I 
 
 Se 
 
 'iey 
 
 
 QYt/iA^?^i^ay' 
 
 7' 
 
 
 (::/o. .yfurn^^ c/^iAs^?7^ 
 
 i 
 
^^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
CORNELL UNIVERSiry. ' 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 OF A 
 
 COURSE OF THIRTY LECTURES 
 
 ON THE 
 
 HISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THE 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTUl^Y 
 
 BY 
 
 H. MORSE STEPHENS. 
 
 ITHACA : 
 ANDRUS & CHURCH. 
 

 
TABIvE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 LECTURES/ Page. 
 
 I. ^^uropein 1600, i 
 
 II. The Policy of Henry IV of France, 2 
 
 III. The Thirty Years' War : To the Death of Gustavus 
 
 Adolphus,^Vk<5t *J U oAxv^tovi 4 
 
 IV. The Policy of Richelieu, 7 
 
 V. The Thirty Years' War : From 1634. to 1648, 10 
 
 VI. The Treaties of Westphalia, 12 
 
 VII. The Fronde and the Treaty of the Pyrenees, 14 
 
 VIII. Europe in the Middle of the 17th Century : i. France, 17 
 
 IX. Europe in the Middle of the 17th Century : 2. The Em- 
 pire, the House of Austria and the German Princes, 19 
 
 Europe in the Middle of the 17th Century : 3. The 
 
 Netherlands, 22 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 XV. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Europe in the Middle of the 17th Century : 4. Swe- 
 den and Denmark, 24 
 
 Europe in the Middle of the 17th Century : 5. Russia 
 and Poland, 26 
 
 Europe in the Middle of the 17th Century : 6. The Ot- 
 toman Turks, . . 28 
 
 Europe in the Middle of the 17th Century : 7. Italy, . 30 
 
 Europe in the Middle of the 17th Century : 8. Spain 
 
 and Portugal, 33 
 
 France under Louis XIV, and Colbert : To the Revoca- 
 tion of the Edict of Nantes, 1685, 36 
 
 XVII. The Foreign Policy of Louis XIV : To the Treaties of 
 
 '^v^n^ictt, Nywwege»ri678, 38 
 
 XVIII. Prussia under the Great Elector, 41 
 
 XIX. The Foreign Policy of Louis XIV : To the Treaties of 
 
 Ryswick, 1697, 44 
 
 ''5114 
 
IV — 
 
 Page. 
 XX. The Siege of Vienna l^y tlie Turks, 1683 : Poland un- 
 der John vSobieski, 47 
 
 XXI. Russia under Peter the Great, 50 
 
 XXII. Charles XII of Sweden, 53 
 
 ^M XXIII. The War of the Spanish Succession, 55 
 
 ^^- XXIV. The Treaties of Utrecht, 60 
 
 ^^ XXV. Germany fe 1715, 63 
 
 27 XXVI. The Southern Countries of Europe I? 17 15, 68 
 
 a f] XXVII. The Papacy in the 17th Century : The Jesuits and the 
 
 Jansenists, 71 
 
 2/ XXVIII. The last years of the Reign of Louis XIV : France in 
 
 J 1715, 74 
 
 7^ XXIX. Literature and Philosophy in the 17th Century, ... 78 
 
 XXX. Art and Science in the 17th Century 80 
 
 Appendices : 83-92 
 
 i. The Rulers of Europe from 1600 to 1714. The Great 
 Powers. 
 
 ii. The Rulers of Europe from 1600 to 17 14. The Lesser 
 Powers, 
 
 iii. The Rulers of Europe from 1600 to 17 14. The Italian 
 Sovereigns. 
 
 iv. The Rulers of Europe from 1600 to 17 14. The German 
 Electors. 
 
 V. Genealogical Table representing the relationship of the 
 claimants to the Spanish Succession, 
 
MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY. 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 EUROPE IN 1600. 
 
 The first half of the 17th century/marked by the same 
 characteristics as the last half of the i6'th, but the first traces 
 of the modern European system, established by the Treaties 
 of Westphalia and the Pyrenees, to be seen in the policy 
 pursued by Henry IV of France and Cardinal Richelieu. 
 
 The period covered by the i6th and first half of the 17th 
 century a period of transition, from the ferment created by 
 the Reformation, the discovery of the New World and of 
 the direct sea route to Asia, the invention of printing, etc. , 
 to the settled system which lasted from the Treaties of West- 
 phalia to the French Revolution. 
 
 The characteristic features of this transition period are the 
 Wars of Religion. 
 
 Causes of the Wars of Religion : the earnestness imparted 
 by the Reformation supplemented by the work of the Counter- 
 Reformation : so that war and persecution came to be con- 
 sidered a religious duty : religious intolerance among earnest 
 men matched by the unscrupulous conduct of politicians. 
 
 During the Wars of Religion the sense of National Unity 
 began to be felt, binding peoples by their countries rather 
 than their faiths : in this way the Wars of Religion helped 
 to throw off the burden of feudalism. 
 
 Different effects of the Wars of Religion in different coun- 
 tries, e.g., (i) in the Netherlands, (2) in France, (3) in 
 Germany. 
 
 Tendency toward strong government and standing armies 
 to avert the horrors of religious and civil wars : France be- 
 
ing the first country to obey this tendency becomes the most 
 important nation in Europe during the first half of the 1 7th 
 century. 
 
 Where the national spirit developed, countries became 
 strong in spite of religious internal differences, e. g. , France, 
 England, the United Provinces. 
 
 Relative position of the powers of Europe to each other 
 in 1600. 
 
 The condition of Germany r unsatisfactory settlement made 
 of the religious question by the Peace of Augsburg : the 
 pretensions and actual strength of the Holy Roman Empire ; 
 the electors, and princes of the Empire : certainty of further 
 religious war in Germany. 
 
 The Papacy : its increased spiritual strength from the 
 Counter- Reformation and the rise of the Jesuits. 
 
 In the year 1600, though religious war impends in Germany 
 owing to German conditions, it is practically at its close else- 
 where, for Henry IV has just issued the Edict of Nantes, 
 Philip II of Spain is just dead, and Elizabeth of England 
 is at the very end of her reign. 
 
 LECTURE II. 
 
 THE POLICY OF HENRY IV OE FRANCE. 
 
 The character and early career of Henry IV. Ut^^ ISSl ^MU^ '/\cUf«>Mt 
 
 His part in the Religious Wars in France. 
 
 He claims the throne on the death of Henry III (1589), 
 and struggles as Huguenot leader against the Catholics. 
 
 He adopts the Catholic religion (1593), and becomes a 
 national king. 
 
— 3 — 
 
 He issues the Edict of Nantes (13 April, 1598), and thus 
 pacifies the Huguenots: terms of the Edict. 
 
 His war with PhiUp II of Spain, concluded by the Treaty 
 of Vervins (2 May, 1598). 
 
 The internal policy of Henry IV, as worked out by the 
 Due de Sully. ' /^s,\ ..^ /^ (J^ ^ rC.ji ^^^ 
 
 /. His absolutism in government, justified by the turbu- 
 lence and want of patriotism of the nobles, as 
 shown in the I,eague ; execution of Biron (31 
 July, 1602). 
 it. His administrative reforms. 
 ui. His judicial reforms : makes seats in the Parlements 
 
 hereditary. 
 zv. His financial reforms. 
 
 V. His advancement of the material prosperity of his 
 people : 
 a. by encouraging agriculture. 
 d. by undertaking public works. 
 
 c. by establishing manufactures. 
 
 d. by reviving commerce. " 
 
 vz. His interest in trans- Atlantic exploration and emi- 
 gration : foundation of Annapolis (1604), of 
 Quebec (1608). 
 The foreign policy of Henry IV : the ' * Great Design " : ' 
 the question of its authenticity. 
 
 Assassination of Henry IV at Paris by Francois Ravaillac 
 (14 May, 1610). 
 
 Effect of the sudden death of the King on France and on 
 Europe, 
 
 Authorities : The most recent SMAi^iy book on the life of Henry IV 
 is a biography by P. F. Willert in the " Heroes of the Nations " series. 
 'Phe accounts of his reign in the small histories of modern Europe by 
 lector Duruy and by A. Amniann and G. Coutanceau are good, and 
 in the large histories of France by Martin, Michelet and by Dai'este, 
 birilUant but not quite up toudate. The best skcondary authori- 
 ties are Poirson, Histoiredu rdgnede Henri ISf , ^voXs.i^Perrens, Les 
 
 2r 
 
— 4 — 
 
 •< manages espagnols sous le rdgue de Henri IV et la r^gence de Marie 
 
 '' de Medicis and 'T/'Bglise et I'Btat en France sous le regne de Henri <i "" 
 
 IV et la regence de Marie de Medicis \fPhilippson, Heinricli IV und''^ 
 Philipp III ; *yfi(^. i?^jfp*t,-Oeschiebte der DeutscMenr^nioi* ; ^%4uquez, ^, 
 -^ gjHenri IV et TAllemagne ; ^Rott, Henri IV, les Suisses et la Haute 
 "^ Italie, WP//)/^/, Edm. Riclter : ^tude sur la renovation du gallicanisnie 
 
 au commen^ment du XVII ienie Siecle, 2 vols. \ ^^Jenrard, Henri fv^ ^(S) 
 
 IV et la princesse de Conde ; and %Feret, Henri IV et I'Eglise oat^- (/ 
 
 Uqu* ; see also the essays on " La France sous Henri IV" in Hano- 
 
 taiiXy Etudes Historiques sur le XVI^ et le XVIP siecle, and on 
 
 "Ravaillac et ses complices" in Z<?z.!r^/^?/r, Questions historiques du 
 
 XVIP siecle, as well as Vol. i, chap. 6 of Les Finances fran^aises, by 
 
 the Ballon de Nervo. Short excerpts from the primary authorities 
 
 are to be found in three volumes in the series edited by B. Zeller, 
 
 Henri IV et Sully, Henri IV et Biron, and La Fin de Henri IV. The 
 
 chief PRIMARY AUTHORITIES are the various collections of the letters ^ ^ 
 
 of Henry IV, including the Lettres Missives ed. by Berger de Xivrey,Ci/^y,U..^y}h4^ 
 
 ■** vols.,v^nd the Correspondance avec Maurice le Savant, ed. by de 
 
 ^Rommel, Benoit, Histoire de I'edit de Nantes, 5 vols., the first three' 
 
 Yh , / volumes of 'Pi. Rit^er, Bnefe und Acten zur Geschichte des Dreissig- 
 / jahrigen Krieges, jElie Memoires of Villeroy^Agrippa d' Aubigne and 
 De T/iou, ^the Memoires-journaux of L''^ttoile, the Chronologic 
 novenaire';of_^/?W(7; Cayet, the Negociations o^ Jeannin, the Journal 
 oi Bassonipierre, and above all, the Economies royales, or Mpmnirr^/i, 1 . 1/ 
 
 oi Sully, with the recent criticisms by PJister in the Revue Historique, 
 vols. 54, 55, 56. 
 
 [Baolj^juarked with a * are iwtrn t h p r T ti j y.y rt^^^ty, Jfibrary . ] 
 
 LECTURE III 
 
 THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR : TO THE DEATH OF 
 GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. 
 
 The approach of renewed religious war in Germany : 
 changes in German conditions since the Peace of Augsburg 
 (1555) : poHtical effect of the Reformation: secularization 
 of ecclesiastical estates. 
 

 fnn/^c/th ' 
 
 I/, <l^ r,.; ' /Pl^yH.ti 
 
 
— 5 — 
 
 The spread of Calvinism : the Ecclesiastical Reservation : 
 the Counter- Reformation. 
 
 Forewarnings of the war : ( i ) the case of the Elector of 
 Cologne (1584) ; (2) the case of the city of Aachen (Aix- 
 la Chapelle), (1589): (3) the case of the town of Donau- 
 werth (1607). 
 
 Formation of the Protestant Union (1608), and of the 
 Catholic lycague ( 1 609 ) . 
 
 The Emperor and his political position in German}^ : the 
 three lay electors, Brandenburg, Saxony, and the Elector 
 Palatine : the three ecclesiastical electors : Mayence, Cologne 
 and Treves : the Duke of Bavaria. 
 
 The Emperor as head of the House of Hapsburg : his 
 position in Bohemia, Austria and Hungary : the Emperors 
 Rudolf II, and Matthias. 
 
 The succession to Juliers-Cleves (1609), and interference 
 of Henry IV of France, and the Dutch. 
 
 The outbreak of the Thirty Years' War : the ' ' throwing 
 from the windows " at Prague (23 May, 16 18) : accession 
 of the Emperor Ferdinand II and election of the Elector 
 Palatine as King of Bohemia (1619) : the battle of the White 
 Mountain (8 Nov., 1620), and occupation of the Palatinate 
 by Spain: Maximilian of Bavaria made Elector (1623) : 
 triumph of the Catholic League^ 1 uf- - ■ - '7 /; ^ -.^ ' 
 
 Intervention of Christian IV, King of Denmark (1625), 
 to the aid of the Protestants : Wallenstein at the head of the 
 Emperor's army : the siege of S^ralsund : Christian IV makes 
 peace at Liibeck (22 May, 162^). 7 
 
 Height of the Catholic success : the Emperor Ferdinand 
 issues the Edict of Restitution (6 March, 1629) : Diet of 
 Ratisbon (1630). 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, conies to. the rescue 
 of Protestantism : he conquers Pomerania (1630) : the sack 
 of Magdeburg by Tilly (May, 1631) : Brandenburg and 
 Saxony join Gustavus Adolphus : the battle of Breitenfeld 
 or Eeipzig (17 Sept., 1631) : Gustavus conquers Bavaria and 
 takes Munich : Gustavus face to face with Wallenstein : 
 
Gustavus Adolphus killed at the battle of lyiitzen (i6 Nov., 
 1632). 
 
 The character of Gustavus Adolphus : his military genius : 
 the Swedish nation and army : his political schemes : the 
 startling changes caused by his intervention in the Thirty 
 Years' War, and his death. 
 
 Assassination of Wallenstein (25 Feb., 1634) : his charac- 
 ter and political aims. 
 
 End of the earnest period of the Thirty Years' War. 
 
 Authorities : Of smaIvI. books in Enghsli, 5*. R. Gardiner, The 
 Thirty Years' War, and C. R. L. Fletcher, Life of Gustavus Adolphus 
 
 (" Heroes of the Nations " ) may be recommended. In French, '^Oar- '■' .. 
 veriat, Histoire de la guerre de Trente ans, 2 vols, is readable, and in ^ 
 German Winter, GeschichtedesdreissigjahrigenKrieges. ThebestSEC- 
 ONDARY HISTORY, based ou Original documents, is Anton Gindely, Ge- 
 scliichte des dreissigjahrigen Krieges, 5 vols., of which a popular and ^ 
 compressed edition has been translated into English by A. Te7i Brook ; , 
 but Schiller, Geschichte des dreissigjahrigen Krieges is still read as a :*- 
 German classic : among more special books should be noX.^^'^Gindely , 
 ^.ioBtiiin) Rudolf 11 und seine Zeit^2 vols. ■,^Stieve, Der Ursprung des dreissig- 
 jahrigen Krieges, 2*j*0»}«. ; Hurler, ^Geschichte Kaiser Ferdinands 
 f"-M^lli^ II, 4 vols.,^ arft^d--^^iSiae4effebes^ e^itngG'H^ \^5a ^o - -^ I ^ i '^ lina Mdfc -^ "; 
 ^^^ fvt%^^v^^Opel, Der Niedersachsich - Danische Krieg ; ^indely, Wald- 
 .xC4^h.\ stein wahrend seines ersten Generalats, 2 yo\^. ;' Droysen, Gustav 
 Adolf; Gfrorer, Gustav Adpl^, Konig von Schweden und seine Zeit, 
 3 vols. •; Harte, History of Gifstavus Adolphus, 2 vols. ; Vincent Chap- 
 tnan, History of Gustavus Adolphus and of the Thirty Years' War, 2 
 vols. ; Biihrifig, Venedig, Gustav Adolf und Rohan ; K. A. Mi'iller, 
 Q- Kurfiirst Johann Georg der Erste ; Ranke, Geschichte Wallensteins ; , 
 ^Forster, Wallenstein als Feldherr und Landesfiirst ; Von Jankb, Wal- 
 ' lenstein ; ^Hildebrand, Wallenstein und seine Verbindungen mit 
 den vSchweden ; Hallwich, JfWallenstein's Ende and Gestalten aus 
 Wallenstein's Lager, and Villermont, Tilly ou la Guerre de Trente 
 Ans''. Among primary authorities consult Abelin, Theatrum 
 Europseum, 2 vols., and Arnia Suecica, 4 vols. ; J. L. Gottfried, 
 Fortgesetze historische Chronick ; ^Lotichius, Rerum Germanica- 
 rum sub Matthia, Ferdinandis II et III imperatoribus gestarum 
 libri 55; Khevenhiller, Annales Ferdinandei, 12 vols.; Brachelius, 
 Historia sui temporis ; "^Riccius, De bellis Germanicis libri x -^'Ko- 
 nung Gustaf II Adolfs Skrifter, ed. by Styffe; Irmer, Die Verhand- 
 luugen Schwedens und seiner Verbiindeten mit Wallenstein und dem 
 Kaiser, 3 vols. ; Forster's and other collections of Wallenstein' s Let- 
 

 J. l/eu^; 6.-^ --^^H J~?»^ '., i/'eic. «v^, /•- 
 
 
 
ters ; M. Ritter, Briefe und A^en zur Geschichte desDreissigjahrigen 
 Krieges ia den Zeiten des Vorwaltenden Einflusses der Wittelsbacher, 
 5 vols., and S. R. Gardiner, Letters and other Documents illustrating 
 the relations between England and Germany at the Commencement 
 of the Thirty Years' War (Camden Society, 1865.) 
 
 I, EC 'TURK IV. 
 
 THE POIvICY OF RICHELIEU. 
 
 l^he government of France from the death of Henry IV 
 (16 10) to the ministry of Richelieu (1624) a period of court 
 intrigues, of weakness of the central authority, and of vacil- 
 lating foreign policy. 
 
 The Regency of Marie de Medicis in the name of her son, 
 lyouis XIII (1610-1617) : her favourites : the one event of 
 importance the Spanish marriages, lyouis XIII marrying 
 Anne, daughter of Philip III of Spain, and the heir to the 
 Spanish throne marrying Elizabeth, sister of Louis XIII 
 (16 1 2) : murder of Concini, Marechal d'Ancre (24 April, 
 1617). 
 
 The States-General held in 1614 : what it Was, what it 
 might have done and how it failed. 
 
 The government of the favourite, the Due de lyUynes 
 (161 7-162 1 ) : the escape of Marie de Medici© from Blois 
 (16 19) : the struggle between mother and son : attack com- 
 menced on the political power of the Huguenots : capture of 
 St. Jean d'Angely (1621) : Treaty of Montpellier (1623). 
 
 Richelieu (born 5 Sept., 1585 ; Bishop of Eu^on, 16 April, 
 1607; Cardinal, 5 Sept., 1622), becomes chief minister of 
 France (19 April, 1624):- his early career :• his character; 
 his political aims. 
 
— 8 — 
 
 Richelieu's policy : 
 
 i. To make the crown of France all-powerful by over- 
 coming the nobility : the conspiracy of Gaston, 
 Duke of Orleans, the King's brother (1626) : the 
 edict against duelling and execution of Montmo- 
 rency- Boutteville (1627): the " Day of Dupes" 
 (11 Nov., 1630) and imprisonment and exile of 
 Marie de Medicis : the exiles, including Gaston 
 of Orleans, seek the help of I^orraine and Spain : 
 execution of Montmorency (30 Oct., 1632) : the 
 plots of the queen, Anne of Austria : her rela- 
 tions with the Duke of Buckingham : birth of 
 the Dauphin (5 Sept., 1638) : the conspiracy of 
 Cinq Mars: his execution (12 Sept., 1642). 
 a. To unite the force of France by destroying the po- 
 litical power of the Huguenots : the rights pos- 
 sessed by the Huguenots under the Edict o^ 
 Nantes : their unpatriotic spirit a remnant of the 
 ideas of the i6th century : the civil war of 1625- 
 26: the siege of La Rochelle (1627-28): help 
 sent to the Huguenots by England : the capture 
 of La Rochelle (28 Oct., 1628) : the Peace of 
 Alais (28 June, 1629), granting the Huguenots 
 religious liberty, but destroying their political 
 independence. 
 in. To overthrow the power of the House of Hapsburg : 
 Richelieu's adoption of part of the " Grand De- 
 sign : ' ' his endeavours to assist the Protestant 
 powders, and to cut the communication between 
 Germany and Spain : marriage of Charles I of 
 England with Henrietta Maria ( i May, 1625) : the 
 first war in Italy (1624-26) : the Valtelline re- 
 stored to the Grisons : the second war in Italy 
 (1628-30) against Spain, the Empire and Savoy : 
 Richelieu in the field : Richelieu takes Pignerol 
 (March, 1630), and by Treaty of Cherasco re- 
 establishes the Duke of Mantua (6 April, 1631) : 
 Richelieu supports the Protestant Netherlands : 
 
^LiJ^^ 
 
 f^CiC. 1( 
 
 
 tw^r 
 
 ^^/fudt. 
 
Richelieu and the German Protestants : he sends 
 Pere Joseph to the Diet of Ratisbon (1630) : he 
 induces Gustavus Adolphus to enter Germany : 
 his relations with Sweden : France intervenes in 
 the Thirty Years' War (1635). 
 Death of Richelieu (4 Dec, 1642), followed by that of 
 lyouis XIII (14 May, 1643) : the relations between them : ef- 
 fect of Richelieu's policy on the French monarchy and the 
 position of France in Europe. ^ p / ^ > 
 
 Authorities : The ni£iat,acce&sihle SMAr^iv book in English isi/*atf. '"'^^ ^^^A^ 
 Bridges, France under Richelieu and Colbert. Among secondary 
 WORKS, founded on documents, consult J. B. Perkins, France under 
 RicheHeu and Mazarin,y^/*^rr^//^ works cited under Lecture II, B. CL# 
 Zeller, La minorite de Louis Xlll.'^f^'Connetable de Luynes, *Riche--\ 
 lieu et les ministres de Louis XIII, ^T^/zj/o/ Louis XIII et le Beam,' 
 Bazin, Histoire de France sous Louis XIII, 4 vols., Picot Histoire des 
 Etats Generaux vols. 4. 5, Georges d' Avemel Richelieu et la Monarchic 
 absolue, 4vols., Topin, Louis XIII et Richelieu, Houssaye, Le Cardinal 
 de Berulle et le Cardinal de '9J\Q\\QY\^\x,'9Georges d' Avenel, La Jeunesse 
 de Richelieu (Revue des Questions historiques, 1869), ^^a Garde 
 Le Due de Rohan et les Protestants sous Louis XIII, .the Vicojute 
 de Meaux, La Reforme et la Politique Fran^aise en Europe, 2 
 vols., G. Pagniez ^ artlGles on Pere Josepli in the Revue Historique^ 
 •\Lq1s. 26, 27,, 28, 35,' and in the Revue des Questions historiques, 1889," 
 i^S^, and above all the first^'Arolume (all yet published) c^uJLaiH-ing the 
 lgtest.acco-ii444-Gf-44AclieUeu-s yeuik, Gabriel Hanotaiix, Histoire du 
 Cardinal de Richelieu. The great primary authority is the collec- 
 tion of Lettres, instructions diplomatiques et papiers d'Etat of Riche- 
 lieu, edited by Georges d' Avenel, (Collection des Documents inedits. 
 8 vols. ) : with his Maximes d'Etat in the same collection, and his Me- 
 moires ; see also the Memoires of Rohan, Onier Talon, Montglat, 
 Brienne, Mathieu MoU, Madame de Motteville, D'Estrees and 
 Fontefiay-Mareuil, the Correspondance of Cardinal de Sourdis, and 
 the Mercure Frangois. 
 
 t»w5*r5 markedwifff^ir *Tll L woi In ttr? UniveF54ty LibraJCX^. 
 
 _2>£_^ J'^^ <^'^ l^h^ 
 
— lO 
 
 L E C T U R E V, 
 
 THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR : FROM 1632 TO 1648. 
 
 Change in the character of the war after the death of Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus : the religious pretextvS recede : national and 
 personal ambitions make Germany their field : the mercenary 
 troops become more numerous. 
 
 Wallenstein's army brought directly under the Emperor : 
 Bernard of Saxe- Weimar comes to the front : the Swedish 
 armies and the policy of Chancellor Oxenstiern. 
 
 The battle of Nordhngen (5 and 6 Sept., 1634) : its im- 
 portant results : victorious position of the Emperor and the 
 Catholics : the Elector of Saxony makes peace with the Em- 
 peror at Prague (30 May, 1635) : the plans of Oxenstiern : 
 if the Swedes could have been pacified and the French had 
 not intervened, the Thirty Years' War might have ended. 
 
