city. But 
 perhaps the most piteous scene of all was that of the German 
 and English prisoners of war, who were kept in some old barges 
 down in the port. When necessity prevented their jailers 
 from giving them any more food, they ate their shoes and the 
 skins of their knapsacks. At length, when their guards left 
 them, they tried to fall upon each other, but were too weak ; 
 they then tried to sink the ships, preferring drowning to 
 starvation, but were unable, and thus did they perish to a 
 man. 
 
 It was almost with thankfulness that men learnt how the
 
 THE END. 405 
 
 plague had broken out in the famished city. By this new 
 scourge numbers were added to the heaps of bodies which lay 
 around unburied, and under the same roof would death 
 sweep away a whole family, one of hunger, another of virulent 
 fever, another from sheer exhaustion, and a fourth with the 
 livid plague spot beneath his arm, all to be heaped together 
 in a seething, putrid pile of unburied corpses, the decaying 
 odour of which added fuel to the pestilential fire which swept 
 through the city. 
 
 No agony, in her long career, had Genoa endured more 
 keen than this. Better far were the bombs showered on her by 
 Louis XIV. ; better far the insolent extortion of the Austrians. 
 Alone amongst all this misery, Massena, the French com- 
 mander, remained firm. He kept his mind steadfastly fixed 
 on this cause, and on his reputation as an invincible warrior ; 
 but at length he had to succumb, and a convention (as his 
 surrender, out of compliment to his dignity, was called) took 
 place by way of capitulation. It was drawn up on the 4th of 
 June, 1800. Massena, his officers, and his eight thousand men 
 were permitted to go free to France by way of land, and those 
 who could not travel thus, the English engaged to transport 
 to Antibes by sea, 
 
 On this day, at two in the afternoon, Genoa was handed 
 over to the combined forces of Austria and England, and the 
 most ardent democrats departed with the French ; and again 
 the bells were rung, and hymns of praise were sung, whilst 
 bread, meat, and food of all descriptions was lavishly dis- 
 tributed amongst the needy, and not a few fell a sacrifice to 
 the frenzied joy of eating food once more more fatal to their 
 emaciated forms than the abstinence they had gone through. 
 
 A regency was appointed by the allies, containing the 
 names of some of the most honoured citizens, whereupon the 
 aristocrats and their adherents now raised the cry of " Long 
 live the Emperor ! " whilst France and liberty were things of 
 the past. Not a spark of patriotism was there in all this and
 
 406 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 not a word was said about restoring the government on its 
 ancient basis ; the Genoese were content to be tossed to and 
 fro as an apple of discord between the contending armies of 
 Europe, by way of by-play to their more extended field of 
 action. 
 
 The Anglo-Austrian occupation of Genoa was exceeding 
 short-lived. Ten days afterwards they heard of the victory of 
 Marengo, and that the Austrians were flying throygh the 
 plains of Lombardy before the conquering hosts. Hohen- 
 zollern, the German governor of Genoa, rapidly evacuated the 
 late conquests, and on the 24th of June, the French, under 
 Suchet, re-entered the Ligurian capital. Over the town, 
 Napoleon placed a temporary governing body under his own 
 special protection, and when, after the peace of Luxembourg, 
 in 1801, the Austrian emperor gave up all that he held in 
 Italy, Napoleon forthwith set to work to map out the country 
 into Republics and representative governments, which were 
 eventually destined as principalities for his deserving relatives 
 and generals. 
 
 Genoa thus found herself merged in the unmeaning term 
 of a Cisalpine Republic, and found herself called upon to send 
 representatives to Lyons in 1802. There were no means of 
 opposing Napoleon's arbitrary demands, so the Genoese sent, 
 and supplicated their conqueror to deign to give them a con- 
 stitution worthy of their ancient liberty and religion ; and this 
 he vouchsafed to do ; and with this gracious concession the 
 final stroke was given to the liberties of Genoa. On the 2Qth 
 of June, 1802, the new magistrates and the new doge entered 
 into office, under the superintendence of the French plenipoten- 
 tiary. Still Genoa rejoiced in the name of Republic, and alone, 
 from the Alps to Calabria, with the exception of the little 
 San Marino, did Genoa, under her ancient name, send am- 
 bassadors to felicitate the French emperor at Milan, on his 
 coronation with the iron crown of Lombardy as king of Italy. 
 
 Napoleon received this deputation well, with gracious
 
 THE END. 407 
 
 honeyed words, as was his wont ; but underneath the surface he 
 quietly determined to wipe off this blot from the face of his 
 fair Italian kingdom. Amidst the splendour of the coronation, 
 murmurs were spread abroad that humble, republican Genoa 
 did not prosper in those days, that her commerce was fast 
 dying away, that she could ill protect her seas from the African 
 robber, and that if the tricoloured flag of France floated on 
 her towers affairs would be otherwise ; and these reports, 
 added to frequent seditions, had the effect the emperor 
 desired. 
 
 It could be but little surprise to any one that the Ligurian 
 Republic was thus ruined, after the fiery trials of the last ten 
 years, and that when she was ordered to vote in her assembly 
 on the subject of a union with France, there were but few dis- 
 sentient voices, more especially as it was ordained that those 
 who did not vote should be counted as assenting thereto. 
 Consequently the majority was overwhelming in favour of the 
 union, and Gerolamo Durazzo, the last of the long line of 
 doges, was despatched to Milan, to beg that the emperor 
 king would secure the happiness of his ancient country by 
 incorporating it in his glorious empire. 
 
 It was a task fated by a curious destiny, that the last of 
 Genoa's doges should have to kneel in humble supplication 
 before a great Corsican general, and if feelings of country and 
 ancestral pride influenced the minds of the conqueror and the 
 conquered at this moment their respective triumph and 
 humiliation must have been complete. The descendant of a 
 family whose hands for generations had been against Genoa, 
 and the representative of that haughty Republic, for whom 
 cruelty in Corsica had been an heirloom, since the island in 
 the dark ages of mediaeval annals had first fallen under their 
 sway, were here brought face to face under circumstances 
 especially significant to each. 
 
 Pallid but dignified was the face of Durazzo as Napoleon 
 raised him from his kneeling posture with bland and com-
 
 408 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 fort ing words, promising to send Lcbrun forthwith to effect 
 the union, and to visit Genoa in person ere long. 
 
 On the iith of June, 1802, French banners floated over 
 the towers of Genoa ; their territory was divided into three 
 French departments, namely, those of Genoa proper, Monte- 
 notte, and the Apennines, and the doge, Gerolamo Durazzo, 
 was further humbled by being made prefect of the Genoese 
 department. The dawn of the 3Oth of this month broke 
 placidly over Genoa and her inhabitants. At the first ap- 
 pearance of it the clanging of bells, the sound of artillery from 
 fortress and from ship burst forth. In her most splendid days 
 of victory never were signs of joy and gala more glorious. A 
 right gaudy, merry funeral had the time-honoured Republic 
 of Genoa, when Napoleon came to read his funeral oration 
 over her fallen glories. 
 
 At the gate of S. Tommaso an eager, fluttering crowd 
 stood waiting for Napoleon's arrival ; just such an eager, 
 fluttering crowd as had welcomed home a score of victorious 
 D'Orias from their many conquests. In the sumptuous 
 palace where Andrea had breathed his last was Napoleon 
 lodged, and there he received the keys of the city and the 
 adulation of his new subjects. Under the same walls did 
 Genoa and her great admiral draw their last breath, both 
 decrepit and worn out by the vicissitudes of glorious and 
 eventful careers. 
 
 In the cathedral of S. Lorenzo, amidst the fumes of 
 incense, and to the music of an Ambrosian chant, did the 
 mouth of the archbishop utter the fatal oath of allegiance to 
 Napoleon ; the people here assembled praised heaven for 
 giving them so beneficent a ruler. And this ceremony con- 
 cluded, the beneficent ruler hied him joyfully on his way to 
 Paris, leaving Lebrun, arch-treasurer of the empire, to arrange 
 the new form of government. 
 
 Certainly, from her union with France, Genoa received a 
 temporary impetus to her commerce, such as had been un-
 
 THE END. 409 
 
 known under the later years of the dominion of the red cross ; 
 and, until Napoleon's overthrow in 1814, Genoa plodded on 
 her way peacefully, contented and obedient. But her identity 
 was lost. She was no longer of greater w r eight in the scale of 
 nations than any other well-to-do seafaring city. 
 
 Genoa's fortunes immediately after the downfall of Napo- 
 leon, pending her union with the house of Savoy, are in- 
 teresting, most especially to England. The more youthful 
 St. George 1 then took his aged, enslaved parent under his 
 own wing, and for a time it was thought would re-establish 
 the parental banner again on the walls of Genoa, but political 
 interests required it to be otherwise ; and at the Congress of 
 Vienna it was England who advocated most warmly her final 
 union with the Sardinian dynasty. 
 
 It was with feelings of alarm that the Genoese saw an 
 English fleet hovering outside the harbour in 1814. They 
 still had an unpleasant recollection of the blockade which had 
 taken place fourteen years before. They felt that the French 
 general, Fresia, then within the walls, might act the part of 
 Massena, and that once more they might be subjected to 
 meagre diet. There existed, as usual, two parties within the 
 walls, one who advocated an unconditional surrender, and the 
 other for holding out to the last. These latter opinions were 
 chiefly held in the freemasons' lodges, of which there were 
 three in Genoa at that time ; and a wretched revolutionary set 
 they were, with Morando for their grand master, and all the 
 relics of the revolutionary days as his supporters. Morando, 
 we are told, afterwards repented him of his errors, and, be- 
 coming eminently pious, passed his declining years in a 
 convent. 
 
 Vincenzo Spinola, the city prefect, calmly awaited the turn 
 events might take ; and when a large mob, headed by the 
 opponents of blockades and starvation, presented itself before 
 the council hall, he was willing enough to listen to them. They 
 
 1 Vide ch. ii.
 
 410 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 seized the French eagle and tore it down ; and on the 
 following day a crowd of men, women, and children paraded 
 the streets, calling down imprecations on the French, and woe 
 to any Frenchman who came across their path. One unfor- 
 tunate individual in the Via Giulia was seized, insulted, and 
 pelted, and on his trying to escape the women scratched him 
 and the men pommelled him, and it was with difficulty he 
 was extracted alive from the hands of his persecutors, so 
 bitter was this sudden flame of wrath kindled against the 
 French. Napoleon's statue was knocked down, and his head 
 turned into a public foot-ball amidst imprecations on the 
 fallen prisoner in Elba, so lately the idol of their hearts. 
 
 The discovery of some gunpowder placed about the town, 
 and the suspicion that the French had done it, finally ex- 
 asperated the people so much that it was impossible to hold 
 out any longer, and the government admitted the English 
 admiral, William Bentinck, amidst the same applause and the 
 same festivities which had greeted Napoleon so short a time 
 before. 
 
 On the 2Oth of April, the British fleet, under Vice-admiral 
 Pellew, entered the port, and a commissary of marines, Gius- 
 tiniani by name, presented himself to him, and thinking he 
 was Admiral Bentinck, addressed him in courteous French. 
 Forthwith Pellew indignantly responded in Italian, " Who are 
 you ? Are you another of those French devils ? " " No," 
 replied Giustiniani ; "I am a Genoese noble." "Then," 
 answered the British lion, "if you are Italian, why the devil 
 don't you speak your own language." A rebuffed and wiser 
 man, we may hope, the Genoese returned to his town. 
 
 When Bentinck entered Genoa he was received with loud 
 acclamations of joy. He talked much about the establishment 
 of the old regime, and in fact went so far as to appoint a 
 provisionary government on the method of the old Republican 
 government, pending the receipt of instructions from home. 
 
 For England and Austria, the welfare of Genoa, and the
 
 THE END. 4II 
 
 future fortunes of the Ligurian capital, were to be one of the 
 important subjects of discussion in the coming congress. The 
 aggrandizement of the house of Savoy, as a counterpoise to 
 French influence in Italy, had been a favourite scheme of 
 William Pitt. Lord Castlereagh carried on the same project, 
 and the Austrian prince, Metternich, was of the same mind ; 
 hence the annexation of Genoa to the Sardinian dominions 
 was with them a foregone conclusion, a plan conceived by the 
 British ministry in London and matured by the congress of 
 Vienna. 
 
 To Paris, the Genoese despatched one Pareto, to watch 
 over their interests, and, if possible, to maintain for them their 
 independence. To Vienna they sent Brignole for the same 
 purpose, but without avail. Prince Metternich told a Genoese 
 lady in Paris, that he considered few Genoese sincerely 
 desired the re-establishment of the old republic, scarcely 
 one in ten of the inhabitants ; whilst the emperor Francis told 
 Brignole that " the republic is no longer of our days." And a 
 gloomy foreboding that their day was over possessed the 
 governors of Liguria. 
 
 Moreover, the inhabitants of the two Riviere, from Savona 
 to Spezia, disliked Genoa. They had suffered, like Corsica, 
 from centuries of oppression. If they had no distinguished 
 leader like Corsica, no Sampiero, no Pasquale de Paoli, they 
 had, at least, plenty of banditti and robbers who haunted 
 their mountains and formed nests, for the discontented who 
 disliked living peacefully under Genoa, and determined that 
 none others should. 
 
 Hence a reconstruction of Genoa on her former basis was 
 impossible. They talked much of making her a sort of Han- 
 seatic town, with no territory outside her walls, dependent on 
 Anglo- Austrian protection. They talked much of a princi- 
 pality on the same basis, but it soon became manifest that 
 nothing short of absolute surrender of the city to the king of 
 Sardinia would suit the policy of the allies. So, with
 
 412 GENOA; HOW THE REPUBLIC ROSE AND FELL. 
 
 mournful hearts, the Genoese learnt their fate. A sadness 
 and gloom pervaded the city, which contrasted mournfully 
 with their joyous reception of Bentinck, when the proclamation 
 came ; and on the 2/th of December, Dalrymple publicly 
 notified to the Genoese the orders he had received from 
 Vienna ; and thus was the once " proud mistress of those 
 inland seas," the haughty Ligurian Republic, who had owned 
 kings for her vassals, finally enrolled amongst the dominions 
 of the house of Savoy as a duchy. 
 
 Now no city in Italy is more loyal, now no city in Italy 
 gives a heartier welcome to the sovereign of the peninsula : and 
 if this humiliation caused the doge, whom Bentinck had tem- 
 porarily set up, to resign his post and kneel before Victor 
 Emmanuel I., yet it took place before an Italian prince. It 
 was no longer a Louis XIV., or a Napoleon, to whom an Italian 
 did homage, but it was to the hope of the Italian future, to 
 whom Genoa was to become the chief corner-stone. 
 
 Life and vitality were not extinct in the old Ligurian capital. 
 Mazzini was born here. Mazzini was buried in her gorgeous 
 cemetery. As the port of the Sardinian Government her com- 
 merce again flourished, and a new era opened before her. From 
 Genoa, Garibaldi started on his world-famed expedition to 
 Sicily ; and Genoa, in the advance and progress of united 
 Italy, has acted no idle part. Far better thus than dragging 
 on a weary existence as a factious, querulous republic, when 
 this form of government was superannuated in Italy. All hope 
 of restoring her past glory faded away when Christopher 
 Columbus set foot on America. And better for her would it 
 have been if the last three centuries could be blotted from her 
 history, and that she had died whilst her honours lay thick 
 around her. 
 
 As it is, we cannot separate her past from her latter 
 history ; we look upon her rather in the light of one of those 
 troublesome blots on the map of Europe which furnished 
 occasions for war between conflicting monarchs, rather than
 
 THE END. 413 
 
 as the once flourishing Ligurian Republic, whose banner 
 floated over countless towers, from the Pillars of Hercules to 
 the remotest confines of the Black Sea. 
 
 " Proud city, that by the Ligurian sea 
 Sittest as at a mirror, lofty and fair ; 
 And, towering from thy curving banks in air 
 Scornest the mountains that attend on thee ; 
 Why, with such structures to which Italy 
 
 Has nothing else, though glorious to compare, 
 Hast thou not souls with something like a share 
 Of look, heart, spirit, and ingenuity ?" 
 
 LEIGH HUNT, Ode to Genoa.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ROMAN LIGURIA. 
 
 IT is a matter of speculation as to whether the name " Liguria " is of 
 Celtic, Greek, or Roman origin ; some trace in it the name of a mystic 
 hero called " Ligure," whilst others would derive it from " Legume," vege- 
 tables, from the fact, perhaps, that the barren Liguria was more wanting 
 than other countries in this commodity. Most probably it is from the 
 Latin word " ligurio," to lick, poetically illustrative of the way their 
 whole territory is bathed by the Mediterranean. 
 
 In their origin the Ligurians were a wild Celtic race, who inhabited 
 /" rocky shores about Genoa, without a history until the Carthaginians 
 warred against Rome. They threw in their lot with Carthage, and suf- 
 fered for it accordingly. In the second Punic war Genoa alone of the 
 towns of Liguria espoused the cause of Rome, and for this they were 
 visited with condign punishment by Mago, Hannibal's brother ; the city 
 was sacked, and the walls were razed, B.C. 205. Nevertheless, in the end 
 Rome conquered, and Rome was not unmindful of her ally ; henceforth 
 Genoa became the queen of Liguria, and her supremacy along this coast 
 dates from the second Punic war. 
 
 A few years later Liguria threw in its lot with the cisalpine Gauls. 
 They invaded Placentia and Cremona, but eventually the Ligurian valour 
 and strength was overthrown by Paulus Emilius, near Albenga, and 
 thenceforth this portion of Italy was incorporated with triumphant Rome. 
 
 But Liguria was a troublesome restless province ; again and again 
 it rebelled, and again and again strong consular armies were sent 
 
 against it. 
 
 " Adsuetumque malo Ligurem," 
 
 says Virgil in his Georgics, and in these words he sums up the history of 
 early Roman Liguria. Each insurrection was followed by a defeat, and 
 each defeat brought with it attendant horrors. Nevertheless, Roman 
 influence was the foundation of Genoa's prosperity. Recognizing the 
 impossibility of establishing a firm influence in this part without adequate 
 roadways, the Romans decided, with their usual skill, to open out a com-
 
 4i 6 APPENDIX. 
 
 munication. From Tortona there branched off a road from the Aurelian, 
 called the Via Postumia, through the mountain fastnesses to Acqui, and 
 thence two branches diverged right and left, one leading into Gaul, and 
 the other, after passing through Genoa, joined the Aurelian way at Luna. 
 And thus was the first step established in the rise and development of 
 Genoa. 
 
 Together with the advantages of direct communication with the 
 Roman world, Liguria obtained the privileges of Roman civilization. 
 Genoa was made a " municipium," and was inscribed in the tribe Galeria, 
 which facts we gather from undisputable monuments one at Tortona, 
 which speaks of one Caius Marius Eliarus, as " Decurio et Flamen muni- 
 cipii Genuensis," and another, which was discovered at Rome in 1796, 
 which bears testimony to Genoa's having been inscribed in the tribe 
 Galeria. 
 
 Furthermore, we gather from a curious tablet found in the Polcevera 
 valley in 1506, that in the year B.C. 118, on the occasion of a quarrel 
 having arisen about territorial limits between the Genoese and the 
 inhabitants of this valley, two Roman judges were sent to decide the 
 dispute, and the disputants abided thereby. This tablet, which is of 
 bronze, is still to be seen in the palace of the municipio at Genoa. 
 
 Without entering into the merits of a Roman " municipium," we may 
 add that Genoa derived from these days of prosperity her later ideas of 
 self-government and freedom the right of the plebs to make itself heard 
 in the affairs of the community ; and thus, whilst instilling order and 
 tranquillity into the bosom of the Ligurian mountains, Rome acquired 
 for herself the strong military assistance of these stalwart, seafaring 
 mountaineers. 
 
 Thus, when Marius fought in Numidia against Jugurtha, it was a 
 Ligurian soldier who discovered a hazardous path by which the capture 
 of Capsa was effected, hitherto deemed impregnable, and where Jugurtha 
 had concealed his treasures. 
 
 Great was the opposition raised by the Ligurians to the establishment 
 of the empire in Rome. A fine monument at Torbia, between Monaco 
 and Nice, was put up to testify to the triumphs of Augustus in subduing 
 these refractory subjects ; and when Italy was divided by him into eleven 
 districts, Liguria formed the ninth. 
 
 Turning herself now to the employments of peace, Genoa, as Strabo 
 tells us, rapidly grew in commercial importance, and from her depen- 
 dencies of Yado and Albenga went forth two low-born military rulers of 
 the empire, namely, Pertinax, who for eighty days in A.D. 193, governed 
 K<>me, and Froculus, who, in A.D. 280, placed upon himself for a short 
 time the imperial crown by an insurrection in Gaul. 
 
 The division of Augustus, and the rule of the empire continued un- 
 altered in Liguria till the days of Constantine, when it became a consulate 
 extending from the Po to the sea. At last came the downfall of the
 
 APPENDIX. 4,7 
 
 Roman fabric, and the invasion of the Lombards, when Genoa, from her 
 retired position on the sea away from the high roads of central Italy, 
 became for years the residence of the Milanese bishops, and the spot 
 where the institutions of Rome continued longest and most unadulterated, 
 to blossom forth in succeeding centuries as the Genoese Republic. 
 
