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ADVERBS 
 
 HORACE AND JUVENAL, 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF 
 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 ALFRED [kA^BY, Jr. 
 
 OF VIRGINIA, 
 
 /-;.-' O? THE ^^ 
 
 o** 
 
 'dim-^ 
 
 BALTIMORE: 
 1891. 
 
ADVERBS 
 
 HORACE AND JUVENAL 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 'RESENTED TO THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF 
 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 ALFRED BAGBY, Jr. 
 
 OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 ALTIMORE: 
 1891. 
 
'RESS OF THE FRIEDENWALD CO 
 BALTIMORE, 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction, 
 
 PAGE 
 I 
 
 I. As TO Form : 
 
 1. Adverbs in -tivi and ■siiii, 
 
 2. Adverbs in -uw, 
 T,. Adverbs in -orsus, ■orsitiii 
 
 4. Adverbs in -ciiviquc, 
 
 5. Adverbs in -ter, 
 
 6. Adverbs in -/ and -e, 
 
 7. Adverbs in -o and -<?, 
 
 8. Adverbs in -tetiiis, 
 
 9. Adverbs with prepositional prefix 
 ID. Prepositional Adverbs 
 1 1. Other Adverbs, 
 
 II. As TO Use: 
 
 1. Adverbs of Place, .... 
 
 2. Adverbs of Time, .... 
 
 3. Adverbs of Manner and Degree, 
 
 4. Adverbs of Chance, .... 
 
 5. Comparative with the force of the positive, 
 
 6. Doubling of Adverbs, .... 
 
 7. Other Adverbs 
 
 III. Substitutes for Adverbs: 
 
 1. Adjectives, 
 
 2. Adverbial Phrases, .... 
 
 Index, 
 
 ^9958 
 
 e<^ 
 
Bibliography and Abbreviations. 
 
 For Horace : Index of Zangemeister (Bentley's Horace, U ; 
 Berlin, 1869); Dictionary of Koch; editions of the Satires, of 
 Fritzsche (Leipsic, 1875), Schiitz (BerUn, 1881), Palmer (London, 
 1883), Kiessling (Berlin, 1886), Orelli (Berlin, 1890); editions of 
 the Epistles, of Schiitz (Berlin,- 1883), Wilkins (London, 1885), 
 Kiessling (Berlin, 1889) ; dissertations of Waltz, Langue et Me- 
 trique d' Horace (Paris, 188 1); Beste, De generis dicendi inter 
 Horatii carmina sermonesq^ie discrir)iine (Miinster, 1876) ; Brand, 
 Intersitne alignid inter Q. Horatii Flacci satiras et eiusdem 
 epistolas, et gziid id sit, guaeriiur (Czernowitz, 1874). 
 
 For Juvenal: Jahn's Index (Jahn's Juvenal, Berlin, 1851); edi- 
 tions of Mayor (London, 1886), Jahn-Buecheler (Berlin, 1886), 
 Weidner (Leipsic, 1889); dissertation of Weise, Vindiciae luven- 
 alianae (Halle, 1884). 
 
 General : Lexica of Harper, White and Riddle, Forcellini, and 
 Klotz; indices to all the Latin authors of Lemaire's Bibliotheca 
 Classica Latina (in this series the indices to Plautus, Terence, 
 Pliny the Elder, Juvenal appear to be well-nigh complete, those 
 to other authors more or less defective) ; Merquet's Lexica to 
 Cicero's Orations and to Caesar ; Koch's Dictionaries to Nepos and 
 Vergil ; Burmann's Index to Ovid, Friedlander's to Martial (Fried- 
 lander's Martial, Leipsic, 1886); Gerber and Greef's Lexicon to 
 Tacitus (first nine fascicles). Some fifteen other indices to minor 
 authors. 
 
 Dr. = Draeger's Historische Syntax der Lateinischen Sprache 
 (Leipsic, 1878). Neue=:Neue's Formenlehre der Lateinischen 
 Sprache (Berlin, 1877). Reisig = Reisig's Laieinische Sprach- 
 wissenschaft (Schmalz and Landgraf, Berlin, 1888). Krebs = 
 Krebs' Antibarbarus der Lateinischen Sprache (Basel, 1888). 
 Hand = Hand's Tursellinus (Leipsic, 1829). h.xc\\\\ = Archiv 
 fiir Lateinische Lexicographic tmd Grammatik. 
 
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ADVERBS OF 
 HORACE AND JUVENAL. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 It is the object of this paper to show, in a comparative way, 
 the use of adverbs in the Satires and Epistles of Horace and 
 in Juvenal, and to discuss the various uses of the words singly 
 when such treatment seems desirable. I shall first compare the 
 adverbs as to form and then as to syntax. 
 
 The diction and syntax of the Satires and Epistles of Horace 
 offer peculiar difficulties. The language is not that of prose, nor 
 of poetry, nor yet of common life, but a blending of all three. 
 Juvenal's style in turn, while in general nearer the prose norm 
 than that of the average poet, yet at times presents exceedingly 
 unusual positions and constructions. The rhetorical element, too, 
 must be considered constantly. 
 
 As regards the vocabulary, it will be found that Horace is much 
 broader than the later satirist, using many adverbs not occurring 
 in Juvenal, whereas the latter employs comparatively few not 
 found in Horace. This is due mainly to two reasons. First, 
 Horace is much freer in the use of rare words, and not infrequently 
 coins new adverbs to suit his purpose. Again, the prose ^ and 
 vulgar element, more especially in the Satires,^ in Horace allows 
 words not to be found in poetical or urbane diction. As regards 
 also the number of times the single words occur, Horace's use is 
 larger than that of Juvenal in almost every class of adverbs. 
 Certain adverbs of place are a noteworthy exception — due to the 
 free use of these words by Juvenal to express time and other 
 relations. This usage is commonly in keeping with the general 
 post-Augustan development. 
 
 1 Horace S. i. 4'^ neque si qui scribat uti nos sermoni propriora, putes hunc 
 esse poetam. 
 
 2As regards the difference in the diction of the Satires and llpistje^' <,onsult 
 Brand, Intersitne aliquid inter Q. Horatii Flacci satiras et eiusdein ■epi-siola'r-, «f 
 quid id sit, quaeritur (Czernowitz, 1874). 
 
As far as the syntax of the two authors appears from their use 
 of adverbs, as would naturally be expected, Juvenal is much 
 further removed from the classical prose norm than Horace. 
 
 In the course of this comparison surprising differences will be 
 seen in the vocabularies of the two authors in the case of some 
 common word?. Thus, eo occurs 9 times in Horace, not once in 
 Juvenal ; simul and frustra 27 and 8 times, respectively, in 
 Horace, not once in Juvenal ; ita, qui, nimis, turn 23, 15, 6, 15 
 times, respectively, in Horace, and 4, o, i, 3 times, respectively, 
 in Juvenal. 
 
 To the contrary, tunc, inde, illic, quotiens, pariter, ibi occur 
 34, 40, 17, 19, II, 7 times, respectively, in Juvenal, and 3, 8, 4, 3, 
 
 4, o times in Horace. Where such a difference exists, I have 
 made an effort to find a substitute of the author using the word 
 the smaller number of times, and why the adverb was avoided, if 
 it was avoided. In the case of several words this effort has- been 
 fruitless. Why does Juvenal not use frusira, simul, niviium ? 
 What does he use instead oi frustra, nimhim, qui,prope'^. Why 
 does Horace totally avoid z'^z? What does he use instead oi ibi 
 and illic ? 
 
 In the Satires and Epistles of Horace there are 4071 verses, in 
 Juvenal 3840 verses. The proportion, then, is nearly as 25 : 24. 
 
 1. — As TO Form. 
 I. Adverbs in -tim ^;z^-sim. 
 
 In consideration of the period of the two authors, these adverbs 
 would be expected to be more numerous in H. than in J. (Dr. I 
 117), but H. uses II occurring 18 times, J. 2 occurring 5 times. 
 H, uses ; certatint once, confestim once, furtiin 5 times, pas- 
 sim \^N\CQ, paiilatirn X.vj\ce., praesertitn twice, raptim once, singul- 
 tini once, tribuii7}i once, vicissim once, viritini once. 
 
 J. uses : paulatitji 4 times, praesertim once. I find no reason 
 for J.'s avoiding y>^r/zV;z, passim, raptim, if he did avoid them. 
 These words occur in contemporary poets. Certatim and co?i- 
 festim ^ I find in silver poetry only Luc. 4^^* and 4^^". Singultim 
 appears first H. S. i. 6^", and not again until Appuleius. Tribiitim 
 
 5. 2. i"^ is aua^ XeyoiJ-epov in poetry. Viriti?fi Ep. 2. i®'- occurs else- 
 where, in poetry only in Plautus and Lucr, 2""'. 
 
 ^Confestivi, occurring several times in Lucretius and Catullus, is rare in the 
 AugusUn poeic. H. Ep. i. 12^, Verg. A. 9^^'. 
 
2, Adverbs in -um. 
 
 Of this class of adverbs H. uses i8 occurring 109 times, J. 16 
 occurring' 60 times.' These forms are in their origin adverbial 
 accusatives. They have, however, the force of adverbs and are 
 to be regarded as such.- The usage is by no means foreign to 
 English, in which language it is poetical and vulgar.^ 
 
 H. uses : acutum. S. i. 3"' cur . . . tarn cernis acuhcm. 8". 
 This word, found several times in Plautus, occurs twice in Terence, 
 Cic. Phil. 12. II. 26, Verg. A. 9'"*, Livy 29. 14. 5. aeternum. 
 Ep. I. 10" serviet aeternum. This word occurs in Vergil 5 times, 
 Ovid T. 5. 3", M. 6^'"", Tac. An. 3. 26, 12. 28, Suet. Tib. 34, and 
 in Statins and Sidonius. cerhmi. S. 2. 5'" cerium vigilans. CI. 
 Ovid Her. 10^ incertum vigilans. S. 2. 6''. decorum. Ep. i. f' 
 dulce loqui . . . ridere decoricm. This word appears to be fka^ 
 Xeyo/^evoi/ here, indocium.^ Ep. 2. 2" canet indoctum. 
 
 longum. A. P. 459 ' succurrite ' longum clamet, ' io cives,' 1. e. 
 so as to be heard from afar. Wilkins compares ^laKphv avaeu Horn. 
 II. r 81. 
 
 \x\J.:aestivum. \/\-''' aesiivwn \.o\\aX. altum. i^'' alium dor - 
 miiet. horre7idum. 6'*^ intonet horrendum. longum. 6'" 
 Ionium attendit. This adverb occurs Plant. Ep. 3. 2". Ps. 2. 3-', 
 Verg. A. io'^°, Ov. M. s'\ Stat. Th. ']-^\ io"\ 
 
 rectum. 3"' si rectum minxit amicus.* 
 
 3. Adverbs in -orsum. 
 
 In H. : dcxlrors2im. S. 2. 3^^" dextrorsum abit. introrsum. S. 
 2. i"^ introrsum turpis. Ep. i. 16''. quorsum—^ times, retror- 
 S21771. Ep. I. I'K I8'^ ne mutata reirorsum te ferat aura, siuis- 
 irorsum. S. 2. 3°°. 
 
 J. uses no word of this termination.^ 
 
 The comparative frequency of the occurrence of words of this 
 ending in Plautus, their small use by Cicero and the almost 
 
 ' Only such words are treated below as appear to need comment, because of 
 their being rare. 
 
 ''■ Notice H. S. 2. 6-' clare certumque locuto. \i }>inltwii and nimium have the 
 force of adverbs, these words have. 
 
 ••' Cf. "monstrous wise," '' szuift swimming space," and similar expressions. 
 
 ••For a full discussion of this class of adverbs in Latin consult Reisig 
 
 N. 555- 
 
 ^ Prorsus.rurstivi and rursus are not counted— the ending being no longei 
 
 felt in the case of those words. 
 
entire absence of them from his Orations, and their rarity in the 
 best poetry^ point to their origin in the sermo vulgaris. 
 
 4, Adverbs zV^'-cumque. 
 
 H. uses ; quacumque S. i. 6'^'' ^". 
 
 quaridoczwiqice S. i. 9''% Ep. i. 14^', 16*. 
 
 qiiocumque S. 2. 4**, Ep. i. i'", A. P. 100. 
 
 ubicumque S. i. 2*'^ Ep. i. 3"^ 
 
 J. uses : qitocumque 14-". ttbicumqiie 4''". utcumque lO"'^ 
 
 Where qzcandoainique might have been employed J. uses a) si 
 qiiando 3"^ ipsa . . . coHtur si quando theatro maiestas. \t\ 
 
 b) q2wtiens 2^^^ Curius quid sentit . . . quotiens hinc talis ad 
 illos umbra venit ? 3«' ''''■ ""' ''\ 5''' ''% 6'' ^^»' '"'■ ''\ f''\ g"- "\ 10", 
 
 14". 
 
 5. Adverbs in -ter.- 
 
 Of these H. uses 25 occurring 43 times ; J. but 10 occurring 23 
 times. 
 
 The following not used by H. occur in J. : breviter, civiliier, 
 graviter, populariier, violenter. Populariter (3'") occurs five 
 times in Cicero. The only example I find elsewhere is Quint. 
 12. 9. 2. 
 
 Not used by J. and occurring in H. are : acriter, aniabiliter, 
 comimmiter , constanter, convenienter, decenier,Jideliter,frugaliter, 
 inaniier, inpariter, insolabiter, largiter, leniter, leviier, loqiiaciier, 
 vtediocriier, patienter^ prodigialiier, socialiter, verniliter, and 
 viriliter. 
 
 It will be noted that of these 19 words 14 are of more than 3 
 syllables. The use of these long, and in most cases rare, adverbs 
 is one of the characteristics of the style of the Epistles of H. 
 With the exception oi frugaliter'^ commumter ^ and veniilHer!' 
 they are confined to the Epistles ; and, excepting commimiter 
 ■dind patienter, occur but once.*^ 
 
 1 In the poets from Catullus to Juvenal I find only H. Od. i. 34^ 4. 8'^ 
 Epod. g^", Verg. A. 3690, Ov. M. is^^®, F. 4«% Pers. 5^, Luc. (f=\ Val. 3'^«8. 
 
 ^H. Osthoff (Archiv IV, pp. 455-466, reported in the American Journal of 
 Philology X, pp. 4S4-4S5) holds these adverbs to be derived from the corres- 
 ponding adjective -\-iter. Cf. our straightway. 
 
 3 S. I. 41"^ * Epod. 1615, Ep. I. 213. 5 S. 2. 6i«^ 
 
 ^I note also the frequency with which adjectives in -His and -abilis occur in 
 the Ep. Thus i. 7?^ immersabilis, 2*^ volubilis, iS'^ inrevocabilis, ig^^, ao^^^ 2. i^"**, 
 2I32, 179^ ^ p^ ^2j_ J 23, 206, 368, 40S. Cf. Waltz, Langue et Metriqtu d' Horace, 
 p. 67. 
 
