;s ON THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES HAMBLIN SMITH GIFT OF JANE BY THE SAME AUTHOti. SHORT NOTES ON THE GEEEK TjiXT OF THE GOSPEL OF ST.MAEK. Grown Suo, 2s 6d, SHORT NOTES ON THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES SHORT NOTES THE GREEK TEXT OF THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES BY J. HAMBLIN SMITH, M.A. OF GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE LATE LECTURER IN CLASSICS AT ST. PETER*S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE FOURTH EDITION RIVINGTONS WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON MDCCCXC PREFACE. THIS book is in the main a reprint of notes drawn up for the use of my own pupils in 1867. Many references to Thucydides will be found in these notes ; and for the following reason : it seems certain to me that the Author of the Acts was very familiar with certain parts of the History of Thucydides, and that much of what he read in Thucydides made a strong impression on his mind. I have no doubt whatever that he had studied with great care the whole of the Sixth Book of Thucydides ; that he had read attentively a large portion of the Eighth Book ; and that he was acquainted with some parts of the other Books. I have stated the reasons which have led me to this conclusion in a pamphlet, circulated privately in 1883. I will gladly send a copy of this pam- phlet to any one who may desire to examine the evidence adduced by me in support of my opinion. J. HAMBLIN SMITH. CAMBRIDGE, 12th December, 1889. 360216 INTBODUCTION. 1. THAT the writer of this treatise is identical with the author of the third Gospel is shown (1) By the testimony of early Christian writers, as Irenseus, Clemens Alexandrinus, and Tertul- lian. (2) By the similarity of style and idiom observable in the books themselves, and in the usage of particular words. (3) By the allusion in the first verse to the " former treatise" of the author. 2. The internal evidence with respect to the author of this work leads us to the following conclusions : (1) The writer was with St. Paul on his second journey, since in Acts xvi. 10 the first person is used for the first time in the narrative, proving that the writer accompanied St. Paul in his voyage to Macedonia. (2) The writer accompanied St. Paul to Asia (Acts xx. 6) ; and to Jerusalem (Acts xx. 15) ; and to Caesarea (Acts xxi. 8) ; and to Rome (Acts xxviii. 16). 1 2 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 3. Of the personal history of St. Luke we know but little. He is mentioned by name three times in St. Paul's Epistles, and in no other part of the New Testament. Col. iv. 14. " Luke the beloved physician." In this passage he is distinguished from " those of the circumcision," and hence we conclude that he was a Gentile by birth. 2 Tim. iv. 11. " Luke only is with me." From this we infer that he continued with St. Paul to the end of his life. Philemon 24. " Demas, Lucas, my fellow-labour- ers." The name Lucas (Aovicas) is an abbreviated form of Lucanus. Eusebius says he was born at Antioch. The date of his conversion is unknown ; apparently he was not " an eye-witness and minister of the word from the beginning" (Luke i. 2). That he was taught the science of medicine is clear from Col. iv. 14 ; and a late tradition of the Church also declares that he was a painter of considerable skill. 4. This treatise is addressed to a person named Theophilus, to whom the Gospel of St. Luke is also addressed, but both works are clearly designed to in- struct Christians of every class, whether Jews or Gentiles. The two chief subjects of this work are (1) The fulfilment of the promise of the Father by the descent of the Holy Spirit. (2) The result of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, by the dispersion of the Gospel among Jews and Gentiles, I.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 3 " The book is intended to set forth the development of the Church from Jerusalem to Borne, from the metro- polis of Judaism to the capital of the world, and there- with the transition of the Gospel from the Jews to the Gentiles, carried out under Divine guidance through the guilt of the former." Weiss. 5. The period of time included in the Acts of the Apostles is somewhat more than thirty years, from the Eesurrection of our Lord, A.D. 30, to the first imprison- ment of St. Paul at Eome, A.D. 61 63. Jerome states that the book was written at Eome between St. Paul's first and second imprisonments in that city, A.D. 63 65. But there is no certain evidence as to the place and time of writing. 6. The title prefixed to this treatise stands thus in the Vatican Manuscript Ilpdgeis roov d7roorr6\a)v. The title in the Alexandrine Manuscript at the British Museum is Ilpdgeis TMV djicov d CHAPTEE I. 1. TTpwrov, first, put for irporepov, former. &v, genitive by attraction. ijpgaTo TTouelv, began to do, equivalent to eTroL^crev ev dp%rj, did in the beginning of the process by which the Church was founded. 2. oi'xpi 979 rjfjuepas, till the day in which, condensed for 3. reic^piov means a sure sign, a demonstrative proof, stronger in meaning than 4 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 3. SL fjfjbepwv Tecra-apd/covTa, during forty days. ra Trepl TT}? /3aa\o//,ej>o9, associating with. TJV rjicovo-are, ivhich (said He) ye heard. Notice the change from the indirect to the direct narration. Other instances will be found in xvii. 3, and xxiii. 22. 5. ov /Aero, TroXXa? TauTa? rj/juepaSy after not many of these days, i.e. after a few days including those just past. Comp. Terence Heaut. iv. 5, 4, etsi seio hosce aliquot dies non sentiet. 6. el aTroKaOio-rdvei,? ; dost thou intend to restore ? In late Greek el was used as a regular interrogative particle. This use of el originated in an ellipsis ; / should like to know, whether. 7. vfitov, genitive of property or power. implies an indefinite period of time, is used for a certain, faced season, the right time, the time suitable to the performance of anything. 8. When Christ sent the Apostles on their first mission (Matt. x. 5) He said, Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans enter ye not : but go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. This restriction He now removed. 9. eTrrfpOr}, He was taken up. V7re\a/3ev, received and hid, to give the force of the preposition. 10. arevifyvres, looking steadfastly. From arevrjs, con- stant. 12. *E\at,wvos, Olivet; for eXaicov, \aic!>vo$ means an I.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 5 olive-grove, in Latin olivetnm, from which the name Olivet is given to the Mount, which stands on the eastern side of Jerusalem, the brook Kidron running in the valley between. 12. e%ov should be rendered literally having. The classical expression is a7re%oz>, being distant (Thuc. viii. 67), followed by the accusative of distance. See also Thuc. viii. 138. <7a/3/3drov oS6z>, a Sabbath-day s journey, two thou- sand paces, or about six furlongs, reckoned from the wall of a city in which a man lived. The distance was that of the ark from the tents in the wilderness. 13. Four catalogues of the Apostles are given ; by St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. Luke in his Gospel, and here. As to ten names the lists agree. The remaining two are thus supplied : St. Matthew. St. Mark. St. Luke. Lebbseus called Thaddaeus. Thaddseus. Judas (son) of James. Simon Cananites. Simon Cananites. Simon Zelotes. Perhaps Lebbseus and Thaddaeus were surnames of Judas. Certainly Cananites in Hebrew and Zelotes in Greek have the same meaning ; for Cananites is from a Syriac word applied to the Jewish faction called "the Zelotes". See Bp. Lightfoot on Gal. i. 14. 'lovSas 'la/ccofiov. Judas (son) of James. The rendering brother of James in the Auth. Ver. was sug- gested by Jude i. 1. Trpoo-Kaprepovvres, strict in their attendance. Parti- ciple of TTpoo-Kaprepeo), to persist in a thing, to apply dili- gently to it. Notice the use of elvai, especially in the 6 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. imperfect, with the present participle, often with the simple sense of the finite verb, and sometimes to empha- size the predicate. 14. icai Mapia, especially Mary. The Blessed Virgin is here distinguished from the rest of the women. It is the last mention of her in the New Testament. 15. ovoparwv, persons. Names put for persons by a Hebrew usage. ejrt TO avro, at the same place. 16. Tofc crv\\a/3ov(7i,, to those who apprehended. 17. K\rjpov, lot, that is, an allotted portion. The earliest meaning of /c\f)pos was a lot or a counter used in deciding a dispute. Thus in Homer we read of the Grecian chieftains each marking a tc\r)pos, and then of all the K\iipoi being cast about in a helmet, the first which leaped out being the winning lot. Subsequently /c\f)po$ was used for a possession obtained by lot, and hence for an allotted portion or office, as in this passage. 18. efcrtfa-aTo, purchased, or, as some take it, caused the purchase. The account given by St. Matthew of this matter contains two statements not quite in accordance with the description here given. He says (1) That the Chief Priests bought the field. (2) That the field was called The Field of Blood because it was bought with the price of blood. The usual solutions of these discrepancies are (a) Judas was the cause of the purchase of the field by the Priests. I.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 7 (/3) The field received its name for the reasons given by both of the Evangelists. Observe, however, the design of each writer, and re- member that both histories are fragmentary. St. Matthew dwells more on the fulfilment of the prophecy relating to the Potter's Field (Zech. xi. 13). St Luke has in view the base selfishness and horrible fate of the traitorous Apostle. 18. \d/crjo- y he burst asunder. I aor. of \d' rj/juasj came in and went out among us, is a brief way of expressing elvrjKOev efi ^a? KOI 6%rj\9ev a$ rjfjiwv. 22. rov /3a7rTicr/jLaTo<; "Itodvvov. Since it was from the time when our Lord was baptized by John that His ministerial capacity dated, a sign from heaven confirming His authority. 23. eo-rrjcrav. 1 aor. they put forward. 24. icvpie. The prayer was probably addressed to Christ. eeXeo>, thou didst choose. 25. Trape/B?], transgressed. 26. /cX?7poL>9 ai)TwVy lots (bearing the names) of them. But the true reading is avroi?, for them or to them. 8 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. CHAPTEE II. 1. eV TO) o-v/JLTrhrjpovo-Oat, rrjv rj/jiepav rfjs HevTr)Kopojj,vrj<;, wishing. The passive of $e/? is fre- quently used of rapid motion. ol/cov, apartment or chamber, probably the upper- room of i. 15. 3. axfrOrjcrav, there appeared. SiafjLepi&fjLevat,, distributing themselves from one source. eK(i6i, to define, to deter- mine. e/cSorov, delivered up. Sia %epo9 avo/jLcov, by the hand of lawless men, by means of the Eoman soldiers, who were not under the law. Notice Sid with the instrumental cause, as in ii. 22. The Eoman soldiers were the causa instrumental, the Jews were the causa principalis. Trpoo-Trrjgavres, having nailed up, i.e. to the cross. dvei\T, ye slew. 24. o>Sa>a9, pangs. wSt? is used for the pangs of child- birth and, generally, for pain, distress. But it is possible that the word is used here, as it is in the Septuagint, for snares or bonds. VTT CLVTOV, ly it, i.e. by death. 25. et9 avrov, with reference to him. Trpoopcofjbrjv, I saw before me. The Attic imperfect middle of opdco is ecopco/jurjv. <7a\evdct), from , / shake. 26. evfypdvOt] , from evcfrpaivw, I am glad. r) rc3 lep. They prayed in the Temple, they took their meals in private dwellings. a, fixed his attention. TOV vovv may be sup- plied. 6. ov% vTrdpxei, are not. 7. Tridaas, having taken hold. From 7naiw, a Doric form of Tr^efo), I press. al /3d<7i?, amazement. 11. Kparovvros /c.r.X., when the lame man who was healed was keeping fast hold. Observe the genitive ab- solute, which generally defines the time of an action. (rvveSpafjie, ran together. - eirl rf) area, at the porch. This porch, by which we may understand cloisters, was on the eastern side of Herod's Temple. Josephus says it was a part of Solo- mon's Temple that had been preserved, but it seems more probable that Herod built it, and that it was merely named after Solomon. /cda/ji/3oi, awe-struck. 12. eirl TOVTM, at this man or over this man. co? TreTToirj/coo-i, as having caused, i.e. as if we had caused, co? is often prefixed to a participle to express a ground of belief or a cause of action. rov Trep ITT drew, to walk. The use of the infinitive with the genitive of the article to express design (see iii. 2) was so common in later Greek, that the construction was often employed in a loose manner after verbs of causing, or any words implying design. 