 The intervention of Richelieu : he occupies Lorraine : he 
 receives Alsace from the German Protestant princes for 
 active aid (Nov., 1634) : he purchases Bernard of Saxe- 
 Weimar and his army (Oct., 1635) : he signs an alliance 
 with Oxenstiern (April, 1635) : he signs a treaty with the 
 Dutch, made apprehensive by the death of Isabella of the 
 neighborhood of the Spaniards, for the division of the Catho- 
 lic Netherlands (8 Feb., 1635) ; he negotiates with the 
 Swiss, and the Dukes of Savoy, Mantua and Parma : effect 
 of Richelieu's intervention the prolongation of the war. 
 
 France invaded by the Spaniards on the north;:33i2e^t and 
 by the Imperialists (1636): the Swedish general Baner 
 forced back to the Baltic : closer alliance made between 
 Richelieu and Oxenstiern : Baner defeats the Saxons and 
 Imperialists at Wittstock (4 Oct., 1636). 
 
 Ferdinand III elected Emperor (22 Dec, 1636) : death of 
 Ferdinand II (15 Feb. 1637). 
 
 The last years of Richelieu's foreign policy : the succeSvSes 
 
Jt; C'^^f^ ii ^-^ "«/, ^*'-^ ^ ^^^^'"^ ,/^^-i<" 
 
 %it Fetcli^'u.u (iU\i>c^«\\ Uil)i\i,tl)HH,ix-Jii>ii!r ^tt, dt^ Be'lfi£t^fU^feU^ejuci,^f'iA.i^Ae^keM^v>-^ ^t 
 
of Bernard of Saxe-Weimar on the Rhine : his ambitions : 
 capture of Breisach (17 Dec, 1638) : death of Bernard (18 
 July, 1639) : the Spaniards invade France (1640) : battle of 
 Chemnitz (14 April, 1639) and death of Baner (20 May, 
 1641 ) : Richelieu tries to divert Spain from German affairs by 
 causing a revolution in Catalonia (1640) and encouraging 
 the insurrection of Portugal (1640). 
 
 The first negotiations for a general peace (1640-41) : ac- 
 cession of Frederick William as Elector of Brandenburg 
 (1640) : he secures his neutrality (1642). 
 
 The progress of the war after the death of Richelieu : rise 
 into prominence of Conde, Turenne and Torstenson : Spain 
 unable to assist the Emperor with further subsidies : Torsten- 
 son destroys the Imperial and Saxon army at Breitenfeld (2 
 Nov., 1642) : outbreak of war between Denmark and Sweden 
 (1643) : Treaty of Bromsebro (1645) : Conde defeats the 
 Spaniards at Rocroi (19 May, 1643) : Turenne reorganizes 
 Bernard's army: the battles of Freiburg (16 Aug., 1644) 
 and Jankau (6 March, 1645) : the Elector of Saxony makes 
 a truce with the Swedes (31 Aug., 1645): the battles of 
 Marienthal (5 May, 1645) and Nordlingen 3 Aug., 1645) : 
 the invasion of Bavaria : the Elector Maximilian makes a 
 truce (15 March, 1647) : battle of Zusmarshausen (17 May, 
 1648) : Conde wins the battle of I^ens (10 Aug., 1648): the 
 Swedes seize the Castle of Prague (26 July, 1648) : the Em- 
 peror determines on peace. 
 
 The treaties of Westphalia (24 Oct., 1648), close the Thir- 
 ty Years' War : the Emperor makes peace with France and 
 Sweden : but Spain remains at war with France. 
 
 Authorities ; 5. R. Gardiner, The Thirty Years' War still 
 remains the best smai<i, book in KngUsh ; Gindely should be supple- 
 mented among SECONDARY AUTHORITIES by Barthold, Geschichte des 
 grossen Deutschen Krieges vom Tode Gustav Adolfs ab, mit besondere 
 Riicksicht auf Frankreich, 2 vols. ; Droysen, Bernhard von Weimar, 
 2 vols. ; SugenheifUy Frankreich's Einfluss auf und Beziehungen zu 
 Deutschland, vol. i ; "^Koch, Geschichte des Deutschen Reichs unter 
 der Regierung Ferdinands III, 2 vols ; ^TJudik Schweden in Bohmen 
 und Maliren ; Biedermann, Deutschlands triibste Zeit oder Der 
 
12 
 
 Dreissigjabrige Krieg in seine Folgen fiir den deutsclie Culturle- 
 ben ; the Due d^ Aiundle, Histoire des princes de la niaison de 
 Cond6, vols, 5, 6. The primary authorities as for Lecture 3, with 
 the additions of Georges d' Avenel, Richelieu's letters cited for Lecture 
 IV ; ^^Szilagyi, Actes et Documents pour servir a I'histoire de I'alliance 
 de Rakoczy avec les Fran^ais et les Suedois ; Bougeant, Histoire des 
 Guerresetdes Negociations qui precederent le Traite de Westphalie, 3 
 vols., and Axel Oxenstienia's Skriften och Brefvexling, 6 vols., and 
 omitting Gardiner, Letters, Styffe, Inner s^wA Wallenstein. 
 
 [«r.r.Vc niqrV<>.l w4fVi a ^ afo.^^/ in tVif> TTaiVprcify y^ihrnry,"[_ 
 
 I.BCTURE VI. 
 
 THE TREATIES OF WESTPHALIA. 
 
 The history of the Treaties of Westphalia : a congress for 
 peace resolved upon in 1641 : suggested by the Elector of 
 Mayence in 1639 : approved by the Imperial Diet at Ratisbon 
 (1640-41) : suggested that two congresses, in one of which 
 the Emperor should deal with the Swedes, Dutch and Pro- 
 testant princes, and in the other with France, should be held 
 to arrange terms of peace, at Iviibeck and Cologne : at the 
 wish of the Swedes Osnabriick and Miinster chosen in- 
 stead : by a resolution of the Imperial Diet, with the assent 
 of the Emperor, the German princes and free cities allowed 
 to be represented at the congresses. 
 
 Meeting of the congresses (1644) : the chief ambassadors : 
 Cardinal Chigi, Papal Nuncio, and Contarini, Venetian am- 
 bassador. Mediators, Trautmannsdorf, Nassau and Volmar 
 for the Emperor, lyongueville, D'Avaux and Abel Servien for 
 France, John Oxenstiern and Salvius for Sweden, Saavedra 
 and Zapata for Spain : delays about precedence : the envoys 
 of France and Sweden present their demands (June 1645) : 
 effect of the military operations on the negotiations : the part 
 played by the Elector of Bavaria : the Treaties of West- 
 phalia signed at Miinster (24 Oct., 1648). 
 
Chief points of the Treaties of Westphalia : 
 
 A. With regard to non- German powers, i. France received 
 the Three Bishoprics (Metz, Toul and Verdun) occupied in 
 1552, Alsace, except Strasbourg and reserving the rights of 
 the Empire, Breisach and the right to garrison Philippsburg, 
 and Pignerol : the Duke of lyorraine not to be aided by the 
 Emperor and left to make a separate treaty with France : ii. 
 Sweden received Western Pom crania with the island of Rii- 
 gen, Stettin, Wismar, the archbishopric of Bremen and the 
 bishopric of Verden, with representation in the Diet of the 
 Empire : Hi. The independence of the Swiss cantons was 
 officially recognized : iv. The Protestant Netherlands, which 
 had been recognized as independent by Philip IV of Spain 
 (30 Jan., 1648) were declared independent of the Empire, 
 and received certain districts in Brabant and lyuxembourg. 
 
 B. With regard to German powers: i. Brandenburg re- 
 ceived, in compensation for part of Pomerania, the archbis- 
 hopric of Magdeburg, and the bishoprics of Halberstadt, 
 Cammin and Minden. [The succession to Cleves-Juliers 
 was settled in 1666 by Brandenburg receiving Cleves, 
 the Mark and Ravensberg, and Neuburg receiving Juliers 
 and Berg.] ii. Saxony retained lyUsatia and part of Mag- 
 deburg : Hi. Mecklenburg received, in compensation for 
 Wismar, the bishoprics of Schwerin and Ratzeburg : iv. 
 Hesse- Cassel received the abbey of Hirschfeld : v. Bavaria 
 received the Upper Palatinate and retained the electorate 
 conferred in 1623 : vi. Charles lyouis, eldest son of the ex- 
 pelled Elector Palatine, received the I^ower (Rhine) Palati- 
 nate, and a new electorate was created for him. 
 
 C. With regard to the religious question : i. The terms of 
 the Peace of Augsburg were confirmed, fixing the date for 
 ecclesiastical property at i Jan., 1624 : ii. The Ecclesiastical 
 Reservation was acknowledged by the Protestants : Hi. The 
 Calvinist was recognized as fully as the Lutheran religion. 
 
 D. With regard to the Empire : (effect of the book 
 " Hippolithus a lyapide"): /. Territorial supremacy, in- 
 cluding the right of making alliances, granted to the States 
 
— 14 — 
 
 of the Empire : ii. Prerogatives of the Imperial Diet pro- 
 claimed : in. Concurring jurisdiction of the Imperial Cham- 
 ber and Aulic Council acknowledged. 
 
 K. General amnesty declared, and the Peace of Westpha- 
 lia made a fundamental law of the Empire. 
 
 Effect of the Treaties of Westphalia on Germany : the 
 practical disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 Effect of the Treaties of Westphalia on Europe : com- 
 mencement of a new era, in which political succeeded re- 
 ligious distinctions : opening of 150 years in which the di- 
 plomacy of kings became the chief factor in history. 
 
 Authorities : All skcondary histories of the Thirty Years' 
 War devote their concluding chapters to the Treaties of Westphalia, 
 3^Tit 'see'nso ^Kerviler, Abel ^^rv\Q\\\'^Contarini, Relazione del con-^ 
 gresso di Munster, Odhner Die Politilc Schwedens im Westphalischen 
 Friedenscongress \J. S. Piittef , Geist des Westphalischen Friedesandhis 
 Historical Development of the Political Constitution of the Germanic 
 Empire, vol. ii. The primary authority is /. G. von Meiern, Acta 
 Pacis Westphalicae oder Westphalische Friedenshandlungen und 
 Geschichte, 6 vols., but Bougeant, cited under Lecture V, and his 
 ■^Histoire du Traite de Westphalie, ^ vols., are useful as being founded 
 on D' Avaux M€mo\rQs\-i — T;~7f y — •^ — — :t_-.«_-— ^ 1/ 'i ir 
 
 [Books marked with a * are not in the University I^ibrary.] ^ 
 
 I.ECTURE VII 
 
 ^^Kkl\yifa.^c^,APl-^ 
 
 THE FRONDE AND THE TREATY OF THE PYRENEES. 
 
 Richelieu on his deathbed nominated Mazarin his succes- 
 sor : six months later the child l/ouis XIV succeeded to the 
 throne : the Parlement of Paris declared Anne of Austria, 
 the queen-mother, Regent : she gave both power and affec- 
 tion to Mazarin : character and previous career of Mazarin. 
 
 Mazarin followed accurately Richelieu's foreign policy : 
 during his administration Conde and Turenne won their first 
 victories and the Treaties of Westphalia were .signed. 
 
)Qteu j^HvW^t i^ ^^t)^Ht ?^ — ^> //^^$-/f^/ 
 
-— 15 — 
 
 What France gained by the Treaty of Westphalia : a foot- 
 ing on the Rhine by the annexation of Alsace, which also 
 enabled her to surround the independent duchy of lyorraine 
 and the Spanish province of Franche Comte. 
 
 Spain refused to make peace with France owing to the 
 outbreak of civil war known as the ' ' Fronde. ' ' 
 
 The nature of the Fronde : ' ' playing at civil war " : its 
 fruitlessness and intrigues : its real want of importance. 
 
 The VxovA^, first phase (1648-49): part played by the 
 Parlement of Paris and the Parisians : second phase (1650-5 1 ) : 
 arrest of Conde : Turenne invades France with a Spanish 
 army: the battle of Rethel (15 Dec, 1650): the Cardinal 
 de Retz : Mazarin goes into exile (Feb., 1651) : third phase 
 (1651-52) : Conde raises an insurrection in the south : Ma- 
 zarin returns (Dec, 1651) : Turenne joins the royal party : 
 battle of the Faubourg Saint- Antoine (2 July, 1652) : Ma- 
 zarin again goes into exile (Aug., 1652) : fourth phase, the 
 king and the queen-mother re-enter Paris (21 Oct., 1652) : 
 Conde joins the Spaniards : De Retz imprisoned ; Gaston of 
 Orleans exiled to Blois : final return of Mazarin (Feb. 1653, ) : 
 end of the Fronde. 
 
 Mazarin pursues the war with Spain with vigor ; Turenne 
 commanding the French and Conde the Spanish army ; Ma- 
 zarin makes an alliance with Cromwell : the battle of the Dunes 
 (14 June, 1658), capture of Dunkirk and overthrow of the 
 Spaniards : formation of the lyeague of the Rhine (14 Aug., 
 1658) : the new Emperor, Leopold I (elected 1657) bound by 
 the terms of his capitulation not to send help to Spain. 
 
 Negotiations for peace with Spain : Mazarin 's hands freed 
 by the death of Cromwell (1658). 
 
 The Treaty of the Pyrenees signed by Mazarin and Don 
 lyuis de Haro in the Isle of Pheasants (7 Nov., 1659). 
 
 Its terms: (i) France received Artois and Roussillon, 
 conquered by Richelieu. 
 
 (2) Spain abandoned all claims to Alsace. 
 
 (3) Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, was to be rCvStored, but 
 all his fortresses were to be dismantled. 
 
— i6 — 
 
 (4) The Prince de Conde was to be forgiven and rein- 
 stated. 
 
 (5) France abandoned the King of Portugal. 
 
 (6) Ivouis XIV was to marry Maria Theresa, elder 
 daughter of Philip IV, King of Spain, who was to abandon 
 all claims to the succession in Spain on payment of a dowry 
 of 500,000 crowns. 
 
 Importance of the Treaty of the Pyrenees as the supple- 
 ment to the Treaties of Westphalia. 
 
 Marriage of I^ouis XIV to the Infanta (1660). 
 
 Death of Mazarin (9 March, 1661) : success of his foreign 
 policy : his internal policy : neglect of the finances : destruc- 
 tion of feudal castles in France. 
 
 Life and work of Saint Vincent de Paul. 
 
 Authorities : The best secondary histories, founded on doc- 
 uments, for the administration of Mazarin are Chh'uel, Histoire de la r 
 France pendant la Minorite de Louis XIV, 4 vols., and *Histoire de la ("^ 
 France sous le Ministere de Mazarin, 3 vols. ;/. B. Perkins, France under 
 Richelieu and Mazarin ; Conite de Cosnac, Mazarin et Colbert ; Bazin, 
 Histoire de France sous le Ministere du Cardinal Mazarin ; ¥Gaillai'- 
 din, Histoire du regne de Louis XIV, vols. 1,2; Comte de Sainte- 
 Aulaire, Histoire de la Fronde, 2 vols. ; Due d' Aumdle, Histoire des 
 Princes de Conde, vols. 5, 6 ; Vietor Cousin, La Jeunesse de Mazarin, 
 Madame de Longueville, 2 vols., Madame de Sable, Madame de Chev- 
 L{, reuse and Madame de Hautefort ; "^Chantelauze,!^^ Cardinal de Retz et 
 
 I'affaire d^chapeau, and Le Cardinal de Retz et' ses missions diploma- O 
 
 tiques ^ Rome ; Valfrey, Hugues de Lionne ; ^Barante^yiQ de Mathieu 
 Mole ; 3Ioreau, Clioix de Mazarinades, 2 vols ; ^f^eiTtet, La Misere au 
 ^ temps de la Fronde ; %Loth, Saint Vincent de Paul et sa mission 
 
 i^ socmXa \ )^Bou7'eUy, Cromwell et Mazarin, and ^S^essier, Le Chev- 'A— 
 
 alier de Jant et les relations de la France «#«*rPortugal au temps de p f 
 
 Mazarin. Thechief primary authority is the collection ed. by C^^- J<^>^^ ^^ 
 ruel, of the Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin pendant son Ministere, 6 vols., 
 (Collection des Documents inedits)/; for the period of the Fronde there 
 are many interesting personal memoirs to be used with caution, among 
 which may be noted the^M^tnoires of Madame de Motteville, Omer 
 Talon, Gourville, Mademoiselle de Montpensier, Montglat, Brienne, 
 Guyjoly, Mathieu Moli, and, above all, those of Cardinal de Retz. 
 
 fftodfcs marked with a * are not in the University I^ibrary.] " 
 
 ^■' 
 
 ./ 
 

 
17 
 
 LECTURE VIII 
 
 EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY. 
 
 I. FRANCE. 
 
 Importance of the study of the history of France in the 
 17th century rests on the fact that, during the Age of lyouis 
 XIV, its institutions were copied all over Europe, while its 
 foreign policy was the keynote of political history ; it was 
 France which led the way to strong central government at 
 home, supported by standing armies, and the adoption of 
 foreign alliances independent of religious considerations. 
 
 Government of France as moulded by Richelieu and 
 Mazarin for the use of I^ouis XIV : /. The Monarchy : 
 growth of its powers : its strength : the Court : ii. 
 The Nobility : blows dealt by Richelieu : tendency to become 
 a caste : distinction between grande and petite noblesse : sur- 
 vival of privilege : in. The Church in France : its struggle 
 with the Huguenots : contrast between Galilean and Ultra- 
 montane ideas : iv. The States- General r and its failure to 
 resemble the English Parliament of the 17th century : v. 
 The Central Administration : its strengthening the great aim 
 of the French monarchy : creation of the ' ' Intendants ' ' : 
 vi. lyocal Administration : distinction between pays d'election 
 and pays d'E^tats : the provincial Estates : the provincial 
 spirit : the cities and towns : privileges of the municipalities : 
 the ' ' Bourgeoisie ' ' : vii. The Judicial Administration : the 
 Parlement of Paris : the provincial Parlements : the ' ' No- 
 blesse de la Robe ' ' : the strength of the Bar ; the pays du 
 droit coutumier and the pays du droit ecrit : viii. The Finan- 
 cial Administration : the Farmers-general : the taille, the 
 gabelle, the aides, the douanes : ix. Manufactures and Com- 
 merce : lyyons, Marseilles, Bordeaux, Dieppe and lyC Havre : 
 the guilds : the ouvriers : x. Agriculture : the seigneur, the 
 
r 
 
 farmer and the peasant : grande culture and petite culture : 
 ' ' copyhold ' ' tenure and its relics of feudalism : ' * noble 
 land " : xi. The condition of the poor : hospitals : charity : 
 xit. Material condition : roads and canals : public works : 
 xin. Intellectual condition : education : colleges and village 
 school : the Academic Fran^aise : provincial academies : the 
 press : xiv. The army and navy : their organization : their 
 power concentrated in the hands of the monarchy. 
 
 Position of France in Europe in the middle of the 17th 
 century, z. Geographical conditions : additions made by 
 Richelieu and Mazarin : search for a defensible frontier : 
 boundaries of language and race disregarded : existence of 
 non-French territories in France : Lorraine, Franche Comte, 
 and Avignon, u. Growth of political tradition : the For- 
 eign Office : the diplomatists. 
 
 Bxtra-Huropean expansion of France, z. New France : 
 Canada and Acadia : efforts at colonization : zz. The French 
 Antilles ; San Domingo : their importance to France : tu. 
 The French East India Company of Richelieu (1640) : Mad- 
 agascar. 
 
 Strength and weakness of France in the 17th century. 
 
 Authorities : The chapters on the condition of France in the 
 SECONDARY HISTORIES, noted under Lectures 2, 4 and 7, and especial- 
 ly in Hanotaux , Histoire du Cardinal de Richelieu, vol. i ; Georges 
 d' Avenel, Richelieu et la Monarchie absolue, and Cheruel, Histoire de 
 la France pendant la minorite de Louis XIV, andjjH^istoire de la France 
 sous le niinistere du Mazarin. See sXsoifCheruel, Histoire de I'adminis- 
 tration monarchique en France, 2 vols. ; J^Dareste, Histoire de Tadniin- 
 istration et des progfes du pouvoir royal en France/; Picot^ Histoire 
 des Etats-Generaux, 5 vols. ; Caillet, L' Administration en France 
 sous le niinistere de Richelieu ; MLugay, Les origines du pouvoir min- 
 isteriel en F'rance : ^es Secretaires d'Etat depuis leur institution 
 jusqu'ala mort de Louis XV ; i Hanotaux , Origine de I'institution des 
 intendants da,i province; ^'Thomas, Une province sous Louis XIV : 
 situation politique et administrative de la Bourgogne de 1661 k 1715 ; 
 ytMonin, Essai sur I'histoire administrative du Langnedoc pendant 
 I'intendance de Basville (1685-1719) : ;'^y^/r<^(9Zj- de Jubainville, L'ad- 
 ministration des intendants d'apres les archives de I'Aube; Baron 
 de Ncrvo, Les Finances Frangaises, 2 vols. ; Clantageran, Histoire 
 

 ^/H^^c^^:,\:J:^ daky^ 
 
^^QJiJti ^ /^ 9 I A4^C /J-*^ ^- dJ^j^ 4t Cvti*^^ 
 
19 
 
 ^^T^^"^ ^i<^ ; .^ 
 
 ^Tt^r^l^. 
 
 de rimpot en France, 3 vols. ; Fagiiiez, Iv' I ntl u9tF 4e---<tgh;-^Eia3Ice 
 »e«e — H<mrT"rV;~^and Le Commerce de la France sous Henri IV 
 (.B£i^u«~i*»*t<M^ue»-:v:ols^L6;_24)-; Levasseur, Histoire des classes ou- 
 vrieres en France, 2 vols. ; "^Dareste, Histoire des classes agricoles en 
 
 /;^y_^ France; Susatie, *Histoire de Tancienne infanterie fran^aise, 8 vols., ^ 
 
 u"^ ^ , an^TrHistoire de la cavalerie frangaise, 3 vols. \^GtcSrm, Histoire uiari- (/ 
 time de la France, \ vols. ; Gilles de la Tourette, Theophraste Renau- 
 dot, and Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World. 
 [Books marked witli a * are not iti the University Library ] 
 
 IvECTURE IX. 
 
 EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY. 
 
 2. THE EMPIRE, THE HOU.SE OF AUST.^fA, AND THE GERMAN PRINCES. 
 
 The Holy Roman Empire, in its inception the lay authority 
 ruling western Europe in conjunction with the Pope, became 
 towards the close of the Middle Ages the ruling power in 
 Germany, and by the Treaties of Westphalia lost even that 
 function. 
 
 The form, precedence and tradition of the Empire only 
 was left to hold Germany together, and the different states 
 and categories of states of the Empire must be regarded as 
 independent political units, very loosely federated. 
 
 The constitution of the Empire, as it was retained after 
 the Treaties of Westphalia : ( i ) the Elective Emperor : ( 2 ) 
 the Imperial Diet comprising (i) the College of Electors, (ii) 
 the College of Princes, (iii) the College of Free Cities : (3) 
 the Imperial Chamber : (4) the Aulic Council : (5) the 
 Circles. 
 
 Distinction between immediate and mediate members of 
 the Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 The Diet of Ratisbon (1663) declared perpetual, and en- 
 voys plenipotentiary take the place of Princes and Electors 
 in person. 
 
20 
 
 The House of Austria still remains the most powerful 
 sovereignty in Germany from its hereditary dominions, not 
 from the constant election of its head as Emperor : but it 
 looks for expansion to the East, not to the West and gradu- 
 ally ceases to act chiefly for German interests. 
 
 The dominions of the House of Austria : ( i ) Austria 
 proper, Styria, Carinthia, etc., [the Tyrol ceded by Ferdi- 
 nand II to his brother (1623) returned to the Austrian do- 
 minions (1665)] : their administration: the powers of the 
 provincial Diets and extent of local self-government : (2) 
 Bohemia : a home of Protestantism : its sufferings during the 
 Thirty Years' War : deprivation of its local autonomy and 
 attempts at Germanizing the Czechs : (3) Hungary and 
 Croatia : its constant w^ar with the Turks : division of the 
 kingdom of St. Stephen at commencement of the 17th cen- 
 tury (i) Transylvania, 2082 square miles, (ii) the Turks, 
 1859, (iii) Austria, administered by the Palatine of Hungary 
 and the Ban of Croatia, 1222 : (i) Transylvania : the reign 
 and policy of Gabriel Bethlen (1613-29) : George Rakoczy I 
 (1629-48) : George Rakoczy II (1648-60) : intervention in 
 the Thirty Years' War : encouragement of Protestantism : 
 struggle with the Turks : (ii) Turkish Hungary : its 
 condition under Turkish rule : (iii) Austrian Hungary : the 
 power of the Diet. 
 
 Administration of the hereditary dominions : the councils at 
 Vienna : the army and foreign politics : the influence of the 
 Jesuits. 
 
 The ecclesiastical electorates : Mayence, Cologne and 
 Treves. 
 