 II. 
 ON GENOESE COINS. 
 
 THE most ancient coin of the Genoese mint was the danaiv, twelve' of 
 which went to a soldo, and two hundred and forty, or twenty soldi, to a 
 lira. The lira and the soldo were, however, at that time not actually 
 coined, but used only in reckoning. 
 
 Conrad III., when king of the Romans, gave permission to the Republic 
 to coin their own money in December 1138, when the first danaro was 
 struck. On the obverse is seen fazgriffo or castle of Genoa, with the three 
 towers and the king's name, on the reverse is the cross, the banner of 
 Genoa, and the inscription " Janua." 
 
 This danaro was divided into halves and quarters, called respectively 
 medaglia and quartaro. It was not long before a larger coin appeared, 
 called the grosso, about 1172, as was the case in most other Italian mints. 
 It was of silver, and is supposed to have been worth four danari, equal to 
 about the value of the old Italian danaro of Otho I. And in contra- 
 distinction to this grosso, the ordinary danaro was called piccolo or 
 mimito. 
 
 About a century later (1272) a new grosso came out, which, though 
 bearing the name of the old coin, was double its value. But owing to 
 the great debasement of coinage which is noticeable in all mints of this 
 period, the new grosso could not be issued at the value of eight danari as 
 it should have been, but was given out for twelve danari, and therefore 
 was the first actual soldo in Genoa. 
 
 By this progressive law of debasement this double grosso passed by 
 the end of the fourteenth century from the value of one to two soldi, and 
 continued this apparent though fictitious increase in value down to our 
 times. Under the doge Battista Fregoso (1478-83) this grosso was 
 legally announced as worth five soldi. 
 
 Such was the condition of the chief silver coin of Genoa when, in 
 1488, G. G. Maria Sforza, duke of Milan, obtained the lordship over 
 Genoa. 1 Desirous of pleasing the Republic he appointed Genoese 
 
 1 Vide ch. ix. 
 
 2 E
 
 4i 8 APPENDIX. 
 
 governors, the first of whom was Pietro Campofregoso, the former doge, 
 and a cardinal. He was succeeded by Agostino Adorno. Both these 
 governors, as a mark of special favour, were permitted to put their name 
 or arms with those of the duke on the coins. 
 
 The Avvocato Avignone has ably and intelligibly deciphered an in- 
 scription, which runs as follows P : C : CA : DUCALIS : GUBER : I A, 
 which is found around coins of the first of these above-named governors, 
 to mean " Petrus Campofregosus Cardinalis Ducalis Gubernator Janua," 
 instead of an unintelligible desire to introduce the word ducat, which I 
 have seen in the explanation of it contained in eight or nine Dutch and 
 French numismatical works. 
 
 Cardinal Campofregoso was governor from January to August, 1488, 
 and after a short interval Agostino Adorno succeeded him, and his name 
 is found in like manner on the coins, the reverse being the same in both 
 cases, with S.A., the initials of the mint-master. 
 
 About this period, owing to the plentifulness of silver, all mints began 
 to coin in that metal in hitherto unknown sizes. The Duke G. G. Maria 
 Sforza was amongst the first to coin at Milan an actual silver lira, which, 
 from having the duke's head on it, was called a testone. The monetary 
 system of Genoa and Milan being somewhat different, the coin which in 
 Milan was worth twenty soldi, was at Genoa only worth fourteen soldi 
 eight danari. Hence the duke, wishing to have a Genoese coin similar to 
 the testone, but conformable to the Genoese system, had a coin struck ijn 
 Genoa worth fifteen Genoese soldi. Hence we find that G. G. Maria 
 Sforza's coin struck at Genoa is rather heavier than his Milanese 
 testone. 
 
 Soon after this the Genoese expressed a wish to have an actual lira of 
 twenty Genoese soldi. We have documentary proof of the existence of 
 the coin of fifteen soldi in 1490, and three years later of that of twenty 
 .)/<//, and both of them are not unfrequent in collections. They were 
 both denominated grossoni to distinguish them from the grossi of five 
 soldi ; and although they had no head stamped upon them, nevertheless, 
 out of imitation of Milan, the Genoese ordinarily spoke of them as 
 tcstoni, a name which is even now in use there, slightly puzzling to the 
 uninitiated. 
 
 The most ancient gold coin, except one or two which never obtained 
 rurrcnry, was the genovino d'oro, afterwards called fiorino after the 
 Florentine usage, and finally ducato after the fashion of the Venetians. 
 It was about the same weight as the silver grosso of Fregoso. 
 
 Louis XII. of France, on his first arrival in Genoa in 1499, preserved 
 the form of the ducat, but put on it his own name and French lilies ; but 
 after the revolution in 1 5O7, 1 when the type of the silver coins was changed, 
 lie introduced the gold scudo (ten of France), which, like its French proto- 
 
 ' Vide ch. ix.
 
 APPENDIX. 419 
 
 type, was called del sole, from the representation of the greater planet 
 which appeared over the crown and shield of lilies. 
 
 After the recovery of her freedom, Genoa continued to coin scudi, 
 and in 1541 the weight of this scudo was decided by a decree of the 
 senate, and was called delle cinque stampe " of the five mints," from 
 the fact that five or more Italian and foreign mints agreed to coin money 
 of equal value, though with their own types. And this became the 
 monetary basis of gold down to the fall of the Republic, varying but little 
 in weight from the scudi struck in 1571, and is always referred to in the 
 subsequent financial documents of the Republic, or, to speak more cor- 
 rectly, it is the doppia delle cinque stampe, being merely a double scudo 
 of that weight. 1 
 
 The earliest appearance of the gold coinage of Genoa was in the 
 first half of the thirteenth century, and was valued at eight soldi, and 
 called, as above mentioned, the genovino d'oro. It was subdivided into 
 two smaller gold coins, namely, a quartardo of two soldi and an Ottawa of 
 one. This latter coin was very small, and but little used. There was also 
 a terzarolo, or a third of a genovino d'oro, coined by some of the doges 
 in gold, having only the inscription DUX IANU./E, and no ordinal 
 numbers. 
 
 The genovino of Genoa and the fiorino of Florence progressed by 
 the beginning of the fourteenth century to the value of sixteen or seven- 
 teen soldi; and in 1309 in Genoa it became twenty soldi or the first 
 actual gold lira. It continued thus to rise in value up to twenty-five 
 soldi until the beginning of the fifteenth century, when its name was 
 changed to dttcato, probably because the fiorino of Florence had been 
 debased. Nevertheless, the name of fiorino continued to be used in 
 ordinary speech as a fixed equivalent for twenty-five soldi whilst the 
 ducato continued to rise in value, and this has continued down to our 
 own times. 
 
 In 1412 the ducat was worth approximately thirty soldi, or one-and-a- 
 half lira, in 1434 two lir-e, in 1454 two-and-a-half /z>r, from 1484-89 three- 
 and-a-half lire. It continued rising to sixty-two and sixty-four soldi until 
 1507, when Louis XII. substituted his ten of less value, which fixed it at 
 three lire. After this no more ducats were coined, but continued long in 
 circulation. 
 
 In like manner the scudo perpetually rose in value owing to the de- 
 basement of soldi, and danari, and from the change in value of silver and 
 gold. In 1541 it was worth sixty-eight soldi, and the scudo delle cinque 
 stampe was legally established at that value. The governor of Genoa 
 wished it to remain immutable, but this was impossible, and it remained 
 a nominal scudo of sixty-eight soldi, just as the fiorino remained a 
 nominal representative of twenty-five soldi. 
 
 ' Vide Gandolfi della moneta antica di Geneva.
 
 4^0 APPENDIX. 
 
 But the real scndo continued its upward rise, and was called d'oro in 
 oro to denote the genuineness of the metal of which it was made. In 
 1551 the scudo was of the value of three lire ten soldi, and in 1593 four 
 lire eight soldi. 
 
 In this manner did the rulers of Genoa ineffectually strive to check 
 the inconvenience arising from the increased value of gold ; and in 1593 
 a new silver coin was struck which bore the name of scudo. It is a well- 
 known coin, and was called the scudo coronato from the fact that there 
 appears a crown over the above-mentioned castle of Genoa, and also the 
 scudo d'argento to distinguish it from its golden namesake. But as with 
 the gold coin so it was with the silver, which kept rising in value until at 
 the fusion of Genoa with the French Empire the Genoese silver scudo 
 had a commercial value of nine lire sixteen soldi. 
 
 We have documentary evidence to prove that a silver scudo was 
 issued prior to 1593 without a crown, probably about 1563, of the value of 
 four lire, and somewhat smaller than the scudo coronato, but there appear 
 to be no specimens now in existence, and if such a coin did exist, its 
 circulation must have been very limited, and was probably called in on 
 the issue of the scudi coronati. For after the assumption of the title of 
 " serenissimo " by the Republic, and its recognition by the emperor of 
 Austria, an uncrowned coat-of-arms would be considered as a national 
 indignity. 
 
 Subsequent to 1593 the silver scudi were multiplied in weight double, 
 triple, and so forth, keeping the original type and basis until 1638, when 
 the image of the Virgin was substituted for the castle. 1 In 1666 a coin 
 was struck called di San Giorgio, or a piece of eight reales, showing the 
 influence of the bank of St. George and of the Spaniards at this time 
 over Genoese affairs. During the remainder of the Republic's natural 
 life new pieces were issued for various amounts, two, three, four, or ten 
 scudi in silver, and twelve, twenty-five, or fifty scudi in gold, all of which 
 are plentiful in collections. 
 
 Apart from the Republic's coinage proper, there exist endless specimens 
 of private mints, the Spinola, D'Oria, Grimaldi, and Fieschi, to dive into 
 \vhirh would be an endless and unsatisfactory study. 
 
 1 Vide ch. xvi. 
 
 :n \\\ WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON' AND BECCLIS.
 
 A LIST OF 
 
 KEG AN PAUL, TRENCH, & COJS 
 PUBLICATIONS.
 
 I Paternoster Square, 
 
 London. 
 
 A LIST OF 
 
 KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO.'S 
 PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 ADAMS (F. O.) F.R.G.S.Tim HISTORY OF JAPAN. From the Earliest 
 Period to the Present Time. New Edition, revised. 2 volumes. With Maps 
 and Plans. Demy 8vo. price 2is. each. 
 
 ADAMSON (H. T.) B.D. THE TRUTH AS IT is IN JESUS. Crown 8vo. 
 
 cloth, price Ss. 6d. 
 THE THREE SEVENS. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5^. 6d, 
 
 THE MILLENNIUM ; OR, THE MYSTERY OF GOD FINISHED. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 A. K. H. B. FROM A QUIET PLACE. A New Volume of Sermons. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 ALLEN (Rev. R.} M.A. ABRAHAM ; HIS LIFE, TIMES, AND TRAVELS, 
 
 3,800 years ago. With Map. Second Edition. Post 8vo. price 6s. 
 ALLEN (Grant} B.A. PHYSIOLOGICAL ^ESTHETICS. Large post 8vo. gs. 
 ALLIES (T. W.) M.A.'PER CRUCEM AD LUCEM. The Result of a 
 
 Life. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 25^. 
 A LIFE'S DECISION. Crown 8vo. cloth, price js. 6d. 
 
 ANDERDON(Rev. W. If.) FASTI APOSTOLICI. A Chronology of the 
 Years between the Ascension of Our Lord and the Martyrdom of SS. Peter 
 and Paul. Crown 8vo. cloth, price zs. 6d. 
 
 ANDERSON (R. C.) C.E. TABLES FOR FACILITATING THE CALCULA- 
 TION OF EVERY DETAIL IN CONNECTION WITH EARTHEN AND MASONRY 
 DAMS. Royal 8vo. price 2. 2s. 
 
 ARCHER (Thomas] ABOUT MY FATHER'S BUSINESS. Work amidst the 
 Sick, the Sad, and the Sorrowing. Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 ARMSTRONG (Richard A.} B.A. LATTER-DAY TEACHERS. Six 
 
 Lectures. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 ARNOLD (Arthur) SOCIAL POLITICS. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 14?. 
 FREE LAND. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 A UBERTIN (J. /) A FLIGHT TO MEXICO. With 7 full-page Illus- 
 trations and a Railway Map of Mexico. Crown 8vo. cloth, price "js. 6d. 
 
 BADGER (George Percy) D.C.L. AN ENGLISH-ARABIC LEXICON. In 
 which the equivalent for English Words and Idiomatic Sentences are rendered 
 into literary and colloquial Arabic. Royal 4to. cloth, price 9. gs. 
 
 j;. ICEHOT (Walter) THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. Third Edition, 
 
 Crown Svo. price Js. 6d. 
 
 LOMBARD STREET. A Description of the Money Market. Seventh 
 Edition. Crown Svo. price 7.5-. 6<f. 
 
 SOME ARTICLES ON THE DEPRECIATION OF SILVER, AND TOPICS 
 CONNECTED WITH IT. Demy Svo. price $s.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 3 
 
 BAGENAL {Philip H.] THE AMERICAN-IRISH AND THEIR INFLUENCE 
 ON IRISH POLITICS. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5^. 
 
 BAGOT ' (Alan} C.E. ACCIDENTS IN MINES : Their Causes and Preven- 
 tion. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF COLLIERY VENTILATION. Second Edition, 
 greatly enlarged, crown 8vo. cloth, price 5^. 
 
 BAKER (Sir Sherston, Bart.) HALLECK'S INTERNATIONAL LAW ; or, 
 Rules Regulating the Intercourse of States in Peace and War. A New Edition, 
 revised, with Notes and Cases. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 38^. 
 
 THE LAWS RELATING TO QUARANTINE. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 1 2 s. 6d. 
 
 BALD WIN ( Capt. J. H} THE LARGE AND SMALL GAME OF BENGAL 
 AND THE NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES OF INDIA. 4to. With numerous 
 Illustrations. Second Edition. Price 2U. 
 
 BALLIN (Ada S. and F. Z.) A HEBREW GRAMMAR. With Exercises 
 selected from the Bible. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7.?. 6d. _ 
 
 BARCLAY (Edgar] MOUNTAIN LIFE IN ALGERIA. Crown 4to. 
 
 With numerous Illustrations by Photogravure. Cloth, price l6s. 
 
 BARLOW(y. W.} M.A. THE ULTIMATUM OF PESSIMISM. An Ethical 
 Study. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 BARNES ( William} AN OUTLINE OF ENGLISH SPEECHCRAFT. Crown 
 
 8vo. price 4r. 
 
 OUTLINES OF REDECRAFT (Locic). With English Wording. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price T,S. 
 
 BARTLEY(G. C. T.} DOMESTIC ECONOMY : Thrift in Every-Day Life. 
 Taught in Dialogues suitable for children of all ages. Small cr. 8vo. price 2s. 
 
 BAUR (Ferdinand] Dr. Ph., Professor in Maulbronn. A PHILOLOGICAL 
 INTRODUCTION TO GREEK AND LATIN FOR STUDENTS. Translated and 
 adapted from the German by C. KEGAN PAUL, M.A., and the Rev. E. D. 
 STONE, M.A. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 BA YNES (Rev. Canon R. H} AT THE COMMUNION TIME. A Manual 
 for Holy Communion. With a preface by the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of 
 Derry and Raphoe. Cloth, price is. 6d. 
 
 BELLARS (Rev. W.} THE TESTIMONY OF CONSCIENCE TO THE TRUTH 
 AND DIVINE ORIGIN OF THE CHRISTIAN REVELATION. Bumey Prize 
 Essay. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3*. 6d. 
 
 BELLINGHAM (Henry] M.P. SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CATHOLICISM 
 AND PROTESTANTISM IN THEIR CIVIL BEARING UPON NATIONS, Translated 
 and adapted from the French of M. le Baron de Haulleville. With a preface 
 by His Eminence Cardinal Manning. Second and Cheaper Edition. Crown 
 8vo. price 3.?. 6d. 
 
 J3ENN (Alfred W.} THE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS. 2 vols. demy 8vo. 
 
 cloth, price 28^. 
 
 BENT (J. Theodore} GENOA : How the Republic Rose and Fell. With 
 18 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. cloth, price l8s. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD (The Lady] REMINISCENCES OF COURT AND DIPLO- 
 MATIC LIFE. With 3 Portraits and 6 Illustrations. Third Edition. 2 vols. 
 demy 8vo. cloth, price 28^. 
 
 A2
 
 4 A List of 
 
 BLUNT (The Ven. Archdeacon) THE DIVINE PATRIOT, AND OTHER 
 
 SERMONS, Preached in Scarborough and in Cannes. Crown Svo. cloth, 6s. 
 BLUNT (Wilfrid S.) THE FUTURE OF ISLAM. Crown 8vo. cloth, 6s. 
 
 BONW1CK (/.) F.R.G.S PYRAMID FACTS AND FANCIES. Crown 8vo. 
 
 price 5-r. 
 EGYPTIAN BELIEF AND MODERN THOUGHT. Large post 8vo. cloth, 
 
 price IOJ. 6d. 
 
 BOUVERIE-PUSEY(S. E. B.} PERMANENCE AND EVOLUTION. An 
 
 Inquiry into the supposed Mutability of Animal Types. Crown 8vo. cloth, 5^. 
 
 BOWEN (H. C.) M.A. STUDIES IN ENGLISH, for the use of Modern 
 
 Schools. Third Edition. Small crown 8vo. price is. 6d. 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price is. 
 
 BRIDGETT (Rev. T. E.) HISTORY OF THE HOLY EUCHARIST IN 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 2 vols. Demy Svo. cloth, price iSs. 
 BRODRICK (the Hon. G. C.) POLITICAL STUDIES. Demy Svo. cloth, 
 
 price 14^. 
 BROOKE (Rei>. S. A.} LIFE AND LETTERS OF THE LATE REV. F. W. 
 
 ROBERTSON, M.A. Edited by. 
 
 I. Uniform with Robertson's Sermons. 2 vols. With Steel Portrait. Price Js. 6d. 
 II. Library Edition. Svo. With Portrait. Price 12s. 
 III. A Popular Edition. In I vol. Svo. price 6s. 
 
 THE SPIRIT OF THE CHRISTIAN LIFE. A New Volume of Sermons. 
 
 Second Edition. Crown Svo. cloth, price 7-r. 6d. 
 
 THE FIGHT OF FAITH. Sermons preached on various occasions. 
 Fifth Edition. Crown Svo. price "js. 6d. 
 
 THEOLOGY IN THE ENGLISH POETS. Cowper, Coleridge, Wordsworth, 
 and Burns. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Post Svo. price $s. 
 
 CHRIST IN MODERN LIFE. Sixteenth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 
 Svo. price 5-f. 
 
 SERMONS. First Series. Twelfth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 
 price S-r. 
 
 SERMONS. Second Series. Fifth and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo. 
 
 price $s. 
 BROOKE (W. G.} M.A. THE PUBLIC WORSHIP REGULATION ACT. 
 
 With a Classified Statement of its Provisions, Notes, and Index. Third 
 Edition, revised and corrected. Crown Svo. price 3.!-. 6d. 
 
 Six PRIVY COUNCIL JUDGMENTS 1850-72. Annotated by. Third 
 Edition. Crown Svo. price gs. 
 
 BROWN (Rev. f. Baldwin) jB.A.TaE HIGHER LIFE. Its Reality, 
 Experience, and Destiny. Fifth Edition. Crown Svo. price 5 J - 
 
 DOCTRINE OF ANNIHILATION IN THE LIGHT OF THE GOSPEL OF 
 LOVE. Five Discourses. Third Edition. Crown Svo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN POLICY OF LIFE. A Book for Young Men of 
 
 Business. Third Edition. Crown Svo. cloth, price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 BROWN (f. Croumbie) LL.D. REBOISEMENT IN FRANCE; or, Records 
 of the Replanting of the Alps, the Cevennes, and the Pyrenees with Trees, 
 Herbage, and Bush. Demy Svo. price 12s. 6J. 
 
 THE HYDROLOGY OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. Demy Svo. price los. 6d.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 5 
 
 BR O WN (S. Barton) JB.A.Tws. FIRE BAPTISM OF ALL FLESH ; or, 
 
 the Coming Spiritual Crisis of the Dispensation. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 BROWNE ( W. R.) THE INSPIRATION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. With 
 
 a Preface by the Rev. J. P. NORRIS, D.D. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 6J. 
 BURCKHARDT (Jacob} THE CIVILIZATION OF THE PERIOD OF THE 
 
 RENAISSANCE IN ITALY. Authorised translation, by S. G. C. Middlemore. 
 
 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 24?. 
 
 BURTON (Mrs, Richard) THE INNER LIFE OF SYRIA, PALESTINE, AND 
 THE HOLY LAND. With Maps, Photographs, and Coloured Plates. Cheaper 
 Edition in one volume. Large post 8vo. cloth, price icxr. 6d. 
 
 BUSBECQ (Ogier Ghiselin de) His LIFE AND LETTERS. By CHARLES 
 THORNTON FORSTER, M.A., and F. H. BLACKBURNE DANIELL, M.A, 
 2 vols. With Frontispieces. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 24^. 
 
 CANDLER (If.) THE GROUNDWORK OF BELIEF. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 
 price "js. 
 CARPENTER (Dr. Philip P.) His LIFE AND WORK. Edited by his 
 
 brother, Russell Lant Carpenter. With Portrait and Vignettes. Second 
 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7-f. 6d. 
 