13. TralSa, probably here servant ; vibs being commonly used when Christ is called the Son. e, gave up, i.e. to the Eoman government. e, ye denied. a7ro\vt,v, to set (Him) free. 16 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 14. xapia-Orjvai,. From %apiofjiai,, I make a free gift. 15. ov, of whom, or more probably of which fact, i.e. of the Resurrection. 16. 7ri rfj irLa-rei, in reliance on faith. TO OVO/JLO, avrov, His Name. Observe that the Apostles performed miracles in and in a manner by the Name of Jesus. fj Si avrov, that comes through Him. oXoKkrjptav, perfect soundness. From 0X0/^X77/309, quite sound. 18. After o Be 609 take e7r\tfpco(rV o#To>9. 19. ^a\L(j>6 ] Y]vai. 1 aor. inf. pass. eaXe/^>o>, I Uot out. O7r&>9 av, so that, av is sometimes joined to &>9 and O7r&)9 before the subjunctive in a final clause without adding any force that can be made perceptible in Eng- lish. dz>a>/ri;e&>9, of refreshment. avtt>vr)6 i ri V/JLW, an agreement was made between you. Treipdcrai, to tempt or to try. 11. KK\rjo-ia means properly, the general assembly of persons called out (e/cfca\c0) from among others for a parti- cular purpose. Hence in the New Testament it bears these meanings : (1) An assembly (Acts xix. 41). (2) The society of Christ's followers (Acts ii. 47). (3) The society of Christians in a particular district (Acts xiii. 1). (4) The society of Christians in a single family (Bom. xvi. 5). V.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 23 13. TWV ~\,OITTWV, of the rest, referring perhaps to the rulers, as opposed to o Xao?. Ko\\ao-6ai, to associate himself. 14. /JLO\\OV, yet more than before, referring to iv. 4. To> Kvpup depends on Trpoo-eriOevro, as in xi. 24. 15. TrXareta? (oSou?), broad-ways, streets. /cpaftdrToov, couches. In Latin, grabatus is a pallet- led. KCLV = KOI edv, at the least. iva eTTicr/cevdarei,. The future indicative is put instead of the subjunctive for vividness. See note on xxi. 24. 16. o-vvrjpxeTo efc, came together to Jerusalem. Notice the preposition. o^Xof/^ez^oi;?, troubled. 17. ol avv avro), his companions, his party. aipeo-is, party. The word signified (1) a choice, (2) a party, (3) a division in Church matters (1 Cor. xi. 19), (4) the open espousal of any fundamental error. %rj\ov, indignation. 20. r% 0)7)9 Tavrys, of this life. Life is put for Chris- tian doctrine. The force of ravrrj^ is which we are engaged in preaching. 21. VTTO TOV opOpov, towards daybreak. TO avveSpiov, the Sanhedrin. rrjv yepovcriav, the Senate. ayQ^ vai UVTOVS, that they should be brought. 22. ol vTrrjperat, the servants. 24. 6 crTparrjybs TOV lepov. See note on iv. 1. Siv]7r6povv, they were in doubt. 24 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 26. \t6aaOwcriv, they should "be stoned. 28. ov 7rapayje\ia Trap^fyeiKafiev ; did we not charge with an injunction ? See iv. 17. 7ri, with reference to, or in reliance upon. 30. Siexeipia-ao-Qe, slew. &ia%ipt,o/ji(u has this mean- ing in late Greek. eVl %v\ov, on a tree. This word for the Cross is peculiar to St. Luke and St. Paul. Compare Gal. iii. 13 with Deut. xxi. 23. 31. rfj Segia avrov, by his right hand, i.e. by his power. 32. prj/jbdrcovj statements, usually statements of facts. teal rb IIvevfAa Se TO "Ayiov, and so also is, on the other hand, the Holy Spirit. Observe the force of Se. The Apostles bore witness externally, the Holy Spirit internally. 33. Si7TpiovTo, were cut asunder (in their hearts) . See vii. 54. e/3ov\vovro, took counsel. aveKelv, to kill. 34. Gamaliel was a Eabbi of great repute. He was the teacher of St. Paul. Ppa^ TI, some short time. Troirjcrai, to put. 36. efSa?. Josephus mentions a great revolt under one Theudas about A.D. 44, i.e. 12 years later than this speech. Again, Josephus places the revolt of Judas the Galilsean in A.D. 8, where St. Luke places it, i.e. about 24 years before this speech. Hence, if the writer has made an error, it is an error of 12 + 24 or 36 years, VI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 25 since he places Theudas before Judas ; and as this is quite inconsistent with St. Luke's usual accuracy, we conclude that his Theudas is not the Theudas of Josephus. 36. nva, some important person. TTpoo-e/coXhrjOvj, joined themselves ; but the true reading is 7rpocreK\idij, with the same meaning in late Greek. dvypedrj, was killed. SieKvdrjo-av, were broken up. 37. T7?9 aTToypatyr)?, of the making of the census-roll, when Quirinus was Governor of Syria. Comp. Luke ii. 2. e, led away. v, were scattered abroad. 39. fjLTJTTore, lest haply, ne forte. 41. virep rov ovo/jLaros, in behalf of the Name. The best MSS. omit avrov. 42. Trao-av rjpepav, every day. /car ol/cov, at home, in the house. TOZ> XpKrrbv ^lycrovv, Jesus as the Christ. CHAPTEE VI. 1. Tr\ri6vv6vTQ)v, increasing in number. Here in a neuter sense. TWV f E\\yviCTTtov, the Hellenists, used in the New Testament for those Jews who lived in foreign coun- tries, spoke the Greek language, and used the Septua- gint Version of the Scriptures, 26 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 1. rot/9 'Eftpaiovs, the Hebrews, the Jews of Palestine, who spoke the Syro-Chaldaic language, and used the Hebrew Scriptures. TrapeOecDpovvro, were overlooked, ivere passed ly with contempt. 2. TO 7r\f]0os, the main body. ov/c apecrrov ea-rw, it is not an agreeable thing, it seems not desirable. The aorist eXen/ra is not classi- cal, \iTrov being always used : the author of the Acts uses Kare\iTTov in all other passages, xviii. 19, xxi. 3, xxiv. 27. $, tables, at which the daily food was dis- tributed. 3. /jLCLprvpov/jievovs, well spoken of, of good report. /jbaprvpo/jiat, = I testify ; /jLaprvpovfiai = I am testi- fied of. %/oaa9, service. 4. 7rpoa-KapTprji\t,7T7rov. Philip preached in Samaria, viii. 5 ; VI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 27 converted the Eunuch, viii. 26 ; and had four daughters who had the gift of prophecy, xxi. 8. 6. 7re07]Kav ^elpa^. This is the first mention in the New Testament of the imposition of hands as a symbol of ordination. The form was prescribed to Moses as the sign of conveying authority to Joshua. 7. 7roXu9 re 0^X09 TWV lepecov. The number of priests at Jerusalem was very large ; according to Josephus, 20,000. The priests who came back from Babylon were in number 4289. 8. eTrolei, was continually working. 9. ia. Dative to denote the means of train- ing. Svvarbs eV \6#?7, he appeared, he showed himself; the aorist expresses suddenness. (rvvij\a T?}? 7roXe&>9. In accordance with the direction that criminals were to be stoned without the camp (Levit. xxiv. 14). 59. e7ri,Ka\ov/j,vov, making invocation. 60. fjirj crT??cr779 avrols, do not attach to them, i.e. do not make this sin cleave to them. But some take a-rrjo-ys in the sense of weighing, which is found in classical Greek, and explain it thus : do not place in the scale of their offences. CHAPTEE VIII. 1. (TvvevSo/cwv, consenting. The word occurs in Luke xi. 48 and Bom. i. 32, and in the three passages it implies that a greater degree of guilt is incurred by men who in cold blood sanction crimes, than by those who commit the crimes in the heat of passion. avaipe9 /j,a9. This is the first mention of the rite of Confirmation, which rests mainly upon this passage and Acts xix. 6. Hvevpa a TTitcpias, gall of bitterness, i.e. utter depravity. See Deut. xxix. 18. ere ovra eh, that thou art (fallen) into. 25. Sia/jiapTvpdfjievoi,, having solemnly testified. 1 aor. part. Sia/jLapTvpofjiat,, fat. Siafjiaprvpovfjiai,, aor. evrjryrye\io-avTo, they preached the gospel to. See xiv. 21 and xvi. 10. 26. /jLeo-yfji/Spia for /jLecrrj/jiepia (from fjueo-o? and rj/juepa) means (1) noon (Thuc. vi. 100), (2) as here, the south. Td^av. One of the cities of the Philistines. avrrj, this road. Philip was directed to take the less frequented of two roads which led from Jerusalem to Gaza. 27. KOL ISov, and behold, there was. A noun, an officer of authority. Candace was the common name of the queens of the Ethiopians of Upper Egypt, the island Meroe being probably the capital of their realm. ydfys, treasure. The Persian word 7%&>, to mix together , and so to confound. avfjL/3(,/3d%wv, proving by a systematic argument. The word means (1) I put together, as materials in building. (2) I construct an argument. Comp. xvi. 10, where the word means drawing an inference. 6 X/K<7T09, the Messiah. 23. eTT^ypovvTo, were approaching their completion. rjfjuepai iicavaL Probably referring to the time spent by St. Paul at Damascus, in Arabia, and at Damas- 44 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. cus in his second visit (Gal. i. 18). We know from that passage that three years elapsed between St. Paul's conversion and his visit to Jerusalem. That many days was an expression that might include as long a period as three years is probable from 1 Kings ii. 38, 39. 25. /caOrj/cav, let down. 1 aor. /caOiijju. Sta rov Te^ou9, through the wall, i.e. through an opening in the wall, probably the window of a house attached to the city wall. See 2 Cor. xi. 33. 25. %aXacra^T69, having lowered him. See xxvii. 17. 26. eari. The present, where we might expect the imperfect : a pure Greek construction. For the mood and tense, see note on viii. 14. 27. Barnabas and Paul were perhaps acquainted in early life, for Cyprus, the native country of Barnabas, was within sight of Cilicia. o, explained. o, he spoke with boldness. 30. ewyvovres, having full knowledge (of the design). /ca,Tr) elprjvriv. The attention of the Jews being diverted from the Christians by the attempt of Caligula to set up his statue in the Temple. olKoSofjLov/jLevr), being built up. A word used in the New Testament to express the growth of the Christian brotherhood in strength and grace. rfj 7rapa/c\r)cri, through the exhortation. Instru- mental dat. after X.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 45 32. Sia Trdvratv. Supply TOTTCOV, through all parts. AvSSav. Lydda, a large village near Joppa. 33. Alveav. ^Eneas, a Greek name (Thuc. iv. 119), not to be confounded with the Trojan Alveias, ^Eneas. 34. (TTpwaov creavTu>, make thy led for thyself; as an immediate (aorist) and complete proof of the cure. 35. Sapcwav. Saron or Sharon was a very fertile plain between Joppa and Csesarea. oirive?, so they. More forcible than 01, who. Lat. guippe qui. 01 would simply declare the fact : omi/e? places the fact in dependence on the context. See Bp. Lightfoot on Gal. iv. 24. 36. 'IOTTTT^. Now Jaffa, an ancient city on the coast. /jLaOtfrpia. (Ait. fiaO^rpL^) a female disciple. TafieiOd. An Aramaic word meaning gazelle, for which the Greek is Sop/ea?. 38. fjirj ofcvfja-at,, not to loiter, not to le slow. 39. Trapea-rrjcrav, stood ~by. 2 aor. Trap torn] JJM. ievai,, exhibiting (Thuc. vi. 46). 9, vests, inner, close-fitting garments. , robes, outer, loose-fitting garments. 41. Trapeo'Trja-ev, presented. 1 aor. Trap Larrj /JLL. CHAPTEE X. 1. e/carovTapxr}?, a centurion, commanding the sixth part of a cohort. Favourable mention is made of the centurions throughout the whole of the New Testament, as Acts xxiii. 17, xxvii. 3 ; and Professor Blunt suggests 46 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. that this may be accounted for by the consideration that the more intelligent and orderly soldiers were pro- bably promoted to this command. 1. (TTretprjs, cohort, made up of soldiers from Italy. Most of the Eoman cohorts in Syria were made up of natives of the province. 2. 7ro> ; in Latin serpo, I creep. 14. ovSeTTore e(f>a, detached utterance ; \6iXov9, intimate friends ; Lat. necessarii. 25. co9 eyevero rov elae\delv rov Ilerpov, when it came to pass that Peter entered. The clause rov ei(re\6elv rov Tlerpov is loosely used as the subject of eyevero. 7rpoo-Kvvrj(T6v, worshipped (him) ; regarding him as a delegate from God. 27. o-vz/oyLtfcXcoz/, conversing. 48 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 28. KoXkaaOai, K. r. X., to join himself or associate with one of another nation. Kai, and yet. 29. avavnppriTtos, without making any objection. jjbeTaTrep,$0ei<;, when sent for. 7rvv6dvop,ai, K.T.\., I leg to know then for what reason. 30. aTrb Terdprris f)p,epa<$, four days ago. See xv. 7. riinriv. 1 sing, imperfect middle of ei/u, no ^ Attic. 32. Trapayevofjievos, having arrived or on his arrival. 