Bancroft Librw* 
 
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Southern Pacific 
 
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 Overland Route. 
 
 Ai8o (2-15-07) som 
 
THE NEW ARIZONA 
 
 Homes and Wealth for 
 Out-of-Doors Folks 
 
 . 
 
 By A. J. WELLS 
 
 ^ 
 
 Issued by 
 
 Passenger Department 
 
 San Francisco, California 
 1907 
 
The New Arizona 
 
 This oldest and newest of cultivated lands is especially new 
 in the section lying below the thirty-fourth parallel. Old in 
 ancient occupation and civilization, it is new in modern progress 
 and development, and, with a background of mines and mining 
 towns and camps which promise to be permanent, the whole 
 aspect of the country is being changed by farms and orchards. 
 
 It is not a question whether Southern Arizona will ever 
 become an agricultural country. It is an agricultural country 
 now, and was a land of the farmer before history was invented. 
 The mysterious people who built towns and vast houses and dug 
 great canals from which to water the land, left no other record 
 of themselves save that they were farmers. Where they led the 
 water along canals which they ran with precision without instru- 
 ments, and made the desert to blossom with harvests, the Ameri- 
 can farmer now comes to renew the old farms and to repeat 
 faded and forgotten harvests by modern methods of culture. 
 
 Southern Arizona is not a desert. It is a land of many 
 attractions, of strong contrasts and surprises, but with a home- 
 side that will interest you. It is like none of "the States" in 
 appearance, in character, or behavior, and cannot be judged by 
 Eastern standards. It has a character and individuality of its 
 own, but you must get close to it to feel its charm. It offers 
 you much, but you will not hear its call nor feel its charm from 
 a car window. 
 
 
 THE LAY OF THE LAND. 
 
 The face of the country is rugged. It is a series of elevated 
 plateaus, highest in the north, but reaching sea level in the 
 extreme southwest. About midway of the Territory there is an 
 abrupt descent of about 3,000 feet, and a change in the nature 
 and aspects of the country. The north is broken by tre- 
 mendous canyons, is both naked and forested, rich in pasture and 
 
desolate with waste lands, has the Painted Desert and the 
 Mogollon Forest, and is cold in winter. The south has large 
 plains and valleys, fertile tablelands, detached mountain ranges 
 and single peaks, and a half-tropical climate. The traveler from 
 the north, in three hours by rail, comes into it as into another 
 country. He finds river bottoms, rich in sediments ; broad val- 
 leys, that need only the irrigating ditch; flat plains, that seem 
 to constitute the body of the country, yet are shut in by en- 
 circling mountains, and he finds a changed atmosphere soft 
 airs, almost uninterrupted sunshine, and the evidence of having 
 dropped into a warmer zone in the orange groves, the figs and 
 orchards of olives, the clusters and avenues of date palms and 
 the green fields of alfalfa. 
 
 He has an ever-present impression of immense plains, but 
 is never out of sight of mountains. There are extensive mesas, 
 or tablelands, and there are valleys so wide as to look like 
 prairies, yet Southern Arizona is naturally a mountainous 
 country, and great mineral wealth is scattered all through it 
 and lies everywhere in close touch with vast agricultural re- 
 sources. This is one of the advantages which the farmer will 
 quickly appreciate. 
 
 THE LOOK OF THE LANDSCAPE. 
 
 Every one wants to know of a new or little-known region, 
 "How does it look?" Here the features of the landscape are 
 wholly new and unfamiliar. It is easy to exaggerate the charac- 
 teristics of such a country, and writers and picture-makers show 
 you the freaks and oddities, rather than the normal and general 
 feature of the country. There are cliffs curiously eroded, moun- 
 tain forms fantastically shaped and carved by wind and rain; 
 hillsides whose scattered and stunted tree growths remind one of 
 some wasted and neglected old orchard, and there are cactus 
 forms which are widely varied and chiefly curious because we 
 have not been fortunate enough to have been brought up in a 
 cactus land. You will be struck with the marvelous clearness of 
 the atmosphere, and will note how neighborly the mountains 
 seem, how black the shadows cast by the floating white 
 clouds, and how vast the spaces are around you on the 
 
 
Smyrna Fig Tree, Salt River Valley 
 
 plains. Under the vast canopy of the sky you mark 
 silence, and all sounds seem swallowed up and lost, 
 feel the fascination of the desert, but on the edge of it or in th< 
 midst of it, homes, gardens, farms, the avenues of familial 
 orchard trees, green fields, towns and cities, make a new im- 
 pression upon the mind. Familiar things as we knew them ii 
 "the States" are more homelike and more impressive becaus 
 seen in the midst of strange and unusual natural conditions. The 
 familiar picture simply has an unfamiliar setting. But the 
 strange physical aspects of this land only serve to make the home 
 and the cultivated field more attractive, as the desert enhances 
 the beauty of the oasis in its midst. 
 
 THE WORK OF THE RIVERS. 
 
 Southern Arizona rivers have great drainage areas, and 
 few countries of the world can one see the process of makinj 
 farms going on year after year on so gigantic a scale. Durinj 
 
times of flood the water rushes from mountain and mesa heavily 
 charged with sediment, and every flood season lifts the level 
 of the valleys a trifle higher. Geologists speak of "detrital de- 
 posits" developed on "a grand scale in Southern Arizona," and 
 of the "rich alluvions" of the chief rivers of the Territory. It 
 is another way of saying that the rivers are sediment-bearing, 
 and that they drop the soil they hold in suspension to make fruit- 
 ful fields. 
 
 This soil-making process went on more rapidly in other ages, 
 because the rainfall was then torrential, but to-day it is clearly 
 visible, only now it has this disadvantage, that the soil-carrying 
 streams constantly tend to get on top of the land by the filling 
 up of their own channels. Thus you find wide river bottoms 
 and a tendency to make new channels, or to break away entirely 
 and wander in a new direction as in the case of the Colorado. 
 These delta rivers make the richest lands man ever farmed, they 
 
 Young Cabbage Patch, Salt River Valley 
 7 
 
LOWER COLORADO RIVER. 
 SHOWING IRRIGABLE LANDS- 
 
need to be controlled by damming and made to deposit their sur- 
 plus waters in storage reservoirs for the good of the land they 
 have made while running wild. To quote Scripture : " And 
 everything shall live whithersoever the river cometh." 
 
 THE FAT VALLEYS. 
 
 This phrase is as true of the valleys of Arizona as it was 
 when used to describe the valleys of ancient Egypt. Here it is 
 striking!)' impressive. Yet the farmers' side of Arizona is better 
 than it looks. It improves by acquaintance. When the practical 
 man looks at the alluvium of these valleys, where farms have 
 been in the making for ten thousand years, and the keen-eyed 
 farmer, who knows a good acre when he sees it, digs up a fistful 
 of this sediment, they are both apt to say : <l This is it. No 
 worn-out farms here." 
 
 The Colorado once emptied into the Gulf of California, 
 perhaps as far up as Yuma, and the Yuma Valley, the Imperial 
 Valley on the California side, and all the vast stretches of 
 sedimentary soil in Mexico, clear down to the present head of 
 the gulf, were formed by the river. Millions of acres, long 
 called the desert, are simply the delta of the Colorado; im- 
 mensely rich and fathomlessly deep. Perhaps nowhere else in 
 the world has one river reclaimed so much from the ocean for 
 the farmers' use. So the Salt River Valley is, in fact, a delta, 
 formed by the Salt River and its affluent, the Verde, this 
 splendid garden being an immense bed of silt, spread by peri- 
 odical overflows through the centuries. The Gila, too, has made 
 an oasis, or rather a series of oases, across the entire Territory, 
 as it has swept about from side to side of the valley, leaving its 
 freight of sediment, and building farms, and square miles of rich 
 land clear to its junction with the Colorado. 
 
 The San Pedro and the Santa Cruz are smaller streams in 
 narrower valleys, but they have carried rich farms from the 
 borders of Mexico and dropped them all along their way to the 
 Gila. The San Pedro Valley was once a lake, extending from 
 a point near the Mexican border to beyond Benson on the South- 
 ern Pacific Overland. The clays of this old lake bed are here "cut 
 through by the river to a depth of 600 feet or more. An 
 
artesian boring in the bottom of the valley penetrates these 
 sediments 500 feet deeper, proving the deposit to be over 1,000 
 feet deep." 
 
 Riding over the plains near Casa Grande, we crossed the 
 Santa Cruz again and again, spread out like the fingers of one's 
 hand, flowing sluggishly through the soil it had deposited. For- 
 merly it ran throughout the year on top of the land. Now it sinks 
 and disappears for a part of the season, able only to run on the 
 dead level its own silt has made when pushed by floods. 
 
 Now these are literally "fat valleys," and good farmers in 
 them can live on "the fat of the land." There are prosperous 
 
 Field of Barley, near Yuma. 
 10 
 
Third Crop of Alfalfa Hay, Yuma Valley 
 
 farms all along these streams, wherever an irrigating ditch can 
 be made to carry a "head" of water. Here are settlements, with 
 their towns, their schools and churches, and old-fashioned farms 
 with their wheat and barley and corn and hay, their cattle and 
 hogs. If one wants to see alfalfa at home alfalfa in its glory, 
 falling before the mower six and seven times a year, and green 
 with luscious pasture the first of December and cows feeding on 
 it with great content, let him traverse the Gila Valley, the 
 Yuma, the Salt River or the valleys of the Santa Cruz and San 
 Pedro, as I did. He will see the farmer's side of Arizona, and 
 will see the promise and possibility of a land that only wants 
 good farmers and lots of them. 
 
 WHAT THE VALLEYS PRODUCE. 
 
 Crops are marked by great variety. This is one of the 
 advantages of the climate. It sets no sharp limitations, as in 
 colder countries. Given fertile soil, few sharp frosts in winter, 
 a long growing season and seventy per cent, possible sunshine, 
 
 11 
 

 and it is easy to guess that there will be a great variety of crops. 
 Both the temperate and semi-tropic zones will be represented in 
 the product of the fields. 
 
 Cereals and Grasses. 
 
 Wheat is grown both for grain and hay, and is sown for 
 either a winter or spring crop. There are large flouring mills 
 at several points, as at Phoenix, Tempe, Tucson, Solomonsville, 
 Thatcher and Safford, and much wheat is shipped from Cali- 
 fornia to supply these mills. From forty acres of wheat hay 
 205 tons were cut ; grown for grain, the yield is from thirty to 
 thirty-five bushels to the acre. Barley produces from four to 
 five tons as hay and from thirty to fifty bushels as grain. Both 
 these crops can be pastured in winter and then allowed to mature 
 as a grain crop, paying all their own expenses by the green feed 
 furnished. Corn is planted in July, and often follows a crop of 
 wheat. I saw in the Yuma Valley a fine field of corn ripening in 
 mid-November that was planted in August. Fine crops of im- 
 proved varieties of corn are grown wherever water is plenty in 
 the late summer. Kaffir and Egyptian corn are grown also and 
 sorghum is a profitable crop. But the great forage crop of the 
 Southwest is alfalfa. This "Mexican hay" was long known to 
 the army mule. It yields abundantly, and is often cut seven 
 times a year. In the Salt River Valley the hay harvest lasts 
 from the middle of March to November, and in the Gila Valley 
 I saw the seventh cutting being made about the 18th of No- 
 vember. Eight cuttings have been made in the Yuma Valley. 
 It is worth from $5 to $15 per ton, the higher price being com- 
 monly paid after the first of December. It is a specially valuable 
 crop in this country- on account of the humus and nitrogen 
 which it adds to the soil, while for hay and direct sales, for the 
 dairy or as a stock fattener, it is very profitable. 
 