 The lay electorates ( i ) Saxony : its condition at the Trea- 
 ties of Westphalia : its wealth and compactness : the Elector 
 the recognized chief of the German Protestants : policy of 
 John George I : the ambitions of Saxony turn eastward : (2) 
 Brandenburg : John Sigismund, Elector, becomes Duke of 
 Prussia (1616) as a feudatory of Poland: the claims on 
 Pomerania and Juliers-Cleves : the policy of George William 
 during the Thirty Years' War : accession of the Great Elec- 
 tor (1640) : compensation for Pomerania and settlement of 
 
\i^ Jh/h^^nuA, (h% Cf^^^ \ tUr (U>l'^\i^iLi^ i- u^ 
 
21 
 
 Juliers-Cleves case (1666) gives Brandenburg a German in- 
 terest : Brandenburg's advantages from the Northern War 
 (1656-60) : (3) Bavaria: the Elector Maximilian and the 
 Counter- Reformation : his part in the Thirty Years' War : 
 (4) The Elector Palatine : importance of his position on the 
 Rhine with regard to France. 
 
 The lay princes of the Empire : their varying power : in- 
 troduction of primogeniture in i6th and 17th centuries : its 
 effects : their love of independence. 
 
 The ecclesiastical princes of the Empire : the Catholic and 
 Protestant bishoprics : their chapters fill the place of provin- 
 cial Estates or Diets and make their government oligarchical. 
 
 The free cities of the Empire : their decline during the 
 Thirty Years' War : decay of the Hanseatic League : only 
 Hamburg, Bremen and Liibeck renew the League (1630) : 
 trade passes to the Dutch and the English. 
 
 The knights of the Empire : their dependence on the Em- 
 peror. 
 
 General character of the administration in Germany : the 
 provincial Diets : tendency to imitate France. 
 
 Depopulation and misery caused by the Thirty Years' 
 War : poverty of Germany. 
 
 Intellectual condition : the foundation of universities and 
 academies. 
 
 Authorities : Among books in Bullish may be noted Liger, Au- 
 triclie-Hongrie, translated by Mrs. Birkbeck Hill ; Coxe, History of the 
 House of Austria, 4 vols, and Vehse, Memoirs of the Court, Aristoc- 
 racy and Diplomacy of Austria, 2 vols., for Austria; Tiittle, History 
 of Prussia, vol. i, and Carlyle, History of Frederick the Great, 
 vol. i for Prussia, and J. S. Putter, Historische Etitwickelung 
 der heutigen Staatsverfassung des deutschen Reichs, translated by 
 Dornford, vol. 2. All histories, whether of the Empire or of 
 separate states, give a general review of the condition of Ger- 
 many at the time of the Treaties of Westphalia, but special reference 
 may be made to Erdmannsdorffer, Deutsche Geschichte, 1 648-1 740, 
 vol. i, Biedertnann, Deutschlands triibste Zeit oder Der Dreissigjah- 
 rige Krieg in seine Folgen fiir den deutsche Culturleben and Hanser, 
 Deutschland nacli deni dreissigjahrige Kriege. 
 
22 
 
 LECTURE X. 
 
 EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY. 
 
 3. THE NETHERIvANDS. 
 
 The situation of the Netherlands at the beginning of the 
 century : the Protestant Netherlands, the Seven United 
 Provinces of Holland, Zealand, Gelderland, Friesland, 
 Utrecht, Groningen and Overyssel, had practically secured 
 their independence and the Catholic Netherlands, now Bel- 
 gium, were governed by the Infanta Isabella, to whom they 
 had been granted as a dowry by Philip II. 
 
 The two parties in the Protestant Netherlands : the sup- 
 porters of the Stadtholder, Maurice of Nassau, and the re- 
 publicans led by John van Olden Barneveldt : the strength 
 of the former among the country gentlemen, noblemen and 
 peasants, of the latter among the burghers of the cities, and 
 especially of Amsterdam. 
 
 The war of independence with Spain closed by a twelve 
 years' truce, negotiated by Henry IV of France (1609). 
 
 The political struggle combined with a religious difference : 
 the Arminians or Remonstrants against the Gomarists or 
 Calvinists : the Synod of Dort condemns the Arminians 
 (1618) : execution of Barneveldt (19 May, 16 19). 
 
 The end of the truce (1621) • part played by the Dutch in 
 the Thirty Years' War : owing to the prudence of Maurice 
 and Frederick Henry, the Stadtholders, they only occupy 
 Cleves and resist Spanish invasion at intervals. 
 
 The Catholic Netherlands under Isabella remain contented 
 with their local government and in comparative tranquility, but 
 when France joins in the Thirty Years' War, Artois is lost, 
 and after Mazarin's treaty with Cromwell, the English and 
 French conquer nearly up to Brussels : by the Treaty of the 
 Pyrenees, the Catholic Netherlands are deprived of Artois 
 
 (1659). 
 Meanwhile by the Treaty of Westphalia (30 Jan., 1648) 
 
i 
 
 *»*•- 
 
 si^M»ai'ji*eA 
 
23 - 
 
 with Spain, William II, elected vStadtholder 1647, promises 
 to .support the Spanish rights to the Catholic Netherlands in 
 return for the closing of the Scheldt to commerce : by this 
 means the United Provinces secure a buffer against France, 
 and Amsterdam secures her commercial supremacy at the 
 expense of Antwerp. 
 
 The Stadtholder resolves on a coup d'etat : attempt to 
 seize Amsterdam (30 July, 1650) : death of William II 
 (Nov., 1650) : the stadtholderate declared vacant : govern- 
 ment divided between the States-General and the Provincial 
 Estates : election of John de Witt as Grand Pensionary 
 
 (1653). 
 
 War between England and the United Provinces ( 1652-54) 
 owing to the Navigation Act passed by the English Parlia- 
 ment and aimed at the Dutch carrying trade. 
 
 The prosperity of the Dutch in the first half of the 17th 
 century : their naval and commercial monopoly : its causes : 
 its political, social and material effects. 
 
 The Dutch in Asia : the first voyage of Houtman ( 1596) : 
 they seize the spice and pepper trade : foundation of Batavia 
 (1619): rivalry with the English: massacre of Amboyna 
 (1623) : expulsion of the Portuguese: their settlements at 
 the Cape of Good Hope and in India, China and Japan. 
 
 The Dutch in South America : their establishment in Bra- 
 zil ( 1624-37) : the government and great views of Maurice of 
 Nassau ( 1637-44) : their expulsion by the Portuguese ( 1655). 
 
 The Dutch in North America : foundation of New Am- 
 sterdam : the New Netherlands and the emigration thither. 
 
 Contrast between the Protestant and Catholic Netherlands. 
 
 Authorities : Motley, History of the United Netherlands, Vols. 3 
 and 4, and Life and Death of John of Barneveldt , 2 vo ls. ; Wenzelbur- 
 ger, Geschichte der Niedeflande, vol. 2 ; and FT^ervyn ~de Lettenhove, 
 La Flandre pendant les trois derniers si^cles, 3 vols. ; for reference 
 ,_^ Grotius, Annales et Historiae de rebns Belgicis, Meteranus Novus, 
 ^Meinsma, Geschiedenis van deNederlandscheOost-Indische Bezittin- 
 gen, ^ vols, and ¥De Jonge, De Opkonist van het Nederlandsch Gezag 
 /^ / in Oost-Indi^, % vols. 
 
 [Bootes marked with .1 * are not in the Univetsity T^ibrary.] 
 
24 
 
 IvKCTURE XI 
 
 EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY. 
 
 4. SWEDEN AND DENMARK. 
 
 The position acquired by Sweden by the Treaties of West- 
 phaha : she becomes the chief territorial power on the Baltic, 
 as possessor of Finland, Carelia, Ingria, Ksthonia, and 
 Western Pomerania with an outlet on the North Sea as 
 possessor of Bremen and Verden ; she controls the mouths 
 of the Elbe, the Weser and the Oder, but her own southern 
 provinces are occupied by Denmark. Sweden is recognized 
 as the chief military power in Europe. 
 
 The Chancellor, Axel Oxenstiern : his policy : his organi- 
 zation of the Swedish monarchy on an oligarchical basis : the 
 material condition of Sweden : its sturdy lyUtheranism. 
 
 The reign of Queen Christina, only child of Gustavus 
 Adolphus : she takes the direction of affairs (1644) on the 
 outbreak of war with Denmark : the Treaty of Bromsebro 
 (13 Aug., 1645) : her influence in favour of peace in the ne- 
 gotiations at Osnabriick : her internal government : she ab- 
 dicates in favour of her cousin, Charles X (6 June, 1654) : 
 her later life : her fondness for literature and science : she 
 becomes a Catholic (1655), and dies at Rome ( 1 9 April, 1 689 ) . 
 
 The reign of Charles X : as a soldier he desires to utilize 
 the Swedish army: he invades Poland (1656): previous 
 relations between Poland and Sweden : the conduct of the 
 Great Elector : Charles X attacks Denmark (1657) and by 
 the Treaty of Roskild (7 March, 1658) obtains the Danish 
 provinces of Sweden, including Halland, Scania and the 
 island of Bornholm : he proposes to divide Denmark and 
 attacks Copenhagen (1659) : the Dutch and other powers 
 interfere : death of Charles X (23 P'eb., 1660). 
 
 Accession of Charles XI : regency of the queen- mother, 
 Hedwiga : the war closed owing to the mediation of the 
 
ff ^ 
 
 Ja^ 
 
— 25 — 
 
 powers by the Treaty of Oliva with Poland, by which Poland 
 ceded Lithuanian lyivonia to Sweden and John Casimir re- 
 vSigned his claims to the Swedish throne (3 May, 1660), by 
 the Treaty of Copenhagen with Denmark, confirming that 
 of Roskild (7 June, 1660) and by that of Kardis with Russia 
 (1661) confirming the cession to Sweden of Ingria and 
 Carelia. 
 
 Position of Denmark at the Treaties of Westphalia : she 
 rules over Norway and the southern provinces of Sweden, 
 and thus controls the commerce of the Baltic : her relations 
 with the Empire owing to her connection with Schleswig 
 and Hoist ein. 
 
 The rivalry between Denmark and Sweden the key note 
 of Danish foreign policy : the government of Christian IV 
 (1588- 1 648) : the aristocratic constitution of Denmark : 
 Christian's court : his fondness for Norway and foundation 
 of Christiania : his misfortunes during the Thirty Years' 
 War : foundation of the Danish East India Company (16 15) 
 and occupation of Tranquebar in India. 
 
 The reign of Frederick III : the government of Ulfeldt 
 and the nobles : Ulfeldt joins Charles X of Sweden and in- 
 duces him to attack Denmark : Denmark's losses at Roskild. 
 
 The revolution of 1660 : overthrow of the power of the 
 nobles : the monarchy of Denmark made hereditary and ab- 
 solute : a States- General promised but never called : resump- 
 tion of lands granted to noblemen : improvement in admin- 
 istration. 
 
 The Germanizing of Denmark : the situation of Norway : 
 its poverty, and hatred for Sweden. 
 
 The supremacy of the Baltic definitely moved from Den- 
 mark to Sweden. 
 
 Authorities: As a smali^ book in EiigjHsh, see Oite, Scandinavian 
 History, and in French, Geffroy, I^es Ejtats Scandinaves. Among 
 SECONDARY AUTHORITIES consult the large general history by Fryx- 
 ell, (not translated), Carlson, Geschichte Schwedens, vols. 5, 6, trans- 
 lated and continned from Geijer\ CronholM, Sveriges Historic under 
 Gustaf II Adolphs Regering, 6 vols., (not translated), "^GraueH, Chris- 
 
— 26 — 
 
 tina, Koiiigin von vSchwedeti, und ihf Hof, 2 vols., ^^rcSettMoltz 
 Memoires pour servir a I'histoire de la reiiie Christine, 4 ^o\^.,'^Allen t* 
 Geschiclite des Konigreich Daneniark, and Spittler Geschichte der 
 Danisclien Revolution iin jalire 1660, being vol. 5 of his Samintliche 
 Werke. 
 
 [Books marked with a * are not in the University Library.] 
 
 LECTURE XII. 
 
 EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY. 
 
 5. RUSSIA AND POLAND. 
 
 The contrast between the Slavs of the Greek Church in 
 Russia, and the Slavs of the Roman Church in Poland, the 
 former being essentially Asiatic, and the latter essentially 
 European. 
 
 The backwardness of Russia and its Asiatic character due 
 to historical circumstances, but chiefly to the conquest by the 
 Mongol hordes, and its derivation of Christianity from Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 The epic character of the great struggle with the Mongols, 
 and its effect in forming the Russian people. 
 
 The reign of Ivan the Terrible (1533-84) marks the 
 emergence of Moscow as the centre from which the Russian 
 Empire was to grow : he takes the title of Tsar (1547) • ^i^ 
 wars with the Tartars on the south and east, and with the 
 Poles and Lithuanians and Livonians on the west and north- 
 west : his endeavors to reach the Baltic : his relations with 
 the powers of western Europe, and especially with Elizabeth 
 of England : opening up of trade between Russia and En- 
 gland by way of the White Sea and Archangel ; the Muscovy 
 Company : invasion of Siberia : the government of Ivan 
 the Terrible : his autocracy : his struggles with the nobility : 
 his " States-General " : his personality. 
 
Russian history in the 1 7th century until the time of Peter 
 the Great, a commentary on the aims and ideals of Ivan the 
 Terrible. 
 
 The reign of Feodor Ivanovitch (1584-98) : institution of 
 serfdom and creation of the patriarchate : the reign of Boris 
 Godunov ( 1 598-1605) : the " false" Dimitri : civil war and 
 anarchy : the Poles ^Moscow (161 2) : election of Michael 
 Romanov as Tsar ('16 13). 
 
 The reign of Michael Romanov ( 1613-45) : restoration of 
 peace and tranquility : moral and material condition of Rus- 
 sia. 
 
 The insurrection of the inhabitants of Little Russia and the 
 Cossacks against Poland under Bogdan Khmelnitzski (1648) : 
 he appeals to the Tsar : war with Poland : by truce of An- 
 droussovo ( 1667) Russia obtains the left bank of the Dnieper 
 as its frontier with Kiev and Smolensk on the right bank. 
 
 The condition of Poland in the i6th century ■ the turbu- 
 lence of the nobles : the pacta conventa : the right of con- 
 federation : the liberum veto (1652): the influence of 
 France : the work of the Jesuits : the Counter- Reformation. 
 
 The most notable events the Union of Lublin (1569) unit- 
 ing Poland and Lithuania : the death of the last of the Jagel- 
 lons, hereditary Grand Dukes of Lithuania (1572) and elec- 
 tion to the throne of Poland thrown open i the secularization 
 of Prussia by Albert of HohenzoUern, Grand Master of the 
 Teutonic Knights, as a fief of Poland (1525) followed by the 
 suppression of the Knights of the Sword (1561) on yielding 
 Riga to Sweden, Livonia to Poland, and making Kettler, the 
 last Grand Master, Duke of Courland, as a feudatory of 
 Poland. 
 
 The reign of Sigismund III Vasa (1587-1632) : his Ca- 
 tholicism : failure to obtain the throne of Sweden : the reign 
 of Ladislas VII Vasa (1632-48) : Poland during the Thirty 
 Years' War : election of John Casimir Vasa : his wars with 
 Sweden and Russia : by the Treat}^ of Wehlau (1657) the 
 Elector of Brandenburg is recognized as Duke of Prussia, free 
 from the suzerainty of Poland : the insurrection of Bogdan 
 Khmelnitzski : the Truce of Androussovo. 
 
— 28 — 
 
 In the middle of the 17th century Russia is growing poHt- 
 ically stronger from her concentrated autocracy and Poland 
 politically weaker from her anarchic constitution. 
 
 Authorities : Morjill, Stor}' of Russia and Story of Poland ; Ram- 
 baud, Histoire de la Russie, translated by L. H. Lang, 2 vols. ; Sal- 
 vandy, Histoire de Pologne avant et sous le Roi Jean Sobieski, 3 vols. 
 
 IvECTURE XIII. 
 
 EUROPE IN THE MIDDIvE OF THE 17TH CENTURY. 
 
 6. THE OTTOMAN TURKS. 
 
 The extent of Islam at the commencement of the 17th 
 century : origin of the Turks. 
 
 The Ottoman Turks reach the height of their power in the 
 1 6th century : Sulaiman (Solyman) the Magnificent (1520- 
 66) : the European possessions of the Turks : their northern 
 capital at Buda : their control of the Ivcvant : their power in 
 Northern Africa and over the Mediterranean : Barbarossa 
 and Dragut : blow dealt to them by the loss of the passage 
 of the Asiatic trade through Egypt : Venice induces the 
 Turks to oppose the Portuguese in Asia : organization of the 
 Turkish power : the Sultan as Caliph : the Ulemas : the 
 Janissaries. 
 
 Resistance of the Knights of St. John : the defence of 
 Malta (1565). 
 
 Attitude of Europe towards the Turks : spasmodic at- 
 tempts of the Popes to stir up Christendom against them : the 
 battle of lycpanto (7 Oct., 1571) : the alHance with France : 
 the * ' capitulations ' ' : the Levant Company and the Dutch 
 traders. 
 
 Poland and Hungary the bulwarks of Christendom against 
 the Turks : their suzerainty over the Danubian provinces and 
 
— 29 — 
 
 Transylvania : the religious attitude of the Turks : the Greek 
 Church and the Turks : their welcome of renegades. 
 
 Fortunately for Christian Europe during the critical period 
 of the Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War, the 
 Turks remained quiet : the Sultans degenerated in character : 
 and between the death of Sulaiman the Magnificent (1566) 
 and the accession of Muhammad Kiuprili to power (1656) 
 their only conquests were Cyprus, taken (1571) and Tunis 
 retaken (1574) : causes of this sudden degeneracy. 
 
 The Janissaries become Sultan-makers : they are permit- 
 ted to marry and the tax of Christian children ceases. 
 
 Internal dissensions mark the reign of Muhammad III 
 (1595-1603) : Ahmad I (1603-17) makes truce of Comorn 
 with the Emperor ( 1 1 Nov. , 1606) : treaties with England and 
 the United Provinces, and war with Persia : the imbecility of 
 Mustapha I (1617-18, 1622-23) : the reign of Othman II 
 (1618-22) and his murder : Murad IV (1623-40) : his cap- 
 ture of Bagdad (25 Dec, 1638): his cruelty: Ibrahim I 
 (1640-48) : recapture of Azov (1642) : attack on Crete (Can- 
 dia) (1645) : order to murder all Christians : assassinated by 
 the Janissaries : accession of Muhammad IV (1648) : troubles 
 during his minority. 
 
 Appointment of Muhammad Kiuprili, a renegade Albanian, 
 to be Grand Vizier with full powers (1656) : his great re- 
 forms : he restores the force of the Ottoman Turks : his 
 internal policy : the execution of the Greek patriarch : his 
 foreign policy : his victories over Venice, Russia, Transyl- 
 vania and the Empire : his death (1662). 
 
 Ahmad Kiuprili, Grand Vizier (1662-76) : he attacks 
 Transylvania : the Emperor I^eopold resolves to resist the 
 Turks and calls for the help of Christendom : the Diet of the 
 Empire agrees and Louis XIV sends 6000 Frenchmen : 
 Montecuculi defeats the Turks at the battle of Saint Gothard 
 (i Aug., 1664) and saves Vienna: the truce of Vasvar 
 (10 Aug., 1664): the siege of Candia : Morosini surrenders 
 to Ahmad Kiuprili (27 Sept., 1669) : the Cossacks call in the 
 help of the Turks against Poland (1672) : Ahmad Kiuprili 
 
— 30 — 
 
 takes Kaminietz and conquers Podolia : by the Treaty of 
 Budziak or Buczac (i8 Oct., 1672) Poland cedes Podolia and 
 the Ukraine to the Turks and promises to pay tribute : the 
 treaty disavowed by the Polish Diet (1673) : John Sobieski 
 defeats the Turks at Choczim (10 Nov., 1673) and Lemberg 
 (24 Aug., 1675) : by the Treaty of Zurawna (27 Oct., 1676) 
 the Turks retain Kaminietz and Podolia but give up the 
 Ukraine and the tribute : death of Ahmad Kiuprili. (30 Oct., 
 1676). 
 
 The greatness of the Kiuprilis : the sudden resurrection of 
 the Ottoman power : its significance. ■ 
 
 Authorities : Creasy', History of the Ottoman Turk?, and Stanley 
 Lane-Poole, The Stcy of Turkey and The Story of the Barbary Cor- 
 sairs are readable books ; Ranke, Fiirsten und Volker von Sud-Europa ; 
 Die Osmanen und die spanische Monarchie im i6ten und lyten Jahr- 
 hundert (vols. 35, 36 of his Saniintliche Werke), is more scientific; 
 their works are mainly based on Von Hammer, Geschichte des Os- 
 manischen Reichs, 4 vols., translated into French as L'Histoire de 
 TEmpire Ottoman, 18 vols., and on Zinkeisen, Geschichte des osma- 
 iiischen Reichs in Europe, 7 vols, 
 
 LECTURE XIV. 
 EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE lyrn CENTURY. 
 
 7. ITAI^Y. 
 
 Italy at the commencement of the 17th century : the idea 
 of Italian unity preached by Dante and Machiavelli had been 
 extinguished by the vitality of local life and local rivalries : 
 the Italians preferred local to national patriotism : therefore 
 Italy was largely ruled by foreign powers. 
 
 The divisions of Italy and their relations to each other. 
 
 The chief Italian states : I. The States of the Church : 
 
^<^ jiyilhiA di^c^ ^^n^^ATr 'u^i.^i^cc, d^ye/iJh^io. k /'^A; ^^* /^^ua ^a ^^^ 
 

_ 31 — 
 
 alteration in the character of the Popes : they become more 
 Italian and temporal in their aspirations : their attitude to- 
 wards European affairs : their influence in Italy : their nepot- 
 ism : their administration of their States '. Clement VIII — 
 Aldobrandini, — his anti-Spanish policy : annexed Ferrara 
 (1598) : died 1605 : I^eo XI — Medici, — 1605 : Paul V — Bor- 
 ghese, — 1605-21 : his quarrel with Venice : Gregory XV — 
 lyudovisi, — 1621-23 : Urban VIII^Barberini, — 1623-44: his 
 anti-Spanish policy and friendship for Richelieu : his admin- 
 istration : fortification of Rome : annexation of Urbino (1631) : 
 war with Parma (1641-44) : Innocent X — Pamfili, — 1644-55 : 
 destruction of Castro : his negotiations with Mazarin : con- 
 demnation of Jansenism : favouritism : Alexander VII — 
 Chigi, — 1655-67: rise in power of the "congregations" : 
 the plague at Rome (1656) : his quarrel with Louis XIV : 
 Avignon occupied by the French (1663^65) : submission of 
 the Pope : the Roman nobility : the beautification of Rome. 
 
 II. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies : i. Sicily : its feudal no- 
 bility : the rising against Spain (1647) and its suppression, 
 ii. Naples : the government of the Spaniards : Ossuna tries 
 to revolt (1620) : the tax on fruit imposed by Arcos : the 
 rising of Masaniello (1647) : action of the Due de Guise : 
 suppression of the insurrection (April, 1648). 
 
 III. Grand Duchy of Tuscany : the later Medici : the tran- 
 quil reign of Ferdinand II (1620-70) : his encouragement of 
 science and art. 
 
 IV. Ducjiy of Parma : government of the Farnesi : the 
 war with the Pope (1641-44, 46-48). 
 
 V. Duchy of Modena : government of the Este : their 
 friendship for France. 
 
 VI. Duchy of Mantua : the war for the Mantuan succes- 
 sion (1627) on the death of Vincent Gonzaga II 5 Richelieu 
 supports Charles Gonzaga, Due de Nevers : sack of Mantua 
 by the Imperialists (18 July, 1630) : by the Treaty of Che- 
 rasco (1631) Charles is acknowledged but Savoy gets part of 
 Montferrat. 
 
 VII. Duchy of Guastalla : Duke Ferdinand Gonzaga I 
 
— 32 — 
 
 claims Mantua ("1627) : influence of Spain and the Emperor. 
 
 VIII. Duchy of Milan : the Spanish government : its ex- 
 actions. 
 
 IX. Republic of Venice : the decline of its commerce : its 
 political importance in the lycvant and in Italy : the govern- 
 ment of the Republic : its internal policy : its foreign policy : 
 the quarrel with Pope Paul V : Fra Paolo Sarpi : struggle 
 with the Turks : the war in Crete (1645-69). 
 
 X. Republic of Genoa : its weakness : its troubles with 
 Corsica : wealth of its bankers : the city bombarded by the 
 French (1664). 
 
 XI. Republic of Lucca : its commercial prosperity. 
 
 XII. Duchy of Savoy : the importance of its position hold- 
 ing the keys of Italy : Charles Emmanuel"^ (1580-1630) a TT 
 faithful ally of Philip II, whose daughter he had married : 
 
 he ceded Bresse to Henry IV (160 1) in exchange for Saluzzo : 
 Henry IV' s dream of a kingdom of the Alps : the Mantuan 
 succession (1627) : Savoy gets part of Montferrat (1631) : the 
 French alliance of Victor Amadeus I (1630-37) : married to 
 a daughter of Henry IV : cession of Pignerol : reign of 
 Charles Emmanuel II (1638-75) : his policy : schemes on 
 Genoa : the House of Savoy looks at Italy " as an artichoke 
 to be eaten up leaf by leaf. ' ' 
 
 Authorities : AtnougSMArvr^ books in rngush, or translated into 
 ^ English, may be noied^Trollope, Paul the Pope and Paul the Friar, > 
 ^ )fH. F. Brown, HiatoT ' y '-' c ri-' Venice; ^Mallesoti, Studies m^Getjoiese His- \_J^^\ 
 tory, and, for Masaniello and Naples during this period, Von Retimont, 
 The Carafas of Maddaloni : Naples under Spanish Dominion. Among 
 SECONDARY HISTORIES cousult Botta, Storia dell' Italia, vols. 5-8, 
 Ranke, Die romischen Papste im i6ten und I7ten Jahrhundert, 3 vols., 
 translated by Austin, vol. 3, Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaates, 
 2 vols ^ De Mouy, L'Ambassade du Due de Cre qui (i 6^r:6.^Xt__2 vols;, . 
 ffGiannone^mliMsiei civile del Re«no di ^A^oWf^Baldacchini, Storia ^ "^ • 
 Napolitana dell' anno 1647, *Hervey de Saint-Denis, Insurrection de 
 Naples en 1647, translated from Rivas, 2 \o\s.^Loiseleur, Mazarin et 
 le Due de Guise in his Questions historique^du XVII^siecle, Von Reu- 
 mont, Geschichte Toscanas unter die Medici, 2 vols., CantiLt, *Milano e 
 il suo territorio and ^agionamentj suUa. Storia. Lombardo ilel secolo ^ - ,^ 
 ^Wll.^Giovini, Biografia da fra Paolo, Darn, Histoire de Venise, vols. 
 
 CAvVvtvfe a I r'U^^^^^/vfj'^' (^ iX^t^^if^i 
 
.T-/ 
 
 
 Mr fci^cCo\/ ttC^ 'u^(u~irLcc i^-hA^a /^oir^oy_ 
 
^%:,. 
 
— 33 — 
 
 3-xiv, rCosta-Beatiregard, Memoires historiques sur la Maisoti royale 
 f^l de Savoie7j[ vols,, ^Belgiojoso, Histoire de la Maison de Savoie, ^{vitolsv,^ 
 -j—^Carutti, Storia della diplotiiazia della corte di Savoia, ^vols., and 
 jft^W^WiJ^ Storia del regno di Carlo Bmanuele II, 2 vols. The pri- 
 mary AUTHORITIES are to be found in Mtiratori and the Archivio 
 Storico Italiano, while for the attempt of Guise on Naples may be 
 noted fModhie ]JIe*»mres -and Hhoiseteur and Baguenault de Puchesse 
 Iv'expedition duDuc de Guise a Naples, and for the quarrel between 
 the Pope and Venice, Sarpi, Opere. 
 
 [Books marked with a * are tiot in the University I^ibrary.] 
 
 \t ^ A^p^ 
 
 LECTURE XV 
 
 EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ly^H CENTURY. 
 
 8, SPAIN AND PORTUGAI.. 
 
 The extent of the dominions of Spain at the commence- 
 ment of the 17th century : Naples, Sicily, the Milanese, Rous- 
 sillon, Franche Comte, the Catholic Netherlands, Central 
 and South America, the Philippine Islands. 
 
 The policy of Philip II and its effect on the strength of 
 Spain at home and abroad. 
 
 The weakness of Spain at home : bad internal administra- 
 tion : sterilizing effect of South American gold : colonial 
 administration. 
 
 The weakness of Spain abroad : the war with England 
 and the Protestant Netherlands : the attitude of France and 
 the Empire. 
 
 Yet the seeming power of Spain overshadowed Protestant 
 Christendom : policy of Henry iVof France, James I of En- 
 gland, Richelieu, Mazarin, and Cromwell toward Spain. 
 
 Reign of Philip III (1598-162 1) : the administration of 
 the Duke of lycrma (1598-16 18) : his internal policy : the 
 expulsion of the Moriscoes (1609) : his foreign policy : peace 
 
— 34 — 
 
 with England (1604) : truce with the Protestant Netherlands 
 (1609) : the French alliance and marriages (161 2) : Lerma 
 becomes a cardinal and is dismissed (16 18) : succeeded by his 
 son, the Duke of XJcedo. 
 
 Reign of Philip IV (1621-65) : administration of the Count- 
 Duke Olivares (1621-43) : Spain in the Thirty Years' War : 
 Spinola occupies the Palatinate (1621) : renewal of war with 
 the Dutch (1621) : Spain struggles with France for supremacy 
 in Northern Italy and is three times worsted (i) in the affair 
 of the Valtelline (1625), (2) in the Mantuan succession 
 (1627-30), (3) in the Valtelline (1635) : Richelieu determines 
 to overthrow the power of Spain : the revolt of Catalonia 
 and of Portugal (1640) : dismissal of Olivares. 
 
 Administration of Don Luis de Haro (1643-65) : the Span- 
 iards invade France and are defeated at Rocroi (1643) : and 
 again at lycns (1648) : Spain recognizes the independence of 
 the Protestant Netherlands at Miinster (1648) : Spain tries 
 to take advantage of the Fronde, in France : Cromwell assists 
 Mazarin : defeat of Spain : conclusion of the Treaty of the 
 Pyrenees (7 Nov., 1659) : Spain loses Roussillon and Artois : 
 Louis XIV marries Marie Therese of Spain : the question of 
 the Spanish Succession ; death of Philip IV (17 Sept., 1665). 
 
 Condition of Portugal during the ' ' Sixty Years' Captivity ' ' 
 to Spain ( 1 580-1 640) : ruin of her commerce: loss of her 
 monopoly of the Asiatic trade i the Dutch seize the Spice 
 Islands and establish themselves in Brazil : discontent felt in 
 Portugal : preparations for revolt : negotiations with Riche- 
 lieu. 
 
 The Revolution of 1 640 : the Duke of Braganza hailed as 
 John IV : independence of Portugal recognized by France 
 and Holland : help sent : the Asiatic possessions and Brazil 
 rise against Spain : commencement of the war of indepen- 
 dence : difficulties of John IV : his death (1656). 
 
 Reign of Alfonso VI (1656-67) : government of the queen- 
 mother ( 1656-62) : Schomberg organizes the Portuguese army: 
 by the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Mazarin promises to 
 abandon his support of Portugal : but he brings about the 
 
~ 35 — 
 
 marriage of Charles II of England with Catherine of Bra- 
 ganza (1662) : importance of the English alliance : adminis- 
 tration of Castel Melhor (L662-67) : continuation of the war 
 of independence : victories of Schomberg : court revolution 
 (1667) : Dom Pedro declared Regent and Alfonso VI sent to 
 the Azores : treaty of peace with Spain signed at lyisbon 
 (13 Feb., 1668) and independence of Portugal recognized. 
 
 Significance of the Portuguese revolution : condition of 
 Portugal and its importance as an ally of England. 
 
 Authorities : As smai^i, books may be noted Dunham, History of 
 Spain and Portugal, vols. 3, 4, which is old-fashioned but fairly correct 
 for vSpain, and Morse Stephens, Story of Portugal. As secondary 
 AUTHORiTiRS consult, for Spain, the volumes on this period in La 
 fuente, and other consecutive histories of Spain, XlVetsS:r^' E^spagu^ 
 depuis le regne de Philippe II jusqu'a I'av^nement des Bourbons, 2 ^^ 
 vols., Melo, Guerra de la Cataluna?j[translated by Leonc¥d?^avergne, 
 '^'IValson, History of the Reign of Philip III, and "^Dimlop, Memoirs of 
 Spain during the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II, 2 vols, both old- ' 
 fashioned but containing much that is valuable ; for Portugal, ^e- ' 
 bello da Silva, Historia de Portugal durante os seculos XVI et XVII, 
 5 vols. ^ykLadino Coelho, Historia de Portugal desde os fins do seculo ,_, 
 - XVH ate 1S14, Vertot, Revolutions de Portugal, and ^Tessier, Le J" 
 Chevalier de Jant, Relations de la France avec le Portugal au temps 
 de Mazarin. Among primary authorities for Spanish history dur- 
 ing the century may be noted in addition to general collections, 
 Morel-Fatio, L'Espagne au XVI^ et XVIP si^cle : Documents histo- 
 riques et litt^raires, "^Denans de Courchetet, Histoire des negociations 
 et du traite de paix de Pyrenees, and Mignet, Negociations relative a 
 la succession d'Espagne sous Louis XIV, vol. i ; for Portugal, ^Borges 
 de Castro and Judice Biker, Colleccao dos actos publicos celebrados 
 entre a Coroa de Portugal e as mais potencias desde 1640, #«4 Carte, 
 History of the Revolutions of Portugal with the Letters of Sir R. 
 Southwell to the Duke of Ormond^o^*^ ll\\l^d UHu^ /kU\f(uL<i<ii jM^yke^^j. 
 
 '^ [Books marked with a * are not in the University lyibrary.] 
 
 -o 
 
-36 — 
 LECTURE XVI. 
 
 FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV AND COLBERT: TO THE 
 REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES, 1685. 
 
 I/Ouis XIV assumes the actual government of France on 
 the death of Mazarin (1661) : his personality : his political 
 aims : how far he continued the work of Richelieu and Ma- 
 zarin, how far he was an originator. 
 
 His first ministers : the chancellors Seguier (-1672), d' Ali- 
 gre (1672-77), and Le Tellier (1677-85) : Hugues de Eionne 
 (-167 1 ), Pomponne (1671-79), and Colbert- Croissy (1679-96) 
 foreign affairs: Le Tellier (-1666) and Eouvois (1666-91) 
 war: Fouquet (-166 1) and Colbert (1661-83) finances : Col- 
 bert (1668-76) and Colbert-Seignelay (1676-90) marine. 
 
 The work of Colbert : he arranges the finances of France : 
 he builds up manufactures by a protective policy : he encour- 
 ages commerce and occupies San Domingo : he creates the 
 French navy : his personal probity : his hatred of war : his 
 love of public works : Riquet makes the great canal of 
 Eanguedoc. 
 
 I/Ouvois and his work : he organizes the army : his mili- 
 tary reforms : formation of uniformed regiments, etc. : the 
 great French generals, Turenne and Conde, Luxembourg 
 and Vauban. 
 
 The internal policy of Louis XIV : he attracts the nobility 
 to court and keeps them out of politics : he builds up the 
 administrative system : the intendants of the provinces : the 
 official new nobility : the police system : the suppression of 
 local liberties and municipal government : the King and his 
 ministers the pivot of the highly centralized government. 
 
 The position of the Parlements : especially the Parlement 
 of Paris : growing importance of the noblesse de la robe. 
 
 The splendour of Louis XIV : he establishes himself at 
 Versailles : importance given by him to the Court : influence 
 of society and social observances : effect of the removal from 
 Paris : his absolutism in society as well as in politics. 
 
Wxivr W^ It.^^i^^l^-^t^^'^^'h- 
 
— 37 — 
 
 Louis XIV and the Catholic Church : his quarrel with 
 Pope Alexander VII (1664-66) : his quarrel with Pope In- 
 nocent XI : the claims of the Gallican Church : the assembly 
 of 1682 : the attitude of lyouis XIV to the Papacy : the Jan- 
 senists and their doctrines : the position of the Huguenots : 
 the new policy adopted by the King : the dragonnades : rev- 
 ocation of the Edict of Nantes (22 Oct., 1685). 
 
 Condition of the French provinces under Louis XIV : con- 
 tinuance of provincial life among the petite noblesse and the 
 bourgeois : prosperity of the cities, and, under Colbert, of 
 industry and commerce. 
 
 Louis XIV and literature : the classic age : French tragedy 
 and comedy created by Corneille, Racine and Moliere : the 
 great French preachers, Bossuet, Mascaron, Flechier and 
 Bourdaloue : the prose writers, Pascal and La Bruyere : 
 Boileau and the canons of poetry : history and Mezeray : the 
 work and position of the Academic Frangaise. 
 
 Louis XIV and art : the painters, Poussin, Le Sueur and 
 Le Brun : the architects, Mansart and Perrault : the gardener, 
 Le Notre : foundation of the Academies of Sciences and of 
 Inscriptions and of the School of Rome. 
 
 Private life of Louis XIV : his principal mistresses, Mdlle. 
 de La Valliere, Madame de Montespan and Mdlle. de 
 Fontanges : death of the Queen (1683) : he marries privately 
 Madame de Maintenon (1684). 
 
 The year of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) 
 marks a change in the character and policy of Louis XIV : 
 he is henceforth guided by Madame de Maintenon and his 
 confessors Pere La Chaise, and Pere Le Tellier : Colbert is 
 dead and the Spanish Succession becomes his one aim. 
 
 Impression which the days of the glory of Louis XIV 
 made on Europe : the imitators of his ideas and of his splen- 
 dour. 
 
 Authorities : Voltaire, Siecle de Louis XIV is still the best i,itti.e 
 BOOK on the period. Among secondary authoritiks may be noted 
 fGaillardi7i , Histoire du regne de Louis XIV, Vols. 3, 4 ; Lair, Louise 
 de La Valliere et la jeunesse de Louis XIV, and *kicolas Fouquet, 2 
 
€(V\JVC^' 
 
 38 — 
 
 vols. ; Cheruel, *De radministration de Ivouis XIV (1661-72) and ^ 
 ^ AMemoires sur il!^. shrint^naan^ Fouqi^et, 2 vols. ; CUment, fHistoire f'" 
 de Colbert et de son administration, 2 vols., *Le Gouvernement de 
 Louis XIV, oil la cour, I'adniinistration, les finances et le commerce y 
 
 Yo'cfe'iGS'J-Sgr'fLa Police sous Louis XIV, and5|f*Madame de Montespan ; 
 j. wNeymarck, Colbert et son temps, 2 vols. ; Rousset, Histoire de Lou- 
 vois, 4 vols. ; Kerviler, Le cliancelier Pierre Seguier ; Gazier, Les ' ^ 
 dernieres annees dii Cardinal de Retz ; ^Loyson, L'Assemblee dii 'a^ 
 clerge de France de 1682 ; %Michaud, Louis XIV et Innocent XI, 4 XT 
 vols. ; Bausset, Histoire de Bossuet, 4 vols., and Histoire de Fenelon, 
 4 vols. ; Puaux et Sabatier, Etude siir la revocation de I'Edit de* 
 Nantes, and "^Martin, La Monarchie au XVIIeme siecle ; essai sur le 
 systeme et I'influence personnelle de Louis XIV. The primary 
 AUTHORITIES for the administration of Louis XIV are Clhnent, Let- 
 tres, instructions et memoires de Colbert, 7 vols., Boislisle, Correspond- 
 ance des controleurs-generaux des finances avec les intendants des 
 provinces, 2 vols, and DeppUig, Correspondance administrative sous 
 le regne de Louis XIV, while among the vast number of memoirs, 
 etc., may be noted the Journal of Lefevre d' Ormesson, the Memoires 
 of Madame de Motteville, Mademoiselle de MontpensieVy La Fare, 
 
 \ Gourville and Foucaull, ffCosuae, Souvenirs du regne de Louis XIV, 8 
 vols., and above all the Letters of Madame de SevigntJ 
 
 [Books marked with a * are not in the University Library.] 
 
 LECTURE XVII. 
 
 THE FOREIGN POLICY OF LOUIS XIV : TO THE TREATIES 
 OF NYMWEGEN, 1678. 
 
 Position of the powers of Europe towards each other, when 
 lyouis XIV assumed the government of France ( 1 66 1 ) : effect 
 of the restoration of Charles II in England, (1660) : ideas of 
 rehgious unity give way to the conception of national unity 
 concentrated in the person of the Monarch : exceptions, the 
 Protestant Netherlands, ruled by a burgher aristocracy, and 
 England : extinction of feudal relics in England and develop- 
 ment of commercialism : the contest for the commerce of the 
 world between England and the Dutch. 
 
^Ztf"iM!oXiV 
 
 /^^i^^«4^^, ^iCA/xfTt^. lui.nii^ 
 
— 39 — 
 
 Advantages possessed by France in the new era of diplo- 
 matists and standing armies : lyouis XIV understands and 
 dominates the new era : his foreign office and diplomatists : 
 his army, its organization and its generals : his navy. 
 
 Ivouis XIV resolves to use these advantages to enlarge the 
 borders of France, and, for internal and external reasons, de- 
 cides on a war policy. 
 
 Louis XIV and diplomatic privileges 3 the case of D'Es- 
 trades at London (1662), and of Crequi at Rome (1664). 
 
 Louis XIV and England : marriage of Henrietta of En- 
 gland, sister of Charles II, to the Duke of Orleans, brother 
 of Louis XIV (1661) : purchase of Dunkirk (Nov., 1662). 
 
 Louis XIV and Spain : his hopes of the succession : his 
 claims for diplomatic precedence granted. 
 
 Louis XIV and Germany : he sends help to the Emperor 
 against the Turks (1664) : his influence with the League of 
 the Rhine and the west German princes. 
 
 Louis XIV and the Turks : he defeats the Barbary Cor- 
 sairs (1665), and sends help to the Venetians in Candia. 
 
 Louis XIV and the Dutch : his relations with John de 
 Witt : effect of Colbert's policy on the Dutch. 
 
 The naval war between England and the Dutch (1664-67) : 
 causes of the war in commercial rivalry ; the republican party 
 and the House of Orange : capture of New Amsterdam : bat- 
 tle of Lowestoft (3 June, 1664) 2 the bishop of Miinster at- 
 tacks the Dutch : Louis XIV declares w^ar against England : 
 battle of the Downs (1-4 June, 1666) : Louis XIV makes 
 peace with England (March, 1667) : the Dutch in the Med- 
 way : Treaty of Breda (31 July, 1667) : England abandons 
 the trade of the Spice Islands, but keeps the New Nether- 
 lands in North America. 
 
 The War of Devolution (1667-68) : pretext for the war, 
 (see Appendix V) : isolation of Spain : Louis XIV takes the 
 border fortresses of the Catholic Netherlands, and occupies 
 Franche Comte : the Triple Alliance : by the treaty of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle (2 May, 1668), France keeps French Flanders 
 but restores Franche Comte to Spain, 
 
— 40 — 
 
 The Triple Alliance between England, Sweden, and the 
 Dutch (23 Jan., 1668) : its importance : the principle of the 
 Balance of Power, which is one of the keynotes of European 
 policy for more than a century, invoked to check the ambi- 
 tion of lyouis XIV. 
 
 The position in the Protestant Netherlands : the policy of 
 John de Witt : Perpetual Edict against the House of Orange : 
 character of William III. 
 
 Louis XIV breaks up the Triple Alliance by the Treaty of 
 Dover with England (i June, 1670), and by detaching Swe- 
 den (April, 1672) : secret treaty with the Emperor for divid- 
 ing the Spanish Succession (Nqy.^.j[,67^); 
 
 lyouis XIV attacks the Dutch (1672) i their sole ally the 
 Great Elector, Frederick William of Brandenburg : passage 
 of the Rhine (12 June, 1672) : the Dutch cut their dykes 
 (18 June) : murder of John de Witt (20 Aug.) : William 
 III elected Stadtholder : the Great Elector forced to make 
 peace. 
 
 The naval war : England joins France : the battle of Sole- 
 bay (7 June, 1672) : the Dutch successful in 1673 : peace be- 
 tween England and the Dutch (19 Feb., 1674). 
 
 The continental wat : coalition formed against Louis XIV 
 by the Emperor and the Great Elector (Oct., 1672) : joined 
 next by Spain and the Duke of Lorraine (Aug., 1673), Den- 
 mark and the Elector Palatine (Jan. and March, 1674), the 
 Empire (May, 1674), and the Great Elector (July, 1674) : the 
 Electors of Treves and Cologne forced to abandon France 
 (1673) : Sweden remains her only ally. 
 
 Campaign of 1673 : capture of Maestricht (29 June, 1673) i 
 Turenne's strategy : campaign of 1674 : Louis XIV occupies 
 Franche Comte : Conde wins the battle of Senef ( 1 1 Aug. , 
 1674) : Turenne crosses the Rhine and ravages the Palatin- 
 ate : campaign of 1675 : Turenne reoccupies Alsace, and is 
 killed (26 July) : naval victories of Du Quesne in the Mediter- 
 ranean : death of De Ruyter (1676) : subsequent campaigns : 
 capture of the border fortresses. 
 
 Treaties of Nymwegen (Nimeguen) signed (10 Aug., 
 

 f-— ' V 
 
— 41 — 
 
 1678, 5 F'eb., 1679) : France obtained from Spain Franche 
 Comte, Valenciennes and other towns in French Flanders, 
 and recognition of rights in Alsace : the Dutch ceded nothing : 
 the treaty supplemented by that of Saint Germain-en-Iyaye 
 (7 Sept., 1679), by which Brandenburg and Denmark re- 
 stored all conquests to Sweden. 
 
 Authorities : Among SKCONDARy works dealing with the diplo- 
 matic and military history of the period, founded on documents, may 
 be noted, "^Filon, I^a France et I'Autriche au XVIP Siecle ; Lefevre- 
 Pontalis, Jean de Witt, 2 vols., translated into English ; MBaill07i, Hen- _^^ 
 riette Anne d'Angleterre, dnchesse d'Orleans ; '^orneron^ Louise de J 
 Keroualle, duchesse de Portsmouth \^Rousset, Histoire de Louvois, 4 
 
 ^ iQ^ vols. ; ^^eter, Der Krieg des Grosseh Kurfiirsten gegen Frankreicli''p fo}i^)C 
 Q ^'Depping^ Geschichte des Krieges der Miinsterer und Elolne^XgegetT'*^ du^^i^e ^./i 
 
 Holland; "^¥^1 Eiinen, Frankreich undder Niederrhein, 2 vols. ; ^Pie- 
 - pape, Histoire de la reunion de la Franche-Comte ^ la France, 2 vols.; 
 
 rV iiRoy, Turenne''; ^Michel, Vauban ;,'^<2/, Abraham Du Quesne et la nia- - 
 rine de son temps, 2 vols., and "^Pdulliat, Louis XIV et la compagnie J 
 des Indes. The chief primary Authorities are Mignet, Negocia- 
 tions relatives a la succession d'Espagne, 4 vols. ; ^Griffet, Recueil de 
 lettres pour servir a 1' histoire militaire de Louis XIV, 8 vols., and the 
 Memoires of Turenne, and the Marechal de Gramont. 
 
 [Books marked with a •■■ ae not iu the University lyibrary.} 
 
 / 
 
 LECTURE XVIIi. 
 
 PRUSSIA UNDER THE GREAT ELECTOR. 
 
 The scattered nature and diverse character of the domin- 
 ions ruled by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and 
 Duke of Prussia, known as the Great Elector, in 1648 : his 
 centre in Brandenburg, not yet entirely evacuated by the 
 Swedish troops : Eastern Pomerania still full of Swedes : 
 Prussia only held in feudal subjection to Poland : and Cleves 
 garrisoned by the Dutch. 
 
— 42 — 
 
 Contrast between the policy pursued in Brandenburg and in 
 the rest of Germany during the latter half of the 1 7th century : 
 the importance of the reign of the Great Elector : he pre- 
 pares the way for the future greatness of the House of 
 HohenzoUern. 
 
 _The Great Elector's national policy: his desire to hold 
 Prussia free from Polish suzerainty the motive for his actions 
 in the Northern War of 1656-60 (see lyccture XI) : that re- 
 lief granted by the Treaty of Wehlau (1657) confirmed by 
 the Treaty of Oliva (1660) : his desire to get the Dutch gar- 
 rison out of Cleves the motive for aiding the Dutch in 1672 : 
 his desire to conquer Western Pomerania the motive for join- 
 ing the coalition against lyouis XIV. 
 
 To carry out his schemes the Great Elector, like lyOuis 
 XIV, creates and organizes a standing army, and looks solely 
 to national interests. 
 
 In 1666 he finally divides the Juliers- Cleves dominions, 
 and takes Cleves, RaveUvSberg and Mark : in the same year 
 he occupies Magdeburg, which falls to him by the Treaties 
 of Westphalia on the death of Augustus of Saxony in 1680. 
 
 Part taken by the Great Elector in the wars against I^ouis 
 XIV I in 1672 he aids the Dutch, but makes peace in 1673 : 
 in 1674 he joins the coalition against France, and is attacked 
 by Sweden : he defeats the Swedes at Fehrbellin (18 June, 
 1675), takes Stettin (1677), ^^^ Stralsund ( 1678) : but at the 
 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Iyaye (17 Sept., 1679) has to 
 restore all Western Pomerania except a small district. 
 