33. e avrfj? (7-779 wpa?), at once. egavrfjs, an adverb, for e avrfjs rfjs &pas, at the very point of time y at once. av /caXw9 eTroiijo-as 7rapa^evo^evo^ y you acted kindly in coming. The aorist participle is sometimes put with a verb to denote that in which the action of the verb consists. See Plato Phaed. 60 C. ev eTrolrjaas avafMvrjvas /^e. 35. Se/cro?, acceptable rather than accepted. 36. TOP \6yov seems to be governed by vp,el$ oiSare in verse 37. But if ov be omitted (as in some of the best MSS.) TOV \6yov is governed by aTriareCKev. In translating 36 to 38 (if ov be retained) it seems best to supply uyLtefc offiare at the commencement of vv. 36 and 38. 37. prj/J>a, story or account. yevbuevov, which was spoken of or which was pub- lished. 38. e'%/o0-ez/, anointed. 1 aor. xpiw. s, overpowered. XI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 49 39. avelXov KpefidaavTes, they slew by hanging. Com- pare chap. v. 30. The participle is used to express the means by which an action is performed. 41. 7rpoK%6ipoTovr)/jievois, appointed beforehand. 42. Sia/jbaprvpacrOai,, to testify solemnly. a)pi,cr/jievo$, appointed. 43. TovTw, to this Person. 44. ra ptf/jLara ravra, these words. 45. eecrT?70-ai>, were astonished. ol etc TrepLTOfjurj^ TTLO-TOL, the faithful of the circum- cision, i.e. the Jewish converts to Christianity. eKKeyvTai. In a causal sentence, when the cause is assigned by some other person than the speaker, the tense originally used by the person who assigned the cause is used, but generally in the optative mood ; see Thuc. ii. 21. The indicative is used for vividness ; see viii. 14. 46. 7\ft)o-cr9 e\9, owing to the persecution. The persecution being the occasion of their departure. eVl Sr(])dva> seems to mean over, on account of, or in reference to Stephen. XI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 51 20. 'EXkrjvicrrds. For which many editors put r 'E\\rj- vas. The MSS. afford no certain evidence. The ques- tion is interesting on this account, that if r 'E\\7)vas be the true reading (as it probably is), Cornelius was not the first Gentile convert, since the events here recorded took place apparently before his conversion. 23. TTpoa/jieveiv, to wait still longer for, or to cleave to. 25. Antioch stood on the river Orontes, about seven- teen miles from Seleucia, its port. Under the Eomans it was the residence of the Proconsul of Syria. In the fifth century it was regarded as the third city in the world, ranking next after Eome and Alexandria. 26. eyevero avrovs crvvayQr\vai, it came to pass that they were associated. The use of the accusative with the infinitive in the New Testament is comparatively rare, most of the instances being in St. Luke's writ- ings, and especially after eyeveTo. awe/Si) is used in this way with the ace. and infin. in Attic, and such is the construction in Acts xxi. 35. Compare Thuc. viii. 25. XP 1 W MIT * tra *j gained the name. The usual meaning of xpy/jLaTi^Q) is / transact business, but in late Greek it means I gain a name from the business I follow. Compare Kom. vii. 3, and also, for the passive, Acts x. 22. Xpia-riavovs. The word only occurs in two other passages in the New Testament. (1) Acts xxvi. 28. " With little trouble thou wouldest fain make me a Christian." (2) 1 Pet. iv. 16. " If any man suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed." 52 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. The Christians called themselves ol /jbaOjjrai, ol Trio-rot, ol aSeX(>9 KOI crtforo?. First a dimness, and then total darkness; or simply mist and darkness as cause and effect. Trepi.dyco, I lead round, has also in classical Greek an intransitive meaning, / go round, as here : it is fol- lowed by an accusative in Mark vi. 6. 12. K7r\r}(ro-6jjLvos, being struck with amazement. 13. ava'xOevres, having put out to sea. See note on ix. 30. ol Trepi rov Hav\ov, Paul and his companions. The phrase (only here in N. T.) includes Paul, as it specifies those who surrounded him. "Itodvr)?. In the last Epistle written by St. Paul we have a proof that St. Mark was reconciled to him. " Having taken Mark, bring him with thee, for he is profitable unto me for the ministry " (2 Tim. iv. 11). 15. rrjv dvd9 recrcrapa/covTaTrj ^povov, during the space of about forty years. erpo7ro(f)6p^cri' avrovs, He lore with their manners ; but another reading is eTpofocfroprjcrev, He nourished, which is probably correct. i : 19. KaTefcXrjpoSoTTjcreVj He distributed ly lot; but the true reading is /caTe/cXypovofjirjo-ev, gave as an inheritance. 20. A considerable difficulty in chronology is raised by this verse. In 1 Kings vi. 1, it is said that Solomon commenced his Temple 480 years after the Exodus, Saul and David reigned eighty years, and the Exodus was many years before the time of the first Judge. On the other hand, the duration of government assigned to the Judges makes up about 450 years, and St. Paul XIII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 61 probably follows here the apparent chronology of the Book of Judges. But it is not at all certain that the history in that book is consecutive history, for deliverances may have been wrought at the same time in different parts of the land. The great MSS. have a reading which solves, or per- haps evades, the difficulty ; in them KOI /juera ravra is put after TrevTrjtcovra. 21. /cd/ceWev = /cal e/ceWev, and after that. 22. fjuerao-Trjcras, having deposed. fjiaprvptjcras, by way of testimony to whom. 24. Trpb TTpocrcoTTov TTj^ elaoSov avrov, before the face of His coming, meaning, " before Christ entered into public life ". The form of the expression is Hebraistic. 25. 7r\tjpov. Imperfect, was fulfilling , i.e. was bring- ing to a conclusion. 26. f)p,lv (not vp.lv) is the true reading. ri79 a-coTijpLas ravr^, of this salvation, referring to o-corrjpa in verse 23. ett7reo"TttX?7, was sent forth. 27. ra? . . . dvaa)vds), having judged (Him) fulfilled (them). 28. TIi\dTov. Pontius Pilate was Procurator of Judaea for ten years. He resided at Csesarea, coming up at certain seasons to Jerusalem. At the expiration of his government he was accused of extortion, and went into exile. dvaipeOfjvai, avrbv, that He might be put to death. 62 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 29. ire\ecrav, they had accomplished. The aorist is put for the pluperfect in secondary clauses in which time is specified. So in Latin postquam venit = after he had come. 32. vayye\i6fj,da. Here only followed by two ac- cusatives, u/za? . . . 7ra) &v, from all things from which. Compare verse 2. Iv TO vofjLto, in (i.e. under) the Law, not causal but local. ev TOVTW, in (i.e. ~by union with) Christ. Si/caiovrai, is justified, i.e. absolved from guilt. 40. Trpo^tjrcus. The plural is used because the speaker does not choose to specify the particular prophet, in this case Habakkuk i. 5. 42. e%i6vra)v, K. r. X. With the reading of the received text, which is here very corrupt, we must render, when the Jews were departing from the synagogue. XIV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 63 42. TO fjuera^v o-dfifiarov, the next Sabbath. This use of fjLrat;v, which commonly means intervening, is found only in later Greek. 43. eirifjuevew (or, as some read, Trpoapeveiv), to cleave to; when used thus it takes the dative. 44. epxpfjuevw, the more probable reading is exopevw. Either would mean the next. 45. dvTL\yovTe$, contradicting. Eepetition of the verbal notion for emphasis. 47. evreraXrai. Perf. pass. ez/reXXo), with a middle signification. rov dvai. Genitive of purpose. Thuc. i. 4. 48. rjcrav rerayfjuevot,, had been appointed. Taking it as passive it may yet refer merely to an Election to Grace, and not (as Calvin maintains) to an Election to Glory. Some would take it in a middle sense, had set themselves towards, comparing the use of BiareTwyfjievos in xx. 13. 50. vo"xr}/jiovas, of honourable rank, a meaning of the word in late Greek. 51. eKTwa^dpevoi,. As commanded by our Lord (Mark vi. 11). The Jews carefully removed the dust from their shoes when they came from another country over the frontier of the Holy Land. 'I/coviov. Iconium, at this time capital of Lycaonia, was a populous city at the foot of Mount Taurus. CHAPTEE XIV. 1. Kara TO O-UTO, at the same time, i.e. together. c E\\r}vu>v. Probably Proselytes of the Gate. 64 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 2. e/cd/cwcrav, rendered malevolent, provoked to anger. 3. 7rl TO) Kvpiw, in reliance on the Lord. T

, which they had fulfilled. Aorist for pluperfect. See xiii. 29. 27. Ovpav 7TK7Te&>9, a door of faith, i.e. an opening for preaching of the Gospel. A similar expression is used by St. Paul in 1 Cor. xvi. 9. CHAPTEE XV. 1. The events recorded in this chapter happened in A.D. 50. The middle of the Acts corresponds with the middle of the century. s, having come down to Antioch. XV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 67 1. TW Wei, in accordance with the custom. Dative of custom or rule. 2. TO> IIav\u), for Paul. Dative of especial reference, depending on yevo/jLevrj?. See ii. 43. avrovs. Refers to the Judaizing teachers, and a new subject must be supplied with eragav, thus, (the members of the Church) determined. 3. 7rpoTrefjL(f)0evTs, having been escorted. Compare xxi. 5, and observe carefully the force of the preposition. Lat. deducti. efcbirjryoviJLevot,, describing fidly. Lat. accurate enar- rantes. 4. TrapeSexOrjo-av, they were received. Implying a reception of the deputation in its official character. 5. TreTTicrTevKoTes, who had become believers. &i TrepiTejjiveiv avrovs, one must circumcise them. Observe the active. 6. ISelv, to make investigation. 7. a' rjfj,pwv ap^aicov, from days long past, air 6 frequently designates the commencement of a period. The conversion of Cornelius, which took place about fifteen years before, is here referred to. ev rjjMv e^eXe^aro, made a selection among us. His meaning is explained by what follows : he was chosen to be first among the Apostles to preach to the Gentiles. 8. efjuaprvpTjaev avroi?, bore witness in their favour ; testified to their fitness for the privilege conferred upon them. Compare xiii. 22. 10. Tretpd^ere. Men are said to tempt God, when, by opposing His declared will, they vainly try to alter His settled purpose. 68 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 10. eTuOelvai,, ly placing. The infinitive is loosely used to express the result or, as here, the way of carrying into effect. See note on xiv. 15. 11. KaKelvoi Kai e/celvoi, (Tricrrevovo-L awOrivai), they also (believe tliat they are saved}. 13. aTre/cpiOrjj took up the discourse. 14. SvfjLewv, the Hebrew form of Sifjbwv ; used also in 2 Peter i. 1. e%'nyr)ov(n,v, who are turning. 20. 7ri, IIav\(t) Kal Bapvdfta. In a series of nouns forming one compound statement, only the first has the Article. See i. 13. When each of the connected nouns is to be regarded as independent, the Article is generally put with each. See xv. 6 and xxvi. 30. Silas, called by St. Paul Silvanus, was with the Apostle in his second missionary journey. Silvanus, who is mentioned as a companion of St. Peter (1 Pet. v. 12), may be the same person. 23. ypd^avres. This, for ypd^avTas, is a clear in- stance of anakoluthon, a term which denotes that the construction with which a sentence is begun is not carried out. *Xaipeiv, with the ellipsis of Kekevovat, lid you hail, salver ejubent. This infinitive usually stands alone at the beginning of letters. See xxiii. 26. 24. dvacncevd^ovres, unsettling. dvacrKevd^w, I unfur- nish (the opposite of KaravKevdfa, I furnish), is used in XV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 71 classical Greek for dismantling a city, and generally for ravaging or destroying. 25. ryevojjiivois opoOv/jiaSov, since we were of one mind. The verbs elvai, pvyiav. In the western part of Central Asia Minor. No precise geographical boundaries can be as- signed to this district, which contributed portions, varying at different times, to several Eoman provinces. Colossse was one of its principal towns. rrjv TakariK^v ^(Dpav. The midland district of Asia Minor, known also as Gallo-Graecia, because it was inhabited by a mixed population of Greeks and those Gauls who invaded Asia in the third century B.C. Ob- serve that *xpav is used because a distinct geographical district is meant : and compare xviii. 23. 7. OVK elaa-ev, did not permit. 1 aor. edco. 8. TpcodSa. Troas, one of the most important towns of the province of Asia. Its full name was Alexandria Troas, and it was situated on the coast of Mysia. 9. axpO'rj TO) IlavXa). The dative of the agent is found in classical Greek prose only with the perfect and plu- perfect passive. 