 CARPENTER ( W. B.) LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., &c. THE PRINCIPLES 
 OF MENTAL PHYSIOLOGY. With their Applications to the Training and 
 Discipline of the Mind, and the Study of its Morbid Conditions. Illustrated. 
 Sixth Edition. 8vo. price 12s. 
 
 CERVANTES THE INGENIOUS KNIGHT DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 
 
 A New Translation from the Originals of 1605 and 1608. By A. J. DUFFIELD. 
 With Notes. 3 vols. Demy 8vo. price 42^. 
 
 CHEYNE(Rev. T. AT.) THE PROPHECIES OF ISAIAH. Translated with 
 Critical Notes and Dissertations. 2 vols. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. cloth, 
 price 25*. 
 
 CLAIRA UT ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. Translated by Dr. KAINES. 
 
 With 145 Figures. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 4*. 6d. 
 
 CLA YDEN (P. IV.) ENGLAND UNDER LORD BEACONSFIELD. The 
 
 Political History of the Last Six Years, from the end of 1873 to the beginning 
 of 1880. Second Edition, with Index and continuation to March 1 880. Demy 
 8vo. cloth, price i6.r. 
 CLODD (Edward) F.R.A.S. THE CHILDHOOD OF THE WORLD : a 
 
 Simple Account of Man in Early Times. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. price y. 
 A Special Edition for Schools. Price is. 
 
 THE CHILDHOOD OF RELIGIONS. Including a Simple Account of the 
 
 Birth and Growth of Myths and Legends. Ninth Thousand. Crown 8vo. 
 price 5-f- 
 
 A Special Edition for Schools. Price is. 6d. 
 
 JESUS OF NAZARETH. With a brief sketch of Jewish History to the 
 Time of His Birth. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 COGHLAN (J. Cole) D.D. THE MODERN PHARISEE AND OTHER 
 SERMONS. Edited by the Very Rev. H. H. DICKINSON, D.D., Dean of 
 Chapel Royal, Dublin. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, Js. 6d. 
 
 COLERIDGE (Sara) PHANTASMION. A Fairy Tale. With an Intro- 
 ductory Preface by the Right Hon. Lord Coleridge, of Ottery St. Mary. A 
 New Edition. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. price *]s. 6J. 
 
 MEMOIR AND LETTERS OF SARA COLERIDGE. Edited by her Daughter. 
 With Index. Cheap Edition. With one Portrait. Price 7-r. 6d.
 
 A List of 
 
 COLLECTS EXEMPLIFIED (The} Being Illustrations from the 
 Old and New Testaments of the Collects for the Sundays after Trinity. By 
 the Author of ' A Commentary on the Epistles and Gospels.' Edited by the 
 Rev. JOSEPH JACKSON. Crown 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 COLLINS (Mortimer] THE SECRET OF LONG LIFE. Small crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price y. 6d. 
 
 CONNELL (A. K.} DISCONTENT AND DANGER IN INDIA. Small crown 
 
 8vo. cloth, price 3.?. 6d. 
 
 COOKE (Prof. f. P.} SCIENTIFIC CULTURE. Crown 8vo. price is. 
 
 COOPER (H. J.) THE ART OF FURNISHING ON RATIONAL AND 
 .^ESTHETIC PRINCIPLES. New and Cheaper Edition. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 
 price is. 6d. 
 
 CORFIELD (Professor) M.D. HEALTH. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 CORY (William) A GUIDE TO MODERN ENGLISH HISTORY. Part I. 
 MDCCCXV.-MDCCCXXX. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 9*. Part II. 
 MDCCCXXX.-MDCCCXXXV. Price 15*. 
 
 CORY (Col. Art/iur)TH.E EASTERN MENACE. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 
 price 7-r. 6d. 
 COTTERILL (H. B.} AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF POETRY. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7.5-. 6d. 
 COURTNEY (W. L.) THE METAPHYSICS OF JOHN STUART MILL. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 6d. 
 
 COX (Rev. Sir George W.} M.A., Bart. A HISTORY OF GREECE FROM THE 
 EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE END OF THE PERSIAN WAR. New Edition. 
 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 36^. 
 
 THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE ARYAN NATIONS. New Edition. Demy 
 
 8vo. price l6s. 
 
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF GREECE FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE 
 DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, with a sketch of the subsequent History 
 to the present time. New Edition. Crown 8vo. price "js. 6d. 
 
 TALES OF ANCIENT GREECE. New Edition. Small crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORY OF GREECE. New Edition. With Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 
 price 3.?. 6d. 
 
 THE GREAT PERSIAN WAR FROM THE HISTORY OF HERODOTUS. 
 
 New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 35. 6d. 
 
 A MANUAL OF MYTHOLOGY IN THE FORM OF QUESTION AND ANSWER. 
 
 New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 3^. 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF COMPARATIVE MYTHOLOGY 
 AND FOLK-LORE. Crown 8vo. cloth, price gs. 
 
 COX (Rev. Sir G. W.) MA., Bart., and JONES (Eustace Hinton) 
 POPULAR ROMANCES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. Second Edition, in i vol. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 COX (Rei\ Samuel} SALVATOR MUNDI ; or, Is Christ the Saviour of all 
 
 Men ? Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5-r. 
 THE GENESIS OF EVIL, AND OTHER SERMONS, mainly expositor)-. 
 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 A COMMENTARY ON THE BOOK OF JOB. With a Translation. Demy 
 
 Svo. cloth, price 15^.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 7 
 
 CRAUFURD (A. H.) SEEKING FOR LIGHT: Sermons. Crown 8vo< 
 
 cloth, price $s. 
 CRA VEN (Mrs.) A YEAR'S MEDITATIONS. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 CRA WFURD (Oswald) PORTUGAL, OLD AND NEW. With Illustrations 
 
 and Maps. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 CROZ1ER (John Seattle) M.fi.TuE RELIGION OF THE FUTURE. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 CYCLOPAEDIA OF COMMON THINGS. Edited by the Rev. Sir GEORGE 
 
 W. Cox, Bart., M.A. With 500 Illustrations. Third Edition. Large post 
 8vo. cloth, price Js. 6d. 
 
 DALTON (John Neale) M.A., R.N. SERMONS TO NAVAL CADETS. 
 Preached on board H. M.S. 'Britannia.' Second Edition. Small crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price y. 6d. 
 
 DAVIDSON (Thomas} THE PARTHENON- FRIEZE, and other Essays. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 DA VIDSON (Rev. Samuel) D.D., LL.D. THE NEW TESTAMENT 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE LATEST GREEK TEXT OF TlSCHENDORF. A New 
 
 and thoroughly revised Edition. Post 8vo. price icxr. 6d. 
 CANON OF THE BIBLE : Its Formation, History, and Fluctuations. 
 
 Third and revised Edition. Small crown 8vo. price 5J. 
 THE DOCTRINE OF LAST THINGS, contained in the New Testament, 
 
 compared with the Notions of the Jews and the Statements of Church Creeds. 
 
 Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3.?. 6d. 
 
 DA VIES (Rei>. J. Z.) M.A. THEOLOGY AND MORALITY. Essays on 
 
 Questions of Belief and Practice. Crown 8vo. price ^s. 6d. 
 
 DAWSON (Geo.} M.A. PRAYERS, WITH A DISCOURSE ON PRAYER. 
 
 Edited by his Wife. Eighth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 SERMONS ON DISPUTED POINTS AND SPECIAL OCCASIONS. Edited by 
 
 his Wife. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 SERMONS ON DAILY LIFE AND DUTY. Edited by his Wife. Third 
 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 THE AUTHENTIC GOSPEL. A New Volume of Sermons. Edited by 
 
 GEORGE ST. CLAIR. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 THREE BOOKS OF GOD. Nature, History, and Scripture. Sermons, 
 
 Edited by GEORGE ST. CLAIR. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 DE JONCOURT (Madame Marie) WHOLESOME COOKERY. Crown 
 
 8vo. clotl 1 , price 3^. 6d. 
 
 DE REDCLIFFE (Viscount Stratford) Win AM I A CHRISTIAN? 
 Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. price y. 
 
 DESPREZ (Philip S.) B.D. DANIEL AND JOHN ; or, the Apocalypse of 
 the Old and that of the New Testament. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 12s. 
 
 DIDON (Rev. Aither) SCIENCE WITHOUT GOD. Translated from the 
 French by ROSA CORDER. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5-f. 
 
 DO WD EN (Edward) LL.D. SHAKSPERE : a Critical Study of his Mind 
 and Art. Sixth Edition. Post 8vo. price 12s. 
 
 STUDIES IN LITERATURE, 1789-1877. Second Editicn. Large pest 
 8vo. price 6s.
 
 8 A List of 
 
 DREWRY (G. O.} M.D. THE COMMON-SENSE MANAGEMENT OF THE 
 
 STOMACH. Fifth Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 DREWRY(G. 0.) M.D., and BARTLETT(H. C.} Ph.D., F.C.S. 
 
 CUP AND PLATTER : or, Notes on Food and its Effects. New and 
 Cheaper Edition. Small 8vo. price is. 6d. 
 
 D UFFIELD (A. /.) DON QUIXOTE : HIS CRITICS AND COMMENTATORS. 
 With a brief account of the minor works of MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA, 
 and a statement of the aim and end of the greatest of them all. A handy 
 book for general readers. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3^. dd. 
 
 DU MONCEL (Count} THE TELEPHONE, THE MICROPHONE, AND THE 
 PHONOGRAPH. With 74 Illustrations. Second Edition. Small crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price $s. 
 
 EDGE WORTH (JF. F.) MATHEMATICAL PSYCHICS. An Essay on 
 
 the Application of Mathematics to Social Science. Demy 8vo. cloth, 7-r. 6d. 
 ED IS (Robert IV.} F.S.A: &>c. DECORATION AND FURNITURE OF TOWN 
 HOUSES : a Series of Cantor Lectures, delivered before the Society of Arts, 
 1880. Amplified and Enlarged. With 29 Full-page Illustrations and numerous 
 Sketches. Second Edition. Square 8vo. cloth, price 12s. (>d. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL CODE OF THE PRUSSIAN NATION, IN ITS PRESENT FORM. 
 In accordance with the Decisions of the Common Provincial Law, and with 
 those of Recent Legislation. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 6tt. 
 
 EDUCATION LIBRARY. Edited by PHILIP MAGNUS : 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL THEORIES. 
 
 By OSCAR BROWNING, M.A. Second Edition. Cloth, price %s. &/. 
 JOHN AMOS COMENIUS : his Life and Educational Work. By Prof. 
 
 S. S. LAURIE, A.M. Cloth, price 3*. 6d. 
 OLD GREEK EDUCATION. By the Rev. Prof. MAHAFFY, M.A. Cloth, 
 
 price 3^. 6d. 
 
 SCHOOL MANAGEMENT ; including a General View of the Work of 
 Education, Organization, and Discipline. By JOSEPH LANDON. Crown 8vo. 
 
 cloth, 6s. 
 
 ELSDALE (Henry) STUDIES IN TENNYSON'S IDYLLS. Crown 8vo. 
 
 price $s. 
 
 EL YOT (Sir Thomas} THE BOKE NAMED THE GOUERNOUR. Edited 
 from the First Edition of 1531 by HENRY HERBERT STEPHEN CROFT, M.A., 
 Barrister-at-Law. With Portraits of Sir Thomas and Lady Elyot, copied by 
 permission of her Majesty from Holbein's Original Drawings at Windsor Castle. 
 2 vols. Fcp. 410. cloth, price 50*. 
 
 ERANUS. A COLLECTION OF EXERCISES IN THE ALCAIC AND SAPPHIC 
 METRES. Edited by F. W. CORNISH, Assistant Master at Eton. Crown 
 
 Svo. cloth, 2s. 
 
 EVANS (Mark} THE STORY OF OUR FATHER'S LOVE, told to Children. 
 
 Fifth and Cheaper Edition. With Four Illustrations. Fcp. Svo. price Is. 6d. 
 
 A BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER AND WORSHIP FOR HOUSEHOLD USE, 
 compiled exclusively from the Holy Scriptures. Second Edition. Fcp. Svo. 
 price is. 
 
 THE GOSPEL OF HOME LIFE. Crown Svo. cloth, price 4s. 6d. 
 
 THE KING'S STORY-BOOK. In Three Parts. Fcp. Svo. cloth, price 
 
 is. 6.7. each. 
 *** Parts I. and II. with Eight Illustrations and Two Picture Maps, now ready. 
 
 'FAN Kll'AE' AT CANTON BEFORE TREATY DAYS, 1825-1844. By 
 AN OLO RESIDENT. With Frontispieces. Crown Svo. price $s.
 
 Kegan Paid, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 
 
 FELKIN (H. M.) TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN A SAXON TOWN. Pub- 
 lished for the City and Guilds of London Institute for the Advancement of 
 Technical Education. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 
 
 FIELD (Horace) B.A. Lond. THE ULTIMATE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY. 
 Small crown 8vo. cloth, price y. 6d 
 
 FLO-RE DICE (W. H.} A MONTH AMONG THE MERE IRISH. Small 
 
 crown 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 FOLKESTONE RITUAL CASE : the Arguments, Proceedings, Judgment, and 
 Report. Demy 8vo. price 25^. 
 
 FOR MB Y (Rev. Henry) ANCIENT ROME AND ITS CONNECTION WITH 
 THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION : An Outline of the History of the City from its 
 First Foundation down to the Erection of the Chair of St. Peter, A. D. 42-47. 
 With numerous Illustrations of Ancient Monuments, Sculpture, and Coinage, 
 and of the Antiquities of the Christian Catacombs. Royal 4to. cloth extra, 
 ,2. lOs ; roxburgh half-morocco, 2. izr. 6d. 
 
 FRASER (Donald) EXCHANGE TABLES OF STERLING AND INDIAN 
 
 RUPEE CURRENCY, upon a new and extended system, embracing Values from 
 One Farthing to One Hundred Thousand Pounds, and at rates progressing, in 
 Sixteenths of a Penny, from is. gd. to 2s. ^d. per Rupee. Royal 8vo. price 
 lew. 6d. 
 
 FRISWELL (J. Hain) THE BETTER SELF. Essays for Home Life. 
 
 Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 GARDINER (Samuel R.} and f. EASS MULLINGER, M.A. 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Large crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price gs. 
 
 GARDNER (Dorsey) QUATRE BRAS, LIGNY, AND WATERLOO. A 
 Narrative of the Campaign in Belgium, 1815. With Maps and Plans. Demy 
 8vo. cloth, ids. 
 
 GARDNER (J.*) M.D. LONGEVITY : THE MEANS OF PROLONGING 
 LIFE AFTER MIDDLE AGE. Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged. Small 
 crown 8vo. price 4*. 
 
 GEDDES (James] HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OK JOHN DE 
 
 WITT, Grand Pensionary of Holland. Vol. I. 16231654. With Portrait. 
 Demy Svo. cloth, price \$s. 
 
 GENNA (E.) IRRESPONSIBLE PHILANTHROPISTS. Being some Chap- 
 ters on the Employment of Gentlewomen. Small crown Svo. cloth, price, 2s.f>d. 
 
 GEORGE (Henry} PROGRESS AND POVERTY : an Inquiry into the 
 Causes of Industrial Depressions, and of Increase of Want with Increase of 
 Wealth. The Remedy. Second Edition. Post Svo. cloth, price 7*. (>d. 
 %* Also a Cheap Edition, sewed, price 6d. 
 
 GILBERT (Mrs.} AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND OTHER MEMORIALS. Edited 
 
 by Josiah Gilbert. Third and Cheaper Edition. With Steel Portrait and 
 several Wood Engravings. Crown Svo. price 7-f. f>d. 
 
 GLOVER (F.) M.A. EXEMPLA LATIN A. A First Construing Book with 
 Short Notes, Lexicon, and an Introduction to the Analysis of Sentences. Fcp. 
 Svo. cloth, price 2s. 
 
 GOD WIN ( William) THE GENIUS OF CHRISTIANITY UNVEILED. Being 
 Essays never before published. Edited, with a Preface, by C. Kegan Paul. 
 Crown Svo. price "js. 6d.
 
 io A List of 
 
 GOLDS MID (Sir Francis Henry] Bart., Q.C., M.P. MEMOIR or. 
 Second Edition, revised, with Portrait. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 G OOD ENOUGH (Commodore J. G.) MEMOIR OF, with Extracts from 
 his Letters and Journals. Edited by his Widow. With Steel Engraved 
 Portrait. Square 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 *** Also a Library Edition with Maps, Woodcuts, and Steel Engraved Portrait. 
 Square post 8vo. price 14?. 
 
 GOSSE (Edmund W.] STUDIES IN THE LITERATURE OF NORTHERN 
 
 EUROPE. With a Frontispiece designed and etched by Alma Tadema. New 
 and Cheaper Edition. Large post 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 GOULD (Rev. S. Baring) M.A. THE VICAR OF MORWENSTOW: a Memoir 
 of the Rev. R. S. Hawker. With Portrait. Third Edition, revised. Square 
 post Svo. price icxr. 6d. 
 
 GERMANY, PRESENT AND PAST. New and Cheaper Edition. Large 
 crown Svo. cloth, price Js. 6d. 
 
 GO WAN (Major Walter E.] A. IVANOFF'S RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. 
 (i6th Edition). Translated, enlarged, and arranged for use of Students of the 
 Russian Language. Demy Svo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 GRAHAM ( William] M.A. THE CREED OF SCIENCE, Religious, Moral, 
 and Social. Demy Svo. cloth, price 12s. 
 
 GRIFFITH (Thomas) A.M. THE GOSPEL OF THE DIVINE LIFE : a 
 
 Study of the Fourth Evangelist. Demy Svo. cloth, price 14^. 
 
 GRIMLEY (Rev.H. N^M.A. TREMADOC SERMONS, CHIEFLY ON THE 
 SPIRITUAL BODY, THE UNSEEN WORLD, AND THE DIVINE HUMANITY. 
 Third Edition. Crown Svo. price 6s. 
 
 GR UNER (M. L] STUDIES OF BLAST FURNACE PHENOMENA. Trans- 
 lated by L. D. B. GORDON, F. R. S. E., F. G. S. Demy Svo. price Is. 6d. 
 
 GURNEY (Rev. Archer] WORDS OF FAITH AND CHEER. A Mission 
 of Instruction and Suggestion. Crown Svo. price 6s. 
 
 HAECKEL (Prof. Ernst] THE HISTORY OF CREATION. Translation 
 revised by Professor E. RAY LANKESTER, M.A., F.R.S. With Coloured Plates 
 and Genealogical Trees of the various groups of both plants and animals. 
 2 vols. Second Edition. Post Svo. cloth, price 32^. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF MAN. With numerous Illustra- 
 tions. 2 vols. Post 8vo. price 32*. 
 
 FREEDOM IN SCIENCE AND TEACHING. With a Prefatory Note by 
 T. II. HUXLEY, F.R.S. Crown Svo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 HALF-CROWN SERIES : 
 
 A LOST LOVE. By ANNA C. OGLE (Ashford Owen). 
 
 SISTER DORA : a Biography. By MARGARET LONSDALE. 
 
 TRUE WORDS FOR BRAVE MEN : a Book for Soldiers and Sailors. 
 
 I)}- the late CHARLES KlNGSLEY. 
 
 AN INLAND VOYAGE. By R. L. STEVENSON. 
 TRAVELS WITH A DONKEY. By R. L. STEVENSON.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. u 
 
 HALF-CROWN SERIES continued : 
 
 A NOOK IN THE APENNINES. By LEADER SCOTT. 
 
 NOTES OF TRAVEL : being Extracts from the Journals of Count VON 
 MOLTKE. 
 
 LETTERS FROM RUSSIA. By Count VON MOLTKE. 
 
 ENGLISH SONNETS. Collected and Arranged by J. DENNIS. 
 
 LYRICS OF LOVE. FROM SHAKESPEARE TO TENNYSON. Selected. 
 
 and Arranged by W. D. ADAMS. 
 LONDON LYRICS. By F. LOCKER. 
 HOME SONGS FOR QUIET HOURS. By the Rev. Canon R. H. BAYNES. 
 
 HALLECK'S INTERNATIONAL LAW ; or, Rules Regulating the Inter- 
 course of States in Peace and War. A New Edition, revised, with Notes and 
 Cases, by Sir SHERSTON BAKER, Bart. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 38.5-. 
 
 HARTINGTON (The Right Hon. the Marquis of] M. P. ELECTION 
 
 SPEECHES IN 1879 AND 1880. With Address to the Electors of North East 
 Lancashire. Crown 8vo. cloth, price js. 6d. 
 
 HA WE IS (Rev. H. R^ M.A. CURRENT COIN. Materialism -^-The 
 Devil Crime Drunkenness Pauperism Emotion Recreation The 
 Sabbath. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo. price $s. 
 
 ARROWS IN THE AIR. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo. 
 cloth, price $s. 
 
 SPEECH IN SEASON. Fifth and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo. 
 price 5 s - 
 
 THOUGHTS FOR THE TIMES. Twelfth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 
 8vo. price $s. 
 