5 
 
 Inpariter, insolabiliter, and socialiier were coined by H., and 
 are otto^ Xeyoi^em— see Kiessling- on Ep. i. 14- and A. P. 75, Schiitz 
 on A. P. 75 and 258, and Dr. I 1 12. Insolabiliter is a bold forma- 
 tion. Potenier (A. P. 40) is arra^ Xeyojxevov in the sense of that 
 passage, and is a very rare word (H. Odes 3. I6^ Quint. 12. 10", 
 Val. Max. i. i. i). This word appears to have been coined by 
 H., as was also prodigialiter, another rare word. Verniliter S. 
 2. G^"*^ appears to be aiva^ XeyojjLeuov in the sense in which it is there 
 used, and is rare. 
 
 From the above it is seen that there is a broad difference 
 between H. and J. in their use of adverbs in -ler. The statement 
 as to the vocabularies (p. 2) is illustrated. 
 
 6. Adverbs in e and e. 
 
 The proportion of these adverbs in H. and J.— both as to the 
 number of words used and the frequency of their occurrence— is 
 nearly as 3 is to 2. 
 
 In H. :' damnose S. 2. 8'^ gelide A. P. 171, laeve Ep. i. 7"- are 
 oIttq^ Xeyo^em. Sinistrc A. P. 452 appears to have been first used 
 by H. 
 
 In /. .• here f': This form is used by Plautus, Cicero, Horace, 
 Ovid, Seneca, and Martial— who employs it 5 times, heri twice.' 
 Quint I. 7. 22 : Here nunc e littera terminamus. H. uses here 
 S. 2. 8\ Neither H. nor J. uses heri. ferine 8", 13="^. Ferme 
 appears in all periods of the language. It is entirely avoided by 
 Caesar, Nepos, and Cicero in the Orations. Sallust uses it once. 
 Livy and Velleius are very fond oi ferme. Curtius uses it 4. 5. i, 
 9. 8. 30, and elsewhere, Pliny the Elder 2. 39. 106. Tacitus uses 
 ferme 28 times, fere but 5 times. Ferme is not found in the 
 Dialogus—'iw which work fere occurs 4 times.* Schmalz states 
 that/<?r;^/^ was a favorite word with the late writers.^ In poetry 
 I find ferme only in Plautus and Terence, Lucr. 3''*, and J. 8", 
 IS"*". 
 
 ' Only such words are mentioned below as appear to need comment. 
 
 - Priscian 15. 3. 14. lOll recognizes the form here liere. 
 
 ■■' For examples and further information see Neue II, p. 685. 
 
 * Lexicon Taciteum of Gerber and Greef, p. 456. Draeger, however, holds 
 that/f/-^ occurs in Tacitus only once—Dialogus 16. See his Syntax unci Sti 
 des Tacitus, p. 9. 
 
 5 Mliller's Haudbuch def Idassi. Altertwns'wisscnschaft, IT, p. 554. 
 
7- Adverbs in o and 6. 
 
 The proportion of this class of adverbs in H. and J. is as 3 is 
 to 2, as regards the number of words used, and nearly the same 
 as to the number of times the words occur. No word of this 
 termination needs comment. 
 
 8. Adverbs in -tenus.^ 
 
 H. uses: hactemcs S. i. 2''', 4*^'. quadam . . . temis Ep. i. 
 i'^'". qitatejius S. i. i''*, 3'", 2. 4''. Ouadanitenus is used by PUny 
 the Elder and Gellius (Dr. I 127). Other examples of tmesis in 
 H. are: inque vicem S. i. 5'"," qxio . . . cnmque Ep. i. i^^ quo . . . 
 circa S. 2. 6''''. 
 
 J. uses only qicaie?ins 12'"-. 
 
 9. Adverbs 7viih prepositional prefix. 
 
 H. uses: abhinc Ep. 2.. i'". dehinc S. i. 3'"', A. P. 144. 
 deinde S. i. 5'', 6"'', 2. 8'■^ insnper S. 2. 4''^ in . . . vicem S. 
 I. 3'". protimis S. 2. 5'', Ep. i. 12", 18"'. posihac S. i, i'', 2. 
 
 2' 
 
 postmodo S. 2. 6"'. subinde S. 2. 5'"", Ep. i. 8'\ 
 Abhinc appears to be a prose word. I find no other example 
 in poetry except those in Plautus, Terence, Lucr. 3°'^", and Pacuv. 
 apud Caris. 2, p. 175. Postmodo^ used by H. Odes i. 28'^\ 
 avoided by Vergil, and a favorite word with Ovid, appears not to 
 occur in silver poetry. Siibinde S. 2. 5'°', Ep. i. 8'^ appears to be 
 used first by H. and Livy.* 
 
 J. uses dei?ide — T2 times, posihac 7"^, 8", 14''*. protinus — 7 
 times. 
 
 10. Prepositional Adverbs. 
 
 H. uses: ante S. i. i"', 2. 3''''. circum S. 2. 8". contra — 9 
 times. 
 
 extra Ep. 2. i^^ insuper S. 2. 4"^ 
 intra Ep. 2. i'"'.'^ post — 8 times. 
 
 ' Protinus is not included. 
 
 -Tmesis in this word is common in the poets. 
 ^ Schmalz, Ueber den Sprachgebrauch das Asinitis Pollio, p. 42. 
 *Dr. I 126, Wilkins to H. Ep. i. S^^ 
 
 * Bentley's emendation Ep. 2. i->i from nil intra est oleam to nil intra est olea 
 now finds general acceptation. 
 
7 
 super S. I. 2'^ 2. f\ Ep. 2. 2^'^ supra Ep. 2. 2'«\ 7^/^r«;-6 
 
 times. 1 • 11 • 
 
 I find no other example of extra or intra used adverbially m 
 poetry except Ovid F. G''— extra. Cicero does not use extra 
 adverbially in his Orations. Nepos does not use it ; Caesar only 
 B. C. 3. 69. 4. Intra is very rare until post-Augustan tmies. It 
 occurs, however, in Sallust, and Bellum Hispa^iiense 35. ^^ 
 
 J. uses: ajite—c) times, contra— b times, infra 3'^°^ post 
 6'"^ ultra— ^ times. 
 
 H. uses of this class 10 adverbs occurring 30 times, J. 5 occur- 
 ring 22 times. 
 
 II. Other Adverbs. 
 
 AuctiuS H. S. 2. 6' is "a-na^ \ey6fJi^vou. dulcC H. Ep. I. f\ 2. 2\ 
 
 Cf. grande, suave, and triste below. This poetical use of neuter 
 adjectives in e as adverbs seems to have had its origin with Catullus 
 (5I^ 6r), and is most probably a Graecism. J. has only one ex- 
 ample of this usage, which occurs not infrequently in Statius. For 
 its range in Latin consult Neue (Berlin, 1890) II 591-2. grande 
 (J 6'") occurs elsewhere Ovid Rem. Am. 375, Pers. 5', Stat. 1 h. 
 i2'*\ S. 3. i^'- '■". Cf. duke above, perraro H. S. 2. 5^° and^^r- 
 saepe H. S. i. 2'^% i\ A. P. 349 are prose words. Where per- 
 saepe might have been employed, J. uses saepius 6^^'. 
 
 quandoqtcidem (J. I"^ io"«, 13"^) is not found in H. suave H. 
 S I V« Cf. dulce above, /rw/^ H. S. i. 8^^ Cf dulce and 
 suave above, ^^/z'w H. S. i. 4". I ^^d this word elsewhere only 
 in Terence and Cicero. 
 
 II. — As TO Use. 
 I. Adverbs of Place, 
 alio, H. 2,' J. o. S. 2. i'' usquam decurrens alio. 2" nam 
 frustra vitium vitaveris illud, si te alio pravum detorseris. 
 
 eo H. 9, J. o. a) Thither. Ep. 2. 2'" ibit eo quo vis. b) To 
 that degree, to such a point. Ep. 2. i^^« eo rem venturam ut . . 
 c) Causal. S. i. I^^ 3^'" nderi . . . eo quod . . . toga defluit. 
 9^^ 2. 3'^" eo quod. A. P. 222. For this use of eo see under 
 
 ijide, p. 42. 
 
 i?^ is a prose word. I find no example in poetry except those 
 in Plautus, Terence, and the S. and Ep. of H. Instead ot eo 
 causal, J. uses Imic and inde. See under hinc c) and inde a). 
 
 1" H. 2" means that alio occurs twice in the S. and Ep. of H. 
 
foras, H. 2, J. o. Ep. i. 5-^ ne fidos inter amicos sit qui dicta 
 foras eliniinet. 7''. 
 
 foris, H. 2, J. 2. In H. : S. i. io'° patriis intermiscere petita 
 verba/^/7^. Schiitz states, in his note on this passage, that foris 
 in this sense, "from without, from abroad," is found in Plautus 
 often. It occurs Lucr. 4'«•'^ 5^*^ 6", Cic. Or. 2. 39. 163, 2. 40. 
 173, Inv. I. II. 15, Tusc. 3. 3. 6, Nep. Dion 9. 6. A foris occurs 
 PHny 17. 24. 227. 
 
 hac H. 2, J. o. S. 2. 2''* /^<3;<; urget lupus, hac canis. Ep. 2. 2'^ 
 /^ac fugit canis, hac ruit sus. In post-Augustan Latin I find hac 
 only Phaedr. Fab. Nov. 27. 8, Pliny Ep. 2. 17. 18, 5. 6. 19, and 
 Stat. Th. 6-".' Instead of hac . . . hac J. uses illinc . . . hinc, 
 inde . . . hinc. See under hinc in J. e). 
 
 hie, H. 17, J. 25. In T^..- a) Of time, ''here;' '' at this pointy 
 S. I. 9' hie ego, 'pluris hoc,' inquam, ' mihi eris.' 9^®, 2, 8'V 
 b) In this, in this thing. S. i. 10- et est quaedam tamen hie 
 quoque virtus, c) ubi . . . hie. S. 2. 3"' ergo ubi prava stul- 
 titia, hie summa est insania. 
 
 In /. .• a) Nere, at this point {of time), a) above. i'^° dices 
 /izV forsitan 'unde . . .' 15*' hie gaudere libet quod non viola- 
 verit ignem. b) Among them. 2""- "^ hie nullus verbis pudor 
 . . ., hie turpis Cybeles . . . libertas. c) hi anaphora. 2'"'- "'. 
 hinc, H. 14, J. 19. In H. : a) With pendere. S. i. 4" hinc 
 omnis pendet Lucilius. Hand quotes Varro R. R. 3. i. 10 de 
 qiiibus exponendis initium capiam hinc. Cf Schiitz on S. i. 4". 
 bj From this, from these. S. i. 2™ nihil /^mc diffindere possum. 
 2. 2^" quantum hinc imminnet?, i. e. from my possessions. A. P. 
 318. c) Of cause, source. Ep. i. 19*^ hinc illae lachrimae. This 
 passage being a quotation, it may be said that H. avoids this 
 usage, d) —turn, postea. S. i. 9" 'Maecenas quomodo tecum?' 
 hinc repetit. Hinc in this sense occurs Pers. 3'°\ and in Pliny 
 the Elder, Tacitus, and other silver writers. 
 
 In /. .• a) For ex his. 15"' labitur hinc quidam. b) From 
 this, b) above. 7"^ veram deprendere messem si libet, hinc 
 centum patrimonia causidicorum. c) Of cause or source, c) above. 
 i"" quid facient comites quibus hi7ic toga, calceus hinc est ?, i. e. 
 from the sportula. i"* hinc subitae mortes. 6"^^ 10^"*, 12^", 
 
 1 The Vulgate reading Tac. Agr. 28 is no longer accepted. In both the 
 passages from Pliny the MSS vary. 
 
 '^ Y ox hie, ibi, inde— turn in Catullus see Overholthaus, Syntaxis Catullianae 
 Capita Duo, p. 15. 
 
14"-'. This use of hinc occurs first in Ten And. 99; then in 
 Cicero, Vergil, Livy, and (more frequently) post-classical authors. 
 . Dr. II 185. d) From this time, after tJiat} 6^^'^ nullum crimen 
 abest ... ex quo paupertas Romana perit, Imic fluxit ad istos et 
 Sybaris colles. This usage is found in Vergil, and in post- 
 Augustan prose and poetry. Hand III, p. 91, where see exam- 
 ples, e) hinc aiqtie inde, inde . . . atque hinc, hide . . . hiric, 
 etc. i®^ hinc atque inde patens, i. e. on both sides. 8""^ finge 
 tamen gladios inde atque hinc pulpita poni, i. e. balance death 
 against the stage. \o'' illinc . . .hinc. 14" inde . . . hinc,ixom 
 this quarter . . . from that. 15^^^ inde . . . liinc, on one side . . . 
 on the other. Hinc occurs in no similar combination in H. The 
 usage belongs to all periods. Hand III, p. 87 fol. f) In ana- 
 phora. 6'^^ 11^-'. One of the characteristics of J. 's declamatory 
 style is his frequent use of anaphora.'-* In this figure he uses also 
 these adverbs: hie i"", iam 3'®^ 4^", inde 8^*'^ nonduni 6'^ qita 
 7''^\ guando, i*', quo 8"', sic 6^^", ianqiiam 4"', taniimi f'^, tunc 
 3'", imde 2'-'. Weise, Vindiciae Jzivenalianae, p. 46. 
 
 hue, H. g, J. 3. H. uses hue in the Ep. only A. P. 462. 
 
 Iny; .• 3™- sic inde h7ic omnes tanquam ad vivaria currunt ; hue 
 here=to Rome. 
 
 ibi, H. o, J. 7. H. uses ibi only Od. 2. 6". 
 
 In J. : a) =amo7i^ them at that time. 6'-* O quantus tunc 
 illis mentibus ardor concubitus ; ... nil ibi per ludum simula- 
 bitur. b) =m that case. 8" sed venale pecus Coryphaei pos- 
 teritas ... si rara iuga victoria sedit : nil ibi maiorum respectus. 
 
 I find no reason for H.'s avoiding ibi\ nor can I discover any 
 substitute for it. 
 
 ibidem, H. o, J. i. 5'" tibi non committitur aurum, vel si 
 quando datur, custos adfixus ibidem, i. e. at once, immediately. 
 Ibidem in this sense is found Fin. 1.6. 19 and elsewhere in Cicero, 
 and the word is classical in both prose and poetry. 
 
 illic, H. 4, J. 17. In H.: With no definite antecedent. S. i. 
 9^ non isto vivimus, illic . . . modo, i. e. at the house of Ma- 
 caenas. 
 
 J.'s use of adverbs of place derived from personal pronouns is 
 widely different from that of H. This difference may be sum- 
 
 ' Servius ad A. i'"* /ivtc pro inde vel post. 
 
 ■^.See the numerous examples cited by Weise, Vindiciae Jtivenalianae, p. 
 45 ff. . 
 
lO 
 
 marily stated to be that J. departs further from the original local 
 meaning of these words. It is well illustrated in the two authors' 
 use of illic. 
 