10. ety)Tr]a-aiJbev. An important verse. The writer here uses for the first time the first person. The subse- quent narrative, excepting that in chaps, xvii., xviii., xix., contains like proof that the writer was present at the events he relates. , imperf. elXicov, aor. efajcvcra, perf. efoucvica. dyopdv. This word should here be rendered Forum, as the place was a Colonia. rot/? ap'xpvTas, the Magistrates ; either the civil authorities, who passed them on to the military com- manders, or put as a general term for those who are specified in the next verse as arpar^joL 20. rofc o-Tparrjyois, to the Praetors. The proper title of these magistrates was Duumviri or Quatuorviri, as the numbers might vary. Their principal duty was the administration of justice, whence they were called Duumviri juri dicundo. e/crapdcra'ovcnv, greatly disturb. 'lovSaioi vTrdpxovres, Jews as they are. An invi- dious remark put in a stronger light by the antithesis 'Pcofjuaiow oven, Romans as we are. 22. a-vveTreo-Tr), came suddenly together with the owners of the damsel. Observe the force which aXtcra.To, made fast. TO %v\ov, the stocks. In Lat. nerous, an instrument of wood in which the feet of prisoners were secured. 25. 7rpoo-ev%6/jLevoi, vpvovv, in prayer were praising with 78 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. song. Imperfect vfiveco. The participle is used to express any attendant circumstance. 25. ejrrj/cpowvTo, were listening to. Imperfect of eVa- 26. dvew i x6'Y)crav, were opened. dveOrj, were loosened. 27. paxaipav, a sword, the first that came to hand. 28. fjuySev TrpdS;?}? KdKQVy do no harm. In prohibitory forms with JJMJ, in the second or third persons, the imperative present or the subjunctive aorist may be used. 29. wra, lights. Neuter plural. evrpopos, full of terror. 33. e\ovo-v aTro TCOV TrXrjywv, he washed (and cleaned them) from their stripes; that is, from the blood with which they were covered from their stripes. 34. dvayaywv, having led them up. rpdire^av, a meal. Tpavrefa, a table, is used for that which is set on it (Herod, i. 162 ; Thuc. i. 130). 35. rot>9 pa/3Sou%ou9, the lictors ; so called from carry- ing (e%o>) the bundle of rods (pdf3oi) before the Praetors. 36. on introduces the exact words of the speaker. 37. f P&)/mt'ou9. Eoman citizens were exempted from scourging by the Lex Valeria B.C. 500, and the Lex Porcia B.C. 248, which imposed a heavy penalty on any magistrate who should inflict the punishment. ov yap, why no ; nay, indeed. avroi, in person. The nominative, whether singular or plural, of avros is always emphatic. 40. 7rpo9 rrjv Avbiav, into the house of Lydia. XVII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 79 CHAPTEE XVII. 1. Amphipolis, so called because it was built con- spicuous both towards the sea and towards the land (eV dficfroTepa, Thuc. iv. 102), the Strymon flowing round it on both sides, was an Athenian colony ; it subsequently became the chief city of Macedonia Prima. Thessalonica, so called by Cassander, who rebuilt it, in honour of his wife Thessalonica, sister of Alex- ander the Great. It was at this time the chief city of the province of Macedonia, and the residence of the Roman Proconsul. It was made &free city (urbslibera) after the battle of Philippi. It is still a flourishing place, called Saloniki. 77 crvvaycoyij. If the article be retained (though the chief MSS. omit it) it probably signifies that at Thessalonica was the synagogue of the district, there being none at Philippi, Amphipolis, and Apollonia. 2. Kara TO eicoOos, according to that which was customary, eicodos, perf. part. eOco. Bi\e^aro avroL?, he argued with them. 3. Siavoiycov /cat Trapande/jievos, opening and setting forth, i.e. unfolding the hidden truths of Scripture, and applying them to prove his teaching. KOI on, and (saying). Observe the change to the direct narration. euro? ZCTTIV, K. r. X., Jesus, whom I preach to you, is this Messiah. 4. 7rpocreK\r)pa)6ria-av, were joined. Trpoo-KXripoco, I as- 80 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. sign by lot, is apparently used with reference to the decree of God by which these men were converted. 5. 7rpod\a^o^evoi y having taken as their assistants. A common meaning of the word. TWV dyopaicov, of the loiterers in the market. Used for the idle fellows who lounged about the market-place. Lat. snbrostrani, subbasilicani. eTrio-Tavres, having made a sudden attack. 6. ecru/ooi/, they dragged with violence. See viii. 3. Tot/9 TroXirdpxas, the Politarchs. A title peculiar, so far as we know, to the magistrates of Thessalonica. From inscriptions found at Thessalonica we learn that the magistrates of that city, seven in number, were called Ho\iTap')(ai. ol dvaa-TaTtoa-avreSy who have unsettled. Implying an incitement to sedition. dvaa-rarbw is a late word from dvdo-Taros, (1) driven from house and home, (2) engaged in sedition. 7. v7ro&e$KT(u, has received as guests. 9. Xa/3(We? TO iicavbv, having taken 'bail. TO l/cavov, lit. that which is satisfactory, was an expression for security or bail in late Greek. Lat. satisdatione accepta. 10. Bercea, south-west of Thessalonica, in Macedonia Tertia. aTrrjecrav, went. Compound verbs in late Greek are often used in the sense of their simple derivatives. Thus here dirrjea-av = yeo-av. 11. evyeveo-repoi,, more noUe-minded, more generous. XVII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 81 11. oirives, seeing that they ; quippe qui. An instance of the explicative force of ocms. See ix. 35. avaKplvovres must be taken as the imperfect par- ticiple, and the optative e%o^ follows correctly, the tense used in the direct discourse being retained. el e%ot, ravra ovrax;, (to see) whether these things were so, avaicplvL vres implying that they examined in order to find out. 12. ovvy so. ovv is often merely a participle of con- tinuation, but sometimes it also draws an inference from that which precedes ; thus here it implies and the result ivas. evcrxrjfjiovcov, of high rank. 13. Kaicel is to be taken with craXeiWre?, stirring up there also. craXeuw / make to shake is from o-a\o9, tossing motion, especially the rolling swell of the sea. 14. W9 merely marks the purpose of following a certain direction. A subsequent deviation from the direct course is perhaps hinted at. Compare Thuc. v. 3; vi. 61. Some read eo>9 " as far as ". 15. ol KaOio-rdvovTes, they who escorted, /cadio-ravco is a late form of KaOio-TTjfjii, an early meaning of which verb is to bring down, to escort. Horn. Od. xiii. 274 ; Thuc. iv. 78. 16. rov IlavXov eicSe'Xpuhov, as Paul was waiting. /careiScoXov, covered with idols. A word of late Greek, formed after the manner of /cardxpvcros, covered with gold ; /cardSevSpos, covered with trees. 6 82 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 17. ovv, so. Perhaps in consequence of his indigna- tion. See verse 12. ev rf d9. The middle a-v^ak\cr6ai is used in this sense by classical writers. Some render encountered. TL av 6e\oi, /c.r.X., what can this babbler wish to say ? The optative with av in an interrogative sentence makes the question more emphatic, what in the world does he mean? Compare II. xix. 90; Od. xxi. 259. XVII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 83 0e\o) is frequently used in the phrase ri 0e\ei ; or more fully, ri QeKei \e?... v/jias Oecopo), I regard you as. SetcriScu/jiovecrrepovs, more god-fearing (than other men), unusually god-fearing. Seicrf-Satyu.&)^ and SeicriSai- fjbovia (xxv. 19) are words which are used sometimes by way of censure, sometimes of praise. 84 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 23. dvaOewp&v, examining. objects of worship; temples, altars, statues. eTreyeypaTTTo, had been inscribed. d, to an unknown God. It seems clear that these were the very words of the inscription. We know that the Athenians honoured deities, of whose names and attributes they were ignorant, under the title of ayvaxTToi, Oeoi. o . . . TOVTO, what . . . this is the true reading. 25. TT poo-Sea /jievos, as if needing, as one that needs. auro? StSou?, because He Himself gives. ra Trdvra, all things which they have, or which they need. Observe the force of the article. 26. eTTovqcre, He made. Aorist denoting the single, definite act of Creation. e evo<$ (a f i/j,aTos) , from one (blood). To show that He is the Father of all. The Athenians prided them- selves on being earth-born, avro^Oove^, and so distinct in lineage from all other men. The reading CU/JMTOS has but little authority. KaroiKelv . . . fforelv. Two objects are assigned for the Creation of men : (1) that they might inhabit the earth ; (2) that they might seek the Lord. For the infinitives see Thuc. vi. 93. opio-as Trporerayfjievovs, K.T.\., having fixed pre- appointed periods and the boundaries of their habitation. God determined during what time and over what space particular nations should dwell in particular localities. XVII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 85 For TrpoTerayfjievovs the best MSS. give Tr/ooo-reTo/y- pevovs, appointed. 27. 6 apa ye, if so be that haply. ^rj\a$r)d(D, I feel for, I feel ; used of men who grope after something in the dark. Compare %e/ocrt Tjrrj\a wpio-e, whom He appointed.

picr6ei Xo7&>, was anxiously occupied with teaching; or it may mean, was constrained ~by the word within him, urging him to preach. The reading of the received text, TrvzvpaTi, has no authority. With it the meaning would be, was con- strained in his spirit, or, was constrained by the Holy Spirit. crvv")(piJbai means, 1 am hard pressed, I am worried, followed by the dative of that which causes the distress. See especially Herod, iii. 131. Sia/jLaprvpo/jievos, solemnly testifying ; sanctissime affirmans. 6. e/cnva^dfjievos, having shaken out. Shaking off the dust was a symbolic action to mark abhorrence at abominable conduct. Compare xiii. 51. TO alfjia vfjiwv. Ellipsis of eXOera). See Matt, xxiii. 35. 7. etceWev,from that building, i.e. the synagogue. crvvo^opovaa, contiguous. 88 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 10. rov /ca/cwcrat,, for the purpose of maltreating. Geni- tive of design. 11. e/cdOicre, he settled, i.e. made Corinth his permanent abode. 12. Gallic was brother of Seneca the philosopher, and uncle of Lucan the poet. He was a man of very amiable disposition. When he heard of the death of Seneca he committed suicide. avOvTrdrov oWo?, "being Proconsid. We know that Achaia was a Senatorial Province at the time. It had been an Imperial Province under Tiberius, but Claudius restored it to the Senate. See note on xiii. 7. Achaia as a province contained the whole of Proper Greece, including the Peloponnesus. The Province of Macedonia included Macedonia, Illyria, Epirus, and Thessaly. 13. TO jSfjfJia, the tribunal, a raised seat on which the Proconsul sat when matters were brought before him for trial. 14. ovv. If this word be retained it must be rendered now or so, the words of Gallio being a continuation of previous remarks, or an answer to the complaints of the Jews. But probably it should be omitted. pabiovpyrjfjia, an act of villany : more criminal than dSiKTjjjia, an act of wrong. Kara \o^/ov, with reason. Trepl \6yov, about doctrine. 15. rov Kaff {spas, that prevails among you. XVIII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 89 15. otyeaOe avroi, ye shall look to it yourselves. Ob- serve the future. i,, I wish, expresses a positive inclination ; 0e\c0, I am willing, simply means, / make no objection. Such is the A ttie usage. 16. a7rrj\ao-v, he drove. 17. Traz/re?. Probably all the mob. Some add ol r 'E\\7]vev. dvaftd<$. /care/By. A good illustration of the uses of dvd and Kara with verbs of motion is to be observed in this and the following verse : 90 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. when you leave the coast-line, either to put out to sea or to go up into the country, dvd is used ; when you go towards the coast-line, either from the open sea or from the interior of the country, /card is used. 23. /caOegrjs, one after another, in order. 24. M-TToXXeo?. A contraction of *Arro\\<{)vios- Mo- dern criticism inclines to favour the suggestion, first made by Luther, that Apollos wrote the Epistle to the Hebrews. may mean erudite or eloquent, probably the latter. 25. KaTrixy/jievos, instructed. The meanings of Karrj^eco are: (1) I sound. (2) I give oral instruction, viva voce doceo. (3) I instruct in the rudiments of some subject. In the New Testament, rudimentary instruction is generally hinted at. ea)v, being fervent. Partic. of eo), I boil with heat or passion. d/cpi/3w$, accurately. 26. Trpoa-eXdftovTo avTov, took him to their own house. 