AN HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT 07 THB FOREIGN COMMERCE OP THB UNITED STATES, 8H0WTNQ THE KOHEIGN COMMERCE OF EACH STATE, WITH THE AGGREGATE IMPORTS FROM, AND EXPORTS TO, EACH FOREIGN NATION, FROM THE YEAR 1820 TO THE YEAR 1856, AND THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH EVERY IMPORTANT MARITIME COUNTRY IN THE WORLD DURING THE SAME PERIOD; INCHTDDfO A REVIEW OP THE PROGRESS OF AMERICAN COMMERCE, AND A PRELIMINARY SKETCH OF THE TRADE OF THB AMERICAN COLONIES. COMPILED BT J. SMITH ROMANS, Junior. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY G. P. PUTNAM & CO., 321 BROADWAT. J. SMITH ROMANS, JUNIOR, 162 PEARL STREET. 1857. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by J. SMITH HOMANS, Junior, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for tlie Southern District of New York. JTKRKOTTPF. D BT riU.VTKDBT TIIOHAS B. SMITH, J. W. AMF.KMAN, iJ k SA Ueckmiin St. 60 Williani Su H INTRODUCTION. Tms volume of Commercial Statistics of the United States has been prepared for the purpose of exiiibiting, in a condensed manner, the commerce of the United States from the year 1820 up to the present time. Fu'st, to exhibit the commerce of each State separately, by giving the domestic and foreign exports, and the total exports and imports, with the amount of bullion and specie exported and imported each year from 1820. Secondly, to show the commerce of the United States witl\ every maritime countrj' and important colony in the world from the j-ear 1820 to the present time, giving the domestic and foreign exports, the total exports and imports, the bullion and specie exported and imported, and the domestic and foreign tonnage that cleared. In addition, the aggregate for every ten years is sho'mi. These statistics show, in a comprehensive manner, the progressive importance of the trade of each State, and the great increase of the trade of the United States. This complete exhibit of the commerce of the States and the United States is not to be met with in any publication, official or private ; and is only to be found in de- tail in the Treasury Reports extending over a series of j-ears from 1820 to 1S5G. These statistics were prepared by Michael Nourse, Esq., late chief Clerk of the Register's Office, Treasury Department, from the Reports of the Treasury on Com- merce and Navigation, and from original documents to wluch he had access while in the Treasury Department. Especial care has been taken to insure the accuracy and completeness of these statistics, and they have been compared with original data. To accompany the tabular view of the trade of each State, there is given a svHopsis of its early history and present condition, with respect to internal improve- ments and natural facilities for trade. Also, a description of the principal domestic ports and harbors, with the tonnage employed, depth of water, and pilotage. To illustrate the statistical tables of the trade of the United States with cacli foreign country, we add a summary of the present commercial condition of that countrj', its commerce with other countries, and the regulations respecting the com- mercial intercourse between the two countries. Also, a description of the principal foreign ports and harbors in each country, giving the deptli of water, pilotage, and difficulties of navigation. iv Introduction. A preliminary view ia given of the commerce of the American colonies from their formation, and a tabular view of the exports and imports of the separate colonies from the year 1700 to the year 1776. The progress of American commerce from the Revolution up to the present time, Bhowing the exports and imports of each year up to 1856, and the distribution of .onnage at several periods, are briefly shown. The authorities that have been principally consulted by the editor in the prepara tion of this work, are : McCulloch's Commercial Dictionary ; Encyclopedia Britan- nica; Gotha Almanack, 1857; The Banker's Magazme and Statistical Register; Commercial Returns issued by the State Department, etc. ; Census Report, U. S. •, Do Bow's Review, eta CONTENTS. cjolonies, Maine, New HAMPsmRB, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jebsey, Pennsylvanu, Delaware, . Maryland, District of Columbia, ViRGINU, North Carolina, BotJTH Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Michigan, . Ohio, Illinois and Others, Texas and California, Progress of Commerce, Belgium, England, Ireland, . , Scotland, Gibraltar, Malta, . British East Indies, Cape of Good Hope, Australia, Honduras, . BRmsH Guiana, British West Indies, TAQM 1 . 8 10 . 12 14 . 16 18 . 20 22 . 24 26 . 28 30 . 32 34 . 36 38 . 40 42 . 44 46 . 48 60 . 62 54 . 66 63 . 70 12 . 74 76 . 78 80 . 82 84 . 86 88 vi Contents. rA.OB Canada, 90 British American Colonies, 92 Other Bamsn Colonies, 94 France, Atlantic, 96 France, Mediterranean, 98 French "West Indies, 100 French Guiana, 102 Denmark, 104 Danish West Indies, 106 Holland, 108 Dutch West Indies, 110 Dutch East Indies, 112 Dutch Gulana, 114 Hanse Towns, 116 Prussia 118 Russia, 120 Sweden and Nobwat, 122 Swedish West Indies, 124 Spain, Atlantic 126 Spain, Mediterranean, 128 Teneriffe 130 Manilla, 134 Cuba, 132 Spanish West Indies, 136 Portugal, 138 Madeira, 140 Fatal, etc., 142 Cape Yerd Islands, 144 Italy, 146 Sardinia, 148 Sicilies, 150 Trieste, 152 Turkey, 154 Hayti, 156 Spanish American Colonies, 158 Mexico, 160 Uruguay, 162 Colombia, 164 Central America, ,• 166 New Granada, 168 Venezuela, 170 Brazil, 172 Argentine Republic, . . . . 174 Chili, 170 Peru, . . 178 China, . . 180 Mauritius, . . 182 Asia, .184 FOKEIGN COMMEKCE OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH A PRELIMmARY VIEW OF THE COMMERCE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. Colonies are establishments founded in foreign countries by individ- uals who either voluntarily immigrate from, or are forcibly sent abroad by, their mother country. The colony trade is the trade carried on be- tween colonies and their parent States. Establishment of Colonies. — Greek Colonies. — ^Various motives have, in difierent countries and ages, led to the formation of colonies. The Greek colonies of antiquity seem to have been chiefly founded by citizens whom the violence and fury of contending factions forced to leave their native land ; but they were sometimes formed for the pur- pose of relieving the mother-country of a redundant population, and sometimes also for the purpose of extending the sphere of commercial transactions, or of providing for their security. The relations between the mother-country and the colony depended, in a great measure, on the motives which led to the establishment of the latter. When a colony was founded by fugitives forcibly expelled from their ancient homes ; or when it was founded, as was frequently the case, by bodies of volun- tary emigrants, who received no assistance from, and Avere in no respect controlled by, the parent State, it was from the first independent ; and even in those rarer cases in which tlie emigration was conducted under the superintendence of the parent city, and when the colony was pro- tected by her power and influence, the dependence was mostly far from being absolute and complete. The great bulk of the Greek colonies were really independent States ; and though they commonly regarded the land of their forefathers with filial respect, though they yielded to its citizens the place of distinction at public games and religious solem- nities, and were expected to assist them in time of war, they did so as allies only, on fair and equal terms, and never as subjects. Owing to the freedom of their institutions, and their superiority in the arts of civilized life to the native inhabitants of the countries among whom they were generally placed, these colonies rose in a comparatively short period. 2 American Colonies. to a high pitch of opulence and refinement ; and many among them, as Miletus and Ephesus in Asia Minor, Syracuse and Agrigentum in Sicily, and Tarentum and Locri in Itjily, not only equaled, but greatly sur- passed their mother cities in wealth and power. Spanish Colonies. — The early colonies of most modern nations were founded by private adventurers, influenced either by the hope of gain or by a desire to escape from religious persecution, without any wish to re- lieve the mother-country of a surplus population or to bridle subjugated provinces. On their first institution, therefore, the modern colonies ap- proached, though with some essential variations, more nearly to the Grecian than the Roman model ; but the period of their freedom was of very limited duration. They were very soon subjected to laws and regu- lations framed in the metropolis, and calculated, as was to be supposed, rather to promote its interests than those of the colony. Ajyierican Colonies. — The English, who, like all the other nations of Europe, had been impressed with mingled feelings of admiration and envy by the extent and importance of the acquisitions made by the Spaniards in the New World, speedily entered with enthusiasm and ardor into the career of discovery. Owing, however, to the bull which Ferdinand and Isabella had obtained from the Pope, convej-ing to them the ample donation of all the countries inhabited by infidels that the Spaniards had discovered or might discover, the Engligh, to avoid en- croaching on the dominions of their rivals, directed their efforts further to the north. Several attempts to found colonies on the coast of America were made in the reign of Elizabeth by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Richard Grenville, Sir Walter Raleigh, and others. But in consequence of their ignorance of the country, the deficiency of their supplies of provisions, the loss of time in fruitless searches after gold, and the va- rious difficulties incident to the first settlement of a colony, none of these attempts proved successful ; and it was not until 1607 that a small body of adventurers founded the first permanent establishment of the English in America, at Jamestown, in Virginia. Letters patent were granted in 1609 by King James to the principal persons resident in London, by whom the expense attending the formation of the colony was to be defrayed, incorporating them into a company, and establishing a council in England for the direction of their proceedings, the mem- bers of which were to be chosen by, and removable at the pleasure of, the majority of the partners of the company — permitting whatever was necessary for the support and sustenance of the colony, for the first seven years, to be exported free of duty ; declaring that the colonists and their descendants were to be secured in all the rights and privileges of Englishmen, the same as if they had remained at home or been born in England ; and reserving only, as the stipulated price of these con- cessions, and in imitation of the policy of the Spaniards, one fifth part of the gold and silver ore to be found in the colonies, which was to be paid to his Majesty and his successors in all time to come. In virtue of these powers, the company issued, in 1621, a charter or ordinance, which gave a legal and permanent form to the constitution of the colony. By this charter the supreme legislative authority was lodged, partly in the governor, who held the place of the sovereign, partly in a council of state, named by the company, and partly in a general coun- American Colonies. 3 cil or assembly, composed of the representatives of the people, in which were vested powers and privileges similar to those of the House of Com- mons. It was not long, however, before the king and the company quarreled. The latter were in consequence divested of all their rights, partly by open violence, and partly under color of law, without compen- sation, after having expended upward of £150,000 in founding the colony ; and a governor and council of state appointed by the kiug succeeded to the powers of those appointed by the committee. — Robert- bon's History of America^ book ix. passim ; Jefferson's Notes on Virginia^ p. 1 79, The founders of the colony in Virginia had been actuated solely by the hopes of gain ; but the colonies that were soon after established in New England were chiefly planted by men who fled from religious and political persecution. The form of government in the New England colonies, though at first modified a good deal by the peculiar religious opinions entertained by the colonists, was in its leading principles es- sentially free. For a considerable period the colonists elected their own governors, coined money, and exercised most of the rights of sovereignty; while the English, wholly engrossed with the contest between freedom and prerogative at home, had no leisure to attend to their proceedings. Subsequently to the Restoration, however, the governments of most of the New England States were established nearly on the same footing as that of Virginia ; which, indeed, became the favorite model, not only for the constitution of the colonies established on the continent, with the exception of the proprietary governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland, but also for those that were established in the West India Islands. But under every vicissitude of government and fortune, the New England colonists were distinguished by the same ardent and enthusiastic love of liberty that had first induced them to quit their native land. Every thing relating to the internal regulation and administration of the dif- ferent colonies was determined, in the colonial assemblies, by representa- tives freely chosen by the settlers. Tlie personal liberty of the citizens was well secured and vigilantly protected. And, if we except the restraints on their commerce, the monopoly of which was jealously guarded by the mother country, the inhabitants of Virginia, Pennsyl- vania, and New England, enjoyed nearly the same degree of freedom when colonists of England that they now enjoy as citizens of the power- ful republic of North America. Their progress in wealth and popula- tion was in consequence quite unprecedented in the history of the world. The white population of the colonies had increased in 1776, at the commencement of the Revolutionary war, to above 2,000,000, and the value of the exports from Great Britain to them amounted to about £1,300,000 a year! It is not difiicult to discover the causes of the unexampled prosperity and rapid growth of our North American colonies, and generally of all colonies placed under similar circumstances. The North American colo- nists carried with them a knowledge of the arts and sciences practiced by a civilized and polished people. They had been trained from their infancy to habits of industry and subordination. Tliey were practically acquainted with the best and wisest form of civil polity that had been cstabHshed in Europe ; and they were placed in a situation that enabled 4 American Colonies. tliem, without difficulty, to remedy its defects, and to try every institution by the test of utiHty. 13ut the thinness of the aboriginal population, and the consequent facility of obtaining inexhaustible supplies of fertile and unoccupied land, must certainly be placed at the head of all the causes whicli have promoted the rapid increase of wealth and population in the United States, and in all the other colonies both of North and South America. On the first foundation of a colony, and for long after, each colonist gets an ample supply of land of the best quality ; and having no rent, and scarcely any taxes, to pay, his industry necessarily becomes exceedingly productive, and he has every means and every motive to amass capital. In consequence, he is eager to collect laborers from all quarters, and is both williug and able to reward them with high wages. But these hic'h wages aftbrd the means of accumulation, and, joined to the plenty and cheapness of the land, speedily change the more indus- trious laborers into proprietoi"s. and enable them, in their turn, to become the employers of fresh laborers; so that every class participates in the general improvement, and capital and population advance with a rapidity hardly conceivable in old-settled and fully-peopled countries. It has been frequently said that the establishment of the British Amer- ican and AVest India colonies was a device of the supporters of the ex- clusive or mercantile system — that they founded them in the view of raising up a vast agricultural population, whose commerce should be con- fined entirely to an exchange of raw products for other manufactured goods. There is, however, no truth in these assertions. On the contrary, the charters granted to the founders of the settlement in Virginia dis- tinctly empower the colonists to carry on a direct intercourse with foreign States. Nor were they slow to avail themselves of this permission ; for they had, so early as 1C20, established tobacco warehouses in Middleburg and Flushing; and the subsequent proceedings of the British govern- ment depriving them of this freedom of commerce, were the chief cause of those disputes which broke out in 1076, in an open rebellion of om- inous and threatening import. — Robkhtson's America. It was not until the colonists had surmounted the dilHculties and hardships incident to their first establishment, and had begun to increase rapidly in wealth, that their commerce became an object of importance, and that regula- tions were framed in the view of restricting its freedom, and of rendering it peculiarly advantageous to the mother country. The act of 1650, passed by the republican Parliament, laid the first foundations of the monopoly system, by confining the import and export trade of the col- onies exclusively to British or colony built ships. But the famous Nav- igation Act of 1 GOO (12 Charles II. c, 18) went much further. It enacted that certain specified articles, the produce of the colonies, and since well known in commerce by the name of enumerated articles, should not be ex ported directly from the colonies to any foreign country ; but that they should first be sent to Britain, and there unladen (the words of the act are, laid ujioii the shore) before they could be forwarded to their final destination. Sugar, molasses, ginger, fustic, tobacco, cotton, and indigo, were origin- ally enumerated ; and the list was subsequently enlarged by the addition of cofiee, hides and skins, iron, corn, lumber, etc. In 1739, the mon- opoly system was so far relaxed that sugars were permitted to be carried directly from the British plantations to any port or place southward of American Colonies. 5 Cape Finisterre ; but the conditions under which this indulgence was granted continued so strict and numerous down to 1803, when they were a good deal simplified, as to render it in a great degree nugatory, (Ed- ward's West Indies) ; and with this exception, the oppressive and vex- atious restrictions on their direct exportations to foreign countries were maintained on most of the other enumerated commodities of any import- ance down to a late period. But beside compelling the colonists to sell their produce exclusively in the Eughsh markets, it was next thought adnsable to oblige them to buy such foreign articles as they might stand in need of entirely from the merchants and manufacturers of England. For this purpose it was enacted, in 1663, that no " commodity of the growth, production, or manu- facture of Europe shall be imported into the British plantations but such as are laden and put on board in England, Wales, or Berwick-upon- Tweed, and in English-built shipping, whereof the master and tliree- fourths of the crew are English." The preamble to this statute, which effectually excluded the colonists from every market for European prod- uce, except that of England, assigns the motive for this restriction to be "the maintaining a greater correspondence and kindness between the subjects at home and those in the plantations ; keeping the colonies in a firmer dependence on the mother country ; making them yet more bene- ficial to it, in the further employment and increase of English shipping, and the vent of English manufactures and commodities : rendering the navigation to and from them more safe and cheap ; and making that kingdom a staple, not only of the commodities of the plantations, but also of the commodities of other countries and places for their supply, it being the usage of other nations to keep their plantation trade exclu- sively to themselves." It was also a leading principle in the system of colonial policy, adopted as well by England as by other European nations, to discourage all attempts to manufacture such articles in the colonies as could be provided for them by the mother countr}'. The history of the colonial system is full of efforts of this sort ; and so essential was this principle deemed to the idea of a colony, that Lord Chatham did not hesitate to declare, in his place in Parliament, that " the British colonists of North America had no right to manufacture even a nail for a horse- shoe." Edwards West Indies. And when such were the enactments made by the Legislature, and such the avowed sentiments of a great par- liamentary leader and a friend to colonies, we need not be surprised at a declaration of the late Lord Sheffield who did no more, indeed, than ex- press the opinion of almost all the merchants and politicians of his time, when he affirmed that " the only use of American colonies or West India islands is the monopoly of their consumption, and the carriage of their produce !"* * " During the war of tho Revolution, our coramerco was suspended ; after the peace in 1783, our trade continued to languish ; it had to contend with domestic and foreign obstacles ; foreign nations entertained a jealousy conceming these States ; at homo a rivalship was prevalent among the several members of the confederacy, and checked the prosperity of the nation. Each of the thirteen independent sover- eignties contemplated its own immediate interests ; some of tho States declared tho commercial intercourse with them to be equally firee to all nations, and they cau- tiously avoided to lay duties on such merchandise as was subject to them, when im- ported into other States." NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES-ltOO-1776. Ykabs. N. England. New Yobk. Pknn'a. Va, & Md. Cabolina. Gbobgia. Exports. Exports. Exports. Exports. Exports. E.tports. 1700 £41,486 £17,567 £4,608 £317,!302 £14,058 ITOl 82,666 18,547 5.230 2-35,783 16,973 1702 87,026 7,965 4,145 274,732 11,870 1703 83,539 7,471 5,160 144,923 1:3,197 1704 30.823 10,540 2,4:30 264,112 14,067 1705 22,793 7,393 1,309 116,768 2,698 1706 22,210 2,349 4,210 149,152 8,652 1707 88,793 14,28:5 786 207,625 23,811 1708 49,635 10.-47 2,120 21.3,493 10,840 1709 29,559 12,259 617 261,663 20,481 1710 81,112 8,203 1,277 188,429 20,793 1711 26,415 12,193 83 27.3,131 12,871 1712 24,699 12,466 1,471 297,941 29,394 1713 49,904 14,423 173 206,263 32,449 1714 51,541 29,810 2,663 230.470 81,290 1715 66,555 21,316 6,461 174,756 29,158 1716 69,595 21,971 5,193 231.843 46,287 1717 53,893 24,.5.34 4,499 296.334 41,275 1713 61,691 27,381 5,583 816,576 46,885 1719 54,452 19,596 6.564 882,069 50,873 1720 49,206 16.836 7,928 881,482 62,736 1721 50,483 15,631 8,087 857,812 61,858 1722 47,955 20,118 6,832 28:3,091 79,650 1723 59,889 27,992 8,382 287,997 78,103 1724 69,585 21,191 4,057 277,344 90,504 .... 1725 72,021 24.976 11.981 214,730 91,942 1726 6.3,816 88,307 5,960 324,767 93,453 1727 75,052 81,617 12.823 421,588 96,055 1723 &4,680 21,142 15.230 413,089 91,175 1729 52,512 15,833 7,484 836,174 118,829 1730 54,701 8,740 10,582 846,823 151,7.39 1731 49.048 20,756 12,786 408,502 159,771 1783 64,095 9,411 8,524 810,799 126,207 17;33 01,988 11,626 14.776 403,193 177,845 £203 1734 82,252 15,:307 20,217 873,090 120,466 18 17:35 72,899 14,155 21,919 894,995 145,348 8,010 1736 66,783 17,944 20,736 830.103 214,083 1737 68,W7 16,8:33 15,193 492,246 187,758 1738 69,116 16,228 11,918 891,814 141,119 "17 1739 46,604 18,459 8.ia4 444,654 236.192 233 1740 72,389 21,498 15,048 341,997 265.560 924 1741 60,052 21,142 17,153 577,109 236,a30 1742 5.3,166 13,536 8,527 427,769 154,607 1,623 174;3 63,185 1.5,067 9,596 557,321 2:35,136 2 1744 50,243 14,.527 7,446 402,709 192.594 1745 88,948 14,0*3 10,1-30 399,423 91,847 1746 33,612 8.841 15,779 419,.S71 76,897 1747 41,771 14.992 2,8,32 492,619 107,500 1743 29,743 12,-3.53 12,363 494,352 167,805 1749 89,999 2:3,413 14,944 4.34. Gl 3 120,499 "si 1750 43,-155 85,6-32 28,191 503,9:39 191,607 1,942 1751 6:3,287 42,363 23,870 460,085 245,491 855 1752 74,813 40,648 29,973 569,453 288,264 1,526 175;i 8;5,395 40,553 83,527 632,575 164,6.34 3,057 1754 66,5:38 26,663 30,649 573,435 807,288 8,236 1755 59,.533 28,055 32,-336 439.6t)8 825,525 4,437 1756 47,.859 ^,078 20,091 837,769 222,915 7,155 1757 27,556 19,163 14,190 413,331 180,889 1758 30,204 14,260 21,333 454,362 150,511 1759 25,985 21,684 22,404 357,223 206.534 6,074 1760 87.802 21,195 22,754 504,451 162,769 12,198 W61 46,225 4.3,648 89,170 455,033 258,002 5,764 1702 41,78:3 &3,882 83,091 415,709 181,.595 6,522 1703 74,815 52,993 88.223 642,294 282.866 14,469 1704 88, 1.57 5:3,697 86,258 559,508 841,727 81,325 1765 145,819 54,9.59 2.5,148 505,071 835,918 84,183 1766 141,733 67,020 26,.351 461.093 293,587 58,074 1767 128,207 61,422 87,641 437,926 895,027 85,856 1763 143,375 87,115 59,404 4(M;.043 508,108 42,402 1769 129,353 78,466 20,111 861,,S92 337,114 82,270 1770 143,011 69,3.82 21,109 4.3.'i.094 278,907 5.5,5.32 1771 150,:5.31 95,875 81.615 577.st.S 420,311 6:3.810 1772 126,265 82,707 29,1:33 528.4(U 425,923 66,033 1773 124,624 76,246 36,652 5S9,303 456,513 85,.391 1774 112,243 80,003 69,611 612,0:30 432,802 67,647 1775 116,588 187,018 175,962 75S,:556 579,-349 10.3,477 1776 762 2,318 1,421 73,226 13,668 12,569 NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES— 1700-1776. N. England. New Yokk. Peitn'a. Va. & Md. Caeolina, Geoeoia. Years. i Imports. Imports. Imports. Imports. Imports. Imports. 1700 £91,918 ;&19,410 £18,529 £173,481 £11.003 1701 86,322 81,910 12,003 199,68:3 18,908 1702 64,625 29,991 9,:342 72,891 10,460 1703 59,608 17,562 9,899 196,718 12,428 1704 74,896 22,294 11,819 60,458 6,621 1705 62,504 27,902 7,206 174,-322 19,788 170G 57,050 81,688 11,037 58,015 4,001 1707 120,631 29,855 14,865 237,901 10,492 1708 115,505 26,899 6,72:3 79,061 11,996 1709 120.349 34,577 5,&S1 80,263 28,521 1710 106,838 81,475 8.594 127,689 19,613 1711 137,421 28,856 19,408 91,5:35 20,406 1712 128,105 18,524 8,464 184,583 20,015 1713 120,778 46,470 17,037 76,304 2:3,967 1714 121.288 44,643 14,927 128,873 23,712 1715 164,650 54,629 17,182 199,274 16,631 1716 121,156 52,173 21,842 179,595 27,272 1717 132,001 44.140 22,505 215.962 25,058 171S 131,885 62,966 22,716 191,925 15,811 1719 125,317 56,3.55 27,068 164.630 19.6:30 1720 128,769 37,.397 24,531 110,717 1S,290 1721 114.524 50,754 21,548 127,:376 17.703 1722 13:3.722 57,478 26,397 172.754 84.374 172:3 176,4S6 5.3,013 15,992 123,833 42,246 1724 168,.^07 6.3,020 80,324 161,894 87,839 1725 201,768 70,650 42,209 195,884 39,182 1726 200,882 84,866 67,634 185,981 43,9:34 1727 187,277 67,452 81,979 192,965 2:3,254 1728 194,590 81,634 87,478 171,092 3:3,067 1729 161,102 64,760 29,799 108.931 58,366 1730 208,196 64,356 48,592 150,931 64,785 1731 18:3,467 66,116 44,260 171,278 71,145 1 1732 216,600 65,540 41,698 148,289 58,293 £828 1733 184,570 65,417 40,565 186,177 70,466 1,695 1734 146,460 81,758 54,392 172,086 99,653 1,921 17:35 189,125 80,405 48,804 220,381 117.S37 12,112 1736 222,153 86,000 61,513 204,794 101,147 2,012 1737 223,923 126,a33 56,690 211,301 58,986 6,701 1738 203,2.33 1:33,4.38 61.450 258,860 87,793 6,496 1739 220,378 106,070 54,452 217,200 94,445 3,324 1740 171,081 118,777 56,751 281,423 lSl,v21 3,.524 1741 198,147 140,480 91,010 248,582 224.270 2.553 1742 148,899 167,591 75.295 264,186 127,06:3 17,018 174-3 172,461 134,487 79.340 328,195 111,499 2,291 1744 14:3,982 119,920 62,214 234,855 79,141 769 1745 140,463 54,957 54,280 196,799 86,815 939 1746 209,177 86,712 73,699 282,545 102.809 984 1747 210,640 137,984 82,404 200,088 95.529 24 1748 197,682 14.3,811 75,.330 252,624 160,172 1,814 1749 2:38,286 265,773 288.6:37 323,600 164,0s5 5 1750 343,659 267,1:30 217,713 349,419 1:54.037 2.125 1751 305,974 248,941 190,917 247,027 138,244 2.065 1752 273,:«0 194,080 201,666 325,151 150,777 3,163 1753 345,523 277.864 245,644 856,776 213,009 14.128 1754 829.43:3 127,497 244,647 828,513 149,215 1,974 1755 841,796 151,071 144,456 28.5,157 189,'<.s7 2.6:50 1756 384.371 250,425 200,169 426,687 181,780 5:36 1757 363,404 85.3,811 168,426 834,897 21:3,949 2..571 175S 465,694 a56,5.55 260,953 488.471 l''l,(M)2 10.212 1759 527,067 630,7&5 498,161 459,007 21.5,255 15,173 1760 599,647 480,106 707,993 605,832 218,1:!1 1761 3:54,225 289,570 204,067 545,350 254.587 24,279 1762 247.3>5 288,046 200,199 418,599 194,170 2.3.761 17G3 258,^54 288,560 281,152 &5,5,391 2.50,1-32 44.903 1764 459,765 515,416 4.36,191 515,192 305,8ft8 18.:3.'58 1765 4.51,299 882,349 863,363 383,224 8:34,709 29.165 1766 4')9,(U2 8:30,829 327,314 872,548 296,7-32 67.26^ 1767 406,l'81 417,957 S71,a30 487.623 244,093 23,;!:54 1768 419,797 482,930 432,107 476,984 2^9,863 56.562 1769 207,992 74,918 109,906 488,362 806,600 fy^.-.W) 1770 394,4.') 1 475,991 ia4,881 717,782 146.278 .56,198 1771 1,120.119 6.58,621 728,744 920,326 409.169 70,493 1772 824,830 843,970 507,909 793,910 449,610 92.406 1773 527,0,55 289,214 426,443 828,904 .344. '^59 62.932 1774 562,476 487,937 625,652 628,738 8r-;.ii6 67,513 1775 71,625 1,223 1,366 1,921 6,245 118,777 1776 i 55.050 865 1 8 Commercial Statistics of the United States. MAINE. The most north-easterly State of the Republic of the United States of America, extends from latitude 33° to 47° 25' N., and between lonc^tude 6° and 10° E., from Washington, with an area of 35,000 square miles. Earhj Ilislory. — Sebastian Cabot, who was, after the time of Colum- bu.-*, the Hist European navigator along the coasts of Maine and its vicin- ity, appears not to have giveu a name to the countries discovered by him. The eldest and greatest name in these parts of North America, is that of Baccalaos — a name given by the Biscayan fishermen at fiist to New- foundland, and then also to all the countries which they found near this island. On some old maps the name Baccalaos — that is to say, the cod- fish-countiy — reaches over a great part of the eastern coast of America, but it appears more particularly in the regions of our State of Maine. Stephen Gomez was the first Spanish navigator who discovered (1525) and explored the coasts to the west and to the north of Cape Cod a little more particularly, and we therefore see on the Spanish maps these regions designated with the name of " Tierra de Goviez'"' (Gomez's land). So, for instance, at first on that of Ribeiro (1529), and afterward on many others. After the middle of the sixteenth century, when Gomez was more and more forgotten, another name was introduced for these regions, that of Norumbec. We can not exactly point out the occasion at which this name was invented ; but we find it in the latter half of the sixteenth and in the beginning of the seventeenth century, on nearly all the maps of these regions. The name seems to be of Indian origin, like the name of Kenno6ec, Quebec, and different others, which have bee for the last syllable. Perhaps some unknown sailors heard it pronounced by the Indians, and introduced it among the geographers, whowere always foud of new names. It was, however, changed in many different ways : Nor- ubec, Norombec, Arambec, Norumberge, Norumberque, Nurimbequa, etc. Rivers, Lakes, etc. — It has been estimated that one sixth part of the surface of Maine consists of water. There are numerous lakes, the largest and most noted of which are Moosehead, Sebago, Chesuncook, and Um- bagog. A part of the waters of the latter extend into New Hampshire. Some of these lakes are justly celebrated for the picturesque beauties of their scener}'. A steamboat has been built to ply on the waters of Moosehead lake. The Kennebec and the Penobscot are the two most important streams; the former is navigable to Augusta, and the latter to Bangor. Their shores are adorned with villages, and the intervals along their margins are the most fertile and best cultivated in the State. The Saco, Androscoggin, and St. Croix rivers enters the Atlantic. St. John, and its confluents, the Walloostook, Alagash, and Aroostook, drain the northern part of the State. The St. John forms a part of the northern part of the State by the late treaty of Washington, and its waters are open to the free navigation of both nations. The principal bays are Casco, Penobscot, Machias, and Passamaquoddy. There were, January, 1856, 11 railroads in this State ; 494 miles com- pleted and in operation, and 90 miles in course of construction. The only canal in the State, is the Cumberland and Oxford, 20i miles long, connecting navigation from Portland to Sebago, and by a lock in Saco river, navigation is extended to Long Pond, 30 miles further. Maine. FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF MAINE, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Tears EXPORTS. IMPOETS. TONNAGE CL'D. 1 EXSINQ Sept. 30. Domestic. FOREIGX. Total. Total. American. Foreign. 1821 $994,223 $46,925 $1,041,148 $980,294 111,854 620 1822 1,013,873 22,769 1,036,643 943,775 105,880 4,452 1823 865,046 311,545 895,591 801,644 7(1,773 1,-379 1824 870,871 29,324 900,195 768,643 98,477 774 1825 964,6(>4 66,463 1,031,1'.'7 1,169,940 113,.331 8,250 1826 1,001,875 50,700 1,052,575 1,245,285 115,000 2,240 182T l,0.33,03.-5 37,099 1,070,134 1,3-33,890 94,660 2,896 1828 1,003,642 15,875 1,019,517 1,246,809 95.066 1,785 1829 729,106 8,726 737,8.32 742,781 65,713 2,705 1830 Total, 643,435 27,087 670,522 572,060 91,629 6,165 $9,119,770 335,513 • 9,455,283 9,805.177 982,448 26,166 lasi 799,748 5,825 805,573 941,407 61,552 49,'i72 18.32 907,280 74,157 981,443 1,123,326 67,123 64.720 18:33 989,187 80.644 1,019,831 1,880,808 65,483 9^,7:f5 1834 815.277 18,890 8-34,167 1,060,121 62,859 99,674 1835 1,044,951 14,416 1,059,867 883,389 63,043 64,031 1836 a36,(i74 14,912 850,986 930,086 71,155 74,586 183T 947,276 8,676 955,952 801,404 81,893 74,160 1833 915,076 211,450 935,532 899,142 54,816 60.715 18.39 87S,4^U 17,051 895,485 982.724 77,963 61,097 1840 ToUI, 1,009,910 8,359 1,018,269 628,762 82,.5:34 75,055 $9,143,219 213,386 9,356,605 9,630,669 688,476 728,645 1841 1,078,633 12,932 1,091,-565 700,961 90,764 56,679 1842 1,04.3,172 T,351 1,051 »,523 606,864 86,827 53,721 1843* 680,432 2,459 682,891 250,260 60,45:3 a5,974 1844 1,164,964 11,171 1,176,185 570,824 91,020 61,929 1845 1,167,640 87,465 1,255,105 855,645 83,602 62,901 1846 1,318,099 10,269 1,828,363 787,092 96,739 72,053 184T 1,614,071 20,132 1,634,203 574,056 104,169 69,603 184S 1,937,006 20,3s9 1,957,395 795,565 152,026 89,443 1849 1,279,303 7,288 1,286,681 721,409 127,363 66,031 1850 Total, 1,536,818 29,094 1,565,912 856,411 111,123 91,014 $12,820,223 208,550 13,028,778 6,719,087 1,009,091 614,403 1851 1,517,487 33.951 1,551,4-38 1,176,.590 120,887 74,854 1852 1,668.274 49,544 1,717,818 1,094.977 151.303 8.'^3 1853 1,761,029 27S853 2,040,737 l,3S0.,'-.->9 ; 1 7'.»,.'"i(;0 62.614 law 1,930,031 659,(110 2,.':.S9,041 2,301.01 H) 1 lOST.'.S 62.627 1855 2,543,014 2,.308,193 4,&51,207 2,927,443 251.835 62,005 1856 2,259,947 703,094 2,963,041 1,940,773 250,208 60,787 * 9 months to Juno 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Portland, Maine, city and port of entr}-, is situated on a peninsula at the west- ern extremity of Oasco Bay; lat. (Mount Joy), 43° 39' 52" N., long., 70° 13' 34" W. The harbor is capacious and safe, and among the best on the Atlantic coast. It is protected by i.slands from storms, seldom obstructed by ice, and has a good en- trance. The water is deep enough for vessels of the largest class. The tonnage of the port in 185G, was 136,154 tons. Bath, Maine, on the Kennebec, 12 miles from the ocean, Ls one of the principal towns of the State, and the largest ship-building port in the world. A branch of the Kennebec and Portland R. R. connects tho city with Portland. The tonnage of the port is tho larg(.'.*t in Maine, and in 1856 amounted to 193,320 tons. Belfast, Maine, at tho head of Belfivst Bay, 30 miles from the ocean, has an ex- cellent harbor, and a considerable trade in lumber and fish. Its chief industry, how- ever, is ship-building. Steamboats ply to Portland and Boston. Tho tonnftge of Belfast, in 1856, was 76,812 tons. Bangor, Maine, on tho Penobscot. Tonnage in 1856, 38,048 tons. 10 Commercial Statistics of the United States. NEW HAMPSHIRE Is Mtuated between latitude 42° 41' and 45° 11' N., and 70° 40' and 72° 30' W. longitude. It contains 8,030 square miles. Early History. — John Mason, one of the first eminent settlers of tho north-eastern coast of New England, having agreed with Sir Ferdinando Gorges, to make the Piscataqua the division line between them, took subsequently from the Plymouth Council, a patent of what lies between that river and Merrimack, and he called that tract of land " New Hamp- shire," because he had been Governor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire, England. In the year 1680, New Hampshire separated from the province of Massachusetts, and was established as an independent royal province. It was afterward united again with Massachusetts, but in 1749, finally sep- arated, and has existed since that time as an independent community, first under the name of " the Province of New Hampshire," and since 1776, under that of " the State of New Hampshire." The Connecticut river has its source in the highlands, on the north border of the State, and its west branch forms the boundary-line between New Hampshire and Canada, to within one mile of the forty-fifth degree of north latitude. Its general course is south by west, and dividing New Hampshire and Vermont, it passes through the western part of Massachu- setts, and the central part of Connecticut, where it enters Long Island Sound. Merrimack river, the Pemigowassit branch, rises near the Notch in the White Mountains, and is joined by the Winnipiseogee, 70 miles below the source of the former. It here takes the name of Merrimack. The Androscoggin and Saco, rise and have a part of their course in this State. Granite is plentiful throughout the State, and also marble and limestone. Iron ore, zinc, tin, lead, and copper exist, some of which have been woi'ked to advantage. There were in this State in 1850, 2,251,488 acres of land improved, and 1,140,926 of unimproved laud in farms. Cash value of farms, $55,245,997, and the value of implements and machinery, $2,314,125. Live stock — horses, 34,233 ; asses and mules, 19 ; milch cows, 94,277 ; working oxen, 59,027; other cattle, 114,606; sheep, 384,756; swine, 63,487 ; value of I^-e stock, $8,871,901. Manufactures, etc. — There were in the State in 1850, 54 cotton facto- tories, with a capital invested of $10,974,700, employing 2,915 males and 9,235 females, producing sheetings valued at $8,861,749; 91 woolen factories, with a capital of $2,547,500, employing 873 males and 1,021 females, manufacturing 9,712,840 yards of cloth, and 105,200 pounds of yarn, valued at $2,439,907 ; 1 establishment with a capital of $4,000, employing 30 persons, producing 200 tons of ])ig iron, etc., valued at $17,200 ; 26 establishments with a capital of $232,700, employing 374 persons, and making 5,764 tons of castings, etc., valued at $371,710 ; 2 establishments with a capital of $4,000, employing persons, manufac- turing 110 tons of wrought iron, valued at $10,400 ; 178 flouring and grist mills, 80 saw mills, 165 tanneries, with a capital of $441,975, em- ploying 513 persons; 40 printing offices, 2 daily, 36 weekly, 1 semi- monthly, and 2 monthly newspapers. Capital invested in manufactures, $18,242,114 ; value of manufactured articles, $23,160,503. New Hampshire, 11 FOREIGN COM^IERCE OF THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 185G. Ybabs EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D. | Sept. 80. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total, American. 1 8,237 FOREION. 1821 $180,129 $80,636 $260,765 $350,021 1822 188.882 10,817 199,699 3:30,052 8,846 1823 182,945 54,760 237,705 371,770 7,563 1824 178,508 6,875 185,383 245,513 8,048 1825 181,840 16,840 198,680 331,244 7,566 4,69i 1826 150,682 16,393 167,075 848,609 7,177 1827 155,580 21,818 177,393 802,211 6,849 1828 115,947 S,4S6 124,433 299,849 5,394 1829 98,264 7,476 105,740 179,889 6,748 1830 Total, 93,499 2,685 96,184 iao,828 4,632 $1,526,276 226,786 1,753,062 2,889,986 71,060 4,691 1831 109,456 1,766 111,222 146,205 4,326 1882 115,582 115,582 115,171 4,777 '256 1833 145,3.» 9,903 155,258 167,754 6,002 18M 79,656 1,214 80,870 118,695 4,330 "78 1835 76,076 6.605 81.681 71,514 3.877 119 1836 15,015 505 15,520 63,912 2,436 574 183T 26,000 8,641 84,641 81,550 2,575 429 1838 56,103 18,567 74,670 169,935 11,191 1,615 1839 74.914 T,030 81,944 50,665 3,849 678 1340 Total, 20,761 218 20,979 114,647 1,925 2,939 $717,918 64,449 772,367 1,100,098 45,283 6,682 1841 10,201 87 10,343 73,701 1,475 2,330 1842 2M19 128 28,547 60,481 1,241 3,612 1843* 44,or,9 115 44,774 8,289 1,018 2,256 1844 5,994 690 6,684 31,420 201 4,515 1845 2,374 10 2,334 22,689 169 2,849 1846 4,997 75 5,072 15,485 893 8,413 1847 1,407 283 1,690 16,935 231 1,671 1843 7,807 436 8,243 61,303 8,229 2,639 1849 .5.S62 26 6,878 64,351 1,1 123 5,819 1850 Total, 8,722 205 8,927 49,079 682 7,531 $120,492 2,055 122,647 403,738 10,162 36,635 1851 4,949 4,949 58,028 2,386 5,307 1852 67,204 2,254 69,453 83,319 2,284 5,182 1853 1,126 1,126 82,608 1 845 8,092 1854 913 'iis 1,081 84,505 ' 1,643 2,519 1855 1,5-28 1,528 17,786 1 2,405 8,061 1856 6,163 ioT 6,276 24,839 2,263 8,479 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Portsmouth, Xew Hampshire, U. S., and the only seaport in the State. It 1.1 situated on the soutli side of the Piscataqua river, on a peninsulii, three miles from the sea, lat. 43° 40' N., long. 70° 45' W. The harljor is one of tlio best iu tho world ; it has 42 feci water at low tide throuj^h the whole channel, and tho current is suCBcient to prevent it from freezing. The U. S. Navy Yard Ls located on an island near the main bank of the river. Tho city has valuable manufactures and a larpre foreign and country trade, and being intersected by the line of railroads between Boston and Portland is connected thereby with all the New England and Canada towns; a railroad also extends to Concord. Tho tonnage of Portsmouth in 185G, was 34,590 tons. The principal places in this State are Concord, the capital, Manchester, Ports- mouth, Dover, Exeter and Nashua. There were in 1856, 15 railroads, with 660 miles of track completed and in operation, and 24 in course of construction. Tho only canals are those fkcilitating the navigation of tho Merrimack river. 12 Commercial Statistics of the United States. VERMONT. Vermont, one of the United States of America, lies between latitude 42° 44' and 45° 00' 30" N., and 72° 30' and 73° 20' W. longitude; and contains an area of 8,000 square miles. Physical Features, etc. — This State presents a very considerable variety of surface. It is traversed from north to south by the Green mountain range, some summits of which rise to a height of 4,279 feet above the sea. About the center of the State, they divide into two ridges, the principal of which passes in a north-northeast direction into Canada. The Green mountains are fi'om ten to fifteen miles wide, mucb intersected by valleys abounding with springs and brooks, and are mostly covered with evergreens to their summits, from which they have derived their name. The rivers are inconsiderable, most of those flowing east are merely small tributaries of the Connecticut ; those on the west side are larger, and the three principal, viz., Lamoille, Missisque, and Winooski, rise on the east side of the principal mountain range, which they break through, and enter Lake Champlain. The inland situation of Vermont has deprived her of the advantages and wealth which accrue from com- merce, and the want of canals and navigable rivers for the conveyance to market of the productions of the State, has retarded the settlement and improvement of the uncultivated lands ; but the construction of 500 miles of railroad has provided a valuable substitute for these deficiencies. Lake Champlain, a considerable body of water between the States of New York and Vermont, and penetrating for a few miles into Canada. It is 140 miles in length, and from 1 to 10 in breadth, lying nearly north and south ; and contains a great number of small islands, most of which belong to Vermont. The Champlain canal, 63 miles in length, connects it with the Hudson, and large steamboats and vessels of 100 tons navi- gate the lake from end to end. The scenery along its shores is highly picturesque, and its waters abound in salmon, salmon-trout, sturgeon, and other fish. Lake Champlain is navigable for large vessels, and has several good harbors on the Vermont side. It is of the greatest import- ance to Vermont by giving her facilities for internal commerce. From the shape of the lake, it gives the largest amount of coast-line and length of navigation, and makes up for the deficiency of navigable rivers. The commerce of Lake Champlain in 1856 was over 20,000 tons. The climate varies according to differences of level and other circumstances. It is healthy, although the winters are severe. The soil is fertile, but more suitable for pasturage than tillage. Wool is the staple production ; sheep, horses, and cattle are raised in great numbers ; marble, granite, and slate, are abundant, and valuable quarries of each are worked : iron ore in several localities throughout the State, and from the sulphuret of iron in Straflbrd and Shrewsbury, copperas is extensively manufactured. Several mineral springs occur. There were, on the 1st January, 1856, eight railroads, with 516 miles of road finished and in operation. Capital employed in manufactures, $5,001,377 ; value of manufactured articles, $8,570,920. The principal places in the State are Montpelier, the capital, Burlington, Middlebury, Brattleboro, Norwich, St. Albans, and Castleton. There were in Auo-ust, 1853, 33 banks, with a cash capital of $2,914,040, Vermont. 13 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE SIaTE OF VERMONT, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CLD. Sept. SO. 1821 Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. American. Foreign. $263,330 $263,a30 $16,987 901 40 1822 249,216 $8,478 257,694 60,899 854 40 1823 236,140 236,140 62,242 1824 208,258 208,258 161,854 '665 85 1825 396,166 896,166 109.021 695 85 1826 884,202 884,202 228,6,50 1827 1,259,441 1,2.W,441 144,078 1828 239,610 239,610 177,539 1829 808,079 808.079 205,892 24,ioi 1830 Total, 658,256 658,256 140.059 19,290 $5,202,698 8,478 5,211,176 1,305,719 46,506 140 1831 925,127 92.5,127 166,206 20,201 1832 349,820 849,820 214,672 14,680 1833 877,399 877,399 523,260 85,106 1834 834,372 334,372 822,806 85,700 1835 823,151 328.151 217,853 36,893 1&36 188,165 188.165 456,846 80,045 1837 138,693 138,693 342,449 27,011 1838 132,650 132,650 258,417 28,480 1839 193,886 198,886 418,513 44,766 1840 Total, 305,150 805,150 404,617 52,084 $3,273,413 3,273,413 3,320,639 824,966 1841 264,005 13.982 277.937 246.739 13,500 1842 550,293 7,216 557,509 2u9,S68 1843* 141,884 28,137 169,971 38,000 15,359 1844 196,574 216,793 413,367 97,183 56,336 1845 213.976 328,631 542,607 81,997 52,728 1S4G 215,316 188,504 403.820 127,223 79,766 1847 281,985 282,313 514,298 239,641 72,064 1848 299,269 234,883 534.102 306,005 74.416 1849 299,938 888,981 683,869 147,721 97,218 "325 1850 Total, 404,749 26,157 43v!,906 463,092 81,073 1,783 $2,817,939 1,715,497 4,533,436 1,957,469 542,460 2,108 1851 761,712 304 762.0' 6 691.263 104,114 17,734 1852 216,088 172,025 388,113 192,593 42,973 14,606 1853 82,376 11,741 94,117 184,512 14,492 6,614 1854 310,078 1,135,166 l,44,-),244 237,279 29,803 10,154 1855 822,544 2,572,924 2,895,468 501,593 11,080 8,462 1856 350,607 680,843 1,031,450 1,560,118 20,057 19,787 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRIXCIPAL PORT. Burlington, Vermont, is the mo.st populous town of tlio State. Its commerce by Lake Champlain, on a bay of which the town is built, is important, and its connec- tions by railroad and steamboat aflbrd it every facility in its prosecution. The har- bor of Burlington is the best on the lake, and more vessels navigating the lake are owned here than at any other place. It is ea.sy of access from the north and south, and to protect it from tlie west winds, a breakwater, 900 feet long was erected. Juniper Island is di.stant four miles from the wharf, and contains eleven acres of ground; a lighthouse was erected on this i.sland in 182G; it is in the form of a trun- cated cone, thirty feet high, eighteen feet in diameter at tlie base, and twelve at tho top, and is kept lighted at niglit during the season of navigation, from tho middle of April to the 1st of December. Burlington has an extensive and fertile back country, and the mercantile bu.sines.s of tho place amounts to about $1,000,000 annuallj. Tonnage, 1853, 5,875 tons; in 1856, it waa 7,448 tons. 14 Commercial Statistics of the United States. MASSACHUSETTS. Massachusetts, one of the Eastern United States, lies between 41° 23' and 42° 52' N. latitude, and between 69° 30' and 73° 30' W. longitude. It is about 190 miles long, with an average breadth of 90 miles, and contains 7,250 square miles. Early History. — The first and most ancient names which were given by historians to the territory of the State of Massachusetts were more or le'ss the same with those of Maine, and we need not repeat them here. The name " La Cote des Almouchiquois" (the Coast of the Almouclii- quois Indians), which the French introduced, and which the Dutch geo- graphers frequently changed to " The Laud of Almushikosen," covered particularly the whole extent of Massachusetts. This latter name was first introduced by the English navigators and explorers. The word is said to be composed of the Indian words Mos [Arrow- head) and Wetuset {hill). The pure and correct orthography of the compound word is from this said to be Moswetuset, the hill in the shape of an arrow-head. The king of an Indian tribe is said to have resided on such a hill near the shores of Massachusetts bay, and his tribe of In- dians received from this the name " the Indians of Moswetuset." In the earliest time of the Plymouth colony, the name included only the country around Boston harbor ; and the name was principally given to that great bay of which Boston harbor is part, and which was called Massachusetts hay. There were, January, 1856, 43 railroads, of which 1,409 miles weie finished, and in operation, and 48 miles in course of construction. The Middlesex canal, 27 miles long, connects Boston with Lowell. The Black- stone, and the llampshire and Hamden canals are both in disuse. The principal rivers are the Connecticut, a noble stream, winding for 50 miles across the State, llousatonic, which rises in Berkshire county, and flows through the W. part of the State ; and Merrimac, which rises in New Hampshire, and has a course of 50 miles in the N. E. part of the State, and enters the ocean below Ncwburyport. It is navigable for large vessels to Haverhill, 15 miles. Besides these there are Nashua, Concord, Taunton, and Blackstone rivers. Massachusetts has numerous good harbors. There are several important islands oft' the S. shore of tliis State, to which they belong. Tiie largest is Nantucket, 15 miles long and 11 broad, and which constitutes a county of its own name. Martha's Vineyard, W. of Nantucket, is 20 miles long, and from 2 to 10 broad, which, with other small islands, constitute Duke's coimty. The shores of Massachusetts are diversified by some bold promontories and capacious bays. Of the latter, Massachusetts bay, between Caj^e Ann on the N., and Cape Cod on the S., is about 40 miles in breadth. Buz- zard's bay is on the S.W. side of Cape Cod, and is 20 miles long. Cape Ann, in the N. part of the State, is a rocky promontory, 15 miles in length. Cape Cod is a peninsula in the S.E. part of the State, extending 75 miles long, and from 2 to 20 broad, with a bend in the middle nearly at right angles. The peninsula of Nahant, a few miles N. of the harboi of Boston, is connected with the mainland by Lynn-beach, 2 miles long. It has become, on account of its cool breezes and wild sea views, a place of fashionable resort durin;j the summer months. Massachusetts. 15 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS, Prom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. ♦ 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Boston, in Massachusetts, U. S., lat. 42° 23' N., long. 71° 4' W. The city la situated at the head of a deep bay, on a peninsula, being surrounded on three sides by water. (Jenerally there is sufficient depth of water to enable the largest ships to come up to the city at all times of the tide ; and they usually moor alongside of docks where there is perfect safety. The depth of water iu the cliannel, varies from fifteen to thirty feet. It is the great center of the commerce of New England, and in this capacity receives and distributes one fifth of the whole commercial material of the United States. The tonnage of Boston, in 1856, was 521,117 tona Salem, city and port of entry, Mass. It is chiefly built on a tongue of land formed by two inlets from the sea, called North and South rivers ; over the former are two bridges (one of which is crossed by the railroad), connecting it with Beverly. The harbor has good anchorage ground, but vessels drawing more than twelve or fourteen feet of water must be partially unloaded before they can como to ita wharves. The tonnage of Salem in 185G,'was 29,970 tons. Nastocket, Mass. Tonnage iu 1856, 16,857 tons. 16 Commercial Statistics of the United States. RHODE ISLAND. Rhode Island, one of the United States of America, and the smallest State in the Union, bcinf; about 49 miles long, and 29 broad, containing 1,200 square miles, of which 130 is included in Narrairansett bay. Earbj History. — The country round the Narragansett bay, and to the west of it, is in the first old works and maps, generally named Nar- agansetts, or the Xaragansett country. The colonists at Plymouth dis- covered and entered this country already in the first years of the exist- ence of their town. Roger AVilliams was the first settler in this territory. lie and some other dissenters and refugees from Massachusetts founded here the towns of l^rovidence, Newjjort, and Portsmouth. They united all in one government in the year 1643, under the name "Incorporation of Providence Plantation," or, as they are styled in King Charles First's patent of that year, " Incorporations of Providence Plantations in our Naragansetts bay, in New England." It is possible that John Clark and William Coddington, who were men of learning, with others who formed the first compact on Rhode Island in 1637, were f:imiliar Avith the nar- ratives of the early voyages to the American coast. They had been many times published in England by the famous Hakluyt, Purchas, and others, and our colonists had doubtless read, in the collected voyages of these compilers, the narrative of Verrazzano, who was the first European that ever entered the waters of Narragansett bay, which was in the year 1524. He was the first, too, to discover Block Island, to which he gave the name of Clau8 523,610 22,534 126 1838 270,065 21,192 291,257 656,613 27,728 295 18:» 175,808 9,426 1S5.2:U 610,431 22,885 319 1840 Total, 208,006 8,983 206,939 274,534 17,436 $2,933,508 651,634 8,585,192 5,907,540 287,249 8,864 1841 266,276 12,189 278,465 8^9,592 20,911 787 1842 323,4.?7 25,259 848,696 323,692 19,264 729 1843* 105,292 555 10.5,3-17 155,758 7,645 1844 257,602 8,175 260,777 269,437 17,471 l",783 1845 190,141 891 191,0:!2 274,8:30 14,593 196 1846 220,019 4.815 224,f;64 210,489 18,257 785 184T 191.434 935 192,069 805,489 14,595 1,978 1848 215,860 5,771 221,6-31 351,590 19,316 8,148 1849 172,691 .5,461 173,1.V2 237,478 15,568 2,815 1850 Total. 206,299 9,966 216,265 258,303 16,770 1,705 $2,149,051 6S,.'>47 2,217,598 2,726,153 164,895 13,426 1851 223,404 14,.873 237,777 810,630 19,838 8,74T 1A52 174,115 5,0()0 179,175 210,680 14,016 2,913 1858 8()2,4.'i4 8,031 310,485 866,116 16,301 7,077 1854 426,046 13,935 439,9S1 437,973 17,841 7,910 1855 331,287 4,786 8;J6,023 686,387 17,210 6,474 1856 898,224 14,150 407,874 845,808 16,144 6,623 * 9 months to June 80, and the flscal year from this time becrlns July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Newport, Rhode Island, is situated on the south-west shoro of Rhode Island, twenty-eight miles south from Providence, and five miles from the ocean. The har- bor is one of the best in the United States, and is well defended. Its site is beauti- ful, and of late years it has been much resorted to in the summer sea.son. Its ship- ping is mainly employed in the whale fi-shcries and coasting trade; its manufactures are various and of considerable extent. The tonnage of Newport in 1S5G, was 11,046 tons. Providence, a city, and principal port of entrv in Rhode Island, sitiiated in lat. 41° 4a' 22" N., long. 71° 24' 28'' W. Providence has great commercial facilities!, which have been well improved. The harbor is at the head of Narrapansctt bay, thirty-three miles from the ocean, is spacious, and has sufficient depth of water for the largest ships. The tonnage of Providence was 19,305 tons, in 1856. Bristol, between Mount Hope bay and Narragansett bay, has a good harbor, and great fiiciiitics for navigation. The tonnage is the largest in the State, beings in 1856, 2,902 tons. 18 Commercial Statistics of the United States. CONNECTICUT. Connecticut, which is the southernmost of the New England States, is situated between 41° and 42° 2' N. latitude, and 71° 20' and 73° 15' W. longitude, and between 3° 46' 24" and 5° 41' 24" E. longitude - from Washington. Early History. — The beautiful river from which the State of Con- necticut derives its name, was first discovered (in the year 1614) by the Dutch Captain Adrian Block, who sailed into it as far up as the present site of Hartford, and who named it " De Versche liver" (the Fresh river) probably from the fresh appearance of its waters and green valleys. The Dutch from New Amsterdam made some attempts at settlement along this river. But the English colonists and explorers from Ply- mouth and Boston, on their way to the west, reached it about the year 1630, and became soon the exclusive proprietors of the river and its valley. They adopted for it the original name of the aborigines, which, in its true Indian shape, is said to have been " Quonehtucut," The meaning of this word is stated to be " The Long river," and it appears to be a designation which the Indians applied often as a river name. Among others, we find also in Long Island a Connecticut river. The State is watered by numerous rivers and streams. Few of the rivers are navigable for more than a short distance from their mouths, The principal is the Connecticut, which rises on the N, border of New Ilampshire, and after a course of about 400 miles, falls into Long Island Sound, between Say brook and Lyme. Its general direction is S. by W., separating New Ilampshire fi'om Vermont, and afterward passing through the western part of Massachusetts and the central part of Connecticut. Below Middleton it turns to the S. S. E., and continues in that direction to its mouth. It is navigable to Middleton, 30 miles from the sea, for vessels drawing 10 feet, and to Hartford, 20 miles higher, for vessels drawing 8 feet of water. The canals and other improvements recently made to overcome the rapids and tidls, have rendered it navigable for small boats as far as Well's river, 250 miles above Hartford. The prin- cipal tributary of the Connecticut in this State is the Tunxis, or Far- mington, which rises in the E. slope of the Green mountains \\\ Massa- chusetts, and flows southward to Farmington, where it abruptly changes its course to the N. On breaking through the trap range of the Talcott mountains, it again takes a southerly direction, and falls into the Con- necticut opposite East Windsor. The llousatonic rises in the Avestern part of Massachusetts, and enters this State near its N. W. corner, after which it has a S. and S. E. course to the Sound. Its entrance is ob- structed by a bar, but there is a sloop navigation for 12 miles. The Thames, formed by the junction of the Quiimebaug, Shetucket, and Yantic rivers near Norwich, falls into the Sound at New London. The mineral wealth of Connecticut is considerable. Iron ore of ex- cellent quality is found abundantly in various parts. The copper mines of Bristol and Plymouth are said to be the most profitable in the United States. According to Professor Silliman, the Bristol vein extends in a southerly direction for more than 30 miles, and, if fully worked, is capable of affording employment to 30,000 miners. The Plymouth mines are considered to be equally rich. Copper is also found at Granby. Connecticut. 19 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Years EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D. ENDINO Sept. 30. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. American. Foreign. 1S21 $366,180 $10,007 $376,187 $312,090 14,749 1822 479,358 5.9w9 4.85,312 607,094 17,442 1823 480,941 1,120 482,061 456,463 16,733 'iiis 1824 670,634 5.218 575,.852 581,510 20,946 1823 684,686 4,584 689,270 707,473 24,-395 1826 695,454 18,4;39 708,893 736,194 21,684 1827 567,100 23,175 590,275 6;30,004 18,078 1828 493,925 27,620 521,645 48.5,174 17,588 1829 450,985 6,9S5 457,970 809,588 16,090 1830 Total, 385,610 8,901 389,511 209,583 18,285 "77 $5,174,868 102,008 6,276,876 4,995,128 185,940 185 lasi 482,073 810 482,8.83 40.5,066 20,139 1982 430,466 430,466 437,715 20,944 '867 1833 427,603 427,603 352,014 18,453 606 1884 421,419 '997 422,416 885,720 18,643 204 1835 487,510 25,460 612,970 439,502 10,523 618 1886 431,176 7,028 438,199 468,163 20,842 1,542 183T 523,103 9,487 532,590 818,849 20,299 2,145 1833 543,610 548,610 843,:331 18,892 420 1839 583,226 583,226 442,847 26,308 916 1840 Total, 518,210 618,210 277,072 24,122 479 $4,848,396 43,777 4,892,173 8,870,279 198,580 7,297 1841 599,848 599,348 295,989 27,886 3,027 1843 532,392 532,392 33.5,707 27,253 4,791 1843* 307,223 307,223 230,841 14,113 2,743 1844 798,725 l',29i 800,016 823,299 83,381 4,780 1845 960.810 8,245 969,055 872,075 37,086 2,101 1846 765,912 10,000 775,912 413,478 31,131 5,937 1847 598,702 490 599,192 275,823 20,536 1,966 •1843 501,064 501,064 229,310 23,500 4,813 1849 264,000 264,000 234,743 20,440 3,719 1850 Total, 241,262 66S 241,930 872,890 17,515 9,802 $5,569,438 20,694 5,590,132 8,088,655 262,841 43,179 1851 433,894 1S4 434,078 842,994 22,534 8,127 1852 505,904 270 506,174 394,675 27,507 10.237 1853 497,769 11.665 509,434 545,793 19,942 8,962 1854 721,307 18,263 739,575 562,977 23,750 7,842 1855 859,492 19,382 878,874 6*3,826 21,869 7,379 1856 797,062 8,203 800,324 737,401 18,602 6,3S0 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. New London, Connecticut, is situated on tlie Thames river, three miles from the ocean, fifty miles cast of New Haven by railroad. Its harbor is one of tlie best in the United States, but is seldom visited by foreign vessels. The whalo fisheries con- stitute its main interest, and it has also a largo coasting trade. Several railroads connect it with the interior, New York, and Boston, and regular steamboats ply to and from Now York. The tonnage in 1856, was 40,371 tons. New IIaven, Connecticut, is situated at the bottom of New Haven bay, about four miles from Long Island Sound, and is one of the principal towns on the railroad lines between New York and Boston. Its nianuflicturcs are extensive, and it is one of the principal clock and India-rubber loralities. Several important railroads come in here, and regular steam communication is maintained with New York. The com- merce of the city is small. The total tonnage in 1856, was 18,102 tons. The tonnage of the other places is as follows : Middletow.v, 14,221 tons. Stonington, 18,102 tons. Fairfield, 11,693 tons. 20 Commercial Statistics of tJie United States. NEW YORK. New York, one of the United States of America, situated between 40° 30' and 45° 01' N. latitude, and between 71° 50' and 79° 56' W lonfirituilo, and contains an area of 40,000 square miles. Early History of New York State. — Tue Spaniards comprised the territory of the present State of New York under their great name of Florida, and designated it also on their maps of the sixteenth century particularly as the Tierra de Stephan Gomez, or shorter, Tierra de Gomez, because Gomez (1525) was for a long time the only Spanish navigator wlio was known to have explored especially these cojists. The English comprised it since 1585 under the name Virginia, and since lUOG under the name of Northern Virginia, or the Northern Colony. Since 1616, they considered it as a part of New England, which name took the place of the old name of Northern Virginia, and went down like this as far south, as the fortieth degree of N. latitude. The Dutch began soon after the discovery of Hudson (1609) to call it Nieuw Nederlandt (the New Netherlands). This name may already have been in use for some time, but it occurs for the first time in a public document in the year 1014. They also somethnes called it Nieuw Hol- land. It is on maps also sometimes called New Belgium. They at first gave to it very extensive boundaries, as far east as Cape Cod, including the whole Barnstable peninsula, and south as far as the Delaware river, and beyond it. With these limits, we find it represented on many old Dutch maps. The southern limit on the Delaware river remained pretty much unchanged on the Dutch maps. Not so the eastern boundary. On lattr maps we see this advancing only as far as Nassau bay, Rhode Island. Since 1630 or 1635, the maps have it only as far as the Con- necticut river, where at this time the English had already arrived with their plantations. When, in the year 1664, the English conquered the whole country, it was named the Province of New York, in honor of James, Duke of York, brother of Charles II. It lost in the same year a part of its coast by the grant which the Duke of York made to a company of gentlemen who founded the prov- ince of New Jersey, between the lower Hudson and the Delaware bay. The principal rivers are the Hudson, 324 miles loug, navigable 156 miks to Troy. The Mohawk, 135 miles long, which enters the Hudson a little above Troy ; the Genesee, 125 miles long, which enters Lake On- tario having at Kochester, 5 miles from its mouth, two falls of 96 and 75 ft'et. Black river, which rises near the sources of the Hudson, and flows 120 miles into Lake Ontario ; the Saranac, 65 miles long, entering Lake Chaniplain at PlatLsburg; the Oswegatchie, 100 miles long, flow- ing into the St. Lawrence ; the Oswego, proceeding 40 miles from Oneida Lake into Lake Ontario ; the Au Sable, rising in the Adiron- dack mountains, and having a course of 75 miles to Luke Chaniplain. Tlie majestic St. Lawrence forms a part of the northern boundary of the State. The head branches of the Susquehanna, the Alleghany, and the Delaware rise in this State. Besides Lake Ontario and Erie on the N., and Ch.implain on the R, which are but partly within it, there are wholly within the State many picturesque sheets of water. JSFew York. 21 FOREIGN CO^LMERCE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, From October ], 1820, to July 1, 185G. Teaks ENDING Skit. EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CUD. 80. Domestic. FOEEIGN. 