 In J. : a) =among them then, v'^ posita sed luditur area, 
 proelia quanta illic . . . videbis. Cf. idi a) above, b) =:i?i that 
 case. 15^* sed res diversa, sed illic fortunae invidia est. Cf ibi 
 b) above, c) With no definite antecedent. 3"* nee tamen Antio- 
 chus nee erit mirabilis illic aut Stratocles, i. e. in Greece — to be 
 inferred from the mention of Greek actors. 2^"", 3^™, 6"'\ I3''\ 
 15^'^ d) Not essential to the meaning, but adding dramatic force. 
 5'^ finge tamen te inprobulum ; superest illic qui ponere cogat. 
 6^® pusio . . . exigit a te nulla iacens illic munuscula. Here too, 
 as in c) above, there is no definite antecedent, e) illic . . . hie . . . 
 illic. 15". f) In that, in it. 10''^* sive est haec Oppia si\e 
 Catulla deterior, talos habet illic femina mores. 
 
 illinc, H. I, J. 4. In/..- 10^^ illinc . . . hinc. See under //z7/<; 
 in J. e). 
 
 illuc, H. 5, J. 3. In H. : a) —to that point — in the narrative. 
 S. I. i"* illuc unde abii redeo. 2'"' si quis nunc quaerat quo res 
 haec pertinet, illuc -.^ dum vitant . . . With this sentence of H. 
 cf. J. 15'- a deverticulo, repetatur fabula. b) To the followbig, to 
 this. S. I. 3''® illuc praevertamur amatorem quod amicae turpia 
 decipiunt. 
 
 H. uses hue literally 8 out of 9 times of its occurrence ; illuc 
 twice out of 5 times. 
 
 In y. .• 12*' tunc adversis urgentibus ilbic reccidit ut malum 
 ferro submitteret. 
 
 inde, H. 8, J. 40. In H. : a) Fro77i this cause. S. i. i"' inde 
 fit ut . . . Cf eo fit . . . ut S. I. I"^ quo fit S. 2. i^'. Lager- 
 gren, De Vita et Elocutione Plinii, p. 169, doubts whether i7ide 
 causal occurs before the silver period. It is manifestly causal in 
 the above passage from H., as also Cic. Mur. 12. 26, Livy i. 32. 2, 
 25. 15. 16.^ b) From that time, after that? S. i. 8^. olim truncus 
 eram . . . deus inde ego. hide in this sense occurs Ter. Heaut. 
 I. i", Cic. Arch. i. i, and in Livy arid post- Augustan writers. For 
 examples consult Hand III, p. 366. Cf inde ab Plant. Trin. 2. 
 
 ^For examples of illuc in this sense consult Hand III, pp. 217-18. The 
 usage belongs to all periods. 
 
 -Cf. Hand III, pp. 364 and 370. Hand seems wrong in citing Ov. M. 2^^-. 
 See also Krebs II, p. 659. 
 
 3 So Kiessling on S. i. 8^ 
 
II 
 
 2", Capt. 3. 4"', Ten Heaut. i. 2. 9, Cic. N. D. 2. 48. 124. c) For 
 him, posiea. S. 2. 6^** haec ubi dicta agrestem pepulere, domo 
 levis exsilit; hide ambo propositum peragunt iter. For this usage 
 see under hide in J. b). d) From it, out of it. S. i. S"*^ cruor in 
 fossani confusiis ut hide manis elicerent. 
 
 lay..- a) From this cause, a) above. 1^*'^ inde irae et lach- 
 rimae. 3"^ scire volunt secreta domus atque inde^ timeri. Para- 
 taxis with inde here expresses what H. would have expressed with 
 ut and the subjunctive — hypotaxis/ Juvenal sometimes uses 
 parataxis with marked rhetorical effect, e. g. 3^°°, 8^^ 13"^, 6''^'\ 
 The above use of hide, occurring very rarely in classical times 
 (see under hide a) in H.), and not found in Curtius, occurs 30 
 times in Pliny the Younger and 22 times in Tacitus.'"' b) —ttmif 
 postea. 6^^^ inque vices equitant ac luna teste moventur; inde 
 domos redeunt. For examples of inde in this sense in classical and 
 post-classical prose and poetry consult Hand III, pp. 368-g. Cf. 
 Kiihnast, Livianische Syntax, p. 348. "'Evdev is similarly used in 
 Greek, c) From it, from him, or from them. Cf. d) in H. 6"^ cuneis 
 aai habent spectacula totis quod securus ames quodque inde excer- 
 pere possis. 6*"^ 9-®, 10"°. d) 9^° deprehendas animi tormenta 
 et gaudia; sumit utrumque inde habitum facies. e) inde . . . si. 
 ^^''^hide fides artis ... si longo castrorum in carcere mansit. f) inde 
 . . . quod. 15'" hide furor vulgo quod numina vicinorum odit 
 uterque locus, g) inde atque hinc, hinc atque inde, hinc . . . inde, 
 inde . . . atque alia parte. See under hhic e). Weise, Vin- 
 diciae fuvenalianae, p. 53, mentions the following cases of ellipsis, 
 " concitato dicendi generi maxime consentanea^'' where clauses 
 are introduced by hinc, inde, and 2inde in J, : 1"* hi7ic subitae 
 mortes. \^^. \^^ inde irae et lacrimae. 3'•'^ 6^"", 7"', 9^^, 
 j^35.« jioo ^^^^^ ingenium par materiae ? 2'", 6'*^ cf, 15^°^ 
 
 Instead of inde causal H. uses: a) eo. For examples see 
 under eo c), and with eo quod cf. inde . . . quod f) above, b) hoc. 
 S. I. i'" non tuus hoc capiet venter plus ac meus. 3''^ 6"' ^-- "°, 9*, 
 10'. J. does not use hoc. H. does not use hoc in the Ep., and 
 eo only A. P. 222, employing ideo and idcirco instead.^ Fo and 
 hoc are allowed in the S. of H. because of the prose character of 
 
 ' Parataxis occurs, however, to some extent in H., more especially in the 
 Satires, where its use is due mainly to the element of the sermo familiaris. 
 ^ Vo.;el on Curt. 9. i. 33, Reisig N. 435. 
 'Of these two words only idcirco occurs in the S. — i. 4'*. 
 
those compositions.^ To express causal relation H. uses also ob 
 hanc rem S. i. ■^^^ 4"l ob id factum Ep. 2. 2--. ob hoc A. P. 
 
 393- 
 
 interius, H. o, J. i. 11^^ interius si attendas. Cf. Cic, De Or. 
 3. 49. 190 ne insistat interius. 
 
 introrsum, H. 2, J. o. S. 2. i*^ introrstcm turpis. Ep. i. 16^* 
 introrsum turpem. 
 
 In the sense of intus, hitrorsum occurs already Caes. B. G. 7. 
 27. For other examples see Hand III, p. 444. 
 
 intzis, H. 7, J. I. In H. : S. 2. 3^^^ si positis intus Chii . . . 
 mille cadis. So 3"-, A. P. 389. 
 
 From two examples of his use of inttis H.'s fondness for philo- 
 sophical reflection^ comes out: S. 2. i^'' cornu taurus petit ; unde 
 nisi inius monstratum ? A. P. 108. 
 
 isiic, H. I, J. I. In H. : Ep. i. 14'" non isiic obliquo oculo mea 
 commoda quisquam limat. Isiic here=" There where you are." 
 
 In J. : -^^ cedamus patria : vivant Artorius istic et Catullus. 
 Isiic here has a contemptuous force. 
 
 isiinc, H. 2, J. i.-' In H.: S. i. 4^^^ quis ignoscas vitiis teneor ; 
 fortassis et isiinc largiter abstulerit longa aetas. Other examples 
 of isiinc for ex-\-\.\\t: ablative are Plaut, Ps. 4. 7*^ Rud. 4. 4'", Cat. 
 76". Cf inde d) in H. and hinc b) in H. Ep. i. 7^' si vis . . . 
 effugere isiinc. 
 
 In J. : 8^"^ inde Dolabella atque isiinc Antonius, inde Verres 
 referebant . . . spolia. Cf. hinc e) in J. 
 
 The only examples of istic or isiinc I find in post-Augustan 
 Latin, other than the examples from Juvenal, are Luc. 7^"^ (isiic') 
 and Mart. i. 19* {isiinc). J.'s use of them is a mark of his 
 forcible style. 
 
 nusquam, H. 4, J. 2. In H. : a) S. 2. 5^°' ergo nunc Dama 
 sodalis nusquavi est?, i. e. is he gone? For this usage consult 
 Hand IV, p. 349, and cf. Cic. Tusc. i. 6. 11. b) With a verb 
 implying motion. S. 2. 7"" nusquavi es . . . vocatus ad cenam. 
 Usquam is so used S. i. i'^', 2. i*\ f. This usage belongs mainly 
 
 ^Cf. Beste, De generis dicendi inter Horatii Carniina Sermonesque discrifiiine, 
 P-45- 
 
 -On the relation of H. to philosophy consult the work of Kirchoff, Hildes- 
 heim, 1873. 
 
 ='Here I follow the reading of the Pithoeanus and Buecheler against the 
 other MSS and editors. The archaic adverb, though very rare in post-Augustan 
 Latin, is supported by istic 3^*. 
 
13 
 
 to the conversational style, and naturally occurs oftenest in the 
 Comedians and Cicero's Letters.' 
 
 obiter, H. o, J. 2. a) 3'" obiter leget aut scribet — i. e. on the 
 way. b) 6*^' verberat atque obiter faciem Unit — i. e. incidentally, 
 en passant. 
 
 Obiter appears to have come into literature from the language 
 of the people. The only author to use it before Petronius is 
 Laberius the mimographer. Pliny the Elder employs it frequently, 
 and it occurs in Seneca, Quintilian, and Appuleius.' 
 
 passim, H. 2, J. o. Ep. 2. i"' scribimus indocti doctique poemata 
 passim-^\. e. promisace, indiscriminately. Passim in this sense is 
 rare: Tib. 2. 3", Just. 43. i. 4. 
 
 peregre, H. 2, J. o. S. i. 6'°' rusve perigreve exirem. Ep. i. 
 
 Peregre is a prose word. It occurs nowhere in poetry except 
 in the Comedians and H. 
 
 porro, H. 4, J. 4. • In H.: a) Literally ''farther:' Ep. i. 13'* 
 xi\X.&t&porro. This usage is not common. It is found oftenest in 
 ante-classical Latin. Livy i. 7. 6 porro agere, 9. 2. Z porro ire. 
 b) Furthermore, next. S. i. 3'°\ Ep. i. e\ c) Furthermore, 
 moreover. Ep. i. 16'" qui cupiet metuet . . .: porro que metuens 
 vivit liber . . . non erit. 
 
 In/. .• In all four cases porro— furthermore, moreover, c) above. 
 3^-^ 6'^" wixX^ porro filiolam . . . producere turpem. 
 
 post, H. 8, J. I. In H.: a) S. i. 6" wono post mense. b) pri- 
 mum . . . post, prius . . . post. A. P. 76 querimonia primum, 
 post etiam inclusa est . . . sententia. A. P. 1 1 1 format . . . nps 
 natura prius ad omnem fortunarum habitum : . . . post effert 
 animi motus . . . 
 
 In /. .• Of place, behind or from beJmid. 6'"" Andromachen a 
 fronte videbis, post minor est. H. does not use post thus. 
 
 Instead of post b) in H., J. uses dei?tde —which occurs only 
 three times in H., time, or inde. (See under deinde.) I find in J. 
 no equivalent expression for post paulo, occurring three times in 
 H. (J. uses paulo ante 6''\ 9"*.) 
 
 procul, H. 7, J. 6. In H. : Joined with the ablative without a 
 preposition. S. i. 6'^' prava ambitione procul. For this usage 
 see under simul d) below. 
 
 1 Cf. Schmalz, Ueber den Sprachgebmtuh des Asinius Pollio, p. 42. 
 '■^Consult further Hand IV, p. 362 ff., and Krcbs II, p. 169, 
 
 ^; 
 
14 
 
 In /. .• 14*^ procul, a procul inde. Weidner quotes Ov. M. 
 15^'* procul, O procul este profani/ So Ua^ in Greek ; Uh^ iK^s 
 oa-Tis aXcrpos (Kallim. in Apoll. 2). 
 
 prope, H. 16, J. 1. H uses prope=alm.osi 10 times. For 
 " almost " J. uses/<?r^ e"^, i i'^\pae7ie 3 times. H. uses fere thus 
 only S. I. 3^", pae7te 6 times. For " near " H. uses prope 6 times. 
 J. uses thus p7'ope <^^'\ mxta ii'*^. With stantem prope H. S. 2. 
 5*' ^ndpropius stes A. P. 361 cf. J. 3" substitit ad . . . arcus. 
 
 qua, H. 4, J. I. H. uses ^z^« in anaphora S. i. 2^° gtia res, ^e^a 
 ratio suaderet. Other adverbs used in this figure by H. are : 
 aeque Ep. i. i^^ dare Ep. i. 16^", saepe S. i. 3"-i-, Ep. i. lyss-ss^ 
 ig'**"^", ^zV Ep. 2. i'"^ 
 
 J uses gzia in anaphora f''\ For a list of other adverbs used 
 by J. in this figure see under hinc f) in J. 
 
 quaienus, H. 3, J. i. H. uses qicatenus only in its causal sense : 
 S. I. i" iubeas miserum esse, libenter quateyitis id facit. 3'®, 2. 
 4^'. So also J. 1 2'"'. Quatenus causal appears first Lucr. 2^\ 
 Then it does not occur till H. and Ov. M. 8'*^ 14*", T. 5. 5^^ The 
 first example from prose appears to be Val. Max. 9. 11, and it is 
 found, though still rarely, in Quintilian, Tacitus, Pliny, Suetonius, 
 and later." 
 
 quo, H. 30, J. 6. In H. : a) Wherefore, for which reason. S. 
 2. i'' quo fit ut. b) To what purpose?, for what? S. i. i" 
 nescis quo val eat nummus? 6'*, Ep. i, 5". 
 
 In / .• J. uses quo=to what purpose ?, for what ? 4 times. 8' 
 effigies quo tot bellatorum, si luditur alea pernox? 8"'* 14"' 
 15"- 
 
 Anaphora occurs 8"-*. 
 
 H, uses quo=whither 25 times, J. twice. 
 
 quorsum, H. 5, J. o. To what purpose ? , for what? S. 2. 3'"^ 
 7"*^ quorsum est opus ? Cf. Cic. Red. ad Quir. 2. 5, Leg. i. i. 4, 
 Brut. 85. 292.^ 
 
 superne, H. 2, J. o. S. 2. f\ A. P. 4 mulier formosa superne. 
 
 ubi (Joci), H. II, J. 16. In H. : a) —in quo, in quibus. S. i. 
 3"" cum genus hoc inter versemur tibi. ... 2. 3'^ 6' hortus ubi. 
 6"', Ep. I. 6*\ This usage belongs in its origin to the style of 
 conversation, just as the English " where " for " in which." b) ubi 
 . . . hie. S. 2. 3''" ubi prava stultitia, hie summa est insania. 
 
 ^ Cf. also the note of Mayor. 
 