27. TrpoTpetyd/jievoi eypatyav, wrote recommending. The participle is used to express any attendant circumstance } as in xvi. 25. Observe that the tense of the participle is adapted to the tense of the verb. The Revised Ver- sion has encouraged him and wrote. See note on xxv. 13. o-vve/3d\To, assisted. A meaning which the middle of (7v/ju/3dX,\a) has. XIX.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 91 27. Tofc TreinarevKoo-i Sia rfjs xdpiros, those viho had believed through grace, i.e. whom the grace of God had made believers. Some take crvveftaKeTo Sia rfjs xdpiros together, as- sisted through grace. 28. evrovcos, forcibly. Adv. of evrovos, sinewy, nervous. See Ar. Pint. 1095. o, he thoroughly confuted in argument. The simple verb eXey%co means / convince another that he is in the wrong. CHAPTEE XIX. 1. 'Airo\\to for ^A r rro\\(Dv, the regular ace. sing, of ^TToXXci? (OV CO CO. ra dvcorepiKa fjueprj, the inland parts. Lit. the up- country districts. Perhaps Phrygia and Galatia. "Efyecrov. The capital of the Koman province of Asia, in the district of Ionia, about the middle of the western coast of the peninsula commonly called Asia Minor. 2. el e'Xa/3ere ; did ye receive? el was a regular inter- rogative particle in late Greek. See i. 6. Trio-revcravTes, when ye believed, i.e. at the time when ye were admitted to be members of the Church after a profession of your belief. The participle often expresses circumstances of time. d\\d, so far from that. ov&e rj/coucra/Jiev, we did not even hear. 92 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 2. el Tlvevpa f> 'Ayiov eanv, whether there is a Holy Spirit, ea-nv is here emphatic, implying that they had not heard of the existence of the Holy Spirit. A less probable explanation is that they had not heard that a reception of the Holy Spirit is essential for the full en- joyment of the privileges connected with Christian Baptism. Compare Joh. vii. 39. 3. The only requisite for John's Baptism was Repent- ance : Christian Baptism required Faith, was performed in the Name of the Trinity, and was followed by Grace. 4. eftdTTTia-e ft dime pa, baptized with a baptism. Cog- nate accusative. fjuerdvoia and /tera/ieXeta differ in this way : the former means a change of mind, the latter a change of purpose, perdvoia is used to express a change of opinion when it first commences; p,eTap,keia implies that the change of opinion continues (Thuc. iii. 36, '67). In the New Testament the former only occurs. 5. 69 TO ovopa, into the name. See note on viii. 16. 6. 7n6evTo, the Way, i.e. the religion. See ix. 2. e, he withdrew. XIX.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 93 9. 0-%oX?7, school. The word o"xo\rj meant (1) leisure ; (2) that in which leisure is employed, especially a learned discussion ; (3) the place where such discussions or lec- tures were held, a school. 11. ov r9 Tv%ovo-a$, of no ordinary kind. Compare especially xxviii. 2. The phrase o TV^COV, Lat quivis, the first one meets, a common man, is of frequent occurrence. 12. ^o>T09, person, xpax; means strictly the skin, but it is also used for the lody. aovSdpia, handkerchiefs. From the Lat. sudarium. (rt/u/elvffui, aprons. From the Lat. scmicinctium, an apron used by mechanics. 13. egopKicrTwv. From a remarkable passage of Jose- phus (Ant. viii. 2, 5) we learn that Jews of his day did, according to his view, actually drive out demons from men by means of a method of exorcism discovered by Solomon. See also Matt. xii. 27. opici^ofjiev vfjia^ rov ^Irjaovv, we adjure you l)y Jesus. 6p/cia), a form of op/coat, takes two accusatives. 14. apxiepew, a chief-priest. Probably one of the heads of the twenty-four priestly families. 16. Kara/cvpievcras aju^orepcDV, having mastered loth of them. The true reading is a^orepwv instead of avrwv, two only being engaged in the work at the time. 18. ava^e\\ovre^, K.T.\., describing their methods of proceeding. 19. ra irepleprya, curious arts, magic. The word Trepi- is used in an active sense as (1) over-careful, (2) a 94 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. lusy-lody ; and in a passive sense as (1) over-wrought, elaborate, (2) superfluous. 19. r9 /3i/3\ov$, their books, containing the formulae used in incantations. Compare Dem. R L. 221. /jivpid&as. Substantive ; ten thousands. Render fifty thousand pieces of silver, dpjvpiov being put for Spax/jiMv. Compare Thuc. v. 63. The Attic drachma = 9Jrf. ; the drachma at this time was the same as the Roman denarius = 8d. 20. Kara /cpdros, mightily, like Kara fyvcrw, naturally. 21. Wero, purposed ; lit. fixed, placed firmly. 22. eVe'cr^e xpovov, he stopped. The phrase is classical, Thuc. iv. 73. et? Trjv 'Acrlav, with the intention of visiting Asia. The preposition is difficult to explain. 23. Trepl rfjs oSov, with respect to the Way, i.e. the reli- gion. Comp. ix. 2. 24. dpyupo/coTTo? (apyvpos, /COTTTCO), a beater of silver, a silversmith. vaovs dpyvpov? *Aprefjii,Sos, silver models of the temple of Artemis. Small portable models carried away by the worshippers. T-)(yiTai<$y craftsmen, skilled workmen or designers. 25. rot>9 epydras, those who were employed, perhaps less skilful than the Trepl rd roiavra, about such matters, memorials of the Temple. The article gives a demonstrative force, such things as have been just named, i.e. vaovs dpyvpovs. XIX.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 95 26. Trdcrrjs rfjs 'Acria?, throughout the whole of Asia. The genitive of place is rarely found in prose. But see Plat. Symp. 182 ; Thuc. v. 33. fjuereo-TTja-e, perverted, drew away from the worship of the Gods. 27. And not only is this employment in danger of coming into disrepute to our loss, but also (there is danger) of the temple of the great goddess Artemis being made of no account, and also (there is danger) that there is about to be a destruction of the magnificence of her, whom the whole of A sia and the inhabited world venerate. rjfjiiv, to our loss. Dative of reference, or dativus incommodi. /*epo9, part, department, is here used in the sense of employment. 28. "Aprepis. The Temple at Ephesus having been burnt to the ground on the night on which Alexander the Great was bom (355 B.C.), was restored with in- creased magnificence, and was regarded as one of the wonders of the world. The Ephesian Artemis was probably distinct from the Greek Artemis, the huntress- goddess, the Diana of the Eomans. She was called the " Goddess of the many breasts," TroXv/jLao-ros, multi- mammia, a mode of representation symbolizing the productive and nutritive powers of nature. 30. OVK eiwv, ivoidd not allow. Imperfect edco. The imperfect often expresses attempted action. 31. 'Acriapxwv, Asiarchs. Deputies appointed to pre- side over the games which were held at Ephesus in the month of May in honour of Artemis. 96 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 31. Sovvai, to hazard. The word implies a risk. 33. ' * A\e%av&pov. About this person nothing is known. He may have been put forward by his countrymen to speak in their behalf; or, being a Christian, he was pushed forward by the Jews to be the victim of the fury of the mob. The Jews thrust him forward (7rpo/3a\6vTcov) into the crowd, the crowd pushed him out to the front (avvepiftaa-av). This meaning pushed out for a v/jifti fiasco is unusual. Some read irpoefBipaaav, pushed forward. KaTao-eicras rrjv xeipa, waving his hand to obtain silence. The accusative seems to be used because he continued doing it without avail : in the other passages in which /car acre LCD is used in the Acts (xii. 17, xiii. 16, xxi. 40) it is followed by the dative rfj xeipi, because silence was obtained. 34. Notice the anakoluthon eiruyvovres . . . fyavr}, K. r. X., where we might have expected efytovrjaav airavTes. 35. o ypa/jbjj,aTv$, the town-clerk. An officer who kept the archives of the State, and who read documents of importance in the public assemblies. He combined the duties of a Eegistrary and a Public Orator. yap adds emphasis to the question, as in viii. 31 ; or it introduces one of the grounds on which the speaker makes his appeal, the other being given in 37. veco/copov, warden of the Temple (ved>s t a temple, and /copeo), I sweep) ; a title of honour claimed and cherished by the city of Ephesus. All the cities of Asia assisted in building the Temple ; Ephesus was honoured with the care of it. Compare Xen. An. v. 3, 6. rov SIOTTCTOVS, of the image that fell from heaven. XX.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 97 The subst. dydhparos may be supplied, or TO may be taken for that which fell from heaven. This image was a rude block of wood fashioned in the upper part into the semblance of a woman covered with breasts. 37. lepo&vXovs, robbers of temples, hence, as here, sacri- legious persons. 38. dyopaioi (rjfjuepcu}, the court-days, i.e. assizes. dyopaioi, idlers in the market (xvii. 5), has a different accent, but the Grammarians differ as to the accent as- signed to each. dvOviraroi, proconsuls. Either the generic plural put for the singular, or perhaps including the governors of other states of Asia who were at Ephesus at the time, and who would assist the Proconsul in hearing causes. ey/ca^LTOHrav, let them prosecute. 40. KLvbvvevopev 979, from ivhich on which. For the use of CLTTO to denote the commencement of a period, see xv. 7. 19. 7ra<7?79 raTreivofypoo-vvris, every kind of humility. v, trials. Compare Gal. iv. 14. XX.] ACTS OF THE ^P'O^TLES. 101 20. ovSev vTrecrTei\djjbr)y fwb okfyfaficp^tybl Jjkept nothing of the things that were beneficial. Or ovbev may be used adverbially, in no way, the sentence being ren- dered / kept back in no way from things that were bene- ficial Dem. F. L. 390. rov /jurj dvayyeiXai,, so that I should not announce. Genitive of design (see xv. 20, and Thuc. viii. 14), or it may depend upon vTrea-TeCkdfjbrjv, being put to explain more definitely the expression T&V o-vfjifyepovTwv. KUT oiKovs, from house to house. 22. SeSe/zez/o9 TW TrvevjjLari, constrained in my spirit. 23. Kara 7r6\w y in every city. Seo-fjud. Neuter plural from the masculine sing. Sea/609. 24. o>9 T\iw(rai,, in order that I may finish. The only passage in the New Testament in which o>9 before the infinitive occurs. It may be taken thus : provided that I may finish, &>9 being put for &crre = ed conditione ut. ft>9 is sometimes used with the infinitive instead of wo-re, generally to express a result, but seldom (as here) to express a purpose. But probably we should read o>9 KOI rrjv SiatcovlaVy even the ministration. r?}9 %a/o6T09. Genitive of import or contents. The grace of God is the import, that which is contained in and revealed by the Gospel. Compare 1 Tim. i. 11. 25. ovtcen. There is reason to suppose that St. Paul did visit Ephesus again, after his first imprisonment. 26. fiaprvpofjiai vpfiv, I protest to you. 102 , !S T OTE,S ON. THE [CHAP. 27. ov-y&p iTrtvj^taXa/M/i/u Tpi) jtf] avayyel\cu, for I did not flinch from announcing. The genitive here seems clearly to depend on vTrea-reCkd^v. For /JLTJ we might expect ftrj ov, but occasionally ov is omitted in classical writers. Soph. Ant. 443. 28. eTTia-fcoTrovs, overseers. A word pointing to the duties of the office, whereas Trpeorfivrepos refers rather to the personal qualifications for the office. See xi. 30. TToipalvew, to tend. A word " involving the whole office of the shepherd, the entire leading, guiding, guarding, folding of the flock, as well as the finding of nourishment for it" (Trench, Syn. 98). For the con- struction see xii. 4. Qeov. A strong assertion of the divinity of Christ. Another reading is KvpLov, which is preferred by the best modern critics. The Alexandrian MS. has Kvpiov ; the Vatican MS. Qeov ; the Codex Sinaiticus, Oeov. 7rpi7roir} Suvafjuevw may refer to Sew, who is able, or to Xo70), which is able. 33. IpaTia-pov. Fine raiment formed an important part of the wealth of Orientals. Compare 2 Kings v. 22, XXI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 103 and the expression " where moth and rust doth corrupt'* (Matt. vi. 19). 33. eTredvfjirjo-a, I coveted, i.e. when he was at Ephesus. 35. Trdvra, in all respects. ouro), so, as I laboured. KOTnwvTas, labouring. In classical Greek /coiridco means / am weary ; in later Greek / work hard. avTi\afA/3dv9 e^eiv, to ~be prosperous. Compare Mark v. 23. 15. airocncevacrdiJbevoi, having packed up our baggage. 106 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. From d7ro(TKvda), I pack and carry away ; but as it is said that the verb can only mean / put down part of my lag- gage, it seems better to take the other reading, ITTKT- Kevaa-djjbevoi, meaning having equipped ourselves. The Authorised Version has we took up our carriages ; in old English, carnages meant things carried, baggage. So in Judg. xviii. 