1 TOTAI» Total. AUEBIOAK. FOEEION. 1821 $7,896,605 $5,264,313 $13,160,918 $23,629,246 158,174 10,720 1822 10,987,167 6,113,315 17,100,482 85,445,628 185,666 17,784 1823 11,862,995 7,675,995 19,038,990 29,421,349 192,521 23.5.13 1824 13,528,654 9,308,480 22,897,134 86,113,723 222,271 18,142 1S25 20,651,558 14,607,703 8.\259,261 49,639,174 255.878 19,851 182S 11,496,719 10,4.1 1,072 21,947,791 83,115,630 214,664 21,365 1S2T 13,9211,627 9,913.510 23,834,137 38,719,644 239,968 a?,375 1S23 12,362,015 10,415,634 22.777.649 41,927,792 217,113 42,373 1829 12,036,561 8,0S2,45) 20,119,011 84,743,307 219.674 82,855 1830 Total, 13,618,278 6,079,705 19,697,983 35,624,070 229,341 86,574 $127,861,179 87,972,177 215,833,356 863,379,563 2,135,270 256,592 1831 15,726,118 9,809,026 25.535,144 57,077,417 254,331 72,444 1832 15,057.250 10,94:5,695 26,000,945 53,214,402 1 242,749 101.967 1833 15,411,296 9.9S3.S21 25,895,117 65,918,449 884,175 15.'!,506 1834 13,849,469 11,662,545 25,512,014 73,188,594 861,6U6 238,650 1S35 21,707,867 8,637,397 80.845,264 88,191,305 589,855 84S,ii73 1836 19,816,520 9,104,113 28,920,638 118,253,416 477,524 855,591 1837 16,083,969 11,254,450 27,838,419 79,301.722 433,008 404,--U ]>83S 16,432,433 6,576,038 28,008,471 68,453,206 515,789 82'^,763 1839 23,296,995 9,971,104 83,268,099 99,882,438 569,736 830,066 1840 Total, 22,676,609 11,587,471 84,264,080 60,440,750 518,202 843,114 $180,058,526 99,529,665 279,588,191 753,921,699 4,346,975 2,672,623 1841 24,279,608 8,860,225 38,139,833 75,713,426 600.307 865,241 1842 20,739,2'56 6,837,492 27,576,778 57,875,604 556,9s9 840,520 1848* 13,443.2:H 8,819,430 16,762,664 81,356,540 881,281 174,374 1844 26,009,177 6,852,363 82,861,510 65,079,516 978,813 414,625 1845 25,929,904 10,24.'),304 36. 1 7.'),29S 70,909,085 926,280 414.688 1846 29,585,860 7,349,547 36.93.'j.413 74,254,28:j 1,120.944 425.942 1847 44,si 6,480 5,027.8S3 49,^-14,363 64,167.352 1,040,:540 485.755 1848 88,771,209 14,579,948 .W,351,1.57 94.52.1,141 1,004.816 7iM,S73 1849 80,788,215 9,2-.'4,S^5 45,963,100 92,567,869 l,358,f>4$ 784.514 1850 Total 41,502,800 11,209,989 52,712,789 111,123,524 1,411,557 737,539 $301,815,779 83,507,156 385,322,935 1 757,571,840 9,379,470 4,851,571 1851 68,104,542 17,902,477 86,007,019 141 ,.546,538 1,.588,313 878,819 1852 74,042,581 18,441,875 87,484,4.56 132,829,306 , 1,570,927 906,793 1858 66,080,855 12,17.').935 7S,206,290 178,270,999 i 1,959.902 l,0'tt,742 1854 105,551,740 16,982,906 122.5:U,646 195,427,93;$ \ 1,918,317 l.oai,154 1855 96,414,808 17,316,430 1 113,73I,2:« 164,776,511 1,861,682 l,14tt,197 1850 109,848,509 9,262,991 1 119,111,500 210,162,454 2,186,877 1,885,677 ♦ 9 months to Juno 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. New York, Stato of New York, and first seaport in the U. S., in lat. 40° 42' N., long. 1A° 8' W., is situated on Manhattan Island, at tho point of conMuonco of the Hudson and Ela-st rivers, the latter separating it from I^ong Island. New York bay, or inner harbor, is one of the finest and most capacious in tho world ; it is com- pletely land-locked, and oilers tho very best anchorage. At tho ebb tide there is about 21 feet of water on tho bar at Sandy Hook, and tho water in tho inner and outer bays, and in tho rivers, is deep enough to allow the largest class of vessel to como up to tho wharves. Ico rarely impedes navigation, aa the great strength of tide clears the bay twice a d.ay. Tho city is about 20 miles from blue water. Be-sidcs tho entrance through tho Narrows, there is one through Long Island Sound, which gives a pas-sage to Hurl Gate, witli water from 30 to 40 feet, and through Hurl Gato for any ordinary vessel. Taking into consideration all the advantages, New York harbor can not be surpassed anywhcro in tho world. The tonnage in New York in 1856 was 1,328,036 tons, ono fourth of the total tonnage of the United States. 22 Commercial Statistics of the United States. NEW JERSEY. New Jersky lies between 38° 55' and 41° 24' N. latitude, and be- tween 73° 59' and 75° 29' W. longitiide. It is 163 miles long and 52 broad, and contains 6,851 square miles. Earhj History. — The shore and territory of the present State of New Jersey was at first, since 1606, a part of the great English province of Northern Virginia; and then (since about 1621) it was considered (at least by the Dutch) as a part of their New Netherlands. The English, however, always claimed the country ; and in the year 1648, Sir Edmund Ploydon and some English gentlemen received a chai^ ter and giant of a great tract of country " lying midway between New England and Maryland," in which the name of New Albion was given. This is the first English name which this country received. The charter had, however, no great consequences. The Dutch remained in possession, and the name New Albion was forgotten. When the English conquered the New Netherlands for the Duke of York, all this land was included in the large territory given to the Duke of York. But the Duke of York very soon sold (already in the year 1664) that part of his grant which was lying between Delaware and Hudson river, to Sir George Carteret and John Lord Berkeley. The grant which he gave to them, is dated on the 24th of June, 1664. The country re- ceived at once the name of New Jersey, in compliment of Sir George Carteret, whose ancestors came from the island of Jersey, and who was himself governor of the island of New Jersey. It has since that time always retained that name, with, so far as our sea-coast is concerned, unchanged boimdaries. In old works and maps we find the name some- times written " Jarzy," and also " Jarze." The name was often translated in Latin, "Provincia Nova Caesarea." In the year 1676, the province "Was divided into East and West Jersey, and the whole then often called " The Jerseys." But, in the year 1702, those two provinces were again united by Queen Anne in one, called " New Jersey," and attached to New York. Since 1738, an independent royal province of New Jersey was established, and since 1776 the State of New Jersey. The Raritan is navigable 17 miles to New Brunswick, and it enters Raritan bay ; the Passaic is navigable for small vessels for about 15 miles, and enters into Newark bay ; the Hackensack, navigable 15 miles, also enters Newark bay. Great Egg Harbor river, navigable 20 miles for small craft, passes through a bay of the same name and enters into the Atlantic. The principal bays are Newark and Raritan. Delaware bay is on its south-eastern border. It has two important capes, viz.. Cape May, on Delaware bay, and Sandy Hook, at the entrance of the bay of New York. It contains quarries of good building stone, valuable mines of zinc and of iron, and in the south parts, beds of marl. The principal places in this State are Trenton, the capital, Princeton, New Brunswick, Rahway, Elizabethtown, Jersey City, Iloboken, Pater- son, Hackensack, Morristown, South Amboy, Freehold, Burlington, and Camden. There were in the State, January, 1854, 38 banks, with a paid capital of $5,147,741. New Jersey. 23 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Ybaks EXPORTS. IMP0ET3. TONNAGE CL'D. ENDING Sept. 30. Domestic. FOREIGX. Total. TOTAU American. Foreign. 1821 $33,613 $98 $33,711 $17,606 231 1822 83,551 83,551 103,190 2,302 1S23 26,064 26,064 5,933 1,298 1824 28,989 28,989 637,518 1,463 1825 43,980 8'233 47,213 27,688 1,657 1826 80,859 7,100 87,965 48,004 1,658 182T 25,627 25,627 838,497 933 hii 1828 1,892 1,892 706,872 130 1829 8,022 8,022 786,247 414 1830 Total, 8,224 "ioo 8,324 13,444 627 $290,821 10,537 801,358 2,684,999 10,713 571 1831 11,430 11,410 703 1832 53,991 7,803 61,794 70,460 782 'soo 1&33 30,853 1,900 82,753 170 1,424 1834 8,131 8,131 4,492 790 '236 1835 66,363 7,678 74,041 18,932 2,337 1886 38,769 24,040 62,809 24,263 8,076 1837 19,640 24,577 44,217 69,152 427 9,002 1838 28,010 28,010 1,700 990 1839 78,434 19',045 98,079 4,182 3,904 '347 1840 Total, 14,883 1,193 16,076 19,209 725 $350,504 86,836 437,340 212,560 15,158 10,385 1841 19,166 19,166 2,815 2,739 1842 64,931 5,976 70,907 145 2,301 1843» 8,033 2,5S8 10,621 130 1844 13,889 4,300 18,189 17,670 609 1845 829 1846 ^087 4,087 635 'isi 1847 18,428 "700 19,128 4,837 552 'eis 184S 62 62 1,835 220 1849 355 '"8 36:} 4,253 428 1860 Total, 1,655 1,655 1,494 1 150 931 $130,606 13,572 144,178 34,013 6,662 2,244 1851 139 139 1,111 928 1852 1,438 1,438 2,491 1,393 1853 1,354 1,854 3,539 2,681 1854 2,225 2,225 8,971 2,029 1855 687 687 1,473 606 1856 890 390 2,783 ^ 608 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Jersey City, New Jcrse)^ is a flourishint; city at the mouth of the Iliidson river, opposite New Ifork city, and is the terminus of the southern railroad travel, and also of the New York and I>ie Railroad and of the Morris Canal. Thougii a separ- ate municipality, it may be considered as a suburb of the great metropolis, witli which it connects by several ferries. It is a place of considerable manufacturing in- dustr}% ship-building, and commerce, and it is the American station of the Cuuard line of New York and Liverpool steamships. Patersox, New Jersey, is situated immediately below the falls of the Passaic river, 17 miles from New York. It ranks next to Newark in manufactures, and is the third city in the State in respect of population. Its principal products are cotton and silk goods, locomotives, machinery, paper, &c. On tlie opposite side of the river is the manufacturing town of Mancliester. Paterson communicates with New York by the Paterson and Hudson R. R. and Morris CanaL Perth Amboy, .31,940 tons. Bridgetown, 10,052 tons. 24 Commercial Statistics of the United States. PENNSYLVANIA. Pknnsylvania, one of the central United States, lies between 39° 43' and 42° N. latitude, and between 74° and 80° 40' W. lon^tude. It is 307 miles long and 160 broad, containing 47,000 square miles. Early History. — The territoiy of this State was, before the year 1G81, for the greater part comprised under the name Northern Virginia, and since 1610, under the name of New England. When Penn, in the year 1681, obtained from Charles 11. a great tract of land, between 40° and 42° N. latitude, he himself wished to give to it the name of New Wales ; but the King, against Penn's wish, called it, in honor of Penn, Pennsylvania. The name is to be found, for the first time, in the King's charter of the 4th of March, of the year 1681. In the year 1682, Penn, desirous of approaching his province to the sea coast, bought from the Duke of York, the whole tract of land and settlements along the west side of Delaware bay, the so-called three lower counties. This tract of land remained, however, in connection with Pennsylvania only until the year 1776, when the inhabitants of these lands declared themselves independent, and founded the State of Delaware. By this the State of Pennsylvania was again excluded from the sea coasts, and as a nearly entirely inland State, the history of its limits is not of a great in- terest for our hydrographical researches. The Delaware river washes the entire eastern border of the State, and is navigable for ships to Philadelphia. The Lehigh, after a course of 75 miles, enters it at Easton. The Schuylkill, 130 miles long, unites with it 6 miles below Philadelphia. The Susquehanna is a large river, which lises in New Yoik, flows south through this State, and enters the Chesa- peake bay, in Maryland. It is much obstructed by falls and rapids. The Juniata rises among the Alleghany mountains, and, after a course of 180 miles, enters the Susquehanna 11 miles above Harrisburg. The Alle- ghany river, 400 miles long, from the north, and the Monongahela, 300 miles long, unite at Pittsburg, and form the Ohio. The Alleghany mountains cross the State from S.W. to N.E., and there are many smaller ranges on each side of the principal ridge and parallel to it. The south-eastern and north-western parts of the State are either level or moderately hilly. The soil is generally fertile, and much of it is of a superior quality ; the best land on the south-east is on both sides of the Susquehanna. Between the head waters of the Alleghany and Lake Erie, the soil is very fertile. The anthracite coal region is immense. The Mauch Chunk, Schuylkill, and Lyken's Valley coal-field extends from the Lehigh river across the head waters of the Schuylkill, and is 65 miles in length, with an average breadth of 5 miles. The Lacka- wanna coal-field extends from Carbondale, on the Lackawannock, to 10 miles below Wilkesbarre, on the Susquehanna. The Shamokin field has been less explored. The production of coal in 1856 was estimated at 10,000,000 tons, of which 7,500,000 was brought to the Atlantic coast. Iron ore exists in nearly every coimty, and in the vicinity of Pittsburg, vast quantities are manufactured. Beds of copper and lead exist, and quarries of marble and building stone abound. There are in the south part valuable mineral springs. Pennsylvania. 25 FOREIGN COMilERCE OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, Froji October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Tears EXPORTS. IMPOETS. TONNAGE CL'D. EN'DING Sept. 30. 1821 Domestic. FOEEIQK. Total. Total. American. Foreign. $2,S.32,.387 $4,559,380 $7,391,767 $8,158,922 69,436 3,641 1822 8,5T5,14r 5,472,655 9,1147,802 11,874,170 70,846 .5,745 1823 8,139,809 0,4T7,3s3 9,617,192 13,696,770 75,630 5,293 1S24 3,18>,C94 6,182,199 9,:i64,S93 11,865,531 76,031 5,6-35 1825 8,936,133 7,:i3:1.848 11,269,981 15,041-,797 82.4.35 2,-385 1826 8,158,ni .5,173,011 8,.33:,722 13,561,779 69.414 4,445 182r 8,391,296 4,1S4,.5.37 7,515,8.33 ll,212,9a5 68;753 4,097 1828 3,116,0(11 2,935,479 6,051,480 12,834,408 61.819 5,880 1829 2,617,152 1,472,78:3 4,089,935 10,100,152 52,Sil 4,625 1830 Total, 2,924,452 1,867,041 4,291,793 8,702,122 63,022 4,870 131,873,732 45,153,610 77,032,393 117,088,586 690,857 46,616 18.31 3,594.302 1.919,411 5,513,713 12,124,083 65,149 7,596 1S.32 2,008,991 1,5117,075 8,516,066 10,678,3.53 46.726 14,181 1833 2,671,300 1.407,651 4,073,951 10,451,250 49,109 22,378 1834 2,031,803 1,957,94:3 8,9A746 10,479,263 46,411 16,236 ia3.5 2,416,099 1,323,170 8,739,275 12,;389,987 57,083 10,985 1836 2,627,051 1,34:3,904 8,971,555 15,068,28:3 49,670 14,349 183T 2,56.5,712 1,27,5,887 8,841,599 11,680,111 45,185 18,234 1S33 2,481,.54;3 90.^603 3,477,151 9,36(1,371 75.,342 8,359 1839 4,148,211 1,151,204 5,299,415 15,050,715 64,318 13,381 1840 Total, 5,736,456 1,0S3,6S9 0,820,145 8,464,882 72,288 11,:340 $30,282,063 13,965,548 44,247,616 115,747,208 571,286 186,989 1841 4,404,863 747,6.33 5,1.52,501 10,-346,693 74,201 0,-322 1842 8,29.3,814 476,913 8,770,727 7,385,853 6.5,208 18,712 184.3* 2,071,945 2s:3,003 2,:354,943 2.760,630 41,573 5,899 1844 8,265,027 270,229 8.5-35,256 7,217.267 70,650 8,627 184.5 3,129,678 444,685 8,574,863 8,159,227 6:3,271 12,987 1846 4,157,913 593,0S7 4,751,005 7,989,396 77,272 7,627 1847 8,26-3,311 281.080 8,544.:391 9,587,516 107,930 85,213 1848 5,428,309 804,(124 5,732,-333 12,147,584 77,870 20.218 1849 4,8.5i),S72 492,549 5,34:3,421 10,645,500 9:3,822 27,005 1850 Total, 4,049,464 452,142 4,501,606 12,066,154 81,276 80,342 $42,915,201 4,345,;350 47,260,551 83,305,830 752,573 170,952 1851 6.101,969 254,067 5,-356,036 14,168,761 102,123 88,051 1852 5,522,449 306,122 5,828,571 14,785,917 90,951 48,981 1853 6,255,229 272,767 6..527,996 18,8-34,410 101,029 60,656 1854 9,a46,Sli) 257,606 10,1(14,416 21,359,306 120,640 6-3,567 1855 5,935,125 289,213 6,274,333 15,309,935 114,208 85,720 1856 7,043,408 189,164 7,232,572 16,590,045 112,087 81,245 * 9 months to Juno 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Philadelphia, near the confluence of the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill, in lat. 39° 5T N"., Ions 75° 10' "W., and near the head of the Delaware bay. Vessels of the largest burden ascend the river as far as Newcastle, but those drawing above 18 or 20 feet of water can not reach Pliiladelphia, on account of a bar a little below the city. The entrance to the magnificent bay formed by the embouchure of the Dela- ware, has Cape May on the north, and Cape Ileulopeu on its south side. The com- merce of Philadelphia has not kept pace with her growth in other respects, especially in manufactures. The tonnage in 1856, was 197,228 tons. Erie, port of entry, Pa. It is beautifully situated on Presque L'^lo Bay, on Lake P>ie, covers one mile square, and has one of the best harbors ou the lake, the channel or entrance to \\'hich has lately been much improved ; the water is from 1 1 to 20 feet deep, and the largest steamboats enter without dillieulty. There is a lighthouse on the we.st side of the entrance of Presque Isle bay, lat. 42° 8' 14" N. ; shows a fixed light, elevated 93 feet above the surface of the lake, and visible for a distance of 14| miles. The beacon ia on the oast side of the bay ; visible 8i miles. i?0^ Commercial Statistics of tJie TTnited States. DELAWARE. Delaware, one of the middle United States, next to Rliode Island the smallest in the Union, and in population the least. Earbj Ilistori/.-^That Delaware bay was already known to the Span- iards a lono- time before Hudson there is no doubt. But the question is what they called it. Benson, in his memoir on the names of the State of New York, says that they called it The Bay of all Saints. He does not give his authority. In the most ancient Spanish description of the east coast which we have (that of Oviodo), this " Bay of : all Saints" is not mentioned at all. But Oviodo mentions a Bahia de S. Christoval on the east coast, and says that it stands under 39° N. latitude. This is nearly exactly the latitude of Delaware bay, which therefore probably is designated by him under that name. If it is trae that the Spanish Cabo de las Arenas is our Cape Ilenlopen, then tliat large bay which the Spanish maps in- variably paint immediately to the north of this cape, must be Delaware bay. The figure which they give to this bay, as well as to the river which they make run into it, corresponds with the configuration of this bay and river. The first navigator Avhom we can prove to have been at the entrance of the bay, is Henry Hudson, when (1609) he sailed along the coast from Chesapeake bay toward the north. He looked into the bay, found it full of shoals, did not explore it, gave to it no name, and " suspected, from the currents which came out from it, that there was a river leading into it." It is pretty generally said that Lord Delaware, when (in the year 1610) he sailed to Chesapeake bay, was thrown out of his way, and touched at this bay, and that it was therefore called by him or by his companions, and by the first English settlers in Virginia, Delaware bav. This was not only the first English, but upon the whole the first name under which the bay became more generally known in Europe. We see it for the first time mentioned and written in the letter of Captain Argall, of the year 1612, in " Purchas' Pilgrims." The old Virginian writers spelled or corrupted the name in very dif- ferent ways. Sometimes they write, " My Lord Delaware's bay," some- times "Delavar bay," and sometimes " Delaware bay." Later French map-makera (for instance, Bellin) made of this "Bay de Laware, or Lavar.'' The first map on which we find this name is a little map of the greater part of the east coast by Captain Smith, of the year 1624. Delaware, a river of the United States, which rises on the west side of the Catskill mountains. State of New York, and after separating Pennsylvania from New York and New Jersey, falls into the Delaware bay five miles below Newcastle. It is formed by the union of two streams. The Mohawk, or western and main branch, rises from a small lake in latitude 42° 45' N., at an elevation of 1886 feet above the sea, and tl(-)ws S.W. for neariy 50 miles, when it turns suddenly to the S.E., flowing in that direction fur five miles to the Pennsylvania boundary Hne in latitude 42° N. Eight miles below this spot it is joined by the Popaeton branch, which has a previous S.W. course of about 50 miles. Delaicare. 27 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Years EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D, | ENDING Sept. 80. DOMEBTIC. Foreign. Total. . Total. American. 2,883 Foreign. 1S21 $75,915 $9,.530 $85,445 $80,997 1822 16;B,950 4,042 168,592 216,969 4,032 145 1823 35,724 18,113 53,8.37 60,124 124 1824 18,964 18,964 12,080 199 "127 1S25 29,861 2,29.5 31,656 18,693 827 1S26 33,818 1,877 35,195 10,009 1,136 1S27 9,406 9,406 6,993 317 1828 27,023' 2,367 29,395 15,260 1,050 1829 7,195 7,195 24,179 MiS 1830 Total, 52,258 62,258 26,574 962 '141 $453,119 38,824 491,943 471,878 11,343 413 lasi 34,514 84,514 21,656 799 965 1882 16,242 16,242 23,653 699 333 1833 45,911 45,911 9.04:} 186 1834 51,945 51,945 185,943 183.'> 88,826 88,826 10,611 1836 74,981 74,981 107,063 1&3T 40,383 40,333 66,841 183S 36,844 86,844 1,848 1889 8,680 8,680 1840 Total, 37,001 37,001 "802 1*35,277 4^35,277 426,960 1,684 1,298 1841 88,585 38,5^5 8.276 1,632 2,202 1842 55,565 55,665 8,557 2,537 2,672 1.843* 98,490 "192 98,682 4,686 1,949 366 1844 125,771 406 126,177 8,093 1 8.SS2 1340 188,195 188,195 2,274 4,95:3 ioo 184G 144,045 2'i77 146,222 11,215 3,495 184T 235,459 235,459 12,722 4,096 '8:» 1843 83,089 ■'i9 83,058 490 2,466 8,612 1849 87,850 379 38,229 1,400 1,091 1,599 1850 Total, $957,099 3,173 960,272 47,712 26,101 11,:390 1851 1852 I8r)3 1854 80",926 8o'.920 2,053 1855 63,087 6:3,087 5,821 2,444 1850 76,880 70,330 8,053 1,674 ♦ 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Wilmington, iiort of entry, and the priucipal commercial town of Delaware, situ- ated between Brandywino and Christiana creeks, one mile above their junction. On Brandywine creek are some of the finest flouring mills in the United States, to which vessels drawing eight feet water can come. Christiana creek is navigable for ves.sels drawing fourteen feet of water, and gives to Wilmington considerable com- morce. The tonnage of the port in 185G, was l.'!,G(3r) tons. Delaware Brkakwater. This breakwater is situated at the entrance into Dela- ware bay, near Capo llenlopcn. Tho anchorage ground, or roadstead, is formed by a covo in the .southern shore, directly west of tho pitch of the cape, and the seaward end of an extensive shoal called Tlie Shears. Tho entrance from the ocean is 1,950 feet in width, and is accessible during all winds from the sea. Tho depth of water \a fi-om 24 to .'56 feet, at low tide, throughout tho harbor. There are two dykes— ono of 1,500 feet, and the other of 6,000 feet, giving a secure harbor of seven tenths of a square mile. The objects of this artificial harbor arc to protect vessels from winds from the E. to N. "W., by way of N., and agauist the floating ice of the bay. 28 Commercial Statistics of the United States. MARYLAND. Maryland, one of the central United States, lies between 38° and 39° 44' N. latitude, and between 75° 10' and 79° 21' W. longitude. It is 196 miles long, and 120 broad, containing 11,000 square miles. Early History of Maryland. — In the year 1632, King Charles I. gave a charter to Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, and granted to him a tract of land lying in that peninsula, between the ocean and Chesapeake bay, and around the northern extremities of that same bay, and ordered this land to be called Maryland, in honor of the Queen Henrietta Maria, the consort of Charles I. She was of the Catholic religion, like Lord Baltimore himself, as were likewise the greater part of the settlors which he carried out. The name appears for the first time in the charter of Maryland of the 20th June, 1632. It is possible that Lord Baltimore and his associates, in proposing to the king that name, had also under consideration at the same time the old Spanish maps of North America on which Chesapeake bay is called St. Mary's bay (Bahia de Santa Maria), and that they had a desire to carry back to this bay that old and historical name. It may be a mere accident that the name Maria was as well in modern as in ancient times applied to the same regions. But what we call accident in history is often secretly linked together by an association of ideas which escapes our research. The Potomac river, which divides the State from Virginia, is 350 miles long, and navigable about 180 miles to Washington city. It is 7^- miles wide at its mouth. The great foils are 14 miles above Washington; the perpendicular descent is 16 feet, and the rapids extend for several miles up the river, and form a very picturesque view. The Susque- hannali is a large river which enters into the head of Chesapeake bay in this State. It is li miles wide at its mouth, but is navigable only 5 miles, being above that much obstructed by falls and rapids. The Pa- tapsco is a small river, navigable, however, 14 miles to Baltimore for ships. The Patuxent is 110 miles long, and is navigable for 50 miles for vessels of 50 tons. The other rivers are Elk, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke. The Chesapeake bay, 270 miles long, and from 70 to 20 wide, and by its numerous inlets furnishes many fine harbors, and abounds with the choicest water-fowls, fish, etc. There were in this State (January, 1856) 3 railroads, with 466 miles of road finished, and in operation, and 30 miles in course of construction. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 184 miles long, is mostly in this State. Capital invested in manufactures, $14,753,143; value of manufactured articles, annually, 832,477,702. Number of vessels built, and their tonnage, in the State of Maryland during the year ending June 30, 1856 : Tonnage. 15,393 2,004 1,920 » 468 133 Total, . 12 8 110 3 133 19,918 DlBTEICT. onips ana Barks. Brigs. Schooners. Baltimore, 12 8 43 Oxford, . , , 25 Vienna, . , , 33 Snow Hill, , . , . 7 Annapolis, 2 Sloop sand Total Canal boats. number 3 G6 25 33 n 2 Maryland. 29 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Teaks EXPORTS. j IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D. ENDING 1 Sept. SO. 1821 Domestic. FOKEIOK. Total. Total. American. Foreign. $2,714,850 $1,135,544 $3,3.50,394 $4,070,842 61,687 4,677 1822 3,496,993 1,039,803 4,.536,796 4,792,436 58,790 9,469 1823 4,173,112 1,857,116 6,030,223 4,946,179 62,911 7,615 1824 3,549,957 1,313,276 4,863,233 4,551,642 73,610 6,017 1825 8,092,865 1,408,939 4,501,304 4,751,815 66,228 3,845 1826 2,947,352 1,063,396 4,010,743 4,928,569 62,212 2.931 1827 3.457.691 1,058,715 4,516.406 4,405,703 67,4:50 4,191 1828 3,107,819 1,226,603 4,334,422 5,629,694 59,532 0,681 1829 3,662,273 1,142,192 4,304,465 4,804,135 54,933 6.390 1830 Total, 8,075,985 715,497 8,791,482 4,5 .'3,366 55,020 8,336 133,278,397 11,961,081 45,239,478 47,404,938 622,403 56,102 1831 8,780,506 578,141 4,303,647 4,826,577 65,370 10,276 1&32 8,015,873 1,484,045 4,499,918 4,629,303 49,330 15,643 1833 3,301.014 761,4,!.3 4,(162,467 6,437,057 47,181 25,499 1834 3,012,708 1,155,537 4,163,245 4,647,4-83 41,702 17,3.->0 1335 3,176,866 748,363 3.925,2:^4 5,647,15:5 45,293 18,526 1S86 3,028,916 646,.559 3,675,475 7,131,867 39,416 18,507 183T 3,365,173 424,744 3,739,917 7,857,033 39,195 35,798 1838 4,165,168 359,407 4,524,575 5,701,809 54,421 22,635 1839 4,318,189 263,372 4,576,561 0.995.235 49,293 19,.556 1840 Total, 5,495,020 273,743 5,763,763 4,910,746 67,718 25.546 $36,604,433 6,695,374 43,299,807 57,784,373 498,979 209,391 1841 4,789,160 158,006 4,947,166 6,101,313 68,656 23,598 1842 4,635,507 269,259 4,9'4,766 4,417.078 61,447 21,260 1843* 2,820,214 195,342 3,o]5,.%0 1 2.479,182 41,473 15,4:!1 1844 4,841,950 291,216 5,133,166 3,917,750 69,8:54 21,205 1845 4,946,237 275,740 5,221,977 8.741,304 69.716 22,342 • 1846 6,744.110 124,945 6,809,055 4,042,915 83,404 30,887 1847 9,632,360 129,834 9,762,244 4.4;J2,314 114,802 55,223 1848 7.016,034 113,748 7,129,782 1 5.:M:3.643 84,709 86,221 1849 7,786,695 213,965 8,000,660 j 4,976,731 113,276 31,652 1850 Total, 6,589,481 877,872 6,967,353 I 6,124,201 89,296 37,523 $59,801,743 2,149,977 61,951,725 i 4.5,576,831 801,613 295,347 1851 5,416,793 218,988 5,635,735 6,650,045 75,406 30,3.33 1852 6,514,041 1.53,220 6.667,361 ! 6,719,936 8:5,606 42,687 1353 7,768,224 138,235 7.906,459 ' 6.3:50,078 87,218 56.373 1854 11,655,250 127.382 11,782,632 : 6,737.552 136,524 54,7.50 1855 9,882,218 513,766 10,395,984 7,733,949 111,096 47,494 1856 10,856,637 264,761 11,121,898 9,119,907 118,872 40,489 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Baltimore, a city in the State of Maryland, U. S., situated on the north side of the Patapsco river, about 14 mUes above its entrance into the Chesapeake bay, in lat. 39° 17' N., long. 76° 36' W. The harbor is spacious and convenient, and the ■water deep. The tonnage of Baltimore is considerable ; in 1856, it amounted to 183,344 tons. Baltimore is celebrated for building fast-sailing schooners called clip- pers, and for the great durability of the vessels. In the last fiscal year there were built at this port, 12 ships, 8 barks, 43 schooners, 3 sloops, with an aggregate ton- nage of 16,393 tons. Ann.\polis, city, port of entry, and capital of Maryland, on the Chesapeake bay, at the entrance of Severn river. The State lIou.?e i.s remarkable as the building in which the American Congres.^ during the Revolutionary war, held some of its sessions. The Senate Chamber, which witnessed the last scene of the great drama of the Revolution, "Washington's resignation of his commission to the Congress, has been preserved unaltered. The United States Naval Academy, at Fort Severn, has seven professors, and seventy midshipmen as students. Tounago of the port in 1856, was 1,332 tons. 30 Commercial Policy of the United States. COMMERCIAL POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES. The United States has, since the very commencement of its existence as an independent government, ever been willing and ready to recipro- cate, to the fullest extent, and in the most liberal spirit, all privileges and favors, whether of navigation or commerce, extended to its flag by foreign nations. To this end, and in order to anticipate tlie usually dilatory process of treaty negotiations, the President of the United States is vested, by act of Congress, with authority to issue his proclamation, granting to the vessels of foreign nations equal and similar privileges and favors to those extended to the vessels of the United States in the ports of such foreign nations, on receiving oflScial notice thereof from the accredited agents of such governments. The following is the law referred to: Act of May 24, 1824 — He it enacted hy the Senate and House of Hepresentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That upon satisfactory evidence being given to the President of the United States, by the government of any foreign nation, that no discriminating duties of tonnage or impost are imposed or levied in the ports of the said nation, upon vessels wholly belonging to the citizens of the United States, or upon the produce, manufiictures, or merchandise, imported in the same from the United States, or from any foreign coun- try, the President is hereby authorized to issue his proclamation, declar- ing that the foreign discriminating duties of tonnage and impost, within the United States, are, and shall be, suspended and discontinued, so far as respects the vessels of the said foreign nation, and the produce, man- ufactures, or merchandise imported into the United States in the same, from the said foreign nation, or fi'om any other foreign country : tke said suspension to take effect from the time of such notification being given to the President of the United States, and to continue so long as the reciprocal exemption of vessels, belonging to citizens of the United Stiites, and their cargoes, as aforesaid, shall be continued, and no longer. Vessels belonging to the following nations are admitted, under the provisions of law, treaties of commerce and navigation, or conventions, into the ports of the United States, on the same terms as American vessels, witli the produce or manufactures of their own or any other country : Argentine Confederation, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Denmark,* Ecuador, Great Britain, Greece, New Granada, Guatemala, Hanover, Hanse-Towns (Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubec), Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Netherlands, Oldenburg, Peru, Prussia, Russia, San Salvador, Sardinia, Sweden, and Norway, Tuscany, Two Sicilies, Venezuela. Vessels belonging to the following nations, with which the United States have reciprocal treaties, on the footing of the " most favored na- tions," or with whom reciprocity exists by virtue of the act of Congress given above, are admitted into the ports of the United States on the same terms as respects tonnage or navigation duties, as vessels of the United States, with the produce or manufactures of their own or any other country : Bolivia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Muscat, Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Uruguay. * Tlio treaty between the United States and Denmark expired on the 14th day of April, 1856. District of Columbia. 31 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Feom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Including Alexandria TO June 30, 1846. Years ENDING Sept. 30. EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D. Domestic. FOEKIGN. Total. Total. American. FOBEICX. 1821 $848,609 $49,843 $898,452 $398,984 15,0a5 1822 1,031,475 11,955 1,043,430 470,613 15,025 '173 1823 779,502 21,793 801,295 275,083 12,586 128 1824 696,853 25,552 722,405 879,958 12,167 221 1825 749,159 9,208 758,367 277,297 12,343 1826 620,391 3,840 624,231 269,630 11,664 "59 182T 1,182,142 1,182,142 827,623 17,349 485 1828 705,581 l",862 707,44^3 181,665 13,269 990 1829 914,285 13,812 928,097 205,921 13,466 261 1830 Total, 746,591 7,382 753,973 168,550 13,803 $8,274,588 145,247 8,419,835 2,955,324 136,706 2,317 1831 1,207,517 13,458 1,220,975 193,555 19,862 878 1832 1,146,066 8,408 1,154,474 188,047 14,748 8,089 1833 981,366 21,450 1,002,816 150,046 12,962 2,140 1834 806,902 13,492 8J0,894 196,254 10,792 2,269 1885 514,571 3,068 517,639 111,195 9,296 1,13;3 1836 823,692 8,182 326,874 111,419 4,050 512 183T 467,766 i,44;j 469,209 102,225 3,894 8,600 1838 806,760 6,353 373,113 122,748 4,464 1,(K33 1839 497,965 5,752 503,717 132,511 0,698 1,547 1840 Total, 751,429 2,494 753,923 119,852 12,815 2,689 $7,061,034 79,100 7,143,134 1,427,852 99,681 18,920 1841 764,835 4,496 769,331 77,263 11,472 8,361 18i2 498,820 2,855 501,675 29,056 7,055 4,197 1843* 284,763 185 284,948 95,442 5.242 8,001 1844 550,298 9,254 559,552 65,628 9,3(1 1 8,983 1845 509,429 735 510,164 7(1,529 10,772 2,529 1846 913,701 1,213 914,914 79,770 15,390 3.502 1847 124,269 124,269 25,049 2,123 293 1848 a3,666 83,666 2,5,9:33 1,552 1849 111,607 111,607 85,668 2,320 1850 Total. 80,388 '2lJ6 80,588 59,819 1,520 '266 3,921,776 18,938 3,940,714 564,162 66,747 21,071 1851 72,560 72,560 80,813 1,859 : 1852 79,(105 79,0(15 54,142 2,014 1 1853 75,456 75,456 71,494 1.681 1 1854 8T,992 87,992 4S,1(1S 841 1 1855 80,143 80,143 24,699 912 1856 20,001 20,001 56,017 840 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Georgetown, District of Columbia, is a, port of entry at tlio bead of tbe Potomac navigation, 180 miJcs from tbe sea, and is divided from Wasbiugton by Rock Creek. It is built on a range of hills, and commands a magnificent landscape. The city is one of the bandsomest in tbe country, and tbe seat of several well-known educational establisbmcnts, and is tbo residence of many persons of distinction. Its manufactures are increasing, and perbaps no otber place is so celebrated for its fisbcrics of sbad and herring, thousands of barrels of which are packed in the fishing season. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal here crosses tbe Potomac on a magnificent aqueduct, 1,446 feet long, and 36 feet above the ordinary tide. The tonnage of Georgetown in 1856, was 20,966 tons. Alexandria, formerly District of Columbia, is situated 6 miles below Washington. It has a good harbor, and considerable trade in flour and coal. Since 1850 the com- merce has nearly doubled. The tonnage in 1856 was 7,221 tons. 32 Commercial Statistics of the United States. VIRGINIA. Virginia, one of the United States of America, lies between 36° 33' and 110° 43' N. latitude, and between 75° 25' and 83° 40' W. longi- tude. It is 370 miles long, and 200 broad at its greatest breadth, con- tiiining 61,352 square miles. Early History. — The coast of the country which we now name Vir- ginia is said to have been known to the old Northmen. One of them, Gudleif Gudlaugsen, is said to have sailed in the year 1028 so for to the south. He is supposed to have called the country Huitramannaland, the Land of the Whitemen, which may be considered the oldest and first name under which these regions became ever known to the Europeans. The Spaniards, since 1520, included the land under the names of Terra de Ayllon and Florida, and the French, since 1563, under the name of Nouvelle France. The English invented the name Virginia at first (1583) for the country lying around Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds. They com- posed this name, it is said, for two reasons : first, because it was discov- ered in the reign of their Virgin Queen, Elizabeth ; and, secondly, "be- cause tbe country seemed still to retain the virgin purity and plenty of the first creation, and the people there the primitive innocence." They extended this name at once over a great part of the east coast, and particularly over the vicinity of Chesapeake bay, which was already discovered from the Roanoke settlements, and which we see included under thejiame of Virginia on the first map of Virginia, 1590. When, since 1606, the Chesapeake bay was better explored and set- tled, and when it became the principal center of the English settlements ou the east coast, this region was par excellence called Virginia, sometimes New Virginia, while the former settlements and country round Albemarle Sound, tlien forsaken, were sometimes (for instance, on a map of Captain J. Smith) called Ould Virginia. This was, however, a more popular manner of denomination. The official or legal name of the country was, in the year 160G, by King James I. thus confined: He called Virginia, or the Virginian territory or coast, the whole east coast of North Amer- ica, from the thirty-fourth to the forty -fifth degree of northern latitude. This whole territory was divided by the royal patent into two parts, a northeru and a southern. The southern commenced in the south at 34° north latitude and ended in the north at about the 48° north latitude. It was called the First Colony, or the Southern Settlements in Virginia, or Virginia proper. Rivers, etc. — The Potomac river separates Virginia from Maryland. James river is the largest which belongs to this State. It is 500 miles in length, and flows from the mountains in the interior behind the Blue Ridge, through which it passes. It is navigable for sloops 120 miles, and for boats much further, and flows into Chesapeake bay. The Appomat- ox is 130 miles long, and enters James river 100 miles above Hampton roads, and is navigable 12 miles to Petersburg. The Rappahannock, 130 miles long, and navigable 110 miles for sloops, rises in the Blue RiJge, and flows into the Chesapeake. York river enters the Chesapeake, 80 miles below the Rappahannock, and is na\ngablc 40 miles for ships. Tlie Shenandoah enters the Potomac just before its passage through the Blue Ridgfe. Virginia. 33 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF VIRGINIA, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Teaes EXPORTS. ' MPOETS. TONNAGE CL'D. KNDINO Sept. 30. Domestic. FOEEIGN. Total. TOTAU American. FoREioir. 1S21 43,026,170 $53,040 $3,079,210 $1,078,490 83,545 6,483 1822 3,209,852 7,537 3,217,389 864,162 30,122 7,413 1323 4,000,914 5,874 4,006,783 681,810 28,866 9,320 1S24 3,276,478 1,036 8,277,564 6;i9,787 45,677 8,070 1325 4,122,340 7.130 4,129,.520 553,562 41,809 7,610 1826 4,596,077 655 4,596,732 635,433 50,7.34 8,069 1827 4,646,737 11,201 4,657,938 431,765 53,235 7,843 1823 8,324,616 1.5,569 8..340,1S5 375,238 42,9.58 7,278 1829 8,78;?,493 3,988 -3,787,431 895,352 40,620 6,771 1830 Total, 4,788,804 2,480 4,791,284 405,789 43,715 4,305 $33,775,481 108,560 38,834,041 6,061,393 410,781 7:3,162 1831 4,149,936 489 4,150,475 483,522 48,719 11.879 1832 4,493,916 16,734 4,510,650 55.3,6:39 56,783 19,38:3 1833 4,459,534 8,053 4,467,587 690,391 46,.527 21,960 1S:34 5,469,240 13,8.53 5,453,093 837,825 49,863 17,097 1835 6.054,445 9,613 6,064,063 691,255 43,692 13,957 1836 6,044,028 148,012 6,192,040 1,106,814 42,612 16,719 183T 3,699,110 8,604 3,702,714 613,862 29,397 16,,562 1833 3,977,895 8,333 .3,986,223 577,142 18,779 9,711 1839 5,183,424 8,772 5,187,196 913,462 41,494 7,895 1840 Total, 4,769,937 8,283 4,778,220 545,085 48,460 6,218 $48,301,515 220,756 43,522,271 7,217,497 420,331 141,381 IMl 5,62?,910 1,376 5,630,286 377,237 5.3.910 9,-333 1842 3,745,227 , 5,159 3,750,336 816,705 4.5,122 10,.518 1843* 1,954,510 2,655 1,957,165 187,062 .34,94:3 4,-353 1844 2,923,238 19,041 2,942,279 267,654 44,100 7,:343 1845 2,101,045 3,536 2,104,581 267,653 86,180 4,521 1846 8,523,963 836 3,520,299 209,004 48,571 7,103 184T 5,645,663 12,706 5,653,374 386,127 6.3,116 85,072 1.848 8,679,853 1,554 3,631,412 215,081 48.420 16,972 1849 3,369,422 4,316 3,37.3,738 241.9:55 58,989 10,539 1850 Total, 3,413,153 2,488 8,415,646 426,599 42,091 2:3,367 $35,989,999 53,167 86,043,166 2,895,062 475,442 129,171 1851 8,087,444 2,624 8,090,063 552,93:3 84,161 .31,186 iai2 2,721,707 2,950 2,724,657 735,853 87,.384 29,089 ia53 3,302,561 4,2:B0 3,306,791 399,004 85,901 27,006 1854 4,752,218 1,930 4,7.54,143 1,276,216 52,663 80,667 ia55 4,346,329 83,599 4,379,923 8.55,405 48,790 22,942 1856 6,489,622 6,745 6,495,367 692,395 43,679 24,048 * 9 mouths to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Alexandria, city, seaport, in Virginia, 100 miles from the Chesapeake bay, lat. 38° 48' N., long. 0° 3' W. from "Washington. It is fmely situated on the right bank of the Potomac, which has a depth of water here sufficient for a vessel of the largest class, being about 24 feet at the wharves, and 40 feet in the channel. The tonnag©^ in 185G, was 7,221 tons. Norfolk, Virginia, situated on the Elizabeth river, eight miles from Hampton Roads, Chesapeake bay, in lat. 37° 12' N., and long. 76° 40' W. Its harbor is ca- pacious and deep, easy of access, and safe in all weathers. The Roads arc formed by an enlargement of James river, at its mouth, in Chesapeake bay, and they ofiFer an anchorage unsurpassed m the world. On the opposite side of the river is Ports- mouth, in connection with which it is the chief naval station of the Union. In pop- ulation and importance it is the second city of the State, and has a very valuable commerce, and considerable manufactures. The tonnage of Norfolk, in L856. was, 27,757 tons. Pbtehsburq, Virginia, ou the south bank of the Appomattax river. 34 Commercial Statistics of the United States. NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolixa lies between 33° 50' and 36° 30' N. Lit., and be- tween 75° 45' and 8 i° W. lonrr. from Greenwich, and between G° 20' W. and 1° 33' E. lou"^, from WasJiington. Area, 45,500 square miles. The country around Albemarte Sound, our present North Carolina, was called sometimes on the maps with the original Indian name Wigandacoa, or Weapemeoc, and sometimes Ould Virginia. To the south of Roanoke and Albemarle Sound, the English tried to establish a province or colony for the first time in the year 1G29, when Sir Robert Heath, Attorney-general to Charles I., obtained from this king a grant of the whole unknown countiy between 38° N. latitude and the river St. Mateo, and when this country was called, in honor of Charles I., Carolana. Physical Features^ etc. — Along the entire coast of this State there is a ridge of.pand, separated from tlio main land in some places by narrow, and in other places by broad sounds and bays. The passages or inlets through it are shallow and dangerous, Ocracoke inlet being the only one through which vessels pass. Capes Ilatteras and Lookout are projecting points in this belt, and off them, particularly the former, is the most dan- gerous navigation on the coast of the United States. Cape Fear is on an island off the month of Cape Fear river. For sixty or eighty miles from the shore the country is level, the streams sluggish, and there are many swamps and marshes. The soil is sandy and poor, excepting on the margins of the streams, where it is fi-equently very fertile. The natural growth of this region is mostly the pitch-pine." This tree affords tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber, which constitute an important part of the exports of the State. In the swamps rice of a fine quality \^ raised. Back of the flat country, and extending to the lower falls of the rivers Ls a belt of land about forty miles wide, of a moderately uneven surface, a sandy soil, and of which the pitch-pine is the prevailing natural growth. Throughout the State Indian corn is raised, and in some parts consid- erable cotton. In the low country, grapes, plums, blackberries, and strawberries grow spontaneously, and on the intervals canes grow luxu- riantly, the leaves of which continuing green during winter furnish food for cattle. In the elevated country oak, walnut, lime, and cherry-trees, of a large gi'owth, abound. Principal minerals, coal, iron, and gold. It is the only State in the Union where every article enumerated in the census is produced. Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Chowan, 400 miles long, nav- igable for small vessels 30 miles; Roanoke; Pamlico, navigable for 30 miles; Tar, Neuse, Cape Fear, the largest rivers in the State, 280 miles long, with eleven feet of water to Wilmington ; the Yadkin, which forms a part of the Great Pedee, in South Carolina. The principal places in the State are Puileigh, the capital, Newbern, Wil- mington, Fayctteville, Edenton, Elizabeth City, Beaufort, and Charlotte. On January 1st, 1856, there were three railroads, with 631 miles of track finished and in operation. Tonnage of the StJite, 1853, 56,375 tons. The first permanent settlement in this State was on the eastern bank of the Chowan river, about 1660, by emigrant,s, who, in consequence of religious persecution, fled from Nansemond, Virginia. The Constitution of the United States was adopted in Convention, November 27th, 1789. North Carolina. 36 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, From October ], 1820, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CLT). Sept. 80. DoiTKsna F0ElCIQ!f. TOTAL. 1 Total. AUESICAK. 1 1 FOBEION. 1821 $4(10,944 $400,944 $200,673 258,761 87,-34? 109 1822 585,951 585,951 80,360 1,208 182.3 4.82,417 482,417 183,958 24,716 968 1824 589,7:3:} 588,73:3 465,836 40,440 4,447 1825 55.3,390 66.3,:390 311,808 41,189 8,454 1826 581,740 581,740 867,515 48,688 8,568 1827 447,086 2,i6i 449,237 276,791 86,683 8,164 1S28 622,498 1,249 523,747 268,615 44,060 1,3.52 1829 564,506 564,506 283,347 51,942 1,512 1830 Total, 893,550 '783 899,333 221,992 86,592 1,772 $5,125,815 4,183 5,129,998 2,838,826 891,963 21,554 I'iSl 340,973 167 841,140 196,856 80,450 1,990 18.32 838,246 8,795 842,041 215,184 26,272 3,412 18.33 432,986 49 4.3:3,035 198,758 87,604 4,925 1834 471,406 471,406 222,472 86,041 4,488 18.35 819,327 819,327 241,981 82,542 8,278 1836 428,415 l",486 429,SJl 197,116 81,864 6,968 18:37 648,876 2,919 551,795 271,62:3 38,585 4,645 18.38 544,952 271 5-15,223 290,405 20,.544 8,496 18:39 426,9;}4 992 427,926 229,2-3:3 48,545 7,895 1840 Total, 387,484 387,48.1 252,532 88,130 8,029 $4,239,599 9,629 4,219,228 2,315,660 855,577 48,126 1841 383,056 883,056 220,360 89,828 8,184 1842 8-44,6.50 344,650 187,404 88,118 2,598 iat.3* 171,(199 171,099 110,976 80,411 1,292 1844 298,401 298,401 209,142 85,476 4,068 1815 879,960 879,960 230,470 89,757 5,170 1846 414,-398 414,.39S 242,859 88,471 3,791 iai7 284,919 2*1,919 142,884 81,887 2,449 iai8 340,028 840,028 195,814 87,383 4,822 1849 270,076 270,076 118,146 26,030 8,880 1850 Total. 416,501 416,501 323,692 30,739 11,493 $3,303,088 8,803,083 1,976,247 847,600 42,247 1851 426,748 4,847 481,095 206,931 28,420 18,968 1852 672,276 4,123 576.:}99 800,483 40,0.38 13,061 1853 814,142 814,142 271,2.38 29,292 8,611 1854 891,897 891,897 812,633 25,581 5,251 1855 438,818 '.'.'.'. 4:3.3,818 24-^,083 30,729 4,913 1856 876,174 876,174 274,960 27,574 4,287 * 9 months to June 30, and tho fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRIXCIPAL PORTS. Beaufort, North Carolina, at the mouth of Newport river, is famous as possess- ing the finest harbor on the southern Atlantic seaboard. It will be the eastern ter- minus of tho Atlantic and Nortii Carolina railroad, which, when built, will open to its commerce an immense interior region, hitherto isolated from tho coast. The impediment in tho growth of this place up to this time, has been in the want of in- ternal facilities for commerce. Tho tonnage of Beaufort^ in 185G, was 1,991 tona Wilmington, city, port of cntr}', North Carolina, situated on the left bank of Capo Pear river, just below tho confluence of tho N. E. and N. W. branches, about thirty- five miles from tho sea. It is well situated for trade, but the location is accounted unhealthy. The harbor admits vessels of 300 tons, but the entrance has a danger- ous shoal. Opposite the town are two islands, dividing tho river into three channels. They afford tho finest rice-fields in tho St;itc. In 1819, two hundred buildings were destroyed by fire, a loss of $1,000,000. Tho tonnage in 1856, was 21.420 tons. 36 Commercial Statistics of tJie United States. SOITTII CAROLINA. South Carolina, one of tlie southern United States, is situated be- tween 32° 2' and 35° 10' N. lat., and between 78° 24' and 83° 30' W. lontj. It is 200 miles long and 125 broad, containing 28,000 square miles. Early History. — When the Spaniards, under Vasquez Ay Hon (1520 and 1526), arrived on the coasts of what we now call Carolina, and more especial Iv South Carolina, they lieard here of a great Indian king and country, both called Chicora or Chicoria, and they applied that Indian name for some time to this country, without, however, giving to it very distinct limits. The country was also sometimes called after its discoverer, Tierra del Licenciade Ayllon, or, shorter, Tierra de Ayllon, often also corrupted to Terra de Aullon. Under this name the Spaniards comprehended some- times a very great part of North America, sometimes not more than our province. French Claims. — It is curious enough that the French also, when [1568] they arrived at the locahty of Ayllon's activity, heard again of an Indian king and country of that name. In their ears it sounded, how- ever, like Chicola or Chiouole. After the French navigations to these regions we hear the country sometimes designated by the French themselves with the name La Flo- ride Francoise, and other nations also called it French Florida. The Spaniards, of course, always considered it as a part of their Spanish Flonda. The French built on their Riviere May (St. Mateo or St. John's river) a fort which they called Fort Caroline or Carolina. Some maj>makers and geographers applied this name, as an appellation of a country or territory, to the whole region. So we see, for instance, on a map of North America by Cornelius a Juda^is [1593], the whole French Florida called Carolina, in honor of Charles IX., King of France. It is curious that the same name was afterward given to the same locality in honor of an Eno-lish kinfj. Eufjlish Settlements. — The English, since their settlements at Roan- oke, comprehended the whole territory of Carolina under their widely- extended name of Virginia, since 1583. In the year 1729, the whole great province Avas divided into North and South Carolina, and, as the dividing point on the coast, was fixed a small inlet to the west of Cape Fear, called Little river inlet. In the year 1783, the province of Georgia was detached as a separate government of the old territory of Carolina, and the southern boundaries of this latter were fixed at the mouth of the Savannah river, and within these boundaries the name of Carolina has been prescribed ever since. The Groat Pedee river, 450 miles long, rises in North Carolina, and runs through the eastern part of the State. It is navifjable for sloops 130 miles. Tlie Santee, formed by the junction of the Wateree and the Congaree, rises in North Carolina, and has a sloop navigation for about 130 miles. The Saluda is a branch of the Congaree. The Edisto is navigable for large boats 100 miles. Tlie Savannah washes the whole south-west border of the State, and is a noble stream. There are several smaller rivers, among which are Cooper, Ashley, and Combahee. South Carolina. Z1 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 185G. Tkarb EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D. E^a)INO Sbpt. 80. 1821 DoMEsno. FOBEION. Total. Total. Amebic AN. Foreign. $6,867,515 $332,996 $7,200,511 $8,007,113 45,342 19,.525 1822 7,136,866 123,954 7,260,320 2,283,586 48,524 15,2i37 1823 6,671,993 226,816 6,898,814 2,419,101 54,637 24,069 1824 7,.S3:3,T13 200,369 8,0;i4,(i82 2,166,185 61.092 19.978 1825 10,876,475 180,267 11,056,742 1,892,297 , 67,520 17.091 1826 7,468,966 85,070 7,561,036 1,5.31,49;3 63,920 1S948 1827 8,189,496 ia%065 8,322,561 1,434,106 1 68,854 24,601 1828 6,-508,570 42,142 6,550,712 1,242,049 ^ 47,565 25,596 1829 8,134,676 40,910 8,175,586 1,1'!9,61S 66,337 24,473 1830 Total, 7,580,8J1 46,210 7,627,031 1,054,619 52,464 20,405 $77,268,590 1,411,799 78,680,395 18,178,156 666,145 208,718 1881 6,528,605 46,596 6,575,201 1.238,163 48,426 29,045 1832 7,685,833 66,998 7,752,731 1,213,725 47,893 41,8.86 1833 8,337,512 96,813 8,434,325 1,517.705 49,099 37,479 1884 11,119,565 88,213 11,207,778 1,787,267 60.347 40,495 1685 11,224,293 113,718 11,838,016 1,891,805 48,703 8;3,476 1886 13,482,757 201,619 13,684,876 2,901,861 61,553 35,086 188T 11,138,992 81,109 11,22(1,161 2,510,860 49,609 39,256 1838 11,017,891 24,679 11,042,070 2,318,791 8T,242 27,;J56 1889 10,818,822 6(>,604 10,3><5,426 3,086,077 61,828 80,627 1840 Total, 9,981,016 65,753 10,036,769 2,059,870 82,090 25,465 $100,884,791 842,062 101,676,853 20,424,624 536,789 840,070 1841 8,011,892 81,892 8,043,2.84 1,557,481 68,469 29.716 1842 7,508,899 17,824 7,525,723 1,3.59,466 61.132 84,043 1848* 7,754,152 6,6o7 7,760,809 1,294,709 71,400 4-3,191 1844 7,429,535 8,697 7,4^33,292 1,131,515 49,801 49,926 1846 8,894,770 5,978 8,890,643 1,143,158 86.768 8;},912 1846 6,829,535 18,942 6,848,477 902,536 50,614 27,579 1847 10,429,146 8,371 10,4.31,517 1,680,653 65,429 4'1,792 1848 8,081,917 8,081,917 1,485,299 53,854 42,562 1849 9,699,975 l',3oi 9,701,176 1,475,695 88,788 63,401 1850 Total, 11,446,892 908 11,447,900 1,9:}3,785 72,222 62,830 $86,074,663 89,970 86,164,6:53 13,864,251 653,327 410,947 1851 15,316,578 15,816,578 2,081,812 81.3.36 59,172 1852 11,670,021 11,670,021 2,17.5,614 89,027 .'^.234 1858 16,400,408 15,400,408 1,808,517 76.309 50.260 1854 11,982,308 12,708 11,995,016 1,711,395 86,0<'>3 .39.623 1855 12,698,891 1,859 12,700,250 1,68.9,542 110.513 84.414 1856 17,858,298 2,261 17,360,549 1,906,234 114,963 49,255 ♦ 9 months to Juno 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. CuARLKSTON, South Carolina, United States, lat. 32° 47' X., long. 79® 48' W., eituated on a point of land between tho Ashley and Cooper rivers, and has a spa- cious harbor. At tho entrance to tho harbor there is a 6and-l;ar, of about eight miles m length, having several channels. Three of the channels can only be used by ships of largo tonnage; one, tho ships' channel, has a depth of water of twelve feet at ebb tide, and from .seventeen to twenty at flood tide. Ships always take a pilot, on account of shifting sands ; and are moored alongside wharves in safety in- side the harbor. It is tho chief commercial emporium of tho State, and tho largest shipping port on tho Atlantic below Baltimore. Tho chief exports are cotton and rico. It is connected with tho interior by tho South Carolina and tho North-eastern Railroad.s. Tho tonn.ago of Charleston, in 1856, was 59,128 tons. Bkaufort, South Carolina, on the west side of Port Royal river, an inlet of th«> Atlantic, and sixteen miles from tho sea, has a good harbor, but on account of a bar at its mouth, only small vessels can enter it. It has little or no coounerce. The tonnage, in 185G, was only 110 tons. 38 Commercial Statistics of the United States. GEORGIA. Georgia lies between 30° 30' and 35° N. latitude, and between 80° 50' and 8C° 6' W. longitude from Greenwich, and between 3° 45' and 8° 39' W. longitude from Washington. It is 300 miles long from N. to S., and 240 broad, containing 58,000 square miles. Early Jlistory. — Until the year 1732, the territory of the State of Georffia was included in the names Carolana and Carolina. For the effecting and promoting of its settlement, the King, George II., separated from Carolina the territory between the rivers Savannah and Altamaha, and erected this territory, by a charter of the 9th of June, 1732, into an independent and separate government, which was called, in honor of that king, the province of " Georgia." It was probably from the beginning the intention that this colony should go as far down as the St. Mary's river, for the patent says " it should go so far south as the southernmost branch of the Altamaha river," And on the maps of that time, we see that it was then believed that Altamaha river had a southern branch which conducted into St. Mary's river, and the mouth of this river was therefore considered also to be the mouth of the Altamaha. The bound- aries were, however, in later times actually conducted so far south. With this exception, the limits of the province of Georgia suflered no changes on the coast, though in the interior, the changes were great. These in- terior chanfos have, however, no relation with our hydrographical re- searches. From the ocean for a distance of seven miles, there is a chain of islands intersected by rivers, creeks, and inlets, communicating with each other, and forming an inland navigation for vessels of 100 tons burden, along the whole coast. These islands consist of salt marsh and land of a gray rich soil, which produces sea-island cotton of a superior quality. The coast on the main land for four or five miles, is a salt marsh. Back of this there is a narrow margin of land, nearly resembling that of the isl- ands ; these are partially or wholly overflowed at the return of the tide, and constitute the rice plantations. The part of the SUite above the falls of the rivers is called the upper country, and has generally a strong and fertile soil, often inchning to a red color, and further inland it is mixed with a deep black mold, producing cotton, tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, and other kinds of grain. The rivers are the Savannah, 600 miles long, bounding the State on the N.E., navigable for ships 17 miles to Savannah, and a part of the year for steamboats 250 miles to Augusta ; the Altamaha, which is nav- igable for large vessels 12 miles to Darien, is formed by the junction of the Oconee and the Ocmulgee, and is navigable for sloops of 30 tons by the former to Dublin 300 miles from the ocean ; the Ogeechee, 200 miles long, and navigable for sloops 40 miles. Flint river, which rises in the N.W. part of the State, and after a course of more than 200 miles, joins the Chattahoochee, forming the Apalachicola ; the Chattahoochee, on the west border of the State, which is navigable 300 miles, by steamboat, to Columbus; the St. Mary's river is in the southwest part of the State. Georgia, in 1856, had 1,013 miles of railroad built, and about threo hundred in construction, being in advance of all the southern States, ex- cept Virginia. Georgia, 39 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Teaiis EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D. ENDING Sept. 80 Domestic. Foreign. Total. TOTAL. Amebioan. Fobeion. 1821 $5,979,995 $81,315 $6,011,310 $1,00-2,684 41,468 14,666 1822 5,4S.3,219 1,650 5,484,869 989,591 83,860 9,745 1823 4,279,885 13,781 4,293,066 670,705 36,434 11,072 1824 4,619,753 4,229 4,623,982 551,888 86,797 12,064 1825 4,220,939 1,894 4,222,833 843,&'56 23,328 5,547 1826 4,366,630 1,874 4,363,504 8.30,993 87,905 8,563 1827 4,260,864 691 4,261,555 312,609 41,519 10,646 1828 8,104,425 8,104,425 808,669 25,514 9,582 1829 4,980,642 'm 4,931,376 380,293 47,468 9,794 1830 Total, 5,836,626 5,336,626 282,436 50,894 9,435 $46,632,978 56,168 46,689,146 5,173,224 874,687 101,164 1881 3,957,245 2,563 8,959,813 899,940 4S,426 29,045 1682 6,514,681 1,202 6,515.883 253,417 42,780 21,567 1888 6,270,040 6,270,040 818,990 40,022 23,232 1884 7,567,327 7,567,827 546,802 40,916 21,750 1885 8,890,674 8,890,674 393,049 83,109 25,276 1886 10,721,700 '506 10,722,200 673,222 4--i,873 24,629 1887 8,985,041 8,935,041 774,349 41,025 22,:35S 1888 8,803,889 8,803,839 776,068 26.851 20,755 1889 5,970,443 5,970,443 413,987 81,564 19,403 1840 Total, 6,862,959 6,862,959 491,423 44,076 48,965 $78,498,949 4,270 73,498,219 4,941,252 892,647 256,985 1S41 8,696,017 406 8,696,513 449,007 20,196 86,980 1842 4,299,151 1,106 4,800,257 &41,704 31,4.50 30.209 1843* 4,522,401 4,522,401 207,432 43.0.55 42,033 1844 4,283,805 4,283,805 305,6:34 23.574 88.901 1845 4,557,4.35 4,557,435 206,301 40,410 86,250 1846 2,708,003 2,7li8,0a3 205,495 18,493 44,743 1847 2,712,149 2,712,149 207,180 18,157 37,661 184S 8,670,415 3,6711.415 217,114 17,871 3 1,-321 1849 6,857.806 6,857,806 871,024 81,150 .W,713 1850 Total, 7,551,94;3 7,551,943 636,964 21,039 51, .524 $44,859,125 1,002 44,860,727 | 8,147,915 260,395 402,340 1851 9,158.879 1,110 9,159,939 721.547 84,963 84,748 1862 4,999.015 75 4,999,090 474,925 22,883 40,042 1858 7,371,883 7,.'<7 1,883 508,261 ;;8,()S4 4.3,448 1854 4,807,675 '706 4,80'^,375 836,9.-)l 25,326 4r.,4'>4 1855 7,543,519 7,54;3,519 278,716 1 65,145 89.228 1856 8,091,6S3 .... 8,091,0S3 674,240 1 68,421 88,810 ♦ 9 months to June 30, and tho fiscal year from this tlmo bc'jins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Brunswick, Georgia, city and port of entry, lat. 31° 10' N"., Ion.?. 81° .35' W. It has a spaoion.s and commodious harbor, having thirteen feet of water on the bar at tho lowest tide.'