 Sugar Beets. 
 
 There is a sugar factory at Glendale, near Phoenix, with a 
 capacity of 800 tons daily. A crop of 3,500 tons and an average 
 twenty-five tons to the acre has been grown. One grower 
 
 
 13 
 
'mfA'JS 
 
 i 
 
 $m 
 
produced forty-two tons to the acre, perhaps the largest yield 
 ever known. The yield on the Experiment Station grounds has 
 not exceeded eighteen tons to the acre and a little more than 18 
 per cent, sugar. A per cent, of 16 will make the rate per ton 
 at the factory very satisfactory to the grower and a probable net 
 return per acre of about $70. A very large acreage in many 
 sections can be profitably given to beet culture. 
 
 Other Root Crops. 
 
 The common potato needs a special soil, but does well in 
 many places, yielding 4,000 to 5,000 pounds to the acre. Two 
 crops are grown, so that one can have "new potatoes" twice a 
 year. The best results come from planting in February. Think 
 of that, when the blizzards are blowing and the ground on the 
 old farm is frozen a foot deep. The less valuable crop is 
 planted in August. 
 
 Sweet potatoes are a profitable and staple crop, producing 
 well and of fine quality in suitable soil. Field beets, carrots, 
 parsnips, peanuts, turnips and radishes do well. The whole cata- 
 logue of vegetables are at home here. Cantaloupes are as fine 
 as any ever grown, and equal to the famous Rocky Fords of 
 Colorado, They are very profitable. 
 
 Deciduous and Citrus Fruits. 
 
 In the higher valleys apples of a superior quality are 
 grown, and plantings can be greatly multiplied with profit. 
 Cherries, pears and peaches are also grown, and apricots, prunes, 
 grapes and raisins are adapted to most of the sections. Every- 
 where the home orchard may be grown, and in many places fruits 
 of various kinds may be grown commercially with profit. 
 Oranges and lemons will grow almost anywhere in the valleys 
 we have mentioned, but in the Salt River and Yuma valleys 
 they not only do exceedingly well, but ripen very early. A car- 
 load of oranges from Phoenix was marketed in New York as 
 early as December 8th, having been shipped November 25th. 
 They netted close to $7 a box. Pomelos or grapefruit are pro- 
 duced of fine quality and bear the fourth year after planting. 
 
 IS 
 
At Work with Steam Rock Drill, Laguna Dam 
 
 The season runs from November to May. Around Yuma is a 
 large region where, when water is provided, citrus fruit will be 
 largely grown, and without trouble from smut or scale insects. 
 Figs grow luxuriantly, and olives are wholly at home. 
 
 The Date Palm. 
 
 That this is to be a commercial success in Arizona is beyond 
 a doubt. The experimental orchard of the Government, three 
 miles south of Tempe, has met all expectations, and eleven acres 
 or more are doing surprisingly well. About eighty varieties are 
 being tested, and it will not be long before the best ones for 
 the region can be determined. It is believed by experts that a 
 new industry will be established in the Southwest. The bottom 
 lands of the Colorado are especially looked to for good results, 
 the season being long and the conditions more nearly approaching 
 those of Asia Minor. 
 
 Among miscellaneous products honey holds a good place, 
 
 I 
 
 17 
 
and one notes with interest the colonies of bees in the desert 
 under their rude screen of brush the "remudas" of the Mexicans. 
 It will be seen that the farmer has a wide choice of products, 
 and that the demand in the nature of things is for men of intelli- 
 gence, who can take up new industries, or adjust themselves to 
 conditions of climate and methods of culture which are new and 
 wholly different from those of the North and the East. Soil, 
 irrigation, live stock, methods of farming, involve something 
 outside of the average experience. 
 
 THE PROMISE OF IRRIGATION. 
 
 There is no "dry farming" in Southern Arizona. Without 
 artificial irrigation no. crops are grown. With sufficient water 
 there is no failure of crops, and there are probably 10,000,000 
 acres of tillable land in the Territory, of which but little more 
 than half is privately owned, and only about 300,000 acres are 
 actually irrigated. This, not because water is not available, but 
 because the cost of providing it has been too great for private 
 enterprise. The Government has, therefore, undertaken to pro- 
 vide water for large areas, after expert examination, and, where 
 once giving away its public lands, is now spending millions of 
 dollars to make some of them productive. 
 
 THE FAITH OF THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Two of the grandest irrigation plans of the Reclamation 
 Service are now being carried out in Arizona. These are known 
 as the Yuma Project and the Salt River Project. Both are im- 
 mense, and involve much time and great expense in construction. 
 The Yuma or Laguna dam on the Colorado River is of the 
 weir type, such as are in use in India, and it is located on a 
 river as interesting, if not as famous, as the Nile of Egypt, 
 which it resembles. The Salt River or Tonto Basin darn will 
 turn back the combined flow of the Salt River and the Verde, 
 forming a reservior twenty-five miles long, with an average 
 width of one and a half miles. This will impound 1,100,000 
 acre-feet of water, or water enough to cover 1,100,000 acres of 
 land one foot deep. And the land actually covered by this vast 
 artificial lake was once cultivated by the cliff dwellers, the out- 
 
 19 
 
Harvesting in Yuma Valley 
 
 lines of their long-abandoned fields being clearly visible when 
 the first white farmers penetrated to this secluded valley. 
 
 THE YUMA LANDS. 
 
 These are on both sides of the Colorado, in California and 
 in Arizona. There are about 83,000 acres in the latter and 14,000 
 in the former. The Yuma Valley is largely under cultivation, 
 but a water users' association has been formed which has entered 
 into contract to accept and use water under the Government 
 system. As water will not be supplied to more than 160 acres 
 held by one individual, owners of larger tracts will offer the 
 surplus for sale. The tendency will be to reduce the 160 acres, 
 smaller tracts being more profitably worked under irrigation. 
 In communities where irrigation is the established order, eighty 
 acres is considered too large a holding and forty acres ample 
 to support a family. Only a few persons will care to irrigate 
 the full limit allowed by law, and this will put many acres of 
 valuable lands on the market. 
 
 21 
 
There are other lands here which are not occupied. Where 
 the Gila River approaches the Colorado we rode for fifteen 
 miles over magnificent land, seeing no houses or signs of 
 ownership save a cabin or two. The land is covered by mes- 
 quite, ironwood, willows and cottonwood trees and shrubs. It 
 is easily cleared, the wood largely paying the cost of removal, 
 and water will make it exceedingly valuable for all kinds of 
 crops. It will all be under canals and protected by levees, both 
 from the overflow of the Colorado and the Gila. The levees will 
 be substantial, constructed for permanency, five feet above high- 
 water mark, and planned to include a complete system of 
 drainage. Some of the richest lands in the world are here, but 
 have not been occupied on account of periodical overflows. The 
 great expense of providing at once for irrigation and protection 
 is being assumed by the Government, and will be charged back 
 to the land and returned in installments for ten years. Pay- 
 ments will not begin until after the first delivery of water. The 
 cost of water has not yet been fully determined, but will be 
 about $35 per acre. There will be an annual charge for main- 
 tenance and supervision, probably less than $1 per acre. Lands 
 can be bought cheaply if purchased before water is ready for 
 delivery. Raw lands can now be bought for $20 to $50 and 
 cultivated lands for $75 to $100, with a strong upward tendency. 
 If the cost of water and land seems high, it must be remembered 
 that the quality of the land is high and the irrigating system not 
 a speculative one, in which a profit is to be made out of the 
 water user, but is an ideal system, the cost of water based upon 
 the actual expense of providing it, and providing it under con- 
 ditions which insure an ample flow at all times. There will be 
 no favoritism. The man above you will not get more than his 
 share, the man below you will not get less. A Government 
 official will have charge of the distribution. There need be no 
 concern about change of ownership, nor anxiety about low stages 
 of the river. The reservoir will take care of that, and the 
 driest season will find ample water for all uses. The farmer 
 will have no concern save about his laterals and the proper dis- 
 tribution of water on his own fields. 
 
 22 
 
December Roses, Mesa, Salt River Valley 
 
Ex-Governor Alex. Brodie of Arizona says: 
 
 "Under water-storage conditions in a climate as mild as 
 that of the Arizona valleys the yield of crops per acre will be 
 very large. Seven crops of alfalfa can be harvested where four 
 are now produced. Small ranches will be the rule under such 
 conditions, and the population will be greater per acre than in 
 the Middle and Eastern States. More will be expected of a 
 man by each separate acre, and the capacity of each acre to 
 produce will be from five to seven times greater than under 
 natural conditions." 
 
 To this may be added the statement of Governor Jos. H. 
 Kibbey, that "300,000 acres" here "will fully equal 1,000,000 acres 
 of the best farm land in the Mississippi Valley," a statement not 
 extravagant when it is remembered that irrigation more than 
 doubles the productive capacity of land. It is certain that under 
 irrigation this will become one of the richest agricultural sections 
 of the world, and the faith of the Government is pledged to 
 provide a complete and adequate water supply and protection 
 from floods. 
 
 THE SALT RIVER VALLEY. 
 
 Here is the largest body of cultivated land in Arizona, and 
 the most highly developed. It is an oasis of palms and fountains, 
 of orange groves and orchards and green meadows set in the 
 midst of the desert. The Salt River and the Verde flow from 
 the north, and the valley they water is about fifty miles long 
 and will average fifteen miles in width, so that here are nearly 
 a half million acres of delta land. 
 
 Not all is irrigable, and at present only about 125,000 acres 
 are in cultivation. Other lands have been reclaimed, but water 
 has not been sufficient for their cultivation at all times. The 
 remedy again was storage reservoirs, but these were too costly 
 for private enterprise, and the Government is simply doing what 
 private capital was unable to do. The reservoir which is being 
 provided will not only supply all deficiencies, but irrigate an 
 additional 75,000 acres. It is believed that the reservoir, once 
 filled, will provide for three years' needs, if no more water 
 should be added from the natural sources. This will make an 
 
 25 
 
Grand Canal, Salt River Valley 
 
Onion Garden, Salt River Valley 
 
 almost ideal condition, and, as under the Yuma system, water 
 will be supplied for but 160 acres to each owner. This again 
 will lead to subdivisions, and land will be for sale to outside 
 parties. It will be higher in price than the Yuma lands, owing 
 to the surroundings and the proximity of a larger city, but new. 
 settlers will find room and the opportunity of a lifetime. 
 