21, carriage is put for baggage. 16. Mvda-wvi, K. T. X. The last five words of the verse are in the dative, instead of the accusative, by inverse attraction with & ; bringing one Mnason ... with whom ; or Mvdo-tovi is put by attraction for Trapd Mvd 9 eavrwv, on themselves, or perhaps (made) for them- selves ; for (/>' eavrov = sud sponte in classical Greek. 24. Trapa\apd>v, having taken to thyself, i.e. as thy companions. XXI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 107 24. dyvio-OrjTi, become consecrated, dyvifo is the word used in the Septuagint for the act of consecration by which the Nazarite bound himself to abstain from wine and strong drink, from cutting his hair, and from touch- ing a dead body. SaTrdvTjo-ov, spend money. It was customary for wealthy Jews to assist poor Nazarites in buying the sacrifices which they had to offer. For the sacrifices to be offered, see Numb. vi. ^vpriawvrai, they may shave. A Nazarite shaved his head at the completion of his vow, and offered the hair on the Altar of Sacrifice. The expression " that they may shave their heads" is equivalent to saying, " that they may complete their vow". Some read gvprjo-ovrcu, the fat. indie, put for vividness, as in v. 15. In classical Greek OTTO?, but not iva, is thus used. on &v, K. r. X., that no one of the things which (&v = TOVTWV a) they have been taught concerning thee is true. <7T06%69, walk in orderly fashion, as a soldier when marching to battle. 25. 7T(TTi\afAv, sent written directions. 9 with aor. ind. usually denotes a definite event in past time. Perhaps the indicative is used here because the action is regarded by the writer as virtually completed, in consequence of the promise made by St. Paul to the officiating priest. The subjunctive is used with e&>9 ov in xxiii. 14, where an intention not carried into effect is described. 27. at eTTTa rj/jiepcu, the seven days. No mention is made in the Old Testament of the duration of the period of the vow of the Nazarite. Thirty days appears to have been the usual period. Bishop Wordsworth's suggestion, that the seven days may refer to the time between the notice given to the Priest and the end of the vow, seems reasonable. v, stirred up. Imperf. a-vy^eco = valde per- turbo. 28. TOTTOV TOVTOV, this Place, the Temple. elo-rjyasyev, he brought in. Aorist, on one particular occasion. K/coivo)/c, he hath defiled. Perfect, marking the continuance of the pollution. 29. rfcrav TTpoea) pa/cores, they had previously seen, or, as Meyer takes it, they had seen from afar, a classical use of the verb (Thuc. viii. 44). Instances of this resolution of the verb into the participle with elvai, to give force to the predicate, may be found in .ZEsch. Ag. 1178 ; Thuc. iii. 97. 30. e^ct) rov lepov. That they might not pollute the Temple with blood. XXI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 109 31. aveftr) fydcris, information went up to Fort Antonia, which stood close to the north-western corner of the Temple. It was built by Herod the Great, and was called Antonia in honour of Antonius the triumvir. T ^ ? <77re ^ >/? 7?> to the Tribune of the Cohort. The legion contained 6100 infantry, divided into 10 cohorts, each containing 6 centuries. Each legion was commanded by a Legatus, each cohort by a Tribune, each century by a Centurion. 33. a\vcr(7i SvaL So that he was bound to a soldier on each side. See xii. 6. TICT GIT], who he might "be. ri ea-Ti TreTroirj/cc*)?, what he had done. The indica- tive marks the second question as of more importance than the first. Compare Xen. Cyr. iv. 4, 4. 34. TO ao-aXe9, the certain truth. 7rapfji/3o\r)v, fort. The word is used in late Greek for an entrenched camp ; here it is applied to the barracks of the soldiers in Fort Antonia. 35. avapaOpovs, steps, leading from the Temple to the Fort. ), K. r. X., it fell out that he was taken off his feet. See note on xi. 26. 36. alpe avrov, away with him, i.e. kill him. 37. ( E\\r]vi(rTi T?79 rov Oeov, zealous in the cause of G-od. 4. ravrrjv rrjv 6S6v, this way, i.e. Christianity. See viii. 3. a^pL Oavdrov, unto death ; implying that he did all in his power to do away with Christianity, XXII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. Ill 5. o ap^iepevs. The high-priest of that time, Theo- philus, who was still living. The high-priest at the time when this speech was made was Ananias (xxiii. 2). TO Trpea-ftvTrjpiov, the College of Elders ; the San- hedrin. ao>z>, for the purpose of bringing. Kio-. Here put for e/ceZ. See xxi. 3. 9. The companions of St. Paul saw the light, but no distinct person ; they heard the voice, but no distinct words. See ix. 7. 10. &v, by attraction for a. rera/cra^ it hath ~been appointed. 11. OVK eVe/3Xe7roz/, / could not see. e//,/3Xe7r&> means, strictly, / look at or on something. 12. papTvpov/jievos, testified o/, i.e. well spoken of. Com- pare vi. 3 and xxvi. 22. r&v KaroucovvTtov, who were residing there, in Damascus. 13. avd^\^rov, receive thy sight. azxzySXeVa) means (1) I look up, (2) I recover my sight (Herod, ii. 3). Some take avej3>\e'fya in both senses, / recovered my sight and looked. 14. Trpoexeipi&aro, destined. From make ready for use. See xxvi. 16. rbv Si/caiov, the Just One. See vii. 52. 15. avrq), for Him. Dative of ministration. yv = TOVTCOV a, of those things which. Compare Xen. Anab. i. 9, 25. 112 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 16. pcLTma-ai, submit to baptism. The middle is used (where we might expect the passive) to denote that an action takes place with the permission of the subject. 17. irpocrev^o^evov fjiov, while I was praying. The genitive used absolutely to express the time when some- thing occurred. Here it follows the dative, as in Xen. An. i. 4. 12. The genitive absolute is regularly used only when a new subject is introduced into the sentence, and not when the participle can be joined with any noun already belonging to the construction. Yet this rule is some- times violated, in order to give greater prominence to a particular clause, as in Thuc. i. 114. eKa-rda-ei, a trance. See note on x. 10. 19. ri^v (f)v\aKL^cov. For this form of expression see note on xxi. 29. 20. e^e^eZro, was being shed. Imperf. pass. e/c%e&>. fjbdprvpos. The word probably means witness here. The first place in which it is clearly used for one who sealed his testimony with his Uood is Rev. xvii. 6. In the third century those who died for the faith were called Martyrs; those who suffered any persecution short of death Confessors. 22. \6d\aiov is used for a sum of money in classical authors, but only when capital as opposed to interest is meant. jco Be Kal yeyevvrj/jiai, (770X^9), but I was also born a (citizen). The perfect implies / still am a citizen. How St. Paul acquired the citizenship of Rome is not clear. He did not possess it as being a native of Tarsus (a free city, but not a colonia or municipium}. Probably one of his ancestors acquired the freedom of Rome. 29. fy SeSe/ew9. Compare xxi. 29. 30. TO ri For the article attached to the sentence to call particular attention to it, see iv. 21. 8 114 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. CHAPTEK XXIII. 1. Trdcrrj crvvei$7J(Ti, ayadf), with every good conscience, i.e. with a consciousness of rectitude on every occasion. Compare xx. 19, and observe the meaning of iras with- out the article. rS @ec3, / have been loyal to God. 7ro\iTevofj,ai, means / live as a citizen, hence it means / do my duty as a citizen : it always implies public life, ^iairdofjiai being used fox private life, as in Thuc. vii. 77. Observe the double dative : o-vveibijo-ei is the dative of manner, &ea> is the dative of ministration. 2. Ananias was made High-priest in 48 A.D. ; he was sent to Kome in 52 A.D. to answer before Claudius a charge of oppression brought by the Samaritans. He appears not to have lost his office on that occasion, but soon after the events recorded in this chapter he was deposed by Felix. rofc TrapecrTwcrw, those who stood by, meaning the servants who were in waiting upon the Sanhedrin. Com- pare Luke xix. 24, and for a similar classical usage, Horn. Od. viii. 218. 3. TvTrreiv ere fjueXXet,. A prophecy: Ananias was stabbed by the Sicarii during the last Jewish war. Tot^e KKovia/jieve, thou whited wall. Apparently a proverbial expression for a hypocrite, either from the use of plaster or stucco to conceal the defects of a wall, or from the custom prevalent among the Jews of whitening sepulchres 9 to warn passers-by of defilement. Compare Matt, xxiii. 27. XXIII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 115 tcovido) means / plaster with lime, from KOVICL, which, in addition to its common meaning dust, is also used for any fine powder, and so for lime powder. To%o9, the wall of a house ; Tefyos, the wall of a city. 3. /col Trapavofjiwv, and yet transgressing the law. 5. OVK ySiv. These words are variously interpreted ; thus (1) I did not know, from a defect of eye-sight. (2) I did not remember, from a lapse of memory. (3) I did not know, because he thought Ananias had been deposed from the office. It is worth observing that the person presiding over the Sanhedrin was not on all occasions the High-priest. The President of the Sanhedrin was chosen for emi- nence in virtue and wisdom: often the High-priest was elected, but not always. Therefore it is possible that St. Paul did not know that the President on this occa- sion was the High-priest. ap^ovra, tc. r. \. The quotation is from Exod. xxii. 28. 6. f09 $apio-aiov. The best MSS. have $apitjv, a plot, called in verse 13 a-vvco/jiocriav, a conspiracy. The word is used in xix. 40 for the con- fusion of a noisy crowd. dve6epdri(rav, bound by a curse. See verse 14. &W9 ov aTTOKreivwa-i, till they should 'kill. The omission of av is contrary to the usage of Greek prose. The poets occasionally omit the particle, as Soph. Aj. 555. Compare Gal. iii. 19. 14. dva0fjLa,Ti, K. r. X., we bound (aorist) ourselves ~by a curse. In classical Greek avd6r)^a (from dvariOrjfjLi,, I set up as a votive gift) is used for offerings presented to the Gods, and so was used of that which was devoted to a God ; in this sense it occurs once in the New Testament, of the gifts made to the Temple (Luke xxi. 5.) The form avdOefjua is peculiar to late Greek, and also means that which is devoted, but in a bad sense, as of that which is " accursed to the Lord " (Josh. vi. 17), an accursed thing, or, as here, the curse invoked upon themselves by the conspirators in the event of swerving from their pur- pose. 15. fji(f>avLcraT, give information. From epfyavi^a*, I make clear. crvveSpito, in conjunction with the Sanhedrin, i.e. not you alone (v pels') but with the sanction and authority of the Sanhedrin. , to investigate (thoroughly}. Lat. cog- noscere. Compare xxv. 13. XXIII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 119 15. rov ave\lv,for the purpose of slaying. Genitive of design. 16. TO eWS^oz/, the lying in wait. In classical Greek we should have rrjv eveSpav. 19. KCLT ISiav (%c0pav), to a private (place). 20. (Tvvedevro, made (aorist) a conspiracy. rov epforijo-aL, for the purpose of asking. Genitive of design. fjbe\\wv. This would refer to the Tribune. Some read //,e\Xoz>, referring to the Sanhedrin : others iie\\ov- T69, referring to the conspirators. 21. fifj TreicrOfjs, be not persuaded. rrjv 67rayye\iav, the promise. 22. evefydvicras, thou didst disclose. Observe the change to the direct narration, and compare i. 4 ; xvii. 3. 23. Tivas Svo. We have, in English, no equivalent for this use of rfc Compare Luke vii. 19; Acts xix. 14; and Thuc. viii. 100. o-TpaTid)ra$, soldiers of the legion ; legionaries ; milites grams armaturce. 8e*oXa/8ov9. A word of very late Greek, used of a peculiar description of light-armed infantry. It may be rendered spearmen y the deriv. being Sefya \af3elv, to grasp with the right hand. Another reading is Se^oySoXov? =jaculantes dextra. CLTTO Tpirrjs wpa?, from the third hour, i.e. at and after the third hour. Compare Thuc. vii. 43, CLTTO 120 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. VTTVOV, and Hor. Ep. i. 14. 34, media de luce ; CLTTO and de having in those passages the meaning immediately after. 24. /crr)vr). In classical Greek, cattle. Here used for beasts of burden; sarcinaria jumenta (Caes. B. C. i. 81). Trapaa-rrjo-aL, that they should provide. 