 The Great Elector and the Emperor : his German policy : 
 he joins the League of the Rhine : strives for the leadership 
 of the Protestant princes with Saxony : his friendship with 
 Denmark : his attitude towards Poland : his claim to Jagerns- 
 dorf in Silesia, confiscated by Ferdinand II in 1623, and to 
 lyiegnitz on death of the last duke (1675 ) : compromised in 
 1686 by the Emperor Leopold's ceding to him Schwebus in 
 Silesia. 
 
 The internal policy of the Great Elector : his struggle for 
 absolutism and centralized administration with the nobility, 
 
— 43 ~ 
 
 united in their provincial Estates, and with the municipal 
 rights of the cities : local jealousy of his different provinces. 
 ( I ) In Brandenburg : the Estates were enfeebled and could 
 not meet without being convoked : no Estates of the province, 
 only provincial Estates in the Old, and New, Mark. (2) In 
 Cleves : the nobility lyUtheran and opposed to the Calvinist 
 Elector : their aUiance with the Dutch : the administration 
 in the hands of the Estates : the resistance of the nobility 
 overthrown by the use of troops in 1651 and 1654 : the ad- 
 ministration taken into the hands of the Elector. (3) In 
 Prussia : the nobility with full feudal power taxing and rul- 
 ing thHr dominions : their friendship with and imitation of 
 the Polish nobility : independent attitude of the Estates, 
 supported by the city of Konigsberg : the Great Elector's 
 struggle for the recognition of his sovereignty (1660-63) : the 
 execution of Kalkstein (1670). 
 
 The keynote of the struggle the definition of the position 
 of the Elector and the Estates : the main battle over taxation : 
 in Brandenburg (1653), in Cleves (1661), in Prussia (1663) 
 the right of self -taxation of the Estates is acknowledged : but 
 in Cleves from 1670, in Brandenburg from 1678, in Prussia 
 and in Magdeburg from 1682 the direct taxes are recognized 
 as permanent, and future taxes are imposed without asking 
 the Estates : excise introduced by Grumbkow (1677). 
 
 In return for the subordination of the nobles, the Great 
 Elector recognizes serfdom on their properties, and re-estab- 
 lishes it in Prussia. 
 
 To carry out his ambitious hopes for his House, the Great 
 Elector saw that Brandenburg must be a military power : 
 his efforts to create a standing army : at his accession it 
 consisted of 1200 men, at his death of 30,000. 
 
 Material progress encouraged by the Great Elector : agri- 
 culture improved ; marshes drained ; canal made from the 
 Elbe to the Oder ; Berlin becomes a city ; welcome of more 
 than 20,000 Huguenots after the Revocation of the Edict of 
 Nantes. 
 
 Death of the Great Elector (28 April, 1688) : comparison 
 between his aims and methods- and those of Eouis XIV. 
 
— 44 — 
 
 Authorities : In English see Carlyle, History of Frederick the 
 Great, vols, i, 2 and Tuttle, History of Prussia, vol. i. Among sec- 
 ondary HISTORIES consult Berner, Geschichte des preussischen 
 Staats, Ste7izel, Geschichte des preussischen Staats, vols, i, 2, Droy- 
 sen, Geschichte des preussischen Politik, vol. 3, I^anke, Zwolf Biicher 
 preussiscber Geschichte, Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichte, vol. i, .'A,.^ 
 PhilippsoTi, Geschichte des preussischerStaatswesens, vol, \ ,fBbrn1iak ,\f 
 Geschichte des preussischen Verwaltungsrechts, vol. i, Isaacsohn, Ge- 
 schichte des preussischen Beanitenthums, vol. 2, Cavaignac, Les Ori- ^ 
 gines de la Prusse conteniporaine, vol. i, a.ndi wPeter, work cited under ' 
 Ivccture XVII. The primary authority is the collection, edited by 
 Erd7na?msddrferA\\(\. others, of the Urkunden und Actenstiickezur Ge- 
 schichte des Kurfiirsten Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg. 
 
 [Books marked with a * are not in the University Ivibrary.] 
 
 I.ECTURE XIX 
 
 THE FOREIGN POI.ICY OF LOUIS XIV : TO THE TREATIES 
 OF RYSWICK, 1697. 
 
 The rivalry of William III, Prince of Orange, and Irouis 
 XIV : the character of William III : his adherence to the 
 doctrine of the Balance of Power : the question of the Span- 
 ish Succession. 
 
 The position of I^ouis XIV after the Treaties of Nymwegen : 
 his friendship with Charles II and James II of England : the 
 *' chambers of reunion," and Alsace and Franche Comte : he 
 seizes Strasbourg and purchases Casale (Sept., 168 1) : secret 
 alliance between the Emperor, William III, Spain and Swe- 
 den (1681) to preserve the arrangements made at Nymwegen 
 in 1678 : prevented from acting by the invasion of the Turks 
 and the siege of Vienna (1683) : the Imperial Diet makes a 
 truce of twenty years with lyouis XIV, and consents to the 
 reunions (Aug., 1684) : the question of the Palatine Succes- 
 sion (1685) : pretensions of Louis XIV : formation of the 
 League of Augsburg (9 July, 1686) between the allies of 1681 , 
 
— 45 — 
 
 joined by Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savo}', the Elector of 
 Bavaria, and others. 
 
 lyouis XIV and the Mediterranean : Du Quesne bombards 
 TripoH, and Algiers, and Genoa (1684) : Seignelay improves 
 the French navy. 
 
 lyouis XIV and Pope Innocent XI : the ambassador's right 
 of asylum : occupation of Avignon (1687). 
 
 Louis XIV and the administration : Colbert succeeded by 
 Le Peletier (1683-89), and Pontcljartrain (1689-99) : Lou- 
 vois by Barbezieux (1691-1701) : Colbert -Croissy assisted 
 by Colbert-Torcy (1689), and succeeded by him (1696). 
 
 Effect of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) in 
 Europe, especially in England and Germany. 
 
 Outbreak of war (1688) : its causes : (i) the Palatine Suc- 
 cession : (2) the electorate of Cologne, France supporting Car- 
 dinal von Fiirstenberg and the Emperor, Joseph Clement of 
 Bavaria : Louis XIV devastates the Palatinate ^ occupies 
 Bonn, Cologne, Mayence and Treves, and takes Philipps- 
 burg (1689). 
 
 The position changed by the Revolution of 1688 in En- 
 gland, by -which William III became King of England : effect 
 of this change on the position of Eouis XIV : he sends an 
 army and a fleet to support James II in Ireland. 
 ■ Campaign of 1690 : De Tourville defeats the English and 
 the Dutch off Beachy Head (10 July), but James II is defeat- 
 ed at the battle of the Boyne ( 1 1 July) , and leaves Ireland : 
 Luxembourg defeats the Prince of Waldeck at Fleurus (i 
 July, 1690), and Catinat the Duke of Savoy at Staff arda (17 
 Aug., 1690). 
 
 The campaign of 1691 : Louis XIV prepares to invade 
 England : he takes Mons (9 April) : Catinat tak^s Nice (2 
 April) : Noailles takes Urgel : death of Louvois. 
 
 The campaign of 1692 : Russell defeats De Tourville at the 
 battle of La Hogue (29 May) : end of the French supremacy 
 in the Channel : regular naval war abandoned for privateer- 
 ing : Duguay-Trouin and Jean Bart : the invasion of En- 
 gland abandoned : Louis XIV takes Namur (5 June) : Lux- 
 
-46- 
 
 embourg defeats William III at Steenkirk (3 Aug.) : the 
 Duke of Savoy invades Dauphine. 
 
 The campaign of 1693 : lyUxembourg defeats William III 
 at lyanden or Neerwinden (29 July), and takes Charleroi (11 
 Oct.) : Catinat defeats the Duke of Savoy and Prince Eugene 
 at Marsaglia (4 Oct.) : Noailles takes Rosas. 
 
 Exhaustion of France : feebleness of the ministers : depre- 
 ciation of the currency. 
 
 Defensive campaign of 1694 • death of lyuxembourg (4 
 Jan., 1695): William III recaptures Namur (1695): lyouis 
 XIV makes peace with Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, who 
 recovers Pignerol and Casale, and whose daughter marries 
 the grandson of lyouis : he declares himself the ally of France. 
 
 Negotiations for peace opened at Ryswick (May, 1697) : 
 peace decided by Vendome's capture of Barcelona (10 Aug.). 
 
 The treaties of Ryswick signed 20 Sept. and 30 Oct., 1697, 
 by which (i) Louis XIV recognized William III as King of 
 England, but refused to expel James II : (ii) the Dutch 
 allowed to garrison the frontier towns of Belgium as ' ' barrier 
 fortresses ' ' : (iii ) lyouis XIV restored to the Empire Philipps- 
 burg, Breisach and Freiburg, and all places adjudged to him 
 since the treaties of Nymwegen, except Strasbourg, Longwy, 
 Sarrelouis and Landau : (iv) Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, re- 
 stored to his father's dominions, with all fortresses dismantled. 
 
 Position of the powers of Europe at the Treaties of Ryswick 
 awaiting the settlement of the Spanish Succession. 
 
 V Authorities : Of the secondary histories cited for I^ectures XVI P 
 
 H and XVII, Voltaire, (fGaillardifi, ^ClSmcni, Le Gouvenieiiieiltid^ 
 
 Louis XIV de 1683-89, Rousset, ^Michaud, Bausset, * Martin, *Filo?i, 
 
 ^Von En7ienJ^Roy,'f Michel and 9jal are still valuable, and of the 
 
 PRIMARY AUTHORITIES, BoisHslc, Depping , Foucault, ^Cosnac, La 
 
 Fare, Madame de Sevigni, and "^Griffet. To the secondary au- 
 
 . THORITIES should be added for this period, Macaulay, History of En- 
 
 ^ gland, vols, r-4 ; ^Sirtema de Grovestj^ins, G^^iUatiiite-fff'etXdUiff 
 
 S vols. ; /^Reynald, Louis XIV et Guillaume 111^' 2 vols.'J-'^'JVoailles, 
 
 Histoire de Madame de Maintenon et des principaux evenements ,du 
 
 regne de Louis XIV, 4 vols. ; Geffroy, Madame de Maintenon ; T-I^e- 
 
 grelle, Louis XIV et Strasbourg ; ■^C^££3/z.,_X£4iape-AJ£:^caiidieJ^ 
 
 Lo t ii ft- XIV ^ Schulte, Markgraf Ludwig von Baden und der Reichs- 
 
 ^ 
 

 5 C^'t'Ux 
 
 Lhm^ Xjx^ t.'(c Vi:' - •■ ' /C ^^ 
 
to - f ^H(<uY't ' 
 
^ 
 
 — 47 — 
 
 ^ krieg gegen Frankreicli, 2 vols. ; ^arutti, Storia del regno di Vittorio 
 Atnedio II, and ^D'' Haussonville, Histoire de la reunion de la Lor- 
 raine ^ la France, 4 vols. To the primary authoritiks add Louis 
 XIV CEuvres, 6 vols., and Memoires pour 1' instruction du Dauphin, 
 ed. Dreyss, 2 vols.; Spanheini, Relation sur la cour de France en 1690; 
 Madame de Maintenon Correspondance generale and CEuvres ed. by 
 LavallSe, 12 vols. ; the various collections of the Letters of the ^Duchesse --i — v 
 d'OrUans^Veiwovin. as the Princess Palatine ; /^(G^^zVm/, Memoires et 
 Correspondance, 3 vols. ;Mhe Memoires of Mdlle. de Lafayette, Ma- 
 dame de Caytus, the Abbe Choisy, and Torcy, and the Journal of Dan- 
 geau, vols. 1-6. 
 
 [Books marked with an * are not in the University Library.] 
 
 I.ECrURB XX. 
 
 n 
 
 THE SIEGE OF VIENNA BY THE TURKS, 1683 : POLAND 
 UNDER JOHN SOBIESKI. 
 
 The Emperor I^eopold I and Hungary : his efforts (i) to 
 tirpate Calvinism, (2) to destroy local independence, in the 
 rtion of Hungary left to him : the situation after the 
 Treaty of Vasvar (1664) : the conspiracy of 1670 : the Pal- 
 atine ofhce abolished and a policy of religious persecution 
 and Germanization adopted : the insurrection of Tokoli 
 (1675-79) encouraged by lyouis XIV to embarrass the Em- 
 peror : effect of Western on Eastern European politics : the 
 Treaty of Nymwegen (1678) followed by the Diet of CEdens- 
 berg (1681) by which the Palatine was restored, arbitrary 
 taxes abolished, all offices granted to Magyars, and liberty 
 of worship promised to the Protestants. 
 
 The Emperor Leopold and Transylvania : attitude of that 
 province to the Turks (see Lecture XIII). 
 
 The Turks recognize Tokoli as Prince of Hungary, and 
 under the command of Kara Mustapha Kiuprili march on 
 Vienna (1683) : the siege of Vienna (March-Sept., 1683) : 
 
-48 — 
 
 its significance in history : help sent to the Emperor by other 
 states : heroic defence of Vienna : appeal for the help of 
 John Sobieski, King of Poland : attempt of I^ouis XI V to 
 isolate the Emperor. 
 
 John Sobieski, King of Poland, elected 21 May, 1674 : the 
 disastrous reign of John Casimir Vasa (1648-69) : the 
 feeble reign of Michael Koributh Vichnevetski (1669-74) : 
 Sobieski' s difficulties in Poland since the Treaty of Zurawna 
 (27 Oct., 1676): his treaties with Russia and the Dutch: 
 his fame as a general : his desire for a crusade against the 
 Turks : his friendship with Pope Innocent XI r his differences 
 with lyouis XIV : he resolves to come to the help of the 
 Emperor. 
 
 John Sobieski with Charles V, Duke of lyorraine, defeats 
 the Turks in their camp (12 Sept., 1683) and raises the siege 
 of Vienna : pursuit of the Turks : capture of Gran : execu- 
 tion of Kara Mustapha Kiuprili. 
 
 War with the Turks : first phase (1684-89) : excitement 
 caused in Christendom by the siege of Vienna : the ' ' Holy 
 League ' ' : the Venetians under Morosini conquer the Morea 
 (1684-87) : the Poles in Moldavia (1686) : the Duke of Lor- 
 raine takes Buda (3 Sept., 1686): he and Louis of Baden 
 defeat the Turks at Mohacs (12 Aug., 1687) : the Janissaries 
 depose Muhammad IV and place Sulaiman II on the throne 
 (Nov., 1687): the Prince of Transylvania declares himself 
 a vassal of Hungary: capture of Belgrade (Sept., 1688): 
 Louis of Baden invades Servia : the Russians attack the 
 Turks: Mustapha Kiuprili appointed Grand Vizier (1689). 
 
 The Emperor Leopold's action on the conquest of Hungary : 
 he punishes the friends of Tokoli : executions at Eperies : the 
 crown of Hungary made hereditary, instead of elective, in the 
 House of Hapsburg : abolition of the coronation oath : per- 
 secution of the Protestants. 
 
 War with the Turks : second phase {i6^g-gi) : the Emperor 
 has to detach the Duke of Lorraine to fight Louis XIV on 
 the Rhine : Louis of Baden commands against the Turks : 
 Mustapha Kiuprili appoints Tokoli Prince of Transylvania 
 
— 49 — 
 
 and recaptures Belgrade (1690) : accession of Ahmad II : 
 Ivouis of Baden defeats the Turks at Szalankemen (19 Aug., 
 1 691) : Mustapha Kiuprili killed : Transylvania conquered : 
 the Hapsburgs recognized as Princes of Transylvania (Dec, 
 1 691) : John Sobieski's last campaign : he extends the fron- 
 tier of Poland to the Pruth (1691); : Louis of Baden sent to 
 the Rhine. 
 
 War with the Turks : third phase (1691-98) : unimportant 
 operations (1691-95) : accession of Mustapha II (1695) : he 
 takes command of the Turkish army : he invades Hungary 
 and takes many fortresses : confusion caused by the death of 
 John Sobieski : Peter the Great takes Azov (28 July, 1696) : 
 Prince Eugene destroys the Turkish army at Zenta ( 1 1 Sept. , 
 1697) : the Turks sue for peace. 
 
 Reasons which induced the Emperor L/eopoId to make 
 peace with the Turks : the imminence of the falling in of the 
 Spanish Succession : intervention of the English and Dutch. 
 
 Treaty of Carlowitz (26 Jan., 1699) :■ (i) the Emperor ob- 
 tained Hungary, except the Banat of Temesvar, the whole 
 of Transylvania, Croatia and Slavonia to the Save : (ii) 
 •Venice obtained Dalmatia and the Morea : (iii) Poland recov- 
 ered Podolia with Kaminietz : (iv) Russia got Azov. 
 
 Since the siege of Vienna the Turks have receded in Eu- 
 rope : the Treaty of Carlowitz marks the first stage of their 
 decline. 
 
 The condition of Poland under John Sobieski : rivalry be- 
 tween the Poles and Ivithuanians : the factious nobility : Sobie- 
 ski's schemes for reform rejected : he finds himself without 
 subsidies or support : attitude of foreign powers : Sobieski 
 wishes to abdicate : approach of civil war : Sobieski's ad- 
 vancement of civilization in Poland : death of John Sobieski 
 (17 June, 1696) : election of the Elector Augustus of Saxony 
 to be King of Poland (i June, 1697). 
 
 Authorities: Among smalt^ books Leger, AutricheHongrie ; 
 
 Creasy, Ottoman Turks and Morjill, Story of Poland, as before, with 
 
 ^ )tMalden, History and Consequences of the Defeat of the Turks before 
 
 Vienna in 1683. As Secondary authorities see Coxe, History of 
 
— 50 — 
 
 >^ the House of Austria, 4 vols. ; '^Teutsch, Gescliichte der Siebenbiirgef 
 J Sachseu^#A;7<?/»/», Das Jahr 1683 und der folgende grosse Tiirkenkrie^ 
 bis zum Frieden von Carlowitz, traa^. ; "^Thi'irheim, Feldmarschall 
 KrnstRiidiger, Graf Stahremberg ; ^Roder von Diersbiirg, Des Mark- 
 grafen Ludwig Wilhelm vou Baden Feldziige wider die Tiirken, 2 vols. ; 
 Afneth, Prinz Eugen von Savoyen 3 vols. ; Vo7i Hdmmer, Histoire de ^y 
 I'Bnipire Ottoman vols. 12, iy,^Coyer, Histoire de Jean Sobieski, 3 vols., 
 and Salvandy, Histoire de Pologne avant et sous Jean Sobieski, 3 vols., 
 are old-fashioned and do not give sources, but interesting. There is 
 much that is useful in Farges, Recueil des instructions donnees aux 
 anibassadeurs et ministres de France en Pologne. 
 
 [Books marked with a * are noi in the University Library.} 
 
 IvECl'URB XXI. 
 
 RUSSIA UNDER PETER THE GREAT. 
 
 Condition of Russia under the first Romanovs : internal 
 and foreign policy of the Tsars (see Ivecture XII). 
 
 The reign of Alexis Romanov (1645-75) '■ autocracy legal- 
 ized : the government of the boyars : disorganization of the 
 administration: popular risings: Stenka Razin (1666-71) : 
 Nikon's reform of the Russian liturgy : the code of Alexis : 
 his wars with Poland and Sweden : he accepts the suzerainty 
 of the Cossacks of I/ittle Russia, and the Ukraine, and of the 
 Zaporogues : by truce of Androussovo with Poland (1667), 
 he receives Smolensk and Kiev. 
 
 The reign of Feodor Alexievitch (1675-82). 
 
 Accession of Peter the Great, youngest son of Alexis, born 
 9 June, 1672 ; the rising of the Streltsi at Moscow : Ivan V 
 proclaimed joint Tsar with Peter : Princess Sophia made 
 Regent. 
 
 The government of Sophia and Vasili Galitzin (1682-89) - 
 they confirm the peace of Kardis with Sweden and the treaty 
 of Androussovo: Galitzin' s expedition against the Crimean 
 
— 51 -— 
 
 Tartars (1687-89) : overthrow of Sophia (1689) : Peter the 
 Great assumes the government. 
 
 The boyhood of Peter the Great : his education : his char- 
 acter : his passion for boat-building : his foreign friends : lye- 
 fort : his amusernents and occupations : his longing for a 
 navy : condition of Russian commerce : Archangel : the 
 Baltic : the government of the boyars : by death of Ivan V 
 Peter becomes sole Tsar (8 Feb., 1696). 
 
 Peter the Great's first war : the capture of Azov (28 July, 
 1696) : by treaty with the Turks, Azov granted to Russia 
 (1700). 
 
 Peter the Great's visit to Western Europe (1697-98) ; its 
 political results : its effect on Peter's character. 
 
 Destruction of the Streltsi ( 1 698 ) : first steps taken for the 
 formation of a regular army and navy : forcible introduction 
 of Western usages. 
 
 First appearance of Russia in European politics : negotia- 
 tions between Augustus I, Elector of Saxony and King of 
 Poland, Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, Frederick IV, 
 King of Denmark, and Peter the Great for an attack on Swe- 
 den : motives of the attack : Brandenburg also suggests the 
 partition of Poland : Peter's desire for a port on the Baltic. 
 
 Peter the Great invades Ingria : the Russians defeated by 
 Charles XII at the battle of Narva (13 Nov. , 1700) : Charles 
 XII moves against Poland. 
 
 The Russians take Noteburg (22 Oct., 1702), and Peter 
 the Great founds St. Petersburg : occupation of Ingria and 
 Carelia : capture of Narva (20 Aug., 1704). 
 
 The Empress Catherine : private marriage (1707) : public 
 marriage ( 1 7 1 2 ) ; her influence over Peter ; Menshikov. 
 
 Closeness of the alliance between Peter and Augustus I : the 
 devastation of Livonia : the Swedes defeated at Kalisch (29 
 Nov., 1706) : Augustus makes peace with Charles XII at 
 Altranstadt (1706) : Peter left without allies: the war in 
 lyithuania : fortification of Moscow. 
 
 Charles XII invades the Ukraine (1708) : treachery of Ma- 
 zeppa, Hetman of the Cossacks : the battle of Liesna (9 Oct., 
 
— 52 — 
 
 lyoSJ : the winter of 1708-9 : destruction of the Swedish army 
 at Poltava ( 1 1 July, 1709): escape of Charles XII: importance 
 of the victory : Russia takes rank with European nations : 
 the result of a trained and disciplined army : immediate 
 effects of the victory ; Augustus, aided by Peter, resolves to 
 recover the Polish throne and to conquer I^ivonia : the Rus- 
 sians made safe in Ingria and Carelia, with an outlet to the 
 Baltic : the Emperor offers his sister to the Tsarevitch Alexis, 
 who marries Princess Charlotte of Brunswick- Wolfenbiitt^l 
 (25 Oct. 171 1 ) : league of Russia, Denmark and Prussia 
 formed against Sweden ; by treaty of Marienwerder ( i Nov. , 
 
 1709) Elbing promised to Prussia. 
 
 Early suggestions of a partition of Poland b}^ Prussia and 
 Saxony to Peter the Great. 
 
 Internal reforms : the new administration : the Privy 
 Council takes the place of the Council of Boyars : the new 
 departments : formation of the eight governments : the taxes 
 and financial system : commerce and monopolies : encourage- 
 ment of foreigners : ecclesiastical reforms : reformation of 
 the monasteries : the Senate : unpopularity of these changes : 
 local insurrections and discontent. 
 
 Continuance of the war with Sweden : capture of Viborg 
 (21 June, 1710), of Riga (July) and of Revel (September) : 
 occupation of I^ivonia and Esthonia : marriage of Peter's 
 niece Anne to the Duke of Courland ; occupation of Cour- 
 land. 
 
 The Turks declare war against Peter the Great ( i Dec. , 
 
 1 7 10) : Peter the Great invades Moldavia : he is surrounded 
 by the Turks on the Pruth and by treaty of 11 July, 171 1, 
 agrees to surrender Azov, which was given up to the Turks 
 in 1712. 
 
 The campaigns in Pomerania (1711-13) : sequestration of 
 Stettin. 
 
 Peter the Great's position at the time of the Treaties of 
 Utrecht. 
 
 The greatness of the work Peter had done for Russia. 
 
— 53 — 
 
 Authorities: Of smaMv books the most readable is still, despite 
 some mistakes and misconceptions, Voltaire, Histoire de I'empire de 
 Russie sous Pierre le Grand, which should be checked by the chapters 
 on his reign in Morfill, Story of Russia, and Rambaud, Histoire de la 
 Russie, translated by L. B. Lang, 2 vols. The best secondary au- 
 thorities are Schuyler, Peter the Great, 2 vols., Bruckner, Peter der 
 Grosse, and Herrmann, Russland unter Peter der Grosse. The Uni- 
 versity Library, owing to the gift by Mr. Eugene Schuyler of his inval- 
 uable collection, is rich in books on this subject : most of these vol- 
 umes are in Russian but among those of historical and biographical 
 interest in other languages may be noted Obolenski and Posselt, Tage- 
 buch des Generalen Patrick Gordon, 3 vols., and Posselt, Der General 
 und Admiral Franz Lefort, sein Leben und seine Zeit, 2 vols. 
 