 UNSECTARIAN FAMILY PRAYERS. New and Cheaper Edition. Fcp. 
 8vo. price is. 6d. 
 
 HA WKINS (Edwards Comerford} SPIRIT AND FORM. Sermons 
 preached in the Parish Church of Leatherhead. Crown Svo. cloth, price 6.y. 
 
 HA YES (A. H.}, Junr. NEW COLORADO AND THE SANTA F TRAIL. 
 
 With Map and 60 Illustrations. Crown Svo. cloth, price 9-r. 
 
 HELLWALD (Baron F. Von] THE RUSSIANS IN CENTRAL ASIA. 
 A Critical Examination, down to the Present Time, of the Geography and 
 History of Central Asia. Translated by Lieut. -Col. THEODORE WIRGMAN, 
 LL.B. With Map. Large post Svo. price izs. 
 
 HENRY (Philip] DIARIES AND LETTERS. Edited by MATTHEW HENRY 
 LEE. Large crown Svo. cloth, "]s. 6d. 
 
 HIDE (Albert] THE AGE TO COME. Small crown Svo. cloth, 2$. 6d. 
 
 HIME (Major H. W. Z.) R.A. WAGNERISM : a Protest. Crown Svo. 
 cloth, 2s. 6d.
 
 12 . A List of 
 
 HINTON (/) THE PLACE OF THE PHYSICIAN. To which is added 
 ESSAYS ON THE LAW OF HUMAN LIFE, AND ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN 
 ORGANIC AND INORGANIC WORLDS. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 
 price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION. Selections from the MSS. of the late 
 JAMES HINTON. Edited by CAROLINE HADDON. Crown 8vo. cloth, 5.?. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY FOR PRACTICAL USE. By Various Writers. With 
 50 Illustrations. Third and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price $s. 
 
 AN ATLAS OF DISEASES OF THE MEMBRANA TYMPANI. With Descrip- 
 tive Text. Post 8vo. price 6. 6s. 
 THE QUESTIONS OF AURAL SURGERY. With Illustrations. 2 vols. 
 
 Post 8vo. price 12s. 6d. 
 
 CHAPTERS ON THE ART OF THINKING, AND OTHER ESSAYS. With an 
 Introduction by SHADWORTH HODGSON. Edited by C. H. HINTON. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 8s. 6d. 
 
 THE MYSTERY OF PAIN. New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. cloth limp, is. 
 
 LIFE AND LETTERS. Edited by ELLICE HOPKINS, with an Intro- 
 duction by Sir W. W. GULL, Bart., and Portrait engraved on Steel by C. H. 
 JEENS. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 8s. 6d. 
 
 HOOPER (Mary] LITTLE DINNERS : How TO SERVE THEM WITH 
 ELEGANCE AND ECONOMY. Seventeenth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 COOKERY FOR INVALIDS, PERSONS OF DELICATE DIGESTION, AND 
 CHILDREN. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 EVERY-DAY MEALS. Being Economical and Wholesome Recipes for 
 Breakfast, Luncheon, and Supper. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 2s. 6d. 
 
 HOPKINS (Ellice] LIFE AND LETTERS OF JAMES HINTON, with an 
 
 Introduction by Sir W. W. GULL, Bart, and Portrait engraved on Steel by 
 C. H. JEENS. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 8s. 6d. 
 
 WORK AMONGST WORKING MEN. Fourth Edition. Crown Svo. 
 cloth, 3J-. 6d. 
 
 HORNER (The Misses] WALKS IN FLORENCE. A New and thoroughly 
 Revised Edition. 2 vols. Crown Svo. Cloth limp. With Illustrations. 
 VOL. I. Churches, Streets, and Palaces. Price IDJ. 6d. 
 VOL. II. Public Galleries and Museums. Price $s. 
 
 HOSPITALIER (E.} THE MODERN APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Translated and Enlarged by JULIUS MAIER, Ph.D. With 170 Illustrations. 
 Demy Svo. cloth, price l6s. 
 
 HOUSEHOLD READINGS ON PROPHECY. By A LAYMAN. Small crown 
 Svo. cloth, price 3*. 6d. 
 
 HUGHES (Henry} THE REDEMPTION OF THE WORLD. Crown Svo. 
 
 cloth, price 3^. 6d. 
 
 HULL (Edmund C. P.] THE EUROPEAN IN INDIA. With a Medical 
 
 Guide for Anglo-Indians. By R. S. MAIR, M.D., F.R.C.S.E. Third 
 Edition, Revised and Corrected. ' Post Svo. price 6s. 
 
 HUNTINGFORD (Rev. E.} ^.C.Z. THE APOCALYPSE. With a 
 
 Commentary and Introductory Essay. Demy Svo. cloth, 9^.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 13. 
 
 HUTTON (Arthur} M.A. THE ANGLICAN MINISTRY: its Nature and 
 Value in relation to the Catholic Priesthood. With a Preface by His Eminence 
 Cardinal Newman. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 141-. 
 
 HUTTON (Charles F. ) UNCONSCIOUS TESTIMONY; OR, THE SILENT 
 WITNESS OF THE HEBREW TO THE TRUTH OF THE HISTORICAL SCRIP- 
 TURES. Crown 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 JENKINS (.) and RAYMOND (/) THE ARCHITECT'S LEGAL. 
 HANDBOOK. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 JENKINS (Rev. R. C.) M.A.Tnv PRIVILEGE OF PETER and the Claims- 
 
 of the Roman Church confronted with the Scriptures, the Councils, and the 
 Testimony of the Popes themselves. Fcp. 8vo. price 3^. 6d. 
 
 TERVIS (Rev. W. Henley) THE GALLICAN CHURCH AND THE REVO- 
 LUTION. A Sequel to the History of the Church of France, from the Con- 
 cordat of Bologna to the Revolution. Demy 8vo. cloth, price i8s. 
 
 JOEL (Z.) A CONSUL'S MANUAL AND SHIPOWNER'S AND SHIPMASTER'S 
 PRACTICAL GUIDE IN THEIR TRANSACTIONS ABROAD. With Definitions of 
 Nautical, Mercantile, and Legal Terms ; a Glossary of Mercantile Terms in 
 English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish ; Tables of the Money, Weights,, 
 and Measures of the Principal Commercial Nations and their Equivalents in 
 British Standards ; and Forms of Consular and Notarial Acts. Demy 8vo. 
 cloth, price 12s. 
 
 JOHNSTONE (C. F.} M.A. HISTORICAL ABSTRACTS: being Outlines 
 of the History of some of the less known States of Europe. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 7 J - d^ 
 
 JOLLY (William] F.R.S.E. JOHN DUNCAN, Scotch Weaver and 
 Botanist. With Sketches of his Friends and Notices of his Times. With 
 Portrait. Large crown 8vo. cloth, price gs. 
 
 JONES (C. A.} THE FOREIGN FREAKS OF FIVE FRIENDS. With 30 
 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, 6j. 
 
 JONES (Lucy) PUDDINGS AND SWEETS ; being Three Hundred and 
 Sixty-five Receipts approved by experience. Crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 JOYCE (P. W.} LL.D. &c. OLD CELTIC ROMANCES. Translated from 
 
 the Gaelic. Crown 8vo. cloth, price "]s. 6d. 
 
 JOYNES(J. Z.) THE ADVENTURES OF A TOURIST IN IRELAND. Small 
 crown 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 KAUFMANN(Rev. M.) B.A. SOCIALISM : Its Nature, its Dangers, and 
 
 its Remedies considered. Crown 8vo. price "Js. 6d. 
 
 UTOPIAS ; or, Schemes of Social Improvement, from Sir Thomas More 
 to Karl Marx. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5*. 
 
 KA Y (Joseph} FREE TRADE IN LAND. Edited by his Widow. With 
 Preface by the Right Hon. JOHN BRIGHT, M.P. Sixth Edition. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 KEMPIS (Thomas a) OF THE IMITATION OF CHRIST. Parchment 
 
 Library Edition, 6s.; or vellum, 7*. 6d. The Red Line Edition, fcp. 8vo. 
 cloth, red edges, price 2s. 6d. The Cabinet Edition, small 8vo. cloth, red 
 edges, price is. 6d. The Miniature Edition, 32mo. cloth, red edges, price is. 
 *** All the above Editions may be had in various extra bindings.
 
 14 A List of 
 
 KENT (C.) CORONA CATHOLICA AD PETRI SUCCESSORS PEDES 
 OBLATA. DE SUMMI PONTIFICIS LEONIS XIII. ASSUMPTIONE EPIGRAMMA. 
 In Quinquaginta Linguis. Fcp. 4to. cloth, price 15^. 
 
 KERNER (Dr. A.} FLOWERS AND THEIR UNBIDDEN GUESTS. Trans- 
 lation edited by W. OGLE, M.A., M.D. With Illustrations. Square 8vo. 
 cloth, price gs. 
 
 KETTLE WELL (Rev. 6".) THOMAS A KEMPIS AND THE BROTHERS 
 OF COMMON LIFE. 2 vols. With Frontispieces. Demy 8vo. cloth, 30.?. 
 
 KIDD (Joseph} M.D. THE LAWS OF THERAPEUTICS ; or, the Science 
 and Art of Medicine. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 KINAHAN (G. Henry) M.R.I. A., of H.M.'s Geological Survey. THE 
 GEOLOGY OF IRELAND, with numerous Illustrations and a Geological Map of 
 Ireland. Square 8vo. cloth, 15.?. 
 
 KJNGSEORD (Anna) M.D. THE PERFECT WAY IN DIET. A Treatise 
 advocating a Return to the Natural and Ancient Food of Race. Small crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 
 
 KINGSLEY (Charles) M.A. LETTERS AND MEMORIES OF HIS LIFE. 
 
 Edited by his WIFE. With Two Steel Engraved Portraits and Vignettes. 
 Twelfth Cabinet Edition, in 2 vols. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 12s. 
 
 ALL SAINTS' DAY, and other Sermons. Edited by the Rev. W. 
 
 HARRISON. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price Js. 6d. 
 TRUE WORDS FOR BRAVE MEN. A Book for Soldiers' and Sailors' 
 
 Libraries. Eighth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 KNIGHT (Professor W.} STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE. 
 
 Large post 8vo. cloth, price 7.?. 6d. 
 
 KNOX (Alexander A.} THE NEW PLAYGROUND ; or, Wanderings in 
 Algeria. New and Cheaper Edition. Large crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 LA URIE (S. S.) THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS, and other Educational 
 
 Papers. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7$. 6d. 
 
 LEE (Rev. F. G.} D.C.L. THE OTHER WORLD; or, Glimpses of the 
 Supernatural. 2 vols. A New Edition. Crown 8vo. price 15^. 
 
 LEWIS (Edward Dillon) A DRAFT CODE OF CRIMINAL LAW AND 
 PROCEDURE. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 2U. 
 
 LINDSA Y ( W. Lander} M.D., F.R.S.E., &>c. MIND IN THE LOWER 
 
 ANIMALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 32J. 
 Vol. I. Mind in Health. Vol. II. Mind in Disease. 
 
 LLOYD ( Walter) THE HOPE OF THE WORLD : An Essay on Universal 
 Redemption. Crown 8vo. cloth, $s. 
 
 LONSDALE (Margaret] SISTER DORA: a Biography. With Portrait. 
 Twenty-fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 LORIJfER (Peter") D.D. JOHN KNOX AND THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. 
 
 1 1 is Work in her Pulpit, and his Influence upon her Liturgy, Articles, and 
 Parties. Demy 8vo. price 12s. 
 
 JOHN WlCLIF AND HIS ENGLISH PRECURSORS. By GERHARD VICTOR 
 I.K'-HI.KR. Translated from the German, with additional Notes. New and 
 Cheaper Edition. Demy 8vo. price lOs. 6d.
 
 Kegan Paid, Trench, & Go's Publications. 15 
 
 LOWDER (Charles} A BIOGRAPHY. By the Author of 'St. Teresa.' 
 New and Cheaper Edition. Large crown 8vo. With Portrait. Cloth, 
 price 3.?. 6d. 
 
 MACHIAVELLf(NiccoIt)T:-B.-E.7KiscE.. Translated from the Italian 
 
 by N. H. T. Small crown 8vo. printed on hand-made paper, cloth, bevelled 
 boards, 6s. 
 
 MACKENZIE (Alexander} How INDIA is GOVERNED. Being an 
 Account of England's work in India. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 2s. 
 
 MACLACHLAN (Mrs.} NOTES AND EXTRACTS ON EVERLASTING 
 PUNISHMENT AND ETERNAL LIFE, ACCORDING TO LITERAL INTERPRETA- 
 TION. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 MA CNA UGHT (Rev. John} COENA DOMINI : An Essay on the Lord's 
 Supper, its Primitive Institution, Apostolic Uses, and Subsequent History. 
 Demy 8vo. price 145. 
 
 MAGNUS (Mrs} ABOUT THE JEWS SINCE BIBLE TIMES. From the 
 Babylonian Exile till the English Exodus. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 MARRIAGE AND MATERNITY ; or, Scripture Wives and Mothers. 
 Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 4^. 6d. 
 
 MAIR (R. S.) M.I)., F.R.C.S.E.TiiTL MEDICAL GUIDE FOR ANGLO- 
 INDIANS. Being a Compendium of Advice to Europeans in India, relating 
 to the Preservation and Regulation of Health. With a Supplement on the 
 Management of Children in India. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. limp cloth, 
 price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 MANNING (His Eminence Cardinal} THE TRUE STORY OF THE VATICAN 
 COUNCIL. Crown 8vo. price 5-r. 
 
 MANY VOICES. A Volume of Extracts from the Religious Writers of 
 Christendom, from the First to the Sixteenth Century. With Biographical 
 Sketches. Crown 8vo. cloth extra, red edges, 6s. 
 
 MARKHAM (Capt. Albert Hastings} R.N. THE GREAT FROZEN SEA : 
 A Personal Narrative of the Voyage of the Alert during the Arctic Expedition 
 of 1875-6. With Six Full-page Illustrations, Two Maps, and Twenty-seven 
 Woodcuts. Fifth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 A POLAR RECONNAISSANCE : being the Voyage of the ' Isbjorn ' to 
 Novaya Zemlya in 1879. \Vith 10 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. cloth, price i6s. 
 
 MARTINEAU (Gertrude} OUTLINE LESSONS ON MORALS. Small 
 crown 8vo. cloth, price 35. 6d. 
 
 McGRATH (Terence} PICTURES FROM IRELAND. New and Cheaper 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 
 
 MEREDITH (M. A} THEOTOKOS, THE EXAMPLE FOR WOMAN. 
 
 Dedicated, by permission, to Lady AGNES WOOD. Revised by the Venerable 
 Archdeacon DENISON. 32mo. limp cloth, u. 6d. 
 
 MILLER (Edward} THE HISTORY AND DOCTRINES OF IRVINGISM ; 
 
 or, the so-called Catholic and Apostolic Church. 2 vols. Large post 8vo. 
 price 25.?. 
 
 THE CHURCH IN RELATION TO THE STATE. Large crown 8vo. 
 
 cloth, price "js. 6d.
 
 1 6 A List of 
 
 MILNE (James) TABLES OF EXCHANGE for the Conversion of Sterling 
 Money into Indian and Ceylon Currency, at Rates from is. S(t. to 2s. T>d. per 
 Rupee. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 2. 2s. 
 
 M1NCHIN(J. G.} BULGARIA SINCE THE WAR : Notes of a Tour in the 
 Autumn of 1879. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price y. 6d. 
 
 MIVART(St. George) NATURE AND THOUGHT. An Introduction to a 
 
 Natural Philosophy. Demy 8vo. cloth, price icw. 6d. 
 
 MOCKLER (E.} A GRAMMAR OF THE BALOOCHEE LANGUAGE, as it is 
 
 spoken in Makran (Ancient Gedrosia), in the Persia-Arabic and Roman 
 characters. Fop. 8vo. price 5^. 
 
 MOLES WORTH (W. Nassau] HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF ENG- 
 LAND FROM 1660. Large crown 8vo. cloth, price Js. 6d. 
 
 MORELL (J. J?.) EUCLID SIMPLIFIED IN METHOD AND LANGUAGE. 
 
 Being a Manual of Geometry. Compiled from the most important French 
 Works, approved by the University of Paris and the Minister of Public 
 Instruction. Fcp. 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 MORSE (E. S.) Ph.D. FIRST BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. With numerous 
 Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 MUNRO (Major- Gen. Sir Thomas] Bart. K.C.B., Governor of Madras. 
 SELECTIONS FROM HIS MINUTES AND OTHER OFFICIAL WRITINGS. Edited, 
 with an Introductory Memoir, by Sir ALEXANDER ARBUTHNOT, K. C.S.I., 
 C.I.E. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 30*. 
 
 MURPHY (J. .A 7 .) THE CHAIR OF PETER ; or, the Papacy Considered 
 
 in its Institution, Development, and Organization, and in the Benefits which for 
 over Eighteen Centuries it has conferred on Mankind. Demy 8vo. cloth, i8y. 
 
 NELSON (J. H.] M.A. A PROSPECTUS OF THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF 
 THE HINDU LAW. Demy 8vo. cloth, price gs. 
 
 NEWMAN (J. H.] D.D. CHARACTERISTICS FROM THE WRITINGS OF. 
 
 Being Selections from his various Works. Arranged with the Author's 
 personal Approval. Sixth Edition. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 *^* A Portrait of Cardinal Newman, mounted for framing, can be had, price 
 
 2s. 6d. 
 NEW WERTHER. By LOKI. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 NICHOLSON (Edward Byron] THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO THE 
 HEBREWS. Its Fragments Translated and Annotated with a Critical Analysis of 
 the External and Internal Evidence relating to it. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 9*. 6d. 
 
 A NEW COMMENTARY ON THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO MATTHEW. 
 
 Demy 8vo. cloth, price 12s. 
 
 THE RIGHTS OF AN ANIMAL. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3^. 6d. 
 
 NICOLS (Arthur] F.G.S., RR. G.S. CHAPTERS FROM THE PHYSICAL 
 HISTORY OF THE EARTH : an Introduction to Geology and Palaeontology. 
 With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 NO PS (Marianne] CLASS LESSONS ON EUCLID. Part I. containing the 
 First Two Books of the Elements. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 NUCES : EXERCISES ON THE SYNTAX OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL LATIN PRIMER. 
 
 New Edition in Three Parts. Crown 8vo. each is. 
 %* The Three Parts can also be had bound together in cloth, price 3^.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Go's Piiblications. 17 
 
 O ATE S (Frank} F.R.G.S. MATABELE LAND AND THE VICTORIA FALLS. 
 A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Interior of South Africa. Edited by C. G. 
 GATES, B.A. With numerous Illustrations and 4 Maps. Demy 8vo. cloth, 
 price 2is. 
 
 OGLE (W.} M.D., F.R.C.P. ARISTOTLE ON THE PARTS OF ANIMALS. 
 
 Translated, with Introduction and Notes. Royal 8vo. cloth, 12s. 6d. 
 
 O MEARA (Kathleen] FREDERIC OZANAM, Professor of the Sorbonne : 
 His Life and Work. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7-r. 6d. 
 
 HENRI PERREYVE AND HIS COUNSELS TO THE SICK. Small crown 
 
 8vo. cloth, price fj. 
 
 OSBORNE (Rev. W. A.} THE REVISED VERSION OF THE NEW TESTA- 
 MENT. A Critical Commentary with Notes upon the Text. Crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price 5.?. 
 
 OTTLE Y (Henry Bickersteth} THE GREAT DILEMMA : Christ His own 
 Witness or His own Accuser. Six Lectures. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price 3*. 6d. 
 
 OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS ETON, HARROW, WINCHESTER, RUGBY, WEST- 
 MINSTER, MARYBOROUGH, THE CHARTERHOUSE. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6^. 
 
 OWEN(F. M} JOHN KEATS : a Study. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 OWEN (Rev. Robert} B.D. SANCTORALE CATHOLICUM; or, Book of 
 Saints. With Notes, Critical, Exegetical, and Historical. Demy 8vo. cloth, 
 price i8j. 
 
 AN ESSAY ON THE COMMUNION OF SAINTS. Including an Examina- 
 tion of the Cultus Sanctorum. Price 2s. 
 
 OXENHAM (Rev. F. Nntcombe} WHAT is THE TRUTH AS TO EVER- 
 LASTING PUNISHMENT. Part II. Being an Historical Enquiry into the 
 Witness and Weight of certain Anti-Origenist Councils. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 2s. 6d. 
 * # * Parts I. and II. complete in one volume, cloth, JS. 
 
 OXONIENSfS ROMANISM, PROTESTANTISM, ANGLICANISM. Being a 
 
 Layman's View of some Questions of the Day. Together with Remarks on 
 Dr. Littledale's ' Plain Reasons against Joining the Church of Rome.' Small 
 crown 8vo. cloth, 3.?. 6d. 
 
 PALMER (the late William} NOTES OF A VISIT TO RUSSIA IN 1840-41. 
 Selected and arranged by JOHN H. CARDINAL NEWMAN. With Portrait. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, 8s. 6d. 
 
 PARCHMENT LIBRARY. Choicely printed on hand-made paper, limp parch- 
 ment antique, 6s. ; vellum, "js. 6d. each volume. 
 