1 aor. in- finitive, not depending on any word expressed or under- stood, but used by way of change from the direct to the indirect narration. Trapacrrrivai, occurs in the same ir- regularity of construction in Thuc. vi. 34. Sca(7(i)cra)(Ti, might convey him safely all the way. Felix was made Procurator of Judaea by Claudius, whose freedman he was, in A.D. 53. He ruled the pro- vince in a mean and cruel manner. His period of office was marked by seditious outbreaks, which he settled with vigour and punished the authors with severity, He was superseded by Festus about A.D. 60. He married Drusilla, daughter of Herod Agrippa I. 25. TUTTOZ/, which generally means in the New Testa- ment a pattern, is here put for a form of words, like the Latin exemplum used for the purport of a letter. 26. 'xaipeiv, sends greeting, the epistolary infinitive. See xv. 23. 27. o-Tparevfjuari,, with my soldiers. Posses- sive force of the article. on 'Paaios 60-TL. This was untrue. 28. ev/cd\ovv, they were accusing. Imperfect 979 = airb rr)$ rjfjiepas y, from the day on which. Compare Acts i. 2. 12. eTTio-vo-TCKriv, uproar, a riotous meeting. A word of late Greek. Some read eTrLaraaiv, a classical word, with which the meaning is exciting the attention, or, exciting a sudden attack. Kara TTJV iroKiv, about the city. 13. Trapao-rrjcrai means (1) to present, (2) to prow, as here. If pe be added, a reading not confirmed by the chief MSS., we must understand Trapao-rijo-ai yi&e to mean to prove me guilty. 14. a f ipeepQ), just as in Latin facio is sometimes put for affero (Cic. Fam. xiv. 7 ; Tac. Hist. ii. 70). 18. ev 069, in which occupations. The relative is put in the neuter, though the antecedents to which it refers are feminine, either because they are inanimate things (Xen. Cyr. i. 3, 2), or to put the matter in a general way, as in xxvi. 12. The true reading seems to be eV a!?, in presenting which offerings. XXIV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 127 18. rj^vicr^evov, sanctified as a Nazarite. Se. Supply ov% OVTOL p,ev, and render the passage thus, (it was not these men who found me) tut some Jews, &c. It is a reply to the assertion of Tertullus that the elders found the Apostle engaged in these seditious practices. 19. Bel Trapelvai, ought to be present. The Revised Version has ought to have been here, following the reading e'Sefc Trapelvai. 20. eiTrdrcoo-av. This form of the 3 per. pi. of the imperative is common in the New Testament, as in xxv. 5. The older Attic writers use the abbreviated form, which is the same as the genitive plural of the participle, thus eiTrdvrcw. The 1 aor. elira is found in Attic : and this particular word elTrdrwcrav is found in later Attic. 21. (jxDvfjs 979 /ceKpa!;a, cry, which I shouted out. ^9 for r\v by attraction. /cKpa^a is a reduplicated aorist. 22. dv/3d\ero avrovs, deferred them, i.e. adjourned the hearing of the case. Lat. ampliavit eos, there being here an allusion to the regular course taken by a judex in a matter requiring further consideration, which was to adjourn the case ; this was called ampliatio. dtcpiftea-Tepov elSdx;, because he knew more accurately, i.e. than the opponents of St. Paul expected. ra 7re/)l TT}? oSoO, the matters relating to the religion. See ix. 2. Siayvcoo-ojuiai,, I will give you a decision. An Athe- nian law-term. 128 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 22. ra KaO* vfjias, on the matters relating to you. 23. rrjpeicrOai,, kept in custody. avea-w, indulgence ; his confinement was not to be too rigorous. Some explain the word to mean personal liberty, that he was not to be chained. See note on verse 27. , that (the Centurion) should hinder. Note the change of subject. 24. Drusilla was daughter of Herod Agrippa I., and sister of Herod Agrippa II. Felix persuaded her to leave her husband, Azizus, king of Emesa, and to be- come his wife, contrary to the Jewish law. Josephus tells us that she was the most beautiful woman of her time, and that she married Felix to escape ill-treatment from her sister Bernice, who was jealous of her. rrj IS LO, ^vvaiKi, his own wife. ovay 'lov&aia, who was a Jewess, simply to inform the reader of the fact ; or implying the desire of Drusilla to hear Paul, because she was a Jewess. a9 Xpi&Tov, on Christ, or, with respect to Christ, who is the object of faith. 25. e/jL$o/3os. Felix was a reckless reprobate. Taci- tus says of him, " he thought he could perpetrate every sort of wickedness with impunity " ; and " indulging in every kind of barbarity and lust, he exercised the power of a king in the spirit of a slave ". TO vvv e%oz>, for the present. A phrase of late Greek. XXIV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 129 25. Kdipov fjiTa\,a/3c0v, having obtained a convenient season. 26. xprj/jLara. Felix knew that Paul was the bearer of money to Jerusalem, and he might suppose that the Christians would furnish funds to procure the release of their leader. 27. Siria$ ir^pcoOeia-^, when two years were completed, i.e. in A.D. 60. e'Xa/3e SmSo^oi/, received as a successor. Festus was Procurator of Judaea for but a short time ; he probably died about two years after his appoint- ment. *)(apLTas KaraOea-Oai, to lay up a stock of favours (Herod, vi. 41 ; Thuc. i. 33), so that he might have friends in Judaea to support him in case an accusation should be made against him for misgovernment. The phrase is a metaphor taken from depositing money in a bank that it may be drawn out afterwards with interest. Si&e/jievov. The various kinds of imprisonment at this time are thus given by Conybeare and Howson (ii. 296): (1) Custodia piiblica, in the common prison. (2) Custodia libera, when a man was committed to the charge of a magistrate or senator. Sail. Cat. 47. (3) Custodia militaris, in which the prisoner was given in charge to a soldier, whose left hand was chained to the prisoner's right. (4) Olservatio, when the soldier was always with the prisoner, but was not chained to him. 9 130 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. CHAPTEE XXV. 1. e77Y/3a9, having reached. Seldom with a dative (Thuc. 7, 70). See also xxvii. 2. ta, province. The word Provincia was applied not only to the districts governed by Propraetors and Proconsuls, but also to the sub-divisions under the government of Procurators. Judaea was part of the Province of Syria ; the governor of Judaea was called Procurator; the governor of Syria, Praeses or Pro- consul. The Governor of Judaea was nominally subordinate to the Governor of Syria, but within his own province he was quite unfettered in his acts. See Tac. Hist. ii. 5. 2. ve$dvi9 to express a simple fact ; or for eVet, since, as a hypothetical consequence where, however, no doubt is implied ; or for Trbrepov, whether, as an alternative. " Cope on Arist. Ehet. App. C. So here the meaning is, but the fact being that 1 have committed no offence. ovbev, K. T. X., no one of the things of which (wv = a) these men accuse me is true. i p,e avroL?, to make a gift of me to them, i.e. to give me up simply to gratify them. Compare Aristoph. Eq. 54. Kaio-apa eiriKoKov^ai. Appeal to the Emperor was the right of every Eornan citizen. 12. rov crv/jL/3ov\ioVj his council, i.e. persons resident in the province who assisted the Procurator in legal ques- tions. Lat. consiliarii or assessor es. XXV.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 133 13. 'AypiTTTras. Herod Agrippa II., son of Herod Agrippa I. When his father died he was only seven- teen years old, and the Emperor Claudius considered him too young to govern his father's kingdom. But he subsequently received various districts, and had the title of King, the charge of the Temple at Jerusalem, and the appointment of the High-priest. In the last Jewish war he took part with the Boinans, and after the fall of Jerusalem he lived in retirement at Borne. He died A.D. 100, and was the last prince of the house of Herod. 13. Bepvi/cr}. Bernice or Berenice was daughter of Herod Agrippa I., and sister of Herod Agrippa II. and Drusilla. She married her uncle, Herod, king of Chalcis. She next lived, as it was generally supposed, with her brother as his mistress. She then married the king of Cilicia, then became mistress of Vespa- sian, and finally lived with his son Titus, who unwill- ingly sent her away from Borne because the Bomans hated her. do-Trao-d/juevot,, having saluted, must be explained as being equivalent to and saluted. Compare xviii. 27. 14. dve6ero, laid before, with a view to consultation, as in Gal. ii. 2. The word has no such meaning in classical Greek, but it is derived from the mean- ings, / refer, I entrust, which dvarLO^^i did sometimes bear. 15. SiKrjv, sentence, condemnation = /caraSi/c^v, which the chief MSS. have. 134 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 16. e%o. The optative is used because Festus is quoting in indirect narration the words which he addressed to the Jews. In speaking to them he would use the subjunctive TOTTOV, occasio7i, opportunity. A late meaning of the word. 17. avaj3o\iiv, delay or adjournment. See note on xxiv. 22. 18. nrepl ov, round whom, as in verse 7. v, imputed to him. The true reading is efapov, altered to enrtyepov as the more usual expression, e.g. Herod, i. 20 ; Thuc. vi. 76. &v = Kivcov a, of the things which. 19. SeionSaipovias, religious cautiousness or fear of God. It seems unlikely that Festus should use the word in the sense, which it sometimes bears, of superstition when he was addressing a Jewish king. Compare xvii. 22. 20. rrjv ^repl, K.T.\., as to the manner of investigating this matter. Some read a? rrjv . . . but without au- thority. Compare Thuc. v. 40, airopovvres ravra. e\e Kvpiw, to our Sovereign Lord. The Emperors after Tiberius allowed themselves to be styled Kvpio? and Dominus. r^9 dvaKpicrecos, the investigation. TI has fat. perf. /3e/3ic0/ca y aor. efticov. 6. eV eXiriSi, with respect to the hope. tcpivbpevos, on my trial. 1. et? rjv (eTrayyeXiav), to which promise. eV e/creveia = eVcrei/ate, assiduously. See xii. 5. 8. The indicative eyeipet seems to indicate that he is referring to the Kesurrection of Christ as a fad about ivhieh he had no doubt. Compare verse 23 and xxv. 11. 10. rrjv egovaiav, the authority to do so. avaipovjjizvtov avr&v, ivhen they were being put to death. Karrjvey/ca ijrr;(oz/, I gave a vote against them. The natural meaning of these words is that St. Paul was a member of a judicial court, the Sanhedrin, by which the Christians were condemned. Since, however, there is no other mention made of the Apostle being a mem- ber of the Sanhedrin, some prefer to explain the ex- pression differently ; as 138 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. (1) I acquiesced in the sentence. (2) I carried down (from Jerusalem to other places) the sentence. The Sanhedrin had not the power of inflicting death after A.D. 30. 11. Tifjboypcov, taking vengeance on. rjvdryica^ov, I tried to compel them. Observe the imperfect. /3\acr9 Kal et9, as far as even to. ra9 e%w 7roXet9, the foreign cities, i.e. beyond Pales- tine. 12. ev ofc, in which occupations. Compare xxiv. 18. 13. rj/juepa? pear]?, at mid-day. The moment of time in which an action takes place is expressed by the genitive. 7T/9O9 Kevrpa \a/cTi%eiv, to kick against the goad, a proverb, taken from the stupidity of an ox that, by kicking back against the goad, makes the point pene- trate deeper. 16. oHpOrjv aoi, I appeared to thee. L, means (1) / take into my hand ; (2) I make ready for myself; (3) I choose, as here. XXVI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 139 16. cov eZSe? = TOVTCOV a eZSe?, of the things which you saw. wv o(f)dtfcro/jLai = TOVTCOV a (or, ofc) o^O^ao/jiai, of the things in which I will appear to thee y where a may be taken = Si 9 a. Comp. Soph. 0. T., 788, and Thuc. ii. 63. . 17. e^aipoviievos, delivering. Some take it to mean selecting, but it is hard to see how St. Paul could be said to be chosen from the Gentiles. 18. TOV eTTKTTptyai, that they may turn. Genitive of tendency or result. See note on xv. 20. TOV \aj3elv, that they may receive. Genitive of the final result. /c\7jpov } a portion. See note on i. 17. The word K\fjpos and its derivatives, /c\r)povo/jio$, tc\vipovo/ua t and K\i)povopa>, are frequently used with reference to the spiritual inheritance of the Saints. As Palestine was divided by lot among the tribes (Numb. xxvi. 55 ; Acts xiii. 19), it was natural for a Jew to speak of a similar distribution of the Messiah's kingdom among the Saints (Matt. v. 5; Col. i. 12). ij ~by faith. Instrumental dative. 20. 'lepoaoXvfjLois, at Jerusalem. Local dative. 669, unto. The preaching is said to be addressed to the district, as in xxiii. 11. The chief MSS. omit efc, and the accusative then denotes the space over which the preaching extended. 140 NOTES ON THE [dlAP. 20. a7r?777eXXoz/, / loas preaching. Some read incor- rectly aT 21. S(,a%i,pio-ao-0ai } to slay, only here and v. 30 in N. T. 22. ovv, so then, ovv points strongly to what has gone before, so as to connect the premisses and the con- clusion as one thought. The meaning here is : taking into consideration the danger to which I was exposed, I come to the conclusion that I owe my safety to the assistance of God. Compare Thuc. vii. 29 ; and Dem. F. L. 58. earrj/ca, I stand, I maintain my position. So steti is used in Liv. v. 44. /jiapTvpofjuevos, K. r. X., testifying to small and great. But some read /jiapTvpov/jievos, K. r. X. testified of ly small and great. &v = TOVTCOV a. 23. ely if. He puts it as a supposition about which he has no doubt, since the indicative yueXXa follows. See note on xxv. 11. To understand this verse we must compare it with xvii. 3. It is there said that St. Paul proved from the Scriptures that the Messiah had to suffer and to rise from the dead. Here he says his teaching was in accordance with the teaching of Moses and the Prophets, assuming that his hypothesis that the Messiah had to suffer and to rise from the dead was true. If that hypothesis were false, his deductions from Scripture were unfounded, and his teaching dif- fered from that of Moses and the Prophets. XXVI.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 141 23. 7ra#7?T09, liable to suffering. Lat. patibilis. TT/jwTo? e ava<$ vetcpwv, he first by a resur- rection from the dead. 24. ra TroXXa ypd/jLfjLara, thy multifarious learning. 25. craMppocrvvr], sobermindedness is the opposite of 26. ouSe^, in any way. TOVTO, this, involving all the circumstances con- nected with the rise and spread of Christianity : all which had occurred, not in a secret manner (eV ycovia), but in and about the chief cities of Palestine and Syria. 28. eV oXf/yft), with little trouble. The objections to the rendering almost are (1) That almost would be expressed by oXt/you (Thuc. iv. 124) or 'Trap' o\iyov. (2) That it compels us to give a meaning to eV in the next verse which the phrase cannot well bear. 28. Treideis. Another reading is ireldr), you are per- suaded. , with the same meaning. 31. 7rpdo-(Ti, does. The present is used because they are speaking of the general tenor of the Apostle's pro- ceedings. CHAPTEK XXVII. 1. efcpidrj. Used impersonally, it was determined. TOV a7ro7r\lp r)/j,a$, that we should sail away. Geni- tive of design. Tpov$ may mean of another class, not Christian prisoners, for erepo? implies a difference of kind, which is not involved in aXXo?. See Lightfoot on Gal., i. 6, 7. But it may be used as in Thuc. viii. 102, erepa?, where one might expect cre/3ao-T7}9 may be rendered of the Augustan Cohort, or, of the Imperial Cohort. We know that Augusta was a title given to several of the Eoman Legions. 2. 'ASpa/jiVTTrjvq), belonging to Adramyttium, on the coast of Mysia. XXVII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 143 2. /^eXXozm 7r\eiv, on the point of sailing. is a reading of no authority ; with it we must render since we were intending to sail. Kara rrjv *Acriav TOTTOI;?, to the places along the coast of Asia. Accusative of direction; a classical con- struction. See Eur. Hel. 1590. . Who was with St. Paul at Ephesus (xix. 29), and who seems to have remained with the Apostle during his imprisonment at Eome (Col. iv. 10 ; Philem. 24). 3. Karr)')(()r)p,ev, we put into land. See note on xviii. 21. Sidon or Zidon was an important city, about twenty miles north of Tyre, lying in a fertile plain between the Lebanon and the sea. It had a fine harbour. (avrw) TropevOevra. Lit. gare (him) per- mission, that having gone. For the accusative, following the dative, see xv. 22. 3. eVtyteXaa? rv^elv, to obtain attention, probably by receiving from his friends such things as might be of service to him in his voyage. 4. V7re7r\evcrafjiev, we sailed under the lee of Cyprus. They put Cyprus between them and the wind, and passed on the north of the island. 144 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 5. $ia7r\v(TavTe in the sense of looking towards, as in Xen. Mem. iii. 8, 9 ; Soph. Aj. 514. Again, Kara in composi- tion with words denoting geographical position is exactly opposite in meaning to 777)09 : thus /card/So ppo? means sheltered from the north, whereas 7rp6, I pour forth, because it brought rain. X&pov. Accus. of %w/w, the Greek form of Corus or Caurus, the north-west wind. 13. vTTOTTveva-avTos, having sprung up gently. KKparrj/cepaL, that they had gained, i.e. that their purpose was as good as accomplished. apaz/T9, having loosed thence. Compare Thuc. vi. 104. ao-vov, nearer than they could before. Compara- tive of o/y%o{). Compare Seneca Agam. 107 : Kemo terras propiore legit. There is a reading "Aaaov, as though a place in Crete were specified, having weighed anchor for (or from) Assos, but nothing can be made out of it. 14. e/3aXe, rushed. An intransitive use of /3a'XX&>. Horn. II. xi. 722. XXVII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 147 14. /car' avrijs, dawn from it, i.e. from the island. Some take it to refer to the ship, against it, but the objection to this is that we should expect avrov, to agree with rov TT\OLOV. os, violent. From rvtycos, a whirlwind, a furious storm. 'Evpo/c\v$a)v. It is generally admitted that this is a corruption of the true reading 'Evpa;cv\c0v = Eura- quilo, a north-easterly wind, strictly the wind from E.N.E. 15. a-vvapTracrOevTos, "being snatched and carried off. Compare Thuc. vi. 104. dvTo, to face, to resist. eTriSovTes, having given up ourselves, or, the ship. 16. v7roSpa/j,6vT$, running under the lee of Clauda, now called Gozzo, a small island south-west of Cape Matala. 7Tpi/cpaTi$. A late word, conquering, possessed of. 17. rjv apavres, and having taken it on board. Observe carefully that the relative in Greek and Latin often corresponds to the demonstrative pronoun, with such a conjunction as the case requires (and, for, &c.) in Eng- lish. ftoTjdeiais, supports. 148 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 17. vTro^wvvvvres , under -gir ding , by passing ropes round the middle of the ship, to keep her planks from starting. For this operation (called by our seamen " frapping ") ropes, called viro^^ara, were kept in the Athenian ships. rrjv o-vpriv, the Syrtis. The larger Syrtis, now the Gulf of Sidra, on the African coast ; a bight much dreaded by the ancients from its shallow waters and uncertain currents. i,, they should be wrecked. A regular use Of e %a\dcravT<; TO cr/eeOo?, having lowered the gear, is the rendering given in Smith's Voyage of St. Paul, where the rendering of the Authorized Version, stroke sail, is censured as erroneous. The word ovceuo? is used for any implement, and in the plural it is put for the rigging of a ship as distinguished from the sails (Thuc. vii. 24). So that here TO a/cevos is used in the singular with a collective force, for such masts and yards as happened at the time to be set, all of which were got down upon the deck. 18. xeifAafr/jievcov, being tossed "by the storm. Thuc. vi. 104. te/3o\ijv t a casting out, the word used, likejactura, for throwing out part of the cargo to lighten a ship in a storm. 19. TTJV a-Kevrjv, the equipment or the furniture of the ship, meaning such things as were commonly used for cooking, sleeping, &c. XXVII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 149 19. For eppltyapev, we cast, the best MSS. have epp they cast. 20. e7rtcUv6vTa>v, showing light, as in Luke i. 79. 7ri,/ceifj,evov, pressing upon us. The word used for unremitting attacks. Trepiypeiro, was stripped away. An emphatic word, implying stripping away on every side, as the leaves from a tree. Used again in verse 40. See Thuc. iii. 11. 21. do-trias, abstinence from food, partly from mental anxiety, and partly from loss of provisions damaged by the salt water. /cepSrjcrai re, so as to ham gained, immunity from. The verb /cepSaivc,), of which /cepStjaco is a late future (in Attic /cepSavw), is used in late Greek in the sense, / acquire immunity from, I avoid loss from. 22. 7T\ijv, except (the loss). 7r\r)v is here an adverb, and d7ro/3o\r) co-rat may be supplied, but there shall be a loss of the ship. 24. /ce^dpLo-rai, hath bestowed as a favour, is a word which implies releasing from danger, here and in iii. 14, or consigning to danger (xxv. 11) ; and in each case as a favour to another. 26. e/cTreo-elv, be wrecked, be cast away, as in verse 17. 27. Siafapo/jievcov, driven to and fro. 150 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 27. 'ASpia. Ancient geographers distinguish the Sea of Adria from the Gulf of Adria. The latter is that which is now called the Adriatic Sea or Gulf of Venice. The former, with which we are concerned in this pas- sage, extended from Crete to Malta. VTTCVOOVV, surmised. Probably from hearing the breakers. Trpoo-dyetv avrois, was approaching them. St. Luke uses the language of seamen, to whom the land appears to approach. 28. ySoX^o-ai/re?, having sounded. From /3oXi9, the sounding lead. opyvtd, a fathom = 6 feet. From opeyco, I stretch, because the measure was strictly the length of the out- stretched arms. 29. rpaxeis TOTTOVS, rough places, i.e. ledges of rocks. Ancient ships generally anchored from the prow, but they had hawse-holes aft to enable the crew to anchor l)y the stern. The object of this in the present case was to keep the head of the ship towards the shore, so that when the anchors were cut she might be carried stem on to the beach. 30. 7rpocj)d(7L is here adverbial, nominally, under a pre- tence (Thuc. vi. 76; vii. 13). &>9 p,e\\ovT(0v, as though they were about. The genitive absolute is often used with o>9 to express the XXVII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 151 thoiight or pretext under which something is spoken or done. 32. etc7recreiV)fall and drift away. 33. 7r/)ocrSo/cwz>Te9, waiting for deliverance. 34. Trpo? with the genitive means sometimes in favour of, as here. Comp. Thuc. v. 105. 37. al Trao-cu, in all (xix. 7). tyv%ai, persons, as in ii. 41. The number of persons on board is given by some MSS. as 76, by others as 276. 38. KopeaOevres, having been satisfied. 1 aor. pass. TOV o-lrov, the corn with which the ship was laden ; part of which had been thrown over before. See verse 18. 39. KoKirov, a creek; now called St. Paul's Bay. airyia\bv, a leach. The proper word for a low, sandy beach, as distinguished from dfcrr}, a high and rocky shore. 6^9 ov refers to aie<7TWTa, that was then falling. 3. e%tS^a, a viper. Venomous snakes are not found in Malta, but they may have disappeared when the woods were cleared away. 4. OVK elao-ev, did not permit. Aorist of edco. 6. TrifjiTTpaaOat, to become inflamed (and swollen). avr&v TTpoa-SoKcovTcov, while they kept waiting. CLTOTTOV, out of place, and so strange, unusual. /jiTa/3a\6fjievoi,, having changed their minds, as in Thuc. viii. 90. 154 NOTES ON THE [CHAP. 7. vTrfjpxe %a)pia, were estates. Observe the plural. Thuc. i. 106. xtoplov (dim. of %, PuUius. Perhaps he held an official position, as an inscription has been found in which a man is called TT/OCOTO? Me\iral(t)v. 8. o-vvexpnevov, distressed. See note on xviii. 5, and Thuc. ii. 49. 10. Ttyiafc, honours, implying gifts. See 1 Tim. v. 17. 11. Trapacnjfjiti), a noun, with the sign (of). The word for figure-head in Thuc. vi. 31 is s, the Dioscuri, sons of Zeus, whose names were Castor and Pollux ; the guardian deities of sailors. 12. KaTajflevres, having put into land. See xviii. 21. Svpa/cov(ra$. Syracuse is situated on the eastern coast of Sicily, about eighty miles N.N.B. of Malta. 13. 7repie\9bvTe<$, having made a circuitous passage. The meaning of this is not very clear : some take it to refer to the way in which the vessel tacked about with an unfavourable wind ; others prefer the supposition that the vessel hugged the winding shore of Sicily, in- stead of making a straight run to Ehegium. XXVIII.] ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 155 13. TrepieXovTes is the reading of the chief MSS., ap- parently meaning having cast loose. v. Ehegium, on the coast of Italy, just at the southern entrance to the straits of Messina. It is now called Reggio. 7riyevoiJievov, having afterwards set in. Thuc. vi. 26. Sevrepaloi, on the second day of our voyage from Ehegium. The Greeks employed adjectives in alos to express the time when anything happened ; thus Trep,- rrrraloL dtyi/covro, they arrived on the fifth day. So in Joh. xi. 39, TTapral6<; e'er, he has been dead four days. IT