 This valley has been cultivated for forty years, and before 
 that time by some prehistoric people from time immemorial. 
 They made it the granary for an immense population, and the 
 lines of their irrigating canals are still to be traced. Experts 
 say that the fine sedimentary soil of this valley has been spread 
 by irrigation hundreds of years ago. But whatever the history 
 of this valley, it is today one of the beautiful and productive 
 
 27 
 
gardens of the Southwest, and the full supply of water now 
 assured will greatly add to its population and its prosperity. 
 
 Here you may see what irrigation does. You may see the 
 wild lands the lands we call desert on one side of the road, 
 and on the other the fields made fair by cultivation. The canal 
 by the roadside is the dividing line for some distance between 
 the barren, desert waste on the one hand and the luxuriance of 
 a semi-tropic garden on the other. It is worth going far to see 
 the change wrought in the desert by the turning on of water. 
 
 The great irrigating works of the Reclamation Service will 
 be completed within two years. The cost of delivering water 
 under the Tonto Basin system is not yet determined. It will 
 be paid, as at Yuma, in ten-year installments, and in the mean- 
 time, while the great dam is being finished and canals and tun- 
 nels provided, the perfection of the system and the natural 
 attractions of the valley will tend to advance the price of land. 
 Lands can now be bought for as low as $65 an acre, but prices 
 depend upon location. 
 
 WATER AS A FERTILIZER. 
 
 The intelligent farmer will ponder the situation here and 
 at Yuma. He will properly emphasize the value of the system 
 provided by experts, unhampered by questions of cost and 
 backed by the Reclamation Service of the Government. He will 
 consider, too, the character of the soil, and he will remember 
 that such soil, irrigated by silt-bearing streams, never wears 
 out. This is the testimony of the most ancient nations the 
 Egyptians on the Nile, the Babylonians by the Tigris and 
 Euphrates, the Hindoos by the Ganges and the Indus, the Chinese 
 by the Hoang-ho and the Yang-tse-kiang, and the mysterious 
 people who farmed the plains of Arizona. It is calculated that 
 four average acre-feet of Colorado River water at Yuma will 
 add about one-quarter of an inch of soil each year. The Salt 
 River carries less silt, but sufficient to constantly enrich the 
 land. A deficiency of the desert soil is nitrogen and organic 
 matter, except under irrigation. The rivers supply this without 
 expense to the farmer, a summer flood of the Gila being known 
 to carry 172.3 pounds of nitrogen in the alluvium contained in 
 
 29 
 

 Almond Trees in Arizona, near Mesa 
 
 an acre-foot of water. Different observations have shown that 
 the amount of nitrogen in sediments has ranged from 4.8 
 pounds in an acre-foot in the Colorado to 5.5 pounds in the 
 Salt, to 28.1 pounds in the Gila. 
 
 "These facts," Professor Forbes, of the Arizona University, 
 says, "merely serve to give definite form to the knowledge, as 
 old as human history, that river irrigating sediments increase the 
 productiveness of the land." 
 
 The cost of fertilizers in the Southwest is thus eliminated, 
 and no severity of cropping will wear out the land. Indeed, the 
 Laguna dam is constructed so as to eliminate a part of the 
 sediment. This dam is 4,750 feet long, 250 feet wide, and but 19 
 feet high. It is an overflow weir dam, and its great length is 
 desirable in order to pass the waters of the Colorado over it 
 in a broad sheet of shallow depth. The accumulating sediment 
 will be sluiced out at the ends of the dam and not allowed to 
 pass into the canals. The great dam creates a broad reservoir, 
 which acts as a settling basin. But the sediment which no en- 
 
 30 
 
gineering device can arrest, and which is wanted upon the land, 
 sediment rich in decomposed granite, rock-dust and storm-sweep- 
 ings from grazing districts, this the practical farmer and or- 
 chardist will keep in mind in buying these lands. He can work 
 them a lifetime, bequeath them to his children, and they can pass 
 them on unimpaired. The farmers will wear out, but the soil 
 never. How much is such land worth ? 
 
 IRRIGATION AND THE PIONEERS. 
 
 It is worth something to a man's peace of mind to be under 
 the irrigating systems now being provided by the Government 
 in the two great valleys of the Territory. But if one wishes 
 to see how the early settlers have managed, or came to locate 
 in some of the smaller valleys, where land may be purchased 
 at lower rates, it will pay to visit some of the older communi- 
 ties in the Gila, the San Pedro or the Santa Cruz valleys. In 
 the Gila Valley, in Graham County, we found five or six towns 
 wholly supported by the agricultural settlements around them. 
 The valley here is about forty miles long by from two to ten 
 miles wide. The soil is the usual sandy alluvium, the deposit of 
 the rains and the river, and we have never seen finer fields of 
 alfalfa or more thrifty orchard trees. From Solomonsville we 
 rode to Safford, Thatcher, Layton, Pima, seeing all along the 
 road broad, level, green fields and promising orchards. The 
 staple crop is alfalfa, and at one point the road led through a 
 dozen miles of it, broken only by an occasional orchard. Land- 
 owners, agents and merchants alike assured me that here 
 alfalfa land was worth $100 an acre as an investment, and that, 
 where all the labor was hired, it would pay 10 per cent, per 
 annum. It rents for $10 an acre cash rental, or for one-half 
 of the crop. The pasture, after cutting six or more crops, 
 carrying the harvest up to November, will pay taxes and water 
 rates. 
 
 OLD-TIME FARMING. 
 
 Barley, wheat and corn are raised, the last named following 
 a crop of barley the same season. Sweet potatoes are very 
 
 31 
 
Thoroughbred Stock an Important Industry in 
 Salt River Valley 
 
 profitably grown; and poultry, the dairy and hogs here make a 
 good combination. The mining towns afford a good market. 
 Apples do well here, the elevation being about 3,000 feet, which 
 will generally secure a superior apple in this climate. 
 
 Horse-raising is followed; graded cows are being intro- 
 duced; and a creamery is being established. "The only place I 
 ever saw," said one to me, "where all of the farmers have money 
 all the time." It is a tribute to the wisdom which produces a 
 variety at once for home and market corn, pumpkins, apples, 
 squashes, sweet potatoes, barley, wheat, alfalfa, fat cattle, horses, 
 milk, pork, dairy products and honey. The water in the irrigating 
 ditch and the almost uninterrupted growing season, mean some- 
 thing always maturing to turn into cash. 
 
 The Santa Cruz is a smaller valley, but with similar con- 
 ditions. It heads in Old Mexico and reaches up beyond Tucson. 
 Here, close by the city, is a large ranch, watered from the little 
 river, and devoted to the production of milk and butter and 
 
 32 
 
graded stock. The waters of the Santa Cruz mostly disappear 
 before reaching Tucson, but are easily reached by wells, and 
 pumping plants will make an extensive acreage available at 
 various points. On the train, as I went up to Nogales, I got 
 into conversation with a young man almost a boy who had 
 been "taking in" the cities of Phoenix and Tucson, and who 
 confided to me that he had a hundred tons of alfalfa to sell. It 
 was worth $15 per ton in any of the markets. Here, too, corn 
 and barley were raised, but this young farmer said that he 
 could always get about 7 and 10 cents per pound for his hogs 
 alive and dressed. Given alfalfa for pasture and a little corn 
 to harden the porkers for market, and there is "good money" in 
 such farming. Prosperous farmers are scattered all along the 
 narrow valley, and the mining towns near by make the best 
 home market in the world. 
 
 The Santa Cruz is a mission valley, and the old church of 
 San Xavier del Bac, built by the Jesuits in 1678, stands near 
 
 Palm Drive, Blaisdell Ranch, near Yuma 
 
 33 
 
i 
 
 Mission San Xavier del Bac, near Tucson 
 
 Tucson, still in good repair. Mission valleys were always 
 chosen with an eye to their beauty and advantages, and this 
 one deserves the attention of the home seeker. 
 
 Here are numerous traces of former occupancy and evidences 
 that the ground was cultivated. The bottom lands are very rich, 
 and it is believed that 30,000 acres can yet be irrigated from the 
 sunken waters of the river. 
 
 The Rillito Valley merges into the Santa Cruz just north 
 of Tucson. It skirts the foothills of the Catalina Mountains for 
 many miles, and has a good many substantial homes. Hay, grain, 
 fruits, vegetables and other products are supplied to the Tucson 
 market. Strawberries and melons are unsurpassed. 
 
 The San Pedro is another southern valley, quite in the 
 
 34 
 
southwestern corner of Arizona, but stretching north even to 
 the Gila. It is forty or fifty miles long, but wide only in 
 spots. It is well settled, chiefly by Mormons from Utah, whose 
 energy and push have made them substantial farms. Irrigation 
 is provided from the river and from artesian wells. The 
 valley has created and supports St. David and San Marco, and 
 furnishes supplies to Fairbanks, Tombstone, Bisbee, Waco and 
 Douglas. Little has been done in planting orchards, but the 
 indications are that fruit and nut trees will do well. Potatoes 
 and beans, melons and berries, all kinds of vegetables, wheat, 
 barley, corn and alfalfa are products of the valley. 
 
 Other small valleys are the Buckeye and the Arlington, 
 southwest and west of Phoenix, and irrigated from the Gila. 
 The community at Buckeye is prosperous, raising cattle and 
 hogs and feeding alfalfa. Only about 11,000 of the 17,000 acres 
 
 Oranges and Vines Typical Scene in 
 Salt River Valley 
 
 35 
 
under the canal are in cultivation. Arlington cultivates a much 
 less acreage, and feeds cattle and produces hay for market. 
 
 A REORGANIZATION. 
 
 The Casa Grande Valley irrigating canal has been enlarged, 
 after long disuse, and there is good prospect of returning pros- 
 perity. A new intake has been built into the river through 
 solid rock, and water will be stored in a reservoir covering 
 1,940 acres. About 25,000 acres can be irrigated under the 
 system, and to this extent we believe the supply of water to 
 be adequate. The purchase of land will include a water right, 
 and it is proposed after five years to turn the entire stock of 
 the corporation over to the purchasers of land, who will there- 
 after own and control its property and affairs. Meantime the 
 cost of water per year will not exceed the cost of maintenance 
 and operation. The valley is rich, and, with a good water 
 system, properly administered, will again be prosperous. 
 
 These are examples of irrigation in private hands, and they 
 cover the agricultural lands available under present water supply. 
 But water can be developed and much land reclaimed. It is 
 chiefly a question of personal energy and of being on the 
 ground and familiar with conditions in order to create a produc- 
 tive farm where none now exists. 
 
 WHAT IS IN IT FOR ME? 
 
 Most men must first debate the situation from a distance, 
 but the real opportunity is for the man on the ground. That is 
 to say, some time should be given to "looking around." Every 
 man on a good farm in Arizona today has a good thing, and he 
 got it for the most part by being able to "jump at the chance" 
 when it offered. In a general way it may be said : 
 
 There are public lands here and there that can be irrigated. 
 
 There are opportunities in the Yuma and Salt River valleys, 
 never to be repeated. 
 
 There are large holdings to be broken up, under good water 
 rights. 
 
 37 
 
There are artesian belts to be extended by new borings and 
 pumping plants to be installed wherever sunken rivers can be 
 reached. 
 
 There are dissatisfied and unsuccessful men to be bought 
 out. Mexicans, who only half cultivate the tract they own; 
 restless people, who will sell because they "want to move." 
 
 These are but hints of chances, opportunities, invitations, 
 which meet the wide-awake man who is on the ground and in 
 position to accept them. 
 
 To be a little more definite: 
 
 The sunken streams furnish opportunities. They have in 
 them homes, farms, whole communities. They can be dammed, 
 or wells can be sunk and the water lifted to the surface in a 
 hundred places. Neighbors can unite in this, and the cost be 
 divided. A pamphlet published by the Arizona University, and 
 for free distribution, gives details as to cost of pumping plants 
 and the expense of lifting water, so that no man need experi- 
 ment or risk losing his money in a field with which he is not 
 familiar. On the Santa Cruz near Casa Grande, on the San 
 Pedro and the Middle Gila productive farms can be made in 
 many places at small cost. The land to be so irrigated can 
 generally be had for a few dollars per acre. 
 
 Along the foot of the Graham Mountains many perhaps a 
 hundred farms have recently been located on public land and 
 irrigated from artesian wells. The region is not all occupied. 
 
 At Fort Thomas there is excellent land that can be put 
 under a ditch already built, but fallen into neglect. The energy 
 necessary to clear up the brushy land and reorganize the water 
 company is the chief thing. The land is rich, but low in price 
 $25 to $35 per acre and the town will take on new life as soon 
 as the farm lands are put tinder cultivation. 
 
 Near Thatcher a small stream can be impounded and several 
 hundred acres watered. It is a proposition that an energetic 
 man could develop with small capital. In both these cases, for 
 more specific information, the agents of the railroad at Fort 
 Thomas and Thatcher will, I am sure, answer any inquiries. 
 
Southern Pacific 
 
Related Lines 
 
THE PRICE OF LAND. 
 
 But little satisfaction can be given those who inquire the 
 price of land. So much depends upon the location, the improve- 
 ments around it, its income-producing capacity, the promise of 
 growth in the community, that the inquirer at a distance is not 
 able to determine whether the price is low or high. If it be 
 thought that, after paying the cost of water to the Government 
 and paying the price asked for land, the newcomer has paid 
 well for his farm, the answer is that that depends upon what it 
 will produce. Land that seems high may have a high-producing 
 power. One acre, as we have pointed out, may equal in value 
 two or three acres in nnirrigated regions and under harsh 
 climatic conditions. How much would you be willing to pay to 
 have your crops guaranteed every year against failure? Yet 
 this is what irrigation does. How much would you pay for 
 "good growing weather" protracted from March to December? 
 Yet land in such a climate is worth more than land where the 
 vagaries of the weather are often the fanner's worst enemy. 
 Here the growing season is practically all the year, and with 
 water in a land where water is precious and the land to be irri- 
 gated is limited in amount, it is difficult to determine the values 
 that may be put on such land. Land gets its value because 
 somebody else wants it, and with an increasing demand from a 
 growing population somebody always wants it. There is not 
 enough to go around. 
 
 Then, too, where land is cheap the opportunity to earn a 
 living is usually small. 
 
 THE FARMER AND THE MARKET. 
 
 This is a short chapter, but an important one. The Arizona 
 farmer has a good home market. It is a market often directly 
 at hand. The middleman is left out. Here are the mining 
 camps, the mining towns and cities, located in every instance 
 among rugged surroundings where nothing can be grown, nor 
 even a cow and chickens be kept with profit. Large numbers of 
 people who are well paid must be well fed. The miner pays, 
 and pays in coin. These mining towns want all that a farmer 
 can produce. They are fairly permanent, often large and grow- 
 
 42 
 

 ing, accessible by roads and railroads, and a farm within reach 
 of one of them insures a good income. It is only a question of 
 intelligent management. 
 
 This is the supreme advantage of the farmer in Arizona. 
 In the nature of things his numbers are limited ; there is no 
 danger of over-production while his markets are at the door 
 and are steadily growing. Farmers in Arizona will get better 
 prices and come nearer having a monopoly of products than in 
 almost any other section of the Union. 
 
 ON THE RANGE. 
 
 Stock raising is a large industry in Arizona, but the man 
 who follows it on a large scale or on the open range must 
 understand his business and know the country. It is both a 
 profitable business and a perilous one, and the man who essays 
 it without knowing the game usually gets more experience than 
 money. 
 
 Over wide areas in Arizona the range has been overstocked, 
 and the native grasses killed out. Now, whatever grass there is 
 must grow each year, and this leaves the range at the mercy of 
 the seasons. 
 
 Practical men recognize that the days of large herds on the 
 open range are numbered. The range today is almost wholly 
 occupied, and while the cattle industry is still a large one, the 
 tendency is to have smaller herds, better stock, better care, and, 
 perhaps, later on, enclosed pastures. The alfalfa field will be a 
 large partner in the business, and the farmer will keep more 
 stock, feeding the hay he raises and turning off fat cattle instead 
 of baled hay. Save in this way, there is not much room for 
 expansion of the cattle industry. 
 
 There is room in localities for sheep growing, and the 
 Angora goat is said to be profitable, but cattlemen are the tra- 
 ditional enemies of sheep and goats. The breeding of high-grade 
 horses is engaging attention, and is a profitable industry in the 
 valleys. The climatic conditions favor it, alfalfa and barley are 
 easily grown and no shelter is required, save the slightest. In 
 the higher localities, at from 2,500 to 4,000 feet, alfilaria, the 
 "filaria" of early California, is getting a footing, and will sup- 
 
 43 
 
La Fortuna Mine, near Yuma 
 
 ply much feed. It is easily sown, and a rancher with some un- 
 tillable land could soon supply good feed for a flock of sheep, 
 and carry these profitably as part of his stock. The sheep them- 
 selves will soon spread this particular pasture, and it supplies 
 nearly continuous feed from February to June. 
 
 There are good openings in all these lines for the men who 
 know how, and a paying industry can be built up in a hundred 
 localities with little capital at the start. 
 
 THE LAND OF THE MINER. 
 
 The mining industry holds first place, and Arizona's vast 
 mineral resources show no signs of exhaustion. Apparently min- 
 ing is a permanent feature of the industrial life of the territory, 
 and is still in its infancy. It is not our purpose to dwell upon 
 
 44 
 
this part of Arizona's wealth. Her fame rests on it, and it needs 
 no exploiting. Miners deal so directly in the precious metals that 
 they need no advertising. We make use of them here as a 
 background for presenting the advantages of Arizona to men 
 who till the soil. If some one says that Arizona is not an 
 agricultural country, we reply that any country is agricultural 
 which has a fertile soil and people with sense enough to cultivate 
 it. Here the work of the farmer, the fruit grower and the 
 stock man has behind it a well organized and highly prosperous 
 industry. 
 
 Gold and silver mines surrounding the old missions were 
 worked as early as 1736, but the European rush did not begin 
 until 1853. In less than thirty years, in the face of hostile Indians. 
 Arizona had reached third place in the list of gold producing 
 States, and in 1882 put nearly $10,000,000 into the commercial 
 veins of the world. 
 
 A party of early prospectors dug out $1,800 in nuggets with 
 their knives in one day, and the "pocket" finally yielded half a 
 million dollars. 
 
 The Weaver and Lynx Creek districts yielded a million dol- 
 lars each in a few years, and the ore of one famous mine was so 
 rich that the miners were required to strip and be searched before 
 leaving the mine. Its total product was about $16,000,000. 
 
 Gold is found here both in quartz and in placers, and is 
 very generally distributed. 
 
 Silver was early found in great masses. One piece is said 
 to have weighed 2,700 pounds. Between 1870 and 1875 wonder- 
 ful deposits of silver were uncovered. Practically on top of 
 the ground, silver ore was found rich enough to bewilder the 
 finders, and in a few years produced millions of silver dollars. One 
 mine alone gave up $11,000,000 before its day was done. Tomb- 
 stone yielded in all more than $30,000,000, and is yet rich, the 
 gold content of the ores increasing as greater depth is reached, 
 
 COPPER MINING. 
 
 Some of Arizona's copper mines are among the greatest 
 in the world. It is estimated that in the last twenty-five years 
 
 45 
 
! 
 
Arizona has produced more than $160,000,000 worth of copper 
 from her larger mines. 
 
 The Copper Queen of Bisbee is one of the mines with a 
 world record, as also the Calumet and others. The United Verde 
 at Jerome, is another of the world's great producers. The Old 
 Dominion of Globe is equally famous, while Clifton, Metcalf, 
 Morenci and Imperial are great copper centers. 
 
 The output as a whole is increasing steadily, and a copper 
 mine, with copper at twenty cents, is something worth having. 
 It may be more valuable than a gold mine, in that its output 
 is regular and apt to be lasting. Copper camps become cities 
 and are reckoned in Arizona as among the permanent industrial 
 centers. Clifton, Morenci, Globe, Bisbee, Jerome are all im- 
 portant towns in the midst of vast deposits of copper, the veins 
 of which run deep and wide. 
 
 Great mines are not located with an eye to human conven- 
 ience. The miners have a saying that "it is no use wasting time 
 to break rock on a ledge that is handy to wood, water, grass or 
 level land," and the great copper mines are no exception. They 
 are here amid wild and rugged surroundings and wholly depen- 
 dent upon supplies from without market towns for the small 
 valleys and the farms of the Territory. 
 
 The counties of Southern Arizona all have considerable 
 mineral deposits, and some of them are good producers. Yuma 
 County shows mines in all parts of it, some of them very rich. 
 There are a number of districts and many camps, all of which 
 must be fed from without. 
 
 Maricopa is more distinctly agricultural than any of the 
 other counties, but has a good many mines in active operation. 
 Within sight of Phoenix are mineral treasures yet to be ex- 
 ploited, and the city is a distributing point for all classes of sup- 
 plies going to established mining camps and settlements. 
 
 Final County has mines of great value, the Mammoth being 
 a large producer of gold. There are more than forty patented 
 mines in the county and considerable activity. Pima County has 
 also patented mines, and a good many new claims are being 
 recorded. The deposits include gold, silver and copper. The 
 
 47 
 
placers at Greaterville are extensive and are being profitably 
 worked. 
 
 Graham County is rich in minerals, and the great mines of 
 the Arizona Copper Company, the Detroit and Shannon com- 
 panies, are located in this county. These are copper camps, but 
 there are also mines of gold and silver. The rich agricultural 
 section along the Gila is everywhere within reach of mining 
 camps. 
 
 Cochise County has Bisbee for the center of its mining 
 activity. It is a rich district, with enough farming and grazing 
 lands to furnish supplies for the mining towns if properly de- 
 veloped. 
 
 Santa Cruz is the smallest county in the Territory, away 
 down on the border of Sonora, in Mexico, and its undeveloped 
 resources are quite extensive. Notable for its large cattle ranches, 
 its mineral wealth is considerable, and Nogales and other towns 
 in the county are centers for supplies of all kinds for the nearby 
 mining districts. 
 
 This is but a rapid sketch of a great industry and is not 
 meant to be full and complete. The first industry of the Terri- 
 tory is here purposely subordinated to other interests which are 
 not so well known, but which lie at the foundation of things. The 
 farmer is closely related to the development of the Common- 
 wealth, and we have wanted the Eastern man, or the man from 
 the States who is to come to Arizona to farm or raise fruit or 
 stock, to see this background of rich mines and prosperous min- 
 ing towns a multitude of hungry people who must be fed and 
 who prefer to be fed from, the farm rather than from the fac- 
 tory with fresh food rather than with canned goods. 
 
 There is a vast mineral realm yet to be prospected and de- 
 veloped in Arizona, and every new mining town will want about 
 it a zone of farms. The mines will make the farmer's work more 
 profitable, and the farmer will make the miner's life a little 
 easier and more enjoyable. The miner wants to get away from 
 the perpetual menu of everything canned, and hankers not so 
 much after the flesh-pots as fresh vegetables and farm produce 
 to put into his own pots and give a little zest to the monotonous 
 round of a prospector's career. 
 
 49 
 
University Building, Tucson 
 
 SOCIAL CONDITIONS. 
 
 What society shall we find in Arizona? Is it not a rude 
 country in which to bring up a family? These are questions 
 which you will ask and ought to ask, and they should be 
 answered with great frankness. I will not dodge it by saying 
 that one generally finds the kind of society he wishes to find in 
 any community, though that is true. "Birds of a feather" is a 
 proverb based on observation and experience. But if you ask : "If 
 I want to find good society, that is to say, people of good morals, 
 quiet, cultivated, refined in manners and opinion, can I do so in 
 Arizona?" Certainly. As readily as in the average community in 
 the older States. Take the more pronounced features of com- 
 munity life, those which relate to social or moral order : Governor 
 Joseph H. Kibbey says in his Annual Report: "I think I can 
 safely assert that life and property are safer in Arizona than in 
 many, if not in most, of the States. Nowhere, I am sure, can a 
 man who respects himself and his neighbor and his neighbor's 
 rights, with reasonably strict attention to his own business, go 
 
 SO 
 
about with more freedom and with greater confidence of personal 
 safety than he can in Arizona. Locked and barricaded doors are 
 in most parts of Arizona a novelty. The professional thief, as 
 he is known in the older and more thickly populated communi- 
 ties, is almost unknown in Arizona." This is probably an out- 
 come of the earlier days, when crime and all offenses against 
 social order were discouraged by a very swift and sometimes 
 irregular justice. Miners are not apt to stand upon ceremony 
 nor to tie their hands with forms. Society had to make itself 
 in the old but unforgotten days, and the law was written in the 
 market places as well as elsewhere, and life quickly took on the 
 nobler qualities. 
 
 Then, too, the people who came later, and who have left 
 their impress upon the Territory, are of the Middle West and 
 the South, from the stock that made the civilization of a vast 
 region. Do you imagine that they have "turned themselves loose" 
 in this free country? If you look to find "degenerate sons" you 
 will be disappointed. Ten years ago Hon. Whitelaw Reid, now 
 our Minister to England, said of Phoenix, a community then of 
 10,000 people employing in the daytime only one policeman and 
 hardly requiring him : "During my winter there I did not see 
 a single disturbance on the streets or half a dozen drunken men 
 all told." And of the country as a whole, he said that one would 
 find as many churches as in towns of corresponding size in Penn- 
 sylvania or Ohio, and probably more schoolhouses. 
 
 Dr. J. A. Munk, of Los Angeles, familiar with ranch life in 
 Arizona, says of the people : "They will, as a class, compare 
 favorably with those of any other community. There may be 
 small surface polish, as the world goes, but there is much genuine 
 gold of true character that needs only a little rubbing to make 
 it shine. Men from every position in life, including college 
 graduates and professional men, are engaged in ranching, and 
 whoever takes them for a lot of toughs and ignoramuses is 
 egregiously mistaken." 
 
 Dr. Munk's observation that "the favorite haunt of vice and 
 crime is not in a sparsely settled community * * * but in 
 the centers of population," is absolutely correct, and the Eastern 
 settler who begins by suspecting his Arizona neighbor, will end 
 
 51 
 
District School, Maricopa 
 
 by watching himself. The quality of the home life we bring into 
 this new country is important, and if we care for the best things 
 we shall find plenty who will agree with us. 
 
 A "pointer" of some value is the Women's Clubs. The 
 Arizona Federation has a considerable membership and twelve 
 clubs are included in it, distributed through ten towns and cities. 
 Their object embraces town improvement, self-culture, domestic 
 science, literature, art, music, history, civics, philanthropy, cur- 
 rent events a wide range of studies and all related to the de- 
 velopment of society. You can count upon the silent steady 
 influence of this club life. Constancy to an ideal the steady pur- 
 suit of the avowed objects of club life are making women's clubs 
 everywhere a power for good, and their strength in Arizona 
 shows the quality and ambition of the population. You can safely 
 trust your family in the midst of such society. 
 
 52 
 
THE SCHOOLHOUSE. 
 
 The home seeker will find as much interest in education in 
 Arizona as among the average communities of the East. The 
 Arizonians have an efficient school system and are proud of the 
 fact. Make a note of this, for it proves the quality of the citizen- 
 ship. Both school and church are fostered in the towns and 
 villages, as well as in the cities of the Territory. 
 
 "There is scarcely a hamlet, no matter how isolated," Gov- 
 ernor Kibbey says of Arizona, "which does not enjoy the facilities 
 of a public school." The severe examinations which the teachers 
 are required to pass and the high salaries,uniformly paid, help to 
 secure the best talent. 
 
 The law requires parents to send their children to the public 
 school between the ages of eight and fourteen years, and it is 
 generally observed. There are a few church or parish schools, 
 and these are patronized by a portion of the Mexican popula- 
 tion, who cling to the Spanish tongue and the traditions of their 
 race. Practically the only illiteracy to be found in Arizona is 
 among the Mexicans. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 The Territorial University is at Tucson. In addition to the 
 usual studies and provisions for scientific and classical courses, 
 instruction is provided in agriculture and in the mechanical arts, 
 and in mining and metallurgy. 
 
 For the student in mining engineering the University offers 
 great advantages as, while carrying on his studies and experi- 
 mental work, he can see the actual operation of great mines or 
 the development of new mining enterprises. The School of 
 Mines offers a complete four-year course or a short two-year 
 course in mineralogy and assaying. 
 
 The Agricultural College includes the departments of botany 
 and chemistry, which are located in the University buildings. 
 The Experimental Station has the departments of agriculture, 
 horticulture and animal husbandry, and some work is done in the 
 study of the weather and of insects, that is to say, meteorology 
 and entomology. 
 
 53 
 
School Building, Tucson 
 
 A palm grove is located south of Tempe and near Yuma, 
 where it is proposed to demonstrate the adaptation of soil and 
 climate for the production of dates on a commercial scale. 
 
 Near Tucson is a range station where the department oi 
 botany in co-operation with the United States Department of Ag- 
 riculture is studying certain native grasses with a view to re- 
 seeding portions of the range country worn out by over-stocking 
 
 Sugar beet plots are also maintained in the Upper Gila. The 
 results of study and work on these stations are made known in 
 bulletins and in "Timely Hints for Farmers," put into plain 
 language and issued at a time when they will be most useful 
 making this a very practical "farmers' college"; and as the 
 Experimental Station is a department of the University it keeps 
 that institution closely related to the public in interest anc 
 welfare. 
 
 The University has a good agricultural library, a seed col- 
 lection, greenhouse and gardens for experimental purposes, con- 
 taining rare and interesting plants. A tract of forty acres con- 
 stitutes the site of the University, about a mile from the city. 
 
 54 
 
Tuition is free to all students residing in the Territory. The 
 faculty consists of a president and twenty-five instructors. 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 Both the north and the south have Normal Schools, one 
 being at Flagstaff, the other at Tempe, nine miles from Phoenix. 
 The interest in the work of the Normal School is considerable 
 and the attendance has steadily grown from the first. The one at 
 Tempe was opened in 1886. Diplomas are issued to graduates 
 which entitle them to teach in Arizona for life. These diplomas 
 are accepted in California and other States. 
 
 High Schools are organized under a special law, one being 
 at Phoenix, one at Mesa and one at Prescott. These are well 
 accredited, graduates being admitted to colleges of high grade 
 on their certificate. 
 
 Much attention is given to the education of the children of 
 the Indian tribes, both by direct action of the Territorial Govern- 
 ment and by religious societies. The Indian of Arizona is peace- 
 able and industrious and no part of our common country has so 
 many native farmers "from away back." They are farm hands 
 and house servants, quiet, faithful and respected. Whole tribes 
 have their children in school and are proud of their advancement. 
 
 Altogether the situation is full of cheer, and the newcomer 
 will find the educational atmosphere very much like that of 
 "home." 
 
 CLIMATE AND SOME OTHER THINGS. 
 
 If you ask an Arizonian about the climate in his "land of 
 little rain," he will tell you that "it is sure fine." He knows. 
 Those who have been longest there are the least inclined to find 
 fault. The combination of elements which make the climate of 
 the Southwest is unusual, and cannot be duplicated anywhere 
 else. There is more sunshine, greater aridity, more rapid evapo- 
 ration and, as a consequence, more electricity in the air. 
 
 It is hot in mid-summer, but so it is in New York. There 
 are three months of uncomfortable weather, but you sleep nights. 
 The sun scorches but you do not steam; you do not swelter; you 
 
 55 
 

 Indian School, Phoenix 
 
 are not parboiled; you do not become limp as a dish-rag; you 
 clothes are not saturated. The disagreeable feeling of moist and 
 sticky garments which accompanies profuse perspiration is here 
 changed to something approaching coolness. It is due to rapid 
 evaporation. That blue vault above you is dry. White harmless 
 clouds may sail over the sun without obscuring it, and they can 
 rarely muster enough moisture to produce a shower. Rain may 
 even start to fall, but it evaporates in mid air often, none of it 
 reaching the earth. 
 
 The percentage of sunny days is about 70. That means 25< 
 days in the year that are sunny, while the sun shines some part o 
 nearly every day. The winter sometimes shows less than a weel 
 of days altogether when the sun does not shine brilliantly during 
 some part of the day. 
 
 The rainfall occurs both in mid-summer and in the winter 
 Showers may occur every month in the year, but never do ir 
 any one year, and the actual number of rainy days is very small 
 The ground freezes a little now and then during the night, anc 
 white frosts occur. Occasionally light snowfalls occur, but in th 
 valleys, it remains but a few hours. Arizona weather is mostl; 
 sunshine. There are places in the Territory where the percent 
 age of sunshine is greater than anywhere else in the United States 
 and greater even than Egypt. 
 
 The winters are full of charm. The temperature averages 
 
 56 
 
about 57 degrees from November to April, inclusive, the lowest 
 being seldom below 36 degrees. An overcoat is rarely needed, 
 and the nights are made for open-wood fires and blankets. You 
 will not find in many places in the world an atmosphere so 
 singularly clear, so tonic and dry or a sky so blue. 
 
 A LAND OF HEALTH. 
 
 Southern Arizona has so much that is climatically desirable 
 and so little that is disagreeable that it has become widely known 
 as a health resort. Every winter both the cities of Tucson and 
 Phoenix have an addition to their population of from three to five 
 thousand people who come here for the sake of the outdoor life 
 that is possible. An increasing number of these from every 
 quarter of the Union remain, explaining in part the rapid growth 
 of these two cities, and testifying to the quality of the air they 
 find. There is no malaria. Rainfalls are sometimes violent, but 
 there are no hurricanes, cyclones nor tornadoes. An occasional 
 dust storm is almost the only disagreeable feature of the climate. 
 
 Travelers say that the air of Southern Arizona has the same 
 exhilarating qualities as the air of the great Sahara in Northern 
 Africa, or of the deserts about Mt. Sinai in Arabia. It is much 
 drier than most of the Nile Valley, or the parts of Morocco, 
 Algiers or Tunis usually visited, and is vastly better for the larger 
 part of the year than Nice and Mentone in the South of France. 
 
 HOT SPRINGS. 
 
 We visited the Indian Hot Springs of Alexander Brothers 
 in Gila Valley, finding a good hotel, with dining-room and bath 
 house apart, but convenient. The hotel is of stone and brick, 
 three stories high, and has private baths. There are ten mineral 
 springs close by, both hot and cold, furnishing a million and a 
 half gallons of water daily. The temperature of most of the 
 springs is 124 degrees, and analysis shows bromide and sodium 
 carbonates, iron, etc. These springs were widely known among 
 the Indians, who came long distances to use them. A mud bath, 
 an outdoor swimming pool of large size, a fish pond, shade trees, 
 
 57 
 
Court House, Phoenix 
 
 lawns, tents and cottages, saddle ponies, game black tailed dee 
 in the immediate vicinity, make the place attractive as well a 
 physically profitable to visit. Competent attendants are em 
 ployed, and the waters are said to be highly beneficial in case 
 of rheumatism, gout, dropsy, liver and stomach troubles am 
 affections of skin and blood. 
 
 The altitude is 2,800 feet, and overlooks the Gila river am 
 valley. It is reached from Bowie, on the main Southern Pacifu 
 line, the traveler taking the Gila Valley, Globe and Northerr 
 Railroad to Ft. Thomas, or being dropped at the crossing, a flag 
 station two and one-quarter miles from the hotel. Patients wil 
 be met at either place. 
 
 The Aqua Caliente Springs are also well known and highl> 
 valued. They are in the southwestern part of Maricopa County, 
 one and one-half miles north of the Gila River, and twelve miles 
 north of Sentinel station on the Southern Pacific, with which the 
 
 58 
 
Springs are connected by stage. The springs are numerous and 
 vary in chemical constituents. The resort is patronized for rest 
 and recuperation, as well as for relief from various forms of 
 disease. 
 
 These springs have the advantage of being set in the finest 
 air for the invalid, and life for the most part can be passed in the 
 open both day and night. 
 
 PREHISTORIC RUINS. 
 
 .About eighteen miles from Casa Grande, on the Southern 
 Pacific, are the ruins of the same name. The ethnologist of the 
 Smithsonian Institute at Washington, Dr. J. W. Fewkes, under 
 appointment by the Government is, at this writing, with a corps 
 of helpers, uncovering the walls which surround the "grand 
 house," a portion only of which is still standing. It is not known 
 how old this house of four stories is. The wall around it is 
 about 400 feet long, a rectangle, and inside it were many rooms. 
 The once irrigated fields of the mysterious people who lived here 
 spread away for miles. Originally there was a town or village 
 here. The ruins are well worth a visit, and this can be cheaply 
 made from the station. 
 
 ARIZONA TOWNS. 
 
 This booklet is occupied with the country-side, the soil 
 and the products, and the opportunities and advantages of 
 agricultural life. We have space for but brief mention of 
 the principal towns. Generally these publish folders or 
 booklets of their own, presenting in an attractive way the 
 facts which people seeking information wish to know. A 
 card sent to the Chamber of Commerce or Board of Trade 
 will be glady responded to, and promptly. Yuma, Tucson 
 and Phoenix publish attractive booklets. Send for them. 
 
 Phoenix. 
 
 This is the Territorial capital and the county seat of 
 Maricopa County. It is a city of 15,000 inhabitants, and has 
 a transient population of from 3,000 to 5,000 tourists who 
 
 59 
 
I 
 
 Washington Street, Phoenix 
 
 spend the winter here. It is the metropolis of Salt River 
 Valley, the most beautiful and extensive -irrigated body of 
 land in Arizona. Phoenix is, therefore, in the midst of 
 farming and fruit-growing district, and its "back country" i: 
 both productive and attractive. The irrigation of largei 
 areas, now possible by reason of the great Tonto Basin, wil 
 increase the productive countryside now tributary and insure 
 the growth of the city. It is laid out with wide streets; 
 residence avenues are well shaded; and public buildings stam 
 in the midst of parks. 
 
 Five lines of trolley cars make access convenient to al 
 parts of the city and suburbs. Telephone, electric light an< 
 power, gas, ice factory, creameries, machine shops, thre< 
 daily papers and several weeklies, a well-equipped ptibli< 
 library, high, grammar and ward schools, private and parochi; 
 schools, an industrial Indian school three miles out, thre( 
 
 60 
 
theatres, a country club, twelve churches and many fraternal 
 organizations represent the city's varied features. 
 
 The Capitol building is substantial and attractive, sur- 
 rounded by fine grounds full of characteristic trees and shrub- 
 bery. Five acres are laid out and planted to trees. Phoenix has 
 an elevation of 1,080 feet, and its encircling hills and southern 
 exposure give it an attractive winter climate. 
 
 Phoenix has a deserved reputation as a health resort. 
 Here is a warm, dry air, comfortable hotels and boarding- 
 houses, good society, luxuries of many kinds, the freedom of 
 all-out-of-doors the charm of the wilderness with the refine- 
 ments of civilization. Many come here for health, find it, and 
 stay on. The attractions of the climate alone will make Phoenix 
 a city of importance. The Board of Trade and the Commis- 
 sioner of Immigration for Maricopa County issue excellent 
 folders and pamphlets which give all necessary information. 
 They will be sent on application. 
 
 Cactus Garden, near Phoenix 
 
 61 
 

 ' 1 
 
Tempe. 
 
 This is a pretty little town of 1,500 inhabitants, nine 
 miles from Phoenix, on the south side of Salt River. It is the 
 center of a rich agricultural district. A twenty-acre date 
 orchard has been set out by the Government near Tempe, 
 and more than a score of varieties imported from Morocco 
 have been brought into bearing. A Territorial normal school 
 is located here, with a group of commodious buildings and 
 well-laid-out grounds. Tempe is already a prominent community 
 and one which is rapidly advancing. 
 
 Mesa City. 
 
 Is sixteen miles from Phoenix and is the nearest railroad 
 point to the dam site in the Tonto Basin. A road has been 
 constructed from here to Roosevelt, the construction camp 
 in the basin, and furnishes sixty miles of fine mountain 
 scenery. Mesa has a population of 1,200, and over 700 children 
 are enrolled in the schools. 
 
 A Tucson Residence 
 
 63 
 
Santa Rita Hotel, Tucson 
 Tucson. 
 
 This is at once the oldest and the newest of Arizona 
 towns. "The ancient and Honorable Pueblo" of the sixteenth 
 century has become a modern city, and is growing rapidly. 
 It is the seat of Pima County, located on the main line 
 of the Southern Pacific about 500 miles east of Los An- 
 geles and 300 miles west of El Paso. Great building activity 
 has marked the past two years. The natural resources of the 
 region and the attraction of the climate will keep up the growth 
 which has begun. 
 
 Here are both agricultural and mining resources and an 
 educational center of consequence. The Territorial University 
 is located here, and excellent public schools. Tucson is also a 
 railroad center of considerable importance. The general offices 
 of the division superintendent of the Southern Pacific are here, 
 and large machine shops. The pay-roll calls for the distribution 
 of over $100,000 every month. An extensive passenger depot is 
 being erected and a club house for railway employees has been 
 completed. A new freight depot of immense capacity will soon 
 
 64 
 
be completed, with city delivery tracks. A direct line south from 
 Tucson to connect with Southern Pacific extensions is now 
 being built into the richest States of Mexico and on directly to 
 the capital city itself. 
 
 The climate attracts the health seeker. The people of 
 Tucson claim that the climatic conditions are unequalled. Dur- 
 ing the warmer months of summer the mountains are cool, 
 easily reached, and have several attractive resorts. The streets 
 of the city are well shaded and some of the best hotels of the 
 Southwest are here. The invalid can find luxurious quarters or 
 pleasant yet inexpensive boarding-houses, but many live for the 
 most part in the open air and not a few find tent-life wholly com- 
 fortable. A desert laboratory, devoted to the study of 
 desert plant life, attracts much attention from scientists. A 
 Carnegie library is also here. 
 
 For those wishing good schools or the advantages of the 
 university where a mild climate is desirable for some mem- 
 ber of the family, nothing in the West is more promising or 
 interesting than Tucson. It disputes with San Augustine 
 and Santa Fe the palm of seniority among cities in the 
 United States, but is so new and modern as to surprise the 
 visitor. It is a place of elegant residences and fine hotels, 
 and the characteristic vegetation of the country affords them 
 charming settings. 
 
 The assured growth of the city makes it a place of oppor- 
 tunity commercially, while the climate of this elevated plateau 
 will always attract those who wish to escape from cold and 
 storm to where life can be passed largely in the open. The 
 value of outdoor air is one of the latest discoveries of modern 
 civilization. Tucson has a population of about 17,000. Write 
 the Chamber of Commerce for publications. 
 
 Yuma. 
 
 This is the western gateway to the Southwest. It is the 
 capital of the county of the same name, and lies on the banks 
 of the Colorado River on the main line of the Sunset Route 
 of the Southern Pacific. It has considerable commercial life, 
 
 65 
 
r 
 
 Bisbee Public School 
 
 and the prospect of a greatly enlarged growth. The irriga- 
 tion work of the Government, providing for the develop- 
 ment of large tracts of land and a dense rural populatio 
 will make of Yuma a good-sized city. There are now su 
 stantial brick and stone buildings, comfortable residence 
 hotels, schoolhouses and good public buildings, with 
 present population of 2,000. The climate is full of health, 
 and will call many here for the sake of the dry air and th 
 charm of the rainless winters. They are as delightful on th 
 nature side as any that can be found on the globe. 
 
 Yuma will be famous some day for its fruits, its oranges 
 lemons, figs and dates. That the latter will be grown her 
 successfully seems beyond question. 
 
 The completion of the great Laguna dam will call man 
 settlers here and insure the prosperity of Yuma. A vas 
 country will be tributary to it, and the rich lands immediatel 
 about it, once under the ditch, will produce amazingly. 
 
 66 
 
Yuma's climate has been maligned for a generation by a 
 rude joke. Having the temperature of the desert in gen- 
 eral, the heat is mitigated by a grateful air current which daily 
 moves up the river, and by the deep green foliage of palms 
 and orange groves. It will steadily be affected by tree plant- 
 ing and wide fields of alfalfa. Only one-quarter of the year is 
 hot. The other summer months for spring and fall merge with 
 summer are pleasant, and six months are wholly delightful. 
 
 There are no finer winters in the world than those on 
 the Colorado, and, if summer days are warm, there are no 
 prostrations from heat; men work in the fields as a matter 
 of course, the dry air producing rapid evaporation from the 
 surface of the body. Besides, we cannot grow oranges and 
 ripen the fruit of the date palm without heat. The climate 
 of Yuma is full of health and will not stand in the way of 
 its growth when the waters of the Laguna dam are ready to 
 
 Copper Queen Hotel, Bisbee 
 67 
 

 be turned on the waiting lands. There is back country 
 enough here to make a city, and the extraordinary growths 
 that will be produced here will make the place famous. 
 
 Bisbee. 
 
 This is the wonderful copper town of the southeastern 
 county of Cochise. It is fifty miles south of the main line of 
 the Southern Pacific, on the line of the El Paso and South- 
 western Railroad, in a rugged region, not far from the 
 Mexican border. It has a population of nearly 16,000 people, 
 and is distinctly a mining town. Its only industry is mining, 
 and Bisbee is credited with being the greatest producer of 
 copper in Arizona. The town occupies the steep slopes of 
 a canyon, the bed of which forms the main street. Roads 
 are carved out of the hillsides, comfortable dwellings climb 
 tier upon tier to the very top and reach down into every little 
 nook and corner, while handsome business blocks are erected 
 as if there were plenty of room. Level land is scarce and front 
 foot prices are almost metropolitan. 
 
 The copper output of the Warren district, of which 
 Bisbee is the hub, is 12,500,000 pounds per month. The 
 Copper Queen alone produces 8,000,000 pounds of blister 
 copper monthly. More than 4,500 men are employed in the 
 two great mines, the Copper Queen and the Calumet and 
 Arizona, and many o these men are married and own their 
 own homes. Water is piped in across the valley from Naco, 
 ten miles away. 
 
 The Woman's Club owns its club house, and this has 
 become a center in the social life of the town. 
 
 Manual training is part of the regular course in the 
 schools, and there are four churches. 
 
 Douglas. 
 
 Recently the smelters of two of the largest copper com- 
 panies of Bisbee have been removed to this point. Douglas 
 is twenty-seven miles from Bisbee, and is near the inter- 
 
 68 
 
Dominion Hotel, Globe, Ariz. 
 
 national boundary. It is a thriving town of about 5,000 
 people, and, following the location of the great smelters, has 
 grown up with great rapidity. The ores from Bisbee, 
 Nacozari and other points are reduced here. Douglas is on 
 the El Paso and Southwestern, at its junction with the road 
 running from Nacozari in Sonora, and called the Nacozari 
 Railroad. 
 
 Tombstone. 
 
 This famous camp with a peculiar name is on a branch of 
 the El Paso and Southwestern, a short distance from Fair- 
 banks, the junction point. Once the largest mining camp in 
 the Southwest, Tombstone is again becoming a place of 
 importance. For ten or twelve years mining has been pre- 
 vented below the 600-foot level by a flood of water. This is 
 being controlled now by powerful pumps, and shipments of 
 
 69 
 

 ore are made regularly. Tombstone is a silver camp, but 
 gold increases as lower levels are reached, and free gold 
 in handsome specimens is not uncommon. Tombstone is 
 twenty-seven miles north of Bisbee. 
 
 Naco. 
 
 This is a boundary town between Mexico and Arizona, 
 with the dividing line running through the middle of a 
 street. Naco, Arizona, and Naco, Mexico, are thus close 
 neighbors. The Arizona side of the town is in Cochise 
 County, and as Naco is the junction of two important rail- 
 roads the El Paso and Southwestern and the Cananea, 
 Yaqui River and Pacific Railroad, and on the international 
 boundary, it has considerable importance as a port of entry. 
 It is but thirty miles to the great copper camp of Cananea, 
 about the same distance to the smelter city of Douglas, and 
 eight miles from Bisbee. 
 
 These represent an aggregate population of about 40,OOC 
 and provide a stable market for all products of the soil a 
 top notch prices. There is an abundance of water and 
 thousands of acres of idle land immediately contiguous to 
 Naco can be easily and profitably reclaimed. The soil 
 fertile, all kinds of crops and many kinds of fruit do we'll 
 Occupied with the treasures underground, the land that wil 
 grow everything has been neglected. Naco can be made 
 garden spot. 
 
 Globe. 
 
 This prosperous mining town is the county seat of Gila 
 County and has a population of 8,000 people. It has electric 
 lights, an ice plant and cold storage, four banks, three 
 hotels one, the Dominion, of superior character three 
 schools and four comfortable church buildings. There is also 
 a public library. Many new buildings are in course of con- 
 struction, and the monthly disbursement of about $300,000 in 
 
 70 
 
hard cash by the mines is the secret of much of the pros- 
 perity of Globe. Credits are safe and collections easy be- 
 cause incomes are regular and the population is fairly per- 
 manent. 
 
 Globe is a copper camp and has many valuable mines, of 
 which the Old Dominion is the oldest and best known. The 
 Phelps Dodge Company has large interests here, and is 
 energetic, liberal in its policy, strongly organized, with great 
 resources and perfect equipment. 
 
 While mining is the principal source of revenue for the 
 town, stock-raising cuts considerable figure, and in the dis- 
 trict tributary to Globe there are about 37,500 head of cattle. 
 Horses and goats are also raised. 
 
 The Tonto Basin, where the great reservoir is being 
 constructed by the Reclamation Service, is distant about 
 thirty-five miles. Some fine scenery lies along the route. 
 
 The town is a terminal point for the Gila Valley, Globe 
 and Northern Railroad, which leaves the main Southern 
 Pacific line at Bowie. Points beyond Globe are served by 
 stage line. A lively town, it has a promising future. Its 
 citizens say that "today is good enough, and tomorrow will 
 be better." 
 
 Clifton. 
 
 This great copper camp is reached from Lordsburg, New 
 Mexico, via the Arizona and New Mexico Railroad. It has 
 vast underground fields of ore, and the works of the Arizona 
 Copper Company are said to be the largest in the Territory. 
 The works are located at Clifton, with the exception of a 
 large concentrator, which is operated at Longfellow. This 
 pioneer camp of the Territory is a prosperous town of 
 5,000 people, confined chiefly to two streets. Half a dozen 
 companies operate here, and the active development work 
 now being down promises much for the growth of the place. 
 The Arizona Copper Company is known far and wide for its 
 fairness in its dealings with employees, and the library which it 
 provides is the gathering place of hundreds of men, for 
 whom books and magazines and newspapers are supplied. 
 
 71 
 
F.BIW K 
 
 Hotel Morenci, Morenci 
 
 The town is picturesque, and has some good residences 
 school buildings and churches. 
 
 Morenci. 
 
 This prosperous camp is in the Clifton district and bti 
 a few miles distant from the older camp. It is reached by a 
 short spur from the Arizona and New Mexico Railroad. Tin 
 town has a novel situation, being built at the bottom an< 
 around the sides of a great bowl, with no outlook save when 
 the rim is broken somewhat at a single point. Here an 
 more than 9,000 people, and the bottom of the hill is pierce( 
 with doorways which lead to the ore-bodies. The mine 
 are dry, clean, cool, free from damp and fumes, and the town 
 has a good many handsome buildings. The Morenci Hote 
 is elegant, in the Moorish style -of architecture, and has th< 
 air of an aristocratic club house. The great emporium o 
 the Detroit Copper Company is a department store, 75 fee 
 
 72 
 
wide by 150 feet long, finely fitted up and filled with all 
 kinds of goods. The company has built and now maintains a 
 comfortable clubhouse, and the public schools are housed in a 
 handsome brown-stone building. 
 
 Industrial Townships. 
 
 Sentinel, Maricopa, Casa Grande, Arizola, Red Rock, 
 Vail, Benson, Dragoon, Cochise, Willcox and Bowie are 
 stations on the Southern Pacific main line; several of them 
 do a large business. 
 
 Willcox is the center of the cattle industry for Eastern 
 Arizona, and Cochise is the junction point for the Arizona and 
 Colorado Railroad, which runs to Pearce, seventeen miles, a 
 mining town in Cochise County. 
 
 Maricopa is the junction point of the Maricopa and 
 Phoenix and Salt River Valley Railroad, and Bowie is at 
 the junction of the Gila Valley, Globe and Northern Rail- 
 road. 
 
 Commercial Centers on the Gila. 
 
 Solomonsville, Safford, Thatcher and Pima are all of them 
 rapidly growing centers, catering to the commercial needs of a 
 rich and still developing agricultural region along the Gila 
 River. They are provided with hotels, schools and churches, 
 and have a population ranging from five hundred to a thousand 
 people. Fort Thomas and Geronimo are stations further down 
 the valley. 
 
 The Gila Valley is a farming region and these are typical 
 country towns, the social and commercial centers of the pros- 
 perous farming communities of the valley, each enjoying the 
 steady growth which comes with the development of the 
 country. 
 
 Here is a land of much promise, capable of sustaining and 
 enriching the agriculturist who comes westward to a broader 
 ind more generous field, where the earth, lying fallow through 
 :he past years, needs but small encouragement to yield its riches 
 n 'abundance. Water, the magic of the modern colonist as of the 
 )eoples who once built the great canal which once turned the 
 insert into a vast harvest field, will once more reclaim Southern 
 \iizona to its original use and intention, a vast agricultural area. 
 
 73 
 
NEW MEXICO. 
 
 The southwestern corner of this large Territory is a part of 
 the farmer's empire of the Southwest. The time has come for 
 a fuller development of its resources, and, as in Arizona, the 
 Government is engaged in the development of water on a large 
 scale. 
 
 The Territory as a whole has 300 acres of land to each 
 inhabitant and only one acre out of every 300 is under cultiva- 
 tion. Yet there is a vast acreage of rich land that can be irri- 
 gated, and the climate of the southern section is half-tropical. 
 The three counties which we briefly sketch are large, about 
 equal in combined area to that of New Jersey, Connecticut and 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Grant County. 
 
 This borders at once on Arizona and Mexico, and is the 
 largest of the three counties. In the northwestern part, the 
 Gila River Valley offers some good land, and in the eastern por- 
 tion the Mimbres River adds to the farming and grazing lands. 
 Perhaps 150,000 acres could be cultivated, though only about 
 66,000 acres are now actually productive. 
 
 Lordsburg is the principal town, situated on the Southern 
 Pacific at its junction with the Arizona and New Mexico and 
 the Lordsburg and Hachita railroads. It is a division point on 
 the main continental line and stands in the midst of much good 
 grazing land. Nearly 400,000 acres in this county are still sub- 
 ject to entry under the land law, and not far from Lordsburj 
 the sunken waters of the Mimbres can be raised and a consider 
 able area irrigated. Apples in the mountain valleys will d( 
 well. 
 
 Luna County. 
 