 2 Wolfflin, Archiv V, pp. 405 ff., Dr. II 680. 
 
 3 For this usage consult Krebs JI, p. 427. 
 
15 
 
 In / : a) In a case in which. iT si rixa est ubi tu pulsas, 
 ego vapulo tantum. b) Posipositive. f" fatigatas ubi Daedalus 
 exuit alas. 6^^ lO^'S 12", I5\ Weise thinks that among poets 
 J. is especially fond of the postpositive for relative and interroga- 
 tive words and for conjunctions.^ 
 
 ubicumque, H. 2, J. i. H. S. i. 2"' rem oblimare malum est 
 ubicumque. I find no example of ubicumque indefinite before 
 this. After H. it is found Ov. Am. 3. IO^ Quint. 7. 4. 18, 10. 7. 28. 
 unde {inter?), H. 13, J. 14. In H. : a) From what source ?— 
 in the transferred sense. S. i. 5' cornu taurus petit; unde nisi 
 intus monstratum? 2. 2^-. 2. 2'^ unde datum sentis lupus hie 
 Tiberinus an alto captus hiet ? 2. 3" sed unde tam bene me 
 nosti? 2. 5™. Ep. 2. i"*. b) unde domo. Ep. i. 7'' abi, quaere 
 et refer unde domo, quis ... Cf. Verg. A. 7'" unde domo, and 
 the same expression Sen. Cons. Helv. 6. 3. Orelli states that 
 unde domo frequently occurs in inscriptions, and compares the 
 Greek itod^v h^Kodiv (Wilkins on Ep. i. 7=0- itnde U7ide. S. i. 
 3*®. See under Donbli^ig of Adverbs. 
 
 In /. .• a) From what source f—in the transferred sense, as a) 
 above. 2'" tinde nefas tantum Latiis pastoribus ? 7'^* unde 
 igitur tot Quintilianus habet saltus? 9', 10'', 14''. i5"'- b) In 
 anaphora. 2"'. 
 
 unde (rel.), H. 13, J. 16. In H. : a) From which fact, from 
 which source, from which cause. S. i. 2'*, 2"^ 2. 3'^ A. P. 252. 
 (Cf. Krebs, II, p. 629.) b) Of persons, ''fro7n whom.'' S, 2. 3'" 
 Stertinius . . . unde ego . . . descripsi . . . praecepta haec. 6'^ 
 c) Ep. 2. 2*' civilis . . . belli me tulit aestus in arma . . . : tmde 
 simul primum me dimissere Philippi. U7ide here=rt/5 armis. 
 
 In /. .• a) Causal. 4'' unde fit ut. Cf. i7ide fit ut H. S. i. i"'. 
 
 b) Postpositive. 6'^' illuc, testiculi sibi conscius ujide fugit mus. 
 
 See under ubi b) above, c) f' nee defuit illi 7inde emeret multa. 
 
 7isqua7}i, H. 5, J. 3. See under 7iusqua7n b). 
 
 utrobique, H. i, J. o. Ep. i. 6^° qui timet his adversa fere 
 
 miratur eodem quo cupiens pacto: pavor est utrobique molestus, 
 
 I find no other example of this word in poetry, except Plant. 
 
 Cist. 4. i'\ 
 
 2. Adverbs of Time. 
 
 adhuc; H. 6, J. 13. In H. : a) <' Still:' ''yet "—with a verb in 
 the present tense. Ep. i. 12'" adhiic sublimia cures. 2. 2"*, A. 
 
 1 See examples Weise, Vindiciae Juvenalianae, p. 57 ff. 
 
 *For the various uses of adhuc consult Hand I, pp. 156-157. Schmalz in 
 Muller's Handbuch der klassi. Alterthtwiswissenschaft II, p. 554. Riemann, 
 Etudes sur Tite-Live, p. 237. 
 
p. 78. b) "Still" ''yet" — with a present participle. A. P. 115 
 adhuc florente inventa. Adhuc with a participle or adjective is 
 not common until Livy and post- Augustan Latin, c) " Still" 
 ''yet" — with the gerundive. Ep. i. 17^ adhuc docendus. 
 
 In /. .• a) As a) above. 3'^^ ardet adhuc. 6'''' ''-, 15'^ b) " Still," 
 "yet"— with a?i adjective. 3"^ levis adhuc. 4^°, 6''^^' ^- ■, 7^"", 
 Io"^ 13". Cf. the remark under b) above, c) With the gerun- 
 dive, as c) above. 12^^ adhuc horrenda. d) "Still," "yet" — with 
 a comparative.^ 8'"* nomen erit pardus tigris leo, seu quid adhuc 
 est quod fremat in terris violentius. This usage belongs to silver 
 Latin.^ 
 
 alias, H. 3, J. o. Alias means "at another time " in H. S. i. 
 4«', 9", Ep. 2. i". 
 
 aliquando, H. o, J. 3. In all three examples from J. aliquando 
 has the meaning no7inunquain, interdum. In this sense it occurs 
 in Cicero and is common in post-classical Latinity. 
 
 ante, H. 2, J. 9, In H. : S. 2. 3"® non ante . . . dementam 
 actum . . . quam . . . ferrum tepefecit. J. does not thus sepa- 
 rate ante and qziam. 
 
 \nj.: a) Limited by paulo. 6"' ornatas paulo ante fores. 9"". 
 b) ante . . . deiiide. 6*^^ dominum iubet ante feriri, deinde 
 canem. This use of «72/^ for />rzw7^?;2 is post- Augustan.^ c) With 
 an adjective. 3"^ filius ante pudicus. This usage is rare. In 
 Tacitus it occurs only An. 14. 7. 8 ante ignaros. Instead of 
 adverbial ante H. \xses prius, which occurs in H. 10 times, in J. 3 
 times. Of course neither author uses anted. 
 
 brevi, H. i, J. o. Ep. i. 3^ brevi venturus in ora. 
 
 brevHer, H. o, J. i. 12'-° omnia soli . . . Pacuvio breviter 
 dabit. 
 
 dehinc, H. 2, J. o, a) —ttim, postea. S. i. 3^°* donee verba 
 . . . invenere ; dehinc absistere bello coeperunt. This usage is 
 poetical and post- Augustan : Verg. A. i^^^' -''*', 5"'^ 6'''^ Ov. F. 6^*'. 
 For post -Augustan examples see Hand II, p. 230. b) =dei7ide. 
 A. P. 144 non fumum exfulgore, sed ex fumo dare lucem cogitat, 
 ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat. Dehinc is thus used Epod. 
 16*^^ Dehinc in this sense is not common. The only pre- 
 Augustan example appears to be Sail. Cat. 32 primum . . . 
 
 ^ Here Weidner takes adhuc as^i^insitper, irpbg Tovroic. The climax and the 
 sense favor joining it with violentius. 
 
 ^Krebs I, p. 87 ; Riemann, Etudes sur Tite-Live, p. 239. 
 'For examples from Pliny and Celsus see Hand I, p. 376. 
 
17 
 
 dehinc. Then Verg. G. 3'". Sen. Quaest. Nat. 3=", Sil. 8-, Suet. 
 Aug-. 49. 
 
 dein. H. 2, J. I. H. S. i. i'\ f, J- ^S"'- Both poets use det?i 
 as a monosyllable. Demceps H. uses as a dissyllable S. 28'^ 
 
 deinceps, H. i, J. o. S. 2. 8«". I find no other example of 
 deinceps in poetry until Prudentius. 
 
 deinde H 3 J. 12. Where deinde might have been employed 
 H. uses :' a) turn S. i. 5", 7". 2. 3"> 8-' ^«' ^ b) /2.«. S. 2. 2^, A. 
 'p. 103. J. also uses tunc thus 6™S Io•^«^ i2^% 13'"^ c) posimodo 
 S. 2. 6-'\ d) dehinc A. P. 144- e) z;?^^ S. 2. 6««. J. also so uses 
 mde e'\ 11^'. f) post S. I. 4'', A. P. 76 primum . . .post, A. P. 
 III. g) />^<y/ /22^«^, post hanc, post hoc, post haec, post hos. S. i. 
 6'" 2.'2^'^ 8'\ Ep. I. 8^^ 2. i'", 2^ A. P. 278, 401. J. also uses 
 post hunc\^Vc., thus : r^ ^\ 5"'. 6^"'- h) 5«^m^^ Ep. i. 8'^ primum 
 , . . S2ibiiide. i) denique Ep. i. 7''', 2. 2"". 
 
 demum. H. i, J. o. S. i. 5"'. The post-Augustan poets appear 
 to have avoided demum} H. does not use it in the Odes, but 
 Vergil uses it freely, and it occurs in Ovid. 
 
 denique, H. 15, J. o. a) At all events, in any case. S.i. 1^^ 
 ne nummi pereant aut puga aut denique fama. Ep. 2. 2'-'.' b) 
 = deinde. Ep. 1.7'' ille Philippo quod non mane domum venisset, 
 de^iique quod non providisset eum. c) In the end, at last. A. P. 
 267 an omnis visuros peccata putem mea tutus et intra spem 
 veniae cautus? vitavi denique culpam, non laudem merui. 
 
 Where denique might have been used, J. sometimes employs 
 tandem, which occurs 11 times, in H. 7 times. Denique is found 
 in Martial. 
 
 dudum, H. o, J. 2. For ia^n d^tdum. 2^ cum praetor I'ctorem 
 impellat et ire praecipitem iubeat, dud7im vigilantibus orbis. 10''^ 
 dudu?n sedet ilia parato flammeolo. This usage is very rare.=^ 
 The only examples I find, other than the above, are Cic. Att. 4. 
 5 and Pliny, H. N. 19. i. 2.* 
 
 hodie, H. 9, J. 6. In //.: a') At the present day. S. 2. 2*^ Ep. 
 2. i"^**. b) Expressi7ig impatience. S. 2. f^ non dices hodie 
 quorsum haec tam putlda tendant, furcifer? Ep. i. 7'' ut libet: 
 
 ' The only example I find is Pers. i*''. 
 
 ■^ For other examples of this usage see Hand, II 270. 
 
 ■Uam diidum is now read Ter, Heaut. 4. 5'". 
 
 * Here the MSS are divided between nam dtidum and non duduvi. The 
 reading is so near iam dudum that some have preferred to read so. Sillig 
 reads nam dudum. 
 
haec porcis hodie comedenda relinques.' Cf. Ter. Eun, 4. 4'-' 
 possumne ego hodie ex te exsculpere verum ? Phor. 5. 3"'. This 
 usage belongs to the style of conversation, c) hodie, eras. Ep. 
 
 1. 16^^ qui dedit hoc hodie, eras auferet. 
 
 In /.: a) As a) above. 13''. b) hodie . . . here . . . eras, y' 
 res hodie minor est here quam fuit, atque eadem eras deteret 
 exiguis aliquid. 
 
 tarn, H. 33, J. 97. In H.: a) Ai last, at length. S. i. i^ miles 
 ait multo iam fractus membra labore. 5'°, 2. 6'™, Ep. i. l^ f\ f^, 
 10", i8^'\ 2. I"^ A. P. 468. "nbr] is similarly used in Greek, b) 
 At otice, forthwith, prese7itly. S. i. i'" si quis deus 'en ego,' dicat, 
 *iam faciam quod voltis.' 8'^ 2. 3'=\ 4'', f\ c) In a transition— 
 for iam vera. Ep. 2. i*''. iam Saliare Numae carmen qui laudat.- 
 d) iam . . . C7im. S. i. 5^" iafnqne dies aderat nil cum procedere 
 lintrem sentimus. 2. 6'"". e) ia?n . . . /aw, for modo . . . modo. 
 5. 2. 7" iam moechus Romae, jam mallet doctus Athenis vivere. 
 
 2. 7'^'*, 7"^ This usage is rare even in poetry. In prose : Livy, 
 30. 30. 10,' Veil. 2. 114. 2, Pliny, Ep. 7. 27. 8, Flor. 2. 17. 8, 3. i. 
 10." f) iam mine. Ep. 2. i^" iarn nunc . . . mox. A. P. 43 ut 
 iam nunc dicat iafn nunc debentia dici. Cf. Odes 2. i^'. g) iam 
 simul. Ep. 2. 2-°^ quid? cetera iam simul isto cum vitio fugere? 
 
 In/.: a) At last, at length, a) above. This use of iam occurs 
 in J. 40 times : 2'^ 3-°^ 4'''' ''■ '''• '''■ '"', 5*'' '''■ ''', 6"*- '"• '''■ ''^' ■'''-• '''• 
 
 329, 369, 370, 377, M2, 485, 574 „170, 210 g97, 153 q49, 79, 86 jqI95, 199 270^ I l'^'' ^^\ I 3"' 
 
 218^ 1562, 91^ J 556^ ^f^ ^y ij^is ti^g^ at length. 4'*'\ 5**' ''\ 10'-"*, I2'''' 
 *", 13" casus multis hie cognitus ac iain tritus. b) At once, forth- 
 with, presently, b) above, i^^' nuUus ia^n parasitus erit. 4*''^ 12*". 
 q) iam... iam, e) above. le**". d) iam nnnc, f) above, ir'", 
 14'^". e) iavi iam. 6'^'^\ See under Doubling of Adverbs below, 
 f) At the present day. 6^''\ e'\ \v'\ 14'™, is"'' ''" mundi principio 
 indulsit . . . conditor . . . : sed iam serpentum maior concordia. 
 As to iam used thus for nunc see Hand, III, p. 125 fol. g) Of 
 the present as opposed to the past. 4"" iam princeps equitum . . . 
 qui . . . solebat vendere . . . siluros. 6*\ h) Truly, indeed. 10'^ 
 iamn^ igitur laudas quod de sapientibus alter ridebat . . .? is""' 
 "^ i) /« anaphora. 3^®^ 4^". 
 
 The large difference between the number of times iam occurs 
 
 ' Kiessling renders iioch kejiie. 
 ^ Schlitz renders jiun voUends. 
 ^Cf. Weissenborn's note. 
 •» Cf. Wolfflin, Archiv, II, p. 245. 
 
19 
 
 in H. and in J. is due to J.'s great fondness for the uses a) and a') 
 above. This is a mark of his vivid, excited style. So 4"** noverat 
 ille luxuriam imperii veterem noctesque Neronis iam medias. 
 6^°-, 13**, and elsewhere. 
 
 interea, H, 2, J. 14. The disproportion in the use of this word 
 by H. and J. may be accounted for by its use in J. with the force 
 of an adversative particle, while H. does not so employ it. Thus 
 i^^^ caulis miseris atque ignis emendus ; optima silvarum interea 
 pelagique vorabit rex. 2'^' interea tormentum ingens nubentibus 
 haeret; 5^^ 6^^^- *"■ *^ lo^^ iii^^'^^^ i4'^«. As to this usage, 
 occurring already in Cic, consult Hand, III, p. 416; Krebs, I, p. 
 703 fol. 
 
 modo, H. 18, J. 19. In H.\ a) modo . . . inierduni, niodo . . . 
 saepe, saepe . . . modo. S. 1.9" ire modo ocius, interdum consis- 
 tere. 2. 7", S. i. 10^^ modo tristi, saepe iocoso. 2. 7® saepe . . . 
 modo. This sequence is found mainly in H., Ovid, and silver 
 prose-writers.' To the examples from classical prose- writers cited 
 by Wolfflin, Archiv, II 252 fol.,' add Nep. Att. 20. 2. b) Ofi/y, 
 Just — zait/i an imperative. S. 2, 3-'® adde cruorem stultitiae atque 
 ignem gladio scrutare modo, inquam.^ 
 
 \xi J.\ a) 7nodo . . . mine . . . nunc. \a^. Cf. the same sequence, 
 Ovid, T. I. 2"', and viodo . . . nunc, M. 13^-^ b) 15^'" quis modo 
 casus impulit hos? The explanation of Mayor and Weidner for 
 modo here seems unsatisfactory. The word serves to call the 
 attention in a transition, as the Greek S,}, our 'now,' and iam 
 H. Ep. 2. 1'". See under iam c) above, c) Limiting a verbal 
 noim. 2" modo victor. Cf. signator/a/^*? i", and sic i) in H. 
 
 olim, H. 23, J. 19. In H.\ a) At times, ofttimes.' S. i. i''^ ut 
 pueris oliin dant crustula blandi doctores. Ep. i. lo^^ This use 
 oi olim is ante-classical and poetical. It occurs in Plautus, Lucil. 
 130 (Lach.), Vergil, H. Od. 4. a^\ Epod. 3^ and in Ovid, b) 
 Hereafter, some day. S. i. 4'" numquid ego illi imprudens olim 
 faciam simile? 6*^ 2. 5^', Ep. i. 3^^, A. P. 386. H. uses olim of an 
 event which has occurred during his life-time, S. i. 6"' ^*. Cf. 
 also S. I. 3'^ 2. 3^1 
 
 In /.: a) Sometimes, ofttimes, a) above. 10'^- patriam tamen 
 
 ' For examples see Hand, III, pp. 647-4S. 
 