 LECTURE XXII 
 
 CHARLES Xn OF SWEDEN. 
 
 The reign of Charles XI of Sweden (1660-97) : during 
 his minority and the government of his mother, Hedwiga, 
 peace was made with Poland, Denmark and Russia [see 
 Lecture XI] and Sweden joined the Triple Alliance [see 
 Lecture XVII] : the political position of Sweden : the gov- 
 ernment of the nobles : they grant to themselves the crown 
 lands. 
 
 Charles XI assumes the government (1672) : his alliance 
 with France : he invades Brandenburg : he is attacked by 
 Denmark and the Dutch : his navy is defeated by Cornells 
 van Tromp (11 June, 1675) and his army by the Great Elec- 
 tor at Fehrbellin (18 June, 1675) : he defeats the Danes at 
 Lund (11 Dec, 1675) but loses all Pomerania and his fleet 
 is destroyed by Admiral Juel (11 June, 1678) : by the Treaty 
 of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (17 Sept., 1679) he recovers all 
 his lost territory by the influence of Louis XIV : his alliance 
 with the Dutch (1681) : he sends them 6000 men (1688-98). 
 
— 54 — 
 
 The Revolution of 1682: absolute power placed in the 
 hands of the king b}^ the Estates : he attacks the nobility by 
 resuming all lands granted to them since 1609 : his excellent 
 administration : economy and large savings : encouragement 
 of Swedish commerce. 
 
 Christian V, King of Denmark (1670-99) : the adminis- 
 tration of Griffenfeld (1670-76) : result of the war with 
 Sweden : his troubles with Holstein-Gottorp : the Convention 
 of Altona ( 1 69 1 ) : his attempts to imitate I^ouis XIV : his 
 creation of a privileged nobility : excellence of his navy and 
 commerce : his administration : he invades Schleswig ( 1698) 
 and is succeeded by Frederick IV in the following year. 
 
 Charles XII of Sweden (1697-1718) : his education and 
 character : he is declared of age (1699) : danger threatened 
 to Sweden by the alliance against her of Denmark, Branden- 
 burg, Saxony and Russia. 
 
 The first campaign of Charles XII : he comes to the help 
 of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1700) : he attacks Copen- 
 hagen : Frederick IV makes the Treaty of Travandahl (18 
 Attg., 1700), granting practical sovereignty to the Duke in 
 Schleswig. 
 
 The second campaign of Charles XII : he defeats the Rus- 
 sians at Narva (30 Nov., 1700) and the Saxons at Klissow. 
 
 Charles XII despises Russia and resolves to drive Augus- 
 tus I out of Poland : the Polish Diet declares the throne of 
 Poland vacant : election of Stanislas Leczinski as King of 
 Poland (12 July, 1704) : Charles XII invades Saxony: by 
 the Treaty of Altranstadt (24 Sept., 1706) Augustus recog- 
 nizes Stanislas as king : commanding position of Charles XII 
 in European politics : expectation of his intervention in the 
 War of the Spanish Succession : visit of Marlborough to him. 
 
 Charles XII invades the Ukraine (1708) : his army de- 
 stroyed or captured by Peter the Great at Poltava (11 July, 
 1709) : he escapes to Bender : his efforts to induce the Turks 
 to attack Russia : he is arrested by the Turks and imprisoned 
 at Adrianople (17 13). 
 
 The Northern, War during the residence of Charles XII at 
 
JU:^, ^^^.^.yJU^Mi c..^ ^ ®^^"^-^ ^^i^o€.^(£_^ 
 
— 55 — 
 
 Bender : Augustus I tears up the Treaty of Altranstadt and 
 with Peter the Great reconquers Poland : Stanislas lyeczinski 
 escapes to Sweden (1710) and goes to Bender (1713) : the 
 Russians conquer Ksthonia and all the shores of the Gulf of 
 Finland : Frederick IV of Denmark invades Sweden, but is 
 defeated by Stenbock at Helsingborg (10 March, 17 10) : 
 Stenbock defeats the Danes at Gadebusch (20 Dec, 17 12) 
 and burns Altona : he is joined by the Duke of Holstein- 
 Gottorp : Stenbock forced to surrender at Tonning (May, 
 17 13) : the Danes conquer Bremen and Verden : campaign 
 of the Russians, Prussians, Saxons and Danes in Pomerania : 
 the whole province occupied, except Stralsund. 
 
 Position of the northern powers at the Treaties of Utrecht : 
 exhausted condition of Sweden : triumphant attitude of 
 Russia, Prussia and Denmark : Sweden ceases to be a great 
 power : the position given her by the Treaties of Westphalia 
 too great for her to hold : sources of her strength and weak- 
 ness. 
 
 The character and career of Charles XII. 
 
 Authorities : The best.SMAi,i:, book is still Voltaire, Charles XII, 
 but the summary of facts in OtU, Scandinavian History, and Geffroy, 
 Les Etats scandiuaves, is useful. For more detailed information see 
 Lundblad, Geschichte Karls des 2wolften, 2 vols., Beskow, Karl der 
 Tolfte and SarauW, Die Feldziige Karls XII, while Schuyler, Peter the 
 Great, Morjill, Story of Poland, and Tuttle, History of Prussia, can be 
 studied for the Russian, Polish and Prussian sides of the Northern 
 War. The general histories of Sweden by FryXell and by Geijer, 
 translated into German and continued by Carlson, devote much space 
 to the reigns of Charles XI and Charles XII. 
 
 I.ECTURE XXIII. 
 
 THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION, 1701-14. 
 
 Causes of the War of the Spanish Succession : the reign 
 of Charles II of Spain (i 665-1 700) : his feeble health : in- 
 trigues for the succession to the Spanish dominions : impor- 
 tance of the question to European nations : the doctrine of 
 the Balance of Power. 
 
/it^ ^kiCijiju^^, /^d^^, kA^c*^ (^{c^f_ 
 
 56 — 
 
 The Secret Partitiop Treaty between lyouis XIV and the 
 Emperor Leopold (19 Jan., 1668)/: lyouis to have theJ^Nether- Ou^hirCi 
 lands, Franche Comte, \N"avarre,^aples, Sicily and^Catalonia^ 'K^i^'^l 
 
 Leopold to have Spain\ the Indie s and the Milanese : these 
 
 terms made impossible by the Treaties of^Rys wick. 
 
 The claimants to the Spanish Succession and their claims : 
 Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV, the Arch- 
 dty^e Charles, youngfer son of the Emperor Leopold, and the 
 Electoral Prince of Bavaria. (See Appendix V). 
 
 The First Partition Treaty between William III and Louis 
 XIV ( 1 1 Oct. , 1698) : the Electoral Prince to have Spain, the 
 Indies .and the Netherlands, Charles to have the Milanese, 
 Philip to have Naples, Sicily, the Tuscan ports and Guiposcoa : 
 arrangement accepted by Spain : death of the Electoral Prince 
 of Bavaria (6 Feb., 1699). 
 
 The Second Partition Treaty between William III and 
 Louis XIV (15 May, 1700) : Charles to have Spain, the In- 
 dies, the Netherlands and Sardinia, Philip to have the same 
 as before with the addition of the Milanese, which was to be 
 exchanged for Lorraine. 
 
 Intrigues at Madrid : Charles II makes a will in favour of 
 Philip (7 Oct., 1700) and dies (i Nov., 1700). 
 
 Louis XIV accepts the will and acknowledges his grand- 
 son as ruler of all the Spanish dominions (16 Nov., 1700) : 
 William III and the Dutch reluctantly recognize Philip V of 
 Spain : diplomatic precautions of Louis XIV : his first mis- 
 take, expulsion of the Dutch from the barrier fortresses ; 
 formation of the Grand Alliance (7 Sept., 1701) between the 
 Emperor, William III, the Dutch and the King of Prussia : 
 second mistake of Louis XIV : he recognizes the Pretender 
 as King of England (17 Sept., 1701) on the death of James 
 II : death of William III (19 March, 1702) and accession of 
 Queen Anne : the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV 
 strengthened by the assistance of the Empire (30 Sept. , 1 702 ) : 
 its leading spirits the Duke of Marlborough, Prince Eugene 
 and the Grand Pensionary Heinsius : the allies of France 
 were the Dukes of Modena, Mantua, Guastalla and Savoy, 
 and the Electors of Bavaria and Cologne. 
 
^^-^ , Xtjl^ %^ 4s -iV-H^^ "^^ /U,0-. J>Z^^'^J. 
 
 I '■ ; • 
 
— 57 — 
 
 War of the Spanish Succession : campaign of 1701 : Eu- 
 gene turns the position of Catinat in Lombardy and defeats 
 Villeroi at Chiari (i Sept.). 
 
 Campaign of 1702 : Eugene surprises Villeroi at Cremona 
 (i Feb.) : the Dukes of Modena and Guastalla abandon 
 France: Vendome defeats Eugene at lyUzzara (15 Aug.) : 
 lyouis of Baden invades Alsace and seizes I^andau : Bavaria 
 declares war and seizes Ulm (8 Sept.) : Villars defeats Louis 
 of Baden at Friedlingen (14 Oct.) : Marlborough takes I^iege 
 and other fortresses on the Meuse. 
 
 Campaign of 1 703 : French plan of marching on Vienna : 
 Francis Rakoczy raises an insurrection in Hungary : critical 
 position of the Emperor : Villars enters Bavaria : Vendome 
 enters the Tyrol : Vendome has to retire owing to the con- 
 duct of Victor Amadeus of Savoy, who joins the allies 
 (8 Nov.) : importance of this event : the Duke receives from 
 the Emperor Alessandria, Valenza, the Val Sesia and the 
 Lomelline : failure of the invasion of the Tyrol : Villars de- 
 feats the Austrians at Hochstadt (21 Sept.) : Tallard recap- 
 tures L<andau (17 Nov.) : Marlborough takes Bonn (May) 
 and occupies the electorate of Cologne : insurrection of the 
 Protestants in the Cevennes. 
 
 Campaign of 1 704 : Vendome conquers Piedmont : suc- 
 cesses of Rakoczy : Marlborough joins Eugene in Bavaria 
 and crushes Tallard at Blenheim (13 Aug.) : lyouis of Baden 
 takes lyandau and Marlborough Treves : importance of the 
 battle of Blenheim : Sir George Rooke seizes Gibraltar 
 (4 Aug.) : Portugal recognizes the Archduke Charles as 
 King of Spain. 
 
 Campaign of 1 705 : Joseph I succeeds Leopold as Emperor 
 (May) : he pursues a conciliatory policy towards Hungar}' : 
 Villars puts down the revolt in the Cevennes, takes Wissem- 
 bourg and invades Baden : Vendome besieges Turin and de- 
 feats Eugene at Cassano (16 Aug.) : Marlborough in the 
 Netherlands : Galway invades Spain from Portugal : Peter- 
 borough takes Barcelona (13 Sept.) and Catalonia declares 
 for the Archduke Charles. 
 
— 58- 
 
 Campaign of 1706 : Galway occupies Madrid (2 July) but 
 the Spaniards rise for Philip V and drive him out (Aug.) : 
 Peterborough takes Valencia and relieves Barcelona : Eugene 
 relieves Turin, defeats Orleans and drives the French out of 
 Italy (7 Sept.) : Villars retakes I/auterbourg and Haguenau : 
 Marlborough crushes Villeroi at Ramillies (23 May) and 
 occupies the Catholic Netherlands. 
 
 Campaign of 1707 : Berwick defeats Galway at Almanza 
 (15 April) : all Spain, except Catalonia, supports Philip V : 
 iSTaples acknowledges the Archduke Charles : the Emperor 
 confiscates the duchy of Mantua : he grants Montferrat and 
 Casale to the Duke of Savoy, but adds Mantua to the Mila- 
 nese : Eugene and the Duke of Savoy invade France and 
 besiege Toulon : Villars storms Stolhofen (23 May), invades 
 Germany and invites Charles XII of Sweden to join him : 
 Marlborough undertakes no military operations, but keeps 
 Charles XII from intervening. 
 
 Campaign of 1708 : Rakoczy, utterly defeated, escapes to 
 Poland : Stanhope takes Port Mahon in Minorca : the Aus- 
 trians, under Daun, occupy Naples and Sardinia : Pope 
 Clement XI prepares to resist : Vendome conquers the Cath- 
 olic Netherlands, but is defeated by Marlborough and Eugene 
 at Oudenarde ( 1 1 July) : the allies invade France : capture 
 of Lille (22 Oct.). 
 
 Louis XIV negotiates for peace : the demands of the allies : 
 Louis appeals to Ftance and continues the war. 
 
 Campaign of 1709 : the Pope by the approach of Austrian 
 troops is forced to recognize the Archduke Charles as King 
 of Spain (15 Jan.) : Marlborough and Eugene take Tournay 
 (2 Sept.) : the battle of Malplaquet (11 Sept.). 
 
 Negotiations of Gertruydenburg. 
 
 Campaign of 17 10: Stahremberg and Stanhope defeat 
 Philip V at Almenara (27 July) and Saragossa (20 Aug.) : 
 the Archduke Charles occupies Madrid (21 Sept.) : Vendome 
 makes Stanhope prisoner at Brihuega (9 Dec.) and defeats 
 Stahremberg at Villa Viciosa (10 Dec.) : Marlborough and 
 Eugene take Douai (25 June), Bethune (29 Aug.) and Aire 
 (8 Nov.). 
 

__ 59 — 
 
 General weariness of the war : change of ministry in En- 
 gland : the Archduke Charles succeeds his brother, Joseph I 
 (17 April, 17 11): he is elected Emperor as Charles VI: 
 effect of this change. 
 
 Campaign of 171 1 : Marlborough takes Bouchain (12 
 Sept.) : Torcy and Bolingbroke, the French and English 
 ministers, secretly arrange preliminaries of peace : Ormond 
 succeeds Marlborough in command of the army : Duguay- 
 Trouin takes Rio de Janeiro (23 Sept.). 
 
 The congress of plenipotentiaries to decide on terms of 
 peace meets at Utrecht (Jan., 17 12). 
 
 Campaign of 1712 : the English make a truce (17 July) ; 
 Villars defeats Eugene at Denain (24 July) and retakes 
 Marchiennes, Douai and Bouchain. 
 
 The Emperor refuses to accept the Treaties of Utrecht, 
 signed 11 April, 1713, and continues the war. 
 
 Villars takes Spires, Worms, I^andau and Fribourg. 
 
 The Emperor makes peace with France at Rastadt (4 March, 
 1714) and the Empire at Baden (7 Sept., 1714). 
 
 Contrast between the War of the Spanish Succession and 
 the Thirty Years' War. 
 
 Authorities : For a short account of the War of the Spanish Suc- 
 cession see Sta7ihope, History of Bngland during the Reign of Queen CL— 
 Anne, 2 vols. Among general secondary authorities see *lVyon, *-- 
 History of Great Britain during the Reign of Queen Anne, 2 vols., 
 Coxe, Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon, vols. 
 I, i.y^Reynald, Louis XIV et Guillaume HI, Vsjil:!!, and .'^Guerre de la 
 succession d'Espagne, ^^Moret, Quinze Ans du regne de lyouis XIV, 3 
 vols., ^Noailles, Histoire de Madame de Maintenon, 4 vols.. Von 
 Noorden, Europaische Geschichte ini Achtzehnten Jahrhundert, vols, q^ 
 1-3, '^Krohn, Die letzten Lebensjahre I/udwigs XIV, ^Ennen] f)er 
 .^panische Erbfolgekrieg und der Churfiirst Joseph Clemens von Coin, 
 and ^Landau^l^aiser Karl> VI als Konig von Spanien. Among dip- 
 lomatic SECONDARY AUTHORITIES See fCourcy, La coalition ^"Tfor ^JL 
 contre la France, 2 vols., Legrelle, La Diplomatic Fran^aise et la 
 succession d'Espagne, 4 vols.^and Gcsdeke, Die Politik (F^sterreichs in 
 der spanischen Erbfolgefrage.'^ Among military secondary author- 
 ities see Coxe, Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough, 6 vols., '^Alison, ^ 
 Military Life of the Duke of Marlborough, '^/^;^/^c»^, History of the ^ 
 War of the Succession in Spain, ^Parnell^ The War of the Succession ■ 
 
 a\(i \u-'. ,K^;\£^^e 
 
IMo-m) -60- 
 
 in Spain, Vog'Jie, Villars, Arncth^ Prinz Eugen von vSavoyen, 3 vols., 
 and Iveben des Feldniarsclialls Graf Guido Sta^emberg, and ^Roder 
 von Diersburg, Kriegs und Staatscbriften des Markgrafen Ludwig 
 Wilbelm von Baden iiber den spaniscben Erbfolgekrieg. Tbe cbief 
 PRIMARY AUTHORITY Is Pelct, Memoires militaires relatifs a la succes- 
 sion d'Espagne, 11 vols. (Collection des Documents inedits), but see 
 also Grimblot, Letters of William III and Louis XIV, 1697-1700, 
 ^Hippeau, Avenementdes Bourbons an trone d'Espagne: correspond- 
 ance inedite du Marquis d'Harcourt, 2 vols., Baudrillart, Philippe V 
 d'Espagne et la Cour de France, 2 vols., Murray, Letters and De- 
 spatches of Marlborough, 5 vols., RatnbtUeau, Lettres du Marechal 
 de Tesse, Lamberty, Memoires pour servir a I'histoire du XVIIIieme 
 siecle, 14 \o\s., Louville, Memoires secrets sur I'etablissement de la 
 maison de Bourbon en Espagne, 2 vols., and the Memoires oi^Ber- C^v\ihJc 
 wick, Villars, Duguay-Trouin, Forbin, and Torcy, with the Journal 
 inedit, 1709-1711, of Torcy, edited by yJ/(25.?c;?. 
 
 [Books marked with a * are not in the Universit}' Library.] 
 
 LECTURE XXIV. 
 
 THE TREATIES OF- UTRECHT. 
 
 The first negotiations made by Eouis XIV after Ramillies 
 (1706) : he tries to detach the Dutch from the Grand AlH- 
 ance : refusal of the Grand Pensionary, Heinsius, to treat 
 separately (19 Nov.). 
 
 Second negotiations at the Hague with the allies after 
 Oudenarde and the loss of lyille (May-June, 1709) : hard 
 terms offered to lyouis XIV (28 May) : he refuses to accept 
 them (2 June). 
 
 Conference at Gertruydenburg after Malplaquet (March- 
 July, 1710) : Louis XIV willing to accept the terms offered 
 at the Hague : the conference broken up (25 July). 
 
 Effect on the situation of the accession of the Tories to 
 power in England (171 1) and of the recall of Marlborough. 
 
 Death of the Dauphin (14 April, 171 1). 
 

 
Congress for peace opened at Utrecht (12 Jan., 1712) : the 
 chief plenipotentiaries, Torcy for France, Bolingbroke for 
 England, Heinsius for the Protestant NetherlandsT: progress 
 of the negotiations : treaties of peace signed between France, 
 England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Savoy, etc., at Utrecht 
 (11 April, 1 7 13) : the Emperor Charles VI continues at war 
 with France. 
 
 Treaties signed between France and the Emperor at 
 Rastadt (4 March, 17 14), confirmed by the Empire at Baden 
 (7 Sept., 1 7 14) and between Spain and Portugal at Madrid 
 (6 Feb., 1715) : but the Emperor makes no" peace with 
 Spain and refuses to acknowledge Philip V. 
 
 The whole series may be considered together as the 
 Treaties of Utrecht. 
 
 Chief provisions. A. The Spanish succession, i. Philip 
 V recognized as King of Spain and the Indies, on condition 
 that the crowns of Spain and France should never be united : 
 causes of this decision. it. Charles VI received the 
 Milanese, Naples, Sardinia and the Catholic Netherlands. 
 iii. Victor Amadeus II received Sicily, iv. England re- 
 ceived Gibraltar and Minorca. 
 
 B. lyouis XIV of France maintained his borders as settled by 
 the Treaties of Ryswick, but surrendered recent conquests in 
 Germany : he ceded Acadia (Nova Scotia) to England, 
 recognized the Protestant Succession, and promised to expel 
 the Stuart Pretender and to dismantle Dunkirk. 
 
 C. England received Gibraltar and Minorca from Spain 
 and Acadia from France : her sovereignty in Newfoundland 
 (subject to certain fishing rights) and Hudson's Bay recog- 
 nized : the Protestant succession in the line of Hanover 
 acknowledged : and by an Assiento she obtained certain 
 rights of commerce with Spanish South America. 
 
 D. The Emperor Charles VI received the Catholic Nether- 
 lands, subject to an arrangement with the Dutch, Naples, 
 Sardinia and the Milanese, together with Mantua, whose 
 last Gonzaga duke had died in 1708. 
 
 E. The creation of the Electorate of Hanover (1692) rec- 
 ognized by the powers. 
 
— 62 — 
 
 F. The Elector of Bavaria and the Elector Archbishop of 
 Cologne, Prince Joseph Clement of Bavaria, restored to their 
 dominions. 
 
 G. The title of the King of Prussia recognized, and he re- 
 ceived Upper Gelderland as heir of the Prince of Orange. 
 
 H. The Dutch have the closing of the Scheldt to com- 
 merce and their right to garrison the eight ' ' barrier fort- 
 resses " in the Catholic Netherlands — Charleroi, Furnes, 
 Ghent, Menin, Mons, Namur, Tournay and Ypres — con- 
 firmed. 
 
 I. Victor Amadeus II had the cessions of Alessandria, 
 Valenza, the Val Sesia and the lyomelline, granted in 1703, 
 and of Casale and Montferrat, granted in 1707 from the 
 duchy of Mantua, confirmed, and received Sicily, with the 
 title of King of Sicily. 
 
 J. The Catalans abandoned. 
 
 Importance of the Treaties of Utrecht : comparison with 
 the Treaties of Westphalia : its most notable points : France 
 left upon the Rhine and in close alliance with Spain, 
 England shows further development in the direction of com- 
 merce and colonies, the dominions of the House of Hapsburg 
 become nominally larger but really more unwieldy and less 
 German, Prussia takes a step in advance among the nations 
 in becoming a kingdom, and the House of Savoy also becomes 
 a kingdom with the most powerful interests in Italy. 
 
 The doctrine of the Balance of Power in the Treaties of 
 Utrecht : neglect of the Principle of Nationality. 
 
 Authorities : Most of the general and diplomatic secondary au- 
 thorities cited under Lecture XXIII devote much space to the 
 Treaties of Utrecht. Good special volumes have been written by ^l -^ 
 ^Giraud, Le traite d'Utrecht and^lVeder, Der Friede von Utrecht* ^ 
 and a primary authority of importance is Torcy Memoires. 
 
 [Books marked with a * are not in the University Library ] 
 
-63 — 
 LECTURE XXV 
 
 GERMANY IN 1715. 
 
 Comparison between the condition of Germany after the 
 Treaties of Utrecht and the Treaties of Westphaha. 
 
 The Holy Roman Empire : constant election of the chief 
 of the House of Austria to be Emperor owing to the votes he 
 commanded as the leading Catholic power : decreasing influ- 
 ence of the Emperors in German affairs : the perpetual capit- 
 ulation : changes in the constitution of the Empire. /. Rec- 
 ognition of Prussia as a kingdom : the Emperor Leopold 
 agrees to give the Elector Frederick of Brandenburg the title 
 of King of Prussia, as Prussia is a state independent of the 
 Empire, in return for assistance in the War of the Spanish 
 Succession : the other powers of Europe recognize the title 
 by the Treaties of Utrecht : as a member of the Empire he 
 remains Elector of Brandenburg : ii. College of Electors : 
 the Emperor Leopold makes the Duke of Hanover an Elec- 
 tor (1692), at the vsame time restoring the full electoral 
 powers to the kingdom of Bohemia : opposition of the other 
 Electors and of the Princes of the Empire : league formed 
 against the new electorate ( 1 700) : the Emperor promises to 
 make no further electorates without the consent of the 
 Empire (1706) : electorate of Hanover accepted by the Diet 
 (1710) : Hi. College of Princes: the Emperor's right to 
 create new princes limited (1654) • settlement of the "col- 
 legiate ' ' votes : creation of new princes made still more dif- 
 ficult and dependent on the consent of the Electoral College, 
 the Princely College, and his Bench (171 1) : growth of the 
 custom of primogeniture and its effect on the votes which 
 accumulate : exception of Saxony : iv. College of Free 
 Cities : its decay owing to the falling off in the prosperity of 
 the cities : only the three Hansa cities remained powerful : 
 conquest of Miinster by Bishop Galen (1661), of Erfurt by 
 the Elector of Mayence (1664), of Magdeburg by the Elector 
 
-64- 
 
 of Brandenburg (1666), of Brunswick by the Duke of Bruns- 
 wick (1671) and seizure of Strasburg by lyouis XIV (1681) : 
 general tendency of the Free Cities to dechne in importance : 
 V. The Imperial Diet : its policy after it becomes perpetual 
 and occupied only by envoys : disputes about precedence : its 
 cumbrous procedure : inefficiency of its military action : vi. 
 The Imperial Chamber : its seat moved from Spires, after the 
 burning of that city by the French in the devastation of the 
 Palatinate in 1689, to Wetzlar in 1691 : quarrels among the 
 assessors : the Chamber dissolves (1700) : its reorganization : 
 vii. The Aulic Council : its claim to deal with cases concern- 
 ing States : viii. The religious question : the application of 
 the doctrine " citjus regio, ejus religio " : failure of the mod- 
 ifications arranged by the Treaties of Westphalia : the 
 persecution of the Protestants in the Palatinate : ix. The 
 question of Coinage : agreement made between Saxony, 
 Brandenburg and Brunswick at Zinna (1667) and at I^eipzig 
 (1690) : X. The Gregorian Calendar adopted by the Pro- 
 testant States by a Decree of the Diet ( 1 700) . 
 
 The House of Austria : additional dominions gained by the 
 Treaties of Utrecht, no additional strength : the more valua- 
 ble gains of the Treaty of Carlowitz in Hungary and Tran- 
 sylvania tend to turn its policy still more towards the Bast : 
 internal administration : the rebellion of Francis Rakoczy 
 (1703) : the short reign of Joseph I (i 705-171 1) : his con- 
 cessions to the Hungarians and consequent overthrow of 
 Rakoczy *: his concessions to the Protestants of Silesia at the 
 request of Charles XII of Sweden : his penal code and the 
 promises of his reign : the Emperor Charles VI and his 
 views on internal government. 
 
 The House of PrUvSsia : the aims of Frederick III, Elector 
 of Brandenburg ( 1 688-1 713) to become a king and to increase 
 his dominions : his character : his policy, i. His foreign 
 policy : he pursues the ideas of the Great Elector : he joins 
 the I^eague of Augsburg (1688) and sends 15,000 men to 
 serve under William III against France (1691-99) : he sends 
 6000 men to assist the Emperor against the Turks (1691^99) : 
 
-65- 
 
 he sends 26,000 men to serve through the War of the Span- 
 ish Succession (1702-13) : his conduct in the Northern War 
 (see I^ecture XXII) : his propositions to Peter the Great for 
 a partition of Poland : ii. His arrangements for the title of 
 king : he promises aid in the War of Spanish Succession, to 
 excuse the Emperor's debts to him, to vote for an Austrian 
 prince for Emperor, and only to use his title as Elector in 
 the Imperial Diet : he crowns himself at Konigsberg as 
 Frederick I, King of Prussia (18 Jan., 1701) : importance of 
 this step for the future of his House : the title recognized by 
 the Treaties of Utrecht : Hi. His territorial policy : he re- 
 stores Schwebus to Austria (see Lecture XVIII) without 
 abandoning his claims on Silesia (1694) * ^^ buys Nord- 
 hausen of the Elector of Saxony (1697) • ^^ takes possession 
 of Elbing in Polish Prussia (1703) : he seizes Moeurs and 
 lyingen as heir of William III ( 1 702 ) and takes possession 
 of Gelders, which is granted to Prussia by the Treaties of 
 Utrecht instead of Orange : he is elected Prince of Neufchatel 
 (1707) and purchases the county of Tecklenburg : iv. His 
 internal policy : he follows the lines of the Great Elector and 
 prepares the way for Frederick William I. 
 
 Accession of Frederick William I (25 Feb., 1713) : by 
 Treaties of Utrecht his royal title is recognized and his pos- 
 session of Neufchatel and Gelders : he inherits the county 
 of Limburg : he occupies Stettin and Wismar in sequestration 
 during the war against Sweden. 
 
 Other states of Germany : /. Electoral Saxony : division 
 made on the death of John George I (1656) : its prosperity 
 sacrificed to the Polish policy of Augustus I (see Lecture 
 XXII) : when elected King of Poland (1697) ^^ became a 
 Catholic, but was yet allowed to remain the Director of the 
 Protestant party in the Diet, his change of faith being per- 
 sonal and not political : by a convention (1700) religious 
 matters were left to the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. //. 
 Ducal Saxony : the rule of Duke Ernest the Pious of Saxe- 
 Gotha : great division made ( 1 680) but no more votes al- 
 lowed to the House. Hi. Bavaria : Ferdinand Maria, Elect- 
 
— 66 — 
 
 or (1651-79) ; he refuses to be a candidate for the E^mpire 
 (1657) : quarrels with the Elector Palatine about the Vicari- 
 ate of the Empire: Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector (1679- 
 1726) : candidature of his son, the Electoral Prince, for the 
 throne of Spain : he joins Louis XIV in the War of the 
 Spanish Succession : his campaigns in the Tyrol : he is put 
 to the ban of the Empire, and from the battle of Blenheim in 
 •1704 to 1 7 14 Bavaria is administered by the Emperors: he 
 acts as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands under 
 Charles II from 1692 to 1701, and again under Philip V 
 from 1 702 until he is driven out after the battle of Ramillies 
 ( J 706) : restored to his dominions by the treaty of Rastadt : 
 condition of Bavaria under Austrian rule. iv. The Palatinate : 
 the last Protestant Electors of the HouSe of Simmern, Charles 
 Louis I (1648-80) and Charles Louis II (1680-85) : Charles 
 Louis I joins the league against Louis XIV (1672) : devasta- 
 tion of the Palatinate by Turenne (1675) : the quCvStion of the 
 succession (1685) : the claims of Louis XIV : Philip William 
 of Neuburg succeeds : fresh devastation of the Palatinate by 
 Durais (1689) : destruction of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Spires, 
 etc : accession of John William ( 1 69 1 ) : his ardent Catholi- 
 cism : persecution of the Protestants : extensive emigration : 
 Philip William pays 300,000 scudi (a scudo at this time al- 
 most equalled a dollar) to Louis XIV to compensate for his 
 claims : his internal government : he moves his capital from 
 Heidelberg to Mannheim (1720). v. Hanover: character 
 and career of Ernest Augustus, 4th son of the Duke of 
 Brunswick-LiihebUrg, and first Elector of Hanover : his 
 reputation as a statesman and a soldier : he makes peace be- 
 tween England and the Dutch (1667) : he becomes William 
 Ill's chief German ally, and his intermediary with Branden- 
 burg and the Emperor : he takes the title of Duke of Hano- 
 ver (1679): he helps to form the League of Augsburg 
 (1688), and is made Elector of Hanover (1692) : his share 
 in the Treaty of Ryswick : he establishes primogeniture 
 in his family : his death (1697) • the Elector George I : his in- 
 creased importance in German affairs after being recognized 
 
^- 
 
 — 67- 
 
 as heir to the crown of England (1701) : he unites the 
 Duchy of Zell ( 1 705 ) : his poHcy : his territorial importance 
 between Brandenburg and the United Provinces : his attitude 
 to France and the Emperor : admitted to the Diet as an 
 Elector (17 10) : acknowledged as heir to England by the 
 Treaties of Utrecht (17 13) : death of the Electress Sophia 
 (8 June, 1714) : he succeeds Queen Anne in England (i 
 Aug., 1 7 14). vi. The ecclesiastical electors and princes of 
 the Empire : methods of their government : restrained by 
 the capitulations made "with them at their election by the 
 chapters : the powxr of the chapters : large sums paid to the 
 popes. 
 
 The petty princes of Germany : their imitation of I^ouis 
 XIV in their absolutism, in refusing to summon or consult 
 their Estates or Diets, in their extravagance, and in their 
 court ceremonials. 
 
 Authorities : For the condition of Germany in 1715 in addition to 
 works hke those of Leget^, cited under Lecture IX deaUng with gen- 
 eral history, see Biedermann Deutschland ini achtzehnten Jahrhundert : 
 Vol. i, Deutschlands politische, materielle und sociale Zustande ; for 
 the Empire see Pi'itter, Historical Development of the Constitution of 
 the Germanic Empire, translated by Dornford, vol. ii : for Austria ; \ 
 ¥Krones, Handbuch der Geschichte CEsterreichs, 5 vols., "^oxe, 
 History of the House of Austria, 4 vols., and ^Bidennann Geschichte 
 der Q^sterreichischen Gesammt-Staats-Idee ; for Prussia, in addition 
 to the general works cited under lyccture XVIII, Ledebur, Konig 
 Friedrich I von Preussen, Waddington, I^' Acquisition de la Couronne 
 royale de Prusse paries Hohenzollern, Varnhagen van Ense, Leben der 'Cs,^ 
 Konigin Sophie Charlotte, 3 vols., bourgeois, Neufch^tel et la poli- , 
 tique prussienne d« 1 7 ^9 a- 17 ^3-, oxi^Lavisse^ Etudes sur I'histoire de ^ 
 
 for Electoral Saxony Bottiger, Geschichte des Kurstaates und 
 Konigreichs Sachsen, 3 vols.; for Ducal Saxony Gelbke, Herzog Ernst ^^^-""^ 
 der Erste genannt der Fromme and *Beck, Ernst der Fromme ; for u / 
 
 Bavaria Schfeiber, Geschichte Bayerns, 2 vols. ;; and for Hanover 
 Kocher, Memoiren der Kurfiirstin Sophie von Hannover, Leibnitz, 
 Correspondance avec I'electrice Sophie, vols. 7-9 of his Werke, and 
 Spittler, Geschichte des Fiirstenthums Hannover in vols. 6 and 7 of 
 his Sammtliche Werke. 
 
 [Books marked with a * are not in the University I,ibrary.] 
 
68 — 
 
 LECTURE XXVI. 
 
 THE SOUTHERN COUNTRIES OF EUROPE IN 1715. 
 
 Decreasing naval importance of the Mediterranean coun- 
 tries : the commerce of the Levant passes to the Dutch and 
 the EngHsh : after the loss of Candia, Venice becomes an 
 Adriatic instead of a Mediterranean power : injury inflicted 
 by the Barbary corsairs : efforts of Louis XIV to become 
 master of the Mediterranean : the Dutch and English fleets 
 in that sea : significance of the capture of Gibraltar by the 
 English (.1704) : the English become the preponderating 
 naval power in the Mediterranean by the cession of Gibraltar 
 and Minorca (17 13). 
 
 The Turkish power after the Treaty of Carlowitz (1699) 
 (see Lecture XX) • the reign of Mustapha II (1695-1703) : 
 his military disasters compensated by his naval successes over 
 the Venetians : while surrendering the Adriatic to Venice 
 and Hungary, except the Banat, to the Emperor, the Turks 
 retained the islands of the Archipelago : Hussain Kiuprili, 
 Grand Vizier (1697-1702) : he endeavors to reorganize the 
 Turkish army and navy : he reduces Bussora, pacifies North 
 Africa, and regulates Turkish authority in Arabia : the 
 Turks begin to be influenced by European ideas and to trans- 
 late European books : revolt of the Janissaries and overthrow 
 of Mustapha II (1703) : early years of the reign of Ahmad 
 III (1703-30) : he announces his accession to the Christian 
 powers : Charles XII of Sweden induces the Sultan to attack 
 Russia (see Lecture XXI) : the Treaty of the Pruth (11 
 July, 171 1 ) : the government of the Danubian Provinces, 
 Wallachia and Moldavia. 
 
 Italy during the half century before the Treaties of Utrecht. 
 (See Lecture XIV.) 
 
 I. The Popes abandon the territorial aggrandisement of the 
 States of the Church : their attitude towards the Catholic 
 powers, and particularly towards Austria, France and Spain : 
 
-. 69 — 
 
 loss of their political influence : Clement IX — Rospigliosi— 
 1667-70: his friendly relations with France: Clement X — 
 Altieri — 1670-76: he makes Quebec a bishopric (1676): 
 Innocent XI — Odescalchi — 1676-89 : his endeavors to reform 
 abuses : his abandonment of nepotism : his quarrels with 
 Ivouis XIV (see I^ectures XVI, XIX) : Alexander VIII— 
 Ottoboni — 1689-91 : he makes peace with Louis XIV : In- 
 nocent XII — Pignatelli — 1 691-1700: his economy and up- 
 rightness : his attitude towards France : Clement XI — Albani 
 — 1700-21 : his attitude on the Spanish Succession : he is 
 forced to recognize the Archduke Charles : he issues the bull 
 " Unigenitus " (1713) : action of the Papacy during this 
 period- towards the Jansenists, the Jesuits and the Quietists. 
 (See Lecture XXVII). 
 
 II. Kingdom of Naples : its welcome to the Archduke 
 Charles (1707): he promises to observe its local rights: 
 separated from Sicily by the Treaties of Utrecht (1713) and 
 given to the House of Austria. 
 
 III. Kingdom of Sicily : given to Victor Amadeus II, 
 Duke of Savoy, by the Treaties of Utrecht : he is crowned 
 at Palermo (24 Dec, 17 13) : the character of Victor Ama- 
 deus II : growth of the House of Savoy by his policy : he ac- 
 quires Alessandria, etc., (1703), Montferrat and Casale 
 (1707) and the restoration of Savoy and Nice (1713) : he 
 marries his two daughters to two grandsons of Louis XIV, 
 to the Duke of Burgundy, father of Louis XV, and to Philip 
 V of Spain : his internal policy : his encouragement of pub- 
 lic works : his code of laws : his quarrel with Pope Clement 
 XI : he taxes ecclesiastical property. 
 
 IV. Northern Duchies : the reign of Cosmo III, the last 
 Grand Duke of Tuscany of the line of Medici (1670-1723) : 
 he pays large siims to remain neutral during the War of the 
 Spanish Succession : bad management of his duchy and 
 misery of his people : Francesco, Duke of Parma, remains 
 neutral during the War of the Spanish Succession, but 
 Rainaldo, Duke of Modena, takes part in it and obtains the 
 Duchy of Mirandola from the Emperor : the Duchy of Man- 
 
— 70 — 
 
 tua is divided by adding Mantua to Milan arid giving Mont- 
 ferrat to Savoy in 1707 by the Emperor, because Charles IV 
 Gonzaga supported Louis XIV in the War of the Spanish 
 Succession, but a small district is given to the Duke of Guas- 
 talla : Milan and Mantua granted to the Emperor by the 
 Treaties of Utrecht (17 13). 
 
 V. Venice : her success under Morosini in the war against 
 the Turks : by the Treaty of Carlowitz the Republic obtains 
 the Morea, the Ionian Islands and Dalmatia, and becomes 
 the preponderant power on the coasts of the Adriatic : close 
 alliance formed between the Emperor and the Venetians. 
 
 Spain : the reign of Charles II (1665-1700) : the regency 
 of the queen-mother, Donna Marianna (1665-75) • the gov- 
 ernment of Pere Nithard (1665-69) : he is forced to retire 
 by Don John: the king declared of age (1675) : the gov- 
 ernment of Don John (1675-79) : Spain loses French Flan- 
 ders and Franche Comte by the Treaty of Nymwegen 
 (1678) : the influence of the first wife of Charles II, Marie 
 Louise of Orleans (1679-89) : her quarrels with her mother- 
 in-law : influence of his second wife, Marianna of Neuburg, 
 exercised in favor of Austria : Spain is invaded by the 
 French (1694-97), but loses nothing by the Treaty of Rys- 
 wyck (1697) : intrigues for the Spanish Succession, and the 
 partition treaties : part played by Charles II : the influence 
 of Porto Carrero outweighs that of the queen, and the king 
 leaves his dominions to Philip, Duke of Anjou : steady de- 
 cline of Spanish power and prosperity. 
 
 The reign of Philip V : his reception in Spain : he falls 
 under the influence of his wife Marie Gabrielle of Savoy, 
 who is controlled by the Princess Orsini or Des Ursins : the 
 War of the Spanish Succession in Spain : Philip V twice 
 driven from Madrid : the Spaniards rally around him : he 
 devotes himself to his new countrj^ : by the Treaties of 
 Utrecht Spain loses her continental possessions as well as 
 Gibraltar and Minorca : death of the queen (14 Feb., 17 14) : 
 influence and character of Madame des Ursins. 
 
 Portugal : the reign of Pedro II (i 685-1 706) : the signa- 
 
ii. Si'yu'i. cUl le^ cC y'l^^y^i CiA^tMa %. 
 
— 71 — 
 
 ture of the Methuen Treaty (27 Dec, 1703) with England : 
 its results : part taken by Portugal in the War of the Span- 
 ish Succession : accession of John V (1706). 
 
 Authofitied : For the Turks see the books cited for Lecture XIII ; 
 for Italy, the books cited for Lecture XIV with ^^ichaud, Louis XIV 
 et Innoceut XI, 4 vols^; for Spain, Dunhant, * Weiss, ^Dunlop and 
 Mignety cited under Lecture XV, ^Reynald, ^Landau, Legrelle^^Hip- 
 peau, Baudrillart,^Stanhope, ^Parnell, Ramhut-eati, Louville and Ber^ 
 wick, with Coxe, Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bour- 
 bon, vols. I, 2, Alexander Stanhope, Spain Under Charles. II, 1690-99, 
 SCovtbes, La Princesse,des Ursins, the Correspondence qvcc Madame 
 de Maintenon. and thd^Tettres in^dites of the Princesse des Ursins, and 
 [TeM^tnoires of Saint-Simon. 
 
 2<r*-c<*. [^3ooks marked with a * are liOi in the University L,ibrary.J 
 
 1.ECTURE XXVII 
 
 THE PAPACY IN THE 17TH CENTURY: THE JESUITS 
 AND THE JANSENISTS. 
 
 The spiritual power of the Papacy in the 17th century, as 
 opposed to its political and territorial power. 
 
 Gradual decline in the spiritual power to be observed in 
 the first half of the 17th century, the Age of the Thirty 
 Years' War, when political considerations were becoming 
 paramount over religious considerations : more rapid decline 
 during the latter half of the century, when Catholic mon- 
 archs, like Xouis XIV openly quarrelled with the Pope, and 
 tried to check his spiritual authority. 
 
 The effect of the Counter- Reformation on the position of 
 the Papacy : its chief agents the Jesuits : with the decline of 
 the Jesuits from their original energy the Counter- Reforma- 
 tion dies away. 
 
 The main lines of the work of the Jesuits : i. Education : 
 success of their method of teaching : their colleges and uni- 
 versities : they control higher education in Catholic countries : 
 
— 72 — 
 
 ii, 'The Confessional : they become the confessors of kings 
 and statesmen : Pere I^a Chaise and Pere Le Tellier : Hi. 
 Missions. A. Among the Protestants : their work in Eng- 
 land, Sweden and Poland. B. Among the heathen : in 
 Asia, in India and China : in America, in Canada and Para- 
 guay. 
 
 The decline in Jesuit energy after the death of General 
 Acquaviva (1615) : the generalship of Muzio Vitelleschi 
 (1615-45) : " professed " members begin to accept offices of 
 power : education ceases to be generally free : devotion to 
 the prosperity of the Society takes the place of devotion to 
 the Papacy: limitation of the general's power (1661) : the 
 Society becomes interested in commerce : its commercial 
 centre at Lisbon : the Society supports absolutism against the 
 Papacy : it supports I^ouis XIV against Innocent XI : it 
 opposes the Jansenist influence : Pere lya Chaise and Arch- 
 bishop Harlay of Paris : Innocent XI and Alexander VIII 
 endeavor to check the power of the Society and even forbid 
 its admitting novices : Clement XI condemns its practices in 
 foreign missions in Asia (17 15). 
 
 The Jesuit theology : the adoption of ' ' free will ' ' doc- 
 trines : the Dominicans quarrel with them for differing from 
 St. Thomas Aquinas : growth of causistry : its application to 
 politics and the result : to private life : the Lettres Provmciales 
 of Pascal and its effect : it kills scholastic morality : the theo- 
 logical distinction between the Jesuits and the Jansenists : 
 Pere Le Tellier and Archbishop Noailles of Paris : after the 
 issue of the bnll Unige?iitus the Jesuits rally to the Papacy 
 and become Ultramontane. 
 
 The Jansenists : their doctrines a reaction against the the- 
 ology of the Jesuits : their nickname of Catholic Puritans : 
 the Augustinus of Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres, pub- 
 lished after his death in 1640 : its theological views : the 
 doctrines of grace, sin and forgiveness : its rapid success, 
 even among priests and bishops, but still more among the 
 educated laity, of France and the Catholic Netherlands : Du- 
 vergier. Abbe de Saint-Cyran : his application of Jansenist 
 views to life : his influence on Angelique Arnauld : Port Roy- 
 
— 73 — 
 
 al : his imprisonment by Richelieu (1638-42) : the Jansen- 
 ists impHcated in the Fronde : their quarrel with the Jesuits : 
 Port Royal becomes the home of moral and intellectual France : 
 the influence exerted by Arnauld, Nicole, lycmaitre de Sacy, 
 Pascal and Racine : the publication of the Port Royal educa- 
 tional works : influence possessed by the Jansenists in France. 
 
 First struggle with the Papacy (1642-69) : Urban VIII 
 condemns generally the Augustinus (1642) : the " five prop- 
 ositions ' ' declared heretical by the bull I?i Occasione, issued 
 by Innocent X (31 May, 1653) : Arnauld denies that the 
 * ' five propositions ' ' are contained in the book by Jansen : 
 Alexander VII declared that they were : the Jansenist writ- 
 ers deny the infallibility of the Pope in dealing with matters 
 of fact : lyouis XIV imprisons De Sacy and persecutes the 
 Jansenists, including the nuns of Port Royal : Clement IX 
 makes the '' Peace of Clement IX " (1668) when the Jansen- 
 ists agreed to condemn the ' ' five propositions ' ' without 
 acknowledging whether they were contained in Jansen 's 
 book or not. 
 
 In spite of the King's dislike of them the Jansenists be- 
 come more powerful in France, especially in bourgeois and 
 legal circles. 
 
 Second struggle with the Papacy (1702-15) : the Reflexions 
 morales of Quesnel and the Cas de consciejtee : Archbishop 
 Noailles exhibits moderate Jansenist opinions : he distin- 
 guishes between human and divine faith in the Pope's infal- 
 libility on questions of fact : opposition of Pere Le Tellier, 
 the King's confessor, and the Jesuits : they appeal to Rome : 
 Clement XI tries to settle the question by the bull Vineam 
 Domini (15 July, 1705) : the nuns of Port Royal refuse to 
 accept the bull : the community suppressed (11 July, 1709) 
 and Port Royal ordered to be destroyed (22 Jan., 17 10) : 
 persecution of the Jansenists: use of lettres de cachet: loi 
 propositions from Quesnel' s book condemned by the bull 
 Unigenitus (8 Sept., 17 13) : the Parlement of Paris, led by 
 D'Aguesseau declines to register the bull as law without 
 modifications : Noailles and fifteen bishops refuse to accept 
 
-^74 — 
 
 it : a council summoned to depose them : when they were 
 saved by the death of Louis XIV. 
 
 The Quietists : MoHnos and his doctrines : condemned by 
 Pope Innocent XII (1687) : Madame Guy on : her mysticism : 
 her relations with Fenelon : controversy between Bossuet 
 and Fenelon : Innocent XII condemns Vkn^ovC s Explications 
 dcs Maximes des Saints (1699) : Louis XIV and his attitude 
 towards the Quietists. 
 
 Marie Alacoque (1647-90) and the worship of the Sacred 
 Heart : the Abbe de Ranee and the monastery of La Trappe. 
 Authorities : For an account in English of the Jansenist movement 
 see Beard, Port Royal, 2 vols. Among skcond ary authorities consult 
 Cretineau-Joly, Histoire religieuse, politique et litt^raire de la com- 
 pagnie de Jesus, 6 vols., ^'Sainte-Beuvey Port Royal, 7 vols., Reuchlin, 
 Geschichte von Port Royal, 2 vols., Soyres The Provincial Letters of 
 Pascal, Victor Consist, Jacqueline Pascal, Lafitau, Histoire de la Con- 
 stitution Unigenitus, ^/j»-^/c»z£/, MolinostheQuietist,lG'7//?rr?Vr, Madame ; 
 Guyon, sa vie, sa doctrine et son influence, Matter, Le Mysticisme 
 en France an temps de Fenelon, Baicsset, Histoire de Bossuet, 4 vols., 
 and Histoire de Fenelon, 4 vols., Rkatime, Histoire de Bossuet, 3 vols., 
 "^ Phelipeau^ Relation de I'origine, du progres et de la condamnation 
 du Quietisme, with the works of '^Arnauld, Pascal, Bossuet and Fen- 
 elon. 
 
 [Books marked with an * are not in the University lyibfary.] 
 
 LECTURE XXVIII. 
 
 THE LAST YEARS OF THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV: 
 FRANCE IN 1715. 
 
 The government of France during the last thirty years of 
 the reign of Louis XIV influenced by Madame de Maintenon : 
 but carried on by the King in spite of his decreasing powers 
 and increasing belief in himself : he devotes himself more 
 and more to foreign politics and the question of Spanish Suc- 
 cession , leaving internal administration to his ministers who 
 inherit the offices of Colbert and Lou vols without their ability. 
 
 The change in the King's character between the Treaty of 
 

— 75 — 
 
 Nymwegen and the outbreak of war with the League of Augs- 
 burg : lyouis XIV becomes moral and rehgious : the gaiety 
 of the Court disappears : it becomes more ceremonious : fall- 
 ing off in the tone of Parisian society : the poisoning affairs : 
 Madame de Brinvilliers,;: the king is governed by Madame '^7^ 
 de Maintenon and his confessors : the great result of this 
 change of character, the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 
 (1685). 
 
 Character and position of Frangoise d'Aubigne, Madame 
 de Maintenon : her previous career : her rivalry with Mad- 
 ame de Montespan : she brings the king and queen together : 
 after the death of the queen (1683) she is secretly married 
 to Ivouis XIV : nature of her influence at court : her ardent 
 zeal for the Catholic religion, and prudery : her difficult posi- 
 tion : her foundation of Saint Cyr. 
 
 Character and influence of Pere La Chaise, confessor of 
 Louis XIV (1675-1709) and of his successor, PereLe Tellier 
 (1709-15) : they control the ecclesiastical policy of the king 
 in favour of the Jesuits : they demand the persecution of the / 
 Huguenots and the Jansenists. 
 
 The ministers of the last years of Louis XIV : their ina- 
 bility to control or oppose the King : they act as head clerks 
 and fear responsibility : the typical minister Michel de Cham- 
 illart : the last ministers : Boucherat (1685-99), Louis Phe- 
 lypeaux, Comte de Pontchartrain (1699-17 14) and Daniel 
 Voysin (17 14-15), Chancellors ; Torcy ( 1696-17 15), foreign 
 affairs ; Le Peletier (1684-89), Louis, Comte de Pontchartrain 
 ( 1689-99) , Chamillart ( 1699-1708) and Desmarets ( 1708-15) , 
 finances; Barbezieux (1691-1701), Chamillart (1701-1709) 
 and Daniel Voysin (1709-14), war ; Louis, Comte de Pont- 
 chartrain (1690-93), and Jerome, Comte de Pontchartrain 
 (1693-1715), marine. 
 
 The French nation approves the successful war of 1688-97 
 against the League of Augsburg, but welcomes the Treaties 
 of Ryswick : general delight at the acceptance of the Spanish 
 Succession for the Duke of Anjou : "the Pyrenees have 
 ceased to exist ' ' ; confidence felt by the people in the success 
 of Louis XIV. 
 
-76- 
 
 Surprise felt at the defeats of Blenheim and Ramillies : 
 general discontent at the mismanagement of Chamillart : his 
 financial methods : the creation and sale of sinecure offices : 
 Chamillart made the scapegoat and succeeded by Desmarets, 
 the nephew of Colbert (1708) : improvement of credit : Des- 
 marets raises loans : the armies thus raised defeated : despair 
 of the French people at the defeat of Oudenarde. 
 
 The terrible winter of 1 708-1 709 : general misery of the 
 people : the loss of Lille leaves the way open to Paris : the 
 appeal of Louis XIV to his people on the advice of Torcy : 
 France rallies round the king : voluntary gifts to the royal 
 treasury : melting down of the royal plate : ladies contribute 
 their jewelry : result of the wave of enthusiasm to make 
 Louis XIV persist in his resistance : effect of the defeat of 
 Malplaquet : the rising of Spain and the accession of the 
 Tory ministry in England enable Louis XIV to get much 
 better terms at Utrecht and Rastadt than had ever been ex- 
 pected by him : his position at the close of the war : France 
 retains the towns she had gained at RyvSwick (1697) i^ ^^- 
 rope, and only loses Acadia (Nova Scotia) in North America. 
 
 Religious persecution increased in France during the War 
 of the Spanish Succession : the suppression of the Camisards 
 in the Cevennes ( 1 703-1 705) : Le Tellier increases the King's 
 ardour against the Jansenists : destruction of Port Royal 
 (1710) : Louis XIV' s indignation at the opposition made by 
 the Parlement of Paris, led by D'Aguesseau, to registering 
 the bull Unigenitus : his intention of deposing the bishops, 
 who favoured Jansenism : influence of Le Tellier. 
 
 Last year of Louis XIV' s foreign policy : his intrigues 
 with the English Tories to secure the accession of the Cath- 
 olic ' ' Old Pretender ' ' in England : he prepares a fleet for 
 the support of the Pretender. 
 
 Bad effect of the financial maladministration : decline of 
 agricultural, industrial and commercial prosperity : Vauban's 
 Dime Royale. 
 
 Gloom of the Court during the last years of the life of 
 Louis XIV : contrast with its gay opening years : death of 
 the Dauphin, only son of Louis XIV (14 April, 1711) : his 
 
k iro'i<~- '■ 
 
 c J 6 
 
 
 >vKc /a. Ka^(-^/vru*i,xiv';j'''VvKv£ fl^^W^^TKA tii mM*^iAA' 
 
— 77 — 
 
 education by Bossuet : his three sons (i) Louis, Duke of 
 Burgundy, educated by Fenelon, died i8 Feb., 17 12, leaving 
 an only child, who succeeded as Louis XV ; (2) Philip, Duke 
 of Anjou became King of Spain as Philip V in 1700; (3) 
 Charles, Duke of Barry, died 4 May, 1714 : the illegitimate 
 children of Louis XIV : his fondness for them : their posi- 
 tion. 
 
 Death of Louis XIV (i Sept., 17 15) : effect of his reign 
 on France and Europe : his personal character. 
 
 Louis XIV and Asia : the French Kast India Company : 
 foundation of Pondicherry (1674) : embassy to Siam (1685). 
 
 Louis XIV and Ani erica : the development of Canada : the 
 work of the Jesuits : the government of Frontenac : occupa- 
 tion of Louisiana. 
 
 Authorities : Of the secondary authorities cited under Lecture 
 XVI Voltaire, Bausset, "^Martin, and ^Michel, of those cited under 
 Lecture XIX '^Noailles and Geffroy, of those cited under Lecture 
 XXIII *Moret and "^Krohn are still useful, and may be supplemented 
 for the light thrown on the character of Madame de Maintenon by 
 * Lavalike, Histoire de la maison royale de Saint Cyr, and hf^^foycf^rt^ 
 Vie du Dauphin, pere de Louis XV, 2 vols^by ^Lanier, ii,tndii his- ' 
 torique sur les relations de la France et du royaume de Sianide 1662 a 
 1703, and by Parkman, Count Frontenac and New France under Louis 
 XIV, The Jesuits in America in the ryth century, and Lasalie and the 
 Discovery of the Great West. Among primary authorities on ad- 
 ministration and finance Depping, Boislisle and /^9Z/<ra7^//, cited under f— 
 Lecture XVI, should be supplemented hy fEsnaull, Michel Chamillart; 
 correspoudance et papiers inedit^ by ^''Desmarels, Memoire sur I'ad- 
 ministration des finances depuis le 20 fevrier 1708 jusqu'au i septem- 
 bre 17 15 and by Vauban, Le Dime royale ; while for the court of Louis 
 XIV and his personality during the latter years of his reign to the (J 
 Correspoudance oi Madame de Mauiteiion, theLetters ofXh&^Duchesse v^ 
 d'OrUans, and the Memoires oif Madame de Caylus, Choisy and Torcy^ 
 cited under Lecture XIX, must be added the Letters of the "^'Diichesse 
 de Bourgogne, the Journal of Dangeau, vols. 7-15, and above all the 
 Memoires of the Due de Saint-Simon, edited by Cheruel, 21 vols.: the 
 famous work of Saint-Simon, however, must be read with caution and 
 on this subject reference may be made tcy^Chkriiel Saint-Simon con- v 
 sidere comme historien de Louis XIV, and to "^Baschet, Le Due de -^ 
 Saint-Simon, sou cabinet et^es manuscrits. 
 
 [Books marked witVl a =^">r«L^«2£in the University library.] 
 
 T-4- 
 
— 78- 
 IvECTURE XXIX 
 
 LITERATURE AND PHIIvOSOPHY IN THE 17TH CENTURY. 
 
 Importance of the i ytli century literature : the literary 
 languages of Europe created : development from the vStudy 
 of the classics, which characterized the Renaissance, into 
 the use of the vernaculars : effect of this literary movement 
 on the growth of nationalities : the study of the classics as 
 models continued : literature ceases to concern itself mainly 
 with religion and deals with more sides of human interest. 
 
 Spain produces the first man of letters of genius of the 
 lytli century: the life, character and works of Cervantes 
 ( 1 547-1 6 1 6) : Don Quixote and its effects: the Spanish 
 drama : lyOpe de Vega (1562-1635) and Calderon (1600-87). 
 
 The Elizabethan period of English literature : Shakespeare 
 (1564-16 14) and his contemporaries and successors : the En- 
 glish drama: the growth of English prose: Bacon (1561- 
 1626). 
 
 Development of French literature under Richelieu and 
 Mazarin : the Academic Frangaise founded 1635 : Malherbe 
 ( 1 555-1 628), I^a Rochefoucauld (1613-80) : the application 
 of literature to politics : the Mazarinades : journalism : the 
 rise of the French drama : Pierre Corneille (1606-84). 
 
 The Age of I^ouis XIV : the classic or ' * golden ' ' age of 
 French literature : what literature owed to Eouis XIV, pat- 
 ronage but not inspiration : the greatest writers of the time 
 were born and had begun to write before Louis XIV im- 
 pressed his personality on France*: tragedy: Racine C1639- 
 99) : comedy : Moliere (1622-73) : poetry : influence of clas- 
 sicism : correctness takes the place of inspiration : Boileau 
 (1636-17 11), the; critic, and his influence: development of 
 French prose : Pascal (1623-62) : the influence of Port Royal : 
 Ea Fontaine (1621-95) and his Fables : La Bruyere (1644-96) 
 and his Characters : fiction : Mdlle. de Scudery (1607-1701) : 
 Fenelon (1651-1715): Telemaque \ theology and history: 
 
— 79 — 
 
 Bossuet (1627-1704) : the great French preachers, Bossuet, 
 Bourdaloue (1632-1704) and Flechier (1632-1710) : memoir- 
 writers : Madame de Motteville (1621-gg), Cardinal de Retz 
 (1614-79) and Saint-Simon ( 1675- 175 5) :. letter- writers : 
 Madame de Sevigne (1626-96). 
 
 Growth of taste for literature in France ! the Hotel de 
 Rambouillet and the ' ' precieuses ' ' : their successors. 
 
 Tendency of later writers of the Age of I^ouis XIV to 
 fulsome adulation of the king. 
 
 English literature of the Puritan period : Milton (1608-74). 
 
 Influence of the Age of lyouis XIV on the literature of 
 other countries : in Germany, French becomes the language 
 of the courts and educated people : consequent sterility of 
 German literature : in Italy much poetry on classical lines is 
 produced : Tassoni (i 565-1 655), Guidi (1650-17 12), and 
 Filicaja (1642-1707) : in Spain imitation of French style also 
 produces sterility : in England the literature of the reign of 
 Charles II shows French influence : Dryden (1631-1701) : 
 Congreve (i 670-1 729). 
 
 Relation of literature to philosophy in the 17th century. 
 
 Revolution effected in philosophical method by Bacon 
 (1561-1626) : Descartes destroys the scholastic methods (1596- 
 1650) : the speculations of Spinoza (1632-77) : the theories 
 of Eeibnitz (1646-17 16) ; the Monads. 
 
 In political philosophy France produced no great thinkers ; 
 but Hobbes (1588-1680) and L,ocke (1632-1704) start the 
 lines of thought which were to lead to great results in the 
 1 8th century. 
 
 Finally Grotius (1583-1646) and Puffendorf (1632-94) 
 create and develop international law. 
 
 Variety of the literary and philosophical movements of the 
 1 7th century ; their diverse characteristics * 
 
— 8o — 
 
 LECTURE XXX 
 
 ART AND SCIENCE IN THE 17TH CENTURY. 
 
 The revolution in thought and method effected by Bacon 
 and Descartes creates a new era in science : experiments take 
 the place of theories : and the 17th century is marked by 
 many important scientific discoveries : on the other hand art 
 tends to lose its virility and, despite two painters of genius, 
 the art of the 17th century is governed by classical conven- 
 tions : and is thus on an inferior level to its condition during 
 the Renaissance. 
 
 The Spanish school of painting : Velasquez (i 599-1 660) : 
 Murillo (1617-82) : the greatness of Velasquez. 
 
 The Flemish school of painting: Rubens (i 577-1 640) : 
 Van Dyck (i 599-1 641) : Teniers the elder (i 582-1 649) : 
 Teniers the younger (1610-85). 
 
 The Dutch school of painting : the isolated greatness of 
 Rembrandt van Ryn (1608-69) • characteristics of the Dutch 
 school: Gerard Douw (1613-80): Jan Steen (1626-79): 
 Paul Potter (1625-54) : Ruysdael (1630-81) : Cuyp (1606- 
 62) : Wouverman (1620-68) : Van der Velde (1633-1707). 
 
 The Italian school of painting : its decline from the great 
 days of Italian art into sentimentalism : Guido Reni (1574- 
 1642) : Sassoferrato (1605-85) : Salvator Rosa (1615-73). 
 
 The French school of painting : its conventionality : Pous- 
 sin (1593- 1 67 2) : Le Brun (1619-90) : Claude Eorraine 
 (1600-82). * 
 
 The English school of painting : devoted to portraits : in- 
 fluence of Van Dyck : Eely (1618-80) : Kneller (1648-1723). 
 
 Architecture dominated by classic ideals and styles : their 
 inappropriateness : the forms patronized by Louis XIV are 
 adopted in other European countries. 
 
 The other arts : absence of great sculptors : improvement 
 in engraving : classical style of decoration. 
 
— 8i — 
 
 Commencement of classical gardening : the gardens of 
 Vaux and Versailles : Le Notre. 
 
 Music in the lytli century : the development of the opera 
 in Italy : its popularity : melody cultivated as well as har- 
 mony : the Roman school: Carissimi (1582-1672) : his 
 church music : he introduces the orchestra into the churches : 
 his cantatas and songs: Scarlatti ( 1 659-1 725) : founder of 
 the Neapolitan school : his songs and operas : LuUy (1633- 
 87) : develops the music written for masques : he becomes 
 the chief musician to I^ouis XIV : his operas, ballets and 
 musical comedies : his services to theatrical music in France : 
 association with Moliere and Quinault : music in England : 
 Purcell (1658-95) : his genius. • 
 
 Bacon and Descartes, by overtlirowing old methods of 
 thinking and arguing, prepare the way for experimental sci- 
 ence : scientific experiments become fashionable : science not 
 yet divided and differentiated : attempts at universality of 
 scientific knowledge : lycibnitz ( 1 646- 1 7 1 6) , 
 
 The great mathematicians : Napier, the inventor of loga- 
 rithms (1550-16 1 7) : Descartes (i 596-1 650) and the appli- 
 cation of numerical exponents to geometry : Pascal (1623-62) 
 and conic sections : Newton (1642-1727) and the infinitesi- 
 mal calculus and mathematical optics : the Principia : Ber- 
 nouilli ( 1 654-1 705) and the application of the calculus. 
 
 The great biologists : Harvey and the demonstration of 
 the circulation of the blood (i 578-1 657) : Sydenham (1624- 
 89) : Boerhaave (1668-1738). 
 
 The great . astronomers : Galileo (1546- 1642) and the 
 demonstration that the earth moves round the sun : Kepler 
 (157 1- 1 631) and the laws of planetary motion: Cassini 
 (1625-17 1 2) and the measurement of the earth: Huyghens 
 (1629-95) a.nd the discovery of the satellites of Saturn : 
 Newton (i 642-1 727) and the lunar theory : Gregory (1633- 
 75) and the invention of the reflecting telescope : Halley 
 (1656- 1 742) and eclipses. 
 
 The great physicists : Galileo (i 546-1 642) the inventor of 
 the thermometer and the pendulum: Torricelli (1608-47) 
 
— 82 — 
 
 the inventor of the barometer : DevScartes and the law of re- 
 fraction : his theory of " whorls " : Boyle (1626-91) and the 
 air pump : Huyghens and the pendulum clock : Newton 
 ( 1 642-1 727) and the theory of gravitation. 
 
 These names and discoveries only indicate the progress 
 and first gains of experimental science : the 1 7th century was 
 in this respect also the commencement of modern history. 
 
 Eifect on the material conditions of life of the discoveries 
 of men of sfcience : contrast between the intellectual and 
 material conditions of life at the beginning and the end of 
 the 17th century. 
 
APPENDICES 
 

 •5. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 c: 
 > 
 
 1. 
 
 > 
 
 . 1 
 
 t: 
 ? 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 i 'if 
 
 i to 
 
 1 ¥ 
 
 
 Kings' 0/ Spain, 
 Philip III (since 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 •^ ^ ^- = u 
 
 1115 b:: 
 
 
 i 1 
 1 - 
 
 5 1 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 _« 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 T. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 JO 
 
 u 
 
 1 1 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 =5 
 
 
 
 >c 
 
 ' 2 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 - ^ 
 
 - tr 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
>HH 
 
 2R 
 
 rOvM 
 
 .2 ^ .2 
 
 ^3 
 
 t^OO COOOCO C^ONOOO»-i'-iM 
 
 *x> vo vo vo vo vo vo t^ t^ t>i r^ t^ t^ 
 

 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 1^ a 
 
 
 O 03 O 
 
 
 
 •5 .^&^ 
 
 "J 
 
 •^ 2 
 
 5 o o-c <u 
 
 2 T, =" -^ -^ 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 
 ^^I5I 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 s 3 ^ 
 
 t^ 
 
 a 
 
 Q ^ <1 
 
 SB 
 o P 
 
 'Ph 
 
 ^s 
 
 «^ 'si 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 a y^ 
 
 
 03 HH 
 
 So 
 
 3 =3 
 
 
 en ^— ^ 
 
 'So 
 
 ^■8 
 
 00 
 CO 
 
 »o 
 
 55 
 
 M 
 
 y 
 
 .3 
 BS 
 
 00 
 
 m 5 
 
 fO Tf M l>iCO M r) CO M CO 
 
 
 •rj- t;!- Tf lO lO »OVO 
 
 vO vO VO *«0 vO vO vO 
 
^^ 
 
 0"u 
 
 en rO ^ 
 - O O 
 
 
 ec: 
 
 
 (V 
 
 CO 
 
 E3 CO 
 
 cOii 
 
 ^W ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Q (U 
 
 •c So 
 
 W CO 
 
 O (U 
 M > 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 tn 9 
 +-> o 
 c o 
 
 i;^ 
 
 M 
 
 CO On O rf to CO 
 
 lO r^ CTn "-I O) ro ^vr> a^ o 
 
 
<3 
 
 m 
 (V 
 
 a 
 
 en (A 
 
 WW 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 o M 
 
 <u< 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 00 
 
 a; ^ 
 
 C "O) "TS lu 
 
 »— ( 0) 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 bJD 
 
 5 
 > 
 
 ^ a 
 
 •,5 Oh 
 
 S.2 
 
 2 eg' 
 
 
 (L) • 
 
 d o 
 
 b 00 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 B ^ 
 
 ^ O 
 
 en rj 
 
 o 
 
 "^ tn «n . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 O N 
 
 s_^ (^J.-~^ en 
 
 Slx^ 
 
 
 •4 Ah 
 
 en T" 
 
 Pi •- 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 B'Sb 
 
 000 
 
 VO VO VO 
 
 w roco o> O r-oo -^vo 1000 N 10 r^ o 10 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 tM en" 
 
 
 
 O 0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2 5 
 
 
 
 M 0.2 
 
 
 
 . 3^i! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o.-5'c<1 
 
 
 
 •^ Oh^.*, 
 
 
 
 S^5i 
 
 
 
 _p? 
 
 < 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 S o 
 
 . 
 
 '£ 
 a 
 
 
 — 
 
 'O '"^ 
 
 s 
 
 ;2 
 
 
 2. s 
 
 t-H 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 t— 1 
 X 
 
 
 4j <u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O S !^ 
 
 S§5 
 
 5 
 
 
 C O "U, 
 
 (i> 
 
 
 s < 
 
 t-H 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 53 O 
 
 Jo O r* 
 
 
 VO ON 
 
 t^ 00 
 
Princes of 
 Orange- 
 Nassau. 
 
 S . 
 
 P-i 
 
 
 Maurice 
 (Stadtholder, 
 since 1587). 
 
 Fred'k Henry 
 (Stadtholder).. 
 
 §•3 
 
 Elector - Arch- 
 bishops of 
 Treves. 
 
 IvOthar von 
 Metternich 
 (since 1599). 
 
 §1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Elector - Arch- 
 bishops of 
 Cologne. 
 
 Ernest of Bava- 
 ria (since 1583) 
 
 Ferdinand of 
 Bavaria. 
 
 
 
 
 Elector - Arch- 
 bishops of 
 Mayence. 
 
 Wolfgang von 
 Dalberg 
 (since 1582). 
 John Adam 
 
 von Bicken, 
 John 
 
 Schweickhard 
 von Kronen- 
 berg. 
 
 
 
 
 George Freder- 
 ick von Greif- 
 fenklau. 
 
 Anselm Casi- 
 mirvonWam- 
 bold. 
 
 John Philip 
 von Schon- 
 born. 
 
 Dukes, aft. 
 
 Electors, of 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dukes, aft. 
 
 Electors, of 
 
 Bavaria. 
 
 at 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Christian II 
 (since 1591)- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 2: 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 1604 
 
 1610 . Frederick V 
 (King of Bo- 
 hemia, 1619) 
 (expl'd 1620 
 died 1632). 
 
 i6ri 
 
 l6)T2 
 
 OC 
 v!c 
 
 
 
 ^VO 
 
 M M 
 
 • .52 
 
 M M 
 
•;a 03 M ^ ON 
 ^ .-^ r^ u 00 
 > 5 "^ 
 
 en >-i 
 
 
 a^ 
 
 trio 
 
 g 1) o 
 
 -a. 
 
 J> o 
 
 a 
 
 
 ►2 ^ 
 
 fe a 
 
 ^' a § 
 cj ™< y" 
 
 grp 
 
 •^ 1^ S uJ 
 
 a. a 
 
 (U a; 
 
 -g 
 
 6 CJCQ 
 
 oj 53 2 
 
 ^§ .a 
 
 >a^ 
 
 a 
 
 biO 
 .S a 
 
 o »-( 
 
 V. P a 
 
 -a ^ 
 
 3 - 
 
 a 
 
 biO 
 3 
 
 W 
 
 ^ So 
 
 
 MlxT 
 
 O . 
 M " r^ 
 
 ,„ "-M On 
 
 -^ b/D '"' 
 
 G a 
 
 .en .2 
 
 en a ^ 
 
 .2 "? at 
 
 3-S-& 
 
 
 vo VO 
 
 ON O 
 
 vo vo 
 
 00 
 vo 
 
 CO o 
 
 CO as 
 
 vo vo 
 
 '^t CO 
 
 ON ON 
 
 VO ^ 
 
 O M 
 
:^ 
 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 :§ 
 
 ♦Si 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 1— ( 
 
 «o 
 
 l-H 
 
 5^ 
 
 P 
 
 VO 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^_, 
 
 <J 
 
 t, 
 
 iz; 
 
 g 
 
 P 
 
 a 
 
 Sw 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 a p^ =^ 
 
 
 p i^ ^ 
 
 »4 O "? 
 
 ^ 2> 
 
 M o ^ 
 W J-i '7' 
 
 ^w- 
 
 §<1 c 
 
 •<$ 
 
 \D 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 § 
 
 =? 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?s 
 
 >-i 
 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 '^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 C/2 
 
 ^ 
 
 fe 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 
 t 
 
 >— T 
 
 t— ( 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 b; 
 
 
 
 Pn 
 
 (U o 
 
 o -^ 
 
 0) 03 03 
 
 cfi 03 cfi 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Sgos 
 
 ^ 5 o bjo 
 
 w j:;- a oj <u m < 
 
 1 — i-T V -r* r-' 'r J3 ^ 
 
 <i VO »H ^ 
 
 
 VO r=!< <+H S ^ 
 
 
 
 2 ^> 
 
 w 
 
 OS 
 
 h4 
 
 3^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 rt o > 
 
 ~S <1^ C M 
 
He '%^tL^ Jli^K^^ 
 
 ■n/? 
 
 ,,,,rvm TO D^K^OM WHICH BORKOWBD 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 Renewed books ate subject to^|mmed|atetecalL 
 
 This 
 
 ?\/ 
 
 
 /'.i.e£. 
 
 LD 2lA-50m-4,'60 
 CA9562sl0)476B 
 
 Geaeral Library , 
 Berkeley 
 
p-~ 
 
 
 1/ )C^psyX ^ 
 
 tf^ l^lx^ > f ^ t*ti f^< 
 
 
 515114 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA UBRARY 
 
 
 .ID 
 
 
 .^iv 
 
 -^ 
 
 'by. 
 
 
 .% 
 
 ^fL.b.^1