 For the most part this county is an elevated tablelan< 
 producing bunch grass and other pasture, and in the seasoi 
 is a vast flowery plain. Four-fifths of the area is said to b< 
 public land. 
 
 Deming, the county town, has a population of aboi 
 
 74 
 
Pumping Water on Desert, Deming, N. M. 
 
 3,000. It is situated on the main line of the Southern Pacific,, 
 is the terminal point of the Santa Fe from Rincon at the 
 north, and has also a branch line forty-eight miles to Silver 
 City. The El Paso and Southwestern Railway also con- 
 nects Deming with Southwestern Arizona and Sonora. The 
 Mimbres at and south of Deming is an underground stream, 
 and small truck farms are irrigated from wells. The un- 
 appropriated land in this vicinity is being taken up; pumps and 
 windmills will raise the submerged river for purposes of irriga- 
 tion. Along the upper stretches of the river a good deal of land 
 is under cultivation. 
 
 Deming ships many cattle and the cutting of hay on the- 
 plains brings the farmers large returns. 
 
 75 
 
Dona Ana County. 
 
 This is called the Garden of New Mexico, and, as it is 
 about twice the size of the State of Delaware, it is seen to 
 be something of a garden. About 1,750,000 acres are still 
 subject to entry under Federal laws. Much of the county 
 lies within the basin of the Rio Grande, and water is 
 abundant to make an Eden of this region. At present the 
 means of irrigation are inadequate and the methods of cul- 
 ture primitive. Lands have descended by inheritance and 
 been divided up until they lie in strips with but a few feet 
 frontage on the river. Much water could be developed by 
 sinking wells, as there is a tremendous underflow. 
 
 The Government by its Reclamation Service has com- 
 pleted the preliminary work for a great dam at Elephant 
 Butte and a diverting dam at Penasco Rock, by which 110,000 
 acres will be reclaimed. 
 
 Mesilla Valley represents the largest body of cultivated 
 land within the Territory and Las Cruces is the chief town. 
 
 The valley of the Rio Grande is tributary to El Paso, 
 Texas, which here occupies the extreme western part of 
 the State, where the river separates Mexico and New Mexico 
 from Texas. It is a city of about 30,000 inhabitants, and 
 mining, live stock and agriculture make it an important 
 center. 
 
 The region is one of opportunity, the price of lands low, 
 the climate delightful and the market at hand. El Paso will 
 become a large city. Around it is room for a population that 
 will live by the soil. The cost of storing water here will impose 
 a charge of $40 an acre, but the farmer who knows the situation 
 welcomes the cost, which, as elsewhere, is distributed through 
 a period of ten years, and will then cease. Under irrigation the 
 farmer will have the advantage of good climate, a sure crop, and 
 large yield. 
 
 SONORA AND BEYOND. 
 
 Southern Arizona has a rich neighbor on the south. 
 Commercial intercourse is already provided for by three gate- 
 
 77 
 
ways which open into Mexico. These are the El Paso and 
 Southwestern Railroad, connecting with the Nacozari Rail 
 road at Douglas, and with the Cananea, Yaqui River and 
 Pacific Railroad at Naco. From Tucson regular trains run 
 to Nogales on the Mexican boundary line, connecting there 
 with the Sonora Railroad to Guaymas, 260 miles. This is < 
 branch of the Southern Pacific, and is being extended to 
 Mazatlan and Guadalajara. From El Paso the Mexican 
 Central reaches southward to the great cities and ports o: 
 Mexico, putting the heart of an immense and immensely rich 
 and densely populated region in direct connection with the 
 Sunset Route and the cities of the Southwest. 
 
 The Southern Pacific line down the west coast to 
 Guadalajara will put Tucson and other cities of Southern 
 Arizona in close touch with the City of Mexico. One of the 
 richest sections of the Mexican republic lies along the Pacific 
 Coast and the Gulf of California. This coast region includes 
 the western slope of the Sierra Madre and a strip of lowland 
 a hundred miles or more in width between the foothills and 
 the sea, and is comparatively little known, even to the rest 
 of Mexico. It is sparsely settled and its very great natural 
 resources almost undeveloped. Supplies of mining machinery 
 and agricultural implements, food supplies, and many other forms 
 of merchandise will be drawn from across the border of Arizona. 
 
 CANANEA. 
 
 The great copper camp of Cananea is but forty miles below 
 Naco, on the border, and is but in its infancy. Already 6,000,000 
 pounds of refined copper are sent to market every month, the 
 production of which supports more than 15,000 people. 
 Cananea is less than seven years old, yet is a substantial and 
 well-built city. The agricultural wealth of Sonora is very great, 
 to a great extent indeed unsuspected, the valleys of Magdalena, 
 San Miguel, Sonora, Moctezuma, Sahuaripa and other rivers 
 including much valuable land, while there are wide savannas 
 where vast herds of cattle may graze or broad grain fields wave, 
 and an abundant water supply at the lower end of the Sonora 
 and San Miguel valleys. 
 
 78 
 
A FARMER'S REGION. 
 
 The great agricultural region of Sonora, however, is the 
 Yaqui River Valley and the valley of the Mayo, in the 
 southern part of the State, where broad alluvial plains, em- 
 bracing several million acres, have the waters of two 
 great rivers for irrigation. A principality is included in these 
 two valleys and their deltas on the shores of the Gulf of 
 California. 
 
 In many cases Sonora and the regions beyond are directly 
 j tributary to Arizona, and the border towns find their com- 
 mercial relations with the south very profitable. Nogales 
 enjoys a large trade with the interior of Sonora, with mining 
 j camps and commercial cities. There is a large trade in live 
 I stock, and several of the heavy banking houses in the interior 
 of the republic have agencies at Nogales. 
 
 GUAYMAS. 
 
 The commercial metropolis of the State of Sonora is the 
 seaport of Guaymas, a place destined to great importance in 
 the world of commerce and to great popularity as a winter 
 
 Cananea, Mexico 
 79 
 
resort. The rainy season in Sonora comes in midsummer, I 
 and the winters are said to be "unbroken successions of balmy I 
 days and delicious nights." 
 
 The fishing at Guaymas is rapidly attracting the atten- I 
 tion of angler-sportsmen from East and West. Big catches I 
 of albicore, giant sunfish, jewfish, tuna, yellowtail, barracuda,] 
 bonito, kingfish, and other game varieties of the finny deni- 
 zens of southern waters, never fail to be registered, even by 
 those who do not rate themselves experts with the hook and 
 line. 
 
 The entire southwest region holds much of interest to 
 the tourist. Aside from the balmy climate, the tropical 
 character of the foliage, the picturesque life of the natives, 
 there are many examples of fine mission architecture well 
 worth more than a casual visit. The remarkable progress 
 along commercial and industrial lines is making travel for 
 the globe-trotter more extensive and more enjoyable every 
 day. 
 
 With the extension and development of the lines of trans- 
 portation already established, the Southwest, from Nogale 
 to El Paso, will have increasing intercourse with Mexico 
 and will profit by all the remarkable progress which tha 
 country is making. The period since May, 1905, whet 
 Mexico passed from a silver to a gold basis, has been th 
 most prosperous in the history of the country. The busines 
 of the railroads has greatly increased, as fast, in fact, as the} 
 could handle it, and every railroad in Mexico has been force 
 to add to its equipment. 
 
 It only remains to say that here is a section of the grea 
 Southwest worthy of the attention of every homeseeker an 
 investor. This portion of Southern Arizona and corner of 
 Mexico, and this land of Sonora in Old Mexico offer great com 
 mercial and industrial advantages. The agricultural wealth i 
 very great and the next ten years will see an immense increas 
 of population. Those who wish to know more of Sonora wil 
 do well to send for the booklet "Sonora," published by th 
 Sonora Railway, M. O. Bicknell, General Passenger Agen 
 Tucson, Ariz. 
 
Southern Pacific Publications 
 
 The following books, descriptive of the different sections of country named, 
 ive been prepared with great care from notes and data gathered by local agents 
 ith a special eye to fullness and accuracy. They are up-to-date hand books, about 
 ve by seven inches in size, profusely illustrated from the best photographs, and 
 rm a series invaluable to the tourist, the settler, and the investor. They will be 
 nt to any address, postage paid, on receipt ot five cents each, twelve cents for 
 , o: fifteen cents for four. 
 
 THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA, 96 pages, 5x7 in. 
 THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA, 96 pages, 5x7 in. 
 THE COAST COUNTRY OF CALIFORNIA, 96 pages, 5x7 in. 
 CALIFORNIA SOUTH OF TEHACHAPI, 96 pages, 5x7 in. 
 INGS AND KERN CANYONS AND GIANT BIG TREES OF CALIFORNIA, 20 pages, 7 \ 
 
 FOREST, 3J pages, 5x7 in. 10 in. (In preparation.) 
 
 AKK TAHOE AND THE HIGH SIERRA, 48 WAYSIDE NOTES ALONG THE SUNSET 
 pages, 5 x 7 in. ROUTE, 96 pages, 5x7 in. (In 
 
 NEW NEVADA, So pages, 5x7 in. preparation.) 
 
 YOSEMITE VALLEY AND THE MAKIPOSA 
 GROVE, 48 pages, 5x7 in. 
 
 The following publications, most of which are illustrated, will be sent free of 
 large, but one cent for each in stamps should be enclosed for postage: 
 
 ic, TREE FOLDER. OREGON, WASHINGTON, IDAHO. 
 
 IG TREE PRIMER. ORANGE PRIMER. 
 
 v TAHOE SHORES, folder. PRUNE PRIMER. 
 
 U.IFORNIA CLIMATIC MAP, folder. PASO ROBLES HOT SPRINGS, booklet. 
 
 . MI-ING FOLDER. SHASTA RESORTS, folder. 
 
 \T CALIFORNIA FRUIT. SETTLERS' PRIMER. 
 
 .AMATH COUNTRY, booklet. THE INSIDE TRACK, booklet. 
 
 M NEVADA FARM, booklet. WH;:RE COOL SEA BREEZES BLOW, folder. 
 
 Si \SI.T MAGAZINE A beautifully illustrated monthly magazine dealing with 
 id and seas west of the Rockies, 192-224 pages. Best of Western stories and 
 scriptive matter. Including magnificent premium, Road of a Thousand Wonders, 
 th 125 beautiful Pacific Coast views in four colors. The annual subscription is 
 50. isc per copy. Any news-stand, or Flood Building, San Francisco. 
 
 Requests should be addressed to CHAS. S. FEE, Passenger Traffic Manager, 
 UTHERN PACIFIC, Flood Building, San Francisco, Cal. 
 
Every Month 
 Something New About 
 The West 
 
 Irrigation, Ranching, Mining or Cattle 
 Raising, New Homes for New Set- 
 tlers, The Exponent of the Land Be- 
 yond the Rockies 
 
 Sunset Magazine 
 
 $1.50 a Year 
 
 I $cts. a Copy 
 
 With every yearly subscription, the book "Road of 
 a Thousand Wonders," 75 pages, on finest quality 
 paper, 125 colored views of the most picturesque 
 spots on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Address any News Stand, or Flood Building, 
 San Francisco, Cal.