 * In his paper Was heist bald . . . bald? 
 
 ■■' Fritzsche, Schiitz and Palmer place a period after scrutare and throw 
 modo ittquatn with the next sentence. I prefer to read as above. So Orelli 
 and Kiessling. 
 
 ^Servius ad A. 8-''-" atque olim fere ut solet. 
 
20 
 
 obruit olim gloria paucorum. b) Hereafter, some day, b) above. 
 i4^-\ c) r= iamdudum. 4^° sed <?/z;w prodigio par est cum nobili- 
 tate senectus, 6*^' ^^ famam contempserat oli7n. I find no example 
 of olim in this sense before Seneca and Lucan.^ Tacitus uses olim 
 thus 16 times. For examples from other writers see Mayor on J. 
 4"^ Lagergren De Vita et Elocutione Plinii, p. 170, and Hand 
 IV, pp. 370-371. Similarly TraXai is used in Greek."^ 
 
 protinus, H. 3, J. 7. In -^; S. 2. 5-^ tu protinus unde divitias 
 , . . ruam die, augur. Protinus meaning at once, immediately f is 
 not common in prose until Livy. Cic. Inv. 2. 15. 20, Caes. B. G. 
 2. 9, 5. 17, B. C. I. 14. 
 
 Iny. : In every example* m]., protinus means straightway, at 
 once. With 14^-' sunt quaedam vitiorum elementa; h\s protinus 
 illos imbuit cf. H. Ep. 2. i^" os tenerum pueri . . . poeta fiourat, 
 torquet ab obscaenis iam mcnc sermonibus. To express "at 
 once," "immediately," H. uses continuo S. i. 2"*, 6'-'' ^"^ 2. 3"'°, 8'^ 
 J. also uses continuo, 6■'^^ \'^^^, 14'*'^ 
 
 quando, H. 17, J. 23. H. uses quando interrogative but 3 times, 
 J. 14 times. H. does not use quando — when except as interroga- 
 tive," J. only I2*\ J. uses si quando -^'''^ 5*", 8^'°, 12"'. Instead of 
 si quando H. uses quando czimque, quandoque, or quotiens. See 
 under those words. 
 
 quandocmnque, H. 3, J. o. S. i. g'-^ garrulus hunc quando 
 consumet ciimgue. As regards this indefinite use o'i quandocumque 
 for aliquando cf. Ov. M. 6^", 2. 3. r'', and the note of Schiitz on 
 H. 5. I. (f\ Other examples of tmesis will be found under Ad- 
 verbs in -temis. 
 
 quandoque, H. i, J. 3. In H.\ A. P. 359 indignor quandoqtce 
 bonus dormitat Homerus. For this use of qicandoque, occurring 
 already in Cic, see Krebs, II 405. Cf. also Miitzell and Vogee on 
 Curt. 7. 10. 9, Roby's Latin Grammar 2290. 
 
 In J. : In J. quandoque means only some day, of the future. 
 2-- foedius hoc aliquid qjiandoque audebis amictu. 5'"-, 14^^ In this 
 sense the word is mainly post- Augustan, only two examples being 
 quoted before silver Latin — Cic. Fam. 6. 19. 2, Livy 21. 3. 6. 
 
 ^Verg. G. 4^-^ it is more natural to take olim as ofttimes. So Koch, 
 Conington, and Papillon. 
 
 2 Soph. O. T. S96, Aj. 20; Ar. Vesp. T060; Plato Meno 91 A. 
 
 •■'Kiessling on Od. 3. 3^° denies this meaning of protinus for H. and Old 
 Latin. 
 
 "'3^", 4**, l'^^'\ II™. 13'™, I4'■^ i6-". 
 
 ^ S. 2. 2*'- is a possible exception, but see Kiessling's note. 
 
quoad, H. i, J. o. S. 2. 3-". Quoad here is a monosyllable.' 
 The above is the only undisputed example of quoad in poetry 
 after Plautus and Terence, so far as I can discover.^ 
 
 quondam, H. 7, J. 7. In H.: a) From time to time, sometimes. 
 S. 2. 2"- hie tamen ad melius poterit transcurrere quondavi, sive 
 diem festum rediens advexerit annum, seu'^ . . . Ep. i. 18"^ falli- 
 mur, et quondam non dignum tradimus. It is questionable 
 whether Cicero uses quondam thus. Div. i. 43. 98 and Fam. 2. 
 16. 2 are quoted, but consult Wilkins' note on H. Ep. i. i8'^ 
 The word is found in this sense, however, H. Od. 2. lo'^ Verg. 
 A. 2''^', Ov, M. 9^™, 8'"'. So the Greeks occasionally used Trdre/ 
 b) Limiting a verbal noun. Ep. 2. 2"" emptor , . . quondam. 
 Cf. A. P. 443 nullum ultra verbum, Ep. 2. i"' sic fautor veterum. 
 Od. 3. if late tyrannus. For the attributive use of adverbs in 
 Latin consult Dr. I 131 fol. ; Reisig, 150 and note; Overholthaus, 
 Syntaxis Catullianae capita duo, p. 15 ; Uri, O^iatenus apud 
 Sallnstium sermonis Latini plebeii atit cotidiani vestigia appa- 
 reant, p. 121; Riemann, Etudes sur Tite-Live, p. 245; Dr., Syn- 
 tax tind Siil des Tacitus, p. 8 ; Kraut, Uebcr Syntax und Stil des 
 jiingeren Plinius, p. 25. 
 
 quotiens, H. 3, J. 19. The large use of this word is character- 
 istic of J. He employs it instead of ubi or qziandocumque. See 
 under those words. 
 
 raro. H. 4, J. o. S. i. i'^', 4^^ 2. 2■''^ ■^. J., in common with 
 the Latin poets generally, uses the corresponding adjective instead 
 of raro^ I find no example of raro in post-Augustan poetry 
 except Mart. i. 93", 5. 39^, 14. 2i3\ Among the classical poets-, 
 Lucr. 6"«' "««, Hon Od. 3. 2^\ Verg. Cat. f\ Ov. M. 13"^ J. 8«' 
 si rar(2 iugo victoria sedit, 5^^ 10'-, \'^. 
 
 7'epente, H. o, J. 2. H. uses subiio 4 times, J. only 3"^^ 
 
 semel, H. 14, J. 5. In H.: a) Once, once for all. S. i, 4'"' et 
 quodcumque scmel c\\2.x\S.s illeverit. 2. i", 7'^ Ep. i. 2'"', 7-'", lo^', 
 j^os^ 18", A. P. 331, 452. b) Once, only once. Ep. 2. 2" semel\i\c 
 cessavit. A. P. 468. c) ut semel, si semel, C7im semel. S. 2. i^* 
 
 ' Brand, Inter sit. ne aliqitid inter Horatii Flacci satiras et ejtisdctn c pistol as, 
 p. 38, puts down this monosyllabic use of quoad ■&% an archaism. 
 
 -The usually accepted reading Lucret. 2**^, s'-i'*' "^^isii';^^;^^, but Lachniann 
 reads quo ad. 
 
 •''The Lexica take quondam here as ^^ some day — of the future. 
 
 ^Cf. Ilaupt on Ov. M. 9''". 
 
 5Cf. Krebs II, p. 431. 
 
22 
 
 saltat Milorius ut semel icto accessit fervo capiti. 2. 5^^^ si seviel, 
 7'^ cum semcl. Ep. i, 10", A. P. 331. 
 
 In/: a) Once, once for all, a) above. 13-*-. b) Once, only 
 once, b) above. 4'^^* et sejjiel aspecti litus dicebat echini, c) At 
 o?ice, once for all. 6^'^ ut quidquid subiti . . . discriminis instat in 
 tunicas eat et totum se^nel expiet annum. 
 
 szf7ml, H. 27, J. o.' a) Wilk me, in my company. Ep. i. 10^" 
 excepto quod non swiul esses cetera laetus. Kiessling remarks 
 that this use oi simtil is colloquial, and compares Cic. Att. 6. 2. 8 
 scribis morderi te interdum quod non simul sis. b) simul pri- 
 mum. Ep. 2. 2'^ unde simul primum me dimisere Philippi. This 
 combination is rare. Dr. II 601 pronounces it everywhere ques- 
 tionable. It is found Livy 6. i. 6, 35. 44. 5. Simul ac prinmm 
 is used by Cicero Verr. 2. 13. 34, and by Suet. Jul. 30, Nero 43. 
 c) In anaphora. S. 2. 2''. d) As a preposition. S. i. 10®^ simul 
 his. Simul with the ablative occurs first in H. ; then Verg. A. 
 5'^', 11*^"; Ov. T. 5. io-'='; Sen. Tro. 1045; Sil. 3^«^ 5«« ; Tac. An. 
 3. 64, 4. 55, 6. 9, 13. 34. Proc2il vixX}^. the ablative occurs first in 
 H.; then Ov. Pont. i. 5"', 4. g'"', and often in Livy and silver 
 writers.' e) For sivml atque. S. i.i^", 2. 2''- ", 3-"', 6^'' "*, Ep. i. 
 6", 7^", Io^ 19'". 
 
 H.'s large use o{ simul atque — 5 times, simul ac — 5 times, and 
 simul = simul atqzie — 10 times, is noteworthy. Instead of these 
 expressions, J. uses simply cum or ut with the indicative. So 
 ji«, 160^ ^122.135^ ^60,63^ ^^j dsewherc. Where simul might have 
 been written he uses pariter 6'" duae pariter sorores. 6^''' ^'^' "'■ ^'^ 
 jq309^ 13206. Where siniul cuvi might have been written he uses 
 simply ciim. So 2'^■^ 3''^ e^^^' ''\ and elsewhere. With H. S. i. 
 lo'"^ sinml his (PoUio, Messala, and others) cf. J. 3'^* C7im molli 
 Demetrius Haemo. As J. uses simzil not at all, so he employs 
 u?ia but once, 15"^^ Martial uses u?ia only once (i. 96"), and 
 sitnul on]y 10, 35'", n. 58^". 
 
 tandem, H. 7, J. 11. In H.: Ep. i. 17' quamvis . . . scis quo 
 tandem pacto deceat maioribus uti." Wilkins states, in his note 
 on this passage, that no parallel has been adduced for this use of 
 tandem in a dependent question. 
 
 ^The second hand of P, and almost all the minor MSS have simul 5I", 
 and so Mayor reads in his last edition. Buecheler and Weidner, however, 
 follow Jahn and read semel. 
 
 ^Krebs II, p. 352 ff. 
 
 ■'Schutz thinks that tande7n here has the force of doch^nur, and serves 
 merely to fix the attention. 
 
23 
 
 turn, H. 15, J. 3. In H.: a) Of future time. S. i. i""', 2. s''^ 
 /7^W2 gener hoc faciei, b) Then, thereupon. See under ^^z«(f(? a). 
 
 In /. ; a) ttim cum 7^"-. b) tunc . . . turn in anaphora 6''-'. 
 
 tunc, H. 3/ J. 34. In H. ; Thereupon, then. S, 2. 2'-^ bene 
 erat . . . puUo atque haedo ; tunc pensilis uva secundas . . . ornabat 
 mensas. A. P. 103. Cf. deinde b). This use oi ttmc is rare until 
 after the Augustan period. Cic. Verr. 2. 2. 52, Fam. 3. 5. 3, 3. 6. 
 2, Livy 3. 70. 8, 7. 8. i, 45. 25. i. Taic used thus is not found in 
 Caesar or Vergil. 
 
 In/,: a) As^=^ thereupon, then. 6^'''^ iq-'", 12", I3^"^ See under 
 tunc in H. b) tunc . . . turn, in anaphora. 6'-'. c) tunc cum, 
 tunc . . . cum. 13^^', io'*'"\ d) /z^;zc . . . quotiens. 14"^ e) ^?;^- 
 phaiic, ''at that very time.'' 2'"' adulter . . . qui tunc leges re- 
 vocabat amaras . . . ipsis Veneri Martique timendas. 
 
 ubi (temp.), H. 29, J. i.^ In H.\ ubi -\- ablative absohite. S. 
 2. 8^" his ubi sublatis, puer . . . mensani pertersit. In some cases 
 in which H. would have used ubi,]. uses quotiens, which occurs 
 in H. only 3 times, in J. 19 times. 
 
 ut (temp.), H. 10, J. 2.^ 
 
 3. Adverbs of Manyier and Degree. 
 
 adeo, H. 4, J. 15. In all four examples from H.^ adeo is used 
 normally — limiting an adjective. In no case is it accompanied by 
 usque or any other particle. Nowhere does it follow its word. 
 
 Iny. : a) Limiting an adjective but following its word. 5^^' 
 quis vestrum temerarius usque adeo . . . ut . . . 6^" paucae adeo. 
 6'*'- uis deditus autem usque adeo ut . . . lo"-"' rara est adeo. 13^**, 
 15**". This position oi adeo, in the sense in which it is here used, 
 is not common. Ter. Heaut. 5. i'", Verg. A. i"''^.^ b) Introducing 
 a clause — the conjunctive use. 3''* adeo tot fata quot ilia nocte 
 patent vigiles . . . fenestrae. 11'^' adeo nulla uncia nobis est eboris. 
 
 •The MSS of H. favor twic, S. 2. 2I21, 3304, A. P. 103. So Keller and 
 Holder read, and Keller states in his Epilegoviena zii Horaz, note on S. 
 2. 3^°*, that here the archetype undoubtedly had ttcnc. Scliiitz follows the 
 MSS in all three cases. Palmer writes iiim S. 2. z^-^, tunc 2. 3™*. Kiess- 
 ling writes turn in all three cases, holding that H. does not use tunc before 
 consonants. See his note on Epod. 17'". 
 
 2 I !«. 3 4<;n fi:!. 
 
 <S. I. I's f, Kp. I. i-i'', 2. i'^ 
 
 *The former reading, Livy 4. 54. 4 avidissivio adeo populo, has been cor- 
 rected to avidissimo ad ea populo. 
 
24 
 
 13^-'' quantulacumque adeo est occasio sufficit irae.^ This conjunc- 
 tive use of a^<?^— where Cicero would have used tanium — is found 
 first Verg. G. 2^''^^ It is quite common in Livy, and occurs in 
 Curtius, Quintihan, Tacitus, and later, in Lactantius. c) With a 
 verb. 6"^ adeo sennerunt Jupiter et Mars? I2'^ 14'''. 
 