 FRENCH LYRICS. Selected and Annotated by GEORGE SAINTSBURY. 
 With miniature Frontispiece, designed and etched by H. G. Glindoni. 
 
 THE FABLES OF MR. JOHN GAY. With Memoir by AUSTIN DOBSON, 
 and an etched Portrait from an unfinished oil sketch by Sir Godfrey Kneller. 
 
 SELECT LETTERS OF PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY. Edited, with an Intro- 
 tion, by RICHARD GARNETT. 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN YEAR; Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and 
 Holy Days throughout the Year. With etched Portrait of the Rev. J. Keble, 
 after the Drawing by G. Richmond, R.A. 
 
 B
 
 1 8 A List of 
 
 PARCHMENT LIBRARY continued. 
 
 SHAKSPERE'S WORKS. Now publishing in Twelve Monthly Volumes. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ESSAYS. Selected and Edited by AUSTIN 
 DOBSON. With a Miniature Frontispiece by R. Caldecott. 
 
 Q. HORATI FLACCI OPERA. Edited by F. A. CORNISH, Assistant 
 Master at Eton. With a Frontispiece after a design by L. ALMA TADEMA. 
 Etched by LEOPOLD LOWENSTAM. 
 
 EDGAR ALLAN POE'S POEMS. With an Essay on his Poetry by 
 ANDREW LANG, and a Frontispiece by Linley Sambourne. 
 
 SHAKSPERE'S SONNETS. Edited by EDWARD DOWDEN. With a 
 Frontispiece etched by Leopold Lowenstam, after the Death Mask. 
 
 ENGLISH ODES. Selected by EDMUND W. GOSSE. With Frontis- 
 piece on India paper by Hamo Thornycroft, A.R.A. 
 
 OF THE IMITATION OF CHRIST. By THOMAS A KEMPIS. A revised 
 
 Translation. With Frontispiece on India paper, from a Design by W. B. 
 Richmond. 
 
 TENNYSON'S THE PRINCESS : a Medley. With a Miniature Frontis- 
 piece by H. M. Paget, and a Tailpiece in Outline by Gordon Browne. 
 
 POEMS : Selected from PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY. Dedicated to Lady 
 Shelley. With Preface by RICHARD GARNET and a Miniature Frontispiece. 
 
 TENNYSON'S ' IN MEMORIAM.' With a Miniature Portrait in eau-forte 
 
 by Le Rat, after a Photograph by the late Mrs. Cameron. 
 * # * The above Volumes may also be had in a variety of leather bindings. 
 
 PARKER (Joseph} D.D. THE PARACLETE : An Essay on the Personality 
 and Ministry of the Holy Ghost, with some reference to current discussions. 
 Second Edition. Demy 8vo. price 12s. 
 
 PARR (Capt. H. Hallam, C.M.G.) A SKETCH OF THE KAFIR AND 
 ZULU WARS : Guadana to Isandhlwana. With Maps. Small crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price $s. 
 
 PAR SLOE (Joseph} OUR RAILWAYS. Sketches, Historical and 
 Descriptive. With Practical Information as to Fares and Rates, &c., and a 
 Chapter on Railway Reform. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 PA TTISON (Mrs. MarK)1wz RENAISSANCE OF ART IN FRANCE. With 
 
 Nineteen Steel Engravings. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 32^. 
 
 PA UL ( C. Kegati) THE GENIUS OF CHRISTIANITY UNVEILED. Being 
 Essays by William Godwin never before published. Edited, with a Preface, 
 by C. Kegan Paul. Crown 8vo. price Js. (>d. 
 
 MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT. Letters to Imlay. New Edition with 
 Prefatory Memoir by. Two Portraits in eau-forte by ANNA LEA MERRITT. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 PEARSON (Rev. S. ) WEEK-DAY LIVING. A Book for Young Men 
 
 and Women. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, 55. 
 
 PENRICE (Maj. J.} B.A. A DICTIONARY AND GLOSSARY OF THE 
 KORAN. With Copious Grammatical References and Explanations of the 
 Text. 410. price 2U. 
 
 PESCIIEL (Dr. Oscar) THE RACES OF MAN AND THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL 
 DISTRIBUTION. Large crown 8vo. price ys. 

 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 19 
 
 PETERS (F. H.) THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. Trans- 
 lated by. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 PIDGEON (D.) AN ENGINEER'S HOLIDAY ; or, Notes of a Round 
 Trip from Long. to 0. New and Cheaper Edition. Large crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price JS. 6d. 
 
 PINCHES (Thomas) M.A. SAMUEL WILBERFORCE : FAITH SERVICE 
 RECOMPENSE. Three Sermons. With a Portrait of Bishop Wilberforce 
 (after a Portrait by Charles Watkins). Crown 8vo. cloth, price 4_r. 6d. 
 
 PLAYFAIR (Lieut.- Col.) TRAVELS IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF BRUCE IN 
 ALGERIA AND TUNIS. Illustrated by fac-similes of Bruce's original Drawings, 
 Photographs, Maps, &c. Royal 410. cloth, bevelled boards, gilt leaves, price 
 3- 3^- 
 
 POLLOCK (Frederick) SPINOZA, HIS LIFE AND PHILOSOPHY. Demy 
 8vo. cloth, price ids. 
 
 POLLOCK (W. II-) LECTURES ON FRENCH POETS. Delivered at the 
 
 Royal Institution. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 POOR (Laura E.) SANSKRIT AND ITS KINDRED LITERATURES. Studies 
 
 in Comparative Mythology. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 PRICE (Prof. Bonamy) CURRENCY AND BANKING. Crown 8vo. Price 6s. 
 
 CHAPTERS ON PRACTICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY. Being the Substance 
 of Lectures delivered before the University of Oxford. New and Cheaper 
 Edition. Large post 8vo. price $s. 
 
 PROTEUS AND AMADEUS. A Correspondence. Edited by AUBREY DE VERE. 
 
 Crown 8vo. price $s. 
 
 PULPIT COMMENTARY (THE). Old Testament Series. Edited by the Rev. 
 J. S. EXELL and the Rev. Canon H. D. M. SPENCE. 
 
 GENESIS. By Rev. T. WHITELAW, M.A. ; with Homilies by the Very 
 Rev. J. F. MONTGOMERY, D.D., Rev. Prof. R. A. REDFORD, M.A., LL.B., 
 Rev. F. HASTINGS, Rev. W. ROBERTS, M.A. An Introduction to the Study 
 of the Old Testament by the Rev. Canon FARRAR, D.D., F.R.S. ; and Intro- 
 ductions to the Pentateuch by the Right Rev. H. COTTERILL, D.D., and Rev. 
 T. WHITELAW, M.A. Seventh Edition. One vol. price 15*. 
 
 EXODUS. By the Rev. GEORGE RAWLINSON. With Homilies by 
 Rev. J. ORR, Rev. D. YOUNG, Rev. C. A. GOODHART, Rev. J. URQUHART, 
 and Rev. H. T. ROBJOHNS. Third Edition. Price i6s. 
 
 LEVITICUS. By the Rev. Prebendary MEYRICK, M.A. With Intro- 
 ductions by Rev. R. COLLINS, Rev. Professor A. CAVE, and Homilies by 
 Rev. Prof. REDFORD, LL.B., Rev. J. A. MACDONALD, Rev. W. CLARKSON, 
 Rev. S. R. ALDRIDGE, LL.B., and Rev. MCCHEYNE EDGAR. Third 
 Edition. Price 15*. 
 
 NUMBERS. By the Rev. R. WINTERBOTHAM, LL.B. ; with Homilies by 
 the Rev. Professor W. BINNIE, D.D., Rev. E. S. PROUT, M.A., Rev. D. 
 YOUNG, Rev. J. WAITE, and an Introduction by the Rev. THOMAS WHITE- 
 LAW, M.A. Fourth Edition. Price i$s. 
 
 DEUTERONOMY. By Rev. W. L. ALEXANDER, D.D. ; with Homilies 
 by Rev. D. DAVIES, M.A., Rev. C. CLEMANCE, D.D., Rev. J. ORR, B.D., 
 and Rev. R. M. EDGAR, M.A. Second Edition. Price 155. 
 
 B 2
 
 2O A List of 
 
 PULPIT COMMENTARY (THE) Old Testament Series continued. 
 
 JOSHUA. By Rev. J. J. LIAS, M.A. ; with Homilies by Rev. S. R. 
 ALDRIDGE, LL.B., Rev. R. GLOVER, Rev. E. DE PRESSENSE, D.D., 
 Rev, J. WAITE, B.A., Rev. F. W. ADENEY, M.A. ; and an Introduction by 
 the Rev. A. PLUMMEK, M.A. Fourth Edition. Price 12s. 6d. 
 
 JUDGES AND RUTH. By the Right Rev. Lord A. C. HERVEY, D.D., 
 and Rev. J. MORRISON, D.D. ; with Homilies by Rev. A. F. MUIR, M.A., 
 Rev. W. F. ADENEY, M.A., Rev. W. M. STATHAM, and Rev. Professor 
 J. THOMSON, M.A. Fourth Edition. Price los. 6d. 
 
 i SAMUEL. By the Very Rev. R. P. SMITH, D.D. ; with Homilies 
 by Rev. DONALD FRASER, D.D., Rev. Prof. CHAPMAN, and Rev. B. DALE. 
 Fifth Edition. Price 15^. 
 
 i KINGS. By the Rev. JOSEPH HAMMOND, LL.B. With Homilies 
 by the Rev. E. DE PRESSENSE, D.D., Rev. J. WAITE, B.A., Rev. A. 
 ROWLAND, LL.B., Rev. J. A. MACDONALD, and Rev. J. URQUHART. Third 
 Edition. Price 15^. 
 
 EZRA, NEHEMIAH, AND ESTHER. By Rev. Canon G. RAWLINSON, 
 
 M.A.; with Homilies by Rev. Prof. J. R. THOMSON, M.A., Rev. Prof. R. A. 
 REDFORD, LL.B., M.A., Rev. W. S. LEWIS, M.A., Rev. J. A. MACDONALD, 
 Rev. A. MACKENNAL, B.A., Rev. W. CLARKSON, B.A., Rev. F. HASTINGS, 
 Rev. W. DINWIDDIE, LL.B., Rev. Prof. ROWLANDS, B.A., Rev. G. WOOD, 
 B.A., Rev. Prof. P. C. BARKER, LL.B., M.A., and Rev. J. S. EXELL. Fifth 
 Edition. One vol. price I2s. 6d. 
 
 PULPIT COMMENTARY (THE) New Testament Series. Edited by the 
 Rev. J. S. EXELL and the Rev. Canon H. D. M. SPENCE. 
 
 ST. MARK. By the very Rev. Dean BICKERSTETH, D.D. ; with 
 Homilies by the Rev. Prof. THOMSON, M.A., Rev. Prof. GIVEN, M.A., 
 Rev. Prof. JOHNSON, M.A., Rev. A. ROWLAND, LL.B., Rev. A. MUIR, 
 M.A., and_Rev. R. GREEN. 2 Vols. 2is. 
 
 PUNJAUB (THE) AND NORTH-WESTERN FRONTIER OF INDIA. By an 
 Old Punjaubee. Crown 8vo. price 5-?. 
 
 RABBI JESHUA. An Eastern Story. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3^. 6d. 
 
 RADCLIFFE (Frank R. Y.) THE NEW POLITICUS. Small crown 8vo. 
 Cloth, price zs. 6d. 
 
 RA VENSHA W (John Henry} B. C.S. GAUR : ITS RUINS AND INSCRIP- 
 TIONS. Edited by his Widow. With 44 Photographic Illustrations, and 25 
 facsimiles of Inscriptions. Royal 4to. cloth, price $. 13^. 6d. 
 
 READ (Can'etJi] ON THE THEORY OF LOGIC : An Essay. Crown 8vo. 
 
 price 6-r. 
 REALITIES OF THE FUTURE LIFE. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price is. 6d. 
 
 RENDELL (J. M.) CONCISE HANDBOOK OF THE ISLAND OF MADEIRA. 
 With Plan of Funchal and Map of the Island. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, u. 6d. 
 
 REYNOLDS (Rev. J. W.} THE SUPERNATURAL IN NATURE. A 
 Verification by Free Use of Science. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 Demy 8vo. cloth, price 14^. 
 
 THE MYSTERY OF MIRACLES. New and Enlarged Edition. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 6s.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Go's Publications. 21 
 
 RIBOT (Prof. Th.} ENGLISH PSYCHOLOGY. Second Edition. A 
 Revised and Corrected Translation from the latest French Edition. Large post 
 Svo. price gs. 
 
 HEREDITY : A Psychological Study on its Phenomena, its Laws, 
 its Causes, and its Consequences. Large crown Svo. price gs. 
 
 ROBERTSON (The late Rev. F. W.) M.A. LIFE AND LETTERS OF. 
 
 Edited by the Rev. Stopford Brooke, M. A. 
 I. Two vols., uniform with the Sermons. With Steel Portrait. Crown 
 
 Svo. price "js. 6d. 
 
 II. Library Edition, in demy Svo. with Portrait. Price 12s. 
 III. A Popular Edition, in I vol. Crown Svo. price 6s. 
 
 SERMONS. Four Series. Small crown Svo. price 3.?. 6d. each. 
 
 THE HUMAN RACE, and other Sermons. Preached at Cheltenham, 
 Oxford, and Brighton. Large post Svo. cloth, price 7^. 6d. 
 
 NOTES ON GENESIS. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo. price 
 3-r. 6</. 
 
 EXPOSITORY LECTURES ON ST. PAUL'S EPISTLES TO THE CORINTHIANS. 
 
 A New Edition. Small crown Svo. price $s. 
 
 LECTURES AND ADDRESSES, with other Literary Remains. A New 
 Edition. Crown Svo. price 5-f. 
 
 AN ANALYSIS OF MR. TENNYSON'S ' IN MEMORIAM.' (Dedicated by 
 
 Permission to the Poet-Laureate.) Fcp. Svo. price 2s. 
 
 THE EDUCATION OF THE HUMAN RACE. Translated from the German 
 of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Fcp. Svo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 The above Works can also be had, bound in half-morocco. 
 *,* A Portrait of the late Rev. F. W. Robertson, mounted for framing, can 
 be had, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 ROD WELL (G. F.} F.R.A.S., F.C.S.ETNA-. A HISTORY OF THE 
 
 MOUNTAIN AND ITS ERUPTIONS. With Maps and Illustrations. Square Svo. 
 cloth, price gs. 
 
 ROLLESTON (T. W. H.} B.A. THE ENCHEIRIDION OF EPICTETUS. 
 
 Translated from the Greek, with a Preface and Notes. Small crown Svo. 
 cloth, price 3-r. 6J. 
 
 ROSMINI'S ORIGIN OF IDEAS. Translated from the Fifth Italian Edition 
 of the Nuovo Saggio. SulF originc delle idee. 3 Vols. demy Svo. cloth 
 
 [Vol. I. now ready, i6s. 
 
 ROSMINI'S PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEM. Translated, with a Sketch of the 
 Author's Life, Bibliography, Introduction, and Notes by THOMAS DAVIDSON. 
 Demy Svo. cloth, l6s. 
 
 ROSS (Alexander) D.D. MEMOIR OF ALEXANDER EWING, Bishop of 
 Argyll and the Isles. Second and Cheaper Edition. Demy Svo. cloth, price 
 IOJ. 6d. 
 
 RULE (Martin) M.A.TnE LIFE AND TIMES OF ST. ANSELM, ARCH- 
 BISHOP OF CANTERBURY AND PRIMATE OF THE BRITAINS. 2 Vols. demy 
 Svo. cloth, 32.?. 
 
 SALTS (Rev. Alfred} LL.D. GODPARENTS AT CONFIRMATION. With a 
 Preface by the Bishop of Manchester. Small crown Svo. cloth limp, price 2s.
 
 22 A List of 
 
 SAL VA TOR (Archduke Ludwig) LEVKOSIA, THE CAPITAL OF CYPRUS. 
 Crown 4to. cloth, price los. 6d. 
 
 SAMUEL (Sydney J/.) JEWISH LIFE IN THE EAST. Small crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price $s. 6d. 
 
 SAYCE (Rei>. Archibald Henry) INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF 
 LANGUAGE. 2 vols. Large post 8vo. cloth, price 25^. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC LAYMAN. The New Truth and the Old Faith : are they 
 Incompatible ? Demy 8vo. cloth, price icw. 6d. 
 
 SCOONES ( W. Baptiste) FOUR CENTURIES OF ENGLISH LETTERS : 
 
 A Selection of 350 Letters by 150 Writers, from the Period of the Paston 
 Letters to the Present Time. Third Edition. Large crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 SCOTT (Robert H.} WEATHER CHARTS AND STORM WARNINGS. Second 
 Edition. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. price y. 6d. 
 
 SHAKSPEARE (Charles) SAINT PAUL AT ATHENS. Spiritual 
 Christianity in relation to some aspects of Modern Thought. Five Sermons 
 preached at St. Stephen's Church, Westbourne Park. With a Preface by the 
 Rev. Canon FARRAR. 
 
 SHELLS Y (Lady) SHELLEY MEMORIALS FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES. 
 With (now first printed) an Essay on Christianity by Percy Bysshe Shelley. 
 With Portrait. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price $j. 
 
 SHILLITO (Rev. Joseph] WOMANHOOD : its Duties, Temptations, and 
 Privileges. A Book for Young Women. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3.?. 6d. 
 
 SHIPLEY (Rev. Orby) M.A. CHURCH TRACTS: OR, STUDIES IN MODERN 
 PROBLEMS. By various Writers. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. price 5*. each. 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF THE FAITH IN RELATION TO SIN. Topics for Thought 
 in Times of Retreat. Eleven Addresses delivered during a Retreat of Three 
 Days to Persons living in the World. Demy 8vo. cloth, price izs. 
 
 SISTER AUGUSTINE, Superior of the Sisters of Charity at the St. Johannis 
 Hospital at Bonn. Authorised Translation by HANS THARAU, from the 
 German ' Memorials of AMALIE VON LASAULX.' Second Edition. Large 
 crown 8vo. cloth, price Js. 6d. 
 
 SKINNER (The late James] M.A. A SYNOPSIS OF MORAL AND 
 ASCETICAL THEOLOGY. With a Catalogue of Ancient and Modern Authorities, 
 arranged according to Centuries. With a prefaratory Note by the Rev. T. T. 
 CARTER. Demy 4to. cloth, los. 6d. 
 
 SMITH (Edward} M.D., LL.B., F.R. S HEALTH AND DISEASE, as 
 
 Influenced by the Daily, Seasonal, and other Cyclical Changes in the Human 
 System. A New Edition. Post 8vo. price Js. 6d. 
 
 TUBERCULAR CONSUMPTION IN ITS EARLY AND REMEDIABLE STAGES. 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 SPEDDING (James) REVIEWS AND DISCUSSIONS, LITERARY, POLITICAL, 
 AND HISTORICAL NOT RELATING TO BACON. Demy 8vo. cloth, price I2s. 6d. 
 
 EVENINGS WITH A REVIEWER ; or, Bacon and Macaulay. With a 
 Prefatory Notice by G. S. VENABLES, Q.C. 2 vols. demy 8vo. cloth, price
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Go's Publications. 23 
 
 STAFFER (Paul) SHAKSPEARE AND CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY : Greek and 
 Latin Antiquity as presented in Shakspeare's Plays. Translated by EMILY J. 
 CAREY. Large post 8vo. cloth, price I2s. 
 
 ST. BERNARD. A Little Book on the Love of God. Translated by 
 MARIANNE CAROLINE and COVENTRY PATMORE. Cloth extra, gilt top, 4*. &/. 
 
 STEPHENS (Archibald John) LL.D. THE FOLKESTONE RITUAL 
 CASE. The Substance of the Argument delivered before the Judicial Com- 
 mittee of the Privy Council on behalf of the Respondents. Demy 8vo. 
 cloth, price 6s. 
 
 STEVENSON (Rev. W. F.] HYMNS FOR THE CHURCH AND HOME. 
 Selected and Edited by the Rev. W. Fleming Stevenson. 
 The most complete Hymn Book published. 
 The Hymn Book consists of Three Parts : I. For Public Worship. 
 
 II. For Family and Private Worship. III. For Children. 
 * # * Published in various forms and prices, the latter ranging from &/. to 6s. 
 Lists and full particulars will be furnished on application to the Publishers. 
 
 STE VENSON '(Robert Louis) VIRGINIBUS PUERISQUE, and other Papers. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 STRA CHE Y (Sir John} G. C.S.I., and Lieut.-Gen. Richard STRA CHE Y, 
 J?.E., F.R. S. THE FINANCES AND PUBLIC WORKS OF INDIA, FROM 
 1869 TO 1 88 1. Demy 8vo. cloth, iSs. 
 
 STRECKER- WISLICENUSOKGMSic CHEMISTRY. Translated and 
 Edited, with Extensive Additions, by W. R. HODGKINSON, Ph.D., and A. J. 
 GREENAWAY, F.I.C. Demy 8vo. cloth, price zis. 
 
 SULL Y (James) M.A. SENSATION AND INTUITION. Demy 8vo. 
 
 price los. 6d. 
 
 PESSIMISM : a History and a Criticism. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 
 price I4J. 
 
 SYME (David} OUTLINES OF AN INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE. Second 
 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND. Its Faults and 
 
 Failures. Second Edition. Large crown 8vo. cloth, 6s. 
 
 TAYLOR (Algernon} GUIENNE. Notes of an Autumn Tour. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 4^. 6d. 
 
 THOM (John Hamilton} LAWS OF LIFE AFTER THE MIND OF CHRIST. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, 7-r. 6d. 
 
 THOMSON (f. Turnbult) SOCIAL PROBLEMS ; OR, AN INQUIRY INTO 
 THE LAWS OF INFLUENCE. With Diagrams. Demy 8vo. cloth, price icw. 6d. 
 
 TIDMAN (Paul J 7 .} GOLD AND SILVER MONEY. Part I. A Plain 
 Statement. Part II. Objections Answered. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 
 cloth, is. 
 
 TIPPLE (Rev. S. A.} SUNDAY MORNINGS ' AT NORWOOD. Prayers 
 
 and Sermons. Crown 8vo. cloth, 6s. 
 
 TODHUNTER ( Dr. J.} A STUDY OF SHELLEY. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 7.?. 
 
 TREMENHEERE (H. Seymour} C. B.k MANUAL OF THE PRIN- 
 CIPLES OF GOVERNMENT AS SET FORTH BY THE AUTHORITIES OF ANCIENT 
 AND MODERN TIMES. New and enlarged Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, 5*.
 
 24 . A List of 
 
 TUKE (Daniel Hack} M.D. CHAPTERS IN THE HISTORY OF THE IN- 
 SANE IN THE BRITISH ISLES. With 4 Illustrations. Large crown 8vo. 
 
 Cloth, I2J. 
 
 TWINING (Louisa) WORKHOUSE VISITING AND MANAGEMENT DURING 
 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 UPTON (Major R. D.} GLEANINGS FROM THE DESERT OF ARABIA. 
 
 Large post 8vo. cloth, price lev. 6d. 
 
 VAUGHAN (H. Halford} NEW READINGS AND RENDERINGS OF 
 SHAKESPEARE'S TRAGEDIES. 2 vols, demy 8vo. cloth, price 2$s. 
 
 VIA TOR ( Vacuus) FLYING SOUTH. Recollections of France and its 
 Littoral. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price y. 6d. 
 
 VILLARI (Professor) NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI AND HIS TIMES. Trans- 
 lated by Linda Villari. 2 vols. Large post 8vo. price 2$s. 
 
 VOLCKXSOM (E. W. V.} CATECHISM OF ELEMENTARY MODERN 
 CHEMISTRY. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 3^. 
 
 VYNER (Lady Mary) EVERY DAY A PORTION. Adapted from the 
 Bible and the Prayer Book, for the Private Devotions of those living in Widow- 
 hood. Collected and Edited by Lady Mary Vyner. Square crown 8vo. 
 extra, price 5^. 
 
 WALDSTEIN (Charles} Ph.D. THE BALANCE OF EMOTION AND 
 INTELLECT ; an Introductory Essay to the Study of Philosophy. Crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price 6s. 
 
 WALLER (Rev, C. B.} THE APOCALYPSE, reviewed under the Light of 
 the Doctrine of the Unfolding Ages, and the Restitution of All Things. Demy 
 8vo. price 12s. 
 
 WALPOLE (Chas. George) HISTORY OF IRELAND FROM THE EARLIEST 
 TIMES TO THE UNION WITH GREAT BRITAIN. With 5 Maps arid Appen- 
 dices. Crown 8vo. cloth, icu. 6d. 
 
 WALSHE ( Walter Hayle} M.D. DRAMATIC SINGING PHYSIOLOGICALLY 
 ESTIMATED. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3^. 6J. 
 
 WATSON (Sir Thomas} Bart., M.I). THE ABOLITION OF ZYMOTIC 
 DISEASES, and of other similar Enemies of Mankind. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 3.?. 6d. 
 
 WEDMORE (Frederick} 1m MASTERS OF GENRE PAINTING. With 
 Sixteen Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7^. 6d. 
 
 WHEWELL (William} D.D. His LIFE AND SELECTIONS FROM HIS 
 CORRESPONDENCE. By Mrs. STAIR DOUGLAS. With a Portrait from a 
 Painting by SAMUEL LAURENCE. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 21^ 
 
 WHITE (A. D} LL.D. WARFARE OF SCIENCE. With Prefatory Note 
 
 by Professor Tyndall. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 WHITE (F. A.} ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 2s. 
 
 WHITNE Y(Prof. William Dwight} ESSENTIALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 
 for the Use of Schools. Crown 8vo. price 35. 6d. 
 
 WICKSTEED (P. H.} DANTE: Six Sermons. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 
 price $s.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 25 
 
 WILLIAMS (Rowland} D.D. PSALMS, LITANIES, COUNSELS, AND 
 COLLECTS FOR DEVOUT PERSONS. Edited by his Widow. New and Popular 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3*. &/. 
 
 STRAY THOUGHTS COLLECTED FROM THE WRITINGS OF THE LATE 
 ROWLAND WILLIAMS, D.D. Edited by his Widow. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 
 3J. 6d. 
 
 WILLIS (R} M.D. SERVETUS AND CALVIN : a Study of an Important 
 
 Epoch in the Early History of the Reformation. 8vo. price l6s. 
 WILLIAM HARVEY. A History of the Discovery of the Circulation- 
 of the Blood : with a Portrait of Harvey after Faithorne. Demy 8vo. cloth, 
 price 14^. Portrait separate. 
 
 WILSON (Sir Erasmus] EGYPT OF THE PAST. With Chromo-lithograph 
 and numerous Illustrations in the text. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 12s. 
 
 WILSON (H. Schiitz} THE TOWER AND SCAFFOLD. A Miniature 
 Monograph. Large fcp. 8vo. price is. 
 
 WOLLSTONECRAFT (Mary) LETTERS TO IMLAY. New Edition, 
 with Prefatory Memoir by C. KEGAN PAUL. Two Portraits in eau-forte by 
 Anna Lea Merritt. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 WOLTMANN (Dr. Alfred}, and WOERMANN (Dr. Karl} 
 HISTORY OF PAINTING. Edited by Sidney Colvin. Vol. I. Painting in 
 Antiquity and the Middle Ages. With numerous Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 
 cloth, price 28.?. ; bevelled boards, gilt leaves, price 30^. 
 
 WOOD (Major- General J. Creighton} DOUBLING THE CONSONANT. 
 Small crown 8vo. cloth, price is. 6d. 
 
 WORD WAS MADE FLESH. Short Family Readings on the Epistles for 
 each Sunday of the Christian Year. Demy 8vo. cloth, price icxr. 6</. 
 
 WREN (Sir Christopher} Hi?, FAMILY AND His TIMES. With Original 
 Letters, and a Discourse on Architecture hitherto unpublished. By LUCY 
 PHILLIMORE. Demy 8vo. With Portrait. Price 14*. 
 
 WRIGHT (Rev. David} M.A. WAITING FOR THE LIGHT, AND OTHER 
 SERMONS. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 YORKE (J. F.} NOTES ON EVOLUTION AND CHRISTIANITY. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, 6s. 
 
 YOUMANS(ElizaA.} AN ESSAY ON THE CULTURE OF THE OBSERVING 
 POWERS OF CHILDREN, especially in connection with the Study of Botany- 
 Edited, with Notes and a Supplement, by Joseph Payne, F.C. P., Author of 
 ' Lectures on the Science and Art of Education,' &c. Crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 FIRST BOOK OF BOTANY. Designed to Cultivate the Observing 
 Powers of Children. With 300 Engravings. New and Cheaper Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 YOUMANS (Edward L.} M.D.A CLASS BOOK OF CHEMISTRY, on the 
 Basis of the New System. With 200 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. price 5.?.
 
 26 
 
 A List of 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC 
 SERIES. 
 
 I. FORMS OF WATER : a Familiar Expo- 
 
 sition of the Origin and Phenomena of 
 Glaciers. By J. Tyndall, LL.D., 
 F.R.S. With 25 Illustrations. 
 Eighth Edition. Crown 8vo. 
 price 5-r. 
 
 II. PHYSICS AND POLITICS ; or, Thoughts 
 
 on the Application of the Principles 
 of ' Natural Selection ' and ' Inheri- 
 tance' to Political Society. By Walter 
 Bagehot. Fifth Edition. Crown 
 8vo. price ^s. 
 
 III. FOODS. By Edward Smith, M.D., 
 LL. B. , F. R. S. With numerous Illus- 
 trations. Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. 
 price 5^. 
 
 IV. MIND AND BODY : the Theories of 
 their Relation. By Alexander Bain, 
 LL.D. With Four Illustrations. 
 Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. price $s. 
 
 V. THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY. By Her- 
 
 bert Spencer. Tenth Edition. Crown 
 8vo. price 5-f- 
 
 VI. ON THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. 
 By Balfour Stewart, M.A., LL.D., 
 F.R.S. With 14 Illustrations. Fifth 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5-r. 
 
 VII. ANIMAL LOCOMOTION; or, Walking, 
 Swimming, and Flying. By J. B. 
 Pettigrew, M.D., F.R.S., &c. With 
 130 Illustrations. Second Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. price $s. 
 
 VIII. RESPONSIBILITY IN MENTAL 
 DISEASE. By Henry Maudsley,. M. D. 
 Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. price $s. 
 
 IX. THE NEW CHEMISTRY. By Professor 
 J. P. Cooke. With 31 Illustrations. 
 Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. price $s. 
 
 X. THE SCIENCE OF LAW. By Professor 
 
 Sheldon Amos. Fifth Edition. Crown 
 Svo. price $s. 
 
 XI. ANIMAL MECHANISM : a Treatise on 
 Terrestrial and Aerial Locomotion. 
 By Professor E. J. Marey. With 117 
 Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 
 
 Svo. price $s. 
 
 XII. THE DOCTRINE OF DESCENT AND 
 DARWINISM. By Professor Oscar 
 Schmidt. With 26 Illustrations. Fourth 
 Edition. Crown Svo. price $J. 
 
 XIII. THE HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT 
 BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE. 
 By J. W. Draper, M D., LL.D. 
 Fifteenth Edition. Crown Svo. 
 price 5.?. 
 
 XIV. FUNGI: their Nature, Influences, 
 Uses, &c. By M. C. Cooke, M.D., 
 LL.D. Edited by the Rev. M. J. 
 Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. With nu- 
 merous Illustrations. Second Edition. 
 Crown Svo. price 5-r. 
 
 XV. THE CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF LIGHT 
 AND PHOTOGRAPHY. By Dr. Her- 
 mann Vogel. Translation thoroughly 
 revised. With roo Illustrations. Third 
 Edition. Crown Svo. price 5^. 
 
 XVI. THE LIFE AND GROWTH OF LAN- 
 GUAGE. By Professor William Dwight 
 Whitney, Third Edition. Crown 
 Svo. price $s. 
 
 XVII. MONEY AND THE MECHANISM OF 
 EXCHANGE. By W. Stanley Jevons, 
 M.A., F.R.S. Fifth Edition. 
 Crown Svo. price $s. 
 
 XVIII. THE NATURE OF LIGHT. With 
 a General Account of Physical Optics. 
 By Dr. Eugene Lommel. With 188 
 Illustrations and a Table of Spectra 
 in Chromo-lithography. Third Edit. 
 Crown Svo. price $s. 
 
 XIX. ANIMAL PARASITES AND MESS- 
 MATES. By Monsieur Van Beneden. 
 With 83 Illustrations. Second Edition. 
 Crown Svo. price 5-r. 
 
 XX. FERMENTATION. By Professor 
 Schiirtzenberger. With 28 Illustrations. 
 Third Edition. Crown Svo. price $s. 
 
 XXI. THE FIVE SENSES OF MAN. By 
 Professor Bernstein. With 91 Illus- 
 trations. Third Edition. Crown Svo. 
 price 5-r. 
 
 XXII. THE THEORY OF SOUND IN ITS 
 RELATION TO Music. By Professor 
 Pietro Blaserna. With numerous Illus- 
 trations. Second Edition. Crown Svo. 
 price 5^. 
 
 XXIII. STUDIES IN SPECTRUM ANALY- 
 SIS. By J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S. 
 With six photographic Illustrations of 
 Spectra, and numerous engravings on 
 Wood. Crown Svo. Second Edition. 
 Price 6s. 6d.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 27 
 
 XXIV. A HISTORY OF THE GROWTH OF 
 THE STEAM ENGINE. By Professor 
 R. H. Thurston. With numerous 
 Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 6d. 
 
 XXV. EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE. By 
 Alexander Bain, LL.D. Fourth 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5.?. 
 
 XXVI. THE HUMAN SPECIES. By Prof. 
 A. de Quatrefages. Third Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 XXVII. MODERN CHROMATICS. With 
 Applications to Art and Industry. By 
 Ogden N. Rood. With 130 original 
 Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 XXVIII. THE CRAYFISH : an Introduc- 
 tion to the Study of Zoology. By 
 Professor T. H. Huxley. With 82 
 Illustrations. Third Edition. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 XXIX. THE BRAIN AS AN ORGAN OF 
 MIND. By H. Charlton Bastian, 
 M.D. With numerous Illustrations. 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 5-r. 
 
 XXX. THE ATOMIC THEORY. By Prof. 
 Wurtz. Translated by G. Clemin- 
 shaw, F.C.S. Third Edition. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 XXXI. THE NATURAL CONDITIONS OF 
 EXISTENCE AS THEY AFFECT ANIMAL 
 LIFE. By Karl Semper. With 2 Maps 
 and 106 Woodcuts. Second Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5.?. 
 
 XXXII. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF 
 MUSCLES AND NERVES. By Prof. J. 
 Rosenthal. Second Edition. With 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 XXXIII. SIGHT : an Exposition of the 
 Principles of Monocular and Binocular 
 Vision. By Joseph le Conte, LL. D. 
 With 132 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 XXXIV. ILLUSIONS : a Psychological 
 Study. By James Sully. Second 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 XXXV. VOLCANOES : WHAT THEY ARE 
 
 AND WHAT THEY TEACH. By 
 Professor J. W. Judd, F.R.S. With 
 92 Illustrations on Wood. Second 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 55. 
 
 XXXVI. SUICIDE : an Essay in Com- 
 parative Moral Statistics. By Prof. 
 E. Morselli. With Diagrams. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 XXXVII. THE BRAIN AND ITS FUNC- 
 TIONS. By J. Luys. With Illustrations. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 XXXVIII. MYTH AND SCIENCE : an 
 Essay. By Tito Vignoli. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 XXXIX. THE SUN. By Professor Young. 
 With Illustrations. Second Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 XL. ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS : a Record 
 of Observations on the Habits of the 
 Social Hymenoptera. By Sir John 
 Lubbock, Bart., M.P. With 5 Chromo- 
 lithographic Illustrations. Fifth Edit. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 XLI. ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. By G. J. 
 Romanes, LL.D., F.R.S. Second 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, $s. 
 
 XLII. THE CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF 
 MODERN PHYSICS. By J. B. Stallo. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, $s. 
 
 XLIII. DISEASES OF MEMORY : an Essay 
 in the Positive Pyschology. By Prof. 
 Th. Ribot. Crown 8vo. $s. 
 
 XLIV. MAN BEFORE METALS. By N. 
 Joly. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 XLV. THE SCIENCE OF POLITICS. By 
 Prof. Sheldon Amos. Crown. 8vo. 
 cloth, $s. 
 
 MILITARY WORKS. 
 
 ARMY OF THE NORTH GERMAN CON- 
 FEDERATION : a Brief Description 
 of its Organisation, of the Different 
 Branches of the Service and their rSle 
 in War, of its Mode of Fighting, &c. 
 
 Translated from the Corrected Edition, 
 by permission of the Author, by 
 Colonel Edward Newdigate. Demy 
 8vo. price $s.
 
 28 
 
 A List of 
 
 BAKRINGTON ( Capt. J. T. ) ENGLAND 
 ON THE DEFENSIVE ; or, the Problem 
 of Invasion Critically Examined. 
 Large crown 8vo. with Map, cloth, 
 price "]s. 6d. 
 
 BLUME (Maj. W.) THE OPERATIONS 
 OF THE GERMAN ARMIES IN FRANCE, 
 from Sedan to the end of the War of 
 1870-71. With Map. From the 
 Journals of the Head-quarters Staff. 
 Translated by the late E. M. Jones, 
 Maj. 20th Foot, Prof, of Mil. Hist., 
 Sandhurst. Demy 8vo. price gs. 
 
 BOGUSLAWSKI (Capt. A. von} TAC- 
 TICAL DEDUCTIONS FROM THE WAR 
 OF 1870-1. Translated by Colonel 
 Sir Lumley Graham, Bart., late i8th 
 (Royal Irish) Regiment. Third Edi- 
 tion, Revised and Corrected. Demy 
 8vo. price "js. 
 
 BRACKENBURY (Col. C. B.,) R.A., 
 C.B. MILITARY HANDBOOKS FOR 
 REGIMENTAL OFFICERS. I. Military 
 Sketching and Reconnaissance, by 
 Colonel F. J. Hutchison, and Major 
 H. G. MacGregor. Fourth Edition. 
 With 15 Plates. Small 8vo. cloth, 
 price 6s. II. The Elements of Modern 
 Tactics Practically applied to English 
 Formations, by Lieut. -Col. Wilkinson 
 Shaw. Fourth Edition. With 25 
 Plates and Maps. Small cr. 8vo. 
 cloth, price 9-r. 
 
 BRIALMONT (Col. A.) HASTY IN- 
 TRENCHMENTS. Translated by Lieut. 
 Charles A. Empson, R.A. With 
 Nine Plates. Demy 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 CLERY (C.) Liait. -Col MINOR TAC- 
 TICS. With 26 Maps and Plans. 
 Fifth and revised Edition. Demy 
 8vo. cloth, price l6s. 
 
 DU VERNOIS (Col von Verdy) 
 STUDIES IN LEADING TROOPS. An 
 authorised and accurate Translation by 
 Lieutenant H. J. T. Hildyard, 7ist 
 Foot. Parts I. and II. Demy 8vo. 
 price 7.r. 
 
 GOETZE (Capt. A. von) OPERATIONS 
 OK THE GERMAN ENGINEERS DUR- 
 ING THE WAR OF 1870-1. Published 
 by Authority, and in accordance with 
 Official Documents. Translated from 
 the German by Colonel G. Graham, 
 V.C., C.B., R.E. With 6 large 
 Maps. Demy 8vo. price 2ls. 
 
 HARRISON (Lieut. -Col. R.} THE 
 OFFICER'S MEMORANDUM BOOK FOR 
 PEACE AND WAR. Third Edition. 
 Oblong 32mo. roan, with pencil, price 
 3-r. 6d. 
 
 HELVIG (Capt. H.) THE OPERATIONS 
 OF THE BAVARIAN ARMY CORPS. 
 Translated by Captain G. S. Schwabe. 
 With Five large Maps. In 2 vols. 
 Demy 8vo. price 24?. 
 
 TACTICAL EXAMPLES : Vol. I. The 
 Battalion, price I5J. Vol. II. The 
 Regiment and Brigade, price loj. 6d. 
 Translated from the German by Col. 
 Sir Lumley Graham. With nearly 
 300 Diagrams. Demy 8vo. cloth. 
 
 HOFFBAUER (Capt.) THE GERMAN- 
 ARTILLERY IN THE BATTLES NEAR 
 METZ. Based on the Official Reports of 
 the German Artillery. Translated by 
 Captain E. O. Hollist. With Map 
 and Plans. Demy 8vo. price 2U. 
 
 LA YMANN (Capt.) THE FRONTAL 
 ATTACK OF INFANTRY. Translated 
 by Colonel Edward Newdigate. Crown 
 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 NOTES ON CAVALRY TACTICS, ORGANI- 
 SATION, &c. By a Cavalry Officer. 
 With Diagrams. Demy 8vo. cloth, 
 price 12s. 
 
 PARR (Capt H. Hallam} C.M.G. THE 
 DRESS, HORSES, AND EQUIPMENT OF 
 INFANTRY AND STAFF OFFICERS. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price is. 
 
 SCHAW(Col. H.) THE DEFENCE AND 
 ATTACK OF POSITIONS AND LOCALI- 
 TIES. Second Edition, revised and 
 corrected. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 
 3J. 6d. 
 
 SCHELL (Maj. von) THE OPERATIONS 
 OF THE FIRST ARMY UNDER GEN. 
 VON GOEBEN. Translated by Col. 
 C. H. von Wright. Four Maps, 
 demy 8vo. price 9-f. 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE FIRST ARMY 
 UNDER GEN. VON STEINMETZ. 
 Translated by Captain E. O. Hollist. 
 Demy 8vo. price los. 6d. 
 
 SCHELLENDORF (Major-Gen. B. von) 
 THE DUTIES OF THE GENERAL 
 STAFF. Translated from the German 
 by Lieutenant Hare. Vol. I. Demy 
 8vo. cloth, price los. 6d.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 29 
 
 SCHERFF(Maj. W. von) STUDIES IN 
 THE NEW INFANTRY TACTICS. 
 Parts I. and II. Translated from the 
 German by Colonel Lumley Graham. 
 Demy 8vo. price Js. 6d. 
 
 SHADWELL (Maj.-Gen.) C.B. MOUN- 
 TAIN WARFARE. Illustrated by the 
 Campaign of 1799 in Switzerland. 
 Being a Translation of the Swiss 
 Narrative compiled from the Works of 
 the Archduke Charles, Jomini, and 
 others. Also of Notes by General 
 H. Dufour on the Campaign of the 
 Valtelline in 1635. With Appendix, 
 Maps, and Introductory Remarks. 
 Demy 8vo. price i6.r. 
 
 SHERMAN (Gen. W. T.} MEMOIRS OF 
 GENERAL W. T. SHERMAN, Com- 
 mander of the Federal Forces in the 
 American Civil War. By Himself. 
 2 vols. With Map. Demy 8vo. price 
 24-f. Copyright English Edition. 
 
 STUBBS (Lieut. -Col. F. W.) THE 
 REGIMENT OF BENGAT, ARTILLERY. 
 The History of its Organisation, Equip- 
 ment, and War Services. Compiled 
 from Published Works, Official Re- 
 cords, and various Private Sources. 
 With numerous Maps and Illustrations. 
 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 32J. 
 
 STUMM (Lieut. Hugo) RUSSIA'S AD- 
 VANCE EASTWARD. Based on the 
 Official Reports of. Translated by 
 Capt. C. E. H. VINCENT, With Map. 
 Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 VINCENT (Capt. C. E. ff.) ELEMEN- 
 TARY MILITARY GEOGRAPHY, RE- 
 CONNOITRING, AND SKETCHING. 
 Compiled for Non-commissioned Offi- 
 cers and Soldiers of all Arms. Square 
 crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 VOLUNTEER, THE MILITIAMAN, AND 
 THE REGULAR SOLDIER, by a 
 Public Schoolboy. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 5.?. 
 
 WARTENSLEBEN (Count H. von.} 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE SOUTH 
 ARMY IN JANUARY AND FEBRUARY, 
 1871. Compiled from the Official 
 War Documents of the Head-quar- 
 ters of the Southern Army. Trans- 
 lated by Colonel C. H. von Wright. 
 With Maps. Demy 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE FIRST ARMY 
 UNDER GEN. VON MANTEUFFEL. 
 Translated by Colonel C. H. von 
 Wright. Uniform with the above. 
 Demy 8vo. price 9J. 
 
 WICKHAM (Capt. E. H., R.A.) 
 INFLUENCE OF FIREARMS UPON 
 TACTICS : Historical and Critical 
 Investigations. By an OFFICER OF 
 SUPERIOR RANK (in the German 
 Army). Translated by Captain E. H. 
 Wickham, R.A. Demy 8vo. price 
 7j. 6d. 
 
 WOINOVITS (Capt. 7.) AUSTRIAN 
 CAVALRY EXERCISE. Translated by 
 Captain W. S. Cooke. Crown 8vo. 
 
 price 7.?. 
 
 POETRY. 
 
 ADAMS (W. D. LYRICS OF LOVE, 
 from Shakespeare to Tennyson. Se- 
 lected and arranged by. Fcp. 8vo. 
 cloth extra, gilt edges, price 3^. 6d. 
 
 ADAM OF ST. VICTOR THE LITUR- 
 GICAL POETRY OF ADAM OF ST. 
 VICTOR. From the text of Gautier. 
 With Translations into English in the 
 Original Metres, and Short Explana- 
 tory Notes. By Digby S. Wrangham, 
 M.A. 3 vols. Crown 8vo. printed on 
 hand-made paper, boards, price 21 s. 
 
 ANTIOPE : a Tragedy. Large crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price 6s. 
 
 A UBER TfN(J. J. ) CAMOENS' LUSIADS. 
 Portuguese Text, with Translation by. 
 Map and Portraits. 2 vols. Demy 
 8vo . price 3OJ. 
 
 SEVENTY SONNETS OF CAMOENS. Por- 
 tuguese Text and Translation, with 
 some original Poems. Dedicated to 
 Capt. Richard F. Burton. Printed on 
 hand made paper, cloth, bevelled 
 boards, gilt top, price 7-r. 6d. 
 
 AUCHMUTY(A. C.) POEMS OF ENG- 
 LISH HEROISM : From Brunanburgh 
 to Lucknow ; from Athelstan to Albert. 
 Small crown 8vo. cloth, price is. &/.
 
 A List of 
 
 A VIA THE ODYSSEY OF HOMER. Done 
 
 into English Verse by. Fcp. 410. 
 
 cloth, price 15.?. 
 BANKS (Mrs. G. L.) RIPPLES AND 
 
 BREAKERS : Poems. Square 8vo. 
 
 cloth, price 5-r. 
 BARNES (William} POEMS OF RURAL 
 
 LIFE, IN THE DORSET DIALECT. 
 
 New Edition, complete in one vol. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price Ss. 6d. 
 
 BENNETT (Dr. W. C.) NARRATIVE 
 POEMS AND BALLADS. Fcp. 8vo. 
 sewed, in Coloured Wrapper, price u. 
 
 SONGS FOR SAILORS. Dedicated by 
 Special Request to H.R.H. the Duke 
 of Edinburgh. With Steel Portrait 
 and Illustrations. Crown 8vo. price 
 35. 6d. 
 
 An Edition in Illustrated Paper 
 Covers, price is. 
 
 SONGS OF A SONG WRITER. Crown 
 8vo. pike 6j. 
 
 BEVINGTON (L. S.) KEY NOTES. 
 Small crown 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 BILLSON (C. J.} THE ACHARNIANS 
 OF ARISTOPHANES. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 BO WEN (If. C.) M.A. SIMPLE ENG- 
 LISH POEMS. English Literature for 
 Junior Classes. In Four Parts. Parts 
 I. II. and III. price 6d. each, 
 and Part IV. price is. 
 
 BRYANT (W. C.) POEMS. Red-line 
 Edition. With 24 Illustrations and 
 Portrait of the Author. Crown 8vo. 
 cloth extra, price 7-r. 6d. 
 
 A Cheap Edition, with Frontis- 
 piece. Small crown Svo. price ~$s. 6d. 
 
 BYKNNE (E. Fairfax) MILICENT : a 
 Poem. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 6.r. 
 
 CALDERON'S DRAMAS : the Wonder- 
 Working Magician Life is a Dream 
 the Purgatory of St. Patrick. Trans- 
 lated by Denis Florence MacCarthy. 
 Post Svo. price lOs. 
 
 CLARKE (Mary Cowdcn} HONEY FROM 
 THE WEED. Verses. Crown Svo. 
 cloth, 7-r. 
 
 COLOMB (Colonel) THE CARDINAL 
 ARC 1 1 K is no i> : a Spanish Legend. 
 In 29 Cancions. Small crown Svo. 
 cloth, price $s. 
 
 CONWAY (ffugh)K LIFE'S IDYLLS. 
 Small crown Svo. cloth, price ^s. 6d. 
 
 COPPEE (Francois) L'ExiLEE. Done 
 into English Verse, with the sanction- 
 of the Author, by I. O. L. Crown 
 Svo. vellum, price $s. 
 
 COXHEAD (Ethel} BIRDS AND BABIES. 
 Imp. i6mo. With 33 Illustrations. 
 Cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. 
 
 DAVID RIZZIO, BOTHWELL, AND THE 
 WITCH LADY. Three Tragedies. By 
 the Author of ' Ginevra,' &c. Crown 
 Svo. cloth, 6s. 
 
 DA VIE (G. S.) M.D. THE GARDEN OF 
 FRAGRANCE. Being a complete 
 Translation of the Bostan of Sadi, 
 from the original Persian into English 
 Verse. Crown Svo. cloth, Js. 6d. 
 
 DA VIES (T. Hart) CATULLUS. Trans- 
 lated into English Verse. Crown Svo. 
 cloth, price 6s. 
 
 DE VERE (Aubrey') THE FORAY OF 
 QUEEN MEAVE, and other Legends of 
 Ireland's Heroic Age. Small crown 
 Svo. cloth, 5-r. 
 
 ALEXANDER THE GREAT : a Dramatic 
 Poem. Small crown Svo. price 5J 1 . 
 
 THE LEGENDS OF ST. PATRICK, and 
 other Poems. Small cr. Svo. price 5^. 
 
 ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY : a Dra- 
 matic Poem. Large fcp. Svo. price $s. 
 
 ANTAR AND ZARA: an Eastern Romance. 
 INISFAIL, and other Poems, Medita- 
 tive and Lyrical. Fcp. Svo. price 6s. 
 
 THE FALL OF RORA, THE SEARCH 
 AFTER PROSERPINE, and other Poems, 
 Meditative and Lyrical. Fcp. Svo. 6s. 
 
 LEGENDS OF THE SAXON SAINTS. 
 Small crown Svo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 THE INFANT BRIDAL, and other Poems. 
 A New and Enlarged Edition. Fcp. 
 Svo. price TS. 6d. 
 
 DILLON (Arthur) RIVER SONGS and 1 
 other poems. With 13 Autotype 
 Illustrations from designs by Margery 
 May. Fcp. 4to. cloth extra, gilt 
 leaves, IO.T. 6d. 
 
 DOBELL (Mrs. Horace) ETHELSTONE, 
 EVELINE, and other Poems. Crown 
 Svo. cloth, 6s.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 31 
 
 DOBSON (Austin) VIGNETTES IN 
 RHYME, and Vers de Societe. Third 
 Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price $s. 
 PROVERBS IN PORCELAIN. By the 
 Author of 'Vignettes in Rhyme.' 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 DOROTHY : a Country Story in Elegiac 
 Verse. With Preface. Demy 8vo. 
 cloth, price 5,'. 
 
 DOWDEN (Edward) LL.D. POEMS. 
 Second Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price $s. 
 
 SHAKSPERE'S SONNETS. With Introduc- 
 tion. Large post 8vo. cloth, price 7-r. 6d. 
 
 DOWNTON (Rev. H.) M.A. HYMNS 
 AND VERSES. Original and Trans- 
 lated. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 
 3s.6<t. 
 
 DUG MO RE (Rev. Ernest Edward] 
 FROM THE MOUNTAINS OF THE 
 EAST : A Quasi Dramatic Poem on 
 the Story of the Prophet Soothsayer 
 Balaam. Crown 8vo. cloth, -$s. 6d. 
 
 DUTT (Toni)A SHEAF GLEANED IN 
 FRENCH FIELDS. New Edition, with 
 Portrait. Demy 8vo. cloth, IGJ. 6d. 
 
 ANCIENT BALLADS AND LEGENDS OF 
 HINDUSTAN. With an Introductory 
 Memoir by Edmund W. Gosse. Small 
 crown 8vo. printed on hand-made 
 paper, price $s. 
 
 EDWARDS (Rev. Basil) MINOR 
 CHORDS ; or, Songs for the Suffering : 
 a Volume of Verse. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 
 price 3.?. 6d. ; paper, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 ELDRYTH (Maud} MARGARET, and 
 other Poems. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 ELLIOT (Lady Charlotte) MEDUSA and 
 other Poems. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 
 6s. 
 
 ELLIOTT (Ebenezer), The Corn Law 
 Rhymer. POEMS. Edited by his son, 
 the Rev. Edwin Elliott, of St. John's, 
 Antigua. 2 vols. crown 8vo. price iSs. 
 
 ENGLISH ODES. Selected, with a Critical 
 Introduction by EDMUND W. GOSSE, 
 and a miniature frontispiece by 
 Hamo Thomycroft, A.R.A. Elzevir 
 8vo. limp parchment antique, price 
 6s. ; vellum, "js. 6d. 
 
 EPIC OF HADES (THE). By the Author 
 of ' Songs of Two Worlds.' Thirteenth 
 Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price fs. &/. 
 * # * Also an Illustrated Edition, with 
 seventeen full-page designs in photo- 
 mezzotint by George R. Chapman. 
 4to. cloth, extra gilt leaves, price 25.?. ; 
 and a Large Paper Edition with Por- 
 trait, price los. 6d. 
 
 EVANS (Anne) POEMS AND Music. 
 With Memorial Preface by ANN 
 THACKERAY RITCHIE. Large crown 
 8vo. cloth, price Js. 
 
 GOSSE (Edmund W.) NEW POEMS. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price Js. 6d. 
 
 GROTE (A. R.) RIP VAN WINKLE : a 
 Sun Myth ; and other Poems. Small 
 crown 8vo. printed on hand-made 
 paper, limp parchment antique, price 5-f. 
 
 GURNEY(Rev. Alfred) THE VISION OF 
 THE EUCHARIST, and other Poems. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 G\VEN : a Drama in Monologue. By the 
 Author of the ' Epic of Hades. ' Third 
 Edition. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 5.?. 
 
 HA WKER (Robt. Stephen) THE POETI- 
 CAL WORKS OF. Now first collected 
 and arranged. With a Prefatory Notice 
 by J. G. Godwin. With Portrait. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 12s. 
 
 HELLON(H. G.) DAPHNIS: a Pastoral 
 Poem. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 
 3s. 6d. 
 
 HERMAN WALDGRAVE : a Life's Drama. 
 By the Author of ' Ginevra,' &c. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, 6s. 
 
 HI C KEY (E. #.) A SCULPTOR, and 
 other Poems. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 5 J - 
 
 HOLMES (E.G. A.) YOKUS. First and 
 Second Series. Fcp.Svo. price 5 s. each. 
 
 INGHAM (Sarson C. J.) GNOMON'S 
 VISION and other Poems. Small 
 crown 8vo. cloth, $s. 
 
 JENKINS (Rev. Canon) In*. GIRDLE 
 LEGEND OF PRATO. Small crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 
 
 ALFONSO PETRUCCI, Cardinal and Con- 
 spirator : an Historical Tragedy in 
 Five Acts. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price Jr. 6d. 
 
 KING (Edward) ECHOES FROM THE 
 ORIENT. With Miscellaneous Poems. 
 Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3^. 6d.
 
 A List, of 
 
 KING (Mrs. Hamilton} THE DISCIPLES. 
 Fifth Edition, with Portrait and Notes. 
 Crown 8vo. price $s. 
 ASPROMONTE, and other Poems. Second 
 Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 4?. 6d. 
 
 LANG (A.} XXXII BALLADES IN BLUE 
 CHINA. Elzevir 8vo. parchment, 
 price 5.?. 
 
 LEIGH (Arran ana Isla) BELLERO 
 PHON. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 5.!-. 
 
 LEIGHTON (Robert] RECORDS AND 
 OTHER POEMS. With Portrait. Small 
 crown 8vo. cloth, price 7-r. 6d. 
 
 LESSING'S NATHAN THE WISE. Trans- 
 lated by Eustace K. Coibett. Crown 
 8vo. cloth. 6s. 
 
 LIVING ENGLISH POETS. MDCCCLXXXII. 
 With frontispiece by Walter Crane. 
 Large crown 8vo. printed on hand- 
 made paper. Parchment, 12s. ; vellum, 
 
 IS* 
 
 LOCKER (F.) LONDON LYRICS. A 
 
 New and Revised Edition, with Addi- 
 
 tions and a Portrait of the Author. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth elegant, price 6s. 
 
 %* Also a Cheaper Edition, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 LOVE SONNETS OF PROTEUS. With 
 Frontispiece by the Author. Elzevir 
 Svo. cloth, price 5-r. 
 
 LOWNDES (Henry) POEMS AND 
 TRANSLATIONS. Crown Svo. cloth, 
 price 6s. 
 
 LUMSDEN (Lieut. -Col. If. W.)~ BEO- 
 AVULF : an Old English Poem. 
 Translated into Modern Rhymes. 
 Small crown Svo. cloth, price 5^. 
 
 MACLEAN (Charles Donala) 
 
 AND GREEK VERSE TRANSLATIONS. 
 Small crown Svo. cloth, 2s. 
 
 MA GNUSSON (Eirikr) M.A., and 
 PALMER (E. If.) M.A. JOHAN 
 
 LUDVIGRUNEBERG'SLYRICAL SONGS, 
 
 IDYLLS, AND EPIGRAMS. Fcp. Svo. 
 
 cloth, price 55. 
 
 MDC. Chronicles of Christopher Col- 
 umbus. A Poem in Twelve Cantos. 
 Small crown Svo. cloth, 7-f. 6d. 
 
 MEREDITH (Own) [The Earl of 
 /.)//<>;/] Lucii.K. With 160 Illus- 
 trations. Crown 410. cloth extra, gilt 
 leaves, price 2is. 
 
 M1DDLETON, (The Lady} BALLADS. 
 Square i6mo. cloth, price 3^. 6d. 
 
 MOORE (Mrs. Bloomfield) GONDALINE'S 
 LESSON : The Warden's Tale, Stories 
 for Children, and other Poems, Crown 
 Svo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 MORICE (Rev. F. D.) M.A. THE 
 OLYMPIAN AND PYTHIAN ODES OF 
 PINDAR. A New Translation in Eng- 
 lish Verse. Crown Svo. price "Js. 6d. 
 
 MORRIS (Lewis') POETICAL WORKS. 
 Vol. I. contains Songs of Two Worlds. 
 Vol. II. contains The Epic of Hades. 
 Vol. III. contains Gwen and the Ode 
 of Life. New and Cheaper Edition, 
 with Portrait, complete in 3 vols. $s. 
 each. 
 
 MORSHEAD (E. D. A.~) THE HOUSE 
 ARTEUS. Being the Agamemnon, 
 Libation-Bearers, and Furies of 
 ^Eschylus. Translated into English 
 Verse. Crown Svo. cloth, price Js. 
 
 NADEN (Constance W.) SONGS AND 
 SONNETS OF SPRING TIME. Small 
 crown Svo. cloth, price $s. 
 
 NEWELL (E. y.) THE SORROW OF 
 SIMONA and Lyrical Verses. Small 
 crown Svo. cloth, T,S. 6d. 
 
 NICHOLSON(EdwardB. )_THE CHRIST 
 CHILD, and other Poems. Crown 
 Svo. cloth, price 4?. 6d. 
 
 NOAKE (Major R. Campion) THE 
 BIVOUAC ; or, Martial Lyrist. With 
 an Appendix : Advice to the Soldier. 
 Fcp. Svo. price $s. 6d. 
 
 NOEL (TJie If on Roden)K LITTLE 
 
 CHILD'S MONUMENT. Second 
 
 Edition. Small crown Svo. cloth, 
 3^. 6</. 
 
 NORRIS (Rev. Alfred) THE INNER 
 AND OUTER LIFE POEMS. Fcp. Svo. 
 cloth, price 6s. 
 
 ODE OF LIFE (THE). By the Author of 
 'The Epic of Hades' &c. Fourth 
 Edition. Crown Svo. cloth, price 5^. 
 
 'HAG -AN (Jo/in) -THE SONG OF 
 ROLAND. Translated into English 
 Verse. Large post Svo. parchment 
 antique, price ioj. 6d. 
 
 PAUL (C.Kegait) GOETHE'S FAUST. A 
 New Translation in Rhyme. Crown 
 Svo. price 6s.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 33 
 
 PA YNE (John) SONGS OP LIFE AND 
 DEATH. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5J-. 
 
 PENNELL (H. Cholmondeley) PEGASUS 
 RESADDLED. By the Author of ' Puck 
 on Pegasus,' &c. &c. With Ten Full- 
 page Illustrations by George Du 
 Maurier. Second Edition. Fcp. 4to. 
 cloth elegant, price 12s. 6d. 
 
 PFEIFFER (Emily) GLAN ALARCH : 
 His Silence and Song : a Poem. 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 GERARD'S MONUMENT and other Poems. 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 6s. 
 
 QUARTERMAN'S GRACE, and other 
 Poems. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5*. 
 
 POEMS. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price 6s. 
 
 SONNETS AND SONGS. New Edition. 
 i6mo. handsomely printed and bound 
 in cloth, gilt edges, price 4J. 
 
 UNDER THE ASPENS : Lyrical and 
 Dramatic. Crown 8vo. with Portrait 
 cloth, price 6s. 
 
 PIKE (Warburtori) THE INFERNO OF 
 DANTE ALIGHIERI. Demy 8vo. 
 cloth, price 5J. 
 
 RHOADES (James) THE GEORGICS OF 
 VIRGIL. Translated into English 
 Verse. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 5-c. 
 
 ROBINSON (A. Mary F.)A HANDFUL 
 OF HONEYSUCKLE. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 
 price 3J. 6d. 
 
 THE CROWNED HIPPOLYTUS. Trans- 
 lated from Euripides. With New 
 Poems. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 5J. 
 
 SAUNDERS (John) LOVE'S MARTYR- 
 DOM : a Play and Poem. Small 
 crown 8vo. cloth, $s. 
 
 SCHILLER'S MARY STUART. German 
 Text with English Translation on 
 opposite page. By Leedham White. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, 6s. 
 
 SHAW (W. F.) M. A. JUVENAL, PER- 
 sius, MARTIAL, AND CATULLUS : 
 an Experiment in Translation. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, 5^. 
 
 SHELLEY (Percy Bysshe) POEMS 
 SELECTED FROM. Dedicated to Lady 
 Shelley. With Preface by Richard 
 Gamett. Printed on hand-made paper, 
 with miniature frontispiece, Elzevir 
 8vo. limp parchment antique, price 6s. ; 
 vellum, price 7J. 6d. 
 
 Six BALLADS ABOUT KING ARTHUR. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth extra, gilt edges, 
 price 3-f. 6d. 
 
 SKINNER (James) CCELESTIA. The 
 Manual of St. Augustine. The Latin 
 Text side by side with an English 
 Interpretation in Thirty-six Odes with 
 Notes, and a plea for the study of 
 Mystical Theology. Large crown 
 8vo. cloth, 6s. 
 
 SLADEN (Douglas B. W.) FRITHJOF 
 AND INGEBJORG and other Poems. 
 Small crown 8vo. cloth, 5-r. 
 
 SONGS OF Two WORLDS. By the Author 
 of 'The Epic of Hades.' Seventh 
 Edition. Complete in one Volume, 
 with Portrait. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 
 price Js. 6d. 
 
 SONGS FOR Music. By Four Friends. 
 Containing Songs by Reginald A. 
 Gatty, Stephen H. Gatty, Greville J. 
 Chester, and Juliana Ewing. Square 
 crown 8vo. price $j. 
 
 STEDMAN '(Edmund Clarence) LYRICS 
 AND IDYLLS, with other Poems. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price Js. 6d. 
 
 STEVENS (William) THE TRUCE OF 
 GOD, and other Poems. Small crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 3*. 6d. 
 
 SWEET SILVERY SAYINGS OF SHAKE- 
 SPEARE. Crown 8vo. cloth gilt, price 
 ^s. 6et. 
 
 TAYLOR (Sir H.) Works Complete in 
 Five Volumes. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 3or. 
 
 | TENNYSON (Alfred) Works Com- 
 plete: 
 
 THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY EDITION. 
 Complete in 7 vols. Demy 8vo. price 
 lor. 6d. each; in Roxburgh binding, 
 I2J. 6d. each. 
 
 AUTHOR'S EDITION. In Seven Volumes. 
 Post 8vo. cloth gilt, 43.?. 6d. ; or half- 
 morocco, Roxburgh style, 52*. 6d. 
 
 CABINET EDITION. 13 Volumes. Each 
 with Frontispiece. Fcp. 8vo. price 
 2s. 6d each. 
 
 C
 
 34 
 
 A List of 
 
 TENNYSON (Alfred) cont. 
 
 CABINET EDITION. 13 vols. Complete 
 in handsome Ornamental Case, 35^. 
 
 THE ROYAL EDITION. In i vol. With 
 26 Illustrations and Portrait. Cloth 
 extra, bevelled boards, gilt leaves, 
 price 2is. 
 
 THE GUINEA EDITION. Complete in 
 13 vols. neatly bound and enclosed 
 in box. Cloth, price 2is. ; French 
 morocco or parchment, price 3 1 s. 6d. 
 
 SHILLING EDITION. In 13 vols. pocket 
 size, is. each, sewed. 
 
 THE CROWN EDITION. Complete in 
 I vol. strongly bound in cloth, price 
 6s. ; cloth, extra gilt leaves, price 
 "js. 6d. ; Roxburgh, half-morocco, 
 price 8s. 6d. 
 
 * x* Can also be had in a variety of other 
 bindings. 
 
 TENNYSON'S SONGS SET TO Music by 
 various Composers. Edited by W. J. 
 Cusins. Dedicated, by express per- 
 mission, to Her Majesty the Queen. 
 Royal 4to. cloth extra, gilt leaves, price 
 2is. ; or in half-morocco, price 25^. 
 
 Original Editions : 
 POEMS. Small 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 MAUD, and other Poems. Small 8vo. 
 price 3^. 6d. 
 
 THE PRINCESS. Small 8vo. price y.6d. 
 
 IDYLLS OF THE KING. Small 8vo. 
 price 5-f- 
 
 IDYLLS OF THE KING. Complete. 
 Small 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 THE HOLY GRAIL, and other Poems. 
 Small 8vo. price 4^. 6d. 
 
 GARETH AND LYNETTE. Small 8vo. 
 
 price 3-r. 
 ENOCH ARDEN, &c. Small 8vo. price 
 
 y 6d. 
 
 IN MEMORIAM. Small 8vo. price 4r. 
 
 HAROLD : a Drama. New Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 QUEEN MARY : a Drama. New Edi- 
 tion. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 THE LOVER'S TALE. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 
 
 3... 6d. 
 
 BALLADS, and other Poems. Small 8vo. 
 
 cloth, price 5.5 
 
 TENNYSON (Alfred) cont. 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM THE ABOVE WORKS. 
 Super royal i6mo. price y. 6d. ; cloth 
 gilt extra, price 4?. 
 
 SONGS FROM THE ABOVE WORKS. 
 i6mo. cloth, price 2s. 6d.; cloth extra, 
 3-r. 6d. 
 
 IDYLLS OF THE KING, and other Poems. 
 Illustrated by Julia Margaret Cameron. 
 2 vols. folio, half-bound morocco, cloth 
 sides, price 6. 6s. each. 
 
 HOR;E TENNYSONIAN^E sive Eclogsee 
 Tennysono Latine Redditae Cura A. J. 
 Church, A.M. Small crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price 6s. 
 
 TENNYSON FOR THE YOUNG AND FOR 
 RECITATION. Specially arranged. 
 Fcp. 8vo. is. 6d. 
 
 THE TENNYSON BIRTHDAY BOOK. Edited 
 by Emily Shakespear. 32mo. cloth 
 limp, 2s. ; cloth extra, 3.?. 
 
 * # * A superior Edition, printed in red 
 and black, on antique paper, specially 
 prepared. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 extra gilt leaves, price 5^. ; and in 
 various calf and morocco bindings. 
 
 THOMPSON (Alice C.) PRELUDES : a 
 Volume of Poems. Illustrated by 
 Elizabeth Thompson (Painter of ' The 
 Roll Call'). 8vo. price 7.?. 6d. 
 
 TODHUNTER (Dr. J.) LAURELLA, 
 and other Poems. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 FOREST SONGS. Small crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price y. 6d. 
 
 THE TRUE TRAGEDY OF RIENZI : a 
 Drama. Cloth, price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 ALCESTIS : a Dramatic Poem. Extra 
 fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 5^. 
 
 A STUDY OF SHELLEY. Crown 8vo. 
 cloth, price 7J. 
 
 TRANSLATIONS FROM DANTE, PETRARCH, 
 MICHAEL ANGELO, AND VITTORIA 
 COLONNA. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price Js.6J. 
 
 TURNER (Rev. C. Tennyson) SONNETS, 
 LYRICS, AND TRANSLATIONS. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 4?. 6d. 
 COLLECTED SONNETS, Old and New. 
 With Prefatory Poem by ALFRED 
 TENNYSON ; also some Marginal 
 Notes by S. T. COLERIDGE, and a 
 Critical Essay by JAMES SPEDDING. 
 Fcp. 8vo cloth, price Js, 6d.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 35 
 
 WALTERS (Sophia Lydia) THE BROOK: 
 a Poem. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 3*. 6d. 
 
 A DREAMER'S SKETCH BOOK. With 
 21 Illustrations by Percival Skelton, 
 R. P. Leitch, W. H. J. BOOT, and 
 T. R. PRITCHETT. Engraved by 
 J. D. Cooper. Fcp. 4to. cloth, price 
 
 I2.T. 6d. 
 
 WATERFIELD (W.) HYMNS FOR 
 
 HOLY DAYS AND SEASONS. 32mo. 
 
 cloth, price is. 6d. 
 WAY (A.) M.A. THE ODES OF HORACE 
 
 LITERALLY TRANSLATED IN METRE. 
 
 Fcp. 8vo. price 2s. 
 WEBSTER (Augusta) DISGUISES : a 
 
 Drama. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 
 price 5-r. 
 IN A DAY : a Drama. Small crown 8vo. 
 
 cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 WET DAYS. By a Farmer. Small crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 WILK1NS (William} SONGS OF STUDY. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY (The Hon. Mrs.) Ox 
 THE NORTH WIND THISTLEDOWN : 
 a Volume of Poems. Elegantly bound, 
 small crown 8vo. price Js. 6d. 
 
 WOODS (James Chapman) A CHILD OF 
 THE PEOPLE, and other Poems. Small 
 crown 8vo. cloth, price 5.?. 
 
 YOUNG (Wm.) GOTTLOB, ETCETERA. 
 Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3^. 6d. 
 
 YOUNGS (Ella Sharpe) PAPHUS, and 
 other Poems. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 3^. 6d. 
 
 WORKS OF FICTION IN ONE VOLUME. 
 
 BANKS (Mrs. G. Z.) GOD'S PROVI- 
 DENCE HOUSE. New Edition. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price $s. 6d. 
 
 BETHAM-EDWARDS (Miss M.) 
 KITTY. With a Frontispiece. Crown 
 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 BLUE ROSES ; or, Helen Malinofska's 
 Marriage. By the Author of ' Vera.' 
 New and Cheaper Edition. With 
 Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 6s. 
 
 FRISWELL (J. Hain) ONE OF Two ; 
 or, The Left-Handed Bride. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 GARRETT (E.) BY STILL WATERS : a 
 Story for Quiet Hours. With Seven 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 HARDY (Thomas) A PAIR OF BLUE 
 EYES. Author of ' Far from the Mad- 
 ding Crowd.' New Edition. Crown 
 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE. New 
 Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 HOOPER (Mrs. G.} THE HOUSE OF 
 RABY. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 INGELOW(Jean}>?-s THE SKELLIGS: 
 a Novel. With Frontispiece. Second 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 KING (dward)THE GENTLE SAVAGE. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, 6.r. 
 
 MACDONALD (G.) MALCOLM. With 
 Portrait of the Author engraved on 
 Steel. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. 
 price 6s. 
 
 THE MARQUIS OF LOSSIE. Fourth 
 Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 ST. GEORGE AND ST. MICHAEL. Third 
 Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 
 8vo. cloth, 6s. 
 
 MASTERMAN (J. ) HALF-A-DOZEN 
 DAUGHTERS. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 
 3-r. 6d. 
 
 MEREDITH (George) ORDEAL OF 
 RICHARD FEVEREL. New Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 THE EGOIST : A Comedy in Narrative. 
 New and Cheaper Edition, with 
 Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, 
 price 6s.
 
 A List of 
 
 PALGRAVE (W. Gifford} HERMANN 
 AGHA : an Eastern Narrative. Third 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 PANDURANG HARI ; or, Memoirs of a 
 Hindoo. With an Introductory Pre- 
 face by Sir H. Bartle E. Frere, 
 G. C.S.I., C.B. Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 PAUL (Margaret Agnes} GENTLE AND 
 SIMPLE : A Story. New and Cheaper 
 Edition, with Frontispiece. Crown 
 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 SHAW (Flora Z.) -CASTLE BLAIR; a 
 Story of Youthful Days. New and 
 Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price 
 3*. 6ct. 
 
 STRETTON (Hesbd) THROUGH A 
 NEEDLE'S EYE : a Story. New and 
 Cheaper Edition, with Frontispiece. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 TA YLOR (Col. Meadows) C.S.I^M.R.LA. 
 SEETA : a Novel. New and Cheaper 
 
 Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 
 
 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 TIPPOO SULTAUN : a Tale of the Mysore 
 
 War. New Edition, with Frontispiece. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 RALPH DARNELL. New and Cheaper 
 
 Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 
 
 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 A NOBLE QUEEN. New and Cheaper 
 
 Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 
 
 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 THE CONFESSIONS OF A THUG. 
 
 Crown 8vo. price 6s. 
 TARA: a Mahratta Tale. Crown 8vo. 
 
 price 6s. 
 
 THOMAS (Moy)K FIGHT FOR LIFE. 
 Crown Svo. cloth, price 3.?. 6d. 
 
 WITHIN SOUND OF THE SEA. New 
 and Cheaper Edition, with Frontis- 
 piece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6s. 
 
 BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG. 
 
 AUNT MARY'S BRAN PIE. By the Author 
 of ' St. Olave's.' Illustrated. Price 
 $s. 6d. 
 
 BARLEE (Ellen) LOCKED OUT: a Tale 
 of the Strike. With a Frontispiece. 
 Royal i6mo. price is. 6d. 
 
 BONWICK (7.) F.R.G.S. THE TAS- 
 MANIAN LILY. With Frontispiece. 
 Crown 8vo. price 55. 
 
 MIKE HOWE, the Bushranger of Van 
 Diemen's Land. New and Cheaper 
 Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 
 Svo. price $s. 6ef. 
 
 BRAVE MEN'S FOOTSTEPS. A Book of 
 Example and Anecdote for Young 
 People. By the Editor of ' Men who 
 have Risen.' With Four Illustrations 
 by C. Doyle. Seventh Edition. Crown 
 Svo. price 3^. 6d. 
 
 CHILDREN'S TOYS, and some Elementary 
 Lessons in General Knowledge which 
 they teach. Illustrated. Crown Svo. 
 cloth, price $s. 
 
 COLERIDGE (Sara) PRETTY LESSONS 
 IN VERSE FOR GOOD CHILDREN, 
 with some Lessons in Latin, in Easy 
 Rhyme. A New Edition. Illus- 
 trated. Fcp. Svo. cloth, price 
 3-r. 6d. 
 
 HANVERS (N. R.} LITTLE MINNIE'S 
 
 TROUBLES : an Every- day Chronicle. 
 
 With 4 Illustrations by W. H. Hughes. 
 
 Fcp. cloth, price 3J. 6d. 
 PARTED : a Tale of Clouds and Sunshine. 
 
 With 4 Illustrations. Extra fcp. Svo. 
 
 cloth, price 3-r. 6d. 
 PIXIE'S ADVENTURES ; or, the Tale of 
 
 a Terrier. With 21 Illustrations. 
 
 i6mo. cloth, price 4?. 6d. 
 NANNY'S ADVENTURES : or, the Tale of 
 
 a Goat. With 12 Illustrations. i6mo. 
 
 cloth, price 4*. 6d. 
 
 DA VIES (G. Christopher] RAMBLES 
 AND ADVENTURES OF OUR SCHOOL 
 FIELD CLUB. With Four Illustra- 
 tions. New and Cheaper Edition. 
 Crown Svo. price 3-r. 6d.
 
 Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 37 
 
 DRUMMOND (Miss) TRIPP'S BUILD- 
 INGS. A Study from Life, with 
 Frontispiece. Small crown 8vo. price 
 3-r. 6d. 
 
 EDMONDS (Herbert} WELL SPENT 
 LIVES : a Series of Modern Biogra- 
 phies. New and Cheaper Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. price 3-r. fid. 
 
 EVANS (MarfyTvus. STORY OF OUR 
 FATHER'S LOVE, told to Children ; 
 Fourth and Cheaper Edition of 
 Theology for Children. With Four 
 Illustrations. Fcp. 8vo. price is. 6d. 
 
 FARQUHARSON (M.) 
 
 I. ELSIE DINSMORE. Crown 8vo. 
 
 price 3-r. 6d. 
 II. ELSIE'S GIRLHOOD. Crown 8vo. 
 
 price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 III. ELSIE'S HOLIDAYS AT ROSELANDS. 
 Crown 8vo. price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 HERFORD (Brooke) THE STORY OF 
 RELIGION IN ENGLAND : a Book for 
 Young Folk. Cr. 8vo. cloth, price 2s. 
 
 INGELOW (Jean} THE LITTLE 
 WONDER-HORN. With Fifteen Illus- 
 trations. Small 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 yOHNSON( Virginia W.)_THE CATSKILL 
 FAIRIES. Illustrated by ALFRED 
 FREDERICKS. Cloth, price 5^. 
 
 KER (David) THE BOY SLAVE IN 
 BOKHARA: a Tale of Central Asia. 
 With Illustrations. New and Cheaper 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3^. 6d. 
 
 THE WILD HORSEMAN OF THE PAMPAS. 
 Illustrated. New and Cheaper Edi- 
 tion. Crown 8vo. price 3^. 6d. 
 
 LA MO NT (Martha MacDonald)THY. 
 GLADIATOR : a Life under the Roman 
 Empire in the beginning of the Third 
 Century. With 4 Illustrations by 
 H. M. Paget. Extra fcp. 8vo. cloth, 
 price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 LEANDER (Richard) FANTASTIC 
 STORIES. Translated from the German 
 by Paulina B. Granville. With Eight 
 Full-page Illustrations by M. E. 
 Fraser-Tytler. Crown 8vo. price 5*. 
 
 LEE (Holme) HER TITLE OF HONOUR. 
 A Book for Girls. New Edition. 
 With a Frontispiece. Crown 8ve. 
 price 5*. 
 
 LEWIS (Mary A.) A RAT WITH THREE 
 TALES. New and Cheaper Edition. 
 With Four Illustrations by Catherine 
 F. Frere. Price 3^. 6d. 
 
 MAC KENNA (S. y.) PLUCKY FEL- 
 LOWS. A Book for Boys. With Six 
 Illustrations. Fifth Edition. Crown 
 8vo. price 3-f. 6d. 
 
 AT SCHOOL WITH AN OLD DRAGOON. 
 With Six Illustrations. New and 
 Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price 
 $s. 6d. 
 
 MALDEN (H. E.) PRINCES AND PRIN- 
 CESSES : Two Fairy Tales. Illustrated. 
 Small crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 MASTER BOBBY. By the Author of 
 'Christina North.' With Six Illus- 
 trations. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price y. 6d. 
 
 MC CLINTOCK (Z.) SIR SPANGLE 
 AND THE DINGY HEN. Illustrated. 
 Square crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 NAAKE (y. T.) SLAVONIC FAIRY 
 TALES. From Russian, Servian, 
 Polish, and Bohemian Sources. With 
 4 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. price $s. 
 
 PELLET AN (E) THE DESERT PASTOR. 
 
 JEAN JAROUSSEAU. Translated from 
 
 the French. By Colonel E. P. De 
 
 L'Hoste. With a Frontispiece. New 
 
 Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price $s. 6d. 
 REANEY (Mrs. G. S.) WAKING AND 
 
 WORKING ; or, From Girlhood to 
 
 Womanhood. New and Cheaper 
 
 Edition. With a Frontispiece. Cr. 
 
 8vo. price 3-r. 6tf. 
 BLESSING AND BLESSED : a Sketch of 
 
 Girl Life. New and Cheaper Edition. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3^. 6d. 
 ROSE GURNEY'S DISCOVERY. A Book 
 
 for Girls. Dedicated to their Mothers. 
 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price $s. 6d. 
 ENGLISH GIRLS: Their Place and Power. 
 
 With Preface by the Rev. R. W. Dale. 
 
 Third Edition. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 
 
 price 2s. 6d. 
 JUST ANYONE, and other Stories. Three 
 
 Illustrations. Royal i6mo. cloth, price 
 
 is. 6<t. 
 SUNBEAM WILLIE, and other Stories. 
 
 Three Illustrations. Royal i6mo. 
 
 price u. 6d. 
 SUNSHINE JENNY and other Stories. 
 
 3 Illustrations. Royal i6mo. cloth, 
 
 price u. 6d.
 
 38 A List of Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.'s Publications. 
 
 ROSS (Mrs. .), ('Nelsie Brook') 
 DADDY'S PET. A Sketch from 
 Humble Life. With Six Illustrations. 
 Royal i6mo. price u. 
 
 SADLER (S. W.\ R.N. THE AFRICAN 
 CRUISER: a Midshipman's Adventures 
 on the West Coast. With Three 
 Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edi- 
 tion. Crown 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 SEEKING HIS FORTUNE, and other Stories. 
 With Four Illustrations. New and 
 Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 SEVEN AUTUMN LEAVES FROM FAIRY 
 LAND. Illustrated with Nine Etchings. 
 Square crown 8vo. price 3^. 6d. 
 
 STOCKTON (Frank R.) A JOLLY FEL- 
 LOWSHIP. With 20 Illustrations. 
 Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5^. 
 
 STOKR (Francis) and TURNER (Ha-wes) . 
 CANTERBURY CHIMES; or, Chaucer 
 Tales retold to Children. With Six 
 Illustrations from the Ellesmere MS. 
 Second Edition. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 
 price 3^. 6d. 
 
 STRETTON (ffesba) DAVID LLOYD'S 
 LAST WILL. With Four Illustra- 
 tions. New Edition. Royal i6mo. 
 price 2s. 6d. 
 
 THE WONDERFUL LIFE. Sixteenth 
 Thousand. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 SUNNYLAND STORIES. By the Author of 
 'Aunt Mary's Bran Pie.' Illustrated. 
 Second Edition. Small 8vo. price 
 3s.6d. 
 
 TALES FROM ARIOSTO RE-TOLD FOR 
 CHILDREN. By a Lady. With 3 Illus- 
 trations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 
 4s. 6d. 
 
 WH1TAKER (Florence) CHRISTY'S IN- 
 HERITANCE. A London Story. Illus- 
 trated. Royal i6mo. price is. 6d. 
 
 ZIMMERN (Jf.) STORIES IN PRECIOUS 
 STONES. With Six Illustrations 
 Third Edition, Crown 8vo. price 5-r.
 
 LONDON : PRINTED BV 
 
 SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE 
 AND PARLIAMENT STREET 
 
 
 .
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from which it was borrowed. 
 
 QL OCTOS 
 
 'DYRL 6EP 19 '00
 
 BiliiiSBH