?. It is situated on Turtle river, 14 miles above tho bar. Tho com- merce of the port is small, in 185G being only 754 tons. Savannah, Georgia, city and port of cntrv, situated on tho right bank of tho S.v vann.ih river, 17 miles from its mouth, lat. 32° 4' 56" N., long. 81° 8' 18" W. Tho harbor is g(X)d. Ves-sels drawing 14 feet water como up to the city, and larger ves- sels anchor at Five Fathom Hole, four miles below tlie city. The commerce of tho place ranks next to Mobile, and is tho most important port, except Charleston, from Baltimore to Mobile. Tho greater part of tho trade of Georgia centers at Savannah, tho principal articles of which are cotton, rice, and lumber. Tho Savannah river af- fords great facilities for internal commerce; and this river is connected with tho Ogeecheo river by a canal 16 miles long, which terminates at Savannah. Tho ton- nage of tho port, in 1850, was 31,586 tons. 40 Commercial Statistics of the United States. ALABAMA. Alauama, one of the southern United States, is bounded north by Tennessee, east by Georgia, south by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Mississippi. It is between 30° 10' and 35° N. latitude, and 86° and 88° 30' W. longitude, and between 8° and 11° 30' W. longitude from Washington. It contains 50,722 square miles. Earhj History. — The history of this name can be traced as far back as the expedition of De Soto (1540). The Spanish author, Biedma, who wrote his report on that expedition in the year 1544, is probably the first man who introduced it into history and geography. Uc says that De Soto and his companions met, in the countiy north of the Mexican Gulf, when they returned from the north- east toward Mobile, an Indian chief and tribe called " Alibamu." The other historians of the same expedition sometimes write the name a little differently. Thus, for instance, "the Portuguese gentleman of Elvas" calls that chief, " Alimamu." When the Spanish conqueror and general, De Luna (1560), entered those countries, he made many expeditions toward that country and river wl.ich we now call "Alabama." The historians of his expeditions gen- erally have for that country, river, and its Indian aborigines, the name "Cora" (our Coosa). But they make their heroes also meet in those re- gions a tribe of Indians whom they call " los Indios de Olibahali" (the In- dians of Olibahali). It was perhaps the same word with De Soto's name, " Alibamu," which De Luna and his men understood and wiote diti'erently. After De Luna, for more than one hundred years, nobody again entered those regions. And we find, therefore, on the maps of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, among the many names which cover the country to the north of the (Julf, sometimes the old names of " Alibarao," " Alimamu," " Olibahali," or something like this, often, however, in very different posi- tions. When the French (1701) settled at Mobile bay and made excur- sions to the north, they found again that same old name and tribe. They wrote it very much like the historians of De Soto, " Les AUibamous ;" and we see this name already on the map of the French geographer, De LTsle (1719), as the name of a large river, "Riviere des x\llibamous," which is the old " Coya" of Do Luna, and our Alabama. Many French authors, however, wrote this name "Alibamons." So D'Anville and Charlevoix. As the denomination of a large territory, the name Alabama, appeared for the first time in the year 1817, when the western portion of the until then so-called Mississippi Territory became a State, under the name of the State of Mississippi, and when the eastern portion of the same terri- tory was erected into a separate territory, under the name of " the Terri- tory of Alabama," which became soon aft^^r (in the year 1820) a State. Rivers, etc. — Mobile, the principal river, is formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbco rivers, and enters Mobile bay by two mouths. The Alabama is navigable for vessels requiring six feet of water GO miles above its junction, and has four or five feet of water 150 miles to the mouth of the Cahawba, and to the junction of the Coosa and Tal- lapoosa, of which it is formed ; it has in its shallowest places, three feet of water. Alabama. 41 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Yrarr EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D. | ENDING Sept. 80. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. Amebican. Foreign. 1821 $108,960 $108,960 1822 209,748 209,748 $36,42i 2,696 "35 1823 2(i2,3S7 202,387 125,770 2,187 1824 457,725 $3,002 460,727 91,604 6,847 1,449 1825 691,897 738 692,6.35 118,411 9,896 8.34 1826 1,518,701 8,411 1,.527,112 179,554 16,086 1,807 1827 l,3:iO,770 46,594 1,876,364 201,909 13,696 3,073 1828 1,174,737 7,822 1,182,5.59 171,909 15,359 4,765 1829 1,679,385 14,573 1,693,958 283,720 14,494 4,953 1830 Total, 3,291,825 3,129 2,294,954 144,828 22,277 4,059 19,666,135 83,269 9,749,404 1,299,121 102,932 20,975 1&31 2,412,862 1,083 2,413.894 224,4.35 14,707 10,953 1832 2,733.5.54 2,883 2,736,387 806,845 18,764 12,384 is;« 4,.522,221 5,740 4,527,961 265,918 29,067 9,266 1834 5,664,(147 6,750 5,670,797 895,861 29,272 10,614 1835 7,572,123 2,564 7,574,692 625,955 82,795 12,665 1836 11,18;5.788 878 11,184,166 651,618 85,310 17,367 18;}- 9,652,910 6,898 9,658,808. 609,385 63,822 10,725 1838 9,683,049 195 9,688,244 524,548 27,191 11,996 \9A9 10,3;i8,169 10,338,159 895,201 48,286 17,006 1840 Total, 12,854,694 12,854,694 574,651 94,551 28,552 $76,622,412 25,390 76,647,802 4,978,917 883,795 136,548 1841 10,969,826 11,445 10,981,271 680,819 47,481 85,795 1842 9,965,675 9,965,675 863,871 61,247 88,095 18-13* 11,157,460 11,157,460 860,655 79,107 65,900 1844 9,906,195 l',459 9,907,654 442,818 47,097 53,938 1845 10,515.274 22,954 10,538,228 478,491 80,032 62,491 1846 5,260,317 5,260,317 2,59,607 46,044 51,007 1847 9,054,580 9,054.580 890,161 28,103 43,135 1848 11,920,693 7,056 11,927,749 419,.396 67,574 49,.359 1849 12,82.3,725 12,823,725 657,147 76,528 74,598 1650 Total, 10.544,858 10,544,853 805,862 82,268 80,717 $102,118,603 42,914 102,161,517 4,763,827 650,476 545,080 1851 18,.';28,S24 18..528,824 418,446 68,747 62,.'518 1852 17.88.3,581 2',i23 ]7,.3s5,7(4 588,382 91,067 72,068 1853 16,786,913 10,7h«,913 809,562 79,563 64,122 1854 13,911,613 13,911,612 72.5,610 60,004 68,494 1855 14,270,565 1 4,271 i.fiW 619,964 100,750 44,865 1856 23,720,215 7,955 28,734,170 798,514 122,409 90,809 ♦ 9 months to June 80, and tho fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Mobile, Alabama, a city and port of entry, situated on tho west side of the Mobile river, at its entrance into Mobile bay, lat. 30° 41' 2G" N., lonp. 88° 1' 29" "\V. It is, next to New Orlc,in.=i, the greatest cotton mart of the South, and is the principal port of entry for Alabama and Mississippi. The exports amount to from twelve to si.xtcen millions of dollars annually. Mobile bay sets up from tho Gulf of Mexico, and is thirty miles lonp, and on an averape, twelve wide. It communicates with tho Gulf by two straits — one on each side of Dauphin's Island. The strait on the west side h.as only five feet of water; that on tlio east side, between the Island and Mobile Point, has twentj'-two feet of water. There is a bar across the bay, near its upper end, which has only eleven feet of water. Ve.s.scls drawing from eight to ten feet of water, pass up Spanish river, and around a marshy i.sland into Mobile river, and then drop down to the city. Near Dauphins Island is the an- chorage for large vessels, where, at times, are anchored a iieet of sixty sail. The tonnage of the port, iu 1856, was 38,443 tons. 42 Commercial Statistics of the United States. FLORIDA. Florida, one of the southernmost of the United States of America, lies between 24° 32' and 31° N. lat., and between 81° 30' and 87° 35' W. long. It is 385 miles long, and from 50 to 250 wide, containing 59,268 square miles. Early History. — The name which the country to the north of Cuba had among the Indians of the Lucayan Islands was " Cautio" the sig- nification of which is, as Herrera gives it, rather obscure. The Spaniards heard this country " Cautid''' already spoken of before they saw it. They heard also of the famous and ftibulous fountain of youth of which the Indians had a tradition, and which was called the Fountain of Bimini. From this fountain the country to the north itself was sometimes called " BiminiP On some of the first maps of the six- teenth century it is also called " Terra de Cuba" (the country of Cuba), as if there were, 1st, an island of Cuba, and, 2d, a continent of Cuba. When Ponce de Leon, in the spring of 1512, discovered this coast, he gave to it the name of " Florida^'' (the florid), from two reasons, as Her- rera says — at first because the countiy presented a very flourishing and pleasant aspect, and then because he saw the coast on that festival-day which the Spaniards call " Pascua Florida" which corresponds to our Palm Sunday. This name has since that time always remained to that large peninsula which we to this day call Florida, though the name was sometimes taken in different senses, and though sometimes there have been attempts made to do away with it. But soon after the cession of Louisiana to the United States, Florida was curtailed again. The United States claimed the western part of it as far east as Perdido river, received the possession of it in the year 1811, and joined it to their " Territory of Mississippi," and afterward of ^''AlabamaP Since this time (1811) the dominion of the name of Florida has not changed, though the so-called country changed, till 1821, its masters, when Spain ceded it to the United States. It was then at first called ^'the Territory of Florida," au^ since 1845 ''the State of Florida." But the limits remained (with some slight exceptions) unchanged — Per- dido river in the west, and St. Mary's river and the thirty-firstdegree of north latitude in the north. The division into East and West Florida disappeared under the American Government. Rivers, Bays, etc. — There are many bays on the western side of the peninsula, some of which form good harbors. Tliey are Perdido, Pensa- cola, Choctawhatchee, St. Andrew, St. Joseph, Apalachicola, Appalachee, Tampa, Carlos, and Gallivain's. On the east coast of the peninsula the inlets aflbrd harbors for coasting vessels. The St. John is the principal river on the eastern coast. It often spreads from three to five miles in width, and at other places it is not more than one fourth of a mile wide. It is exceedingly winding, and flows through a beautiful and healthy country. St. Maiy river rises in Okefinoke swamp, Georgia, and entera the Atlantic between Cumberland and Ameha islands. Of the rivers which enter the Gulf of Mexico, the Apalachicola is the principal. JFhrida. i3 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Teaes EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D. ENDING 8 KPT. 80. Domestic. FOKKIOS. Total. Total. Amekican. FOEEION. 1821 $13,270 190 1823 $l',77T $l',777 6,877 933 1823 1,510 1,510 4,808 563 "52 1824 216 216 6,986 17T 80 1825 2,865 2,865 3,218 823 1826 209 209 16,590 195 182T 24,115 $33;37i 57,436 257,994 11,010 2,ii7 1S23 60,321 60,321 168,292 7,357 1,248 1829 38,163 17',923 56,036 153,642 6,059 T,043 1830 Total, 7,570 7,570 32,689 1,866 205 $136,746 51,294 183,040 664,866 28,173 10,695 1831 28,493 2,002 80,495 11.5,710 5,163 610 18-32 62,036 3,080 65,716 107,787 6,-344 901 1833 64,613 192 64,805 85,386 8,915 845 1834 190,185 38,640 228,325 1-35,798 7,983 1,289 1835 49,009 12,701 61,710 98,173 10,225 1,025 1836 62,076 9,.586 71,662 121,745 9,289 645 183T 74,373 28,804 102,677 490,784 8,096 1,520 1838 71,988 50,.W9 122,.532 168,690 6,525 2,721 1839 291,094 43,712 834,806 279,893 12,422 1,239 1840 Total, 1,850,709 8,141 1,858,850 190,728 11,163 1,845 $2,745,171 196,907 2,942,078 1,794,694 81,125 11,640 1841 33,828 2,801 36,629 145,181 8,829 2,781 1842 ,32,(;.)fi 778 33,384 176,980 6,255 1,06;} 1^3* 760,335 3.53 760,688 153,632 8,497 2,509 1844 991,657 19,7.59 1,011,416 155,695 10,247 6.099 1845 1,502,867 11,878 1,514,745 107,863 19.885 6,722 1846 137,5:^9 88,909 176,448 140,584 8,1.59 1,418 1847 1,808,177 2,361 1,810,.538 143,298 10,950 9,594 1848 1,896,683 1,896,683 fr4,267 18,206 T,548 1849 2,513,027 2,513,027 63,211 20,507 10,922 1850 ToUl 2,607,968 15,656 2,623,624 95,709 10,022 12,134 $12,289,087 92,495 12,382,182 1,251,425 116,557 60,785 1851 8,939,910 262 8,940,172 94,997 20.254 9,049 1 1852 2,511,976 2,511,976 .30,713 24,170 11,503 1 1853 1,698,206 1,698,206 65,484 15,-347 10,3U 1854 3,964,097 3,964,697 28,969 12,895 9,488 ' 1855 1,403,.594 1,403,.594 45,993 41,9;3S T,385 1 1856 1,976,323 1,976,323 86,014 55,204 10,520 ; 1 * 9 months to June 30, and tho fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Key West, Florida, is built on an island of tho same name, sixty miles south- west of Cape Sable, lat. 24° 32', and long. 81° 52' W. It is a port of entry, and ono of the few populous towns of the State. Its position commands the Florida Pass, and hence it is important also as a naval station ; but the principal occupation of tho people at the present time is "wrecking," and here is located a special court for the adjudication of salvages. From fifty to sixty vessels are wrecked in the vicinity every year, and upward of $250,000 are paid on salvages. Salt and sponges are the principal exports, but there is a large import trade for the supply of the military stationed here. Steamers plying between the Atlantic ports and Havana generally call here. The town contains about 4,000 inhabitants. The tonnage of the port in 1856, was 3,668 tons. Pensacola, Florida, is a town and port on tho west side of Pensacola bay, 10 4,495 204.286 9,40 5 22,700 1855 526,825 41,266 568,091 281,379 24,41 5 38,196 1856 895,624 8,''),40i 981,023 880,008 22,07 2 27,128 * 9 months to Jane 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Detroit, Michigan, is a large and flourishing city on the Detroit river, opposite "Windsor, the terminus of the Great Western (Can.) Railroad, whicli hero connect.? by ferry with the Michigan Central Railroad, together forming a convenient line be- tween Niagara and Chicago. It is also tlie soutli-westcrn terminus of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, and a line (tlie Detroit and Toledo Railroad) is now in progress to connect-with the railroads centering at Toledo. It has one of the finest harbors in the United States, and is admirably adapted for commerce. It has ab^o extensive manufactures, chiefly machineiy, agricultural implements, etc., and a largo trade in lumber. On the whole it is a most flourishing place, and ranks as the first city of the State. Pop. (1855) 50,418. Detroit was founded in 17 GO by the French, and was for many years the State capital. Twenty-five years ago it had only 2,000 inhabitants. The tonnage of Detroit, in 1856, was 58,688 tons. Port Huron, Michigan, is a town at the mouth of Black river, on the St. Clair, and two miles south of Lake Huron. It has a large lumber business and fine gen- eral trade. 48 Commercial Statistics of the United States. OHIO. Ohio, one of the United States, lies between latitude 38° 30' and 42° N., and between longitude 80° 35' and 84° 47' W. It is 210 miles long from north to south, and 200 miles broad. Area, 39,9G4 square miles. Rivers, etc. — The Ohio river, which gives name to the State, washes its entire southern border. This river is 1,004 miles long from Pittsburg to its mouth, by its various windings, though it is only 614 in a direct line. Its current is gentle, with no falls, except at Louisville, Kentucky, where there is a descent of 22 i feet in two miles, which is obviated by a canal. For about half the year it is navigable for steamboats of a large chiss through its whole course. The Muskingum, the largest river which Hows entirely in this State, is formed by the junction of the Tuscarawas and Walhonding rivers, and enters the Ohio at Marietta. It is navigable for boats 100 miles. The Scioto, the second river in magnitude, flowing entirely within the State, is about two hundred miles loug, and enters the Ohio at Portsmouth. Its largest branch is the Whetstone, or Oleutangy, which joins it immediately above Columbus. It is navigable for boats 130 miles. The Great Miami, a rapid river in the western part of the State, is 100 miles long, and enters the Ohio in the S.W. corner of the State. The Little Miami has a course of 70 miles, and enters the Ohio seven miles above Cincinnati. The Maumee, 100 miles long, rises in Indiana, runs through the north-west part of the State, and enters Lake Erie at Maumee bay. It is navigable for steamboats to Perrysburg, 18 miles from the Lake, and above the rapids is boatable for a considerable distance. The Sandusky rises in the northern part of the State, and after a course of jibout 80 miles, enters Sandusky bay, and thence into Lake Erie. The Cuyahoga rises in the north part of the State, and after a curved course of 60 miles, enters Lake Erie at Cleveland. It has a num- ber of falls, which furnish valuable mill seats. Beside these there are Huron, Vermilion, Black, and Ashtabula rivers, which enter Lake Erie. Lake Erie, which is situated 565 feet above the sea, and 333 feet above the level of Lake Ontario, is about 265 miles in length, from 30 to 60 miles in breadth, and between 600 and 700 miles in circumference. Its mean depth is 120 feet, being the shallowest of all the great lakes, and most easily frozen. Its waters are also, on account of its shallowness, more readily agitated by storms, causing its navigation to be therefore more dangerous during stormy weather. Disasters, involving large loss of life and property, are not of unfrequent occurrence on this lake, toward the close of navigation, before the rigors of winter have put a final stop to all active lake traflic. Among the harbors of Lake Erie may be mentioned Port Colborne, situated at the entrance to the Welland canal, at the foot of Lake Erie, and a little above the commencement of the Niagara river, A little further up is the harbor of Port Maitland, at the mouth of the Grand river. The principal places are Cincinnati, the metropoHs ; Columbus, the capital ; Cleveland, Sandusky, Dayton, Springfield, Zanesville, Marietta, and Portsmouth. There were in February, 1854, 68 banks, with a paid capital of $8,718,366; in January, 1856, 46 railroads, of which 2,725 miles of track were finished and in operation, and 1,578 in course of con- struction. Ohio. 49 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF OHIO, From October 1, 1820, to Jolt 1, 1856. Years EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D. 1 ENDINO Sept. 30. DOMESTIO. Foreign. Total. Total. American. FOREION. 1821 $12 1822 $105 $105 190 1823 161 "si 1824 1825 1826 ijsio 1,810 '369 182T 1828 1829 2,004 2',664 '293 1880 Total, 162 "56 "49 $3,919 8,919 813 456 49 1831 14,723 14,723 617 91 188 1832 58,394 58,394 12,893 209 1,341 1833 225,544 225,544 8,353 2.041 4,125 183-1 241,451 241,451 19,767 2,999 8,756 1835 97,061 '140 97,201 9,803 2,166 4,371 1836 3,718 3,718 10,960 105 2,943 1837 132,*44 182,844 17,747 4,249 4,553 1833 139,827 139.827 12,395 1,141 2,433 1839 95,854 95,854 19,280 4,716 1,987 1840 Total, 991,954 991,954 4,915 8,703 3,265 $2,001,375 140 2,001,515 116,784 26,485 28,922 1841 793,114 793,114 11,818 9,600 2,624 • 1842 899,786 899,786 13,051 14,890 8,596 184;i* 120,108 120,108 10,774 1,245 5,170 1844 64;i,856 54;3,856 80,015 2,653 14,162 184-5 321.114 321,114 78,196 6.324 1,201 1S46 352,630 852,630 102,714 6,222 4,831 1847 778,944 778,944 90,631 7,144 10,2*3 1843 147,599 147,5:19 180,726 7,065 5,853 1849 149,724 14'.>.724 149,S;39 6.957 9,821 1850 Total, 217,532 'ioo 217,6;S2 582,594 15,485 18,322 $4,324,407 100 4,334,507 1,261,908 77,585 80,803 1851 895,125 395,125 686,331 18,720 11,866 1852 353,514 3,-.;!,514 932.216 14,844 11,22a 1S53 158,418 15^418 847,760 22,6;i0 9,939 1854 7W3,004 l',5S0 714,584 790,032 87,054 18,2.34 ia55 847,14:^ St7,14;5 600,0.56 26,399 18,890 1850 1,045,052 1,045,U52 46;3,473 23,259 42,676 * 9 months to Jane 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1, PRINCIPAL PORT. CiN'CiN.VATi, the metropolis of Ohio, capital of Hamilton county, and one of the leadiifg commercial places west of the Allcgliany Movintains. It is situated on the right bank of the Ohio river, 455 miles below Pittsburgh, 1,548 miles above New Orleans, and 502 miles from Washington. It is the largest city of the Missi.«sippi Valley, north of New Orleans, and the fiflh in population in the United States. Population in 1800, 750; in 1810, 2,540; in 18:J0, 24,831; in 1840, 4G,.133 ; in 1845, 65,000 ; in 1850, 115,438 ; in 1853, 100,141. The Ohio river at Cincinnati ia 1,800 feet, or about one third of a mile wide, and its mean annual range from low to high water, is about titly feet ; the extreme range ni.ay be about ten feet more. De- pressions arc generally in August, September, and October, and the greatest rise in December, March, May, and Juno. The upward navigation is m winter very rarely suspended by floating ice, and in some winters not at all. Its current at its mean height is about throe miles an hour ; when higher, or rising, it ia more ; and whea very low, it does not exceed two miles. 50 Commercial Statistics of the United States. ILLINOIS. Chicaqo, city, and capital of Cook county, and the most commercial place in Illinois, 20-4 miles north north-ea.st from Sprintrfield, and 7l7 from Washinijton. The city was laid out in 1830, and lots first sold in 1831. Population in 1840, 4,470 ; in 1850, 29,964 ; in 1852, 38,734 ; in 1854, 55,000 ; and in 1857, 100,000. Cliicaijo has grown more rapidly in commerce and population than any city in the world. In 1823, Major Long, in bis account of Chicago, writes as follows : " The village presents no cheering prospect, as, not- withstanding its antiquity, it consists of but few huts, inhabited by a miserable race of men, scarcely equal to the Indians from Avhom they are descended. Chicago is, perhaps, one of the oldest settlements in tlie Indian country ; its name, derived from the Potawatomi language, signi- fies either a skunk or a wild onion ; and either of these significations has occasionally been given for it. Mention is made of the place as having been visited in 1671 by Perot, who found ' Chicagou' to be the residence of a powerful chief of the Miamis." The lumber trade of Cliicago is immense. During the year 1855 over three hundred millions of feet were received here. The following table will show the receipts for the past six years : Years. Feet received. 1850, 100,346,779 1851, 125,050,437 1852, 147,810,23-2 1853, 202,101,098 1854, 228,2.*52,O0O 1855, 308,277,055 FLOUR AND GRAIN RECEIVED AT CHICAGO FOR THE YEARS 1S&4-55. Articles. Flour, reduced to bushels of wheat, Wheat, bushels Corn, bushels, .... Oats, bushels, .... Rye, bushels, .... Barley, bushels. 1854. . 795,520 . 3,070,880 . 7,478,443 . 4,194,188 85,G00 200,000 1855. 1,210,000 7,660,326 8,489,036 2,890,922 68,520 150,000 Total, . 15,824,011 20,458,784 1854, .... 15,824,011 Increase in 1855, 4,634,173 The total value of articles of commerce received at Chicago in 1855, was nearly two hundred millions of dollars, viz. : Imports Exports. By lake, . . . $95,724,797 43 $34,783,726 32 By canal, . . . 7,417,769 80 80,91.3,167 07 By railroads, . . 88,381,597 90 98,421,324 86 Total value, . $191,524,165 13 $214,118,218 25 Missouri, Mississippi, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois. 61 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI, From October 1, 1832, to July 1, 1856. EXPORTS. IMPORTS. TONNAGE CL'D. Years. DoMKSTia FOEEIGN. Total. Total. Amer. Fob. $82,593' 1,024,417' 2,398,lb0>; 1866 MISSISSIPPI. 18261 10,628 18:30 6,650 in 1831 1S37 $304,8;ji $304,831 1841 4".338'^ 0,721 f 1866 1 KENTUCKY. 8,728g 8,723s 89,4,35? 890,885^ 674,493 .... 1850 TENNESSEI :. 106.828J 77,919' 678,1131 1856 i ILLINOIS. 1847'" 62,100 52,100 266 1,202 850 1848 41,a36 41,835 4,865 807 1S49 88,412 ^5 88,417 9,766 914 2,796 1850 17,669 17,6(19 15.7ft5 1851 114,886 1 I4,;«lfi 4,fi;.7 2,093 215 1852 51,325 .^^jwr, 4,^32 3.403 213 1853 79,189 7SM39 7,5o9 2,2S8 1854 290>,(Mt> 297,0-16 79,.344 8,014 703 1866 6-t7,058 647,053 51,609 81,464 2,916 1856 1,845,228 1,845,228 277,404 76,980 19,611 » From October 1, 1832, to October 1, 1810. e From Jnly 1, 1850, to July 1, 1855. « From June 80, 18-14, to Juno 80, l&V). E From Sept 80, 1835, to Sept. 30, 18W. > From July 1, 1850, to July 1, 1853. k From Sept. 80, 1840, to July 1, 1850. n> Years ending Juno 30. b From October 1, 1S40, to July 1, 1850. d Years ending September 80. ( From June 30, 1850, to June 80, 1852. •> From Sept 80, 134t1, to Jnly 1, 1S50. j From Sopt 80, 18.34, to ScpL 30, 18J0. 1 From July 1, 1850, to July 1, 1668. 52 Commercial Statistics of the United States. TEXAS. The regions which we now comprise under the name of Texas, to the north-west of the Gulf of Mexico, were called by the Spanish Grovenior of Jamaica, Garay, when his Captain Pineda (1519) had sailed along them, Provincia de Amichel. It is a name the origin of which we are quite in the dark. Perhaps, also, the whole northern shore of the Gulf was comprised under it. This expression, Provincia de Amichel, was pointed out as the original Indian name of the land. Because it was discovered by the exertions of Garay, the Spanish geographers, therefore gave to it also the Spanish name, Ticrra de Garaxj (Garay's country), which name we see makes a great figure on many old maps around the whole northern shore of the Gulf, including Texas. When (about 1521) the King of Spain divided the discoveries and governments of Cortes and Garay, and put the Rio de las Palmas as the northerly boundary of the government of Mexico, the countries to the north were very often called El Gobierno del Rio de las Palmas (the government of the Palm river), and this also included a great part of the countries to the north. It is supposed that, with this establishment of Texas as a new and separate government for itself (in 1727), was also connected an introduc- tion of a new name — the name of Las Nuevas Filippinas (the new Philippiuas) given to this government in honor to King Philip V. At least neither Barcia nor any other author uses this name before this time, while we afterward find it repeatedly in oflScial papers and docu- ments. The old and popular name of Los Texas was, however, used besides it. We see both names still on maps of a very late date ; as, for instance, on a Mexican map of the year 1813, Provincia de Texas o Nuevas Filippinas (the province of Texas or the new Philippines). Until 1824 the dominion of this name did, however, southward, not reach the Pao Bravo. The province of Coahuila and of Nuevo Sant Ander took away the whole south-western quarter of Texas, as far east and north as the Rio Medina, and the sources of the Colorailo and IJrazos. Eastward, toward Louisiana, the province of Texas and New Philippines extended to the neighborhood of the Red river, and on the shores of the Mexican Gulf to the Rio Calcasiu, and sometimes as far as the Merrmentau. In the year 1824, under the dominion of the Mexican Republic, the old connected pro\inces of Coahuila and Texas were again melted to- gether into one State, under the name of El Estado de Texas y Coahuila. The southern part of our Texas, about the lower Rio Bravo, as far north- cast as the Medina river, was not yet included in this name. It became a part of the new created Estado de Tamaulipas. Sometimes, and on some maps, it was tried at this period to apply to the whole of Texas the name of Eredonia, which was the particular name of Austin's colony. In the year 183G, Coahuila and Texas were divided again, and Texas became a separate and indepcndait State, which was (1845) annexed to the United States, and received then, after the war of 1846, its present boundaries. Texas^ Indiana, California, Oregon, Wisconsin, etc. 53 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS, From July 1, 1845, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING June 80. iai6 1S47 1848 1849 1850 Total, 1851 1852 1858 1854 1855 1856 Total, EXPORTS. Domestic. 112,089 82,791 $94,880 75,442 229,!m 509,918 762,448 694,057 1,252,925 $3,524,126 Foreign. $131,521 24958 Total. IMPORTS. Total. 148,610 82,791 24,958 117,266 29,826 94.024 16,649 25,650 156,479 488,741 459,763 552.001 222.904 6s9,664 251,859 75,442 718,075 1,029,681 1,314.449 916.961 1,940,589 2,406,073 5,990,177 IS.3,415 94.715 77.892 281,459 2;fl.423 262,568 821,834 1,269,891 TONNAGE CL'D. Amer. For. 695 117 730 1,0:35 2,577 858 2,269 2,751 4,875 4,924 7,504 2,500 5,587 2,057 1,081 11,775 1.479 6,199 5,226 4,8.38 6,040 8.965 23,881 26,662 INDIANA. 1852 258,253 CALIFORNIA (Returns imperfect prior to 1854). 1850 94.715 60,066 75,862 1851 6,468,587 298,435 ]36,7a5 18-52 101,812 283,810 127,062 1853 555,453 655,453 8,4t)7,701 297,110 149.391 1854 2,183,976 1,239.419 8.423,395 6,951,879 828.51 1 104,3:}5 1855 7.189,415 1,0!34,651 8,224,066 266,703 61,414 1856 10,002,562 716,512 10,718,074 7,298,839 259,042 49,216 1854 1856 1856 OREGON. 42,707 128,612 6,284 120 42,827 128,612 6,284 48,982 9,666 2,724 772 1,668 388 281 WISCONSIN. 1864 1666 1856 30,464 174,0r)7 845,493 80,464 1"4,0.'>7 84,5,498 49,174 4'^,1.'>0 27,694 no returns. 8.149 I 400 82,913 2,710 18.54 1856 1866 MINNESOTA. 844 406 5.4 Procrrcss of American Commerce. 786 rnor.KEss of American commerck The sixteenth century introduced the leading European powers to a minute acquaintance witli the continent of America, Adventurous navi- gation had rescued a world from savai,'e dominion, and there were adven- turous spirits enough to people that world, and identify thenceforward their destinies with it. A hundred years after, and civilization planted her abodes tlirough all this waste. Peculiar, indeed, is the feeling with which those infant days of our country are regarded, so like an illusion does it seem — so like a dream of glowing imagery. We look back as to a classic era, and the romance of Pocahontas, and of Raleigh, of Fer- nando de Soto, and Juan Ponce de Leon, do they thrill us less than the beatific visions of the Greek, recurring to ages long ago, when llion re- sisted the shock of Agamemnon's heroes, and the Argo sailed away to distant Colchis ? The dim antiquity seems gathered around both of them alike. But let it pass, all — the romance of our history. They imagined not, the men of that day imagined not the stupendous results which have occuiTed so soon. They saw not the benign and regenerating influences of a virgin land, preseiTcd for countless ages uncorrupted by tyranny, and ignorant of oppression. Could such a soil have nurtured else than freemen ? They saw it not, and do we — even we — see other than darkly ; yet the great consummation, the mighty destinies of the regions which three centuries ago, were proclaimed from tlie mast-head of a crazy ocean bark, a speck upon the distant heaven \ The development of American character is replete with instruction, and solves one of the most remarkable problems in the history of mankind. The untried scenes of a new world, cut oti' by trackless oceans from contact and comnmnion with the civilization of unnumbered generations, were sufiicient to introduce, what might have been predicted of them, results new, striking, and without a precedent. The indomitable will, the stern endurance, the inflexible and hardy spirit of independence, the high dar- ing, the lofty patriotism, the adventurous, unlimited enteq)rise, the genius resolute, active, intrepid ; inexhaustible in resources, elastic in vigor and in freshness, buoyant ever and hoping on, and executing amid every trying sc<'ne, every danger, and diiliculty, and disaster — triumphing every- where and in all things, Pliiiosoj>hy could have argued this character for the men whose fathers braved so much beyond the ocean, and would philosophy have won less than the fame of prophecy by her judgment? L)Ut we paust! not here to lament the causes which have counteracted these genial influences, and left whole regions of America stagnated, as it w<'rc, in the virj- elements of vitiility and yet living hopelessly on. Should we refer to Mexico and the South American States ? What is there here of progress to chronicle, and how much of humiliation ? Re- gions blessed by Heaven in every thing but in men. Changing ever their dynasties and their despots in revolution and in blood. In motion always, without progress. In arms, without valor. Loving change rather than hating oppressors. Proclaiming civilization and annihilating its advances. The bitterness of Voltaire's sneer has no cruelty or injustice in its application to many of them, " En pansant Ics chevaux de leurs *i8G Progress of American Commerce. 55 mailres Us se donnent le litre d'electexirs des rois et dc destructeurs des tyrans /" Under heaven, as it was the destiny of the pavago abo- riginal, incapable of civilization, and with no law of progress ingrafted upon his nature, to fade away before the steady advances of European arms and policy, so the Anglo-Saxon element of America, by its flexi- bility and its power, by the new elements which it has taken to itself in the trying, yet triumphant scenes through which it has passed, Avill and must, in the inevitable course of events, preside over the destinies of the continent of America, aiding and directing them, adding life and vitality, rousing dormant and sleeping energies, and developing upon the theater of the world, movements in comparison with which all tliat history can furnish before the deluge, before the era of Christ, and since, shall dwindle into insignificance ! It needs no ardent temperament to draw a stronger picture. American Commerce in the Seventeenth Century. — Tlie early colonists were exposed for a fearful probation to the most extraordinary- vicissitudes and necessities. With the axe in one hand they reduced the sturdy for- ests into the farm-yard, and with the knife in the other they resisted the approaches of the stealthy and sanguinary savage. A meager subsist- ence rewarded the toils that knew no rest, and the cliarities of the mother country were invoked for men whose determined wills grew stronger as they suffered. This period had its different limits. Fifteen years after the landing of William Sale, we find the proprietary government in En- gland comj)laining to the Carolinas, "we must be silly indeed to main- tain idle men." Thirty-three years after the landing of Bienville, in Louisiana, the Western Company threw up their charter in utter hope- lessness and despair. New England's rugged soil yielded a too reluctant tribute to the industry of her sons. They went out early upon the ocean by which they wore girt in search of bread that the plow yicMed not. To this hard}'' and daring people the boons of Nature were to be found in her apparent denial of them all. The seventeenth century aflbrds u<:, however, but a few parti("ulars of the trade which had been start^nl in the colonies. That it was limited can be readily imagined ; that it should be worthy of any regard at all, is the only source of surprise. The ma- terials of this portion of our history arc meager. It is suflicient that, in 1G47, a trade had been opened from the northern ports to IJarbadoos, and others of the West Indies; that a collector of the customs was ajv pointed at Charleston, in 1085, and that the hardy enterprises of the Nantucket whalemen received their first impulse in 1G90. American Commerce from ] 700 to the Revolution. — In the year 1731 wo find a ])etition reaserves, " Interfering regulations of trade and interfering claims of ter- ritory were dissolving the attachments and the sense of the common interest which had cemented and sustained the Union during the arduous struggles of the Ivevolution. Symptoms of distress and marks of humilia- tion were rapidly accumulating. The finances of the nation were an- nihilated. In short, to use the language of the authors of the Federalist, each State, yielding to the voice of immediate interest or convenience, successively withdrew its support from the confederation, till the frail and tottering edifice was ready to fall upon our heads, and to crush us beneath its ruins. Most of the federal constitutions of the world have degenerated in the same way, and by the same means." — Kent, vol. i., p. 217. No more, said a memorial from Charleston, on the adoption of this constitution — no more shall we lament our trade, almost wholly in the possession of foreigners, our vessels excluded from the ports of some nations, and fettered with restrictions in others ; our materials, the pro- duce of our own country, which should be retained for our own use, exported and increasing the maritime consequence of other powers. With this memorial before them, and others of a similar character. Con- gress, at its first session, appointed a committee to report upon " the ex- pediency of increasing the duty upon foreign tonnage carrying American produce to places in America not admitting American vessels; and to frame a bill placing the same restraints upon the commerce of foreign American States that they place upon us." By the report of Alexantler Hamilton in 1790, it appears that the total tounage of the United States at that time was as follows : American vessels in foreign trade, 363,093 tons. Coasters above twenty tons, . . 103,181 " In the fishcriea, .... 26,252 " — 502,526 tons. Total foreign tonnage, 262,913 " United States and British, .... 312 " United States and other foreign, . . . 338 " Total, '766,089 tons. The tariff of 1789 was specific and ad valorem^ and discriminated 10 per cent, in favor of the trade conducted by our own shipping. In this we but imitated the navigation acts of European States, by means of which it has been supposed the enormous maritime consequence of some of them was principally secured. We shall not pause to argue a point in political economy so long mooted among writers of the greatest ability. The jealousies of nations have gone, and still go, very far. Even the philosophicil Voltaire thought that their gain could not other- wise accrue than with each other's loss. England long imposed the most onerous restrictions upon all other commerce than her own, and her advances in consequence, or notwithstanding, have been unpre- 790 Progress of American Commerce. 59 cedented. Her tonnage, when she commenced this system, was less than that of the United States at the adoption of the Constitution. There was one department of our maritime industry which de- manded the earliest attention of government, and we think its general interest will he suflBcient apology for any space we may allot to its con- sideration — THE FISHERIES. Mr. Jefferson, in 1791, then Secretary of State, furnished an admirable report upon the subject, which we proceed to analyze. As early as 1520 there were fifty ships upon the Nev.-- ,foundland coasts at a time for cod. In 1577 the French had 150 vessels there, the Spaniards 100, Portuguese 50, the English 15. The French fisheries began early to decline. In 1768 the Americans took but little less than the English, and the French took least of all. In 1798 England obtained double the quantity of America and France together. During the Revolution the American fisheries Avere almost entirely abandoned, and Mr. Jefierson left it to the wisdom of Congress to decide whether they should not be restored, by opposing prohibitions to prohibitions ' and high duties to high duties, on the fish of other nations. The whale fisheries were prosecuted by the Biscayans as early as the fifteenth century. The British began its encouragement in 1672 by bounties. The Americans opened their enterprises in 1715. They suc- ceeded early in the discovery in the Southern seas of the spermaceti whale, which they attacked instead of the Greenland, hitherto known to navigators. In 1771 we had 204 whalers. During the war Enofland held out the largest bounties to the trade, and so irresistible were these in the depressed condition of our fishermen, that it is said many of them were on the eve of removing to Halifax, to prosecute the business there, and were only deterred by a letter from Lafayette, declaring that France would abate her duties upon oil. The little island of Nantucket is the great heart of these fisheries. A sandbar, said Mr. Jefierson, fifteen miles long and three broad, capable by its agriculture of maintaining twenty families, employed in these fisheries, before the Revolution, between five and six thousand men and boys, and contained in its only harbor, one hundred and forty vessels. In agriculture, then, they have no resource, and if that of their fisheries can not be pursued from their own habita- tions, it is natural they should seek others from which it can be followoJ, and principally those whore they will find a sameness of language, re- ligion, laws, habits, and kindred. In 1803, Mr. lluger stated to Congress in his report, that it would seem the cod fislieries had gained ground since the Revolution, but tliat the whale fisheries, on the contrary, had been for some tinie past on the decline. The war of 1812 was most disastrous to the tisliermen, but they soon afterward recovered their prosperity, and on the 1st of January, 1844, we had 644 vessels engaged at sea, of the value, including catch- ings, of $27,784,000. On the 1st of January, 1846, there were 680 ships, 34 brigs, 21 schooners, and 1 sloop; tonnage 233,149; manned by about 20,000 seamen and ofiicers, consuming over three million do'- lars annually of American produce. Proceeds of whale fisheries $9,000,000 per annum, of which only $2,000,000 are re-exported. In 1844, Mr. Grinnell stated in Congress: "This fleet of whaliiii^ ships is larger than ever pursued tho business boforo. Commercial history furuidhos uo accouut of any parallol. The voyages of those on- 60 Progress of American Commerce. V9] gaged in tlie sperm fishery average three and a half years ; they search every sea, and often cruise tlireo or tour months with a man at each mast-liead on the look-out, without the cheering sight of a whale. They ai-e hardy, honest, and patriotic, and will, ;i,s tluy did in the last war, stand by their country when in danger; they will man our ships, and light our battles on the ocean." Mr. Clayton remarked in February, 1846 : "We have at this time a commerce of 2,41*7,000 tons of shipping. England has 2,420.000 tons; so that wc arc nearly, nay, it is my opinion, we are completely on a par with her. I doubt, sir, whether England has a greater commercial marine or greater interests to protect. We have more than 700 whale ships in the Pacific, an extensive Indian commerce, and a great and daily growing commerce with China." — Browne's Whaling Cruise and History of the W!iale I\shery, 1846, p. 539. At the close of the last century there were many causes which tended to acid a vast importance to the commerce of the United States, For several years this commerce enjoyed unparalleled and almost unmeasured prosperity. Scarcely admitted into the family of nations, we found the whole civilized world engaged in the fiercest and most sanguinary con- flict. A wise and indeed " masterly" neutrality was of course the true policy of the nation. The carrying trade of the world fell at once into our hands. We supplied the mother countries with the products of their own colonies. The East and West Indies alike were opened to our shipping. Their rich products filled our warehouses, supplying consump- tion and re-export. Prosperity such as this, however, was fated to be brief. The conflicting powers sacrificed every thing to their mutual hatred, and minded little the rights of a nation they had not even learned to respect. Protestation ended in war, and the rights of our sailors were established on every sea. With the return of peace in Europe, the carrying trade departed rapidly from us. In 1791 the king and council of England admitted American unmanu- factured goods, except fish, oil, blubber, whale fins, certain naval stores, etc., into Britain at the same duties as British American produce. The treaty of commerce of 1794 between the two governments was a reci- procity one, both parties binding themselves to impose no greater restric- tions upon each other than they imposed upon others. This treaty regulated our East India commerce, then newly opened and promising a great extension. From 1790 until 1797 Pennsylvania continued largely the greatest exporter in the Union. In 1791 South Carolina occupied the third rank. In 1797, New York for the first time took a leading position, which she has ever since maintained. The first exports of Tennessee and Mississippi date from 1801 ; those of Kentucky and Indiana from 1802 ; of Michigan, 18U;J ; Orleans Terrritory, 1804 ; and Ohio, 1806. This we shall see more particularly hereafter. It is sufficient now to indulge the reflections which the facts before us so naturally awaken. Mysterious have been the changes. Old age and premature decay have fallen upon cities once famous for their trade ; and the quays, where the flags of all nations floated, have come at last to be comparatively deserted. We look around, and there have started up others like mature creations, full of vigor and stalwart even in their infancy. How hardly can rea- son realize that these wondrous changes are not all the pictures of a Y92 Progress of America?i Commerce. 61 fertile imagination ? Where is placed Virginia now, that mother of States, who in 1769 exported to foreign lands four times as much as New York? and where is Carolina, whose exports at the same time doubled those of New York and Pennsylvania together, and were equal to five times those of all New England ? If trade grows to colossal stature, its proud empire hastens also to swift decay. The difficulties which beset our commerce in the early part of the pres- ent century, when the rival hostile powers of Europe, jealous of our .prosperous neutrality, strained every nerve to involve us in their disputes, ■will be called to mind by every one familiar with history. We were made the victims of the policy and arts of these nations, and even as early as 1793, their depredations upon our commerce were considerable. In five months alone of that year it was stated in the House of Peers, that six hundred American vessels were seized or detained in British ports for alleged \'iolations of orders and decrees, claimed as principles under the law of nations. These aggressions upon our rights were long and extensively practiced, as the following table will exhibit : SEIZURE OF AMEEICAN VESSELS FROM 1803 TO 1812, By the British, 917 By the French, 558 By the Neapolitans, 47 By the Danish tribunals, 70 Total vessels, 1,592 And this at a time when we were at peace with all the nations on earth ! Indemnity for these spoliations has been the subject of numerous treaties; among others, that of England, in 1794, France, 1803, and Spain, in the Florida treaty, of 1819. But this whole period, so inter- esting in our annals, deserves a minute survey. On the conquest of Prussia, in 1800, Bonaparte conceived the idea of 'I crushing the maritime power of Britain, by prohibiting all the world, in his famous Berlin Decree, from conducting any trade with her or her numerous dependencies. The retaliatory British Orders in Council fol- lowed at once, and all countries in the world connected in any way with France, or opposed to England, were declared to be under precisely the same restraints as if actually invested in strict blockade by British forces. Incensed by so unexpected and ruinous a measure. Napoleon issued the memorable Milan Decree, making lawful prize of all vessels submitting at any time or in any way to British search or taxation. It was natural that these illegal and unauthorized proceedings should excite the utmost interest and concern of the United States so materially and even vitally affected by them. We protested in vain. The administration recom- mended as the sole remaining alternative of peace an embargo, which Congress adopted in 1807. This measure the commercial interests warmly opposed as ruinous to them, and memorials were forwarded from many quarters praying for its repeal. To these it was replied by govern- ment, " The embargo, by teaching foreign nations the value of American commerce and productions, will inspire them with a disposition to prac- tice justice. They depend upon this country for articles of first necessity, and for raw materials to supply their manufactures." Such a view of 62 Progress of American Comtnerce. 793 the matter, however, did not occur to the mind of Napoleon, who re- garded the embargo as greatly favorable to France, and aiding him in his warfare against English commerce. "To submit," said he to Mr. Livingston, " to pay England tlie tiibute she demands, would be for America to aid her against him, and a just ground of war." In 1809, a non-intercourse with Britain and France was substituted for the embargo, which the latter power regarded as such an evidence of hostility as to justify her in proceeding at once to condemn millions of American property as lawful prize. The Congress of 1810 determined upon the admission of the commer- cial vessels of the powers above-named, if the act were preceded by a revocation of their hostile and arrogant decrees. The French govern- ment pretended to close in at once with the proposal, but it was neaiJy one year later before her repealing ordinance was officially promulgated, evidencing a disposition on the jjart of Napoleon to play with us in bad faith, and to turn the game at any time to his advantage — so humiliating to our pride are the events of this entire era. With England it was long doubtful what relationship we might expect to sustain. Hostile and peaceable alternately, according to her caprices or her interests, she had provoked in American minds a resentment too deep to be subdued, and forbearance longer was regarded a crime. The Orders of Council remaining in force, and the aggressions increasing daily, a non-intercourse act of sixty days was resorted to, the prelude only to a solemn declara- tion of war. Then was the hour of severe retribution, and then was the national honor and dignity of America triumphantly vindicated ! Commerce of the United States since 1812. — This has been an era of prosperity and rapid advance, and the great powers of the civilized world seem to have realized tor once the rich benefits of a prolonged armistice, or, if another expression be preferred, a protracted, and we hope permanent peace. In commercial rank, the United States of Amer- ica, subordinate to Britain only, and having outstripped all the world | else, is prepared to share a divided scepter, until that scepter can be wielded alone by her hand, and the empire of the seas be transferred to her keeping. The history of our trade for the last forty years has material enougli for many more pages than we can allot to it, even with the greatest con- densation. The period has been celebrated by an approach to a more liberal internalionality, and a reciprocity something else than in name. The progress in the last ten yeais has been most strongly marked toward that ultimatum, in the minds of every lover of truth and human advancement, perceived first by Lord Bacon, and ably, though imper- fectly, presented by his followers: commerce unfettered as the winds that waft it ; free religion, free government, free press, free traffic — free- dom everywhere, and in every rigiiteous thing throughout all the world ! When shall nations sacrifice their foolish jealousies, and meet each other on this high, broad, and Cliristian ground ? We are no partisan here, but a cosmopolite. We advocate a policy as wide as the earth, and as generous. No single nation can afford to act alone ; the movement, if made at all, must be universal. The condition of Europe now, however, argues little for the early tri- umph of those principles to which we have been referring. The latest V94 Progress of American Commerce. 63 British, French, and Austrian tariffs have been less restrictive, and in the case of the first-named nation her policy would appear about to bo radically changed. The German States maintain the exclusive policy, as do also the Spaniards and Portuguese. Russia was the latest in adopt- ing the restrictive system, but we see by her last tariff some evidences of improvement, which neither Sweden nor Denmark furnishes. The duties of the Italian States have been generally moderate, except for Rome and Naples, and we recognize a great improvement in these in the tariff of his Holiness the Pope. The commercial system of Holland is the most hberal in all Europe, but the South American States appear to be gov- erned by the same spirit as that which dictated the policy of Spain. In 1824, Great Britain seemed desirous of removing in some degree her restrictions upon the navigation of other powers. She entered into reciprocity treaties with many of them, and in this was soon after imi- tated by the United States, in the treaties of 1825-6-8-9 with Central America, Denmark, Sweden, Hanse Towns, Prussia, Brazil, Austria, Hun- gary and Bohemia, Mexico, Russia, Venezuela, Greece, Sardinia, Nether- lands, Hanover, and Portugal. We also entered into similar but limited reciprocity treaties with France in 1822, continued afterward, and with England in 1821, 1825, and 1833, and a full reciprocity treaty with Canada in 1854. These treaties were arranged by Mr. Kennedy, chair- man of the Committee of Commerce, into three classes. 1. Those securing mutual privileges of export and import of produce, the growth, produce, or manufacture of the stipulating powers, trans- ported in their own vessels, without discrimination on tonnage. 2. Those providing for a levy of duties not less favorable upon the tonnage of either than are levied upon the tonnage of other powers. 3. Those requiring equality of port charges. The progress in the commerce of the United States since 1820 is fully illustrated in the following Tables: and there is just ground for a belief that this increase is still going on, and that the next ten or twenty years will develop even more rapid strides in the foreign and domestic com- merce of the Union. The Custom-House duties have increased from $13,004,000 in 1821 to $64,022,000 in 1856, and the aggregate imports and exports during the same period from Sl25,000,00o"to 8040,000,000 in value; and the tonnage from 1,298,000 to 4,871,000 tons. The general tariff of 1824 worked well for the country, but was largely modified in May, 1828. The compromise tariff of 1833 induced excess- ive importations (from 101,000,000 in 1832 to 189,000,000 in 1836), which contributed to the financial distress of the years 1837-8. The too frequent changes of the tarift" between 1832 and 1848 caused heavy losses in tlie manufacture of woolen goods, iron, and other articles. These changes occurred in September, 1841, August, 1842, July, 1846 March, 1848, and January, 1849. But the rapid development of the manufacturing industry of the country is an evidence that tl)ese interests will prosper in the face of adverse and fickle legislation. The produc- tion of gold in California to the extent of nearly four hundred millions within the past nine years has created a vast revolution in commerce and in manufactures, not only in the United States, but in Europe ; and will no doubt accomplish equally grand results in the next few years. 64 Foreign Commerce of the United States. 79r. GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE ANNUAL FOREIGN COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. EXPORTS. IMPOETS. Whereof there wa-s in Bullion ond Specie. TONNAGE C;L'D. DOMESTia FoP.KlCiX. 1 TOTAU Total. $62,535,724 Export. Import. Amer. Fob. 1S21 ' |4.S,C71.S!t4 .t2 1 ,302,488 i $04,974,382 $10,478,a59 $8,064,890 804,947 83.078 1822 4y,874,it79 22,286,202 1 72,160,281 83,241 ,.541 10,810,180 3,369,846 S13.74S 97,490 I'^-iiJ 47.1.55,40s 27,.543,622 74,699,030 77,579,267 6,372,987 5,097,896 810,761 119,740 1S24 50,fi40..5(i0 25..3;57,157 75,986,657 80,5-19.007 7.014..5.52 8,379,835 919,278 102,552 lHi5 66,944.745 32,.590,64:5 99,5:55..3SS 96,;540.0"5 8,932.0:34 6.150,705 960,866 95,080 IS-.'fi 5;J,0.-)5,710 24,5:39,612 77.595.322 84,974.477 4,704,5:!:5 6,8S0.966 953,012 99,417 IS'iT 58,9^1.691 2;5.40;5,136 82,-324,827 79,484,068 8.014,830 8,1.51,180 980,542 181.2,50 lt.23 60,669,609 21,595,017 72,264,686 88,51 19. S24 8,243.476 7,489,741 897,404 151,o;30 1829 65,700,193 16,658,473 72,858,6711 74,492.524 4,924,020 7,408,612 944,799 1:33,006 1880 Tot. 69,462,029 14,387,479 73,849,5081 70,876,920 2,178,773 8,155,964 971,760 133,436 $536,104,918 229,643,884 765,748,752 798,6:33,427 71,673,494 69,144,645 9,050,617 1,146,074 1S:J1 61.277.057 20.033,526 81.310,,5S3 103,191.124 9.014,981 7,305.945 972,504 271.994 I'^Vi 63,1:57,470 24.039,473 87.176,94:5: 101,029.266 5,656,340 5,907.504 974,865 887.505 ls:33 70,317.693 19,822,735 90.140.4:^3 108,118,311 2,611,701 7.070,368 1,142,160 497.039 ls;U 81,(124.1621 2:5,312,811 104,386.973' 126,521.332 2,076,758 17,911,6:52 1,184,020 577.700 1 535 101.1K9,0S2 20,504,495 121.693,577 149,895,742 6,477,775 13,181,447 1,400,517 630.824 ISSG 106.916.680 21,746 360 128.663,040; 189.980,0:35 4,:324..336 13,400,881 1.31.5,523 674,721 1S.ST 95,.564.414 21,854,902 n7.419,;576i 140.9S9.21 7 5,976,249 10,516,414 1,266,622 756.202 18:W 96.033.S21 12,4.52.795 1(|-<.4S(),616 11:3.717,406 3.508,046 17,747,116 1,408,761 004,166 1S39 103,.533.S91 17,494.525 rjl.ii'JS.416 162,092.1:32 8.776,743 5.595,176 1,477,928 611.8:39 1S40 Tot 113,895,6:J4 18,190,312 13i',0&5,940| 1 107,141,519 8,417,014 8,882,813 1,647,009 706,486 $892,SS9,9(.i9 199,451,994 l,092,841,903j 1,302,676,084 56,839,893 107,469,296 12,739,909 5,713,476 1S41 106,382,722 15,469,081 121,851,803 127.946.177 10,034.882 4,988,633 l,ft'54.1-56 736.849 1842 92,969,990 11, 721. .53'^ 104,691,5:54' 100,162.087 4,813.539 4,087,010 1,530,451 740,497 1848 ♦ 77,793,7.s;J 6,5.V2,697 84.346,4S0 64,753,799] 1,520,791 22.390,559 l,26s,083 52:3.949 1S44 99,715.179 11,484.867 111.200.046 10S,4:35.035| 5.454.214 5,830,429 2,010,924 906.814 1845 99,299,7761 15,:546,830 114,646.606 117,2.54.564! 8,606,495 4,070,242 2,053,977 930,275 184ti 102,141,S9:5 11.346.623 11'5.4-8.516 121,691,7971 8,905,268 3,777,732 2,221.023 968,178 1.S47 150,037,464 8,011,158 15s.64S.622 14fi..5-1.5,638l 1,907,024 24,121.289 2,202.893 1,176,605 18t8 1:32.904,121 21,i:32,:515 1.54.(j:!0,436 154,998,928 15,841.616 6,360,224 2,461,280 1,404,1.59 1849 132,660.95.5 13,088,865 145,755,SJ0i 147,s57,4:;9 5.404.648 6,651,240 2,75:3,724 l,075.7o9 1850 Tot. 136,946,912 14,951,808 151,898,720] 178,138,318 7,522,994 4,628,792 2,632,788] 1,728,214 11,1:51,458,801 129,106,782 1,260,564,58:3 1,267,78:3,782' 65,010,921 86,906,156 20,774,804^10,791,249 1 18.51 196,689,718 21,698,293 218,388,011 216.224,982 29,472,752 5,453,592] 3,200,519 1,929,535 ! 1852 192.368,984 17,289,382 209,658,806 212,94.5,442 42,674,135 5,505,044! 8,280,590 2,047,575 185:3 213,417.697 17.558,460 280.976,1571 267,978.647 27,4s6.875 4,201,8s2l 8,766,789 2,298,790 la-H 2.5.3.8')(),870 24,850,194 278,241,064] 804,56J,:;sI 41,2sl.504 6,758,587] 8,911.:592 2.107,802 18.'>5 2-l6,708.RV5 28,448,293 275,156,846 261,468,.520 56,247.848 8,659,812; 4,068,979 2,110,822 1856 810,586,830 16,378,578 826,964,908 814,639,942 1 45,745,485 4,207,682 4,538,864 2,462,109 • 9 months to June SO, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. STEAM TONNAGE OF THE UNITED STATES. "The u.so of steam tonnage in the commerce between the United States and other American nations, and Great Britain, France, and other commercial nation.s, ma}^, and it Is thought by some will, considerably reduce tiie .sail tonnage used in commerce, and that cheaper capital in Groat Britain will give to that nation an advantage over the United States in steam tonnage, and tlio carrying trade of our own and other countries, and they attribute the reduction of our tonnage to that cause. This may be so, to .some extent, but no continued reduction of our commercial tonnage is apprehended ; nor is it apprehended there i.s any just reason to suppose our enterprising ship-builders and merchants will surrender the navigation of the seas to Great Britain, and place that nation in posses- sion of the carrying business of the world ; j-ct the subject is one of interest, and calls for a careful examination of our tonnage law.s, and the removal of all impediments to an wiual and fair competition for our foreign trade and the trade of other nations." — United States Treasury Report, December, 1856. American and Foreign Tonnage. 65 COMPARATIVE EMPLOYMENT OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN TONNAGE, AS SHOWN IN THE IMPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 1831, 1841, AND 1851. STATES, ETC. 1831. 1841. 1851. In American vessels. In Foreisjn vessels. In American vessels. In Foreign vessels. In American vessels. In Foreign vessels. 143,320 180,573 405,066 21,656 110.196 236,293 5,969,622 832,303 4,518,897 13,982,768 27,299 146,205 58,617,63.3 186,802 153 11,628,584 562,161 853,171 166,266 883,797 81,115 12,982 5,514 163,642 8,797,67i 109,104 812,680 286,238 3,460,334 9,554 464 500,499 884',992 104^725 410,358 53.863 298,221 1,188 116,712 299,977 8,14l',6s8 574,664 5,848,866 18,835,492 137,608 88,875 61,535 1,919 66,683,750 214,731 9,563 9,840,3.54 338,929 1,217,955 7,523 246,739 851,917 120,461 2.3,466 2,768 2,088 28,469 149,080 2,115,262 126,297 752,447 1,482,511 192 12,116 896 9,024,676 5,629 1.755 506,844 5,663 839,476 25,320 43,786 4,462,700 80,527 820,858 88,875 404,477 8.609 1,754 ! 213,576 10,134,465 968,061 5,662,066 23,117,884 182,146 845 622,039 44,682 106,56S',685 125,973 580,460 11,541,212 295,209 1,646,915 64,761 62,745 691,268 227,339 103,500 869,710 "286 22,136 56,i22 817,070 1,048 2,89.3",995 20S,.529 983,579 9,597,498 1.3.846 1,111 34,9n,908 8n,9.>8 99,871 2,627,549 15.421 484,397 8l',976 825,594 Columbia, District of. riorida M-issachusetts New Hampshiro New Yoik North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Texas Oregon Territory Total 93,902,110 9,229,014 113,221,877 14,724,800 108,216,272 52,568,083 TONNAGE OF THE UNITED STATES. "When our navigation laws were first enacted in 1789, the registered tonnage of the United States was secured against the protectin.g navigation laws of other na- tions, by countervailing or protecting provisions. Such provisions were, from time to time, extended, so a,s to countervail the prohibitory enactments of the commercial nations with which we had intercourse. These commercial restrictions have gradu- ally yielded to the more liberal principles of free trade in the transportation of freight and passengers, until in that business we have free trade with ahnost all the nations of the earth, only marred by the charge of light money to our vessels, where we charge none. The removal of restriction!?, in our commercial intercourse with other nations, in the carrying business, has not been prejudicial to our foreign commercial marine. The burden of light money, to which our tonnage, in tho ports of Great Britain and other commercial nations, is subject, should bo removed bj' mutual agreement, or countervailing legislation on our part, and tho tonnage duty now charged on our vessels, in the ports of Franco and some other countries, and on their vessels in our ports, should, by like mutual agreement, be taken off, and port charges equalized. The coasting trade of the United States has, from the begin- ning, been strictly reserved for vessels built within tho United States, and owned by citizens of the U. S., to tho exclusion of foreign-built and foreign-owned vessels. The American tonnage engaged in foreign trade, and in the coasting trade, haa been American-built, and has had the absolute protection of our laws, and the licensed tonnage absolute protection, in tho carrying trade on our coast and in our waters." — Treasury Report, December, 1856. 66 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 797 BELOroM. IMPORTATIONS AND EXP0RTATI0N9 OF THE TEAR 1854. r.<)iintry. I niporta. Francs. E.xporta. Francs. Russia, . 13,053,000 1,375.000 Sweden and Norway, 1,863,000 1,436,000 Denmark, 1,905,000 1,438,000 Gorman Confederation, 31,544,000 38,320,000 Mecklonburg-Schworin, 18,000 968,000 Ilanso Towns, 1,345,000 11,072,000 Ilanovcr and Oldenburg, 241,000 157,000 Netherlands, 50,494,000 60,890,000 Great Britain, 55,515,000 109,386,000 France, . 50,068,000 113,801,000 Portugal, 2,124,000 6,000 Spain, 3,320,000 1,523,000 Sardiiiia and Piedmont, 441,000 7,136,000 Switzerland, 1,267,000 635,000 Austriii, . 843,000 3,923,000 Parma, Modena, etc., 453,000 1,508,000 Two Sicilies, . 1,685,000 1,618,000 Greece, . 168,000 29,000 Turkey, . 1,967,000 9,222,000 Egypt and other parts of/ LfricA, 1,342,000 358,000 East Indies, Singapore, ( [Ihina, Java, Sumatra, Philip pines. Ocean ica, and Australi a, . 16,945,000 1,716,000 United States, 35,981,000 28,820,000 Mexico and Guatemala, 37,000 1,417,000 Cuba and Porto Rico, 13,965,000 3,506,000 British Colonies, .... 3,202,000 llayti and Venezuela, 4,031,000 125,000 Brazil and Colombia, 8,031,000 4,547,000 Rio do la Plata, 7,447,000 3,431,000 Chili and Peru 10,952,000 4,909,000 Total (permanent v alue), 323,045,000 410,473,000 ARRI VALS AND CLEARANCES OF THE YEAR ISM. KNTERBD CLKARKD. Country. Vessels. Tonnage. Ciirgo. Vessels. Tonnage. Cargo. Russia, 8 1,415 1,415 7 1,207 159 Sweden and Norway, 145 24,262 24,262 155 27,057 5,749 Denmark, . 135 14,518 14,468 146 14,546 7,327 Prussia, 40 8,022 8,538 43 9,082 3,313 Mecklenburg, . 67 12,415 12,384 69 15,130 6,790 Hanscatic Towns, 86 22,315 22,175 92 23,446 8,836 Hanover and Oldcnbg. 134 13,191 13,134 156 16,036 7,562 The Netherlands, 166 22,512 22,435 166 19,750 10,550 Great Britain, . 844 137,991 87,103 842 137,127 69,533 Prance, 129 10,915 9,803 136 11,735 7,995 Portugal, . 2 351 297 2 351 297 Spain, 45 8,736 8,309 45 8,278 3,307 Sardiuio, . 9 1,594 1,577 13 2,641 1,914 Austria, 24 8,158 7,478 24 8,450 6,126 Tuscany, . 2 439 439 Sicily, 19 3,013 3,013 17 2,661 2,456 Greece, 2 512 512 1 238 103 Turkey, 1 92 92 America (U. States), 80 56,506 50,873 73 49,846 19,658 Brazil, 1 178 178 1 178 Buenos Ayres, . 2 384 384 1 208 Belgium, . . 472 2,393 87,230 72,896 861,770 467 2,446 84,398 43,064 Total,. 435,4 L16 432,371 203,739 796 JSelgium. 67 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH BELGIUM, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Yeabs ENDING Bept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'QE CL'D. Domestic. |Fori SIGN. Total. TOTAU EXPOET. Impokt. Amkb. For. 1821 1822 182.3 1N24 1S20 1S26 1827 .... 1K28 1829 ISJiO Total, .... 18.31 .... 