 The large use of adeo in J. is to be accounted for by his fondness 
 for ending a thought with a clause such as we introduce by so, so 
 great For this purpose he uses adeo, or some case of iantus, -a, 
 -2wi. Examples of such a clause introduced by adeo are : 6^" 
 auratam lunoni caede iuvencam, si tibi contigerit capitis matrona 
 pudici. paucae adeo Cereris vittas contingere dignae, quarum non 
 timeat pater oscula. 10''', I2'^ i^'\ I4'='^ 15'', and elsewhere. 
 Examples of such a clause introduced by some case of tanius, -a, 
 -urn are : 6^^^ ta7itum artes huius . . . possunt. e^-\ f\ 10"°' ''*■ '»', 
 j^ss, 75^ j^2M jj^g Qj^iy cases of tanius, -a, -um so introducing 
 a clause in H. are Ep. 2. 1^°^ tanto cum strepitu ludi spectantur, 
 and A. P. 243 and 244. 
 
 alioqui, H. 2, J. o. S. I. 4*, 6'"'. This word appears to have 
 been introduced into literature by H., and is used in poetry by 
 him only.^ 
 
 After H. alioq^d is used by Livy, and is a favorite word in silver 
 Latin.* 
 
 aliter, H. i,^ J. 4. In /. : a) Otherwise, unless this be true. 
 ^281 gj.gQ j^Qj^ aliter poterit dormire ? b) Differently, in the con- 
 trary manner. 6" quippe aliter tunc orbe novo . . . vivebant 
 homines, c) non aliter . . . quatn. S"", f-°. 
 
 Instead of aliter H. uses a) hatid ita S. 2. 5". b) secus A. P. 
 14''. c) alioqui, for which see above. 
 
 bene, H. 43, J. 11. \xv H.\ a) With an adjective, =valde.^ S. 
 I. 3'^^ bene sano. 9" beJie sanae. H. so uses male S. i. 3'^' *^ 4"', 
 
 1 Here Mayor and Weidner take adeo as = iniTtio. As this use of the word 
 is not found elsewhere in J., and it seems quite natural to take it as = "to 
 such an extent is it true that " — which use is found elsewhere in J.— I prefer 
 so to take it. 
 
 -The passage Cic. Off. i. 11. 37 is bracketed by the recent editors as a 
 later interpolation. So Orelli and Baiter, Stickney, and C. F. W. Mllller. 
 
 3 Cf. Kiessling to S. i. 4*. The line Lucret. 3"* is rejected by Lachmann, 
 while Monroe reads there alioquoi. Cf. also Reisig, N. 431 b. 
 
 *Cf. Ribbeck, Lat. Part., p. 20; Hand, I, p. 235 fol. 
 
 * Ep. 2. 2^^. 
 
 ^Porphyrion to H. Od. 3. 24^ bene pro valde positum, ut apud Ennium 
 frequenter. 
 
25 
 
 9''^ 2. 5"- For this usage in Latin consult Wolfflin, Archiv, I, p. 
 95 ff., and the references of Schnialz, Ueber den Sprachgebrauch 
 des Asinius Pollio, p. 43. b) bene est, bene erat. S. 2. 2^'^° bene 
 erat . . . pullo atque haedo. 6*, 8*, Ep. i. i®^, 12* si ventri bene, si 
 lateri est. Cf. Odes 3. 16*^ bene est. This usage belongs mainly 
 to the style of conversation, c) S. 2. 21'^ valeas bene, d) A. P. 
 428 clamabit enim 'pulchre, bene, recte.' 
 
 In/.: 10'- '<5^;Z(? habet : nil plus interrogo.' This same expres- 
 sion occurs Cic. Mur. 6. 14, Prop. 5 (4). ii^', Livy 8. 6. 4, 9. i, 
 Stat. Th. ii^^\ 12"^^ Cf. Mayor on J. 10'-. In the conversational 
 style of an author so fond of his ease as H. we should naturally 
 expect a much larger use of a broad and for the most part color- 
 less word like bene than in the vigorous and direct style of J. 
 Male occurs 28 times in H., 4 times in J. 
 
 benigne, H. 3, J. o. a) In declining an offer, "I thank you." 
 Ep. I. 7'" 'at tu quantum vis tolle.' 'benigne' . . . 'ut libet.' y**-. 
 This usage occurs in Plautus and Terence and Cic. Verr. 3. 85. 
 196. Schiitz cfs. KoKai in Greek." b) Freely, fully. Ep. i. 17" 
 si prodesse tuis pauloque benignius. So Od. i. 9". 
 
 frustra, H. 8, J. o.^ Frustra is used by almost every Latin 
 poet, including Lucan, Statins, Silius and Martial. I find no sub- 
 stitute in J. He uses nequiquam 8""\ 
 
 humane, H. i, J. o. Ep. 2. 2'" intervalla vides humane com- 
 moda. Humane is here used in irony, and has the force oi probe, 
 admodum. Cf. the notes of Schiitz and Kiessling. 
 
 iia, H. 23, J. 4. In H.: a) ila ut. S. i. 2'" vix credere possis 
 quam sibi non sit amicus, iia ut pater ille . . . Cf. Caes. B. G. i. 
 12 flumen est Ara , . . incredibili lenitate, iia ut . . ., and i. 38. 
 b) In answering, ''Yes." S. 2. y'' 'Davus-ne?' 'iia, Davus.' 
 Cf. Ten Eun. 4. 4^"*, And. 5. 2-, Cic. Or. 2. 10. 43. c) In adjura- 
 tion. S. 2. 2^-' ac venerata Ceres, iia culmo surgeret alto, expli- 
 cuit . . , Similarly H. uses sic Od. i. 3^ S. 2. 3^"". d) haud ita, 
 non ita, followed by a7t adjective or adverb. See under hated a) 
 below, e) atque ita porro. S. i. 3'" pugnis, dein fustibus, atque 
 ita porro pugnabant arm is. 
 
 In _/ ; a) To mark a direct quotation. 2* atque ita subridens, 
 'Felicia tempora . . .' 13'-". b) With illative force, "then,'' "so 
 
 'In all of these passages the expression is ' l>ene habet' and in a direct 
 quotation. 
 
 ^ Ar. Ran. 512. 
 
 •^ Cf. Wolfflin on Frustra, neqtiiqtiani ttiid Synotiyma, Archiv, II, p. 9 ff. 
 
26 
 
 ihenr 6'" 'pone crucem servo.' 'meruit quo crimine servus 
 . . .?' '. . . o demens, ita servus homo est? ' 
 
 That H. uses ita so inuch oftener than J. is partially to be 
 accounted for by the fondness of the former for similes and com- 
 parisons. The colloquial element in H., too, has its influence 
 here; so b) and c) in H. above. H. uses ita twice for tain, which 
 usage is not found in J. 
 
 item, H. 2, J. o. S. i. 3", A. P. 90. Item is not freely used in 
 poetry. Besides the examples just quoted from H., I find the 
 word only in Plautus and Terence, Cat. 6r^^ Lucr. 5'^', Verg. G. 
 i'^' Culex 402. Item is doubtful for Tacitus, but occurs in Pliny 
 the Elder, Quintilian and Suetonius. 
 
 longe, H. 9, J. 8. In //!: a) With the superlative. S. i. 5' 
 longe d'octissimus. 5'', 6'-'% H. uses multo with a superlative 
 twice. S. I. 5'', 2. 3''. Only multo was used to strengthen the 
 superlative until Cicero, who used longe first Rose. Am. 12. 33. 
 Then for a considerable time Cicero uses longe and multo almost 
 equally. In his latest writings multo is the exception. Caesar 
 uses only longe, Nepos only imilto. Sallust uses multo 4 times, 
 loiige once (Jug. 9. 2). Livy, Pliny tne Elder, and Quintilian use 
 both multo and longe with the superlative. Only multo survives 
 in the Romance languages; showing that it was used rather than 
 longe in the language of daily life.' H. nowhere uses longe with 
 a comparative ; notice, however, S. 2. 5"' vincit longe. b) longe 
 longeque. S. i. 6'*. See under Doubling of Adverbs. 
 
 In /. : a) Of time. 7" longe ferrata domus. Longe temporal 
 occurs several times in Martial, b) With a comparative. 6'''" 
 longe minus. This usage occurs Hirtius, B. A. 46. 4, B. H. 7. 5, 
 Sail. Hist. 3. 61. 9 D., Verg. A. 9^^«, Ov. M. ^'^\ and in Livy, Vel- 
 leius, Valerius Maximus, Curtius, Seneca, Quintilian, and other 
 silver writers.' I cannot parallel the example from J. of longe 
 with the comparative in any silver poet except Phaedrus. J. has 
 no example of a superlative limited by longe, multo or multum. 
 
 male, H. 28, J. 4. \n H.\ a) With an adjective, —valde. S. 
 I. 3^1 male laxus. 3*% 4'', 9''. 2.' 5*'- For this usage see under 
 bene a), and Schmalz, Ueber den Sprachgebrauch des Asinius 
 
 1 For this treatment of lo7ige and vmlto^\X\^ the superlative I am indebted 
 to Thielmann, De sernionis proprittatibus quae Icgtuitur apiid Cornificiuni et 
 in primis Ciceronis libris, p. 69 ff., and to Wolfflin, Lateinische und roman- 
 ische Coniparation, p. 37 ff. 
 
 2 Wolfflin, Lateinische und rotnanische Coviparation, pp. 39-40. 
 
27 
 
 Pollio, p. 44. b) With negative force} S. 2. 3^'" male tutae 
 mentis. 4'' male creditur. 5'^ 6'^ Ep. i. ig', 20'''. For the dis- 
 proportion in the number of times male occurs in H. and J, cf. the 
 remark on bene, p. 24. 
 
 m2dto, H. 7, J. I. J. 13'^". Where multo might have been 
 written J. sometimes uses longe or viultum. See under those 
 words. For m^ilto with the superlative see under longe in H. a) 
 and in J. (end). 
 
 7nultum, H. 12, J. 5. In H.: With an adjective. S. 2. 3'" 
 imdtiim celer. 5^'-, Ep. i. 10'' vmltnm dissimiles. 2. 2"". For 
 this usage consult Wolfiflin, Lateiiiische tind romanische Compa- 
 ratio7i, p. 8. It is vulgar in its origin, and frequent in Plautus. 
 Reisig, N. 402"; Krebs, II, p. loi. It occurs in Cic. Off. i. 109, 
 Agr. 3. 13. 
 
 In /.: a) With an adjective, as above. 10^ imiltmn diversa. 
 b) With the comparative. 10'^" multum hie robustior. 1 2^. This 
 usage is not common, and is not found in Cicero or Caesar.^ 
 Plaut. Most. 3. 2^", Luc. 2"", Quint. 10. i. 94, Sil. 13™^' 
 
 nequaquam, H. 2, J. o. S. 2. 4^®, Ep, 2. 1'-°. 
 
 Neg7iaqua?n is a prose word. Besides the above examples I 
 find in poetry only Plaut. Cas. 3. 2*, Trin. 2. 4'". 
 
 neguiqnam, H. 2, J. i. H. S. 2. 7-', Ep. i. 3''. J. 8'°^ Neq7ii- 
 qjiam is almost entirely avoided by silver prose-writers. Only 
 Quintilian and Tacitus use it once each : Quint. 8. 2. 2, Tac. Hist. 
 2. 24. Among silver poets Persius uses it 3 times (2^^ 4'^' ^°), 
 Lucan once, Valerius 14 times, Silius 22 times. Statins 16 times. 
 Martial does not use the word, employing yrz«/r« 11 times.' 
 Wolfflin, Archiv, II, pp. 7-10. 
 
 nimis, H. 6, J. i.* 
 
 niminm, H. 7, J. o. 
 
 pariter, H. 4, J. 11. J. uses pariter where simul might be 
 expected. See under simul, p. 22. J. does not use simul. 
 
 parum, H. 3, J. o. 
 
 prave, H. 4, J. o. S. 2. 3-' sive ego prove seu recte hoc volui. 
 Ep. I. i'"* prave sectum . . . unguem. 2. \^'^, A. P. 88 prudens 
 prave. Cf. recte and the last remarks on that word. 
 
 'Cf. Wilkinson Ep. i. 19-'. 
 2 Krebs, II, p. loi. 
 
 "For multum ante, infra, etc., consult Krebs, II, p. loi, and Kiihner, 
 Lateinische Grammatik, II, p. 295. 
 
 4 6445_ 
 
28 
 
 pulchre, H. 2, J. o. S. 2. 8'" pulchre fuerit tibi. A. P. 428 
 clamabit enim, 'pulch-e, bene, recte.' 
 
 qui, H. 15, J.o. H. uses qui d.s = q2W modo in every case, 
 never as = quare, or in any of the other uses so common in early 
 Latin/ ^) With a verb. S. 1. 1' ^z« fit . . . ut . . . i^^'illuc redeo 
 qui nemo ut avarus se probet/ 2. 3^°^' ^•'°. Ep. i. 6", A. P. 462. 
 b) With an adjective. S. 2. 3'" qui sanior ac si . . .? 3'"' "\ 7'°'. 
 Ep. I. 6*', 16*'' qui mehor servo, qui Hberior, sit avarus . . . non 
 video, c) Alone. S. i. 3''' sutor tamen est sapiens, qtiif d) 
 In anaphora. Ep. i. 16"^ 
 
 1 find no substitute of J. for qui. He uses quo . . . modo once 
 (6""). Qui is a prose word. I find no clear example in classical 
 or silver poetry beyond those in the S. and Ep. of Horace, Pers. 
 i^^, Phaed. i. i'., Caesar uses qui only B. C. 2. 32^ Nepos only 
 Ar. 3. 2. In silver prose I find only Quint. 5. 13. 45, 6. i. 7, 7. 3. 
 34, and Pliny, 7. 5. 189. 
 
 recte, H. 33, J. i.' H. uses recte broadly, a) S. i. 4'' scribendi 
 recte. A. P. 309. b) S. 2. 2'* uni nimirum tibi recte semper 
 erunt res, i. e. things will be prosperous with you. 3^®'. c) Ep. 
 I. I*® rem facias; rem si possis recte; si non, quocumque modo 
 rem. d) Ep. i. 2" recte vivendi. 6'\ 2>\ 16". e) Ep. i. f recte 
 . . . valentem. 16''. f) Ep. i. 8'^ ut valeat . . . ut placeat iuveni 
 percontare : si dicet 'recte' ... g) A. P. 428 clamabit enim 'pul- 
 chre, bene, recte' The large use of recte in H. is partially to be 
 accounted for by his conversational style. So e), f), g) above. 
 H. uses recte 4 times in the Odes, whereas the word appears to 
 be rare elsewhere in poetry. Beyond the examples in Plautus, 
 Terence and H., I find only Ov. Pont. 2. 3>^ Mart. 7. ^d\ J. 9"'- 
 
 secus, H. I, J. o. A. P. 149. Among the silver poets I find 
 only one example oi secus — Luc. lo"^ 
 
 sic, H. 60, J. 26. In H.: a) "As follows;' of a direct quotation. 
 S. I. i*'^ ut quidam . . . dives populi contemnere voces sic solitus : 
 populus me sibilat ... 2. i=^\ 6"«, 8™, Ep. i. \f\ 2. 2^ b) Thus, 
 in the above words, of a direct quotation. S. 1. 4''°. c) For adeo. 
 S. 2. 8'' 'ut . . . iuvit te cena?' '. . . sic ut mihi numquam . . . 
 fuerit melius.' d) sic . . . si. Ep. i. 7''^ sic ignovisse putato me 
 
 > See the dissertation of Kienitz, De qui localis modalis apnd priscos 
 Latinos usu (Leipsic, 1879). 
 
 2 Here I follow the reading of Cruquius, Palmer, Kiessling, and the last 
 edition of Orelli, against the formerly accepted ilhic . . . redeo nemo iit. 
 
29 
 
 tibi, si cenas hodie mecum, e) In adjuration. S. 2. 3^°" stoice, 
 post damnum sic vendas omnia pluris, qua me stultitia insanire 
 putas? For this usage see Kiessling on Od. i. 3^ It survived 
 in Italian-' f) sic . . . ut for tanhim . . . quantum. S. 2. S^*' pa- 
 rochi . . . nil sic metuentis ut acris potiores. g) In drawing a 
 moral conclusion. Ep. i. 10''^ sic qui paupertatem veritus potiore 
 metallis libertate caret dominum vehet. Cf. Ep. 1.9'". h) For 
 TAM, limiting an adjective. S. i. 3'** nil fuit umquam sic impar 
 sibi. 5**", Ep. 2. 1'™ sic leve, sic parvum est animum quod laudis 
 avarum submit, i) Limiting a verbal 7ioun. Ep. 2. i" sic fautor 
 veterum. Cf. quondam b) and modo (in J.) c). j) In anaphora. 
 Ep. I. i8"-^ 2. i"l 
 
 Iny. ; a) sic zit^=^on condition that. 8'^ sed te censeri laude 
 tuorum Pontice noluerim sic ut nihil ipse futurae laudis agas. S^^''. 
 Cf. sic ... si, d) above, b) ergo cavebis . . . ne tu sic Creticus 
 aut Camerinus. c) 13'^' continue sic collige quod ... e) ^'As 
 follows" of a direct quotation. 14'^". f) In the above words — of 
 a direct quotation. 15". ^ In anaphora. 6'"^ 
 
 The large difference in the number of times sic occurs in H. 
 and J. is partially to be attributed to the fact that H. is very fond 
 of simile, while J. uses this figure much less frequently. 
 
 sicut, H. 2, J. 6. In/.: a) As for iristance. 6^" multa in facie 
 deformia, sicut attritus galea mediisque in naribus ingens gibbus. " 
 7^°*. b) Inasmuch as, since. 1^'- huius . . . miserabile debet ex- 
 emplum esse cibi, sicztt modo dicta mihi gens . . . hostibus ipsis 
 pallorem ac maciem . . . miserantibus . . . membra aliena fame 
 lacerabant. Only two other examples of sicut in this sense are 
 quoted — Plaut. Epid. 2. 2'' and Mil. 4. I'^l' 
 
 tafn, H. 13, J. 25. H. uses tarn with a verb only once. Ep. i. 
 7^** tarn teneor dono quam si . . . J. does not so use ta?n. 
 
 Instead of tarn with an adjective or adverb, H. uses ita twice,'' 
 tanium three times,' adeo four times,^ and sic three times.** J. also 
 uses adeo where tarn might have been employed. See examples 
 under adeo above. 
 
 1 Dante, Purg. 2'" Cotal m' apparve, si ancor lo veggia, Un lume . . . 
 
 Ters. I. 3" is doubtful. Tyrrell on Mil. 4. i'^^, after Langen, denies that 
 sicut can be causal. Ribbeck, Der cchte und der tinechte Juvenal, p. 48, 
 cites this causal use oi sicut as pointing to the spuriousness of the Fifteenth 
 Satire. 
 
 •■'S. I. !'•«■', 2. 8'«. < S. 2. 3'"-'' ■*", 5™. 
 
 ^S. I. \^'\ f, Ep. I. 1^9, 2. i^*. «S. I. 319, 569, Ep. 2. i"». 
 
30 
 
 tantum, H. 14, J. 26. In H.: Limiting an adjective. S. 2. 3"^ 
 tantum dissimiletn. 3"', 5-". Cf. multum dissimiles Ep. i. lo'^ 
 
 In/.: a) i"^ cuius ad effigiem own taniuni meiere fas est. b) 
 In anaphoi'a. 7'^ 
 
 H. uses tantum . . . gtiantum twice — S. i. 8^', 2. 5*". J. does 
 not use this combination. H. uses tantum "only" 7 times, before 
 its word 3 times — S. i. 4' mutatis tantum pedibus. 2. 3i«so'''; J. 
 24 times, before its word 7 times. 
 
 ut (modi), H. 7, J. o. In H.\ a) Interrogative. S. 2. 5^- ut 
 ne tegam spurco Damae latus? 8\ Ep. i. 3'-', 18'". This usage, 
 Hke the following, belongs mainly to the style of conversation, 
 b) Exclaviatory. S. 2. 6^^ ut tu semper eris derisor ! 8'", Ep. i. 
 19^1 Instead of ut J. uses quam. 10-* quam timeo victus ne 
 poenas exigat Aiax. 
 
 utaimque,Y{. o,]. i. 10''^ exitus ille utc7imqice hominis, Ut- 
 cumque here = at any rate, in any case. This usage occurs first 
 Livy 29. 15. 1. Then Ovid, Curtius, Quintilian, Pliny the Younger, 
 Tacitus, and Suetonius^ use it.'^ 
 
 valde, H. 2, J. o. Ep. i. 9*^ videt ac novit me valdnis ipso. 
 A. P. 321. 
 
 The only example oivalde I find in poetry, other than those in 
 Plautus and the Epistles of Horace, are Cat. 68"' and Mart. 3. 44^ 
 
 vehit, H. 14, J. 6. In H.: S. 2. 8^* ut nihil omnino gustaremus 
 velut illis Canidia adflasset. Velut here = velut si. A. P. 245. 
 
 In /. .• For velut si. 4\ 6*', 13''', 13''*. J. does not use velut si. 
 
 veluti, H. 9, J. I." In H.: For vehit si. S. 2. 3^1 Martial 
 uses veluti only once (11. 36^). 
 
 4. Adverbs of Chance. 
 
 forsan, H. o, J. 2. 
 
 for sit, H. I, J. o. Forsit S. i. b^'^ appears to be 'd-na^ Xeyofxevov.* 
 
 forsitan, H. o, J. 6. J. uses forsitan with the indicative. 14'^^ 
 hac forsitan ipsa nocte cadet. This construction is poetical (Ovid, 
 Propertius) and post-Augustan. Riemann.^/z^^i?^ sur Tite-Live, 
 p. 292. 
 
 fortasse, H. 4, J. 5. 
 
 1 Krebs, II 639. 
 
 '^ Dr., Syntax u?td Stil des Tacitus, p. 9. 
 
 3 J i200_ 
 
 *This passage is quoted by Priscian, p. 1015 P. Fors et is now read 
 Verg. A. ii^° 2.\xA forsitan Lucr. 6"^ 
 
fortassis, H. 2, J. o. S. i. 4"\ 2. 7'". Elsewhere in poetry I 
 find fortassis only Plant. As. 2. 4^^ Bacch. 4. 4-''. Caesar and 
 Nepos do not use the form ; Cicero in the Orations only Cluent. 
 144 and 201. 
 
 iemere^ H. 6, J. o. a) noji temere, 7iot at random, not easily. 
 S. 2. 2"''non ego temere edi luce profesta quicquam praeter holus. 
 Schiitz here explains non . . . temere by no7i facile. Palmer com- 
 pares ov paSicos. Ep. 2. i^'^" vatis avarus non temere est animus. 
 2^^ b) At random, easily — withotd the negative. A. P. 160 iram 
 colligit ac ponit temere. This usage is found in all periods, but is 
 rare in classical prose. Krebs, II, p. 587. As H. uses ?Z(?w /<??«^r^, 
 ]. Mses haud facile. ^^* haud facile emergunt quorum virtubus 
 obstat res angusta domi. 
 
 5. Coinparative with the force of the positive. 
 
 ocius, H. 3, J. 4. \n H.\ S. i. 9^ ire modo ocitis, interdum con- 
 sistere. 2, 7^*' "'. 
 
 In f. : 6"^ exi ocius et propera. 6"", 7"^ 14"^^ Cf. Ter. Heaut. 
 
 4. 7^ Plaut. Cure. 2. 2'\ Caes. B. G. 5. 44, Verg. A. f-\ Pers. 3' 
 ocius adsit hue aliquis ! 
 
 citius,\i.o,]. 2. i^" «VzM^ dimitte. Mosaris? 4'^*. Cf, Ter. 
 Hec. 3. z\ 
 
 6. Doubling of Adverbs. 
 
 iam iam, H. o, J. i. 6''-" iam iam privignum occidere fas est. 
 lam iam occurs in all periods, and in prose as well as poetry. 
 Hand, III, p. 155 ff. 
 
 longe longeqtie, H. i, J. o. S. i. 6^* quid oportet nos facere a 
 volgo longe longeque remotos. Schiitz remarks in his note on 
 this passage that longe longeque is good Latin. Cic. Fin. 2. 21. 
 68; Ov. M. 4'"^; Flor. i, 45. 4; Cell. 14. i. 20; Digest 4. 4. 39.'^ 
 
 unde unde, H. i, J. o. S, i. 3*® qui nisi . . . nummos unde unde 
 extricat, i. e. undectcnique. As to this usage see Orelli on S. i. 3^*. 
 
 7, Other Adverbs. 
 
 equidem, H. 4, J. o. Concessively, ''it is true," ''to be sure.'^ 
 
 5. 2. 1''^ equidevi nihil hinc diffindere possum, sed tamen . . . Ep. 
 
 •As regards the length of the final e in tenure see the note of Wolfflin, 
 Archiv, IV, p. 51, 
 
 '^ Schiitz cites Lucr. 3'''', but Lachmann seems right in separating the 
 words there. 
 
32 
 
 2. i^'. H. uses equidem only with the first person singular. So 
 Terence/ Cicero, Caesar, Vergil, Quintilian, both the Plinys, and 
 Tacitus. Plautus, Varro, Sallust, Persius, Lucan, Curtius, Justinus 
 and Ausonius do not regard the supposed derivation {ego + qui- 
 deni) in their use of equidem'^ 
 
 I find no example of equidem in any poet contemporary with 
 Juvenal, Tacitus uses the word only 5 times (Agr. 33. 14, Dial. 
 7. I, 21. I, 26. 15, An. 3. 12. 19). 
 
 hand, H. 15, J. 8. In //[; a) With adverbs — in litotes. S. 2. 
 2*" haud ita pridem. 5'^ haud ita Troiae me gessi. Cf. A. P. 254 
 non ita pridem and S. 2. 6' non ita magnus. Cicero has no exam- 
 ple of haud ita. Caesar, Nepos, Vergil and Livy use both haud 
 ita and non ita (rare in Livy).^ Ep. i. 7*" haud male, b) With 
 adjectives — in litotes. S. i. i^^ haud ignara. Ep. 2. 2^'** haud 
 ignobilis. c) With pronouns — an emphatic negative. S. i. 4" 
 haud illud quaerentes num ... 2. 6"' haud mihi vita est opus 
 hac. This usage is colloquial. Ter. And. 2. i'" haud ego, 3. 2^% 
 Hec. 2. 3^ haud pol me quidem. Plaut. Capt. 3. 4"^ haud istuc. 
 d) With a causal clause. Ep. i. 8* haud quia grando contuderit 
 vitis . . . sed quia ... e) With verbs. S. i. 9^" and 2. i^' haud 
 mihi dero. i"^'* haud petet. 
 
 H. uses non sine 5 times, never haud sine.^ Haud occurs only 
 once in the Odes and Epodes of H. (Epod. i'''). 
 
 Inf.: a) With a7i adverb — in litotes. 3'" /i^7^^ facile. h)With 
 an adjective — in litotes. € haiid similis. 8^®^ haud mira. 11", 
 13"'"'^^?^^ impunitum. 14^^", 16®. c) In a7t exhortation, f^ haud 
 tamen invideas rati quem pulpita pascunt. I cannot parallel this 
 use oi haud. Cf. Hand, III, p. 35.'^ 
 
 plerumque, H. 6, J. i.® The silver poets seem to have avoided 
 this word, not frequent in the Augustan poets. I find no other 
 example than J. 11*", Phaedr. i. 29^ 3. 16". 'WherG plerimique 
 might have been employed, J. nsesferme 8'', if^^,fere io'-\ 14''^ 
 H. also uses fere in this sense. 
 
 1 Jordan, Kritische Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Lat. Sprache, p. 327 ff. 
 
 ^Ribbeck, Lat. Partikeln, p. 36 ff.; Jordan, Kritische Beitrdge, p. 314 ff. 
 
 ^Dr. I, p. 134 ; Kiihnast, Liv. Syntax, p. 350. 
 
 * Lucr. a'-*" haud sine. 
 
 *For a discussion of hand in the different Latin authors consult the dis- 
 sertation of Planer, De Hand et Haud-quaquam negationum apud scriptores 
 Latinos usu (Jena, 1886), and Reisig, 188 N. 
 
33 
 
 Praeferea, H. 3, J. 11. Where prae^erea might have been used 
 H. uses, a) insuper. S. 2. 4"® msuper addes. b) super. S. 2. 7'* 
 adde super, c) adde, aide quod. S. i. i'* panis ematur, olus . . . 
 adde quis . . . doleat natura negatis. 2*' adde hue quod ... 2. 
 ■2^, 3-''' ^'\ 7■'^ Ep. I. 18"'. J. also uses adde thus \2^ adde et 
 bascandas et . . ., and adde quod 14^" «^^<? quod hunc egregium 
 populus putat. 15". d) porro. Ep. i. 16^^ nam qui cupiet 
 metuet quoque, porro qui metuens vivet, hber mihi non erit 
 umquam. 
 
 quidem, H. 5, J. 9. In H.: Concessively. Ep. i, 9^ multa qtd- 
 dem dixi, cur excusatus abirem, sed timui ... Cf. equidem above. 
 
 In. J.: Concessively. 2" hispida membra quidem . . . promittunt 
 atrocum animum, sed . . . 2^°", 6"**, 8"^ 11', 12-", 15". 
 
 usqjie, H. 17, J. 8. In H.: a) With ad. S. i. i^^ ad usque 
 supremum tempus. 2'^ inguen ad obscaenum tisque. 3', 5*'-' ^. 
 b) With the name of a town. S. i. 6^°^ usque Tarentum. c) Of 
 time, ''continually'' ''ever.'' S. i. 4'" usqice laborantes dum . . . 
 gi5. 19^ ^ jT6^ ^« Ep^ J jQ.,^ 2. 2"''' ■^'», A. P. 154, 354 si peccat idem 
 Hbrarius usque, d) S. i. 2''^ poenas dedit usque superque quam 
 satis est. 
 
 In /.: a) With ad, a. lO""^ usqice ad delicias. 13'^^ usque a 
 lucifero. b) Without ad — as a preposition} 10^ usqzie Auroram 
 et Gangen. Usque as a preposition is post-Augustan.- Luc. 3"^®°; 
 Pliny 3- 5- 75 Cretam usque, 18. 25. 215 ; Just. 7. i. 4 ; Stat. Th. ii«'; 
 Val. Fl. 2'".-' c) With adeo. 3*' tisqiie adeo nihil est quod . . . 
 