18;i2 is;« 1S.3J $.'')8.';',.S42 $873,300 |1,4.')8,642 $185,079 |12",(J47 ll",32i 4',7i6 ItviT) 008,680 1 44,542 748,222 341,967 200 5,015 4,937 18:56 1,586,925 697,135 2,284,060 48- 1,009 1,219 10,471 18,295 1837 716,618 393,969 ),11(|,.')S7 549,009 25,000 4,995 8.211 1.8.38 1,34<),9.I0 274,151 1,614,9,)1 2:!9,923 9,700 18,!M4 6,044 1839 Ml.Wl 66,269 607,910 465,701 2,211 8,782 l&W Total, 1,834,229 486,426 2,820,655 274,867 2,537,160 5,417 19,507 7,667 17,209,335 2,935,692 10,145,027 53,58:3 67,064 43,652 1841 1,678,726 1.50,156 1,82:3,882 374,838 2,044 14,627 8,8.')6 1842 1,434,038 176,646 1,610,684 1 619,.'i88 19,008 12,949 12,875 1843* 1,674,224 296,485 1,970,709 in, 695 12,751 20,708 8,.V29 1844 1,852,571 15I,2;50 2,003,801 634,777 16,059 ai4S 18,.3:39 1845 1,495,754 355,319 1,851,073 709,.')62 7,508 20,289 4..'542 iaj6 1,632,607 749,207 2,:581,S14 836,372 28,375 6,527 1847 2,874,367 348,190 8,222,557 948,325 8.3,171 26,617 18,7.V2 lats 1,989,764 200,171 2.1S9,9;« 1,32.'),(;01 12.3,876 7,515 19,S70 6,267 1849 2,44-3,0(>4 28^,243 2,731,307 1,N44,293 500 1,840 27,862 6,196 1850 Total, 2,168,357 375,403 2,543,760 2,42,012 2,377,6:30 6,600 17,6.54 8,819 1852 8,202,767 1,(01,0(13 4,213.770 ! 2,o.'>4,043 7,998 »J,705 6.910 1K5.3 2,301,038 907,495 3.20>..'):t! ' 2,7.32.108 2.MW 4.192 1S:)4 8,84S,890 1,15S,(H)4 .'«,006,^94 .3,4»i2.241 2,806 42,.%i2 11,171 1855 2,376,8M l,.V>0,.st<6 3,927,240 3,;i;»s,«;9o 87.790 4,963 1856 6,815,886 1,155,237 0,.'jO' 1,623 3,100,511 67,114 8,710 * 9 months to Juno 80, and tho fiscal year ft-om this time begins Jaly 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Antwerp (Flom. Antwerpen; Fr. Anvers), a famous fortified city of Belgium, and tho center of its forcipn tr.ido (capital and province of tiie same name), on the Scheldt, GO miles from the sea, and distant by railroad 27^ miles from Brus-sel.^ .32 from Ghent, IGOJ fi-om Oolojjne, 2.')8^ from Paris, and 71 from Ostond. Lat. of Ca- Uicdral, 51° 13' 2" N. ; lonp. 4° 21' 2" K. Population, 90,000. Its port waa greatly improved by Napoleon, who erected two large basins ; and ships anchor ia the river opposite tho city in from 32 to 40 feet water at ebb tide. In 1803, tho im- provement in tho harbor was begun, and extensive new dock.s and warehouses have mnco been constructed. Ships of tho largest burden como up to the town, and gooda destined for tho interior arc forwarded with tiio greato-st facility by means of canala and railways. Almost .all tho foreign trade of IJelgium is at present centered in Ant- werp, which has again become a place of much commercial imj)ortanco. There ia a regular Btcam commuoication between Antwerp and London^ and Hull and Rotter- dam. 68 Foreign Commercial Statistics. (99 GREAT BRITAIN. Foreifjn Trade — Progress and Direction. — For 1855, the returns of British exports to difftTont oountrios are not yet before us ; but as this was a year of war, ami exceptionable, the general view will probably be more correct from exoluJinij^ it. Its etfect.s, too, which, in giving a dif- ferent direction to trade, have been conspicuous, will be better appre- ciated ln-reaftor, when one or two years of continued peace have demon- strated what are permanent and what teraporarj' of these eflfects, and have carried trade into the channels in which it is destined to flow. The average declared value of exports in three years, 1840-42, and in the three yenrs, 1852-54 (except for Russia, of which we have taken the exports for 1851-3), were as follows : DECLARED VALUE OF EIPOKTS. — AVERAGE. 1840-42. 1S52-W. IncreaM per cent Decrease per cent. Russia, .... . £1,698,623 £1,209,011 29 Sweden and Norway, 282,406 577,333 105 Denmark, 195,749 533,962 204 Prussia, .... 319,939 653,302 105 Ilanovcr, .... 95,731 358,842 275 Ilanso Towns, . 5,611,460 7,126,924 27 Holland, .... 3,533,470 4,378,655 24 Java and Sumatra, . 313,722 604,747 93 Belgium, .... 1,015,272 1,205,082 26 France, .... 2,824,696 2,847,635 1 Portugal, .... 1,031,437 1,228,409 19 Azores and Madeira, 68,505 116,263 70 Spain and the Balearic Islands, 380,238 1,628,380 328 Canary Islands, 50,054 76,404 59 Cuba, .... 491.103 1,065,473 117 Philippine Islands, . 152,300 284,033 87 Sardinia, .... 528,189 1,030,395 95 Au.stria, .... 445,529 049,235 46 Tuscany, .... 656,258 64.3,131 7 Papal States, . 200,287 181.862 9 Two Sicilies, . 714,126 638,078 10 Greece, Turkey, "Wallachia, and Moldavia, 1,303.052 2,567,080 97 Sjrria and Palestine, . 341,891 394,889 15 Egypt, .... 179,517 998,715 456 Morocco 11,558 86,819 651 United SUtos and California, 5,303,439 20,545,511 287 Mexico, .... 429,573 529,632 23 Ilayti, 187,672 126,765 33 New Oranada, Venezuela, and Ecuador, 250,142 097,794 175 Brazil 2,313,071 3,180,883 42 Uruguay, Monto Video, and Buenos Ayros, 857,733 1,421,073 76 Chili, .... 907,809 1,284,763 42 , . Peru, .... 67.3,450 1,073,.342 59 China and Hong Kong, 785,383 1,418,304 83 Western Africa, 229,893 526,123 130 Other countries, 397,409 793,434 62,562,476 100 79 Total foreign countries, . 34,854,449 . . 798 England. 69 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH ENGLAND, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Yeabs ENDING EXP0ET8. IMPORTS Whereof tlicre was ia Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. 1 Sept. 80. DovEsna FoEEiON.j Total. Total. Export. 1 Ivpobt. Aher. For. 1 1821 |lfl,3-'?9,l()9'|2.125,ft94 ^ilS.fC4,7(iS *23,lso,862 ♦ 1,9:W,6C5, $64.5,.529 12';.729 19,516 ! 1822 21,072.895 1,029,224 22.101,019 1 .•i2.IOs,947 790,218' 99,920 1.51.030 8,:?9il 2,031, ISO. 34.127.570 :i4,271.510 8f)8,266 82,888 172,409 89,242 , 1826 19,00.5,18,', 1,509.023 2ii.0:!4.2i)S 24,302.203 69s,077 122.216 147,455 41,801 1 1S27 28,.514,421 9l>4,.590; '.'4.419.017 2s,o.5:i.'-s:f 200.1011 84,111 202,976 6.3.706 1 182S 18,787,001 2.900.2611 'J1,097.9J2 :{0.470,139 2,852,209) 20,972 138,858 75,588 1829 21,2S1,:«4 1,707,457' 23,(i-ls,7;)l 23,s92,76.3 673,8:};t 89,826 179,843 «»,723 1830 Total, 28,778,020 820,940 1 24,599,966 22,755,04(1 112,2'29 144,231 192,714 68,589 |218,066,M1 15,461,043'22?,527,584 272,650,589 S,247,842J 1,621,679 1,580,676 482,521 1831 28,841,4.00 2,867,439 81,208,869 41,854,323 1,615,643 130,880 23.5,345 88,461 1S.32 20.635,70h 2,87.5,187 29,510,905 84,849,096 1,112,298 63,689 189,579 96,615 ls:« 29,582,073 ],45'2,76s: 81,:«,sl7 78.450 ls.17 46,2.35,102 4,S'U,76S1 5I.119.s7o 4;!.,540,7.57 l,S33,o7oi 110,299 26s,(i0- 67.125 18.38 4 8, 899, 'is '■ 1 .M.-. Is- Ml i.i.Mi-.-. 4-(.19I,S.')l 10,ls5 9,009.a»6 814,616 70.663 1889 W,C15,32: -(W,7ie 8.16:1,490 1,420,092 269.466 92,685 1840 Total, 61,951,77- ! 14,138 4,.3S8,7S6 803,306 883,512 129,218 $426,72S,675'27,a7u,00.i 4W,o6y,2.JT 479,482,958 12,160,527 21,027,886 2,548,807 871,287 1841 44,184,357 8,371,220 47..565,,577 4.5,730,007 8,018,187 6ft0..5,3O 272,631 180,768 1S42 8fi,Gsl,808 2,932,140 .39,013.948 1 33,440,499 l,70'.',74s 20,5.919 2'y^.479 in9,(V54 lS+{* 87,149,095 1,106,064 88.25,5,1,59 , 26,141,11s 400 14,30.5,714 .S29.9;i5 168,174 1844 45,sl4,942 1,125,214 46,940.1.'.0| 41,47fi.osl a5,700 1,131,9.59 311.741 192,588 IM.-) 41,Ms.9;M 4,707,244j 40,2sO,17sl 44,0-7,<.9 .3,673,1371 lso,s2s :i74,>v|0 19S.921 1846 42,781,019 1,758.489 44.>Mo,liis! 4.'1.s44.100 973.110* 4^2.711 304.149 ls;t,;t42 18-17 70,223,777 83-»,921, 71,o.5>,r,9- O.\17o.:;74 8,(ir«.5 19,312,93(1 457..'.9- ,So(i..555 1*48 62,92s,024 8,9*24,291 ! 71.'-.52..'115l 59.7C;i,5o2 9,818,6.38 1,916,9.52 476,54.s •2.5s,210 1849 69,161,992 l,ssO,87s 71,oli.',s7(i'| 5-.-ls..(j5 764,097: 2,071,792 570,01. ■. .•M9,9O0 1850 ToUl, 64,086,959 4,210,2711 C»,S97,2:W | 72,lls,971 2,584,185; 627,266 440.582 209,078 1015,181,507 30,910,732 540,042,239 491,196,996 22,07S,'208 ^41,316,601 8,889,527 2,186,185 IWt in.5.121,921 8,1.51,266 118.27.3.1S7\ 90,6I2,23S 17,099,0';r 1.098,667 621,506 274,388 l'%'>2 107,7---',057 4/>;«.lv5 112,324.M2 ss.iu».s.'.9 .34.3icJ,iS4 l,4^7,4s4i 672,4SS »o0.iil7 1M.\S 112,77s,!J.59 .•l.209,2t>4 11.5,9s7,023 12.'.. 7 74, •.'32 is.ftt 1,900 '2s4,799| 664,s92 429.174 ISM 18.5,111, 7ns S.-'^-S.^U 140,07.'>.)<.I9 14(i,!Wx,7;W 27.926.263 8.5.16«l K5S.970 4:ls.'.M6 ISVi 129,475,967 0,1.58,17s i;i,5.0J9,I45 1(I'.',4.16,'.'9 t 47,s,5S,0l5 107,464 8:tl,464 2.'.;!.945 1856 152,561,975 1,517,500 lW,079,535,,lls,ol5,5-J4 1 II 84,161,062, 421,971 923.017 339,109 * 9 montha to Juno 80, and the fiscal year from this tlmo begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. LiVERPOOr-, the principal seaport of England, lit. 53« 25' N., lonp. 2® 59' W. It i.8 situated on the ea.stom banlv of tho Mersey river, while on the west pidc aro the docks, warehouses, and other commercial buildinps. Tiie area of the wet docks is about 186 acres, and of tlie Ary docks 20 acres, 'i'iio entrance of the Mersey Ls im- peded by shoal."*, but at high water m.iy bo entered by tho larpe.«t ships. The docks aro tho llne.st in tho world, and in connection with its situation and inland commu- nication, give it the po.sition it hold.s, of the first port in P'ngland, and h.iving, next to New York, the largest commercial marine. London, the mast important city in tho world, on the Thames, about 40 miles from its mouth, l.it. (St. Paul's Cathedral) Gl** 30' 48" N., long. 0° 5' .IS" W. Commerce, etc. — The port of Ixindon extends from Ix)ndon bridge to a little below Plackwall, and is divided into tho Voo\, Limehou.sc Re.ich. (Jp'onwich Roach, Hlackw.ill Reach, and Diigsby's Reach. The coasting trade of Ixindon is greater than that of any port in the world, and gives it superiority over LiverpooL 70 Foreign Comm&rcial Statistics. 801 IRELAND, One of the largest of the European islands, is situated to the west of Great Britain, from which it is separated by a narrow channel called the L'ish sea, and St. George's Channel on the east, and is bounded on its other sides by the Atlantic Ocean, through which it can maintain a di- rect communication with the continents of Europe, Afnea, and America. The advantageous position, the fertiUty of the soil, and the salubrity of the climate, have conferred upon Ireland commercial faciUties which are capable of being greatly increased. The Irish nation is undoubtedly of Celtic origin. This much is stamped in indelible characters in the names of the rivers, towns, mountains, and other objects of historical notoriety throughout the island; it is pro- claimed by marks equally indelible in the relics of antiquity, the tumuli, the cairns, the cromleach, and the druidical circles, the remains of which, after having triumphed over the ravages of time and repeated revolutions, are now perpetuated in the pages of the antiquary's researches. The name of the island itself confirms the assertion. Eri or Erin, its most ancient appellation, and that to which the natives still cling with the at- tachment of veneration, is derived from the Celtic lar or Eir, which sig- nifies western. Most of its more modern names may be easily traced to this soutco. The island of Ireland is of a rhomboidal shape, having its longer sides nearly in the direction of the meridian, and its shorter from south-west to north-east. It is between the latitudes of 51° 26' and 55° 20' north, and the longitude of 15° 28' and 10° 28' west. In the direction of its greater diagonal from Browhead in the south, to Fairhead in the north- ejist, it measures 306 miles. Its extreme length, ft-om its most southern point, already named, to Walinhead, its more northern extremity, is 290 miles ; its greatest length on a meridian, 235 miles. Its breadth, where greatest, measures from Eulagh-rash, in the peninsula of the Mullet to Killard point, at the entrance of Strangford Lough, is 182 miles ; but its least breadth, from the eastern side of Galway bay near Oraumore, to Ringsend near Dublin, is not more than 110 miles. The whole com- prises an area of 20,499,550 acres, or 320,312 statute miles. Sepa- rated from the adjacent island of Great Britain by an arm of the sea not more tlum luily-iiiuo miles across at its southern extremity, and narrow- ing to twelve miles at the north, but expanding in its intermediate space into the Irish sea, it is washed on its three other sides by the Atlantic Ocean, whoso waves have indented its western and southern shores with many large bays and inlets, stretching far into the country, so that the whole outline of the coast, including that of the estuaries of the rivers, to the boundaries of the tide, is estimated to measure upward of 2,200 miles. Irish Coast. — This extended line contains a great number of fine har- bors and roadsteads. The eastern coast has but one ; that of Strangford or Lough Cone, which forms a very deep bay, with sufiicient depth of water for every kind of ships. The bays of Carrickfergus, Dundalk, and Carlingford, are adapted only for vessels of lesser draught. Dublin is so defective as to require the construction of two safety harbors ; one to the north at liowth, and the other to the south at Kingstown. 800 Ireland. 11 FOREIGN COmiERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH IRELAND, From Octobeb 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Ybaes ENDING EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CLT). Sept. 80. Domestic. Foreign. Total. TOTAU EXPOET. Impoiit. Amer. For 1821 1889,577 $4,069 $893,646 $686,154 $193 $2,683 12,812 2,201 1822 770,176 770,176 806,024 6,978 1.3,153 2,04T 1823 714,037 87,644 761,681 547,738 4,425 12,932 2,479 1824 913,532 8,673 922,205 431,875 '238 20,541 1,761 1825 1,247,550 20,669 1,268,219 612,272 19,483 1,321 1826 775,137 6,6S4 781,821 672,994 14,4:36 1,.359 1827 637,120 6:37,120 550,129 8,247 1,889 1828 394,460 'sio 395,260 711,041 6,626 8,780 1829 327,728 366 328,094 362,511 4,838 2,502 1S30 Total, 261,687 261,687 381,333 5,762,071 4,694 2,570 $6,930 994 78,915 7,009,909 4,618 6,899 117,667 21,868 1S31 689,941 5S9.941 261,564 7,8.38 2,80« 1S.32 152,913 ^ii5 157,028 491,891 1,791 1833 120,482 120,482 152,280 1,406 1.343 18.S4 189,914 'iSD 190,103 274,712 2,620 245 1835 4(13,604 40.3,604 642,890 4,272 760 1836 843,845 3,854 347,699 608,356 2,885 240 18.37 9,893 9.893 181,776 651 184 1838 38,5:35 aS,.5.35 75,162 472 166 18:39 830,719 8.30,719 150,689 1,362 .332 1840 Total, 217,702 217,762 98,349 2,732 851 $2,397,608 8,158 2,405,766 2,687,669 25,929 6,927 1841 60.872 60,872 81,921 1,391 880 1842 49,968 49,968 102,700 631 1843* 208,502 l',i86 209,682 43,.5a') 982 2,197 1844 42,591 42,591 88,084 191 786 1845 10:3,471 103,471 104,857 1,412 987 1846 1,077,008 6,463 1,082.471 85,774 14,743 6,804 1847 12,397,698 31,48.8 12,429,186 590,240 $?2',i7i 124,600 101,067 1848 2,.379,291 1,803 2,380,594 415,923 116,945 17,410 ai.779 1S49 3,916,842 22,526 3,938,868 376,793 5.3,901 46,165 1850 Total 1,025,031 42,693 1,067,7^4 293,783 10,014 22,972 21,260,774 104,653 21,865,427 2,183,610 199,116 225,230 216,687 1851 598,688 1,200 599,888 2;{5,9.33 8,142 12.618 1852 57:3,230 100 573,350 152,5:33 4,116 9.460 1853 618,812 69,272 673,084 15.3,118 3,482 14.9.'^ 1854 1,006,017 86,485 1.092,502 229,335 9.120 14.4:52 1855 1,209,6:13 3;K,S51 ],. 542.484 152,293 12.9. '7 25.662 1856 4,300,021 74,709 4,374,730 89,032 85,7:35 19,089 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Galway, the county to^vn, formerly designated Iho " Liberties of Galway," and a county in itself, having an exclu.sive local jurisdiction, extending two miles on every side except the south. It st;mds on tlic northern Bhore of the Bay of tlalway, Ire- land, on the eastern bank of the river of the same name. It is supposed by some to be the Nagnata of Ptolemy. It certainly was considered a position of much import- ance from the earliest period, as in tlio divisions of the island into north and soutli, at first made by the descendants of Ilereman, and afterward repeated by Conn and Eogan, it was lixed upon as the eastern extremity of the lino of demarcation, which proceeded eastward to Dublin. Galway is likely to become a place of .some note, being the proposed eastern terminus of the Submarine Telegraph communication between Europe and the United States. Belfast, a .seaport in Ireland, at the entrance of the river Logan into Carrickfer- gus bay, lat. 54° 35' N., long. 5° 46' W. It luis a commodious harbor, and the bay is a spacious estuiu-y, aflbrding safe anchorage. 12 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 803 SCOTLAND, Tiie northern portion of Great liritain, extends in its mainland from lat- itudo 54° 38' to 58° 41' N., and lunijitude 1^ 45' to 6° 14' W., and, in- cluding its islands, to latitude 00° 50' N., and longitude 8° 35' W. Scotland is separated from England by a waving lino of the Cheviot hills in the center, l>y the Tweed, which enters the sea at Berwick, on the east, and by the Solway Firth on the west. Its easteni shores are washed by the North soa, and its western by the Atlantic. It is of an oblong, irregular form, extending longitudinally due N. and S. 280 miles, and varying in breadth from 175 to 100, 50, and 30 miles. Area, 31,324 square miles, or 20,047,402 acres, 6-9 acre to a })erson, 92 persons to a square mile. Population, 1801, 1,599,068; 1841, 2,620,184; 1851, 2,888,742. Olasgow. — Of all the branches of industry, belonging to Glasgow and its harbor, there is assuredly none of modern date which has made such rapid jirogress as that of steamboat building, and marine engine making. Fiom the''first start of the little " Comet" in 1812 till 1820, there were at the most only one or two river steamers launched yearly, and of a ton- nage so small as to be scarcely worth notice. About that period this manu- facture received a new impulse, and began at once fairly to develop itself. From 1821 to 1830, there were 38 steamers built, with a tonnage of 4,200; from 1831 to 1840, there were 94 steamers, with a tonnage of 17,623; from 1841 to 1850, there were 167 steamers, with a tonnage of 81,447, while during the three years from 1851 to 1853, there were 206 steamers, with a tonnage of 141,713. The present magnitude of this industry may, however, be best appreciated from the fact, that during the years 1853 and 1854, the then 32 shipbuilders on the Clyde, had construct*:'d or contracted for no fewer than 266 vessels, including both steam and sailing, having an aggregate tonnage of 168,000, for which also marine engines were made, or in progress, of 29,000 horse-power ; the average of these vessels being 630 tons, and involving the enormous cost of nearly five millions sterling. The Clyde. — To the progressive rise and present position of the river Clyde and its harbor, may be justly attributed the importance and pros- perity of Glasgow. The fact is, this city now possesses an inland navi- gation, and a stream harbor unequaled perhaps in Europe, and which has been accomplished first by the intelligence of the corporation, and in later years by n trust formed partly of the corporation and partly from other bodies of the citizens. About the beginning of the present century the depth of the Clyde, at Glasgow, was scarcely 5 feet, and there were few or no vessels at its port, and these consisted of craft drawing merely a few feet of water, none certainly exceeding 30 or 40 tons burden. In 1820, the average available depth of the Clyde at high water during neap tides was 9 feet, which admitted vessels drawing 8i^ feet. In 1840, the depth was increased to 14 feet, whereas, in 1855, the average depth at high water during neap tides, is 19 feet. To show the greatness of the improvements that have been made, it may be mentioned that while only one vessel arrived at the harbor of (Thusgow in 1835, of 300 to 350 tons burden, there arrived during 1854, 19 vessels of 1000 tons and upward. 802 Scotland. 78 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SCOTLAND, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 185G. Ykars KNDINQ Bept. 80 EXPORTS. IMPOETS Whereof thero was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CUD. Domestic. FOBEIGN. Total. TOTAU Export. Lhport. AUER. Fob. 1821 |;1,4(I5,44S $13.6-<:i $1,419,131 •11,220,092 4,015 6,220 1822 l,615,r)Co lo,9.'57 l,02e,.'>52 1,891,310 2,io6 7,207 6,079 1823 l,158,49.j 10,104 1,168,599 1,080,1:13 8,000 4.517 8,220 1824 1,196,219 14,632 1,210,801 1,008,520 8,175 5.836 1825 1,699,526 7,657 1,707,18.3 l,N29,4tU l,7o6 7,2.58 2,932 1826 572,894 2,952 575,846 1,090,772 : 2,850 2,792 1827 1,836,169 1,836,169 1,08:5,101 'soo 1 7,296 7,521 1828 959,560 7,927 967,487 1,183,081 ' I 2.429 8,002 1829 895,815 19,493 914,808 1,024,215 1 2,609 7,699 1830 Totol, 1,465,211 3,488 1,463,699 1,:}82,841 6,918 48,264 7,707 62,008 $12,804,402 90,923 12,895,825 12,805,535 .... 7,800 1881 1,185,142 5,507 1,190,709 1,977,8.30 6,312 9,102 1882 1,125,893 20,sr4 1,146,702 1,580,812 8,932 9,410 1833 1,186,469 2i,iir,s 1,'>07,527 1.02.\229 i ■500 . 2.523 9,860 1884 2,344,785 28.789 2,373,.'.74 1 l,4o-.',o:i0 1 8,900 6,6.',5 18,4S4 1885 2,8.}(i,0T9 lo,8:io 2,S4ti,'.'29 1,0:«),0 6,390 10,046 1843* 2,3ft^,3M 14,057 2,378,011 12S840 12,764 18,848 1844 1,936,591 16,SS2 1,9.''.;5,473 527,239 7,260 1 7,^9 18,418 1845 2,611,874 64,936 2,660,810 70S 187 1 14,732 20,810 1846 1,642,330 4,'J,416 l,r»7,740 1,2:!0,OSO 1 9,547 18,788 1847 8,645,460 162,013 3,K07,473 l.-^!7,ol4 '.'.'.'. 69,565 ; 2.%315 1.5,6.30 1849 2,455,4i6 3S41S 2,49.3, s44 1,000,094 .... 7,210 14,195 17,096 1849 8,.549,960 5s,472 3,CiN,43J ' 1.9,')9.320 21,0!}2 24,940 1850 Total, 3,021,740 188,679 8,205,419 1 2,740,070 1.5,759 17,276 $24,669,976 670,070 25,340,046 12,809,993 85,817 134,997 160,568 1851 8,811,003 261,937 4,072,940 2.999.710 18,608 22,987 1853 2,441,148 230,635 2,67l,7^3 2,3.'>5,947 19,856 22,288 1858 4,486,825 154,739 4,641.564 4,:«7,990 27,784 82,612 1854 8,097,662 190,330 3,287,998 ■'..■'jo.^ttg 1 22,019 28,008 19M 2,306,751 114,4S9 2,421,240 3.'.i.M,.'>94 1 .... 18,674 18,103 1856 8,380,376 20,106 8,906,W2 4,131,506 20,235 24,975 * 9 months to Juno 80, and the fiscal year from this Umo begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Glasoow. Tlio whole number and tonnapc arriving .it tlio harbor of Glasgow during the years 1 828-1 8.j1, were as follows : Sailino V'kssels. Steam Vembls. Year*. 1828 1840 1850 1854 No. 4,405 B,n37 5,857 r),:i22 Tonnafio. 214,315 271,942 391,033 504,003 No. 7,100 11,149 9,195 11,880 TonnoRp. 481.946 894,387 87.3,159 1,090,804 Tho progress and present condition of the river and harbor, however, arc probably beat exhibited by tho following abstract of tho rovenuo of the trust at six diffcrcDt periods : In 1800, it wa.s 1820, " 1830, " £3,319 IG 1 6,328 18 10 20,296 18 6 In 1840, it was . " 1850, " . '^ 1854, " . £46,481 1 9 64,243 14 11 86,580 5 11 ^4 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 805 GIBRALTAR, A Biitish town and fortress in Andalusia, the most southerly province of Spain. It stands on the extremity of a small peninsula, washed on the east side l)y the Mediterranean, and on the west by the Bay of Gibraltar. This peninsula is connected with the mainland by a low, sandy isthmus, called the "Neutral Ground," which reaches from the rock of Gibraltar northward to the ancient Spanish lines, a distance of a mile and a half; its breadth is about three fourths of a mile. Gibraltar is a free port ; and though its trade and commerce have of late years declined considerably, they are still extensive and important. It is the great resort of the contrabandistas or smugglers, who j)urchase nearly all the goods that find their way into the south of Spain. The smuggling of tobacco, which is manufactured in large quantities at Gib- raltar, is a source of constant fretting and ill-will between the govern- ments of Spain and Great Britain. The quantity of this commodity that finds its way into Spain without paying duty, is between six and eight millions of pounds annually, employing in its manufacture about 2,000 hands. The loss and aS'ront endured by the Spanish crown, through the continuance of this trade, are all the more keenly felt, as tobacco is a monopoly of the government, and a considerable source of its income. Inquiry, however, has shown that the success of the smugglers is chiefly due to the incapacity or dishonesty of the Spanish oflScials, whose duty it is to put an end to their trade. The only chance that these person- ages have of making fortunes, is to accept the presents which procure their connivance. In 1852, the declared value of British and Irish pro- duce and manufactures exported from the United Kingdom to Gibraltar, was £510,889. Gibraltar was long an ill-managed and most expensive colony. It has now been thoroughly refornieil, and not only defrays its own expenses, but even pays over a small surplusage to the home government. The total amount of the revenue is a little above £30,000 ; the expenditure is rather under tliat sum. The sources of income are the customs, port, and quarantine dues, land revenue, rents, auction dues, stamps, and licenses, etc. The outlay is caused by the salaries in the civil, judicial, ecclesia.stical, and municipal services, by allowances to some of these de- partment'*, and by office contingencies. Gibraltiir contjiins a motley population of from 15,000 to 20,000 (ex- clusive of the troops in garrison), chielly English, Jews, Spaniards, and Moors. Stringent measures are adopted by government, to prevent any increase in tlie number of permanent residents. No person is allowed to remain on the rock who can not find some one to stand security for his good behavior. Permis de sljour are issued by the police mjxgistrate for ten, fifteen, or twenty days, at the end of which period, they are required to be renewed. The officers of the garrison have the privilege of mtro- ducing a stranger for a month. The climate of Gibraltar is temperate, and, on the whole, healthful, the only exception being in the case of children cutting their first teeth. To them it seems to be peculiarly fatal. In summer, the African heat is tempered by a refreshing sea-breeze, which blows from 10 a.m., and ceases before sunset. 804 Gibraltar. 76 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH GIBRALTAR, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. YBA.R8 KlfDINO Sbpt. 80. EXPORTS IMPORTS Whereof thoro was in Bullion &, Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. FOREIGU. ToTAt. Total. Export. Import. ^LUER. For. 1821 $950,111 $513,6.35 $1,409,741) $1,2.34,26.3 $;32,190 $603,360 20,954 1322 52.5,708 625,074 l,l.'i(i,7,s2 49n,37S 5,000 5:5,661 15,.347 1823 875,604 1,02^272 l,903,.s76 477,769 3.804 181,695 22,985 1824 9:U,402 9:a,+45 1,S0S.S47 6:i3.st4 2,110 811,.371 27,285 I'.ioa 1825 861,733 941,981 1,803,714 74V/46 146,287 101,704 20,363 5s4 1826 692,896 1,05.'),525 1,747,921 C77,.so6 10,500 94,688 24,14S 921 182T 1,040,999 804,387 1,905.380 828,9.^3 .3,000 69.278 26,790 68 1828 899,411 500,719 1,406,130 660,578 86,000 87,:r(91 26,446 91 1829 801,132 16(1.130 4>8 1 200,691 24,947 12,993 590 1H3.5 553,582 265,tK)0 818,582 ! 16(1,200 74,9.38 4,460 l.'),194 400 1886 6;i5,19S 225,177 S()0,375 2A9T8 6,.597 14,.522 1,120 1837 861,031 203,870 564,901 207,173 17,034 '688 10,387 1,878 1838 609,818 152,371 762,189 25,024 9,698 11,496 1,911 1839 902,247 148,387 I,o50,6;34 99,17,S 9,856 13,8M 2,1M lilO Total, 64.3,344 257,110 900,454 82,567 '460 11,312 877 $5,642,919 2,051,130 7,694,049 1,.584,294 171,4.34 49,875 184,771 10,736 1841 1,020.931 98,989 1,119,920 21,079 17,868 794 1842 4ii6,937 ll.'>,961 5^2,S98 12.268 15,2 i:i 12,115 1,758 1*48* 21S.2-.1 38,197 256,448 23,915 20,878 6,941 1,568 1844 5< 12,402 77,421 579,883 44,274 im 1.3,471 18,873 2.418 1845 426,11)7 168,5M 589,671 92,118 47,890 12,222 11,691 1.097 1846 403,241 129,651 692,892 27,S06 44,648 1847 865,360 5.">,026 42(1,386 26,969 2.790 8'.2i9 I'.iis IfUS 810,400 61,545 871,945 ! 4,445 16.920 9..526 772 1849 723,819 78,467 802,286 ' 1,193 is,085 18.1:59 1,.540 1S50 Total, 186,807 60,482 2^16,769 44,269 42,085 7.650 806 $4,6»3,S16 879,803 5,563,118 298,886 196.036 46,571 101.022 12,461 1851 177,904 52,.529 2.30,4.3:} 73,604 .5,530 8.900 1,969 1852 229,802 4'.M.57 278,4.'.9 105.853 16,000 7,578 1.802 1858 169.444 66,570 2-36,014 61.784 44,.'.00 6.248 1.8.30 1R54 446.445 sl.3-.i7 527,772 59,673 12,741 12.189 624 1855 225.365 123,379 848,744 66,541 .... 8,063 i.Moa 1856 872,628 56,493 429,016 88,126 26^400 1,376 10.640 118 * 9 months to Jano 30, and the fiscal year from this timo begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. GiBRAi-TAR, a British town and fortress in Andaln.siii, tho most southerly province of Spain. It stands on the cxtri-mity of a small peninsula, washed on the e.ist aide by the Mediterranean, and on tho west by the Bay of Gibraltar. This peninsula is connected with the mainland hy a low, sandy isthmus called tlio " Neutral Ground," which reaches from the rock of (Gibraltar northward to tho ancient Spanish lines, a distance of a mile ;itid a half; its breadth is about three fourths of a mile. Gilmiltiir is a free port ; and though it^ trade and commerce have of late years de< lined con- aidorably, they are still extensive and important It is the preat resort of the con- traJbandistas or smugglers, who purcha.so nearly all the goods that llnd their way into tho south of Spain. The smuggling of tobacco, wiiich is manufactunni in largo quantities at Gibr.-iltar, is .1 source of constant fretting and ill-will between tho gov- ernments of Spain and Kiigl.and. Tho quantity of this commodity that finds its way into Spain, without p.aying duty, is between six and eight millions of pounds annu- ally, employing in its manufacture about 2,000 hands. 76 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 807 MALTA. Malta, an island in the Mediterranean, belonging to the British, nearly opposite to the southern extremity of Sicily, from which it is about 54 miles distant. Valetta, the capital, is situated on the north coast of the island, the lighthouse in the castle of St. Elmo being in latitude 35° 54' 6" N., longitude 14° 21' 1" E. Malta is about 20 miles long, and 10 or 12 broad. The island of Goza, about a fourth part of the size of Malta, lies to the north-west of the latter, at about 4 miles' distance ; and in the strait between them is the small island of Cumino. In 1847, the pop- ulation of Malta amounted, excluding the garrisou (except the Maltese regiment), to 108,140. The population of Goza, at the same period, was 15,130. The total population of both islands making 123,270. The entire revenue collected in Malta usually amounts to about £100,000 a year, of which about £23,000 is derived from the rent of lands. Valetta, the capital of the island, is defended by almost impregnable fortifications. " These," says Mr, Brydone, " are indeed, most stupendous works. All the boasted catacombs of Rome and Naples are a trifle to the immense excavations that have been made in this httle island. The ditches, of a vast size, are all cut out of the solid rock ; these extend for a great many miles ; and raise our astonishment to think that so small a State has ever been able to make them." — (Tour through Sicily and Malta, Letter 15.) "Since the island came into our possession, the forti- fications have' been considerably improved ; so that at present it is a place of very great strength." After the capture of Rhodes by the Turks, the emperor Charles V, made a present of Malta to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, in whose possession it remained till 1 798, when it was taken by the French. It was taken from the latter by the English in 1800, and was definitely ceded to them in 1814. The island consists mostly of a rock, very thinly covered with soil, a good deal of which has been brought, at an immense expense, from Sicily; but, being cultivated with the utmost care, it produces excellent fruits, particularly the celebrated Maltese oranges, corn, cotton, with small quantities of indigo, saffron, and sugar. The principal dependence of the inhabitants is on their cotton ; the crop of which, amounting to about 4,000,000 lbs. a year, is partly exported raw, and partly man- ufactured to the value of from £80,000 to £100,000. The corn raised in the island is not sufiicient to feed the inhabitants for more than five or six months, and at an average about 100,000 quarters of foreign wheat are required for their use. In addition to corn, cattle, provisions of all sorts, including dried fish, fruits, Spanish peas, etc., are largely imported. The other leading articles of import comprise cottons, and most sorts of manufactured goods ; sugar, coffee, and other colonial pro- ducts ; tobacco, oil, wines, timber, etc. The trade in corn used to be monopolized by government ; and, after the monopoly was abandoned, duties on importation, varying, like those in this country, with the price, were imposed. But, in 1835, these duties were abolished; and the fixed duties on corn entered for consumption, specified in the tariff, were substituted in their stead. 806 Malta. n*i FOREIGN" COMMERCE OF THE UNITED WITH MALTA, From October 1, 1832, to July 1, 185G. STATES Years BNBING EXPORTS IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. i Sept. SO. Domestic. FOEEIGN. Total. Total. 1 EXPOET. Impoet. Amer. Foe. 1888 150,828 $50,828 $81,073 1884 37,426 87,426 49,523 1,091 1885 109,655 $121,248 230,898 31,867 $381 $1,482 2,126 1836 38,817 139,892 178,709 84,890 781 761 1837 100,805 178,366 274.171 85,961 1 1,993 710 1888 81.955 4,078 86,033 16,866 2,470 1 857 1889 65.S70 34,126 99,996 24,918 1,869 1840 Total, 14.610 45,386 59,990 28,471 .... ! 448 $499,966 518,091 1,018,057 253,094 SSI 8,952 9,165 1,471 1841 27,869 21,070 48,939 1,461 860 274 1842 11.644 8,261 19,905 7,300 756 1S43* 6.436 11,471 17,907 27 214 1844 9.752 7,246 16.998 15 [ 611 I8« 12,909 12,909 22,311 . 954 1846 23,754 10,927 84,681 21.589 SS2 1847 25,096 22,.541 47,637 843 223 1848 33,123 15,955 49,083 3S4 1,812 t . . 1349 51.23.3 62,7M 118.967 8,405 8.068 720 1850 Total, 75,329 89,051 114,380 11,354 2,665 456 $277,150 199,256 476,406 72,846 12,165 1,678 1851 64,061 12.238 76,299 26,167 ! 1.097 746 1852 90,:347 16,975 118.322 114,304 2,442 45.3 1853 165,319 22,?37 187,556 80,053 2,000 2,721 741 1854 148,523 21,245 169.773 83,695 8,197 802 1855 212,397 72,452 2S4.S49 62,616 4,088 629 1856 281,045 83.541 814,586 44,224 i 2,998 400 * 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. The central position, excellent port, and great strenglh of Malta, make it an admirable naval station for the repair and accommodation of the men-of-war and merchant-ships frequenting the Mediten-anean, and render its possession of material importance to the British empire. Since Malta-built vessels were admitted into the ports of the United Kingdom on the same terms as those of British-built, the trade of ship-building has materially increased on the island. The Maltese shipwrights are diligent, expert workmen ; and, their wages being moderate, it is a favorable place for careening. Owing to the want of a dry -dock, all ships above the size of a sloop- of-war that require to have their bottoms examined, have to go to England for that purpose. This, surely,* should bo obviated. Quarantine is strictly enforced at Malta; but there is every facility for its performance, and the charges are less than at any other port in the Mediterranean. Malta is now the center of a very exten- Bive steam-packet system ; the steamers from England for the Ionian Islands, Con- stantinople, Alexandria, and other parts of the Levant, touch here. The French steamers from these ports usually perform quarantine at Malta. In 1825, British silver money was introduced into Malta ; the Spanish dollar being made legal tender at the rate of 4s. 4d., the Sicilian dollar at 4s. 2d., and the scudo of Malta at l.s. 8d. The pound or rottolo, commercial weight = 30 oncio — 12-216 English grains. Hence 100 rottoli (the cantaro) = 174^- lbs. avoirdupois, or TS-M kilog. Merchants usually reckon the cantnroat 175 lbs. The salma of com, stricken me:usuro — 8.221 Winchester bushels; heaped mea.suro i.s reckoned 16 per cent. more. The caffi.so, or measure for oil, contains 5^ Enghsh gallons = 20818 litres. The barrel is double the caffiso. The Maltese foot — 11 1-Gth English inches =- -2836 meters. The canna = 8 palmi = 81-9 FInglish inches = 2-079 meters. Merchants usually con- vert Malta measure into Enghsh in the proportion of 3 J palmi to a yard, or 2 2-7th yards to 1 canna. 78 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 809 BRITISH INDIA. Calcutta, the principal city of the province of Bengal, the capital of the British (.lominioiis in India, and, witli the exception, periiaps, of Can- ton, the (jjreatest cniporiuin to tlie eastward of the Cape of Good Hope. Its citadel is in latitude 22° 34' 49" N., longitude 88° 27' IG" E. It is about 100 miles from the sea, being situated on the eastern bank of the western branch of the Ganges, denominated by Europeans the Ilooghly river, which is the only arm of the Ganges navigable to any considera- ble distance by large ships. At high water the river opposite to the town is about a mile in breadth ; but during the ebb the side opposite to Calcutta, exposes a long range of dry 8;md-banks. Owing to the length and intricacy of the navigation from the sea, it can not be undertaken without a pilot; so that, even if it did not exceed our limits, it would be useless to attempt any description of it in this place. The principal merchants and traders consist of British and other Euro- peans, Portuguese, born in India, Armenians, Jews, Persians, from the coast of the Persian Gulf, commotdy called Parsees, Moguls, Mohammed- ans of Ilindostan, and Hindoos ; the latter usually either of the Brah- minical or mercantile castes, and natives of Bengal. The native Portu- guese and Armenian merchants have of late greatly declined in wealth and importance. On the other hand, the Persian merchants have in- creased in numbers and wealth, several of them being worth £250,000 sterling. The large fortunes of the Hindoo merchants have been much broken down of late years by litigation in the courts, and naturally through the law of equal coparcenary among brothers. To counterbal- ance this, there has been, since the opening of the free trade in 1814, a vast augmentation of the number of inferior merchants, worth from £20,000 to £50,000 sterling. There are but few Hindoo merchants at present whose wealth exceeds £200,000 sterling. ABSTRACT VIEW OF THE EXTERNAL COMMERCE OF BENGAL. IMPOETB, 1S51-1852. EXPOBTS, 1851- 1852. Merchandise Treasura > Total. Merchandise. Treasure Total. Great Britain, . 6,.'>D,79,'28-2 91,74,544 6,51,53,826 4,78,20,145 78,053 4,78,98,198 France, . 9,:f8,0Hl 4,25,850 13,03,881 48,07,4;U 4S,07,4;il North America, 9,9!t,05:! 2,22,090 12,21,743 76,84,224 76,84,224 Madras Coast, . 9,24,:i;!S 18,08,553 27,32,891 12,52,090 1,47,924 14,00,014 Ceylon, . , 90,081 1,80,225 1,60,906 1,50,240 57,100 2,07,340 Maldives and Lac- I cadive«, f 1,36,292 1,36,292 60,032 60,032 Malabar Coast, 17,75,800 3,47,380 21,23,180 20,71,501 20,71,501 Arabian and Persian 1 (Julfs, (■ 7,29,20.5 1,80,722 9,09,027 12,51,597 12,61,597 SinRaporo, 14,G9,43l 16,2.'5,031 30,94,462 44,04,137 540 4-1,04,677 I'enan;; and Malacca, 6,12,029 1,34,631 7,47,260 5,44,79.) 7,148 5,51,907 China, 16,00,846 89,12,398 l,a5, 13,244 3,22,17,277 3,22,17,277 New Holland, . 12,6:5,2W 10,4,V2 12,82,707 3,16,544 3,16,644 Java and Sumatra . 37,15i 2,407 39,649 68,971 68,971 I'egu, 5,:(4,t'63 3,51,063 8,66,0-'6 14,43,883 15,96;i74 80,40,057 Mauritius. 22,323 8,01,993 8,84,316 15,95,297 56,370 16,61,667 Bourbon, . 20,(>r>-l 7,8t,9a5 7,5:^,903 6,06,865 6,06,866 Cape and St. Helen*, 3.'>,67f> 35,850 71,5:5 2,08,585 2,566 2,71,086 Hamburg, 1.49,014 1,49,014 2,27,950 2,27,960 Cadiz, 1,18,996 1,18,096 Amsterdam, 1,568 1,563 Trieste, . 83,063 83;663 Genoa, ss/j.-ie 3.%956 4,21,833 4,21,888 Other places, . <)6,602 96,602 2,66,278 2,66,278 Total, Company's 1 rupees. J 6,76,14,750 2,49,63,184 9,24,77,934 10,84,63 897 19.45,809 11,04,09,706 808 British East Indies. n FOREIGN COMI^IERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE BRITISU EAST INDIES, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Yeabs KNDINO EXPOKTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was In Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CLD. Sbpt. 80. 1821 Domestic. Foreign. 1 Total. Total. ExroRT. $1,884,949 Import. Amer. For. 132,089 $1 934,19o'$l,9f>6.279 $1,530,799 8,027 1822 67,979 1,968.365 2,03(1.:!44 1^.272,217 1,930.376 8,347 1823 10,642 307,738 31S.3S0 3!265!961 283,052 895 1824 34,354 927,716 962,070 441. S67 782,386 2,920 1825 206,450 784,629 991,079 1,756,484 665,523 4,124 1826 24,226 418,042 442.-."(13 2.510.606 3,54,5.57 2,030 1827 82,717 1,018.733 1,05T.4.'J0 569.050 872.183 2,430 1828 54,199 795.0S'i S49,8S1 1.M2.736 650,080 8,441 1829 69,070 477.629 546,699 1.229.569 297,301 8,a50 1880 Total, 93,731 553,126 646,857 1,373,297 160,641 $500 4,029 $625,457 9,185,850 9,811,807 17,492,592 7,881,048 500 29,293 1831 182,442 675,890 807,832 ; 1.544,273 486,027 82 0,481 1882 18^,218 839.2;55 52S.4.')3 2.538,988 212,886 11,000 6,916 1833 136,156 188,843 824.999 1.832,059 80,910 2,700 6,736 1884 199,602 206,941 406.54^5 2,293,012 147,825 872 5,655 1835 364,417 389,641 754.058 1,697.893 529,123 10,389 1836 289,315 435,461 724.77e 2,954.476 &51,925 10,520 188T 120,591 82,907 203.55S 3,041.842 18,8.'>0 l',296 8,487 1888 820,505 258,402 578,907 ! 675.531 279,921 8,884 1839 246,845 337.597 684,442 2.135,152 891.725 10,557 1840 Total, 230,404 851,791 6:32,195 1.952,461 815,007 1,597 6,742 $2,279,495 3,266,268 5.545,763 20,665,637 2,758,699 17,511 73,816 1841 532,334 430,867 963.201 1.236.641 378,650 40 12,647 1842 899,979 283,825 6S.3.S04' 1,530,364 202,5t)0 2,951 9.079 ]',i29 1843* 237,576 140,136 877.712 689,777 87.839 6,415 1844 888,413 837,5,')3 675,966 882,792 274,107 "so 10,479 1845 297,3;n 134.067 431,398 , 1.276.534 76.168 10,814 1846 270,600 99,772 370,372 1.861,345 73.920 1.479 10.979 "706 1847 237,783 135,4->4 373.237 1,646.457 100,132 2,300 12.294 1848 610.284 150.715 666.999 2.069.632 56,2;ta l.^.S-H 642 1849 8-'!2,962 70.562 409.524 2.036.2.M 249 21,020 827 1850 Total, 502,613 156,840 659,469 2,685,016 85,400 29,.389 2,133 $3,659,875 1,951,797 5,611,072 15,414,812 1,235,323 6,820 136,970 4,943 1861 512,906 175,484 688.390 8.336.835 80,671 49.216 2,964 1852 666.188 89,860 604.498 4.22.5.041 .\50 j 52,763 7,730 1858 603.856 6:^.542 5';7.39S 8.581.726 4.5.727 ] 60,461 0,8n9 1854 567,193 69,219 636.412 5,378.;52t 29.721 .... 46,812 585 1855 714,119 193,141 912,263 5..4.'.7.37S 6.').424 80.729 4,742 1868 691,998 75,631 767,629 7,005,911 80,700 .... 63,265 9,483 * 9 months to Juno SO, and tbo llscal year from this tlmo begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Bombay, a seaport on the western coa.'st of British India, lut. 18° 50' N., and long. 72° 67' K. It is situated at tlio sonth-oasterly extremity of a small island, of same name, separated from the main land by an arm of the .sea, forminp, with tlio contig- uous i.sland.s of Colabah, Salsettc, Butchers', and Curaigah, ono of tlio best iiarbora in India. Tho entrance is nearly throe miles wide, and has a depth of Ironi 35 to 40 feet. Maura 8, tho second British India presidency, and principal port on the western coast of tho bay of Bengal. It i.s without port or harbor, lying close to an open roadstead, and the shore having a constant surf A rapid current runs along tho coast, and typhoons are common. Large ships anchor about two miles from shore, in the roads, in from 40 to GO feet of water, and lighters are used to load and unload freight. SiNQAPORK, a British settlement, on an island of same name, at tho eastora ex« tromity of Malacca, lat. 1° 17' 22" N., long. 103° 51' 45" E. 80 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 811 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, An important colony of Great Britain, occupying the south part of the peninsula of Africii, bet%Yeeu latitude 29" 41' and 34° 51' S,, and longi- tude 17" 10' and 21" 32' E. ; bounded on the south and east by the In- dian Ocean, and ou the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the countries of the Namaqua*;, (Jriquiis, and other Hottentot tribes, and ou the north-east by 13ritisn Kafraria. Length, west to east (Cape peninsula to Keiskanima river), 550 miles; average breadth, 250 miles. Area, es- timated at 110,000 square miles. Poi»ulation in 1850, 261,430, mostly Africans, Dutch, negroes, and a small number of Hottentots. The coun- try is i'onned of a series of territories rising in successive stages from south to north. Bays, Helena, Table, False (the west part of which forms Simon's bay), St. Sebastian, Mossel, Plettenberg, and Algoa. Streams are numerous, but rapid, mostly dry in summer, and unfit for navigation ; the chief are, on the east and south coast, Keiskanima, Great Fish, Bush- man, Sunday, Camtoos, and Broedo; on the west. Berg and Elephant, or Oliphant ; and ou the north, several small streams tributary to the Orange. The climate is mild and healthy, but very dry ; rains irregular, often fall- ing in torrents on the coast, but rare in the plains of the interior. The commerce of the colony is extensive ; the ports are Cape Town and Simon's Town, in the west, and fort Elizabeth in the east. Total value of exports in 1844, £350,735, of which £246,217 were to the United Kingdom. Imports same year, £1,123,061.^ In 1845, 35 ships (3,713 tons) and 307 men belonged to .the colony; and in 1847, 791 ships (209,426 tons) entered, and 782 ships (205,618 tons) cleared from its ports. The colony consists of an east and a west province, and these are divided into 14 districts; viz.. Cape Division and Stelleubosch, in the south-west; Zwellendam, George, Uitenhage, and Albany, on the south coast; Cianwilliam on the north-west; Worcester and Beaufort, Graaf Keynet, and Somerset, in the interior ; Colesberg, on the north-east ; Cradock and Victoria, on the east. The capitals have the same names as the districts, except Graham's Town, which is the capital of Albany, and Fredericsburg, of Victoria district. Stellenbosch is the chief wine, and Zwellendam, the principal corn-growing district ; the others are mostly appropriated to grazing. Government is administered by a Par- liament, conjj)Oscd of the governor, legislative council, of 16 members, and a House of Assembly of 46 members, elected for a term of five years. (Salary of governor and commander-in-chief, £5,000.) The Dutch founded a colony at the Cape, in 1648, which was taken by the British in 1795. European grains, and the fruits of temperate and tropical Temons, have been successfully introduced. Corn is raised more than requisite fur consumption, and the cultivation of the vine is an important source of wealth ; a good white wine is produced in the interior, but only the small vineyard at the foot of Table Mountain produces the celebrated liqueur called Constantia. Cattle-rearing is the chief branch of rural in- dustry ; and the introduction of the Merino sheep has rendered the rural trade of the colony important. The value of produce of the colony ex- ported in 1840 amounted to £359,517. The coasts abound with mack- erel and herrings, and in 1842 the whale and seal fishing employed 144 boats. 810 Cape of Good Hope. 81 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE AND BRITISH SOUTH AMERICAN POSSESSIONS, From October 1, 1820, to Jclt 1, 1856. Years ENDI.VCI Seit. 80. KXPORTS. IMPORTS Wlicreof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. DoMESTia jFOKEION. TOTAU Total. $68,875 46',659 6,186 ExroRT. blPOBT. Amkb. Fob. 1«!21 1SJ2 IS-.'.-J lrt24 1S25 1S2G 1827 1.S28 1N29 18.30 $0,150 2l",i54 .... $6',i33 $6',i56 27,587 $3',566 '188 800 4.32 425 Total, 18.31 1882 18.33 isat 1S86 1886 1887 1883 1889 1840 $27,804 7,562 60',565 86,218 23,898 22,718 88,879 85,816 6,433 2,521 4,517 6,626 197 88,787 7,.'562 2,621 60,.565 90,7&5 28,898 22,718 9.3,399 86,018 115,020 18,766 41,750 28,7.35 98,799 12,0.34 43.0.'>9 82,824 $5,626 8,500 '756 1,295 "267 1,600 716 1,650 455 1,004 2,278 650 189 166 Total, 1841 1842 1!M8* 1844 1S45 1.8-16 1847 1848 1849 1850 $830,156 61,.324 8o',n,'i.5 82,988 83,743 23,713 100,172 100,3.38 94,422 148,219 12,255 19,0.39 842,411 51,.324 80,055 82.938 .33,74;? 2.3,713 106,172 120,277 94,422 143,219 1 205,401 17,1.W 2.3,815 31,192 29.100 26,439 8I,a80 86,041 60.481 71.298 72,206 5,020 4,666 15,589 76« 919 8,420 968 ■466 1,689 498 2,296 2.287 1.670 2,728 1.912 299 153 Total, 1861 1863 185.3 1854 1855 1856 $005,924 101,891 224,2.36 867,281 292,628 448,476 896,780 19,939 ijis 8,141 7,.380 8,837 21,471 685,803 101.891 225.9.M 870,372 299.958 452.312 413,251 449,429 ' 12.3,223 190,790 ' 802,303 44.8.908 418..VW 483,594 19,689 919 1,800 37,169 ll",58i 14,444 2,.V)1 4,848 4,705 a869 &,65« 7,078 153 9?7 613 988 881 6M 303 * 9 months to Juno 80, and tbo fiscal year ft-um this time begins Jaly 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. C.vi'E Tows, tho capital of tho BritLsh territory in Soutli Africa, nt the bottom of Tablo bay, alx)Ut 32 niilea north from tho Cajx) of Good Hope, and on tho western side of the territory to whicli it pivcs it-s name, lat 3.1° 55' 5G" S., lonp. 1S° 21' E. Tho town wa.s founded by tlio Dutch in 1050, and remained, with tho territory sub- ject to it, in their poa.<»es.sion, till it was t.'ikcn by tlio British in nO."). It wa.« re- stored to tho Dutch by tho treaty of Amieu.'^ ; but beinp apain captured by tho Brit- ish in 180G, it wa." finally ceiled to them in 1815. Tablo biiy is capable of eontaininff any number of ships; but it is exposed to tho westerly winds, which, durinj? tho months of .Tune, July, and August, throw in a heavy swell, that has been productive of many distrcssintc accidents. Thi.s, in fact, is the preat drawback upon Capo Town, which in all other respects is most admirably lilted for a commorci.ol station. Sald.vnha b.\y, lat. 33° 6' S., long. 17° 58' 15", 50 miles north of Cajx) Town. 82 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 818 AUSTRALIA, OR NEW HOLLAND, The largest island on the globe, is situated in the southern hemisphere ; and, jvs des(Mil>od by writers generally, forms the main land around which arc olustored tliose groups of islands which, in modern geography, constitute the fifth great division of the earth's surface. Wilson Prom- ontory, its most southern angle, is in latitude 39" 11' S., and Capo York, its northernmost headlAnd, in latitude 10° 43' S. Its greatest breadth, .from north to south, is thus 1,708 geographical miles, or 1,965 Htatute miles. Cape Byron, tlie ea.storn limit, is in longitude 153° 37' E., and Cajie Inscription, in 112° 55' E., forms its westernmost point; mak- ing the extreme length of the island from east to west about 2,603 Brit- ish miles, by an average breadth of 1,200 miles — a tract of land well entitled to be called acontinent, by which name it is frequently desig- nated by geographers. Its superficies approximates to 2,690,810 square miles. That of the continent of Europe being 3,084,841 square miles we can form some idea of its extent by comparison. The nomenclature and geographical subdivisions of this island-conti- nent have undergone many alterations from time to time, as the territory has Ix'coine colonized. Before any settlement had been cliected by the British government upon its shores, the entire island was designated New Holland, not only by the Dutch — from whom it received its name — but on our own charts and maps. The east coast, first discovered and ex- plored by Captain Cook, in 1770, was named by him New South Wales, Tlio middle portion of the north coast bore the name of Arnhem Land, after the ship of its discoverer, Zcachen, in 1618. The west and southwest coasts were named in like manner by their discoverers, the Dutch navi- gators, in the seventeenth century, De Witt's Land, Endraght's Land, Edel's L:md, Leeuwin's Land, and Nuyl's Laud. That of Van Diemen's Land was given byTasmau to what he supposed was the southern penin- sula of New Holland, but which was afterward discovered by Bass to be an island. Since this great territory has become the undisputed possession of Brit.'iin, other names, with the exception just mentioned, have, according to the law of nations, been substituted for the old Dutch titles. New South Wales is only applied now to about one half the oast coast terri- tory. The name of the entire island also is changed from New Holland to the more appropriate designation of Australia, by which it is now uni- versally recognized and described. The subdivisions South, North, and Western Australia would be equally proper if their boundaries were de- fined according to the ordinary rules of geographical dissection. But while the first section. South Australia, is only the middle portion of tho Bouth coast, trending inland to the central region ; and the second, North Australia, embraces all to tho north of New South Wales ; the third sec- tion. Western Australia, nearly bisects the island, leaving a small tract of land between it and South Australia, with no name at all A better di- vision would be to draw a line right across from east to west in latitude 20° S.; thus bisecting the island near its intertropical parallel; for al- tliough this line would be 3i degrees south of the tropic of Capricorn, still tho influence of the tropical ruins and winds ascend even higher than this parallel. 812 Atiatralia. 88 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH AUSTRALIA, From Octobek 1, 1837, to July 1, 1856. Trass EXDINO Beit. 30. EXPORTS. IMPOETS 1 Whereof there was in Bullion &, ijpccle. TON'GE CL'D. Domsna FOKEIUN. TOTAU TOTAU $3(),r)38 58,344 122,141 Export. Impobt. Ams. Fob. 1888 1889 1840 ToUl, 1841 1842 184S« 1844 1846 1846 1847 1848 1S49 1850 Total, 1861 1862 1853 ISM 1865 1866 $38,546 6,790 84,847 $816 6,022 $*»,3r,2 0,790 90,869 620 1,068 1,868 $125,183 63,784 62,661 67,305 29,667 69,.'521 48,788 »),289 6,838 112,557 ll",232 790 132,021 176,341 62,651 69,a'J7 29,667 70,311 48,783 8:3,289 211,023 86,706 28,693 44,910 122 $101,621 6,720 $37,126 8,041 1,787 690 416 $365,600 196,654 4,14S,82S 2.999,635 2,703,048 4,909,925 124,579 11,713 13S,174 149,444 820,506 125,047 4S0,079 20S,2G7 4,2S7,(MI2 8,149,079 3,023,549 6,034,972 160,481 214,202 22:1,693 134,452 ' 108,841 7,498 8,ii2 87,125 197',58i io',9o6 8.TW 9^818 66,944 89,421 43.8.58 42,866 n.oio 18.0.84 4,9S9 2.479 4,722 ♦ 9 months to June 80, and tho fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT.S. Melbourne, the capital of the Urili.^h colony of Victoria, Au.stralia, on tho Yarra- Yarra, near its mouth in Port Philip, lat. 37° 48' G" S., long. 144° 57' 7" E. Pop- ulation in 1850, 20,000. It was founded in 1837, and now extends for two miles, with a breadth of one mile, along the river, wliich i.s navigable to tho town for ves- 8el.s of 200 tons. It i.s tho chief seat of the trade of Victoria, though large .«hipa arriving at its port are obliged to lie opposite Williainstown, about four miles diatant Site low, and frequently flooded. Streets regtilar ; houses cliiefly of brick, many of tho public buildings of stone, and, alt/jgothcr, it has tho a.spoctof an Knglish country town. Vahio of e.vporta from Victoria, mostly from Melbourne and Geclong, in 1849, £737,007, of which £574,504 stood for wool ; imports, £479,831. Melbourne com- niuiiic.'itcs d.'iily by steamers with Geelong on the west side of the bay. and at ."Stated jxTJods with Sydney, L;iunce8ton, and Ilobart Town, in Tasmania (Van Pieman's Land). Around it are many tiiriving f;irms and coinitry residences of its more wealthy inhabitants. — MiUwurne island, Pacific ocean, fomi.Sj with Iledford and Minto island.s, a group of tho Dangerous Archipelago, and was discovered by Lord E. Uu.s.soll in 1837. AnKi.AiDK, a city of South Australia, soven miles S.E. (Vom its port, on an inlet, and on tho E. of the Gulf of St Vincent Ut 34° 57' S. ; long. 138° 38' E. The inlet of the sea forming tho harlwr, opjwsitetho entrance to which a light-vessel is moonxl, ptretciiea from the gulf, tVom which it is separated by a narrow nock of land, for about 8 miles southward, surrounding Torrens island. At its entrance is a sand-bar, with 8 feet of water at ebb, and 10 feet at (lootl tide. SYnXKV, cipital of Now Sotith Wales, in lat 33° 55' a, long. 150o 10' V.. Syd- ney is situated on a cove on the south side of Port Jackson, nl>oul seven miles fVom its mouth. Tiio water is sufllcient to allow tho largest ships to oorao clof«t> to llio shore. The inlet or harbor, called Port Jackson, is one of the finest natural luisiui! in the world; it stretches about 15 miles into tho country, and has numerous crocks and baya Tho anchorage is everywhere goo^i, and phips are protected ttom all winda 84 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 815 HONDURAS, Republic of Central Ameiioa, lalitudc 13° to 10° N., longitude 85° 40' to 89"" 5' W. Bounded X. and E. by tlio Caribbean sea and Mosquita ; W. by Guatemala ; S. by Salvador, and the Bay of Conchagua, on the Pacific ; S.E. by Mosquita and Nicaragua. Area, G4,G80 geographical square miles, and is divided in Y departments, viz. : PEPAIITMKNTS. Coinayagua, . Cholutaca, G facias, Yoro, . Tot;il, . Population. 85,000 .•!8,000 19,000 31,000 RKPAKTMEMS. Tejucigalpa, . Olancho, Santa Barbara, Population 45,000 45,000 35,000 . 308,000 Of the vegetable productions of Honduras, the mahogany-treo stands first in importance, and, from its vast size and magnificent foliage, is de- servedly entitled, "king of the forest." It is to be found in nearly all parts of Honduras, in the valleys of the various streams. It is, however, most abundant upon the lower valleys of the rivers flowing into the Bay of Honduras, where the cartes (cuttings) are chiefly carried on by the Spaniards. A fi.xed sum is paid to the government for each tree cut down. Rosewood is common on the northern coast, where it is begin- ning to form an article uf conmierce. Lignumvitie abounds in the val- ley of the Ulna, on the river banks in the jilain of Comayagua, and in other parts. Among the numerous dyewoods, for which Honduras is celebrated, may be mentioned fustic, Brazil wood, yellow Sanders, drag- on's-blood-tree, Nicaragua wood (a variety of Brazil wood), and the anotfa. Among the gum and medicinal-trees, are the gum-arabic-tree, copaiba-tree, copal-tree, liquid amber, castor-oil, ipecacuanha, and the Het'ca tlustica. Among the more common of the others, are tlie long- leaved or pitch-pine, cedar, cclba or silk-cotton-tree, live-oak, mangrove, iron-wood, calabash, various kin.83 100,0.52 « 11,4.35 28l",885 86,169 7.670 687 18W 157,060 194.365 «51,»:;.-, 217,097 $6,mio 51.047 6,290 1,280 1825 57,2S6 28,54^3 80,h29 243,446 5,660 27,a31 1,201 1826 88,188 17,428 .... 1827 18,26i l',573 14,834 17,947 , 0,575 1828 5,950 2,371 8,821 1,760 1 6(J0 1829 12,fi9:{ 8,229 20,922 64,847 46,117 1830 Total, 25,132 5,432 80,564 1,472 1,042 $705,775 570,388 1,276,113 1,131,140 11,560 454,693 26,569 2,649 1881 46,288 13,732 59,965 44,463 1 20.503 1,449 288 1882 65.459 17,397 S2,h5«; 84.162 19,101 2.677 97 1838 70,622 28,724 99.246 101,615 63,S12 1,627 1884 56,072 89,876 95.448 149,.599 43,.V29 4,041 'm 1885 134,703 87,561 172.2W 1 174,960 71,7sO 11,007 665 1886 109,828 88,015 145,838 1 21.\:i92 39,797 4.236 1.818 1887 99,694 12,158 iii.b52 ; 202,621 79,137 6,0W 2.158 1888 89,896 19,800 109,196 I 201.44S 114,902 2,400 1.506 1839 181,861 29,839 211,200 . 164,027 1 76,421 1 6,4S4 2.561 1840 ToUI, 182,095 68,871 190,466 158,353 1 111,114 6,048 l,7l« (986,858 291,973 1,278,831 1,446,643 630,096 43,910 11,627 1841 141,864 61,382 193,246 282,244 137,783 6,409 1.010 1*12 127,.'!89 36,643 16;3,987 202,808 1,666 9S,6o7 5.679 1M.S* 92,27 S 16,304 108,582 186,688 74,608 7,425 ■71H 1844 197,495 41,524 289,019 24-S313 11,920 104,139 7,914 8*i7 1845 188,494 51,421 289,915 204,81 S 7,.599 74,577 3,S69 663 1846 8-25,494 64,.W8 890,032 1 207.997 2,072 8<1,458 9,620 0<1 2ii3,>--.'9 1S.\6>4 10,\429 6,456 1,'«3 1849 191,347 84.(iJ0 226,967 262,417 ; 109,tK»5 6,215 698 1850 ToUl, 1719*1 16,551 18s,5;55 17N690 6,(Vi6 46,744 4,225 1,952 $1,947,841 897,6S8 2,345,029 2,IJ56,9S1 28,191 922,777 61,783 8,490 1851 218,806 23,862 237,168 174,526 15,610 l.\«02 8,038 8,126 1852 292,818 69,259 862,073 261,646 17.*t7 8\294 6,020 2,440 18M 81H,8.V> 63,005 as 1,360 26<5.298 8,000 22,8S7 Mil 8,320 18M 803,913 5S,72H 262,W1 -iSWA 17,1100 4«i,820 4,188 8,537 1855 471,433 5l,.VJfl 522,9.'.9 339,974 4,995 6,HSa 4.668 1856 850,000 88,789 883,739 382,117 2,000 111,828 4,988 8,786 * 9 month* to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Tlio principal porta of Ilondura-s on the Atlantic ftro Puerto Ciil)allo, Onio.-v and TrnxiUo. Puerto Caballo, the first i)ort c.«tal)li.ei:ig from six to twelve fathom.'^ — and h.is secure holding-ground. It Ls |x>rfeclly protected from tho N.N.K. and N.W. wind-s which are those that prevail on thi.'» awt. The port of Omoa, in lat 15° 47' N., long. 88° A' W., is small but stK-uro, and ia defended by a strong fort Tho anchorage is pood, in from two to six fatlioms. Truxiuai is situated on tho western shore of a noble bav, in lat 15° 65' N, long. 86° W. Population in 18-12, 2,500: 1,000 whites and Ladinos and 1,600 Cariba. 86 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 865 BRITISH GUIANA. British Guiana, tho most westerly of the three colonies, is bounded on the E. and N.E. by the Atlantic, E. by Dutch Guiana, from which it is sep- arated by tho river Corentyn, S. by lirazil, and W. by Venezuela. It lies between 0° 40' and 8° 40' N, latitude, and 57° 61' W. longitude, and has an estimated area of 76,000 square miles ; but the possession of much of this has been disputed by Brazil and Venezuela. It is divided into three counties, Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, so named from the three principal rivers which drain them. Demerara, situated between the other two, occupies tho center of the seaboard for nearly 90 miles. To the N.W,, the county of Essequibo stretches along the coast toward the swamps and forests of the Avestem frontier ; and to the S, E. lies the county of Berbice. The entire coast of British Guiana is low, and generally bordered with a sandy flat, extending far out to sea, so that vessels drawing more than 12 feet of water can not approach within 2 or 3 miles of land. The rivers, too, deposit at their mouths large quantities of mud and sand, and are thus inaccessible to vessels of large size. Extending from low water- mark to a distance of 5 or 6 miles, is a tract of rich alluvial soil of recent formation. This is succeeded by a flat narrow reef of sand run- ning exactly parallel with the present hue of coast. Here remains of stranded vessels, and anchors eaten through with rust, have been found, indicating, that within a comparatively recent period, it had been washed by the waves of the Atlantic. Running parallel to this reef, at irregular distances, varying from 10 to 20 miles, is a second and higher range, composed of coarse white sand ; and which, at a period more remote, probably formed tho sea limit. The principal river of British Guiana is the Essequibo, which rises in Sierra Acarai, and after a course of at least 600 miles, discharges itself into the ocean by an estuary 20 miles in width, in N. latitude 7°, W. longitude 58"" 40'. In the estuary of the Essequibo are a group of beautiful ishinds, partially cultivated, tho principal of which are Varken, or Hog Island, about 21 miles in length, by 3 in breadth ; Wakenaam and Leguan, each about 1 2 miles by 3, and Tiger Island about half that size. The entrance is difficult and dangerous, even for vessels of small size, on account of the banks of mud and sand. Its course lies through forests of tho most gigantic vegetation. The staple productions of the colony are sugar, coffee, and cotton. Fron>an official table of the exports of British Guiana, from 1826 to 1851, wo find that in 1827, 15,904 bales of cotton were exported; but from that period this cultivation gradually gave place to sugar, and in 1844 cea-ses to appear in the table as an article of export. Since 1851, however, it seems to have received more attention, for among the ex- ports from British Guiana into the United Kingdom in 1854, wo find 1093 cwt. of cotton. Coffee, from upward of 9,500,000 lbs. in 1830, gradually fell ofl" to only 3,198 lbs. in 1851. As to sugar, making a due allowance for the diflference of seasons, the quantity exported re- mained pretty steady from 1826 to 1837, tho year preceding the termi- nation of the apprenticeships, averaging about 66,000 hogsheads. lu 1851 there were exported 43,034 hogsheads. 864 British Ghiiana. 87 FOREIGN COmiERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITn BRITISH GUIANA, From October 1, 1833, to July 1, 1830. Yeabs ESDINO Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS 1 Whereof there was in Bullion 12 41.816 6,145 2,094 1344 807,052 2,1 S4 809,2.36 9,885 7,.50:} 10,470 2,868 184.'5 416,867 1,'isl 41\748 7,957 2,800 4,900 i 12,.325 2,801 1346 651,668 1,654 ^5:{,.3l»2 12,661 1,475 ; 17,701 8..5« 184T 621,908 1,816 623,719 19.125 18,025 13,492 1.8*5 1*1S 695.114 l,3ti5 696.479 24,2.54 12,203 16.141 1,22.5 l'<49 662.815 .3,759 606,074 25,520 4,679 15,0M 1,578 ISOO Total, 602,776 22,60;} 6'A439 14,591 20,000 600 11,M2 2,537 $4,271,163 89,728 4,810,891 189,667 22,800 108,678 117,181 24,063 1851 640,.554 8,784 644,283 44,213 2-1,824 12,001 4.220 1862 742,286 18,881 760,667 43.94.3 M.770 23,000 12,123 8,713 1853 798,841 88,863 837,704 64,53:$ ' 82,500 14,426 3.1 SI 1854 718,096 1,153 719,249 47,4s9 j 1,974 12.181 8,161 1855 824,119 818 824.932 107,180 i 68,447 1.3..511 1,933 1856 871,766 8,497 375,203 151,574 1 1 .... 2,000 13,571 8,328 * 9 monttu to June 80, and the facaX year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Gkoroetown (formerly Stabrook), tlie capifcil of British Guiana, ia situated on the east bank of the Dcmcrara, at its mouth, which is tiiero about three miles wide, in lat. 6° 49' 30 ' N., lonp. 08° 11' 30 ' W. The town itaclf is one of the prettiest in the "West Indies, and its streets are wide and straipht, intersectinjf each other at rij^ht angles. Tho hoascs are of wood, with open verandah.^ in front, and neatly painted in cool and quiet colors; they are ph.ided and almost hiilden by tn'cs and shrubs, and look more like a collection of \\\\aa than a town. Tho street alum; tho river side — where all tho stores and shops arc situated, and where business is chiefly transacted — forms, however, an exception; there every thinjr is plain, bare, and busine.ss-Iike. The ships lie alongside the wharves or at a short dL-^tanco in tho stream, which is also crowded with numerous smaller vessels engaged in the isliitid trade, or in bringing produce from tho more distant estates. Tho hall of tlie Ic^'isla- tive council, courts of justice, custom-house, treasury, and all tho other puMii* otlice^ are in one building of considerable extent and arcliitectural be.iuty, with .shady jwrl- icoes and marble-paved galleries or venuidalis supported on cast-iron columns. Tho chief of tho other public edifices are the cathedral and churches, several liberally- maintained hospitals, barrack.s, market-place, and ice-hou.se. Below tho town is tho "Fort," as it is called, but wliich looks more like a green field, with a few piroi pointing toward tho sea, and a house or two for a single ofliccr and a dozen artillery- men. Population in 1851, 25,503. Tho following table will show the comparative importonco of tho trado of tho three Guianas with tho United States during tho year ending Juno 30, 1856 : n.itARiiD rsoM r. a. Vo.Mcl.i. Ton*. 23 3,328 3 C65 KJfTKRKD INTO V. «. Vo«»cls. Ton*. British Guiana, . 9 1,21G Dutch " . . 4 702 French " . 1 102 88 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 867 JAMAICA. Jamaica is the largest of the British islands. It lies 90 miles west of S;into Domingo, the same distance south of Cuba, and 135 miles north of Carthageua, in Nueva Grenada. Its longtli is about 150 miles, and its breadth 55 miles, with an area of some 0,250 square miles. Capital, Kingston. The total population of the island is about 388,000. West ludies. — 1. Jamaica; 2. Windward Islands, including Barbadoes, St. Vincent, (Irenada, Tobago, St. Lucia, and Trinidad; 3. Leeward Isl- ands, including Antigua, St. Kitt's Angnilla, Montsenat, Nevis, Dominica, and Virgin Islands; 4. Bahamas; S.Bermudas; C.British Guiana; 7. llonduras ; 8. Falkland Islands. Aggregate population, 980,535 ; area, 167,384 square miles. From papers recently laid before the British Parliament, it appears that since the emancipation of the slaves, more than GOO estates in the inland have been abandoned. These once gave employment to 50,000 Iji borers. The number of estates abandoned, or partially abandoned from Ji.iiuaiy, 1852, to January, 1853, was as follows : Sugar Estatca Coflfce Estates. Pens or Country Scats. Total acrca Abandoned . . 128 96 30 ^ Partially abandoned, .71 CG 22 I — f 391,187. Total, . . 199 162 52 J The language of the late Governor-general, Sir Charles Gray, on the condition of this island, is instructive : " The fertility of its soil, and fitness for both tillage and pasturage, the richness and variety of its vegetable products the altcruation of mountain and valley, the numerous hot springs and medical waters, the known existence of various and valuable minerals, the timber and ornamental woods of its forests, the abundance and variety of fish on its coasts and neighboring reefs, indicate peculiar facilities for the promotion of the future welfare and prosperity of its inhabitants, and warrant the hope that, low as it has now fallen, it will not be permitted to relapse into utter barbarism." Every thing, however, indicates that such must be the fate of this beautiful and fertile island, unless its social elements be speedily changed. The process of its downfall is being ac- celerated year by year. Bahama, or Lucayas, a chain of i.slands stretching in a north-westerly direction from the north coast of St. Domingo, to that of East Florida, and lying between latitude 21° and 27" 30' N., and longitude 70° 30' and 79'' 5' W. The group is composed of about twenty inhabited isl- ands, and an immense number of islets and rocks. The principal islands in this gr45 1(1,122 1,627,907 1,814,931 7.319 520.7.30 6-!,.3.50 8.654 1824 1,T.'5;1,T08 2n,3ii5 1.771,003 2,75-<,067 12,1.50 823,199 91,6-37 :m~ 1325 1,6*'>,.")74 11,472 l,647,fi46 2,437,122 4S0 0-3\210 9.3.967 6.S07 1826 2,078,871 31.981 2,110,302 2,204,412 7,343 613,.Vi9 99.7-32 8,120 132T 6*), Kir. 7,470 0'.M),575 b9.5,2(l7 818,336 26,796 7,758 1828 26,1-19 2,7o0 28,S.Vi 12.3,291 2,655 34.351 7,974 182^ 1,463 5.1158 «..'>21 24,226 56,295 16.276 1887 2,074,T&S 4:i,»m 2.118,664 1 1.451.302 5,350 661,(^15 ; 6.3.6-.7 16,0S« 1883 2,0%,634 1211,213 2.20(».352 ' I,ft}5,3-I3 81,947 1,256.795 i 66.709 11,245 1839 2,472,838 90,642 2.503.475 941.699 80,731 273,295 76,749 11,268 1840 Total, 2,907,534 58,000 2.96.5,.5S4 1,048,165 5,350 562.001 78,224 18,8M |19,31>9,335 675,186 20,074,521 12,760,934 213,740 5,001,479 614,947 160,688 1341 8.191,683 40,311 3.231,994 a5.5.122 6.131 271,-306 91.587 18,683 1W2 3,204.346 2.S,3G7 3.227,713 1 826,481 2,816 894,390 i 86.691 16,670 l84;j» 2.;}32,809 2.5,071 2,3.57,930 8.37,3:36 1,780 647,407 ; 75.962 14,33s 1844 4,114,218 21,S-.'S 4,l:iG,046 637,906 1,412 84,5,294 I 123,501 26.S54 1845 4,0s7,500 86.720 4,124.220 752,530 22.-345 249,740 129,.504 28.122 1846 4,915,08:1 32,474 4,047,5:>7 6:«,f.73 4,000 8:;2,«i81 124,135 2S,.^2 1347 3,973,252 20,140 3.993,392 947,932 474,167 91,900 21.172 1848 4,344.536 4o,;j47 4,334,333 1,153,563 78,tl33 403,251 1 lU.-MS 24,416 1849 8.9:15.834 20;l,(l97 4,l:i3,931 997,365 212.s-a 229,204 101,704 84.147 1850 Total, 8,(;12,SU2 173,644 3,791,440 1,126,909 1,00.3,371 694,9a3 76,575 ss^.s.<^ 42,487 1853 8,512,133 79,9.'.rt :!,.'.92.o';0 l.(».30,.-.37 62..')s, a ohistcr of small island-s in the Atlantio Ocean, about four liumlrod in number, but for tlio prcater p.irt so small and barren that they posacs-s neitlier iuhabitinUs nor name. Tlio north part of tlieae islands is situ.alod in lonp. G20 28' W., lat. 32° 31' N. Their di.scovcry resulted from tiio shipwrook of Juan UerniudivJ, a Spaniard (whoso name they now be.ir), when on a voyapc from Old Spain to Culm with a carg:o of hop^ about the vear 1522. The value of imports in 1840 amounted to £132,733; in 1850, to £130,.')6l ; of the,30 tlio larppr proportion was from the United State.s. The exports for 1819 amounted to £15.316; for 1850, to £i;),tt(!0. The jwpul.ation in October, 1843, waa 9,934; on the IhI January. 1851, 11,092 — consisting of ■1,GG9 whites; mnle.s 1.9G5, female.s, 2.704. The colored population amounted to 0,-123 ; m.ale.s, 2,832, fem.iles, 3,.'i91. The increa.sc of white population since 1813, h.is boon at the rate of one eighth per annum ; Uio incrraAo of the oolored population at two eijrliths. Tho disproportion between males and fe- males among tho whiles, is attributed to the mcrcasing emigration of Uio young men. 90 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 869 CANADA. This extensive tract of country, and most important colony of England, may be described as a great belt of territory stretching from the center of Noi-th America to the shores of Labrador, and from the waters which flow into the Northern Ocean to the parallel of Pennsylvania, in the United States. Its extent, from east to west, is computed at about 1,400 miles, and from north to south at from 200 to 400 miles. Its precise geographical limits are between the parallels of 41° 71 ' and 50° N. lati- tude, and between the meridian of 57° 50' and 117° W. longitude. Can- ada, lying diagonally along the frontier of the United States, from north- east to south-west, and possessing an inland navigation along its entire border, in a scries of lakes and fivers unrivaled for extent and grandeur, has, especially of late years, been making such rapid progress, that it promises soon to become, in conjunction with its sister British provinces, a power of first-class importance, commercially and politically. The en- tire surface of the present territory of Canada, exclusive of its gTeat waters, has been estimated at 196,000,000 acres, or between two and three times the size of Great Britain and Ireland, This country, formerly divided into two provinces known as Upper and Lower Canada, Avas, in 1841, by an act of the Imperial Parliament, constituted one province, v/ith one Legislature. Although now united, however, for legislative and other pui-poses, the country will most probably continue to be viewed and spoken of under its formerly recognized divisions of Upper and Lower Canada. Canada may be said to comprise one vast valley, through which the great river St. Lawrence takes its course, issuing from Lake Superior and flowing successively through lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, until it falls into the ocean, after a course of 2,000 miles. This immense valley is on each side encompassed by difl'erent mountain ranges, sometimes nearly approaching the water, and at other times receding into the interior, and thus forming extensive plains, for the most part alluvial, and suitable for nearly evesy description of produce. TOWKS. IMPORTS. 1853. 1S54. 1855. Quebec, £1,141,595 £1,754,320 £732,556 Montreal, 3,381,510 3,816,082 3,064,061 Toronto, 1,165,056 1,362,706 EXPORTS. 1,401,454 Quebec, £2,243,453 £2,511,767 £1,658.702 Montreal, 1,883,723 572,514 475,650 Toronto, 221,490 273,040 DUTIES COLLECTED. 404,105 Quebec, £123,454 £179,139 £74,307 Montreal, 449,102 478,603 310,219 Toronto, 156,033 172,576 152,586 The Canadian pound is equal to four dollars United States currency ; the shillings being equal to twenty cents. Formerly, all the importa- tions into Canada were made via Quebec, but the opening of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, between Portland and Montreal, has devel- oped a large and increasing import and export trade with Montreal direct. 1168 Canada. FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH CANADA,* FnoM July 1, 1848, to July 1, 1856. 91 Tbabs EXDING 8kit. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS 1 Whereof there was jiu Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL*D. Domestic. Foreign. TOTAI„ Total. E.xpoRT. j Import. Ameb. Fob. 1849 1850 Total, 1851 1862 1853 1854 1855 1856 |2..320,327 4,641,451 11,914.401 1.289,370 $4,234,723 5,930,821 $1,4S1,0S2 4,285,470 5,760,552 4,956,471 4,589,969 5,278,116 6,721..W9 12,182,314 17,488,197 $181,500, $417.3S0 .... 1 426,309 890,204 919,515 56.3,910 456,527 6,961,773 6,8S5,8.'54 4,004,963 4,005,512 10,510,373 9,950,7(H 15,194,788 3,203,771 2.093,300 2.712,097 3,S23,5S7 (!.79o,:«3 8,769,580 5,688,458 10,165,549 7.929,140 6,717,064 7,829,099 17,300,706 16,720,;M4 20,883,241 181,500 234,801 16G.S50 517,0119 444,477 848,749 1,365.727 5*3,959 9S4,219 75,000' 1,809,719 927.013 76.5,945 1.062,086 880,941 890,017 1,113,734 1,020,437 516,883 589,-345 734,029 648,239 903,502 1,212,698 • The commerce of Canada prior to 1849 -will bo found under the head of Brili.->h American Colonies. TRINCIPAL rORTS. Quebec, the capital of Canada., on the north-west bank of the river St. Lawrence, about 340 miles from its mouth, in lat. 4G° 48' 49" N., long. 71° 10' 45'' W. The navigation at Quebec closes about the end of November, and opens in April. The harbor or basin lies between the town and the island of Orleans. It is safe and com- modious. The water is about 150 feet deep, with a tide of from 17 to 18 feet. There is steam comruuniaition to Amherstburg, a remote settlement in Upper Can- ada, a distance of 1,200 miles. Montreal, Canada, is built at the south-east end of an island in the St. LawTence (hero about two miles wide), and 180 miles above Quebec, lat. 45° 30' N., and long. 73° 35' W. It is the largest city and second commercial port of British America. Railroads connect it with every large city of either Canada or the United States, and being situated at the head of ordinary navigation, and at the foot of the chain of ca- nals, which connect the lakes with the ocean, its commercial advantages are un- equaled. Its quays are unsuq^assed by tho.se of any city in America. Among its manufactures are machinery, iron-ware, spirits, tloor-cloth, carriages, etc. ilontreal is also the chief depot of the Hudson's Bay Company. In even,- respect it is a great commercial city, with u large banking business, and with regard to its general con- veniences and public in.stitutions, is a highly distinguished place. Ita schools, col- leges, libraries, ami literary institutions are ample, and among its churclies there aro aover.'J of high architectural merit. Tiie Roman Catliolic cathedral will accommo- date 12,000 worshipers. Population 70,000. Tlio tubular iron bridge now being built over the St. Lawrence will be two miles long, and when completed will be tlio greatest triumph of engineering in the world. Summary of the liegulatiou-s in force at the different Ports in Canada. — Mcrchandiso shall not bo unladen, except after duo entry, at places designated for that pur- pose, under penalty of forl'eiture. Merchandise sliall not be brought or imported into the province, whetiier by sea, land, coastwise, or by inland navigation, whether dutiable or not, except into some port or place at which a cu.stom-liou.so is or may bo established, under penalty of forfeiture of vessel and good.s, if under the value of $1000; if above that sum. tlien the ves.sel and goods shall bo ret.iined n.s .stvurity for the payment of that amount. This applies, mutatis mutandis, to goods brought into the province, by l.md, in carria}];es or other vchiclea Otlier regulations liuvo roforencp, principally, lo frontier smugpUng, and to the duties and powers of iho officers cliarged witii its pa'veution. Thoy convey no general commircial infonna- tion, and are, therefore, omitted. Mast of the articles on wliich a di.sorimination in favor of importations fmrn (Jreat Britain exists, aro embraced in tlio tliinl articlo ("schedule"') of the Reciprocity Treaty. The foregoing regulations, etc., apply, with some slight moditkations, to all tlio other colonial possessions of Great Britain in North Ajnerica. They will not, therefore, bo again referred to. 92 Foreign Cominercial Statistics. 871 BRITISH COLONIES. North America. — 1, Nova Scotia and Cape Breton ; 2. New Bruns- wick ; 3. Prince Edward's Island ; 4. Vancouver ; 5, Newfoundland. Aggregate population, 2,503,666 ; area, 455,493 square miles. "Province of Nova Scotia, 43° 20' and 47° 5' N. latitude, and 59° 38' and 66° 20' W. longitude ; area, 18,746 square miles ; length, about 240 miles, and breadth, 50 to 104 miles. The Province of Nova Scotia compi'ises the peninsula of Nova Scotia, the island of Cape Breton, and Sable Island, Capital, Halifax. The number of vessels owned and registered in Nova Scotia on the 31st December, 1850, was 2,791, and the aggregate measurement thereof 168,392 tons. The principal exports, the produce, growth, and manufacture of Nova Scotia consist of coals, fish, gypsum, hides, skins, wood and bark, free-stone, etc. The chief imports consist of pork and beef, books and stationery, bread and biscuit, corn, corn-meal, cordage, cotton manufactures, flour, hardware, tobacco, wheat and other grains, and cargoes of assorted merchandise. The quantity of fish and fish-oil exported from Halifax alone in 1851 were as follows : dried fish, 191,802 quintals ; mackerel, 96,650 barrels ; herrings, 43,559 barrels ; alewives, 4,227 barrels; salmon, 340 tierces and 6,412 barrels; preserved fish, 238 boxes; smoked herrings, 3,234 boxes; pickled cod, 78 barrels; and fish oil, 3,493 barrels, and 36,028 gallons. The entrances and values of imports into the same port in 1850 were — 1,194 vessels of 176,406 tons, and imports, $4,080,400 ; viz., from Great Britain and colonies, 12,703,410, and from foreign countries, $1,376,990. The clearances and values of exports from Halifax in the same year were — 1,062 vessels of 161,079 tons, and exports, $1,663,615 ; viz., to Great Britain and colonies, $1,006,655, and to foreign countries, $656,960. Cape Breton, an island of British America, to the north of Nova Scotia, from which it is separated by the Strait of Canso. It lies be- tween 45° 27' and 47° 5' N. latitude, and between 59° 40' and 61° 40' W. longitude. It has an area of about 2,500,000 acres, of which about one-third consists of swamps and barren wastes. It is deeply indented in all directions by arms of the sea, the largest of which, the great Bras d'Or, nearly divides the island in two, and being deep enough for the largest vessels, affords the greatest facilities for commerce. The coal mines are wrought in the neighborhood of Sydney, and in 1851 yielded 53,000 chaldrons. In the same year, the consumption of limestone was 4,421 casks. Gypsum is exported, although in very small quan- tity, to the United States. The fisheries, which employ nearly 1,300 men, consist chiefly of salmon, cod, mackerel, herrings, shad, and white fish, of which large quantities are cured and exported. Province of New Brunswick, 45° 5' and 48° 4' 30" N. latitude, and 63° 47' 30" and 67° 47' W. longitude; area, 27,704 square miles. Length, N. and S., about 200 miles, and breadth, E. and W., about 180 miles. This province is situated between Canada and Nova Scotia, and abuts on the north-eastern boundary of the United States. Capital, Fredericton. The following Table includes "Canada" to July 1, 1848. For com- merce of Canada from 1848 to 1856, see Canada, 1^ 870 British North American Colonies. 9.3 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES * From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Teaks ENDINO Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. Foreign. Total, j Total. EXPOKT. Import. Amer. For. 1821 $2,021,449 $2,812 $2,024,261 1 $491,623 $89,417 113,097 1822 1,381,273 16,236 1,397,559 526,317 158,225 90,977 1823 1,818,113 3,:347 1,821,460 46:3,374 219,749 52,776 12,62:3 1824 1,778,107 2,617 1,775,724 ! 705,931 298,840 53,951 9,1:30 1825 2,5:38,224 1,740 2,5:39,964 ' 610,783 218,896 61,520 10,139 1826 2,564,165 24,:384 2,5SS,.549 I 650,315 $462', 250 221,994 76,191 10,103 182T 2,797,014 8:3,660 2,330,674 445,118 1,021,291 154.507 60,378 11,145 1S28 1,618,288 56,336 1,674,674 1 447,669 126,772 179,944 63,801 10,653 1829 2,724,104 40,805 2,764,91)9 577,542 626,2.53 241,237 9:3,645 10,569 1830 3,650,031 136,342 3,736,373 650,303 123,321 252,279 117,171 14,267 Total, $28,335,703 313,379 23,704,147 5,569,485 2,864,.8S7 2,035,088 783,507 83,039 1831 4,026,392 85,446 4,061,838 864,909 25.900 277,197 79,864 94,776 1832 3,569,302 45,033 ;3,614,335 ! 1,229.526 16,961 542,745 65,056 146,292 1333 4,390,081 81,003 4,471,084 1,793,393 14,704 817,880 219.403 245,719 1334 3,477,709 57,567 3,5M.5,276 1,543,733 400,500 652,253 19,5,939 .32:3,120 18;35 8,900,545 147,:34;3 4,047,838 1.4:35,168 638,7a3 197,400 363,532 415.406 1&36 2,456,415 194,851 2,651,266 1 2;427,571 32,233 546,474 291,931 423,191 1837 2,922,474 296,512 8,218,986 1 2,359,263 160,000 448,602 882,2:34 440,002 1838 2,484,937 2:38.504 2,723,491 j 1,.555,570 4.30,203 450,712 261,236 333,156 1839 8,418,770 144,634 3,503,454 1 2,155,146 15,300 4:31,782 385,506 373,772 1840 5,839,215 204,035 6,093,250 2,007,767 11,500 780,171 357,073 401,805 Total, $36,536,890 1,445,023 37,930,918 ! 17,377,046 1,746,144 .5,145,216 2,601,:374 3,252,299 1841 6,292.290 364.273 6,056.563 t 1.95.3.187 193,100 475,891 404,472 447,936 1342 5,950,14:3 240,166 6,190,309 1,762,001 59,076 768,069 .328.315 417,409 1843t 2,617,005 107,417 2,724,422 857,696 ' 86,:3:34 403,545 202.607 233,092 1844 5,361,186 1,354,717 6.715,903 1,465.715 ; 711.244 445.995 696,865 516,231 1845 4,844,966 1,209,260 6,0."'>4,226 2,020,065 ; 489,095 914;461 677,935 512,004 1846 6,042,066 1,36:^,767 7,406.433 1,937,717 ; 251,900 62:3,043 863.563 573,673 1847 5,819,667 2,165,876 7,935,543 2,343,927 430,275 86:3,451 657,.595 528,515 1848 6,399,959 1,982,696 8,832,655 3,646,467 555,900 960,143 859.791 8:31,271 1849 3,611,733 257,760 :3.869,54:3 1,845,793 47,.530 122,641 409,377 1850 8,116,340 501,374 3,618,214 1,:353,992 33,044 38,593 75,293 521,112 Total, $50,056,505 9,547,:306 59,603,311 18,706,565 2,864,963 5,540,726 4,884,077 4,990,020 1851 3,224,553 861,2:30 4,085.783 1,730,651 80 44,677 10:3,235 592,507 1852 2.650.1:34 1,141,822 3.791,956 1.520,:330 112,553 56,895 122,809 544,518 1853 8,:39S,575 1,912,963 .5,311,543 2,272,602 200,521 38,940 266,431 58:3,465 1854 4,698,771 2,572,383 7,266,154 2,206.021 48,975 68,148 295.781 537,309 1855 5,355,878 :3,229,798 9.085,676 : 2.954,420 64,212 18,413 276,6:3:5 493,822 1856 7,519,909 626,199 8,146,108 3,822,224 j 4,000 33,807 326,647 471,871 * Including Canada to June 30, 1848. t 9 months to June 30. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Halifax, in Nova Scotia, on the south-east coast of the province, lat 44° 36' N., long. 63° 28' "W. It is situated on a peninsula, on the west side of Chebucto bay, and has one of the finest harbors in America. Ships usually anchor abreast of the town, where the harbor is more than a mile in width. After gradually narrowing to a quarter of a mile, it suddenly expands into a noble land-locked harbor called Bed- ford basin, with deep water tliroughout. The harbor is accessible at all times, and is rarely impeded by ice. Saint John, city and seaport of the province of New Brunswick, situated on a rocky peninsula, on the left bank of the river St. John, at its entrance into the bay of Fundy. Lat. of hghthouse on Partridge island, at the entrance of the harbor, 450 14' 6" N., long. 66° 3' 30" W. The harbor of St. John is commodious, safe, and never obstructed by ice. On Partridge island is a battery and lighthouse; and on a shoal, dry at low water, is a lighted beacon. The river St. John, at its entrance into the harbor, passes through a tissure in the solid rock. 94 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 873 SIERRA LEONE, A colonial settlement of West Africn, belongine^ to Great Britain, and consisting of a peninsula, 18 miles iu length, by 12 miles in breadth, on the coast of Senegarabia. Latitude of Cape Sierra Leone 8° 30' N., longitude 13° 18' W. It consists of a tract of territory along the Sierra Leone river, having an area of about 300 square miles. Population 1850, 45,472. Principal exports, teak timber, cam-wood, palm oil, ginger, and small quantities of hides, ivory, rice, pepper, and copal. Lnports nearly all from Great Britain. The trade between the United States and the whole of Afi'ica is most insignificant in comparison with that between England and simply the western coast ; and it is a ftict especially deserving of attention, with ref- erence to Liberia, that for some time past, while the importations from England are increasing, from the United States they are diminishing, par- ticularly cotton goods. It is estimated that there are not less than one hundred ships regularly trading between the British ports and the coast of Africa, while a regular line of steamers pHes between England and Liberia and other settlements on the coast. In addition, it is now pro- posed to send a steamer up the Niger river each season for the encour- agement of emigrants, and the protection of traders ; to secure a free port at Fernando Po, by a commercial treaty with Spain, or in some other convenient locality, as an entrepot for British merchant ships ; to maintain the African squadron in its former state of efficiency, and to make Sierra Leone a free port. Tlie following tables show the relative importance of British and American trade with Africa : THE TRADE OF THE UNITED BTATE8 WITH AFRICA DURING THE SEVEN TEAES ENDING 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, Tlie following returns to Parliament (as published by the London sliip- ping and Mercantile G;izette), show the increase of exports by Great Britain to the West Coast of Africa, and of imports from the same coast : JUNE 3a, 1855. Exports. Imports. Total. $708,411 $495,742 $1,204,153 759,266 524,722 1,283,988 1,340,644 1,163,176 2,503,820 1,246,141 1,057,657 2,303,798 1,610,833 1,202,986 2.813,819 1,804,972 1,386,560 3;i91,532 1,375,905 1,337,527 2,713,432 Exports. Imports. Total. 1850, . £639,429 £605.958 £1,245,387 1851, 654,543 794,810 1,449,353 1852, 533,725 707,024 1,240,749 1853, 901,402 749,373 1,650,775 1854, 958,809 905,634 1,864,443 This is independent of the British colonies of Sierra Leone, the trade of which amounted in 1854 to $1,421,805, and of the British possessions on the Gold Coast, and the river Gambia, amounting to ^1,547,285 more ; and of those at the Cape of Good Hope and in South Africa, swelling the amount $8,383,090 more ; making in all an aggregate of over $23,000,000 in 1854, for the western coast of Africa entire. 8V2 Other British Colonies. 95 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH OTHER BRITISH COLONIES, From October 1, 1820, to October 1, 1830. Tears ENDING Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS [ Whereof there was in Bullion «& Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. FOKEIGN. Total. Total. Export. Import. Amer. For. 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 Total, $12,113 4,850 26,232 20,463 23,612 84,378 $2,357 463 2,311 2,025 500 $14,470 4,S50 26,695 22,774 2,1,637 34,878 $924 106,593 84,977 36,101 41.255 23,807 11,910 l",263 $93,751 7.859 5,529 2,370 3,820 874 1,805 543 444 863 526 219 175 '179 ■■76 $121,643 7,656 129,304 306,830 113,329 5,158 70 ! PRINCIPAL ISLANDS. Port Louis, or Northwest Port, the capital of the Mauritius, at the bottom of a triangular bay, the entrance to which is ratlier difTicult, in lat. 20° 0' 56" S., long. 57° 28' 41" E. Every vessel approaching tiie harbor must hoist her flag and fire two guns ; if in the night a light must be shown, when a pilot comes on board, and steers the ship to the entrance of the port. It is a very convenient port for careen- ing and repairing ; but provisions of all sorts are dear. In the hurricane months, the anchorage in Port Louis is not good ; and it can then only accommodate a very few vessels. The houses are low, and principally built of wood. The town and harbor are pretty strongly fortified. Almost aU the foreign trade of the island is carried on here. S.VINT Helena, an island in the South Atlantic ocean, belonging to Great Britain, about 800 miles south-east of Ascension, and nearly 1,200 miles from the coast of Lower Guinea. Lat. of observatory 15° 55' S., long. 5° 41:' E. Area, 30,300 acres. Population in 1850, 7,000, of whom nearly a half were whites. It is of volcanic origin, and consists of ragged mountains, interspersed with numerous ravines, in one of which, on its N. W. shore, is James Town, the residence of the principal authorities. Its center is a table land, with an elevation of 1,500 feet, but from which several mountains rise to a greater elevation, Diana's Peak being 2,700 feet. Climate mild. Mean temperature of year, 61°. 3 ; winter, 58°.4; summer, 63°.8. Tiio island is watered by numerous brooks, and about l-5th part of its sur- face is fertile, yielding the products both of European and tropical countries. Goats are plentiful in the uplands ; but supplies of provisions are mostly procured from abroad, the island lying in the homeward track of ships returning" from India. St. Helena is chiefly noted as the place of exile of Napoleon Bonaparte, whose residence, Longwood, was on the elevated plateau of the interior. Falkland Islands. — These consist of 202 islands, situated in the southern At- lantic, two of which only are large, comprishig together about 13,000 square miles, and containing a population of 6,000 souls. They are in the possession of Great Britain, but are equally claimed by the Argentine republic. Except as commercial and military stations, they possess no importance. There is no tonnage duty levied on vessels entering the ports of these islands ; nor, indeed, any charges, except for storage, which is elfeeted in bulk, and for which there is a charge of irom $5 to $10 per day. The only imposts to which the commerce of the United States with the colonies of Great Britain is now subject, are the colonial duties imposed by the local legisla- tures of the respective colonies ; and these apply, with some few exceptions, which are noticed in their proper place, equally to British importations and British bottoms. These duties are generally very moderate, designed solely to meet the necessary ex- penses of the colonies, and are at least one third less than the duties levied in the United States, on similar descriptions of merchandise, by the tariff act of 18-16. 96 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 875 FRANCE. France enjoys, upon the whole, greater natural advantages than any other country in Europe. Her territory is above a half larger than that of Great Britain and Ireland, and both her soil and climate are better — the climate being less equable, indeed, but there being a greater amount of summer heat to bring the fruits of the earth to perfection. She has a greater proportion of arable land than any of her neighbors ; the natural means of conmiunication tnroughout her provinces are abundant and easy ; she is well pronded with all the useful metals except tin ; and is better supplied -with coal than any other country of Europe but Britain. Even during the distractions of her great revolution, though her foreign trade was aimihilated, her agnculture and manufactures were extended and improved, her population was increased, and its condition ameliorated. The surface of France contains about 128,000,000 of acres. It is esti- mated that of this quantity, the waste land, including roads and rivers, amounts to an eighth part ; the arable land to near a half; the woodland and pasture-land and meadows, each to about a seventh ; the vineyards to a twenty-fifth part ; wild-laud, quarries, buildings, orchards, gardens, olive and other plantations making up the remainder. In addition to the veg- etable productions that grow in England, the climate of France enables her to raise viues, olives, mulberries, and chestnuts. Wine and olive oil are two of her most valuable productions. The cotton trade has been for some time rapidly extending over the northern and eastern provinces ; and Lyons has been long famous as the center of the silk trade of Eu- rope, a branch of manufacture that has been brought to great perfection in that city. The manufactures of woolen cloth, flax, hemp, and iron, are also very extensive, and have been carefully fostered under the pro- tective system, which still prevails here, as elsewhere on the Continent, notwithstanding the example which has been set by Great Britain. To- ward the end of the seventeenth century, the territory of France, then equal, or very nearly equal to its present extent, appears to have con- tained about' 20,000,000 of inhabitants. In 1791, it was found to be above 26,000,000, and in 1851 nearly 36,000,000. The government always maintains a large standing army, amounting on the peace estab- lishment to about 350,000 men, but actually, in December, 1854, to 581,000. Her armed fleet on service is about equal in number of ships to that of Britain, with C2,000 men. JjTokcrs. — No one is allowed to act as a mercantile broker in France who is not 25 years of age, and who has not served four years in a com- mercial house, or with a broker, or a notary public. They are nominated by the government, after their qualifications have been ascertained by the Chamber of Commerce. AH brokers must deposit the sum of 8 000 francs in the tresi-suiy as a guaranty for their conduct, for which they are allowed interest at the rate of 4 per cent. All foreigners are obliged to employ ship-brokers to transact their business at the custom-house ; and altliough masters and owners of French vessels might sometimes dispense with their services, they never do so, finding it to be, in all cases, most advantageous to use their intervention. All duties outward on vessels and cargoes are paid by the ship-brokers, who invariably clear out all vessels, French as well as foreign. 874 France on the Atlantic. 97 FOREIGN COJLMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH FRANCE ON THE ATLANTIC, From October ], 1820, to July 1, 1856. Tears ENDING Sept EXPOPvTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. , TON'GE CL D. j 30. ' Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. $4,49.3.917 E.XPOKT. Import, j -Amer. Fob. 1S21 $5,093,843 $.349,010 $5,447,853 $12,000 $617,264 798 86,392 1S22 4,5(31.299 1,210,533 5.771,832 5,683.835 519,892 80,356 -8,638 1S23 4,677,914 2,527,656 7,205,570 5,165,273 175,872 86.983 44.401 .3,.54:3 1S24 7,585,815 1,095,612 8,6S1,427 6.741,113 77,288 58.615 4,610 1S25 7,:33S,693 2,625,908 9,964,661 10,151.671 916,5:36 7,531 47.-397 9,787 182G 9,075,254 1,316,178 10,391,432 7.687,368 202.563 153,681 76,478 11,270 1827 8,712,011 2,555,S69 11,267.850 7.6S.3.S53 1,563,093 104,163: 85.651 10.903 1828 7,091,699 3,095,826 10.187,525 8,456,427 2,396,699 56,559; 65,085 8,703 1829 8,008,923 2,105,573 10,114.490 8,243,921 1,620,820 27,570 73,862 7,7-35 1830 Total, 9,183,894 661,925 9,845.819 6,831,015: 71,178,398 135,111 47,812- 82,521 6,014 $71,334,345 17,544,150 88,878,495 7,542,580 1,214,212 1 533,446 98,957 1831 4,963,557 3,228,452 8,192,009 12,876,977 2,960,669 47.949* 48,022 8,722 18.33 9,02S,4&5 1,536,771 10,565,256 10,931.983 450.779 26,629! 79..330 12.769 18;J3 9,769,6S5 2,196,812, 11.966,497 12..351,626! 66,006 46,719! 77.127 14,797 18*4 11,68:3.356 1,440,331 13,123,687 15,813,773 70.274 1,656,4-381 79,820 14,632 1835 16,013,185 1,160,038 17,173,223 21,446,378 556,6?2 516,788; 91,102 9,717 1836 17,656,692 604,675 18,261,367 34,648,281 111,092 4,841,004 96,526 12,869 1837 16,154,567 1,690,114 17,844,681 20.521,496 1,020,609 1,051.503 91,637 20,032 1838 13,089.649 976,967 14.066,616 16,823,112 467,445 2,165,083 108,056 16,108 1339 14.919.848 2,088,655 17,008,503 30,913,450 2,017.798 150,129 68.519 14,752 1840 Total, 17,733,743 2,698,025 20,431,768 16,093,289 2,198,603 946,991 1-32,823 25,409 $131,012,767 17,620,840 148,633,607 193,025,365 9,919,897 11,449,233 893,012 144,807 1841 16,897,907 3,216,364 20,114,271 22,712,282 4,087,199 267,649 121,5-34 15,704 1842 15,340,728 1,076,684 16,417,412 16,015,330 1,113,698 2.32,447 180,865 16,042 1843* 10,384,578 441,578 10,826,156 7,050,537 185,008 2,641,057 110,171 44,171 1844 11,861,419 2,287,084 14,148,503 15,946.166 2,029,195 65:3.192 109,827 15,989 1845 11,350,432 2,972,253 14,322,686 20.181,250 3,179,'J7:; l:'4>.-5 121,815 10,036 1846 12,702.972 1,337,477 14,040,449 . 22,603,589 l,180,s.-J>; l"-,;ii^ 119,729 11,-376 1847 17,420,-385 449,046 17,869,431'' 23,899,076 1.355,172, 147,579 18,496 184S 14,159,798 4,278,159 18,437,957 27,059,744 4,726,676 277,222 116,062 26.495 1849 11,646,612 2,818,303 14,464,915 23,2i '9,878 2,983.124 ^41,154 114,035 27,161 1850 Total, 16,934,791 1,724,915 18,659,706 25,835,170 2,162,992 72,251 114,589 17,616 $138,699,022 20,601,863 159,301,485 204,518,072 21,508,001 6,017,007 1,205,706 208,086 1851 24,567,067 2.814,668 27,381,735 29,789.124 7,471,241 804,8-33 147.098 10,&33 1852 20,793.873 1,721.441 22,515,319 24,195,914 5,474,496 753.43« 187,965 11.035 1853 24.26S.292 1,380,647 25,648.930 30,351,549! 4,281,808 231,908 184,947 11,127 1854 29.749.466 978.355 30.727.821 32,892,021' 6,948,023 26.564 212..324 14.925 1855 28.296,294 1,090,146 29,336.440 29.009,.398 8,762,400 2.814 239,94:3 11.924 1856 88,732,0;i3 497,344 89,229,377 45,500,398 1 7,172,892 188,183 295,386 19,533 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Brest, a seaport of France, lat. 48° 23' N., loug. 4P 29' "W. It has one of the best harbors in France, and a safe road, capable of containing 500 men-of-war, in from 50 to 100 feet of water. The entrance to the harbor is narrow and difficult, with covered rocks in the channels. BoRDE.vux, a city of France, lat. 44° 50' 20" N., long. 0° 34' "W., situated on the Garonne, about 75 miles from its mouth. The Garonne is a noble river, with depth of water sufficient to enable large ships to come up to the city. Communication is had with the Mediterranean by means of the ciinal Languedoc. There are two en- trances to the river, one giving 24 feet of water, and the other 13. The tides rise about ten feet, and pilots are necessary. Cherburg or Cherbourg, a seaport of France, on the Channel, lat. 49° 38' 30^ N-, long. 1° 37' 3" W. It is situated at the bottom of a large b.ay, between cipe Barfleur and cape La Hogue. A basin has been made, 1,000 feet long, 770 wide, occupying 18 acres, depth 50 feet, capable of containing 50 sail of the line. 98 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 877 FRANCE. COMMERCE OF FRANCE WITH HER COLONIES AND WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES DURING THE YEAR 1S54.— VALUES REPRESENTED IN MILLIONS OF FRANCS. UUUM'IUES. Official Value. Actual Value. Official Value. Actual Value. United States, 192,8 166.3 182,1 216,5 Great Britain, 133,5 149,8 286,5 364,8 Belgium, 132,8 167,8 124,1 143,6 Sardinia, 103,7 102,S 52,5 62,3 French Colonics, . 83,6 99,5 73,4 69,2 (}ennany, 56,7 75,7 48,1 54,6 British Iiidi;x, 53,3 48,3 4,8 5,4 Spain and Colonies, 66,8 86,1 81,5 76,4 Russia, 45,6 58,4 1,0 1,7 Turkey and Egypt, 54,5 60,3 32,0 34,1 Switzerland, 35,0 40,4 51,0 57,8 Algiers, 33,0 45,7 117,9 90,0 Netherlands, 27,2 35,4 14,4 24,1 Two SicUies, 18,1 20,7 15,0 14,0 Western Coast of Africa, 15,5 8,4 1,4 1,2 Brazil, .... 15,2 17,7 31,6 31,5 Norway, 13,3 19,1 1,5 1,8 Tuscany, 11,9 11,9 13,2 13,7 Rio de la Plata, . 6,8 6,8 15,4 18,1 Hayti, .... 6,6 8,6 6,4 4,3 Barbary States, 6,6 7,8 3,1 2,6 Austria, 4,7 6,2 4,9 3,7 Hanse Towns, 4,6 6,1 7,9 16,6 Mexico, 4,6 2,8 17,9 18,2 Sweden, .4,4 6,7 1.1 2,2 Uruguay, 3,8 4,0 7,2 9,2 Venezuela, . 3,8 4,6 4,9 5,0 Peru, .... 3,3 6,5 14,9 16,2 Chili, .... 3,1 4,2 17,3 19,1 Portugal, 2,8 3,5 6,3 6,8 Other Countries of Africa^ 2,3 1,7 1,2 3,6 China and Oceanica^ 1,9 1,5 2,6 3,7 New Grenada, 1,7 1,0 2,5 2,7 Greece, 1,3 1,6 2,9 2,7 Denmark and Colonies, 1,3 1,5 7,2 9,0 Roman States, 1,1 1,8 5,3 5,1 Guatemala, . 0,3 0,4 0,7 0,9 Miscellaneous, 0,2 0,2 ?]quador, Bohvia, 0,1 0,1 0,5 0,6 Mecklenburg, 0,1 0,1 Hanover, 0,1 0,1 1,291,6 0,2 0,7 Total, Francs, . 1,158,0 1,261,4 1,413,7 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF FR.^ LNCE WITH HER COLONIES AND THE FISHING BANKS. ENTERED. , FKKNCn. rOEEIQK. TOTAL. A A 1853, 1854, 1855, 1853, 1854, 1855, Vejisels. 9,210 9,307 9,574 6,625 5,726 5,756 Tonnage. 1,065,683 1,131,702 1,247,452 796,350 796,713 934,598 Vessels. 11,569 10,982 13,442 CLEARED. 8,856 7,919 8,054 Tonnajre. 1,685,011 1,606,837 2,057,313 1,058,315 1,059,592 1,100,057 Vessels. 20,779 20.289 23,016 15,481 13,645 13,810 Tonnage. 2,750,699 2,738,539 3,304,765 1,854,665 1,856,305 2,034^655 876 France on the Mediterranean. 99 FOREIGN COM^IERCE OF THE UNITED STATEvS WITH FRANCE ON THE MEDITERRANK\N, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING Sept. 30. EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. Export. ! Import. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. FOEEION. i Total. Total. AlIER. For. 1821 169,855 $10,851 $80,706 $496,023 $247,884 316 593 1822 183,191 70,337 2,53,528 400,998 14,.546 833 858 1823 323,861 1,171.893 1.495,759 501,457 $933 102,216 10,267 331 1824 265,815 750,431 1,016,246 450,454 6,760 47,8(5 8,457 1835 187,242 726,499 913.741 812,511 20.000 17,065 9,488 1826 273,675 4S;3,677 75T,:i52 892,152 1,600 85,088 10,960 1827 475,517 781,076 1.2.'-.6.023 813,374 1,600 60,179 12,064 389 1828 606,638 279.407 636,(145 904,427 5,852 2,434 10,498 1829 a86,122 74S.777 1,634,899 5:>0,057 8,880 1.482 18,813 1830 Total, 717,252 430,888 1,148,140 891,183 5,000 14,517 18,967 l",674 $3,989,198 5,453,841 9,443,039 6,782,636 45,126 542,866 100,693 3,215 lasi 671,867 300,926 972,793 1,188,766 14,611 6.155 15,4.59 1,477 1833 914,091 1,140,376 2,054,467 1,24;3,775 12,000 14,338 16,486 8,638 1833 1,036,898 768,826 1,805,724 1,080,052 300 13,414 14,976 3,922 1884 1,032,393 1,352,839 2,385,287 1,327,400 4,534 17,846 8,775 1835 2,023,829 554,192 2.578,021 1,468,998 74,6n6 2,253 15,200 2,311 1836 1,951,742 725,991 2,677,733 1,967,1.36 1,.541 15,614 4,675 ia37 1,196,347 619,550 1,845,897 1,562,118 28,9.38 l',554 10,525 5,116 1838 1,433,765 283,135 1,716,900 948,685 9,320 75,229 17,345 2.891 1839 1,046,260 176.1S6 1,222,446 1,612,871 6,505 9,256 3,651 1840 Total, 1,178,833 221,202 1,403,035 879,537 173.258 10,305 .tl2,486,080 6,176,273 ; 18,662,303 13,279,388 140,710 297,245 143,012 31,456 1811 1,512,460 140,024 1,652,484 1,221,1530 1,500 18,144 15,827 2,375 1842 1,674,570 73,808 1,743,433 958,678 .3.021 21,944 2,147 1843* 1,186,294 83,701 1,269,995 609,149 13,433 1%167 17,868 418 1844 1,204,793 85.104 1,239,897 1,603,318 7,478 11,611 656 3845 979,739 197,980 1,177,719 1,414,175 1,175 2,400 19,217 060 1846 898,678 191,448 1.090,126 1,302,74;5 14,600 2,638 14,950 740 1847 1,172,146 56,041 1.228,187 1,001,765 13,078 4,611 1848 1,215,087 166,266 1,381,353 1,036,317 75,202 8,532 16,484 923 1849 877,147 168,521 1,04.5,668 1,15.3,905 13,853 8,227 1850 Total, 1,015,486 158,155 1,173,641 1,702,855 2,688 14,158 8,676 $11,736,400 1,321,108 13,057.508 | 12,004,435 99,955 52,497 105,516 24,438 1851 735,018 13.5.393 870,411 [ 1,926,129 3,921 16,614 10,627 1852 1,396,192 79.134 1,475,326 1,694,3,52 26,798 6.517 1853 852,514 70,3:n 922,8-15 2,604,893 1,074 16,231 6,761 1S54 1,218,786 201.374 1,420,160 2,839,372 17,728 3,166 1855 3,327,604 164,0s4 3,191,038 2,599,7*} 26,880 4,139 1856 8,090,432 185,104 3,281,596 3,515,664 83,152 8,469 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Marseiu.es, a seaport of France, on the Mediterranean, in lat. 4.3<5 17' 49" N., long., 5° 22' 20" E. Tlie harbor is in the center of the citv, forming a basm 3150 feet in length, by 900 in breadth. The tide is hardly sensible, but the depth of water at the entrance of the harbor, varies from 16 to 18 feet, being lowest when the wind is N.W., and highest when S.W. Within the basin the water varies from 12 to 24 feet, bemg deeper on the south side. Though not accessible to the largest ships, tlie harbor is one of the best and safest ports in the world for moderate-sized merchantmen. Ships lie close to the quays, and can be loaded and unloaded with great facility. Toulon, Tela Martins, a commercial and important military and naval port of France, in the department of Var, on a fine bay of the Mediterranean, 40 miles S.W of Draguignan. Lat. of observatory 43' V 5" N., long. 5° 56' E. Population, 39,243. Mean temperature of the year 62°.2-, winter 48°.5. summer 75».2 Fahr. Around the harbor are immense magazines, arsenals, ship-building docks, etc. 100 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 879 FRENCH COLONIES IN THE WEST INDIES. The French West Indies are comprised in the governments of Gua- daloupe and Martinique. The government of Guadaloupe comprises the island so called, the islands of Marie-Galante, Desirade, and Les Saintes, and about two thirds of the island of St. Martin. Guadaloupe is composed of two divisions or islands, separated by Salt river, and contains 339,160 acres. The larger portion is of volcanic formation, and mountainous, its culminatory point being La Souffriere, an active volcano 5,108 feet high, with other extinct volcanoes of in- ferior elevation. The lesser or eastern portion, on the contrary, is com- posed of madripores and marine detritus, and nowhere rises higher than 115 feet above the sea. Population, 120,000. Marie-Galante hes south of the above, and contains 37,900 acres. The land is elevated, with verdant plateaux. Population, 17,000. Les Saintes, 9 miles S.E. of Guadaloupe, consists of lofty and steep peaks, some of which are united by flat ground or ridges of inferior elevation, while others are separated by the sea. Area, 3,102 acres. Population, 1,200. Desirade, or Deseada, a small island two leagues east of Guadaloupe, rises with a steep ascent, and then spreads into a table-land of limestone rocks, in which caveras occur. It is without w-ater. Area, 10,695 acres. Pop- ulation, 1,800. The French portion of St. Martin contains 13,266 acres. Population, about 4,200 (of whole island, a little more than 7,000). Total area of the territory of the government, 404,123 acres, or 631 square miles. Population, 144,200, of which number about four fifths are colored or mixed races. In 1836 the population was 127,574, and in 1841, 131,162. The government of Martinique embraces the island so called, and is divided into two arrondissements, 14 cantons, and 26 communes. It contains about 244,348 acres, or 382 square miles. One third only of the island is level. Population about 128,000, of which, perhaps, 10,000 are whites. Capital — Fori Royal, a fortified seaport town of the island of Martinique, on its west coast, at the north side of Fort Royal bay. Lat. 14° 35' 9" N., long. 61° 4' 2" W. Population, about 12,000. It is well built, and is the seat of the chief judicial court for the colony. These islands are in a very prosperous condition, produc- ing large crops of sugar and other West India staples. Trade between United States and French Colonies. — French vessels enjoy an equality as to import duties and charges in the direct trade, the origin of cargoes being attested by consular certificate, but they are subject to a tonnage duty of ninety-four cents per ton. French vessels, laden with the produce of Martinique and Guadaloupe, are admitted on equal terms with American vessels, as to duty and tonnage, when direct from these islands, in ballast, or with articles the growth or maimfacture of either of said islands, so long as the French ordinance of February 5, 1826, shall continue in force. French vessels from Cayenne, in French Guiana, are admitted with the same privileges granted above, under the act of May 9, 1828, to vessels fi'om Martinique and Guadaloupe. French vessels from St. Pierre and Miquelon, admitted on the same footing as vessels from Martinique and Guadaloupe. 878 French West Indies. 101 FOREIGN COMMEPtCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE FRENCH WEST INDIES, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 185G. Yeaks ENT)ING Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPOKTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. FOEEIGN. Total. $896,435 Total. Export. Impoet. Amee. FOK. 1821 $846,597 $49,8.38 $900,619 $86,863 43,366 1822 918,699 42.303 961,002 969,509 $4^866 26,.'M8 45,229 182.3 804,218 68,877 867,595 938,618 1,576 95,127 30,112 2,326 1824 770..')15 41,217 811.732 884,0^4 174,508 86,882 1825 937.863 74,588 1,011.956 848,968 8,6o6 160,388 43,589 5,687 1826 904,115 52,059 956.174 973,270 2,861 165,555 43,947 4,148 1827 979,697 61,156 1,040,8.13 [ 921,330 4,110 22:3,468 50.031 4,.5:36 1828 1,009.437 15,334 1,024,771 896,651 600 20.5.963 54,643 4137 1829 1830 Total, 1,056.6.39 792,241 15,768 1.3.523 1,072,407 ' 605,769 j 777,992 518,687 8,405 286.2:57 1 .... 1 267,574 65.019 47,129 4.317 4,325 $9,019,526 429,168 9,448,694 8,629,723 24,852 1,641,731 459,947 28,876 1831 704,8.33 13.044 717,877 671.842 8,842 181,124 85.3.34 2,254 1832 605,798 19.182 624,975 578,857 1.12:3 152,116 26,677 4.44S 18.33 613.719 24,:346 638,065 511.242 4,529 98,664 27,867 6.716 1834 561,179 19.084 680,263 416,072 800 70,956 26,909 5,314 ia35 549.453 84.369 683,822 447,208 16,822 158,063 22,024 2,683 1836 471,927 80.173 502,100 417,a35 18,868 92,627 18.455 2,057 1837 505,063 59,705 564,768 414.203 9,995 122,170 21.514 2.276 1888 4:30,008 .38.889 468,897 810,050 14,200 79.604 23.168 1,871 1839 685,916 105,905 691,821 702,798 58,966 48,269 34.359 1,228 1840 Total, 488,595 30,656 614,251 835,251 1,494 161,423 25,612 1,255 $5,511,486 375,858 5,886,839 I 4,804,858 120,639 1,160,016 261,419 30,102 1841 881,556 40,966 422,522 1 198,216 99.808 22.164 467 1842 495,897 23,609 519,006 1 199,160 '.'.".'. 1 116.261 1 99,790 1,180 1843* 281,828 13,108 294,936 \ 13.5,921 4,056 92.666 24,006 103 1844 581,568 35,973 617,546 1 374,695 6.445 256,165 87,875 2,253 1845 642,455 21,648 564,1(13 415,032 4,990 191,894 83,150 1.294 1846 618.112 17,509 635,621 1 348,236 215.431 31.693 1.761 1847 569.126 84,033 603.164 ! 151,366 114,613 22,715 2.527 1848 469;:353 20,571 489,924 127,039 106,699 21,148 2.170 1849 130,731 14,267 194,998 1 71,469 89,750 7,485 2,786 1860 Total, 269,877 18,291 287,608 75,684 59,636 11,227 211 $4,389,503 239,985 4,629,488 2,090,818 15,491 jl,292,.323 240,748 14,752 1851 289,579 20,702 310.281 22,909 18.694 10,883 871 1852 429.&46 2.'>,598 455,444 46,287 42.702 16,956 2,119 1853 862,513 35,738 398,251 62.840 l",63 402,941 40 822 2,928 1828 150,979 886,089 537,668 117,946 $500 4,289 "262 1829 73,597 i:?,166 86,768 32,911 1,043 1,070 1830 Total, 76,292 29,048 105,340 5,384 1,928 $1,037,736 2,4:59,568 3,477,354 354,570 500 842 27,276 1,811 1831 178,833 176,893 855,216 575 10,.'500 8,060 1832 181,605 .350,115 531,720 • 1 63,.342 18,000 4,268 ■72.3 18.33 180,511 112,453 292,964 28,172 7,000 2,907 791 1834 99,643 818,461 418,104 : 62,542 5,842 2,528 2,280 1885 212,461 110,S39 823,800 , 121,000 4,900 2,.331 1,282 lasa 814,268 271,717 58.5,985 48,971 8,718 1,190 1837 172,260 109,421 281,681 ! 102,819 1,092 4,797 1838 9S,0S1 24,750 122,831 27,118 880 1,072 1839 50,634 38,177 68,811 80,997 703 961 1840 Total, 76,183 17,868 94,051 7,501 324 1,352 $1,563,979 1,530,684 3,094,603 543,037 46,842 21,811 14,448 1841 110,424 24,3M 134,783 8,791 889 1,955 1842 70,766 27,819 98,585 795 • 917 1&13* 74,657 0,510 81,167 465 1,714 1844 100,859 11,975 112,S:« 6,663 481 2,667 1845 124,666 20,501 145,167 22,429 1,040 2,116 1846 97,746 28,496 121,242 t 1,318 606 1,.393 i»ir 198,952 4,943 203,895 475 216 2,274 lats 164,661 17,252 181,913 19,617 763 2,675 1849 56,138 55,138 1 19,204 1,681 1850 Total, 165,874 20,706 186,580 I 527 '562 8,282 $1,103,74:3 157,566 1,321,309 78,419 1 6,817 20,524 1851 92,257 19,.W0 111,797 85.887 199 2,086 1852 93,009 22,643 11.5,052 16,611 874 8,916 1853 82,9i):J 82,903 832 2,174 1S54 87,870 23,547 111,417 ; 8,097 714 1,894 1855 70,990 8,075 79,671 I 1,701 1,216 1,027 1856 195,960 81,755 227,715 i 1,130 2,197 716 ♦ 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, situated on the east coast of the island of Zea- land, in the channel of the Baltic called the Sound, in lat. 55° 41' N., long. 12° 35' 46'' E. The water in the channel is from 25 to 35 feet deep; but it is narrow, and the navigation difficult. Vessels not intending to come into harbor bring up in the roads, at from one quarter to one half a mile from shore, in about 25 feet water. In the harbor, within the boom, the water is from 17 to 18 feet deep, and vessels unload alongside of the quay. The anchorage in the roads is good and safe. Elsinore, or Elsixeur (Dani.sh nelsingir), a seaport town of Denmark Proper, on the east coast of the island of Seeland. It stands at the narrowest part of the Sound, opposite the Swedish to^vn of Ilelsingborg, from which it is three miles dis- tant. Ail merchant vessels are obliged, under certain reservations depending on the weather, to salute the castle by lowering their top-sails in passing. In the vicinity is Marionlyst (Mary's delight), till lately a royal chateau, now the property of the corporation, and let to a private family. 106 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 885 DAMSH SOUND DUES. The Sound Dues are partly levied on ships, and partly on cargoes. As to the basis of the contribution, it seemed just to take the quantity of goods carried by the ships of each nation through the Sound and the Belt as determining the proportions respectively to be paid to the capi- talization of the dues. From some tables which are appended, it appears that the amount of duties on ships entered into or sailed from the Baltic, by ditferent nations, was as follows : SAILED FROM BALTIC. ENTERED INTO BALTIC. Averace sum. Per cent, of Average sum. Per cent, of COUNTRIES PKIVILEOED. 1851-1853. the whole 1851-1853. thrt whole Eix Dollars. amount. Eix Dollars. amount. United States of America, . 850 0.859 76 0.620 Belgium, .... 72 0.050 50 0.057 Bremen, . 260 182 259 0.183 Denmark, . 11,132 7.790 12,358 8.753 Great Britain, 34,762 24.326 35,731 25.309 France, 2,530 • 1.770 2,524 1.771 Greece, 6 1.004 6 0.004 Hamburg, 645 0.451 451 0.319 Hanover, . 5,388 3.735 4,925 3.488 The Netherlands f 14,338 10.033 14,462 10.244 Italy (Naples), 366 0.256 396 0.281 Lubec, 1,102 0.773 1,020 0.723 Mecklenburg, 8,200 5.738 7,284 5.159 Norway, . 19,326 13.523 17,956 12.718 Oldenburg, 1,439 1.007 1,571 1.113 Portugal, . 46 0.032 55 0.039 Prussia, 21,933 15.348 21,456 15.198 Russia, 8,467 5.925 7,583 5.371 Spain, 24 0.017 23 0.016 Sweden, . 12,054 8.435 12,137 8.597 Austria, . 6 0.004 6 0.004 KON PRIVILKGED. Buenos Ayres, • • • • .... 6 0.004 Peru, 6 0.004 5 0.004 Tuscany, . 6 0.004 7 0.005 Total, On tlio Ai\\ .Tnnnfir •\T 1 142,908 100.000 •r rsf +V,o Mi, 141,181 lic+ora r^f A i 100.000 gium, France, Holland, Prussia, Spain, and Sweden, and a Commissioner from Russia, met at Copenhagen, to consider the disputed question. On the iVth of February, another meeting of the Commission took place, when the same States were represented, with , the addition of a delegate from Oldenburg. At this meeting a memorandum was presented, in which Denmark offered to accept as a compensation for the abolition of the Sound Dues, a sum of 35,000,000 rix dollars (about £3,888,838), which is about fifteen and a half years' purchase of 2,248,579 rix dollars, the average net revenue from the Dues during the nine years of peace, 1842 to i'847, and 1851 to 1853. Each State interested in the com- merce of the Baltic to be responsible for the sum only which is assigned to it, but the offer to be binding on Denmark, on its acceptance by all the States, that have taken part in the negotiation. If the proposal were ac- cepted, the share of the United States of the indemnity for the dues would amount to 717,829 rix dollars, or 2*05 per cent, of the whole amount. 884 Danish West Indies. 107 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE DANISH WEST INDIES, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Ybaes , ENDING EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there w.is in Bullion & Specie. 1 TON'GE CL'D. [ i Sept. 80. Domestic. roBEioN.| Total. Total. EXPOKT. Import. Ajier. For. 1S21 $1,316,296 $485,483 1 $1,801,779 $1,983,574 $14,631 $309,664 46,299 633 1822 1,603,494 628,2.^6 2,231,750 2,514,174 177,659 43,288 220 1823 1,231,152 681,002 1,862,154 1,300,504 342.097 82,982 569 1824 1,TJ9,641 69S,802 1,847,943 2,110,666 681,522 86,453 326 1825 1,281,243 56S.177 1,849,425 1,492,765 66,724 156,093 37,720 712 1826 1,391,604 67()-,0(il 2,067,005 2,067,900 156.542 43.584 1,070 1827 1,463,691 58S,190 2,001,881 2,299,349 47,850 263,312 44,353 810 182S 2,202,465 608,084 2,810,499 2,256,123 65,209 175,007 67,982 2,411 1829 1,942,010 282,401 2,224,411 2,053,266 61,200 154,732 56,738 1,299 1830 Total, 1,688,022 220,723 1,908,745 1,665,834 20,187 247,826 52,535 849 $15,269,023 5,836,569 20,605,592 19,744,155 265,351 2,518,754 461,839 8,899 1831 1,421,075 224,502 1,645,577 1,651,6.11 40,303 242,479 41,730 2,703 1832 1,393,490 282,841 1,675,881 1,119,366 38,645 97,927 39,762 3,803 18.33 1,279,670 267,200 1,546,870 1,138,700 24,783 115,788 83,642 3,512 1834 1,084,202 354,808 1,4:39,010 1,621,826 12,114 83,873 88,757 1,727 1835 1,255,880 201,316 1,457,196 1,282,902 27,655 71,867 85.976 581 1836 1,H26,392 210,092 1,536,484 1.825,369 31,548 11,675 82,965 3,281 183T 1,124,642 283,850 1,;358,492 1,164,087 18,434 208,835 31,657 5,199 1838 949,769 227,417 1,177,186 1,617,747 100,467 203,841 3;?,168 719 1839 1,014,381 303,154 1,317,585 1,465,761 165,227 48,997 33,563 3,607 1840 Total, 918,931 180,518 1,099,449 969,177 21,429 140,187 27,700 1,197 $11,768,482 2,485,198 14,253,630 13,856,576 480,605 1,220,464 845,920 26,284 1841 769,903 82,587 862,495 1,075,680 10,931 93,303 29,464 427 1842 791,828 157,260 949,088 684,821 56,538 105,432 26,740 700 1843* 672,158 74,540 746,698 485,285 4,290 167,224 23,036 868 1844 783,192 87,130 870,322 624,447 11,980 102,113 24,648 363 184.5 833,503 160.926 994,429 760.809 67,995 82,877 28,920 1.457 1846 959,452 166,464 1,125,916 752,614 100,270 91,620 2T,964 1,875 1847 836,672 152,031 989,803 846,748 48,000 127,296 22,156 4,316 1848 876,909 76,874 953,843 635,738 84,096 189,881 25,579 4,065 1849 727,197 M,149 781,:^6 839,141 8,943 12,879 25,597 5,426 1850 Total, 867,140 114,818 981,953 267,459 278,880 58,600 19,875 2,690 $8,118,019 1,127,879 9,245,898 6,272,092 615,973 930,725 253,379 21,676 1851 902,687 125,602 1,028,289 235,894 243,580 13,884 18,233 4,175 1862 810,439 120,697 981,186 191,745 169,987 9,143 20,408 6,581 1858 913,481 41,160 964,641 184,497 833,825 7,915 14,032 9,571 1854 928,924 34,026 962,950 286,044 235,754 8,412 22,846 7,984 1855 843,111 45,353 888,464 225,308 22,155 24,247 5,120 1856 817,290 86,511 903,801 225,628 48',i6o 5,030 21,875 955 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. COLONIES. The colonial possessions of Denmark are the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and the islands of Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West Indies. Tranquebar and Serampore, in the East Indies, were sold to the English E. India Co. in 1846. The extent and population of these in 1850 were as follows : Faroe Islands, Iceland, . Greenland, "West Indies : Santa Cruz, . St. Thomas, . St. John, Square Miles. Population 495. 8.150 38,200 60,000 3,950 9,400 U 23,720 23 13,666 21 2,228 Total, 42,763 117,164 108 Foreign Com)nercial Statistics. 887 HOLLAND (NORTH AND SOUTH), Two contiguous provinces, and the most important of the kingdom of the Netherlands, composed of the peninsulas and islands between latitude 51° 40' and 53° 30' N., and longitude 4° and 5° 20' E., having south, Hol- land's-Diep, and a mouth of the Rhine, west, the North Sea, and on other sides, the Zuyder-Zee and provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland, and North Bra- bant. Area of N. Holland, 960 square miles. Population, 1852, 506,006. Of S. Holland, 1,175 square miles. Population, 584,693. Surfsice uni- formly flat, intersected by numerous canals, and much of it below the level of high sea-tides, but protected against these by a line of natural downs all along the west coast, and artificial dykes elsewhere. Shi2')ping. — The following account is given of the shipping : CLEAKED INWAKD. CLEAKKD OUTWARD. Ships. Tonnage. Ships. Tonnage. 1850, . . 6,961 1,099,671 7,031 1,136,664 1851, . . 6,960 1,166,140 7,177 1,216,558 1852, . . 7,457 1,249,728 7,712 1,317,425 1853, . . 6,883 1,151,293 7,068 1,215,869 The Netherlands' and foreign ships were, in 1853, in the following proportions : CLEARED INWARD. CLEARED OUTWARD. Ships. Tons. Ships. Tons. Netherlands' flag, . . 49-i^ per cent. 44^ per cent. 47^ 43 Foreign, . . . . 50^ " " 55| " " 52^ 57 To have a full view of the trade of Holland, we must not only learn its state as cairied on by sea, but also by the rivers, which cany a great amount of it. Tables have been published of the merchandise which ar- rived, and was forwarded by way of the Rhine, in 1854. There was an increase above 1853, of 7,260 tons from Amsterdam to places on the Rhine, and of 12,328 tons from the Rhine to that city. Cotiee, rice, and the oleaginous grains, are foremost in this progressive increase. The ex- port of rice to Germany has had a remarkable increase. In 1842-52, it was only 8,666 quarters per annum. In 1853, it was 46,459. The quantity of grain sent from Amsterdam to the Rhine, in 1834, was 15,600 tons. The vessels engaged in the river navigation, were, in 1853 : CLEARED INWARD. CLEARED OUTWARD. Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. Tonnage. Laden, . . 15,973 1,134,748 9,844 787,105 In ballast, . . 2,213 148,680 8,187 521,975 with 127 wood-rafts, measuring 24,328 cubic ells. The proportion of these belonging to the Netherlands, was : Of laden vessels, . . 8,879 Tonnage 611,578 cleared inward, " " . . 4,616 " 376,009 cleared outward. The remainder belonged principally to Belgium and Prussia, and in smaller proportions to Hanover, Baden, Nassau, Hesse, Bavaria, Frank- fort, and Wurtemberg. 886 Holland. 109 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH HOLLAND, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Teaks ENDING Sept. 30. EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was 1 in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. Export. Import. 1 $1,852,1 67i Amer. For. 1821 .$1,954,513 $1,789,692 $3,094,205 $1,938,953 $132 26,043 1,063 1822 2,077,368 1,524,683 3,602,051 868,995 158,651: 28,683 1,281 1823 2,642,930 2,409,216 5,052,146 754,950 l',990 222,791! 5.3,346 6,769 1824 1,597,514 617,831 2,215,:M5 1,210,267 239,551 j 24,517 1,4.52 1825 2,486,468 1,806,839 8,793,307 1,25:3,:J69 15,085 26,946 678 1826 1,970,199 1,899,857 3,870,056 1,106,408 151.:!80i 82,9! 6 1,1:38 1827 2,339,381 888,950 8,228,831 965,917 '740 85,608 • 8:3,519 1,712 1823 1,863,767 865,646 2,229,413 1,398,572 4,3(H) 181,283, 2.5,515 6,179 1829 8,095,857 889,830 3,985,187 1,057,854 15,451 17.3081 38,372 4,951 1830 Total, 8,354,551 675,527 4,080,078 888,408 12,197 85,220 4,515 $23,382,54.8 12,317,571 35,700,119 |11,4:38,693 22,613 2,4:36,021 325,112 29,738 1S31 1,707,292 212,860 1,920,152 989,837 5,000 16,641 23,168 1,994 1S32 2,232,792 2,870,490 5,103,282 1,360,668 4,764 38,770 8,372 1833 l,(i34,353 722,409 2,:356,762 1,166.856 26,178 5,440 22,483 6,938 18:34 2,365,536 1,258,188 3,628,674 1,128,956 60.071 2.5,819 7,171 1835 2,345,9^0 187,036 2,533,016 1,590,570 50,608 18,946 6,151 1836 2,498,096 686,479 3,184,575 1,828,231 14,073 11,956 1837 2,035,589 1,322,936 3,:358,525 1,886,976 i 82,461 1.3,745 22,783 1838 2,555,979 898,269 2,954,248 1,180,897 3,6 i 2 9,512 18,501 12,029 1839 1,677,852 295,651 1,973,003 2,149,7:52 260 2,388 11,612 12,:331 1840 Total, 3,345,264 511,046 3,856,310 1,074,754 14,:352,477 \ 800 466 182,351 31,747 11,929 $22,398,233 8,465,814 30,863,547 35,850 218,864 101,709 1341 2,237,444 277,478 2,514,922 ■ 1,638,022 24,393 10,333 1842 8,286,338 886,988 3,623,326 i 1,067,4:58 88,589 18,804 1343* 1,698,327 238,140 l-.936;467 ' 480,823 12,720 28,239 2,660 1844 2,517,921 181,023 2;098,944 1,310,081 1 236 23.786 16,589 1845 2,753,730 268,267 3,022,047 954.:i44 1,500 27,859 16,547 1846 2,097,691 199,1)74 2,296,765 1,(159,597 2,062 23,585 11,582 1347 1,885,393 129,986 2,015,3:54 1,247,2119 14,662 17,744 17,143 1848 1,595,450 271,513 1,866,963 1 1,417,908 28,900 12,847 21,2.55 1849 2,155,328 242,027 2,397,355 1,501.643 22,536 16,460 1850 Total, 2,188,101 416,564 2,604,665 1,686,967 112,314,082 1 28,900 31,180 14,963 22,763 $22,865,778 2,611,010 24,976,788 224,051 154,131 ia51 1.911,115 284,054 2,195,169 i 2,0.-2,706 1 9,289 26,014 1852 2,292,848 204,6sl 2,497,529 1,6:35,561 18,759 22.923 1853 1,983.723 215,773 2,199,496 1,625,170 10,802 20,730 18.54 2,299,710 142,956 2,442,666 1,695,970 1.5,204 15,004 1855 1,920,369 208,615 2,128,984 1,825,700 1.5,978 17,26:3 1856 8,501,110 85,318 3,586,428 2,426,479 1 '""1 22,557 24,977 I * 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Amsterdam, the principal city of ITollaud, situated on the Y, an arm of the Zuy- der Zee, in lat. 52° 22' 17" N., long. 4° 53' 15" E. From 1580 to 1750, Amsterdam wa3, perhaps, the first commercial city of Europe; and tliough lier trade lias expe- rienced a great filling off since tlie last-mentioned epoch, it is still very considerable. In 1785 the population is said to have amounted to 235,000; in 1815 it had de- clined to 180,179; but its iucrca.se in the interval has been such, that it amounted in 1840 to 210,077. The harbor is spacious and the water deep ; and it h<%s recently been much improved by the construction of docks, two of which are alreadj' com- pleted, and a third in a very advanced state. The imports principally consist of sugar, coffee, spices, tobacco, cotton, tea, indigo, cochineal, wine and brandy, wool, grain of all sorts, timber, pitch and tar, hemp and flax, iron, hides, linen, cotton and woolen stuff's, hardware, rock salt, tin plates, coal, dried fish. etc. The exports consist partly of the produce of Holland, partly and i)rincipally of the produce of her possessions in the East and "West Indies, and other tropical countries, etc. 110 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 889 HOLLAND. The following table will exhibit the proportions in which the trade of Holland was distributed amoner the different countiies of the world : COUNTRIES. IMP0KT8. EXPORTS. A. 1852. 1853. 1S52. 1853. 1 Great Britain, £6,954,833 £7,324,667 £5,085,167 £6,164,083 2 North Ska, Baltic, White Sea, and Cen tral Edrope — German Customs Union, 4,458,583 5,344,250 9,312,083 8,345,583 Hanover and Oldenburg, 425,000 343,750 192,917 199,167 Hamburg, . 267,917 410,000 6:!1,G07 609,500 Bremen, 96,083 94,917 65,667 81,917 Lubec, 5,000 6,667 1,750 3,333 Mecklenburg, 55,667 9,417 14,333 11,083 Denmark, . 184,333 163,067 106,333 83,917 Sweden, 41,417 35,250 26,667 31,500 NoiTvay, 378,583 383,000 61,416 56,750 Russia, Baltic, and White S ea, 1,243,750 7,156,333 1,268,917 8,059,835 426,000 286,500 10,838,833 9,709,250 3 Western Europe — Belgium, .... 2,208,917 2,097,083 2,047,083 2,009,417 France, .... 1,067,583 1,044,250 859,250 974,000 Spain, .... 47,000 57,250 44,167 54,750 Portugal, .... 47,750 42,583 34,250 28,167 3,371,250 3,241,166 2,984,750 3,066,334 4 Mediterraneajj and Blac K Sea — Russia, .... 286,917 220,331 5,833 23,000 Turkey aud the Levant, . 226,917 143,000 304,917 284.917 Austria, .... 134,500 101,750 311,000 372,750 Italy, .... 176,.333 149,083 826,000 548,000 824,667 614,166 1,447,750 1,228,667 5 America — United States, . ■ 778,000 562,250 480,167 458,917 Surinam, 406,000 309,917 122.250 105,167 Curacao, 14,583 10,667 22^917 26,833 South America, . 352,417 631,500 120,833 64,500 1,551,000 1,574,334 746,167 655,417 6 Asia, Africa, and Austra LIA — Java, .... 6,276,333 6,310,750 1,569,500 1,817,500 China, 208,583 117,583 333 250 Coast of Guinea, 18,833 34,500 16,167 20,917 Cape of Good Hope, Canary Islands, British Indi;i, ■ 494,750 446,333 18,083 13,333 Philippine Islands, 20,167 20,917 83 Australia, . .... 57,917 Totals, . . 7,018,666 5,930,083 1,604,166 1,909,917 On the 31st of December the merchant fleet of Holland counted in all 2,037 vessels, = 239,601 lastes burden (laste = 2 tons). The number of steamers belonging to Netherlands in 1837 was only 30, with 58 engines of 2,200 horse power. In 1853 there were 100 steamers, with 118 engines of 6,911 horse power, not including those of the royal navy. In connection with the great emigration to the gold fields of Australia, more than 50 Dutch ships were freighted in different British ports. Dutch West Indies. Ill FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE DUTCH WEST INDIES. From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Tears ENDINO EXPORTS IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion &, Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Sept. 30. 1821 Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. Export. Import. Aher. For. $533,259 $149,784 $683,043 $860,950 $34,860 $105,576 18,228 823 1822 921,072 157,704 1,078,776 1,491,023 22,450 137,328 25,642 827 1823 655,763 157,065 812,828 950.957 8,700 98,262 16,783 1,244 1824 589,775 111,984 701,769 997,800 3,000 54,408 19,071 1,406 1825 497,194 77,092 574,286 823.607 74,687 14,809 1826 434,125 57,426 491,551 554,217 2",466 87,141 12,733 'eii 1827 387,573 44,162 431,785 519,706 107,810 13,374 212 1828 415,343 41,616 456,959 478,397 "17 89,018 11,506 823 1829 879,874 18,667 898,541 43,8,132 148,027 12,217 863 1830 Total, 319,495 42,298 861,793 286,509 2,260 127,306 11,043 124 .$5,133,473 857,798 5,991,271 7,401,298 68,187 1,029,563 155,406 5,988 1831 870,857 45,274 416,181 843,799 70 78,237 11,4.30 194 1832 357,520 46,644 404,164 828,832 85,072 9,511 80 1833 288,205 54,038 342,243 380,871 49,162 11,478 80 1834 284,552 62,136 346,688 854,192 63.494 11,266 181 1835 319,432 84,110 403,542 481,340 ! 56,000 69,189 3,215 1836 406,458 67,427 478,885 521,906 22,868 25,510 3.524 223 1837 291,779 80,876 322,655 1 419,107 49,872 6,203 563 1838 204,234 46,915 251,149 882,591 23,430 85,315 2,948 168 1839 282,042 70,975 353,017 ; 582,284 47,625 88,766 4,020 441 1840 Total, 259,438 42,916 802,354 396,479 17,137 82,342 8,790 1,153 $3,004,517 551,311 3,615,828 4,191,401 167,130 471,959 67,385 3,083 1841 $298,699 3-1,194 832,893 500,197 20,668 62,063 6,666 720 1842 251,650 15,581 267,231 831,270 i 5,425 46,084 4,2.54 528 1843* 204,937 10,819 215,756 230,571 i 53,804 8,794 248 1844 303,438 19,648 323,286 386,283 '942 64,250 4,081 89 1845 304,080 33,708 837,788 803,324 17,906 27,569 5.025 1846 264,6-47 14,507 279,154 898,056 6,332 29,159 5,047 1847 217,214 16,355 233,569 279,033 6,225 18,847 4,870 'lis 1848 316,666 22,147 338,813 1 453,615 8,909 99,357 7,394 589 1849 317,066 50,252 307,318 I 453,099 84,018 39,946 14,193 357 1850 Totat, 864,335 56,683 421,018 530,146 41,294 43,037 9,283 161 $2,842,732 274,094 3,116,826 3,925,599 j 141,719 484,116 65,007 2,805 1851 366,898 138,089 504,987 572,470 155,544 26,859 7,687 806 1852 299,679 1T,706 817,445 552,561 ! 1,800 20,097 4,977 715 1853 251,258 18,789 27itude 105° 15' E., separated E. from Bali by the strait of Bali, and W. from Sumatra by the strait of Sunda, and havintj N. the sea of Java, and S. the Indian ocean. Length E. to W. 570 miles; breadtli varies from 48 to 115 miles. Estimated area, inchidinof the contiguous island Madura, 50,000 square miles ; and pop- ulation, 1849, 9,560,380; comprising Europeans and their descendants, 10,308; natives, 9,401,712; Chinese, 106,033; Arabs, Bughis, etc., 31,216; slaves, 6,111. The S. coast is high and steep, with few in- dentations. A mountain chain extends through the center from W. to E., with a mean elevation of 1,000 feet, liaving numerous volcanic peaks, some of which rise to 1,000 feet. Its N. coast is low and marshy, and lined with numerous small islands. Principal river, the Solo, besides which many are navigable for several miles from the sea, or used for floating down timber and other raw produce from the interior. The rocks are chiefly basaltic and volcanic, and the soil is extremely fertile. Java is supposed to be capable of supporting many times its present amount of population. At present only about one third part of the sur- face is under culture ; but the island is the granary of the Asiatic Ar- chipelago. Temperature hot in the plains, but cooler in the elevated parts. Earthquakes and thunder-storms are common ; hurricanes rare. Rice is the principal grain, and is cultivated all along the coast, as also in all the low grounds wherever irrigation can be effected. Coffee is the great staple of export; it is raised in most of the uplands, especially in the Preange or Prianga, regencies on the west part of the island, and, with sugar, its culture has greatly increased within the last few years. Indigo, tobacco, cotton, cinnamon, maize, and other dry grains, pulses, and vegetable oils, cocoa, and sago, are other principal products. THE VALfES OF THE EXPOKTS FKOM JAVA, AND THEIU DESTINATION, IN 1S46, 18-36, AND 1826, WEKE AS follows; CountricB. 1S46. 183C. 1826. Florins. Florins. Florins. Netlierlands, . . 39.603,848 27,232,588 6,513,525 Indian Archipelago, 9,326,548 6,708,153 4,357,783 Great Britain, 2,365,987 139,592 349,093 China, Macao, etc., . 1,886,703 3,318,706 1,976,192 France, . 1,326,149 1.944,145 42,232 America, . . 1,199,644 1,002,529 211,23.1 Hamburg, 615,041 108,142 63,334 Sweden, . 345.949 253,959 57,172 Other places, . 711,868 369,315 959,735 The pievious statements show that the produce and trade of Java have increased during the last dozen years with a rapidity unknown in any other colony, Cuba, perhaps, excepted ; and if the resources and capabi- lities of this noble island be fully developed, it is quite impossible to say how much further her trade may be extended and her resources developed. 890 Dutch East Indies. 113 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THL DUTCH EAST INDIES, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Tears ENDING Seit. 30 EXPORTS. IMPORTS j Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. Foreign. Total, Total. Export. 1 Import. Amer. For. 1621 $133,010 $1,581,803 $1,714,813 $1.34,309 $1,257,995 5,610 1822 121,441 999,571 1 1,121,012 3.T:3,144 877.641 $2',.3o6 .5,286 1823 151,120 1,750,981 1,902,101 419.6^0 908,940 240 4,990 1824 61,069 638,616 700,285 147,458 419.818 3,314 1835 163,022 1,364,884 1,527,906 188,402 669.5531 24,808 7,556 1,284 182G 57,506 374,957 432,403 6i:!,.556 27:3,069 8,282 182T 88,859 127,749 166,608 236,447 96.222 2,067 1,143 1828 83,710 313,277 896,987 li:3,462 205,480 2,000 8,028 1829 62,074 176,318 238,892 121,:348 149,.5.50 8,393 1,985 1880 Total, 68,273 107,293 170,566 181,848 52,600 10,000 1,501 '226 $935,684 7,435,449 8,371,133 2,409,714 5,060,868 44,808 37,695 1,464 1831 128,884 631,442 760,326 319,395 480,975 4,527 6,498 1S32 24,516 503,504 528,020 668,974 426,598 7,456 '686 1883 93,852 680,989 774,841 750,290 477,983 10',28i 7,477 1,488 1&S4 115,011 466,138 581,149 582,1.59 386,875 1,615 8.323 346 1885 230,608 1,213,682 1,444,290 800,:3.8S 1,106,493 925 20.476 1836 172,691 906,331 1,079.022 1,477,906 706,746 224 10,953 '447 1837 263,250 285,224 548,474 1,019,769 235,828 6,441 7,340 18SS 166,214 829,747 495.961 576,;396 808,184 8,742 11,430 1839 86,619 396,9:34 48:3,553 692,196 878,626 626 9,284 '66.3 1840 Total, 132,751 202,552 3:35,303 817,897 176,721 21.019 1,828 485 $1,414,396 5,616,543 7,030,939 7,705,370 4,686,032 48,559 95,141 11,449 1841 178,876 224,150 403,026 266,426 203,500 8,000 6,324 1842 a5,578 193,5S0 279,1.58 741,048 178,271 794 1843» 90,239 103,742 193,981 121 ,.524 89,577 2,890 1844 98,313 261,070 359,383 9a5,984 244,325 11,950 4,650 1845 129,151 72,007 201,158 538,608 68,516 121 4,592 1846 411,700 42,842 88,542 480,353 88,440 3,079 1847 91,902 108,238 200.140 894,982 106,120 5,370 1848 13!!,905 107,9.'54 241,859 249,:546 92,8.34 4,575 lS-t9 280,823 M,118 8.34,941 854,528 82,000 6,0sS 1,433 1850 Total, 180,533 262,952 44:3,485 444,404 219,400 l",866 4,070 8,320 $1,310,020 1,4-30,653 2,740,673 5,027,202 1,272,483 21,871 42,6.38 4,753 1851 204.430 43,140 247,570 410,148 81,500 8,016 5,651 1852 142,997 181.185 .324.182 1,015,994 15->,430 8.689 14,022 l&W 202.822 180,,sS4 88.3.706 384,58:3 149,800 8,526 6,605 1854 109,203 75,573 184,776 1,041,009 68,500 2,:5S6 8,683 4.318 1855 287.937 63,886 341,s23 1,032,270 87,170 8,406 8,458 1856 120,444 89,712 210,156 1,399,289 71,000 17,606 10,87T 9,141 • 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year fVom this time begins July 1, PRINCIPAL PORT. Batavia, a city of the island of J.iva, tlio c.ipital of the Dutcli possessions in tho East Indies, and the principal trading port of the Oriental Islands, lat. 6° 8' S., long. 106° 50' K., on the nortli-wcst coast of tho island, at tho mouth of the Jaccatra river, on an extensive bay. The harbor lies between the main land and several small uninhabited islands, whicli, during tho nortli-wcstcrn monsoon, afford sullieient shelter and good anehorage. Population in 1842, 53,860, including about three thou.sand Europeans ; the rest are Chinese, Javanese, Malays, etc. It is built on marshy ground, and intersected by canals in tho Dutch stylo. It is defended by a citadel and several batteries, and has a considerable garrison and marine arsenal. The Jaccatra is navigable by vessels of 40 tons two miles inland ; ships of from 300 to 400 tons anchor in tho bay, ono mile and a half from shore. Batavia is the great commercial emporium of tho Asiatic Archipelago, and absorbs by far tho greatest proportion of the trade of Java and Madura; tho annual exports of which Islands amount to 60,300,000 florins ($25,123,000), and the imports to 30,000,000 florins ($12,000,000). 114 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 893 DUTCH GUIANA, Dutch, or Surinam., lies between British and Frencli Guiana, being separated from the former on the W. by the river Corentyn, and from the latter on the E. by the Maroui ; on tlie N. it lias the Atlantic, and on the 8. Brazil. It lies between latitude 1° 30' and 6° N., and longitude 53° 30' and 5l° 30' W., being about 300 miles in length, from N. to S., and 260 in extreme breadth. Area, about 38,500 square miles. In physical geography, climate, productions, etc., it differs but little from British Guiana. The principal river is the Surinam, which flows northward through the center of the territory, and falls into the Atlantic after a course of nearly 300 miles. It is navigable for large ships for about 4 leagues from its mouth. Along the coast, and on the banks of the river, are many settlements aud plantations ; and the higher parts of the country are occupied chiefly by the Maroons, the descendants of run- away negroes. In the last century they were very troublesome to the colonists, but they have now adopted more settled habits. Slavery has been recently abolished here by the Dutch government, but, in lieu of compensation, the slaves remain apprenticed, and work -without wages to their proprietors for twelve years. The colony is ruled by a governor appointed by the crown, and a council elected by the freeholders. Just- ice is administered by a supreme court, courts of minor jurisdiction, and a court of inheritance and orphans. The receipts in 1850 amounted to £89,485 ; the expenditure to £85,564. On 273 plantations, consisting of 366,548 acres, 48,815 acres were under cultivation. The chief pro- ductions are sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, cacao, and cotton. Its chief trade is with Ilolland. Imports, in 1851, £lYl,395 ; exports, £236,162. At the close of 1850, the colony numbered 61,080 inhabitants — of whom 12,401 were Europeans and Creoles, 8,000 bush negroes, 1,000 In- dians, and 39,679 slaves. Of the religious sects, the Moravians amounted to 17,933, and the Jews to about 680. The hve stock consisted of 168 horses, 59 mules, 5,564 cattle, 3,155 sheep, 454 goats, and 4,664 hogs. The army consists of 610 men of all arms; and the navy of 11 vessels, chiefly small. Paramaribo, the capital, is situated on the right bank of the Surinam, about 10 miles from its mouth. It is built in the Dutch style, with wide and straight streets, planted with orange-trees ; and the houses are generally two stories in height, and built of wood. Population about 20,000. A little north of the town is the fort of Zeelandia, where the governor resides, and where are also most of the government establishments. Surinam was declared a free port by proclamation dated May 1, 1848. Accounts are kept in dollars of 8 reals or 50 stivers (100 cents), and in pounds sterling. Exchange on London, $4 80 to $4 85 per pound sterling. Aves island, one of the leeward group of the West Indies, between 15° and 16° N. lat., belongs to the Dutch government. In the year 1854 extensive deposits of guano were discovered on the island of Aves, by two American ship captains, but we do not as yet learn that any ship- ments have been made from it. Coffee, the product of a possession of the Netherlands, imported into the United States in a vessel of the Netherlands direct from such possessions, or from the Netherlands, is admitted free of duty, under the treaty of August 26, 1852. 892 Dutch Guiana. 115 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH DUTCH GUIANA, Fbom October 1, 1832, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS ! "Whereof there was iin Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CLD. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. Export. Import. 1 Amer. For. 1833 $92,515 $92,.'-.15 $49,326 $1,744 1834 27,228 27,228 67,579 1,236 1835 30,205 30,205 81,420 ! 8,884 1836 59,H1.5 $2,:i00 61,675 83,471 1 10,106 183T 54,518 1,595 50,113 44,976 6,378 2,i77 1833 68,775 2,073 70,848 64.354 200 i 4,718 76 1839 58,863 2,803 61.666 49,008 6,637 1840 Total, 63,118 52,118 37,766 I 6,729 $143,5;37 8,831 452,368 867,900 8,180 41,952 2,253 1841 87,900 87,900 85,793 400 6,496 117 1842 101,055 101,055 74.764 2,578 5,454 1843* 24.680 24,680 82,5:?3 275 8,066 1844 66.980 4,792 71.772 49,144 7,868 1845 47,737 1,872 49,609 41,347 6,740 1846 66.845 1,139 67.984 83,674 4,510 1847 43,840 8';8 44,223 59,355 4,381 1848 115.501 1,517 117,018 51,297 5,953 si 7 1849 104,013 52 104,065 58,281 416 6.369 1,000 1850 Total, 97,014 6,425 102,439 71,043 2,418 4,932 864 $705,565 15,185 720,750 507,231 6,087 5;J,269 1,798 1851 85,491 5,582 91,078 89,673 4,927 524 1852 83,952 7,282 91,234 80,738 A . . 6,262 944 1853 108,389 17,694 120,0a3 130,681 6,218 402 1854 53,745 7,678 01,423 104.236 18,096 2,927 130 1865 237,96;5 10,643 248,606 206,633 22,145 6,114 1856 313,661 7.855 321,516 252,793 12,000 3,162 6,510 065 * 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Far.vmaribo, the capital town of Dutch Guiana, on the west bank of the Surinam, five miles from its mouth in the Atlantic, lat. 5° 49' N., lonfr. 55° 22' W. Estimated population, 20,000, mostly blacks. It is rcgularlj' and well built; strect-s unpaved, but ornamented with rows of t;imarind and orange-trees ; and it has Lutheran, Cal- vinistic, Roman Catholic, and English churches, Portuguese and German Jewish synagogues, and is the center of the trade of the colony. Fort Zcelandiii, north of the town, is the residence of the governor. In a hospital for lepers, on the right bank of the Coppename, 450 patients arc maintained at the expense of the colony. The Kwatta canal, begun in 1810, is the lirst public work executed by free laborers. Colonies. — In IG02 tlio Dutch Ivist India Company was formed, and the Indian trade increased rapidly in magnitude and iniport-ance. Ships fitted both for com- mercial and warlike purposes were sent out. Amboyna and the Moluccas were wrested from the Portuguese. Factories and fortifications were established from tho mouth of tho Tigris along the coasts and islands of India as far as Japan. Alliances were formed with tho native princes. In Ceylon, Malabar, and Coromandcl, the Dutch were themselves the sovereigns. Batavia^ in the large and fertile island of Java, formed tho center of their Indian commerce. In 1621 the Dutch formed a West India Company. AVithin tho short period of 15 3'ears this association con- quered the greater part of Brazil, fitted out 800 trading and warlike .«hips, and cap- tured from the Spaniards anil Portuguese 545 ships, which were supposed to be worth £7,500,000. In 1051 they founded the colony of the Cape of Good ITopc. Between the years 1051 and 1672, when tho republic was invaded by the French, the commerce of Holland seems to have reached its greatest height. Not by moans of any artificial monopoly, but by the greater number of their ships, and their superior skill and economy in all that regarded navigation, tho Dutch engrossod almost tho whole carrying trade of Europe. 116 Forei(j7i Commercial Statistics. 895 i I HANSEATIC LEAGUE, An association of tte principal cities in the north of Oermany, Prus- sia, etc., for the better carrying on of commerce, and for their mutual j safety and defense. This confederacy, so celebrated in the early history I of modern Europe, contributed in no ordinary degree to introduce the blessiug-s of civilization and good government into the North. The ex- tension and protection of commerce was, however, its main object ; and hence a short account of it may not be deemed misplaced in a work of this description. Origin and Progress of the Hanseatic League. — Ilamburg, founded by Charlemagne in the ninth, and Lubeck, founded about the middle of the twelfth century, were the earliest members of the League. The distance between them not being veiy considerable, and being alike interested in the repression of those disorders to which most parts of Europe, and particularly the coast of the Baltic, were a prey in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, they early formed an intimate political union, partly in the view of maintaining a safe intercourse by land with each other, and partly for the protection of navigation from the attacks of the pirates, with which every sea was at that time infested. There is no very distinct evidence as to the period when this alliance was consummated ; some ascribe its origin to the year 1169, others to the year 1200, and others to the year 1241. But the most probable opinion seems to be, that it would grow .up by slow degrees, and be perfected according as the advantage derivable from it became more obvious. Such was the origin of the Hanseatic league, so called from the old Teutonic word hansa, signifying an association or confederacy. The Hanseatic confederacy was at its highest degree of power and splendor during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It then comprised from 60 to 80 cities, which were distributed into 4 classes or circles. Lubeck was at the head of the first circle, and had under it Hamburg, Bremen, Rostock, Wismar, etc. Cologne was at the head of the second circle, with 29 towns under it. Brunswick was at the head of the third circle, consisting of 13 towns. Dautzic was at the head of the fourth circle, having under it 8 towns in its vicinity, beside several that were more remote. The supreme authority of the League was vested in the deputies of the different towns assembled in Congress. In it they dis- cussed all their measures ; decided upon the sum that each city should contribute to the common fund ; and upon the questions that arose be- tween the confederacy and other powers, as well as those that frequently arose between the different members of the confederacy. The place for the meeting of Congress was not fixed, but it was most frequently held at Lubeck, which was considered as the capital of the League, and there its archives were kept. Sometimes, however, Congresses were held at Ham- burg, Cologne, and other towns. They met once every three years, or oftener if occasion required. The letters of convocation specified the principal subjects which would most probably be brought under discus- sion. Any one might be chosen for a deputy ; and the Congress con- sisted not of merchants only, but also of clergymen, lawyers, artists, etc. When the deliberations were concluded, the decrees Avere formally com- municated to the magistrates of the cities at the head of each circle. 894 JTaHse Toicns. 117 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE HANSE TOWNS, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Bremen, one of tho free Hanseatic cities, situated on the river "Weser, about 50 miles from its mouth, in lat. 53° 4' 45" N., long. 8° 48' E. Vessels not drawing more than seven feet of water go up to the town, but those drawing 14 to 15 feet anchor about 13 miles from Bremen. Other vessels stop at Bremerlohe, 38 miles below Bremen, where a new and spacious harbor has been constructed, called Bremen Ha- ven. Hamburg, a free Hanseatic city, on the north bank of the river Elbe, about 70 miles from its mouth, in lat. 53° 32' 31'' N., long. 9° 58' 37'' E. Vessels drawing 14 feet of water can come up at all times, and vessels drawing 18 feet can come safely up with spring tides. The largest vessels sometimes unload mto lighters at Cuxhaven. There are no docks or quays, and vessels moor at piles driven into the ground, a short distance from shore. LuBEC, a famous commercial city of N. Germany, nominally the chief of the Hanse towns. Lat. 53° 52' 1" K, long. IQo 41' 5" E, 118 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 945 PRUSSIAN OR GERMAN COMIVIERCIAL UNION. Next to the efforts of the Prussian government to diflfuse the blessings of education, their efforts to introduce a free commercial system into Ger- many constitute their best claim to the gratitude and esteem of their own subjects, and of the world. Germany, as every one knows, is divided into a vast number of independent, and mostly petty, States. Until a very recent period, every one of these States had its own custom-houses, and its own taiiff and reveime laws ; which frequently differed veiy widely indeed from those of its neighbors. The internal trade of the country was, in consequence, subjected to all those vexatious and ruinous restrictions that are usually laid on the intercourse between distant and independent States. Each petty State endeavored either to procure a revenue for itself, or to advance its own industry, by taxing or prohibit- ing the productions of those by which it was surrounded ; and customs officers and lines of custom-houses were spread all over the country ! Instead of being reciprocal and dependent, every thing was separate, in- dependent, and hostile ; the commodities admitted into Hesse were pro- hibited in Baden, and those prohibited in Wirtemberg were admitted into Bavaria. It is admitted that nothing contributes so much to the growth of industry and wealth in modern times as the perfect freedom of internal industry, and that intimate correspondence among the various parts of the country, which renders each the best market for the products of the other. How different would have been our present condition had each county been an independent State, jealous of those around it, and anxious to exalt itself at their expense ! But, until within these few years, this was the exact condition of Germany. In 1852, the tariff alliance comprised : Prussia, Luxemburg, Bavaria and her detached territories, . Saxony (Kingdom of), ... "Wirtoraberg and tho two Ilolicnzollerns, Hesse (Electoral), .... Hesse (I^Lichy) and Horaburg, The Thuringian States, Baden (Duchy of), .... Brunswick (Uuchy of), Nassau, Frankfort, German 8q. Miles. 5,188 Population in 1849. 16,669,153 47 189,783 1,396 4,526,650 272 384 203 154 1,894,431 1,805,558 7,731,584 862,917 237 1,014,954 276 1,360,599 63 85 247,070 425,686 2 71,678 Totals, Vesbels Entered and Cleared. 8,307 29,800,063 1S54. 1S55. Entered loaded, Of which were Entered in ballast. Cleared loaded. ( national, I foreign, Of which were \ !?"; ^"'^^ j toreign, . Cleared in ballast, Number. 4,794 2.182 2,612 2,936 6,576 2,808 3,768 981 Tonnage. 414,803 211,648 203,155 274,756 585.663 2 77,023 307,740 88,443 Number. 5,434 2,316 3,118 6,123 2,597 3,526 Tonnaao. 511,661 244,160 267,501 000,254 272,289 327,965 944 Prussia. 119 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH PRUSSIA, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 1821 1S22 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1823 1829 1830 Total, 1881 1832 1883 1884 1885 1836 1S8T 1838 1839 1340 Total, 1841 1842 1843* 1844 1845 1846 1S47 1,S43 1849 1850 Total, 1851 1852 ia53 1854 1865 1856 EXPORTS. DOMFSTIC. FORKIQN. ToTAU $7,268 5,163 4,918 15,129 8,515 15,480 14,411 16,501 $87,335 27,043 11,116 12,612 15,300 53,063 66,410 106,553 65,661 29,313 48,853 $480,629 149,211 149,141 222,039 194,606 502,007 396,210 1^2,259 14V i74 84,703 70,645 $2,046,895 80,469 93,2:« 26,911 20^466 70,367 $568 12,650 3,421 16,639 8,510 2,6S2 83,427 19,2S3 43,500 43,115 145,517 26,765 7,547 18,330 23.968 65,114 39,045 19,91)7 15,:5n5 9.516 27,991 254,168 6,414 153 1,S06 10,800 9,395 $7,836 5,163 17,563 18,550 8,515 15,430 14,411 16,501 108,974 27,043 11,116 12,812 18,810 55,745 66,410 139,985 84,944 72,818 86,468 576,146 175,976 156,688 240,369 218,574 567,121 435,S55 202,ir.6 16lt,4.')9 44,219 98,636 2,800,003 85,913 93,:i>6 28,717 Sl',26() 79,762 IMPOETS Total. $1,899 21,250 107,615 39.758 186,064 22,9.35 16,605 345,626 50,970 27,927 124,.570 14,045 88,543 81,301 497,829 6,629 70,412 59,304 971,.')30 36,119 18,192 12',6U9 31,082 31,.534 7,603 22,817 17,687 27,469 Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. 205,167 20,542 21,263 47,875 47,778 8;J7,814 161,169 Export. Impoet. TON'GE OLD. Amer. For. 120 .... ''iii 313 156 117 188 232 1,126 217 887 179 '299 239 1,177 4,625 240 1,4.3:} 816 l,2;54 606 1,577 2,367 10,845 54T 8,813 2,06:J 2,173 1,905 164 5,009 947 9,.521 1,176 7,275 5.127 3,750 240 606 4,857 5,247 48,435 184 1,635 295 1,.V>3 298 295 1,174 208 1,827 ♦ 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year ft-om this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Dantzic, in Wc.«t Pmssia. in lat. 51° 20' 48" N., long. 1S° 38' E. It is .situ- ated on the loft bank of tho Yistul;^, about four miles from wliere it empties into the sea. The harbor \s at the mouth of the river. Tiio depth of water at the moutli of tho river is from 12 to 13 feet ; in tho harbor from 13 to 14 ; in tho river, near the town, 8 to 9 feet. Memel, a commercial town of Eivst Prus.sia, in lat. 55° 41' 42" N., long. 21° 8* 14" E. Memel is situated on tho north-oast side of the preat bay called Currische Haf, near its junction with tho Baltic. Tho harbor is larojo and safe, but the bar at the mouth of tho Currische tiaf, has seldom more than 17 feet, and sometimes not more than 14 or 15 feet; and vessels drawing over 16 feet have frequently to un- load part of their cargoes in the roads, where the anchorage is indilTorent. Stettin, tho principal commorciid town of Prussia, on tho left bank of the Odor, about .36 miles from its mouth, in lat. 53° 23' 20" N., long. 14° 33' E. Vcssela drawing more than eight feet of water, unload by lighters at the mouth of tho river. 120 Fcyreign Commercial Statistics. 947 RUSSIA. The Russian empire embraces nearly a half of the surface of Europe. It chiefly cousists of an enormous plain, being little diversified by rising ground, except toward the Urals and the Caucasus, in the S. and E., and in the province of Finland, in the N.W. Tlie northern part of the coun- try is a cold and barren region of heaths and marshes ; the central prov- inces are rich and fertile ; the southern, mere stejipes, or grassy, sandy, and salt plains, which afford, however, in their hollows, along the river- courses, abundance of excellent pasturage for cattle and horses. The population is chiefly agricultural, or uonuidic ; and the manufactures that are to be found in some places are more indebted to the fostering care of the goverumeut, and the high import duties, or absolute prohibition of foreign wares, than to native enterprise, for their origin and continuance. Russia is an immense military power, so far as that depends on the num- bers of her armies ; but the want of national wealth is such a drawback on military enterprise, as she has not yet been able to overcome. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, 1851 AND 1854. 1851. 1854. By the European frontier of the empire, The kingdom of Poland, The frontiers of Asia, Finland, . ToUl, . . 97,394,457 103,737,612 65,337,681 70,358,608 The silver ruble of 100 copecs, of the years 1750 to 1762, was worth 4 francs 01 cent.; that of 1763 to 1807, was worth 4 francs, NAVIGATION, 1851 AND 1854. 1851. 1854. Exports. Rubles d'Arg. Imports. Rubles d'Arg. Exports. Rubles d'Arg. Imports. Rubles d'Arg. 79,221,377 78,038,315 44,075,497 44,906,535 4,852,226 9,015,372 9,446,138 9,518,659 11,140,293 15,734,836 9,908,018 15,601,827 2.180,561 949,089 1,908,028 331,587 VESSELS. VESSELS. Arrived. Departed. Arrived. Departed. Ports of the Baltic, . . 3,790 3,781 473 463 " " White Sea, . . 721 658 685 747 " " Black Sea, . . 2,585 2,598 1,183 1,409 " " Caspian Sea, . 227 305 181 211 Total, .... 7,323 7,342 2,522 2,830 The toimage of the vessels arriving amounted to 579,396 laste.s, and of the dei)artures, 576,289 lastes, in 1851, and in 1854, 2,084,477 lastes. Debt in 1854, 19,539,288 rubles, 29 copecs. The origin of the Russians as a distinct branch of the Slavonians, is a moot point among archajologists. They seem to have borne at one time the name Antes, consisting of several tribes, that formed a sort of con- federation. In the ninth century, Ruric, the Varangian, established him- self in Novgorod the Great; and his successors, extending their dominion by conquest, established their capital at Kieff, where the dynasty reached the zenith of its power under Vladimir the Great, who introduced Chris- tianity among his subjects, according to the creed and ritual of the Greek Church, A.D. 983. 946 Jiussia. 121 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH RUSSIA, From October 1, 1820, to Jui-y 1, 1856. Years ENDING Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS 1 Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. FoKEiaN. Total. { Total. Expoet. Import. Amer. Fob. 1821 $127,939 $500,055 $628,894 ! $1,852,199 4,521 1S22 177,201 351,820 529,081 8,307,;!28 im 4,325 1823 51,6:i5 507,1199 048,734 2.258,777 1,800 2,771 1824 92,7f)6 1:39,215 231,981 2,209,063 2,201 1825 55,101 232,210 287.401 2,067,110 8,279 1826 11,044 10:3,604 174.048 2,617,169 1,386 182T 45,510 3:;6,T;3* •:--'.-' U : •.'.n^.;,077 . . 3,509 117 182S 108,922 13 11,57:! -i:.'i. r,'.-. •J,7-s,302 $1.3,.V)3 2,785 286 1829 51,684 ;i3),.'>42 '■'■>l':.\lJl'l 2,218,095 10,213 2,943 1830 Total, 85,461 881,114 416,575 1,021,899 28,700 8,492 234 $757,413 3,378,866 4,136,279 23,027,579 52,466 2,100 81,212 687 1881 114,852 847,914 462,766 1,608,328 90,423 4,810 1832 121,114 461.568 5S2.082 3.251.852 82,083 8,()(i6 8,147 '89i is;33 2'>3,7;U 480,071 "i):i,sii,% -'.T7J,r).')0 a5,494 2,192 6.498 1834 10s,C27 102,007 .■;:;ii.r,:ii •j..'.;i:.,^4J) 1„M6 4,979 'soo 1885 2.!l,t;o7 ,35:3,841) .^^,^, u: -'.:;:'.-.,'jt5 0.077 3,424 695 1836 326,2S;3 584.7:i0 911,111:; 2,77\r.M 1-. 6,196 1,199 1S3T 144,080 1,102,652 1,300,T;!2 '.'.^ic.ii'; :;.- IK 4,0(10 6,644 4,147 18:38 859,047 089,242 l,048,2-'0 ],<^\:;:'<; 7,ii7o 1,000 7.2.'i3 198 1839 4.34.5S7 804,659 1,239,246 2,;39:?.S94 l.s.'iO 50 8,540 853 1340 Total, 234,856 934,625 1,169,4S1 2,572,427 9.231 6,018 477 $2,358,787 5,981,368 8,340,155 25,088,202 299,630 10,242 57,009 7,666 1841 146,118 879,611 1,025,729 2,817,448 7,405 808 1842 816,026 520,567 8:i6,5>,(:3 l.:3.^o.l06 4,978 6.691 1,699 1843* 809,867 76,926 380,70:! 74'.',s03 626 8,401 4,103 271 1844 414,882 140,5:32 5.5.5,414 1,0.50,419 1,120 6,308 1.981 1845 536,845 190,492 727,:3;{7 1,492,2()2 9,109 1,906 1846 535,888 97,079 632,407 1,570,054 5,-»51 1,548 1847 626,832 124,118 7.50,450 924,073 4,135 1,362 1843 1,(147,582 108,428 1,156,010 1,319,084 9,588 898 1349 937,557 197,947 1,135,504 840,238 "74 10.849 1,893 1850 Total, 606,4;35 198,506 864,941 1,511,572 6,048 8,990 ' $5,537,082 2,534,206 8,071,238 13,627,659 6,724 8,475 67,247 15,346 1851 1,465,704 145,987 1,611,691 1,302,782 9,241 8,23» 1862 1,061,748 1:38,732 1,200,480 1.. 58 1.620 1 10.(XI6 8,045 1853 2,813,175 143,478 2,456,05:3 1,27S,.5()1 11,958 6,297 1854 385,.'.21 14^005 480,616 1,544,2:;5 8.891 1,485 1855 48,940 2(1,114 69,:$54 250,,')56 1,583 1856 600,15:3 80,252 686,405 830,681 9,720 MO * 9 months to Jauo 30, and tho fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Odessa, a seaport of southern Russia, on tho north-west coast of tho Black Sea, between tho rivers Dnoistcr and Bug, in lat. 4G° 28' 54" N., lon>r. 30° 43' 22'' E. Tho bay or roaflstoad of Odessa is extensive, the water is deep, and the anchorapo is pood — tho bottom being fine sand and gravel; it i.s. however, cxpa^ed to tho south-easterly wiiid.s, which rendor it less safe in winter. The port, which is artificial, being formed of two niolo.8, one of which projects a considerable distance into tho sea, and luus deep water, with room for 300 sliips. PETERsnuRo, tho eipital of Rus-si;i, situated at the confluence of the river Nova with the ea.storn extremity of tho Gulf of Finland, in lat. 59° 56' 23" N., long. 30° 18' 45'' I']. Cronsliidt, situated on a small i.sland about twenty miles west of St. Petersburg, may in Fomc, mea.sure bo considered as the port of tlie latter. Almost all vessels bound for Petersburg touch here, and tho.se drawing above eight feet of water load and unload at Cronstadt — the goods being conveyed to the city in light- ers. Tho water to Cronstadt is ample, thcro being from 24 to 36 feot of water. 122 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 949 SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Sweden and Norway together occupy the Scandinavian peninsula, which consists of a liU2je mass of mountains, falling abruptly toward the Western ocean, and in a series of long slopes toward the East sea. More than a third part of the ])eninsula is more than 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, and about 3,700 square English miles of its surface are within the limits of perpetual snow. Of these elevated and snowy regions, nearly 3,000 square miles of the latter, and almost the whole of the former, are in Norway. The country possesses a great diversity of soil and climate. The summer of the lowlands of Sweden is warm and dry, but very short ; the winters are long and severe. The climate, however, is generally wholesome and invigorating. The climate of Nor- way is less extreme ; not so warm in summer, nor so cold in winter, but more humid and changeable than that of Sweden, and generally less salubrious. Agriculture and fisheries are the principal employments of the population. Sweden possesses mines of iron of the best quality, which are wrought with advantage. Sweden and Norway form two dis- tinct States, with separate governments, but are united under one crown. COMMERCE OF SWEDEN. NAVIGATIOM AND COMMERCE IN 1854. Arrived. Cleared. t Rix dollars Banco. COUNTEIES. < h 0,S17 2. 138 10.648 1849 725,281 ss..'>n6 768,787 731,846 1,N31 14,718 1850 Total, 668,580 51,610 720,190 1,0;j2,117 .... 649 9,822 $4,064,004 886,167 4,450,171 7,231,286 2,000 9,660 69,468 1S51 760,800 21,566 782,866 967,237 1.545 9.098 1852 732,846 2,5,322 758,168 775,448 8.640 6,547 1853 83:5,533 18.735 8.52,268 447.832 8,217 6,].'v3 1854 1,08,5,602 ;f:i,324 1,124,926 515,178 4,731 4.896 1856 949,017 2S,793 977,810 84.H,900 4,601 4,8.50 1856 1,871,645 47,718 1,919,868 871,245 9,461 8,630 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time bc^'ins July 1. TRINCIPAL TOUTS. GoTTEXBUuao, or more properly GiiTiiAHORO, on tlic south-west ooa.st of Sweden, bordering the Cattegat, near the mouth of the river Gotha, lat. 57° 42' 4" N., long. 11° 5T 45" E. Vessels do not come up close to the city, but lie in the river or harbor, at a short distance from the shore — good-s beinp conveyed to and from them by lighters. Tho depth of water in the port is 17 feet, and there is no tide, bar, or shallow. Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, situated at the junction of Lake Masler with an inlet into the Baltic. Tiie entrance to tlio harbor i.s intricate and dan,gerou.s, and should not be attempted without a pilot; but the harbor itself is capacioas and ex- cellent — the largest vessels lying in safety close to the qu.iys. Beroex, the lirst conuncrci.-d city of Norway, situated at tho head of a deep bay, in lat. 60° 24' N., and Itmg. 6° 20' E. Tiie bay is inclosed on all sides by rugged rocks and islands ; tho wator ia deep, but tho entrance to tho town is difficult, and need.s a pilot. 124 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 951 NORWAY. Norway (Kingdom of), (Swed. Norrige, German Norwegen), a coun- try of North Europe, united to the crown of Sweden, and forming the N.W, part of the Scandinavian peninsula, capital Christiana. It extends from Cape Lindesnacs latitude 57° 57' 8", to the North Cape, latitude 71° 10' 3" N., and between longitude 4° 50' and 31° 15' E. Owing to the difficulty of transport, all the seats of industry, and the only towns, are on the coast, and chiefly on the Gulf of Christiana. Ship-build- ing is actively carried on in the ports. In the middle ages, the commerce of Norway consisted exclusively in the exportation of fish, and this is still the most important article of trade. Next to this is the export of timber, which was commenced by the Dutch in the sixteenth century ; and, lastly, the products of the mines and metal forges. The timber exported an- nually amounts to 200,000 lastes, value 1,685,000 specie dollars. COMMERCE OF NORWAY, IN 1853. ENTERED. CLEARED. COUNTRIES. Vessels. Commercial Instes.* Vessels. Commercial Lastes.* Sweden, . 5G9 8,772 872 26,984 Russia, 669 n,7G8it 805 17,2714 Prussia, 291 5,564 345 6,531 Mecklenberg, . 6 157 10 205 Lubec, 4 191i 4 50i Denmark, . 3,578 47,497 3,503 46,247i Altona, 128 3,621i 57 1,667+ Hamburg, . 83 3,613J 19 565| Bremen, . 107 3,399 92 1,75U Oldenburg, 66 1,655 28 616 Hanover, . 249 5,566i 254 5,703 Netherlands, . 1,010 62,980 1,010 63,064 Belgium, . 51 2,666i 61 2,168 Great Britain, . 2,077 130,244^ 1,848 126,900^ France, . 941 58,673 1.183 74,77H Spain, 72 4,160^ 128 5,502i Portugal, . 149 9,367 4 220i Gibraltar, . .... .... 1 35 Sardinia, . . . . 4 307 2 73 Roman States, . 1 49i The Two Sicilies, . 6 883^ 10 553 Austria, . . . . 3 158i Turkey, . . . . 5 372 4 198i British Am. Colonies, 57 9,691 U. States of America, 3 eiH 11 1,26H Cuba, . . . . 3 218 4 242 West Indies, . 5 179^ Brazil, . . . . 6 565 3 222 Australia, . . . 2 198i Trinidad, . . . . 1 176 .... Java, 2 304i .... Baltic Sea, 29 l,571i Ports north-weat, 26 763^ 38 1,045 Ports south-west, •• 57 3,964^ Tot4 10,106 364,094 10,450 399,663 Of„Mchwerejj°tSlw . 4,247 101,605 9,989 363,799 , 5,859 262,489 461 35,863 * Laflt«=two tons. 950 Swedish West Indies. 125 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE SWEDISH WEST INDIES, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING EXPORTS IMPOETS ■ Wheroof thcro was in Bullion &, Specie. TOX-QE CLT). Sept. 80. 1821 Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. Export. Import. Amer. For. $507,077 $53,149 $560,226 $611,116 .... $292733 20,774 883 1822 569,566 91,247 600,813 393,119 76,58:3 16,282 1,080 1823 241.701 18,362 260,063 1S,").S(|8 44,1S1 8,174 a54 1824 2(i4,9s3 39,(iS7 244,670 l(i2.s::.^ 22,520 8,263 840 1825 193,761 41,247 235.0(lS 81,702 86,-55;} 7,150 183 1826 12(1,573 28,284 14:!,s57 16:!.yi6 40,429 4,437 1827 41(1,822 25,014 441,836 209,.".35 82,920 16,277 1828 611,5S4 23,616 635,200 875,995 109,656 26,55:3 '685 1829 684,523 23,791 708,314 283.049 100,741 28,246 828 1830 Total, 552,700 37,727 590,427 230,530 157,874 19,960 984 $4,103,290 377,124 4,480,414 2,637,635 964,195 156,116 4,742 1831 251,937 11,111 26.3.048 218,913 111,142 7,199 552 1882 141,219 7,478 148,727 5.3,410 22.215 4.651 644 1833 100,163 5,057 105,220 82,2o2 8,935 8,895 28:3 ia34 81,040 7.902 88,942 47,214 $2',466 24,429 2,619 236 1835 72,714 13,641 86,:»5 31,830 22,013 2,699 217 1836 80,225 1,620 81,845 56,414 10,002 2,052 1837 84,114 8,005 87,119 68,977 27.207 2,623 "84 1838 74.140 4,281 78,421 46,019 26.013 1,945 1389 103.2S2 4,1.30 107.412 12,458 8,960 2,184 'i:» 1840 Total, 98,710 3,C10 102.320 57,545 49,947 2,203 139 $1,087,574 61,835 1,149,409 624,4s7 2,400 305,86:3 81,475 2,294 1841 16.5.184 8,707 16S891 19,760 13.607 8.455 95 1842 129,727 8,320 133,047 23.242 19.475 2,663 726 1843* 31,228 2,846 88,574 51,318 4.5.823 949 1844 63,8S4 1,360 65,244 28,719 i',6(j(i 22,899 1,478 141 1S45 88.8^^6 1,453 90,839 12,119 8,473 2135 1846 l:is,i2i 3,448 141,569 5,285 i',(')i2 2,450 2,329 184T 110,(162 8,659 113,721 1,607 1848 75,496 800 76,296 13,785 9,589 2.250 ■■79 1849 95,128 737 95,865 15,982 9,918 2,6*4 547 1850 Total, 98,176 1,166 99,342 2.193 167,403 500 2,4M .382 $995,892 21,996 1,017,888 2,012 182,234 22,004 1,970 1S51 61,157 745 61.902 29.001 19,587 l.:?19 1852 9(»,8(i2 1.99:t 92,795 4.2St 8,229 2,287 'i'25 1853 31,024 1,191 32.215 6,876 4.N39 1,186 1854 12,741 12.741 22,591, 13,156 367 1855 6S,S5() 'sji 69.247 32.229 16.816 1,865 146 1856 GO,7o2 60,702 10,192 2,829 1,012 83 * 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL ISLAND. Swedish West Indies. — The i.sland of St. Bartholomew is the only possession of the Swedes in America. It belongs to the Leeward ^froup. and is situate centrally in 17° 50' N, lat, and 62° 52' W. lon^'., distant 12 miles from St. Martin, and about 30 from St. Christopher. It is about eight miles long by from two to three miles wide, and contains an area of about 25 square miles. Capital, Gustavia. Tho island is of an irregular sliapo, and deeply indented by numerous small sandy bays, separated by bold and steep rocky acclivities, of moderate height. In the interior it is hilly, but its lollicst elevations are less than 1,000 feet. In most parts it is barren and sterile, but has numerous well-cultivated valleys. It produces all tho staples of the West Indies — cotton, sugar, tobacco, indigo, etc , and also lignum \\Uv and iron wood. Its only exports are cattle and some ."jalt. "Water is scarce, and tho inhab- itants depend tor supply on tho rains. The only harbor is La Carcnage, a safe and commodious one, and much frequented. It is on tho west side of the island. Close by is Gusta^da, the principal town, a thriving place. 126 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 963 SPAIN (ESPANA), Iberia, JFfispania, a country of S.W. Eur6pe, occupying the greater part of the Iberian peninsulii, and oft<.>n termed colloquially " the Penin- sula" extending between latitude 36° 1' and 43° 45' N., and longitude 3° 20' E., and 9° 21' W., bounded north by the Bay of Biscay and the Pyrenees, which separate it from France, east by the Mediterranean, south by the Mediterranean and the Straits of Gibraltar, and west by Por- tugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Capital, Madrid. The principal islands of Spain are the Baleares or Balearic islands, in the Mediterranean ; off the coast are the island of Leon, islets in the Bay of Vigo, and other.'; at the mouth of the Ebro. COMMERCE OF SPAIN IN THE YEAR 1854. EUROPE. AFRICA. COirMTETES. Imports. Exports. COUNTErCS. Imports. Exports. Austria^ 1,040,527 874,013 Algiers, 354,269 7,971,208 Belgium, . 2,915,839 3,849,715 Kgypt, 1,971,748 20,160 Brem., Ham., 4,404,303 14,031,459 Mor., Tunis, 268,659 579,848 Sardinia, 4,727,877 395,368 26,454,925 10,985,836 Port. Poss., Total, . 32,000 76,849 Denmark, . 2,626,676 8,648,065 Two Sicilies, 42,920 1,430,458 AMERICA. Roman States, 3,610,425 877,162 Cuba, P. R., 148,546,232 161,013,480 France 173,589,279 238,421,957 Brazil, 6,395,792 9,056,339 Netherlands, 3,821,034 4,630,929 Chili, 222,380 7,78.5,872 England, 158,324,624 305,220,302 Equador, 12,142,536 30,000 Portugal, . 5,527.270 31,995,902 United States, 111,723,886 57,312,251 Prussia, 102,509 7,408,274 Guatemala, . 2,511,390 73,050 Russia, 1,183,709 2.959,131 Mexico, 596,370 7,124,692 Sweden, 24,083,380 4,276,887 New Grenada, 20.040 Tuscany, 2,395,346 12,872,205 Peru, . 8,654,520 3,623,274 Turkey, 1.560,021 Rio de Plata, 10.555,391 32,686,464 Great Britain, 56,050,509 14^819,880 Uruguay, . 725,054 6,816,6'.)8 Total, . 442,214,919 632,669,056 Venezuela, . 27,118,037 1.435,037 ASIA. Danish Col., . . • • 411,037 Philippines, 25,229,166 7,631,364 French Col., 16,000 English Pos., 6,506 2,101,264 English Col., 13,323,623 5,068,840 Zanzibar, . 872.726 Total, . Total, reals, 342,535,251 813,485,244 292,453,034 Total, . 26,108,398 9,732,628 993,502,783 ENIT BED. CLEAEKD. A > Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons. ,„_.,( Loaded 6,698 795,140 5,787 629,681 ^^^•^ i In ballast, . 2,068 189,837 1,041 158,130 Total, . . "87J66 984,977 6,828 787,811 lOKA i Loaded ^85*] In balk 6,473 756,525 7,376 828,897 ist, 2,974 "9,447 306,809 1,063,334 696 8,072 9.5,326 Total, . 924,223 Spain is rich in minerals, especially mercury, iron, copper, and lead. The celebrated gold and silver mines of the time of the Romans, have long been abandoned, but mercury is extracted in great abundance from the mines of Almaden. Lead forms an important branch of mining in- dustry. Coal is found chiefly in the Asturias, copper, tin, zinc, antimony, arsenic, and cobalt, are common, and rock salt is abundant in the hills of Cardona. 952 8paiii on the Atlantic. 127 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SPAIN ON THE ATLANTIC, From October ], 1820, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING EXPOKTS IMPOETS Whereof there was in Bullion i Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Sept. 80. 1821 Domestic. I'OREIGN. Total. Total. Export. Import. Amer. For. $324,706 $189,900 $514,606 $254,025 1 $21,200 8,604 1823 116,270 67,743 184,012 32 ',535 $3,636 8,500 3,079 'm 1823 130,966 6.5.966 196,932 503,487 5,509 4,628 1824 140,436 866,434 506,870 1 259,560 91,994 6,084 1825 73,515 82.722 156,237 I 244,664 SOO 2,.345 1826 71,313 22,227 93,.540 332,719 2,390 8,620 '4:35 1827 74,761 47,178 121,989 154.3S5 2,300 2,245 1828 40,946 199,9.53 240,899 210,684 8.3,666 245 2.939 '756 1829 545,753 189,732 685,485 827,409 50,000 14,450 12,719 1,550 1830 Total, 538,956 61,327 600,283 461,267 25,475 9,387 $2,057,623 1,243,181 3,300,803 3,075,735 86,6:30 167,923 55,650 2,912 1&31 235,584 63,428 299,012 506,072 4,000 46.-4:39 4,598 1,068 1882 302,534 44,681 347,265 677.433 2,050 9,029 6,0:33 2,093 1833 201,619 24,571 226,190 337,794 1,:;21 84,433 5,723 1,5.37 1834 202,744 25,033 227,777 640,369 9.005 2,491 6,1.36 1,534 183.5 430,984 87.230 518,214 468,969 76,412 2.323 9,247 1,411 1836 604,929 46,280 651,209 793,708 26,214 8,400 5.971 4,021 1837 230,099 46,750 276,849 465,467 15,050 10,428 2,724 5,843 1838 137,405 12,470 149,875 234,200 12,2:39 78,766 5.301 1,537 1839 316,144 32,014 348,153 26.3,193 3,520 15,129 1,617 1840 Total, 137,835 5,839 14;5,674 220,315 1,370 8,767 11,160 2,419 $2,799,927 888,296 8,188,223 4,663,570 151,731 191,036 72,022 23,070 1841 208,323 17,822 221,145 190,727 12,020 8,200 7.557 1,474 1842 333,222 1,200 3:34,422 79,735 1,842 11,6.56 2,398 1843* 50,100 240 50,340 49,029 7,195 2,298 802 1844 569,631 33,803 59.3,439 2.52,127 li.uh 6,148 10,427 185 1&45 271,233 550 271,783 117,153 1.S76 6,523 672 1846 845,442 345,442 147,363 4,650 6,753 2,871 1847 770,748 10,1 is 780,863 274.703 9,500 55.592 9.5S5 1,174 1843 597,797 597.797 277,105 55,429 12,926 2,209 1849 169,071 3l',479 2(10.550 313,490 1 28".i,57 24,413 17,24:! 2,2:54 1850 Total, 60.5,059 28,.553 634,217 330,181 ; 27,613 13,706 10,533 $3,916,226 113,772 4,029,998 2,031,623 95,033 159,345 : 98,684 24,052 1851 958,713 1,075 959,783 451,797 i 14.683 12,424 1853 499,314 2S,2(I8 520,522 842,096 2.5,706 ... 10,963 8,406 1853 631,494 15,551 647,045 035,046 13,531 2.960 10,763 6,229 18.54 1,390,348 1,390.348 53s,5il4 14,032 8,940 3,164 1855 1,189,1.58 15l',ii7 1,340,275 51 S.I 40 22,254 6,570 1856 1,417,949 10,306 1,423,255 5s2,025 13,223 7,697 ♦ 9 months to Juno 30, and tho fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Cadiz, the principal commerei.al city and seaport of Spain, on its soutli-wcstcni coast, on tlio roclcy and elevated extremity of a narrow, low peninsula, or tonsuo of land, projcctinj^ from tho Isla de Leon, N.N.W. about 4^ nautical miles. It is surrounded on all sides, except tho south, where it joins the land, by the .sea, and Ls very stront^ly fortified. Population in 1837, 58,525. It is well built, and ha.s, at a distance, a very striking: appearance. Tho tower or lighthou.se of St. Sebastian stands on the western side of tlio cit)^, being in lat. 36° 31' 7" N., long. 6° IS' 52" W. It is a most conspicuous object to vessels approaching from tlio Atlantic. The light, which is 172 feet high, is of great brilliancy, revolves once a niitiute, and iu fair weather may be seen more than six leagues oft'. Bay of Cadiz. — The entrance to tliis noble basin lies between tlio city and the town and promontory of Rota, bearing N.W. by N., distant about If- leagues. The bay is of vor}' great extent, aflbrding, in most places, good anchorage. Tho port is ou the eastern side of tho city, where a largo mole has been constructed. 128 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 955 SPAIN. Spanish Commercial Policy. — It is tlic peculiar misfortune of Spain that every part of her political system has been alike vicious and objection- able. Had her commercial ])olicy been liberal, it would, in some degree, have compensated for the defects in the distribution of property and po- litical power, and would, no doubt, liave given a powerful stimulus to industry. But, unluckily, it has been in perfect harmony with her other institutions, and was, in all respects, worthy of the favorite seat and stronghold of the Inquisition. From the reign of Ferdinand and Isa- bella down almost to yesterday, the grand object of the Spanish gov- ernment, next to the extirpation of heresy, has been to exclude foreign manufactures from the Peninsula, and to presei"ve a monopoly of its markets, as well as of those of the colonies, to the home manufacturers. It is, however, almost needless to say, that their efforts to bring about this result have been signally unsuccessful. Oppressive taxes, with the multiplication of fasts and holy-days, the government monopolies, and the badness of the roads and other means of communication, made it impos- sible for the Spanish manufocturers, even if they had evinced greater enterprise and industry than they have done, to produce manufactured articles as cheap as the English, French, and others less unfavorably situ- ated. And such being the case, it is plain that the prohibition of certain descriptions of commodities, and the oppressive duties laid on others, could have no etfect except to suppress the legitimate commerce of the country, and to throw it wholly, or almost wholly, into the hands of smugglers. Any one who takes up a map of Spain must be satisfied at a glance that it would be impossible for an army of customs officers to prevent her being deluged with smuggled products, provided they were materially cheaper than her native products ; for, beside her extensive sea frontier, they may be introduced by way of France and Portugal, and also through the Basque Provinces, which have distinct laws, and enjoy an exemption from the commercial code inflicted on the rest of the kingdom. We need not, therefore, be surprised that every effort to pre- vent the clandestine introduction of foreign products completely failed. The severities occasionally inflicted on the smugglers, instead of abating, seems really to have increased, the evil. The contraband trade has long been a favorite occupation, and has been eagerly followed by the adven- turous, the necessitous, and the desperate. It is believed that for nearly three centuries from 100,000 to 150,000 individuals have been pretty constantly engaged in this occupation ; that is, they have been engaged in trampling on the laws, obstructing their officers, and committing acts of violence and blood. A few years ago about 3,000 actions were an- nually instituted against contraband istas and others engaged in illicit trade, which terminated in the ruin of a vast number of families; at the same time that the courts of law were filled with perjury, and the country with bloody conflicts. And yet these atrocities secured no one object that the government had in view. Notwithstanding their being absolutely prohibited, Englisb and French cotton goods might, in 1848, be bought in every shop in Madrid, and generally throughout Spain ; the former at from 20 to 30 per cent, above their price in Gibraltar, where they are about as cheap as in Manchester. 954 Spain on the Mediterranean. 129 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SPAIN ON THE MEDITERRANEAN, Erom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING Sept. SO 1821 EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TOiTGE CL'D. Domestic. 'Foeeign. Total, Total. Export. Import. Amer. For. $■34,225 $915 $25,140 $288,368 $5,002 1,174 1S22 525,2110 1.354 526,554 503,656 2,796 2,489 177 1823 20,876 19,447 40,323 473,539 8.540 874 1S24 9,840 9,S40 308.657 47,159 766 356 1S25 18,814 6,335 25,149 832,999 1,568 1826 80,964 2ft,046 101.010 332,398 :.:: l',466 1,462 1827 62,353 7,112 69,465 460,350 19,200 1,912 1S2S 66,844 51,193 118,037 421,476 1,250 3,066 'iis 1829 185,952 45,700 231,652 474,120 15,800 4,516 1830 Total, 145,556 145,556 543,271 13,436 3,017 $1,140,624 152,102 1,292,726 4,138,834 114,583 20,831 746 1831 7.5,121 7,198 82,319 709,022 8,130 1,905 536 1832 186,864 1,054 187,918 740,701 430 3,286 1,808 1833 136,150 546 136,696 806,714 1,994 4,845 2.059 1834 187.473 187,473 1,112,365 3.000 4,625 2,886 lass 93,949 4S',79S 187,747 826,709 $25,560 81,683 6,874 3,204 1836 278.523 278,528 1,600,781 . . . , 6,515 3,621 183T 324,187 30,246 354,433 1,931,689 2l',8i)6 2,100 1,S46 4,833 1888 a36,904 2,595 339,499 868,336 1,866 11,540 i,a53 4,736 1839 209,724 19,000 228,724 1,597,978 19,800 2,800 5,637 2,033 1840 Total, 215,5.84 3,036 218,619 1,463,850 8,634 4,006 $2,044,484 107,472 2,151,956 11,658,145 68,966 70,311 40,892 25,726 ' 1841 173,633 9,997 183,630 1,119,969 9,534 16,184 4,843 1842 221,898 16,578 23»,476 1,065,640 5,319 '96 1843* 415,069 58,777 470 1S44 15J66 23",:340 89,io6 381,237 23,;i40 30.4S3 865 1845 55,700 28,808 84,508 9.54,628 28,808 111.562 3,909 ]',656 1846 82.4;55 47,718 130,153 864.416 47,718 15,406 5,809 827 1S4T 1,18S,:«0 41,063 1,229,403 1,016,551 25,000 120,042 7,206 16,326 1848 1,741,474 6.875 1,748,349 919,:M6 6.875 84.039 9,189 27,313 1849 1,619,423 19,827 1,639 250 1,005,687 19,827 112,228 6,603 28,073 1850 Total, 3,256,362 96,855 8,853,217 1,702,214 85,792 407,188 9,867 34,297 $8,355,031 291,061 8,646,092 9,444,757 246,894 912,509 53,140 107,432 1861 4,457,331 137,472 4.594,803 1,710,776 107,043 8,480 9,576 44.014 18.')2 2,718,504 114,237 2,832,741 l,44;iy75 87,965 1,500 6.174 37.0:11 1853 8,'i-23,650 34,297 3,957, J53 1.458,879 84,297 7,600 38.1.30 1854 3,212,36:^ 31,040 8 243,408 1,579,074 31,040 12,140 87.224 1855 8,375,680 203,701 3,570,381 1.935,372 6,126 26..3.33 18,873 1856 6,948,380 57,633 6,006,063 1,650,441 29,450 19,500 12,135 60,067 ♦ 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Alicant, a seaport of Spain, in Valencia, lat. 38° 20' 41" K, long. Qo 30' W. The harbor is open and spacious, between capo de la Heurta on tho north-ca^jt, and Isla Plana on tho south, di.stant from each other about ten miles. Ships of coHs'ider- able burden moor from one fourth to one mile from shore, in from 30 to 40. feet of water; they are exposed to all winds from tho E.N.E. to S. by W. ; but the holding- ground is good, and tliere is no instance of a ship having been driveu from hcT moorings in the {)ast twenty years. Barcelona, tlie principal town of Spain on tlic Mediterranean, in lat. 41° 22' N. and long. 2° 10' E. Tho harbor is naturally bad, and is formed by a mole or jetty! The depth of water witliin tho mold is from 18 to 20 feet ; but there is a bar between the mole and Monjni, and which has frequently not more than ten feet. Vesaela inside the mole are safe. Large vessels have to anchor outside, and are much incommoded by the winds. Bilbao, sometimes incorrectly written Belboa, a Sp. seaport in tho bay of Biscay. 130 Foreign Commefrcial Statistics. 957 CANARY ISLANDS. They lie in the North Atlantic Ocean, between the parallels of lati- tude 27° 40' and 29° 30' N., and the meridians of longitude 13° 30' and 18° 20' W. The names of the seven principal islands, their respective area in English square miles, and their population in 1835, are given in the following table : IBLANVS. Area. Population. Teneriffe, 877-7 85,000 Grand Canarj' 758-3 68,000 Palma, 718-5 33,000 Lanzarote, 323-5 17,400 Fucrtevontura, 326-1 13,800 Gomera, 169.7 11,700 Hierro 82-2 4,400 Fuerteventura lies nearest to the African coast, the inters-al being be- tween 50 and GO miles. Besides these, there are many islets, most of which are uninhabited. The grape disease made its appearance at the Canaries in 1853, and destroyed nearly the whole crop. Previously the total annual produce was estimated at about 40,000 pipes, of which 25,000 pipes were produced in Teneriffe. Between 8,000 and 9,000 pipes were exported. The price per pipe on board, ranged from £8 to £20. Some of the wine is distilled into good brandy. Sumach for the tanners, canary-seed, and a little flax, are grown. The gardens produce, in addition to the vegetables of the English gardens, pumpkins, gourds, yams (taro), garlic, red-pepper, and the. castor-oil plant. The fruit-trees are badly managed, so that the fruit is generally inferior. Here are found fruits from every quarter of the globe, including oranges, figs, bananas, dates, pine-apples, pomegranates, papaws, guavas, custard apples, and prickly pears (the fruit of the cactus). There are no cocoa-nut-trees or bread-fruit-trees, as Humboldt reports. A little oil is obtained from the olive, in Grand Canary. The agave is abundant, and supplies a material for ropes, girths, etc. The leaves of the date palm are made into hats and baskets. A good deal of orchilla lichen is gathered for exportation ; and the ice-plant is cultivated for barilla. The sugar manufacture, once 80 largely carried on, has fallen before the American and West Indian trade ; the only two existing mills are on Palma. Wine having been for Bome time so little remunerative, other things have received attention, the chief of which is the cochineal insect, which feeds on the common cactus (^Opunlia tuna), and is now largely produced on all the islands, land formerly occupied by grain and vines being devoted to its cultivation. The insect has not been long introduced, but the cultivation has rapidly extended. In 1849, 800,000 pounds were exported, principally to France and Enn^land. Since that year, the exports have much increased ; the price paid to the Canary exporter, is about oue dollar per pound. The silkworm is reared to a small extent, chiefly on Palma. Raw silk is ex- ported, and some is manufactured on the spot into stockings, ribbons, etc. Some linen and woolen stuff's of a coarse kind are made for home consumption, but the gi-eat bulk of the clothing in use is of foreign manu- facture. The chief exports are wine, cochineal, barilla, and orchilla. The imports consist of woolen, silk, cotton, and iron manuifactures, glass, etc 956 Tenenffe and the Canaries. 131 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH TENERJFFE AND THE CANARIES, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1855. Years ENDING EXPORTS IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. 80.' Domestic. FOKEIGN. TOTAU 1 Total. $265,089 EXPOBT. Import. Ameb. For. I 1821 $74,828 $48,6;i7 $12.3,465 $7,284 8,003 92 1822 a5,937 29,140 n.5.077 241,195 8,650 $470 2,849 182.3 58.002 21,216 79,218 208.484 600 2.296 1824 42,845 20,144 62,989 95.579 6,707 8,600 1,732 'iso 1825 70,880 21,271 91,651 16.5.718 6.240 8,067 119 1826 42,761 21,742 64,.W3 173,899 4,007 1,901 1827 46.163 39,817 S5,9S0 12.3,360 4.316 4.064 2,163 1828 83,529 8,,551 42,080 222,740 2,3.50 1,700 1,516 1829 42,a39 2.3,817 66,156 25,283 8,108 1,714 1830 Total, 19,040 610 19,650 99,878 796 $516,324 »J4,445 750,769 1,615,725 43,822 10,4.34 21,037 341 1831 84,931 8,446 38,377 12.'5.1.59 1,418 18.32 14,567 7,S61 22,418 154,a37 6,975 2,160 925 183-3 24,313 15,355 39,663 148,090 8,000 2.342 "97 18.W 20,633 7S7 21,425 148,130 1,826 aw 1885 40,195 12,710 52,905 196.862 4.842 "679 2,151 194 1836 21,687 4,264 2.5.951 203,9^3 2,001 670 1,615 1837 27,.553 7, ll,69-t,sl-.': 235,280 410,794 19:5,746 10,618 1839 5,025,626 1,091,205 6.116,8:51 12,5;»'.»,Sl:{ 173,497 821,314 194,573 12.805 1840 Total, 5,331,471 979,044 6,310,515 9,8;5,%477 149,570 543,16:5 192,548 15.679 $42,876,100 15,233,032 53,114,132 104,950,987 3,023,160 4,296,517 1,593,473 191,891 1841 5,107,011 632.071 5,739,082 ! 11,567,027 156,461 1.34.909 194,001 14,163 1842 4,197.463 572,931 4,770,449 7,650,429 100,102 2:55,940 132.456 9,719 184;3* 2,926,922 399,s75 3,;526,797 5,015,9:33 128,495 655,205 136,:333 4.397 1844 4,304,062 9:54.5:53 5,238,595 9,930,421 573.910 170.927' 224,618 7,533 1845 6,203.808 3(;0,946 6,564,754 6.304,414 1:5,699 523.1 63 1 171,892 16.193 1846 4.713.966 77:5,170 5,487,130 3,159,6:52! 829,301 .509.991! 177.530 12.:'.;3 1S4T 6,00.'),617 972.0^9 6.977.T06 1 2,394.867 i 61,5,774' 3si,757! 243,515 1>.493 1843 6,432,330 4W.33:5 6,s9G,T13; 12,.3-i:i,472' 110,049. 763,2V.) 231,251 13.4:%5 1S49 4,C)41,14.5 06S,0(is 5.:5ii9,2i:V io,c,.v.i.'.)5i; 81 8. son 1 442..">9:!; 234,568 19..'.64 1850 Total, 4,530,256 400,041 4,990,297 j lo,292,:593 177,:3.">5| 236,011 25-1,013 29,70:5 $49,062,635 6,2:58,107 55,300,742 95,.32S,549 2,.524,446| 4,113,790 2,150,237 146,098 1851 5,239,276 1.2S4.S47 6,524,12:5 17,046,931 l,0.34,0fa; 8.^9,01>^ 361.7:32 29,942 1852 5,808.196 714,:!.Vi 6.517,.55] 17,361.728 371,(>.-)7, 276.112 370.603 22.730 1863 5,773.419 514.M0 6.2^7,959 ls,.585,755' TiS.-i-SO 3S.092 3(;5,392 22.7.30 1854 8,223,116 823.6:i6 8,551.752! 17.124.339 61,736 126,.V» 893,049 2.\138 1855 7,607,119 397,46-3 8.004.532 is, 625,839 49.:572' 13:5.4sT 431.615 81.190 1856 7,1119,0:35 610,223, 1 7,309,263 24,435,693 8S4,062 2:5,945 438,796 18,3{>6 • 9 months to Juno 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. H.vvAXA, or IlAV.\XN-.4n, on the north coa.st of the noble island of Cub;i, of which it is the capital, tl)0 Moro castle beinj^. according to Humboldt, in Kit. 2:5° 8' 15" N., long. 82° 22' 45" W . The population of the city and .s>ihurl)s is said to be (1851), little short of 200,000. In 1827, the resident population amounted to 94,023; viz., 4(J,62I whites, 8,215 free colored, 15,:347 free blacks, 1,010 colored slaves, and 22,8:S0 black slaves. The port of Havana is the finest in the We.-^t In- die.s. or perhaps in the world. The entrance is narrow, but the water is deep, without bar or obstruction of any sort, and within it expands into a m;\gnificcnt h.iy, capable of accommodating 1,000 largo ships — vessels of the greatest draught of water coming close 10 the quays. The city lies along the entrance to, and on the west sido of; the bay. From its position, which commands both inlets to the gulf of Mexico^ its great strength, and excellent harbor, Hav.ana i.s, in a political point of view, by far the most important maritime station in the West Indies. As a commercial citj- it also ranks iu the first class. 136 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 963 PORTO-RICO. The island of Porto-Rico lies in the same latitude as Jamaica. Though the smallest of the greater Antilles, it is of very considerable size. Its form is (hat of a parallelogram ; being about 110 miles in length from east to west, -with a main breadth of about 38, containing an area of 3,750 square miles. Surface pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys ; soil generally fertile. It has, however, suffered much from hun-icanes ; those of 1742 and 1825 having been particularly destructive. Since the breaking up of the old Spanish colonial system, the progress of Porto- Rico has baldly been less rapid than that of Cuba. Her population, which in 1778 was estimated at 80,650, amounted, according to a census taken in 1836, to 357,086, of whom 188,869 were whites, and only 41,818 slaves. It is obvious from this statement that a large proportion of the free inhabitants are colored ; but the law knows no distinction between the white and the colored roturier ; and this circumstance, as well as the whites being in the habit of freely intermixing with people of color, has prevented the growth of those prejudices and deep-rooted antipathies that prevail between the white and the black and colored population in the United States, and in the English and French islands. The population is now (1856), probably above 500,000. Trade. — Sugar and coffee are by far the greatest articles of export. Next to them are molasses, tobacco, cotton, rum, etc. The imports con- sist pnncipally of flour, fish, and other articles of provision ; lumber, etc., from the United States ; cotton, hardware, machinery, etc., from En- gland ; wines, silks, jeweliy, perfumery, etc., from Spain and France ; linen from the Ilanse Towns ; iron from Sweden, etc. Large quantities of rice, maize, etc., are raised in the island. The pasture-lands in the north and east are superior to any in the West Indies for breeding and fatten- ing cattle. Previously to 1815, Porto-Rico being excluded from all direct inter- course with other countries, excepting Old Spain, was either stationary or but slowly progressive, the entire value of the exports in that year hav- ing amounted to only 65,274 dollars ! But at that epoch a royal decree appeared, which exempted the trade between Spain and the Spanish col- onies and Porto-Rico from all duties for 15 years; and she was then, also, permitted to carry on a free trade, under reasonable duties, with other countries. AOCOTJNT OF TIIK QUAHTITIF.6 OF TnH DIFFERENT AETICLK8 OF COLONIAL PRODUCE EXTORTED FKOM PORTO-RICO IN 1851. Articles. Quantities. Articles. Quantities. Sugar, lbs., 118,416,300 Cocoa-nuts, 40,363 Coffee, do. 12,111,900 Cocoa, lbs., 9,000 Tobacco, do. . 6,478,100 Ox horns, no., . 6,925 Molasses, hhds., 45,976 Oranges, M., 1,669 Hides, lbs., 632,700 Plantains, do., . 675 Cotton, do.. 366,600 Cigars, do , 34,800 Ram, hhds., 347 Lignum vitaj, tons. 4 Oxen, no., 6,881 Logwood, do., . 178 Horses and mules, do., 172 Pimento, lbs., . 6,800 Bay-water, galla, 6,161 Amotto, do., . 7,862 Com, ears, 1,429 Castor Oil, qts., . 600 962 Spanish West Indies. 137 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES AVTTn SPANISH WEST INDIES [CUBA EXCEPTED], From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Yeahs ENDING EXPORTS IMPORTS ■Whereof there was in Bullion 4,.554 2,S{|0,936 47,957 18,016 30,815 9,429 18&t 990,836 60,997 1,051,88.3 2,S5«),:35;3 133.790 19,179 1 81,014 8,528 1855 1,144,.'-)3I 83,937 1,18:5,513 2,475,993 16.000 23,625 &*,190 6,69-2 1856 1,099,599 j 43,125 1,142,724 8.370,963 23,250 14,700 1 83,964 1,990 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Porto Rico, the capital of the valuable Spani.'^h island of tho same namo, on tlio north side of tho island, on a peninsula joined to the main land b}' a narrow isthmiw, lat. 18° 29' 10" N., loup. 60° 7' 2" W. Tho fortitication.s arc very strong. The town, which stand.s on a pretty steep declhity, is well built, clean, and contain.s about 12,000 inhabitants. Tho harbor of Porto Rico litus a striking resemblance to that of H.avana, to which it is but little inferior. Tho entrance to it, al>ouf 300 fathoms in width, h.is tlio Jloro castle on its oast side, and is defended on tiio west side by forts erected on two small islands. "Within, tlio harbor expands into a capa- cious basin, the depth of water varying from five to six and seven fathom.s. On tho side opposite to the town there are extensive sand banks; but the entrance to the port, as well as the port it.sellj is unobstructed by any bar or shallow. Long-voyago ves- sels, which, eitlier f()r convenience or otherwise, shall pass from one port of tho island to another, after being furnished with tho requisite permission, must pay at every port they enter tho same dues aa for a fresh arrival. 138 Foreign Gommercial Statistics. PORTUGAL. Spain and Portugal, though they be two distinct and separately inde- pendent kingdoms, form, nevertheless, only one geographical region, em- phatically called "the Peninsula." The country, above the maritime lo-wlands, generally consists of high valleys and table-lands, separated by long ranges of rugged mountains, which extend in an easterly and west- erly direction, and terminate with promontories in the Atlantic Ocean, while they are connected in the east by their diverging offshoots. The climate and natural productions are consequently very various. The maritime lowlands on the Mediterranean, and the south-western portion of the Atlantic shores, are almost tropical in respect of climate and vege- table productions ; but the temperature of the inland regions is cool and mild, and generally dry, though the extremes of summer and winter are excessive. At Madrid, for example, the summer-heat is always so great that, according to the Spanish proverb, that city has "nine months of winter and three of hell !" In addition to silk, tobacco, vines, olives, and all the productions of France and Germany, the Peninsula produces the orange, citron, sugar-cane, cork-tree, dates, figs, and cotton. Wheat is the grain most generally cultivated ; barley and rye are next in quan- tity ; considerable quantities of maize and rice are also raised, but httlo of oats and potatoes. Wine, brandy, and wool, are the principal and most valuable articles of export. Both kingdoms, however, are in a very low estate, in respect of material, commercial, and social well-being. Since 1807, they have been undergoing continual political changes and revolutions, which seem not yet to have reached their consummation, though Portugal is somewhat more settled than Spain. In such circum- stances their political importance is almost null, and, in relation to the vast natural resources of the country, the population is very small. NAVIGATION, 1852. VESSELS. Imports. Tonnage. Crew. Exports. Tonnage. Crew. Portugal, . 5,447 315,708 45,349 5,777 319,834 45,752 Foreign, . 2,891 8,338 327,675 2G,211 3,010 8,787 365,658 28,448 Total, . 643,383 71,560 685,492 74,200 COnNTRIKS. Portugal, . 5,447 315,708 45,349 5,777 319,834 45,752 England, . 1,145 159,537 11,255 1,223 196,074 13,863 Spain, 917 11,306 5,287 952 10,695 5,381 Sweden, . 219 40,328 2,107 217 42,446 2,088 United States, . 136 37,G17 2,699 125 34,925 2,532 France, 98 11,741 791 95 11.684 780 Netherlands, . 90 9,840 621 88 8,709 610 Austria, . 286 57,246 3,391 310 60,125 3,194 COMMEIICE IN 1S52 AND 1853. Year. Imports Francs. Exports, Francs. 1852, 33,20C ,570 13,179,375 1853, 36,34t ),560 21,902,862 The wines which, at the exportation of 1853, were valued at 6,186,680 francs, were not put in the account of the crop of 1852. The imports of wine from Madeira into the United States for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1856, were 23,649 gallons; and from Portugal, 62,533 gallons. 964 Portugal. 139 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF TUE UNITED STATES WITH PORTUGAL, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Yeaes ENDING Sept. 80. KXPOKTS. IMPOETS- Whereof tlie-re was iu BuUloQ 18 2,470 5,170 1852 234,064 4,129 2;iS.193 266,36-1 856 6,807 6,3W 1853 223.651 2ii,r*2 250,208 ' 411,1.55 2.666 5,476 8,096 1854 127,150 2.3,715 150,865 24;?,592 200 2.860 5,(;94 1855 270,716 24,867 205,.583 136.067 5.670 9,50 95.412 90,003 7,000 4.171 596 1858 101,524 15,574 117,093 77,593 15.902 8,707 843 1854 47,708 47.703 1 80,00" 2,000 821 286 1855 48,502 5,261 r)3.763 25.933 2,286 2.50 1.894 811 1856 27,655 932 28,5-j7 19,7S:J 800 870 ♦ 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH PORTrCVL AND MADEIR.V. TRSSf LS EN'TKUED. VESSELS CtKAREH National Character. 'No. Tonnage. No. Tonnapi From Portugal. Portuguese, .... . 18 3,727 15 .S,30.T British, .... . 8 2,420 1 201 Swedish, .... 1 8.{0 4 1,24!) Danish I 309 2 524 Prussian, .... 1 28G Bremen, .... . 1 GtS United States, 10,879 6,232 From Madeira: Portuguope, .... 2 234 3 370 United States, . I 390 142 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 969 AZORES. Azores, or Western Islands. — These form a range, situated in the Atlantic Ocean, extending in an oblique line fi'oni N.W. to S.E., between 37° and 40° N. latitude, and 25° and 32° W. longitude. It has been a subject of some controversy among geographers, to what division of the globe they ought to be referred ; but they are now generally considered as pertaining to Europe. It does not appear that the ancients had any knowledge of the Azores, or any group in this sea, except the Canaries, to which they fiually a{> plied the celebrated appellation of the Fortunate Islands. But the Arabian geographers, Edrisi and Ibn al Vardi, describe, after the Ca- naries, nine other islands in the Western Ocean. That these were the Azores is highly probable, since their number is exactly nine ; and be- cause a species of hawk is specially noticed by these writers as existing there in great abundance — a circumstance that afterward appeared to the Portuguese so remarkable, that they gave tbem the name of Azores, or Hawk Islands. The climate in which they are placed also makes them north of the Canaries. Some other coincidences also might be pointed out ; and, upon the whole, there appears no reason to doubt that the Azores are really the nine islands enumerated by the Arabians. The Arabian writers represent them as hanng been populous, and as having contained cities of some magnitude ; but they state that the in- habitants had been greatly reduced by intestine warfare. At the time of their discovery, they were uninhabited, and covered with forests and underwood, which have now entirely disappeared. The first European discovery of this group is claimed by the Flemings. A Flemish merchant named Van der Berg, is reported, in sailing from Lisbon, to have been driven upon these shores in the year 1439. The intelligence soon reached the court of Lisbon, where it excited con- siderable interest ; and the navigator Cabral was sent to prosecute the discovery. In 1459 the islands began to be planted and coloTiized, and in so fertile a soil the inhabitants rapidly multiphed. In 1580 they fell, with the other Portuguese teriitories, under the dominion of Spain. At this time the Azores were the grand rendezvous in the voyage home- ward of the fleets, which came laden with the wealth of both the In- dies. Hence they became a theater of that maritime warfare which was carried on with such spirit by the English under Queen Elizabeth against the peninsular powers. In 1586 Sir Walter Raleigh equipped two pin- naces of 35 and 40 tons, the command of which he gave to Captain Whiddon. Having taken two or three prizes, they fell in, ofi" St. Michael, with the great fleet of Spanish galleons, consisting of 24 sail, two of them caracks of 1,000 or 1,200 tons. They attacked them, however, without hesitation, hoping to cut oflf some straggling member of this great body, but were unable to make any impression upon it. In 1587 Sir Francis Drake, after having swept the harbor of Cadiz, sailed for the Azores, where he took an East India catack, richly laden, and the first that had ever fallen into the hands of the English. In 1589 the Earl of Cumber- land fitted out a squadron, sailed for the Azores, and made numerous prizes. 968 Fayal and other Azores. 143 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH FAYAL AND OTHER AZORES, - FEOii October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Tears ENDING EXPORTS IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Sept. 80. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. $137,983 Export. Import. Amer. For. 1821 $26,837 $11,158 $37,995 $1,070 2,6.38 1822 33,160 10,454 43,614 202,445 2,668 '124 1823 27,841 15,704 4:3,545 41,429 $8,500 l',22i 1,562 261 1834 17,463 4,023 21,4^6 45,103 4,978 9:39 805 1825 33,421 4,695 38,116 61,763 3,407 1,751 266 1826 16,976 2,495 19,471 86,261 5,766 753 1827 13,487 4,861 18,:348 84,203 8',666 21,299 &39 1828 19,559 4,719 24.278 70,323 12,773 1,931 1829 7,949 78 8.027 21,302 3,000 672 '137 1830 Total, 6,649 1,524 8,1 ?3 32,912 11,340 244 137 $208,342 59,711 263,063 783,728 16,500 64,854 13,890 1,730 1S81 in,.549 6,049 16,598 32,092 3,200 475 251 1S32 23,402 11,363 34,765 4.5,424 7,384 812 1833 18,337 3,528 21,915 26.281 3,250 910 1834 9.553 3,911 13,469 13.431 2,707 760 18;55 12,033 6,400 18,433 26,678 5,666 4,736 1,179 1836 7,181 450 7,631 17,374 432 691 1837 13,408 3,531 16,939 29,023 2,364 436 1838 7,556 1,681 9,237 82,746 509 "63 18:39 9,130 4,739 1-3,869 15.222 \ 819 1840 Total, 10,471 5.623 16,094 38,1.33 1,089 $121,675 47,275 168,950 281,459 '■ 5,000 24,073 7,730 il9^ 1841 1.3,137 5,785 18,922 16,093 2,000 1,068 1842 49,183 19,600 68,783 41,049 1,666 1,622 'ioo 184.3* 8,.569 621 9.190 12,783 742 1844 19.246 6,933 26,229 29,570 2,266 l',5i5 1,115 • ••• 1845 2,8:31 51 2,8S2 28,573 1S4 1846 4,225 4,225 41.297 1.000 152 "isi 1847 9,466 525 9,991 34,564 10,500 1,103 1S48 3,660 3,660 11,4.33 315 .... 1849 14,204 1.889 16,043 17,052 3',.566 1.234 1850 Total, 14,421 2,153 16,573 16,-328 .... 1 908 'iei $138,942 37,556 176,498 246,747 4,200 17,515 . 8,498 412 1851 20,240 1,045 21,285 32,852 4.357 1,15-32 723 ! 1852 17,760 1,3S6 19,1.52 29.346 i;333 j 1,447 686 1853 2I,:3n7 4,440 25,747 10.S92 1 1,777 1854 10,030 440 10,470 21,584 1 500 ivj 1865 13,972 593 14,565 199,111 1.5.)2 1,380 1856 15,959 490 16,449 22,383 1 1,713 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL ISLANDS. Fayal is the most frequented of all the islands after St. Michael, as it has one of the best harbors in the Azores, and lies directly in the track of vessels that are crossing the Atlantic in any direction. Its principal town is Villa de Horta. Cap- tain Cook found that all sorts of fresh provisions might be obtained there ; the bul- locks and hogs are good, but the sheep small and poor. The town is defended by two castles and a wall, both in decay, and serving rather for show than strength. The city contains two convents for monks and three for nuns, with eight churchea These are the only good buildings in it, no other having glass windows. The baV is two miles in length and three quarters of a mile in breadth, and the depth of water from 6 to 20 fethoms. Though a good road, it is not altogether free from danger in S.S.W. and S.E. winds. Population, 23,000. Pico. — A considerable quantity of wine is e.^ported from Fayal, under the appel- lation of Fayal wine, but re.illy the produce of Pico, one of the most remarkable of the Azores. Population, 26,000. 144 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 971 LIBERIA. The treaty concluded in 1852 between France and the Republic of Liberia was finally ratified in the year 1856. The independence of the Republic was recoijuized successively by the United States, England, Belgium, Prussia, and Brazil, from 1847 to 1854. To this hst France has at last added her name by the late treaty. The original colony of Liberia was founded by the American Colon- ization Society, under the direction of its first president, Mr. Finley. It is situated at the northern extremity of the coast of Guinea, and is about 370 miles in length. Its capital, Monrovia, is on the former site of the principal slave market on this part of the African coast, and stands as a living protest against the slave-trade, in the abolition of which the colony has been largely instrumental. In February, 1820, the first shipload of emigrants left New York for the coast of Guinea. They were eighty in number — forming twenty- five families — under the care of three citizens of the United States, a clergyman, a lawyer, and a physician. In 1847, Liberia emerged from its dependent colonial condition, and became an independent State. In 1854, it contained a population of about twelve thousand black colonists, chiefly Americans, and from one hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty thousand natives, whose social and religious condition is far in ad- vance of that of their blood-thirsty and idolatrous ancestors. The capital is now a flourishing maritime city, having a fort, a light- house, a commercial market, a small marine, and schools, churches, newspapers, charitable associations, and other institutions similar to those in the United States. The sixth article of the Constitution of the Re- public declares that, inasmuch as the essential object of its foundation was to open an asylum for the scattered and oppressed children of Africa, and, at the same time, to regenerate the people of the vast con- tinent of Africa, yet enveloped in the darkness of ignorance, none but ]>ersons of color will be allowed to become citizens of the Republic. The exports of Liberia, consisting chiefly of palm-oil, logwood and other dye-woods, which are transported to England and the United States, amount to about a million dollars annually. Beside all the usual tropical productions, it produces Indian corn, rice, the potato, sugar, cofi'ee, and cotton. Gold is also found in considerable quantities. The cotton of Liberia, which has been highly approved in the Manchester market, has lately attracted much attention, and its probably successful cultivation promises to exert a most important influence on the future of the Republic. A communication from a highly respectable and rehable source recently appeared in the National Intelligencer^ the writer of which gave a decided prefei'ence to the cotton of Liberia over that of Brazil, in point of quality, cheapness of production, and facility of trans- portation to market. The subject deserves further and full investigation. . Considered simply as an experiment in practical benevolence, Liberia deserves and will receive the protection of the great Powers of the world. Whether or not it be destined, as some have thought, to work out the solution of the vexed question of slavery in the United States, it will yet gain the great glory of redeeming from barbarism and idol- atry many millions of the human race. 970 Cape de Verd Islands. 145 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE CAPE DE VERD ISLANDS, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Tears ENDING Sept. 30. EXPOETS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. 1 1 TON'GE OLD. 1 Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. Export. Import. Aaieb. For. 1S21 $22,1T6 $7,656 $29,832 $64,086 $•3,200 825 1822 84,041 85,832 70.773 47.422 $97'.525 17,078 1,049 1S23 22,055 11,010 33.065 56,849 17,412 689 1824 51,019 21,665 72,084 66,805 2,277 80,142 1,781 "67 1S25 60.072 18,907 79,039 89,592 82.650 2,680 1826 89,693 9.299 48,992 104.120 21,448 754 134 1S27 80,010 24,155 104,165 77,425 24,6{J0 2,129 1828 67,502 9,727 77,229 82,058 17,545 2,4;3;3 1829 68,528 13,477 82,005 26,460 7,068 3,268 "83 1830 Total, 50.560 7,778 5S,338 83,758 15,457 2,628 $496,556 159,566 656,122 643,525 99,802 215,400 18,236 284 1831 4.5.4-32 13,557 58,989 63,643 82,327 1,200 2-36 18-32 66,858 19.437 86,295 87,706 '4fi6 27,631 2,648 162 1833 162,0:i3 44.987 207,020 89,318 1,453 11,570 5,944 816 1834 79.511 25,886 105,397 40,633 1,2.50 20.028 3,391 1S35 102.440 27,747 1.30,187 19,795 975 9,987 2,643 1836 67,210 8,246 75,456 13,813 4,100 6,422 2,9S7 18;?7 136,201 27,887 164,083 88,843 8,685 15,673 8,725 2,143 1838 96,941 8,933 105,874 29,174 800 9,-396 8,224 ■ 568 1839 77,138 8,415 85,553 89.523 680 4,160 8,836 1S40 Total, 82,611 2,809 85,420 2;1,:348 2,262 '946 $916,375 187,904 1,104,279 401,796 18,293 136,194 31,855 4,876 1841 66,926 13,226 80,152 42,661 8,603 9,360 1,996 1842 103,.')57 11,529 115,086 17,866 300 8,704 8,210 1843* 52.227 4.978 57,205 4.713 8.200 1,802 'iCT 1844 C5.2;38 5,299 70,.537 4.8:36 3,000 1,697 382 1845 50,599 2,8:34 53,483 7,579 4,256 170 1S46 31,097 685 31,782 857 1,004 M8 184T 71,084 17,848 88,932 2,399 io',666 2,266 1,798 240 1848 101,723 6,849 108.572 225 1,900 4.084 2.0-38 1849 62.647 8,815 66,402 1,,S53 1,575 2,714 4,773 1850 Total, 47,043 2,167 49,210 1,886 611 $652,141 69,230 72],;371 82,989 22,378 21,464 23,947 8,929 1851 57,476 2,437 59,913 1.850 1,505 730 1852 54,425 9,651 64.076 18.129 4,i66 1,628 1,152 laiS 2:3,275 1,604 24,879 41.053 13,957 2,181 1854 80,037 2,208 82,245 8.985 'sio 1.500 4,891 1855 56,496 3,120 59,616 24,300 3,443 7,000 5,743 '2-43 1856 51,415 2,294 53,709 36,910 450 12,053 8,183 400 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL ISLANDS. Cape Verd Islands are situated 329 miles west of Cape Verd, between lat. 14° 45' and 17° 13' N., and long. 22° 45' and 25° 25' W. The Arcliipelago con- sists of the following ten i.slands : Sal, Boavist;i, M.ajo, Santiago (St. James), the largest, Forgo, Brava, Grande, Rombo, St. Xicoliio, and St. Luzia, and four islets, Branco, Razo, St. Vicente, and St. Antao. Area estimated at 1,680 square miles. Population in 1850, 86,738. The white population, in the whole Archipelago is to. the colored as one to twenty. The surfiiee of the i.slands is in gcnerajj niountain-. ous, and some of their peaks have a considerable elevation. The volcano of Fogo is 9,157 feet in height. The soil is extremely various, but mostly fertile; the ab.^ence of trees and the scarcity of water, are the causes of frequent and severe distress. Chief vegetable products, maize, rice, and French beans. Coffee, introduced ia 1790, has completely succeeded; the cotton shrub is indigenou." ; indigo grows wild, and tobacco is cultivated in some of the islands ; little sugar ia grown, a»d wine of inferior quality ; tropical fruits are abundant. 146 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 973 ITALY. The Italian peninsula possesses a remarkably well defined boundary, not merely in its long line of sea coasts, but also in the Alps, which separate its northern provinces from France, Switzerland, and Germany ; not forming, however, such an impassable frontier as to have saved the country from the invasion and domination of the northern races. In the north, the Alps and the Apennines inclose between them the rich plains of Lorabardy, drained by the Po and its numerous tributaries. Further south, the peninsula consists of a long hill country traversed by the A{)eniiines, and bordered by maritime valleys and plains, which are gen- erally more extensive toward the Tuscan than toward the Adriatic Sea. The south-western portions of Tuscany and the Roman States, called the Maremma, are rendered almost uninhabitable in summer by the preval- ence of malaria. They are likewise marshy, and in consequence left almost uncultivated; they feed, nevertheless, large herds of beeves and buffaloes. The climate of Italy is humid and not generally salubrious, for while the northern regions are exposed to frequent piercingly-cold blasts from the snow-capped mountains, the southern provinces are op- pressed by sultry winds that seem to blow from the African deserts, and are often loaded with an impalpable dust. The natural productions are, however, rich and various. Every thing that grows in France and Spain grows at least equally well in Italy, and the people of the northern prov- inces, especially Lombardy, are sufficiently industrious. The country has long been divided among a number of petty princes, and oppressed by the heavy weight of both spiritual and political despotism. The peo- ple, nevertheless, by their talent and industry, have kept their country in a relatively more respectable position than those of the Spanish penin- sula ; and the example set by the introduction of liberal principles and practices in the States of the King of Sardinia is not likely to remain long without effect on the other States. The commerce of Italy has suffered from the derangement of the gov- ernment ; and although favorably situated for a large trade, the merchant marine is small, and confined almost entirely to coasting vessels. The value of the imports in 1852, was, .... 10,218,426 scudo. " " exports " " .... 10,474,013 " The Scudo=$1.08 of United States currency. VALUE OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF LEGHORN. Year ending October, Imports, Francs. Exports, Francs. 1852, 85,520,000 54,300,000 1853, 115,400,000 71,220,000 1855, 142,260,000 NAVIGATION OF THE PORTS OF CIVITA-VECCHIA, AND OF ANCONA (1852). VESSELS. EntPrcd. Tonnage. Crew. Cleared. Tonnage. Crev. Roman, . . 1,080 67,096 7,439 1,082 66,679 7,393 Foreign, . . 1,231 187,728 20,117 1,210 185,313 19,729 Total, . . 2,311 254,824 27,556 2,292 251,992 27,122 The mercantile marine numbered at the close of the year 1854, 1,893 vessels (of which 210 were vessels of war), having a total tonnage of 31,637, with 9,711 men. 972 Italy. 147 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH ITALY (INCLUDING MALTA TO OCT. 1, 1833), From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1855. Years ENDING EXPORTS IMl UlvlS j„ bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Sept. 30. Domestic. FOEEION. Total. Total. Export. 1 I.mpop.t. Amer. For. 1821 $410,171 $689,496 $1,099,667 $973,463 .... i $3.55,211 8,802 1S22 560,714 889,470 1,450,184 1.562,033 .... ! 211,944 10.0.56 1823 115,994 951,911 1,067,905 1,369,440 .... : 215,197 6,057 1824 76,808 587,480 664,348 1,029,4;39 .... 1 70,893 5,111 '46i 1825 66,605 578,434 645,039 1,451,022 .... ! 1CK),034 7,015 1826 81,622 448,599 530,221 1,120,749 .... 1 74,259 5,208 1827 74,417 535,804 610,221 1.013,126 102,.592 5,391 1828 279,520 641,230 920,750 1,607.417 $25,000 67,532 6,515 767 1829 289,755 611,257 901,012 1,409,588 , 33,592 1,200 7,031 1830 Total, 326,239 414,121 740,360 940,254 ■ .... 2,570 6,626 '418 12,281,905 6,347,802 8,629,707 12,479,531 ! 58,592 1,201,432 67,812 1,646 1831 371,515 323,010 694,525 l,704,2f>l 1 87,938 9,120 1832 178,507 509,056 687,563 1,619,795 ! '660 4,400 6,042 1833 70,364 301,822 372,186 999,134 1,200 6,055 '832 1&34 105,786 387,771 493,557 1,422,063 18..305 4,482 426 1835 178,545 107,396 285,941 1,4.57,977 14,004 4,544 206 1836 139.473 524,586 664,059 1,970,246 2,514 5,863 258 ias7 205,268 418,409 623,677 1,827,181 2,637 3,5:31 1838 318,536 141,357 459,893 944,2;38 88',6i.S 8,041 1,310 1839 815,399 122,753 4=38,152 1,182,297 6,723 1,016 1,835 1840 Total, 1,189,838 28:3,347 1,473,185 1,157,200 \ 57,672 8,071 2.602 $3,073,231 3,119,507 6,192,738 14,284,395 i 660 180,769 50,871 11,000 1841 731,411 180,907 912,318 1,151,2.36 i 8,750 3,!M1 6.282 1,267 1842 515,577 304,940 820,517 987,528 ' 16,000 1,414 7,367 1,402 184;^* 541,500 186,721 728,221 394,564 1 3,3.50 1,117 1844 318,566 258,257 576,823 1,096,926 l',36i 2,340 941 ia45 587,569 230,352 817,921 1,301,577 2,400 5,9S1 914 18i6 942,263 424,652 1,366,915 1,189,786 1,196 184T 1,056.022 93,333 1,149,355 1,279,936 13,475 1848 1,101,113 159,488 1,260,601 1,616,100 7,719 1849 81 1,4^)0 293,419 l,104.s09 1,550,896 8,000 1850 Total, 1,567,166 239,904 1,807,070 2,105,077 .... 4,028 $8,172,687 2,371,973 10,544,610 12,673,626 19,750 42,233 26,519 6,641 1851 1,786,834 127,406 1,804,2411 2,051,897 1S52 1,573,8.^)2 20.'i.:«2 1,7 79. I'M 1,234.905 1853 2,173,745 159,S;33 2,3*3,578 9.-)3.714 1854 1,586.327 165.4;59 1,751.706 971,728 ]a^)5 506,657 42,736 r)49,393 1. 773.488 2,893 '237 1856 457,4;37 5,58;3 463,020 1,085,805 4,179 763 * 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. Genoa, a maritime city of Italy. It is situated at the bottom of the extensive gulf to which it gives its name, the lighthouse being in lat. 44° 24' 40" N., long. 8° 25' 55" K. The harbor is semicircular, the diameter being about G,000 feet. It is formed of two gigantic moles, having opposite directions. There is no difficulty in entering the harbor, the ground being clean, and plenty of water. Ships sometimes anchor without the harbor, in 60 to 100 feet of water. The south-west winds occa- sion heavy swells, but the bottom is clay, and holds well. Leghorn, a seaport of Ital)^ in Tuscany, lat. 4;}° 33' 5" N.. long. 10° IG' 45" E. Leghorn has an outer harbor, protected by a line mole, running upward of half a mile into the sca^ and a small inner harbor or basin. The water in the harbor is rather shallow, varying from 8 feet in the inner basin to 18 or 19 feet at the end of the mole. Rise of tlie tide about 14 inches. The roadstead outside has moro water and good holding-ground. Naples, a city of Italy, lat. 40° 50' 12" N., long. 14° 14' 15" E. 148 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 975 SARDINIA. Almost all tlie trade of Sardinia is carried on by strangers ; and even the fish on its coast and in its harbors is caught by Sicilians, Neapolitans, Tuscans, and Genoese. Com is the principal article of export. In good years, the exports from the whole island may amount to 400,000 starelli, or about 500,000 bushels of wheat, 200,000 starelli of barley, 6,000 ditto of maize, 100,000 ditto of beans, 200,000 ditto of peas, and 1,000 ditto of lentils. The culture of vines is gradually becoming of more import- ance ; and about 3,500 Catalan pipes are exported, principally from Alghero and Ogliastro. Cheese is an important object in the rural econ- omy of Sardinia, and considerable quantities are exported. Salt is a royal monopoly and affords a considerable revenue. Until recently, Sweden drew almost all her supplies of this important necessary from Sardinia, and it continues to be exported in considerable quantities. Flax, linseed, hides, oil, saffron, rags, alquifoux, etc., are among the articles of export. The tunny and coral fisheries employ a good many hands ; but, as already observed, they are almost wholly managed by foreigners. Almost every article of dress, whether for the gentry or the peasantry, is imported. Soap, stationery, glass, earthenware, and furniture, as well as sugar, coffee, drugs, etc., are also supplied by foreigners; and not- withstanding the Sards possess many rich mines, several of which were successfully wrought in antiquity, they import all their iron and steel. The only manufactures carried on in the island are those of gunpowder, salt, tobacco, and woolen caps. ACCOUNT OF THE QUANTITIES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM THE ISLAND OF SARDINIA TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN 1849, 1850, AND 1851. QUANTITIES. I ^ AETICLES. 1810. 1850. 1851. Barilla, cwts., 802 427 2 Bones, cwts., 8,636 9,253 5,855 Bullocks, no. 2,753 1,430 211 Calves, no., 70 93 19 Cheese, cwts, 29,880 25,606 24,986 Cork-wood, cwts., 2,158 G,782 3,819 Cows, steers, and bulls, no., .... 674 456 394 Firewood, cwts., 3,788 1,508 577 Fruit, fresh, cwts., 732 858 79 Goats, sheep, and lambs, no 232 594 237 Grain, cwts., 1,723 567 2,494 Lead ore, cwts., 8,701 4,296 16,497 Olive oil, imperial gallons, .... 5,390 49 .... Skins, cwts., 17,664 41,097 1,530 Timber, oak, val. lire, 10,220 668 67,712 Tunny fish, cwts., 2,339 2,547 2,839 Wine, imperial gallons, 47,761 269,402 19,743 But salt, of which the export may be estimated at 14,000 or 15,000 tons a year, is excluded from this table, on which, indeed, but little reli- ance can be placed. These statements sufficiently show that the commerce of Sardinia is very far from being what might naturally be expected from her extent, fertility, admirable situation, and the excellence of her many harbors. 974 Sardinia. 149 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SARDINIA, From October 1, 1840, to July 1, 1856. Tears ENDING Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Total. $19,859 '287 42,538 205 Export. Import. Amer. Fon. 1841 1842 1S43* 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 Total, 1851 1852 1853 1S54 1855 1856 $47,000 40,208 108,091 92,522 162,827 283,283 630,282 175,583 460,950 170,764 $32,976 976 16,870 18,389 21,414 86,186 $47,000 40,208 108,091 92,522 195,797 284,259 647,102 193,972 482,364 256,900 $l",266 42,270 1,15.3 1,951 4,895 4.832 9.865 10,2:i5 9,162 12.397 7,791 '776 260 1,581 1,411 1,191 8,313 1,988 4,843 6,300 $2,171,460 810,888 769,209 195,880 188,805 1,838,186 2,143,977 176,755 19,401 42,286 27,926 2,020 143,844 60,961 2,348,215 380,289 811,495 228,306 190,325 1,982,030 2,204,938 C2,8S9 2,802 74,901 171,583 85,676 217,2:32 317,179 48,470 2,666 61,281 6,741 18,443 11.821 10,6.S8 16,754 17,958 21,663 8,479 6,069 7,018 2.246 4,597 8,501 * 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this tlmo begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Cagliari, the capital of Sardinia, on the north-east shore of a spacious bay on the south coast of the island, lat. 39° 12' 13" N., Ion. 9° 7' 44" E. Population in 1850, 30,000 (?) The city stands on a rising ground, and has an imposing effect from tlie sea. The pubhc buildings and churches are numerous, and some of them splendid; but the streets are, for the most part, narrow, steep, and filthy. The Gulf of Cagliari extends from Pula on the west, to Cape Carbonara on the east, a distance of about 24 miles across, and about 12 in depth, with good anchorage everywhere after getting into soundings. A mole projects from the Pratique office, and ships usually He about 1 mile south-west by south from it, in 6 or 8 fathoms water, on an excellent bottom of mud. There is a very convenient pier harbor at the south angle of the tower waU, capable of containing 14 or 16 vessels of a tolerable size, beside small craft. Altogether Caghari is one of the best and safest ports in the Mediterranean. Vessels belonging to Sardinia are admitted by treaty into the ports of the United States on the same terms as American vessels, with the produce or manufactures of their own or any other country. Within the last few j'cars some very important changes for the better have been introduced into the island, and some of the worst of the abuses generally noticed have been obviated. In 1836, in pursuance of inquiries previously commenced, feudal jurisdictions were completely aboUshed ; and since then the feudal system has been wholly subverted. And if, as is to be hoped, government follow up the en- lightened course of policy on which it has entered, by giving freedom to commerce, the probability is, that the island will, at no very remote period, recover a large share of its ancient prosperity. According to a law passed in 1839, all lands were declared to be the property of individuals, communes, or the crown ; the latter be- coming the possessor of all waste lands, or those to which neither private parties nor communes could show any title. Lands whicli had been cultivated or applied to use, whether inclosed or not, were assigned in perpetuity to the occupiers, undis- turbed possession being held to confer a sufficient right to the property in the absence of any other title ; those whose interests were at all affected by the new changes received compensation in money or lands, or by an assignment of public funded property. The king substituted himself in the place of the barons; ho took all the feudal rents into his own hands ; and their value being estimated at twenty years' purchase, public securities to that amount, bearing five per cent, interest, were made over to the nobles in exchange for their deprived privileges. 150 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 19 SICILY. Trinacria and Sicilia, the largest and finest island in the Mediter- ranean, between latitude 36° 38' and 38° 18' N., and longitude 12° 25' and 15° 40' E., separated on the N.E, from south Italy by the Straits of Messina, 2 miles broad, and forming the Dominii al-dl-la di Faro, or the territory " beyond the strait" of the kingdom of the " Two Sicihes." Shape, triangular; length, E. to W., 185 miles; greatest breedth N. to S, along its E. coast 120 miles. The papyrus, sugar-cane, date, palm, and other tropical products ripen at a height of GOO feet; evergreens flourish at 2,000 feet ; oak and chestnut woods cover the mountain sides to the height of 4,000 feet ; wheat thrives at 4,500 feet, and beech woods prevail to G,000 feet in elevation. Under the Romans, Sicily was con- sidered the granary of Italy, but owing to oppressive exactions and re- strictions, there are few countries in which agriculture is so ill conducted; and it is stated that instead of corn, nearly one third of the population derive their subsistence mainly from the fruit of the Indian fig, a species of cactus, which grows wild in profusion. Other chief crops are beans, pulse, maize, rice, olive oil, oranges, lemons, almonds, and other fruits, potatoes, tobacco, flax, hemp, sumach, liquorice, and manna. Vessels belonging to the Two Sicilies, are admitted into the ports of the United States on the same terms as American vessels, only when laden with the home produce or home manufactures. COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION AVITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES. ENTEEED. CLEARED. OOtn^ TREES. Imports. Exports. Vessels. Tons. r Vessels. Tons. Austria, . 5,206,304 488,866 960 69,504 859 59,309 Denmark, . • . • > 6 1,308 1 163 Modena, . 3 161 3 267 Roman States, . HGOS 600,167 545 22,787 577 23,422 Spain, 3,734,826 12 2,160 6 868 United States, . 1.283,216 547,477 8 2,807 17 5,153 Franco, 10,283,455 14,752.017 383 101,886 395 103,759 Great I3ritain, . 19,144,604 12,607,584 279 53,943 200 43,430 Greece, 1,069,304 79,695 21 1,703 12 1,239 Holland, . 4,276,207 256,171 27 6,242 14 2,727 Ionian Islands, . 91 4,781 61 3,213 Sweden & Nora ay, 540,000 14 2,950 6 1,525 Russia, 26,282,407 275,738 9 2,727 12 3,214 Tuscany, . 3,023,807 3,899,936 123 12,091 65 5,300 Turkey, . 2,768,260 136,702 7 1,441 20 5,577 Sardinia, . 2,460,871 3,006,882 210 31,188 254 36,651 Prussia • . . • .... 3 1,146 2 778 Tunis, 11 1,263 10 1,036 All others, 122,609 66,504 2,712 .... 2,514 Total, franca. 80,270,478 36,717,739 320,088 297,631 SHIPPING IN 18&4. Vessels. Tons. Continent, . 10,863 202,318 Two Sicilies, . . . 2,031 47,438 Total . 12,894 249,756 18 Sicily. 151 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SICILY, From October 1, 1830, to July 1, 1856. Yeaiis ENDING 8ept EXPORTS. IMPOBTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. j TOITGE CL'D. 80 ' 1831 Domestic. FOBEIGN. Total. Totau j Export. IlfPOuT. Ajieb. Fob. 12,869 $2,369 878 1832 3,083 8,088 $156'6i7 ■433 lasa 6,123 $2',946 9,003 165,714 876 1834 4,000 4,060 254,966 311 1835 17,373 10,884 28,257 274,548 $608 l/ioi 1,223 1886 146,183 49,714 195,897 642,090 1,457 3,143 1887 18,620 5,877 24,497 411,959 1,280 2,105 183S 25,.532 21,813 47,^15 845,362 20^600 1,012 1,824 1839 192,462 84,607 277,069 592,951 2.2.33 2,298 1840 Total, 303,217 33,923 8;37,140 649,525 "566 1,006 3,176 $719,027 209,758 928,785 1 3,498,782 21,708 8,620 14,898 1841 474,470 11. .'592 486,062 683,057 14,.300 1,913 8.566 1842 237,861 19.5,797 4.3;3,658 589,419 6.54 1,272 3,016 1843* 32,5.58 51,871 84,429 169,6M 4,706 665 680 1844 75,624 278,692 854,316 462,773 1,045 3,286 1845 70.625 334,667 405,292 529,493 445 8,628 1846 819,441 298,391 617,832 51.3,235 767 i.318 1847 56,899 7,218 64,117 550,988 1,428 649 1&4S 17,754 9,075 26,829 618,029 4^526 924 399 1849 W,.S.59 4,854 29,213 630,244 1,858 2:^ 1850 Total, 50,577 13,024 63,601 622,629 22,625 8,826 1,633 $1,860,168 1,205,181 2,565,349 5,324,681 46,811 13,588 21,407 1851 41,743 8,193 49,936 825,924 2,S4S 1,916 1852 65,649 10,890 66,.539 600,.'>11 6,609 3.427 1853 130,:5:i7 24.818 15.5,155 86.3,351 20,666 1254 24fi,l.'il 13,900 260,051 9,59,300 8,862 8,713 1855 207,790 443.686 651,476 1,718,949 4^870 4,.509 .3.444 1856 303,576 75.195 378,771 ; 1,483,526 1,642 1,621 * 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Palermo, anciently Pa norm cs, a larpe city and seaport, tlio capital of the noble island of Sicily, on the north coa.st of wliich it is situated, the lightiiou.«c being in lat. 38° 8' 15"" N., long. 13° 21' 5G" E. Population, 170,000. The bay of Palermo is about five miles in depth, the city being situated on its south-west shore. A fino mole, fully one quarter of a mile in length, having a lighthouse and battery at it3 extremity, projecting in a southerly direction from the arsenal into nine or ten ftith- oms of water, forming a convenient port, capable of containing a great number of vessels. This immen.se work cost about £1,000,000 sterling in its construction ; but tlio lighthouse, though a splendid structure, is said to bo very ill lighted. There is an inner port, which is reserved for tlie use of the arsenal. Sliips that do not mean to go within the mole may anchor about lialf a mile from it, in from 16 to 2,'J fathoms, mole light bearing N.W. f W. A heavy sea .sometimes rolls into the bay, but no danger need bo apprehended by ships properly found in anchors and cliain cables. In going into the bay, it is neccs.sary to keep clear of the nets of the tunny tlshery, for the.se arc so strong and well moored, as to bo capable of arresting a ship under sail. Money. — Since 1818, the coins of Sicily have been the same as tiio.se of Naple.", their names only difl'ering. The ducat =- 3s. 5-2d. sterling, is subdivided into 100 ba- jocchi and 10 piccioli; but accounts are still generall\' kept in oncie, tarie, and grani: 20 grani = 1 taro; 30 tari — 1 oncia ; the oncia = 3 ducat.s; and 1 cai-- lino of Naples = 1 taro of Sicily. The Spani.sh dollar is current at 1 2 tari 8 grani. Weights. — 100 Sicilian pounds of 12 ounces = 70 lbs. avoirdupois ^ 8511 Iba Troy= 31-76 kilog. — 64-23 lbs. of Am.stordam = 65-58 lbs. of Hamburg. Measures. — The salma grossa — 9-48 Winchester bushels; the salma generale ^ 7-G2 Winchester bushels. 152 JForeign Commercial Statistics. 21 AUSTRIA. Trieste, a city and seaport of the Austrian dominions, the capital of a district of Illyria, situated near the N. E, extremity of the Gulf of Venice, latitude of lighthouse 45° 38' 6" N., longitude 13° 46' 5" E. Population, in 1850-1, of the city only, 50,000, and including the district comprised within the limits of the free port, 82,596. It is di- vided into the old and new towns. The former is built upon elevated ground ; the latter, Avhich is lower down, is laid out with great regu- larity, and is partly intersected by a canal, into which vessels not drawing more than 9 or 10 feet water enter to load and unload. Harbor. — The harbor of Trieste, though rather limited in size, is easy of access and convenient. It is protected from the southerly gales by the Molo Teresiano, so called from the Empress Maria Theresa, at the ex- tremity of which the new lighthouse, mentioned above, has been con- structed. The port, with a mole, forms a crescent, li miles in length, being a continued quay, faced with hewn stone, with stairs and jetties for the convenience of embarkation. On the north side of the port is a dock or harbor, appropriated exclusively for vessels performing quarantine. It is walled round, and is furnished with hotels, warehouses, and every sort of accommodation required for the use of passengers and goods. Ships under 300 tons burden lie close to the quays ; those of greater size mooring a little further out. The principal defects of the port are, its limited size, and its being ex- posed to the N. W. winds, which sometimes blow Avith much violence, and throw in a heavy sea. COMMERCE OF TRIESTE AND VENICE FOR THE YEAR 1851 TRIESTE. VENICE. ENTEEED. CLEARED. ENTEEED. CLEABED. C0UNTBIE8. Vessels Tons. Vessels . Tons. Vessels . Tons. Vessels. Tons. American, . 55 26,007 56 28,981 8 2,749 7 2,445 Hanse Towns, 29 5,753 30 6,733 13 2,319 19 1,967 Belgian, 4 673 5 729 1 155 1 155 Brazilian, 2 830 3 990 Danish, 1(5 2,079 16 2,910 4 622 2 354 French, IG 2,268 14 2,080 15 1,757 15 1,757 Greek and Ionian, 443 60,818 452 62,302 127 17,641 150 20,090 English, . 86 22,438 87 24,230 86 20,156 96 22,657 Neapolitan, . 447 41,544 440 36,603 191 18,009 205 22,411 Holland, . 62 9,663 61 9,535 13 1,974 13 1,958 Turkey, 191 21,538 234 27,724 41 5,083 59 7,055 Pontilical States, 397 23,319 681 37,245 13 2,074 12 1,820 Portuguese, . 5 1,116 5 1,2.34 1 100 1 100 Prussian, 10 2,194 8 2,010 Russian, 2 260 , . Sardinian, 19 3,577 20 3,986 13 2,104 13 2,104 Spanish, 23 4,955 24 5,721 4 1,227 4 1,227 Swed. and Nor., 37 7,487 37 9,227 26 5,033 26 4,502 Tuscan, 8 1,852 1,559 8 2,181 1,363 10 566 1,945 9 632 1,783 Total, . 238,078 263,603 82,948 92,385 Austrian, 11,410 624,625 11,112 604,433 4,871 388,628 4,655 383,903 General total, 13,262 862,703 13,293 868,036 5,437 471,576 5,287 476,288 20 Trieste and other Austrian Ports on the Adriatic. 153 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH TRIESTE, AND OTHER AUSTRIAN PORTS ON THE ADRIATIC, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Years EJTDING Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion 21 864,077 $157,666 13,870 1,413 1823 4,S77 559,783 564,660 70.3,701 68,000 79,881 1,876 1824 25,171 384,257 409,428 47I,2:i8 48.530 2,158 1825 34,373 304,591 898,904 840,799 22,600 1,817 1826 46,897 271,4:38 318,3;« , 421,932 4,901 1,323 1827 131,7;-!4 470,325 602.059 733,128 50,666 11,587 8,109 1828 78.374 124,507 202,941 498,533 11,405 603 1829 27,600 47.:}.84 74,984 293,237 488 637 1330 Total, 75,801 837,539 413,:«0 417,392 45,018 2,887 $401,884 3,372,078 3,833,912 5,190,377 275,006 829,158 17,266 lasi 88,.503 298.304 336,807 521,598 29.500 6,368 2,935 18;?2 64,722 681,886 746,608 928,029 2,100 4,819 4.805 1833 167,2U8 513,471 685,679 730.044 26.451 8,674 4,514 '263 1834 62,458 321,221 888,679 509,511 26,340 821 2,246 1835 63,?02 216.822 280,034 887,5.53 2.752 7,860 3,010 1836 99,085 534,949 6:34,0:U 975,371 23,000 8,531 1837 36,059 74,653 111,312 69;3,161 2,766 484 l',759 1838 142,448 115,401 257,909 296,5:3;3 '366 4,282 1,293 1839 83,320 200,054 349,374 629,190 2,5:30 2,232 1840 Total, 119,745 156,873 276,018 56^3,476 l',928 2,187 $377,350 3,184,094 4,002,044 6,346,066 112,871 81,554 27,287 1,962 1841 200,934 179,012 880,546 614,872 900 2,319 1842 125.521 70,515 202,036 370,248 1,815 184;}* 108,405 6s;.014 176,479 132,854 2,s66 i..5.-5;i 1844 186,139 97,245 283,384 835,306 23 2,773 1845 115,55;? 49,546 16.%o99 731,517 1,897 1846 126,193 7:i,910 200,103 700,998 3,203 1847 01.570 6.5,072 127,242 577,710 2,666 1,118 1S4S 114,830 110,:!21 225,151 400,023 85,275 1,966 "2;36 1849 193,876 85,120 278,996 374,004 1,912 300 1850 Total, 204,397 5:i,344 257,741 801,023 2,689 $1,4;37,478 859,299 2,296,777 5,255,180 86,175 4,823 21,730 530 1851 162,204 65,529 227.733 901,236 4,208 1852 2t).5.S25 50,371 316,196 556,100 j 3,909 '82-2 1853 207,3.j8 79,981 287,339 727,516 4.36.) 1854 219,496 10.'>,T02 32.5,198 80.3,114 3.94S "569 1855 794.259 10;J,780 953,039 790,339 8.4')2 902 1856 1,404,768 106,657 1,511,425 741,871 18,409 1,845 * 9 months to Juno 30, and the ftscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. COXSTANTIXOPLE, ill Turkey, situated on a triangular point of land, on the Euro- pean side of the sea of Marmora, at the point -where it unites with the Bosphoru.s, the channel leading to the Black sea, lat. 41° 0' 12'' N., long. 28° 59' 2" E. Tho harbor is excellent, consisting of an arm of the sea, stretching along tho north-east side of tho city. It ha-s suflicient depth of water for tho largest vessels, and can ac- commodate 1,000 sail. The ((uays are good, and ships are moored clo.so alongside. The Bosphorus, or channel of Constantinople, runs in a N.E. by N. direction, about fifteen miles, varying iii breadth from one half to one and a quarter miles. It has a rapid current and a great depth of water. Saloxica, a large .seaport of European Turkov, at tho north-east extremity of tho gulf of tho same name, in lat. 40° 38' 47" N., long. 22° 57' 13" E. There is' no port at Salonica, but an excellent roadstead opposite the town. Vessels of 800 to 1,000 tons find no difficulty. Smyrna, a largo seaport of Asiatic Turkey, on the western sido of Asia Minor. 156 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 25 nAYTI. IIayti, though applicable to the whole island, is, under the present ar- rangement, ap])lied to that portion in the possession of the empire, ex- tending from Lasabon, on the Massacre river in the north, to the Rio Pedernales, in the south. Its area is estimated at 11,400 square miles. Capitjil, Cape Uaytien. The government, first a kingdom under Christophe, and afterward a republic under Boyer, etc;, was transformed into an empire on the 26th of August, 1849, when the present Emperor, Faustin Soulouque, was dignified by a servile legislature with the title of Faustin L, with heredi- tary succession. Otherwise the form of government adopted by the lie- public, was not materially changed. The present population is approxi- mately stated at 700,000, composed chiefly of blacks, mulattoes, and other mixed races. The principal staples of Hayti cultivated for export, are cofiee and cotton. Formerly, under the French, it was one of the most productive colonies of the West Indies ; but at the present it affords one of the most abject pictures of human degradation. The exports of the principal pro- ducts of the colony in 1789, the last year of French domitiion, were — clayed sugars, 47,516,531 pounds ; muscovado sugar, 93,573,300 pounds ; coffee, 76,835,219 pounds; and cotton, 7,004,274 pounds. In 1841, the total export of sugar amounted to 1,363 pounds; of coffee, 34,114,717, and of cotton, 1,591,451 pounds. Thus it will be seen that the cultiva- tion of sugar has been abandoned, that that of coffee has decreased one half, and that of cotton four fifths. These statistics are not as recent as desirable, but they are the latest of which we have any knowledge. The commercial statistics of the Empire and Republic, as supplied by the Register of the United SUites Treasury are not separated, and hence the commerce of the island with the United States, must be considered in the aggregate. The extent and value of the commerce of the United States with the island of San Domingo, in the year ending 30th of June, 1856, was as follows : Imports into tho United States, $1,92'1:,259 Exports from the United States, Domestic produce and manufacture, .... $1,862,823 Foreign produce and manufacture, .... 2G3,G21 — 2,120,454 Total value of commerce, $4,050,713 A GENERAL TABLE OF EXPORTS FROM HAYTI, DURING THE YEAP.S 1780, 1801, AND FROM ISIS TO 1S26, BOTH INCLUSIVE. Tears. Mus. Sugar. Coffee. Cotton. Cacao. Dye-woods. Tobacco. Mah(;gany. Cigars. Lbs. Lbn. Lhs. Lbs. Lhis. Lbs. Feet. 1789, . 9.3..')7;3,300 76,S:t.'),2I9 7,004,274 .... .... .... 1801, . 18,518,572 4;l,42ii,270 2,4S(l,.>U0 64S,.518 C,7f.8,C:!4 .... .'>„217 1818, . 5,44:^,567 2G,iiG5,2(lO 474,118 4:M,8G8 G,sl!),«i)0 19,140 129,962 1819, . 8,790,143 29,240,919 216.1(i3 37o,439 3,094,4(19 89,698 141,.577 1820, . 2,514,5112 8.5,1.37,759 .346,SW 556.424 1,919,748 97,600 129,509 1821, . 600,934 29,925,951 820,,563 264,792 8,728,186 70,400 .55,(105 1822, . 200,454 24,235,372 .592,368 4(U,154 8,295,080 58P,,957 2,622,277 279,000 182.3, . 14,920 33,8(12,8.37 3:52,256 335,540 6,607,808 88T,(JU 2,869,(147 89.3,800 ISai, . 5,106 44,269,084 I,(i28,u45 461,694 3,858,151 718,679 2,181.747 175,000 1825, . 2,020 86,0.34,:j(lO 815,697 3:'.9,9:}7 .3,948,190 503,425 2,986.469 1826, . 82,864 32,189,784 620,972 457,593 5,307,745 340,588 2,136,984 179,608 Gum Guaiacum, In 1822, 7,3.38 pounds— 1823, 13,066 pounds— 1824, 68,692 pounds. 24 Hayti. 157 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITn HAYTI, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Tbaks ENDING EXPOKTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Sept. 80. DoMESTir. FORKIGN. Total. TOTAU '.$2,240,2.57 Export. Impobt. Ameb. Fob. 1821 $1,740,383 $r).30,2]S .$2,270,001 $60,164 $.504,409 40,171 647 1822 1,740,107 373,704 2,119,811 2,341, sl7 1.525 229,439 4;3,107 946 1823 1,070,140 708,042 2,.'!78,T8-i 2,:i.5'.i,T33 104,697 5^v5()2 87,480 880 1824 1,901,926 403,229 2,305,155 2,247,235 51,402 169,027 40.207 489 1825 1,648,0.55 400,500 2.0.54,615 2,005,329 21,100 01.235 39,806 466 1826 1,252,910 160,584 1.414,494 l,511.,8;i6 120,945 H2.-'U9 1,468 1827 1,102,473 109,-130 1,331.909 l,7sl.309 47,132 2.5.720 8,774 1828 1,123,405 209,.306 1,832,711 2.103,585 20.5:.;3 69,703 24,727 .^,863 1829 814,987 160,171 97.5,1.58 1,799.809 8,438 46,o;33 18,164 2,988 laso Total, 714,791 108,387 823,178 1,597,140 81,718 19,395 1,748 .$13,775,177 8,291,237 17,000,414 20,107,050 267,939 1,:J41,143 333,166 19,118 1831 1,126.698 191,677 1,318,375 1,580,578 11,0-32 85.714 27,807 1,006 1832 1,24;?,510 425,493 1,069,003 2.0.53,386 800 16,150 29,990 1,279 1833 1,147,809 280,154 l,427,96;i 1.740,058 6..395 22,073 2-<,425 6.56 1834 1,244,424 192,528 1,436.952 2.113,717 6,965 13,009 32.682 617 1835 1,538.475 277,337 1,815,812 2.:>47,.550 11,270 3s,274 847 1836 1,0.^4.974 185,005 l,24lt,o;!9 1.82s.(ili) 5.3,.544 67,299 24,26:3 84S 1837 871,938 140,04:3 l,011,9sl 1,440,^50 3S.247 9.940 17,642 1,382 1838 814,421 95,834 910,-J55 1.275,702 8;$.37:! 6,408 15,066 2,914 1839 931,205 131,294 l,122,r),59 1,377,989 210,4.58 8.102 21,031 2,047 1840 Total, 945,:)05 81,849 1,027,214 1,252,824 10-3,510 10,433 20,66:3 2,818 $10,978,879 2,001,274 12,980,153 17,010,745 580,324 202,05:3 255,843 14,26* 1841 1,09.3,034 61.923 1,15.5,557 1 1,809,084 187,167 10.900 26,904 76.3 i 1842 844,4.-)2 5.5,514 .s99,900 ],2(;t;,997 68,148 36,26-4 21,115 863 184^5* 01(1,796 42,574 0,53,370 ^US,147 37,898 87,138 16,006 7ir 1844 l,i)8-i,soT 45,549 l,12s,35(i 1.441.244 63.016 90,468 26,710 649 1S45 1,327,891 77,s49 1,40.5,740 l.HM3,::07 5.5.544 237,617 27,919 5.34 1846 1,114,013 43,129 1.1^57,142 1.5t-.'.!ll!2 90.001 200.272 2:5,425 1,6-42 1847 1,187,017 111,7.56 1,29n773 l.:iyi..5Si) 39,062 217,725 27.959 2.500 , 1843 937,686 156,229 1,093.815 t 1,307.174 l-3,7s7 42.955 2:3..340 2,M9 1849 5.32,577 70,015 0i!2,592 901.724 37-776 42,174 16.r..56 4.553 1850 Total, 1,2:1,007 1.39,181 1,350,188 1,544,771 164,687 1.3,123 29.981 8,127 $9,941,780 808,719 10,745,499 1 13,550,950 757,036 1,088,636 240,515 22,496 1851 1,679.372 107,913 1,847,290 1,889.9(;8 131.494 111.183 .m.52 7.680 1852 1,479,-326 239,577 ],71\9(« l,>7o,072 90,098 87,125 82.:irh5 7..»20 1853 1,738,413 200,520 1.99s,93! 1,;'8.5.(;24 i;i4,6;i9 !U,7-34 31.309 6,121 1S54 1,880,187 829,.5.38 2,209.725 2,:!57,'.'.52 4.5,6:U 2-3,845 3s.'245 4,797 la'is 1,929,3:U 315,718 2,2-1.5,052 2,01.5,.5i;5 60.373 10,956 37,193 9.a51 1866 1,862,823 263,031 2,120,454 1,924,259 104,095 16,949 81,200 4,750 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Port-au-Prince, tho capital of Ilayti, or St. Domingo, in lat. 18° 33' 42" N., long., 72° 27' 11" W. Population variou,«ly estimated, probably from 18,000 to 20,000. It is situated on tlio west coa.st of the island, at tlie bottom of a larpo and deep gulf. It was founded in 1749, since when, witli few intcnals, it iia.s been tlio capital of French St. Domingo, a.s it is now of the entire island. It is partially fort- ified; tho harbor being protected by a battery on a .small island, at a little distance from the shore. Tho country round is low and m;ir.shy; and tiie heat in the sum- mer months being excessive, tho climate i.s then exceedingly unhealthy. The liuild- ings are principally of wood, and seldom exceed two stories in height. The entranco to tho harbor is between White island and the .southern shore. The depth of water varies from about 18 feet at ebb-tide to about 21 feet at full tide. It is customary, but not compulsory, to employ a pilot in entering the harbor. They are always oa the look-out. Shiiis moor head and .stern, at irom 100 to 500 yards from shore, loading and unloading by means of boats. 168 Foreigyi Commercial Statistics. 27 SPANISH COLONIES. The Spaniards who first resorted to America after its discovery had no intention of settling in the country, or of colonizing it. The idea that gold and silver alone constituted wealth was then universally prev- alent ; and the bold and enterprising companions and followers of Co- lumbus, instead of engaging in industrious undertakings, which they neither understood nor relished, sought only to enrich themselves by plundering the feeble and defenseless natives of the gold and silver in their possession, and of the abundance of which the most exaggerated accounts were immediately spread throughout Europe. When new ad- venturers arrived on an unknown coast, their single inquiry was, whether it abounded in gold. If it did, they remained, for some time at least, in the coimtry ; if not, they immediately set sail for some other quarter. Auri rahida sitis a cultura Hispanos divertit, is the expressive statement of a cotemporary writer (Petrus Martyrus, in the Novus Orbis of Gry- naeus, p. 511). The slow progress of the Spanish colonies after their first discovery must principally be ascribed to this cause. The gold and silver accumulated by the natives were very soon exhausted ; and the skill and energy of the successive swarms of adventurers, who continued to pour into the country, were principally directed to the unproductive and generally ruinous trade of mining. The few large fortunes that were made in this way, like the large prizes in a lottery, inflamed the cu- pidity of the multitude, and gave an appearance of credibility to the fabulous accounts of the excessive productiveness of the mines. After the gambling spirit which had exclusively actuated the early adven- turers had begun to subside, the colonists gradually betook themselves to agricultural and commercial pursuits ; and the vast variety of valuable productions with which Mexico and the other Spanish colonies abounded, the extreme richness of the soil, and their advantageous situations, would, had they been only tolerably well governed, have occasioned their rapid increase in wealth and civilization. But a blind and in- tolerant despotism paralyzed their energies, and fettered and retarded their progress. All the abuses and defects of the government of OM Spain were transferred to, and multiplied in, the colonies. The whole property of those vast regions was considered as vested in the crown of Spain ; and every law or regulation, whether of a local or general nature, afi'ecting their government, emanated from the council of the Indies, in which it was supposed the king was always present. We can not stop to describe the sort of regulations to which the colonists were subjected with any degree of minuteness ; but we may notice a few of them, to furnish the means of judging of their general spirit and probable effect. It was, for example, made a capital offense to carry on any intercourse with foreigners ; and the inhabitanis of the different colonies were even forbidden any intercourse with each other, unless under the strictest and most vexatious regulations. There were several articles, such as flax, hemp, and wine, which they were not permitted to cultivate ; at the same time that the crown reserved to itself the monopoly of salt, to- bacco, gunpowder, and some other less important articles. Under such circumstances, we can not be surprised that these colonies should have languished for above two centuries in a state of sluggish inactivity. 26 Spanish American Colo7iies. — Texas. 159 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SPANISH AMERICAN COLONIES* (INCLUDING MEXICO), From October 1, 1820, to September 30, 1824. Years EKDINO Sept. 30. 1821 1823 1823 1824 Total, EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. P'oREiQN. Total. Total. Export. Import. Amer. For. $508,176 1,592,767 1,372,526 2,827,521 $529,559 1,828,286 3.229,347 5,040,966 $1.0.37,7:^5 8,421.().5:? 4.601,873 7,868,487 $1,114,117 2,522,983 4.842,503 6,786,769 $54,893 57,693 $129,462 661,117 1,950,416 3,674,800 13,208 31,747 83,112 61,651 282 3M l",554 $6,300,990 10,628,158 16,929,143 15,266,377 112,591 6,415,795 139,718 2,200 FOREIGN COM^IERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH TEXAS, From Octobjie 1, 1836, to July 1, 1846. 18.37 797,312 210,616 1,007,923 163.884 1,700 12,989 1,092 18:38 1,028,813 219,062 1,247,880 16.5.718 825 28,195 897 1839 1,379,065 308.017 1,087,082 318,116 17,409 48,503 1,008 1840 937,072 231.199 1,218,271 303,847 55,062 41.177 5.30 1841 516,255 292,041 808.296 89.5,026 65.688 32,833 13 1842 278,978 127,951 406,929 480.892 25,510 24,816 1.369 1843t 105,240 37,713 142,95:5 445,399 17,174 16,185 927 1844 196,447 81,101 277,543 678,.551 10,114 20,065 1,779 1845 210,736 153,056 86:3,792 755,:324 40,427 18,9:30 2.221 1846 Total, 250,240 223,363 473,603 183,053 10,699 28,204 3.245 $5,700,163 1,934,119 7,634,282 3,889,315 1 2,525 248,083 271,852 12,581 * The commerce of Texas from 1346, when it became one of the United States, may bo found under the head of Texas; and the commerce of Mexico since its Independence under the head of Mexico. t 9 montlis to Juno 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. SPANISH COLONIES. Owing chiefly to tlie total incapacity of old Spain to furnish her tran.'^atlantic provinces with a sufficient sup[)ly of the articles .she had forced them to import from Europe, and the consequent extension of tlie contraband trade carried on with them by the other European nations, she had been compelled f:rradually to relax the sever- ity of her commercial monopoly. A new impulse was thus given to the spirit of industry. The colonists began to be more sensible of the natural advantages of their situation, and less inclined to submit to the blind and bigoted policy of the Spanish court. In 1781, a rebeUion broke out in Peru, in consequence of an attempt made by the government to establish a now monopoly in that province, which threatened to end in the total dissolution of the connection between Spain and South America, and was not quelled without great difficulty and much bloodshed. But the spirit of liberty, when once excited, could not be suppressed. It continued to gain ground progressively, until the commencement of the last contest between Franco and Spain interrupted the communication with the mother-country, and gave the colonisl.s an opportunity of proclaiming that independence which, after a lengthened and bloody struggle, they happily succeeded in achieving. There is not at this time, nor has there ever been, a commercial treaty between the government of the United States and tluat of Spain. But two treaties of any kind have been negotiated between the two governments — one purporting to be " A treaty of friendship, limits, and navigation," signed October 27, 1796; the other, "A treaty of amity, settlement, and limits," February 22, 1821. 160 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 29 MEXICO Mexico extends from 15° 37' to 32° 22' N. latitude, and 86° 42' to 117° 13' W. loncjitude. Area, 855,965 square miles. Length (average) about 1,100 miles, and breadth (averafje) about 600 miles. Mexico is bounded on the N. by California, New Mexico, and Texas, the Rio Giln, and the Rio Grande demarking the greater part of the boundary; on the E. by the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; on the S. by British Honduras and Guatemala, and on the S.W. and W. by the Pacific Ocean. The entire length of its sea-coast is 6,248 miles. Cap- ital, Mexico. The following account of the trade and commerce of the Republic for the year 1851-52 is compiled from the official returns: Ports. Vera Cruz, Tampico, . Metamoras, Campeachy, Sisal, Tabasco, . Iluatulco, Acapulco, Mauzatiilla, San Bias, Mazatlan, Altata, Guayamas, Total, Of the vessels an-iving, 68 belonged to Mexico, 435 to the United States, 108 to England, 69 to France, 60 to Spain, 13 to Hamburg, 24 to Peru, 5 to Belgium, 8 to Bremen, and one each to Portugal, Nicar- agua, Sweden, Hanover and Venezuela. Among the arrivals were 219 steamers, viz., 145 at Acapulco, 7 at Vera Cruz, 4 at Tampico, 27 at San Bias, 35 at Mazatlan, and 1 at Guayamas. Of these 145 were United States vessels. Of the classes of vessels, besides steamers, there were 55 frigates (vessels of war), 114 barks, 165 brigs, 63 hermaphrodite brigs, 155 schooners, and 68 pilot-boats. An official letter to the Department of State, Washington city, dated October 10, 1855, at Vera Cruz, remarks as follows upon the Mexican tariff: " Nothing can be more corrupt, false, unjust, unequal, and generally pernicious, than the entire Mexican commercial system. There are now no less than four distinct tariffs in operation and counter-operation here; not to mention concessions and special privileges granted to certain places and favored individuals — all to the great prejudice of the regular American merchant transacting business under the protection guarantied by solemn treaties. Merchants are even now continually imposed on, and openly robbed, under one or the other of them ; the custom-house electing the tariff under which any given importation shall be entered to suit its own convenience ; for come wdiat may in the shape of reform the un- lucky foreigner has to pay for it." Total Tonnage. Passengers Arrived. Passengers Departed. . 28,203 1,429 1,346 . 7,704 178 126 6,992 . 4,239 . 3,739 4^975 43 81 1 95 21 '. isi'sso 31,242 28,540 . 1,402 11 . 30,321 4,863 4.920 . 30,762 . 1,158 6,095 81 5,000 9 . 4,835 718 35 . 256,692 43,816 40,153 28 Mexico. 161 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH MEXICO, From October 1, 1824, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS 1 Whereof there was |in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. Foreign Total. Total. $4,041,647 Export. Import. Amer. For. 1825 $951,040 $.5,519,104 $0,470,144 $199,946 $2,603,108 20.4S7 2.618 1826 1,024,275 [ 5,256,775 6,281,050 3.910,198 l,.5O0 2,800,4fl9 23..526 2.452 182T 886,907 ! 8,280,:»(: 4,173,257 5,231, s07 800 4,005.255 2:3,494 : 2,123 1828 622,016 2,304,468 2,SS6,484 j 4.S14.25S 4,850 8,8.5.3,880 26,870 8,181 1829 495,(126 1,8;35.525 2,331.151 5.020,701 4,640 4,:344,946 21.682 4,719 1830 Total, 9s5,764 8,851,694 4,837,453 5,235,241 4,708,716 27,L'95 3,561 $4,865,628 22,113,916 20,979,544 28,268,972 211,736 22,371,814 148,.354 18,644 1S31 1,091,489 5,086,729 6,178,218 ! 5,166,745 24,210 4,464,134 22,803 10,019 1832 845,777 2.621,764 8,467,541 1 4.293.954 1.600 8,626,704 24,111 9,364 1833 1,649,314 3,758,777 5,408,091 5,452,818 1,410 4,592,8y2 3n,.^4S 4,859 18.M 1,192,646 4,072,407 5.265,058 8,066,068 7,204,517 2.5,5ti4 6,032 1835 8,016,612 6,012,609 9,029,221 9,490,446 8^895 8,34.3,181. 44,4.^3 11,169 1836 1,.500,639 4,540,996 6,041,6;35 5,615,819 4,5:37,418 27,273 4,583 1S::JT 939,613 2,940,710 8,880,323 6,654,002 4,650,978 17,502 4,018 1838 1,040,906 1,123,191 2,164.097 8,500,709 22,732 2,689.426 11,.3.38 2,725 1839 816,600 1,970,702 2,787,862 8,127,153 4,200 2,273,.54S 17.816 6.620 1840 Total, 969,938 1,545,403 2,515,841 4,175,001 54,542,715 8,458,892 13,348 8,025 $13,063,594 33,678,288 46,736,882 62,547 45,841,690 2.34,196 60,914 1841 886,513 1,1.50,107 2,086,620 8,284.957 6,204 1.938,0,83 14,018 4,9.35 1842 969.371 504,802 1,534,233 1,995,696 8,6S0 1,842,817 15,912 1,226 1848* 907,745 564,192 1,471,937 2,782,406 11,S25 2.176,608 22,727 2,360 1844 1,202,752 502,081 1,794,833 2,387,002 6,000 1,780,'267 22.6.S6 1,804 1845 784,154 86s,177 1,152,3:31 1,702.936 956,407 16,952 4,500 1846 901.333 629,847 1,531,180 l,s36,021 1,440 698,558 14,224 8,964 1847 530,641 15.5,787 092,428 740,818 828.008 10,716 2,155 1848 2,095.-tS5 1.902,951 4.(i5s.4:ii; 1.5S1.247 850,146 62,083 4,626 1849 1,047,999 1,042.809, L'.iiOii.-iis 2.210,719 6,290 1,528,225 29,s20 10,140 1850 Total, 1,498,791 514,036, L^ol■J.^J7 2,135,366 1,560,166! 24,518 30,104 $10,920,784 7,454,909 1 18,875,698 20,669,768 40,439 13,159,835 2:38,006 65,714 1851 1,014,690 567,093 1..5«!1.7S3 1,804,779 1,0S3.993 81,019 20.145 1852 1,400,372 87s,,V)7 2.2S4.VP-29 1,049.206 ' 1,093,942 22,719 17.974 1853 2,529,770 1,029. (i.">l :\.V.s,vJ4 2.167.98.5 1,411,885 8n,sl0 15.804 1854 2.091,870 1,(I4-S,010 3.I3.-,,J,S0 3,4C:!.190 2.525,3:34 29,758 15.173 1855 2,253,368 G09.4;M 2,!I22,M>4 2,'-;■_'.^30 1,200 1.978,(W) 41.458 10.428 1856 2,404,942 1,237,297| 8,7o2,'J39 3,50s,081 450 2,714,923| 47,129 7,106 * 9 months to Juno 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORTS. AcAPULCO, lat. 16'= 50' 30" N., lonp. 90° 4G' W., the best senport on the wejiem, coast of Mexico, and is capable of containing a large navy with perfect safet.v. Tampico, a con.siderable commercial port on the ea.stcrn coast of Mexico, in lat. 22° 15' 30" N., long. 97° 52' W. The .shifting of the bar at tlie mouth of 6bo river,, and the shallowness of the water on it, wliich is sometimes under 8 fce\ and rarely above 15 feet, are serious obstacles to the growth of the port. Vessels Uiat c^a not enter the port load and unload by means of lighters, mooiing outside of the bar, so, that in event of a gale from tlie north, they can readily get to sea. Vera Cruz, the principal seaport on the eastern coast of Mexico, lat. 19° 11' 52"' N., long. 9G° 8' 45" W. The harbor lies between the town and the i.sland of San Juan d'UUoa, about 2,400 feet wide; it is insecure, the anchorage being very bad, and no vessel is safe, unless made fast to iron rings fixed into the wall of the castle, on the island, and even then accidents sometimes occur. GuAYMAS, a .seaport town of Sonora, Mexico, on the gulf of Califomi.i, at tho mouth of a considerable river, lat. 27° 55' N., long. 110° IG' W. It is neither large nor well built, but its harbor is the best on tho western coast of Mexico, and it has an active and increasing trade. 162 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 31 MONTEVIDEO, seaport, and the capital of the Republic of Uruguay, on the north : of the Rio de l:i Plata, latitude 34° 54' 11" S.j'^longitude 56° 13' A bank 18" W. The population, which is variously estimated, may probably be about 12,000. The town is built in the form of an amphitheater, on a regular plan, and is well fortified. It has suftered much from the various revolutions to which it has been subject during the last thirty years. Montevideo is situated 2° 3' 33" W. of Cape St. Mary, the northern limit of the embouchure of the La Plata. Vessels from the north bound to Montevideo generally make this cape, entering the river between it and the small island of Lobos, in from 14 to 17 fathoms. The course is thence nearly west to the Isle of Flores, on which is a lighthouse 112 feet above the level of the sea, with a revolving light. From Flores to Montevideo is 16 miles in a direct line, and the course W. by S. by com- pass. A lighthouse, 475 feet above the level of the sea, has been erected on the summit of the Montevideo, whence the town has its name. The latter is built on a projecting tongue of land, the port being on its south side. This, which is the best on the La Plata, is a large circular basin open to the S.W. ; generally the water is shallow, not exceeding ti'om 14 to 19 feet, but the bottom being soft mud, vessels are seldom damaged by grounding. It should, however, be observed that the depth of water in the harbor, as well as throughout the whole of the Rio de la Plata, de- pends very much on the direction and strength of the winds. The S.W, wind, called pamperos, blows right into the Bay of Montevideo with much force, not uufrequeutly causing a rise of a fathom or more in the depth of water. But it rarely occasions much damage to vessels properly moored with anchors to the S.W., S.E., and one to the N. — {BlunCs American Pilot, pp. 542-555 ; Coulier sur les Phares, etc.) Montevideo has a considerable commerce. The gi'eat articles of export consist of animal products, or of hides, beef, tallow, hair, bones, grease, wool, etc. The imports principally consist of British cottons, woolens, and hardware, flour, wine and spirits, linens, sugar, tobacco, boots and shoes, salt, etc. Vessels belonging to Uruguay are admitted into the ports of the United States on same terms as respects tonnage and navigation duties, as American vessels, with the produce or manufactures of her own, or any other country. And by a law of Uruguay, passed June 17, 1854, sim- ilar privileges are granted to vessels belonging to the United States. National vessels, and vessels belonging to the provinces of Buenos Ayres, employed within the river Plata, willed coasting, pay a license for each voyage, Hoapntal Dues. — National and foreign vessels, sailing for a foreign port beyond sea, or in the river Plata, pay two dollars for the vessel, four reals for the captain, two reals for each seaman, one dollar for each pas- senger. Money, Weights, and Measures. — Paper money there is none. Current money, the Brazilian patacon and Spanish dollar ; they pass for 960 con- tesimo. 100 cents make a real. 800 cents, or 8 reals, make a dollar. 060 cents, or 9 reals 60 cents, make li current dollar, or 1 hard dollar or patacon. "Weights and measures same as those of Spain. 30 Uruguay. 163 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH URUGUAY (^Formerly Cisplatine Republic), From October 1, 1830, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPORTS i Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. FOBEION. Total. Total. EXPOET. Ihfobt. Ameb. For. is;^ 1 856 183-2 $3,:K5 $.3,325 i .... 879 1833 1,129 1834 4,774 1835 6,.391 349 18;^6 5,7;u 1837 7",8(!4 7,864 $lfl,5i6 3.562 'ii5 1S3S 35,771! 665,88] 13,042 603 1828 560,846 323,6TS 884,524 1,4.84,856 29,200 420,524 10,366 88 1829 625,783 241,565 767,348 1,2,55,810 880: 222,337 8,490 138 1S30 Total, 316,732 180,258 496,990 1,120,095 1 414,996 5,955 62 $4,078,967 3,206,356 7,285,323 9,827,283 $143,551 $2,286,8141 83,651 4,787 1S31 375,319 282.830 658.149 1,207,154 1 284,903 7,188 1S32 406,857 710,167 1,117,024 1,439,182 58,7921 289,386 9.443 269 183:3 439,9.84 517,559 957,54;? 1.524.G22 7S,.i64 209,166 9,467 1.014 ISM 420.758 874,809 795,667 1, 727-,! 88 26.977 246,103( 8.778 866 1835 458,068 605,948 1,064,016 1,662,7641 175,716 186,253 1 10,180 6,-)9 1836 893,687 435.568 829,256 1,696,650 1 161,989 156.243 8,368 1,252 , 18;37 540,150 539,959 1,080,109 1,567,845 100,681 144,053 7,815 1,893 1 1838 Total, 406,564 318,175 724,739 1,615,249, 114,117 226,615, 6,823 1,917 $3,441,387^ 3,785,015 7,226,402 12,440,154 j 716,726^ 1,742,622 68,047 T,870 For the commerce of the United States with Colombia subsequently to the year 1S38, see Venezuela and New Gkanada. PRINCIPAL PORT. Guayaquil, a city and port of Colombia, on the western coast of South America, lat. 2° 11' 21" S., long. 79° 43' W. Population, 20,000. The town is situated oa the banks of the river of the same name, about six or seven leagues from the Isla Verde, or nine leagues from the Isla Puna, in the gulf of Guyaquil, opposite to the mouth of the river. Ships bound for Guyaquil generally call at the Isla Pima, where expert pilots may be had, who carry them up to the town by night or by day, according to the state of the tides. The town is old, but as the houses are of wood, and it has frequently suffered from fires, much of it is comparatively modern, and has a good appearance. There is a dry-dock on the south bank of the river, where sev- eral ships of a superior construction have been built. The district in which Guyaquil is situated has for a considerable period formed a part of Ecuador or Equator. Its prmcipal article of export is cocoa, of which large quantities are shipped ; and next to it are straw hats, timber, tobacco, hides, bark, etc. The principal articles of im- port are manufactured cottons and hardware, silks, wine, flour, etc. ACCOtINT OF TETE QUANTITIES AND VALUES OF THE PRINQPAL ARTICLES OF PRODUCE EXPORTED FROM GUAYAQUIL, IN 1849, 1850, AND 1861. 1849. 1850. 1851. Akticles. Cocoa, Straw hats Tanned hi< Tobacco, TirabcT, Mangles, Flax, . Orchilla Tamarinds. Bark, Quantities. Values. . lbs. 14,020.446 £139.408 . doz. 21.101 73,856 . sides 22,367 6,871 quintals 2,123 9,289 . loss 8,24,3 1,418 . poles 1,419 62 . lbs. 17,156 563 quintals 706 1,236 180 229 . " 714 1,499 Quantities. 11,171,318 26,336 26,400 1,622 7,571 I 8,458 f 7,55.8 1,240 175 1,045 Quantities. 9,567.068 &'>.854 17.113 2,.'i08 16,244 10.027 860 1,138 867 2,683 Total Value, £284.020 £279,626 Values. £100,000 107.700 6,100 12.400 16.300 700 60 2,0(X» 600 14,000 £287,800 166 Foreign CommercicU Statistics. 35 CENTRAL AMERICA. states. Pop. Capitals. Guatemala, 600,000 Guatemala, 50,000 inhabitants. Honduras, 230,000 Comayagua. St. Salvador, . 280,000 San Salvador, 5,000 " Nicaragua, 264.000 Leon, 80,000 Costa ilica, 100,000 St. Jose, 18,000 The above is probably not accurate, but as nearly so as is known. Guatemala has the largest territory, and San Salvador has the smallest. Costa Rica has the Gulf of Nicoya on the Pacific, latitude niue and a half north. San Salvador and Honduras have the bay of Fonseca, also on the Pacific, latitude 13 degrees. In this bay is Tiger island, on which is a mountain over 4,000 feet high. The city of Guatemala is 4,950 feet above the ocean. It is tliirty leagues from the Pacific. The State has only one seaport, or rather roadstead, on the Pacific — the small town of San Jose, eight miles west of Istapa, which is closed. A high surf makes it dangerous to land. la this State is a volcano 14,000 feet high. — W. Neilson, of Panama. San Salvador was destroyed by an earthquake, April, 1854. Santa Tecla is the new capital, 12 miles distant from the city. — Neilson. Punta Arenas, in the Gulf of Nicoya, is the only port open to foreign commerce in Costa Rica. Coffee is the principal production. A good many Germans are settled in the country. — Neilson. Cartago, the former capital, with about 25,000 inhabitants, was en- tirely destroyed by an earthquake in September, 1841. The volcano of. Catjigo is about 11,000 feet high. It was ascended by Mr. Stephens in January, 1840. La Union, or Conchagua bay, St. Salvador, C. A., is a fine sheet of water, forms a part of the Bay Fonseca, possessing an anchorage of from 3 to 12 fathoms, free from shoals, and well protected from all winds, being a near approach to a circle, and about 10 miles in diameter. It is surrounded on three sides by high land, and the entrance is protected by a number of islands, with many deep and safe channels, only one of which is at present used by ships entering and leaving, although many of the others are, no doubt, equally good, and would be quite as avail- able, if surveyed. The port of the Union is by far the best in the State of San Salvador. On the opposite side of the Gulf of Fonseca, is the port of San Lorenzo, in Honduras, the above State being here bounded, for a short distance, by the waters of the Pacific ocean. The port is safe and convenient, and of ea.sy access ; but as nearly all the commerce of this State is carried on by the Atlantic coast, it is but little resorted to by vessels. Ports on the Pacific side. — Commencing at the most northerly part of the S.W. coast, the first of the ports upon the Pacific is Jacos, which is the only place in the province of the Altos ever visited by vessels. It is an open roadstead, where a landing is always eftected with some dif- ficulty, on account of the continual heavy surf breaking upon the shore. Iztapa, the port of Guatemala, and Acajuntla, the port of San Salvador, are the next in rank. Port of Realcjo in Nicaraugua, is said to be one of the best ports on the Pacific. 34 Central Republic of South America. 167 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE CENTRAL REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AMERICA, From October ], 1824, to July 1, 185G. Tears ENDING EXPORTS IMP0ET3 ] Whcroof there 'was in Bullion &, Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Sept. 30." Domestic. I'OKEIGN. Total. Total. Export. iMronT. Axes. For. 1825 $4fl,3T7 $59,145 $99,.522 $56,789 $3,200 8,128 1826 79,294 4(I,4S0 119.774 204270 $43,618 2,598 1827 147,.')74 77,198 224,772 251,342 106,609 6,015 1828 106,773 62,499 159,272 204,770 56,487 8,890 "56 1829 123,631 116,223 2;i9,854 811,931 f 139.S72 8,820 1830 138,456 111,062 250,118 802,s33 131,672 8,044 Total, $686,105 457,207 1,093,312 1,381,935 3,200 477,653 20,490 66 1&31 141,179 165,318 806,497 198,504 88,810 8,.315 1832 139,206 196,101 &3.5..307 28,8,316 5l',996 94,525 4,389 'iie 18;J3 267,760 807,256 575,016 267,740 31,500 84,.529 2,9:58 1834 111,616 72.5;W 184,149 17(1.968 26.801 1,975 1835 111,624 72,169 183,793 21.5.450 4,700 82,313 1,861 1836 86,:i49 103,169 1S9.51S 195,.304 20,900 81,911 1,144 1837 82,314 75,:}49 l.')7,G6;} 16;5.4l2 14,625 1,088 1833 111,910 131,1«9 245.049 1.5.'),614 21,650 60.3O4 1,848 1839 111,752 104,490 216,242 192,.S45 54,!303 35,671 471 1840 130,661 87,2a5 217,946 189,021 , 2,037,164 : 10,600 26,582 721 Total, $1,294,871 1,314,809 2,609,180 195,043 485,571 19,725 116 1841 78,616 71,297 149.913 186,911 2,601 19,241 1,173 145 1842 46,649 22,817 69,466 124,994 9.015 10,895 68S 165 1843* 84,469 18,497 52,906 1.32,167 800 11,M8 1,802 1844 103,377 46.899 150,276 223,408 10,000 14,187 2,261 '126 1815 41,548 26,101 67.649 65,269 2,967 8,411 1,049 187 1846 75.136 4.5,117 120,25:3 116,7*3 4,875 12,123 9.i7 214 1847 73,-322 23,246 96.568 8(i,.5Sl 5,189 1,.'M5 1848 84,940 1.5,438 50,378 18,272 2,666 808 "766 1849 112,480 23,739 136,219 56,017 5.907 5,203 78 la-JO 67,225 12,967 70,192 261,459 16^190 16,691 2,290 1,722 Total, $657,762 806,118 963,880 1,265,811 47,948 99,412 17,021 3,331 1851 223,302 89,089 262.391 149,8.56 14,194 17,670 27,565 4.400 1852 886,136 87,3v2 473.51 s ::08.:355 7,400 207.495 54.586 6.8S.S 1853 225,8.^0 120,474 346. 3M0 .590,937 493,598 80,737 8.172 1854 260,.'J39 58,:«5 80S,ss4 2,360,422 2,2:33,100 85,314 8,499 1855 1,210.584 51,586 1,262,170 286,409 1,000,666 121,4')2 90,943 1,111 1856 847,265 49,356 896,621 246,863 20,000 60,579 84,321 908 * 9 moDtlis to June 80, and the flacal year from tills time bc^na July 1. TRINCIPAL PORT. San Juan de Nicaragua, a seaport town at the mouth of the river of tlie s.ime name, state of Costa Rica, ontlio western slioro of the Canbbcan soii, lat. 10*^ 55' N., long. 38° 43' "W. The port is excellent, and is considered the best on this part of tlio coast. Till lately the town was quite inconsiderable, and consisted of httlo clso than a cluster of huts ; but latterly it has no doubt been improved. This j)lace has risen into importance from its being at the western extremity of a prof>oscd lino of water communication between the Caribbean sea and the Paoilic ocean. Tiiis lino is to consLst partly of the river San Juan, flowing from the lake of Nicaragua ca-ot to the sea at San Juan, partly of the lai4,2G7 229,605 783,872 1,355,166 73,957 27,521 9,886 920 $967,512 502,341 1,469,8S3 8,337,868 185,192 62,562 18,627 2,470 1841 5.32,419 230.0fi3 762,502 2,012.004 145,717 3,168 9,5.30 1,284 1842 499.:iS0 lf,i;.s32 666,212 1,.544,342 71,222 27,676 9,742 8,211 1843* 4S:^,077 ]i(0.4-.'5 583,502 1,191,280 21,0:« 9.5,S16 8,0.30 884 1844 442.491 Sn741 531.232 1,42;3,479 45,833 5,058 8,885 1,8.39 1845 505,545 1n9,5s5 725,130 1.268.275 152.521 19,448 1 10,7:« 1,117 1846 584,069 197.478 781,. 547 1.509,000 154,043 2.959 11,125 1,244 1847 571,474 43.739 61.V.'13 1.322,496 1 7,945 42.409 10,800 680 1848 400,230 62,79 S 46;J.o28 1,225.611 1 .38,511 73,597 7,631 1,505 1849 431.421 106,213 5.S7,6;54 • 1,413,096 ! 1.32,882 6.5,S70 8,420 1,1.57 1 1850 Total, 67S,462 840,003 1,018,470 ' 1,920,247 ; 1 14,829,830 490,4n9 49,730 8,509 2,697 i $5,158,568 1,525,902 6,684,470 1,259,196 885,781 98,855 15,568 1851 &54,779 189,746 1,044,525 ' 2.380,295 422,075 86..584 11,761 2.891 1852 726,024 67,:i89 798,413 1,121,864 94,972 22,.521 11.244 8,109 1853 749,S.i9 94.668 844,527 2,613,780 257,454 11,:3.39 12,0<)1 1,789 1854 1.131,604 69,279 l,20(i,s^s;3 1 3,072,649 ; 400,s2S 66,861 12,26;5 4,074 1855 1,152,604 70,S45 1.22.3,449 8,610,809 , 270,4(U 9,685 15,057 4,369 1856 1,643.621 69,153 1,712,774 , 1 4,202,692 1 ' 1 566,970 22,832 25,615 1,637 ♦ 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. La Guayra, the principal seaport of the repubhc of Venezuela, in the province of Caraccas, on the Caribbean sea, lat. 10° 3G' 19" N., long. 67° 6' 45" W. Popula- tion estimated at 8,000. In 1810, the population is believed to have amounted to 13,000 — the reduction being a consequence of the loss of life caused by the tremen- dous earthquake of IS 12, and the massacres and proscriptions incident to the revo- lutionary war. The population of the city of Caraccas, of which La Guayra may bo considered as the port, lell off from the same causes, from 43,000 in 1810, to 23,000 in 1830 ; but they are now both increa.sing. There is neither quay nor mole at Li Guayra. Ships moor liN.E. and W.S.W., with their heads to the north, at from one quarter to three quarters of a mile from the laud, in from 9 to IS fathoiu.s. Th" holding-ground is good; and notwitiistanding the openness of the road, vesfwls properly found in an(;liors and cables run very little risk of being driven from tlu-ir moorings. The principal articles of export are coflce, cocoa, indigo, hides, sars;ipii- rilla, etc. La Guayra shares the trade of Venezuela with the port.s of Cuniana, Puerto Cabello, Maracaibo, etc., having about a half of its entire amount Port Regulations. — On casting anchor, a visit is paid by the collector of custom;*, or his agent, accompanied by other officers, who take from the master his regi.-ter, manifest, and muster-roll, and an oflicer is lelt on board until the cargo i.s discharged. The master nnist swear to his manifest within 24 hours after his arrival, when the permit to discharge is granted, and within three days all invoices must be pre.-ienfed. The discharge completed, the same officers repair on board to e.Kamino the ves.sel, and all being found in order, the officer is withdrawn. The clearing of a vessel out- ward (tliat ha-s entered with cirgo) in balhust is then completed by p.iying the jwrt charges ; proof whereof being jiruduced, tlie pennission to sail is signed by the gov- ernor and harbor master. If tlie vessel take cargo on board, then the same formality as to visiting, is pursued, a.s on the entry of a vessel. Credit. — Goods imported are almast invariably sold upon credit; those exported are, on the other hand, always sold for ready money. The terms of credit vary from two to six mouths, or more. Bankruptcy is very rare. 172 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 41 BRAZIL. Brazil, an extensive empire of South America, occupying a large proportion of the eastern and central part of that country, extending be- tween latitude 4° 28' N., and 32° 45' S., and longitude 34° 55' and 65° 20' W. Length, from N. to S., about 2,630 miles ; greatest breadth, 2,540 miles. Its internal boundaiies come in contact with all the dif- ferent States and territories of South America, with the exception of Chih and Patagonia, while the Atlantic ocean washes its shores from its north- east to its southern limits. Brazil was discovered by Alvarez de Cabral, a Portuguese, who was driven upon its coasts by a tempest in 1500. He called it the land of the Holy Cross ; but it was subsequently called Brazil, on account of its red wood, and was carefully explored by Amerigo Vespucci about 1504. The gold mines were first opened in 1684 ; and the diamond mines were discovered in 1*730. The French having seized on Portugal in 1807, the royal family and nobles embarked for Brazil. A revolution took place here in 1821. Brazil was erected into an empire, when Don Pedro assumed the title of emperor, November 18, 1825. He abdicated the throne of Portugal, May 2, 1826 ; and that of Brazil, in favor of his infant son, now (1855) emperor, April 7, 1831, and returned to Por- tugal, where a civil war ensued. — Haydn. The surface of Brazil is about equally divided into uplands and low- lands, or valleys. Two parallel mountain ranges traverse the country from N. to S., forming elevated ridges of table-land, the greatest height of the central range being from 6,000 to 7,000 feet. Proportions. Proport ons. Countries. Imports. 1853-51. 1851-55. Exports. 1853-54. 185JU55. Gt. Brit, and poss., $: 22,775,420 53.72 53.59 $19,687,362 32.43 32.32 France and poss., 4,989,187 11.71 11.67 4,080,131 7.95 9.02 United States, 3,995,868 9.06 8.25 11,903,644 28.35 26.28 Portugal and poss., 3,234,396 6.83 7.63 2,324,889 4.35 5.12 Hanseatic towns, 2,442,233 6.25 5.76 3,387,579 8.27 7.37 Rio de la Plata, . 2,108,545 5.03 4.97 2,087,433 4.25 4.61 Belgium, 885,752 2.16 4.97 1,391,847 1.78 3.07 Spain and poss., . 665,468 0.84 1.45 488,969 0.84 0.96 Cliili, . 564,133 0.49 1.33 789,558 1.02 1.63 Sardinia, 377,584 0.78 0.89 608,978 0.88 1.34 Sweden and Norway, 189,774 0.20 0.45 1,254,649 2.18 2.77 Austria, 130,277 0.84 0.31 812,011 3.53 1.79 Holland and poss., 58,750 0.07 0.14 109,611 0.13 0.24 Other countries, . 322,327 0.94 0.76 687,557 1.23 1.47 Denmark, • . > • .... 779,938 2.64 1.72 Turkey, .... .... 134,709 0.15 0.29 Re-exportation, . $' 300,460 Total, 13,040,174 $50,534,865 NAVIGATION IN 1854 AND 1855. ABBIVALS CLEABED. Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons. Brazilian, . . 3,737 277.853 3,887 296,015 Foreign, . tal, . . 1,1 . 4,S 12 440,849 1,067 4,954 440,943 To 49 718,702 736,958 40 Coast of Brazil and Dependencies. 173 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UXITED STATES WITH COAST OF BRxVZIL AXD DEPENDENCIES, From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Teaks ENDING Sept. 30. EXPOKTS. IMPOIiTS Whereof there was ill Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. Foreign. TOTAU Total. Export. Import. Amer. For. 1821 $SS5,84S .$496,412 $1,381,760 $(30.5,126. $156,999 $19,i>00 22,264 814 1822 1,217,411 246,513 1.463,929 1,436,567 71,803 28,301 549 1823 1,0«2,209 279,131 1,341,390 1,214,310: 8,615 46,215 22,016 .... 1824 l,(39i»,754 602,150 2,301,904 2,074,119: 89,219 218,792 83,345 507 1S25 1,641,296 752,4.53 2.393,754 2,156,707 93,343 197. 1 38 83,933 707 1826 1,597,344 603,005 2,200,349 2,156,673 113,090 104,771 8-4,372 1,084 1827 l,4Sii,433 377,373 1,3(W,,S06 2,060.971; 1,575 232,932 87,709 881 1828 1,5(15,779 4s-^,9:)6 1,9S3 715 8,097,752: 135,183 181,.577 40,114 1829 1,5111,260 419,667 1,929,927 2,53.5,467 78,012 76,836 40.978 1830 Total, 1,600,999 242,239 1,34:3,233 2,491,460 1,470 &4,695 44,450 "eoi $14,206,33-3 4,501,939 13,708,772 19,379,657; 673,106 1,234,309 34:3,587 4,093 1S31 1,652,193 423,902 2,076.095 2,375,829 216,375 23.149 36,892 208 1332 1,232,077 822,717 2,0.54,794' 8.390,845 381.503 20,671 80,439 856 183:J 2.474,55,5 797.546 ;3,272,101 5,039,693 156.340 11,453 49,7.35 1,017 1834 1,536.097 473,25-i 2,059,351 4,729,969 60,034 81,735 87,092 1,977 183.5 1.310,791 797,365 2,608.656! 5,574,466 34:3,931 66,605 89,269 2,554 1836 1,7;:!2,741 1,362.195 3,094,936 7,210,190, 900.324 6,940 43,533 8,062 183T 1,301,217 441,992 l,74;i,209 4,991.9-<;! 3:5.531 40,617 19,676 4,107 1833 2,094,9.57 562,237 2,657,194 ;3.191,233 20-1.7(16 12:3,221 80,623 1.601 1839 2,133,997 503.4-i3 2.637,4^5 ; 5,292,955 134.427 4,893 89,4:31 8,133 1840 Total, 2,146,863 360,711 2,500,574 j 4,927,296: 102,174 14,522 34,189 1,764 $1S,164,4SS 6,^4.5,907 24,710,3951 j 47,274,464 2,637,395 84:3,816 1 860,779 19,324 1841 2,941,991 575,282 3,517.273 6,302,653 3.55.303 21.3.52 47.684 3,101 1842 2,225,571 875.931 2.601,502 5.94S314 81,794 50,345' 88,773 2,648 1843* 1.56-,5s4 223,704 1,7S2,23S :).947,i;53 22,409 50,349 82,066 1,395 1344 2,409,418 4(^8,334 2,313,252 6.ss;3,306i 142,695 28.609 46,250 1,816 184.5 2,413,567 424,333 2,s37.9.50 0.034.599' 131,1.59 7,477: 40,716 2,077 1S46 2,754.0121 839,333 3,143,;{95 7,441,303, 2:;.5,o91 2,532 43,026 4,632 1H4T 2,566,933: 876,340 2.94:3,773 7,096,160 149,249 26,595 39,231 8,367 134.8 3,092,736' 279,693 3,372.4-^4 7,992.643 163.072 17..503 57,206 6,036 1&49 2.33s,:i3ii 264,597 8.102.977 8,494,363 117,604 9.361 56,;535 6.023 1850 Total, 2,723,7(0 , 473,:347 3,197,114 9,:32 4,429 279,690 2,166 53,113 464,405 8,569 84,714 §25,534,964 3,791,999 29,326,963 69,516,938 1,623,066 216,239 1851 3.123,056 623.060 3,7.52.916 11,525,304 4:30,262 6,511 03.629 7,64.3 1852 2,7s2.I7;l 233,363 3,021, ((42 12,230.2-9 117.466 94.317 59,454 6.713 1853 «,7;i4,190 260,254 8.994.444 14,317,961 399,029 9,000 69,7.35 5.153 1354 4,046,357 192,334 4,2:i9.241 14,110.;337 i 64:3,114 24,400 60..343 2,329 1855 8,973.219 233,0.54 4,261,273 15,213,925 14 1. .525 1,461 75.()66 2,674 1856 4,858,125 2:36,779 5,(394,904 19,262,657 233,593 74,230 2,390 * 9 mouths to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Rio de J.\n:eiro, the capital of Brazil, on the Atlantic, in lat 22° 54' 15" S., long. 430 15' 50" W. Population 200,000. The harbor of Rio is one of the finest in the world, both a.3 respects capaciou.sness and security for all sorts of vessels. In coming from the north-east it is usual to make Cape Frio, in lat. 23° 1' 18" S., long. 42° 3' 19' W., being about four leagues nearly ea.st of Rico. Tlie entrance to the harbor is marked by a remarkable hill in the form of a sugar-loaf, 900 feet high, close to its west side; while on the east or opposite side of the bay, at the distance of about 1+ miles, is the fort of Santa Cruz. Ves.sels bound for Rio^ coming from tho north, should, after rounding Capo Frio, steer due west, keeping about three leagues from the coast, until they come within live or six miles of the Illia Raza, or Flat island, lying almost duo south from the mouth of tho harbor, at the distance of about three leagues. A lighthouse, the lantern of which is said to be elevated nearly 300 feet above the level of the sea, was erected on this island in 1829. The light is a revolving one, alternately red and white, finishmg its revolution in throe minutes. 174 Foreign Cortimercial Statistics. 43 ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION. Latitude S. 22° 20' and 40° 50', and longitude W. 56° 20' and 71" 30'. Length, N. and S., about 1,260 miles, and breadth, E. and W., about 720 miles. Area, 926,000 square miles. Tlie Argentine Confederation comprises the provinces known under the Spanish regime as tlie vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres, with the excep- tion of I^araguay and Uruguay, east of the Plata, which have become independent States. It is bounded on the N. by Bolivia, on the E. by Paraguay and Uruguay, on the S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. liy Patagonia, and on the W. by Chile, from which it is divided by the crest of the Andes. Capital : Buenos Ayres. The Confederation (bound together, however, by no very stringent tics) consists of thirteen States and an extensive unappropriated country : states. Area Population. Capitals. 1. Buenos Ayres,. m 230,000 Buenos Ayres (100,000). 2. Corrientes, .SJ 45,000 Corrientes (20,000). 3. Entre Rios, 1 36,000 Parana (15,000). 4. Santa Fe, ... & 22,000 Santa Fe (4,000). 5. Cordoba, .... U2 o 87,000 Cordoba (14,000). 6. San Luis de la Punta, o o 28,000 San Luis de la Punta (1,500). "7. Mendoza, ro 47,000 Mendoz (12,000). 8. San Juan de la Frontera . 28,000 San Juan (8,000). 9. Rioja, .... Is 23,000 Rioja (3,800). 10. Catamarca, 13 40,000 Catamarca (4,000). 11. Santiago del Estero, 54,000 Santiago (4,000). 12. Tucuman, M 51,000 Tucuman (8,000). 13. Salta, .... "m 03,000 Salta (9,000). Grand Cliaco . W (Indian Territory.) Total, 926,000 754,000 The area and population of the country as given in the above table must be taken as a mere approximation. The internal commerce of the Confederation is very considerable, a.s almost every State produces something peculiar, which is in demand ia the neighboring States. It is also facilitated by the local character of the surface and the climate, which is generally dry. The roads are also tolerably good. The river navigation is extensive, and by these channels the commercial material of the northern States is brought to Buenos Ayres, the chief port whence they are exported. The commerce with Brazil and the neighboring republics is important. The exports consist principally of hides, skins, horse-hair, wood, tallow, ostrich feathers, salted meats, horns, bones, etc., to the value of between ^8,000,000 and $10,000,000 annually. The country is dependent on foreign nations for almost every article of manufactures. These are supplied chiefly from England and the United States, and consist of calicoes, cottons and wool- ens, hardware, and general merchandise. The La Plata, the great river of the country, embodies most of the interior waters of the country, and is the recipient of the Parana, Par- aguay, and numerous large rivers draining three fourths of the Confed- eration. This river, since the overthrow of Rosas, has been opened to the commerce of the world. 42 Argentine Hepiihlic. lib FOREIGN COAIMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITII THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, From October 1, 1824, to July 1, 1856. Teaes EKDIN-a Sept. 80. EXPORTS. IMPOETS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. TON'GE CL'D. Domestic. i'OREIGN. Total. Total. Export. Import. Amer. Fob. 1825 $404,201 $169,319 $573,520 $749,771 $8,020 $374,406 8,.386 1826 222,832 156.508 379,340 522,769 31,144 6,119 1827 100,780 50,424 151,204 8(1,065 25,.575 717 248 1823 94,872 59,356 154,228 817,466 60,563 2,882 1829 444,716 181,336 626,052 912,114 .3,076 7,422 1830 Total, 426,220 204,667 629,887 1,431,883 ;■.;; 189,210 9,565 iie $1,692,121 822,110 2,514,231 4,014,068 8,020 683,974 a3,991 864 1831 415,4S9 244,290 659,779 923,103 6.3.649 8,200 8,169 1832 404,6:32 458,408 923,040 1,.50U,171 73,877 4,167 6,937 1833 494,391 205,:«7 699,728 1,877,117 18.603 6,785 7,696 1884 671,166 300,671 971,8;37 1,430,118 5,490 24,068 6,379 285 1835 S84.195 324,728 708,;pl8 873,613 99,676 84,927 4,628 1886 269,818 115,115 384,9.33 1,053,503 10.470 4,820 2,817 203 183T 187,710 128,293 266,008 989,492 13.03;3 4,872 951 1833 1S0,S;J2 56,283 237,115 1,010,9()8 12.470 3,l)(')6 3,005 169 1839 2;«,598 142,470 376,063 52.=),n4 .3^,S^4 801 929 1840 Total, 280,144 89,132 369,276 298,562 3S,6S7 $3,531,970 2,061,727 5,596,697 10,046,706 aso.SiS 80,268 j 44,982 1,013 1841 609,007 152,939 661,946 1,612,.513 57,366 6,564 1842 265,356 145,905 411,261 1,S;5.5,623 75,610 2,120 1843* 16.3,083 94,020 262.109 79:5.438 57,744 2,144 1844 24.5,339 258,950 504.2S9 1,421,192 157,943 4,8:33 1845 342,575 160,431 503,006 1,750,693 1:30.215 10,667 "843 1846 147,307 33,118 185,425 799.213 40,822 4,134 1847 128,9r>4 52,1 ;35 176,089 241.209 89,215 2,2:37 1.S48 208,703 25,225 2.33,923 1.026,097 8,000 2,.386 5:i6 1,456 1849 595,518 172,076 767,594 1,709,^27 69.8:3:3 9,397 6,492 1850 Total, 713,:«1 346,311 1,064,642 i 2,6.5:3,377 2.37,215 1,850 16,107 9,260 $3,324,173 1,446,116 4,770,239 13,843,737 874,408 4,2:36 63,739 17,045 1851 659,852 414,916 1,074,768 8,265,382 825,681 11.661 5185 1 1852 518,007 231,110 799,117 2.001,097 2.56, -:s7 425 13 711 4,3S1 1853 613,855 262,611 881,466 2,186,641 197, --09 23,703 10,749 4,ia9 ; 1854 658,720 10.8,005 761.725 ' 2,144,071 47.713 8,526 1,8:30 1855 810,756 158,671 969.427 2,.'>4.5,037 61.763 18.5-14 2,315 1856 1,013,112 246,751 1,259,863 , 2,:322,161 110,3:30 24,804 873 * 9 months to Juno 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Buenos Ayres, the capiUvl of the Argentine Confederation and of the province of Buenos Ayres, is situated on the right bank of the estuary of the Plata, in lat. 34° 39' S., long. 58° 18' W. The river is at this pomt so wide, that it is quite im- possible with the naked eye to distinguish the opposite bank; and at the .'^inie time so shallow, that ships drawing 15 or 16 feet of water mu.«t anchor seven or eight miles from the city. Small craift generally anchor in what are called the inner roada, abreast of the city. As the depth of water is never sufficient to admit of their com- ing to shore, passengers and goods are landed by means of large-wheeled carts, which are either dra\vn or pushed by the requisite number of horsea The town of Buenos Ayres is situated in a va.st plain extending westward to the Andes. The level uniformity of its outline Ls only broken by the spires of the various churohca The Plata is one of the largest rivers in the world, traversing a vast exu^nt of country of which it is the great outlet. Unluckily, however, its estuary, though broad, is in most parts shallow, being also encumbered with sand banks, and infested with Budden gusts of wind called pamperos. Its n.avigation is consequently attended with a good deal of difficulty, and ships bound for Buenos Ajtcs generally take pilots on board. 176 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 45 CHILI. The republic of Chili occupies that long strip of land which lies ou the south-western side of South America, extending from 24° to 55° 59' S. latitude ; and from 69° to 72° W. longitude. It is bounded west by the Pacific Ocean, and east by the Andes, by which it is separated from tlie Argentine Confederation. On the north. Chili is separated from Bo- livia by the extensive desert of Atacama ; and it extends southward to the extreme limits of that Archipelago which embraces all the islands between Chiloe and the Sti'aits of Magellan. Reckoning its length from the desert of Atacama to Cape Horn, it comprehends 36 degrees of lati- tude. Its average breadth is only 150, and where greatest not more than 210 geographical miles. The superficial area of Chili is computed at 218,925 English square miles, which is about 3,195 miles more exten- sive than that of France and Belgium together. Except where the Andes are intersected by ravines, which frequently change into vales or plains fit for cultivation, these mountains with their parallel ranges and spurs, occupy a great part of its area. South of the Cuesta de Chacabuco there are extensive plains, broken only by a few ridges of hills ; but the highlands are almost continuous from north to south along the coast of the Pacific. Chili is rich in almost every class of metals ; but the silver mines of late years have yielded enormous quantities of ore. The metals at present discovered are gold, silver, copper, lead, antimony, cobalt, zinc, nickel, bismuth, iron, molybdenimi, and quicksilver; but the only ores which are worked are gold, silver, copper, and occasionally quicksilver. The latter will now be abandoned in consequence of the low price of mercury, caused by the quantity produced in California. The metals are found in all the series of rocks between granite and trachyte, in veins which generally run from north and north-west to south and south-east ; in some places, however, their course is irregular, or they extend east and west. The auriferous veins run nearly parallel to the grain or im- perfect cleavage of the surrounding granite rocks. Gold is found most abundantly in the beds of detritus, derived from the degradation of the upper ])ortion of the rocks. A railroad runs from Caldera to Copiapo, a distanee of 54 miles, which is to be continued on to Chaharcillo, about 50 miles from the city ; and a tram-road is projected to the rich mineral district of Tres Puntas (8,400 feet above the sea), which, when completed, will enable the miners to send down tlie poor silver ores which they now throw away. The commerce of ChiU has vastly increased since the time when the country lay torpid under the yoke of Spain. As soon as it had recovered from the unsettled condition caused by the revolution, business of all kinds acquired new energy, and the trade, freed from its oppressive restrictions, extended to the larger ports of the United States and Europe. A few years were suflScieut to show a large increase in its export and import trade, and Valparaiso soon became a flourishing port. The precious metals are the most valuable exports from Chili. While obtainino- annually from her mines metal to the amount of £1,500,000, she exported in the year 1851 gold to the value of £59,950, silver to the value of £709,467, and copper to the value of £414,503. 44 Chili. 177 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH CHILI, FROii October 1, 1824, to July 1, 1856. Years ENDING Sept. 30. 1S25 EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion & Specie. Export. 1 Import. TON-GE CL'D. ! DosresTic. IFceeign. Total. ToTAU $229,509 ! Amer. Fob. $454,254' $467,184 $921,438 $88,760 $46,306 7,207 1826 512.6501 9:^4,848 1,447,493 029,949 59,100 251.774 ' 6,798 1827 1,040,748 661,S,i;i 1,519,978:1,109,424 l,7(r.',601 134,093 20,781 95,502 ; 12.664 1828 2,629,402 I 7nl,S63 830.803 1 19.3:33 1829 &9il,356 5.30,778 1,421,134 1 416,118 158,850 9.079 1830 Total, 915,718 620,396 1,536,114 182,.585 1,569 i 12,287 $5,333,704 4,324,483 9,658,187 2,424,717 168,641 879,804 1 67,373 1881 849,493 518,662 1,368,155 418,758 21,362 91,694 11,145 1SS2 579,370 641,749 1,221,119 504,623 100,762 87,433 8,105 1833 730,140 733,800 1,463.940 8:34,130 97,5.57 6,500 1884 714,407 761,948 1,4'( 6,855 787.4,09 '361 885,581 8,550 "eii 1835 586,188 855,696 941.331 917,095 415,150 6,089 1836 5^2.866 3.5.5,051 937,917 1 811,497 20-3,980 6.837 ■'si 1887 1,092,:359 895,440 1,487,799 1,180,156 l",586 560,017 1 6,944 183S 1,047,572 822,692 1,370,264 942,095 262,0.33 6.235 1&39 1,807,143 4S7,410 1,794,5.53 1,186,641 184,603 8,683 '24i 1840 Total, 1,372,254 856,575 1,728,829 1,616,859 480,536 7,414 $8,861,792 4,929,023 13,790,815 8,694,263 124,065 2,668,584 77,502 963 1841 846.410 256,578 1,102,988 1,230,980 346,496 5,962 991 1842 1,270,941 863,735 1,639,676 a31,039 'soo 89,520 7,092 694 1843* 869,883 179,530 1,049,463 857,556 ...» 98,630 5,378 .... 1844 856,645 248,576 1,105,221 T50,3T0 185,817 7.247 1845 1,247,360 soo.asi 1,518,191 1,123,690 .... 66,085 8,273 1846 1,5-39,136 229,434 1,768,570 1,275,960 111,929 8,649 l',452 1847 1,461,:J47 210,263 1,671,610 1,716,903 70,112 7,135 1,077 1843 1,703,625 220,886 1,924,511 1,310,451 20,593 10,466 86^ 1849 1,722,457 294,648 2,017,100 1,817,723 170,462 25.936 1,-851 1850 Total, 1,297,133 125,588 1,422,721 1,796,377 119,067 41,27-9 25,883 $12,814,987 2,435,114 15,250,051 12,711,549 800 1,228,751 127,466 81,814 1851 1,608,877 286.423 1,895,305 2,734.746 8.000 T74 48,140 41,657 1852 2,04.3,830 295,297 2,3.39,1 3;3 2,062,160 17,250 82,723 21,886 28,402 1853 2,157,820 169,117 2,-326,437 2,2^4,252 80,000 12,318 28,488 .33,665 18M 1,942,330 250,929 2,19-3,259 8,332,167 6,570 22,805 22,871 22,408 1855 2.994,231 4:32,026 3,426,257 3,513,896 13,166 11,708 21,667 10,109 1856 2,591,364 276,389 2,867,743 2,467,319 10,000 22,477 4,778 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRINCIPAL PORT. Vai.p.4.r.\iso, the principal seaport of Chili, lat. (fort St. Antonio) 33° 1' 19" S, long. 71° 41' 5" W. Population perhaps 28,000 or 30,000. The water in the bay is deep, and it affords secure anchorage, e.xcopt during northerly gales, to the Yi36,0(;i 6,511,425 3,584,182 22,036 9,478 1824 a30,466 4,970.705 5,301,171 5,618,502 4,463,852 9,563 1825 160,059 5,410,456 .5.570,515 7,.53.3,115 4,523,075 8,667 1826 242,451 2,324,193 2,566,644 7,422,186 1,651,595 4,956 1S27 290,862 3,573,54:3 .3.864.405 3,617,183 2,524.818 8,9.50 1828 2.30,385 1,252,417 1.482,802 5,339.108 454,500 24,890 8,664 1829 260,759 1,094,103 1,354,862 4,680,847 601,.593 6..351 ISiO Total, 156,290 585,903 742,193 3,878,141 79,984 9,194 8,501 $2,777,412 32,967,169 35,74i,5Sl 52,954,994 26,360,098 56,120 69,355 lasi 244,790 1,046,045 1,290,8.35 1 3.0a3,205 367,024 5,061 16.32 &36,162 924,360 1,260,522 j 5,.344,907 452,119 25"982 7,232 1&33 587,774 895,986 1,433.759 i 7,541..'J70 290,466 6,400 9,808 18»4 255,756 754,727 1,010,48:3 i 7,h92,327 878,830 8,123 1835 885,868 1,532,712 1,868,580 5,987,187 1,891,666 7,104 1836 ail,563 852,701 1,194,264 7.324,816 41.3,661 "56 6,662 1837 318,973 811,618 630,591 8,965,337 155,000 .... 8,793 18.38 6.55.5S1 861,021 1,516.602 4,764.,536 728,661 4,000 7,814 18.39 480,464 1,10;3,187 1,5;33,601 3,678,509 992,563 6,419 18iO Total, 469,186 540,780 1.009,966 6,640,829 477,003 8,860 $3,926,117 8,823,086 12,749,203 61,223,223 5,646,983 36,382 68,376 .... 1841 715,322 485,494 1.200,816 3,095,888 426,.592 485 4,876 1842 737,509 706,888 1,444,397 4,934,645 606,714 7,259 '364 1843* 1,755,393 663,565 2,418.958 4,885,566 571,660 18,532 1844 1,110,023 646.918 1,756,941 4,931,255 566,955 15,035 1845 2,079,341 196;654 2,275,995 7,285,914 158,860 27,107 17,477 1846 1,178,188 153,5.53 1,331,741 6,693,881 112,574 1-3,697 1847 1,708,655 124,229 1,832,884 5,583,343 33,308 12,334 1848 2,063,625 126,888 2,190,013 8,083.496 72,013 17,150 1849 1,460,945 122,279 1,583,224 6,513,785 9,967 11,740 1850 Total, 1,485,961 119,256 1,605.217 6,693,462 25,000 17,8-30 .3,106 $14,294,962 8,345,224 17,640,186 57,000,785 2,683,643 27,592 180,930 3,470 1851 2,155,945 829,342 2,485,287 7,065,144 147,475 46,817 10.198 1852 2,480,066 18.3,111 2,66.3,177 10,598,950 19,728 '281 67,264 21,507 1853 8,212,574 524,418 3.736,992 10.57.3,710 489,844 66,041 24,808 1854 1,293,925 104.163 1.398,08.8 10,506.-329 155,588 108,174 68,658 18,M7 1855 1,53-3,057 186,372 1,719,429 ll,OVS,726 674.983 101,660 15,768 1856 2,048,244 509,993 2,568,237 10,454,436 683,592 1,666 1 86,488 10,467 * 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. PRIXCIP.VL PORTS. Amoy, a commercial city and seaport of China, province of Fo-kien, on an island of the same name, in a bay of the Chinese sea, opposite Formosa, and 320 miles E.N.E. of Canton, lat. 24° 10' N., long. 118° 13' E. Population 250,000. Harbor excellent; ships can lie close to the quays, or in a deep and sheltered creek. There is a considerable trade, especially with Formosa ; manufactures of porcelain, grass cloths, umbrellas, paper, etc., which, with sugar-candy and Congou tea, compose ita principal exporta Imports comprise rice, sugar, camphor, and European produce. Canton, in China, province of Quantong, lat. 23° 7' 10" N. long. 113° 14' E. It is situated on the eastern bank of the Pekiang river, about 80 miles from the south- em sea of China. Ships a.scend the river only as far as Whampoa, 15 miles below Canton, loading by means of native boats. The vessels take pilots at Macao roads ; but the entrance to the river is safe, and sometimes a pilot Ls not waited for. Until within a few years, Canton was the principal mart for foreign commerce, and was in fact the only port open to foreigners. 182 Foreign Commercial Statistics. SI MAURITroS, OR ISLE OF FRANCE, An island in the Indian Ocean, colony of Great Britain. Length, 36 miles ; breadth, 20 miles. Chief town, Port Louis. Latitude of Coop- er's Island 20° 9' 7" S., longitude 57° 31' 7" E. Area, 700 square miles. Exports and Imports, etc. — Mauritius is pretty fertile, a considerable part of the surface being, however, occupied by mountains. Its shape is circular, being about 160 miles in circumference. The climate is healthy, but subject to hurricanes. The principal product of the island is sugar, which is now cultivated to the almost total neglect of every thing else ; but it also produces excellent coffee, indigo, and cotton. The blackwood or ebony of the Mauritius is very abundant, and of a superior quality. Very little corn or grain of any kind is raised in the island ; most articles of provision being imported. Previously to 1825, the sugar and other articles brought to Great Britain from the Mauritius were charged with the same duties as the like articles from India ; but in the above-men- tioned year this distinction was done away, and it was enacted (6 Geo. 4. c. Ill § 44), that all goods of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the Mauritius, should, upon importation into any port of the United Kingdom, be subject to the same duties and regulations as the like goods being of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the British colonies in the West Indies ; and that the trade with the Mauritius should be placed as nearly as possible on the same footing as that of the West India islands. This was a great boon to the Mauritius, and the exports of sugar from it have since rapidly increased. According to Milburn (Oriental Com- merce, ii,, 568), they amounted, in 1812, to about 5,000,000 pounds. In 1818, they amounted to about 8,000,000 pounds; and in 1824, to 23,334,553 pounds. Since 1826, nine tenths of the sugar raised in the Mauritius has been shipped for the United Kingdom. Its wonderful in- crease is seen in the following table : ACCOUNT OF SUGAR EXPORTED FROM MAURITIUS SINCE 1839-1340. IN FRENCH POUNDS. Years. 1839—1840, 1840—1841, 1841—1842, 1842—1843, 1843—1844, 1844—1845, 1845—1846, Pounds. 64,886,184 77,174,253 85,197,837 50,660,499 59,545,885 78,165,106 102,168,168 Years. 1846—1847, 1847—1848, 1848—1849, 1849-1850, 1850—1851, 1851—1852. Pounds. 133,410,203 122,827,288 106,350,598 120,523,495 117,086,406 137,375,179 The shipments of sugar from the island in 1849-50, 1850-51, and 1851-52, were distributed as follows : United Kingdom, Cape of Good Hope, Australian Colonies, Other places, Total, 1849-50. 107,355,498 6,233,774 6,432,266 501,957 120,523,495 1850-51. 106,539,831 4,254,873 5,497,469 794,233 117,086.406 1851-52. 114,859,749 13,098,867 9,271,133 145,430 137,375,179 50 Foreign Commerce of the United States. 183 Foreign Commerce op the United States with the Countries stated below. There being but occASioNAii Commerce, or a few consecutive years, thb aggregate only is given. BOURBON AND MAURITIUS. Ybabs ENDING Sept. EXPORTS. Domestic. $453,697 Foreign. $157,013 Total. $610,710 IMPORTS. Total. $253,006 Whereof there was ia Bullion <& Specie. Export. Impokt. TON'GE CL'D. Amer. Foe. 6,743 846 ST. HELENA. $7,854 7,854 $23,250 MOCHA AND ADEN. 23,250 MOROCCO AND BARBARY POWERS. $48,928 273,441 822,869 767,712 .... 1,64.3 $9,783 GREECE. 14,663 90,607 176 821 $512 FRENCH AMERICAN PORTS. 959 1,471 4,051 127 117 NEWFOUNDLAND AND BRITISH FISHERIES $23,068 7,358 85,426 21,562 .... 3,251 SS5 $464,475 BRITISH AFRICAN PORTS. 15,827 480,802 12,886 .... 1,152 362 $121,643 OTHER BRITISH COLONIES. 7,656 129,304 800,830 .... 118,829 5,125 70 1856 TUSCANY. $45,664 425,595 23.468 69,182 5,538 481,178 1,596,801 8,963 881 $51,495 FRENCH FISHERIES. 61,495 119 29,050 1.921 1866 SANDWICH ISLANDS. $929,671 793,058 195,951 1,12.\622 126,347 919,405 442,899 249,704 129,288 194,505 54,062 19,811 17,560 2.200 1,817 1856 $3-20,045 WHALE FISHERIES. 22,290 842,385 58,067 6,954 54,744 670 184 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 53 ASIA. This division of the globe is distinguished by its vast extent ; by the striking character of its interior geography ; above all, by the stupendous revolutions of which it has been the scene ; and, lastly, by the high an- tiquity of its civilization, of which we can still faintly trace the precious remains. Stretching from the southern hemisphere into the northern re- gions of perpetual winter, it comprises within its bounds the opposite ex- tremes of heat and cold ; all the varieties, consequently, of the animal and vegetable tribes ; and that still more interesting variety which the iiTesistible law of climate impresses on the human species. Foreign Commerce. — In addition to her internal trade, Asia maintains an extensive intercourse by sea with Europe, America, Egypt, and the Mediterranean. A great trade is also carried on from Hindostan and China to the Asiatic Archipelago, and the trade of the Asiatic islands with each other is of great importance. It appears that those islands were at a very early peiiod the seat of commerce ; and the learned re- searches of Europeans have brought to light, in some of them, the mon- uments of ancient civilization. Sumatra was the seat of the Malay enipire, Java of a Hindoo state, and the Celebes were inhabited by the Bugis, a race of expert navigators and merchants. The productions of these islands, and of the Moluccas and Borneo, namely spices, aromatics, and gold, entered into the commerce of the ancient world, and were im- ported into Rome through Egypt. In later times, about the ninth cen- tury, the Asiatic Archipelago was visited by the Arabs and the Chinese, while the adventurous Malays frequented the coasts of Asia, and even of Africa, and particularly the African island of Madagascar. When these islands were visited by Europeans, about the fifteenth century, Ma- lacca, Acheen, and Bantam were the great marts of the Eastern Archi- pelago, where the rich produce of Sumatra, Borneo, and the Moluccas, conveyed in the small trading craft of the country, was exchanged for that of India and China. The Portuguese fixed on Goa, on the Malabar rx)ast, as the capital of their eastern settlements ; and they afterward se- lected Malacca as a central station for protecting and extending their intercourse with the neifrhborincf nations. The Dutch chose Bantam, and afterward Batavia, situated midway between Hindostan and China, as the center of their commercial settlements. The situation was most advan- tageous, and the port was soon frequented by vessels from China and Japan, Tunkin, Malacca, Cochin-China, and the island of Celebes. But the great and flourishing trade of Java was crushed under the colonial monopoly of the Dutch, and under what Sir Stamford Raffles terms " the short-sighted tyranny of a mercantile administration." The con- quest of Java by the British in 1812 put an end to this thraldom, and the great trade of the Asiatic Archipelago began to center in Batavia, which was fast rising into a great commercial emporium ; all the articles which were the exclusive produce of the Eastern islands being collected at its principal ports for re-exportation to India, China, and Europe. Since Java was restored to the Dutch, the free port of Singapore, estab- lished by the British, is the center of a great trade, and is frequented by the Chinese in their junks, and by all the other navigators of those seas with the produce of their respective islands. 52 Asia, Europe, Africa, West Indies, etc. 185 FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH OTHER PARTS— ASIA, EUROPE, AFRICA, THE WEST INDIES GENERALLY, AND UNCERTAIN PORTS, From October ], 1820, to July 1, 1856. Teaks ENDING EXPORTS. IMPORTS Whereof there was in Bullion ib Specie. TOJTGE CLT). Sept. 80. Domestic. I'OHKION. Total. Total. Expobt. Import. Amer. For. 1821 $949,243 $1.,'>94,2fi7 $2,,543,510 $29.5.151 $1,1.H905 $67.6.36 49,819 1822 812,626 l,811.;!s,'i 2,1 '.'4.1 in 375,799 949,525 66,567 45,874 1823 692,881 6ir),.st;o l.JJii-.l-U 599,843 8.85,245 69,918 84,796 dis 1824 772,836 7(l,i,4()0 1,477,736 502,192 845,152 84.369 89,874 1825 891,543 851,871 1,74^,414 315,512 62.3,631 108,043 61,888 '■iso 1826 1,010,587 614,607 1,625,1.^ 441, .387 871,684 81.408 45,881 182T 887,409 783,935 1,671,344 382,918 618,161 90,651 45,742 i',i9i 1828 890,661 525,006 1,415,667 6.50,218 173,021 61,229 48,216 745 1829 660,298 818,047 978,;M5 807,736 164,4.50 72.918 82.278 1830 Total, 470,149 840,821 810.970 820,109 158,750 112,089 45,012 '556 $8,087,733 7,660,859 15,698,592 4,190,865 4,984,874 804,668 488,880 8,2.'M lasi 941,.327 404,620 1,345,947 867,473 174,500 78,800 68,776 M8 1832 1,148,864 6.53,821 1,801,68.5 502,615 406,926 25,999 82,768 1833 870,512 703,479 1,573,991 7.54,105 856.640 4:5,714 82,093 8.695 1834 1,176,045 621,127 1,797,172 604,6.58 874,085 56,.529 68,887 4,166 1835 1,017,542 a36,318 1,85:1860 760,016 6.V),907 96,266 82,882 6,756 1836 1,096,923 720.805 1,817,728 960,741 447,680 109,256 87,893 4,868 laST 990,373 426,s;!i) 1.417,212 1,010,362 242,386 63,457 84,513 0,742 1838 924,982 204,274 l,r29,?56 906,986 96,.350 90,797 88,4.54 6,1.37 1889 1,297,168 547,550 1,844,727 812,666 442,269 67,a31 65,785 5,070 1840 Total, 1,896,631 277,685 1,674,816 688,569 61,997 79,828 2,989 $10,859,867 5,896,027 16,255,894 7,868,191 8,196,693 684,&16 791,273 89,965 1841 1,6015,425 670,090 2,27.5,515 66.3,191 500,577 75,114 94,116 399 1842 1,257,489 868,983 1,626,422 1,571,0;« 314,029 134,896 91,373 827 1843* 824,073 80S,,V)5 1,132,628 845,379 2.39,636 97,620 ^5..3(l5 809 iai4 1,449,778 410,771 1,860,519 541 ,.525 282,018 100,0.33 90,891 1,429 1845 1,392,891 237,S4(» 1,680,731 816,612 153,861 85,7.54 91,778 8,087 1846 1,365,.550 281.646 1,647,196 1,2;«,269 ■ 16:J,150 58,041 93,293 1,610 184T 1,834,861 207,71)3 1,.'>42,564 944,4.50 ; 116,920 122,116 78,852 2,719 1848 1,662,805 158,502 1,720,807 9S8.418 87,266 94,076 88,515 2,416 1849 1,567,997 124,499 1,692,496 850,763 20,828 206,405 72,925 2,038 1850 Total, 1,.380,024 123,445 1,453,469 1,092,515 61,600 138,760 88,264 16,027 $13,690,893 2,941,981 16,632,877 9,497,160 1,879,285 1,107,816 885,807 80,706 1851 2,030,225 20.^.586 2,23:5,811 1,248.906 87,995 77.873 127.7.39 41,883 1852 1,652,699 56,890 1,7(19,095 1,31L'.9.52 9,853 63,495 11.5,454 12,485 1858 2,486,846 147,868 2,6:M,214 l,272,-492 89,689 .59,948 86.575 14,666 1854 2,813,()4;i 821,04-3 8,134,086 1,869.810 122,919 80,788 105,679 12,067 1855 846,688 16,410 3(>3,o98 41,641 181,238 69.618 2,444 1856 268,215 81,659 299,874 863,239 4,000 8^929 4,875 6,289 * 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year fk'om this time begins July 1. ASIA. Vlarly Commerce. — Asia, notwithstanding the wars by which it h.xs been de«oIatod, wa.s from an early period the seat of commerce and of wcaltli. The ca-stcm coun- tries of Hindostan and China preceded Europe in civiliz;ilion and industry, and, independent of that diversity of n.itural productions which is the foundiition of trade, they had cuUivated many arts and manufactures which were unknovsii in the western world. Asia, accordingly, abounded in m.iny precious commod- ities which could not be produced by the rude industry of Kurojw. Thus China h.ad its silk and porcelain; Hindostan its muslin, cotton, precious stones, and aromatica of all sorts, castus, bdellium, spikenard, ivory, tortoise-shell, popper, etc. These were in general demand throughout Europe, wliore they could not bo pro- duced ; and they wore procured in exchange chiefly for bullion, which then, as in later times, was the great article of export to India. ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO SUBJECTS CONTAINED IN THE HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL SKETCH OF THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. A. Acapulco, 16L Adelaide, 83. Africa, 94. Africa (Miscellaneous), 185. Alabama, 40. Alabama, Commerce of, 41. Alexandria (Virginia), 31. Alexandria, 33. Alicant, Spain, 129. America, Central, 166. America, Central, Commerce oi, 107. American Colonics, 2. American Colonies, Commerce, Progress of, 54. American Colonies, Commerce in Seven- teenth Century, 55. American Colonies, Commerce from 1700 to the Revolution, 65. American Tonnage, 65. Amoy, 181. Amsterdam, 109. Annapolis, Maryland, 29. Antwerp, 67. Argentine Confederation, 174. Argentine Confederation, Commerce of, 175. Asia, 184. Asia (MLsccllaneous Commerce of;, 185. Australia, 82. Australia, Commerce of, 33. Austria, 152. Austria, Commerce of, 153. Azores, Lslunds, 142. Azores, Islands, Coiumorco of, 143. B. Baltimore, 29. Bangor, 9. Barcelona, 129. Batavia, 113. Bath, 9. Beaufort, N. C, 35. Beaufort, S. C, 37. Belfast, Ireland, 71. Belfast, Maine, 9. Belgium, Commerce of, 66. Belgium and U. S., Comraerco of, 67. Bengal, Commerce of, 78, Bergen, 123. Bermudas, 89. Bombay, 79. Bordeaux, 97. Boston, 15. Brazil, 172. Brazil, Commerce of^ 173. Bremen, 117. Brest, 97. British Colonies, 92. British Colonies, Commerce oi, 93. British Colonies, Commerce o<| 95. British Guiana, 86. British Guiana, Commerce ofj 87. British Ea.st Indies, Commerce ot, 79. British "West Indies, Commerce of, 89. Bristol, 17. Brunswick, 39. Buenos Ayres, 174. Buenos Ayres, Commerce ofj 175. Burlington, 13. c. Cadiz, Port of, 127. Cagliari, 149. Calcutta, Town of, 78. California, Commerce of, 53. Callao, Port of, 179. Campeachy, Trade oi^ 85. Canada, Described, 90. Canada, Commerce o(, after 1820, 91. Canada, Commerce of, before 1820, 93. Canary Islands, 130. Canary Islands, Commerce ofj 131. Cape Breton, 92. Capo Breton, Commerce of, 93. Capo do Verd Islands, 145. Cape do Verd Island.^, Commerce of, 1 15. Cape of Good Hope, 80. Cape of Good Hope, Commerce of, 31. Cape Town, Port of, 81. Cartagena, 169. Cayenne, Port of, 102. Central Americii, 16G. Central America, Commerce ot, 167. Chagre.s, 169. Champlain, Lake, 12. Charleston, S. C, Port of, 37. Chorburp, Port of; 97. Chicago, 50. | ChiU Described, 17G. Chili, Commerce of, 177. China Described, 180. China, Commerce of; 181. ' Cincinnati, Described, 49. Alphabetical Index. Cisplatiue Republic, Commerce of) 163. Clyde, 164. Colombia, Described, 164. Colombia, Commerce ofj 165. Colonies, Foundation of, 1. Colonies, British, 92. Colonies, British, Commerce o{| 93, 95. Colonies, Danish, Commerce of) 107. Colonies, Dutch, 115. Colonies, French, Commerce of, 101. Colonies, Spanish, 159. (yolonies, Spanish, Commerce of) 159. Commerce, American, in Seventeenth Century, 55. Commerce from 1700, to Revolution, 55. Commerce, Progress of American, 54. Commerce of the States of the Union, 9. Commerce of the United States under Articles of Confederation, 57. Commerce of the United States, 64. Commerce of the United States under the Constitution, and until 1812, 57. Commerce of the United States since 1812 up to present time, 62. Communication with the Mediterranean, 153. Commercial Policy of the United States, 30. Commercial German Union, 118. Commercial Policy, Spanish, 128. Connecticut, State of, 18. Connecticut, Commerce of) 26 years, 19. Constantinople, 155. Copenhagen, 105. Costa Rica, 166. Costa Rica, Commerce of, 167. Cuba, 134. Cuba, Commerce of) 135. Curafoa, 111. D. Danish Colonies, 107. Danish Sound Dues, 100. Danish "West Indies, 107. Dantzic, 119. Delaware, State of) 26. Delaware Bay, 26. Delaware Breakwater, 27. Delaware, Commerce of, 26 years, 27. Denmark, 104. Denmark, Commerce of, 105. Detroit, 47. District of Columbia, 31. Dutch Colonies, 115. Dutch East Indies, 112. Dutch East Indies, Commerce of) 113, Dutch Guiana, 114. Dutch Guiana, Commerce of) 145. Dutch West Indies, Commerce of. 111. E. East Indies, British, Commerce of) 79. East Indies, Dutcli, 112. East Indies, Commerce of) 113. Elsinore, Port of, 105. Erie, Lake, 48. Erie, Pa., 25. Establishment of Colonies, 1. Europe (Miscellaneous Commerce), 185. Exports of American Colonies from 1700 to 1776, 6. F. Fairfield, 19. Fayal, Port of) 143. Fayal, Commerce of, 143. Florida, Described. 42. Florida, Commerce of) 43. Foreign Tonnage, 65. France, Described, 96. France, on the Atlantic, Commerce of, 97. France, Commerce of, 98. France, on the Mediterranean, 99. French Colonies, 101. French Guiana, 102. French Guiana, Commerce of, 102. French West Indies, 100. French West Indies, 101. G. Galatz, Fori; of, 154. Galway, Port of, 71. Genoa, Port of, 147. Georgetown, D. C, 31. Georgetown, British Guiana, 87. Georgia, State of, 38. Georgia, Commerce of, 39. German Commercial Union, 118. Gibraltar, 74. Gibraltar and U. S., Commerce of, 75. Glasgow, 73. Good Hope, Cape of, 80. Gottenburg, 123. Great Britain, 68. Great Britain and the U. S., Commerce of, 69. Greece, Described, 154. Greek Colonies, 1. Guatemala, Described, 166. Guatemala, Commerce of, 167. Guiana, Described, 103. Guiana, British, 86. Guiana, British, Commerce of, 87. Guiana, French, 102. Guiana, French, Commerce of) 103. Guiana, Dutch, 114. Guiana, Dutch, Commerce of, 115. Guyamas, Mexico, 161. H. Halifax, Port of) 93. Hamburg, Port of, 117. Hanse Towns, Commerce o^ 117, Hanseatic League, 116. Havana, 135. Alphabetical Index. 189 Hayti, Described, 156. Hajrti, Commerce of, 157. Holland, Commerce of, 108. Holland and IT. S., Commerce of, 109. Honduras, Described, 84. Honduras, 166. Honduras and U. S., Commerce of^ 85. Honduras and U. S., Commerce of, 167, I. Illinois, State of, 50. Illinois, Commerce of, 51. Imports of American Colonies from 1700 to 1776-7. Indies, East, BritLsh, Commerce of, 7D. Indies, East, Dutch, 112. Indies, East, Dutch, Commerce of, 113. Indies, West, French, 100. Indies, West, French, Commerce of. 101. Ireland, Described, 70. Ireland and the U. S., Commerce of, 71. Italy, Described, 146. Italy, Commerce ofj 147. J, Jamaica, Island of, 88. Jamaica, Commerce olj 89. Java, Described, 112. Jersey City, 23. Key West, Florida, 43. L. Leghorn, Port of, 147. Liberia, Described, 144. Lima, Port of, 179. Lisbon, Port of, 139. Liverpool, Port of, 69. London, Port ofj 69. Louisiana, State of, 44. Louisiana, Commerce of, 45. Lubcc, Port of; 117. M. Madeira Isles, 140. Madeira Isles, Commerce ofj 141. Madras, 79. Maine, State of; 8. Maine, Commerce of, 9. Malta, Island ofj 76. Malta and U. S., Commerce of; 77. Manilla, Port of, 132. Manilla, Commerce of, 133. Marseilles, 99. Marj-land, State of, 28. Maryland, Commerce of, 36 years, 29. Massachusetts, State of, 14. Massachusetts, Commerce of, 36 years, 15. Mauritius, Island of, 132. Mauritius, Commerce of, 183. Melbourne, Commerce of, 83, 95. Memel, Port of, 119. Mexico, Commerce of; 160. Mexico and U. S., Commerce of, 161. Michigan, State of, 46. Michigan, Commerce of; 47. Middletown, Connecticut, 19. Mobile, Port of, 41. Moldavia, Commerce of, 154. Montevideo, Port of, 162. Montreal, 91. N. New Brunswick, Colony of, 92. New Brunswick, Commerce of; 93. New Granada, 1 08. New Granada, Commerce of, 169. New Hampshire, State of, 10. New Hampshire, Commerce of, 11. New Haven, Port of, 19. New Jersey, 22. New Jersey, Commerce of, 23. New London, Port o^ 19. New Orleans, Port of, 45. Newport, Rhode Island, 17. New York, State of, 20. New York State, Commerce of; 21, New York City, 21. Nicaragua, 166. Nicaragua, Commerce of; 167. Norfolk, Port of, 33. North Carolina. State of; 34. North Carolina, Commerce of; 35. Norway, 124. Non\-ay and Sweden, 122. Norway and Sweden, Commerce of; 123. Nova Scotia, Colony of; 92. Nova Scotia. Commerce of; 93. 0. Odessa, Port of; 121. Ohio, State oi; 48. Oliio, Commerce of; 36 years, 49. Oregon, Commerce of; 53. P. Palermo, Port of, 151. Panama, Port of, 169. Paramaribo, Port of, 115. Paterson, N. J., 23. Pennsylvania, State of; 24, Pennsylvania, Commerce of, 25. Pcnsacola, Florida, 49. Perth Amboy, Port of, 23. Peru, 178. Peru, Commerce of, 179. Petorsburg, Port of, 121. Philadelphia, Port of, 25. Piiilippine Islands, 133. Philippine Islands, Commerce ofl 133. Port-au-Prince, 157. Portland, Port of; 9, Port Louis, 95. Porto Rico, Commerce of; 136. 190 Alphabetical Index. Porto Rico, 13 7. Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 11. Portugal, 138. Portugal, Commerce of, 139. Progress of American Commerce, 185. Providence, Rhode Island, 17. Prussia^ Commerce of, 119. Prussian Commercial Union, 118. Puerto Cabello, Port of, 85. Quebec, 91. a E. Rhode Island, State of, 16. Rhode Island, Commerce of, 36 years, 17. Rio de Janeiro, Port of, 173. Russia^ 120. Russia, Commerce of, 36 years, 121. s. Ssdnt Helena, 95. Samt John, Port of, 93. Salonica, 155. San Domingo, 156. San Domingo, Commerce of, 157. San Juan de Nicaragua, 167. San Salvador, 166. San Salvador, Commerce of, 167. Sardinia, 148. Sardinia, Commerce ofj 149. Savannah, Geo., 39. Scotland, 72. Scotland and TJ. S., Commerce of, 73. Sicily, Commerce of, 150. Sicily and U. S., Commerce of, 151. Sierra Leone, 94. Sierra Leone, Commerce of, 95. Singapore, 79. Sound Dues, Danish, 106. South Carolina, State of, 36. South Carolina, Commerce ofj 36 years, 37. Spain, Commerce of, 126. Spain and the U. S., Commerce of, 127. Spain on the Mediterranean, 129. Spanish Colonies, 158. Spanish Colonies, Commerce of, 159. Spanish Colonies, 2. Spanish Commercial Policy, 128. Spanish West Indies (Cuba excepted), 137. Steam Communication to the Mediterra- nean, 153. Steam Tonnage of the United States, 64. Stettin, Port of, 119. Stockholm, Port of, 123. Stonington, Connecticut, 19. Surinam, 111. Surinam, Commerce of, 114. Sweden and Norway, 122. Sweden and Norway, Commerce of, 123. Sweden, Commerce of, 122. Swedish West Indies, Commerce of) 125. Sydney, 83. T. Tampico, 161. Tea Imports into U. S., 180. I Tenerifle, Island of, 131. » TenerifTe, Commerce of, 132. Texas, State of, 52. Texas, Commerce of, 53. Texas (when Spanish Colony), 159. Toulon, Port of, 99. Tonnage of the United States, 65. Tonnage, Steam, of the United States, 64. Treaties, 30. Trieste, Port of, 152. Trieste, Commerce of, 153. Truxillo, Port of, 85. Turkey, 154. Turkey, Commerce of, 155. u. Uncertain Ports, 185. United States, Commercial Policy of, 30. United States, Commerce of (under the Articles of Confederation), 57. United States, Commerce of (under the Constitution, and until 1812), 57. United States, Commerce of (since 1812 up to the present time), 62. United States, Commerce of, 64. United States, Tonnage, 65. United States, Steam Tonnage, 64. Uruguay, Described, 163. V. Valetta, Port of, 76. Valparaiso, Port of, 177. Venezuela, Commerce of, 170. Venezuela and U. S., Commerce of) 171. Vera Cruz, Mexico, 161. Vermont, State of, 12. Vermont, Commerce ofj 13. Virginia, State of, 32. Virginia, Commerce of, 36 years, 33. w. West Indies, British, 78. West Indies, British, Commerce of, 79. West Indies, French, 100. West Indies, French, Commerce of, 101. West Indies. Danish, 107. West Indies^ Dutch, 111. West Indies, Swedish, 125. West Indies (Miscellaneous), Commerce o^ 185. Wilmington, Delaware, 27. Wilmington, N. C, 35. Wisconsin, Commerce o^ 53. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. m 0\SCV^^^'^^'' m JUL 2 Form L9-25m-7,'63(D8618s8)444 1158 00679 2369 HF 3027 H75h UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FAC AA 000 994 406 i F'