 For a full discussion of tisqzie with the accusative see Wolffliri, 
 Archiv, IV, pp. 52-67. For " Usqtie als selbst'dndiges Adverb'' 
 and " Usque ad, in, sub, super, post, ante" see Thielmann, Archiv, 
 V, pp. 438-52, and VII, p. 103 ff., respectively. 
 
 utpote, H. 4, J. o. S. I. 5'-"* inde Rubos fessi pervenimus 7itpote 
 longum carpentes iter, d^^^ utpote pluris culpari dignos. 2. 4^ 
 utpote res tenui sermone peractas. A. P. 206 utpote parvus. This 
 use oi utpote with a participle and adjectives, instead of the more 
 common construction with the relative, is not usual. Nepos Hann. 
 2. 3 puerulo me utpote non amplius novem annos nato. 
 
 Utpote occurs several times in Plautus; Cat. 64^®; Nep. Hann. 2. 
 
 ' Cf. the similar use of sitnul and procul in H. 
 ''Livy 44. 5. 6 ad has been inserted by the editors. 
 ■'Other examples are quoted Dr. I, p. 598. 
 
34 
 
 3; Sail. Cat. 57 ; Asin. Pol. apud Cic. Fam. 10. 32. 4. It is found 
 in Cicero's Orations only Phil. 5. 30, and Terence, Caesar, Vergil 
 do not use it. I find no example after H. except Prudent. Apoth. 
 903 C. 
 
 III.— Substitutes for Adverbs. 
 
 I. Adjectives. 
 
 In the case of many words expressing- time, place, and more 
 especially manner, it is sometimes most difficult to determine 
 whether an adjective is more natural in language or an adverb. 
 In such cases the Latin often employs an adjective, whereas an 
 adverb is regularly used in English. In a number of the examples 
 quoted below it is impossible to say with confidence whether 
 adverb or adjective would be expected. In some cases I have 
 been influenced by the position. 
 
 In //!: a) nocturno certare mero, putere diurno Ep. i. 19", 2. 
 2™, A. P. 269. hesternis vitiis S. 2. 2'^ 6^''\ qui nodurmis . . . 
 legerit S. i. 3^'', 2. 6"°, Ep. i. 19", 2. 2™, A. P. 269. venit obvius 
 illi adversarius S. i. 9", 2. 6^\ omyiis in hoc sum Ep. i. i". haec 
 (voluptas) vara cadat S. i. 2'°, f\ A. P. 259. nauta . . . stertit 
 . . . suphms S. I. 5'". ibam . . . nescio quid nugarum meditans 
 totus in illis S. i. 9', 2. 7"'. vespertj7iumc{\ie pererro saepe forum 
 S. I. 6^^ 2. 4", Ep. I. e\ 
 
 b) qui se vixisse beahim dicat S. i. i"", 3"% 2. 6"". (redemptor) 
 festinat calidus Ep. 2. 2". candidus imperti Ep. i. 6*^^ vivo 
 cams amicis S. i. 6™. quae si (Ulixes) . . . cupidus . . . bibisset 
 Ep. I. 2'*. mihi dukes ignoscent . . . amici S. i. 3'''^ 4'-^^ potius 
 quam . . . ferns impingas Ep. i. 13*. gnavus . . . pete Ep. i. 6"°. 
 idoneus imperor Ep. i. 5". si quis . . . laudat . . . igJiarus S. 2. 
 6™. (Aristius) fugit improbus S. i. 9", 2. 6"". agitant pueri in- 
 cautique sequuntur A. P. 456. cur versus factitet ; utrum ... an 
 triste bidental moverit incestus A. P. 272. (ne dominus) incom- 
 modus augat Ep. i. i8'\ qui . . . famae servit inepius S. i. 6^^ 
 cur lector premat . . . iniquus Ep. i; 19''*'. imperor . . . non invi- 
 tus Ep. I. 5". si possum donata reponere laeius Ep. i. 7=*^ 
 (Lucilius) cum flueret lutulcntus S. i. 4". Varius discedit maesius 
 S. I. 5^^ cur . . . stringat mains S. i. 2®. quern miserum . . . 
 vixisse S. i. 2'', A. P. 170. pravus facis S. i. 4™. probus quis 
 nobiscum vivit S. i. 3^", 6". poema qui . . . prodigus emit Ep. 2 
 i^^l prudens praetereo S. i. lo'-. sedulus importes Ep. i. I3^ 
 
35 
 
 quodsi . . . strenuus anteis Ep. i. 2'°, 7''. si quid peccaro stulhis 
 S. I. 3"", 6'% 2. 6^ Ep. I. 2-\ 14'^ iaciturmis pasces Ep. i. 20''^ 
 taciius aiebam S. i. 9'', 2. 5''-, Ep. 2. 2"". quid iuvat . . . te argenti 
 pondus . . . timidum deponere terra? S. i. i*'. pono irzsh'sque 
 recede Ep. i. i6''\ at ille labetur in omne volubilis aevum Ep. 
 
 1. 2''. 
 
 \n J.: a) contrarius ire priori 9'\ 10"". praebebit vati crebrum 
 poppysma 6*'. fortuihis cadat in terras . . . ignis I3^'\ hesiernae 
 occurere cenae 9", 14^'". cuicumque (ilia) est obvia 6"', 8^"^ 10*^. 
 si luditur alea pernox 8^°. imputat hunc rex, et quamvis rartmi, 
 tamen imputat 5'^ S''^ lo'^ 13^ qui . . . cubat in faciem . . . supi- 
 nus 3-^*°. 
 
 b) qui , . . anxius optat 10-". (Hannibal) cauius circumagat 
 . . . cohortes 7"'\ vivite contenti casulis 14"^ improba natos . . . 
 reliquit 6-^ aestuat (Alexander) injelix augusto limite mundi 
 10^"^ zVa/w^ cadat in terras ... ignis 1 3'''^^ frange 7;^w^r calamos 
 7", Io^^^ I3"^ I4*'^ 2^^^. (lHa) cometen prima videt 6^°^ quod 
 securus ames 6"'^ ille svperbus incedet i2^-\ tacihis . . . recedas 
 3^®\ 9®*. praemia sum as tristis 3^', 6'-\ 
 
 2. Adverbial Phrases. 
 
 In H.: aequo animo S. i. 5^ cum risu Ep. 2. 3"''. ex viore 
 S. 2. 3'^". hoc pacto S. 2. 3"^ in contraria S. i. 2'*. in primis 
 S. 2. 2'\ omni parte S. i. 2^^ pede fatisto Ep. 2. 2"^ //^;z^ . . . 
 cornu Ep. i. 12'". /d?^/ haec Ep. i. 8^1 /c^/ hoc S. 2. 2^'^'', 8'^\ Ep. 
 
 2. i^'^, 2-1 $^?^<? . . . loco Ep. I. 12-^ ^?^c? . . . modo Ep. i. 6^ 
 quoczinque modo Ep. i. i*^. quo pacto {quo . . . pactd) S. i. 4^"' ^-', 
 7^ 8^ 2. 4^ 7-^ Ep. i. e\ 8^^ I7^ 2. i^"^ recto more Ep. 2. 2^^\ 
 sine sensu S. i. 4''. si7iu laxo S. 2. 3^'-. super hoc Ep. 2. 2-^ 
 
 \x\ J.: ad hoc 10'". dextro pede io\ (?jr ^z^^ i'^\ /^^t . . . modo 
 j^ss, 73_ in parte ir^. in praecipiti i^^"^ . in primis '^'^^. omnibus 
 in rebus 9*'". parte alia 6* 
 13'®. primo . . . loco 5'-'. 
 
36 
 
 Index, with Number of Times the Adverbs Occur. 
 
 Only words of Part II are included here, and those of Part I 
 which show striking disproportion in the number of times they 
 occur, or else, in case of a failure to appear in one author, where 
 some explanation has been offered for their non-appearance. 
 
 abhinc, H. 2; p. 6. 
 adeo, H. 4, J. 15; p. 23. 
 adhuc, H. 6, J. 13; p. 15. 
 alias, H. 3; p. 16. 
 alio, H. 2 ; p. 7. 
 alioqui, H. 2; p. 24. 
 aliquando, J. 3; p. 16. 
 aliter, H. i, J. 4; p. 24. 
 ante, H. 2, J. 9; pp. 6, 16. 
 bene, H. 43, J. 11 ; p. 24. 
 benigne, H. 3; p. 25. 
 brevi, H. i ; p. 16. 
 breviter, J. i ; p. 16. 
 certatim, H. i ; p. 2. 
 citius, J. 2; p. 31. 
 confestim, H. i ; p. 2. 
 dehinc, H. 2; pp. 6, 16. 
 dein, H. 2, J. i ; p. 17. 
 deinceps, H. i ; p. 17. 
 deinde, H. 3, J. 12 ; pp. 6, 17. 
 demum, H. i ; p. 17. 
 denique, H. 15; p. 17. 
 dextrorsum, H. i; p. 3. 
 dudum, J. 2; p. 17. 
 dulce, H. 2; p. 7. 
 eo, H. 9; p 7. 
 equidem, H. 4; p. 31. 
 extra, H. i ; p. 6 (cf. 7). 
 ferme, J. 2; p. 5. 
 foras, H. 2; p. 8. 
 foris, H. 2, J. 2; p. 8. 
 forsan, J. 2; p. 30. 
 forsit, H. i; p. 30. 
 forsitan, J. 6; p. 30. 
 
 fortasse, H. 4, J. 5; p. 30. 
 fortassis, H. 2; p. 31. 
 frustra, H. 8; p. 25. 
 furtim, H. 5; p. 2. 
 grande, J. i ; p. 7. 
 hac, H. 2; p. 8. 
 hactenus, H. 2; p. 6. 
 baud, H. 15, J. 8; p. 32. 
 hie, H. 17, J. 25; p. 8. 
 hinc, H. 14, J. 19; p. 8. 
 hodie, H. 9, J. 6 ; p. 17. 
 hue, H. 9, J. 3: p. 9. 
 humane, H. i; p. 25. 
 iam, H. 33, J. 97; p. 18. 
 ibi,J. 7; p. 9. 
 ibidem, J. i ; p. 9. 
 illic, H. 4, J. 17; p. 9. 
 illinc, H. I, J. 4; p. 10. 
 illuc, H. 5, J. 3; p. 10. 
 inde, H. 8. J. 40; p. 10. 
 interea, H. 2, J. 14; p. 19. 
 interius, J. i ; p. 12. 
 intra, H. i ; pp. 6, 7. 
 introrsum, H. 2; p. 3. 
 intus, H. 7, J. I ; p. 12. 
 istic, H. I, J. I ; p. 12. 
 islinc, H. 2, J. i ; p. 12. 
 ita', H. 23, J. 4; p. 25. 
 item, H. 2; p. 26. 
 longe, H, 9, J. 8; p. 26. 
 male, H. 28, J. 4; p. 26. 
 modo, H. 18, J. 19; p. 19. 
 multo, H. 7, J. I ; p. 27. 
 multum, H. 12, J. 5; p. 27. 
 
37 
 
 nequaquam, H. 2; p. 27, 
 nequiquam, H. 2, J. i; p. 27. 
 nimis, H. 6, J. i ; p. 27. 
 nimium, H. 7 ; p. 27. 
 nusquam, H. 4, J. 2; p. 12. 
 obiter, J. 2; p. 13. 
 ocius, H. 3, J. 4; p. 31. 
 olim, H. 23, J. 19; p. 19. 
 pariter, H. 4, J. 11; p. 27. 
 parum, H. 3; p. 27. 
 passim, H. 2; p. 13. 
 peregre, H. 2; p. 13. 
 perraro, H, i ; p. 7. 
 persaepe, H. 3; p. 7. 
 plerumque, H. 6, J. i ; p. 32. 
 populariter, J. i ; p. 4. 
 porro, H. 4, J. 4; p. 13. 
 post, H. 8, J. i; pp. 6, 7, 13. 
 postmodo, H. i; p. 6. 
 potenter, H. i ; p. 5. 
 praeterea, H. 3, J. 11; p. 33. 
 prave, H. 4; p. 27. 
 procul, H. 7, J. 6; p. 13. 
 prodigialiter, H. i ; p. 5. 
 prope, H. 16, J. I ; p. 14. 
 protinus, H. 3, J. 7 ; pp. 6, 20. 
 pulchre, H. 2; p. 28. 
 qua, H. 4, J. i; p. 14. 
 quando, H. 17, J. 23; p. 20. 
 quandocumque, H. 3: p^p. 4, 20. 
 quandoque, H. i, J. 3; p. 20. 
 quandoquidem, J. 3; p. 7. 
 qui, H. 15; p. 28. 
 quidem, H. 4, J. 9; p. 33. 
 quo, H. 30, J. 6; p, 14, 
 quoad, H. i ; p. 21. 
 quondam, H. 7, J. 7; p. 21. 
 quorsum, H. 5; pp. 3, 14. 
 quotiens, H. 3, J. 19; p. 21. 
 raro, H. 4; p. 21. 
 recte, H. 33, J. i ; p. 28. 
 
 repente, J. 2; p. 21. 
 retrorsum, H. 2; p. 3. 
 secus, H. i; p, 28. 
 semel, H. 14, J. 5 ; p. 21. 
 sic, H. 60, J. 26; p. 28. 
 sicut, H. 2, J. 6; p. 29. 
 simul, H. 27; p. 22. 
 singultim, H. 1; p. 2. 
 sinistra, H. i ; p. 5. 
 sinistrorsum, H. i; p. 3. 
 Suave, H. I ; p. 7. 
 subinde, H. 2; p. 6. 
 super, H. 3; p. 7. 
 superne, H. 2; p. 14. 
 tarn, H. 13, J. 25; p. 29. 
 tandem, H. 7, J. 11 ; p. 22. 
 tantum, H. 14, J. 26; p. 30. 
 temere, H. 6; p. 31. 
 tributim, H. i ; p. 2. 
 triste, H. i ; p, 7. 
 tum, H. 15, J. 3; p. 23. 
 tunc, H. 3, J. 34; p. 23. 
 ubi {loci), H. II, J. 16; p. 14. 
 ubi (temp.), H. 29, J. i ; p. 23. 
 ubicumque, H. 2, J. i; p. 15. 
 ubivis, H. I ; p. 7. 
 nnde{mter.), H. 13, J. 14; p. 15. 
 unde {rel.), H. 13, J. 16; p. 15. 
 usquam, H. 4, T. 3; p. 15. 
 usque, H. 17, J. 8; p. 33. 
 ut {niodi), H. 7; p. 30. 
 ut {temp.), H. 10, J. 2; p. 23. 
 utcumque, J. i; p. 30. 
 ulpote, H. 4; p. 33. 
 utrobique, H. i ; p. 15. 
 valde, H. 2; p. 30. 
 velut, H. 14, J. 6; p. 30. 
 veluti, H. 9, J. i; p. 30. 
 verniliter, II. i ; p. 4. 
 viritim, H. i; p. 2. 
 
tr. aesk from which borrowed. 
 
 %9H 
 
 56OB 
 
 2^^vDE^| 
 
 I.D21-100m-ll.'49(B7l46sl6)476 
 
739958 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY